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Development  of  the  Flag 


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THE  oevELOPMENT  OF  THE  fVA'-i-j^t  T«.  J7^  »■  lIurM  Sff  flig  hi 
■UtulDi>  b*gin<i)n|.  «4i><i  Hi*  C»iiHif%l  CcnfMk  liMittid  »t  btniwr  diilitii 
BMiy  Rau,    H  cwuiittd  si  thlrlaan  iicriiDUdMlt«*niwnn«/  i(d  mi  Mhrtt,  and  t 


with  Efiflwd,  muktd  b^  nvM  brilkut  tctimt 
thlititn  rtripn  fof  111*  unton. 


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•:%',:  >'   onuL-.i'Aii   3-*'   'O  TM3lif<IOj3V30  :' 


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Government 

Is  Man's  Most  Exalted  Woik. 

Republican  Government 

h  the  Supreme  Type  of  Oi^anization. 

The  United  States  Government 

Is  (rf  An  Govtfnmeots  the  Best 


Therefore,  the  men  who  performed  that 
most  difficult  of  human  undertakings — 
the  establishment  of  law — and  who  per- 
formed that  task  with  a  success  without 
parallel, — the  men  who  constructed  the 
American  Republic  are  leaders  whose 
works  have  proved  their  wisdom  con- 
summate  


That  Wisdom  is  concretely  bodied  forth  in  the 
Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents. 
In  these  Papers  our  Chief  Magistrates  and  the 
statesmen,  jurists,  financiers,  warriors  who 
composed  their  Cabinets  discuss  questions 
perpetually  before  the  voter,  and  define  the 
fundamental  policies  on  which  is  based 
this  greatest  human  achievement.  Their 
Doctrines   form   our    Governmental    Gospel. 


31757:) 


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THE  ENCYCLOPEDIC  INDEX 

CONTAINS 

More  than  25,000  page  reFerenca  lo  the  oSciaJ  utterancet 
of  the  Presideiitt,  intersperted  with  tome  eight  hundred  ency- 
dwcdic  articles  on  American  hirtoiy  and  politics,  elabtfating 
and  gcHng  into  the  detaili  of  evcfy  Mibiect  dilcutted  l^  ihe 
executivei. 

A  summary  history  and  description  of  every  branch  of  dte 
Cjovemment — Elxecutive,  Legislative  and  Judioal — oudining  the 
dcveltqunent  of  each  department  from  its  beginning  lo  the  present 
time,  together  with  all  bureaus  and  special  commisMons. 

An  analyMs  of  each  administration  written  by  cocnpetent  coo- 
temporaneoui  authority. 

E)e&nitioD  and  summary  of  the  treaties  between  the  United  Stales 
and  all  ioragji  countiies. 

The  growth  of  the  Army  and  Navy,  with  the  latest  official  bcti 
of  oifuuzatini,  strength  and  equ^ment 

Hirtoiy  of  each  State  from  original  territory  to  present  time. 

A  brief  description  and  history  of  every  country  in  the  w<ffld, 
and  the  trade  wd  trea^  relatioas  oi  each  with  the  United  States. 

Synopsis  of  all  political  parties,  their  F^atforms,  growth  and 
achievements.  Leader*  in  all  the  great  political  movnnent*  since 
the  organization  of  the  government,  together  with  their  votes,  are 
gjven  in  detail,  as  well  as  the  origin  erf  popular  nicknames  and 
campaign  cries. 

Accounts  of  the  wars  engaged  in  Iqr  the  United  States,  together 
with  a  recital  of  the  causes  there<rf  and  a  brief  account  of  each 
battle  [ought  by  American  soldiers ;  also  important  fra'eign  wan. 

List  of  Federal  courts  and  CMnmissions  and  digests  of  such  lead- 
ing  supreme  court  decisions  as  tend  to  interpret  the  constitutioB. 

Discussions  of  public  questions  of  national  policy,  such  as  Mcmroe 
Doctrine,  Panama  Canal,  Interstate  Ccmmerce,  Banking,  AgrU 
culture,  Elxports,  Imports,  Mining,  Slavery,  Woman  Suffrage. 
Trusts,  Prohibition,  Labor,  Tariff,  etc 

Aboriginal  nhabitants,  characterisdci  and  early  home  of  each 
tribe  and  nation,  their  wars  with  the  white  settlers  and  decline 
before  advancing  civilization. 

More  than  a  thousand  selected  biographical  sketches  of  amneot 
American  statesmen  and  leaders  in  the  country'i  devdopment 


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THE  ENCYCLOPEDIC  INDEX  TO  THE 

MESSAGES  AND  PAPERS 
OF  THE  PRESIDENTS 

Serves  a  EXjuble  Purpose. 


Anuming  that  tlie  reader  clesirea  to  investigate  ■ 
specific  subject, — the  Index  provides  him  with  a  suc- 
cinct digest  on  that  subject  iand  underneath  cites  the 
numbers  of  pages  where  Preadential  references 
thereto  may  be  found.  Thus,  after  reviewing  the  fun- 
dammtal  facts  involved  as  presented  by  the  digest,  the 
reader  is  aided  in  forming  his  own  opinion  on  the  ques- 
tkn  by  the  arguments  advanced  by  the  Executives. 


AssonUDg  that  the  user  is  reading  a  Presidential 
Message, — the  Index  provides  him  with  data  on  every 
question  mentioned,  and,  Iqr  the  page  citations,  enables 
him  to  ccmpare  the  views  of  various  Ouef  Magistrates 
on  die  same  subject 

Sm  itt  nJydi  at  mcIi  AUBklratioB  ndv  Aa  mm^  of  im 
Enurtiw.  TImm  imdjtat  an  ptngrtfibitd  nDdar  — »>— ^B-f  (neb  m 
**  Skmy  "^a  M  All  «>•  m*7  ntiiHj  traca  dis  dmlopmenl  of  ■  qnMtioD 
Anoi^  mmj  AibkuMratica*,  aad  tad  dM  BarraliTa  caaliDDOoi. 

Sm  ifca  biop^Un  of  am  faBooi  m  ABwican  Sttlaciafl.  WarftM 
mi  Diplammej,  m  wdl  m  ibo  Uofr^iluai  of  prwal  CaluiKl  B 
b  trhicli  ^pcai  ^dar  I 


Cdvi 


See  the  Amcuii 
It  of.*       *  Batdai  hf  lUtod  Stalaa  Forcaa." 
"lUlad  Slalca.  Hntoty  of." 
"Foraipi  RaUtwaa." 
Siaia,  TiiaiM/,  War.  JvtiM.  Pait-  '  NaBont.'' 

sfica,  Nny.  laNner.  Apical-  ~  State*  and  TanitonN." 

tan,  Caamaica  iDd  Labor,  "  OiDki  ■"'^  Dankiaa.'* 

DqwrtMBkof.  "Lam." 

"  PattiM,  AMarieaa  Policed."  '  Law,  Tanu  of." 

"WMaf.arAfadiacdiaUHld  '  b£a>  Tratak" 


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ILLUSTRATIONS 


Portraits  of  Presidents, 
PuKJC  Buildings,  Monuments, 
Places  of  Patriotic  Interest. 
Historical  Paintings  and 
Contemporary  Cartoons 


CfThe  coDeclioii  of  pictures  appearing  in  the  several 

volumes  of  this  set  can  safely  be  said  to  be  the  best  ever 
collected  for  the  purpose  of  illustrating  the  history  and 
progress  of  our  country  from  every  viewpoint 

(|  The  pictures  themselves  almost  tell  the  story  c^  die 
develoiHnent  of  this  Nation.  Tliey  appear  in  about 
equal  number  in  each  volume,  and  in  direct  c(HinectioD 
with  die  text  matter,  therefore  in  chronological  order. 

C|  On  the  back  of  each  of  die  historical  illustration  plates 
there  is  found  descriptive  matter  which  adds  value  to 
the  illustrations  and  important  historical  data  siq>ple- 
menling  the  aiessages  themselves. 

Q  In  the  forepart  of  each  vcJume  will  be  found  a  Est 
of  the  illustratioos  thereiD. 


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Facsimile  Reprotxxtiotb  of  State  Papers 


Arthur  '■    Annonneement   of  Prendent 

Qftrfleld'a  Death,  4641. 
Arthur's     Signsture    to    OfSeial    An- 

Doaneement   of   PrNident    Qufield'B 

Death,  4642. 
Buchanan  'i  Note  to  Senate  Belatbig  to 

Utah  UaoucreB,  3135. 
CUTton-Bnlwer  Treat}',  of  TKjIor'i  Ad- 

tnmiEtratiou  (final  pa^e},  2S67. 
Cleveland's    Proclamation    on    Utah's 

Admission  to  Union,  61S4. 
Cleveland's  Biniatnre  to  Proclamation 

Admitting  Utah  into  Union,  6155. 
Coinage  Proelamation  of  John  A.dams, 

256. 
Declaration  of  Independence   (Original 

Draft  Of),  4. 
Declaration  of  War  against  Spain,  6297. 
Declaration  of  War  with  Uexico,  2312. 
DeeUration  of  War  of  1812,  607. 
Fillmore's  Fugitive  Slave  Proclamation 


(lait  page),  2693. 

Oarfleld  (Note  to  the  Senate),  4602. 

Grant's  Centennial  Proclamation,  4366. 

Giant's  Signature  to  Centennial  Procla- 
mation, 4367. 

Grant 's  Proclamation  Calling  for  an 
Extr&  Session  of  the  Senate,  3994. 

Harrison 's  (Benjamin)  Proclamation 
Admitting  Washington  to  Union, 
54S5. 

Harrison  'a  (Benjamin)  Slgnatore  to 
Proclamation  Admitting  Washington 
to  Union,  G4S6. 

Ha7es'  Proclamation,  Uar7land  Bail- 
road  Strike  (first  page),  4470. 

Hayes '  Sienatnre  to  Proelamation, 
Maryland  Railroad  Strike  (last  page), 
4471. 

Jackson's  Proclamation  abont  the  Pub- 
lic Lands  in  Alabama,  1043. 

Jackson's  Signature  on  a  State  Docu- 
ment, 1203. 

Jefferson 's  Neotralit  t  Proclamation, 
414. 


Lincoln's    Emancipation    Proclamation 

(first,  last,  and  intermediate  paBes).  - 

3359. 
Lincoln's   Signature    to   Emancipation 

Proclamation,  3360. 
Lincoln  'i    Exhortation    to   the   People 

not  to  Plunge  into  Civil  War,  3253^ 
Lincoln 's  Proclamation   Admitting 

West  Virginia  into  the  Union,  3381. 
Lincoln  'h    Signature    to    Proclamation 

Admitting  West  Virginia  into  Union, 

3382. 
Monroe  Doctrine  (page  from  Uonroe's 

Seventh  Annual  Message),  791. 
Monroe's  Letter  to   a  Friend  Explain- 
ing National  Policj,  761. 
Pierce 's    Proclamation    against    Cuban 

Pilibnsters   (first  page),  2779. 
Piirce's    Proclamation    against    Cuban 

Filibusters    (second  page),   2TS0. 
Boosevelt  's    Proclamation    of    Special 

Holiday  for  Celebration  of  Centennial 

of  Lincoln's  Birth,  7348. 
Boosevelt 's   Announcement   of   Centen- 
nial  of   Lincoln 's   Birth,   Last   Page 

and  Signature,  7349. 
South   Carolina's   Secession   Ordinance, 

3159. 
Taft's  Proclamation  of  the  Death  of 

Vice-President  Sherman,  8130. 
Taft's  and  Secretary  Knox's  Signature 

to  Announcement  of  Death  of  Vice- 
President  Sherman,  8131. 
Taylor's   Signature   on   a   State   Docn- 

meot,  2566. 
Tyler's  SiCTatnre  on  the   Ratification 

of    the    Webster-Ashburton    Treaty, 

2024. 
Van    Buren  's.    Proclamation    Bevoking 

Tonnage  Duties,  1S51. 
Washington's  First  Thanksgiving  Proc- 
lamation, 66. 
Webster-Ashburtoa  Treaty,  Ratified  in 

Tyler's  Administration.  2023. 
Wilson  *B  Neutrality  Proclamation  at  the 

Outbreak   of   the   European   War   of 

1914,  8352. 
Wilson's  Neutrality  Proclamation,  Last 

Page,   with   Siguatnxe   of   Secretary 

Bryan,  8353. 


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ENCYCLOPEDIC  INDEX 

to  the 

Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


NOTE. — The  pages  of  the  Mebbaqes  and  Fapebs  or  ths  PsBsmxinB  are  con- 
Becutivdy  numbered  from  Page  1  to  the  last  page  of  the  last  message  received  before 
gtung  to  prtm,  without  regard  to  the  division  into  volumes.  Tike  index  numbetB  there- 
fore refer  to  pages  onljr.  The  page  numbeia  in  each  volume  are  indicated  on  the  back 
to  aasora  quick  and  bandy  r^erence. 

A.  B.  0>  Arbitration. — Dnrlag  the  Ueilciii 
nirolnUaa  of  1918-14.  cltliens  of  the  Unit- 
ed States  mffered  man;  IsBults  and  abnwB, 


inditloD   that   1 


Tbia  > 


handa   of   the  warring   faclloDS.       

anreaalon  culminated  on  the  9th  of  April, 
1914,  wben  a  poymuter  or  the  V.  8.  a. 
DotpM»  was  arretted  at  Tamplro.  and  the 
deUTerr  of  United  fitatea  mall  was  Inter' 
(ered  wltb.  Admiral  Ma^.  commandlns  tha 
Oeet  iM  the  harbor,  demanded  a  iaiute  to 
the  nnlted  States  titat  as  partial  reparation 
tor  the  Injnrlea  aaatalned  fa  tbe  Americana. 


demand  with  ^n  ordei 
of  Vera  Cmi  by  Amr" 
lorees.     (Page  8314.) 


ready  to  begin  the 
mmey  overuiia  to  Meilco  CUT  Senor 
:aon,  tbe  Argeollne  minister  at  Washlng- 
~a,  Benbor  da  Gacoa,  " — "*"-  — ■•-— ^~- 
id    Senor    Sunrei. 


proffered    their     HrTlceB    i 


good  oOees  of  tbe  dlplomati  and  appointed 
Jntllce  Joaepb  S.  La.uiar,  of  tbe  Snprcme 
Conrt.  and  Frederick  W.  Lehman,  an  at- 
tonie7,  of  St  LouIb.  to  represent  tbe  United 
Blatea.  Huerta  alao  appolnled  delegates. 
The  medtatora  met  at  Nfagam  Falli.  Can- 
ada. Uar  20.  and  by  June  12.  had  agreed 
upon  a  plan  for  a  provisional  garerament 
(or  lleiico  to  consist  of  a  president  and 
a  cabinet  of  fonr  leading  Mexicans,  wbo 
■honld  have  been  nenlral  dnrlng  tbe  revoln- 
UoD.  President  Wilson  demanded  that  a 
Conatltatlauallst  should  be  cbown  as  pro- 
Ttslonml  president,  bnt  the  mediators  re- 
fnsed  to  oanctton  tbis.  June  22,  peace 
grotocola  were  signed  whereby   the   United 


npd  II 


SUtH  abaud 

tbe  Hag  and   —  . 

IndtmiutT  from  Ueilco,  i 


claim  ror 


.  salute 


well   t 


n  at  ■ 


plalmi 


dne  American  rit liens,  wltb  tt 


0  proceedlDES  c  _ 
ree  to  an  armlatlca. 
It  D,  a  federal  elsc- 
ijou  was  neio  in  aierlco  and  Hnerta  wsa 
re-elected  Trestdent  and  Benor  Btanquet 
Vlce-l'resldent.  Few  of  the  populace  par- 
tlclpa.ted  In  the  volEng,  and  ten  days  later 
"■■—'-   —signed  [-■■   ■-— —  —   — -   "-  — 


(or  Jamalci       ~ 
Ister    of    U 


parted 


Si.'i,  r^°'*:^iss   -opp-^'' 


e''gDTe''mment'at  Ueiico  Citr, 
larransa  to  come  Into  the  cltf 
proTlelonal  goiemment  grant- 
1  amnesty  to  those  who  bad 
I  Huerta  administration. 
A-  B.  Plot— ■William  H.  Crawford,  of  Geor- 
gia, was  a  promlaent  Democratfc-Republlcan 
caodldate  foe  the  Presidency  In  1824.    Dtir- 

iftlers  signed  '■A.  B.-  appeared  In  a  Wash- 
ington newspaper  cbareing  him  with  mal- 
. ._   ..»..  __  ^  ..   .^^  gj  jjj^  Treaa- 


Tbey 


wards.   I. , 

pointed     minister 
iL'knowledged    theli 


1  Just 


Ei- 


Uexlco,     and     wbo 

--_-_    -nthorsblp.       Apr.    19, 

1SZ4.    I^dwarda    presented    a    memorial    to 
the  HoDSe  of  Repreeentallves  making  specIBc 
charges.      These    he    failed   to   auaUln,   and 
Crawford  waa  exonerated. 
Abaca  laland  (Bahamas),  negotiations 

for  cession  of  lands  on,  for  erection 

of  light-houses,  S45. 
Abandoned  Farms.— The  reaaona  glyen  for 
farm  abandonment  are  the  impoTer1sbmi>nt 
of  tbe  soil,  through  lapb  of  fertiliser  and 
rotation  of  crops,  the  meager  Hnanclal  re- 
wards of  ordinary  farm  labor,  and  tbe 
disinclination  of  eoun  try-bred  men  and 
women  to  remain  on  farms  when  the  con- 
veniences and  luxuries  of  ))fe  are  to  be 
e  cities,  and  enjoyed  wltb  great- 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Abandoned        Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Aliuidcmed  Funu — CoiiHnucit. 

one  generaUoD  From  tbe  {arni  flnds  egi 
■elllni  at  60  cents  a  doien,  broiled  clilekeD 
at  a  dollar,  and  tbe  kind  of  apples  be  (om 
erl;  led  to  bon  bringing  a  cent  apiece  I 
cUr  marketa  be  la  apt  to  loDg  lor  tb 
aboiidaDt  food  o(  bis  boybood  days. 


m   blB   "Altn 


rla,"_ 


-jvel    printed    1 


_38A  William  I>ean  Bowella,  an  American 
noTellit,  predicted  tiiat  soon  tbe  railroads 
would  be  Imploring  Doen  to  _go  (rom  the 
dtlea  and  till  the  soil,  Mr.  W.  C.  Brown, 
PnaldeDt  of  the  New  York  Cenlral  Rail- 
road, In  a  apeech  In  New  York  Cllr  la  laiO, 
declared  that  there  are  ie,00«  square  mllea 
Of  practically  abandoned  (a '~  '" —  "--■- 


Fnim  tbls  time  forward  tbe  queatlon  be- 
came ona  of  national  Importance.  In  coD- 
BCQuence  of  bla  nncompromlalnf  attetancea 
tiarrlaoD  was  Indicted  b;  n«nd  Juries  la 
several  Southern  States  and  rewards  wera 
offered  for  bla  coQtlctloo.  Tbe  New  York 
Weekly  Bmanclpator  waa  another  organ 
of  tbe  Aboil tlonlsta.        Borne  strong  patn- 


be  pnrcbaBed  for  120  an  i . 

declared  blmself  willing  to  head  a  million- 
dollar  s7Ddli-al:e  to  bu;  and  reclaim  these 
abandoned  farms  In  a  practical  effort  to 
decrease  the  cost  of  foodstuffs  to  tbe  con- 


n  with  dtj  experience  a 


s  have  made 


em  Industrial 

farming  prolllable  where  the  counErj-nrca 
farmer  with  onir  the  coDTcntlonal  methods 
has  failed.  The  back-to-tbe-farni  movement 
was  given  consldeiible  Impetus  by  tbe  de- 
velopment of  Intenaive  farming  In  tbe  West, 
by  Irrlntlon,  by  tbe  railroads,  tbe  Depart- 
ment  ot  AcrlcDlture  and  the  bisb  price  of 
loodatnin  fn  tbe  cities. 

President  Boosevelt  appointed  a  commis- 
sion to  Investlsate  the  coDdillona  of  fai'm 
life  In  America,  and  he  discusses  tbe  jDues- 
tlon  fully  In  a  spe<dal  message  (page  7ZS3). 
(Bee  also  Conntry  Life  CODunlsalon.) 
Abelmao  vs.  Booth.— An  important  Su- 
preme Court  caae  maintaining  tbe  constltu- 
tlonalliy  of  the  fncatlv&^lave  law  ot  1850. 
Booth  was  tried  before  a  commissioner  ap- 
pointed by  tbe  United  SUtes  district  court 
ot  Wisconsin  for  violation  ot  tbe  fugltlve- 
atave  law,  and  ordered  to  appear  before  the 
district  court.  Falling  to  do  so.  b»  w» 
Imprisoned  by  Abeltnan,  the  Onlted 


. ;  court  of  tbe  Stal 

-f  habtat  coriiua.  Later  be  w 
before  the  United  States  district 
was  agala   released   by   "" 


by  ti 
of  n 


■e  on  aVrlt 

as   Indicted 


I   supreme 


B   befor. 


the 


Wert  V 


usUee 


phlctB 

Expediency;  or,  Slavery  Considered  with  m. 
View  to  Its  RlgbtfQl  and  Effectual  Rem- 
edy"; "Abolition,"  by  John  G.  Whlttler, 
Haverhill,  Mass. ;  "Appeal  In  Behalf  ot  tAat 
ClasB  of  Americans  Called  Africans,"  br 
Lydla  Maria  Cblld ;  and  "Tbe  Sin  ot  Slav- 
ery and  Its  Bemedy,"  by  Bllsnr  Wright  si 
professor  In  the  Western  Reserve  ColleKe- 
Abolltlon  aentlmenta  were  not  confined 
solely  to  the  Northern  Btatea,  The  feellug 
against  tbe  abolitionists  ran  high  and  riata 
were  frequent.  At  Alton,  Illinois,  In  1837, 
Elijah  P.  Lovejoy,  an  abolition  editor,  waa 
mobbed  and  killed,  and  In  1838,  Pennsyl- 
vania Hall,  In  Philadelphia,  waa  bamed. 
Tn  1838  many  of  tbe  party  desiring  to 
ilnate  caudldatei  tor  office,  a  proceed- 
-      ■  ■■  o1)Jected, 


log  to  which  tbe  "Oarrlaonlans" 

wilthdrew. 

Aborigines. — A  word  used 


ot 


designate  tha 


iQiry 


In 


America  the  term  la  applied  generally  b 
Indians  found  by  tbe  early  settlers. 
AbsentM  Sliftwn6a  Indluig.  (See  Indian 

Tribes.} 
AbTBsInU  (Ethl(q>i&). — The  total  area  ot 
tbe  Etbloplsn  Empire  Is  estimated  at  B50,- 
OUO  to  400,000  English  sqaare  mllea,  wltb 
a  total  population  ot  from  1,000.000  to 
8.000,000,  of  whom  about  belt  are  Abys- 
slnlans,  tbe  remainder  being  Qatlas,  negro 
...1 —    ,_   ..._ .   ._j    — Qfii    frontlera, 

I  la  o 


and    Dsnaklla   and   Somalia   . 
About  ooe-tblrd  of  the  whole. 


Soma  Ills  nd.       TbB 


, Booth   bad 

pleaded  the  anconstltatlonallty  of  tbe  law. 
l^e  court  upheld  tbe  law  aad  reversed  tbe 
declaloQ  ot  the  State  aupreme  court. 
AbollHonlCtB. — A  term  applied  during  and 
preceding  tbe  Civil  War  to  tbe  members 
ot  tbe  New  England  AoH-Blavery  Society 
and  those  who  held  with  them  that  "Im- 
mediate unconditional  emancipation  without 
expatriation  was  the  right  of  every  slave 
and  that  be  could  not  be  withheld  by  his 
master  an  hour  without  aln."  Tbe  Brst 
society  for  the  abolition  of  slavery  waa 
formed  In  Pennsflianla  In  ITT4 :  New  York 
followed  In  1785.  Rhode  Island  In  1786, 
Maryland  In  17B9,  and  Cod nect lent,  Vir- 
ginia and  New  Jentcy  before  1782.  Among 
The  presidents  of  the  New  York  society  Were 
John   Jay  and   Alexander  Hamilton. 

Jan.    1,    1831.    VfUUsm    I.loyd    Garrison 
t>egan  tbe  publication  In  Boston  ot  a  paper 
caVied   THa  lAberatar,  which   advocated   the 
immodlste    liberation    of    slaves,    regardless 
of  all   laws  or  constitutional  provisions  to       les 
tbe  contrary.     At  tbe  beginning  ot  tbe  fol-        In  J 
lowing  year  be  organised  the  above-named       the 
society,  with  the  foregoing  as  Its  cblet  doc-       was 
trine.     Near   the  close   of   1833  a   «inili«r       Kin 
society  was  formed  In  Philadelphia. 


boundaries  of  Uia  empire  are  dellned  on  ttia 
west,  north,  and  northeast,  where  thejf 
touch.  In  order,  the  Sudan ;  tbe  Itallna 
colony  of  Unsgowab  (Eritrea);  the  Frencb 
colony  of  DJIbuti ;  and  the  Brltlah  So- 
mali land  Protectorate.  Northwards  the 
boundary  Is  abont  IB*  80-  N.  lat,  laillUK 
Just  south  of  KasaalB. 

Phl/atcvt  Feature: — Western  Abysstnia 
Is  a  platean,  with  peaka  rising  to  13,- 
000-lS.OOO  feet ;  Eastern  Abyaslnla  con- 
sists of  tbe  Danakil  and  Somali  lowlandSL 

Ifalural     Aesoaroei. — Western    Abysalnia 


coal  are  not  uncommon,  anil  gold  la 
washed  in  various  streams,  while  salt,  salt- 
petre, and  sulphur  are  Rlao  procnrable. 
The  lower  country  and  deep  valley  gorgea 
arc  very  hot ;  tbe  higher  plateaus  are  well 
watered,  with  a  genial  climate.  In  the 
hotter  region^  sugar  cane,  cotton,  coffee, 
robber,  etc.,  flourish ;  In  (he  middle  aone 
malie,    wheat,    bsrley.    wild    o ranges   and 


other    fruit ,    

are  cultivated:   and  sb 
excellent  pesturea  with 


I   feet  1 


jltlva- 

easoDS  In  the  year, 
a  dry  winter  and  a  rainy  summer  from 
June  to  8eptpml>er.  Tbe  chief  river  la  the 
Blue  Nile.  Horses,  mules,  donkeys.  oiCD. 
goats  and  sheep,  and  camels  In  the  low- 
landSi  form  a  targe  portion  ot  the  wealth 

I   visited   by   tbe   Portn- 


if  the  people. 

nutorg.—u    . .  _    _        __    __ 

lese  In  1492.    Tbe  various  small  monarCh- 

B  irere  united  Into  one  kingdom  In  186S. 

'  '"'"  ■lassal,  ot  Tlgre,  who  liad  aasamed 

NeauB   Negost    (King    of   Sings), 

ned  as  Jobannea  II,  Emperor  ot 

,_      At  bla  death  In   1889.   Menellk 

II    (born  1B42)  became  supreme  ruler.   Oct. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Ackiuntledgment 


JUymnU  (EtUopU)— CwNiHwd. 

1S>  1889,  tbe  Italian  QoTerDmeiit  ammod 
a  protectorate  over  AbiMlDla,  and  b;  a 
mbagqiwiit  tceatr  wltb  ElnB  Menellk,  the 
emiiitty  came  wbollj  under  lullan  Infla- 
ence.  Br  an  aKreemeat  alKD^  Dec.  IS, 
1»0«,  Ital7.  rnnce  and  Oreat  Britain  nn- 
dmook  to  picaerra  tbe  intcKrltr  of  Abr>- 


0«  vermmttxI—Kegta  Ncgnit  ».   . 
•"-—    " ■'-    II    (Kins   of    Bhoa: 


lo.  and  of  tbe  tecrltoriea  conquered  br  tbe 
dominant  Klnsdom  of  8boa ;  the  ontward 
and  Ttalble  algn  of  tbelr  alleglaDce  to  tbe 
Empeior  being  a  contrlbntlon  to  tbe  Im- 
perial rerenoe.  In  1908  a  Council  of  Ulnla- 
term  was  constttnted  by  the  Bmperor  wltb 
Ui  Exaam,  frandaoD  of  Menellk,  President 
ol  the  ConndL 


Tbe  Jndldnl  Sjatem  la  Cased  upon  the 
coda  of  Juatlnlan.  and  tbere  la  an  appeal 
(rom  tbe  conna  to  the  Emperor.  Pdrate 
property  in  land  being  little  known  and 
tbe  uarrlBKe  tie  being  eaellT  dlasoived  bj 
cither  partr.   there  ia  little  aodal   cober- 


^Ick.  the  Bon  of  Solomon 

and  the  Qneen  ot  Sheba.  The  Hetropoll- 
un  (Abaua  Hattheoe)  and  tbe  prieeta  and 
■""  —   '" B  defrree  aubject  to  the 


ProdMcHon  aad  rndtutry.— The  principal 
MrsDlts  are  ajrlcnltni^  cattle  1)re«irng 
■ad  bnntlnf.  The  cblef  eiporta  are  cof- 
fee dret,  wax,  bldea,  mbber,  1tot7  and 
Eld :  the  chlet  Importa  belni  cottone, 
rdware,  provWoos,  anna  and!  ammani' 
lien,  petroleam  and  (laaa.  Bxteraal  trade 
la  lncreaaU>K>  The  Import  dn^  on  all 
food*  la  S  per  cent,  od  ealornn. 

Abnalnia  to  the  home  of  the  cottee  plant, 
which  rnmlahea  one  ot  the  chief  eiports. 
Cotton,  nigaT  cane  and  Tinea  flonrlah.  Iron 
la  abundant.  Cattle,  aheep  and  boraea  are 
raised.  American  eray  ahlrtlnK,  hardware. 
ammnnltlan,  petroleam  are  Imported.  It 
vaa  •anonnced  on  Uar  18,  1911.  that  U] 
Tasn  baa  been  proclaimed  Emperor  after 
an  eKort  br  his  oonsln  to  wrest  the  govem- 
ownt  from  him.  The  chlet  eiports  are  cof- 
'"■-,  inm.  wax,  gold,  '  •    .     .      _ 

-'  •-' 'J  domli 


taiu  iDtereata  dominate ;  large  herds  ot 
tie.  aheep  and  goats  are  raised :  exec 
horsea  and  long-wooled  sheep  In  hlghei 
Tatlona.  Uannfactorea  primitive ;  mum 
doOi.  and  working  of  leather  and  metals, 
ett  Caravan  trade  Important;  hides,  skins. 
Irary,  wax,  gam.  coffee,  gold,  ostrich  teath- 
era,  etc.,  exchanged  tor  raaaatactored  artl- 


weat  and  by  can 
railway  baajnat 
tnniloca.     Th<    ~ 


in  the 

n  built 

le   posts   and    ' 


r  French 

-ixfer  n«nefa^  management,  >D<r  Abysalnla 
baa  been  admitted  to  tbe  PoaUl  Union. 
Ttiegrapha  and  tel«>honea  hare  been  con- 
" — '  ,  and  admission  to  the  lotema- 
Conventlon     haa     been 

ifnnip. — nie  aetlTe  army  eonalsts  of  the 
InMHal  Troopa.  namberlng  about  300,- 
000  men,  armed  with  rifles,  with  same  sr- 
Ullenr  and  troops  of  Oalla  horsemen.  The 
rcudatory    State* 


ciegtapbi 


Towfu.— Tha  Capital.  Adls  Ababa,  fai 
Bhoa,  haa  a  popnlatlon  of  abont  au,000 ; 
Uarrar  contains  about  40.000 ;  and  DIrs 
Dawa  from  S,0O0  to  T.OOO.  There  are  an- 
cient architectural  remains  at  Akaum, 
Gondar,  and  Ankober;  modem  archltectore 
la  very   poor,   while  dralnags   and   stnlt*- 

Forilgn  Aelolfona. — Qreat  Britain.  Franc* 
and  Italy  paaseas  territory  bordering  the 
Abyssinian  Empire  and  hBTe  enterea  Into 
an  Bfceement  to  respect  tbe  Integrity  of 
tbe  Empire.  Tbe  United  States.  Austrla- 
Hnngary  and  Oermany  have  signed  commer- 
cial treaties  with  the  Empire.  There  are 
representatives  of  France.  Oermany,  Oreat 
Britain,  Italy,  Rnssla  and  tbe  tJ.  8.  A. 
at  the  capital.  (See  also  Africa.) 
Academ;,  MUltur.  (See  Milituj  Acad- 

emj.) 
Academy,  NkTaL  (See  Nftval  Acad- 
emy.) 
Academy  of  Belenceg,  National,  eommig- 
sion  from  membereliip  of,  to  formu- 
late plana  for  forestiy  ayatem,  61S7. 
(Bee  also  National  Academy  of  Sei- 

Acapulco,  Mexico: 

ContraveraieB  betweeit  American  con- 
sul at,  and  Mexican  aathoritiei, 
2695. 

Impriaonmsnt  of  American  citizens 
in,  2720,  2634,  2837. 
Acapnlco,  The,  leiznre  and  killing  of 
Oen.  Barmndia  on,  and  action  of 
American  minister  to  Ouatemala, 
discussed,  SSa. 

Conduct  of  commander  Beitei  regard- 
ing,  referred    to,   5560. 

Papers  regarding,  tranamitted,  G565. 
AcceBSOTT. — In  law  one  who  Is  guilty  ot  a 
felony,  not  by  committing  the  olfense  In 
person  or  aa  a  principal,  nor  by  being 
present  at  Its  eommlsslon,  bat  by  being  In 

-'her   way    concerned   therein,   as    by 

or  Inciting  another  to  commit  the 

..-  by    concenllDg   the  offender   or  In 

any  way  belplng  blm  to  escape  punlabment. 
Ad  acEeiaor;  before  the  fact  1b  one  who 
eonnsels  or  Incites  another  to  commit  a 
felony  and  who  Is  not  preaeot  when  the 
act  la  done  :  after  the  fact,  one  who  recelvea 
and  conceals  or  In  any  way  asBlstB  tbe  of- 
fender, knowing  him  to  nave  committed 
a  felony.  The  laws  ot  different  States  vary 
as  to  the  pnnlshment  of  accesBorlea. 
Accounts,  Fnbllc^  system  of,  ekould  be 

impioved,  1120. 
AcliMn,    native    Kingdom    of    North 

Somatra,  war  with  Netherlands,  nsn- 

tralitj  preserved  by  United  Btatea  in, 

41S2. 
Acknowledgmdnt. — An  acknowledgment  la 
the  act  of  declaring  the  Keen  Hon  ot  an 
Instrument  before  an  otBcer  antborlied  to 
cerlify  to  ancb  declaration.  The  offlcer 
certifies  to  tbe  fact  ot  soch  declaration, 
and  to  his  knowJedge  ot  ttie  person  so 
declariog.  Conveysnces  or  deeds  Of  land  ta 
be  enticled  to  be  recorded  toust  flrat  be 
acknowledged  before  a  proper  ofBcer.  Hoat 
of  tbe  States  have  forms  of  acknowledg- 
ments, which  abontd  be  followed 

Acknowledgments  may  be  taken  In  gen- 
eral by  notaiies  public,  faatlcei  of  the  praca, 
Jndgea  or  Clerk*  ot  iCoiuta  of  the  Ufhec 


advising  0 


jyGooi^lc 


Admowledg         Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


■radei,  Reglitera,  Uutera  In  Chancerr, 
Court  CommlnlonerB,  town  clerka,  Uaror 
mnd  Clerks  ol  IncoriMiratcd  dtlei,  within 
their   mpectlT*  jurlsdicCloni. 

Seals  OT  their  eqalvnlent  (or  wbitever  Is 
Intended  ■■  sucb)  are  neceasair  In  AJatika, 
ConDectleut,  Delaware,  District  o(  Co- 
lumbia, Florida,  Idaho,  lUtnolB,  Ualce, 
Maryland,  Uaasacbasetta,  Hlchlgan.  Minne- 
sota, Ulsaoarl,  Mew  Hampshire  »ew  Jer- 
sej,  New  York,  North  Carolina,  Oregon, 
rennarlTanla.  South  Carol  loa,  Vermont, 
Virginia    —    '    " '-     "'"~ 

coriKiratlon 


I  deeds  by 


tutea 


tin  preacrlbed  o. -,   — 

ol  most  of  the  SisteB  except  Connecticut, 
florlda,  LoulRiana.  Separate  acknowlcdg- 
nent  by  wife  le  required  in  Alaaka, 
Arkanus,  Delaware.  District  of  Columbia, 
Florida,   Georgia,    Idaho ,_^  Kentucky,  '"' 

Carolina,      Oregon, 

Carolina,    Tenneeaee.    Tcii 

_......._     .i    ^__j^    jji    required 


IHst 


itloQ    ol   deeds 


mbla,    I 


Lonrslana,  Hlchlgan,  tlit. 

ahlre,  Ohio.  Oregon.  South  Carolina,  Teiaa, 
Vermont.    *" '" 


required   In 

Florida,     Georgia, 

■      •'        Hamp- 


llaceball.  from  tlay  13.  IBOO. 


Bamnal  Dexter,  from  Jan.   1.  1801. 
etoretam  ot  War— 

' — a  UcIIenry  (  — -■ — •'■ 
-1  Dexter,  fi   _ 
Qrlawold,   acting  ] 

,.»-.,  of  the  Stvu— 
Oeaitx  Cabot  appointed.    Dedloed  Hay 

Benjamin' Btoddert,  from  Uay  8,  IT98. 
Attorney-  OmMra  I — 

Charles    Lee    (continued). 
pottm  a*  ter-Oeneral— 


■  Federalist  and' In  common  with  bis  party, 
dlntmsted  the  aelf-«>TerDiDB  power  ot  the 
mniif  I    He  bellsTM  In  strong  centTsl  goT- 


fltted  by  merit.  He  wbb  democratic  to  the 
extent  of  believing  that  equality  meant  that 
all  mcD  should  have  equal  rights  la  the  eyea 
but  tbat  Id  heredlUry  rights. 


capacity,  advBnta„.  .  ^- 

are   by   no   mcBDB   equal.      WhI 

dent  and  presiding  oUcer  In  t 

was  frequently  called  upon  to  decide  by 
bis  casting  vote  quoetlons  of  vital  Impor- 
tnnce  In  the  maintenance  o(  the  policy  of 
Washington.  This  occurred  no  fewer  than 
twenty  tlmea  In  one  session  of  CoDgT~~~ 

The  FIttb  Congresa  flrst  met  In  e: 
slon  at  Philadelphia,  May  1*   '""' 


f  Mew  Jer- 


r  Jersey,  North 


lied    nod   80.000   mlUtla    wen 
lor.      An   set   was  passed  pUQli" 
teering  on  a  friendly  nation  b 

S10,0«l,    -r""    ' ■ --- 

Tbe  Hon 

was  first  orgaulied  at  mis  session, 

TFar  vHlh  francs  TAreafcncd.  —  Adams 
appointed  John  Marsball.  Elbrldge  Qerrj 
■nd  C.  C.  rinckney  commissioners  to  treat 
wlih  France.  They  met  In  Paris  Oct.  *. 
1T9T,  and  were  approached  with  a  proposl- 


WlscoDsln. 
Acre  Eight,— The  share  of  a  citlsen  of  a 
New  England  town  In  the  common  lands. 
The  Talue  of  die  acre  right  was  a  fixed 
quantity  In  each  town,  bnt  varied  In  dllter- 
cnt  towns.  A  ten-acre  lot  or  right  In  ■ 
certain  town  was  equivalent  to  113  acres 
ot  upland  and  twelve  acres  ot  mesdow,  snd 
a  certain  exact  proportion  was  maintained 
bttween  tbe  acre  right  and  salable  lands. 
Acts  of  OongrasB,  (See  Bills  and  Acts.) 
Acta,  Public,— Pohllc  acts  are  tbe  laws  of 
a  State  and  of  the  United  States.  State 
records  are  the  registered  •deeds  oC  property, 
joamals  of  kglslatares.  etc.  Judicial  pro- 
ceedings are  the  records  of  courts,  noder 
the  Constltatlon  each  Stste  must  give  full 
fslth  and  credit  to  the  public  sets,  records. 
and  Judicial  proceeding  of  ever;  other 
Slate  (twenty-four).  Tbe  cblcf  value  of 
tbls  provision  Is  tbat  II  prevents  endless 
lawsulta,  When  a  case  has  bcm  decided 
fn  one  State.  It  csnnot  be  opened  In  Om 
courts  of  another  State. 

AtUDU,   Jclui.— 1797-1801. 

Third  Administration— Federal. 
Tiee-Prettdtnt — Thomas  JeCfsmon. 
V  of  Btato 


'clgn  AfTalt-B,  and  o 


France.  It  was  on  this  occasion  thst  Mr. 
PlQCkney  Is  reported  to  have  given  utter- 
ance to  the  famous  sentence  declaring  that 
the  United  States  had  '■Millions  tor  de- 
fense :  not  one  cent  for  tribute."  Partisan 
feeling  was  general  and  bitter  thraugboat 
the  country  and  diplomacy  was  strslned  to 
the  nimosc  to  avert  actual  bostllltles  with 

Congresg  organised  the  Navy  Department 


mandcr-ln-chlef  o 
of  l.1eutennnt-nene: 
"Hall,  Columbia," 
1798,  Commanders  of  ships  of  i 
Instructed  to  seize  French  armea  vessels 
Bttacklnit  American  merchant-men  or  hov- 
ering about  tbe  coast  for  that  purpose. 
Commercial  Intercourse  with  France  was 
suspended  and  In  July  all  treaties  with 
that  country  were  declared  void.  Although 
several  naval  engagements  took  pi  see.  a 
state  of  war  did  not  exist  according  to  Inter- 
The   passage  of 


the  Allen  snd  8 


(  the   Fifth  Congress. 


ief  Justice  Elliworlh. 

of  roonectlfot,  end  Gov.  Davlc.  of  North 
Csrollna.     All  were  received  by  Napoleon, 

„..    . -Party    lines    and    pa 

Strife  dnring  the  Adama  administration  w 

more  largely  Influenced  by  foreign  than  by 
domestic  political  Issues.  Despite  the  hn- 
mlllatton  Inflicted  upon  tbe  young  Itennblie 
by  both  France  and  Great  Brilsln.  Adsro* 
resolntely  followed  Waflhlnglon's  policy   of 


tested  by  tbe  FedersUsta.  The  decrees  Is- 
sued by  France  against  American  commerce 
caused  Adams  to  convene  Congress  In  spe-- 
clal  session  soon,  aftw  bis  Inaagtiratloil.. 
In  his  mestags  on  this  occasion  he  rsvlewn' 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encycloptdic,  Index 


tbe  illiiBtloii  and  uki  Cancrem  to  conilder 
bow  wmr  with  Fraace  roey  be  sverted.  He 
■■Id:  (pme  226)  "1  stull  Initltule  a  freah 
BKcmtit  at  netntlatlon  and  iha]]  not  fait 
to  promote  and  acprlcrate  an  arrommoda- 
tlon  on  Irrma  oompalLble  wltb  the  rlelitiL 
dntlea,  lulereals.  atul  honor  of  tbe  natroo/* 
The  apeclal  commiaslon  composed  of  I'lnck- 
DP7.  Uarahall.  and  Gcriy  was  sent  to 
Friuicr,    bat  was   Dot  opeatT   r«cvlTed. 

Then  fallowed  (he  X.  Y.  Z.  affali'  (4.  v.). 
and  the  publlcltj  of  the  deapatchps  rplaiioE 
to   It    arouKd   sreat   eidlemeDl    in    Europe 


'    detenalve    meaaurea 


0  oegollate  peace 


army  streoKtheDed  and  commanded  hj  Wash- 
iDctoD.  who  accepted  the  rank  of  lientenant 

SneraL  Then  tbe  F'rencb  dlreotorji  saw 
e  error  they  had  rommltted  and  made 
OTertarv«  to  the  Uolted  States.  Adams  met 
them,  ttioaf|n  hla  manner  of  doing  ■"  *" 
appolDtinx  Vana  Mnrray  to  [legollate 

■ntaKonlied  HamJKon  and  hia  trleai. 

brought  about  a  ruplurp  in  tbe  Cabinet. 
Adams  alwaTH  atootl;  maintained  that  (hia 
was  the  most  merltorloua  act  of  hia  life; 
and  later  treoeratlons  have  ao  testlSed.  "I 
dealre."  Ii»  aald,  "no  other  inscription  over 
mj  gtarratone   than    this:    'Here    Ilea   Jobn 

AdBDU.   who   took   nppn   hlTn«"l/   tho   .■»..u....l. 

Ulltr  of  peace  with 

stringent    alleo    and    aedltlc 

later    In     this    admin  let  ration,     greatly    In. 

creased  the  anpopnlarltT  of  Adama. 

niHHce«. — Adama  Tcry  closely  followed 
WashlDKton's  policy  of  paying  olf  the  na- 
tional debt  as  rapidly  as  possible,  ao  far 
as  the  eilsencles  of  war  would  permit.  He, 
BO*»Ter,  deprecated  doing  bo  by  means  of 
loana  In  hia  First  Annaal  Address  ipage 
2S3I  he  said  :  "The  national  defense  must 
be  proTldcd  tor  as  well  as  the  support  of 
OOTernment ;   but   botb   shoo  Id   be   aecom- 

tllahed  as  mnch  as  possible  by  Immediate 
lies,  and  as  little  as  possible  by  loans." 
Feb.  12.  ITB8.  In  a  special  messaKe  (paee 
3S2)  he  reports  a  balance  on  hand  at  the 
beglnolnK  of  the  year  of  (15.404. 24.  In  hia 
njnrtb  Annnal   Hessage   (page  26T)   *" 


Banto   Domingo.      ,_,    — . „, 

adopted  by  Congreaa  for  the  protection  of 
merchant  vessels  under  convoy  of  an  armed 
frlKBie.  together  with  the  renewal  of  amit* 
anil  Mendeblp  with  France,  caused  a  rapid 
recuperation  In  commercial  circles.  Com- 
mercial IranBacllons  Id  the  country  for  tbe 
year  1800  are  represented  as  tollowH : 
^  Total  moDpy  In  clrruiallon.  «2e,B00,000; 
Revenues,  S10.64S,T49 :  EipcDdl lures.  S7,- 
ITO.BTl.Vso'"'"''''  »*'^-252^«8i  Sxs>OTU. 
™,J*?"'iJ™'  Comp/ertoft  of  Coaffreai.— In  the 
Fifth  Congreaa  the  Senate  of  thirty-two 
members  wa«  made  up  of  twenty-one  Feder- 
Bllals  and  eleven  Democrats ;  the  Hoaae.  of 
lOS  members,  waa  made  up  of  flfty-one  Fed- 
eralists and  flfty-four  I>emocrats.  In  the 
81»th  Connress  the  Benate,  of  thirty-two 
members,  was  made  op  of  nineteen  Federal- 
lata  and  thirteen  Democrats :  the  House,  Ot 
ion  members,  waa  made  np  ot  flfty-aeven 
Federalists  and  forty-elRht  Democrats. 

Tbe  Slith  TongresB.  the  last  to  assemble 
In^    Philadelphia,     met    Dec.    2.     1799,    and 


Bee.    19    "(pajie    287)7~a 

'™''^rnV"  

peace  and   Brst   Id'  the  hearts  of  hla^ 


French  ship  of  war  I.'/B)ii(rj7FMte  and  the 
frigate  La  Venocanct.  Tbe  trlgate  Oeorva 
n'os/ifni7fan  carried  tribute  money  from  iba 


e  to  report 


3   Cong 


"Thh 


o  the  n 


of  AUters  and  n 


dence  of  tbe  creal  resonrcea  of  tbla  

try  and  of  the  wisdom  and  eSlctencv  of  tha 
measure!  adopted  by  Coogresa  for  the  pro- 
tection of  commerce  and  preaerratlnn  of 
^bUc  credit"  ,!n  his  reply  to  the  Senate 

mded  In 
a  In  the 


Imported 

PtihUe  I>«M.— Dorlnc  the  administration 
of  Jobn  Adam*  the  nnhllc  di-ht  of  the  Dnlted 
State*  arnnit  aa  follows:  Jnnnnrr  t,  ITPR, 
t7».2?8.R2».12  :  1700,  tTR.408  flfll>.77  :  ISOO, 
«82.970,2»4.SS :   1801,   SSa.Oag.OKO.SI. 

Coataiercie. — The  retaliatory  orohlbltlon  of 
trade  with  certain  of  the  French  West  Indies 
prodanaUons   la    1799, 


required  to  carry  the  Dcy'a  ambasaador  to 
Conntanlluople. 

Succfairor  Bierted.— When  the  electoral 
jotes  were  counted  In  February  It  waa 
round  that  Jelrerson  and  Burr,  Democratlc- 
ReoubllcHn  candidates,  had  each  T3  votes: 
John  Adamo,  Federalist,  en,  and  C.  C 
Plnckney  PederallKt.  84,  and  John  Jay,  I. 
The  lie  between  Jefferson  and  Burr  waa 
sent  to  tbe  House  to  decide,  and  after 
seven  days.  In  which  thirty-six  ballots  were 
taken,   Jefferson   and   Burr   were  elected. 

Adama,  John: 

Annnal  addresaes  of,  240, 281, 279, 295- 
AddrcBsea    of   Senate    in   replv,   244, 
265,   282,   298. 
Beplies  of  Presidant,  246,  267,  283. 
299, 
Addresses  of  Souse  in  reply,  247,  267, 
283,  300. 
Bepliee  of  President,  24S,  270,  286, 
302. 
Biographical  sketch  of,  217. 
Constitutional  amendment  relative  to 
postponement   of   meeting  of  Con- 
gress sngiretted  by,  240. 
Death  of,  nnnonneed  and  honors  to  be 
paid  memory  of,  914. 
Referred  to,  930. 
Death  of  Wadiingtou  uinotineed  bv, 
287.  ' 

Address  and  replies,  288,  289,  290. 
Division  between  ]>eopIe  and  govern- 
ment  disconrafrsd  by,   229. 
Exequaturs  issued  consuls  of  France 

revolted  by,  260- 
Finanees  discussed  by,  228,  243,  2S2, 
265,  281,  297, 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  PresuUnts 


4''"Tnff.   J6ba--ContlnueA. 
Foraiffu  policy  diicuwed  b;,  228, 
Eoitile  policy  of  Praneo  discuased  b;, 

2Q2. 
Inangural  address  of,  S18. 
Oath  of  office,  notifies   Congress  of 

time  and  place  of  taking,  1220. 
Pardons  granted  iniurgentB  in  Penn- 

ejlvauia  by,  293. 
Portrait  of,  217. 
Proclamations  of — 

Conunerce  with  France,  restniitta 

OS,  removed,  27S,  292,  294. 
Exeqaatars  of  French  consols  re- 
voked, 260. 
Extraordinary  session   of — 
Congress,  222. 
Senate,  306,  1220. 
Foreign  coins,  legal  tender  of,  239. 
Insurrection  in  Pennsylvania,  276. 
Land    for    light -ho  osa    designated, 

1221. 
Pardons  to  insargents  In  Pennsyl- 
vania, 293. 
Bestraints      on      commerce      with 
France  removed  by  proclamation, 
278,  292,   294. 
Thanksgiving,  258,   274. 
Property  of  United  States  in  posses- 
sion of,  discussed  by,  305. 
Senate  requested  by,  to  postpone  ad- 

jonrnment,    257. 
Special  session  message  of,  223. 
Address   of  Senate   in  reply,  229. 

Beply  of  President,  232. 
Address  of  House  in  reply,  232. 
Seply  by  President,  234 
Thanksgiving  proclamations  of,  25S, 
274. 
Aduna,  John  Qnlncy.— 1S2S-1820. 

Tenth  AdmlDlBtriLllon— Demoerstlc- 
Repulillcsn. 
Vtct-Pretldtni— John  C.  Cslhoan. 
Btcrttarg  at  Blate — 

Uenrj  Clsr- 
Beeretary  of  the  Treatury — 

RIcbsrd  Rasb. 
Bterelam  of  War — 

Jsmea  Bsrboar, 

Peter  B.  Porter,  from  Hay  S6,  182S. 
Secretary  of  Iht  Savg— 

Samuel  L.  Soutbsrd  (continued). 

WILlIsm  Wirt   (contlnned). 
Poi  tmaefer-OeneroI— 

John  McLean  (contlpafdl. 
Party  A  ff  notion. — Tboueb  trained  in 
BolltlCB  and  diplomacy  by  his  father.  Jnbn 
QulncT  Adams  aoatt  msnl  trusted  Independ- 
ence of  political  thaugbt  sad  action.  He 
broke  with  tbe  Federalists  wben  be  lava 
unquBllflcd  support  to  JelTersou  on  tbe 
Lonialana  Purchase,  and,  later,  on  the  em. 
bargo.  Bpeslting  of  ttie  Federalists  detend- 
Ihe  the  Zieopard  sTsIr,  be  aald :  "Thin  was 
the  cause  wtaleh  alleaaled  me  from  that  da; 
and  forever  from  the  munclls  of  thg 
Federalist  partr,"  It  was  not  long  onrti  he 
became  active  fn  Repuhliran  circles,  both  as 
a  diplomat  and  as  ■  Cabinet  ofBcer.  Daring 
his  admin  I  St  rat  Ion,  he  was  Whta  ao  far  as 
farorlDic  Intemsl  ImprovemeDta.  tbe  natlanal 
bank,  and  bl^  tariff  on  tmportatlona.     Aa 


(1831)   by  tbe  anU-Masoale  party.  L 

there  mauitBlDed  a  perfaetljF  lodepeiHIeiit 
attitude.  When  be  left  Coosress  be  sop- 
ported  tbe  Abolitionists,  and  from  1836 
antll  1849  he  waa  fleree  In  Us  denuDdatlon 

jDhn  Qulnn  Adams  became  Chief  Uasla- 
trale  by  papular  choice  ta  an  election  vbera 
personality  waa  cancerned  more  than  party 
afflllallon.  Tbe  election  of  1824  was  not 
regulated  by  Congreaalonal  cancua.  whleb 
had  lost  Ita  Importance  with  the  waning  ot 
the  FederallslB.  nor  by  national  eoureutlon. 
wblch  mode  of  numloatlon  did  not  originate 
nntll   formed  by    the  Antl-Maaona  in    1830. 

Vote.— Tbe  contest  was  tree  for  all,  and 
narrowed  down  to  four  candtdatea ;  AdacnB, 
Jackson,  Cravford,  and  Clay,  Twenty-four 
Slatea  took  part  Id  tbe  election,  which  was 
held  Nov.  2.  This  la  the  earlleat  election  In 
which  there  appeari  a  record  of  the  papular 
vote,  as  most  ot  the  electors  were  cbosea 
by  that  means.  That  record  shows  Uiat 
Andrew  Jackson  received  1(16,678  votes ; 
John  Qnlncy  Adams,  10S.821  ;  William  H. 
Crawford.  44.282 ;  and  Henry  Clay,  46,E87. 
Tbe  electoral  vole,  counted  on  Feb.  It.  1S25, 

Kve    Andrew    Jackson,    BD ;    John    Qalncy 
lams,  84  :  Wlulnm  II.  Crawford.  41 ;  sna 
Ueary  Clsy,  ST. 

Vote  in  flouis.— As  no  one  Kcelved  m 
majority,  the  House  proceeded  on  tbe  same 
day  to  elect  a  President  from  tbe  thre* 
highest  CBQdldates,  This  excluded  Clay,  thn 
most  populnrot  the  candldstes  In  the  House. 
John  Qulncy  Adams  was  elected  by  tba 
votes  of  thirteen  States;  Jackson  received 
seven,  sad  Crawford  four.  The  electoral 
coUese  hsd  elected  John  C-'Canioaa  Vlce- 
Prealdeat,  with  182  votes.  In  tbe  electonU 
college,  had  three  New  York  men,  who  wera 
relumed  as  Clay  men.  voted  In  accordance 
with  tbeir  Inatnictloni,  Clay  would  have 
been  one  of  tbe  three  to  go  to  the  House, 
and  the  reault  might  have  been  very  dif- 
ferent Thla  was  the  second  time  "~'  ■*■- 
House  was  called  upon  to  cbooss 


the 


■>. — In  (h« 


dent. 

i'DtftfcoI  I7a»ip)e«(0)t  of  Congrtti.' . 

Nineteenth  Coagress  <1825-1S2?)  the  Senate. 
o(  forty-eight  members,  was  made  np  of 
tblrtv-elsht  Democrats  and  ten  Wbigs:  and 
..._   .. ..  „.. ._    ^^g  Bitdt  np 


the  tlou 


of 


■nine  Fedcn 

.-    the   Twenl 

I   the  Senat^  of  forty-el^ 


1  134   I 


was  made  up  o^  thirty-seven  Federallsta 
and  eleven  Wtalgs :  and  the  House,  of  218 
memliera.  was  made  up  of  elghty-llTe  Fed- 
emlista  and  128  Democrats. 

John  V.  Taylor,  of  New  York,  was  elected 
Speaker  of  the  House  In  the  Nineteenth  Con- 
gress, wblch  numbered  among  Its  members 
Edward  Everett,  of  Massachusetts,  and 
James  K,  Polk.  o(  Tennessee. 

In  182S  the  South  American  States  called 
a  general  congress  to  meet  in  Panama  and 
Invited  the  United  States  to  be  represented 
(page  684),  During  tbe  debate  on  the  aub- 
*— t  In  the  Senate  John  Randolph  referred 
"■-   .-i.-- ,  (|(  ^ajojB  and  Clay  «- 


that  of   the  Puritan  and    tbe  blackleg.      A 

*uel  follnwed  betwreu  Clay  and  Randolph. 

The    dlsapoearance    of    will' —    " 


duel  follnwed  betwreu  Clay  and  Rando 

The  disappearance  of  William  UonMn 
from  Canandalgua.  N.  Y..  Sept.  12,  1826, 
gave  rise  to  the  Antl-Masonic  party. 

InHan  Altatri. — Numerous  treaties  were 
made  with  Indians  durfng  Adams'  admlDla- 
tratlon,  among  them  tbe  cession  of  tbe  lands 
of  most  ot  the  tribes  InbabltlnK  territory 
paflt  of  the  Mississippi  River  and  their  re- 
moval to  the  Indian  Territory.  ^  The  rr_tasaj 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Etuyclopedie  Index 


UaaMt  Jtdm  Qidiicjr-CoaKMKd. 

UjV  Z2.  1824.  and  of  UiT  ID,  1828.  Spnk- 
fac  ot  the  latter  In  bl>  Foartb  Annual  Mel- 
on (pa«e  980)  Prealdent  Adams  aald : 
"The  tariff  o(  Ibe  lart  ■eaalon  was  In  Its 
■elalls  not  acceptable  to  tbe  sreat  Intereets 
■f  bd;  portion  of  tbe  Union,  not  eren  to 
Um  iBtereaU  wblcb  It  was  ipeclally  Intended 
lo  aerre.  lla  abject  was  to  balance  the 
bardeoa  opon  natWe  Indoatrr  Imposed  bj 
the  operation  o(  foreign  laws,   but  not  to 

Krarale  tbe  bardens  of  one  aeclloD  of 
Union  bT  tbe  relief  atfordeij  to  anotber. 
.  -  .  Bnt  If  an;  of  tbe  dotlea  ImpoMd  br 
Ifea  act  only  relleTe  the  manufacturer  b; 
csKntTatlnK  tbe  burden  of  tbe  pltnier,  let 
a  isreful  rrvluil  ot  Its  prtitlaloni.  enllstit- 
«iied  bv  the  practical  eiperleace  of  Its  ef- 
fecta,  be  directed  to  retain  those  which 
Impart  protection  to  natlre  industrr  and  re- 
■Kive  or  mppl;  the  place  of  tboee  vblcb 
only  alleTlate  one  xrcat  national  Intereit 
hj  tba  depreaalon  of  anotber." 

Imtemal  ImprovematU, — Tbe  pollcj  ot 
PtcsMent  Adama  differed  materlallj  In  re- 
nid  to  Interna]  Improrenient  from  those  of 
•la  touoedlate  predecessors.  In  bis  Inangural 
Addresa  (pace  884)  he  said:  "To  pursue 
to  their  consummatloD  those  purposes  of 
Improrement  In  oar  comtnou  coadlllon  1n- 
MltDted  or  recomineDded  by  him  [Monroel 
vUI  embrace  tbe  whole  sphere  of  m;  obli- 
l>ttoB&  To  tbe  topic  of  Internal  ImproTe- 
B«nt  emphatlesIlT  orged  by  bim  at  bis 
InaaxntatJOD,  I  rtcnr  with  peculiar  aatli- 
faetlon.    It  Is  that  from  whtcb.  I  am  salls- 

Aed,     the    Iin)x>rn    mllllOUS    of    nnr    nnntar- 

Itj  wbo  are  In  fatare  ages  t 


continent   will    derWe 


IS! 


tbelr    most   ferreut 


itltsde  to  the  founders  of  tbe  Union ; 
'  In  whtcb  the  beaeflceDt  sctlon  of  lis 
^ ~""'   ■" ""   deeply   felt  and 


, iubject   will  be   settled  i 

udwle^ed  to  the  commoD  satlsCac 
MIL  and^eTery  apeealallTe  scruple  .. 
aomd  b7  k  practical  public  blesslns." 


Dabt.— The    ] 


nbllc    debt    of    the 
e  Rdmlulstratlon  of 


KS.421.41S.ST. 

Id  hla  Second  Aimnal  Mesnaffe  (paae  924) 
the    President   says:      "It   Is   well   for 
■ leadmoi-  ■    ■     -  ■• 


1   eipedlenta   l 

anlnc  with  steady  end  lufleilble  iwrwier- 
ancc  tbe  total  discharfre  ot  the  debt."  Id 
his  Third  Annoal  Uessaee  (pare  9S2)  be 
Min :  '"The  deep  aollcituds  felt  by.  our 
doaaaa  of  all  classes  thronshout  tbe  union 
fin-  tbe  total  dlaeharce  of  the  public  debt 
will  apologtie  for  the  eamesfaiesa  witb 
whieb  I  deem  It  my  duty  to  artn  tbis  topic 


Kr 


9TT1.  St  the  close  of  his  admlulatra- 
Prnldrnt    Adams    was    able    to    say : 

e  reported 

.  1828,  of 

U.8fil.B72.83 :  with  a  prospect  ot  a  balance 
of  OTer  SO.O(X).000  on  tbe  Ilrst  of  the  com- 
tBK  year.  "The  receipts  for  the  present 
TMT  have  amonnted  to  near  two  milllnns 
■MMv  ituts  waa  anticipated  it  the  com- 
■nwmeot  of  the  last  session  of  Cauaresa," 
gl»e«rr.—"Tb»     Atrtean    Bla«    TrmJe," 


•aid  President  Adam*  In  hla  First  Annul 
Message  (pa«e  87G).  "has  Ions  been  exclud- 
ed from  the  ase  of  our  aag.  and  If  some  few 
cllliens  of  our  country  hsTe  continued  to 
set  tbe  laws  of  tbe  Union,  as  well  as  those 
-•  "•■■—  -ind^^liQmanlly,  a t_  defiance  by  par- 


■   of  ottter  nations   less   

tal  citlncliDD  ot  tbe  trade  than  ou 
—  '-'-nslty  of  feeling  with  which 


for 


President  loathed  i , ^  ™.  ,^  .„ 

fullest  force  when,  as  et-Presldent  he  re- 
turned to  ConKress  sod,  alagle- banded. 
fouKht  the  pro-slarerj   forces  and  brought 


,*<^i'mff.  Joibn  Qnlncy; 

Annual   inessageH   of,    865,   91S,   944, 

973. 
Astronomical  obaeFvatory,   establiah- 

ment  of,  Tecommeuded  bj,  602. 
Biographical  sketch  of,  897. 
Commissi  oner     to    negotiate    treaty 

with  Sweden,  nomination  of,  254. 
Death  of,  annoanced  and  honon  to 

be  paid  memory  of,  2477. 
£lectioD  of,  notification  of,  668. 

Beplj  of,  858. 
Finances  disenssed  by,  S69,  923,  952, 

9T7. 
Foreign  Policy  discnsaed  by,  862,  868, 

884,  895,  903,  922,  9S0. 
Inaugural  address  of,  S60. 
Internal  Improvementa  discnsied  br. 

982. 
International    Gongresa    at    Panama 

discasaed  by.     (See  Panama,  lath- 

mns  of.) 
Minister     plenipotentiary     of     the 

United  States  to  tbe  court  of  Bna- 

sia  at  St.  Petersburg  appointed  by 

President  Hadison,  Jane  26,  1809, 

45Q. 
Oath  of  office,  notifies  Congress  of 

time  and  place  of  taking,  859. 
Portrait  of,  857. 
Privats  secretary  of,  aassnlted  while 

delivering  message  to  Congreas,  966. 
ProcIamatioDs  of — 

Commercial  intercourse  with  Brit- 
ish colonial  ports  suspended,  041. 

Discriminating  duties  suspended  on 
vessels  of — 
Hanover,  070. 
Italy,  942. 

Extraordinary   session    of   Senate, 
097. 


Secretary  of  State,  604. 

Correspondence  in  regard  to  claims 
against  France,  834. 
State  of  tbe  Union,  discussed  by,  865, 

916,  Q44,  978. 
Tariff  discosaed  by,  979. 
Tribute    paid   memory    of   Jefferson 

and  Adnins  by,  930, 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


AdamBOn  Law.     <Bm  Bailroada,  Bight- 

htmr  Pay.) 
AddiMn,  Tm,  impieument  of  leunen 

from,  2772. 
Adrtalaa,    intenutional   exhibition   at, 

diseuBsed,  611(L 
AdmlalMtratton. — Tbls  term  li  general  Ir 
applied  to  tbe  Pruldent  and  bK  Cabinet. 
Tba  Pmldent  u  chief  ezecntlre  oIDcer  of 
the  nation  mar  direct,  wlthoat  conBnlta- 
tloB,  the  acta  o(  anj   departmental  chief. 


fnl^  aolelr  br  tbe  Conatltntlon.  Be  la 
anthorlied,  howerer,  to  coninlt  the  heada 
ol  Departmenta.  Waahlngton  consulted 
with  bla  Attomer-General  and  Betretarle* 


iKiit,  the 
met^lr  a 


Admission  of  Statu.— Th«  Dedarattoa  of 


of  stale.  War,  and  the  Treaanrr. 
1798  tbe  Narr  Department  waa  er' 

Benjaniin     Stoddert,      Ita      chief      

oOeer,  waa  admitted  to  the  Frealdent't 
conncll.  The  Foatmaater^Oeneral  were 
not  called  Into  council  nntU  18S9,  during 
William  T.  Ban? 'a  Ihcnmbener.  Secia- 
tariea  of  the  Interior,  o(  Agrlcnltnre  and  of 
Commerce  and  Labor  were  Inrited  to  aeata 
at  the  council  table  Immedtatel]'  upon  the 
eatabllehment  of  tbelr  Departmenta. 
AdmlnL— 41ie  hlgheat  rank  In  tbe  United 
fltataa  NaTT.  The  word  la  derived  from  the 
Arable  amlr«l.  and  meaaa  "chief  of  the." 
It  waa  ear^  uied  in  England  aa  the  title  of 
the  commander  of  the  navr.  In  tbe  United 
States  the  rank  waa  flrat  created  eapeclallr 
to  confer  honor  npon  David  G.  Farragnt. 

Jnlr  11,  16S2,   upon  recommendstion  of 
Prealdeot  Lincoln,  Faminit,  then  referred 

to   conrleonalv   '    "  -  .^.- 

dore,  received  t 


Hoat  of  the  State*  that  have  been  ad- 
mitted aince  the  formation  o(  the  original 
Dnion  have  achiCTed  atatebood  from  a  con- 
dition of  territorial  organlxatlon  preacrlbed 
KCongreaa,  althongh  aome  have  not  cona 
roogh  thla  proceaa.  Bach  territorial  or- 
ganltatlOD  waa  flrat  eatabllahed  b*  Cod- 
greaa  in  Julr.  17ST,  when  It  paeaed  the  ordl< 
nance  pravldlog  a  aovemment  tor  the 
Nortbweat  Terrltorr  Ta.  c).  The  method 
of  direct  admlsalon  la  Ulaatmted  by  Ver- 
mont, vblcb  waa  formed  ont  ot  terrltorr 
claimed  br  New  York  and  New  Hampablrei 
Teiaa,  which  was  annexed ;  and  Calltomla. 
whldi  waa  admitted  eoon  alter  the  UezlcaA 
war,  wlthont  waiting  to  be  onanlMd  aa  a 
Terrllorj.  The  naual  iteps  br  irtilch  a 
Terrltorr  becomea  a  Stat*  are:  <1)  A  petl> 
"--  *-  Coureaa  expreaalng  tbe  dealre  of 
le  for  admlealon ;  12)  an  e  ' " 
, — jd  by  Congrea*  atatlos  t""- 
a,pf  admlsalon  ;    13)    tbe  adop 


t  pasaed  bf  Congrea*  atatloc  the  coDdT 
-^_r .„. '    Hon  of  a 


3  and  the  election  of  State  olB' 

cera  br  the  people :  and  (6)  a  proclamation 
br  tbe  Prealdent  announcing  that  the  Terrl- 
torr baa  become  a  State. 

The  question  of  tbe  admlailoB  of  Kanw^ 
under  a  constitution  which  permitted  slaT- 


,  and  the  offlcer  serving  aa  second 

d  ot  those  Oeeta  ahonld  have  the 

:   of   Vice   Admiral.     Under    that   law 

Frank  F.  Fletcher,  Thomaa  B.  Howard  and 
Walter  Cowlea  were  named  a*  Admlrala  The 
Admlral'a  flag  baa  a  navy  blue  backgroond, 
on  which  tour  atars  are  arranged  like  the 
pofnta  of  a  diamond  Id  tbe  middle  of  the 
pennant.  The  rank  of  Admiral  In  the  navy 
J.  .„  ti„t  (,(  General  In  the 


that  of  TIee  Admiral  to  Lieutenant  General, 
Rear  Admiral    (first  nine  claas)    to   Maior 
General    and    Bnr    Ailmlral    (second    nine 
claaa)  to  Brigadier  General. 
Admiral,  revival   of  grade   of,  recoin- 

nended,  6345. 
Admiral  F,  Tordenaklold,  The,  appro- 
priation in  behalf  of  ownen  of,  ree- 
omvended,  838S. 


tlHU*  aent  colonlsls  Into  the  territory  t* 
help  form  a  conatltntlon,  and  the  anlmoal- 
tlea  betweeu  these  became  so  bitter  aa  to 
caoae  riot  and  bloodehed.  (Bee  Kanaaa ; 
Lecompton  Constitution;  Wyandott*  Cod- 
atltutlou.) 

FroTlalDna  for  the  admission  of  New 
Mexico  and  Arlaona  Into  the  Union  aa 
States  were  made  by  Chapter  310  of  tha 
acts  of  tbe  Second  Session  of  the  alz^-flrat 
CougrcsB.  approved  June  2%  1910.  0»- 
stttntlonal  couveDtlona  were  held  In  both 
Territories  under  Che  provisions  of  tba 
above-mentioned  act.  State  ConstltatlanB 
were  framed  and  submitted  to  the  pimim 
for  ratlllcatloa  and  were  adopted.  The 
CoDstltntlon  of  Arlaona  havlDg  eontahied 
a  nrovlslon  providing  for  the  recall  of  the 
Judiciary  by  the  electors  and  tb*  Conatlttl- 
tioD  of  New  Mexico  having  contained  a 
clBuae  "attempllng  to  annul  and  aet  asMa 
tbe  boundary  lines  heretofore  leitallr  run" 
between  tbe  Territory  of  New  Mexico  and 
tbe  Btafe  of  Texas,  aatd  ConBtllutlooa  failed 
to  receive  tbe  approval  of  tbe  Prealdent  and 

At  the  . 


.  Goo<:jlc 


Encyclopedic  Index 


..    Naw    Uexlco    snd    Arlioott 

upoB  SA  aqiial  footbiK  wlOt  tta  orlsliial 
BMtM"  WM  Mloptad,  wblch  admitted  Imth 
T«rrltoii«a  to  Btrnteliood  MDdltlaiiUI; :  the 
condllloa  b«bu  th«  aUmlnatlDD  of  ttie  objec- 
tloaabl*  praniloiu  froin  tbe  State  Coiutl- 
taUou  adopted  br  the  people  of  the  re- 
■pecdra  Terrltorlea.  Tbe  flnt  State  to  be 
Iptaicd  to  Ute  orii^al  Union  of  thirteen 
state*  waa  Vensoat,  In  ITVl,  and  tbe  laat, 
Arlcona,  In  1»12. 

The  tallowlDS  table  ahowa  the  order  and 
date  of  adnUnuiD  to  the  Union  ef  tbe  eev- 
ct«l  atatea.  ai  well  aa  the  order  and  date 
of  ratlBcatlon  Of  tbe  Couatltotion  bj  the 
ortCbkal  atataa ' 

Ratified  th* 

.._.._  CoDBtitOtiOB 

1— Dahvan. D».     7. 1787 

-     ~  ..Dee.  12,1| — 


I  (am  abo  the  i 
eral  BUtea;  Beetmetnictloii;  Beato- 
nition): 
Acta  for  admieaion  of  certain  Bonth- 

eni  Btat«s  veto«d,  3846   3818. 
Beeominendationa     regarding,     3033, 
80M. 
AdmttUitM^  Tlis,  telEnra  of,  oa  coaat 

of  Galifomift,  24S6. 
AmaunUew. — llie  aclfnee  of  naTlfaUng 
the  air  baa  aa  anthmtle  blatotr  dating 
teck  to  A.  D.  er.  Tbe  free  flrlns  balloon 
•r  acniatat  ■•  a  aphertoU  bax  flued  wltb  ma 
wboaa  oecUe  SiaTltj  la  l&hter  than  the 


n  elonfated  en- 


•Ir 

A  dirigible  balloon  haa  ■_  _ 
velope.  and  1«  equipped  with  a 
pellen  and  a  rudder,  and 
a  modecata  wind. 

ririns  machinei  wblctt  are  not  lifted  In- 
to the  air  by  gai  bags  are  generallj  known 
aa  aeroplinea.  They  ace  reBpeetlTel;  claia- 
Ifled  aa  monopIaneB,  biplanes,  trlplanea,  etc. 


— .  —  Menberge.  June  13,  1784  need 
au  oEflal  Tenel  for  reconnolterlns  the  poal- 
tlou  of  the  encmr,  and  balloona  were  oaed 
durlnx  the  drll  war  In  the  United  Statea 
and  br  the  French  at  the  alege  o(  Pari*. 

Eiperlmenta  with  plane  anrtacea  driven 
at  blsh  apeed  were  flrat  BQCceaatal  In  1848, 
when  the  EnsllHb  InTcnter  BeoaoD  flew 
the  Drat  aeroplane.  In  Anurlca  tbe  plon- 
eera  In  mechaalcal  lllaht  were  Octave 
Channte,  of  ChlCBKo,  anf  A.  U.  Hecrins. 

Tbe  arn  anbatantlal  advance  In  Byiiig 
machinea  wa*  made  by  Llllentlial  In  G«f- 
maoy.  In  the  aeyenttea  and  eikbdea.  HIa 
reaearcbea,  followed  by  practical  demonitra- 
tlon  of  aeroplanea.  have  formed  the  baals  of 
all  labeeqaent  ftchieremeiit.  Profeeaor 
Lansley,  of  the  Snitbeonlan  loallttitlan  tn 
Washington,  began  experlmentlnB  In  18SS, 
and  Bew  acroaa  the  Potomac  River  In  1806. 
The  Wright  brotbera,  Wllbar  and  OrrlUe, 
following  the  llnea  of  Langley  and  Llllen- 
thnl.  made  tbelr  flnt  fllghii  under  motor 
power  In  IMS.  July  4,  1908,  Qlenn  H. 
Curtlaa  flew  In  a  biplane  at  the  rate  of 
lortr  mllea  an  boar. 

International  meetings,  the  poailblllty  of 
aecnrlog  government  contracts  and  olers  of 
prliea  by  newapapera  and  aviation  aodatlea 
gave  great  Impetus  to  tbe  development  of 
aeroplanes  In  1809,  1910  and  1911.  The 
Wrlgbt  brothera  and  Glenn  H.  Cnrtlaa  con- 
tinued to  be  tbe  loremoit  experimenter!  In 
America,  aa  well  aa  winning  fame  and 
nrlies  abroad.  In  September,  1908,  Orvllle 
Wright  had  almost  met  the  government  re- 

anlrementa  for  a  practical  aeroplane  for  aw 
1  the  army,  when  one  of  nil  propeller 
bladea  broke  during  a  flight  at  Fort  Hyer, 
Va..  and  the  machine  tell  to  earth,  killing 
Lieut.    Bel  fridge,    U.    8.    A.,    who    waa    a 

Kwenger,  and  aerloaslr  Ininrlng  Wright. 
J^.  1909,  Orvltle  Wright  fulfllled  all 
the  epeclflcatlona  laid  down  by  the  govem- 
ment  and  won  a  bonne  of  f2S,000  for  ex- 
ceeding the  atlputated  speed,  and  the 
Wright  machine  was  pnrchaaed  by  the  gov- 


s  the 


8  hours,  46  minutes 


,     ng     bi     ie09,      winning     tbe 

_  Gordon  Bennett  Cud  and  tB.oCO.  A 
«  weeks  previous  he  had  won  tbe  Selm- 
!o  American  Cup  for  tbe  Second  tlm& 
le  New  York  World  offered  a  prise  of 
0,000  for  the  flrst  aviator  to  6j  from 
bany  to  New  York  or  vice  versa.     Cur- 

a    made    tbls    trip,    winning    the    priie. 

Hay  Se,  leiO.     He  covered  the  distance  ID 

o  .. ..  _i__...  „^  mg  ^inj   an  aver- 

—       June  80,   1910, 

*  prlie    offered 

ny  tbe  New  Tork  Tlmee  end^  the  Phlla- 
detphla  Ltigtr  by  flying  from  New  York 
to  Philadelphia  carrying  a  message  from  the 
Mayor  of  New  York  lo  the  Oovemor  of 
Pennsylvania,  and  retumlnf.  Nov.  7,  1010, 
Philip  P.  Pamalee  flew  from  Dayton  t« 
Columbna,    O..   a   distance  of   6S    mile*.    In 

—  .tea,   carrying  200  ponoda  of  B»er- 

Cbarlea  T.  Weymann,  an  Amert- 
the  James  Gordon  Bennett  Cup  at 


jyGooi^lc 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  PusidetUs 


wmr  hu  sCtracteil  ttie  BttaDtloQ  of  mUltarr 
n  Ot  All  «aantrlea,  partlcalarl;  In  Barope 
—  k — g  arinameata  are  tbe  rule.    Tbelr 

,   It   ba*  been   decermlned,   baTe 

been  (or  ■codUhk  and  dropplni  explosives 
or  eombnitlble*.    The   dobI  ■acmmlnl  ex- 

Gtlmenta  *t  bomb-droppiiiB  nude  In  Amer- 
i  were  tbow  of  Clifford^  B.  HBrmon.  »t 
Ulneoli,  L.  1.,  N.  T.  Oud*  to  bring  down 
moroplasea  taaTe  been  (Iven  »me  attention. 


^fjh.rT»*.»Ti  (called  Xboruaan  by  tha 
uatifea)  la  an  Independent  AMatle  atata 
on  the  noiUiven  frontier  of  India.  lU 
aiea  1*  eatlmated  at  248,000  Ecgllah 
aqnare  mile*  and  Its  population  t'  " 


and  tbe  Kntpp  worka.  at  Eesen,  Oennanr. 
have  produced  a  sod  capable  of  abootlng 
from  S0,000   to   3S,000   feet  _lnto_  the   Blr, 


_[  the  cloie  of  1910  France  had  tblrtr 
aeroplanes  bolldlng  and  tn  commission  for 
mlllurj  aerrlee.  The  Arat  use  of  the  aero- 
plane  undei   conditions  of  actual   warfare 


occurred  at  Cludad.  Jnarei.  Heilcq,  In  t 
ruaiT,  1911,  when  Charlea  K.  Eamll 
croased  tbe  Ueilcan  border  from  tbe  " 


«d  States,  made  a  circuit  orer  the  tecritor; 


]   Inspect   tbe 


armj  and  dlseoTerM  that  tbe  InsDrgents 
bad  retired  to  distant  monntaia  taatnesses. 
Aa  a  naTKl  atudliarj  tbe  aeroplane  prom- 
laea  to  be  of  great  value  In  rising  •'>  - 
lielabt  of  a  mfle  or  more   to   Inr-" 

wide  expanae   of   ocean   Tislble   fi 

an  elevation.  The  use  of  the  aeroplane  In 
war  mar  reTolutlonlie  mliitarr  tactics  b; 
dlscoTerbg  the  exact  locallou.  armament 
and  number*  of  tbe  enem;.  and  might  prove 
deatractlve  by  dropping  eiploslTes  npon 
battleships   In   the   enemr'i    lines. 

Dntlni  1911  and  1912  s  number  of  night* 
vera  undertaken  to  show  the  possibility  of 
earrrlng  mall  by  aeroplane.  In  connec- 
tion with  tbe  aVlatlan  meet  at  tha  Nassau 
Boulevard  Aerodrome  on  Long  Island, 
N,  Y.,  In  September,  1911. 
was  maintained  and  lalti 
Mlneola,  and  delivered  ..  , —  , — 
On  one  occasion  Postmaster-Qeneral  mitu- 
cock  waa  a  passenger  on  a  biplane  and  per- 
sonally carried  a  mall  sack. 

■ "   — orld  records  for  cross-conntry  fly- 
>__^__    — .__  . ^..^  {g 


aerial  post 
the  postmaster. 


1  daring  tbe  New  York  t 


Los  Angelea  flight  of  Calbralth  P.  Rodsera, 

who  left  Sbeepsbead  Bay,   N.  T..  on  Sun- 

',T.    1911,    and   completed    bis 


..-.  .eft  Sbeepsbead  Bay,   N.  T. 

day,    Bept     '"^ —    - — 

flight  -  ■' 


on  Sooday,  I 


B,  at  Pasadena,  Cal.  Rodgers  flew  a 
wrtgbt  biplane,  and  during  his  long  trip  the 
machine  was  repeatedly  repaired,  so  great 


s  the  strain  s 


._ ._..g  Jonrney  In  the 

air.     ^lodgers  Is  eatlmated  to  have  cover^ 
4,281   miles,  althonsb  the  actual  route 
mapped  out  was  but  4.01T  miles. 
Jan.  18,  IBlliB,  Ely  flew  from  aviation 


I  repeatedly  repaired. 

.. .  .,..  . Jonrnt..,    _    — 

n  have  covered 

, lionsb  the  actual  ~ 

I  out  was  but  4.01T  miles. 

"3,  1811.  B,  Ely  flew  froc 

r  8an  Francisco  to  deck  of  U.   — 

Cruiser  P«tmtyUxMia,  anchored  In  San 
Francisco  Bay,  In  flight  of  sixteen  minutes' 
duration.  Bly,  Oflng  a  Curtlsa  biplane, 
landed  on  a  ^leclally  Dullt  platform  at  tbe 
stern  of  tbe  vessel.  Later  he  auccessfulty 
■rose  from  the  deck  and  relumed  to  the 
aviation  Seld.  This  was  tbe  first  aeroplane 
to  land  un>n  the  deck  of  a  vessel. 

Stephen  HcOordoD  established  a  new  crosa 
country  passenger-carrying  flight  record, 
Apr.  1,  1S16,  when  be  flew  tram  Newport 
News  to  Washington  and  return,  about  800 
mllea.  In  4H  houra. 

(See  also  Army,  84flMl  Oorpt;  Navy,  fly- 
inp  ConiSi  and  for  practical  uses  In  war, 
see  European  War,  Zeppellnf.) 
Affftli^  ForelgiL    (See  Foreign  Affaire, 
Foreign   Policy   of   United   Btatea, 
and  also  the  several  powerB.) 
ExpenBS  Inetirred  in,  for  whleh  no 
provjaion  was  made  hj  law,  108. 
Beport  on,  tranamitted,  S800. 


The  AtgTia_ _  ,._ 

dominant  since  1T4T,  eapeclallv  Id  Kanda- 
har. Next  came  tbe  OhIIsals  (mllltar* 
and  commercial)  and  the  Tajiks  (aborlgl- 
nalB,  who  are  cnltlrators  or  retail  trad- 
era).  On  tha  I ndo- Afghan  frontier  are 
many  Patban  tribes,  wno  are  much  Influ- 
enced by  the  mullabs.  All  are  Bnnnl  Ho- 
hammedaDB.  except  tbe  Haiaraa  and  Eiill- 
baebes,  who  belong  to  tha  Bhllte  sect. 
Tbe  nstional  tongue  Is  Pushtu.  Beeeetly 
stepa  have  been  taken  to  develop  educa- 
tion, hitherto  cotitroUed  by  the  If  nltaha. 

Phviical  Ftaturet. — Moantalna,  chief 
among  which  are  tbe  Hindu  EusB.  cover 
Ihree-fourtbs  of  tbe  country,  tha  eleva- 
tion being  generally  over  4,0«l  feet.  There 
— '  three  great  liver  baalns,  the  Oxua,  the 


Qovernmtnt. — Amir  of  Afghanistan  and 
Its  Dependencies.  HablbuUah  Kahn 
("Lamp  of  the  National  Religion")  suc- 
ceeded his  father  (Abdur  Rahman  Khan) 
Oct  3,  1901.  Tha  Amir  (Abdur  Bah- 
man  Khan)  established  a  strong  central 
government  and  Introduced  a  regular  civil 
and  military  organisation.  Including  offlcers 
for  public  works,  posts,  police,  flnance  and 
trade,  etc.  For  the  purpoaes  of  local  gov- 
ernment, tbe  country  Is  divided  Into  six 
provinces,  Kabul.  Kandahar,  Herat.  Turk- 
estan, Carrar  and  Badaksban  (with  Ka- 
frlstan  and  Wakhan),  which  are  under 
governors  (hakim),  with  subordinate  no- 
bles and  Judgea.  police  and  revenue  on- 
cers. The  Afghau  taws  are  Islamic  sacred 
laws,  tribal  laws,  and  tboae  of  the  Amir, 
who  Is  tbe  Court  of  Appest.  The  law  la 
bulky  and  the  criminal  law  aevere. 

Forelfftt  RelatUmt.—Bj  agreement  with 
tbe  Amir,  the  "buffer  State"  of  Afghan- 
istan has  no  foreign  relatlona  with  any 
Power  except  the  Government  of  India. 
The  modem  history  of  Afghanistan  dates 
from  18S1,  when  Abdurraban  was  recog- 
nised as  ruler.  Tbe  British  Oovemment 
engaged  to  preMrve  the  safety  and  Integ- 
rity of  Afghanistan  agaltnt  lay  uupro-' 
voked  attack,  provided  fbat  the  Amir  acted 
as  a  friend  and  ally.  By  the  Anglo-Rus- 
sian convention  of  Angnst,  1007,  Russia 
declared  Afghanistan  outside  the  Ruaslan 
sphere  of  Influence,  and  envaged  to  con- 
duct alt  her  political  retutlona  with  Af- 
gbanlatan  through  Great  Britain,  and  that 
Great  Britain  and  Rn-sla  should  enjoy 
equality  of  commercial  fatdlltles. 

ProduoffOA  and  Indiutry  and  Commerce.— 
Host  of  the  people  are  Industrious  culti- 
vator^ and  the  country  has  become  fairly 
settled,  peaceful  and  prosperous.  There  Is 
excellent  Irrigation  and  alt  proBtable  soil  Is 
ntlllsed.  There  are  generally  tiro  crops 
a  year,  one  of  wheat  (tbe  staple  food). 
barley,  or  lentils ;  the  other  of  rice, 'millet 
malae  and  dol,  while  the  country  Is  (ten 
In  fmlta  Bheep  and  transport  animala 
are  bred.  Tbe  mnnnfactnres  Include  allk. 
woolen  and  hair  cloths,  and  carpets.  Bait, 
silver,  cooper,  coal,  Iron,  lead,  ruble*  and 
gold  are  fonnd.  The  exports  to  India  are* 
mainly   fmlts   snd    nnta,    raw    wool,    and 

8U/  wblle  the  Imports  therefrom  ere  chief* 
r   cotton   yam   and   piece   goodiH   metals 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Inther  food^  t»a  and  ■□c>r.  Tbe  A(- 
gftMl  cuatomB  dDtlea  are  heavy.  Then  la 
a  larce  export  of  vdoI  to  Fenia  and  Rna- 
al^  eottoa  and  allk  goodi,  sugar,  etc., 
bciDS  taken  in  vxcbaDge. 

IVatHptfrlatlon.— The  roads  are  geeerallr 
ODraltabla  far  wheeled  traffic,  but  are  be- 
los    In  proved.       Ooadi    are    conTeyed    by 

Bek-anlmala.  The  chief  trade  routes  to 
lla  are  the  Kbalbar  Paaa,  from  Kabul 
to  Fetfiawar  (181  miles),  alons  which  a 
BwtoT  Bcrrlce  has  Iwen  established  b;  the 
Amir,  and  the  rond  troni  Kandnhnr  to 
Quetta  (IZS  miles).  The  SlDd-Plshln 
lallwar  termtnates  it  Chamfln  aa  the 
fmntl«r,  es  ml  lea  from  Kandahar,  from 
whlc^h  a  floa  road  of  818  miles  runs  to 
Kabnl. 

roBMt.—Capltal,  Kabul,  aboat  IBO.OOO). 
TIm  chief  commercial  center  la  Kandahar 
<S0.000).     (See  also  Asia.) 
Atogaaik   JOmoA    (in    Gulf  of  Alaska, 
separated  from  Alaskan  PeDinsnla  bj 
Sbelikof  Strait),  lands  in,  set  apart 
MS   public   reservation   by   proclama- 
tion, 5795. 
AfMca. — The  ar«a  of   Africa  la  111   mli- 
Uon  square  miles,   about  three  tlmea  that 
of  Barope.     Its  extreme  lougltuiiles  are  IT* 
W.   at   Cape  Verde   and   Bl'    E.   at   Cape 
GvardafuL      The    extreme    latitudes    are 
Cape  Blanco  ia  ST*  N.  and  Cape  Agnlbas 
Id   8S*   8..   at   a   dlataoce  of   a^ut   S.OOO 
mllea.     It   Is   surrounded   by   seaa  on   all 
■Ides,     eieept     in     the     narrow     iilhmua 
thraaEh  which  Is  cut  the  Sues  Canal,  and 
may  be  considered  as  a  great  pealnsnla  of 
the  Enraalaa  contineDt. 

The  nations  of  Africa,  with  the  form  of 
■oTemment  and  the  capital  of  each,   fol- 

Anm         Popnl^ 
Bq.  Hilea        tioa 
Abnrfnia  (Emriie),  AdI*  Ab- 

dta 890,000    7,000,000 

E%yiit(CoKlomL>)iam).C*lra.  363,200  11.100.000 
Ubi^dtenubliB).  MoaniTia.     48,000    1,500.000 

Morooeo  (EmtilRj,  fai 230,000    B.000,000 

Sodan'tCoiHlamudaia),  Khu- 

«UB »BO,000    3,780,000 

DnkB  of  Booth  Afaia  (Britidi), 

FteUrio. 470,000    fl.000,000 

Arem   diid   Population. — lalands   adjacent 

to  the  continent  of  Africa,  their  aiie  and 

the  goremment  to  which  they  belauK  are : 

Aies       Popak- 

Nane  and  GonnuBSDt      Bq.  Milea     liaa 

Aanai^oo,  Britbh 38  ISO 

AavM,  pBtMiHK 920    MMX» 

CUMR  bUada.  SpaiMi. 9.800     300.000 

Cua  Vaide  Idasb,  Portawosaa      1,SOO     180AOO 

Cooacn  Uaodi,  Fr«Mh TH       IVMNO 

MvlaCMSu,  Fnaofa. TtMOOMOOMO 

Mad^a,  PoitiinNie 810     ISOJWO 

MHBithM.Biitfib. 7)0     STD/MO 

BsiBiGarRnidi 970      180,000 

Soditeaas.  BritWi. «        3,000 

8t  ffana.  BtitlA SO         8,000 

8oeotra.Brlti*...'.V.V.'"::i!I  1,400  13,000 
Pkgtteat  PeolKTM.— Africa  Is  broadly 
a  tableiand  with  few  moantatn  rangea, 
•xecpt  the  Alias,  tfaounb  Imlnted  peaks 
rtos  -to  a  eonstderable  eleTallon  la  Abya- 
■iBia,  Id  East  Africa  (Kenya.  Kiliman- 
jaro and  Bnwensori),  and  In  Went  Africa 
(Kamemn  peak).  If  an  Irreimlar  line  la 
drawn  from  B  point  on  the  West  Cnss^ 
a  little  Boiith  of  the  ICquntor,  to  a  point 
n*ur  the  middle  of  the  Red  Sea,  Africa 
D  ba  dIvMed  Into  two  nearly  eqasl  parta 
'-■-     -'——    " — "■'-    Gi    character. 


The  northweateni  part  comprises  two  re- 
gions of  comparatlTe  lowland  aeparated 
Ey   the  Atlaa  and  the  plateaus  of  ^IbesU 


the  Uedtterranean,  aad  the  Indian  Ocean. 
Both  the  Senegal  and  Gambia  are  niTl- 
gable  for  aome  distance  In  the  rainy  aea- 
-""       The    moat    Important    river    which 

—  " ■tQa\         

—       .„  the  pi 

of  Luke  Tanganyika.  From  Stanley  Falls 
to  Stanley  Pool,  a  broad,  navigable  river 
flows  toe  1,000  miles.     As  these  are  them- 

water  Th  carried  down  to  the  mouth.  Ow- 
ing to  the  depth  of  the  ocean,  the  sedi- 
ment deposited  does  not  reach  the  anrtace 
In  the  form  of  a  delta,  bat  forma  subma- 
—  -   -"— -   B,000_  (eet  ln_  height  for  over 


800  miles  o 


the    Vaal    and    other 


large   rlvei_.      _ _ 

of  Victoria  Nyania,  the  largest  lake  In  Af- 
rica, of  abont  the  area  of  Scotland,  and 
breaks  through  the  plalean  to  the  north 
by  the  Mnrcblson  Falla  Into  the  Albert 
Nysnia,  some  1,600  feet  below  the  level  Of 
the  larger  lake.  Owing  to  the  Bat  char- 
acter of  the  country  aod  the  large  amount 
of  water  which  has  no  sufficleot  outlet,  an 
extenalTe  snemp  vegetation,  the  "aadd," 
has  been  formed  In  tbls  part  of  Its  course. 
At  Khartum  It  receives  the  Blue  NIK 
which,  with  the  other  Abyssinian  rivers. 
Is  largely  the  soorce  of  ine  Nile  floods, 
due  to  the  monsoon  rains  of  the  Abyssin- 
ian Platean,  and  further  north  the  At- 
bara,  which  brings  down  the  allavlum 
which  has  helped  to  fertlllie  Egypt.    From 


this  poiDt  It  r 


Bries 


ivlgatlon    la   I 


The  e 


xnslve 


North  Af- 
rica. Between  the  Nile  and  Tunis  tbe 
Sahara  reachea  tbe  Mediterranean  and 
there  are  Qo  permanent  streams.  The  Sa- 
hara la  partly  occupied  by  plateaus  and 
mountains  and  partly  by  steppes  and  dea- 
erta  which  contain  oases.  Africa  Is  cut  by 
the  Equator  nearly  halfway  between  Its 
extreme  points,  so  that  rather  more  than 
three-quarters  of  the  cootlnent  lies  with- 
in the  Tropica  and  recelvea  the  ann'a 
raya  vertically  at  least  once  a  vcar.  Ex- 
cept on  the  more  lof^  maoDtaina,  Africa 
haa  no  areas  with  cold  winters,  where  the 
tempera tn re  Is  S2*  F.  or  less  for  one 
month,  or  cool  summers,  which  are  less 
than  50°  V.  In  any  month.  It  Is,  therefore, 
■— — ■    — -    If    ■       '    ■    —---   -'-  — 

_    ■    vecetatlon,   except  Tn 

conaequence  of  v — *  -*  — ■- 

Stltnofmiplty. — 

tlve  racea  may  l>  _... ._  _. 

the  Semitic  and  Hnmlllc,  Ijelonslne  ti 

Cancaalc  type  In  the  north,  the  Negro,  and 
tha  Hottentot  and  Bushmen  In  the  aonth. 

PonUcal     DivMont. — Africa     la     appor- 
tioned among  the  powers  of  Europe  aa  fol- 


Great  Britain — Basntoland,  onjuunuBiiuiu 
Protectorate.  Cai>e  Colony.  Central  Africa, 
East  Africa  Protectorate,  Uganda  Protector- 
ate, Zanslbar  Protectorate.  Maurltlna.  Na- 
tal, NUer  Coast  Protectorate,  Territory 
of  the  Royal  Niger  Co.,  Bonth  Africa.  West 
Africa,  Zulaland  and  Islands,  and  the  Boer 

I  and  OnlnM 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Africa 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  PresidetOs 


Atrlot—Omllimtd. 

CoMt,  Coiup  Beclon,  SonuUI  Coaat,  MaOa- 
gaacar  nnd  iMtDdi. 

_aeriiiaiiT^-Togolaiid,    CnDwnMiu,    Sontb 
Weat  AMm,  But  AMca. 


Belsliu 


e  Congo  State. 

Ara>  Papuk- 

8q.  Mita>       lion 

iDdepsndMit 1,700,000  2aOOO,000 

Balun 800,000  ISM>0,000 

BiiCuh 3,132,840  40.000XKIO 

Fnooh (,300.000  34,000,000 

Gcrmu 930/MO  16,000.000 

Kalltn Sei,QOO  1,7M,000 

PonuKuue SOOJWO  9.000.000 

E^MDiib as,oao      zso.ooo 

(See  Dnlon  ot  Soutb  Africa.) 

BKITIBB  BABT  AFRICA  eomprlKB  the 
■dbLq  portion  of  the  btghlanda  of  eastern 
equatorial  Africa.  The  surface  In  east 
alope*  groduBll;  to  lonlaada  ot  coast; 
weat  and  north  west  to  Taller  of  Upper 
Nile.  The  pdndpal  river  la  the  Nile; 
Tana  and  Jaba  chief  rlverB  eoterlng  Indi- 
an Ocean.  Baa  many  IntereBtlng  lakes ; 
embracea  northern  half  of  Victoria  Nrao- 
■a.  Folltlcallr  tbe  dlalrlct  la  divided 
amoDK  the  protectorates  ot  East  Africa, 
Uganda,  and  Zamlbar. 

Satt  Africa  Protectoratt  Inclndea  the 
coast  from  J  aba  River  to  Oerman  East 
Africa  and  Inland  to  Uganda  borders. 
Hlgber  plateau  b,  clothed  with  Ininrlant 
KraaseB,  eapeclatlr  adapted  to  stock  rela- 
ing.  Mombasa,  capital  and  chief  cIIt,  has 
a  line  harbor;  popolatioa,  30.000.  Lamu 
and  Ktamani,  chief  ports  In  tbe  north ; 
Vanga  and  l^kaangn,  sonth. 

Voando  Proteetorat«  came  under  Bphere 
of  British  influence  1890  i  inclndes  Uganda 
proper.  Usoga  to  the  east,  and  Uoforo  and 

Zanzibar  Protectorate, — Zanilbar,  an  Im- 
portaoC  MohammedaTi  power  noder  Imans 
of  Maskat  lese-lSOT ;  IndepeDdence  ran. 
firmed  1861 :  placed  under  BrUlah  p'otcc- 
tlon  1890.  Zanzibar,  free  port ;  cblef  trnde 
centera  In  this  region :  Mohammedlam 
prevails ;  Christian  missions  established. 

GERMAK  P0BSB8SI0NS.—aerma»  Eatt 
Africa. — German  posBeHSloDs  In  East  Af- 
rica were  acquired  1885  to  1890.  Sphere  of 
InOnecce  embraces  a  const  line  of  shout 
620  miles,  stretches  south  from  British 
East  Africa  to  Portuguese  poaaesslons  and 
westward  to  Lakea  Nvaaa  and  Tangan- 
jlka.  Cblef  producta:  Millet,  bauanaa, 
sls«l,  cocoanuta.  ctovea,  castor  oil.  sugar 
cane,  and  vegetables.  Natives  have  large 
banana  plantations,  atao  cultivate  Indian 
com  and  pulse.     On  coast  lands  are  Ger- 

nilla,  tobacco,  sod  India  rubber ;  In  more 
elevated  dlatrlcts  coffee  Is  grown.  Among 
natives  the  goat  Is  tbe  most  common  do- 
mestic animal ;  cattle  and  sheep  a!so 
rntsed-  Binorts,  Ivory,  sisal.  India  rubber, 
coffee.  Chief  seaports :  DBT-^s-Balaam. 
BrigBmoyo,  EllwB.  Protestant  mlsalon  so- 
cieties,  7;   Roman   Catholic.  3. 

Kamtruir  extends  between  BrltlBh  Ni- 
geria and    French    Equatorial    Africa.      Ba- 

France  ceded  over  1 00.000  sousre  milea  to 
Qennan}',  giving  colony  outfeta  to  Coogo 
Basin.  Value  ot  Imports.  16.065,000; 
chlefl?  cottons,  salt.  rice,  spirits,  wood. 
and  tobacco ;  exports,  14.740.000 :  rubber 
npotted.   11,800,000;   palm  oil,   1^61,000; 


popDlation, '22,000;  buea,   aeat  ot  goveltf 


— Eritrea,    Soma  111  and,    Tripoli. 

-oringal — Angola,  the  Conga,  Guinea, 
EMt  Africa  and  Islands. 

Spain — Bio  de  Oro,  Adrar.  Fernando  Po 
and  Islands. 

Tnrkey — BgTpt. 

°— —- a— The  < 


S  by  Leopold  11,  King  of  Belgian 
■"'■ed    bi    Stanley,    first    aovernoi-u.-- 
loundaries  of  state  deUned   by   neU' 


trsllty  declurstlons 


der 


riarsiions  laoo  ;  aiaie  pini:«i  u"- 
ilgnly   of    the    King,    who,    1S8», 

I    wi.    — verelgn    rights    to    Bel- 
Belgium  In   1007.     The 


s  many   trlbnta 


bequeathed    1 

the  great  natural  feat'ureB' of  the"  c__  .  . 
Cblef  products :  rubber.  Ivory,  palm  aata, 
and  palm  oil ;  coffee  and  tobacco  thrive. 
Boma,  capital  and  port  on  Congo  Btver. 
Banana,  seaport  on  Congo  River. 

ANQOLA. — Discovered  by  Portuguese  In 
1486.  PosBesslans  extend  (rom  mouth  ot 
Congo  to  Cnnene  Blver,  over  1,000  mile*; 
surrounded  Icland  by  Belgian  Congo.  Brlt- 
lah  Sonth  Africa,  and  German  Southwest 
Africa,  on  palm  not  found  below  10" 
south ;  coffee  grows  wild  In  nearly  all  hilly 
districts,  chief  eiport  (rom  AmbrU;  cotton 
Is  grown  In  district  of  Mossamedes,  sugar 
Id  lowlands ;  other  productions  are  robber, 
wax,  vegetable  oils,  cocosDUts,  oxen,  Bsh. 
and  Ivory.  Trade  Is  largely  with  Portugal. 
In  1908  1,741  vesBels  of  1,003,004  ton* 
entered  the  four  ports.  Malachite,  Cop- 
per, salt,  petroleum,  and  Iron  found  la 
large  quantlcies ;  gold  also  exists.  B. 
Faulo  de  LoaodEi.  capital  and  seaport  Port 
Alexander,  seat  of  dsh  salting  Industry. 

FRENCH  BQUATORIAL  AFRICA. — 
Tbe  drat  trading  post  on  Qabnu  was  cb- 
tabllsbed  by  the^'rench  Ip  lS4;i:  authority 
extended  to  Cape  Lopea  and  Ogowe  Blver 
in  180^ :  Interior  between  Ogowe  and 
Congo  explored  by  de  Grazia  1S78-80. 
large  tract  of  country  anoexed ;  French 
claima  recognized  by  Berlin  Conterencs 
1885.  Region  east  of  Kameron  and  north 
to  Lake  Tchad  conceded  to  French  ISB4. 
Blnce  then  growth  by  exploration  and  mil- 
itary  occupatloo.     in   1906   three   aatono- 

colODles     formed :      Gabun,      HIddle 

>,  and  UbBngl-Shart-Cbad.  The  conn- 
I  well  vfatered  and  covered  with  ei- 
I  foreats.  Cotton.  tobBcco,  clntia- 
>epper,  gums,  resliis,  and  dye  wood* 
oJ^uced.  Ubrevllie,  caplul  ot  Qa- 
d  seaport. 

NYABALAND     PROTSCTORATB     (Brit- 


n- 


s  of  Lake 


ike  Nya 
Ions,  ha 


ton   goods,   pro vIl ,    ,    .... 

ports,    coffee,    cotton,    tobacco.      Blantyi 
chief  town;  Zomba,  seat  o(  admlnlBtTatla 


■re. 


BECHUAXALAUD  PROTBOTORATS.^ 
The  territory  lying  between  tbe  Molopo  *nd 
Zambesi  rivers  and  extending  from  tbtt 
South  African  Republic  and  Hatabeleland 
west  to  German  Soalhwest  Africa..  Rail- 
way extends  from  Buluwayo  to  the  Cape. 

RHODES/A,— Tbe  territory  within  the 
British  sphere  of  Inflnence  to  the  north  of 
Bech  nana  land  and  the  Union  of  Sontb 
Africa.  Divided  Into  Northern  and  Sonth- 
ern  Rhodesia  by  the  Zambesi.  Foreats  ot 
hardwood  timber  abound.  India  rubb^. 
Indigo,  ana  cotton  IndlEeooua.  Conntiy 
rich  Id  minerals;  gold,  silver,  copper,  tin, 
lend.  coal,  and  antlmonv  eilat.  SaliabnTT, 
capital   of  Boatbem   Bbodeeia. 

PORTVQVE8B     KABT     AFRICA. — Plt»t 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Bncyciopedic  Index 


iMa 


1.2(10   mllea   Irom    ' 

■^' ired  br   P — "' 

il     India 
Now   a    BrlUib    colou;.      NHpoii 
prlKtord    here    181B    lo    llj^fl.      Area,    ii 
■qoaie     mll«.       PopalatlOD,      3,ZB0.       CJI- 
■»t*  omd  tod  acreeable.    Capital,  Jainea- 

MADAaA80AR.—AD     laland     known     to 

the    ancleou    and    eailT    Arabi :    Ilrst    de- 

"1   by   Ma_rTO__  Pol^oj    twilBmveted   by 

.._j  In- 
UDdnceiJ  ID  lHlu-lH:itti  wac  between 
rreach  and  natlre*  In  1682  1884  and  1HU5, 
mulled  In  French  prolectorale.  The  ii- 
land  and  Iti  dependencle*  were  declared  a 
french  colony  In  1KS6. 

MiURITIVS.—lBltLtii    In     Indian    Ocean, 
"""  — '■—  — ^t  of  UadagsHcar.  _  Discovered 


tropical  fruits;  dates  a  regnlar  crop  In 
ioiittL  Wealth  of  Arabs  eonslsti  of  cat- 
tle, horaea,  sheep,  and  oatrlches.  Hann- 
factaies  comprise  carpets,  lesaes,  leather, 
woulens.  silks.  Jewelrr,  saddlery,  earthen- 
ware, etc.  Mineral  depoalls — undeveloped 
— lucluae  Iron,  gold,  silver,  msngsDese, 
antimony,  lead,  etc. ;  line  amethysti  found. 
Fes  Is  the  no  n  hern  capltsl  and  lead  Ins 
commercial  city :  Morocco  southern  capi- 
tal and  has  maoofactures  of  morocco 
leather.  Tangier,  seaport  and  chief  center 
of  trade.  Euucatlon  Is  limited  to  teach- 
Inga  from  Koran.  Mohammedanism  pre- 
dominant rellElon.  The  SutUn  ta  the  head 
of  the  religion.  The  army  comprises 
aboat  12,0UU  men  under  European  dlscl- 
vUne  and  an  additional  force  of  8,000  -  ' 
Iltla  and  10,000  infaoti 


Spoken   laDsuage   French :   oHlclal   Engile 
Fgrt  Lonla,  capital. 

FRBNOB  POtlBEaeWNB.  —  Aloeria.— 
Orlgtnal  Inhabllanta  were  Namldlans  or 
Berbera,  conquered  by  UamaDs  and  Vau- 
dala.  tarklsh  poaaesalon  IDia  to  1710. 
Piratical  power  Aiteenlh  to  nlueieentti  cen- 
to rtes  i  defeated  by  the  United  »tates  In 
1816.  Al«lera  taken  by  Fraoce  ISIB  ;  Cod- 
nantlne,  1837.  The  Kabyles  were  snb- 
dued  and  Abd-el-Kader  waa  captured  In 
1847. 

rttali.— iDTaded  by  French  1270;  by 
Spaalah,  163&;  became  a  Turkish  nrnv- 
Inca  IS76 :   ruled  by  bey*  and  loi 


-.  1  piratical  a 

rtance  1881. 

" 1    colony  c 


It  t 


occupied  by 


I  of  four  munlcl- 

, ot  Bt.   Louis,   the  capital  of 

tlw  colony :  Dakar,  a  fortlQed  navsl  sta- 
tlon  and  aeat  of  OovemmeDt  General  of 
French  W»st  Africa ;  EtuBsque ;  and  < 

area  43S  square  — "— ■  ' — ' • 

admlolatrBtlon,  i . _, __ 

Fnneli  Ovinta  waa  detached  from  Sene- 
gal Id  1800  and  Drat  known  as  RlTlerea 
da  Sod  Colony.  The  coast  territory  cx- 
tcnda  Inland  between  Sierra  Leone  and 
Ponagoeae  Guinea. 


la  and  10,000  Infaotry. 
SPANIBH     POSBSBalONS.- 


IM- 

Adml'DlstratlTely    part    of   IpaTn.       

raountalnouB,  diTeralBed  by  plains  and  Tal- 
ley  a.  Chief  producta.  sugar,  cochineal, 
and  wine ;  otiier  produets,  tobacco,  siii^ 
oil,  wheal,  barley,  and  tropical  trulta. 
Capital,    Santa    Crua    de    Tenerllfe :    chief 

Sjrl,  Palmas.  Hellgloa,  Roman  CBthoUe. 
lo  de  Oro  and  Adrar— area,  73,000  square 
miles ;  populatloii,  12,000 — under  OoTcrnor- 
ablpof  Canary  Islands  with  Subgoremor 
at  Itlo  de  Oro.  Fernando  Po  and  Anna- 
boD,  fertile,  mountainous  IslaDds  >□  Qulf  of 
Oulnea. 

PORTUaUEBB  POSBBaSIOHB.—Oape 
Verde  itfaada  discovered  and  colonized  by 
Portuguese  1400.  Has  Ooorlsblog  cin- 
chona plantatlooa.  Other  products  fnclude 
coffee,  cacao,  tobacco,  sogar,  brandy,  palm 
oil,  fruits.  Cattle,  goats,  piga.  numeroua. 
Manufacturea :   Bait,   soap,   linens,   pottery, 


lalnud.     Chief  prodacts: 
luuuci,   ~a.,  oil,  seeds.  Ivory,  and  tuun. 
Capital,   Bolsma. 

SI.     Thomas     and    Prtnee    fslanils. — Bt. 


i   Brtllab   Gold  Coaat.  embrae-       nrlant 


._ on  northeaaL 

atretchea   Inland   between   To- 

'  lb  LagoB J  and  northward 


UigjCoDt  •od  other 

to  the  French   Military   T'crriCortes. 

Ms ars Inula,    formed    Into    a    prote 

In  1009.  consiiu  of  Ave  districts,  Trana, 
Brakna.  Qorgol.  Quldlmaka  and  Tagaiit. 

Opper  Benegat  and  tligvr,  eitends  be- 
tween iTory  Coast  on  the  aonth  and  Al- 
gerian apbere  on  the  north. 

MOROCCO,  the  HaartUaU  of  tba  an- 
denta:  conquered  by  the  Arabs  about  700. 
Preseat  dynaaiy,  Scheriffa,  pretended  de- 
aeendanta  of  Mohammed,  established  1518. 
Moat  floariahing  period  of  cooDtry  1S70- 
160S.  Slavery  of  Christians  abolished 
1814:  piracy  prohibited  1817.  The  south- 
ern frontier  toward  Sahara  unsettled.  The 
miiolry  comprlaea  a  "Tell"  or  lerlH"  m- 
I   opening   opoD   the    Allaollc.    i 

iAyasblu  14,tf^  _.. 

—   ..    desert   region   of   C. 

hara.  Coaat  dlatKct  Iniereaected  by  nn- 
■Mrona  short  rlvera.  The  climate  Is  warm 
and  generally  healthful.  The  northwest 
baa  snlBcleat  rain  from  October  to  March ; 
drougbta  not  nncomoioD  In  southwest.  Boll 
of  coaat  region  and  mountain  valleys  fer- 
tile: ylelda  abundantly  under  mdest  culti- 
vation. Products :  Wheat,  barley.  Indian 
MOi  Mmp,  bCBsa,  and  tropical  and  anb- 


.   .  than  on  moinlnnd.     Chief  prod- 

DclBi  colfee,  cacao,  cinchona :  sugar  aod 
vanilla  also  produced.  Capital,  Cidade  de 
Bao  Thome.  Chief  town  and  port  (Prince 
Island)  Sao  Antonto. 

Hadelra  Jilandi. — Islanda  koown  to  aa> 
dents  and  visited  by  Arabs  In  the  twelfth 
century ;     redlacovered   and    colonlaed    by 


jyGooi^lc 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


AMe*-Oi>mUihiti. 


Slerro   LtotM. — Northwnt      of      Liberia. 


«IeT*ted  pJatcBna.     Fomta  r 

fertile,    rioe   ,-■"--    

Tlor ;  cotton  i 
wild.  Export  I 
keniels,  KlDBer 


(foitlfl 


S'P'"'*, 


Vklital/   ^fr 

Important    MHport 


>   tne   I 


■  .J".  .' 


, .  __t  hj  Daliomey,  and 

two  dlTMolu,    Northern  and  Southern   Nl- 

gria.  About  Dlne-teDtlia  of  th«  area  waa 
rmerlr  within  the  tarrltorlei  of  the  Roy- 
al Nicer  Company.  Id  1S64-8T  whole  of 
Nigeria  waa  declared  to  t>e  under  Brttlsb 
protection ;  Ib  1900  It  waa  traasfened  ta 
■%. — ^  Imperial  administration. 


Xorthmn  HigeTia. — Product*  of  the  low- 
coDDtry,  palm  oil ;  Inland  region,  rubber, 
ground  nuta,  eheabntter,  Ivor-    •-''--    " — 


',   hldcB, 


B  aud  8t.  Pauls. 


._.„„ ■  Bt.  Jobi 

Cllnuite  anbeallbful.  teasouB  wet  ana  ary ; 
hottest  month  January;  heat  mitigated  by 
■Imoat  eoDBtaot  land  and  wa  broeira.  Cot- 
ttt — renowned  for  Its  eicellenM— and  (rin- 
ger are  chief  produeta.  Malie.  rice,  cotton, 
arrowroot,  angar  pa  DC.  ccmls.  and  *ege- 
titbles  rpadlly  produced.  FmIti  irs  sbna- 
dant  and  finely  aavored.  EiporCn — Lend- 
ing articln,  coRee,  palm  oil  und  palm 
kernel!,  robber,  cocoa,  sngnr,  arrowroot. 
Ivory,  hide*,  and  plansava.  Imports— tex- 
tiles, clotblDg,  proTlnlons.  hardware,  tobac- 
co, fnmltnre,  etc.    Monrovta,  capital. 

QEKMAK  eODTIWUFIT  AFRICA,— 
Region  annexed  bv  Qermany  In  188<.  Po«- 
sesslons  extend  along  the  coast  B30  miles. 

EQVPT.—nas  at  earllpBt  spsIs  o(  cItII- 
Icatlon  renowned  alike  for  Its  great  an- 
tiquity and  former  anlpndor.  M™Jp^^  his- 
tory  begins  wllb  the  conquest  br  Mofanm- 
medsns.  S38  A.D. :  taken  by  Mamrlnkps, 
12S0:  becnrae  TuTklmh  proTtnce,  1517:  ID- 
*aded  bv  Nanoleon.  17BS:  restored  to  Tur- 
key, ISOl.  The  New  era  heican  wllb  Me- 
hemet  All,  launder  of  present  dynasty ; 
reigned,    iaOfi-49.      The   Bnei    Canal    wan 


are  the  Blver  Nile  and  tbe  deaert.  The 
Mile  has  Its  source  tn  Victoria  NyanM: 
by  its  annual  Innndatlon  and  depoalt  of 
loam  Is  great  fertiliser  of  Egypt. 

Climate  of  Upper  Egypt  contlnnoaaly  hot 
end  dry ;  farther  north  not  season  Is  April- 
Novemiwr:      temperate,      December-Usrcb. 


Rainfall  scanty,  except  in  della.    Vast  res- 

■-  ' —  "~od  waters  of  Nile  at  Asaoan : 

1  constantly  increasing.     Per- 


,    cereals ;   sam- 


groaao  dues,  sncsDuiLcr,  ivury,  □iqch,  iitq 
Stock,  ostrich  feathera.  Cotton  growing  ia 
carried  on;  tobacco  also  grown.  Mlnemls; 
Tin  ore  Is  In  rich  deiwslts.  illver  slao 
found.  Protestant  mlsatonary  societies 
hsTe  Industrial  schools. 

jSonfArrw  liigeTla.  colony  and  protector- 
ate of  Sontbero  Nigeria  and  Lagoa,  Th« 
chief  produeta  are  palmnil].  cotton,  cocoa, 
eolfee,  iTory,  hides,  earlhnuts  snd  fruits. 
Ulaerals:  uangaaese  ore.  tin  ore,  lignite, 
and  monaslte.  Lagos  Is  tbe  capltnl  and 
Important  port.  RsIIwuya,  In  sll  Nigeria 
over  TOO  mllea,  conneetlni;  Lagos.  Jebba, 
Znuem,    and    Sano;    telegraph    mileage, 

'  British  BonaHiand. — Became  a  protec- 
torate 1881.  Region  extends  from  LabadO 
to  Zlyads,  wltb  an  area  of  68.000  square 
miles.  Imparts:  chiefly  rice,  textiles,  and 
dates;  exports:  skins,  hides,  <!•"-■-•-  •— "- 
—I,  cattle,  Kheep,  r-^ " 


irrlgste^ , 

cnnTsI  Irrigation  assure 
crops  annnally ;  In  wint 
mer,  cotton,  sugar,  and  r^n: ,  muiuiuu,  111.-E, 
malie,  and  vegetablea.  The  Nile  Valley 
knd  delta  are  densely  peopled.  The  Copt& 
deacendanta  of  ancient  Bgyptlaea,  dwell 
chiefly  In  Upper  Egypt.  Arabic  languan 
ta  spoken.  Cairo,  capital,  on  Nile ;  fonnd- 
ed  by  Saracens.  070 ;  contains  mnsenm  of 
sntlqtililes,  masqnes.  Alexandria,  founded 
832  B.C..  commercial  center  and  clilef  set- 
port.  Port  Said,  at  moutb  of  auei  CsnaL 
Bsilways  beionglnE  to  state,  IBIO.  1,44» 
miles.  aoTsmment  telegrspbs.  1010.  S.J50 
miles.  Buea  Canal,  87  miles  long,  coD- 
neets  Mediterranean  with  Hed  Sea.  Qot- 
ernment,  principality  tributary  to  Turkey. 
Power  nominally  In  bands  of  Khedive  and 
Ministry,  supported  since  1882  by  British 


Egyptlsn  frontier  to  Uenndo  snd  Belgian 
Congo  and  from  Red  Bea  to  connnea  of 
Wadal.  Chief  towns:  Khartum.  Omdnr- 
man  (capital,  formerly  Dervlob  capital), 
Wndy  Haltn.  Convention  ot  18B8  pro- 
vldea  for  aovernor-Genernl  appointed  by 
Egypt  wltb  consent  of  Great  Britain. 

TB/POC/,   conquered,      successively      by 
...v.  ..,..  vr._.i..     tnttaei  ope  of   Barbary 


StoteB : 


by    d'urkey,    1S3S.      Attempted    1 

1  by  Italy,   and  Tarcv-ItaUan  w 
lurface  mostly  desert :  mountain! 


B,   uLuvfl,  uBLjiiid  feath- 

id  gum,     Bcrbera.  cblel 

-„.     ,..^v  - Union  of  8oDth  Africa.) 

LIBERIA.— Coautrj  settled  1832  by  ^e« 
necroes,  sent  ont  under  Amerl.»n  Col- 
onTsntlon  Society;  declared  Independent, 
1847.  Tbe  cosst  lands  sre  generally  luw 
and  sandy;  Interior  hills  sad  monntalns 
ars  covered  with  beantttul  forests,  dlveral- 
fled  by  well-watered,  terllle  vslle*. :  thn 
largest  rivers  s"  "•    ■*-"■ 


bounded  on  the  north  by  Eritrea.  „..  ._. 
eaat  by  Danakll  country  and  Soma II land, 
on  the  south  and  west  by  British  East 
Africa,  and  on  tbe  northwest  by  the  Sndan. 
It  Is  the  direct  descendant  or  tbe  ancient 
Ethiopia,  poBsenes  sn  ancient  aud  Inlerest- 
inir  nntinnBi  chrlsttnn  chiirch  whicb  Owes 
o  the  Coptic  Patriarch  of  Alex- 


ITA'lIAV  POaBEBfTOVS.  ■—  Brttrea.— 
Colony  of  Eritrea  constituted  1800.  Aasah 
occupied  1880,  town  and  Island  of  Msssaua 
188S.  Colony  now  embraces  coast  ot  Red 
Bea  from  Rss  Kssar  to  Strait  ot  Bab-el- 
Mandcb,  OTO  miles,  extending  Inland  about 
200  miles.  Pear]  flsberle*  at  Uasaana  and 
Dshlak  Archipelago ;  Industry  in  hands  ot 
Banians  nndlans).  Massaua.  fortified  sea- 
port and  Important  center  of  commercial 
exchange.     Asmara,  acat  of  government. 

Italian  eoBfoHIoitrf— Sultanate  of  C»t- 
bta   placed  ander   Itnllan   protection     ISRB : 


Duth  ot  Juba 

FRBSCH  POSBUBSIOHa.  —  Oboek  ani 
Bomati  Coait  Frolectorvtt  actiulred  by 
France  1864.  Situated  on  Gulf  of  Aden. 
snrronuded  by  Eritrea,  Abyssinia,  and 
BrItlBh  Somalliand.  extends  inland  about 
forty  miles.  Trade  chiefly  wltb  Interter 
conntrlea,     Chief  cities,  Oboek  and  Tajuah. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Eneyeiopedic  Index 


AiteaU    Mtit    to,    to    leceiva    bUtm 

tkken  from  venel*,  633. 
Citieena  of  Dnited  States  mnst  not 
TioUt«  rights  of  mh&bitanta  of,  306. 
Natives  of,  in  Blaveijr.     (See  Afriun 

Slave  Trade.) 
Naval   force   of    United   States   sta- 
tioned  on    coast    of,   refened    to, 
2173,  3071. 
BepTMsing  Honor   trade    in,   Bogges- 
tions  made  bj  Belgimn,  6363,  6426. 
Slavery  on  eoast  of,  4160. 
Teasels  of  United   States  seited  on 
coast  of,  1857,  3017. 
AMcS)  The,  attempted  seimre  of  VLi. 

Faoehet  bf  commander  of,  S344. 
AAleait  Slave  Trade. — Prior  to  the  dlscoT- 
•rr  of  America  ncgraes,  like  otber  uvage 
lacet,  eltlier  enslaved  or  pnt  to  death  the 
captlTC*  taken  In  war.  The  deportation  of 
the  eaptlTe*  to  the  mines  and  plancstloni 
of  the  New  World  loereaied  the  value  of 
the  African  end  nude  alaverj  racber  than 
death  the  prlwuer'B  fste.  Thli  dlsposltioD 
of  nptlves  also  led  many  pettjp  chleFs  to 
wace  war  tor  the  proepecllve  xaln  In  ba- 
man  rhattels.  The  aborlslDn  of  America 
bavlna  proved  too  weak  for  the  work  re- 
quired of  theit.  the  Portasuese.  who 
Bceaeeied  a  large  part  of  the  African  coait, 
becan  the  eiportitton  of  nesroee.  In  whleb 

•*- Imitated  by  other  uatlooa  of  the 

■"-  '~bn  Hawklna  was  the  Brat 

>ce  Id  slave  traOc.    The 

ir  negni  slaves  wss  au- 

Eitreme    emelcy    and 

characterised     their 

were  landrd  at  Haiti 

and    pla«d    in    the 

^Dtch  veasel  broaght  a 

caiso  of  slarei  Into  the  James  River. 
Twenty  neuron  were  sold  to  Virginia 
•ettlcrs.  In  I71S,  by  (be  treaty  of  TJtrecht. 
Onat  Britain  obtained  the  contract  for 
■applying  slaves  to  the  Bpenlsb  West  Id- 
dlea.  Thla  atlmnlated  the  slave  trade  gen- 
erally. Several  of  the  Coloolea  attempted 
to  prohibit  the  Importailon  ot  slaves,   '—' 


lah  dovemment. 


."Srlt' 


also  those  passed 

17U,   — ■■    "" 

...    s  m  1774. 

Slavery  was  prohlbKrd  by  Rhode  Island 
and  Coonectlcat  In  1774,  and  b;  all  the 
ColiMin  under  the  non-ImporCadon  cove- 
aaat  at  Oct.  24.  1774,  aad  forbidden  by 
■early  all  Oe  SUtM  during  tb«  Revolution. 
TlM  alave-trade  qoesttoa  was  an  Important 
one  ta  the  formation  of  the  Constltntloa 
Tike  Soathem  Statea,  except  Virginia  and 
UarylaDd,     Insisted     that     no     — •-•-"-- 


h  ».  1794.  prohibited  the  carry- 

faig  of  ilaves  from  one  foreign  couDtrr  to 
another  b*  American  citliene  :  that  of  May 
itt,  1800,  allowed  United  States  war  «hlps 
to  aelie  vcasela  engaged  In  such  trsfflc; 
Itat  of  Feb.  28,  ISaf,  prohibited  the  fn- 
trodartlou  of  slsves  Into  Btatea  which  had 
forbidden  slavery,  tn  1808  the  Importa- 
tlaa  of  slaves  Into  the  United  States  was 
fOrMddra.  The  acta  ot  April  20.  1B18,  and 
MarcA  S,  ism,  antborlacd  the  President  to 


African 

•end  cmtaera  to  the  coast  of  Africa  to 
■top  the  slave  trade.  As  no  reslrietlona 
were  ever  placed  npon  domestic  alava  trad- 
ing before  Its  abolition  In  ises,  the  snrreptl- 
tloas  trade  In  Imported  BlBves  was  not  en- 
tirely given  up  until  that  time. 

African  Slave  Trade.     (See  also  Com- 
promise of  1S50;  Kanaas-Nebraaka 

Act;    Missoori    Compromise;    Ne- 

gioea;  Slavery.) 
Abuses  of  United  States  flag  referred 

to,   2134. 
Act  for  suppression  of,  referred  to, 

6621. 
Agents    sent    to    Africa    to   receive 

slaves,  663. 
American  citizens  engaged  In,  221S. 
Information     regarding,     requested, 

2907. 
Cargo  of  African  negroes — 

Captnied  on  coast  of  Cuba,  and  re- 
tnm  of  to  Africa,  discussed,  30S8, 
3124,  3126. 

Landed  on  eoaat  of  Georgia,  re- 
ferred to,  3065,  3060^08£ 

Stranded  on  coast  of  Florida,  and 
removal   of,  diacotsed,  967. 
Ceased  in  United  Btatea,  3779. 
Correspondence  regarding — 

Beferred  to,  2268,  22S7,  2426,  24S8, 
2538,  27SS. 

Surrender    of     slaves     to    United 
States  consul  referred  to,  1944. 
DlBcasaed  by  President — 

Adams,  J.  Q.,  875,  967. 

Boebanan,  3086,  3124,  3120,  S180. 

Lincoln,  32  S4. 

Madison,  470,  562. 

Honroe,  583,  631,  783,  618,  619. 

Taylor,  E553. 

Tyler,    2215. 

Van  Buren,  1836, 
Excluded  from  use  ot  United  States 

flag,  875. 
Foreign  alave  traders  discussed,  3446. 
International  congress  at  Bmasels  for 

abolition   of,   S47],    5543,    6363. 
Interpretation  given  act  prohibiting, 

632. 
Laws  for  sappression  of — 

Amendments  recommended,  25G3. 

Should  be  more  severe,  1903,  1931. 
Liberation  of  slaves  by  authoritiaa  of 

Naasau,  New  Providence,  2064. 
Proposition  to  Great  Britain  to  abol- 
ish mixed  courts  created  for  sap- 
pression of,  3889. 

Treaty  regarding,  4055. 
Punishment   for  engaging  In,  should 

be  same  as  for  piracy,  779,  812. 
Beferred  to,  1755,  2064,  2173,  2202, 

2219,  2268,  2587,  2630,  3015,  8071, 

3121,  3185,  3413, 
Bemoval  of  negroes — 

Captured  by  American  vessels,  to 
Liberia,  recommended,  8056, 3124. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


African 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


AMcan  BtoTa  Tradt— oooHMMd. 

Captored  on  coast  of  Cnba,  S06S, 

3124,  S126. 
Stranded  on  eoaat  of  Florida  »c- 
ommendsd,  967. 
Seiznre  of  staTes  on  board  the  E*- 

comivm  and  Bnterprlie,  1499, 
Snppreision  of  and  RuggeitioiiB  that 
Great  Britain  bo  asked  to  diteon- 
tiDne  the  naval  force  maintained 
for  its  snpproBsion,  3779. 
I>eiired  bj  uovenuneut,  631,  1836, 
1930,  20S2,  221S,  3086,  3254. 
But  interpolations  into  maritime 
code  not  permitted,  1930. 
Beferred  to,  649,  650,  6S1,  678,  827, 
958,  1867,  2048,  2082,  2SS3,  3180. 
Squadron  kept  on  coast  of  Africa 

for,  2173, 
Tiea^  between  Ave  powers  of  En- 
rope  for,  20 IL 
luqoiry    of    Senate    respecting, 
and  replj  of  President,  2068. 
Protest  of  American  minieter  to 
France  regarding,  2011,  2048, 
2297. 
Treaty  with  Great  Britain  regard- 
ing, referred  to,   810,  812,  819, 
886,  2016,  2048,  2071,  2082,  3272, 
3281,  3328,  3366,  3380,  4017. 
Teasels  transporting  slavea  shonid 
be  aeiied,  632,  783. 
African  Sqnaditm,  instruetion  to  com- 
manding officers  of,  referred  to,  2173, 
3071. 
Agents,  Vidian.     (See  Indian  Agents.) 
Agrlciiltnral  Oensna  recommended,  5982. 
Agrlcnltnral  OoUegea  and  Ezperlmant 
Btatlona.     (See  Agrienlture,  Depart- 
ment of.) 
Agricultural  Experiment  Statloiu  dia- 

euased,  E3S4,  5888,  5980,  6347. 
A^coltnral  Implementa.— From  tbe 
Mrllcst  times  and  Id  bII  conntrles  until  the 
beclnning  of  the  Nineteenth  centar;  agrl- 
enltare  was  dlatlnctl;  maanal  labor. 
Horses  and  oien  were  used  (or  ploirfas  and 
harroirliig.  but  tbe  labor  of  plantlnz,  cnl- 
tlTStlDE  and  banestlaK  wai  all  pprforined 
b*  band.  Orala  was  sown  broad  east  by 
hand,  cat  witb  a  idekle,  satbered  witb  a 
fork  and  tbrasbed  ont  on  tbe  bam  floor 
wttb  a  ctub.  Com  was  caltlvated  with  a 
boe  and  Iti  haakloE  was  made  n  social 
event     of     rural      commnnltles.     By     these 

SrlmltlTC  melbodH  tbe  farmer  was  unable 
>  produce  mucb  of  a  bui-ijIus  to  elchaage 
(or  tbe  (abrlcs  of  the  cities  or  for  eiport. 
The  only  part  of  America   where  farming 

EroTcd  a  eommerdal  snccesB  was  In  the 
ODth.  where  itave  labor  was  employed  In 
the  cuItUatlon  of  cottnn  aod  tobacco.  The 
Invention  of  the  cotton  gin,  tboagb  not 
■trlctly  B  farm  Imptement.  made  a  com- 
mercial crop  of  a  plant  thereto(ore  of  ooly 
ordloary  domestic  value. 

From  the  Drst  tnmlns  of  tbe  soli  to  the 


of  eomtort  sad  wealth  than  tar  othsr  daaa 

of  cliUens. 

Prior  to  ISSO  the  manntaetura  of  agri- 
caltural  Implements  could  bacdiy  be  con- 
sidered  aa   more   than   a   hand   trade,   and 

'-      -   -   -   factory  i--—      -  ■•-- 

t  understi 

cuted,  which  contained  much  that  the  Im- 
proved  processes  and  facUIttei  of  the  lat- 
ter part  o(  tbe  century  btougbt  to  completa 
(niltlon.     Implements  were  made  In  souU 


manufacture  fro 


the  small  shops  of  the 


ment  of  the  modern  factory  system,  fit 
•  laife  western  plant  aoo  men,  by  the  aid 
of  nachlnscy,  do  the  work  that,  wlthont 
machines   would  reqalre  S.140   men. 

The  McCormIck  reaper  was  flrst  pat  an 
the  market  as  a  sncceasfal  maetame  for  i 


harvest  of  1840.  In  181T  the  exports  of 
wheat  and  Hour  inaped  to  >3a,lT8.1Sl, 
aboDt  ave  times  the  average  o(  the  pre- 
cedlnjr  forty  yeara.  and  Increased  rapldir 
to  1660.  The  wheat  crop,  which  had  not 
kept  pace  with  tbe  growth  of  popnlatlon 
from  1B39  to  1849,  gained  more  than  70 
prr  cent  In  the  decade  between  1S49  aod 
1SE9,  and  from  a  total  crop  of  84.823,272 


inherited  the  Idea  of  making  a  grain 
reaper  from  his  father,  who  had  patented 
an  Imperfect  revolving  scythe  lo  ISIS. 
The    essential    elcmeo'-    —>■'-'-    — -j-    ->— 


tbe  grain  by  band  from  the  platform. 

The  Marsh  harvesting  machine  bsu 
toothed  belta  which  carried  the  grain  from 
the  platform  over  the  master  irheel  to  two 
men  who  stood  on  a  footboard  aod  bonnd 
the  sheaves  od  tables  attached  to  Iha 
machine.  By  ISTS  twine  binding  attacb- 
meots  had  been  patented. 

The  automatic   selt   binder,   invented  bj 
John   F.   Appleby,  seems  to  have  t>een  the 
culminating    improvement    made    In    grain 
barveatlDg   macblaes,   and   Is   used   In   one 
(ono  or  another  as  an  attachment  to  the 
harvester  to  bind  by  (sc  the  largest  part 
of  the  grain   harvested  In   this  and  other 
countries.     Now    a    million    binders    are    In 
use  on  American  farms  and  a  large  export 
business  has  grown    up.     ThrouRb   tbe   ns* 
of    American   liarvestlng    machines    Argen* 
tins.   Australia    and    Russia    have    become 
large  eiporters   o(  wheat,   Sod   single  ca^ 
goes   shipped   to   Europe   contain   more  of 
these  mschlnes   than  the  entlra  output  of 
suy   European    manafactnrer   In   this   llos^ 
In    Kansas,    Nebraska   and   other   Western 
States,  headers  are  used,  which  cot  off  tha 
......     ._..    titlow    the    head,    elevate    the 

a  wason  ready  to  be  hauled  to 

'  and  leave  tbe  straw  standing. 

Oregon  and  Washington  the 


—  _  traction  engine. 

The  mowing  machine,  the  com  planter 
and  the  two-horse  cnltlvator,  distinctively 
American  Inventlooa  have  served  the  same 
purpose  In  promoting  the  production  of 
corn  and  hay  as  the  reaper  In  the  cereal 
'-"'      Farmers    were    unable    to    produce 


stalk    Jos 


live 


I   nnttl   uey   bad  labor 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyetopedie  Index 


Acricttltitnd' 


nTlDg  Dweblnery  for  tlM  cbMp  prodacUon 
el  bftj  mod  com. 

Tb*  prlnclpa)  (tepa  1b  the  deTdopment 
ot  tlM  urreatlDC  mschlDe  are  rerorded  In 
the  htcQt  Offlee  ■■  tollom : 

— HHTTMter,      h&ndrakei,      ISOS ; 
ISM;  dropper,  1861;  Adjustable 


,    1ST6, 


m   and 


(wttch    nt 

Barreater  BInden — Cord  knotter,  1863; 
wire  twUter.  1866;  straw  braid  twister, 
UBT;  (leaner  and  blndeis   1862;  aelf-trlp- 


,^.    cord    knotter,    186'/;     _    

18W;  antonatlc  tr]p.  16T0;  straw  looper, 
1810:  vIbratlDtf  binder.  1875:  low-down 
Msder,  1878;  compreasoc  automatic  trip. 
18T9:   low-down  obhqne  detlvenr,    1884. 

Bean  and  Clorer  Harrestera-^lover  bar- 
Testet,  1849 :  clover  strtpploK  drnm  bar- 
TCBter,  1S04'  clover  bead  cutter  and 
breaker,  1866 ;  bean  stalk  cutter  and 
bondler,  1869 ;  clovet  spiral  dmm  bar- 
reater, IMl :  bean  nsderground  cntter, 
■•*"  -    eloTer    head    atrlpper,    1877 ;    beut 


stalk  puller,  18T9. 
Con      HarrestcTB — Cntter,     1844 ; 


1864,"  'IBW":  lil^  and  low  cntter,'  1859] 
cntter  and  abocker,  1666 ;  picker  and 
bn^r,   1867 ;  picker,  busker  and  shocker. 


I  to  the  atnw  ataek,  thoa 


larce  steel   plpa  ta — 

saving    the  labor    ot   aeveral    i 

matlc  band  cuttlni  and  fwdlnji  a 
ments  and  antomaQc  train  welrtera 
leru  nae,  anil   tn 


Intemal 


knowledge  o_ 

The   gialo   driU   1 __, 

-'  econoDj  on  ths  tann.    The  flret  patent 


the  uie  of  conimerc! 

The  flnt  patent  on  a  practical  com 
planter  was  bsued  to  George  W.  Browb, 
ot  Illinois,  In  1863,  and  Improved  bj  Oewgt 
D.  Haworth,  of  the  same  Stat*. 

Com  cDlttvatora  are  made  in  a  gTcat 
varletr  of  forma,  but  the  essential  teatara 
ot  all  la  an  arched  aile  which  atraddica  the 
row.  Is  drawn  b;  two  horset,  and  has  two 
gangs,  or  tramea,  one  on  each  ^d*  of  the 
row,  which  awing  f reel?  onder  direction  of 
the  operator,  who  our  ride  or  walk.  Con 
binders  and  pickers  are  also  mannfaetored, 
aa    well    as    portable    hoikers    and    fodder 

shredders.     Power  com  sh-" —  ■- —  ■ 

In    DEC   since    1860,   and   l., , 

wherever   com   is   grown    for  sbinmeat  t 


1SS6:   braab  itrtpper,   1869:   eibaust 
Ibis    pipe,    18M:    fan    blower,    *""" 
—1    atrlpner    bm-*      " 
"■■  -ileker  at— 


Hemp  and  Flax  Harvenlera — Bcvolvli^ 
pulling  dram  and  band,  1838:  roller,  18E2; 
tedprocatlnK.  pulling  ]aw,  ""•  ■  -*-" - 
poller,  16s8 ;  side  deliver; 
stalk  cntter,  1872. 

Combined      Beapen 
Beaper  abd   tbmsner,    looo ;   mn 

arator  and   sacker,  1846;  head  i — 

side  deltvercr,  1849 ;  harvester  and 
Uraahcf,  1877;  steam  barrerter.  1879; 
bender,    thrasher   and   aeparaCor.    1868. 

Horse  Rakes — Flopover,  1823 :  spring 
both,  183»:  dnmplUK  solkr,  1848;  drafl 
lumplos.  1860;  self  dumping.  1852;  sprlog 
ooth  self   damping   1866:   draft   dumclng, 


sber,   1836;  tbrasber, 


H.; 


1870;  1876,  18S8. 


— 186S.    1861,    1862,    1860,       «lve  ludnstr;  In  itself. 


lotion,  carefcil  study  a 

sktIL  BITorta  at  Improvement  have  been 
largely  directed  toward  establishing  opon 
a  mathematical  basis  the  proper  iTnes  of 
the  moldboard  which  raises  and  tnns  the 
furrow   slice.     President   Thomas   Jeffemon 

SDbllahed  blH  views  on  this  aubjeet  In  1798. 
ethro  Wood,  of  Belplo,  K.  Y.,  took  oat  a 
Ktent  In  1819  tor  a  plow  with  a  Diold- 
ird  In  three  Mparate  pieces,  so  they  eonld 
be   replaced  by  new   parte  when  worn. 

Amoog  the  names  that  will  ever  be  •■• 
Bodated  with  the  plow  In  America  are  Jotm 
Deere,  pioneer  Inventor  aod  mannfactnrer, 
whoae  establishment   at   Hotlne,    III.,   anp- 

81  led  the  West  tor  many  years,  and  Janea 
liver,  whose  perfection  of  the  etallled  ateel 
plowshare  was  an  important  step  in  ad* 
vanced  mannfactnre. 

The  history  of  steam  plowing  dates  from 
the  Inventions  of  Fowler  and  Bmltb  In 
1864,  The  plows  are  tn  Ktogs  of  twelve 
to  eighteen  and  are  drawn  by  traction 
enctnes  of  from   40  to  80  honwpower. 

Uachluery  tor  abelling,  aorttng.  alftlag 
or  grading  according  to  aiae  tbe  varkma 
vegetable  and   root  crops  forms  an  «xt«B> 


log  nwdiine  is  the  most  Important  feature 
oT  tbe  eqalpment  of  modem  agriculture. 
Tbe  "ground  hog"  thrasher  came  Into  uae 
(ariy  In  the  nineteenth  century.  Thrash- 
ing uUlt,  with  fanning  and  screening  de- 
vieta,  were  aet  up  In  England  in  1600,  bat 
these  were  staUoned  at  some  central  point, 
and  the  grain  Iiad  to  I>e  lianlpd  to  them. 
Tbe  flrat  portable  thrashing  machine  with 
cleaning  device*  wu  made  by  Hiram  A. 
and  Jolin  A.  Pitta,  of  Wluthron.  He..  In 
1830.  and  Oeorge  Wentlnghooiie  began 
making  thiaablng  machine*  in  Fonda,  vrt., 
abont  1840.  He  later  removed  to  Rche- 
Mctady,  N.  T..  and  pateoted  a  nomber  of 
nsefnl  Imnrovementa  In  separating  and 
cleaning  drvicen.  A  notable  improvenient 
Is  Ibe^^rlnd  ataeker."  by  which  the  rtraw 
Is  Mown   bj   a   tevolTlnc   tan  ttarongh  a 


Agrlcnltnral    Implements   IB   cneral   ■ 

vided    Into   four   groups — th«M   of   enl_- 

vatlon.    seeding    and    planting,    liarveBting. 
— J,  — ■ 4j_-,^    Tbeao  fTooiM  in  tnm 


iiarveating  machinea  the  thrash-       divided    Into   four   groups — th«M   of   enitl* 


d  separating. 
llvlded  Into  i 


aged  In  the  mannfactnre  of 


are  aubdlvide- , 

dicated  in  the  accomnanyina  table. 

censue  of  1849,   1.3'~   — t^--- 

reporti>d  aa  eofraged 

agrlcDltnral    ImpteiL 

bands  employed  being  7.2S0,  and  tbe  valna 
ot  their  products  amounted  to  86.842,611. 
In  1869  tlie  namber  of  factories  had  in- 
creased to  2,076.  These  vrere  compara- 
tively small  psrabilshmeDts,  their  anregate 
capital  amounting  to  only  S34,Sft4^aoa  and 
their  output  being  valued  at  little  more 
than  162.000,000.  In  1900  throagb  com> 
blnlng  ahop*  and  capital  the  namber  ot 
establishments  had  fallen  to  640.  tbe  capi- 
tal had  increaaed  to  )3E«.281.08e,  and  O* 
T»lQ«  ot  Um  ontpnt  to  |140,S39,2«9, 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Agdcnltonl 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Acilctiltiml  ImitfeiiMiitt — Conttnued. 

Of  tb«  TT2  eatabUihmeDti  ennEed  In  the 
ladaatTT  Id  1914,  8S  were  located  Id  IHIdoIb, 
07  Id  Ohio,  SI  In  WIicodsId,  D8  Id  New 
Torb,  *»  Id  PeDDSjIyuila,  49  Id  CalUonila. 
43  In  iDdlana,  40  cich  In  Iowa  and  Ulchl- 
UD,  35  Id  MlDDeaoU,  27  In  Mluoarl,  20  Id 
TeDneasee,  22  eacb  Id  Nortb  Carolina  and 
Tlnrtnla,  18  Id  Georgia.  14  Id  TennoDt,  12 
Id  Sanaas,  it  Id  Maine,  10  each  in  Alabama 
aDd  New  jeraejr,  7  each  In  Eentnck;.  Maaea- 
cbuaetta,  Nebraaka,  and  WaablnatoD,  6  each 
In  CoDDecdcnt  aDd  Mlaaiaalppt,  0  Id  Texaa,  4 
In  Colorado,  S  each  in  Arkanaas.  Florida. 
HarjrlaDd,  New  Hampablre.  Orefon,  South 
Carolina,  BDd  Soath  Dakota,  2  each  la 
Idaho.  Oklahoma,  and  West  Virginia,  aad  1 
eaeh  Id  LonlalaDa  aDd  MoDtana. 

The  atatlstlca  for  1814  are  SDlnDiarlted  In 
the  following  table : 


enumeretlan  eorered  cblekuu,  goliie*  tovlt, 
....I ,   du(-ki,  ptgeoDi  — •*  — •-— >- 


According 

was  the  leaai_„ 

ralaed  during  1009,  t 
352,888.  MlBHo— ■  -" 
epect,  reporting 


:he   total    valus   reported    tut 


the  CeDiai  of  I9I0.  IIIEnoIa 

'   '    in  the  number  of  fowla 

nomber  belQs  32.- 

d  aecoad  In  tbia  re- 

_, --,--jDg  the  Dumber  of  fowfa  raised 

Id  1909  aa  31^13,210.  Iowa  ranked  tblrd 
and  reported  tbe  prodnctlon  ot  38,990,147 
fowla  Id  1909. 


'   OOut 7,174 

Agricnltnnd  Products.— Tbe  agricniiurai 

Sroducta  ol  tbe  United  Statea  are  ao  dlversl- 
ed  tbat  It  would  be  useLesg  to  attempt  to 
describe  all  In  a  single  article  or  even  in 
an  ordinary  alied  volume.  Tbe  Departmeut 
o(  Agrlcultare  publiabes  annual  reporta  cot- 
erlng  (be  field  In  general  aud  frequent  spe- 
cial reports  and  bulletlnB  on  agrlcultarsl 
prodocU. 

The  accompanrlDg  table  givea  tbe  qnan- 
Htr  and  value  of  the  principal  prodncta  aa 
reported  In  tbe  lateat  cenaua, 

Poultrv  and  Eggt. — The  Cenaus  of  1910 
gave  tbe  productfon  of  poultry  In  the  Dnlt- 
«<  SUtei,  Id  1008,  M  4e8,«8,304.     Tbe 


Fieuni  npcrM  fw ,  .  _ 

fur  1914.    (a)  Ym  priM  Nof.  IS,  m4.    <b)  Not  ht 
-       ■        ..-        _._-^   .    ....     ,^1,-.  . 


la  of  IfllO.     t  V\ 

1«4.    "'  "^'- 

i.  1,  1914.    I 


, plulatkoiai  1(0> 

WMl,U3allroa.Titasdattl,71D.  0)  Natii>dkiA«p» 
(J)  Farm  pries  Au.  IS.  1914.  (k)  Baaid  im  die 
Tilot  of  nfiiwd,  icT  jmi  (Ddii«  June  M,  191S. 

dsasa  odjr.    '-'  " ■--  ■    -  "■  — 

._e  Cenaus  c 
fnrm    atatlatica 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedk  Index  Agricultunl 


mi.  QiOiivdjOdo ;  Improved 
acm  m  uiiiiO,  478,451,750;  valne  ol  land 
In  fanm,  128,476,671,169;  Tilue  ol  build- 
Insa  on  faims,  f  6.325,451,528 :  TmIus  or 
Implcmcnta  tna  macbinerj  on  farniB,  tl.- 
2a5,149.7BS'  value  per  acre  of  land  and 
bnlldlnn,  139.60 ;  Talne  per  acre  or  ISQd 
alone,  t32.40.  Talne  of  wealth  produced 
Ml  farmi  In  1915,  estimated  b?  Secretarr 
ol  Acricnltoie,  110,501,680,000. 

MUMMOIO  tmHAlM,   IBIS 

Nambv  Valoa 
Mikk  eom  lad  other 

cattle £a,fi27.000  11,827,428,000 

Hone* 20.507.000  2,278,222,000 

Mala. 4,386,000  G46.24S.000 

fibeep  and  Umba. . . .  A1.4S2.000  202,770.000 

SviM gl,lT8.Q00  603.10B.OQO 

la..lH,  140.000 


Zfobv  Prodadt. — The  Thirteenth  Cenias 
lireaented  the  following  condensed  anatrel" 
or  tbe  dairy  Indnitrr  of  the  Called  BUtes 
tor  Ihe  ceniua  Tear  190S  : 
Tola!  number  of  cowi  kept  tor 

milk   21,795,770 

Ullk  prodaced  on  ranns,  gala.  6,813,099,474 
Total  pounds  of  butter  made.  1,019,415,203 
Total  potinda  ot  clieeie  made.  S20.G3Z.18l 
Condenaed  milk  prodneed,  Iba.    4&l,79e,544 

The  qa*Dtlt7  of  milk  reported  waa  pro- 
duced on  Uitaa  reporting  10,009,298  dairy 
eova  and  does  sot  include  eHtlmates  for  4.- 
IMKI.184  eowa  reported  ■«  dairy  eowi  by 
CanneTa  bat  tor  which  no  etatement  wM 
slTea  of  qnantlty  of  milk  produced.  In 
loaay  cues  the  reason  tor  aot  giving  the 
ODUtlly    of    milk    prodaced    was    that    the 

« fc.j  (^  make  evea  a  rough 

ly      speaking,     t 

1  farms  In  the 
-    the    Unit   - 

.__    .1   likely    t_    __    _... 

than  the  average  for  other  parts  of  tha 
coDntnr.  Also,  many  cows  reported  as  dairy 
cows  are  as  a  matter  or  tact  milked  only 
a  Tcr;  small  part  of  tha  year.  No  estimate 
la  Ineloded  fbr  the  "cowi  kept  for  milk" 
aot  on  farms. 


.    (EaportadbythsDepkrtinMrtotAr^eultm^ 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Acricnltonl         Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


B«et  Sngkr— 

Culture  of,  6S69. 
Coffe« — 

ProdnctioB  of,  6731. 
CoBunere*  with  foreign  coantriM  in, 

4973. 

Commetee  in,  r«Btnined  by  Orent 

Brit&in,    138. 
Introduction  of  prodneta  of,  into 

Europe  ditcnsMd,  6764. 
Cotton— 
Cnptorod  and  forf eitod  referred  to, 

seee. 

Commerce  in,  referred  to,  4973. 
Coltnre  of,  in — 
African  poiMMiou  of  Portugal, 

S864. 
Brazil,  471L 
DiMTiminating     dntiee     on,     from 
British  North  American  coloniee 
diicuBBed,  996. 
Haty  on,  Lord  Aberdeen  'a  letter  re* 

garding,  1134. 
Peraona  engaged  in  bringing  out, 
order  regarding,  3439. 
Exportation  of,  diacnaaed,  5SS7,  5979, 

6171. 
Hay,  ezportBtjon  of,  prohibited,  3476. 

Order  reaeindiug,  3&3E. 
Befarred  to,  4800. 
Bice — 
Dntiea  on,  diacnaaed  and  referred 
to,  1243,  1931,  2112,  2181,  2274, 
S419. 
Production  of,  in  U.  S.,  6727,  6906. 
Tobacco — 
Dntiea  on.  In  foreign  porta,  104S, 
1738,  1909,  2167,  2192,  £909,  3120, 
Exportation     of,    to    eonnttiea    at 
peace  with  United  Statea,  orders 
regarding,  3379,   3434. 
From   NetherUnda  and  Dotch  col- 
oniea,    tax   on,   diacnaaed,    4979, 
4986,  6088. 
Growth,  production,  and  trade  of, 

referred  to,  2133. 
Internal  tax  on,  remoTEl  of,  rec- 
ommended, 6474. 
Kade  with  foreign  eonntriea  to  be 
promoted,     1088,     1713,    1822, 
2167. 
Beferred  to,  1S06. 
Value  of  annual  production  of,  dia- 
coaaed,  S642,  6744,  5764,  5978. 
AgrinltnTal  Land  Orantt.    (See  Agri> 

cultural  CoUegee.) 
Agriculture: 
Advancement    of,  recommended,   6S, 
60,   61,   77,   78,   194,   197,   318,  361, 
3776,  4457,  4530,  4947,  6112. 
Proaperona  atate  of,  978,  1747. 
BeferBBce  to,  OS,  17S,  S40,  3363. 


Agilcnltiire,  Biman  of: 
An>ropriationa     for,     recommended, 

Discuaaed,    3334,    3462,    3S64,    4066, 

4106,  4364,  4645,  4947,  6112,  6383. 

Emplojeea    in — 

To    participate    in    decoration    of 

gravea    of   soldiera,  4753,    4818, 

4899,  6078,  6350. 

To    pi^icipate    in    dedication    of 

Washington    Uonument,    4879. 
To  witneaa  inangurution  of  Preai- 
dent  Cleveland,  4881. 
Enlargement  of  faeilitiea  of,  recom- 
mended, 4630. 
Establiahment    of,    3334. 

Becommended,     2556,     2622,     2663, 

2714,  3253. 
Beferred  to,  406S,  4947. 
Experiment     atattons,     recommenda* 

tiona  regarding,  6384,  6888,  6980. 
Food  adulteration  diacnaaed,  5384. 
8eed  diatribntion.     (See  Seed  Diatrl- 
botion.) 
Agriculture,  Oommlarioner  of: 

Bepl;  of,  to  Senate  reaolntion  regard- 
ing    diaeasea     prevailing     among 
BWine,  4435. 
Beports  of,  referred  to,  4158,  4364^ 
44SB,  443S,  4462,  4578. 
Agrlcoltnre,  Department  of. — This  De- 
pBctment  ot  the  EiecutlT*  Brnach  of  the 
aoremmeDt   had   Its  origin  ]□   the  recom- 
mendacloD   of    WaahlDiton.      Aa    enrly   aa 
Dec  T,  ITBO.  In  hia  eight  ti  annual  addrea* 
(page   1st)   he  aeld  thnt  "with   reference 
either    to    ladlvldaal    or    Datloeil 


Icultuc 


>  or  p 


rim. 


-    - —    urged    the   Importance 

or  the  "eBtBbllBhmeac  of  boarda  .  .  . 
charged  with  collecllDE  and  dlffualof  In- 
formation, and  enabled  bj  premluma  and 
anull  pecuniary  aids  to  encourase  and  aa- 
alst  a  aplrIC  of  dlacoverr  aoif  Imptore- 
mcDt."  The  aentloKOts  eipreaaed  br 
Waablngton  were  reiterated  end  enlareed 
apon  br  all  or  nearly  all  ot  hla  aacceaaoia 
(pagta  8TT6,   4457,   iSaO.    4MT.    Bll^). 

From  the  verj  beglanlag  of  the  QoTem- 
ment  Ita  forelgu  repreaentatlTei  had  aent 
home  aeeda  and  cnttlnga  of  agricultural 
producta  to  be  tried  Id  the  Cnlted  Statea, 
and  In  1BS9  Congreaa  made  an  appropria- 
tion of  fl.OOO  tor  the  dlBttibulloa  of  eia- 
terlal  thoa  collected  and  for  the  publica- 
tion ot  aKTlcultnnl  etatlatlea.  Thla  work 
waa  eetrneted  to  the  Patent  Ofllce.  which 
belonged  to  the  DepaTtmeut  of  State  until 
1840,  when  the  Department  ot  tbe  Interior 
waa  eatabllabed  and  tbe  Patent  ofllce  be- 
---      -  •■       Dd  to   1849   t"      -    -■ 


cnltaral  work  y 


but  from  that  time  ootll  ^861,  a  apeclal 
onclaU  under  the  direction  ot  the  Commle- 
•loner.  waa  employed  for  tbe  work. 

Har  IS.  lStl2.  en  act  waa  approred 
which  crteted  tbe  Department  ot  AaricDl- 
ture.  the  dutlee  or  which  were  to  "dlffaM 
uerful  InfnrmatloD  on  a  objects  connected 
with  asricniture  la  the  moat  general  and 
comptehennlrc  seQM   of   tbe   word,   and    to 

Frocare.  propagate,  and  dletrlbute  among 
he  people  new  and  raluable  aeedi  and 
planta."     It   was   provided  that   the  1: 


ot  tblB  I 


I  abonid  be  a  Oommlaalonw 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Bncydopedic  Index 


Acricultim 


of  AsTlcaltare, 


•„'"■-' 


I  to  tbal  of  Dth«r  elTll  officers  ap- 

polnted   by   tba   President. 

Tbe  bBraaii  waa  mada  a  tnll  eitcntlTe 
dcpanmmt  br  an  act  of  CoDgres*  ap> 
proTcd  Feb.  B.  1889,  and  placed  under 
a  flecretarjr,  who  was  made  a  member  of 
tbe  President's  Cabinet.  To  promota  tbe 
aerienltaral  inteteels  of  tbe  eonntrT  In  the 
moat  thoroncb  maaner  an  act  ot  Coagresi 
approved  Uarch  S,  IsST,  provided  tor  tbe 
establlahmeDt  of  airlcultural  experiment 
Stat  Ion*  (see  AKrlcultural  Collegee  and 
Experimental  Btatlonsl,  In  connectloa  with 
the  SKrlcnllnral  colloKCS  In  the  sereral 
states  and  territorlea,  and  placed  tbe  Com-  - 
mlsaloDer  ot  Airlcaltnre  over  these  Bta- 
ilooB    In    an    advisory   and,  admlDlstratlva 

To  represent  the  Department  of  AErlcnl- 
tnre  Id  Its  relation  with  these  experlmeaC 
stations,  the  Office  of  iliiperlment  Stations 
was  established  In  the  same  year. 

The  Agrlcaltiiral  colleaes  eatabllshed  In 
the  several  states  and  territories  In  ac- 
eordance  with  tha  tend  srsnt  set  of  Con- 

sntss    of    JnlT    2^    1882.    — —    "       

relation  to  the  Departme...  ..  _„ 

fnrtber  than  that  the  agrlcultaral  aiperl- 


Ot       Oct.        1,        luDV/,       i..         ..UK       ..«u. 

rreo  H>  ibe  Department  of  Agriculture. 
Some   other  Important  b — ■ 


, '    tbe    condition    of    the    snlmnl    In- 

dualrles  of  the  country,  has   wide  powers 
of  lEsspectlon    ~~'    ■"'"    '"    '"    """ 


raliu   of   II 


and    supervision    I 


try.   Biii_ 

charge    of    the    

tlonsl  forest  rercrireB.   (See  Fc 
BurraM_  of  Bntomologi     '" 


Paratry    (1881),    which    baa 
_     . ._^__,.__    jjj    ,j|^    jy|_ 

IV   (1863).  which  ob- 

iiig  iDjnrioDS   Insects  and  their  relation  to 
plant  and  animal  life. 

Ssreaw  of  Chtrntttry  (1863).  wbe 


dls^m 


Idea  the  li 


Df  adi 


..--  -_ 'estlgatlon  of  food  products 
Into  the  United   States,  anslysls 

rated    products,    and   experiments 

determine  tbe  effect  of  adulteranta  upon 
uie  hnman  sratem. 

A«re««  0/  etaUttiet,  orfcaQlEed  as  tbe  Di- 
vision of  Statistics  la  186S  and  made  a 
bnrean  In  1908.  This  barcan  la  the  old- 
est distinctively  atatlatlcal  SKency  of  tba 
OovemmeDt,  Its  work  being  The  tatherlag 
of  atawrlal  of  Interest  to  tha  agrlcaltnrlst, 
trom  all  parts  of  the  world. 

IsrMdfural  Ooritoe*.— Large  tract*  of 
land  In  tba  notthweat  territory  were  grant- 
ed to  tta*  states  formed  therefrom,  to  b« 
•old  br  tbe  leglslalares  or  by  tbe  Fedenl 
Oovemment  for  educatlonsl  nnrpoies.  As 
early  as  1T85  Congresa.  foreshadowlDg  the 
permancDt  policy  ot  the  nalloD  la  ehcoar- 
aging  edD«B(loQ,  enacted  thst  one  thlrty- 
Mith  of  all  the  pnhllc  lands  should  be  set 
apart  for  and  dedicated  to  the  cause  ot 
eaacattOB,  and  by  the  act  of  July  !S.  1T8T. 
tbia  letrvntloD  was  wads  perpetual.  The 
(ortber  to  raconnge  and  dignify  the  scl- 
enee  of  tanabaodry.  Cnnsreaa.   by  the  Uor- 


80,000  acres  for  eacb  Bmatoi  mbA  Baprs- 
lentatlve  In  Congress  ta  wblcb  tbs  states 
are  respectively  entitled  by  the  apportion- 
ment under  the  cenaus  of  1860,"  but  ex- 
cepting mineral  landa.  to  found  colleges 
of  agrlcolture  and  the  mechanical  arts. 
This  act  was  nmended  by  an  act  of  Hatch 
~     183S,    which   provided   that   all    mone^ 


..    In  Bome  aafe  manner  to  be  preac'rlbwi 
by    the    legislature    ot    tbe    several    states 

.,  the  prlacfpal. 


By 


, ._    , , ,__  __  remain  fop- 

Inviolate  and  andlmlnlsbed. 

act  approved  Aug.  SO,  1890,  Con* 


,  bave  no  organ  I 
lent  ot  Agrlcuitui 
agri  cult  oral  aiper. 

Gneraliy  departments  ot 
jes,  and  that  the  presi- 
dent of  eacb  of  these  colleges  la  obliged  to 
make  sa  annoal  report  to  tbe  Secretary  of 
Agrlcoltnre.  ^,     - 

^Tltm  Weather  Bureau   (q.  v.).  an  Impor-       March 
--I    bnncb  ot  the   Depart] *'"■'    '' 


crea  provided  an  annual  appropriation  ot 
llS.OOO  for  the  year  ending  June  SO;  189a 
and  an  annual  increase  of  this  amount  for 
ten  years  by  an  additional  sum  of  fl.OOO 
over  the  preceding  year,  tbe  annual  amount 
to  be  paid  tbcreatter  to  eacb  state  or  ter- 
ritory to  be  12(1,000.  Tbls  appropriation 
must,  however,  he  applied  only  to  In- 
strnctlon  In  agriculture,  tbe  mecbanlcal 
arts,  the  EngllBh  laDKnaae,  and  the  various 
branchea  of  mathenutlcal,  pbyalcal,  natural 
and  economic  science  with  apeclal  reference 
to  their  application  to  the  Industries  of  life. 
College  InitruFtloa  In  agriculture  la 
given  In  the  colleges  and  unlveraltlea  re- 
ceiving the  bcnoflti  of  the  acta  of  Congress 
of  Joly  2,  1802.  August  SO.  1890,  snd 
March  i,  190T,  which  are  Dow  In  opera- 
tion In  all  tbe  states  and  territories  ex- 
cept Alaska.  Tbe  total  numbet  of  these 
iDaillatlons  It  sUty-elibt  ot  which  alxb- 
Bve  maintain  couraea  ot  Inatruction  In  agn- 
cnltnre.  In  twenty-tbree  ftatea  tbe  agtlctil- 
tnral  colleges  are  deMrtmeuta  ot  the  atate 
universities.  In  ilileen  states  and  terri- 
tories separate  institutions  having  courses 
In  agriculture  are  malntalDed  for  the  colored 
race.  All  of  the  agricultural  colleges  for 
white  persons  and  several  of  thoae  tor  B»- 
groes  offer  four-year  courses  In  agrlcnltare 
—  - -—  ----- -■• boche"      ■ 


and  lis  related  m 


aehelortf 


degrees,    and    many    provide    tor   graduate 
.......       •— It   Blitr   of   these    InsTltn' 

eclal   short,  c 


also   provide   apecla'. .  .. , 

ence,  courses  In  the  different  branches  ot 
Bgrlcalture,  luclodhig  agronomy,  horticul- 
ture, aalmal  husbandry,  poultry  raising, 
cheese  making,  dairying,  sugar  making,  ru- 
ral englaeerlng.  farm  mechanlco.  and  other 
technical  subjects.  Officers  ot  the  agricul- 
tural colleges  engase  quite  largely  In  eon- 
ducting  farmers  Institutes  nnif  nrloiu 
other  lorms  ol  college  sitenilon. 

The  agricultural  eiperlnient  Matlou, 
with  very  few  exceptions,  srs  departmeiits 
of  the  agricultural  eolleges.  The  total 
number  of  persona  eugagea  In  the  work  of 
edocatlon  aud  research  in  tbe  tend-gmnt 
collegea  and  the  experiment  stations  In 
1918  waa  T.65I,  the  number  ot  stndsnU 
(white)  In  Interior  eonrses  In  the  eolluKS 
of  agriculture  and  tnecbanle  aris,  47.218; 
tbe  total  number  ot  students  In  tbs  whola 
Institutions.  88.408  (not  Including  stndsnts 
In  correspondence  course*  and  extenBlon 
Bchoots).  tba  number  of  students  (white) 
in  the  tonr-year  collece  eonrses  In  agri- 
culture. 1S.4SS :  tha  total  number  of  stn- 
dents  In  tba  Institutions  for  negroes,  8.H1, 
ot  whom  I.T9S  were  enrolled  In  agricul- 
tural courses.  With  a  tew  exceptlMB, 
each  of  these  colleges  offers  free  tidtlOB 
-  "— *t  of  the  atste  In  which  It  la 
.  the  excepted  cases  scholanhtBa 
1  promlxlBg  and   eurgetle  « 


I   eacb  state  a  quantity  eQaaf 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Agricutturs 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


land  irant  ICt  of  Julr  2,  18S3)  : 

AlBbBtni — Aliiba.1111    Falrtechoic    Initltnte, 

Aubnrn. 

AktIcuIiumI  School  of  the  TuikeKM  Kor- 

mal  IndoMrlal  lualitute,  TuakegM  In- 

■tltute. 

A^icultnral  and   McChaDlcsI   College   for 

Arlsona— Uo^Tpreltr  of  Arliona,  Tacsoo. 

Arkaiuaa — College  of  Agriculture  of  th« 
OnlTeralir  of  Arkoiuai,  Far«t'B*lll«. 
Bnincb  Normal  College,   Plae  BIntf. 

Caltfornla — College  of  Agricaltnre  of  the 
UnlTtnltr  oT  CaUfornla.   Berkeler. 

Colorado — Tbe  State  AgrlcultoT*]  College  of 
Colorado,   Fort   Colllni. 

Connecticut— Connecticut  AgrlcaltDral  Col- 
lege, Storrt. 


Florida  Agricultural  and  Ueohanlcal  Col- 
lege for  Negroea,  Tallnhasaec. 
GeoKla — Georgia  State  College  of  Agrlcal- 

Oeorgla  State  Indnatrlal  College.  SaTan- 

Hawall— Collsge  of  Hairnll.  Honolulu. 
Idabo — College  of  Agrlcnlture  of  the   Unl- 

vrrsltr   of   Idaho,    Moacow. 
II llnola— College  of  Agriculture  of  tbe  Tlnl- 


__Ilege „ 

Terallv  of  llllnola,  Urbnn 
griculti; 
'ajette. 


er^llj  ol 


of   Agrlcnlture 


Iowa— Iowa    State   College 
and  Mechanic  Arts,  Ame_. 

lEaDBaB—Kansaa    Btate    Agrlcnitnral    Col- 
lege,  Mnnbattna. 

Kentucky— The    Colleire    af    AgHciiltnre    of 
the  State  UnlTerslty.  Leilngtob- 
The    Kentucky     Normal    and  ^nduatrlal 
Inatltute  for  Colored  Peraona,   Frank- 
fort. 

tiOtilBlanfl — LoDlalana  State  Dnlvenlty  and 

Agrlcultaral   and    Mechanical    College. 

Baton  Boitge, 

BouthPrn  Unrreraltr  and  Agricultural  aod 

Mechanical    Colfege    of    Ihe    State    of 


.ollege  of  Agricnitare  of  tbe  Cnl- 


.....I.  St.  Paul. 

Mlaalnalppi — MlaalaitppI  Agrlcnltnrnl  nnd 

Hechanlcal   College,  Agrlcnltural  Col- 

„lege.   ,     .     .  „          .  „ 


of  Agtlcaitur 


Bechanle  Arts, 


Neir  Jcraej — Rntgera  Bdentlfle  S 

New  Jersey  SUte  College  (or  . 

lit   ol   Agrlcnlture   and   tb*   Mechanic 
■rt»),    Niw    - 


liege  U 
-ind  til 

Aiisi,   iicor    Brunawlck. 
New  Heiico— New   Mexico   College  of  Ag- 
riculture and  Mechanic  Arts,  State  Col- 
New    ^rk— New    York    Btat«    College   of 

Agriculture,    Ithaca. 
North    Carolina— Tbe    North    Carolina   Cal- 

l«e  of  Agrlcaltura  ajid  Mechanic  Arts, 

We«t  RRrelgh. 
The  Agricultural  and  Mechanical  College 

(or  the  Colored  Bace,  Greenaboro. 
North   Dakota — North   Dakota  Agricultural 

Colleger   Agricultural  College. 
Ohio — College  of  Agrlcultnre  of  Ohio  Btat« 

UnlTeraitr, '  Col  a  mhos. 
Oklahoma— Oklahoma  AgrlCDltnral  and  U»- 

cbnalcul  College,   Stillwater. 
Agrlcultaral     and     Normal      Unlrenlty, 

LangatoD. 
Oregon— -Oregon  State  Agrlenlturat  College, 


lege.  State  College. 
:o   Rico— College  of  AgrI 
UnlTcralty  of^Porto  ftlt 


Halue — Ct.„„,   „.   _, 

Terally  of  Maine,  Oroni.. 
Maryland— Maryland   Agricultural   College, 

College  Park. 
Prlnceaa  Anne  Academy,  Eastern  Branch 

o(  the  Maryland  Astlcultural  College, 

PrloceM   Anne. 
Uaaeacbnaetta — Maaaachuaetta  Agricultural 

College.  Amberat. 
Haaaacboaetta   Inatltnle  of   Technology, 


iland  ^tate  College. 


The    Colored    Normal,    Indnatrlal,   Agrl- 

cuItaraL    and     Heciisnlcal    College    or 

South  Carolina.  Orangpburg. 

South  Dakota- Sontb  Dakota  State  Colleg« 

of    Agriculture    and     Mecbanlc    Arta, 


alty  of  Teuneaaee.  KooiTllle. 

Texas~-AgrlcultDral    and    Mpcbanlcal    Col- 
lege of  Texas,   College  Station. 
Pmirle    View    Slate    Normal   and    Indus- 
trial College,   rralrle  View. 

Utah— The    Agricultural   College   of   UUh. 

Termont — College  of  Agrlcnitura  of  the  Dnl- 

Teralty  of  Vermonl.  Barllagtou. 
Virginia — Tbe    Virginia    Agricultural    and 

Mechanical  College  and  Polytechnic  Ii»- 

atltnte.  Blackaburg. 
The   Hampton    Norma]   and    Agrlcaltnt«l 

InMltnte.  Hampton. 
Waabl  net  on— State  College  of  Waahlugton, 


Tbe  Weat  Virginia  Colored  Inatltule,  la- 

Btltote. 
Wlaconaln— College  of   Agriculture  of   the 

Unlveralty  of  WiacoaalD,  Madison. 
Wyoming— College  of   Agriculture,   Dnlvar- 

attr  of  Wyoming,  Laramie. 
Location  of  Experiment  BtaUona; 
Alnhnroa    (College),  Anbnrn. 
Alabama  (Canehrnke),  Unlontown. 
Alabama  (TnskegM),  Tnakegee  Tnalltntft 
AUaka,     BItka     (Itampart,     Kodlak,     aad 

Falrbanka). 

--'i,  Fayettevllla. 


Bcboni  of  HInea  and'  Metallnrin'  of  the 
Dnlreralty  of  Mlsannrl.   Holla. 

'    Lincoln  Inatttnte.  .Tefferaon  City. 

Alontana— Montana  State  College  of  Agri- 
— " — t  and   Mechanic   /"-    " 


Delaware,  Newark. 


Hawaii  (Federal),  Honolulu. 
Hawaii  jSngar  Plantera'),  HonOlvItL 
Idaho.  Moscow. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


VaaMCbOMtU,   Ambent. 


Mlcblcan.  EaM  LaaBlnK. 

"' '-    "-"Teralty  l'«n»,  Bt  P 

ICDltunl  College 


HlnuMU,  UDlveraltr  V 


Mtnoarl    (ColI*ft).    Colnmbla. 

UnooH   (Pnittl.   HoaDtala  OrOTa. 

HoDtaaa.   Bowmait. 

Ndinalu.  Lincoln. 

Nerada.  Reno. 

N«w  Hampahlre,  Dorbam. 

New  J«rMr   (State),  New  BniDnrlck. 

N«w  Jaraer  (College).  New  BrtiDlwlck. 

V*w  lleslea,  State  CoIIeKe. 

Vew   York   fatale)     "- 


New  York  (Cornell), 


North  Cbi , „., 

North  Carotltia   (StiteV,  RaJeUh. 


(Collei 


;).  Ral 


West  Balelgh. 


, „ Uh. 

Nortli  Dakota.  A(rtcaltur«l  College. 
Ohio,   WooBtcr. 
Oklaboma,  Stillwater. 
Oregon,  CnmlUa. 
PeonajlTanta,  Blate  CoHege. 
FeanaTlTanU   (loBtltnte   of  AdIdibI   Natrl- 

tlon).  State  College. 
Porto   Blco   (/ederal),   MuTanei. 
Porto  Blco  <8nnT).  Rio  nedru*. 
Rhode   lataad.   KlnicrioD. 
flontb  Carolina,  ClemaoD  College. 
Sooth   Dakota,  Bmoklngs, 
Tw>iie«aM,   EaoxTlite. 
Teia«k  College  Btatlon. 
rtah,  Logan. 
Venuon  t,llnTllngton. 
Virginia   (College),  Blaeksbnrg. 
Virginia   (Track).  Norfolk. 
WaahlDRton,  Pnllmmu 
Wtat    Tlrylnla,   Uorgontown. 
WlacoDKlo,   Un  dlBon. 
Wromliig,   Laramie. 

w»i    BUMmu—k     taw    approred 
18S7,   proTlded   for   the    eiUb- 

-ODder   the   direction   of   the   ag- 

ilmltiiral  collejm.  or  sgrimltnral  depai?- 
menta  of  collegea,  eatabltahed  In  each 
■tatc  or  territory  tn  accordance  with  the 
law  of  Ju[7  2,  1842,  mentioned  nlMTe — 
of  departmenta  to  be  known  as  Agricnl- 
tnral  Rsperlment  Slatlona.  It  wag  pro- 
Tided  that  the  datles  of  tbeae  RtatfoDS 
abODid  conalat  In  condnctlog  orlglnnl  re- 
aearcb  a*  to  tbe  pbrilologr  of  plants  and 
aninala:  tbe  diaraaea  to  which  tber  are 
aabject  «nd  their  renudlea ;  the  cbemlcal 
compoaltlon  of  naefnl  plnnta;  tbe  rompara. 
tiTe  adTanlana  of   rotative   cropplngs   as 

Kmed  under  varying  lerlea  of  eropH; 
I  analrila  of  aolli  and  water;  tbe  cbi>m- 
leal  eompoaltlon*  of  nnlnral  and  artlfleial 
•—"•—Taj  the  Mientlfle  and  economic 
■  loTOlTed  In  the  prodnctlan  of  bnt- 
trr  auu  cbeenc ;  and  anch  other  matters 
healing  dtrectlr  npon  tbe  SKrlrultnrnl  In- 
*_— J—  ..  ..._  r.......  o... „  mtKht  tie 

currying    on     this 

work  the  act  provided  $10,000  a  rear  to 
each  atat«  and  terrltorr  out  of  funds  pro- 
caedlDg  fmrn  the  sale  of  public  Innds, 

Agrlcnitural  experiment  stations  are  now 
■Mintalaed  In  whole  or  in  part  \ij  the  fed- 
eral nremment,  and- exist  In  everr  state  and 
terrilorr.     Tbe  total   smonnt   expended   In 

one  recent  rear ••  ™* -.=    —  —...-.. 

near]*   fanU    wi 


dnatrie*  of  the  United  States  a 


ment  statlona  repreaent  one  of  the  moat 
Important  Instltntlons  In  tbe  IlDlted 
States,  doing  much  to  promote  IntenalTO 
terming  and  to  show  Isrmers  how  to  re- 
dnce  costs  and  derlvs  the  greateat  benedt 
from  tbetr  cropa. 

Tbe  fallowing  pervons  have  held  tbe  of- 
flee  of  Commiaaloner  of  Agriculture  in  the 
order  named:  Isaac  Newton,  PennsTlvsnla ; 
Horace  Capron.  lIllnolH :  FredeHck  Watta, 
PennsrlTSnla ;  William  G.  Le  Doc  Mlane- 
aota:  Georga  B.  Lorlng,  Hassachusetu ; 
and  Norman  J.  Colman,  MIsaonrl. 

Following  to  a  list  of  the  seeretariea 
of  agriculture  and  tbe  Presldenta  DDder 
whom  thtj  serred : 


Wilson! ! 


Ncnnan  J.  Colmaa,  Miwniri . 
Janmiah  M.  Rxak,  Wbconrio 
Tline  Morton,  Nebnaka. . , 
iWaion.Iows 

David  F.  Honrton,  Misioiiri'. '. '. 


For  more  dotii  led  informallon  ns  to  the 
■cope  of  the  activities  of  the  Department 
of  Agriculture  consult  the  Index  references 
to  the  Presidents'  Ueasages  and  Encrclo- 
pedlc  artldea  under  the  following  head- 
Forest  Reserve.        National   Foresia. 

Forest  oertlce.         Weather  Bureau. 
Agrlenlttm,  Deputmsnt  of: 

(Nation   of,   discuased,   6486, 

BUcuBSed,    5554,    5641,    6763,    5886, 
6978,  6169,  6346,  6390,  6465,  6655. 

Educational  work  of,  6S05,  6D06. 

Efforts  of,  hi  behalf  of  farmers,  7S09. 

Expenditures  of,  6888,  Sesi. 

Experiment  SUtions  of,  6733,  B906. 

Forest  Seivies  recommended,  6910. 

Land  reserved  for  use  of,  6709. 

Law  officer  for,  recommended,  6487. 

Statistical  diviaion  of,  GB82. 

Busar-beet  culture,  4534,  5564,  6280, 
«347,  6356,  6415,  64S5,  6865. 

SagttT  cane  experiments,  684B. 

Transfer  of  Weather  Service  to,  5487. 

UsefuIueSB  rindieated,  70S1. 

Works  of,  6655,  6727,  6906,  6927. 
Alabama,— One  of  tbe  soutbem  gronp  p( 
states ;  nicknsmed.  tbe  "Land  of  Floor- 
ers." Tbe  name  ts  Indton  and  meana 
"Here  we  rest,"  and  has  been  adopted  as 
the  motto  of  tbe  Slnte.  Alabama  Is  bound- 
ed on  the  uortb  bj  Tennewec,  on  the  east 
br  Georgto,  and  on  tbe  west  hj  UlBsUalnpt. 
A  smsir  portion  of  the  sonthem  boundarr 
extends  to  tbe  Gulf  of  Mexico,  the  re- 
mainder being  aepnrated  from  the  Oulf  br 
the  wcMern  projection  of  Florida.  It  lies 
between  lat.  B0°  IS'  nnd  85°  north  and 
between  Iodjc.  84°  58'  and  88°  85'  west. 
It  Is  aboot  330  miles  In  length  from  north 
to  south  snd  Its  grentest  width  Is  300 
miles.  It  contains  61.098  Hnare  miles  of 
area,  or  abont  83.000,000  acres.  The  State 
was  admitted  Into  the  Union  Dec.  14,  1818, 
seceded  Jan.  II,  1861,  and  was  readmitted 

Ksct   of  Congress  Jnne   2G,   1868    (pages 
21.  885T).      The  population  In    1010  was 
2,188.093,   of  which   4B   per  cent,   are  ne- 

The  staple  prodnctloD  of  Alabama  to  >eot. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidettis 


,    wheat,    and   all 

AlBliaiiu  [■  particatartT  rnbln  luTtierBl  de- 
poilta.  A  vela  o(  bltamlDoua  coal  rum 
cut  ward  from  Tuamlooas  Into  Georgia. 
Th«  atataarj  eranlia  of  Alabama  li  amonz 
th*  b«at  In  tbe  CmCed  Btalea.  Tba  chief 
IndaatiiH  of  the  Btate  are  farmlns  am] 
the  maunfacture  of  Iran  aod  cotton  fabrlca. 


ibi  coal   [iniidactlon'  of   Alabama   had  'ool 


-   _,r —--.    J   that 

of  the  total  mlD«ral  ontpuC,  amooDtliii  In 
1018   (0  123,083.724. 

Tbe  nnmber  of  mannraclurlDK  eatabUih- 
menta  In  Alabama  having  an  annQBl  outpDt 
Talaed  at  S6D0  or  more  at  tbe  beglDulug  of 
1916  waa  8,340.  Th«  amouDt  of  capltafln- 
Teated  iraa  (218.062,000  sItIds  occupatloD 
to  ST.Sia  penoni,  Dilng  material  valued  at 
f  106.882.000,  and  turning  out  flDlabed 
r>oda  worth  1176.897,000.  Balarlea  and 
walel  paid  amounted  to  880,000,000. 
JU>1»11I*  lies  «lso  Cottfedent«  BUtes; 
TiuMlooaa,  Ala.): 


Direct  tax  due  from,  requeat  of 
United  BtAtea  for  pajnneot  of,  3579. 

Fifteenth  amendment  nttifled  bj, 
8998. 

Fonrteenth   amendment  latifled   bv, 
aS43. 
Proclaimed,  S837. 

Indian  depredations  in,  1045. 

Indiana  attempt  to  eiUiblisb  govern- 
ment  in,   1020. 

lAnda  granted  to,  in  aid  of  raUroada 
referred  to,  SfiSO. 

Ifemorial  from  colored  citizena  of 
Hont^merr  aaking  righta  of  cit* 
iienBhip  referred  to,  4259. 

Property  owner*  in,  ahould  be  com- 
pensated for  loaaes  snstsined,  1474. 

Provisional  governor  for,  appointed 
and  reatoration  of,  into  Union,  3521. 

Sailroada  In,  memorial  from  legiala- 
ttin  of,  asking  ffxtanslon  of  time  to 
eomplata,  8879. 


Alabama  Olalma.— During  the  CIvU  War  In 
the  Cat  ted  Statea  the  Queen  of  England 
laiued  a  proclamation  of  neutralltr.  Uaj 
13,  1801,  granting  belllgereat  rlghca  to  both 
comttatants  and  forbidding  her  lubjectg  to 
take  part  with  either.  Great  BrltalD'a 
laws  prohibited  the  equlpmeac  ot  auy  laud 
or  naval  forces  within  her  dominions  to 
act  against  anj  friendly  power.  Notwlth. 
BtandiDg  this  problbltlon,  tbe  AtabaiHa, 
FlOTida,  aeorola,  Shenandoah,  and  other 
vessels  were  built  In  Great  Britain  tor  tbe 
ContederatB  States,  and,  regardlen  of  the 
temonstrances  of  the  American  rolnistr;, 
were  allowed  to  escape  from  British  ports 
fitted  oDt  as  commerce  destrofera.  In  less 
than  two  months  the  Alabama  bad  taken 
tweal7-seTen  prliaa.  After  a  long  cruise 
among  islands  of  the  Eaet  and  West  ladlea 
and  along  the  coast  of  Bcasll  tbe  AlabaM« 
came  to  anchor  at  Cherbourg,  France.  Off 
th.s  harbor  she  was  sunk  by  the  U.  S.  B. 
Krartarae,  after  having  deatrored  68  ves- 
sels and  abont  86.650,000  worth  of  prop- 
ertr.     After    the    war    the    United    Slates 

Bressed  a  claim  for  damsges  against  Great 
rllHln.         Afier    much    dtscoiislon    It    was 

arbltrallon  composed  of  Charles  Francis 
Adams,  appointed  by  the  President  of  the 
Vulted  States;  Blr  Aleiaader  Cockbnm.  by 
the  Qneen  of  England ;  Count  Federlgo 
Sclopls.  by  the  King  of  Italy :  H.  Jacques 
Btaempfll,  by  the  President  of  Bwltierland, 
and  Viscount  d'ltaluba.  by  the  Emperor  oC 
Braill.  The  Commisaioners  met  at  Geneva. 
Swltierlatid,  Dec.  16.  16T1,  Count  Sclopis 
presiding,  Tbe  United  States  was  award- 
ed 816.600,000  tn  gold  In  latlafactlon  for 
all  claims.  All  cfalms  to  Indirect  dam- 
ages were  rejected,  and  Great  Britain  waa 
held  culpable  for  not  doing  more  to  pre- 
vent the  sailing  and  success  of  tbe  cruisers. 
Tbe   award   waa  paid.      (See   Oensva  Tri- 

Alabama  Olalma: 
Arbitration  of,  proposed  hy  United 
States,  and  repl^  of  Great  Britain 
diacQBsed,  35fi5. 
CommlBsion  to  take  proof  on,  reeom- 

mended,  4096. 
Correspondence    regarding    mode    of 

settling,  4075. 
Coart  of  Commissioners  of — 

Discussed,  4244,  4296,  4356,  437S. 
Time    of    dniation    of,    extended, 
427S    4296. 
Discussed,    3565,    3656,    3777,    3087, 

4056,  4321. 
Transfer    of    Indemnitor    to    United 

SUtes  referred  to,  4312. 
Tribnnal  at  Geneva  for   tettlement 
of,  award  of,  4138. 
Commissioners    to    report   on    dia- 
tribntiou   of,  appointment  of, 
recommended,  413B,  4190, 
Payment  of,  4190. 
Case  of  United  States  and  counter 
case  referred  to,  4115,  411S,  4119. 
Difference    of    opinion    regarding 

powers  of,  4120,  4122. 
Discussed,  40B7,  4138. 
Ijegislation    in    connection     witk, 

urged,  4104. 
Referred  to,  4161. 
Alabama  Indians.   (See  Indian  Tribes.) 


oyGoO»:^Ic 


Bticyclopedie  ItHtx 


iUTmma,   The,  deBtnetlon  of,  hy  tlis 
Ktartarge  referred  to,  34S7.  (See  also 

Aluno. — OrlElnally  built  aa  a  cbarcb,  alta- 
•led  on  tlie  8bd  Antonio  Blrer,  debt  San 
Antonio,  Texas,  it  was  converted  Into  a 
fort.  In  Febmarr,  1886,  It  was  otxa- 
pled  bT  Colonel  W.  B.  TraTla  with  140 
men  who  were  In  Mim%  igalDit  the  govern- 
ment of  Mexico.  Tbe  part;  was  besieged 
bj  some  2,O00  Mexleana  nnder  Banta  Ana 
from  Kebniar;  28  anlil  March  6,  when  thH 

Blaee  waa  aarrendered  to  Bsnta  Aaa  under 
le  pnunloe  of  hla  protection.  At  Che  com- 
maad  ot  tbat  seneral,  however,  the  six 
inrrlvorL  Including  David  CroclieCt  and 
Colonel  Bowie,  famoni  frontiersmen,  were 
massacred,  and  the  bodies  of  their  com- 
ndra  were  mutilated.  Ihereatter  Teiana 
werv^roDaed  _to  fnrjt  by^the  cry,  "Hemeniber 

nfeiTcd'to  as  tbe  Tbermopyla  of  Texas. 
AUlkv  —  BMorg.  —  Alaska     derives     lU 
name    from   an   EinKlish  cormptlon  ot  the 
natlTe   word  "Al-ay.tkHM,"  probably 
lag  "The  (reat  land"  or  "Mainland." 

~"" ■""    — '   known   as _AlBsha  waa 

_      _  '*!.     S 

trappera  sooa  entered  the  coantiT  and 
throogh  tbelr  activity  other  nations  Eiecama 
faitereated  In  this  rqdon.  Spanish  expedi- 
tion! In  1774  and  17TB  rleited  the  south- 
eastern shore  and  In  1T78  the  English  Ex- 
plorer, Capt.  James  Cook,  made  eiteoBlve 
lorreya  of  the  coaat  tor  the  British  Qov- 
enuMDt.  Tbe  llrat  settlemeDt  was  made  by 
tbe  Boaatans  at  Three  Salnta  on  Kodlak 
Iiland  In  1TS4.  and  in  IS04  tbe  Sasslan- 
American  Co.  tounded  Bilka,  making  It  the 
seat  vt jBOTcmment  in  the  (oltowing  year. 

In  ITM  the  trade  and  rernlatton  at  the 
Snsslmn  poearaslons  In  America  were  given 
DTcr  to  the  Bnsslan-Amerlcao  Ca.  for  a 
term  of  20  yeara,  which  was  afterwarda 
twice  renewed  tor  similar  perloda. 

In  1821  Bassla  aliempted  by  nkasa  to 
CKlnde  toreln  navigators  from  Bering  Sea 
sad  the  PacUlc  coast  of  her  possasslona, 
which  caosed  a  eoatrovaisy  with  tbe  tinlted 
Btalaa  and  Great  Britain.  Tbe  qnestlon 
was  aettlea  by  a  treaty  with  the  United 
Btatea  In  1824  and  one  wltb  Great  Britain 
Id  182B,  by  which  the  boundaries  of  the 
n — 1 — .._,  In  America  were  pei- 


ras   pnrebaied 

., ..-   ^9  sam  ot  (7,- 

200,000  In  loldL  and  in  October  of  the 
MSM  year  the  formal  transfer  was  made 
'  Sitka.  Prom  1867  to  1877  Alaska  waa 
vemed  bj  the  War  Department,  althoagh 
_e  caatoma  were  from  the  begliuiing  col- 
lected by  tbe  Treasury  Department,  and 
with  the  latter  the  control  rested  from  1877 
natll  the  panage  of  the  act  of  1S84.  This 
act  extended  over  Alaska  the  laws  ot  the 
State  of  Oregon  so   fsr  as  they  were  ap- 

aible,  created  a  Judicial  district  and  a 
dlatrict,  put  In  force  the  mining  laws 


by  th 

200,0< 


sr; 


aible,  created  s 
district,  put  L „ 

of  tbe  United  States,  and  gave  the  country 
aa  adminlatratlve  system. 

The  Inflnx  of  settlers  after  tlie  discover* 
of  gold  in  tbe  Klondike  in  I6BQ  rendered 
arare  adequate  laws  necessary,  in  1899 
and  IMO  Congreas  made  provlalona  for  a 
code  ot  dvU  and  criminal  law,  and  In  190S 
passed  a  homestead  act.  In  the  meantime 
I  bonndary  diapnte  ■     -       ■ 


meat  whereby  the  seacoa«t  of  Canada  ez- 
taded  DO  farther  north  than  S4'>  40*. 

By  the  act  ot  Hay  7,  lOOG,  Alaska  was 
given  power  to  elect  a  Delegate  to  Congress. 
The  act  of  August  24,  1912,  provided  for 
the  creation  of  a  Territorial  legislature. 

Oeography. — Alaska  In  Its  greatest  ex- 
tent fa  hicluded  between  the  meridians  of 
130°  west  lon^tnde  and  173°  east  longitude 
and  between  the  parallels  of  SI'  and 
72°  north  latitude.  Jt  le  boanded  on  the 
north  by  the  Arctic  Ocean,  on  tbe  west  by 
tbe  Arctic  Ocean,  Bering  Strait,  and  Bering 
Sea.  on  the  eoutb  and  eoutbwest  by  the 
Qnlf  ot  Alaska  and  the  Pacific  Ocean,  and 
on  tbe  east  by  the  Yukon  Territory  and 
British  Columbia.  The  eastern  boundary 
from  the  Arctic  Ocean  to  the  neighborhood 
of  Mount  St.  Ellas  Is  tbe  one  hundred  and 
forty-Qrat  meridian :  thence  southeaEtward 
to  Portland  Canal  It  Is  Irregular  and  can- 
not be  described  In  general  terms. 

Alaska  Is  In  approximately  the  same  lati- 
tude as  the  Bcandlnsf  Ian  Peninsula :  Point 
Burrow,  Its  northernmoet  point,  la  in  aboot 
the  same  latitude  as  North  Cape ;  Dlion 
Bntiance,  which  marks  Its  southern  bound- 
ary. Is  nearly  on  the  same  parallel  as 
Copenhagen :  St.  Eliaa  la  In  the  iatltnde  of 
^*— 'itlanla  and  Bt.  Petersburg;  and  Bltka 
.-  ._  the  latitude  ot  Edlnburgb.  Tbe  longl- 
tade  of  the  western  terminal  ot  the  Aleu- 
tian Islands  Is  almost  Identical  wltb  that 
ot  the  New  Hebrides  Inlands  and  Is  the 
same  aa  that  of  New  Zealand,  and  Cape 
Prince  of  Wales,  Che  most  westerly  point 
of  the  mainland,  le  nearly  as  tar  west  ss 
the  Samoan  lalaDds.  Thus  a  person  travel- 
ing from  New  York  to  Attu  Island,  the  west- 
ernmost of  the  Aleutian  chain,  on  reaching 
Ban  Francisco  Will  have  accomplished  less 
than  halt  the  Journey  from  east  to  west. 

The  area  of  Alaska  la  about  B86,400 
square  miles,  one-fifth  that  ot  the  United 
States.  The  popular  conception  ot  tbe  sbe 
ot  Alaska  Is  based  on  mapa  of  North  Aaier- 
IcB.  which  always  distort  It  Tbe  map  of 
Alaska.  Buperlmposed  on  a  map  of  the 
Untied  States  of  the  same  scale,  demoik' 
atrates  (bat  the  distance  from  the  eastern- 
most to  tbe  weateromost  point  in  Alaska  Is 
Xa!  to  tbe  distance  from  the  Atlantic  to 
<  Pacific  In  the  latitude  ot  L>os  Angeles, 
and  that  Its  northernmost  and  southern- 
moat  points  are  nearly  as  far  apart  as  the 
Mexican  and  the  Canadian  boundaries  of 
tbe  United  Statea 

The  main  maaa  ot  Alaska  is  nearly  rect- 
angular and  Is  carved  out  trom  the  con- 
tinent by  Mackenile  Bay  on  the  north  and 
tbe  Gulf  ot  Alaska  on  the  south.  An  ex- 
tension to  the  southeast  Is  furnished  by 
the  so-called  panhandle  of  southeastern 
Alaska,  and  to  the  southwest  by  tbs  Alaska 
Peninsula  and  tbe  Aleutian  Islands. 

I'opofrraphu.— The  oialn  topographic  fea- 
■ *   Alaska  are  slmilaj  to  Riom  of  f- 

TlDeT'aDd  the  four  "topographTc  provinces  of 
tbe  United  States  are  fairly  well  defined 
througbont  western  Canada  and  continue 
Into  Alaeka.  Along  the  PaclOc  coaat  of 
.,„,..    ...    T>-..,.v    Colombia    is   r    ~— — 

0  miles  in  wldtL. 

_   .„.    ot  the  foar  provlncea, 

and  may  be  deelgnated  the  "Pacific  Honn- 
tain    system."      It    properly    Inclades    the 


Jiander     Archipelago     and 

Aleutian  lalanda.  as  well  as  a  oamber  of 
other  Island  groups.  While  this  region  Ik 
In   the   main   rugged  and  mountalnoua   Its 

,    _.., ranges  are  distinct  and  often  separated  by 

tbe   United   States  and   Canada   re-       broad  valleys  or  Indentations  of  the  coast 

-"!»■» 


.r  IndentL 

line,   forming  In  several   _.    . 

like  tbat  ot  the  Copper  Blver, 


oyGoot^Ic 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  PresidetUs 


Into  tbe  TnkOD  *nd  KnBkok 
teacb  tlM   FmclBc  throash   it 

tnui«vciM  to  the  azla  ol  the 

Eut  and  north  of  tha  PaclBc 

la  the  Central  Plateau  twlon,  correapond- 
Ide  In  a  broad  war  with  the  Central 
Plateau  of  the  weatem  United  Btntea  and 
Canada.  Thli  belt  1b  drained  largelr  b; 
the  XakoD  and  Kustcokwlm  Rivera  Into  Ber- 
ing 80.  and  Inelndea  a  aamber  of  lowland 
arena  of  considerable  extent.  Eaat  and 
oortb  of  tbe  plateau  proTlnce,  a  broad  cor- 
dlllers  form*  the  northem  eiienilon  of  tha 
Bockj  Uonntain  •yatem.  Tbe  dralnaKo  ot 
itae   aontbetQ   ilopea   of   the *-'"   '- 


Tbe  Qreat  Plalni  eaat  and  north  of  th« 
Bocklea  form  an  area  of  low  relief  which 
Ilea  between  the  weatem  eitenalon  ot  the 
Bocbr  UonntalQa  and  the  Arctic  Ocean  and 
Is  dealfnated  the  "Arctic  alope  teglon.'* 


NorUi  Temperate  Zone.  Oeograpblc  posi- 
tion and  extent  relative  to  oceanic  bodlea, 
tosetber  with  relief,  have  brontht  abont 
pl^alcal  conditions  prodnclni  atroOK  con- 
fraita  iD  climate  between  dllAreat  parte  of 
tiie  Terrltorr.  Three  general  cllniatlc  proT- 
Incea,  each  ot  which  in  tarn  Inclodea  a  num- 
ber ot  nibordlnate  provlncea,  are  recog- 
niaed. 

The  climate  of  tha  eoaatal  provloee  !■ 
comparable  with  that  of  Scotland  and  the 
BcBDdlnavlan  Fenlnaula.  In  Europe,  but  la 
■omewhat  warmer.     That  of  the  Inland  re- 

Kin  1*  not  anllke  the  cllmats  ot  Alberta, 
■katcbewan,  and  Hanlloba.  In  Canada. 
The  northerlr  proline*  bordering  tbe  Polar 
Sea  la  tbe  onl;  one  In  which  Arctic  condl- 
tloni  prerall. 

Tbe  predpllatlon  of  aontbeaatem  Alaaka 
varlea  trom  abont  l*^  Inchea  at  Ketcblkan 
to  lew  tban  80  Incbea  at  Bka^waf'  While 
there  la  bat  little  snow  near  aea  level,  there 
U  a  T*rj  heavy  fall  tn  the  monnulns.  At 
White  Faaa  tbe  winter  anowfall  la  about  2B 
to  SO  feet,  but  iM  probably  leal  than  «  feet 
OD  the  cliilkat  sammlt.  Tbe  blEheat  re- 
corded annuner  tempera  tore  In  ■ootheaatem 
Alaska  la  B2*  F. ;  tha  lowest  winter  tem- 
peralnre  — 4*   F. 

In  tbe  coastal  reglan,  stretching  from 
Katalla  to  Beward,  tbe  average  tempera- 
tare  tor  tha  three  aammer  monrha  la  about 
St*  F. ;  of  tbe  three  winter  moathi  from 
20*  to  80*  P.  Tb«  loweat  temperature 
recorded  la  Ibla  region  Is  — 14*  F. :  tbe 
'  fbest  82'  F.    Tbe  toUl  snowfall  la  about 

9  feet  at  Beward,  13  feet  at  Yaldec,  abont 
o  feet  on  Trail  Creek  along  the  Alaska 
Kortbem  Ballroad,  about  30  Feet  at  Chllds 
Glacier  on  tha  -     -  -  - 

about  16  feet  — ,_ 

by  tbe  unitary  Boad  from   

Borne  ot  the  moat  Important  climatic  tea- 
tare*  of  the  coast  of  Alaska  to  ahlpplng  are 
tbe  Bsvere  winds  which  blow  in  aniT  oat 
ot  tha  valleys  that  traverse  the  coast 
ranges  and  tneir  coanectlng  florda.  Tbe^e 
blow  toward  tbe  land  In  snmmer  and  to- 
ward tbe  •«  In  winter.  The  severest  are 
the  outward  winds,  which  are  moat  common 
daring  Jannary,  February,  and  Harcb,  wbcn 
Teloeltlea  of  60  and  TO  milea  an  bone  are 
■aid  to  be  not  in  frequent 

The  Ateutlan  Islands  and  the  Alaska  Pen- 
insula have  a  climate  charaeterlied  by  com- 
paratively moderate  temperature  and  lesa 
Kaoiidlty  than  that  of  tbe  Paciflc  coaat  to 
th^  taat    Cook  Inlet  bw  qolte  »  dlfltrent 


Ufbest 
ES  fee 


climate  from  that  of  the  outer  co^at  Ibw. 
The  htgheat  recorded  summer  tempentnrv 
la  87*  P. ;  the  loweat  winter  temperature. 
—  40*  F.  Tbe  Climate  ot  the  lower  Bus  to* 
and  of  the  Uatanuaka  Valleys  differs  again 
both  from  that  of  Cook  Inlet  and  of  tti« 
outer  coast  line.  Here  tbe  summers  are 
knowD  to  be  warmer  than  on  Cook  In]«t 
and  tha  wlntera  are  probably  milder.  Tbe 
loweat  temperature  recorded  at  thla  local- 
ity during  the  aame_penod  was  — 12*  F. : 
the  highest  84*  F.  The  lower  Copper  River 
Valley  has  much  tbe  same  climate  aa  that 
of  the  coast.  At  Kennlcott,  tbe  lolaod  tar- 
— ' — '  -(  the  Capper  River  k  Northweatem 

,-0^  are 

.- I  station  Is  2,000 

feet  above  sea  level  and  close  to  a  glader. 
At  Copper  Center  the  total  ptvdpltatlon  la 
about  10  Inchea  and  the  saowlall  abont  S 
feet.     Eitremea  ot  temperatnres  of  - 


Baalu  varlea  locally  ^m  10 
Tbe  mean  temperature  lor  the  _ 
months  at  Fairbanks  Is  about 
temperatiiJ 


..   ..   10  li 

e  lor  the  three  au 


for    the    three    winter 


12*  F.     Tbe  precipitation 


months  about  -     _.     . 

on  tbe  lower  Yukon  and  Kuskokwlm  la 
aboat  17  to  20  tncbes.  Along  the  sborea 
ot  Bering  Sea  the  mean  aammer  temperai- 
ture  varies  from  40*  to  IH>*.  The  cli- 
mate ot  the  northem  halt  of  Bering  Sea 
Is  comparable  with  that  ot  the  Province  ot 
Archangel.  In  northern  Russia,  a  region 
which  supports  aome  agricultural  poplula- 
tlon.  The  arctic  province,  which  Includes 
the  littoral  of  the  Polar  Bea,  as  well  aa 
the  drainage  baslna  ot  the  tribntary  rivers. 
Is  similar  to  that  of  tbs  Bering  Bee,  but 

One  effect  of  climate  Is  tbe  troien  condi- 
tion of  the  cronnd  which  prevails  in  much 
of  the  Inland  region.  At  Fairbanks  the  al- 
luvium Is  In  many  places  froien  to  bed- 
rock, gronnd  frost  havlDg  been  met  with  to 
■  depth  of  over  800  feet  It  Is  to  be  noted 
that  onless  tbe  cover  of  moss  and  vegeta- 
tion la  stripped,  only  about  18  to  24  Inchea 
ot  the  suitace  thawa  during  tbe  aummer. 
On  removal  of  tbe  vegetative  covering  tha 
ground  thaws,  so  that  ths  troien  subsoil  la 
no  detriment  to  agriculture.  The  ground' 
le,  however,  not  everywhere  trosen  In  the 
Inland  region.  The  beiu  of  the  larger  water- 
courses are  usually  uatroaen,  and^tbls  alao 
boida  true  of  tbe  gravel  benches  along  tbe 
valley  wails  and  other  deposits  of  alluvlUEO 
which  are  drained.  No  permanent  ground 
^ost  occurs  along  the  Paciflc  littoral,  and  ' 
the  same  probably  holds  true  of  most  of  tile 
Bualtua  and  Uataunska  Baains.  There  la 
considerable  permanently  troien  ground  la 
the  Capper  River  Valley,  especially  along 
the  toothilla  and  slopes  of  tbe  Alaska 
Bange.  The  experience  ot  tboae  long 


dent  In  Alaska  bas  shown  the  climate  to 
be  very  healthful.  No  extremes  of  cold  or 
heat  occur  along  tbe  Pndflc  seaboard.  The 
eiceHSlve  rains  character  la  tie  of  mauy  parts 
ot  this  district  are.  to  be  sure,  disagreeable, 
bat  experience  demonstrates  the  tact  that 
they  have  no  adverse  effect  on  health. 

Of  the  Ynkon  It  may  be  said  that  the 
tnmmers  are  cool  and  that  bright  dear 
weather  prevails  most  of  ths  time.  The 
aridity  of  the  climate  makes  the  extreme 
temperatures  ot  winter  easy  to  resist.  All 
who  have  lived  In  this  Inland  region  ara 
agreed  that  the  winter  climate  Is  far  more 
bealtbrul  tban  In  many  parts  of  the  States 
where  the  temperature  Is  higher,  but  where 
there  Is  an  excess  of  humidity.  Residents 
of  the  Interior  have  no  fesr  of  the  extreme 
cold  that  often  prevails  during  the  winter 
oootlia.    Tti«  winter  Jonmey  between  M^ 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Etuychpedic  Index 


AlMks.— CmMmied. 

bankB  and  Valdex  li  made  br  msD,  wanen, 
■sd  dilUren  and  oITen  no  Mdoua  bardsblpa 
tmpl  wbeo  atorma  are  enconntered.  On 
the  oUwr  hand,  the  more  hnmid  dlmate  of 
Seward  Penlnanla  Is  warb  more  trvlng. 
Here  the  winter  atorma  are  aeveie  and  tba 
■faKHipe  ot  timber  jElvea  no  abelter.  Thn 
■t  climate  at  Some  la  deilgbUnL 


FopmlMUf. — Aecoidlng 
MID  tlw   total  pppnlatfo-   .. 
6S.TDIX  of  which  about  80.000 


the  e 


I  ot 


_. e  whiter 

winter,  when  onlj 

id  tM   enumerated, 

^,—  .1  BlMmld  therefore  be  aug- 
mented by  manj  thousaada,  representlog 
the  aDnval  aammer  migration  to  Alaaka 
ol  mlnem,   cannery   employes,   and   otliera. 


permanent   resldenti   could  b 


but  of  conrae  not  Indod 

vaj  bad  «  popnlatltin  i. , 

b  alao  eatlmated  that  there  are  2,000  i 
3.000  more  In  the  Klondike  and  other  Cana- 
dian mlnliu  diatrlct)  of  the  Xukon.  The 
town  ot  Haines,  on  Lynn  Canal,  had  a_pop- 
nlatlaii  of  44S  (1010),  and  the  toUl  afthi 
(rlbntary    dlatrtct -■— -■   -  r-^" 


tdjaceot   regions  I 


_, . popuiatlona  in   1910 

_■  toUowa:  Katalla.  188:  CordoTa,  l,lC2j 
Beward,  6S4-  The  Incorporated  town  of 
Taldea  had  81(K  to  which  ahonid  be  added 
aome  000  or  TOO  more,  repreaentlnK  the 
popnlBtJoD  of  a  aettlement  Immediately  ad- 
htrat.  not  included  within  the  city  Itinlta. 
Then  Br«  no  tacts  BTsUable  regarding  tbe 
popnlatloD  ot  the  Copper  River  Valley,  aa 

r... ,  tairen  before  the  Influx  of 

■  ■■  1  of  tbe  rall- 
_)  Kenal   Pi 


load.  Tbe  popnlatkni  of  the  Kenal  Pm- 
Inanla,  tDclndlng  Seward,  Is  about  1,700, 
~  id^ere  are  between  600  and  700  In  the 


people, 

(tween  6O0  . — 

Cook  Inlet  region.  Inelnding  the  6n>ltna 
Valley.  In  IBIO  there  were  nearly  17,000 
reddents  In  tbe  Alaaka  n"rt  »f  thP  Tnkon 
and  In  Uie  Knak^wim 
-"irly  8,000  wr—  '-  "-' 
ent    recton. 


I,  at  the  month  of  tl 


nearly's.WW  'were"iirFairbank8''alid  the  ad- 
tecenl  recton.  The  popalailon  of  F^lr. 
bulks  was  3,C4I  (l&lOj ;  Chena,  188 :  Tan- 

—    _^  ..__ »i.  -f  y,g  rlTer  of  the  same 

"";  Botapringa,  101. 

u.....n-~>'> elecutlve     power    Is 

TMted  In  the  governor,  who  U  appointed 
by  the  President  for  a  term  of  tonr  years 
by  and  with  the  advice  and  eonaent  ot  the 
Binate,  The  fovenior  mv  veto  any  bill 
passed  by  the  Territorial  legislature  wltb- 
Ib  three  days  after  it  ll  presented  to  him. 
Tte  legislature  may  override  the  veto  bv  a 
two-th&ds  Tote  ot  all  the  members 


each  h 


a  U  entitled. 


ritorial  I^^latnre  conaliMng  __.._. 
and  a  Honae  of  Bepresentatlvee.  The  Senate 
mnslsts  of  8  membeis,  2  from  each  ot  the 
tear  IndlclBl  divlalona  into  which  Alaska  la 
now  divided-  The  Houae  of  Repreaentatlves 
constats  of  16  members,  4  from  each  ot  the 
tour  Indldal  dlviaiona.  Tbe  term  ol  each 
member  ot  the  Benate  la  foar  yrara,  one 
member  from  each  Judicial  division  Oelng 
elected  every  two  years.  The  term  of  each 
member  ot  the  House  ot  Representatives  Is 

Tbe  iMlslsture  convenes  biennially  at 
Janean.  the  capital,  on  the  first  Monday  In 
March  In  odd  years,  and  the  leneth  of  tbe 
session  Is  limited  to  00  days,  bul  tbe  kot- 
emor  Is  empowered  to  call  a  special  aPMlon, 
which  aha  II  not  eon  tin  oe  longer  than  15 
days.  RlecHona  tor  members  of  the  leglala- 
ture  are  held  every  two  years  ou  the  flrst 
Toeaday  after  the  first  Monday  In  Novem- 
ber ot  each  even  year. 

Tbe  ladldal  power  of  the  Territoir  Is 
nsted  tn  the  Dntted  Btates  District  Court 
Ibr  Alaska,   which  bas  the  hum  Jorlidle- 


sided  over  by  tour  Judges  appointed  by  t 

Presldect,  by  and  with  the  advice  and  ev 

sent  of  the  Senate,  tor  a  term  of  four  veai 

Tbe  Territory  elects  a   Delegate   b 


tonr  la  located  at  Juneau. 

By  the  act  ot  Aogust  24,  1918,  the  g«i- 
eral  lawa  ot  the  United  States  not  locally 
Inapplicable  were  extended  to  Alaska.  The 
homeatesd  law,  however,  had  been  pre- 
-< — >-  extended  with  certain  liberal  modl- 


belng  extended  from  three  separate  bases 
and  priDrlpal  ineridlana,  dlatlngnlshed  aa  the 
Copper  River,  the  Falrbanka,  and  the  8ew- 
arif  Meridian. 

A  qnallfled  person  may  make  a  homeatead 
entry  In  Alaaka  tor  not  more  than  S30 
acres  of  anrreyed  or  nnsnrveyed  land.  No 
■neb  entry  may,  however,  be  allowed  tor 
land  extending  more  than  160  rods  along 
the  shore  ot  any  navigable  water,  and  along 
such  ahore  a  apace  ot  at  least  80  rods  Is 
reserved  between  all  claims.  It  any  of  the 
land  settled  upon  la  unBnrveyed.  then  the 
claim  must  be  located  tn  a  rectangular  form 
not  more  than  1  mile  in  length  by  north 
and  soDth  Ilnea,  run  according  to  the  true 
merkHan. 

National  Porettt. — The  coast  forests,  which 
eompriKe  the  most  heavily  timbered  area* 
In  Alaska,  are  nearly  all  Included  In  th« 
ToDBSBs  and  Chugach  Ntllonal  Forests. 
These  are  under  the  JarlsdlctlDn  ot  th* 
Forest  Service  of  tbe  United  Statu  De> 
partment  of  Agriculture. 

The  best  estimates  available  place  th* 
total  stand  of  merchantable  timber  on  the 
Tonsass  National  Forest  at  70,000,000,000 
board  feet,  and  on  the  Cbngach  at  8.000,- 
OOaOOO  board  feet.  This  timber  consists 
largely  of  hemlock  and  Sitka  spruce,  al- 
thongfa  there  Is  considerable  western  red 
cedar  and  someyellow  cypress,  chleSy  on 
the  Tongsss,  The  timber  la  suitable  for 
construcUon  material,  Bnlsh,  and  a  very 
large  amount  la  suitable  tor  paper  pulp. 
The  conditions  for  the  manufacture  of 
pulp  are  very  favorable.  Logging  distances 
are  abort,  alnee  tbe  great  bulk  of  the  tim- 
ber la  situated  within  a  abort  distance  of 
the  shore  line.  Transportation  to  the  point 
ot  manufacture  Is  comparatively  cheap.  Tln- 
llmltcd  water  power  for  purposes  of  manu- 
facture Is  svsllsble.  aud  tOKf  be  used  with- 
out charge  for  the  manufacture  of  national 
forest  products.  From  points  ot  nanutae- 
ture,  all  of  which  must  be  altoated  on  tide 
water,  deep-sea  transportation  is  available 
to  tbe  great  world  marketa. 

The  beat  data  available  Indicate  that  at 
least  TOO.OOO.OOO  board  feet  per  annum  can 
be  cut  Indefinitely  from  the  Tongasa  Nation- 
al Forest  and  at  least  80,000,000  from  the 
Cbugach.  This  will  leave  a  verr  large  sur- 
plus tor  export  after  supplying  local  needs. 

Mature  timber  ou  either  forest  may  be 
purchased  on  reasonable  terms.  A  sufficient 
amount  of  timber  will  be  included  In  any 
sale  to  Justify  fully  tbe  Investment  required 
tor  logging  and  mauufaclure.  Reasonable 
cutting  periods  will  be  allowed,  based  upon 
market  demands  and  tbe  capacity  of  tbe 
plant  Payment  la  required  on  the  basis 
ot  actual  or  scale  meaaureneDl  la  eompaia- 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


.tlT«lf  ■mall  AmoaDta  ImmedUitely  lu  nd- 
.TBDce  of  cutting,  thug  dotnx  ftway  vcrj 
Urcclr  with  CHrrylnx  cturges.  SaleH  In 
wblcli  the  value  of  tbe  tl[ub«r  qiceeda  flOQ 
iDuit  be  advertised  at  least  SO  days.  Bet- 
tlars,  farmera,  pioepectora,  llsbermeD.  and 
Dtben  may  take  timber  trom  these  foreita 
for  personal  use  tree  of  charge  and  with- 
out permit  In  amounts  not  exceeding  20,000 
board  feet,  or  2S  cords  of  wood  In  any 
one  year. 

Postal  Bervtee. — The  domestic  rates  of 
poBtnee  and  conditions  apply  to  matter 
mailed  at  aay  point  Id  Alaska  to  any  other 
point  In  that  territory,  or  In  tbe  United 
States  or  Its   possessions,   with  the  follow- 

The  graduated  aone  rates  on  fourth-claas 
or  domestic  pa  reel -post  matter  do  not  ap- 

fly,  the  postage  rate  on  such  matter  be- 
Been  any  point  In  Alaska  and  the  United 
BCstes  and  between  any  two  points  in 
Alaska  being  12   cents   tor  eaeb   pound  or 


The  t 


1   coin. 


Id  the  United  States 


'°^    J 


per,  tin,  and  silver  deposits,  together  wl& 
petroteum,  marble,  and  gypsnm.  There  are 
-'--    EiteHBlTe^fleldH  of  bltumlooDS  and  llg- 


;   cool   and   some 


■liver,   ana   omer  ores,  ana  peat,   gn 
Ubestos,  and  mica  have  been  found, 

Oold  lode  mining  has  been  carried  i 
•ontheastem  Alaska  since   1SS2.   -    ' 


well -developed    In  dust  17. 

vHiue  uL  Lue  total  lode  production  fs 

(ST  DOaOOO,  of  wblch  t4,e0O,00O  shoold 


cr«ilte<^  to  'iSlS.      Copper  mining  benn  In 
1900   and   has   made   rapid   strides   during 


■t  113,149,000-  Of  this,  28.M0.000  pounds, 
Talned  at  sbout  $4,630,000,  represents  tbe 
4Dtput  of  1813. 

Placer  mining,  begun  at  Jnneau  Id  IB80, 


of    1 SSB.     This 


the  Copper,  and  the  Sualtna  

total  gold  output  oF  all  the  placer  mines 
has  a  value  of  1145,000,000.  while  the 
p'acer-mlne  cutout  of  1S12  has  an  estt- 
maled  value  of  jlZ.OOO.OOO.  Silver  has  been 
recovered,  Incldectal  to  gold  and  Conner 
mining,  to  the  total  value  of  about  tl,800,- 
.000.    The  valus  of  the  oatpat  of  tin,  mar- 


-  -.   _.r . .    to  tlM 

close  of  1912.  Is  about  tl, 000,000. 

The  exploitation  of  coal  deposit*  oa 
Cook  Inlet  In  1804  by  the  Busstons  was 
the  first  attempt  at  any  form  of  mlnlnK 
wltbln  the  Territory.     The  output  of  coal 


Ing 


1    say   two  points    Id    AIbi 

— T  point  In   AlSRka  and  any  point 

r.,j  Di.. ...  -possessions  shall 

oe  -i  cents  an  ounce  or  fraction  thereof, 
regardless  of  dletaoce.  Such  gold  coin, 
sold  bullion,  or  gold  dost  shall  be  inclosed 
(□  sealed  packages  not  exceeding  11  pounds 
in  weight  aod  sent  by  registered  mall. 

Hesouroe*. — The  mineral  wealth  of  Alaska 
la  St  present  Its  most  Important  resource, 
but  the  Territory  also  Includes  eiteoslve 
tracts  of  farming  aud  grazing  lands  and 
many  water  powers.  Excellent  limbec  oc- 
curs (□  southeastern  Alaska,  while  the  In- 
land forests  are  valuable  for  local  use. 
There  are  also  -valuable  fisheries  along  the 
Taclllc  seaboard. 

The  developed  mineral 
ba    Include    gold    loi"- 


,  and  peat,  graphite, 


Into    the  Territory. 

To  sum  up,  Alaska  has  produced  to 
dote  mineral  wealth  having  an  aggre- 
gate value  of  1229,000,000,  of  which 
about  t22,000,000  Is  to  be  credited  to  tUe 
year  lfil2.  This  output  is  remarkable, 
eoDsIderIng  that  large  mining  operstlooa 
are  practically  conflned  to  the  coastal  re- 
gion, easily  accessible  to  ocean  trans- 
portation, and  that  tbe  vast  mineral 
wealth  of  tbe  Interior,  except  the  richest 
of   the  gold   placers,   Is  almost   ODtoncbed. 

Gold  placers,  copper,  and  gold  lode 
mines  have  been  operated  Id  central 
Alaska,   and   silver  has   been   recovered  I 


extensive    <^a1    fields, 
i.u    and   antimony   0 '■ 

have  tteen  found,  but  their  commerdai 
value   remains  to  be  proven. 

Aurlferoas  gravels  are  very  widely  dl» 
trlbuted  In  central  Alaska,  and  their  ex- 
ploitation has  yielded  gold  to  the  valao 
of  nearly  t90.000.000.  Most  of  this  has 
been  taken  from  deposits  which  were  very 
rich,  for  the  high  cost  of  operating  here 
prevented  the  exploitation  of  the  more  ex- 
tensive deposits  of  leaser  gold  tenor. 

The  blgb  cost  of  mining  In  the  interior 
has  Id  a  large  measure  deterred  tbe  pros- 

Setor  from  searching  for  auriferous 
des,  as  only  the  richest  and  most  fsvor- 
ably  gltnated  of  such  deposits  could  be 
profltably  eiplolted  under  present  condl. 
tlODB-  Oold  lodes  have,  however,  been 
found  tn  many  parts  of  tbe  province  and 
nave  been  success  fully  mined  In  the 
Kensl  Peninsula,  In  Vtlllow  Creek  district 
of  tbe  Susltna  Basin,  and  in  tbe  Fair- 
banks   district 

The    copper   deposits   of   central    Alaska 


Th.       "f    ">*    Chitlna    Valley,    from    which    1 
L-"?        mine    bezan    shlnmeDtii    In    mil 


mine   began   shlpmenta   In   1 

The  coal  fletds  of  central  Alaska  are 
extensive  snd  Include  some  of  the  best 
coal  of  tbe  Territory.  High-grade  steam- 
ing and  coking  bituminous  coals  as  well 
as  some  anthracite  are  found  In  tbe  Ber- 
ing River  sod  Mataouska  coal  fields-  Much 
of  this  coal  la  crushed  and  will  furnish 
a  large  percentage  of  slack,  and  In  many 
instances  the   coal   beds  have  been   so   de- 


formed a 


While 
that      - 


3nt  their  profitable  mlD- 


vJ*"' 


only  be  determined   _,   „,. 

yet  tbe  fact  remains  thst  these  t 

contain    much   workable   coal   of   1.   _-, 

grade   than  any  now   known   to  that  part 


f__eiplolt«tlon, 
I  hl^er 


I    Continent    trlbn- 


ot    the    North    _     _. 

tary  to  tbe   Pacific   Ocean. 

Commerce. — Up  to  the  close  of  1913 
Alaska  produced  minerals,  fishery  prod- 
ucts, and  furs  to  tbe  value  or  about 
(460.000,000.  Alaska's  commerce  Indades 
northward  shipments  of  food  prodacts, 
merchandise,  machinery,  lamber.  coal,  etc, 
and  return  sbloments  of  gold,  sliver,  cop- 
per, salmoti,  halibut,  etc  The  average  on- 
osal  valas  of  tUs  growing  comnterce  dnr- 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


EncycIopeiKc  Index 


I   eDdtng  with   i&u   u 


lag   the    flre  jrc 
anrlj    «SO;00(f;o. -. 

The  aTenise  value  of  the  mercbandlao 
•hipped  ■miiullr  from  the  Culted  Btatee 
to  iJuka,  darloi  the  five  ;een  eDding 
with    IQlT,    la.  ne.T40^S&3.     The    hlcheet 


nUna  dnrtiig  t 


atlng   the    five   jeara    eDdiDK 
•    $10,740,266.      The    .••'->•— 

"-Jill  period  (ot  mj  on.  , 

, ,        S17,T09,S3IX   ^he      lowest 

ami,  «lB.lTIX10e.  Ad  average  of  about 
33  per  cent  ot  the  aboTs  wuiaal  value  Is 
Blade  np  ot  the  ahlpments  made  to  Bt. 
MIdual  and  Yukon  Baaln.  This  Inclndea 
nne  dUpmsnti  to  the  Canadian  Yukon. 
It    la    eattmated    (bat    durhig    tbla    flve- 


.._ Thla    Includes    the    traHle 

Inio  the  idltarod-Innofco  region.  Into  the 
Tanana  reslon,  and  Into  the  Canadian 
Eokon.  The  neatest  average  tar  any  one 
rear  waa  SO.OOO  (1»0»),  and  the  lowest 
M.S0O  {1»10>.  It  baa  been  eetlmated 
that  ot  thin  freight  an  averan  of  24,000 
tmia  ia  shipped  Into  the  Kalrbanks-Eam- 
part  re^n,  Oie  bitfkeat  being.  83,000  tona 
lot  IMb  and  theloweat  107>0O  ton*  for 
mil.  Ttie  Information  at  hand  Indicates 
that  abont  8,000  toua  have  been  aonoallr 
shipped  Into  the  lunoko-Iditarod  regioa 
duAog  the  jeara  1010  and  IBll.  A  small 
amount  ot  freight  Is  also  carried  Into 
Fairbanks  over  the  military  road  during 
the  winter  months,  and  some  also  reachea 
the  Knakokwlni  VsUe;  bj  direct  shipments 
to  the   month    ol   that  stream. 

Tbe  In  and  out  bound  passenger  tratBc 
to  and  from  Alaska,  not  including  tour- 
Ma  or  canner;  emploTeea  bound  to  re- 
OMte  places,  amounted  to  60,910  In  1010 
and  43,2»3  In  19U.  A  part  ot  this  rep- 
rewnta  the  travel  Into  the  Klondike  and 
other  dUtrlcta  ot  tbe  Camadlan  Yukon. 
Host  of  this  travel  was  to  and  from 
coastal  points.  The  average  annual  pas- 
senger travel  to  tbo  Fairbanks  region  br 
steamboat  ronta  for  lSlO-11  Is  estimated 
to  be  about  2,000.  and  1,000  to  the  Idtta- 
rod-Innoko  r^on.  Aboat  800,  Id  addi- 
tion, Irarel  In  and  out  ot  Falrbaaki  by  a 
■tage  during  tbe  winter  montha,  and  prob- 
ably I.OOO  go  in  and  out  on  toot.  Id  ad- 
dlUon  to  tbeae  there  are  alao  several  buD- 
dred  who  trBTsI  In  and  out  ot  the  Idlta- 
nd-Innoko  rwloti  bj  the  Kuakokwlm 
Blvcr  or  b;  the  winter  trail  to  Sewarr 
The  average  value  of  the  outbound  shlp- 
nnita  from  Alaska  for  the  Ave  rears  end- 
ing fat  1911,  and  Including  mineral  prod- 
ocU,  tub,  fars,  etc,  la  >32.S00,8B2.  Tbe 
hlriktat  valae  tor  anj  one  rear  was  ISS,- 
aiO,T01  (IBll),  and  the  lowest  «S»J61,- 
404  (1910).  The  only  oatboand  sbip- 
menta  from  the  Ynkon  and  Kuskokwlm 
Barioa  ars  gold  and  silver.  The  same  is 
tme  ot  the  Snsitna  Basin  and  a  large 
part  ot  the  Copper  Blver  Basin,  where 
tbetB  IM,  however,  one  which  which  has 
been  ahlpplng  copper  ore  for  two  rears. 
WbllB  maeta  of  the  value  ot  the  ontbonnd 
Alpmeats  Is  represenied  by  gold,  silver, 
and  copper,  the  greater  nart  ot  the  artoal 
tmnage  la  made  np  of  the  Oaheiy  products 
wbleta  are  not  dependent  on  Inland  trana- 
portaHoD. 

Thla  CMnmeree  la  carried  on  by  Teeaele 
which  ply  between  Alaska  aod  west  coaat 
parts;  Ita  Inporunce  Is  Indicated  by  the 
tMOToa  <H  dearances  and  entrances  ot 
*HB*u,  In  1910  a  total  ot  4B1  dometitie 
,  with  a  total  tonnage  of  S9n.T4IX 
■  and  410.  aggregatine  884,907 
eared  Alaska  porta;  IBll  the  en- 
•ramm  wero  B14  vesaelB,  with  an  amcre- 
■Bta  tonnage  of  420,980,  and  clearances, 
49S  «saelt,  with  an  aggregate  tonnage  ot 


421.B0B.  Trade  In  foreign  bettoiBi  waa  aa 
tollowii  In  IBIO,  3B3  vestela,  with  an 
aggregate  of  244,094  tone,  entered,  and 
806  vessels,  with  an  aggrenite  ot  1S3,2!)4 
tons,  cleared.  In  lailTSOT  veSMts.  with 
an  a^regate  ot  187,849  tooa,  entered,  and 
331  vessels,  with  an  a» regale  oC  160,- 
047  tons,  cleared.  These  Tgures  tor  toreljcn 
boltODiB  iaclude  tbe  clearancen  of  the 
Canadian  steamers  on  tbe  Yukon. 

The  traffic  on  the  Yukon  and  Ita  trlbo- 
tarles  is  carried  an  by  58  river  Bteamera 
varying  In  capacity  from  6  to  008  net 
tons,  and  wllb  an  aggregate  net  tonnage 
ot  14,081.  There  are  atso  12  steamers 
on  the  KuBkokwlm,  with  a  net  tonnage  of 
1.608.  About  00  veeeelB  clearing  from 
Pnget  Sound  are  regularly  engaged  In 
AlBHka  trafflc.  This  does  not  Include  tbe 
whaling  ships,  cannery  tenders,  or  small 
gasoline   boats. 

I'ransportatlon. — Alaska  la  a  Territory 
ot  great  Size,  about  one-filth  that  of  the 
total  area  of  the  United  States.  About  a 
quarter  of  Its  area  lies  north  ot  the  Endl- 
cott  Range,  which  la  Itself  north  of  the 
Arctic  i;&cle.  This  portion  o(  (he  Ter- 
ritory la  Arctic,  and  It  alone  presents  the 
bleak  aud  frozen  aspect  popularly  asso- 
ciated with  Alaska.  Sonth  of  this  range 
In  Alaska  there  Is  an  area  greater  than 
that  of  all  the  States  east  of  the  Ulasla- 
slppl    and    north    of    the    Ohio    Blver    and 


MasD 

ble    of    1 


and  DliDU'B  llue.  which  U  a 


tailing  oat  II  — 

This  system  Is  widest  In  tbe 
several  ranges  which  divide  central  Alaska 
from  soutnem  Alaska.  Just'  north  of 
Frluea  William  Sound,  and  stands  as  a 
barrier  separallng  the  comparatively  small 


coastal  valleys  from  the  two  great  Inland 

''leys  of  the  Ynkou  aod  the  Kuskokwlm, 

ch  themselves  are  separated  by  a  com- 


Seward.       summer   months. 


T^-  ' 

at  L —  ., 

tbe    stream    as   a    connection    with    ocean- 
"       "Opting     during     th 
.e   <ame   may   be  ■ 
ol     tbe     KnuoEwim.     though     ocean     o 

merce   may   reacb  its   moulh   f-_ ^ 

tional  month.  Both  of  these  rivers  have 
difficult  entrances,  that  ot  the  Yukon  be- 
ing   a    sbltt]n^    channel    of  .  little  .depth 

Knskok< 


1   addl- 


shitting 
mad  fists, 
:wlm,    whfl 


-    _jptb 

and  the  entrance  to  the 
e    deep    eDoagh    for    tbe 


Once  Inside, 


,   each    presenta  a   long . 

navigable  water  for  the  ordinary  river 
boat.  The  Yukon  Is  navlnble  up  to  White 
Hone  In  Capada,  about  2^00  miles,  and  Ita 
greatent  tributary,  the  Tanana.  la  navigable 
Without  difficulty  to  Chena.  near  Falrbanka, 
and  at  times  lias  hern  navigated  much 
farther,  though  with  dlScuity.  The  Koa- 
bofcwlm  Is  navigiable  to  the  Forks,  about 
60  miles  above  the  Takotna.  or  about  060 
miles  from  the  mouth.  Both  of  theiw 
Btrpams  bave  navigable  tributaries  whleb 
extend  their  scope  as  transportation  routes 


halt  months. 


_. .  other  lesser  valleys  with 
waters.  Of  these  the  Cooper 
tna  are  the  most  Important. 
I  rlvara  ara  .more   Impartaot  «a 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidertts 


oSerluf  tbe   b«at  ponibllltlM   of  penetrat- 
IDK  tbe  coastal  range  br  rail  Hdch  Uimii  f^r 

Krpoaea  o(  naTlgatloD.  Tbe  Copper  Blier 
:alu  tbrongb  tbe  Cbogacb  Banee,  but  w[th 
a  ilope  BO  aceep  as  to  make  navlkatlon  dlO- 
CDlt  and  btuardaus,  tbousb  not  ImnoBBlbls. 

A  nntaber  of  good  harbor*  alODS  the 
Paclllc  seaboard  ol  Alaslia  are  now  eon- 
BTCted  with  near-b;  Inland  points  by  Tall- 
roads  and  ttallB,  or  b;  wbeod  roads  and 
tialla  ODl;.  All  tbeae  barbors  as  rar  west 
as  Cook  Inlet  are  open  tbroughout  tbe 
rear,  Bod  arc  from  l.AoO  to  1.400  statute 
miles  fram  Puset  Soand  porta.  At  present 
a  Bommer  steAmtioat  serrice  of  about  sla 
tripe  a  montb  la  maintained  with  tbe  more 
Important  of  these  ports,  and  In  addition 
■ome  freighters  carrr  coal  and  other  sap- 
pllea  north  and  bring  back  cargoes  of  fish 
and  ore.  DarloK  tne  summer,  of  abont 
three  and  A  half  months,  ocean  steamers 
make  the  trip  between  Pnget  Sound  end 
8t  Hlebael  and  Nome.  There  Is  also  an 
occasional  steamer  to  the  mouth  ot  tbe 
Kuskokvlm  and  other  points  In  Bering  Bea. 

Kaanad*. — The  following  table  gives  In 
concise  form  tbe  data  as  to  mllesge.  termi- 
nals,  and   gaofe   of   existing   railroads   in 


Whits  Pus  lai  Tikio  imris,  Sscnr  to 

WUta  PiH  (uttDW  tuge).    Tniini  s" 
—    HYnb    "    ''         ---■-■■ 


°EU^ 


Otcdm  lo  Kauintt  Mudard  (Bu«a).  lU.O 


ptsrinsiT  duw  aa  Un  Cwpw  Rinr  A  Hortli- 
MMnfuOmr  ■»!  n  ^  Vslte  A  Yukon 
iUihnr.) 
KssI  Fmaola:  AhAs  Nivtfasn  Bubnr.  Bswud 
tB  s  pint  oesi  iHad  dI  Twiusuei  Atm  (itudud 

tSdb  Bsuii'TlittiB'ViD^  lUiinir,  FsMuk) 
sad  CAsu  Ui  CbMuiki  (surnr  ^uge) i 

Bmid  Pidisiils  Rsihnr,  "ddc  to  BkAlaa 

Pmtnsk  BnuKfa.  'Sgintd  FoiiDsnbi  lUilin)' 

CfHsdl  C5lr  i  SolnwD  RIw  Biiiw»!  Cninol 

to  ftodopa  Creek  (itudird  gun) ! 

Wild  Oua  Ruhny,  CouMil  to  0^  Cretk 


of  a  railroad  « 

oOcer  ot  the  Engineer  Coi 


a  geologist  In  cbargs  of  Alaskan   sDrreTi 
—    -"  -^'>   Englr-- -" 


don  In  respect  ti. 

prozlmltr  to  railroad  r 
report  to  CohKress,  t — 


al  fletds  and  their 


tbe  best  and  most  avallakle  rontea  for  i«ll- 
roads  In  Alaska  wblcb  will  derelop  ths 
conntrr  and  the  resources  tbereor  for  the 


a      Katlwai      Comi ,      _„ 

Uarch  12.  1B14,  autborlieB  the  President  ot 
the  United  Slates  to  locate,  conetrae^  and 
operate  railroads  In  tbe  Territory  of  Alaska. 
Tlie  cost  of  the  work  authorised  bj  this 
act  Is  not  to  exceed  $3S,0OO,O0O. 

Wago»  roads  and  traUi  are  being  con- 
structed bj  the  Board  of  Hoad  Commls- 
■lonom  for  Alaska,  which  Is  under  tbe 
supervision  of  tbe  aecrelarj  of  War.  Tbe 
mileage  of  road  and  trail  conntructed  and 
maintained  la  as  follows :  Wagon  road, 
882;    winter    sled    road.    fllT :    trail,    2,167. 

Probabir  the  most  Important  road  con- 
structed by  the  Board  ol  Boad  Commission- 
ers Is  the  one  that  connects  Fairbanks  with 
Valdei  on  tbe  coast  and  with  Chltlna  on 
the  Coppt^r  Blver  Railroad,  and  forms  the 
present  winter  route  between  Fairbanks  and 
the  outside  world.  On  this  route  tbrough- 
out tbe  wintpr  months  a  rpKular  staee  com- 
pany operates  a  line  carrvlng  freight,  pas- 
sen  gen,  and  mall.  In  tbe  early  winter 
and  in  tbe  spring  wheel  stages  are  used. 
'-"*    through    most    ot    tbe    winter    season 

hlgk"' 

_  jwfin  Valley  a 

[mediately  adjacent  thereto,  are 
more  poorly  provided  with  transpor- 
I  than  the  Yukon  and  Tansoa  Vaileya. 
a.  niQter  sled  road  has  been  built  from  the 
end  of  tbe  Alaska  Northern  Railroad  at 
Kem  Creek,  on  Tumagaln  Arm,  up  the 
Husltna  Valley,  and  across  tbe  divide  Into 
tbe  Idltarod  region. 

At  the  present  time  tbe  Interior  of  Alas- 
ka Is  most  conveniently  accessible  during 
tbe  three  or  four  snmmer  monlhs.  June  to 
Beptember,  Inclusive.  Fslrbanks,  tbe  cen- 
ter of  tbe  Yukon-Tanana  Basin,  mav  b« 
reached  by  two  routes.  The  flrst  Involves 
«.  1,000-mile  steamer  trip,  through  the  In- 
land  passage,  to   Skagway,    then   110  miles 


Tbe  Koskokw^n  Valley  and  tbe   Idltarod 
section,    Immediately    adjacent   tber  ' 
oorly  provided  with  t 


o(  the  Army, 
jkan  sorveys. 
Corps   of    the 

who   has  bad 

railroad   constmc- 

Thls  body  was  authorised  and  Ingtmeted 
to  conduct  an  examination  Into  tbe  tran^ 

Krtatloa  question  In  tbe  Territory  of 
aska:  to  examine  railroad  routes  from 
the  seaboard  to  the  coal  fields  and  to  tbe 
Interior  and  navigable  waterways :  to  se- 
cure sarveys  and  other  information  with 
respect  to  railroads.  Including  cost  of  con- 
struction and  operation ;  to  obtain  Informa- 


, ,  ,_■  tlie  White  Pass  to  White  Horse, 

the  head  ot  Yukon  nsvlgatlan.  A  transfer 
In  here  made  to  a  Canadian  river  steamer 
which  reaches  Dawson.  4(t0  miles  down- 
stream. From  Dawson  an  American  steamer 
Is  used  to  Fairbanks,  a  further  distance 
Of  1.000  miles.  At  the  best  this  journey 
consumes  two  weeks  going  In,  but  ordinarily 
connections  cannot  be  made  promptly  and 
more  time  Is  required.  The  outward  trip 
by  this  route  would  require  mneh  longer. 
This  route  Is  used  chlefiy  for  hlsb-c&ss 
freight  and  passengers. 

Most  of  the  freight,  however,  for  Pair- 
banks  la  shipped  to  at.  Michael  by  ocean 
vessels.  Here  It  it  transshipped  to  river 
steamers  which  are  eipoeed  to  tbe  open  aea 
before  entering  the  month  of  the  rtver. 
These  steamers  carry  the  freight  up  tba 
Yukon  and  Tasana  Elvers.  The  mileage  ot 
this  route  la  about  2,700  miles  ot  ocean 
travel  and  about  1,100  miles  ot  river  traveL 
and  usually  occupies  abont  a  month.  This 
route  is  open  for  a  shorter  snmmer  season 
than  the  other.  AH  rates  are  high,  which 
Is   accounted   tor   by   the   abort   — 


The  valley  ot  the  Kuskokwlm  t*  not  so 
well  served.  Bmall  steamers  reach  BetheL 
and  a  few  river  steamers  dlstribnte  freight 
to  river  points  nearest  the  camps,  whence 
they  ara  bkuled,  nauall/  dnilikg  tbe  winter 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Bticyclopedie  Index 


Alukft. — ComUnued. 
relMrnp't    oitd    Cable   Hue*. — Ttlesntpb 


wlnileiB  ■jBtem  ars 

OHMted  b/  lUe  Wu-  Ue- 
mulUrj  oDle  line  * 

^t  BMtUe,  W"*- 

li    made  with  Uia 


•    tar    been 


•peedy  aettlemeiit  of  the  TerrttoTr  br 
era.  The  only  markets  availat'-  -~ 
ones  aod  traniportatloD  has 
too  expenalve  to  seek  outside  or  qihibiii, 
BiaAeta.  Fann  labor  1b  scarce  and  la 
many  placta  verr  hlsh.  Tbe  cost  of  clear- 
ing land  of  traea  «ad  tbe  rpmoTal  of  moga 
U  as  great  aa  to  teem  almost  probibltlTc. 
EtneaUoH  and  Rdftdeer  eervioe. — Tbe 
■chool*  lor  tbt  edneatlon  of  natives  and  tbe 


I   carpentry,   cooklns. 


Tba  ImportAtloi)  of  relodeer  from  Siberia 
Into  Aluka  benD  In  IS92  In  order  to  tur- 
niah  material  for  food  and  clotbing  for  the 
Baklmo  Id  the  vldnlty  of  Berlns  ^rait. 

nwre  bad  long  been  a  disagreement  wltb 
Great  Britain  over  tbe  locotloa  of  the 
boandary  line  bcCweeii  Canada  and  AlaBbo. 
owIdb  to  a  difference  In  tbe  Intetp relation 
of  a  tnaty  made  between  Kusela  and 
Qreat  Britain  In  182C,  deBolng  this  boond- 
ary :  aod  on  tbe  dlscjTery  of  gold  in 
Aluka,  in  18B0-IM,  tbli  matter  reached  a 
■crlooa  Itan.  The  main  point  of  dlfter- 
enca  waa  wnetber  the  boundary  line  abould 
be  thirty  nurlne  leagnea  (tnenllDned  In 
tbe  Roaala-Oreat  BrlUIn  treaty  of  1825) 
eaat  from  the  western  bonndary  of  the 
IsUnds  off  tbe  Alaaka  coaat,  or  that  dla- 
lance  eaat  of  the  mainland  coast.  In  ISBO 
a  nroTlalonary  boundary  waa  agreed  npoD, 
and  on  Jan.  2i,  1003.  a  treaty  waa  signed 
between  Great  Britain  and  lue  United 
Btatea  proTldlng  for  a  tribunal  of  three 
Brltlsll  apd  three  American  commissioners 
to  aettle  the  dispute.  Tbe  treaty  wm  ratl- 
fled  by  tbe  Cnlted  States  Benate  on  Feb. 
11,  1903,  and  on  Uarcb  S  ratlflcatlons  were 
exchanged  between  the  two  goremmenta. 
The  rommlaslon  aat  In  London  and  on  Oct. 
IT,  lOOS,  made  a  declsloD  mainly  In  fator 
of  tbe  United  Btatea,  granting  Canada  ac- 
cesa  to  the  Paciac  only  near  the  southern 
end  of  the  boundary  and  glrlng  ber  Walea 
and  Pease  Islands,  la  Portland^  Cnnnt.  Id 
Jnae,  IBM,  a  surrey  of  the  bonndary  tbMS 


The  general  q 


0  of  the  public  lands 


il  ones ,- _ 

, jp  by  President  Taft  in  tbn.. 

Injc  open  to  private  entry  In  July,  1011,  a 
tract  eoDtalnlag  12,600  acres  of  land  on 
C0Btt«Iler  Bay,  near  tbe  Bering  coal  fields. 
Ur.  Tatt  on  Jiily  26,  1911,  sent  a  special 
meaaam  to  Cougreaa  for  tbe  purpose  of  re- 
aaouliu  the  Amarlcati  people  that  tbe  al- 
leged danger  of  monopoly  was  not  a  real 
danger  (pan  T599>.  In  tbis  message  (g.  v.) 
he  act  forth  at  eoniiderable  length  bla  rea- 
Bona  fbr  throwing  open  this  tract  of  land 
far  private  entry. 

Tba  Blity-Mcond  Congreaa  on  Ang.  24, 
1912.  paaaed  a  law  creating  a  terrTtorlaf 
gDvemment  for  Alnsha  and  establlsblag  Ju- 
neau aa  the  capilnL  In  order  to  develop 
tbe  mineral  posstbllltiea  and  pre  vent  a 
(hreatened  monopoly  of  tbe  coal  Qelds  a 
railroad  commlsalou  waa  appointed  to  con- 
duct an  ezamlDatlon  Into  the  transporta- 
tion qneatloB  In  the  Territory  of  Alaska. 
Upon  tbe  report  of  thla  committee  was 
bued  legtalatlon  providing  for  pnrchaie  or 
Msiatiiictlon  of  Mllroada  and  the  teaatng  of 


coBstract  1,000  mllea  of 

not  to  exceed  >!)6,000,000  to  connect 
-■"  the  open  Faclflc  liarbors  — 


the 


■Ivers  of  the  inti 

if  tbe  ■         _       _. 

operated  by  the 


22  provided  f( 


with  the  navigable 
lui,  BuJ  wltb  one  or  mr~~ 
fields.    This  railroad  n 


_BDd_wltb  one  o  _ 

. .    BL     The  aVt"iT'ort. 
the  lease  of  coal  land*  at 
for  the  coal  mined. 
Ittporti  jroM  iUitka  in  Ft*eal  Year  1916. 


n  double  the  annual  average  si 


year  prior  to  the  great  v 
to  thla,  Alaska  sbrpped  t 
[Old  valued  at  tia,260.ODO 


The  predominant  fcatura  of  the  year's 
trade,  according  to  an  analysis  made  by  the 
Bureau  of  Fordap  and  Domestic  Commerce, 
Department  of  Commerce,  was  the  rise  of 
copper  to  first  place  among  Alaska's  export 
staples,  thereby  sopplantuig  aalmon  and 
gold  as  the  leading  ilema.  Receipts  of  cop- 
—  In  ore,  matte,  and  regulus  from  Alaska 
egoted  IIT  million  pounds,  valued  at 
mUllon  dollars.     !nilB  is  tour  tlmea 

verage  for  the  precedlog  tluee  yaata 

and  eicee9s  the  combined  Importa  of  that 
claaa  from  Chile,  Cuba,  Canada,  and  Hezlco, 
the  leading  foreign  sourcea  of  tbla  form  of 

Canned  aalmon  shipped  to  the  United 
Btatos  in  the  last  fiscal  year  amounted  to 
210  million  ponnds,  valned  at  ISU  mlllloti 
dollars,  an  Increaie  of  24  million  pounda 
over  laiK  and  of  40  million  over  ISU. 

Tbe  following  table  anitimariieB  by  lead- 
ing artlclea  the  shipments  of  Alaskan  prod- 
ucts into  the  Unite-*  ""—  -■— ■--  --  .— . 
three  flacal  years: 


SfS" 


a  the  United  Statea  during  the  last 


19ia 


TS.On 
M.OOG 


HMD 

Kodatai 


M&«WJ00llff,(l89,00o|«l.«8(MIO0 


l»ll 


TSiJXB       tUJWO 


»4,om;      eio,m 


Koibla 
117.000 

101  ,«a 


Alaska- Ynkon -Pacific  Expoaition  com- 
mended, 7052,  7103. 

Attempted  occupation  of  portion  of, 
by  Oreftt  Britain  and  Canada,  SDS7. 

Attempta  of  Great  Britain  and  Can- 
ada to  establialt  post  routea  in 
6007. 

Bonndarj  Una  vith  Britisli  poatet- 

CoaimiMion    to    determine,  iMom* 
mended,  4141,  4918. 


oyGoO»:^Ic 


Jf  «Mg«  and  Papers  of  the  PreadetUs 


DiflcuBMd,  4141,  4917,  4SSII,  6306, 
5400.   S9S8,   6063,   6370,   643G, 
6792,  6826. 
Beport    regarding,    refarred    to, 
4SS5. 
Cewion  of,  to  United  State! — 
DiBCiuBed,  3778,  3386. 
Beferred  to,  3798. 
Treaty  regarding,  referred  to,  3719, 
3722. 
Appropriation    for   payment   tm- 
der,  lecommeDded,  3719,  3778. 
Chinamen  in,  cruel  treatment  of,  5083. 
Coal  fleldB  of,  7561,  7S64,  77S0. 
Collection  district  eetablislied  at  Sit- 
ka, 386S. 
Commiasion     government     suggested 

for,  7436,  7535,  7722. 
Conditiom  of,  6725,  6792,  6799,  6918, 

6919,  7019. 
CoDtroller    Baj,    opening    to   settle- 
ment of  land  on,  discussed,  7979. 
Delegate  to  Congress  from,  7050,  7399. 
Education  in,  appropriation  for,  rec- 
ommended, 4G6T,  6483,  6453. 
Encroachments  of  Hndsons  Bay  Com- 
pany upon  trade  of,  3S98. 
Government  for — 

Act  providing  for,  4879. 
By  commission,  7430,  7535,  7722. 
Discussed  by  Presideut  Benj.  Har- 
rison, 5760. 
Uunicipal  goTemments  reeoinmend- 
ed  by  President  Benj.  Harrison, 
6483,  5641. 
Be  commended  by  President — 
Arthur,  4651,  4731,  477L 
Hayes,  4522,  4573. 
Taft,  7436,  7536. 
Oovemmeut  railroad  suggested   for, 

8101. 
Importation  of  breech-loading  rifles 
and  flzed  ammnnition  into,  for- 
bidden, 4282. 
InstmctioDs    regarding,    modified, 
4711. 
Lands  in — 
Proclamation  modifying  order  re- 
serving, 612. 
Set  apart  as  public  reservation  by 
proclamation,  5795. 
Legislation,  recommended,  8722,  6269, 

6400,  7436,  7535,  7722. 
Light-house  on  coast  of,  point  to  be 

selected  for,  3902. 
Military  arrests  in,  4312,  4313,  4314. 
MilitaiT-  Department  of,  3830,  6269. 
Mineral  -wealth  in   discussed,  6063. 
Keeessity  for  development  of,  7616, 
Port  of  entry  in,   establishment  of, 

recommended,  S4S4. 
PrivOeges   of  hunting,   trading,   and 

fishing  in,  referred  to,  3829,  3830. 
Property  rights  of  natives,  6920,  6921. 
Public  LandB  of,  6697,  6799,  7419. 


Bailways    in,   should   be    bailt    «nd 
operated  by  government,  6911. 

Beferred  to,  3818,  3829,  6269,  6352, 
6453. 

Beport  of  governor  of,  4976. 

Beport  of  Lieut.  Emmons,  6941. 

Beaources    of,    must    be    used,    not 
wasted  or  monopolised,  7912. 

Eteal  fisheries  within  limits  of.     (See 
Bering  Sea.) 

Seal  isluids  in,  sale  of,  recommended, 
3990. 

Survey  of  coast  of,  urged,  8019. 

Territorial   Oovemment  recommend- 
ed for,  7911. 
Alaska  Salmon  Oommlaaioii,  mentioned, 

6934. 
Alaaktr-Tnkon-Faclflc  Exposition.  —  F'or 

the  pnrpoK  o(  eiploltlne  the  lewnrcei  end 
poteotlallt§es  of  the  Alsiks  and  Yakoa  ter- 
ritories and  to  demonstrate  the  progress  t>t 
the  weBtern  parts  of  the  United  SUtea 
and  Canada,  as  well  n*  to  fHter  tbe  trade 
of  tbe  countries  borderlns  on  the  Padflc, 
an  International  exposition  was  held  at 
Br?a<tle.  Wash.,  from  June  1,  to  Oct.  IS, 
1D09.  Eleven  exhibition  palaces  were  built 
OQ  the  Campus  of  the  IlnlverBlcy  of  Wasb- 
inxton  (■  tract  of  22B  scree).  The  ex- 
pensei  preliminarr  to  opening  were  $!(>.- 
000,000.      Tbe    funds    were    raised    t>T    ap- 

SropriHlIonB  by  the  federal  Rovemment,  toe 
(ate  of  WsBbluston  and  the  CIt70f  Seattle. 
Albania. — An  eneoelve  tract  of  the  west- 
era  littoral  of  tbe  Belkan  Penlnsuls,  from 
tbe  southern  Icontler  of  MoDtenesro  to  the 
Dorthern  frontier  of  Greece.  Within  tbesa 
limits  are  Included  an  area  of  close  on 
22,000  square  miles,  with  a  populailon  of 
three  to  three  and  a  half  million  persona. 
Of  this  area  about  12.000  square  sillea  have 
been  absortted  by  Servla,  Qreece,  and  Uon- 
Cenegro.  leaving  the  area  of  the  autono- 
moas  portion  at  about  10,000  squsre  miles, 
■     ■  ■   2,000,000,    of   whom 


,   —   ,    years   with   Venice. 

until    the    adrsnce    of    the    Hobammedan 
forces  eitlngulihed  the  Independence  o'  " 
kingdom  In  the  Qfteenth  and  sixteenth 
turrea     From   1571   to    1913   Albania 


tlona  of  the  Tilajets  of  Kossoio  ..._  _. 
astir.  Tbe  Balkan  Wars  of  1912-13  iv<:'i 
Domlual It  caused  br  the  desire  of  the  Allied 
States  (BulgarlL  Bervla.  Uoatenegro  and 
Greece)  to  free  the  Albanlana  from  TnTklab 
misrule,  and  one  of  the  preteits  of  the 
"     -       -  the    inability   of   Turkey    to 


the  AmbaBsador 


of  the   assembled   Powers 


J  reed  upon  the  principle  ■ 
banla.   and   the   throoe  was   accepted  by 
Prince   WlUIsm   of   Wicd.     Since   tb.t  data 


Df  the  treaty  the  claims  of  Serrla  t.  __ 
dltianal  Albanian  territory  led  to  desultorr 
flgbtlng  between  Berbo-A  I  banian  forces,  and 
to  a  threat  of  Interference  on  the  pati  of 
other  Powers.  Serria  flnall;  withdrew  from 
tbe  diaputed  territory  In  Octot»er,  191 S, 
□wlnR  to  pressure  from  Anstria-Hunfarr, 
bat  the  new  country  Is  still  a  prey  to  In- 
ternal dissensions. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


TrmMjiortation, — Albania  I*  IrtTcrsMl 
from  Bcatarl  <lD  tbe  norib)  to  Tslgoa  (la 
U*  (ODtttirnt)  by  ■.  rallinir  from  Moa- 
tenccro,  and  lines  from  Servia  ctou  tbt 
caittra  frontier  at  I'lireud,  Dlbra.  and 
Slmn.  Tbe  principal  porta  are  Uuraiio 
aa<t  Valooa. 

TbB  dellmlBatlon  of  tbe  Bonthern  bonnd- 
ai7  (wbers  Albania  li  contermlnoUB  with 
tkc  extended  Kingdom  of  Greece)  bs>  re- 
cnll7    bpen  entrusted   to   an   Intematlanal 


rail 

,.J"fnJm  "tbe  Colonies  of  "New  Hamp- 
■hli«,  Uanacbasetts,  Rbode  laland.  L'on- 
■wctient,  Mew  York,  FennajlTaDla.  and 
Harrland,  met  at  Albaa;,  N.  Y.,  od  Juqb 
la,  1764,  to  arrange  a  trentj  wHb  tbe 
Hi  NatlDDi  of  Indluns.  Benjamin  Frank- 
lin proposed  and  the  raaTentlon  adopted  ~ 


i'  br  tbe  Lords  of  Trade,   c 


has  coTemmental  anperrlslon  over  tbe  na- 
tional bnnkg;  sball  cause  to  l>e  printed  and 
kept  on  band  at  all  times  a  special  Issue  at 
CQirencj'  amounting  to  GO  per  cent,  of  tbe 
combined  capital  atock  of  all  tbe  oatlonal 
bauks.  To  secure  a  portion  of  (bis  emer 
gency  bank   r— -  ' -   ' — ■■ *—  - 


._   municipal  b 

[ler  or  otber  valuable  and  r 
bis  assets  mn;  lie  used  as  security,  pro- 
tided  It  first  secures  tbe  approval  of  tbs 
association  and  tbe  government.  It  tbe 
securities  are  acceptable  tbe  curreDcjr  la 
Immediately  forwarded  to  tbe  bank.  It  waa 
superseded  br  tbe  Olaas-Owen  CDrrencr  law 
of  iei3  (i.  D.]. 

Aleutian  TaTnwila — A  chatD  of  abont  ISO 
IslsDda  extending  from  tlie  western  ex- 
tremity of  Abiska  near  the  continent  of 
Asia.  The  area  Is  about  B.OOO  sonars 
miles.  Tbe  Inbabllants,  a  balf-clrlllied 
and    decllnlOK    race,    about    S.OUU    In    num. 


a  president- genera  I  o 


1   Brand   council   I 

from  each  Colony,  chosen  by  aswmbly  for 
■  term  of  three  years  each.  This  grand 
conacU  was  to  be  aotborlwd  to  equip 
forces  for  tbe  common  defense  Of  the 
Colonle*  aod  to  lery  taxes  for  tbdr  main- 
tenance and  bare  control  of  all  Indian 
alfalra.  The  plan  wsa  rejected  by  tbe 
CrowD  beeaoae  It  gare  too  mncb  power  to 
the  Colonies. 

fl't^tiy  Ktgency. — a  combination  of  poli- 
ticians ot  the  Democratic  party.  Proml- 
Mnt  amonf  these  were  Uartln  Tan  Boren, 
William  L.  Uanrr,  John  A.  Dli,  and  SUaa 
WrtghL      This    '■-- '•    — - 


Tbeir  organliatlon  was  quite 

mainly  due  to  Ibis  fact.  A  majority  of 
those  In  the  combination  resided  In  Albany 
or  operated  from  that  city.  Tbe  name 
•rose  from  thla  circumstance. 
tjbmaxlt,  nifl. — A  Confederate  Iron-clad 
ram  bnllt  on  the  Boanoke  Blver.  below 
Weldon,  N.  C.  In  1863.  She  was  destroyed 
with  a  torpedo  by  Lieut.  W.  B.  Cusblng 
on  the  nlEht  of  Oct  ZT,  1S64  (349TI.  Be- 
fore her  destmetlon  ebe  did  much  damage 
to  reMela  of  the  United  States.  In  188T. 
She  was  raised,  towed  to  Korfolk,  and  sold. 


Dntnietion  of,  3457. 
Referred  to,  6306. 

Engagement   of,   with   tlie   BaMOCiu 
referred  to,  3411. 
Allilmi,  The,   seimre   of,   referred   to, 

2636. 
AUrld^ViMUnd  Onrronc;  Xaw.  —  A 
meania  passed  by  Congress  May  30,  1908, 
to  render  the  currency  of  tbe  United  States 
more  elastic  by  placing  it  within  tbe  power 
of  tbe  national  feinka  lo  transform  all  suit- 
able arallable  assets  into  money  In  ra- 
spooss  to  soy  Unanclal  eme^ency.  The 
purpose  of  tbe  law  waa  to  prerenl  panics, 
and  waa  the  direct  result  of  tbe  flnaoclal 
strtsgency  of  lOOT.  The  law  provided 
thai  the  Cemptroller  of  the  Cnrrcncy,  who 


d  fur 


Tbe  h 


Busslana   altout  'the   middle   of   the   elgbt- 

Alert,  The,  conTontion,  between  Nice- 
\  and  Costa  Hie*  i'        ' 
also  Oreely,  A.  1    , 

Alexander  Archipelago  Foieat  Eeaem, 

proclaimed,  6697. 
Alexandria,  Va.; 

Act  incorporating  ehnrch  in,  vetoed, 

474. 
Blockade    of    port    of,    removed   by 

proclamation,  3371. 
British  retreat  from,  582. 
Propertj-    in,    destroyed    by    British 
forces,  530,  G32. 
Alexandria  Connty,  D.  0.: 

Conrt-honae  in,  unsafe  and  new  one 

reeotnmeaded,  1621. 
Jail  erected  in,  fl30. 
Betrocession  of,  to  Virginia  by  proc- 
lamation, 2320. 
Alfalfa. — A  legumlDous  fodder  plant,  na- 
tive Co  tbe  valleys  of  Central  Asia.  It 
has  been  cnltlTated  in  Europe  for  more 
tbnn  2,000  years,  and  was  Introduced  Into 
Mexico  and  boutti  America  at  tbe  time  of 
tbe  Bpsnisb  conouest  Id  lS.'i4  It  waa 
brouRbt  from  Chile  to  California,  whence 
It  Bpread  rnpldly  over  the  Pacific  and 
Rocky  MonnttilD  stntfs,  where  It  Is  now 
more  eilenalTelT  grown  Ibno  any  olber 
forajte  crop.  The  word  alfalfa  Is  derived 
from  tbe  Arabian  and  comes  to  us  throuih 
tbe  SpaolBb  lanKUaee.  It  is  laterpretcd  to 
mean  '*the  beat  feed."  It  la  also  known 
■      -     ■       -        Dprlgbt 

„..  ._. teet  b-"- 

...,..,  , I  leaves  sod  IrrpRular 

pie  flowers,  which  tcrow  In  loose  clusters 
like  pea  Qowers.  On  loose,  permeable  soils 
tbe  roots  frenuenlly  descend  to  ten  or 
twelve  feet.     It  Krows  best  on  rich,  saody. 

and  does  uot  succeed  on  damp  soil  or  tena- 
cious clay.  Two  years  are  required  tbor- 
ouiiblr  to  esiatillHb  a  field,  hut  when  ducb 
establlabed  the  plant  endures  many  years. 
The  crop  Is  cut  when  the  plants  are  com- 
Ins  Into  bloom,  and  again  from  two  to  six 
times,  according  to  the  lenrtl)  of  the  sea- 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


AiitUtr-CenMmtud. 


.___.      __    cured  hB7  la  rellibed   by 

mil  firm  anlmala,  and  Ib  n«ed  both  for 
fitteDlDi  taA   milk   prodnctloD. 

BulUtiM  of  production  latbered  br  tb« 
Ceoias  Bareau  ibon  that  In  1909  tbtra 
were  4,T(Rf,20:j  acre«  dei-oted  to  alfalfa  la 
the  United  Slate*,  from  wblch  11,849,098 
tona  of  bar  waa  cat  and  £G9,5Be  bosbelB 
of  aeed  satbered. 

AlcMlni  OonTaitIon.~At  a  canf«reti«« 
of  the  Powera  at  Alfedias,  Spain,  Jan.  U 
to  April  7,  19(M,  Fiance  and  Bpaln  wen 
commlialoDed  to  maintain  order  on  the  Mo- 
roccan eoaat.  Tbe  town  Ilea  on  tbe  w«t 
Bide  of  tbe  Bar  of  Gibraltar,  aeTen  mllea 
from  Enropa  Point.  The  convention  waa 
called  In  reaponie  to  manr  complalnta  by 
BDropeana  and  Americana  tnat  treaty  Tlshta 
wera  not  leapected  br  the  Uoora,  and  that 
life  and  propertr  of  torelsnera  wera  unsafe 
In  llorocco.  It  waa  participated  la  by  Dnlt- 
•d  States  Oermanr.  Aaatna-Hnnnrr.  Bel- 

flam,  Bpaln.  France,  Great  Britain,  Italy, 
bo  Nethcrlanda,  Fortusal,  Ruaala  and 
Bweden.  The  treaty  waa  publi shed  Jan.  22, 
190T.  (Bee  Treaties.)  Before  tbe  end  of 
the  jtut  French  troopa  Were  landed  at  Ulda 
and  Casablanca.  Jan.  11,  1908,  tbe  rells- 
oaa  aulborltlea  of  Morncco  depoaed  Abdel 
Asia  and  proclaimed  hla  brotber  Uulal  Hafld 
Saltan.  Hla  embsaay  to  Berlin  wsa  refused 
rseOKnltlon  wlthoot  consent  of  tbe  Powera. 
(SmHmocco.) 
MgtditM  Oonvontloii,  ratifleation  urged, 

7068. 
Alsnitk — A  Fmcb  poweialoii  on  the 
north  cout  of  Africa,  about  343, BOO  miles 
In  area  and  contnlnlnK  a  popnlntlon  of 
BboDt  6,600,000.  TblB  Includes  tba  scqul- 
altloD  since  IHOl  of  aome  :>:ia,UOU  square 
miles  of  territory  on  tbe  soulb.  Tbe  chief 
natlTC  people  are  Berbers  aod  Arnba.  Ita 
capital  and  principal  city  la  Alslcra.  It 
Gomprlae*  Che  anclcnl;  country  of  Numldia 
and  a  portion  of  Mauritania.  For  many 
centorlea  It  harbored  a  band  of  coraalra. 
Who  hannted  tbe  coaata  of  the  Uedlterra- 
■nd  the   Atlantic  Ocean 


tbem   trlbnta.     To   pay    | 


I   tribute    ' 


deemed  wlaer  by  many   European   powera 

...__  .. against  them.     FoUow- 

of   other    nations,    the 


Ing   tbe   examples ,    — 

United  Btate*  signed  a  treaty  In  USE, 
BgrMlni  to  pay  the  Dey  11,000,000  tor  the 
ranaom  of  American  captlTcs  and  promla- 
lag  an  annual  trlbnte  (lee  page*  110.  1T4). 
Al^ria  made  war  agalnat  Ihe  United 
States  Id  181S.  Commodore  Decatur,  with 
tcD  Tcaaels,  silled  agalDsl:  the  Dey  and  met 
with  such  BDCceaa  that  he  was  enabled  to 
exact  Indemnity  from  the  Dey  himself,  sad 
also  a  treaty  renouncing  all  claim  to  trib- 
Dte,  praaenta,  or  ranaoma,  and  a  promlae 
not  to  reduce  prisoners  of  war  to  slarery 

iiee  page  B4T).  Ftsdcs  b>  alnce  rednced 
Igerla  to  the  dominion  of  her  Govern- 
ment, organtiliig  It  as  a  coloulal  poiaesBloa 
In  1634,  of  which  It  is  now  tbe  most  Im- 
Tortant.  The  chief  resource  of  the  cann- 
ery Is  sgrlcnlture.  Since  18T0  there  have 
u>n  a  number  of  extended  revolta:  and  In 
t  yeera  the  country  baa  auDered  from 


ilgnU: 

Conanls  of  United  States  ia,  189,  8 
506. 
Banialwd,  60S. 


Hi 


Change  in  par  of,  131S. 
Powers  of,  shonld  be  inereaaed,  238, 
Salary  of,  sboold  be  increased,  238. 
Unjustifiable    proceedings    toward, 
b7  Dey  of,  441, 
Declaration  of  war  against,  yeeraa- 

mended,  539. 
Hostile   attitude  of    toward  United 

States,  42,  K3S,  S60. 
Impriaonment  of  American   eitiaena 
in,  SO,  00,  ]15,  140,  160,  198,  197, 
190,  G30. 
Referred  to,   144,  14S,   202. 
Treaty  of  peace  with,  554,  679. 
Treaty    with,    transmitted    and    dis- 
cossed,  116,  174,  178,  184,  197, 
6S4,  679. 
Annulled  by  Algeria,  witb  alterna- 
tive of  war  or  renewal  of  former 
treaty,  660. 
Tribnte  to  be  paid  by  United  States 
to,  116,  174 
Payment  of,  325. 
Vessels  sold  to,  237, 
War  with  United  SMtes.    (Bee  Alger- 
ine  War.) 
Algerlne  War.— The  countries  on  the  lied- 
Iterranean  coaat  of  Africa,  from  Egypt  to 
the    Atlantic,    namely,    Uorocco.    Algeria, 
Tunis  and  Tripoli   (which  are  known  col- 
lectively aa  tbe  Barbary  Power*)  had  been 
In  the  habit  of  preying  on  the  commerce 
of  nations  that  refused  to  pay  a  tribnte  to 
tbem.      Shortly   after   the   Bevolutloo   tbe 
opera  tlona   of   theac   plratea   were  directed 
against   our   commerce,    to    protect   which 
treetlea   parchualng  Immunity   by  the  pay- 
ment   Of    yearly     tribute    were    negotiated 
with     tbe     Barbary     StateB— In     1T83-1T8T 
with    Morocco,    in    1T9G    with    Alglera.    iu 
ITOS  with  Tripoli,  and  In  1T99  with  Tunia. 
In  1812  Algiers  declared  war  agsluBt  the 
Untied   States.      Aa   soon   aa  tbe  war  then 
commencing     against    England    bad    t>een 
brought  to  an  end.  our  government  turned 
Ita    attention    to    Algiers.       Tbe    Algerian 
war  was  ahort  and  decisive.    In  the  spring 
of  181D  Commodore  Decatur  waa  sent  with 
nine  or  ten  vessels  to  chaatiae  the  pirates. 
In   June  he  captured   tbe   largest   of  thrir 
frigates,  and  soon  after  took  another  vessel. 
Be  then  diets  ted  a  treaty  to  the  Dey  of 
Algiers,    which    waa   algned   June  SO,    181S, 
rellniiuUblng   all   claim*  to  tribute   In  the 
future. 

Algerlne  War  (see  also  Algeria) : 
Declaration  of  war  by  Congress  ree- 

ommended,  639. 
Dot  of  Algiers  begins  war  against 

United  States,  428, 
Information  of  amicable  aettlement, 

428. 
Termination  of,  647. 
Threatened  by  Algiers,  560. 
Treaty  of  peace  concluded,  6S4,  679. 
Algontnln  Indlaao.   (See  Indian  Tribes.) 
Allen  and  Sedition  Lava.— Two  impor- 
I  of  CongresB  passed  by  the  Fedetal- 

ro8.    Ti  ■  ■ 

In  their 

t  they  li 

„.  »..  .Federaiisl  , , , 

to  Aawtiean  history  aa  a  laadaurk  iMyond 


of  the  Federalist  p 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


which  It  la  unufc  for  the  iBW-maklnB  pow- 
er to  go.  DurlDg  tbc  freuub  RuTulutlon 
AmeilcaD  feeling  was  high  aod  bitter.  Man; 
public  speakera  end  wrileni  opeuly  advo- 
ralFd  InterveutloD  Lr  the  Uolted  States  la 
fa*or  of  the  one  side  or  the  other,  de- 
noBsced  th«  neulral  atlltude  of  tbe  Qur- 
eromeBt  ■■  cowanllf  and  UDsrateful,  and 
bcBpeil  Invectlfes  upon  f—   ■-•—'-'-•—-' — 


Encyclopedic  Index 

abjec 


The  tact  that  nurnr  o(  the  a 


trriy  I 


had  much  to  do  with  the  pasaage  ol  the 
alien  act.  Thla  law  anlhoiiied  the  Preal- 
dent  to  order  oat  of  thla  coontrf  all  auch 
aliens  aa  be  might  Jadge  tu  be  daajccrDaa 
to  the  peace  and  aafety  of  the  Unlled 
States  or  engagnl  In  plottliu;  against  them. 
Tbe  anlltlan  act  provided  beavr  flnes  and 
bspiliioument  tor  an;  nprwm  who  should 
eon^ie  to  oppose  tbe  United  Ststra  Oot- 
ernment  or  Inws.  or  who  should  print  or 
pabllah  an;  false  scnnduloiis  or  mnllclous 
writings  sgitnat  the  GoTemment,  ConirreHB, 
or  the  Presldpnt  Intendod  to  bring  dlsre- 
pate  or  hatred  npon  them  or  to  iiltr  np 
sednloD.  These  laws  were  r«)[arded  bj  the 
Repabllcan  party  of  Ibnt  day  as  unron- 
■tltnllounl  and  were  denoimced  by  tbe  Kpd- 
tnety  and  Vlrglolo  rrwilutlDiia  as  Kulivpnrive 
of  the  liberty  of  speech  and  the  pn-ss. 
Tlker  expired  In  1800  and  1801  respective- 
ly. (Bee  also  Kentucky  and  Virginia  Beso' 
tathNis.) 
AUn   Omtimct   Zaw,    ameDdment    of, 

recommended,  6348,  6455. 
Allm  lAboma  discossed,  0065. 
Ahmm.     (See   Naturalization.) 
Allant  in  TTiilt«d  SUtM  (see  also  Nat- 
oralised   Citizens) : 
Abdnction  of  foreifpieri  claimiDg  pro- 
tection of  United  States  sho^d  be 
made  a  crime,  2650, 
Allegiance    of,    to    QoTernment    dis- 
enssed  and  orders  regardiDg,  3318, 
Claims  of,  coort  to  tiy,  recommended, 

4191,  4243,  4297,  4360. 
Uabilit;  of,  to  perform  military  duty — 
Diseaaaed,  3381. 
Proclaimed,  3369. 
Number  of,  employed  in  Execntive 
Departments,  report  on,  transmit- 
ted, 610B. 
Offenses    against    treaty    ligMs    of, 
■honld    be    cognizable    in    Federal 
eooTts,  5618. 
Anatoaoa  (Oa.),  Battle  of. — In  Oie  hope 
at  diswins   Qen.   Bherman's  armr  out  of 
OeoTtla.   the   Confedetales,   80,000  strong 
under  Oen.   Ilood,   threatened   hla   railroad 
eemmnnlcallons   with    NaabvlUe.      Oct.   0, 
1M4,  a  dlTlBlan  of  Rood's  Infaalry  sppeared 
before  Alletoona  Pnan,   where  were  stored 
about    1,000,000   rations.      The    post   was 
held  by   CoU    Toiirteloite.    who   was   re-en- 
foreed  by  Oen.  Come,  thus  Increasing  the 
..'...  -01,844^ ' 

eniics'wirhdr 

prisonen.      C —    ._. —    — 

■hnsrif  wonnded.  Hood  eroasnl  the  Coosa 
Oct.  10,  and  Sherman's  army  followed  him 
to  GayfesTllle  by  way  of  Borne,  and  then 
retomed  to  Atlanta. 

—According  to  Slackatone,   al- 
"leaa  the  Ue  which  binds  the 


□  the  ■OTcrelgn  la  rctom  for  that 

1  which  tbe  ' —  *" — '-  ■"■- 

-- Natural  or 

that  obllgaliuD  which  — .. _,- 

tlon  of  which  he  la  a  natural-bom  dtlsen 
or  subject  so  Ions  as  be  reioBlne  such,  snd 
II  does  not  arise  tram  any  eiureiw  promlw. 
Express  allegiance  Is  that  obligation  which 
■rlsvB  from  uu  eipreased  osth  or  promlae. 
Local  allegiance  Is  that  obedience  and  tem 
porary  aid  due  by  sa  alien  to  the  State  o 
couiuinuilr  ' ■-'— "  -       •        ■      ■ 

nl«ldeuce. 

AllagUncfl,  Oath  of,  army  officers  di- 
rected to  sabscribe  anew,  3219. 

Allentown,  Pa.,  act  for  erection  of  pub- 
lie  building  at,  vetoed,  5243. 

AUlanca,  The,  firinc  npon,  by  Spanish 
Teasel  disavowed  by  Spain,  diseuaeed, 
6068. 

Allotment  of  Landg.     (See  Lands,  In- 

Almlranta    Oqjimio,    The,    menUoned, 

6317. 
AlBop  Oaw.— The  Alsop  case,  whlrh  was 
aettled  by  King  George  V  of  England,  as 
srbitrator,  was  a  dispute  with  the  Kepnbilc 
of  Chile  of  forty  years'  standing.  It  grew 
out  of  a  debt  incurred  by  a  Braslliao  to 
the  Unu  of  Alxup  A  Co.,  of  Valparaiso, 
a  chartered  Chlleuu  cuucern  wilh  American 
roemiieni.  In  Belltemeat  of  the  debt  the 
Brailllau  made  over  to  tbe  Chilean  firm 
ccrlalu  claims  from  Bolivia  lying  In  terri- 
tory which  was  afterward,  as  ■  result 
of  the  war  of  1870,  ceded  to  Chile.  In 
1009  Secretary  Knox  demanded  the  refer- 
ence of  (he  claim  to  Tbe  Hague,  but  Chile 
objected  to  this  unless  her  government  was 
allowed  to  use  the  amiuient  that  Alsop  A  ' 
Co.  bad  been  expreaaly  excluded  from  the 
rlgbts  of  American  nationals  by  the  Cbllean- 
AmerK'BD  Clalma  Tribunal  In  IDOO.  the 
Amerlciin  aoverompnt  having  Insisted  on 
this  eicluBlun.  Then  Sd-retary  Knox  Is. 
sunt  an  ultima  turn  demanding  reference 
of  tbe  case  to  The  HaKoe  or  payment  of  s 
million  duliara  to  tbe  Unlled  States.  Final, 
ly  OD  nlleruatlve  was  olfered  of  reference 
of  the  claim  to  King  Edward  as  arbitrator, 
and  Chile  was  ioducrd  to  accept  thla,  Dec. 
1,  1000.  Klug  lildwiird  died,  and  hla  son 
and  succesHor  on  July  10.  1810,  rendered 
bis  award  lu  the  Abwp  cliilm.  Il  asslcned 
£187,000  to  the  Aliwp  firm  In  full  setllc- 
uipDl,  sad  Chile  paid  this  amount  tbrongh 
the  United  Stalea  aovemment  Nov.  ik 
1010.  Tbe  origlnsl  amount  of  the  claim 
was  £GOO,000  with  Interest.  Tbe  award 
wos  received  with  aatlafactlon  In  the  United 
States. 
AlU    Tela    Island    (Santo    Domingo), 

claim  of  e!tizena  of  United  States  to 

guano   on,  3827, 
Altamaha  SiTer,  canal  from  Tenneiaee 

Hiver  to,  referred  to,  1027. 
Amaion  Blver.    (See  also  Braza  Phyl- 
enl  PealurfB.) 

Explorations  of,  by  officers  of  Navy, 
271E,   E7E4,   E762,  4449. 
Appropriation    for,    recommended, 
4201. 

Free  navigation  of,  desired,  2744. 
Attempts   to  Secure,   unBueceBsful, 
S813. 

Opened  to  eommerca,  8774. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Ambassador        Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


AmbUSAdOT. — This  term  was  long  errone- 
onslr  naei  In  reCerence  to  oar  envars  to 
(orelKD  countries.  The  United  Stites  did 
oot  DP  point  diplomatic  representatives  of 
higher  rank  tbuii  envoy  or  mlalater  UDtll 
the  Tcttr  1»03.  wben  li;  act  oC  March  3  of 
that  year  the  hittlivr  grade  nne  establlsbed. 
"■'• ".   Bajftcd  was  raised  to  tbe  rank 


duly    1 


credits  a    to    - 


Heilco,  Japan,  TutlicT,  Brail  I.  and  Aus- 
trla-Uungnry  (58T4,  0335)  and  receive  snl- 
■rlea  of  (IT.SOO  per  annum.  In  aacleot 
tlmeH  HmbaBsadora  were  sppolnted  on  spe- 
cial occnslona.  MedliEvil  republics,  I^e 
Venice,  both  received  and  sent  ambaaaadora. 


B  (see  also  MinUters); 
Elevation  of  misBiong  of — 

Oiettt   Britain,  France,  Italy,   and 
Qermany  to  grade  of,  and  lilce 
action  of  United  States,  5874. 
Bnsaia  to  grade  of,  aad  lilie  action 
of  United  States,  633G. 
Announced,  SS74. 
Official  residenceB  for,  recommended, 
6072,  6155. 
Amalla    Island.— A    small    Island    off    the 
Doriueast  coast  of  Florida,  between  tbe  gt. 
Hary's  aod  Naaaan  riveia.     During  Spnla's 
nominal    occupalloa    of    Florida    It    became 
the    rendeirous   of    pirates,    HmuBKlera.    fn- 
Kitlve  slaves  and  other  outlaws.     'Theae  not 
only  preyed  upon  the  commerce  of  friendly 
nations,    but   eitended  Ibelr  oneratlous   In- 
land. robtilnE  and  murderlaic  American  set- 
tlers   In    GeorEia    aod     Florida,       General 
Matthews    with    a    smaii    force,    Id    March, 
1B\'2,  took  poaaeaslon  of  the  country  under 
a  misinterprets  Hon  of  hia  orders  to  protect 
American    property    In    I^lnst    Florida,    and 
l-reaideot   Monroe  promptly  disavowed   the 
set    aa    unfriendly    to    Spain,    with    which 
country  negotiations  were  at  the  time  un- 

bv     General      McGreeor     In      Philadelphia. 
ThoM   ■!■(    up    an    inOcpendent   uoveniment 
ned     rpcORultlon    by    the    United 


States 


recORultl 
t   It    MT 


They 


gllnir,  and  were  DnallT  suppressed  by  the 
United  BCatea  forcen.  The  Mnod  cnme  into 
poEsesaloQ  of  (be  United  Stales  with  the 
cession  ol  Florida.  The  Island  and  Its  In- 
habitants were  a  source  of  BcYlous  annoy- 
ance to  Monroe,  and  formed  the  subject  of 


Amelia  Island. — A  coast  isIiiDd,  N.  B. 
of  Florida,  between  St.  Mary's  and 
NassEin  rivers. 
Colonial  govemmentH  not  responsible 
for  nnlawful  conduct  of  persons  in, 
601. 
OoveToor  Uitcliell  ordered  to  restore, 
to  the  Spanish,  493. 


Poss 


a  of— 


Inquired  into,  620. 
Tabeta  by  Oen.  Ttfatthevrs,  4S2. 
Unlawful    expeditions    to,    d  is  cussed, 
ESZ,  590,  592,  601,  609,  620. 

— One  of  the  chief  defects  of 


t  of  the  thirteen  States. 
Three  needmi  changes  having  failed  of 
ratiocation,  a  conveatlon  was  cAled  In  1T8T 


deliberations  of  this .. , 

ent  Constitution,  which  provides  for 
amendments  In  the  following  words:  "The 
Congress,  whenever  two- thirds  of  bo  til 
Houses  shall  deem  it  necessary,  shall  pro- 
pose amendments  to  this  Constitution,  or. 
on  tbe  application  of  the  legislatures  of 
two-thirds  of  the  several  Stales,   shall  call 


inten 

of  three-fourihs  of' The  several^  8tateB~o"r  "by 
conventions  In  three-fourths  thereof,  as  the 
one  or  the  other  mode  of  ratlBcatlon  mar 
be   proposed    by    tha    CoDgresa ;   provided. 

Many  amendments  to  the  Constitution 
have  been  proposed,  but  only  seventeen 
have  been  ratmcd.  They  relate  to  |I> 
freedom  of  speech,  the  press,  and  religion ; 


quartering  of  troops  In  private  houses:  <4) 
-jrlty  aealDSt  unreasonable  search  and 
iure:_(6)    capital    crime;    (Q)     criminal 


prosecutions;  (7)  trial  by  Jury  under  com- 
mon law;  (Bl  forbidding  eicesalve  ball  or 
Does  and  cruei  sod  unusual  punlsliment ; 
(8J  relation  of  constitutional  to  natural 
rlEhts;  {10)  powers  reserved  to  the  SUtes : 
(111  suits  of  non-residents  against  States 
In  Federal  courts;  (IZ)  election  of  Presi- 
dent and  Vice-President ;  (131  slavery;  (14 
and  IS)  abridgment  of  the  fraocblse,  et&. 
by  States;  (16)  taxes  on  Incomes;  (17) 
election  of  senator  by  direct  vote. 

The  first  ten  of  these  amendments  were 
submitted  to  the  several  State  legislatures 
by  a  resolution  of  Congress  which  passed  on 
Sept.  25,  1TS9,  at  tbe  first  session  of  the 
First  Congress,   and  were  ratlfled  by  a  suf- 

— '—  — '—  of  e— " "-- 

dared  odopted  Jat 
Sept.  ""  '-•'  ■  ■ 
ISSs: 

25,  1B13;  the  BeventeentbTMa'j 'Il"'iil3r"" 
Amendment,  Oonstttutlonal: 

Proposed  by  Johnson,  3S40,  3889. 
By  Taft,  7390,  7301. 
America. — The  entire  Western  Continent 
or  grand  division  of  the  world,  Including 
North.  Central,  and  South  America  and  the 
BdJecenC  Islands.  It  was  named  Id  honor 
"'     '-aerlgo    Vespucci,    on    early    explorer^ 


:  the  stiteeDth    Feb. 


discoveries,  but  It  war*  uul  uuui  aiLtfr  KB 
discovery  by  Columbus  in  1492  that  It  be- 
came generally  known  to  Kuropeans.  In  a 
treatise  on  the  new  country  published  In 
I50T.  railed  Cosmoi;mphl&  Introductio,  bj 
Waldseemflller,  a  leacher  of  geography  In 
the  college  of  St.  Die  In  the  Vasgea,  the 
name  or  American  was  proposed.  (8e4 
North    America    and    Soath    America.) 

America,  Four  Humdredtli  AnnlvarMtry 

of  DUcOT«r7  of: 
Celebration  of.    (See  Madrid,  Spain; 

World's  Columbian  Exposition.) 
Observance  of,  enjoined  by  proclanur 

tion,  5724. 
AmerlcaD  ConUnentalfl.-'Unlfonaed  pa- 
triotic corps  composed  of  descendants  of 
oOlcers  and  soldiers  of  the  Wsr  of  the 
Revniatlon.  The  staff  headquarters  and 
ofBces  of  thd  Adjutant  are  Drezel  Balldtng. 
Wall  and  Broad  Streets,  New  York. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Eneyclopedie  Index 


AmMican 


*mi*m»  ohim  of  Boon.— Tbil  iife-MT- 
Ins  otdcr  wma  orsanlEed  A.  D.  1898,  and  la 
coBpoMd  of  pcrtoiu  DiKin  whom  the  United 
StatM  Oovctmnent  hal  conferred  the  llf«- 
BTtag  medal  ol  honor.  Utj  1,  1606,  Con- 
neaa  Incorporated  the  order,  — ••  •'■-  '-' 


Etfahlp    I 


r  annuai   dues  are  collected 


°& 


TTlce  In  tovlng  lite  and 

,  also,  haa  received  the  medal  of  honor 

of  the  United  Statea  OoremmeDt. 


.  nsg  Assodation. — OrKanlted 
rtb.  IT,  1898,  Its  motto  being,  "One  Flit, 
Om  Coontry,  God  oTer  alL"  Ita  object 
U  to  aecare  National  and  Slate  leglilnUoiL 
for  thB  protection  of  the  flag  from  degrad- 
las  and  deaecratlng  Dies,  and  to  secure  a 
general  obaerraace  of  Jane  14  ae  ■■Flag 
D«j,"  becaoie  on  that  day  In  1777  Congreaa 
adonted  the  United  States  fias.  The  AsBO- 
etallan  Is  compiled  of  ladlrldaal  membera 
and  alao  the  members  of  the  Flog  Com- 
mitter of  p«triatlc  aoclellea  for  the  pamn» 
of  foateiing  pnbltc  aentlment  In  tan 


Amazlcui  Xa^on.  —  An  organtcaUon 
formed  In  ISIS  to  enroll  the  namea  of 
dtliena  ot  the  United  States  qua  1111  ed 
either  by  prevlona  military  or  technical 
•xperlencs  who  eipreaa  tbeir  wHllngneaa 
to  itapond  In  caae  the  goTemmect  abould 
at  any  tlm*  need  their  aervlcea.  The  mem- 
berahlp  conalata  of  men  ot  experience  Is 
Qie  uny,  navy  or  marine  corps  or  In  the 
Nation^  <]naM  or  naral  nllltla  of  any 
lUte;  men  eapedally  trained  In  any  of 
the  nnaerona  Tocatlana  drawn  npon  to 
Meet  th«  conditions  of  modera  warfare, 
inch  as  STlatlon,  n«Tlgatlon.  operation  of 
motDr  ors  or  cycle*,  and  trades  In  which 
technical  and  sillied  mannal  labor  la  em- 
ployed :  also  those  trained  In  anrgery.  medi- 
chw  and  nnrstng.  The  form  ot  application 
tarries  nbont  seventy  snch  vocations.  The 
does  arc  85  cents  per  year,  and  members 
•rs  entitled  to  wear  a  button  conalstlng 
ot  a  bin*  star  In  a  white  Deld  aurronnded 
by  ft  Kd  ctreio. 

Jaanictll  Part7.— Trom  tli«  beginning  ot 
the  nrenuMnt,  moremenla  against  alien* 
ban  bMn  ammon.  In  New  York  City,  a 
eentcr  of  foreign  popalatloD,  thli  anbject 
bad,  ttom  time  to  time,  been  agiuted,  and 
after  a  period  ot  sacctas  In  1844,  It  had 
again  innk  ont  ot  view.  Abont  18S2,  when 
the  Whig  Party  was  breaking  aannder,  a 
secret,  oath-bonnd  organisation,  said  to  haTe 
been  called  "The  Sous  of  '76,^  or  "The  Or- 
der of  tbe  Btar-Spangled  Banner,"  was 
fonned.  Those  ot  ita  niembera  that  bad 
Dot  been  admitted  to  the  lileher  degrees 
were  kept  In  Ignorance  of  the  alma  and 
Bans  ot  the  ornnliatlon,  and  their  constant 
answer  of  "I  don't  know"  to  qnestlona  re- 
nrding  the  society  aave  them  the  title  ot 
"Snow-Nothlnn."  All  meetlnga  of  the  par- 
ty were  aeeret.  It  carefolly  aroided  tbe 
Bobject  ot  alaTery,  and  attempted  to  draw 
the  Totcra  tbat  were  tired  ot  atcltaHon  on 
tbat  aaWect  by  ecmflBlng  Itaalt  to  Tlgorona 


opposition  to  Catbidle*  and  alleni.  It*  prtn- 
dple  was  "Americana  must  rule  America." 

The  Qrst  national  convention  of  the  party 
met  In  February,  1856.  It  favored  more 
stringent  naturallsatioa  laws;  opposed  for- 
eign Immigration  auBrage  and  oOce-holdlng 
by  tarelgn-born  dtlsens ;  opposed  tbe  with* 
drawal  ot  the  Bible  from  the  public  schools. 
Ulllard  Elllmore,  ol  New  York,  was  nomi- 
nated for  President  and  Andrew  JaAson 
DonelBon  for  Vice-President.  Theae  nomi- 
nations were  endorsed  by  a  Whig  coDven- 
tlon  in  September.  FlUmore  carried  bnt 
one  atate,  Maryland,  while  hla  total  popo* 
lar  vote  was  abont  8B0.000. 

In  1860  Presidential  candidate*  wero 
again  nominated,  but  auder  auotber  name. 
(Sea  CoiMtKuJIoHal  Pn(oii  Purtji.)  After 
FIllmore'B  defeat,  the  party  in  18ST  carried 
the  State  elections  In  Bbode  Island  and 
Uaryland.  and  In  18G9  It  was  Btlll  represent- 
ed by  a  few  members  In  Congreas.  [Sm 
Anti-Uasonlo  Party.) 

The  second  party  ot  tbla  name  wai  found- 
ed on  opt>oaltlaD  to  secret  societies,  anllka 
the  first,  which  bad  Itself  been  such  a  so- 
ciety. The  name  was  adopted  by  the  mem- 
bers ot  the  Matlona)  Chriatlaa  AModatloa 
when  tbat  body  began  In  polities.  Ita  plat- 
form demanded  prohibition  ot  the  sale  ot 
liquor,  recognition  of  the  Sabbath,  tile  with- 
-* '    ~'    •*■"   charters  ot  secret   Bocletlea 


IPKlslatlve  prohibition  ot  their  oaths,  a 
'"'u  of  International' diapntes.  tba  lb* 
ot   the   Bible   Into   acbools,   tbe 


burst  Ion  of  L 


ematlonal'  diapntes.  tba  li 
„    .he   Bible   Into   sc"— '-    *' 

of  land  monopolies,   i 

of  apecle  payments,  Justice  to  the  Indiana 
and  a  direct  popular  vote  for  Prealdeut  end 
Vlce-Prealdeot  James  B.  Walker,  of  1111- 
nolB,  was  nominated  for  President  and 
D.  Klrkpatrlck  for  TlcB-Presldent.  In  1880 
nominations  were  again  made;  In  1884  tba 
nominee,  B.  C.  Pomeroy,  witbdrew  In  favor 
of  St.  John,  the  Problbltlon  candidate,  on 
hlfl  aaaurance  that  he  "stood  on  every  plank 
of  the  American  platform." 

A  third  American  party  was  organised  by 
a  convention  held  In  Philadelphia.  Beni 
le-lT,  1887.  Its  platform  declares  the 
"present  system  of  Immigration  and  nato- 
rallutlon  of  forelgnera  detrimental  to  tbe 
welfare  of  the  United  States ;  demand* 
amendment  ot  the  naturallsatioa  laws  so 
as  to  make  fourteen  years'  reddence  a 
prerequisite  to  citlsenahlp;  eicIndeB  tvom 
citizenship  all  anarehlats,  socialists,  and 
other  danjterouB  characters ;  condemns  alien 
proprietotahlp  In  land ;  grant*  ot  land  to 
corporations ;  reasserts  American  principle* 
of   absolute   freedom   ot   r*""" ■"'" 


American  Uerdiaiit  Hailna,  need  foi, 

7674. 
American  National  Bed  Oross.     (See 

Bed  GroM,  American  National.) 
American  Peace  Society.— l^BOobal  Head- 
qoattera,  Colorado  Building,  Waahington, 
n.  C.  Organised  In  New  York  City,  May 
8,  1828,  and  formed  by  the  merging  ot 
many  etate  and  local  societies,  the  oldest 
ot  which,  the  New  York,  dated  back  to 
181B.  I.->cnted  In  Boston  from  183T  to 
1011.  Moved  headquarters  to  Washington, 
D.  C,  Hay  1,  ISll. 

American  ProtectlTa  AnodatloiL— While 
disclaiming  to  be  a  political  party,  thi* 
aaaodatlon,  popularly  known  a*  the  A.  P. 
A.,  bsB  loQuenced  resultB  In  maiiy  localities, 
Ita  principles,  aa  set  forth  In  a  plattorm 
adopted  at  Dea  Uolnea,  Iowa,  In  1804,  are 
(1)    protection  ot  our  Doaasctariai)  fie* 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


AmnlcBa  FretactlTa  Amol — Oo»r4. 


^  property  to  be —  — _..__  ^„,- 

pows:  (3)  preierTlDg  and  malDtalolu  the 
ConBtltotlon  and  GoTernuient  of  the  Inilted 
State! :  (4)  reatrlctlon  al  iDUDlgratloii.  aod 
(G)  eiteDiloD  or  time  teqalred  for  natural- 
Itatlon.     Tbe  aaaoclatlon  wbb  orBanlaed  In 
188T,   and  aooQ   had   well-attended  eounclla 
Id  naul7  cvarj  State  of  the  Union. 
Amailcaa  Bridles,  Bniwn  of  tlu  In- 
tonifttioital  Union  of.    (See  also  Pan- 
American  Union,  International  Ainer- 
ieui  Conferonee.) 
American  Sopnisllei,  Bnr«an  of: 
Buildings  of,  6S24. 
BnlletinB  of,  transmitted,  6678,  G78' 
Discussed,  6338,  6349,  63S1,  6436. 


Collection  by  goTenunents  of  debts 
dne  their  citizens,  from  other  conn- 
tries,  hy  force  of  arms,  referred  Ut 
The  Hague  Tribunal  by,  7061. 
Conference  at  Bio  Janeiro,  visited  br 
Seeretary  of  State  Boot,  7058. 
Amoilcaa  S«atnni.  (See  Seamen,  Amer- 
ican.) 
Amoricaa  Sodety  of  MacTianlcal  En- 
glnMn,    memorial    of,    relating    to 
Ericsson  transmitted,  556G. 
Anwrlcan  Byrtmi- — tn  hla  annnal  meaaage, 
December,   1848,  Prealdent   Polk  dlscuued 
what  Its  aothora  and  advocetea  called  the 
"AmeilcsQ   lyBtem"    (2604).     Be   luslated 
that  thlB  ao-cslled  aratem  was  fonnded  on 
a  departure  from  the  earliest  policy  of  the 
Oovernment ;    that   It   depended    on   an   en- 
larfement   of   the   powers   of   the   Federal 
OOTenmuot    bj   conatractlon   and  was  Dot 
warranted  by  a  Jnit  Interpretation  of  the 
ConitttotlOD.     One  brancb  of  the  new  sya- 
tem.  It  was  claimed,  was  the  esCabllBhme 
of  a  larse  national  br  ' 
was  •  hlgb  protectlv 

raise  the  revenne  neei___. , 

merely ;  the  next  was  a  comprebenslre 
■cbeme  of  Internal  ImproTements,  sad  final- 
ly a  plan  lor  the  dIfltrlbuCloa  of  the  pro- 
ceeds of  the  aatei  of  the  public  tanda  amoni 
(he  States,  But  the  term  "AmerlcaD  syB- 
tem,"  as  mast  generally  nnderatood,  Is  used 
to  denote  the  policy  of  protection  to  home 
IndustrleB  by  meuB  of  high  duties  on  Im- 

Krts.  Tbe  term  was  probably  first  used 
Henry  Clay  In  the  debates  which  pre- 
ceded the  euBctmeDt  of  the  tarlft  law  of 
1BS4.  When  be  called  his  plan  of  protectlTe 
duties     and     internal     ImproTcmentB     the 


Amoiicau  Wood  Freserrlng  Co.,  purcliase 
of  machinery  from,  referred  to,  4676. 
AnMtliULnlBiii,  President  Boosevelt  de- 
fines, 6016. 
Amoiicuu  In  Ennpe: 
Board  of  relief  established  for,  7962. 
Belief,  protection  and  transportation 
home  of,  7961. 
AmtataA   Cue,— The  case   of  the  United 
States  against  tbe  Spanish  veBsel,  Amiitad. 
A   caito  of  kidnapped  Africans   who  had 
been  landed  near  Havana,  Cuba,  by  a  Portu- 
gotsc  slaTer,  was  shortly  afterwards  placed 


aboard  tb«  Spanisb  Tessel  AmMoJ  for  sup- 
ment  to  Puerto  PHncl);ie.  On  tbe  Toyage 
the  negroes  took  poaaeaston  of  the  vessel 
and  ordered  the  crew  to  tetum  to  Africa ; 
but  the  sailors  brought  her  Into  American 
waters,  where,  oft  the  coast  of  Long  Island; 
she  was  captared  by  a  United  States  war 
Tesael  Bnd  carried  into  New  London,  Conn., 
~~,  1838.     On  a  libel  for  anlvage  tbe 


Supreme  Conrt  of  tbe  United  States  held  oi 

1  .1...   ..i.- ^  having  been  kid 

country,   were  free 


appeal  that  the  negroes,  having  been  kld- 

-*   ' forelgD  country,   were  free 

- '  by  treatlea  with  Spain. 


napped  from  ■ 
men,  and  not  boa 
Amlfd,  Tbe: 

Appropriations  for  claimants  in  case 
of,  recommended,  2401,  2742,  2977, 
3042,  8092. 
Claims  arising  ont  of,  S634,  S720. 
Negroea  taken  on  board,  referred  to, 

1856. 
Beferenee  to,  2128,  3172. 
Beleaw    of,    demanded    by    Spanish 
minister,  IBOS, 
Anunnnltloii.    (Bee  Arms  and  Ammnni- 

AmnestT. — An  set  ol  pardon  for  political 
olfenses.  The  effect  of  It  is  that  the  crimes 
and  offenaea  agalnat  tbe  State  specified  in 
the  act  are  so  obliterated  that  they  can 
never  again  be  charged  against  the  gnllty 
parties.  When  amnesty  Is  procUlmed  with- 
out restrlGtlon  as  to  peraona-  or  localities  It 
is  called  absolute.  Numerous  inatsnces  of 
qoBllfled  amnesty  are  toand  In  ancient  and 
modern  blatoTy.  When  Thrasybulua  over- 
tbrew  the  oligarchy  at  Atbena  he  proclaimed 
an  arauesty.  excepting  thirty  tyrants  and  a 
few  of  their  followers.  President  Lincoln's 
first  amnesty  proelsmitlon  excepted  all  oOl- 
cers  or  agents  of  the  Confederate  gorem- 
ment,  all  army  offlcers  above  tbe  rank  of 
colonel,   all    naval    ofllcers    above    tbe    rank 

of  lieutenant,  all  p ..—  .^-   

Ice  of  the  United 

tbe  Inanrrectlon,  a: 

signed  from  tbe  mllltsrv  or  naval  service  and 
afterwards  participated  In  rcbelllan ;  also  all 
those  wbo  had  treated  colored  persona  or 
those  In  cbarge  of  them  otherwise  than  as 
prisoners  of  war  (3414).  Dec.  2S,  1808. 
President  Johnson  proclaimed  abaolnte  am- 
nesty  (SaOB). 

Amneity  (see  also  Pardons) : 
Froelamati  on  of  PresidentLineoln,3  414. 
Diieussed,  33S0,  3465. 
Persona  entitled  to  benefits  of,  de- 
fined, 3419. 
Beferred  to,  3508. 
Proclamation  of  President  Boosevelt, 

6718. 
Proclamations  of  President  Johnson, 
3508,  3745,   3853,  3906- 
Anthoritf  for,  diacussed,  389S. 
Circular  regarding,  9539. 
Persons  worth  more  than  $20,000  to 
whcm  special  pardons  issned,  re- 
ferred to,  3S83. 
Beferred  to,  3659,  3669,  3722,  8779. 
Be  commendations  of  President  Qrant 
regarding,  4107,  4209. 
Amphlon,  E.  B,  M,  8.,  protects  Amer- 
ican interests,  6809. 
AmpUtrlt^  Tlu,  mentioned,  6318. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Amtndan,  ITctbMlasdi: 
Aceonnta  of  b«itken  of  United  Btfttea 

in,  lendeTed,   113. 
Lo&n  contTftcted  witb,  120. 


AwtoU*  Ocdlaga  (Manovan,  Turkey), 
partial  deetmctionof  by  mob,  and  in- 
demnity paid  for,  diseuued,  GS72. 
i,  note  on  sinkitig  of,  8117. 

&  nential,  •ntonomoni  and  leml- 
t  ttate  on  tbe  frontlei  of  Franca 
and  Spain  In  tlie  Butcrn  Pyrenaet.  Area 
176  Bn^lah  aqnue  miles.  Population  6,000. 
il  dii4  People.— The  Btate  Is  dh 


, ^..     _1   Franco  and 

_, &  Bishop  Of  TJrgel.      Tbe  Andor- 

nas  are  all  Boman  Catbollcs.  The  peo- 
ple are  Tlrila  and  Independent,  eonsed 
BatDly  In  paateral  pnranlCa  and  airlcnllure. 
Ftance  liaa  aneed  to  extend  a  branch  line 
of  railwar  (from  Toolouse  to  Ai).  from 
Al  aonthwarda  to  Andorra  Vicllla,  and 
Spain  to  coDtlnoa  the  Barcelona-Blpoll  line 
to  AnOorra  Tldlla.  which  would  tbos  be- 
come m.  atatlini  on  a  Toolotue-Bareelona 
Uoe  across  the  PTNnees.  Tbe  central  sot- 
cfnmeat  Is  administered  b;  a  Qeneral  Conn- 
dl  ot  twentr-fonr  member*  (Conr  from 
each  eommnne),  the  tieentlTe  power  re- 
■tdtnc  In  the  Syndic  and  TIce-Snidle  of  tbe 
Coondl.  The  Prencb  Repnbtlc  ( through 
the  priettt  at  the  Eastern  Pyrenees  |  and 
the  Blanop  of  Drael  receire  a  tribute  of 
•60  fr.  and  460  ^r.  respectively,  Erery 
alienate  year  two  delegatea  Tlslt  the  priftt 
et  the  Eaatera  Pyrenees  to  pay  •'le  tribute 
and  renew  the  bond  of  fidelity.  The  capital 
is  Afidorm  TlcUla.  population  000. 
aiiiiiw.1  IndnstTF,  Bnnan  of.— Tbe  Bn- 
rean  of  Animal  Industry  ot  tbe  DepaKmeat 
ot  Asrlcaltnre  has  charge  ot  the  work  re- 
lating to  live  stock.  In  general  It  deal* 
with  the  Inreatlgatlon,  control  and  eradica- 
tion of  diseases  of  animals,  the  Inspection 
and  quanntlne  ot  live  stock,  tbe  Inspection 
ot  meat  and  meat-food  products,  and  with 
animal  hnabandry  and  dairying.  It  InveaU- 
galM  the  existence  ot  communicable  dls- 
easea  In  live  stock,  makes  original  aclentlflc 
Invsatlgatlona  as  to  the  nature,  cause  and 
prevention  of  anch  diseasss,  and  takes  meas- 
nrea  for  their  repression  and  eradication. 

The  Animal  Husbendry  Division  gathers 

iiifr.Fipatlon  and  mnhea  studies  aod  eioeri- 

s  concerning  tbe  breedlog  and  fi 


them  free  of  chsrge 

to  health  oOeer*.  The  Dairy  Dlvtslon 
makaa  tnveatliatlons  as  to  the  manafactarea 
of  bottar  and  cheese,  iDClndlog  Buropean 
vsrietica  of  cheese,  aa  well  as  the  sanftary 
handUns  of  milk  supplies.  The  Heat  In- 
spection Division  Includes  the  ante-mortem 
and  pMt-mortem  Inapectlon  of  cattle,  abeep, 
■wine  and  coats  alaughtered  for  food.  A  re- 
port Issnea  l>y  speclallata  In  191D  QnilB  that 
''tbe  methods  Uild  dawn  In  the  regulations 
sre  solBcleDt  tor  Insarlng  wholesome  meats 
and  for  the  protection  of  the  public  health. 
Thess  resnlatlona  are  honestly  aod  elB- 
dmtly  carried  out."  A  live  stock  experiment 
rtatfi^  ja  ipplntalned  at  Bethesda,  Hd. 


Appropriation  for,  £887,  6979. 

Inspector  and  assistant  inspector  i% 
recommendation  that  diplomas  and 
ezuainationB  be  required  of  appli- 
cants for,  6887. 

Eeport  of,  8734,  6857. 

(See  also  Agricnlture,  Department  of.) 
^tiimftiff  ajid.  An^imtl  frodncta.  (See 
also  AxricuItQral  Product!.) 

Conunisefon  appointed  to  report  on 
nnhealthfnlness  of,  diBctused  and 
recotnmendationB  regarding,  4793. 


S383,  S764,  SSS7. 
Exportation  of,  disciuaed,  4578,  E554, 

S7S3,  SSB7,  S978. 
Importation  of,  into  United  Btatea^ 
DiecuBBed,  5887. 
XiawB  prohibiting,  in  certain  tamet 

recomniended,  5197. 
Proclamation  removing  prohibition 
on,  e02G. 
Preserves  for  native  animals,  recom- 
mended, 6911. 
BestrictionB  upon  importation  ot,  in- 
to foreign  eonntriea^ 
Austria,   4916. 
Belgium,  6956,  6326. 
France,   4693,    4768,   478»,   4916, 

5194,  6545. 
Oormany,  47S8,  4789,  4910,  S957, 

6061,  6330. 
Great  Britain,  4919,  6764,  6178. 
Correspondence  regarding,  referred 

to,  4979. 
Decree!  of— 
France  remrding,  6517. 
Germauj,  France,  Belgiiun,  and 
Denmark  regarding,  6100. 
Diecnsaed,  4947,  5664,  6641. 
Bemoved,  G616,  6641,  5763. 
Awnalrt  of  OongTOS!,— A  record  ot  the  de- 
bates  and    proceedings   of    Congress   from 
tbe  commencement  of  tbe  First  Cohgresa, 
March  4,  1T80,  to  tbe  doae  of  the  first  ses- 
sion of  the  Eighteenth  Coogmu,   Hay  £7, 
1824.    Tbe  Annala  also  contain  many  valu- 
able State  papers,  public  documents,  laws, 
and    mcch   corteipondence.      (See    Congros- 
Bionsl  Qlobe  ;  CocgresMonsl  Bccord  ;  Begta- 
ter  of  Debates.) 
Annapolifl,  Hd.: 
Act  for  erection  of  public  building 
at,    reasons    for    applying  pocket 
veto  to,  607L 
Naval    Academy    aL      (See    Navnl 
Academy.) 
Aimoxatloti.-~Arter   the   adoption   ot  the 
Federal  ConatltDtion  tbe  Individual   states 
ceded  to   the   Dnlted    States   all   territory 
west  of  tbe  lines  they  established  bh  tbdr 
western  bonndarlea.      In   tbe  original  char- 
ten  this  territory  extended  nominally  to  the 
P&clllc  Ocean,   but  nallv  only  to  the  Mis- 
sissippi  River,   for   Louisiana   and   Florida 
were  %panlah  poaaeaalonB.      In  1800  Lonld- 
ana  was  retroceded  by  Spain  to  France,  and 


jyGooi^lc 


Messages  and  Fafns  of  the  Presidtnts 


AmuxaMon—CiMUiniei. 
■  wai  imutrpd   br   the   United   States  f 
thp   IntltT  April  no,    IBIU,    br  p^juien' 
tl5.nno.000.       Tbe    tcrrUorr    pmbrnccd 

of  Ihe  MISRlsHlpni  RIvtT,  tORether  -'-^  ' 


ndjac 


dlBlrlct    I 


nf  kaii»D8.  all  oi 

Tprrllory.  pari  of  Colomdo,  moat  or  njo- 
tnlng.  and  Ibe  whole  of  Moataua,  and  coa- 
talned  1,171. H31  snnnre  mlleH.  Feb.  22, 
181U.  Florida  was  c^ed  to  tbe  United  States 
br  Bpnla  ror  (5,000.000.  Texas  vrhlcb  had 
for  nine  rears  cilsted  as  an  Independent 
Bepublle,  was  added  la  the  Dulted  Slates 
■R  a  Stale  Dee.  29.  1S4S.  As  a  result  o( 
tbe  MrTlran  War  and  the  pnTment  of  tl8,- 
250,000  lo  Meileo  and  f  lO.OOO.OOO  to  Texas, 
territory  Including  what  arc  now  Calltornla 
■Dd  tllnh  and  portions  of  New  Meileo,  Ne- 
Tada,  Arlionfl,  Wfomlng  nad  Colorado  was 
added,  and  later  the  soutbern  pnrt  of  Arl- 
■ooa  and  14pw  Moiico  were  by  the  Gndaden 
Treaty  nurchaaed  from  Meileo.  Alaaka  was 
■cniilred  Id  1867  by  piircbasa,  tbe  price 
being  17.200.000,  and  Bawall  In  1808  by 
treaty.  By  the  Treat;  of  Paris,  between 
tbe  United  Slates  and  Spain  at  tbe  elose  of 
the  Rpanlnh-Amerlcan  Wnr,  nee,  10,  1898, 
tbe  Philippine  lalands ;  (iunm,  ot  tbe  I.a- 
drone  iiifands.  Puerto  BIco,  spd  tbe  Isle 
of  I'inps  were  reded  lo  the  Uolted  Slatea. 
Tiitulla.  Tau.  Onexlnga  and  Ota,  of  tbe 
Samnan  croup,  were  acqiilred  In  1890  by 
trealy  wllh  fireat  Britain  and  Germany. 
Wake  and  other  small  Islnnds  In  tbe  Paclflc 
were  taken  In  1899.  The  Panama  Tanal  Zone 
(see  Panama  Canal>  was  acquired  In  1903. 
Annnftl  Addresaes  of  Prpnident — 

Adams,  John,  240,   261,  279,  295. 

■Washington,  57,  73,  95,  117,  130,  154, 
174,  191. 

Wilson,  8286. 
Anniud  Ueasagea  of  President — 

Adams,  John    (addresses),   240,   261, 
279,   295. 

Adami,  J.  Q.,  865,  flI6,  944,  973. 

Arthur,  4624,  4713,  4757,  4822. 

Bnehanan,  2967,  3028.  3083,  3157. 

Cleveland,    4909,    5092,    6165,    5358, 
5G6fl,  5955,  6058,  6146. 

Fillmore,  2613,  2649,  2699. 

Grant,   3981,  4050,  4096,   4138,  4189, 
423S,  428S,  4353. 

Harrison,    Benj.,    5467,    5542,    5810, 
5741. 

Hayea,  4410,  4444,  4509,  4553. 

Jackson,     1005,     1063,     1107,     1154, 
1238,   1316,    1366,   1455. 

Jefferson,  314,  330,  345,  357,  370,  393, 
413,   439. 

Johnson,  3551,  3643,  3756,  3870. 

Lineoln,  3245,  3327,  3380,  3444. 

MeKinlpy,  6251.  6307,  6356,  6416. 

Madison.  458,  467,  476,  499,  519,  532, 
547,  558. 

Uonroe,  580,  608,  623,  642,  667,  754, 
776,  817. 

Pierce,  2740,  2806.  2860,  2B30. 

Polk,  2235,  2321,  2382,  247«. 

EonsBvelt,  6641,  6709, 6784, 6894,  6973, 
7023,  7070,  7198. 

Taf  t,  7409,  7492,  7644,  7766. 


Taylor,  2547. 

Tyler,  1927,  2047,  2110,  2187. 

Van  Buren,  1590,  1700,  1746,  1819. 

Washington  (addresses),  S7,  73,  96, 
117,  130,  LM,  174,  191. 

Wilson  (addresses),  7006,  801S,  8102. 
Antarctic  Beglonfl. — Lands  discoTered 
within  Antarctic  regions  are  almost  every- 
where InaeeeBBlble.  Recent  eiploratlona 
bare  determined  the  chajactcr  ot  the  polar 
region  as  an  elevated  land-mass  ot  contl- 
□ental  proportions,  containing  beds  of  coal 


from  Arrtic  Ocean  are  carried  south  as  far 
as  tbe  40th  parallel,  bergs  and  floes  from 
Antarctic  are  found,  even  in  sammer.  10 
or  IS  degrees  nearer  the  equalor.  in  tbe 
warmest  part  of  midsummer  tbe  tempera- 
ture la  pracllcally  al  freezing  point.  Tbe 
entire  region  la  within  the  snow  line. 

fzptoraltORt— Cook  (IT72I  reached  lat. 
71*  10"  a.;  Weddeil  (18Z3I  lat.  74°  8.: 
Ross  (1841-42)  lat.  78'  10'  S. ;  sighted  a 
land  wltb  mounluln  ranges  7.000  to  15,000 
feet  hlEti :  traced  coast  from  T2d  parillel 
800  mfies  8.  and  W. :  named  It  flcloria 
I.and :  on  It  ohserred  an  active  volcano. 
ML  i^T^bua  (13.300  teet>.  A  Belgian  ex- 
pedition. De  GerlBcbe  commandant  (I899I, 
rearbed  lat.  71'  3U'  O".  Borrbgrevlnk 
(1808-1000)  reached  lat.  78'  34';  Bcott 
(190*^1  lat.  82*  IT':  ShackleCon  (19001  lat. 
88*  23',  pipedltlon  located  8.  Magnetic  Pole 
at  72°  2B'  8.  105-  16'  E.  Amundsen  dis- 
covered   the  south   pole   In   1012. 

Antbraclts  Oool  Strike  Commialon,  re- 
ferred to,  6737. 
Antl-FederallBta.— A  political  party  which 
opposed  the  adoption  and  ratification  of  the 

Conatttntlon.     Its  fundamental  principle  waa 
'ngtbenlng  of  the  Na- 


Patrlck  [lenr;  were  Its  leaders,  ^elt 
Btrengtb  was  shown  In  the  Firal  and  Second 
CongresseB.  Tbey  opposed  Hamilton  and 
his  followers  and  championed  a  sCHct  con- 
struction of  the  Const itntlon  aa  against 
monarcblal  federalism  They  later  becama 
merged  Into  the  Republican  party,  under  tbe 
iradershln  ot  Jefferson.  There  have  been 
many  political  parties,  termed  "antls."  As 
Ihelr  nsmes  Imply,  tbey  have  opposed  some 
speclfle  measure,  organisation,  or  person. 
Thongh  acting  as  political  parties,  tbry  ate 


nuch   1 


tbe   a 


of   the 


ord. 


for  they  have  no  afllrmatlTe  n 
clatma  are  negative.  Orgnnlied  with  spe- 
rlflc  purpose  to  oppose,  they  disappear  with 
the  Issue.  Prominent  among  oaasi  parties 
have  been  the  Antl-Lecomnton,  Antl-Ma- 
Honlc.  A ntl -Monopoly,  Antl-Nebraaka,  and 
Antl-Renlera. 

Antl-MaBOnic  Farty.— In  1826  William 
Morgan  and  David  C.  UlUer,  of  Batavla. 
N.  T..  announced  that  they  were  about  to 
publish  an  etposS  ot  Free-maaonry.  Before 
the  book  was  produced  Morgan  was  arrested 
for  debt  and  conflned  In  the  Jail  al  Canan- 
dslmia.  whence  he  dlsanpeared  on  tbe  night 
ot  Sent  12.  1826.  It  was  charged,  but  never 
shown  to  be  true,  dial  he  bad  been  foully 
drall  wllh  by  members  ot  the  Masonic  order. 
as  Bll  artemnts  to  discover  his  whereahonts 
were  iinavalllng.  The  of '-reiterated  rhargea 
arooRcd  a  bitter  opposition  to  the  order, 
and  Tharlow  Weed  began  tbe  nnbllcatlou 
nf  >ha  inH.M.onnri-  B»qBir«r  at  RoTbester. 
entlon  waa  he'd   by   the 


jyGooi^lc 


Encychptdic  Index 


Anti-Tiust 


AnttHBKiila  Fartr— CooNno^A 
waa  ctolmed  tluit  many  ot  tbe  Btat«  oOclal* 
mtn  Maaoiu  mud  renrded  (betr  (ntenul 
oUlsaUon*  «■  mora  blndlDfC  tbui  tbelr  cItU 
MlbL  Tbe  ADU-Uuonle  InIIdz  xnw  rap- 
Idl7.  TtaB  pmrtr  cut  83,000  Totca  In  New 
Tork  Stair  fa  1828,  TO.OWiD  l»i»,  acd  128,- 
000  In  1830,  tbonfh  naor  ot  tbe  latter  were 
uII-JbcIuoii  men  raurdlesi  ot  Maionrir. 

Id  September.  1^0.  ■  natUnia]  caaveD- 
tlon  met  at  PbliadelpUa,  FraDota  QranKer, 
of  New  York.  preildlDK.  In  1831  tbey  nom- 
inated William  Wfrt  fir  Prtaldent,  but  car- 
ried onlj  tbe  Bute  of  Tenppnt.     In  1S35. 


dlaed  *■  rapldlj  aa 
AnU-Honopolr  PutJ.— Tb«  Antl-UoDop- 
•IT  Onanlaatlon  ot  tbe  United  Btatea  met 
■t  CblcM<^  H«r  14.  18S4.  and  Dominated 
^.  Butler,  of  Haasacbunette.  for 
■laeacr.      It  adopted  a  platform  de- 

F  economical  soremment.  and  tbe  en- 
and  entorremeni  o(  equitable  laws, 
K  an  Intentate  Commerce  Law  (oae 
.«  been  enacted),  ealabllablng  Labor 

1.  proTldlng  Indnatrlat  ArbltratloD.  a 

Urect  TOte  far  Benatora,  a  graduated  Income 
tas,  pajment  of  the  national  debt  as  It  ma- 
tare*,  and  "foaterlng  eare"  for  agrlcultore: 
wbll*  It  denonnred  tbe  tariff  and^tha  xrant 
■rf  iBBd  to  rorporatlona  Tbelr  nominee  was 
■IM  Mlected  b;  tbe  Greenback  Labor  party. 
Ibe  Joint  ticket  belns  known  as  tbe  Peo- 
ple'! party.  It  polled  130,000  Totea. 
AnU-SalOOn  I^lguo.— Fonnded  Id  1880. 
and  la  Inatalled  In  practlcilly  erery  Btate 
of  tbe  Union.  The  Lengne  throngbont  tbe 
nation  employ*  BW)  persot 


entire  iim> 


._  ork  of  this  losIltntloD. 
ana  ii  nai  orer  100  otBcea  from  wblcb  were 
dlttrtbeted  daring  tbe  year  100.000.000 
pocea  ot  antl-aalooD  literal  are.  Tbe  annual 
CS^  la  about  940^000. 
AoU-Tmrt  Ii«r.— In  18ST  Congma  en- 
acted tbe  luteratate  Commerce  Law,  baT- 
Inc  for  Its  purpose  the  regulation  and  con- 
inX  of  tba  boilneM  at  common  carrlen  en- 

Bied    In    commerce    tietween   tbe   States. 
le  main   ebject  of  tbie  law  wbb  to  pre- 
Tent  fSTorltlam  and  unfair  discrimination  I 


^ , enterpiieea    and 

worked  to  the  dtaadvantage  of  smaller  com- 
peting eoncem*.  Tbla  was  amended  and 
=S  |g  1990  ,a  the  Sberman  Antl-Tmst 


or  conaplradea  In  restraint  of  Intel 


^ 


IntenatloDal  commerce 


lay   be   brongbt   by 
tnder  the  act.     Al- 


XI.  and  tbat 
agreen 
insplracy  are  gnllly  ■__   .. 
oubject  to  a  penalty  for 

n.    Tbe  statnte  aloo  p~ 

I  that   all   goods  In  transportation 

Ttolstkm  of  the  act  may  be  selied  * — 
forfeited  by  tb*  GoTemment.  and  tbat  la- 

SoetlOD   proceedings  —-   *•-   ' -*   •— 
e  Altoraey-aeneml 
though   •npplemental 

IWt,  on  tbe  ncomm .. „. 

toney-Oeneml,  Ibe  Bbermnn  law  wan  found 
iDeffectnal  In  the  ptirpoiies  for  whieh  It 
was  Intended,  i,  «.,  revtralnlug  tbe  growth 
of  moBopolle*  or  trnsta,  so-called,  and  tbat 
it  operated  against  both  reaaonable  and 
uareaooDable  reatralnta  of  trade,  and  pro- 
hibited all  combinations,  botb  good  and  bad. 
Fnrther  criticism  of  the  law  waa  Invoked 
when  tbe  Snprcme  Court  decided  that  a 
tiade  union  boycott  was  a  eoaaplraey  In  r«- 
Mnilat  ot  trada- 


The  law  creating  tbe  Department  ot 
Commerce  and  Labor  provided  tor  a  Bu- 
reau ot  Corporations,  whose  duty  It  ahould 


Jnpren. 

of  tbe  United  States  Circuit  Court  Indicate 
tbat  the  goTerament  has  the  power  to  pre- 
vent combinations  among  railroads  or  manu- 
factarlng  corporations  engaged  In  later- 
slate  business,  eren  when  sucb  Combina- 
tion only  tends  toward  monopoly.  (See 
Northern  Securities  Case.) 

While  tbe  law  seems  etfecUve  against 
railroads.  It  was  set  at  detlaace  by  tbe 
Add/ston  Pipe  and  Bteel  Company,  which 
pending  the  decision  of  a  case  brought 
against  It  by  the  Attorney-Oeneral.  aatd 
out  the  sli  defendant  companies  to  a  Mew 
Jersey  corporation  aod  continued  the  al- 
leged unlawful  practices.  (See  Addyston 
Case.) 

Commissioner  Oarfletd,  of  tbe  Bureau  of 
CorporatioDs,  recommended,  and  President 
Booecvelt  has  urged  upon  Congress  tbe 
necessity  of  a  federal  iDcorporntloo  law. 
{6943.  T0T4.)  To  compel  a  corporation  do- 
ing business  In  aay  Stole  to  secure  a  fed- 
eral trancblBe  to  imnBact  business  In  an- 
other Btate  Is  ot  doubtful  const llatlooallty. 

CammlBsloner  H.  K.  Bmlth  of  the  Bu- 
reau of  Corporallons  In  1008  ssld  :  "Cor- 
porate combination  aeema  to  be  not  only  an 
economic  necessity  but  also  largely  an  ac- 
complished fact.  It  la  not  the  existence 
of  InduBlrlfil  power,  but  rather  Its  misuse, 
that  Is  the  real  problem,"  Senator  Bever- 
Idge  said  the  most  urgent  leglBlatlon  need- 
etfby  honest  buBlneas  was  a  low  Jegalldng 
capitalistic  corporations  for  honest  pur- 
poses. President  Roosevelt  declared  It  to 
be   '"proroundly   ImmoraJ    to   keep  '*"" 


tf. 


tute  books  s  law,  nomlnnlly  Id  the  Inter- 
^.^  at  public  morality,  that  really  puts  o 

Sremlum    uih>d    public    Immorality    6y    un. 
eriahing  to  forbid  boneat  men  from  dolns 
what    must   be   done    under   modern   bi 
uess  conditions."     (TOTS.) 

Foltowlng  Is  a  complete  list  of  suits 
brought  snd  prosecutions  Instituted  by  tbe 
United  Btatea  under  tbe  gherman  Antl- 
TTDSt  Law: 

PatSlDENT    HUUtl  SON'S    ADXINIUrBATIOK. 

— Seven  Cases. 

[William  H.  H.  Ulllei,  Attomey-Oeneral, 
March  6.  1880,  to  Uarch  S,  1883.] 

1.  XJtMad  BtaU*  v.  JetUca  UouHtalH 
Coal  Company.  Bait  agalust  the  members 
of  the  "Naalivllle  CoaT  BichaDge."  com- 
posed of  Tsrlons  coal-mlning  compsnles  op- 
erating mines  In  Kentucky  and  Tennessee. 
•Dd  of  perSDDi  and  firms  deHllDg  In  Coal  In 
Nashville,  formed  for  the  purpose  of  llilns. 
pticee  and  regulating  the  output  of  coal. 
A  prellmlDary  InluDctlon  was  dealed  on 
Oct.  13,  ISBO.  Upon  full  bearing  tbe  court, 
on  June  4.  1891.  held  tbe  comlilnatlon  to 
be  Id  violation  of  the  aotl-trast  law  and 
■Djolned  the  further  carrying  out  of  the 
agreement. 

2.  Vnittd  Btatet  t>.  Ormnhut  et  oL  A 
proceeding  by  Indictment  against  the  olB- 
cers  of  tbe  Distilling  and  Cattle  Feeding 
Co,    (Whisky  Trust)    for , so   alleged    viola- 


tloD 


s  Bl1»atlc 


tbe  G^eenhut  c 


from  arrest  snd 


tor  removal  from  New  Tork  to  UaMachn- 


Appllcatlon   for  a 
secure  a  discharge 


jyGooi^lc 


Anil-TniSt  Messages  and  Papers  of  the  PresidetOs 


held  a 


Aatl-TniBt  XiKV— ConHnwd. 

utta  to  answer  to  the  tadlctment  foniid  In 

tbe   OraenhDt   case.     Fetltlooer  dlscbarsed. 

2e.  in  Tt  Ortmt.  PetUloa  tor  wriL  of 
babeaa  coniiu  to  accnre  releiRe  from  tbe  ' 
'nitody  of  Ihe  marahii],  bj  whom  lie  nas 

.1,1 itlng  an  order  for  the  removal  of 

.a  UissacbuBetta  to  answer  to  the 

iDdlctment  In  the  Oreenhut  caflc     Prisoner 
dlMharnd. 

B.  VMted  Btatvt  v.  Seltoit.  IndlctmeDt 
or  a  number  of  Inmber  dealera  (of  con- 
aplrlne  toielher  to  raise  the  price  of  lum- 
ber In  TloUtlon  or  tbe  aatl-truat  law.  De- 
mnrrer  to  Indletnient  «iiBialii«d,  tbe  Mort 
holdlnc  that  an  afreement  t>etweea  a  num- 
ber ofdMlert  to  ralae  prlcei,  iiDlets  tbej 
controlled  nearlj  tbe  est  Ire  commodltr> 
eould  not  operate  aa  a  restraint  of  trade  un- 
der the  act. 

«.  I7nlt«it  SlolM  V.  Traiu-UtuauH 
Frriaht  AttaetatloH.  Bill  tiled  Jan.  0, 
189%  to  enjoin  tbe  oiieraiioiia  of  a  com- 
bination of  rallroada  engaged  In  Interstate 
eoiDinerce,  formed  for  tbe  purpow  of  tnaln- 
talnlDi  "joat  and  reaaonable  ratea,"  etc. 
Bin  dismrased  br  Circuit  Court ;  decree  of 
dlanlaaal  alBrmed  by  Circuit  Court  of  Ap- 
pealB,  and  rereraed  by  the  TJulted  Btatea 
Bupreme  Court  on  Uareh  22.  IBBT. 

6.      Vmted  Btatf  v.  WorUnt/men't  Antal- 

Gnalsd  Council  of  New  Orleant  at  al.    Suit 
reatrain    derendanla,    a    combination    of 
workmen,  from   Interterlns  wllb  luteratate 


«r' 


Pottaraon    el   al. 


United    Btatet    ^ 


of  controlllni  the  price  of  caab   regiili 

A  demurrer  was  au stained  an  to  certain 
eonnta  of  Hie  Indictment  and  overrule  as 
to  others  and  leaTe  granted  to  file  special 
demurrers  to  the  connta  which  were  sus- 
tained. Tbe  special  demurrers  ware  heard 
oa  June  1,  1893.  and  the  demurrers  artr- 
ruled,  tbe  court  adhering  to  <ta  former  rul- 
ing. Letter  of  Attomer-Oeneral  dated  Oct. 
18,  1BS3,  ahows  case  waa  allowed  to  lapse 
because   of    reconciliation    of    complainrng 

— -  ■#fc     ilafanHaTil-a  " 


wllneta   with  defendants. 


7.  Vniltd  Btetei  v.  S.  O.  Knlglil 
•anv  IBngar  Trnat).  BUI  In  equfcj 
join   the   operations   of   tbe   Sugar 


Knipht  Cam- 


Appeal  » 


a  tbe  Circuit  Court 


and  obstroetlng  the  malls.  Infbmstloa 
quashed.     It   was  charged  that  Agler  was 

a  member  of  the  American  Hallway  Union, 
the  membera  of  wblcb  order  were  on  a 
strike  and  had  been  eujaiued  under  the  astl- 
truat  law  from  Interfering  with  the  carry- 
ing or  tbe  mails  and  from  obstructing  In- 
terstate  commerce,      InlormatloD   quaabed. 


e  of  the  "Debs" 


Tbia  li    

2.  UnUed  Btatet  v.  Elliott.  Bult  to  n- 
Elliott,  Deba.  and  olher  members 
Railway  Dnion,  from  car- 


Injunction  granted. 


Preilmlnarr 

rrer  to  this  bill 

crce  entered  April 


a.   18B6,  against  2W  defendanla,  and 
porarr   Injaocllon   made  permanent. 

8.  DMIed  Btatet  V.  Debt  tt  aL  Petition 
filed  on  JulT  :;,  1894,  In  tbe  Circuit  Court 
for  the  Northern  District  of  Illinois,  alleg- 
ing coDsplracj  to  obstruct  the  malls  snd 
to  Interfere  with  Interstate  commerce.  A 
temporary  Injunction  was  Issued  on  Joly 
"     189'     '"   -'-'——    -•  — -'-- • ' 


lolBtion  of  T 


_.    _J94,    1__    ._    ,_ 

proceedings  were  instituted.  Original  peti- 
tion dlamlsaed  on  July  28,  1S99,  at  the  in- 
stance of  tbe  GoTemment 

Sa.  Untttd  Btairt  v.  Debt  et  at  Pro- 
ceedings In  contempt  to  punlah  Deba  and 
others  for  disober Ing  an  Injunclion  restrain- 
log  them  from  Interfering  with  Interstate 
commerce  and  with  obstructing  tbe  nulla, 
by  means  of  a  conapiracy.  In  Tioialioa  or 
tbe  aotl-tmst  law-  Defendants  found  guilty 
and  punished. 

Sb.  In  re  Ilebt,  Bstlllimar,  Proeeed- 
luga  Instituted  July  S,  18B'  •— "— >— 
• —  1  writ  of  habeas  corpus 


1   contempt 


Application 


Injunction    of   the    Circuit    Coart   1 
Nortbern    District    of    Illinois,    resti»uiu( 
Deba  aud  others   from  conspiring  to  inter- 


4.  United  State*  r.  Oatiidv.  Cassldy 
■ud  others  were  indicted  under  section 
C440,  United  Btstes  Berlsed  Btatutes,  for 
conspiring  to  commit  oVenses  agsinst  tbs 
TJolted  States,  which  sets  consisted  '-  - 
iblnlog  and  c 


and 


D  of    II 


tl-trust  law,  and 


—   —  appeal   was  taken   .. 

Sopreme  Court  of  the  United  States,  wliere, 
tlw  decree  of  dismissal  was  alllrmed. 

PSBBIDEHT        CUVai.AHD'S        BiCOHD        Al>- 

HiNisTBiTion — Eight    cases. 

(Richard  Olncy.  Attorney-Oeneral.  March 
«,  1893,  to  jQue  T,  1S9S;  Judaon  Harmon, 
Attorn  e;-Oeneral,  June  8,  1S9S,  to  Uarcb  B, 
1897.] 

1.  Vnitti  Btatet  t>.  Sugent  Y,  Debt  et  at. 
Petition  flled  on  July  8,  1894,  In  tbe  United 
States  ClrcDlt  Court  for  Ihe  District  of  In- 
diana, seeklnjt  to  restrain  Interference  by 
Auieifcan  RaiTway  Uoion  and  forty-nine  tr.- 
ditldnal  defendants  with  mails  and  Inter- 
slate  commerce  carried  by  all  rallrosda  op- 
•ratlng  In  Indlsna.  An  Injunction  was  Is- 
sued on  July  8.  1894.  which  was  continued 
Id  fun-«  imtll  September  19.  1898,  when 
the  case  was  dismissed  at  the  Instsnce  of 
tbe  GoTemment. 

la-  UtUted  Btatet  v.  Agler.  Information 
charging  contempt   of   court  In   disobeying 


the  Fnnman  strike  In  Calffornla."fhe~trisi 
lasted  Are  months  and  resulted  In  a  dla- 
agreetnent  of  the  Jury.  A  nolle  proaagHi 
entered  July  1,   189S. 

S.  IToore  «.  E7sited  Btatet.  Indictment 
of  the  members  of  an  association  of  deal- 
ers In  coal  St  Salt  Lake  Oly  for  entering 
Into  a  conapiracy  to  regulate  the  prict  of 
coal.  Indictment  ret u rued  Not-  4,  1890. 
Hoore  was  tried  and  convicted  In  the  Dla- 
trlct  Court  of  Utah  upon  Ibis  Indlclineat. 
The  Circuit  Coon  of  Appeals  reTeraed  tbe 
JudjnneDt  of  couvlctlon.  for  tbe  reason  that 


paulug 


in ti -trust  act.  and  tbe  com- 
t  In  restraint  of  Interstate 

, tbe  court  therefore  bad  no 

Jurladlcllon  of  the  offense. 

e.      United   Blatei   v.   Joint   Troflto    .<»»«. 
datfon.      Bult  instlluled  Jao.  8.  ISCK 
in  equity  to  enjoin  the  alleged  " 


—t  of  Appeals  afBrmed  t 

:ircolt   Court.     These  Jodg- 
ersed  by  the  United  States 


i  ceiDiiwret      1884. 


Bteel  Compann. 


ipang. 

if  In 


rf«a  o.  Addvatan  Ptpe  »*4 

Snlt  Instltnted   Dec   10; 

Ittlty  to  snjoin  the  oftr*- 


Di3t,zca''byG00»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Antl-T^tiit 


UoBi  of  the  Cut-Iron  plp«  Tnitt,  which 
attempted  to  coatrol  tbe  price  of  cavt-lroD 
pipe.  Tbe  bill  wai  dlunTned  hj  tbe  CIt- 
colt  Court.  Tbe  Circuit  Court  ot.  AppealB 
tcTcrsed  tbe  decree  of  the  Clrcnlt  Coart 
Rod  remanded  tbe  caw,  wltb  Initmctloiis 
lo  enter  *  decree  Tor  Ibe  GaTemment.  On 
appeal  to  tbe  Supreme  Court  the  action  at 
the  Clrcvlt  Court  of  Appe&la  trai  afflrmed. 
&  (7«iled  jSfafai  o.  Bapkint  tt  oL  Btilt 
butltDtcd  Dec  31,  ISM.  Bill  to  reitraln 
Ibe  operatlona  of  the  "Eansai  City  Live 
8<ock  Bschann,"  orsanlxed  to  control  the 
ablpment*  o(  llVe  stock.  The  iotuDctlon 
wu  (ranted,   but  on  appeal   tbe  Sopieme 

r«.^    ™ >    n..   J Qj    (j,j    (fircnit 

!,  with  Inatruc- 


Cotllt   f«vtried   tbe  decree 
Court  and  remanded  tbe  < 
UoiM  to  dlamlsa  tbe  bllL 

PjUBUMEira  UCKimxi'B  ADKIltlST&ATIOII. 


IJOMpb       UcKenna,      Attoraar-Oeneral, 

Hareb  i,  1897,  to  ' —  —   """  ■  '— 

-^BIB,    Attome/^J 
Birch    29,   ISO 


Uli 


e  *f  tbe  Clrcalt  Conrt  and  remand. 

Ml  the  eaae,  wltb  dlrectlona  to  dismiss  tbe 
Mil,  boldlns  that   tlie  acts  complained 


Suit    brouKbt    Dec.    10,    1897. 

Btll  for  Injunction  to  restrain  the  opera- 
"* —  ~f  a  comblnatloD  of  coal  dealers  known 

"Coal  Dealera'  AaaoclatloD  of  Call- 
"    A  lemporarr  Inlnnctlan  i  ~     ~ 

I   wUr*-   — ■ 

nllet  prajed  : 

S.    VuUei  atatat  v.  ChMapeafe«  and  OJilo 
rati  Oompanif  et  aL   Bill  Hied  Uar  8,  18TO, 


...._jia,  ennged  In  tain- 

Ini  coal  and  making  cake  IntcDded  for 
"wcatera  ablpment,"  nnder  agreement  to 
Kll  tba  aaina  at  not  lesa  than  ■  memoran- 
dam  priM,  to  be  died  by  an  eiecntlTe 
(MimlttM  appointed  by  the  producer*.  De- 
feadanta  enjMned,  contract  declared  void 
•nd  lll«al,  and  tbe  combination  dlMolved. 
AarmtCbT-  Circuit  Court  of  Appeal*.  Ho 
appeal  taken. 

P«a«ii)anT  BooanBLT'B  AnmniSTXiTiov. 
—TMlT-foor  cues. 

[Pknander  C.  Knox,  Attomer-Oeeeral, 
April  6.  1&01,  to  June  SO.  1904 ;  William 
B.  Hoodr.  Altoreej-Oeneral,  Jnlr  1,  ISM, 
to  Dec  IS,  1006:  Charle*  J.  Bonaparte. 
Allomey-iJeneral,  Dec.  17,  IDOe,  to  March 
llMe.1 

1.  UMt»d  BtatM  c.  northern  Secwitte* 
Ca,  Great  Sorther»  S'y  Co.,  Xarlliem  Pa- 
tife  K'w  Oo.  et  ol.  Ttili  ault  was  bronght 
on  Uarcb  10.  ISOS,  In  the  Circuit  Conn  -' 
the  United  Stales  for  tbe  District  of  Mil 


lUreb  L 

to  liirch'!!9,"7eoi-'"pillandw  C^  __ . 
Attariw7i.aeDeral,  April  6.  ISOl,  to  Jnne  I 

1.  Awfef^oH  e.  Ontted  Btata.  Bill  In 
equltr  to  restrain  the  oberatloiia  ot  "The 
Tradcn*  Utb  Stock  Exchange,"  of  Kansas 
Cttr.  an  aaaodatlon  formed  for  the  puTpose 
ol  barlnc  cattle  on  the  market.  Tbl* 
■nit  waa  Innltnted  Jane  T,  1897,  In  the 
Clrcalt  Conrt  of  the  United  States  for  the 
Weitem  District  of  UlsKiurL  Decree  of 
lemporarr  inJunctlDO  wa*  granted  and  the 
ciM  appealed  to  the  Clrcalt  Court  of  Ap- 

r[*  tor  tba  Eighth  Circuit.     Prom  there 
was  certlfled  to  the  Supreme  Court  nr 
the  United  Statea  for  Inatractlons  upon  i 


mantlet  aetlnt  a*  the  owner  of  any  of  tha 
Bb&rea  of  the  capital  *tock  of  tba  two  de- 
fendant railway  companlea,  and  to  restrain 
the  defendant  railway  companlea  from  per- 
mitting the  aecnrltle*  company  to  Tote  any 
ot  tbe  stock  of  said  rallwaya,  or  from  ex- 
ercialng  any  control  whatsoever  over  tbe 
corporate  acts  of  either  of  said  railway 
companlee,  tt  being  charged  that  Ibe  se- 
curities company  was  formed  for  the  pniv 
pose  of  acoulrlng  a  malorlty  of  the  capi- 
tal stock  of  (be  two  railway  companlea  in 
order  that  II  might  In  that  way  effect  prac- 
tically a  eouaolidatloo  of  tbe  two  com- 
paoles'by  controlling  rates  and  restricting 
and  destroying  competition,  In  vlolatloD  M 
"■-  "■■ Intl-Tmat  I^aw.     The  Circuit 


the  petition,  and  thm  urum  wmi,  un  mBrk-ii 

14,  1904,  aflrmed  by  tbe  Supreme  Conrt  of 
the  United  States. 

3.     trmiad  fitalea  v.  ewiti  i  Oo.  et  ol. 
Suit  brongbt  on  Ma^  10,   1WJ2,  In  Ibe  Clr- 


Irom  carrying  out  en  unlawful  conaplracy 
entMed  Into  between  themsetret  ana  with 
the  various  railway  companies,  to  auppreaa 
competition  and  to  obtain  a  monopoly  In  Uie 
purchase  ot  live  stock  and  In  Ina  aelllnx 
n/  iln.iuH.d  mpHtH.  A  preliminary  restraln- 
Dted  on  Uay  SO,   1902. 

-jTing   demurred   to    the 

.-.    -jurt,    after   bearing,    on    April 

18.  1009,  OTemled  tbe  demurrers  and 
— inted  a  preliminary  Injunction.  The  de- 
-  — -..-i — f.ii.j  •- Boawer.  tbe  cour* 


t  ot   tbe   act  ot  March  S,   1801   (28 


tntered  an  order  making 


Ibe  farther  operalions  o 
dBtendantiL    on    Ang.    ' 

from  the  Bnal  decree  o_   _   _ 

to  tbe  Bupreme  Court  ot  the  Uniled  State*, 
where  derree  waa  aOrmed  Jan.  SO,  190B. 

8.  Unlteit  Blaitt  v.  The  federal  Soft 
Oompany  et  ol.  Suit  hroo^t  In  the  Cir- 
cuit Court  of  the  llnlTed  States  for  tbe 
Northern  District  of  California,  on  Oct.  IS. 
1902.  to  restrain  tbe  defendants  tknown 
aa  the  Salt  Trust)  from  unlawfully  combin- 
ing and  conspiring  to  snppren  competi- 
tion Id  tbe  manufacture  and  aale  of  salt  In 
.._ jjj  jjjg  Rocky  Mountains, 


ot    1 


nan    Anll-Tmst 


_  ...jiporary  reatralnlng  order  i 

lastied  on  that  date,  and  the  canse  coming 
on  for  bearing,  the  Court,  o-  "-  "   '" 


n  Not.  10,  1902, 


No   appeal   was   taken   from 


1b£  tiMfllTlnc,  holding;  'rating,  or'  In  any 


^Is 

'"*."viUtea  BtatM  V.  The  Federat  Bait 
Compaav.  On  Feb.  28,  1903,  Ibe  nand 
Jury  for  the  Dnlted  Btatea  DislrlcC  Court 
tor  tbe  Northern  District  ot  California  re- 
turned an  Indictment  against  tlie  Sail  TmM 
for  having  violated  the  aatl-tmst  law.  On 
llay  12,  1908,  tbe  trust  pleaded  guilty,  and 
the  court  sentenced  It  to  pay  a  fine  ot 
$1.0oa   which   was  paid. 

S.  UnUed  State*  v.  Jaektouvttle  JVhoU- 
tale  Oroceri'  Amodalion.  A  proceeding  in 
equity.  Instituted  on  Bept  12,  1903,  in  the 
Dnlted  States  Circuit  Court  for  the  South- 
ern District  of  Florida,  for  tbe  porpose  of 
dIsaoMng  a  comblnsttou  ot  wbolesale  gro- 
cers oDfratIng  In  Tloltilon  of  tbe  anti-trust 
law.   Not,    1,   190T.  dismissed. 

e.  DnUed  etata  c.  Ocoeral  Paper  Co. 
et  al.  Dpc.  27,  1904,  a  bill  In  equltv  waa 
tiled  In  the  Circuit  Court  ot  tbe  United 
States  tor  the  District  of  Hlnitew>ta  against 
the   General   Paper   Co.   and   twenty-tbi«a 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Antl-Trnst  Ximr—Oimitiiwii. 
stber  conmratlona  eugHgrd  In  the  maDiirac- 
tare  aad  ule  ot  pnper,  lUeglng  that  Ihey 
had  eutrrei]  Into  coDibinatlou  and  complr- 
acf  to  restrain  trade  and  comnieroe  In  the 
mannfacture  of  news  print,  maalla,  Ober, 
and  olber  papers  by  making  the  GeDernl 
Paper  Co.  their  commoD  sales  aeent.  On 
Uay  11, 1900,  the  murt  ordered  Judgment  Id 
fsTor  of  the  OovcrampDl,  dlBSOlvIng  the 
ramblontloD  and  affording  all  relief  prared 
for  In  the  bill. 

7.  I7n(ted  fitatei  e.  Armour  S  Co.  et  a'. 
After  the  afflrmance  bj  the  Bopreme  Court 
of  the  decree  of  the  Clrcnlt  Conrt  In  United 
Btates  T.  Bwlft  A  Company  (above  referred 
to)  complnlDtB  from  varloua  quarters  were 
made  to  the  department  that  the  eomblua- 
tlou  still  continued.  The  department  Ihere- 
npon  began  an  exhauBtlve  Inquiry  before 
the  grand  Jury  for  the  northern  district 
of  Illinois,  whleh  resulled  )n  the  relura  ot 
an  Indictment  on  July  1,  IB05.  agnlDit  Ar- 
mour A  Co,  J.  Ogden  Armour,  president: 
Patrick  A.  VatentlDO.  treasurer;  Arlbnr 
Neekler,  general  mnoagcr :  Thomas  J.  Con- 
nors, auperlDlendent,  and  Samuel  A.  Mc- 
Robert.  assistant  Ireanurer.  of  Armour  A 
Co.;  the  Armour  Packing  Co.,  and  Charles 
W.  Armour  president ;  ^wltt  &  Co,,  and 
Lonla  F.  Swift,  president;  Lawrence  A, 
Carton,  treasurer :  D.  Edwin  Hartwell.  aec- 
retary  and  Albert  H.  Veeder  and  Robert 
C.  McManns  and  Arthur  F.  ETsns.  agents 
of  Swift  *  Co.;  the  Falrbank  Canning  Co., 
and  Edward  Morris,  vice-president ;  Ira  N. 
Morris,  aecretary  of  the  Falrbank  Cnnnlng 
Co. :  the  Cudaby  Pecking  Co.,  and  Kdward 
A.  Cudahy,  Tlce-prealdent  end  general  man- 


objections  were  urged.  All  n'ere  disposed 
of  In  favor  of  the  OOTemment,  except  cer- 
tain special  pleas  ot  Immunity  In  bar,  bawd 


t  sualfiined  the 


o  the  corporations.    Dismissed  Feb, 

"'  4"  United  States  v.  MacAndrrtrt  A 
Forbtt  Company  et  at.  In  June,  190(1.  the 
grand  Jury   r— ■■   --   •—"— •  — ■ — • 


Jungbluih  and  Howard  E.  Young,  their 
respective  preeldcnls,  tor  illegally  combining 
*Dd  conspiring  to  regulate  the  Interstate 
trade  and  aale  In  licorice  paale.  an  article 
used  In  the  manutactiire  of  plug  and  amoli- 
lug  tobacco,  snuff,  and  cigars.  Defendants 
entered  pleas  of  not  guilty,  with  leave  to 
withdraw  or  demur  on  or  t>efore  July  9, 
1906.  July  9,  J90e,  demurrers  filed  by  all 
of  the  defendants.  Dec.  4,  1006.  demurrers 
overmled.  Dec.  19,  lOOB.  trial  commenced, 
Jan.  10,    190T,    MacAndrewa  *  Forbea   Co. 


lodrews    ft   Forbes    Co.    fined    tlO.OOO.      J. 
8.  Toung  Co.  fined  tS.OOO. 

Sa.  TAe  Tobacco  Triitt  Ca$ei.  (Pole 
V.  EwkeJ;  UcAlHUr  e.  Benlrel.)  These 
eaaes  grew  ont  of  an  lovestlgntlon  hy  a 
Federal  grand  ]un  tn  the  Southern  District 
of    New    York    of    the    Amerlc--     '^-^'- — 


k  Porb 


I  Co.,  b 


Co.  and  the  Mai ..    _  _  .      ..    _     ,    . 

lleved  to  he  violating  the  antl-truat  laws, 
the  matter  having  been  brought  to  the  i " 
tentlon  of  the  grand  jury  by  the  ofllcera 
the  Department  of  Justice,  special  conni 
having  been  appolnteil  for  the  purpose 
lovMOiktlao   and    proEecution.      Bn^ptnn 


cult  Court  adjudged  them  In  contempt  and 
commuted  them  until  they  should  pn>dtl«* 
the  books  and  anawer  (he  qneatlona.  TheT' 
applied  to  another  Judge  oi  the  asms  conrt 
for  writs  of  habeas  corpus,  which,  npon 
hearing,  were  discharged.  Upon  appeal  tti« 
Supreme  Court  afflrmed  the  orders  denying 
•<■ <ts. 

OctoW,' 196B,"i'n  the'UniVed  s'tates'c 

Coarl  for  Hawaii,  (o  restrain  ths  operation 
of  alleged  unlawful  comblDBtlons  In  re- 
Btralnt  of  the  trade  In  beef  and  beet  prod- 
uets.  Demurrer  Co  bill  overruled  Oct.  2, 
1006. 

la  Vnitea  Btatrt  v.  Name  RetaO  Oro- 
eert'  iiiociation.  Nov.  4,  1903.  the  de- 
partment directed  the  United  States  attor- 
ney for  the  Second  Division  of  Alaska  to 
flle  a  bill  la  equity  agalnat  the  Nome  Retail 
Grocers'  Aaaorlallon.  alleging  a  comblns- 
tlon  to  fli  prices  and  to  auppceaa  compe- 
tition. Bull  was  promptly  Instituted, 
whereupon  the  defendants  agreed  to  tbe 
entry  of  a  decree  granting  all  the  rell«f 
prayed  (or  In  the  petition.  A  decree  dl»- 
Bolvlng  the  combination  naa  entered  accord- 

UnlttS  State*  v.  Termtnel  RaantaS 


wful    combination 

tered  Into  between  them  to  operate  RailB 
Bridge  and  Merchants  Drldge  aa  a  common 
agency  of  tnteratnte  commerce.     Upon  dla- 


rled   t 


t  Circuit  Jndgea 


inded 


the    Bui 


ceedlaga  The  petition  wsa  then  dlamlased 
hy  tbe  Circuit  Court,  and  an  appeal  was 
tsken  to  the  Supreme  Conrt,  where,  on 
April  32,  1912.  the  decree  ot  the  Clrcnlt 
Couri  was  reversed,  and  the  case  remand- 
ed with  directions  to  enter  a  decree  Id  cqn- 
(ormlty  with  the  opinion  of  the  Supreme 
Court.  A  controversy  having  arisen  aa  to 
whether  the  district  Jadge  or  the  thre« 
circuit  fudges  had  Jortsdlcllon  a  writ  of 
prohibition  was  filed  agalnat  the  diatrlct 
Judge,  which  was  sustained  hy  the  8ti- 
nreme  Court.  The  form  of  final  decre«  to 
ed  la  now  under  consideration  by 


12.  Cnitti  BUtet  o.  Allen  A  AoUnnna 
et  ol.  Bill  Qled  in  October  In  United  Btat<4 
Clrcnlt  Court  for  the  District  of  Hawaii, 
alleging  unlawful  combination  to  control 
tbe  trade  In  lumber  In  that  Terrttorr- 
Angwers  filed  Jan.  2,  1906.  Decision  iid- 
verse  to  Government  and  petition  ordered 
dismissed  March  80,    1911. 

13.  Vnltei  Stale*  v.  OtU  Blevetor  Co, 
et  aL  Bill  filed  March  7,  1900.  in  tha 
United  States  Circuit  Court  for  the  North- 
era  District  of  California  agalnat  tbe  Otla 
Elevator  Co.  and  a  number  ot  other  conw- 


June  1.  1908,  a  decree  was  entered  by  c-u- 
sent  dissolving  the  combloitton  and  nant* 
Ing  the  relief  pra.red. 

H.  United  Stale*  e.  P,  A  Aaudna 
Lujnter  Company  et  at.  Indictment  i«- 
turned  In  the  Dlitr'"'  '^ •   ..'■  1K.^?I  _  ■«- 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Haj  4,  IVOS,  (or  Tlolatlon  of  tbe  BhermBa 
A«t  Id  TMtrlctlDC  cotoHtltloD  aad  mnln- 
talnlncoHca  In  tbe  mite  of  lumber.  Uaj 
13,  IHT,  cbuise  of  vennc  grnoted  to  Grant 
CDonty.  Sept.  2S,  IDOT.  pleas  of  inlltr  ind 
linn   Imposed   tggngttlag    t^.UOO,    whlcb 

15.     Dotted  Btatet  v.  J/attonal  JHOoia- 
Hon    e/    RMall    DnngUU    et_  oL.      BUI.  in 


Indiana  aialDit  tbe  MalioiiBl  Aiwoclatlcm 
of  Hctall  DniKKlits,  aliexliiE  a  comblnatloa 
In  Tcatralnt  of  Intcraute  Iraile  In  Uc  aaie 
of  drun  and  proprietary  medldiiPB.  Uay 
•,  I0OT,  flnal  decree  enlered  by  agreeinpnt, 
KiTlns  the  GoTernment  all  tbe  tellet  prerea 
lor  la  the  pelltloo. 

IS.  UiMei  Btalet  v.  Virtrimia-naroUna 
ritmioal  Conpaav  et  ol-  hst  ZS,  1S06, 
the  Federal  vrand  Jurf  for  tbe  Ulddle  Dis- 
trict of  Tennessee,  upon  Intonnatlon  fnr- 
nlahed  by  the  UepsrlmeDt  of  Justice,  re- 
tnrn»d  an  indictment  SKainst  tblrtr-one 
corporations  and  twenty-are  iDdiTldunis  en- 
KSKKd  In  tile  fertiliser  business  in  the 
States  of  North  Carolloa,  South  CsrollDa. 
Georgia.  Florida,  Alabama,  MIbbIbbIppI, 
Arkauaaa,  aod  Teuneasee,  cbargtui  ibem 
wltb  engaslng  In  a  conspiracy  In  Tiolntlan 
of  the  Federal  sutl-tnist  act  and  with 
eoaaplttng  to  commit  an  oSmw  nEsinst 
tbe  United  BUtes.  vis.,  the  atoreiiBid  con- 
■plncr,  fa  Tlolatlon  of  section  6440  of  tbe 
Bevised  Btatates.  The  fertiliser  mamifac- 
tnrcn  combined  to  Bi  the  price  of  fen  11- 
Ixera  In  the  territory  mention^  and  to 
apportion  tbe  trade  amoag  tbemselTos  ac- 
cording t«  an  ureed  percentage.  July  11, 
lOOe.  ail  Iba  defendants  apnealnl  to  tbe 
Saprenie  Court  of  the  Hulled  States  from 
•n  order  of  tbe  Circuit  Court  of  tbe  Eaat- 
ern  Diatrirt  of  Virginia  deoylng  tbe  right 
-»   1... ._.. ending   thPm   tO  , 


triaL     The  ci 

4,  1007,  the  Jud'gmenT  of  the  "circuit  "Court 
for  tbe  Eastern  District  of  Viraluls  was 
rerersed  and  tb«  case  remanded  to  tbst 
conrt  for  further  proceedings  in  accordance 
with  the  oplalon  of  tbe  Supreme  Court. 
April  IT,  1908,  Tsrlons  motions,  pIpnB  In 
■utement,    and   drmurrers    flied.      July    8, 


t  habeas  corpus  and  r 


ent  qnaahed. 

faiMd  States  v.  American  let  0am- 

Sny  et  al.     Jnly  IS,  190«l.  Indlrtment  re- 
rned  tn  tbe  Bnpreme  Court  of  tbe   Dis- 
trict   of  Coinmbia,   cbarglug   an   nnlawful 


eompetltloD  la  the  sale  of  Ice. 


Cold  t 


.  Oha*Her  loe  and 
aga  nam  n  al      Bent.  19.   IftOO, 

t   returned   In   the   District   Conit 

tor  the  territory  of  Oklshoma  agnlust  the 
Chandler  Ice  and  Cold  Btorage  Plant  and 
otbcTS,  charging  a  combination  to  anpor- 
tloB  terHton  in  tbe  malter  o(  the  aaie  of 
Ice.  Hay  B,  lOOT,  demurrer  Hied  by  de- 
fnidant  Orovr*  and  oTCmiied.  May  20, 
1907,  demurrer  flied  by  Chandler  Ice  and 
Cold   Storage   Plsnl.     Dlsmliisea. 

IB.  rznfled  Btatft  v.  Alfred  M.  atoii'l 
M  oL  Bnt.  21.  1906.  Indlcimeat  returned 
uaiiwt  Alfred  U.  Qloyd  and  others  In  Ibe 
IHatrlet  Court  for  tbo  Territory  of  OHIa- 
homa,  charging  a  combination  to  maintain 
prices  aod  restrict  competition  In  tbe  sale 
of  Inmber.     Dismissed. 

Za     Vmti**   Btain   v.   People's  let  a»d 


In  the  District  Court  tor  tbe  Territory  of 

Arlsona,  cbarglaa  a  combloatlon  to  coatrol 
pricca  and  restrict  competition  In  the  sale 
of  Ice.  Jan.  e.  1907,  trial  commenced.  Ver- 
dict not  guilty  BB  to  People's  Ice  and 
Fuel  Co.  BDd  company  held  )o  next  grand 
Jnry.  Trial  of  W.  B.  Xount  continued  over 
term.  Oct.  18,  1007,  plea  lu  bar  flled. 
Oct.  IT,  inOT,  plea  In  bar  suelalned. 

21.  Cnited  StattM  v.  Demund  Luntbtr 
Company  et  al.  OcL  23.  1606.  Indictment 
returned  In  tbe  District  Court  tor  the 
Territory  of  Arlsona,  charging  a  combitia- 
tlon  to  control  prices  and  restrict  compe- 
tillon  Id  the  Bale  of  liimber.  Jan.  2.  lOOT, 
iced.       Verdict    of    not    gulltf 


as  to  Dcmund  Lumber  Co.     Jan.  7,   19OT, 
caaeB  agalDst  Chamberlain  Lumber  Co.  and 

Valley  Xum"--    "-      '        ' 


May   8,    190T,    motion    made   1.    ., 

Inatruct  for  acquittal.  Motion  argued  and 
taken  under  Bdvlaement.  Mov  0,  IDOT,  mo- 
tion nuBtalned  and  rerdlct  of  acqultui  re- 


P.  T.  Hurlev,  and  S.  J.  Tribolet.  «...  ^^, 
lOOC  Indlclment  retnmed  In  tbe  District 
Court  for  the  Territory  of  ArlBona.  charg- 
ing a  combination  to  coatrol  prices  and  re- 
strict competliloD  Id  tbe  sale  of  meata. 
Jon.  T,  1907,  trial  commenced.  Verdict  of 
not  guilty  as  to  Pboinli  Wboiettle  Meat  4 
Prodtice     Co.       Jon.     "      - " 


Appeal  to  tbe  Supreme  Court  of  the  Terri- 
tory of  AriBons.  Supreme  Court  affirmed 
declnloD   of  lower  court.      Pine  pBld. 

2S.  Unttea  etatet  v.  Btandard  Oil  Com- 
panw  of  N.  J.  et  al.  Not.  10,  1900.  bill  In 
equity  flled  In  Uclted  States  Circuit  Court 
for  tbe  EBBtem  District  o(  Mlasouri  agnlmrt 
tbe  Standard  OH  Co.  and  others.  In  whicb 
It  Ib  alleged  that  tbey  are  maintaining  a 
combination  In  realraint  of  tmde  In  the 
manufacture  and  sale  of  petroleum,  Ciisa 
argned  in  Circuit  Court  April,  1900:  de- 
cision by  unanimous  court  in  fSTor  of  tbe 
aoTcrnment  Not.  20,  1900.  Appealed  to 
Supreme  Court;  argued  March.  lOIO.  MK 
argued   January,    1911,   and  judgment  af- 


'3..f?!?''.f  .ft 


Brmed  Uay   16.   1911. 

24.      DnUed  Blatr*  t.   .. 

Dec.   8,   1000.   Indictment   i ._ 

District  Court  for  the  Territory  of  Okla- 
homa, charging  a  combination  and  Coh> 
splracy  In  reslrsiut  of  trade  and  commerca 
In  tbe  sale  of   lumber.     Msrch   2n.   1907, 


I   prices   and   restrict       ed 


I    on    appric 

25.  United  Btatee  v.  Allaatlo  f  Hpwtmeaf 
OompoRV  et  al.  Feb.  11,  lOOT,  Indictment 
returned  In  the  United  States  District  Court 
for  tbe  Southern  District  of  Qeorgia  against 
tbe  Atlantic  InTeatment  Co.  and  othenL 
charging  a  comblnatloa  In  reatralut  of 
trade  and  commerce  iu  the  matter  of  the 
maniifneture  and  sale  of  turpentine.  Feb. 
IS,  190T,  four  corporatlouB  and  two  Indt- 
Tldiiaia.  deteudanta  to  this  Indictment. 
enlered  pleaa  of  guilty,  and  tbe  court  Im- 
posed a  tlue  of  tn.000  upon  each  of  the  six 
defendants,  making  a  total  of  130,000. 

26.  United  Sfotei  t>.  American  Beattna 
Company  et  al,  March  12,  1907.  indict- 
ment returned  to  the  District  Court  of  tba 
Northern  District  of  Illinois  cbsrglng  a 
Tlolatlon  of  tbe  Sherman  Anti-Trust  Law 
by  engaging  in  a  oombinatlon  In  reatralnt  of 
trade  in  the  manufacture  and  sale  of  school 
and  church  fnrnlture.  April  1,  190T.  d*. 
Itndaiit  corporatloB*  aatorM  pleaa  of  (uUty. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidenti 


.._„  to.   Died  de- 

Aprll  S.  IBOT.  Mar  31,  lOOT,  dc- 
■Miuiicr  overruled  «nd  plen  of  ngt  guilty  «n- 
tered.      DIsmlBwd  Jao.    27,   1S13. 

37.  IlnUtd  atatet  v.  American  Beating 
Catapatiii  et  al.  Marcb  12.  1607,  bill  In 
eqnitr  filed  In  the  United  States  Circuit 
Conrt  far  tbs  N'orthern  District  of  1111- 
tiols  agalnit  the  Amerlcao  Beating  Co.  aud 
Others,  In  which  It  Ib  alleged  tbot  Ihe;  are 
nil  Into  In  log  a  comblDBtlon  In  restraint  of 
trade  in  the  manufncture  and  sale  of  icfaool 
and  church  furniture.  Aug.  IS,  1907.  do- 
cree  eolered  grnnted  perpetoal  Injunction 
■galnat  all  deiendauls,  eicent  fl.  H.  Btal- 
tord  ManufactDTlng  Co.,  E.  B.  Stafford,  B. 
U.  Stafford,  and  B.  Q.  Beutlcf.  Aa  to 
theaa  defeDdanta  the  case  was  dlimlaaed 
Jan.  27.  leiS. 

28.  ViMei  etatet  n.  Banta  Slta  Mtntnff 
Coiamny  anit  Santa  Rita  Store  Campang. 
April  4,  laOT,  indictment  returned  In  tha 
dTatrict  of  New  Mexico  charging  a  viola- 
tion of  section  B  of  the  Bhenuan  Antl- 
Tmat  Law  far  eagaglne  In  a  oomblnallon 
tn  reatralut  of  trade.  Demarrer  flled  and 
OTerruIed.  Fine  of  *1.000  Imposed  on  each 
defendant :  total,  12,000.  Appeal  taken  to 
the  Supreme  Court  of  the  Territory  of 
.„p„(  ^,  (^j 


1  the  case  n 


New  Mexico.  ' 


in   the   Circuit  Court  locthe   Ena 

trlct   of   rennsrlTBola,   to  dlaaolve  a   coa 
blnatlou  amoni;  the  anthraclle  conl-carrvln 
loads   and  others.      December   8,   IBIO, 
decision  was  banded  dovn  by  the  Clrcul 


ami  sain  s  t 
e  so-calTed 


.  in  so  far  as  It  adjudged  the 
defeadsDts  pnrdes  to  a  combloatlon  Id  re- 
straint of  trade  rhrouEb  the  InalnimeDtalltr 
of  the  Temple  Iron  Co..  was  affirmed,  but 
Iras  reTcrned  as  to  the  ao-called  65  per 
cent,  contract*  with  Initrnctlona  to  cancel 
them,  and  was  further  modified  bj  dis- 
misBlUK  the  petition  In  other  respects  ,wltb- 
oal  preladice.  Instead  of  abvolutely. 

30.      Vnlted  Statft  v.  National  C7n»r«Ra 
Fmnf   Companir   et  al.      Jalj  1.    1807,    la- 
— t  retorned  In  the  District  Court  for 


conspiracr  tL 


lected. 

SI.     United  Btatet  v.  Amertoan  Tabacco 
"  -      ■  .,   jqulty   nii-d   July 

States  against  the 
I.  and  others.  In  which 
t  was  alleged  that  they  were  maintaining 
J  COmblualtoD  Id  restraint  of  trade  and 
commerce  In  the  mnnnfactnre  and  snlc  of 


1  defendants   and   certain   foreign 

and  otber  corporations.  Cniaa  appeals 
were  taken  to  Ibe  Supreme  Court,  wber* 
— 1   argued    March,    1910,   and   


manded  to  the  Circuit  Court  and  the  un- 
lawful combination  was  dJuolved  In  ac- 
cordance with  the  deciaion  of  the  Baprema 
Court. 

32.  United  State*  n.  B.  H.  Staff  erd 
ManufacturinB  OOmpanv  et  a).  July  10, 
1907,  Indictment  returned  in  the  District 
Court  for  the  Northern  District  of  Illi- 
nois eharglDg  a  violation  of  the  Sherman 
Anti-Trust  Law  by  engaglEg  In  a  combi- 
nation In  restraint  at  trade  In  the  maan- 
facture  and  aale  of  school  and  church 
furniture.      Dlamlased  Jan.  27,  1913. 

S3.  United  Siata  v.  B.  1.  dit  Pont  de 
HeinaUTt  S  Co.  et  al.  July  30,  1007,  hill 
In  equity  filed  In  the  Circuit  Court  fat  the 
District  of  Delaware  against  B.  I.  do  Pont 

de  Nemoura  A  Co.  an-"   -"• —    ■ '■■-'-  " 

is  alleged  that  they  a 


alon  was  rendered  holding  combination  Il- 
legal and  ordering  Ita  dlssolntlou.  Final 
decree  dlaaoivlug  the  combination  was  ap- 
proved by  the  court  June  13,   1812. 

31.  I'Hlled  State*  c.  One  Hundred  and 
Seventgtlvt  Catet  of  Cloarettet.  Oct  28, 
1907,  Information  filed  In  tbe  Dlatrict  Court 
for  the  Eastern  District  of  Virginia  cor- 
erlng  the  seliure  of  17C  cases  of  cigarettes 
coder  Section  6  of  the  Sherman  Antl.Truat 
Act.  Cigarettes  subsequently  released  no* 
der  bond.  Decree  of  dismissal  entered 
Jan.  81,  191S. 

35.  Untied  Statee  v.  B.  D.  Oorbett  Sta- 
tfonem  Compang  et  al.  Not  1.  190T.  In- 
dictment returned  in  the  District  Court  for 
the  District  of  AriiooB  charging  a  combi- 
nation In  rpslralnt  of  trade  Not.  4,  1907. 
demurrer  filed.  Not.  14,  IBOT.  demurrers 
auBlalned  and  defendants  referred  to  next 

8 rand  Jury.  Oct.  28.  190S,  reindicted.  Not. 
,  1B08,  Terdlct  not  guilty. 

36.  United  States  v.  Union  PacUlO  Coal 
Contpanti  et  ol.  Not.  20.  1B07.  indictment 
returned  In  the  District  Court  for  the  Dis- 
trict of  Utah,  charging  a  conspiracy  to 
Tlolate  and  a  violation  of  the  Sberm.in 
Act  Jan.  6,  1908.  demurrer  filed.  March 
2,  1908.  demurrer  anstalned  aa  to  first 
count  and  orerruled  as  to  aecond  count. 
Dec.  a,  1908,  Tcrdlct  guilty.  March  29, 
1909,  fines  aggreitatlng  f  13.000  Imposed. 
NoTembcr,  1909,  Judgment  reversed  by  the 
Circuit  Court  or  Appeals,  and  tbe  ault  wai 
dismissed   March  2l.   ISIO. 

37.  United  Btatet  v.  Chat.  L.  SUntnom 
et  at.  Jan.  20,  1908.  indlrtment  retamed 
in  the  District  Court  for  the  Southern  Dis- 
trict of  Alabama  charging  a  combination 
in  restraint  of  trade  and  commerce  In  the 
matter  of  the  man u fact u re  and  sale  of 
plumbers'  supplies.  Dec.  1.  IStO,  pleai  of 
guilty,  and  fines  aggregating  (269  Impoaed, 

88  United  Statee  o.  [rnlDH  Paeifte  Ratt- 
road  Compang  et  al  Feb.  1,  1908,  a  bill 
In  equity  was  filed  In  the  Circuit  Court  ol 
the  nulled  States  tor  tbe  District  of  Dtah, 
charging  a  combination  and  conspiracy  Id 
Tlolatlon  of  tbe  Sherman  Act  on  the  part 
of  the  so-cslled  HarrlmsD  lines.  June  23, 
1911.  decision  by  Circnit  Court  to  tbe  ef- 
fect that  tbe  roads  InTolTcd  were  not  com- 
peting lines  and  beoce  tbe  combination  was 
not  a  Tlolatlon  of  law,  Hook,  J.,  dissent- 
ing. An  appeal  was  taken  to  Bupreine 
Court,  which  handed  down  a  decision  re- 
Tersing   tbs    lower   conrt   on   December   2, 


t  St.   Paul, 


1912.      Final   decree  entered   I 
Minn  .  on  June  30,  1918. 

United   Slatet  v.   B.   J.  Raw  et   al. 


Feb.  14.   1908,   Indictment  retnrBed  II 

Circnit  Conrt  for  the  Eastern  Dlatrlst  of 
Loulslina  against  aeventy-two  laborer*, 
cbatglog  K  combination  and  conaplracy  la 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


combination  In 


1   DIMrlct  of  LouUlaDB, 


mtrmlDt  ol  for^sn  trade  and  coniiMrM, 
In  vioUtloa  of  the  Stiermau  Act  See  not« 
niider  followInE  case. 

ia  Untied  Btatet  v.  B.  J.  Rag  at  at. 
Feb.  IS,  laoB,  iDdlctment  retumpd  In  the 
Clrcnlt  Court  for  the  Eaitera  District  of 
LoDlilaoa  agilast  Kvenlr-tiTi)  laborera, 
durxiDg  a  comblDitlon  and  cooBplrac)'  la 
r«tnlnt  of  Interstate  trade  and  commeree. 
Id  Tlolatioa  of  the  Shennaa  Art. 

NoTK.— Jan.  26.  Iflll.  caaea  conaoli- 
dated  for  trial.  Verdict  of  gullly  aa  to 
tbree  defeodauta  and  Snea  amounllng  to 
tllO  Impoaed.  Appeal  granted  and  Judg- 
ment of  the  lower  court  waa  afDnned. 

41.  [7Blt«d  euta  t>.  Joieph  Btltfcattr 
at  sL  Feb.  IS,  laoe.  Indictment  retamed 
In  Ibe  United  Btatea  Clrealt  Conrt  for  the 
~    "         ~ '  arglDg  a 

of  the  manufacture 

and  aale  of  plumbers'  auppUea.  June  2S, 
ISIO,  diamlaaed.  *^ 

42.  VMttd  Biatf  c  American  Naval 
Start*  Cowipany  et  at.  April  11.  IMS,  In- 
dictment returned  In  the  United  Statea  Cir- 
cuit Court  tor  the  8onCbem  District  of 
OeoTCla,  charging  •  combloatlon  tn  realralnt 
of  trade  and  commerce  In  the  matter  of  tbe 

manafactorr  *-•*  "'"  "'  * -Ine.     May 

10.  1900.  Ti  e  iDdiTid- 

nal  defendai  g  tlT.600 

Impoaed  am  icenr«d  to 

three  montl  to  Circuit 

Court   at    A  anrmed. 

Certiorari  e     Court. 

jDdraient  Ol  i  June  9, 

1013,  on  rr<  >'a  charge 

«.  balled  isfate*  v.  Vrvi  York,  Xeie 
IF .,^    Harl/ori    Kailroad    Company 


Jnlted 


Btatea  for  the  District  of  UaasachuB 
charging  the  New  Haven  Co.  wltb  • 
bluing  and  attempting  to  combine  and 
templing  to  combine  under  one  com 
— ntrol    the   Tarloua   railroad   r— '    ''- 


SB.  leoe. 

44.  Vnlted  Stale*  v  Jottn  B.  Fartt  «t 
oL  June  IS,  1B0&  Indictment  returned  in 
the  Circuit  Court  of  the  United  Statea  for 
tlie  Southern  DIatrlct  of  New  York,  charg- 
ing a  combination  In  reatralnt  of  trade  In 
tbe  matter  of  tbe  manufactnre  and  aale  of 
papers.  June  19,  1908,  defendants  plead 
cnlltjr  and  sentenced  to  pn;  flnea  aggregat- 
\aiisa,W)0.  which  were  paid. 

PaBainE:tT     Taft's      Admin 


?aBainE:tT     Taft's 
ughtr-nlne  cases. 

(Ceo.  W.  Wlckersham,  AttomeT-OeneraL 
Hareb  4.  1909.) 

1.     United  Btatei  v.  imerlcan  SKfror  Re- 

Sntng   Campany    et   at.       Indictment    undir 
hertnan  law  Jolr  1,   1909.     A  plea  of  Ibe 
.e  of  llmllatlons  was  Interposed  br  the 


at  the  Inrr. 

2.  Vmtri  Blalet  f>.  AlUa  Boa  A  Paper 
Company  rl  at.  Dec  T.  1909,  Indictment 
tetnmed  In  Bonthem  District  of  New  Yorh 
durglng  combination  In  reatralnt  of  trade 
In  paper  board.  Feb,  7,  1010,  all  defend- 
1    plead    gulltr    and    nnes    aggregating 


tST.O 


1  aud 


ment  of  tobaeco  In  Interstate  commetM 
b;  meana  of  violence  and  iotlmldatioi). 
After  the  orerrullug  of  demurrers  and  vari- 
ous pleaa   In    abatement   a    trial    waa   had. 


gued    November.    1911.    aud    the   Jiidgmi 

was  affirmed  May  11.  1B12.  The  aenteucea 
were  commuted  by  the  President  to  payment 
of  coats  of  suit. 

4.  United  Statea  o.  Imperial  WtndoiB 
aiaii  Company  et  at.  Indictment  found  In 
western  Penneylvanla  April  T.  1810,  charg- 
ing comblQalloQ  and  conspiracy  to  enhance 
tbe  price  of  window  glaaa.  Demurrers  to 
tbe  indictment  were  overruled,  and  on  Not. 
10.  1910,  Dleaa  of  nolo  contendere  were  en- 
tered end  Does  aggregating  (10,000  nnd 
coBta  were  Imposedand  collected. 

6.  C Riled  jStofe*  v.  National  PocMho 
Cofflpanii  el  at.  Indictment  returoed  In 
Nortliern  DiaCrtct  of  Illinois,  llarcb  2.  1910. 
Charging  combination  to  restrain  trade  In 
fresh  meats.  Demurrer  to  Indictment  sus- 
tained June  S3.  ISlO. 

e.  Dniled  Blala  v.  Xatlonal  PaeUng 
.*  „i      »-..., —    iiiinola.     Bill  In 


In   order   to    facilitate   the   prosecution  of 

later  criminal  cnse. 

T-  United  Btatee  v.  Armour  Packing 
Companv  et  at.  Indictment  returned  at 
Bavannnb,  Oa.,  In  April,  1910,  charging 
combination  lo  control  prlcee  aud  restrict 
competition.      Pei^dlug  on  demurrer,   1014. 

8.  United  State*  v.  Utoeoart  Poci/lo 
Aallroad  Company  and  Itcenlv/our  oCJier 
rollroada.  Pellilon  to  restrain  violation  of 
Sbennnu  law  filed  May  31,  1910,  and  tem- 
porary restraining  order  Issued  on  that  day 
enJolulDg  advances  In  freight  rates  In  west- 
ern trunk'ilne  territory,  which  would  have 
become  elfectlve  June  1.  IfllO.  Tbereapon 
■■     ■    1   with  the 

I.  and  a'fter  the  pas- 


log   Into    effect   > 


9  pelltlon   1 


0.  Untied  Slalei  o.  SoutAarn  IThoIeiara 
Orooeri'  AnociatUm.  Bill  In  equity  charg- 
ing combluQIloa  to  regulate  prices  of  ne- 
censltles  of  lite,  filed  at  Birmingham.  Ala., 
jDOe  0,  1910.  An  agreement  waa  reacbed 
between  the  Government  and  defendant's 
coanael,  aud  a  decree  prepared,  aubmltled 
to,  and  passed  by  the  court  Oct.  IT,  IBll, 
perpetuallr  reslrnlnlng  the  asflnclatlnn.  Its 
ofllcers  and  members,  from  doing  any  and 
all  of  the  sets  complained  of.  Some  of  the 
grocers  violated  the  agreement  with  the 
Court  and  contempt  proceed  Ini^s  were 
bronght  on  a  pelltlon  for  rule  to  show  caaae 
why   an  attachment  for   criminal   contempt 


of  P 


t  for  alleg 


—     _ i  Btate»   p.   John  S.   Steer*   e( 

■L  Indictment  returned  In  Fastem  Dlii- 
trlct  of  Kentucky  Feb.  IT,  1910,  charging 
eonsplracr  to  restrain  trade.  This  Is  tbe 
BO-cslled  -Night  Rider"  ease  where  the  re- 
■tnlnt   cnnsfsted   Id   preventing   tlie   ship- 


Ala.,  Feb.   10.   1!>I3.     The  association 

three  of  Its  members  were  found  gfllty  of 
contempt  and  flues  aggregating  IS.COO  were 

10,  railed  iStafea  v.  Oreat  Lakei  Tow- 
ing Company  et  ai.  Petition  filed  In  North- 
ern District  of  Ohio  on  June  19.  1010, 
against   an  alleged  combination  of  t<-— '-- 


jyGooi^lc 


Antf-Trnst  Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


AnU-TrnBt  iMw—Omttniud. 

down  Ftb.  11,  1013.     The  plan  of  dletolo- 

tlon    U   Dov   under   conaliJeratloD    bj   tlie 


Sag    Board.      Bill    aaklng    toi 
died  ■!  ChlcBBo,  Jnne  13,  1910. 
to  ibe  petltloD  wat  BUBtaiQEd  »ilu 
■mend,  and  an  amended  petition  wi 
Bet  for  beirlDB  Od  mHitcr'i  report 


12.     Vnltea    Staiu 
lat^tt  A.   i>a(leii  el   at.        inaici 
:    Cfty,    agalnt 


Prani    Hatrne, 


Indletmratt  were  Mtnraed  br  RUd  loir  at 

Detroit  OD  Dec.  S,  1B10,  ■ninn  tb*  hum 

corporatloDa   aod   IndivldnaTi  chkrflnf  tb* 

same  acta.    Vnrlaui  demurrer*  and  dlutdij 

pleaa  bave  beea  tiled,  argued,  and  OTerrnle&i 

.u,u..uu       *"er    a    trial    iBBtlns   sl»    "eeki   tb«   lurr 

morm      reported  a  dlaagrei^meDt  on  Marcb  14,  IBl^ 

■  Hetrlal    lu    Febrnarj,    1B13.    reaatted    In    & 

verdict     of    Kulltr    and    flaea    aEEiecKtlDC 

tSl.OOe   were   Impoied. 

,n      .._,j,.    „j_j__    _     ±,„er1e«*   Sugar 


...     Vnlted    I 
ReflnitiB  Com) 


turned.    New 


aod  tbe  GoTernmeDt  appealed  to  tbe  Su- 
preme Court,  wbcr«  case  waa  acgued  No- 
Tember,  1911,  and  rearsaed  at  tbe  October 
term,  1912.  Decision  bj  Bupreme  Court 
Jan.  6,  1913,  anatalnluK  Indlctmenta.  Pat- 
ten entered  plea  ot  sulltr  Feb.  11,  IBIB,  aod 
was  fined  {4,000.  Indlc^lmenl  diamlaaed 
aa  to  olber  defendeDta.  and  HDOtbei  In- 
dlctmeuc  waa  returned  3vlj  1,  1918.  Bee 
case  No.  6,  page  C6. 

13.  Unlled  State*  V.  Standard  Santtary 
Manufacturtna  Company  et  ol.  Petition 
Hied  at  Baltimore  July  22,  1910,  cbarelng  a 
combination,  onder  cover  o(  a  pafent  Tleena- 
competltlon 


nponu  et  al.  A  ault  Id  egaltj 
New  York  on  Noi.  28,  JvlO. 
BgumiL  iQia  corporation,  Ita  offlcera  and 
afieuta,  and  Ita  oivned  and  controlled  cor- 
poratlona,  attacking  It  aa  a  comblnatloD  In 
reatralDt  o(  trade  aod  praiius  lor  Ita  dts- 
aolutiou.     Feuding,  leit. 

20.  United  8lalct  i:  a«*trat  Stectrio 
Oampaay  et  oI.  Bill  In  eqnltv  filed  at  Cleve- 
land, Oblo,  on  Aiarcb  3,  lull,  cbarelnB  a 
combination  In  [ncundeBcent  electric  umpa. 
Thla  ault  1      ■  •  "       "^ 


rrangement 


and  enbauce  orlcea  ot  e 


H. 


affirmed  Not.  8,  1913. 

-      V.  Lotil*  F.   Siclft   et 

Indictment  celnrned  by  tbe  grand  Jury 
■~" '-    September,   1910,    against 


tea  prominent  iDdlvldaala  eagaged  lu  tba 
meat-packing  Indoalry.  Defendants  hnve 
filed  Dnmeroua  pleaa  In  bar,  demurrera.  etc., 
all  of  wblcb  nere  decided  In  facor  of  tba 
Government.  Defendanta  applied  to  Cir- 
cuit Jndge  Eohlsaat  for  writ  of  certiorari 
based  OD  oontenllon  tbat  autl-truBt  law 
waa  tincoDitllullouaL  Petition  dIsnilSBed. 
DefeodanlB  appealed  to  Supreme  Court  and 
gave  notice  of  tnollon  Dec.  4,  1911,  for 
■lay  of  trial  pending  appeal.  Harcb  2T. 
1912  after  a  trial  laBtlnit  over  tbree  montba 
tbe  Jury  returned  a  verdict  of  acqulttaL 

IB.  United  Slalet  d.  John  Reardon  A 
Botu  Company  and  Canaolldated  Render- 
ino  Co.  Indicted  Jolntlv  by  Federal  grand 
jury  at  BoBlon  In  Ocfoher,  1910.  Demur- 
ler  to  Indictment  Bnstnlaed  June  23,  1011. 

16.  United  Statet  v.  Ferdinand.  8«Ii- 
herger,  doing  buslneas  under  tbe  name  of 
John  Reardon  A  8om  Company,  and  HoraUo 
v.  Beath.  of  BoBlon.  doing  bualneaa  aa  tbe 
""        ~      ■   -'--    Joint. 


euamcled-war< 

founded   on   a   croas-llc 

under  patenta.      A  forn._. 

agreed  upon  between  counael  for  tbe  Oot- 
emment  and  tbe  defeDdant  compaalea,  and 
waa  aubmlttpd  to  and  paaied  b*  tbe  Clr- 
caft   Court  Oct.   12,   1911. 

21.  United  Btatet  o.  Purrtneton  et  al. 
Indictment  retamcd  lu  tbe  Kortbem  Dis- 
trict of  llllnola  Sept.  14.  1910,  cbargloc 
combination  to  real  rain  trade  In  paring 
brlcka  and  paving  blackii.  Demurrer  over- 
ruled Nov.  0,  1911.  Nolle  proaequl  entered 
June   8,    1918. 

S2.  Vniled  Statet  «.  Bamburg-Amer^ 
kenitcJie  Packettahrt  Actien  QeiitUcltaft 
and    otheri.        (Traua-AIlBnttc     alcamablp 

Bool.)  Combination  of  ateamablp  llnea  regu- 
itlog  aleemge  tratBc  on  tbe  Atlantic  Ocean, 
Suit  filed  Jan.  4,  1011.  at  New  York  City. 
Teatiinany  cotaplete  and  caae  act  for  argn- 


Paper  Compann, 
1  April  28,  1911, 


.. Indictment  r , 

In  tbe  Soalhem  District  of  New  York,  i 
leglug  a  coinblnatlon  andconsplracy  In 


21.     United  Btatei  v.  Eaitertt  Btatet  i 
talt  Lumber  Dealert'  Aiiociaiion.      Suit 
equity  died  at  New  York  on  May  19.   1B1_. 
cberglug  tbe  Raatern  States  Lnml>er  Deal- 


Ita  offlcera  and  memben. 


Contalidated   Renderit 


■    Indicted 


1910, 


.    BoBtoD   In'Oelobei,    

if  tbe  Sberman  law.    Demur- 

Ined  June  23,  1011. 

.   Horatio   W.  Heath 

Indictment  returned 

cbarglug   violation 


tbrougb  tbe  Inst mmenta lit y  of  black  llaU 
and  trade  agreemenia  Decision  by  lower 
conrt  In  favor  of  Oovernment  Jan.  0,  IBIS, 
and  decree  entered  Marcb  1,  from  wblcb 
appeal  waa  taken  to  Supreme  Court.     Ar- 

fued   at  October  term.     Decided  June  22, 
B14. 
29.     Vnited  States  v.  Uaac  VMttng,  Jan* 
K.   WhiUHg,_0}iarlet  H.  Hood,  Bdmard  J. 
Hood,  DRfrVtlllam  A.   Oraufieln.      Indlct- 
tbe  grand  Jury  at  Boa- 
,y   26     IBll,   charging  a 


combination     __     _     

-,    „.-„    throiiabout  tbe  New  England  State*.  Pend- 

,      Demurrer  to  Indict-  log,    f914. 

B  23,  1911.  ^(3.     United  Slatei  V.  Itaae  Whiting,  John 

last  three  Indictments,  K.    WMtIng,   Oharlet   E.   Hood,   Sdicari   J. 

Id     Blmultaueousl;,    the  ffood,  and  William  A.  Orautttein,  and  WU- 

(tea     that     tbe     defend-  Iloia    A.    Eunter,    Secretary    of    Producer^ 

ted  to  divide  territory  Co.     May  26.  1911,  Indictment  retomed  by 

ves     tbrougbont     New  tbe  grand  Jury  at  Boston,  Maaa.,  cbargtug 

avoid  competition  and  a    conspiracy    to    restrain    trtde    la    milk 

Itors   In   the   bide  and  througbout  tbe  New  England  States.   Pand- 


18.  barfed  Bialet  v.  Standard  Banltarg 
Manufacturing  Comgany  et  al.  In  addition 
to  tbe  above  aslt  Id  e^nlt^  (No.  18,  aupta), 


'.  1914. 


rftniDcd  June  88,   1911,  la  Um  NortbiKS 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Bneyehpt^  Initw 


itIm  Of  tonrtMii  letafl  lumbermeD'^  __ 

■OCtatlOlM,  eOTvrlng  twentj-tbicv  Btate* 
tram  PennajlTBDla  to  the  Pacific  coait, 
^ttt  ia  a  coupincj  by  meaDi  of  a  ceatrai 
COOtroUlaC  burMD  to  conlrol  tha  market' 
1d(  of  lumber  b;  forclDg  tbe  prodact 
thronih  tha  Ntalter  to  the  cODSumer,  and 
icMtvltiInt  the  trade  of  the  mannfaclDrer, 
wholeaalec,  and  coDSDmer.  and  ellmlnatlns 
competition  for  the  trade  of  the  conaumer. 
Demoner  filed.  Nolle  proaequl  entered 
Jbds  «.  1&18. 

28  to  3&     UMtta  BUtte*  f>.  PMttp  B.  W. 


iBdiTldiliua  charsiuB  (lolatloui  of  Sectloua 
1  and  2  of  the  ahtl-tniit  law  tbrongh  tbe 


^wer  CabI* ,   , 

AnodatloD,  Pine  Uagnet  Wire  AsBodatlon. 
Vln  Bope  Uannfacturera,  Horaeahoe  Man- 
nfactDivra'  Association,  Lead-eDcaaed  Rob- 
ber Cable  Asaodatlon,  and  the  Babber-coT- 


Vatted  BUxte*  v.  Perlodieal  PttblMh- 


B  entered  ttaj  29, 


:   Cleveland, 


•I.       

manatactnren   and   Joblwr* 

Ohio.  Joly  19,   1911,  for  coi 

eonapiracy  In  tbe  mannfaniire  and  nle  of 
irall  paper.  Demorrer  OTerruled  Uar  13, 
U12.  ferdlct  of  not  cnllty  Uay  S4,  1912. 
8t.  ElnttMt  Staiet  v.  Lakt  SHore  A 
Mleklami   BoutlKnt   B.    R.,    Cheiaptata    A 


oia« 


Boctlnif  Yalleif  A.  R..  Toledo 


4  Ohio  CcSfral  Bjf.,  KanaKiha  d  inehlga* 
Mp^    Immetville    J     Wttiem    R.    R.    and 


•sd  (Mnsplracy  Id  icslrslnc  of  trade.     _  . 
dalon  of  lower  conrt  In  (»TOr  of  Qovern- 
ment   Dec    28,    1912.      Proposed   plan   of 
'atlon  belDK  considered  by  conrt. 
Unlitd   State*   o,   Sdieard  B.   Bart- 

el  al.    Petition  filed  at  Detroit  Mich.. 

Anc,  SI,  1911,  altering  coaaplracy  and  an- 
I — <-i   — ._...  f,f  ,„ag  on   (,,,  pg^  o( 
—  ■hlBsn    Retail   Lnmbec 

,  The  Bcoat  PnbHiihln( 

Co.,  and  tbe  Lnmbermen's  Spcretarles'  Bu- 
nan  of  Information.  Issaes  Joined  and  tea- 
tlmonj  complete. 


of   tbe   Ulchln 


«oIt  Conrt  at  New  York  City  In  aeptemutr, 
1811.  against  the  membera  of  the  so-called 
Kind) Ins  Wood  Trnst,  praying  for  Injunc- 
tion anlnst  the  further  carrying  Into  effect 
of  trade  agreements  and  combination  and 
COToplraej  to  moDopollae  trade.  On  de- 
fanlt  of  answer,  decree  was  entered  against 
defendanta  UaTCb  11.  1912. 
_  48.     VMttd  _flta(_M__c.    Hvnier    VflHnfr 


Boaton,  HtH.,  flcpt.  1ft,  IBll, 
combination,  consplraey,  and  moi 
trade  In  shoe  machinery.  One  li 
—  J  partially  oyemi 


Vjiovilmg  Ltunbcr  Deaitr^  a. 

tht  LambarmcH'*  iS«oretar-lM'  Bitreau  of 
Intorttation.  Bill  in  equity  filed  at  DenTer, 
Colo.,  Sept.  2S,  1911,  tor  Injunction  against 
defendants  for  conspiracy  to  restrain  Irada 
In  lumber  and  Us  products.  Testimony 
complete.  Farther  action  deferred  await- 
ing decision  of  Eaatem  Statn  Lumber 
Dealers'  case. 

IS.  Vtrited  Btatet  v.  WtOard  O.  EolUt 
et  al  Petition  filed  In  October,  1911,  at 
at.  Paul,  Minn.,  In  the  United  States  Cir- 
ca It  Conrt.  against  the  Lumbermen's  Bee- 
retarlea'  Bntean  of  Information,  Tbe  Lum- 
berman Publishing  Company,  and  certain 
IndlTlduais,  alletring  coniplracy  and  com- 
blnailon  In  lli«lamber  trade.  Testimony 
complete.  Farther  action  deferred  await- 
ing decialoD  of  Eastern  Btatea  LumbM 
Dealen'  case. 

46.  VHfted  jBtofes  v.  VMtti  Btaia*  BtttH 
OorporalioK  and  olAers.  Petition  for  In- 
junction and  dissolution  filed  at  Trenton, 
N.  J.,  Oct.  2T.  1811.  Tblrty-seren  cases. 
Issues  Joined  and  testimony  on  behall  of 
QoTernment  baa  been  taken. 

47.  Vtiitti  atattt  V.  Jot  COIlow  at  al. 
Deteadanti  were,  on  Not.  IB,  ISll,  indicted 
in  the  Sonthem  District  of  Mlsalsslppl  for 
coBsplrlDg  to  restrain  Interstate  commerce 
doling  course  of  a  strike  on  tbe  Illlnola 
Central  Railroad.  The  strike  having  been 
terminated,     —    •—.■-—    .^i—    •-—    i.— 


further    action    : 


48.  VtiUed  atatet  o.  SaUonal  OatJt 
Beoiiter  Co.  et  at  Petition  filed  Decem- 
4  1911,  In  Circuit  Court,  Soutbern  District 
of  Ohio,  allesing  conspiracy  and  monopolj 
In  tbe  manufacture,  sale,  and  sblpment  of 
cash  registers  and  other  re^stering  devices. 
Issue  Joined  snd  taklng^or  testimony  will 
shorlly  be  commenced.  Delay  aus  to  pross- 
Cntlon  of  criminal  case. 

49.  Vniled  Btatet  v.  Vttltei  Bhoe  Uo- 
ehlnerv  Co.  ef  at.  Petition  In  equity  filed 
Dec.  12.  1811.  In  Circuit  Court,  District  of 
Ha  Bsachn  setts,    alleglDg    comblnatloai 

SC - 


rades  tn  restraint  of  Interstate  and 


r_*V,   £IactH«lt   Villfap   anil  Elersfor 

CMB^aiiV,  and  rrant  rolls.  Indictment  re- 
tsmed  ay  grand  Jory  to  District  Court  foe 
tba  Weriem  District  of  Oklsboma,  8«it. 
10,  IBll,  on  one  count,  charging  Tlolatfon 
•t  Seetloo  1  of  Ule  Sberman  Act.  Demurrer 
•Terrntcd  Dec  19,  1912,  and  rerdlct  of 
g«llty  randered.     Flos*  aggregating  $2,000 

^%».  StMei  Btmttt  s.  8.  W.  Wtnthne, 
Wm.  B*rhoitr,  B.  P.  Bow,  Bd,  P.  Hard, 
On.  W.  Srotos,  and  Jot.  J.  Btomw,  Two 
hJcfsti  ntnnad  br  tba  ftuA  Ivry  at 


foreign  trade  la  shoe  machinery,  and  prey- 
ing for  perpetual  restraining  order,  dlaao- 
lullon  of  company,  and  restoration  of  nor- 
mal candltloos^  Testimony  now  being  t«ken 
In  open  court. 

50.  VtHUd  State*  e.  A.  ffolxet  el  at. 
Two  Indictments  returned  Dec.  IS,  1811, 
In  the  Southern  District  of  Florlds  against 
members  of  Longahoremea's  Auoclatlon  for 
combining,  consplrEag,  and  agreeing  to  In- 
terfere with  Interstate  operstlons  of  tbe 
Uason  Forwarding  Company  nhlcb  hsd  de- 
clined to  recoKuue  one  of  the  conspirators 
known  as  the  ^'walking  delegate."  See  note 
to  following  case. 

51.  Vtilled  State*  v.  A.  Baintt  €t  aL 
Two  indictments  returned  De<:.  16,  1911,  in 
tbe  Bon  them  District  of  Florida  for  com- 
bining, conspiring,  snd  sgreelng  npon  rules, 
rcgnlatlons,  reqnlrcmeats,  etc.,  with  refer- 
"--  -- uployment  of  workmen  to  load 


for 


els  with  iL 

Horn.— Two   Bbo»8   1 

r  trlaL     Defendants 

illty  and  were  sentenced  each 


iiuii  u.cu  u^.  Ad,  1811,  In  Circuit  Court, 
Boutbem  District  of  California,  alleglug  un- 
lawtol  restraint  of  trade  and  commerce  In 
plumbing  BDpplIea  on  the  Padflc  coast.  De- 
cree anjolnlnf  dalandnnti  tioB  tnrtbei  cm- 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


ulnlDf  tba  act!  eonplalued  of  wu  mUted 
Jan.  a,   1912. 

03.  Vnitea  Btatf  v.  The  Keniiont 
WaUh  OoMt  Oanpanv  el  ol.  Petltloo  filed 
Dee.  20,  IBll,  lo  the  ClTcnlt  Court,  £aBtFrn 
District  of  PennirlTBDla,  allesInK  unlawful 
cnntnelB,  combinations  and  coBiplraelea  t 


tlonal    Cath    ^ , , , 

1  conaplracjr  In  reacralnt  of  Intentata  trad* 

._j .^  ^^  r*gl«ie[»,   malting 

1_   ..  i^e  lodnit^. 


monopoilie  trade  In  flUed  watch  cam  and  a8S£csatl 

iTHlcbea,  and  prarlng  for  a  permanent  d«-  raasine  i 

eree  oKlerlD|E  the  dtuolntlon  of  the  com-  "'V^"^, 

Dan?  and  enJolDlns  deCendantB  from  further       ?f'    y. 


verdict  of  culli;  i 
.   _    thlrtr    deiendan.. 
araresatlng    tlSS.OOO    and    Jell 


!    Of    lh«    thlrtr 


lendanta    and    1 


pan;  and  enjoining  deCendantB  from  further 
CommiltlnK  the  na  law  fat  acts  complained 
of.  Innea  Joined,  tablns  of  teatlmonr  com- 
pleted, and  caae  la  now  read;  for  trIaL 


blnatlon  and  conaplracr  hi  rcatralnt  of  la- 
teralate  and  foreitn  commerce  In  taipentlne 
and  realn.  Demnrrer  overruled  Jan.  3, 
1918.  Defendant  aacpeDded  boaloeM  In 
Harch,  1913,  on  account  of  financial  dlf- 
flcnltlea,  and  alnce  then  no  tarthai  action 
baa  been  taken. 

es.  (Jailed  ainlM  V.  V«w  Dtpartta* 
Uanjaelrtring  C7ompa«y  et  ol.  Indli^tment 
returned  Jan.  8,  1012,  In  tbe  Weltem  Dla- 
trfct  of  Mew  York  against  alz  corporatlona 
•nd  elahteen  IndlTldnal  defendantB,  charg- 
ing unlawful  combination  and  couaplracr 
(or  the  puriMBe  of  monopollalng  the  coastar' 
braka  bnalneaa,  and  flilng  bdiT  malntBlnlnK 
price*  for  coaater  brakea.     Plea  In  abate- 


laaue  Joined. 


-_       ViHttd    Statu    :. 

Bt«an»hip    Company    et    oL       Petition    la 
equllF  filed   Uarch   SO,  l"-~    ■      -     -■ 
Dlatrlct  -'  " —  >■— ■-    -' - 

with  001 _  .    .  _,  -_ 

to  unlawful  contra  eta  and  pooling  agreo- 
menta.  and  allowing  rebatee,  for  tha  por- 
poM  of  aecurlng  a  moDopolj  of  the  bud- 
neaa  of  tranaportlng  freight  between  porta 
on  the  Atlantic  eoaft  of  the  United  BtatM 
and  porta  In  tbe  Philippine  lalanda,  Japan. 
China,  and  the  Par  Xaat.  laar-  •-•^^^^ 
Taking  of  ttatlmanr  on  behalf  o 
ment  nearlng  completion. 

«3.  DMtti  Btata  e.  JuHut  F.  VOIer, 
Seorelanr,  HaiB  York  Charcoal  Oowipany 
*t  ol.  Indictment  returned  April  2.  1912, 
In  the  Eaatem  Dlatrlct  of  New  Xork  charg- 
ing defendant*  wltb  realralnlng  Inlersteie 
trade  and  commerce  In  charcoal.  Demnmr 
anatalned  Oct.  IT.  1913. 

S3.  VittA  BlaltM  V.  Intenmttonal  Bar- 
vetter  Oempanir  et  nl.     Felltlun  Died  April 

80,  1912,  In  the  Dlitrict  Coo"     '-  — 

Mil 


po*ed  in  Haj.  IBIL. 

5&  Vnittd  Btatet  v.  The  Vorlh  Padfto 
Wharce*  A  Trndlns  Co.  el  at.  iDdlctmeut 
returned  Feb.  12,  1912,  In  the  Flrat  Dlvt- 
alon.  District  of  Alaak*.  charging  detend- 
anCs  with  conaplrlus  to  monopallae  and 
monopollalng  the  coarbualneu  at  Bkagwar. 
DeiDurrei  tustalned  Har  8,    1913. 


07.     Called   Slotei 


meat  retnmed  L 

DlTlalon,   District  < 

(endants  with  engaging  In  a  eonsplr —    .. 
monopollae  and  monopollalng  the  transpor- 


M,  1912,  In  tbe  Flrat 
f  Alsaka,  charging  de- 
ting  Id  a  eonspTracT  to 


08.  T}*Hai  Blatee  v.  The  North  PatHlto 
Wharvei  A  Tmilno  Co.  el  al.  Indictment 
returned  Feb.  12,  1S12.  In  the  Pint  DlTl- 
alon, District  of  Alaska,  charging  defend- 
ants (1)  with  engaging  In  a  conspirac; 
and  combination  In  restraint  of  trade  and 
commerce  bjr  way  of  combining  the  four 
wharrss  at  Bhagwaj  under  one  manage- 
ment, and  <S)  wltb  monpoUalog  the  wharf- 
inger buslneaa  at  BksgwaT.  Demurrer  over- 
ruled  on  Ha?  8,  1913.  First  trial  reiolted 
in  disagreement  of  Jnrr  on  Jan.  ST,  ISIS. 
Pending. 

B9.  tJnlted  Matei  «.  Pncljfa  «  Anrtto 
Bfrflirat'  4  WactoaHaK  Do.  el  ol.  Indict- 
ment returned  Feb.  IS,  1812,  In  tbe  First 
DlTislon,  District  of  Alaska,  charging  de- 
feodaati  wltb  engaging  In  a  conaplracr  to 
monopollae  and  monopollilng  tbe  atesmablp 
transportation  between  Paget  Sonod  and 
Britlsn  Columbia  porta  in  the  aonth  and 
Skagway  In  tbe  north.  Demurrer  sns- 
tnlocd,  except  a*  to  corporation  defendants 
to  count  Ho.  S.  Tpon  appeal  to  the  Supreme 
Court  the  Judgment  was  reversed  and  tba 
case    remanded    for    further    proceedings. 

00,  ViMei  BtaUt  t>.  Jo\»  B.  Palttrten 
tt  at.  Indictment  returned  Peb.  32,  1912, 
In  the  Southern  Diatrict  of  Ohio,  against 
John  B.  Pattsraon,  prealdent,  and  twentj- 


Mrllflcate    llled,    and    ease    argued    befon 
three  circuit  Judge*  at  Bt.  Faul  during  No- 
vember, 1913. 
•M.     (7ailed    fliales    «.    AlanifiiMin    Cor»- 
ot  AmeHca.       Petition   Bled    Uar   IS. 


.    eactfle   a   Arelto       Stat* 


191^  In  the'District  'Court,  WMlern'  Dli? 
trict  of  Penuaxlvanla,  to  prevent  a  fortbet 
monopoly  of  and  restraint  upon  the  Inter- 


June  7,  1912. 

ec.  Dnittd  Stale*  e.  Btrma»  Bleieke» 
«l  ol.  PeUtlon  filed  Ma;  18,  1S13,  In  the 
District  Conrt,  Bouthem  Dlatrlct  of  Mew 
York,  alleging  conaplracT  to  reduce  the  pro- 
duction of  eoiTee,  aapeclallr  In  tbe  Stale  of 
Bio  Paulo,  Braall,  and  to  withdraw  a  larg* 

per  cent,  of  coffee  from  the  market  bj 

chase.  Uotlon  for  prellminan  InJun 
denied.  Upon  th*  aavlce  of  the  Stati.  _  _ 
part  ment  that  rspreientationa  bad  tteen 
made  by  the  BraiUlan  Ooremment  that 
the  entire  quantity  of  colfee  which  waa 
belns  withheld  from  market  bad  been  *oId 
to  ■  large  Dumber  of  dealer*  throughout 
the  United  Btatee,  an  order  of  dlaniaaal 
wa*  entered  May  39.  191B. 

eo.  Called  Stale*  v.  PHnM  LiM 
(LImiled)  et  aL  Petition  filed  Jnne  0, 
1912,  In  tbe  District  Court  Boutbera  Dia- 
trict of  Mew  York,  ch*rglng  defend**!*,  a* 
common  carriers  of  freight  *nd  jwstengers 
between  porta  of  the  United  Statea  and 
ports  In  tbe  Republic  of  Braill,  with  ac- 
quiring and  maintaining  a  substantial  mo 
nopoly  by  mean*  of  contracts,  rebates,  and 
other  unlawful  act*,  *Dd  praying  for  an 
annulment  of  said  contracts,  agrecBMnt^ 
etc.  laaue  Joined  and  tesHmony  In  ebtet 
on  behalf  of  Oovernment  baa  beeo  Intro- 

6T.'  United  Btatee  o.  Oentret-Wett  Pak- 
HiMtV  Co.  el  aL  Pettllon  fllrd  August  8. 
1912.  In  tbe  District  Court,  NoRbem  Dl*- 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Mncyctopedie  Index 


Anti-tyust 


*Uwr  and  aialiiat  otbera  eniased  tn  com- 
petlDf  IndtuuteK  with  tbe  Inient  to  re- 
atraln  and  moDopolUe  loteretate  trade  and 
coounerc*  In  plBt«  and  reailv-prlDl  matter. 
Conaent  decTM  siaDtlns  relief  aa  prajed 
for  entered  at  CHcaxo  oa  Ans.  3,  1012. 

OS.  Unittt  «taie*  0.  AiioeiaUd  BttU 
t>rtf»  nU  DtMtrtbmton  ot  tha  ViMed 
UmtM  ami  Oaaaila  tt  at.  Petition  flied 
Anc.  S.  )S1%  In  tbe  Dlatrlct  Court,  North- 
an  DiBtrict  of  llUaola.  charging  detend- 
anta  with  cncagliic  In  a  cDtDblantloD  '~' 


£<boit  /.  ChambarUn,  oui  Alfrei  W.  BmtiJt- 
era.  Indictment  retomed  December  2S, 
1612.  Id  the  Bonlhern  Dlatrlct  of  New  York, 
charging  a  combination  and  consplnc;  ts 
reitraln  InterBtata  commerce  by  preTent- 
Ing  the  GODBtrucllon  of  aabaidlarj  lines  ot 
the  Central  Vermont  Railway  Compaar  (It- 
aelf  a  aubsldlarj'  of  the  Grand  Truoh  Ball- 
way  Companj)  from  Palmer.  Uaaa.,  to 
ProTldence,  B.  I. ;  from  White  River  Junc- 
tion, Vt.,  to  BoatoD  1  and  from  Boaton  lo 
Blackatone,  connecting  there  with  tbe  Pal- 
mer-Prorldcnce  line.  Caae  at  laiue  airalt- 
lus  irlaL 

8iaUt   V.   KtUooa    Toatttd 


Dec.  £ 


1  Dlatrlct  of 


Anc-  IS,  191',  In  the  Dlatrlct  Court,  Baat 
am  District  ot  PautiiylTanla,  to  remove 
tba  rcMralnta  which  defendanta  hare  Im- 
»""''    niw"^    Intentate   and    foreign    trade 

—  In  machlnea,  appllancaa,  and 


— .     The   taking  of   tea- 
1  behalf  of  Oovemment 


lllchlgan,  alleging  that  tbe  bnalneaa  poller 
ot  the  defeDOaol  company  in  flxloi  and 
enforcing  reaals  prlcea  on  Sellogg'a  Toaat- 
ed  Corn  Flskea  la  nnlawfnl  and  tenda  tv 
reatraln  and  monopollH  Interatats  Com- 
merce In  aald  product. 


Ptodnce  Merchanta'  Exchange,  ot  PortUnd, 
nlih  unlawfully  contmlllng  the  pnrcbaae, 
dlatrlbutlon,  and  aale  of  approximately  M 


■piracy   In   reatralnt   of   Interalate   and 

-n   trade   and   commerce   In   oUa   and 

■dncta.     Nolls  proaaqui  entered  Feb. 


fon>«il  Oct.  81,  191?  In"  the  'District  ot 
MaasaehuaettB.  charging  monopoly  of  Inter- 
Uaie  trade  and  commerce  In  rendering  ma- 
terials- Dec.  1,  leiS,  plea  of  nolo  con- 
tendere by   defendant   and   flue   ot   ffi.OOO 

VMal  StatM  s.  Conaotldated  Rendering 
COMHtiir  at  aU  Indictment  returned  Octo- 
ber 81,  1812,  In  the  Dlatrlct  of  Maasaoha- 
■etta^  charging  monopoly  of  Interstate  trade 
kod  commerce  In  rendering  materlala.  Dec 
1,  IftlS.  plea  of  nolo  contendere  b*  eoriMra- 
tloD  and  Bus  of  (3,000  Impoaed.  Indlct- 
■MDt  nolle  proaaed  aa  to  IndlTldual  de- 
fendants. 

Hon.— These  actions  wei«  Instituted 
aa  a  result  of  demnrrers  having  been  sus- 
tained In  cases  IS,  IS,  and  IT,  and  are 
therefore  not  counted  aa  additional  cases. 
71.  DMted  Statem  o.  TAs  UoMler  Borit- 
Cftocrt'  SatUmal  Proitetive  Aueetatta»  of 


I    drltled    borse- 


ot   trade ._    

■hoc*,  adjoatabia  calks,  snd  mbber  hoot 
peda.     Pending  on  demurrer. 

12.  Dmitet  Statei  b.  PhltadrlpAIo  Jet- 
MiV  Ctmjeeltonen'  Atsoctation  tt  bI.  Peti- 
tion fllMi  Dec-  IS.  1612,  In  tbe  eastern 
Dtstilct  of  PennsylTanla,  charslag  defend- 
snta  with  nnlBwtnlly  InterferAg  with  In- 
tentate commerce  In  candles  and  confec- 
tlona.  Conaent  decree  entered  Feb.  IT. 
191S. 

78.  I7s(t«f  State*  «.  Elgin  Board  of 
TraiUrtal.  Petition  Died  De<;pmber  14, 1612, 
to  the  Nortbem  District  of  lUlntds,  charg- 
lu  defendant*  with  comblnlna  and  con. 
■piring  In  the  Intereat  of  a  num^r  of  large 
centnllilna  concerns  to  restrain  Inleratate 
commerce  rn  butter  and  bntter  fat,  and 
arbltntrfly  adnc  the  price  thereof  to  obtain 
throngbont  the  onlted  Statee.  Issue  joined 
•Dd  taUng  ot  testlmtmy  In  open  eonrti  will 
M  mMBcmcad  od  Jan.  8,  1914. 

14.    VwUtd  atom  «.  OMrtM  B.  Venea, 


waa entered  at  Detroit, Hich.,onFeb. 7, 1918. 

TS.     United  Blatet  v.   Catted  Bhoe  Ita- 

ehtnerf     CompaBii     of     tfew     Jersey     tt     -' 


alleged  nnlawfnl   t 

Tolrlng  "Inseam  trimming  machlnea." 
T6.     Bee  Ko.  6. 

80.  United  States  v.  Board  af  Trad*  •( 
the  City  of  Chieoffo  st  aL  PeUtlon  flitd 
Feb.  if,  1913.  In  the  District  Court  at 
Chicago,  III.,  attacking  mle  88  of  tbe  CU- 
cago  Board  of  Trade,  by  vlrtn*  of  w"-"-"-  " 
la  alleged  the  price  of  all  com,  oats. 

and  rye  arriTiog  In  Chicago  at  tlme_ 

the  board  of  trsde  Is  not  in  aesslon  Is  arbi- 
trarily determined.  Motion  to  strike  ont 
certain  portlona  of  defendant*'  answer  has 
been  ai^ed,  and  tlie  nillng  of  the  court 
Is  awaited. 

81.  United  gtatn  v.  The  OlwetanS 
jBtone  Compaiur  M  ol.  PetltloD  filed  Feb, 
12.  1618,  In  the  District  Coart  at  Cleve- 
land.   Northern   District  of  Ohio,   cbarglog 


wheat. 


Ing  a  practical  monopoly  o 

82.     I7«it«d    State*    o.    The    

Lackawaniia  d  Veitsr*  ffadroad  Oomoanif 
and  Tht  DHateare,  Lacliateanna  4  iTeft- 
em  Coal  Compaau.  Petition  died  Febmary 
18,  1618,  In  the  District  Court  at  Trenton. 
N.  J.,  charging  defendsnta  with  transport- 
ing coal  In  which  It  had  an  Interest  in  tIo- 
lallon  of  tbe  commodltlea  clause  of  ths 
Interitate-commerce  set.  snd  with  enter- 
ing into  an  unlawful  contract  whereby  the 
Coal  Company  acqalred  a  monopoly  of  the 
Bale  at  anthracite  coal  produced  along  the 
line  of  tbe  Railroad  Company,  In  vloratlon 
of  tbe  antl-truBt  act.  Tbe  taking  of  testi- 
mony has  been  completed  and  briet  la 
being  prepared-    Eipedltlng  eanlflcate  died 


jyGooi^lc 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Reaitter  Company  et  ol.  Petition  Died 
Feb.  20,  lSi3.  In  tbe  Dlitrlct  Conrt  at 
ClcTslaad,  Norttivrn  DiBtricc  of  Ohio. 
cborctiiK  defendaalB  with  coDsplrluK  to  re- 
Btmln  and  monopoUie  the  nmniitHClure  and 
iaie  of  account  reglatm  and  appliances. 

84.  United  Btatet  v.  Ijittmatimial 
Brotherhood  of  EUctrical  Worlxrt.  Local 
Vniont  floi.  »  and  134,  et  aL  PetllloD 
nied  F«b.  24,  1913,  In  Ihe  Dlatrlcl  Court 
■t  Chicago,  Northern  District  of  llUnoH, 
■ecklug  to  tDjQla  dcteadanls  from  iDterfer- 
Ins  with  the  Interstate  bDnlneu  of  th« 
Postal  TeleKraph-Calile  Company.  A  tern- 
porarr  InJUDctToa  wai  granted  and  Is  atlll 

85.  United  Btatet  d.  Com  Produett  Re- 

SBlnfr  Company  et  al.  Petition  filed 
[arch  1,  1B13,  Id  the  Dlatrlct  Court  at 
New  York  Cltr,  charging  defendants  with 
tnonopotlilD^  Inlemtote  trnile  and  com- 
merce In  corn  products,  and  prajlng  for 
the  dluolntloa  of  tha  combination.     loiue 

80.  antted  Btatet  v.  The  imfrtoan 
Thread  Company  et  al.  Petition  Died  Uarch 
8,  ISIU,  In  the  Dlntrlct  Court  at  Trcntou, 
N.  J.,  charging  defendants  with  monopalli- 
Ing  tbe  thread  Indnntrr.  Answers  oi  de- 
fendants filed  Sept.  10.  191.1.  Issue  Joined. 
.  87.      United    Stolea     c.     The     Buironght 


engaged  In  ■  conspiracy  to  monop 


__.     _ _    _.    Cool 

Produett  Company  et  ai.  i'etitlon  filed 
March  S^  1013,  In  the  District  Court  at 
New  Tor^  Cltr.  charging  defendants  nllh 
monopollilng  the  supply  of  con  I  tar  and 
nslralning  the  trade  of  competitor"  i"  th" 
purchase  of  coal  tar  and  In  tbe  a 


of  the  bnalnes*  of  manafacturlog,  selUng, 
and  distributing  photographic  aappllM. 
'■au«  Joined. 

4.     Vnited   Btatee   v.   The    Quaker   Oate 

' *      ■       Petition   filed    June   11, 

'  ■"  :  Chicago,  111.. 


consent   ^rc 
1913. 

89.  United  Stale*  v.  Termtnat  Railroad 
Aitociation  of  Bt.  Loni*  et  at.  Pclltlon 
filed  Uarch  4,  1913,  In  the  District  Coart 
at  8t.  Louis.  Enatern  District  at  Missouri, 
alleging  a  coDsplracr  on  the  psrt  of  tbe 
members  of  the  Bt.  Loula  Con)  Trnfflc  Ru- 
reau  to  suppress  snd  eliminate  competition 
In  various  rates  for  the  transportation  of 
■oft  coal  from  the  State  of  Illlnolf  to  tlie 
elt7  of  St.  Iioula,  Ho. 

PlUIDBKT     WII^DN'S     AdUINIBTSATIOH 

IJsmes  C.  McBejnoldi,  Attomey-OeneraL 
Uareb  4.  1913.] 

1.  United  Btatet  v.  Tlte  Sew  Departure 
Itannfacturtna  Company  et  at.  Petition 
filed  Uay  2T,  IBIS,  In  the  District  Conrt 
at  Rochester,  Waslern  District  of  New 
York,  alleging  that  defendants  entered  Into 
a  conspiracy  and  combination  and  devised 
B  license  agreement  for  the  pnrpose  of  re- 
straining and  moDopotlKlng  tbe  mnnufacture 
and  sale  of  bicycle  and  motoreyde  parta 
and  coaster  brakes.  An  agreed  decree  was 
entered   at   Rocbester   on   May   27,   1913. 

2.  United  Btatet  v.  White  et  al.  In- 
dictment returned  June  7.  1013.  in  the  Dis- 
trict Court  for  the  Southern  District  of 
West  Virginia,  agnlnat  nineteen  members 
of  the  United  Mine  Workers  of  America, 
alleging  a  conspiracy  to  Interfere  wllb  In- 
terstate commerce  In  coal  mined  In  West 
Vln^nlB. 

8.  United  Btatee  v.  BattmaH  KodaM 
Company  et  al.  Petition  Sled  June  9, 
1918,    ia    the    DlttrlM   Court   at    BoITbIo. 


I   In  the  District  C 


to   restrain  and   i 


Campan))    < 

1913,   In  the  t^iair 

alleging    comblnat „    

Dopollie  Inlerstnte  trade  and  commerce  in 
oatmeal   prodncta  and   by-producu.     Isau* 

0.  United  Blatee  v.  Bippem  et  al.  In- 
dictment tctnmed  June  26,  1918,  Id  the 
District  Conrt  tor  the  Weatern  District 
of  Oklahoma  against  The  Oklahoma  Bnik- 
ersge  Comimny  and  two  other  corporations 
naa  the  olBcers  thereof,  alleging  a  con- 
spiracy to  restrain  and  monopolFse  inter- 
state trade  and  commerce  In  fruits  and 
vegetables.  Demurrer  sustained  Oct.  1, 1913- 

6.  United  State*  v.  Thampton  el  al.  In- 
dictment reCurned  July  1,  1DI3,  In  the  Dla- 
trlct  Court  for  the  Southern  District  of 
New  York  alleging  tlutt  the  defendants  Con- 
spired to  run  a  corner  In  cotton  on  th« 
New   York    Cotton    Exchange.      Defendant* 


merlean  Tclepfiotis 


July   1 


Portland  Ore.,  seeking  to  destroy 
nopoly  of  the  telephone  business  on  the  I'a- 
clBc  Coast.  Issue  Joined  and  tsblng  of 
testimony  on  behalf  of  GoTernment  Is 
nearing  completion. 

8.  United  Statei  v.  Reading  Company 
et  oI,  (Antbraclle  coal  combination.)  Pe- 
tition Id  equity  filed  Sept.  2.  1913,  In  ths 
District  Court  nt  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  against 
a  comblnntloo  conslallng  of  Reading  Com- 
pany   and    afflllated    corpDrallona.    charging 


Lonopollilng  trade 

coal,     issue  Joined. 

9.     Cnileit  Blatei  v.  TIte  National  Vhole- 
il«  Jeaelcrt'   AitotHatipn   et   al.      Pelltlon 


filed  Not,  18.  ] 


e  Dlstrl 


conspiring  ti 

the  trade  of  all  classes  of  retail  dealers  in 
Jewelry  and  Jewelry  produeta. 

10.  United  Btatet  v.  American  Can 
Company  et  al.  Petition  filed  Not.  29, 
1S13,  In  tbe  District  Court  st  Baltimore, 
Md..  allcgInK  monopolisation  of  the  busi- 
ness ot  making  tin  cans. 

11.  United  iSlatss  V.  John  P.  White 
et  al  Indictment  rstnmed  Dec  1,  1913, 
in  the  District  Conrt,  Pueblo,  Colo,  charg- 
ing officials  and  me  miters  of  the  United 
MTne  Workers  ol  America  with  motiopolls- 
Ing  all  diggers  of  coal  and  mine  laboren 
and   with   restraining   Interstate   commerce 

12.  United   Btatet   v.    Pranlt   J.    Bayet 

**  -'      Indictment  retumei?  " —    ■*     ■■"■" 
II strict  Court  PueW 
mtilnatloD  and  eons 

fere  with  th( . 

1  Its  transportation  t 


sale  In  other  S 

13.      United    L.- .  „.,_ 

Company,     Central    Paoilta    Raltaay    Com- 


.    southern   Paciflo 


ductlon,  ttansportBtlon  and  sale  of  antb 


jyGooi^lc 


Encyclopedic  Index 


dte  coal  trDin  mlDM  trtbntBiT  to  Leblzh 
VtUtr  Ballroad  Compaiv  tn  Ttolttloit  ot 
th*  Antl-Tnut  Act,  and  charglag  tbe  uld 
Railroad  Company  with  tnniportlns  In  tu- 
tenUtB  comiDerM  coal  In  wUch  It^wi  an 
iDtereat,  In  violation  of  the  CommodltT 
Clanae  of  the  Act  to  Begnlate  Commern. 
IB.  Ualted  Btatei  v.  KMiter  et  oL  In- 
dictment retaroed  June  4,  1014,  at  Dea 
Ifolnea.  Sonthem  Dlitrlct  of  loira,  charg- 
tng  defendant!  with  bavlng  entered  Into 
a   comblQBtloD    In    restraint   of    trada    In 

IS.  Vmittt  Btata  V.  T\e  Ameriean 
Writtaer  crowMnv  si  al.  Indictment  le- 
torned  Har  22.  1S14,  In  tbe  District  Conrt 
for  the^featem  District  ot  PenDBTlTanla, 
charclnx  defendants  with  anlawfnllr  engag- 
tni  ui  a  combination  In  restraint  of  Inter- 
■tate  trade  and  commerce  In  clothes  wrlng- 


.-j,  mi  in  tha  DTstrict  "Coort'at  SesttTe, 
Waah.,  cbarclng  defendants  with  entering 
Into  a  combination  and  conaplracr  In  re- 
straint of  tnterstate  trade  and  commerce 
In  fresh  Bsh-  „    ^   „ 

18.  VnlUi  Btatet  v.  7Ae  V«W  7ort,  lltv 
Baten  A  Barttord  Battroaa  Companv  et  al. 
Petltlcn  Blfd  inlT  23.  1811,  In  the  Dlatrlct 
Conrt  for  the  Sonthem  District  of  New 
Tort,  allegfag  monopolisation  of  tranapor' 
latlon  tat^ltfes  In  New  EBgland  and  pray- 
ing tor  a  dlMolntlon  thereof. 

19.  Untua    Btattt    v.    We*t«m    Oanta- 


hwpe  Emehanae  et  al.  Indictment  returned 
Aag.  7,  1914,  tn  the  District  Conrt  at 
CbTeago,  Northern  Dl  strict  of  Illinois, 
duirg{ng    defendants   with   having   entered 


^u„   ri   combination   to    restrain   and   mo- 
Dopollxe  Interstate  trade  In  CftntalDi]i>e& 
jlatt-Tnut    Lav    (see    klso    Shermui 
Act): 
Amendment  snggeated,  7131. 
Common  stock  ownerghp,  76S0, 
ConAaestioD  not  tbe  purpose  of  the 

■Utat«,  7649. 
Effectiveness  ot  the  decree,  7649. 
Szplieit  legislation  nnder,  7910, 
Federal  eorporation  commiuion  pro- 
posed, 7654. 
Federal  ineorpoiatioa  reeommended^ 

7652. 
Force  and  eflectiTeness  of  statute  ft 

matter  of  growth,  7646. 
Fntile    provisions    of,    pointed    ont, 

7131. 
Government    administrative    experts 
needed    to    aid    courts    in    trust 
diMolntioni,  7651. 
Importai.ee  vt  the   Anti-Tnut  Act, 

76SS. 
Ineorpontion  volimtaiy,  76S5. 
Lack  ot  definitenees  in  the  statute, 

T551. 
Labor   organizations    should   be    ex- 
empt from,  7194. 
Legiuation  orged,  7193. 
Uovemont  for  repeal  of,  76C0. 
New  remedies  suggested,  7651. 
No  change  necessary  in  rule  of  de- 
cision, merely  in  the  form  of  ex- 
pteudon,  7645. 


Antietam 

Opinion  by  Jndge  Eongh  oited,  7131. 

Bemedy  in  equity  by  dissolution, 
7647. 

Should  be  made  dearer  and  fairer, 
7910. 

Situation  after  readjustment,  7647. 

Size  of  now  companies,  7648. 

Sopreme  Court  decisions  on,  elted  by 
Taf  t,  7644. 

Supplemental  legislation  needed,  not 
Tspeal  or  amendment,  7662. 

Taft  message  on,  7644. 

Volnntary    re  organ  i  tuition    of    other 
trusts  at  hand,  7650. 
Anti-Trust  Legislation.  (See  also  Boose- 
velt,  Taft  and  Wilson.) 

Advice  and  guidance  of  trade  com- 
mission desired,  7916. 

Co-operative  groups  of  individuals, 
7817. 

Effect  of  nncert^nty  regarding, 
7916. 

Holding  companies  ahonld  be  prohib- 
ited, 7917. 

Individual  punishment  for  business 
irreguIariUes,  7917. 

Individual  suits  should  be  based  on 
government  findings,  791S. 

Individuals  put  out  of  business, 
7918. 

Industrial  management  usurped  by 
investment  bankers,  7915. 

Interlocking  direetorates  of  corpora- 
tions,  7915. 

Honopoly  indefensible  and  intoler- 
able, 7915. 

Not  to  unsettle  business,  7914. 

Production  and  transportation  busi- 
nesses, separation  of,  7916. 

Batlroads,  financing  under  Interstate 
Commerce   Comnussion,   7916. 

Bailroads,  harm  done  to,  by  Snan- 
eiers,  7915. 

Statute  of  Limitations  sbonld  run 
from  conclusion  of  government 
snits,  7916. 

Trade  Commissions  needed  as  guide 
to  justice,  7918- 

Trade  Commission  to  direct  correc- 
tive processes,  7917. 

Trusts  and  monopolies,  control  of, 
7913. 
Antietam  (Md.),  Battle  of,— After  tlia 
severe  enfagement  at  Bonth  Honntaln, 
Lee's  armr  coacentiatsd  to  the  west  of  An- 
tietam Creek.  ■  small  stream  flowtng  Into 
tbe  Potomac  Blver,  eight  miles  abore  Hai- 

Ears  Ferrj.  Here,  near  the  town  of  Bharpa- 
nrg.  between  the  Potomac  and  the  creek, 
Lee  awaited  the  return  ot  Jackson,  who 
bad  been  sent  to  eaptare  Baipers  Perrr. 
According  to  Federal  accounts,  Lae  bad  not 
more  than  26,000  men  until  Jackson's  two 
dlvlBloDS  came  up.    Later  be  was  Joined  b- 


16,   1862,   HcClelUn's  arm;,  about  70.000 
strong,  was  re-enforced  to  BT,164,  of  which 


jyGooi^lc 


Antietam 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


4,S20  were  cnTalrj.  About  60,000  ol  tbls 
force  bora  tha  brunt  of  tba  battle.  On  tha 
eTcnlng  ot  the  IStb  Booket'a  dlvliloa 
croned  tbe  creek  and  benn  an  attack, 
wblch  dtrkQM*  eoded.  Flkhtlns  waa  re- 
aumed  at  dayll^bt  on  tbe  iTtb  and  con- 
tinued all  day,  with  rarylng  t -"■" 


c  alanrbter.  Darkneaa  ajcaln  pnt 
<uu  .u  the  carnan.  UcClellan  tUd  not  rei 
tbe  attack:  on  the  18ih,   bnt  ordera  i 


tbe    19th. 

.    ._t  of  the 

, — -rard    Mnrtloa- 

burg.  A  tcir  daya  later  UcCleJlao  occupied 
UartlnaburK-  The  total  loas  of  tbs  Union 
armr  waa  1S,4S0  (S.OIO  klllHl)  ;  of  tbe 
Confedera  tea.  26,896.  Other  eatlmatea  of  the 
Confederate  losa  are  9.000  to  ]2,000.  Tbe 
offlcial  Confederate  accounta  claim  that  thla 
vaa  a  drawn  battle,  and  that  tba  total  ef- 
fective force  of  Lee  waa  a  little  more  than 
SS.OOO.  Tbii  waa  called  by  the  ConfedeiatCB 
the  battle  at  Bharpaburg. 
AntlqidtlH,  American,  FrsMiratlon  of. 
—Under  the  act  of  ConKCCBa  approved  June 
8.  lOOe,  Interdepartmental  regalatlonB  gor- 
cTDlng  the  eicavatloD,  appropriation,  etc.,  ot 

Ereblatoric  raina  or  objecta  of  aatlqultr 
ate  been  promulgnted  by  tbe  Secretariea 
of  tbe  Interior,  Agriculture,  aod  War.  Ap- 
pIlcatloDs  (or  permlla  to  make  eicaiatlDiiB 
on  tbe  public  landa.  Indlnn  reaerratlona,  or 
the  national  monumeala  Damed  betow  abould 
be  addressed  to  tbe  Becrelary  of  tbe  late- 
rtor.  Tbe  following  bare  bcea  reserved 
from  eDtrr  and  aet  aside  as  natloaal  monu-. 
menta :  Devlla  Tower,  Wyoming :  Monte- 
■uma  Caatle,  Arlaona  ;  Petrified  Forpat,  Arl- 
■ona :   Rl  Uorro,  New  Mexico :  Cbnco   Can- 

E>n,  New  Mexico;  Unir  Woods.  California; 
atnral  Bridgea,  Utah;  Lewis  and  Clark 
Cavern,  Montana  i  Tumacarorl,  Arlious ; 
Na«BjD,  Arlaona  Mdukuntaweap,  Utab  ;  Sho- 
shone Cavertw  Wyoming:  Oran  Qiilylra. 
New  lleilco:  BItka  National  Monument. 
Alaska  :  Ralniww  Bridge.  Utab  :  PInnaciea, 
California  ;  Colorado.  Colorado.  Eleven  other 
national  maouments  wllhlo  national  forests 
have  also  been  Bet  aside  under  this  act  and 
placed  under  tbe  Jorlsdlctlon  ot  tbe  Sec- 
retary ot  Agriculture,  to  wbom  Inquiries  In 
regard  thereto  should  be  addressed. 
Apsclie  Indiana.  (See  Indian  Tribes,) 
ApalacIUcola    Indiana.       (See    Indian 

TribBB.) 
Apollo,  Tbo,  aeimre  of,  b;  American 

Ooverainent  referred  to,  669. 
Appeals,  OonrtB  of.  (See  Conrto  of  Ap- 
peals.) 
Appointing  Power  of  President.    (See 

Executive  Nominations.) 
Appointment  to  Offlce.  (See  Execu- 
tive NominationB.) 
Appomattox  (Ta.),  Battle  of.— After  the 
battle  of  Farmvllle,  April.  T,  ISSS,  Lee 
moved  off  toward  tha  west,  closely  followed 
bj  Meade  on  tbe  north  aide  of  tbe  Appo- 
matloi.  Sbermao  learning  of  tbe  arrival 
of  Bupply  trains  for  Lee'a  Army  at  Appomat- 
tox Station,  puabed  forward  lor  Ibat  place 
with  all  tba  caralry.  Lee's  hopeless  condi- 
tion being  now  appkreot,  Orant  scot  bim  a 
note  Inviting  snrrender.  I/ee  replied,  ask- 
ing for  terma,  and  flrent  Insisted  upon  tbe 
Ddcnndltlonal  snrrender  of  tbe  Confederate 
Army  of  Northern  Virginia.  On  tbe  nlgb» 
of  April  8  Cnater,  who  waa  In  Sberidan'i 


ta  adTanee  had  Jntt  ar- 
1  the  forces  and  cap- 
4  aapply  tralna,  a  hoa- 

irk  of  wagona.  Dnrlng 
came  dp,  and   by  day- 


ncbburg,  bta  objecUve 
ereatl mating  the  oppoa- 
d  Oen.  Oordon  to  make 
id  attack.  Sberldao's 
I  one  aide  and  revealed 
d  Griflln'a  comma  nda  In 
>n  sent  forward  a  white 
_  D  dispatched  a  note  to 
Gen.  Orant  recn eating  an  Interview,  which 
being  allowed  doaed^  with  tbe  algning  ot 
article*  of  surrender  of  Lee's  army  and 
camp  followera,  about  27,000  men.  Th« 
aOcera  and  men  were  paroled  April  12.  and 
allowed  to  return  to  Ibelr  homea.  All  pub- 
lic property  was  turned  over,  but  the  on- 
cers were  allowed  to  keep  their  side  arma 
and  both  offlcers  and  men  to  retain  tbelc 
private  horses  and  baggage. 
Apportionment.— The  distribution  ot  rep- 
leaentatlon  In  tha  Federal  Bonae  ot  Bepre- 
fentatlvea  and  In  tba  general  naaembllea  ot 
the  varl->iu  States.  In  tbe  CODtlneDtal 
Congress  each  State  had  but  one  *ots. 
Long  contention  over  tbe  matter  of  repre- 
sentation Onally  led  to  the  eatabllsbment 
of  two  Houses  ot  Congreaa — the  Senate, 
wbereln  all  States  ahould  have  egnftl  reprs- 
sentatlan  regardleaa  ot  area  or  population, 
and  the  House,  In  which  each  State  shonld 
have  representation  la  proportion  to  Its 
populallon.  Prealdent  Waablngton  vetoed 
a  bill  on  thla  subject  (110).  A  census  was 
taken  and  1  Representative  was  allowed  tor 
every  30,000  iDbabltauta.  Thla  rule  gov 
erned  apportionments  lor  TO  yeara,  though 
tbe  ratio  was  changed  from  time  to  tlma 
as  the  population  Increased. 

In  order  to  keep  the  number  of  members 
of  the  House  a  flied  quantity,  tbe  Tblrty- 
flrat  Congress  derided  to  divide  the  repre- 
sentative population  by  233  after  each  cen- 
sus, and  by  the  quotient  thus  obtained 
divide     tba    representative    population     ot 


when  the  total  i 
SDorx  01  xan.  Representatives  were  aitowev 
tbe  States  having  the  largest  fractions 
after  division.  According  to  the  apportion- 
ment art  ot  Jan.  16,  lOOl.  It  was  provided 
that  after  March  8,  IS03.  the  Honae  shonld 
be  composed  ot  3SG  members,  to  be  ebosen 
In  dlBtrlcta  composed  ot  contlgnons  and 
compact  territory  and  containing  as  nearly 
.. n.-^i.  ._ . K—  „,  inhnbT- 

tfonal  ones  shall  he"eiected~by"Tbe~8tat6Vt 

larze  nntll  the  State  aball  be  redlstrlcted ; 

and  that  whenever  a  new  State  Is  admitted 

tbe  Union  the  Representative  or  Bepre- 

.... ..    ..  _^_..  .      ^  ^^|_ 


practlcabii 

"     ".lat. 

of  "an  Increase  allowed  any  State.  anelTsddT 


sentatlTea  assigned  t..   __  _ 

tlon  to  the  number  3Se.  Accordlnc  t 
censns  of  IMO  the  ratio  of  apporfloDment 
was  194.182,  and  as  tblB  gave  only  SS4 
Representatives.  Nebraaka  and  VTrglnla 
were  each  allowed  one  additional.  "JAtng 
a  total  of  886  Bepresentatlvea.  (See  «lao 
Gerrymander.) 

Bv  u  act  of  CongreiB  approved  Aof.  8, 
Elll.  the  ratio  ot  representation  under  the 
was  Died  at  one  for  each 


ot  April  8  Custer,  who  was  In  Sheridan's       tatloo 
advance,     reached     Appomattox     Sutlon,      tntlon 


panying  table'  abows  the  ratio  of~repre>.eu- 
tatlooln  each  Consress  under  the  Co&atl- 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


ETicyclopedic  Index 


hjfpatii 


IjpgortbnunMit— omtfiiMd. 


Ji>ii«ti«i 

nu.  1700  lo  lOJO,  by  Stalf 

COBltl- 

UiUoa 

1700 

ISOO 

IBIO 

ISZO 

1830 

IMO 

iseo 

1800 

1870 

1880 

18M 

1900 

1010 

g 

g 

g 

g 

1 

sg 

13 

1 

3 

5. 

1 

i 

1 

!« 

a 

a 

K 

* 

K 

-A 

- 

iSr;.:::: 

1 

3 

7 

7 

S 

8 

8 

S 

'■ 

^Si:: 

"i 

■■■7 

'  "7 

"7 

'"« 

■"e 

■■■4 

4 

A 

4 

2 

4 

4 

5 

DriawM* 

1 

1 

1 

i 

1 

IndiuB. 

1 

11 

13 

1 

13 

fi 

• 

« 

t 

B 

10 

11 

ffiSSiP""" 

' 

\ 

M««)— ■ 

1 

1 

iSia:: 

' 

" 

• 

17 

v 

S4 

4U 

3i 

S3 

SI 

34 

34 

87 

48 

36 

38 

25 

24 

27 

38 

33 

^iS;: 

! 

S 

8 

1 

IWL.. 

es 

lOfl 

142 

ISIt 

ai3 

2*2 

233 

237 

243 

393 

S33|     3S7 

sua 

43S 

h.  th- 

SOmemben 

vivn^Iy  uricDcd  to  MuMCbu 

UM  4ft«  it* 

i«™p 

rnmU 

tlonl 

«.„d. 

tub 

■•s 

added 

.iter 

tlisn' 

™™l.« 

*«», 

wor- 

1;  LooWuiB,   1:   Munc,  7;  Mioiunppi.   1.     fifth — ArktuuM.   1:  Mictiisui,   '.. _. 

Ftdtida.  ■;  Iowa,  2:  Toaa.  Si  WneoiuiD.  2.  Bevcdth—MainachuBMta,  1:  Mtnoeaou,  i:  Onion,  I. 
Flrtlk'  niinoto,  I;  Iowa,  1;  Keatucky,  1;  MioneKXa,  1;  Nsbnxka,  1;  Nenda,  1:  Chlori:  Faaanlvaiik. 
I:  Bhoda  latead,  I:  Vcnnait,  1.  Nioth— Colorado.  1.  Tealh— Idabo,  IsMontun,  1 :  North  Dduita,  1; 
tomk  DtkotM,  3;  WaAlnftoo,  1:  Wyomina,  t.  Elemith— Utah,  1.  TblrtecDttt^Alabama,  1;  Arl- 
nwk,  ];CUirfimla,  8;  Cnhiiado,  1:  Florida,  if i  Grania,  1;  Idabo.  1:  Illinola,  2;  Louidana.  1 ;  Maaacfau- 
mua,  t:  UlclitoB,  Ij  WasMOta,  1;  Montua,  1;  New  Jsney.  2;  Now  Me^,  1;  Now  York,  Si  Nonfa 
O^Ma,  li  ^Wjjl^iMdaliow,  SiOnnn,  1:  Pnn«FlraalB,  i;  Elboda  Uaod,  1;  aouth  Dakota,  1:  Taaa^ 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


AppGffticRUtinLt    Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Aeeording  to 

uxj,  Essa. 
Approved     and      rensoiiB     therefor, 

8018.    Vetoed,  116. 

ApptOpil»ttOB».— Artkl«  1,  MCtlon  T, 
cUldm  1,  of  the  Conitttntlon  provide!  tbKt 
"All  bills  tor  laliInK  rereDne  ilia  II  orls- 
iDste  Id  tbe  Bodbc  of  Repre«eatatlTes" ; 
«  (ImllKT  prlTlleK«  bai  been  claimed  b; 
die  Uouae  b  the  cue  of  approprlatloiu  of 

C'  He  joonej,  but  Id  thU  case  tbe  claim 
not  been  Inalited  on.  PreTioua  to  1B6S 
tbe  approprlatloD  bills  were.  In  tbe  Honae, 
coDsldeTed  bj  tbe  Committee  of  Waj-a  and 
Ueaaa.  bat  bi  that  rear  the  Committee  on 
Appcoprlatloni  was  formed.  By  a  rule  of 
'  the  Houae  and  Senate,  appropriation  bllU 
mnet  Include  only  Items  anthorteed  by  ex- 
tsllog  laws,  and  tbej  ouitiot  contahi  proTls- 
loni  chanfflnB  eilttlDc  laws.  But  thli  role 
Is  freqeeDtlr  dlsTesarded.  These  bills  must 
b«  reported  to  Che  Committee  of  tbe  Whole, 
and  mar  be  reported  at  any  time,  taklDK 
precedence  of  any  other  meaaarea.  This 
rule  puts  Taat  power  Into  the  tiBnda 
of  tbe  cbalnnan  of  the  committee,  and  of 
late  years  tbls  power  hai  l>een  used  to 
choke  dlicuselon  on  tbe  subject  of  the 
tariff,  bj  wlthboldluK  the  report  of  the  ap- 
propriation bills  antll  tbe  end  of  tbe  aea- 
sloQ  and  then  Introdnclni  tbem  at  a  time 
when,  the  moat  nrsent  duties  of  Cougreaa 
harlDS  been  performed,  ttiat  topic  Is  most 
likely  to  come  up  tor  dlsrUBslon.  In  tbe 
House  the  yeas  and  nays  od  the  paasase 
of  these  bills  muaC  be  recorded.  Bat  bills 
are  frequently  passed  under  b  suspeniloD 
of  this  role.  In  the  Senate  this  Is  not  neees- 
ury.  Tbe  Appropriation  Committee  In  that 
body  was  organised  In  1667,  the  Piaance 
Committee  baTlDR  previously  had  that  mat- 
ter In  charge.  The  appropriation  bills  are 
made  up  from  estimate!  tumlsbed  by  tbe 
heads  of  the  eiecatlre  departmmts :  tbese 
are  usually  much  rednced  in  tbe  Bouse,  and 
these  estimates  are  again  usually  raised 
fay  the  Senate  <wblch  Body  haa  less  politi- 
cal capital  to  make  out  of  a  claim  of 
economy)  :  a  cwmpromlse  tietween  the  two 
usually  results  In  appropriations  consid- 
erably lower  tban  the  amount  asked  for  by 
tbe  department  offlcers.  This  necessitates 
tbe  passase,  at  the  beglnnlnK  of  evetr  ses- 
sion, of  a  bill  to  supply  the  deHclen^  of 
the  previous  appropriations ;  tbls  blU  Is 
known  aa  the  DeticleDcy  BIIL 

Besides  the  appropriations  there  are 
"permanent  annual  appropriation  s,"  or 
money  expended  by  the  treasury  b;  virtue 


Approprlatlona : 

Acts  making,  vetoed.     (Bee  the  sev- 
eral subjects.) 
AppTopriatioD     bill,    special    sessioii 

messages  regarding  failure  to  pass, 

2927,   1404,    4472. 
Appropriation   bills   failing  to   pass, 

effect  of,  diseussedj  3101. 
Qeneral  legislation   in   appropriation 

bills  objected  to,  2B93,  3020,  6363. 
Power  of  Congress  to  designate  officer 

to  expend,  discussed,  3128. 
Beference  to,  2918. 
Should  not  ba  made  unleas  neeessarj, 

1248. 
Suspension  of,  referred  to,  1839. 


Aiabia   Is   a   peninsula   In   the   •onthweaC 
of   1890   neees-       of  the  Aalatte  continent,  fonninc  tha  con- 
oectlsK  link  between  Asia  and  Africa,  and 
Ues  between  84*  W-W'  B.  long,  and  Vl" 


W-ii'  StK  N.  lat  Tbe  northwestern  limit 
Is  generallr  taken  from  Akaba,  at  the  bead 
of  the  Gulf  of  Akbar,  to  a  point  la  tbe 
Syrian   Desert   about   150   miles  northeast. 


remaining  land  boundaries  are  In  the  form 
of  a  horseshoe,  encompaaslnx  the  Srtlaii 
Desert,  and  deacendlng  In  a  sontheasterlv 
" — "—  -0  tbe  head  of  the  Persian  Qnlf. 


Qnlf  and  Golf  of  Omaa. 

Turkish  dependencies  have  a  total 
area  of  about  438.000  square  milea  (tha 
greater  part  inhabited  b;  tribes  only  oom- 
bially  subject  to  Tnrkey),  with  a  popnlatlos 
estimated  at  8.400.000,  almost  entirely  Mo- 
hammedan. The  Importance  of  Eelai  de- 
pends upon  the  pilgrimages  to  the  holy  cltlea 
of  Medina  and  Becca.^edina  ("tbe  City"). 
820  miles  by  rati  from  Damascna.  and  the 
present  terminus  o(  the  Hejaa  Railway,  haa 
a  permanent  population  of  aboat  20,000, 
and  Is  celebrated  as  the  bnrlal  place  of 
Mahomet  who  died  In  the  city  on  June  7, 
632.  Tbe  Mosque  of  the  Piepbet  (BOO  feet 
In  length  and  over  300  In  breadth)  contalna 
the  aacred  tomb  of  Msbomet.  Mecca,  the 
birthplace  of  tbe  Prophet,  Is  forty-five  mttea 
east  of  the  seaport  of  Jidda,  and  about 
SOO  miles  south  of  Medina.^  and  has  a  fixed 
population  estimated  at  60.000.  Tbe  city 
contains  the  great  mosqne  sorronnding  the 
Kasha  or  aacred  shrine  of  the  Moham. 
medan  religion.  In  which  ts  the  black  atone 
"glyen  by  Qabriel  to  Abraham."  placed  In 
the  southeast  wall  of  the  Kaat>a  at  such  a 
beigbt  that  It  may  be  kissed  by  the  de- 
vout pilgrim. 

Arapaboa  Indlanfl.  (See  Indian  Tribea.) 
Atbltratloii  (Intainatlonal)  and  Dla- 
unuuneat. — Tbe  movement  In  behalf  of 
universal  peace  between  the  nations  haa 
Interest  It  has  created  and  In  the  number 
made  great  progress  In  recent  years  In  the 
--^  character  of  Its  advocatea  __,__ 

and  other  able 


and  leodlng_men  of  many  countries.     Ti 
late  King  ^Idward  of  England   waa   glvi 
tbe   title  of  "Peacemaker'*^  because   of  h_ 
encouragement  of  Inlematlonal  comity  and 

An  International  Peace  Congress  meets 
annually.  Its  eighteenth  annual  meeting, 
held  at  Stockholm  In  Aognst.  ISIO,  was  at- 
tended by  aboat  700  representatives  of 
various  couDlrlea  A  "Palace  of  Peace" 
has  been  erected  at  The  Hague  thronKh  tbe 
munlUcence  o(  Andrew  Cam^e,  and  con- 
trlbntlons  to  the  adornment  of  this  splen- 
did bnlldlng  have  come  from  all  the  prlnel- 
CSl  countries.  More  recently  Mr.  Camegle 
as   donated   a   fund   of   flO.OOO.OOO.  Iha 


f  which  la  t 
~The^  British    Peace   I 


e  nseil  In  the  In- 


._,    _ _    _.„ety,    founded    In 

1816,  advocates  gradual,  proportionate  and 
Bimnltaneons  disarmament,  and  tbe  settle- 
ment  of  interna tionsl   diepates   bj   pacific 


methods,   especially   by   arbltn 

._    ._.„■-    jjjg    pojicy   of   j^   iie»co    or- 

lay. 
IntemallDoal  Conrt  of  Ar> 


Is   praetlcallj'  the   policy  < 


isallons   to-d». 


bltratlon    waa   esubllshed    l. -,__, 

by  a  treaty  of  July,  189S,  which  was  signed 
and  later  ratified  by  twenty-four  power*. 
BepresentatloB  In  the  conrt  by  non-al|Ba- 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


AiborDsy 


BliCi  Of  men  of  recognlied  auiborlir  o 


Axbltntton  <L«t)9r).— finbmittlne  dii- 
pated  po[dU  of  axretmeDt  between  emplo;- 
en   and   empIo;eeB   lo   ■   Joint   commliiee. 


■^E^i' 


Boot,  Jolui  Bauelt  Uoore,  luige  George 
Qr«7  ami  Hon.  Oiear  B.  Straus.  (See 
Htsnc  Feace  CoufereDCC. )  A  nnmber  of 
eaaea  haxe  been  tried  hj  this  conn— one  of 
the  EBost  Imporunt  being  the  Atlantic  Fisb- 
tiiti  Dispute,  which  threatened  (be  frlend- 
I7  relations  of  Great  Britain  and  Cuiscla 
with  the  United  SUtei,  and  In  which  a  sat- 


^°       number  of  c 


_.-.-.  Is  usuall;  Belecced  bf 
each  of  the  parties  Co  the  dispute,  these  Id 
turn  seleCLlng  an  odd  member  of  the  com- 
mission. The  method  o(  procedure  U  usa- 
all;  preHcrlticd  by  trade  agreements  between 
labor  organlzallona  and  employerii.  Arhi- 
tratlon  —  •■ '■'-" ■- 


AttiltratloD  treatlea  are  not  intreqooit. 
Such  treaties  between  the  Dnited  States  and 
I  Britain  and  France,  lespectlTel;,  the 
—  ••'-  '•  —•-■-•-  ■-  -trongl*  nrged  by 
pending  In  the 
ucuaic,  TtuiKu  •■=■.  uuni'ir,  postponed  their 
farther  coDBldetstloD  until  Its  next  session. 
The  moTenleDt  for  disarmament,  or  the 
UnltatloQ  of  armaments,  has  made  little 
material  progress.  It  was  opposed  b;  Ger- 
t   The   Hague  Conference   In   lOOT. 


Gteat  Britain  la  willing  to  Join  the  other      decision' of 'fee' 

power*   In    &   plan   to   reduce   armamenta, 

proTlded    the;   shall   all   agree   to   It,   not 

otherwise.      The  Balkan  Crisis  in  1908,  and 

the   ItallaD-Tnrklsb    war  haye  dlsconragBd- 

If  not,   for  the  time  being,   destrored,   all 

hopes  of  an;  agreement  between  the 


ruptlon  of  serrlces  on  whicb  the;  hare 
come  (o  depeud  tor  the  supply  of  commodi- 
ties necessary  to  lite  or  bealtb  Tbe  fed- 
eral lat>or  law  of  1SQ8.  known  as  the 
Erdman  law,  provides  (or  tbe  mediation  and 
arbitration,  by  the  labor  bureau  of  tbe 
Department  of  Commerce  and  Labor,  In 
cases  of  disputes  between  Interstate  com' 
man  carriers  and  their  employees.  There 
Is  no  power  but  public  opinion  to  compel 

found  effective  Iti  many  cases  ;  but  when 
agreed  to  by  both  parti  


ration  Is  Bnal. 


1  1908. 


,„    ^ ,    „ -J    the 

near  fntnre.  The  principle  that  to  be  pre- 
pared for  war  Is  the  surest  way  to  preaerre 
peace  ta  likely  to  be  adhered  to.  The  road 
to  nolTerMil  peace  Is  cTldenily  not  yet  In 
light.  What  progress  the  movement  for  dls- 
•tmament  had  made  In  the  united  States 
waa  completely  nnlllfled  by  the  Earopeau 
war  of  1014,  and  mlltlona  were  spent  to  In- 
crease both  army  and  navy.  (See  also  Hague 
Peace  Conferenee:  Peace,  IntersatlonaL) 
Arbitntloii,  lounifttlonal: 
Arbitration       tre&tieB,      istification 

Mked,  7906. 

AttitQde    of  Great  Britain   and  tbe 

United  States  diBcnsaed,  B874,  6154, 

6178,  6241,  6267,  6432. 

Arbitration  Court  at  Hague,  United 

States  and  Uezico  first  ta  use,  6718. 

Cbamizal     boundanr    qaeetion     with 

Uexieo  not  aatisiactorj,  76SS. 
Claim   of  Alsop  k  Co.  against  Cbile 

settled  by,  7657. 
ConTention  with  republics  of  South 
and  Central  America  for  arbitra- 
tion of  pecuniary  claims,  7982. 
Failpre  of  treaty  of,  referred  to,  5623. 
MoToment  for,  among  Powers,  7656. 
Panama    and    Costa  £iea,   Colombia 

and  HaiU,  7657. 
Botifieation  of  treaties  asked,  7906. 
Beports     adopted    by    International 
American     Conference    respecting, 
transmitted,  6518. 
BMolntian  of   French    Chambers   fa- 
Toring    treaty    of    arbitration    re- 
ferred to,  6060. 
Treaty  for,  with  Great  Britain  and 

France,  transmitted,  7617. 
Treaty  with  Oreat  Britain  regarding, 
,. ^_  gj78^  ^2i2,  6380, 


.  , „„     _jglaL_,    ,   

and  New  South  Wales  have  estab- 
lished boards  of  arbitration  lor  trade  dis- 
putes. (See  also  Labor.  Bureau  of,  Labor 
Statistics,  Labor  Question  and  Strike  Com- 

Aibltratlon  (Labor): 

Arbitration  (compulsory)  of  disputes 
between   employees  and  employers 
urged,  7089. 
Machinery  for   compulsory  Investiga- 
tion of  controversies  between  em- 
ployers and  employees  recommend- 
ed, 7036. 
Albcr  ]3ay.~Tbe  first   suggestion  of  tree 
planting  under   tbe  direction  of   state  au- 
thority was  made  by  B.  G.  Northrop,  then 
Secretary  of  the  Connecticut  Board  of  Ed- 
ucation,  about    1803,    !□    an    official    state 
repots.      In   ISTe   this    same  gentleman   en- 
deavored    to    stimulate     "centennial    tree 
planting"    by    the    offer   of   prizes    to    tbe 
children  of  Connecticut.     But  the  Idea   of 
setting    apart    a    day    tor    the    work    had 
originated     with     ei-Governor     J.     Sterling 
Morton,  of  Nebraska,   who,  about  1B72.  In- 
duced  the  Goveroor  of  that  state   to   Issue 
a  proclamatloa   anpolatliiE  a   day   for   tbe 
nlantlng  of  trees  fhroughont  tbe  state.     In 
honor  of  Mr.  Morton  bis  birthday,  April  22, 
was  made  n   legnl  holiday   by   the  Legisla- 
ture, and  provlxloD  wns  made  for  awardlDg 
premiums  to   those  who  put   out   the   most 
trees.      It   Is    Bald    that   nearly   TOO.OOO.UOO 
Arbor  Dny  trees  are  now  la  tbrlrlng  condl. 
tlon  on  the  prairie  tracts  of  the  state. 

The  eiample  of  Ncbraaka  waa  soon  fol- 
lowed by  Kansas,  and  wltb  grand  results. 
Arbor  Day  In  MInnceota,  flrst  obBcryed  In 
1ST6.  rcaulted.  It  Is  said.  In  planting  over 
a  minion  and  a  half  of  treea.  In  &Ilchl- 
gan  the  Arbor  Day  law  was  passed  In  1S81, 
and  In  Ohio  In  18S2.  Since  tbcn  Arbor 
Day  has  been  observed  In  Colorado.  Wla- 
conehi.  West  VlrglDla.  Indiana,  Vermont, 
N'ew  Hampshire,  Ms  atuichu setts.  New  Jer- 
sey, PennsylTania,  Florida.  Alabama.  Mis- 
souri. CalUomla,  Kentucky,  Ualne  and 
Georgia.  In  several  other  states  Its  ob> 
B^rvance  has   b«eii   secar«d   by  the   recom- 


gt,7eabyG00t^Ie 


AifMcD^ 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Prendents 


Albor  Day — ConUnued. 


DMDdadoD  of  tlia  Grange,  tba  Omiid  ArmT 

-'  ■>•-   uepublie,   or   b}   lUte  aKrlcnltaw 

Op  the  ant  Ohto  Arbor  Da;  tbe 


cbildrtn  of  (.'iDflnnatl  Joined   L- 

tlv*  nlebratlou,  la  tbe  form  of  plHDilDg 
memorial  Irrea  bdi)  dedlcailag  Ibfin  to  au- 
(bon,  italeimen,  and  other  dlHtlngalBhed 
dtliena.  Tbe  date  !■  not  Bnlfortn,  but  la 
□anallr  late  In  April  or  earlr  la  Ua;,  T&rjr- 
Inr  from  JaDuar;  to  MarctL 

B.  O.  Northrop  taja  concerning  the  Tftloe 
of  tbe  obaervance  of  Arbor  Daj' :  "While 
foreiti  abonld  not  be  planted  on  our  rich 
anble  landa.  there  are  In  New  Engluid 
and  all  the  Atlaatle  aratea  larie  areas  of 
barrena,  wortbleu  for  fleld  crops,  that  mar 
be  profltabl*  devoted  to  wood-growing. 
Tbe  feaalbllltr  of  reclaiming  our  moat 
atcrlle  wastes  u  proTcd  by  nutnj  facts  both 
at  home  and  abroad.  Onr  Atlantic  sand 
plalot  were  once  covered  with  foresta  and 
can  be  reforested.  Over  10.000  acres  on 
Cape  Cod,  which  thirt;  years  ago  were 
barren,  aandf  plains,  are  now  covered  with 
thrlTlng  planted  toresta."  (See  Hollda^L) 
Arcmclioii,  Fiance,  exhibition  of  fishery 
and  water  cnltnia  at,  referred  to, 
3578,  3584. 
Anas  Oajra,  guano  deposits  on,  5679. 
AicUtm,  pablie  building  for,  recom- 
mended, 7728. 
AzcUc  CHrcla.— Enown  land!  of  the  arc- 
tic ccclou  are  estimated  at  1,233,000  square 
miles  Id  area.  Tbe  moat  Important  la 
Greenland,  dlacovercd  b;  Eilc  the  Bed  Is 
986.  Later  eiptorers  were  Darts  (158S). 
Kane,  Hall,  NareB,  Greelf,  Nanaen,  and 
Peary.  It  Is  renrded  as  a  Danlab  posses- 
sion. The  Islands  of  the  Arctic  Archipelago 
of  r>orth  America  belong  to  Qrpat  Britain. 
Spllzbergen  was  Tlslted  b;  Dulcb  navl. 
gators  In   I9S6.     It  belongs  Co  Russia,  and 


..„ _  _ mbia  and  KolgneT 

also  belong  to  Bossla.  Frans  Josef  Land 
waa  discovered  bt  Austrian  explorers.  It 
Is  nnlnhablled.  Tbe  productions  of  these 
frigid  lands  are  sealskins,  blubber,  cod  liver 
oil,  fars  sod  Ivor;. 

AfcUc  Expedition,  Becond,  publication 
of  second  edition  of,  Buggested,  4606. 
(See  also  Exploring  Expeditions.) 
Arctic  BrploiatlonB.— Arctic  e«pl orations 
to  tile  north  of  tbe  American  continent  be. 
gin  with  Froblaher  (1576).  Davis  (1685- 
B8),  and  Baffin  (16101  who  discovered  tbe 
straits  and  baj  wblch  bear  tbclr  nsmeB. 
In  1612  Ilenrj  IIudHOn  entpred  Iladsons 
Bay  and  wintered  there,  but  was  abandoned 
b7  his  men  the  next  spring  and  perished. 

For  200  Tears  nothing  more  wbb  done  In 
this  direclton.  allboughTJearne  (_1770)  and 
Mackenile  (ITSSi  had  located  tbe  moutliB 
of  tbe  Coppermine  and  Msckenile  rivers 
and  traced  a  part  of  Ihe  coast,  while  Vitus 
Bering  (1641)  and  other  Russian  captains 
explored  the  shores  of  Alaska.  Tbe  reports 
of  ScoreBby,  a  Scotch  whaler.  In  tbe  sum- 
mer of  1817.  excited  new  Interest  In  the 
Srohlem  of  a  northwest  passage,  and  tn 
818  the  British  Govemnipnt  sent  out  an 
expedition  under  John  Robk.  Ross  pene- 
trated Lancaster  Sound  for  some  flfly  miles, 
bat,  believing  It  was  closed  by  m6iintalns, 
returned  to  Rnglsnd.  His  second  In  com- 
mand, W.  E.  Parry,  sent  out  the  nest  year. 
sailed  over  the  sunposed  mount  a  Ins  and 
reached  Helvllle  Island  In  longllude  114°, 
wbers  he  wintered,  but  was  nnable  to  ep 
tnrtber.     Id  1827,  bowevsr,  in  an  eipedl- 


oa^ed   I 


ti  tte  «Ma- 
■',  wbicb  te- 
— - hlgheat  lati- 
tude alUlned.  An  expedition  &i  182»-38 
nuder  John  Hobb  and  James  C.  Hoaa  made 
eitcDsire  eiplorattops  In  tbe  region  of  Om 
Korth  Magnetic  INile.  L^nd  expedlHaas  bj 
BIr  John  Franklin  (1820-21},  Franklin  aod 
Blcbardson  ll82S-2e),  Back  tl83S-84), 
Deaae  and  Simpson  (1838-39),  and  Itae 
(1846-47)  pracLlcall;  deleralned  tlw  Dorth- 
em  coastline  of  the  continent. 

In  184S  Sir  John  Franklin  sailed  on  an- 
other expedition  from  which  he  never  re- 
turned. In  tbe  coarse  of  the  cipedltlona 
to  rescue  bis  party  or  leam  their  fate  Um 
lalanda  and  cbannela  north  of  the  cotttlttolt 
were  pretty  thorongbly  explored  and 
mapped.  From  tbe  west,  HcClnre  (18501 
reached  Parry  Sound,  discovered  tiy  Parry ; 
his  crew,  >>inlna  by  sledn  Ihe  eastern 
sqnadron  nnder  sir  Edward  Belcher,  waa 
the  only  party  to  accomplish  tbe  KorthwesC 
Psssage ;  CoUlnson,  aalUng  at  the  aame  time, 
coasted  tbe  nortbern  shore  of  Qie  conti- 
nent, reaching,  without  knowing  It,  tbe 
acene  of  FranEiln's  death  on  Klu  WiUian 
L^nd.  From  tbe  east  between  1849  and 
1850,  eight  eipeditlona,  fitted  ont  by  the 
Brillah  Government,  b;  private  partlea.  and 
by    Lady    Franklin,    searched    In    vain    for 


g., 


it  American  explorers  begins 

wICb  the  Grlnnell  expedition  under  De 
Haven,  and  Kane,  In  1830.  Information 
obtained  by  Dr.  Rae,  In  a  land  Journey  Id 
1854^    had    already    made    evident    the    1 — 


'  UcCUntock,  who  otitained  a  record 

ly  one  found)   stating  the  aliandon* 

ment  of  the  ships  and  Franklin's  destb. 
Hot  little  bas  been  done  In  tbis  fleld  since 
1SS5.  although  in  1BS8-99,  Sverdrnp  (Nor^ 
weglan)  visited  Jones  Bound,  traced  the 
treat  coast  of  Grlnnell  Land,  and  discov- 
ered several  islands.  Two  American  ex- 
pedltlona,  ibose  of  Kane  In  1853,  and  Hayes 
'-  I860,  undertaken  with  the  objecf  -•  ~ 


plorink  Smith  Sonnd,  discovered  Kane  Bea 
and  Kennedy  Channel,  and  reached  SO*  BB' 
and  81°  35'  respectively.     In  18T0,   C.   F. 


Hall,  a 

Eskimos,  'searching  (or  1 


f  the  Frank- 


lin expedition,  reached  82>  11'  In  the  sea 

north  of  Kennedy  Channel :  a  record  which 
was  surpassed  Ave  years  later  by  tbe  Brit- 
lab  expendltlon  under  Nares,  with  83'  20*. 
In  IGSl  an  American  expedition  under 
Lieut.  A.  W.  Greely  was  sent  to  establish 
one  ot  the  InleraBtlonal  Clrcumpoiar  Bta- 
llona  at  Lady  Franklin  Bay.  ft  secured 
— , — •...  ..,_.|||j|,  jg(g_  made  extensive  e- 


ploratlona.   and   a   party   under   Lieutenant 

r  ... . ....  (^^  fartheBt  north  np  to 

'    —  24'.     In  the  fan  of 


Lock  wood  r... 
that  time  alUlned 


1  EulTerlng  and  tbe 


Cape  S ,   

loss   of  several   " — 

ex  nio  rat  ions  have  been  made  by  norden- 
skjflld  In  18T0  and  1883:  Kansen  In  1888; 
and  especially  by  the  American  expeditions 
commanded  iby  Lieut.  Peary  In  188H.  1891- 
92,  and  1893-95.  In  tbese  expeditions,  and 
In  a  tonscr  and  still  more  succesaful  visit 
In  1898-1902  Peary  determined  tbe  north- 
em  llmlTB  of  Greenland,  besldea  exploring 
Grlnnell    r.ard    and    reaching   84*    IT'.     ^ 

Jnlv  IT.  190S,  lyleut  Peary  aalled  In  tba 
new  ehlp  Roacevelt  on  another  expedition. 
Intending  to  poab  bis  ship  as  far  north  aa 
possible  throuEh  Smith  Sound  and  make  a 
dash  for  the  Pole  by  Bledges, 

This  trip  proving  fmlUesa.  a  MWDd  n^ 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


AigeatinA 


Aittie  BxploraUons— CiMiiMwtf. 
ue   wu   made   b;   tbe   Rooteoelt,   letTlos 
Sew   Tork.    Jaly   8,    1B08,   and   arrlTlng  at 
Etah,     GrecDland,     An(.    18.       ProceedlDB 


e  year  be- 
ol    Pear*, 


blllt7    (ontalna    i 

than  tbe  dalnu 

ot    Brookljii,    N.    .ft.,    ftftjBL    ftiE 

■wrtb  pole,  April   aigt,    ISOB, 

(ore    Pe«r7.     The   den  u  Delations   of   Pear*, 

who  was  behiK  cbcated  of  hU  Jaat  reward, 

merelr   belK^iteaed   [lopalar  Intereat.     Ver; 

lew  were  anfflclrDtlT  conrenaal  with  con- 

dlUoDi   In   the  arrtle  loae   to   paa>  mtelU- 

Rnt  Judgment,  bat  >;nii>athT   nent   out  to 

me    haisard   doctor,    when    he   Telatrd    his 

odTner   of   daja   and   olgbta   of   BuffeTlnK 

aad  dBBger. 

BpltibergcD  and  tbe  aeaa  nortb  of  Asia 
bara  been  the  Held  of  many  eipedltlona. 
The  exploraltoD  of  Spltibereeo,  dliooTvred 
^  Barenta  (IBM),  was  carried  od  by  Nor- 
dnwUBld  In  1803-04,  aud  18T^ ;  tbe  lalAads 
■erred  aa  a  atartlDs  point  for  Andrd's  Ill- 
fated  ballooQ  I189T),  and  were  Tlslted  by 
WeUman  ( Amerlran ) ,  1804.  Frani  Josef 
l.an  .„  diacvvered  by  the  AusCrlBD  Expedi- 
tion onder  Weyprecht  and  Paier  !□  187a, 
waa  eboaen  a*  a  haie  for  the  Ilarmiiwoctb- 
lackaon    expedition    Id    1893,    and    the    ' 


River,  flowa  throogh  the  nortbeaatem  atatM 
iDto  (be  AtUntlc.  and  la  aavlKable  throngb- 
ont  lla  coarse  :  the  Flleomayo,  Bemejo.  and 
Balodo  del  Norte  are  also  narlgable  for 
some  diBtance  from  chelr  eoDfluence  wltb 
tbe  Psraaa.  In  Boenoa  Aires  the  Salado 
del  Bud  fiowa  aoutheaat  for  some  800  mllea 
'-'1  Samborombon  Bay  (Atlantic).  Id  the 
.t  .1..  i..i — i J  m.  Hfgt^  rlae  in 


Ujn,     unc 

'Am',.. 


of  which   Bucceeded 


nlng  of   1306,   aomewhere __    

JoMf  Laud.  In  1833,  FHthlof  N'anaen,  a 
tiorweclan,  eotering  the  Ice  north  of  Asia, 
allowed  blaaeK  to  be  carried  by  the  car- 
reuta  nntU,  leartng  bla  ship,  he  reached 
by  a  Bledge  Joome*  SP"  '  " 

The  Northeaat  Paa...„ 
of  Engllah  and  Raaalan  e: 
c«iDplTah( ' 


Paaaage.   Iodk   an  objert 


impllahed  by  Nordenakjaid  In  18TS-T9.  The 
..eafemmoat  of  tbe  Aalatlc  Islaiids  were  dla- 
corercd  by  the  American  exneditlon  nuder 
O.  W.  Deling  Id  the  Jeanntttr,  which,  set- 
ting  ODt  from  San  Francisco  In  1ST9,  was 
cmahed  in  the  Ice,  DeI.ODK  end  the  larger 
part  of  the  crew  perishing  during  the  re- 
tieat.  Late  In  1905  tbe  AtDundBca  eipedl- 
tloD  retoraed  with  »a1aable  dlacOTerlea  con- 
eemlng  the  poalUon  of  the  North  Magnetic 
Pole. 

AignitllUl,— A  repnbllc  occnpylng  the 
greater  portion  Of  the  aonthem  part  of  the 
Bontb  American  Continent,  and  extending 
from  BollTia  to  Cape  Bom,  a  total  distance 
of  nearly  2,300  mllea :  Ita  greatest  breadth 
la  aboot  930  mllea.  It  l>  bounded  on  Ibe 
north  by  BoIItIb,  on  the  nortbeast  by  Para- 
gnaj',  Brazil,  and  Urusuay.  on  the  sonth- 
easf  and  aoath  by  Oie  Atlantic,  and  on  tbe 
weat  by  Chile,  froni  which  Republic  It  ia 
■epaiated  by  tbe  Cordillera  de  loa  Andes. 
Pkytlcal  Featurei, — On  tbe  west  the 
nMnntalDons  Cordillera^  wllh  their  pin- 
tesna,  extend  from  the  northern  *-  "" 
•ootliem  bonndarlea ;  on   tbe   east 

grmt    plalna    (known    aa    El    Gran    

and   tbe   treeleaa    pampas,    which   toeethi 

■■— -  -,,  Plala.  extending  fr—  '^'  " 

lary  In  the  north  to  I 
DDlh   of  the   Rio   N'eg 


the 


VB*t  plalna  of  PataKonla.     Argentina  tbua 
eontmlDB  a  aaccesilon  of  IctcI  plalDi,  broken 


:  Colorado  and  I-, 
e  weat  and  flow  a 


a  the  p 


paa  Into  the  Atlantic,  many  ai 
In    Patagonia   traieralng   the 
'iDdea  to  the  Allanllc. 


Sical,  Buenos  Aires,  waa  founded  In 
0 ;  it  remained  a  Spanish  colony  anill 
181T,  when  It  ealned  Its  Independence  un- 
der the  leader^lp  of  Joae  de  San  Martin. 
The  official  designation  of  the  country  la 
Argentine  MaClon.  Patagonia  and  Tferra 
del  Fupgo  were  divided  between  (Argentina 
and  Chile  In  1881. 

From  183S  lo  1852  the  cotjntry  was  under 
the  dlrtalorsblp  of  Rosas.  Braill  and  Ar- 
gentina were  allied  In  a  war  with  Para- 
guay rrom  ises  lo  1870.  In  1902  a  dla- 
pure  of  eoQBlderable  bitternese  arose  with 
Chile,    respecting    tbe    armaments    and    ilxa 

ally  selllcd  by  treaty  In  January.  1003,  b; 
which  It  was  agreed  (hat  both  narles  were 
to  be  maintained  at  Identical  strength  and 
that  certain  sbtpa,  then  being  bulll  for  both 
—  rltea  In  various  European  yarda,  were  to 
■old. 


E' 


8q.  Mile*  tlon,  1013 

BuenoaAins. 117,778  1,070,600 

Catamsrca. 47JB1  108,7M 

CoHoba. 82,160  480,186 

ConientM 3S.SS0  333.144 

EolnRios. ZB,7S4  428,387 

Juiuy 18,977  82.477 

Mendoia 34,648  226,630 

Hfois  88,603  flS.eOO 

SaltL 82,184  162,087 

Ban  Juan 33,716  112,487 

BanLuU. 28,535  112,898 

SuitsFj eO.giB  823.289 

Santiago  del  EMero 39,764  201,404 

Tuouman 8,928  308.183 

Total  ProviniM 618,898  6,110,688 

TaRBmniM 

Chaco 62,741  28,370 

Chubut , 03,427  »,600 

Formosa 41,403  10.408 

LcaAades 31.989  2,600 

MWones. 11,282  40,321 

Neuquen 42,346  20,748 

Punpa H,320  80,648 

Rio  Negro 76,924  36,498 

aantaCrui 109.143  6,198 

Tier™  del  Fuego 8,289  1322 

IndlanNomada 48,618 

Total  Tenitoriea. 812,871       387,438 

Caidtal:— Buenos  Airaa. 73    1,368.979 

Orand  Total 1,131«41    8.738,781 

*  The  population  flffUTea  are  tbe  eatlmataa  o(  the 
National  Statiadcai  Sodaty,  no  cennis  having  been 
taken  for  20  years.  The  laiicuage  ol  the  people 
is  Spanish  uid  thdr  relikioa  Roman  (^thollB,  the 
foreu^dement  (1.750000)  being  composed  of 
860,000  Italiana,  450000  SpaniaC.  and  100.000 
French,  with  30,000  Entfiifi,  36,000  Auattians, 
22,000  Ormaoa.    ITMO  Swlaa,   and   258,000  ol 


■tatea  by  the  t ,.  — ,  „ 

TtM  Farant  River,  formed  by  the  Junction 
«t  th«  Dppar  PaisDi  wltb  the   vngatj 


tbe  United  Biaiea  of  America,  and  embod- 
ied  in   tlM   ftwdamental   law   ol   Hay   2S, 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Messages  mid  Papers  of  the  Presidettti 


1858  (wim  amendment  of  No*.  11,  1SS9). 
Tha  Prealdent  and  Vtce-PreBideat  are  elect- 
ed  for   Biz   7ean   b«  an   electoral  coU«e. 

PraidenI  (Oct  12,  1916-lBSO},  Hlppollta 
Irlforeu. 

Tbere  U  a  reiiratiBlbte  HInlitrr,  appointed 
■■-  ■'■e  PMBldeut,  conaUtlnK  of  elcbt  Sccre- 


Beplember  ... 

IbiT^  membera  { 


80,  1 


■    annually    from   Hay   1    to 

~~'  eoDsliCs  of  a  ttenate  of 

>  from  eac^h  of  the  four- 

, two  from  the  capital), 

elected  (by  an  electoral  college)  for  nine 
jreare,  ane-thlrd  beloK  renewable  eTery  three 
fcan :  and  of  a  Chamber  of  Depatlea  of 
ISO  members,  elected  by  the  people  for  four 
yeara,   and   one- half   renewable   every   two 


Tlncial  Courts  In  eacb  State  for  Don-natlonal 

Production  and  Induitrv.—Ot  the  total 
area  about  one-third  U  aultable  for  agri- 
culture nod  cattle  ralelng.  and  raat  tracts 
are  held  by  the  Federal  Government  for 
■ale  or  lease  to  colODlsta.  In  1911  close 
on  50,000.000  acres  were  under  cultlTBtlon. 
wheat,  malie.  oata.  linseed,  cotton,  losar, 
wine  and  tobacco  belus  grown,  wlille  the 
surplus  wheat  Exported  In  1910  exceeded  2.- 
600.000  metric  tons.  The  live  alack  In  1910 
Included  30,000.000  cattle.  T.SOO.OOO  borse^ 
67.000,000  sheep.  4:000.000  goats,  and  1,- 
GOO.OOO  plia;  the  toial  value  of  the  live 
stock  Is  estimated  at  tl.eSO.OOO.OOO.  There 
Is  a  large  export  trade  in  frozen  and  chilled 
meats,  seven  factories  being  In  operation 
with  American  and  British  capital.  There 
are  32.000  iQdustrlal  eetablUhments,  em- 
ploying close  on  .1:10.000  persona,  the  out' 
put  iQclndlng  cottons  and  woolens,  but  at 

E resent  lalllog  lo  aupply  the  demand  for 
ome  consumption.  The  mineral  output 
Includes  gold.  Bllver  and  copper,  and  coal, 
petroleum,  mangancsei  woltrsm,  and  salt. 
.J  rmf.— Service  In  the  Army  la  universal 
and  compulsory  on  all  dtliena  between  the 
ages  of  ZO  aod  45:  for  10  yeara  In  the 
Active  Army ;  then  10  years  IQ  the  National 
Guard  ;  5  years  In  the  Territorial  Guard, 
The  Peace  Fstabllshmeat  Is  2.000  ofBcers 
and  19.000  others.  The  Wsc  Establishment 
of  the  Active  Army  Is  125,000.  (Bee  Armies 
of  the  World,) 

Xavu. — Tro  Dreadnought  battleships 
fjroreno  and  Rlvaldacta}  of  28.000  tons 
(2ZH  knots,  12  12-1uch  guns),  12  torpedo- 
boat  destroyers,  and  12  torpedo-boats  were 
laid  down  under  a  recent  naral  programme, 
the  remaining  ahlns  being  five  small  bat- 
tlesbips,  seven  cruisers,  and  seventeen  units 
of  torpedo  craft ;  the  navy  Is  manned  by 
about  0,000  men.  The  naval  port  la  Bahia 
Blanca.      <Bee   KHvles  of  the  World.) 

EducaUon, — Primary  Education  Is  secular. 
free  and  nominally  compulsory  from  the 
ages  of  Biz  Co  too rt ecu.  but  Schools  are 
maintained  by  provincial  CaiallOQ,  and  con- 
trolled by  provincial  boards.  Secondary 
Education  la  controlled  by  the  Federal  GoT- 
ernmeuL  There  are  also  nsvsl  military, 
mining,  and  agricultural  school  a.  There 
are  Katlonal  rnlrerHltles  at  Cordoba  and 
BuenoB  Aires,  and  Provincial  Unlversltle* 
at  La  Plata,  Santa  F*.  and  Parana. 
Raaumys.—OD  Dec.  SI.   1912.  there 


king).      Of 
imetres   12,: 


PoM  Ogtee*  aiti  TtUvrapltt.^ln  ISI3 
there  were  2,650  pott  olBcea.  In  1911  there 
were  2,628  telestapli  offlcea  and  12  radio- 
telegraph stations ;  the  fonner  poieesacd 
60,lK)3Ulometici  of  line,  with  312;23T  kilo- 
metrea  of  telegraph  wire. 

fihlppitv.— The  mercantile  marine  In  1912 
numbered  228  steam  (171,631  tona)  and 
66  aalllng  veasela  (32,720  tons).  The  num- 
ber of  oceaa-golng  vessels  entered  In  cargo 
and  In  ballast  at  Argentine  ports  In  1912 
was  4,65D  steam  vessels  (ll420.S40  tona), 
and  2S0   sailing  vessels. 

The  prlnclpar  ports  are  Buenoe  Aire*,  Ba- 
■arlo.   La   Plata,   and   Babla   Blanca. 

ToKiit. — Capital,  Bnenos  Aires,  estimated 
populatlra    (leiO),   1.300,000:  otber  towns 

are  B-"--    *■■  -       -    -        ....     

llcov. 

gaaycuu,    i^    riais.    s... , ,    

Coarto,  Rosarlo.  Balta,  Sen  Juan,  Ban  Lola, 
San  Nicolas.  Santa  F^.  Tncoman. 

The  Uetrlc  BTStcm  of  Wetglit*,  V 
and  Currency  la  compulsory. 

The  currency  ault  Is  the  Peso  of  100 
Centavoa,  equal  to  |0.B64  Amerlean  money, 
but  the  circulating  medium  la  paper.  By 
a  Converalon  Law  of  1898  a  gold  standard 
has  been  adopted  sod  the  paper  peao  la  con- 

Argeotlna  depends  entirely  npon  the  out- 
side  world   for   Its   machlDery   and    related 

Broducts  and  berore  the  European  war  the 
nlted  States  ran  a  poor  third  to  Oennany 
and  England  In  supplying  thiB  One  market. 
The  opportunity  u  now  before  American 
manufacturers  to  take  over  permauently  an 
Important  part  of  tbis  trade.  Oerman  honaes 
supplied  leading  technical  and  indiutrlB] 
schools  with  machlpery  and  machine  tools 
free  of  chsrge  so  tbst  the  fatnt«  engineer* 
and  shop  ofllclalB  would  naturally  favor  th« 
Oerman  makes. 

Prevlona  to  the  war  Germany  fnmtshed 

48.5  per  cent  of  the  miscellaneous  machin- 
ery imported  by  Argeotlna,  England  21.8 
per  cent  and  the  tfnlted  States  13.6  pec 
cent.  The  United  SUtea  waa  drat  In  sup- 
plying spare  parts  tor  mscblnei?  with  29.1 
per  cent,  Germany  was  second  with  25.5 
per  cent,  and  England  third  wltb  21.7  per 
cent.  It  Is  a  curious  fact  that  46-9  per  cent 
of  the  agricultural  machinery  was  imported 
from  Australia,  the  United  States  atandlug 
second  in  the  list  with  84.8  per  cent  and 
Canada  third  with  10.6  per  cent.  The  United 
Slates  furnished  63.1  per  cent  of  the  tbrash- 
ing  machinery  and  England  83-4  per  cent. 
The  domlnsDt  posltloD  of  England  In  the 
supply  of  railway  plant  end  rolling  stock 
Is  very  apparent,  as  that  country  furnished 

75.6  per  cent  of  the  locomotives,  89.0T  per 
cent  of  the  passenger  coaches,  and  47.8  per 
cent  of  the  freight  cars.  Of  the  steel-ratl 
buslnesB.  England  held  31.8  per  cent,  Ger- 
many 29.6  per  cent,  and  the  United  SUtes 
26.1  per  cent.  Of  wheels  and  miscellBDeons 
railway  material.  England  supplied  over  70 
per  cent.  Tbe  Oermacs  led  In  mlscellaneons 
electrlc-rsllway  material,  and  supplied  45.1 
pec  cent  of  the  dynamos  and  electric  motors, 

'  being  second  In  tbe  latter  line  with 

._■  cent.      France  furnished   86.S   per 

If  the  antomoblles.  the  United  State* 

^nt.  and  Germany  16,3  per  cent. 

'e  the  most  important  rea- 

of  affairs.    The  very  few 

that  tried  to  do  business 

.   — „ ,  .»..od  to  succeed   because.   In 

■eat  measure,  of  tbelr  failure  to  adapt 
lemselves  to  the  business  practice  of  the 
..uuntry.  The  American  manufacturer  wai 
content  to  send  out  travellog  salennen  with 
little  or  no  knowledge  of  the  country's  lan- 
guage or  customs — selling  or  sndeaTorlnc 
*-  ~"    "ijhjj  £!™',.f"t".'?»?«  "nd   price 


England 
41.4   per 

19.3 

The  following 


IMa  printed  in  BncUsb.     In  ■•aenl  h*  d£ 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


EtKyclopedk  Index 


Arizona 


minded  pafment  tot  hti  foodi  eaA  agalnit 

■klnnlnD  ilniminsn t>  In  Ngir    SOFll.       The  tt'^ 


tnwl;  guHTior  Iblp- 
plDi  tkciutle*  lui  been  an  Important  factor. 
Europe,  alio,  baa  made  large  Inveatmenti 


ol  capital  In  Arsentlna  and  practlcall;  all 
vt  Out  Importaot  IndoatrleB,  tbe  rallroada, 
paver  plaota,  etc..  are  In  tbe  banda  ol  Eu- 
npeana.  The  fact  tbat  Areentlna  baa  a 
It^  and   free  market  Id  Bunipc   for  tta 

Srwlocts  1b  not  wltbont  Ita  Inflaence.    And, 
aally.  It  moat  be  confesaed  that  tbe  Buro- 
pnoi  have  had  tbe  InctntlTC  ot  teally  need- 
mi  tbe  maiket,  while  maoj  Americana  bare 
been  odIt  mlldl;  Intereated. 
ArpmtlDo  BopnUlci 
Agrienltar&l  «xhibitiim  in,  7414. 
Battlsahipa  for,  eoostrneted  \>j  Amer- 
ieuiB,  ?501,  75M. 


United  SUtei,  fiS6T. 
Award  of,  diBciUBed,  6058, 
Chile  lefened  to,  4629,  6323. 
pAragna;  nbmitted   to  President 
of  United  StAtea,  444fi. 

Cablea  of  American  eompanjr,  qnea- 
tiong  regarding  rate  cliargea  im- 
posed upon  hj,  6323. 

Claiiua  of,  against  United  Btatei, 
4B10. 

Olaima    of    United    States    against, 
1846,  15S1,  480& 
Adjusted,  6324. 

Coined  silver,  and  prodnets  of,  re- 
ferred to,  S908. 

Consul  at  Baenos  Aires,  recontmenda- 
tion  regarding  aalarj  of,  4849. 

Cordiality  of  relations  with,  749S. 

Siplomatte  relations  with  Buenos 
Airea  discnased.  S116. 

Imprisonment  of  American  citizens 
in,  632. 

Independeneo  of  Buenos  Aires  assert- 
ed, 612,  627. 

Internal  disorders  in,  4563. 

Joint  lesolation  relating  to  congratu- 
lations from,  vetoed,  4384. 

Minister  of  United  States  in  Buenos 
Aires,  return  of,  1171. 

Uinister  to  be  sent  to  United  States, 
1370. 
BMieived,  1706,  4718. 

Ontragea  upon  American  vessels  in 
Falkland  Islands  discosaed,  1116, 
1846. 

Bevolutioii  In  Buenos  Aires  dis- 
enaeed,  £702. 

Tuijr  laws  of,  modifications  in,  dia- 
eussed,  6058. 

Treaty  with,  2750,  2813,  4852,  5115, 


Peaea  conelnded,  S77. 

(Jiieations   between   United   States 

and  Brazil  arising  oat  of,  029, 

061. 


AiSffntliu,  Ihaatlw  vith.— in  iscs  a 
treaty  was  concluded  with  the  Argentine 
Confederation  graatlng  the  United  Btatei 
free  navigation  ol  tbe  rlreti  Paranil  and 
Urnguar.  Thla  was  followed  b^  anotber 
of  friendship,  commerce  and  navigation. 
Bod  provided  for  the  eicbange  of  diplomatic 
and  consular  ageats.  An  eitmdlllon  coa- 
ventloQ  was  signed  In  1898  providing  for 
the  eilradltlon  of  pdsoners  accused  ol  the 
fallowing  crimes :  Homicide,  or  attempted 
homicide;  arson;  bnrglarr  ;  hooaebceanlng ; 
robbery  with  violence,  actual  altempted  or 
threatened  J  larceny  of  property  of  tie  val- 
"-   "»  |20<(;    lorgerr.    or  the    — ■ 


by  the  laws  ot  both  c.._ ,   ,.,. 

Jury  :  ripe  ;  abdnctlon  ;  kidnapping  or  chlld- 
Bteallug;  any  act  committed  with  criminal 
Intent,  the  object  of  which  is  to  endanEer 
the  safety  of  any  person  traveling  or  being 
upon  a  railway;  crimes  committed  at  sea, 
and  trading  In  staves  when  tbe  offense  Is 
criminal  under  the  laws  of  both  countries. 
Arid  I,andfl.  (See  Lands,  Public;  also 
Irrigation.) 
Bedamation  of,  6801,  7004, 
Alisrma.— One  of  the  aonth western  states 
of  the  Dillon;  motto,  "DlUt  Dens."  It 
is  separated  from  the  Pacific  Ocean  on  the 
west  by  California  and  Nevada,  and  b 


45'  woat  long..  Including  an  a 


buevl,    ColmSnlla, 

eopa,  MobBTe,  Navajo,  Tepago,  . 
"""  '"""" The  cblef  Induati 


)pa,    Walapal,    Marl- 

PBpago,  Mm«,  and 

blef  Industry  is  mln- 

copper.     In  the  norlh- 


PBlute  Indian^ 
Ing  gold,  sliver,  auu 

era    portion    of  the _...   „,,    ,„,,„ 

pine  foresta  and  the  lumber  trade  la  rap- 
idly progressing.  The  surface  Is  much 
broken  by  tbe  erosion  of  the  streams,  which 
«.,   rt^r. ,_   ...    .....     ...    Qranj 


B  1Q  the   r 


t  some  points  he- 


Canyon  of  the  Colorado'  a. 

ing   more  than   a  mile  deep. 

The  greater  portion  of  the  State  was 
acqclred  by  treaty  with  Meileo  In  1B48, 
tbe  remainder  by  the  Gadsden  Purchase  of 
18S3. 

Statistics  of  agriculture  collected  for  ths 
last  Federal  census  place  the  number  of 
farm*  In  tbe  State  at  e.22T,  comprising 
l,24e.6]8  acres,  valned  with  stock  and  Im- 
provements at  (76,123.970.  The  catll* 
numbered  824,970,  valued  at  tl4,S24,T0S: 
horses,  9S,S7S,  (4.209,726 :  mules,  3,983, 
(399,447;  awlne,  17.208,  (113,714;  sheep, 
1,228,728,  (4,400,913.  Tbe  acreage,  pro- 
duction and  value  of  the  principal  Held 
crops  for  1911  were:  corn,  15.000  acres, 
495.000  bushels,  (480,000;  wheat.  27.000 
acres,  800,000  bushels.  (780.000;  oata,  6.000 
acres.  202,000  biiBhels,  (151.000;  hay,  130,.' 
000  acres.  602.000  tons,  16.034,000.  The 
Btate  ranks  first  In  the  production  of  cop- 
per. Tbe  production  In  1910  was  2B7.481.- 
151  pounds,  valued  at  (37,781.376,  a  de- 
creaae  from  the  flgnrei  of  1009,  and  tbe 
reports  for  1911  show  a  still  further  de- 
cline In  the  production.  Tbe  largest  pro- 
dncer  In  1911  was  the  Blsbee  district,  with 
lS3,00a00O  pounds;  the  Globe-lUaml  dla. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Ailiona — OontiiMtd. 

trlct  produced  (0,000,000  poaods.  Tha 
United  Vetde  miDe.  lu  the  Jerome  dlttrlct, 
■bowed  a  decrease  from  the  38,000,000 
pouDda  produced  Id  IBIO.  EitenslTC  pa*- 
ture  l&udi  Are  farorable  tor  the  rearlns  o( 
cattle  and  aheep.  Tbe  fpderat  BecIimatloD 
act  provided  lor  the  IrrlKatlon  of  210,000 
acres  of  land  la  the  Salt  River  reclou  of 
Arliana  by  the  end  of  the  jenr  leil.  at  ■ 
coat  ol  f«, 300,000.  The  population  lu  1810 
waa  204.804. 

Arixoiu  Teiritary: 

Act  to  authorize  leasing  of  lands  for 
educational    puTpoasa    in,    vetoed, 
610£. 
Admiuion  to  Statehood — 
Joint  act  for,  vetoed,  7636. 
Propoeod,  7020. 
Saconunended,  72E9. 
Appropriation      for,     recommended, 

46ai. 
Barraeke,  etc.,  within  limits  of  Mil- 
itary Department  of,   eonstrnetion 
of,  recommended,  4096. 
Bill  to  anthoriie  issnance  of  bonds  In 

Bid  of  railroada  in,  vetoed,  5523. 
Indian  ontrages  in,  discoased,  4933, 

4943. 
I^nds    in — 

Claims  ander  Spanish  and  Mexican 
grants,     diseosaed,     fi4S4,     SSIO, 
6561. 
Secords    of   Mexican    Government 

regarding,  4257. 
Set  apart  as  pablie  reaervation  by 
proclamation,   &S11,   6702. 
Lawlessness  prevailinr  in,  and  means 
for  anporessing,  diacniaed,  4540, 
4663,  46S8. 
Proclamation  against,  4709. 
Fopnlation  of,  3045,  3099. 
Territorial    government    for,    recom- 
mended, 2987,  3045,  3100. 
Arkaiuaa. — One  of  tbe  anntbem  states  of 
the   Colon ;  nickname,    the   "Bear   Btate" ; 
motto,  "BegDaDt  PopuU"  (The  people  rule). 
It  la   bounded   bj   Mlaaoari   on   the  north, 
on  the  east  br  Teaaessec  snd  Ulaslailppl 
(from  both  of  vblcb  It  la  aeparated  b;  tbe 

yiialaaippl  BItci "     

ana.  and  on  the  _.    . 

TerrltOTT.  it  eitends  from  lat.  L.  ..  .. 
SC  north  and  from  Iodk.  88°  40'  to  84°  42' 
weat.  It  contalna  68.3SS  aqnare  miles,  and  In 
1810  the  population  waa  1,750,000.  Br 
leslalatlve  enactment  tbe  name  of  tbe 
State  la  pronounced  Ar'kauBaw.  Tbe  State 
contains  rich  foreats  ot  oak,  pine,  walnut, 
blekorr,  crpreaa,  cedar,  aod  other  lumbei- 
produclns  timber.  Coal.  Iron,  and  bulldlDi 
■tons  eifat  In  abundance.     Tbe  Mlsalaslppl 


t  b;  Teiaa  and  Indian 


BiTer  bottom  lands  are . 

One  of  tb*  cariosities  of  the 

lartte   nnmber    of    medicinal    sprli 


National  toreati 

781  acrea  In  the  I _. 

stead  entrlea  In  1908  covered  1S3,L 

The  live  slock  reported  tor  the  last  federal 
census  conHlated  of  60S,000  barsca  and 
mules,  801,000  cattle,  233,000  aheep,  and 
BTS.OUO  awlne.  According  to  the  laat  aU- 
tlatlca  tbe  annual  production  of  butter  wHa 
21.680,250  pouuda :  cheeae,  18,STS  pounda, 
and  milk,  1US,801,S9S  lallona. 

The  number  of  manofactnriiiK  aatablteh- 
meats  In  Arkanaas  bavloK  an  Uinaal  ootpDt 
valued  at  1500  or  more  at  the  baBlnninc  of 
1813  waa  2,004.  The  amount  of  capital  In- 
vealed  waa  tT6,8Se,000,  (iTlnK  onploTmant 
to  48,440  persons,  oalng  material  valued  at 
f44,S07,00o,  and  toraluk  out  ilniabed  goods 
wortb  (83,841,000.  Salaries  and  wacea  paid 
amounted  to  f24,81S.OOO. 

Arkanaaa  Is  Brat  among  the  states  In  the 
production  of  two  mlnerala — banzlte  and 
uovacuUte,    the    former   being    the    ore    of 


UuTted  States.  Tbe  principal  mineral  prod- 
act  of  AFkansae,  however,  la  coal,  the  an- 
naal  valae  of  which  constllated  over  flfty 
per   cent  of    tbe    atate's    totaL       The    total 


la  the 

i'^ne^ 

._   annuallr  bj  thouaanda  of  people. 

One  spring  In  Pulton  Couutr  discharges 
IS.OOO  barrela  of  water  per  dajr,  at  a 
temperatnre  of  60°.  The  State  was  first 
settled  br  tbs  French  In  16SS,  and  formed 

Krt   of  the   Louisiana    Purchase   of    1803. 
was  orianlled  as  a  Tetrltorr  Harcb  2, 
1819,  admitted  as  a  State  Into  tha  Union 


819  tons,  valaed  a't  <3.0si.TS».  In  19i:i. 
The  coals  of  Arkansas  are  generallr  of  hicb 
grade,  partlcuiarl;  to  the  eaatern  part  of  tbe 
coal  field,  where  tber  approach  anthracite 
In  character.  The  semlanthradte  of  Arkan- 
sas la  an  eicellent  domestic  fuel  and  teacbes 
marketa  as  far  north  aa  Kanaaa  Cltr- 

BaniltB,  from  which  alnmlDDm  Is  derived, 
la  aecond  amoag  the  mineral  prodacts  of 
tbe  state.  It  b  mined  near  Benton.  In 
Saline  Countr,  and  In  PnlaakI  Countr. 

In  1813  the  stone  quarrtea  of  Arkansas 
fnmlahed  prodncts  valued  at  |625,0S0,  ei- 
clualve  of  navacullte  and  of  Umeatone 
homed  for  Ume.  In  1812  the  qnarrj  prod- 
ucta  were  valued  at  tOlS.844.  The  day 
working  Induatrlea,  while  not  hlghlr  de- 
veloped; take  third  place  and  In  1813  pro- 
duced an  output  valued  at  1028,624.  an  Id- 
creaae  of  (6T,018  over  1812.  Tbe  sand  and 
gravel  pits  yielded  (320.638  In  1813  and 
tSeS,6S9  In   leiS.     The  only  metalUferoua 

Iiroducts  of  Arkansas  besides  bauxite  are 
ead,  line,  and  manganlferoas  ores.  Other 
commercial  mineral  p'oducts  are  tnller's 
earth,  gems  and  precloua  atonea,  lime,  min- 
eral watera,  natural  gas.  phoaphate  rock, 
and  alate. 

Arkanaaa  (aee  alao  Confederate  Btatas): 
Act  for  admiasion  of,  into  Union  ve- 
toed, 3846. 
Acts  of  sovemoT  ahonid  be  legalized, 

801. 
Admission   of,   into   Union,   eonstita- 

tion  adopted,  1444. 
Bonudarj'  of,  79C. 
Constitution  of,  referred  to,  3830. 
Defalcation  of  offlcera  in,  941. 
Election  dlstiubances  in,  and  'claima 
of  persons  to  governorship  dia- 
cnssed,  4S18,  4219.  425S,  4273. 
Proclamation  regarding,  4226. 
Lands 'granted  to.  In  aid  of.iailroads 
referred  to,  8580. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


If&Kn'Ut    fTnMHwurrf 

Mur^lial  of  United  States  in,  kdvmnee 
of  pnblic  iROJMja  to,  referred  to, 
2S35. 
UilitSTj  governor  of,  office  of,  abol- 

ithed,  3377. 
Pnblie  l&nda  in,  proelvnation  legard- 

ing  nnl&wfol  poraeBHion  of,  llOS. 
Beatorfttion  of,  into  Union,  diacmsed, 

3423,  3452, 
Botd  in,  from  Little  Bock  to  Canton- 
ment  Qibion,   S32. 
SecretUT-    of,    appointment    of,    re- 
voked, 3377. 
Atkaataa  Hortliwaatam  Ballway  Oo, 
act  anthorinng  eonstraetion  of  rail- 
road  by,  throngb  Indian  Territory, 
vetoed,  8012. 
Artamaa  Post  <Aric.).  Battlo  of. -Jan. 
11^  18S3.  an  expedition  under  command  of 
Gen.  UcClecnand  and  convoyed  by  Admiral 
Porter's     llaet  of  gunboats,  moved  sBBlnst 
Fort   Blodman.    «t   Arkanaaa   Poat.   on   the 
Arkaniai  Blver.     Jan.   11   a  combined  at- 
tick  n>  beEua,  which  was  maintBloed  qq- 
tU  4  o'clock   In  tbe  afternoon,   wben   tbe 
poat,  witb  C.OOO  piiwinen,  was  BDirtndered 
to  the  Union  force*.     The  Federal  loaa  In 
tbe  action   was  977   kilted,   woonded,  and 

UOngtaa  Oonfedeiata  Monument  Ano- 
datton.  —  During  tbe  sdmlnlBtratlon  of 
Praldent  HcElnley  the  Confederate  dead 
buried  In  the  CltJ  of  Wwhingtui,  D.  C, 
and  Tlclolty  were  removed  to  the  National 
Cemeten  at  Arlington,  Ta.,  the  old  bomc  of 
Robert  B.  Lee,  wBere  they  were  relnterred 
b  a  plot  of  iToiind  set  apart  by  tbe  Preal- 
drnt  for  that  pnrpose,  and  designated 
"Tbe  Confederate  Section." 

The  Arlington  Confederate  Honnment 
AsBodstlon  was  formed  for  the  purpose  of 
ererting  In  this  section  a  lOltaUe  monument 
to  the  dead  there  bnrled,  and  to  ataod.  In 
a  larger  sense,  as  a  memorial  to  all  those 
who  Gist  their  Uvea  In  defensB  of  the  Con- 
frderacy,    as   well    as    to    tbe    cause    they 

The  Association  waa  formed  aa  a  com- 
mtttee  of  the  United  Daughters  of  the  Con- 
federacy, tbe  Prealdent-Omeral  of  which  la 
the  President  of  the  association.  The 
uonnment  was  completed  and  nuTelled  by 
Pretldent  Wilson,  Jnne  4,  1914.  (Page 
TMB.) 

AiUnffton  Oematary: 

Appropriation  for  memorial  amphi- 
theatre recommended,  704S. 

Uemorial  ampkitbeatre  at,  re  com- 
mended, 7686. 

President  Wilson's  addiess  at,  7948. 
Annaceddon. — in  the  peroration  of  bis 
speech  on  the  eve  of  tbe  National  Repab- 
Itesn  Conrentloii  at  Chicago,  June  IT.  1S12, 
He.  Boosevelt,  after  denoondng  what  he 
termed  fraudulent  practice*  of  corrupt  poll- 
tlriani.  called  nimn  his  tiearers  to  lake  tbe 
aide  of  the  people  against  the  dlabouest 
psrtr  manageia,  saying  at  tbe  dose :  "We 
stand  at  Armageddon  and  we  battle  for  the 
Lord."  The  eipreaalon  la  not  ■  quotation. 
but  Is  based  on  several  passases  In  the 
book  of  Revelations,  Chapter  XTI,  notably 
la   tb*   IStb   and   following   verses.      The 


„_.    — onym    for    the    t 

whether   sbove    tbe  earth  or   In   tbe  a 

world— on  whlth  the  final  victory  over  evil 
was  to  be  won   by  Iba  tort-ea  of  righteous- 


Dragon,  the  Beast,  and  the  False  Prophet 
to  mate  war  on  tbe  I/ord.  Revelations  ztII, 
14,  reads :  "These  shall  make  wsr  with  the 
Lamb  and  the  Lamb  sbsll  overcome  them ; 
for  he  la  Lord  of  Lords  and  King  of  K|ngi, 
and  they  that  are  with  him  are  called  and 
choaen  and  falthfoL"  Speelflcally  Armaged- 
don Is  a  corruption  of  the  Hebrew  words 
Bar  Uagsddon,  algulfylog  tbe  moantatns  of 
Ueglddo.  The  reference  In  the  passage  In 
Revelations  Is  probably  to  Heglddo,  but 
some  aathorltiea  refer  It  to  the  plain  of 
Esdraelon.  or  Jesreel,  In  Oalllee  and  Sa- 
maria, tamoua  a<  a  battleSeld  from  the 
time  Gideon  overcame  tbe  Mldlanlte*  to 
Napolcbn's  victory  over  the  Turks, 
Armed  K«nteallt7.— in  1T80  the  powers 
of   nortbem   Europe — Bnssla,   Sweden,   and 


neatra!  ships  bad  the  right  to  visit  tbe 
porta  of  belligerents,  ttiat  tree  ships  make 
free  mods,  and  that  blockades  to  !»  nm?- 
t    be    eEtectaaL      These    i 


assumed  a  threatening  position  and  armed 
themaelTes  to  repel  aigressloiL  By  treaty, 
latlfled  In  ISOO.  tbe  Bags  of  these  nations 
were  to  be  respected  by  belligerents.  Great 
Britain  rejected  the  principle,  and  Nelson 
and  Parker  destroyed  the  Danish  Beet  at 
Copenhagen,  April  2.  1801.  Tbis  led  to 
tbe  dlssolatlon  at  the  armed  oentrallty. 
Aimed  Nentrallty: 

Confederacy  of,  disenssed,  £808. 

In  Middle  States,  discussed,  3225- 
Annenlang. — Inhabitants  of  Armenia. 
Tbey  belong  to  the  Aryan  family  o(  natlona 
Armenia  IH  the  classical  name  of  the  He- 
brew Ararat.  Assyrian  Urartu,  Uie  country 
which  eiteuds  from  tbe  Shores  of  Lake 
Van,  between  tbe  Upper  Euphrates  and  Me- 
dia, forming  the  juncture  between  the  high 
plateau  of  Iran  and  the  table-land  of  Asia 
Minor.  It  Is  the  original  seat  of  one  of 
the  old  dvlUied  peoples  In  tbe  world.  Ac- 
cording to  thelc  records  they  were  gov- 
erned In  snclent  times  by  Independent  kings, 
but  after  wards  became  tributary  to  tbe 
Assyrians.  After  (he  Assyrian  period  Ar- 
menia became  a  dependency  of  Persia  and 
Media.  SubBcqueutly  It  was  conquered  by 
Aleiandcr  tbe  Great,  and  later  It  paased 
under  the  nominal  supremacy  of  Psrthla 
sod  Rome.  Then  It  was  ruled  by  Persian. 
Byiantlne,  and  Arabic  governors  until  the 
dynasty  of  the  Da^ratldes,  which  came  to 
an  end  In  1043.  Tbe  last  vestige  of  Ar- 
menian Independence  wss  destroyed  by  the 
Mamelokea  In  13T0.  Since  (bst  date  they 
liave  been  without  an  Independent  state, 
their  country  being  divided  between  Persia. 
Turkey,  and  Busala.  They  still  have  an 
Independent  church.  wItb  tbe  seat  of  gov- 
ernment at  Constantinople. 

Id  1894  the  greatest  cruelties  were  vis- 
ited upon  Armeulaas  In  Tnrkey,  In  part 
because  Ihcy  were  Cbristlsna  It  was 
claimed  tbat  some  of  those  upon  whom  out- 
rages were  committed  were  persons  who  had 
declared  their  latentlon  to  become  cltitens 
of  the  United  States.  Our  eonsnls  were 
sent  there  to  make  Investigation  of  these 
atrocities  and  cruelties,  and  in  the  dlplo- 


jyGooi^lc 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidenis 


given  bj  Turkej  tUat  o 


11  wu  learned,  howerec,  thit  ■ 
Dwnlail  JODnial  publiBbed  In  this  couim/  m 
the  ArmeDtan  laDguHge  ODenlj  eonnseled  »■ 
mdere  to  eoghge  In  rebellloo  againBt  Turk- 
iBb  aatborltT  In  the  AbIbUc;  proTlnces. 
Turker   complained   that  ArroenlanB   Boaght 

■- 'ilienshlp  with  the  Intention  o( 

.  protection  o(  the  UnKed  SUtee 
■ted  of  sedltlona  practice!  In  the 
'-  birth.  ^ 


AnnlM  of  tliB  Worid.— The  following  ta- 
ble (bowi  the  peace  footing  of  the  land 
fotc™  of  the  principal  Btatea  of  Europe, 
and  of  Japan ;  alio  of  tbe  ■econdatr  States 
of  Bnrope,  Aala  and  America,  complied  from 
the  latest  BTBllable  data  before  the  Kenenl 
Baropean  war  of  1B14 : 


i  of  1 


u..ru.iLi..   -""  "--^   naturalliatlon 

In    the    United    SUtea   later   than   1868. 

AimenUiu: 

Cruelties    and    ktroeitieH    committed 
upon,  in  taxkey,  diaeussed,  S989, 
6069,  6147. 
Investigation  of,  by  American  con- 
sul diecnseed,  5989,  6069. 
Beferred  to,  6090. 
Obtaining      eitixenship      in      ITnited 
States  and  returning  to  Turkey  ex- 
pelled, diaeuased,  5873,  6435. 
Treatment  of  natnraliied  citizens  of 
United  BUtes  of  Armenian  origin 
by  Turkey,  6095. 
AnnleB,  Oott  of.— The  Cnlted  States  Army 
appropriations    for    1916-1917    amonnt   to 
•(23Z.831,04S,  not  Including  t^^e,"I|*°^}5^;|? 


>   and   Navies 
>  tbe 


IS  regular  btnet  at  home,  In  the  ColoDHa. 


UoemdiuK  re. _ 

and  70,000  mea  in  India  and  eioludina  the  iiku'* 
Indian  armr  of  about  171,000.  elncIucM  aimy  rs- 
■nrrea  and  lairitoriil  locce.  dEuIoriTe  of  Coloiual 
amiy  of  about  34,000.  *Eieliuive  of  troops  fai  Col- 
oniea.  /Trainsd  National  milHia.  fOigaouatioo  of 
BimrunderpreMntgoninmientinaoinplBla.  Then 
were  about  212.000  men  under  anna  in  the  leoaat 
roiolution.    AProi       -  - 


haw  amounted  to  ebont  >~l~22.S0O.0OO.  Tbe 
Army  estimate  of  AuBtro-Hungary  (or  1913 
was  KSZ,3O0,0O0,  and  for  the  Nary  (42,- 
000,000.  The  military  eipenillture  of  Japan 
for  1913-1*  were  about  t4»,000,000.  ■- 
estimates   for   foreign    ,'  — '—   '—' 


fKom 


Pi^mlation  Dvarly  all  rm 
trennh  previoui  to  Dicwat  nvolutioo.  Tt 
iooal  Government  clumj  to  have  an  anny 


general   _    ...    . 

Armor  aikd  Armor  Plate: 

Discussed,  5759,  5882,  5972. 

Manufacture  of,  in  United  States 

ommended,  5100.  on  the  large  guns,     i 

Testa  of,  disensaed,  5552,  5635.  S^rbaHfe  If  pl^vn^ 

Aimorlea.    (Bee  Arms  and  Ammunition;      rir^™'ifz°J^-KrV^Jf. 

Arseu^a.) 

■TluB  doM  not  inalode'ooat  of  tortiflcationB, 


Anns  and  Ammunition. — The  use  of  Ore- 
arms  followed  close  upon  the  imrention 
(about    1320)    of  gunpowder.      The    oae   of 

gunpowder  In   mmtarj  c "--   "-   "~- 

iBnd  dates  fro- ' 


Gibbon  writes  o(  a 


Unbomet    II    In    1S43.       Daring    that    year 

the  SrBt  English  cannon  was  caat  at  Vci- 

fleld,    BuBsei.     Tbe   arquebuse   and   musket 

-  ■  red    by    successive    Imptovemeota 

The  Swiss  are  said  to 

JuebuBlers  In  14T1.  At 
ID  1526,  tbe  Spaniards, 
__iiler  Emperor  Cbaries  T,  With  a  farce  of 
2,000  arquebuslecs  and  800  musketeers,  de- 
feated FcanclB  I  of  B^nce.  the  eltecUve- 
nesa   o(   the   flrearms   taming   tbe   tide   ot 


I  Eieioding 


cost  0(  Cl^ 


__B  flintlock  came  Into  use  In  1630^ 

was  Introduced  Into  Rngland  under  William 
—     ---   — -    iTcly   r —   --    


Ill,   and  < 


I  eftectlT^y   used  as   lata  aa 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


'Encyclopedic  Index 


.  tbe  British  arm;.    Tbe  Laadgnve 
e  armed  bis  followecB  wltb  rifles  In 


tloniry  War,   tbangb  tbe  Qlntlock  was  tbe 
prlDcipal  weapon  ased. 
Tbe  flnt  practical  breeeb-loadlng  Breann 


tlooa.  Tbs  powder  la  not  absolntelj 
BmakelesB,  but  tbe  film  of  smoke  arlslns 
from  Indivldusl  rifle  firing  Is  Dot  visible 
(roTn  more  than  300  jards. 

Among  ttie  latest  explosives  produced  In 


■    the    QoTemment,    the'   Inventor      branches  of  tbe  a 


le,  (ulBurlte, 
□roKresslCe,    Amerlcanlte,    and    Scbneljellte. 
Tbe  ArmT  has  several  depots  (or  the  h 
age  of  powder,  tbe  --■-■-■ 
Is    near    Dover,    N, 


pclnclpa]  o__  __   

J.      Powder    for   both 
Vice  Is  supplied  by  pri- 


■.L.iu.u  vTci  '•.^^Jb,Soo  smalt  arms  of  u<r- 
tw^eh  29  aod  30  dltTerent  patterns.  Among 
these  wore  breech -load  lug  rlflea  and  car- 
bines and  a  msgailne  guo — tbe  Henxj. 

In  1806.  ISdS,  and  18T2  boards  of  offlcera 
were  appointed  to  report  apoa  a  desirable 
mall  arm,  and  their  Invesflgatloas  led  to 
the  adoption  In  1ST3  or  the  SprlngOeld  rlQe, 
Which  remained  In  ase  (or  twenty  years. 

The  decade  between  ISSO  and  18S0  wit- 
nessed a  farther  development  In  snuill  arms 
la  the  sabstKutlon  of  magazines  lor  tbe 
Blngle  breech -loading  apparatus,  a  decrease 
In  the  calibre  <tt  the  ball,  and  the  adoption 
of  amokelCBS   powder. 

The  forms  o(  gunpowder  nsed  In  mllltsry 
operatlona  In  America  as  well  as  In  foreign 
coontries  until  wltbln  the  last  few  years 
were  essentially  the  same  as  those  used  a 
eralnry  or  more  ago.  Ever  since  tbe  In- 
vention of  trua  cotton  by  ScbSnbeln  In 
1845  adantlOc  attention  has  been  directed 
tn  the  manatBCture  of  smokeless  powder. 
The  French  seem  to  have  been  the  flrst  to 
cotapooDd  a  successful  smoketess  powder 
for  use  In  small  arms.  The  material  used 
Is  a  form  ol  melinite  and  belongs  to  the 
nltroetllulosa  or  nitio-smi-cottou  ptepata- 
3 


model  magailae  rifle.  T^e  rlSe  sdopli^l  la 
1903  and  still  In  use  Is  the  United  States 
(Sprlngaeld)  magaslne  rifle;  Its  calibre  la 
7.62  millimetres  or  .30  Id.,  Its  velocity  2,- 
SOO  ft.  per  second,  Ita  penetration  power  at 
B3  ft.  being  54. T  In  white  pine,  and  It  car- 
ries Ave  roil  ode  of  ammunition.  These 
rifles  are  msde  chiefly  at  the  Springfleid 
and  Rock  Inland  Arsensls. 

In  1908.  the  entire  army  and  the  national 

'd.  with  the  eiceptloD  of  the   Stales  of 

Ida  and  Nevada,  bed  tfccn  supplied  witb 

».e  United   Slates   magazine  rifle,   mndel  at 

1003.  cl- — ■■ — '   ' --• 

nit  Ion.      . 

of    the    krajt-JflrK .,,,    . .-    ., 

placed.      Tbe   Introduction    of   the   ammanl- 
flon  of  the   model  of  1900.  with  Its  s' 
pointed  bullet  of  flat  trajectory, 
tbe  latest  advance  In   flgbtlng  ^BLena. 
the  dvlllied  world. 

At  tbe  present  time  no  great  differi 


llorl 


mbered  for  model  of  1900  ammo- 
"  '  rifle  has  proved  to  be  more 
—  te,  and  rapid  than  tbe  rifle 


;,ss£ 


rifles  with  which 
powers  are  supplii 
ranges  and   shootli 


of  the  klods  of 
les  of  f.. 
1th   regard   I 


depend*  greatly 


^h^"r 

and  shootlqg  gualltlca.  It  la  well 
that  tbe  effectiveness  of  any  arm 
greatly  on  the  experience  and  akUl 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


„.  ,„^ e  the  moBt  effldent  Id 

While  tbe  wounda  Inflicted  bj  the  modem 
email  calibre  blgli  Telocltj  rlflei  are  leea 
iBlsl  and  ;leld  more  remdllr  to  treatment 
than  thoBe  made  by  the  guni  at  large  oOl- 
bre  Dilag  ■low-bumlDK  black  powder 
tonnerlT  In  nee.  ;et  It  IB  claimed  that 
men  hit  by  the  atualler  bullet,  even  It  not 
killed  or  mortallj  wounded,  are  as  coni- 
pleteljr  put  out  a(  action  *•  ll  BtCDck  b;  tiie 

Tbe'  automatic  rUe  le,  beyond  queetlon, 
the  mlUiary  weapon  of  the  near  lutnre. 
Nearly  all  o(  the  principal  countrlea  of 
ICuropc  have  been  eipetiinentlnK  with  rlflca 
ot  this  type,  »8  well  as  the  United  Statea. 

Oermaoy  adopted  an  anIomaCIc  plBtol  tor 
military  use  In  IMS.  The  Doited  Btatea 
has  recently  adopted  tor  tbe  army,  In  place 
of  the  eerrlce  reTalver,  the  Colt  automatic 
plato],  after  eilended  and  rigid  experiments 


.■J'.; 


'markably   elTec 


__ ;   weight   2   !ba.    _    __  . 

calibre,  .4S ;  csrlrldEes  In  msgailne.  7. 
Tbe  German  aotomatic  platol  has  a  lenRtb 
of  S.S4  iDCbCB ;  length  of  barrel,  4702 
Inches :  weight  1  lb.  13^  os. ;  calibre,  .8S ; 
cartridges  In  magazine,  8. 

Aims  and  Ammunltloii; 

Contract  for,  referred  to,  3795. 
Delivery  ot,  to — 

State   arBecBls  referred  to,  2839. 
Exportation    of,    order    prohibiting, 
3320,  848B. 
Extended,   3436. 
Modified,  3379. 
Secomm  ended,  373. 
Rescinded,  3533. 
Gunpowder,  manufactory,  erection  of, 

recommended,  160S,  1714. 
Loaus  of,  to  private  citizena  inquired 

into,  636. 
Manufactory   for   email   arms  recom- 
mended, 1608,  1711. 
Manufacture  of — 

Progress  made  in,  301,  471. 
Should  be  encouraged,  255,  297,  443. 
Statement  of,  B97. 
Patent  rifle,  expenditures  relating  to 
procurement  and  propertiaB  of,  836. 
Statement  of,  767,  770,  7B0. 
Supply  of,  481. 

Territories  and  District  of  Columbia 
to   receive   supplies  not  to  eicood 
tbe   quota   of   a  State  with  least 
repreBentation    in    CongreBS,    5159, 
6462. 
/trtny. — The    earliest     American     military 
cKtshtlahment   conslBted  .o'   two  Mrts.   the 
continental  army,   organlied  by   the  Contl- 
nputal  Conjtrcss  June  15.  1T76,  and  the  mi- 
litia   (fl.  0.)    orssnlied  by  the   States,   aver- 
aging    bptween    the    years    1776    and    1781 
abont   60,000   men,    though   often   not  more 
than  half  that   number  were  In  active  ser- 
Tfce.     The  War  Department  {ff.  v.)  was  es- 
tablished bv  art  or  Congress  Aug.  7.  1789. 
Nov.  B.  1783.  the  army  was  disbanded  and 
l.ODO  men  retained  until  the  peace  establish- 
ment could  be  organised.     Though   tempo- 
rarilv     iDcreased     by     Indian     wars     and 
tronbleB    with    France,    the   federal    forcea 


r  the  D 


^-•=  ,.™j"  85,000,  and  470,000  mliltla  were 
enlisted.  Up  to  the  time  of  the  Meilcan 
War  tbe  army  averaged  9.000  men.  Uurlng 
that  war  the  regalor  troops  enrolled  num- 
bered aO,000  and  the  volunteers  74,0O0. 
With  the  return  of  peace  the  regular  forces 
were  reduced  to  10,000,  and  later  Increased 

During' the  flrst  jear  ot  the  Civil  War  tbe 
regulsr  army  was  Increaned  to  :(&,0U0  by 
the  addUlOQ  of  eleven  regiments,  vli. :  One 
of  cavalry.  1,189  offlcers  and  men;  one  of 
artillery,  twelve  batteries,  six  pieces  each 
l,90a  men  ;  nine  of  Infantry,  consistlus  of 
three  battalions  of  eight  companies  ea,cli, 
22,0X8  offlcera  and  men  ;  but  the  Dumber  of 
mllltia  and  volno  tears  was  very  much 
larger.  President  Lincoln's  flrst  call,  loaned 
April    15,    1861,    was    for    76,000    i — - 


'  aerrlce  (3214).     Later  eallat. 
meutB  were  mostly  for  three  years.     At  the 
beginning  of  1862  the  n — ' —  -'  — ' — •-" 
■-   "-^army  wa-  """  ■" 

>.„  ., The  total  number   — 

Ustments  wsa   1,218.303    (4156). 

In  1867  the  "peace  establishment"  of  the 
United  Slates  army  was  Oied  at  54.641 
men.  It  was  then  reduced  by  successlre 
cnactmeats  to  2C,0O0  enlisted  men  In  187S. 
At  the  beginning  of  1SQ8  tbe  peace  estab- 
■■  '     --■:  of  the  army  consisted  o!  ten   rert- 

8,410;    Ave   reglmenta   arfll- 

reglmenls  Infantry. 


foul 


.    .    _    the    line    of    the    t       . 
nlzed  on  the  basis  ot  two  battalion 
companies  each   to   the  regiment, 


companies, 

dDClaratlon  of  war  these  skeletal 
were  to  be  manned,  and,  with 
companies  for 

E ranted,    were   — — 
1  each  Infantry  regiment. 


which  authority  to  raise  was 
'  e   third   battalion 

.    .    "eglment. 

Uoder  the  jproylBloas  of  a  Ian  approved 


March  2,  1899, 


.a  Oxe^  at  about  37,700  o 

men.  To  meet  the  exigencies  of  the  b< 
vice  In  the  newly  acquired  possesalona,  t 
President  was  authorized  to  maintain  r 
regular  army    at  a    strength    of   eS.OOO    c 


to  cltteenshln  o_  ,, 

An  act  oC  February.  1901.  abolished  tbe 
"can teen"  from  the  army,  that  IB,  prohibit- 
ed the  Bale  of  beer  or  an;  lutoilcatlug 
llijuors  at  the  army  posts.  The  oriranlaa- 
tlon  of  the  army  was  further  modified  by 
an  act  of  Congress  approved  Feb,  14,  1903, 
which  created  the  General  Staff  Corpo. 
This  consists  of  the  Chief  of  Staff,  who 
takes  the  place  ot  the  Commanding  Ocncral 
of  the  Army,  two  Kencrat  officers  detailed 
by;  the  President  from  the  regular  -  - 


y-two  0 


B  of   minor   grade   sim'llarly 
President,     It    Is   the    duty 


1    defpDSe   and    1„. 

hlUiatlon  of  tbe  mlllfarv  forces  In  time  of 
wnr ;  to  assist  tbe  Seoretsry  of  Wsr  In  In- 
creasing the  pfflclencv  of  the  mllltarv  entab- 
llohmpot:  and  In  case  of  war  tn  art  ai  a 
Board  of  Strategy.  The  Chief  of  Btatt 
hBs  supervision  of  all  trnona  of  the  line  tbe 
Military  Secrotary's  flfflcc.  the  Insppctor- 
nonami'.  Judze-Artvocatprfenprars.  QuaT~ 
.  Bnbslatence,  Medical,  Pay,  and 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Eiuyclopedic  Index 


Aimj 


AOBJ — Omtttinied. 

Ordnioce    Dcpartmenti,    til*   Corpi   at   En- 

gloeen  Kud  slxtt&l  Coiiw. 

^CTHOUZED  BTBTNOTH  Or  THB  ABUT  IN  1916. 

Smirctf— Seport  o/  dilet  of  Bluff  lo  Sec- 
rttarf  of  War. — 'Tbe  strenglh  ot  the  eD- 
(Irt  Ullliar;  BatabllihmeDt  Kutharlied  b; 
tbt  Pmldenl,  under  the  Btatutoir  llmlU 
tlon  of  lOO.OOO  enllBted  men.  on  Jnne  30, 
]B15.  br  branchea  ot  wrTlce,  IB  abown  In 
(be  following  (able  : 


Bai^lCSEH  OF  SEBTICB. 

OB. 

& 

Total 

21 
K 

•eo: 

1 

1.(7; 

1 

J 

110 
75 

„ 

AdnUnt  (^menl'a  Dm't. 

'•iffi 

-1 

PnfaiiBn.  V.S.  Um^Aitiii^. 

^rhs^^^"'^ 

K2 

fe^Si£i^,; 



110 

jT^WIUjihf  Amy  

'■s 

a,73S 

"^■S? 

sy 

loilisj 

AnoiJte^l" 

t  Hotniui  Cons,  1 


GcunlcAm 

At^utut  GcDovl'i  Dflpajl2Dvit. . . . 
Innetar  GHunri  Depuimat. , . 
Jdi%b  Adrvmlfl  Geonl'i  Depirt- 

Onrtsmiilv  Cspa  1 

IbdialCopi-. 

MEdialBosnOotTi 

DanlSmtoB* 

OntBon  Difvtaiait 

KffMlOoni 

Clubiiii 

ftdCS 

■Mil 


;.sis:^.. 

Ofiwi. 

E^ 

«7 

4S 
IS 

1 

|™1'C««J!' 

r 

SS!S^'iSSS.-i 

778 

i 
If 

Tolil 

161 

7M" 

111,1M 

S 

*7 

1 

4S 

s 
1 

44 

1 

i» 
49 

(17 

927 

^^== 

la 

,m 

ign 

m 

Tweotr-flnt  lofutiy 

'£ 

p^R^teiiiiinf^ni,,;:: 

I,«04 

1E.133 



fi2J 

<UIIB 

7,3D3 

^^^otJ;_R«pI-AmT. 

IM 

4.7W 

IDLIBB 

jyGooi^lc 


Aney 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


iciB,  wltti  their  detachniL— -..- 

Oeneral  Stall  Corps,  an  Adjutant  Geni 
OepattmeDt,  sn  ' *" 


„.„..„  . „,  r —  -   — '  Anaj  ot 

the  Unlleil  SCatei  shall  conalsl  of  the  Re^- 
lar  Army,  the  Volunteer  Army,  the  OlHcera' 
Reaerve  Corps,  tlic  Enlisted  EeBerve  Corps, 
the  National  Guard  while  In  the  aerTlce  ot 
the  United  States,  and  >nfh  other  land 
forces  as  were  tbea  or  might  thereafter  be 
authorized   by  law. 

Oampotition  of  tkt  Regular  Jrmu.— The 
Hegular  Army  ot  the  United  States,  Includ- 
ing eilBtlDg  organizations,  was  made  to  con- 
sist of  64   regiments  ot   iafantrj,    25,  re«l- 

i!Dts  of  Cavalry,  21  reglDients  of  B'leld  Ar- 
,.      _.    ._..„ —  <i •'•-  'rigade, 

troops,  a 

AtUutant  Oeneral's 

^„^4  -^  — . ^r  General's  Depart- 

^v-.,  Juilge  Advocate  Oeneral's  Depart- 
ment.  Quartermaster  Corps,  Medical  Depart- 
ment. Corps  of  Engineers,  Ordnance  Uepatt- 
ment,  Signal  Corps,  the  officers  of  the  Bu- 
reau of  Insular  'Affairs,  the  MlUtla  Bureau, 
the  detached  offlcers,  detached  non-commis- 
sioned officers,  chaplains,  the  Regular  Army 
BeserTe,  as  well  as  the  officers  and  enlisted 
men  on  the  retired  list :  the  additional  offi- 
cers :  also  the  protesaors.  Corps  of  Cadets, 
Heueral  Army  service  aetachraent,  and  de- 
tachments ot  Cavalry.  Field  Artlllerj,  En- 
gineers, and  band  of  the  United  Slates  Mili- 
tary Academy  ;  the  post  non-commtssloned 
staff  offlcers;  recruiting  parti™,  recruit 
depot  detachments,  and  unassigned  recruits; 
.,1,-^i.x     school     detachments ;     disciplinary 

-  disciplinary    organizations ;   Indian 

-  and  such  other  olBcera  and  enlisted 
1  may  be  provided  tor. 

e  law  tliea  a  miulmum  of  IQO.OOO  Bght- 

h  It  win  be  the  daty 

that   the 


e; 


Besides 


Ing  regulara,  below 
ot  the  War  Depai^..,.^  .-  ~- 
Army  never  falls.  This  may  be 
to  a  peace  mailmuia  of  ITo.OOu 
this  In  peace  there  will  be  0,'f33  Phlilpi. — 
acoiiIB,  a,4(l9  of  the  Quartermester  Corps, 
7  21IU  ot  the  Medical  Corps.  3.3fi7  of  the  Sig- 
nal Corps,  and  8.TQ0  unassigned  enlisted 
men.  a  total  ot  20^,169  men  In  peace.  The 
force  may  be  Increased  by  executive  order 
without  Congressional  action  to  about  254,- 


po«ifion   of  Brigaitt, 


ned    hostilities 


r  deem  necessary. 


and  englueei  train  sball  c 


...     Bach  «up- 
■  ot  such  o" 


„.. . iry    therewith    v_    —    

nnder  the  provisions  of  lectlDnB  28  and  27, 
Act  ot  Veb.  2,  1901. 

Omerat  Offieen  of  the  lAme, — OIBcera 
FommisBloned  to  and  holding  in  the  Army 
the  office  of  a  general  officer  shall  hereafter 
be  known  a«  general  officer*  ot  the  line : 
offlcers  conuulasloned  to  and  holding  la  the 
Army  an  ofBce  other  than  that  ot  a  general 
officer,  but  to  which  the  rank  ot  a  general 
officer  Is  atrtached,  shall  be  known  as  general 
officers  ot  the  stall.  The  number  of  seneral 
officers  of  the  line  now  authorlied  by  law 
1*  hereby  Increased  by  four  major  generals 
and  nineteen  brigadier  generals ;  ProviAeA, 
That  hereafter  in  time  of  peace  major  B«n- 
erals  ot  the  line  eball  be  appointed  from 
offlcen  of  the  grade  of  brigadier  general  ot 
the  line,  and  brieadier  generals  ot  the  line 
■hall  be  appointed  from  olBcers  of  the  grade 
of  colonel  of  the  Hue  of  tbe  Regular  Army. 

Oenrral  Staff  Corp,>.— The  General  Stalt 
Corps  shall  consist  of  1  Chief  of  Staff,  de- 
tailed in  time  of  peace  from  major  generala 
ot  the  line  ;  2  Assistants  to  the  Chief  of 
Staff,  who  shall  be  general  officers  of  tbe 
line,  one  ot  whom,  not  above  the  grade  of 
brigadier  general,  shall  be  the  president  of 
the  Army  War  College :  10  colonels ;  JO 
lieutenant  colonels;  15  majors:  and  JT  cap- 
tains, to  lie  detailed  from  corresponding 
grades  in  the  Army.  All  offlcers  detailed  In 
the  General  Staff  Corps  shall  be  detailed 
(herein  for  perloit  of  (our  years,  anlesa 
sooner  relieved.  While  serving  in  the  Gen- 
•■ritl  Staff  Corps  officers  may  be  temporarily 

ilgned   to   duty   with   any   branch   ot   the 


'»., 


(   OeiteraVt  Defarttnvnt   Is   made 

.0  consist  of  the  Adjutant  General  with  the 
,-ank  of  brigadier  general :  7  adjulanta- 
generai  with  tbe  rBn\  ot  colonel ;  13  adju- 
tants-general with  tbe  rank  ot  lleiiteDant 
colonel;  and  30  adjutants-general  witb  the 
rank  of  major. 

The  Intpector  Oeneral'l  Dtpantngnt.— 
One  Inspector  General  with  the  rank  of 
brigadier  general :  4  inspectors-general  with 
the  rank  of  colonel :  8  Inspectors-general 
with  the  rank  ot  iieutennnt  colonel :  and  18 
Inspectors-general  with   the  rank  of   major. 

Jfldpe  Advocate  Omural'i  Drpartnim- 
One    Judge     Advocate     General 
rank  of  brigadier  general ;  4  Judg 
with  t  e  rank  of  colonel ;  7  Judge  nuv «».-=■.<■. 
with  the  rank  ot  lieutenant  colonel :  and  20 
Judge  advocates  with  the  rank  of  major. 

Quartenttaster    Oorpa. — One    Quarterma*- 

.__  „ ^,  .^[^^  j^j  ^jj^  Qf  major  genera  I : 

*-   '■- -^  rank  of  brigadier  gen- 

!4   lieutenant   colonels; 
ptelna;    and    the 


with 


s  witb  tl 


ve    (he    rank, 
cond  lieu  ten  an 


who    fltinll 


d  the 


allow. 


opinic 

demanded _. 

divisions  into  such  army  corpa  or  armaeB 
as  may  be  necessary.  Tbe  typical  Infantry 
brigade  is  made  to  consist  ot  a  headquar- 
ters and  three  regimenCa  of  Infantry ;  the 
typical  Cavalry  brigade  of  a  beadquarters 
and  three  regiments  ot  Cavalry ;  the  typical 
Field  Artillery  brigade  ot  a  headquarters 
and  three  regiments  of  Field  Artillery.  The 
tiplcai  Infantry  division  is  made  to  con- 
sist ot  a  hcadquarterH,  three  Infantry  bri- 
gades, one  regiment  ot  Cavalry,  one  Field 
Artillery  brigade,  one  regiment  of  Engineers, 
one  field  signal  battalion,  one  aero  squadron, 
one  ammunition  train,  one  supply  train,  one 
engineer  train,  anit  one  sanitary  train.   The 

Splcal  Cavalry  division  la  made  to  conelat 
a  headquarters,  three  Cavalry  brtgailen, 
one  regiment  of  Field  Artillery  (horsel,  one 
haltallun  of  mounted  Engineers,  one  field 
signal  battalion  (mounted),  one  aero  aquort- 
ron,  one  ammunition  train,  one  supply  train, 
one  engineer  train,  and  one  sanitary  train. 
Tbe  typical  army  corps  is  made  to  consist 

of  a  headquarters,  two  or  more  Infantry  dl-       flrst  class ;  sergeants  :  corporals  ;  cooks  ;  prl- 
yttUma,  one. or  more  Cavalty  brlgadea^Qr  a       vatea,  4rat  clan;  and  prKatet.     Thb  nam- 


sent   of   tke    Senate/ "second"  11  eii ._ 

the  Quartermaster  Corps,  TJnited  States 
Army.  The  total  enlisted  strength  of  the 
Quartermaster  Corps  and  the  number  in 
•neh  grade  shall  be  limited  and  fixed  from 
.J —  »-  ..I —  ,._  *,.-  "vpiiirtpnt  In  accorda 

nd  shall  c    _ 
sergeants:  sergeant 


jyGooi^lc 


Encyclopedic  Index 


AltDJ 


Amy— CmIImmI. 

ber  In  tlia  nuloiu  grades  ahall  not  exceed 
tke  tallowing  percentages  ot  the  total  an- 
UorlMd  enlisted  atiength  of  the  Quartet^ 
muter  Corps,  namelT :  Qoartermaster  ser- 
ceanlB,  senior  grade,  U  of  1  per  cent ;  qoat- 
Unuwter  ■erseantB,  o  per  cent ;  ■erfeancs, 
Bnl  Class,  2H  per  cent;  sergeants.  26  per 
cent;  eorporau,  10  per  cent;  prlTBtes,  nnC 
clus,  45  per  cent ;  privates,  t  per  cent ; 
man,  2  per  cent.  Muter  electrldana  now 
sntborli^  by  law  for  the  Quartermaster 
Corps  shall  be  known  as  quartermaBter  ser- 
nants,  senior  grade,  and  shall  be  Included 
Id  Un  number  ot  quartermaster  sergeants, 
■enlor  grade,  herein  aatborlsed.  All  work 
pertaining  to  coDstrncUon  and  repair  that 
bu  heretofore  been  done  br  or  under  the 
dliMtkin  of  officers  of  the  Qositermaster 
Corps  shall,  except  aa  otbenrtoe  now  pro- 
ilded  by  laws  or  regulattons,  be  done  br 
or  under   the  direction  of  officers  ol  aald 


of  brlgaQler  general,  who  shall  be  chief  of 
Hid  department,  a  Medical  Corps,  a  Medical 
Keserre  Corps  wUhln  the  limit  of  time  Qied 
br  this  Act.  a  Dental  Conn,  a  Veterluarj 
Csrim,  an  enlUted  force,  the  Nnrse  Corps 
sad  mntiact  surgeons  as  now  anthoriied 
bj  law,  the  commiseloned  officers  o(  which 
■hall  be  citizens  ot  tbe  United  States. 

Iltdtoal  Corr*. — Commlesloned  officers  be- 
'"~  "-e  grade  ot  brigadier  general,  pr< 


tionallT     dlsMbuted     among      tbe 

Eides  aa  In  the  Medical  Corps  no' 
bed  bj  law.     The  total  number  or  saca 
officers  shall  approximately  be  equal  to.  but 
not  exceed,  7  tor  etery  1,000  of  the  total  en- 


iwd  t 


eral 


igth  ot  the  RegDlar  A 


e  of  1 


liaSlbe" 


dent  for  promoHon  to  the  grade  of 

b  the  Medical  Corps ;  tbe  President  la  au- 
thoriied  to  detail  not  to  exceed  Ave  officers 
of  tbe  Medical  Department  ot  tbe  Army  for 

tb^  

The  __ 

nent  ahall  coneiat  of  the  following  penon- 
orl  (In  tbe  proportions  alated),  who  ahall 
Dot  be  Included  Id  the  effectlTC  strength  of 
tbf  Armf  nor  counted  as  a  part  of  the  en- 
Itiited  force  prorided  by  law :  Master  hos- 
pital sergeants.  ^  of  1  per  cent  of  the  total 
aatboriied  strength  of  tbe  Medical  Depart- 
ment :  hospital  sei^snts,  K  of  1  per  cent ; 
sergeants.  Brat  class.  7  per  cent ;  sergeants, 
11  per  cent :  conwrale,  S  per  cent :  end 
cooks.  «  per  cent;  the  number  of  horae- 
shoers,  saddlers,  farrlera,  and  mechanics 
■hall  not  exceed  1  each  to  each  authorlied 
ambnlance  company  or  like  organisation ; 
the  nnmber  of  privates.  Srat  class,  sbalt  not 
exceed  2S  per  cent  o(  the  nomber  of  pri- 
rates.  PriTatea,  flrat  class,  of  the  Medical 
Department  are  eligible  tor  ratings  for  ad- 
..j._.._.  __  ..„ —  ■»  dispensary  aa- 
ie.  (3  a  month ; 


> of  1  for  each  l.OOC  eu 

._  :he  line  of  the  Anuy.     Denial 

surgeon  a  shall  bave  the  rank,  pay,  and 
allowanceB  ot  first  lieutenants  unHl  they 
have  completed  8  years'  service ;  of  more 
than  8  but  Jeaa  than  24  years'  service  (sub- 
ject to  eiomlnaClon),  may  have  the  rank, 
pay.  and  allowances  of  captaina ;  after  more 
tban  24  years'  aervke  shall  have  the  rank, 
pay,  and  allowances  of  major.  Tbe  total 
number  of  dental  surgeons  with  rank,  pay, 
and  allowances  ot  major  ahall  not  at  any 


LDthorlty  la  given  the  B 


been  Increased  by  vVrtne  of  the  provlslona 
of  this  or  any  other  Act,  the  medical  offi- 
cers appointed  to  meet  such  Increase  ahall 
be  boDorably  discharged  from  the  service 
of  tbe  United  Btates  when  the  rednctlon  ot 
the  CDllated  atreniith  of  tbe  Army  shsll  take 

.. iBsloned  In  tbe  Medical 

IS  of  the  United  States 

. twen^-two  and  thirty 

years  and  shall  be  promoted  to  the  grade  ot 
captain  apon  the  completion  of  Ave  years' 


buildings  suitable   for  the   storage   of   sup- 

Elles,  or  to  occupy  for  that  purpose  butld- 
iga  erected  by  the  United  States,  under 
sucb    regulations  as   the   Secretary  of   War 

,._    _....    ,„ppn„  to  b "-■•'- 

_-   —   ..    . civilian   pop 

t  serloae  national  disaster. 

Corps  of  SBBtneeni,— One  Chief  of  Engi- 
neers, with  the  rank  of  brigadier  general; 
23  colonels ;  SO  lieutenant  colonels ;  72  ma- 
jors; 1S2  captains:  148  tlrst  lieutenants; 
TO  second  Ileuteuaota ;  and  the  enlisted  men 
hereinafter  enumerated.  Tbe  Bngineer 
troops  of  the  Corps  of  Engineers  sbalT  con- 
Blat  ot  1  band,  T  raiments,  and  2  monnted 
batCallonB. 

Each  regiment  of  Bnglneers  shall  consist 
of  1  colonel ;  1  lieutenant  colonel ;  2  ma- 
jors ;  11  captains ;  12  ilrat  lleotenantB ;  « 
second  lieutenants;  2  master  engineers,  se- 
nior grade ;  I  regimental  sergeant  major ;  2 
reglmeotol  supply  Bergeanls ;  2  color  ser- 
geanta ;  1  sergeant  bugler;  1  cook;  1  wag- 
oner for  each  autborlied  wagon  ot  tbe  fleld 
and  combat  train,  and  2  battalions. 

Each  battalion  ot  a  regiment  of  Engl- 
neera  shall  consist  ot  1  major.  1  captain,  1 
battalion  sergeant  major ;  3  maater  engi- 
neers. Junior  grade  ;  and  3  companies.  Each 
Engineer  company  (regimental)  shall  con- 
alat    of   1    captain ;    2    fli 


ply    sergeant ;    1_  atable    sei^ 


:r;    2 


.t  claas;  and  SS  privates,  with  provision 

Tbe  Engineer  band  shall  consist  of  1  band 
leader;  1  assistant  band  leader;  1  first  ser- 
geant ;  2  band  sergeants ;  four  band  cor- 
porals ;  2  muslclana.  Qrst  class ;  4  musklana, 
aecond  class  ;  13  musicians,  third  class  ;  and 

Each  battalion  of  monnted  Engineers 
abalt  coualst  of  1  maJor  ;  S  captnlua  ;  7  first 
lieu  tenants ;  S  second  lieutenants;  1  master 
engineer,  aenlor  grade ;  1  battalion  sergeant 
major :  1  battalion  supply  sergeant ;  3  mas- 


ants  ;  1  second  lieutenant ;  1  first  sergeant ; 
2  sergeants,  first  class;  1  mess  aergeant ; 
1  supply  sergeant:  1  atoble  sergeant;  4  aer- 

I pants  ;  8  corporals  ;  2  horaeshoers  ;  1  Sad- 
ler ;  2  cooks ;  2  bnglera ;  12  privates,  Srst 
claaa ;  and  37  privates,  with  provlsloBB  tor 
Increase.  Tbe  enlisted  force  ot  the  Corps 
ot  Engineers  end  tbe  officers  serving  there- 
with sball  constitute  a  part  of  the  line  of 
the  Army. 

Ordnance  Dtpartmmtt. — One  Chief  of  Ord- 
nance,   with   the   MDk    of    bngadler    gsa- 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


eral;  10  colonalli  IB  lleatenuit  eolooeli; 
82  mAjors ;  42  captolna  ;  42  lint  UeqteDKntB J 
Cbe  orcluDCfl  •ergeaiitB,  as  dow  suthorlied 
bj    lav,    and    aiich    other    enllated    men    of 

SradcB  DOW  authortecd  br  law  as  the  Presl- 
ent  miir  direct.  The  Eleerecarj  of  War  IB 
authorized  to  detail  not  to  exceed  30  llea- 
tenanta  from  the  Arm;  at  large  for  duty  as 
■tuilent  officer*  la  the  eetabllahmeuta  of  the 
Ordnance   Departmeiit   for   a   period   of   S 


d  tbe  completlOD  of  tl 


. .ireacrlbed 

, ^ tructlon    ihall   conatltute    the 

clamlDatlon  for  detail  in  the  Ordnance  De- 
partment. 


nds;  S  lieutenant  colonels:  10  major. .  .. 
captains  :  TB  flrat  lieutenants  ;  and  tbe  avia- 
tion aecUoD,  nhlcb  shall  coualst  of  1  colo- 
nel ;  1  lieutenant  colonel ;  8  majora  ;  24  cap- 
tains 1  and  114  drat  lleutenonta,  wLo  shall 
be  aelMted  fron  among  officers  of  tbe  Army 
at  large  of  correspondtiip  gradea  or  from 
among  oDcers  of  tne  grade  below,  eiclnstve 
of  those  serving  b7  detail  In  bub  corps  or 
departments,  wno  are  qualiBed  as  mliltorr 
BTTatora,  and  shall  be  deulled  to  serve  as 
aviation  officers  for  periods  of  4  rears  unless 
Booner  relieved ;  and  the  provisions  of  ae<v 
tlon  27  of  the  Act  of  Congress  approved 
Feb.  2,  1901,  are  hereby  extended  to  apply 
to   Sflld    aviation    officers    and   to   vacancies 

the°A'rmj  by  Oia  de'tall  of  said  offlceca  there- 

Avlatlon  offlceti  may,  when  qualified 
therefor,  be  rated  aa  Junior  military  avla- 
toFB  or  aa  military  avtatora.  Each  aviation 
officer  shall,  while  on  duty  that  requires  blm 
to  parUdpate  regularly  and  (requentiy  Ui 
aerial  fllgbtB,  receive  an  Increase  of  2S  to 
75  per  cent  In  the  pay  of  hla  grade  and 
lenjfth  of  service  under  bis  commlaslon.  Mar- 
ried oiBcera  of  the  line  of  the  Army  ahall 
be  eligible  equally  with  unmarried  ofBcers, 
and  subject  to  tbe  same  conditions,  for  de* 
tall  to  aviation  duty ;  and  the  Seecetaty 
of  War  shall  have  authority  to  cauae  as 
many  enlisted  men  of  the  aviation  section 
to  be  lustrocted  in  the  art  of  Qylns  a«  he 
may  deem  necessary  ;  tbe  age  of  offlrers  shall 
not  be  a  bar  to  tbelr  first  detail  In  the  avia- 
tion section  of  tbe  Signal  Corps,  and  neither 


her  allowed  by  1 

that  number  anu  luv  jiuminri  vl  auiuiviv 
officers  actually  available  for  duty  In  said 
aectloD  may  be  made  up  by  appointments  in 
the  grade  of  aviator.  Signal  Corpa.  and  that 
grade  Is  bereby  created,  Tbe  persocDcl  for 
_..j  ^-a^  _..^<.  .. — ki-^i..^,!  «-,^.g  especially 

.,„_ -J   appointed 

and  commissioned  In  said  grade.     The  base 
r  of  an  aviator.   Signal  Corps,  shall   be 


cretton.  such  part  of  the  commissioned  amd 
enlisted  personnel  of  tbe  Signal  Corps  Into 
such  number  of  companies,  battallona,  and 
aero  squadrons  as  the  necessities  of  the  serv- 
ice may  demand. 

Ohaptai'M. — The  Prealdent  Is  aathortied 
to  appoint  chaplains  In  the  Army  at  the  i 


.  —frtnoHans. — The  President  Is  BUthor- 
tied  to  appoint  veterinarians  and  Baakatant 
veterinarians  In  the  Army,  not  to  eiceed, 
Including  veterlnarlana  now  In  service.  2 
aacb  officers  for  each  regiment  of  Cavalry. 
1  for  every  3  batteries  of  Field  ArllUerr,  1 
for  each  mounted  battalion  of  Engineers,  17 
as  Inspectora  of  hnrsee  end  mules  and  a.% 
veterlnarlana  In  the  Quartermaster  Corps. 
and  7  as  Inapprtors  of  meats  for  the  Quar- 


Vetcrlnary  Corps  and  shall  he  a  part  of  the 
Medical  Department  of  tbe  Army.  The  Sec- 
retary of  War  Bhatl  from  time  to  time  ap- 
point boards  of  ciRmloers  to  conduct  the 
veterinary  eiamlnatlODS  hereinbefore  pre- 
scribed, each  of  said  boards  to  conalat  of 
8  medical  officPra  aail  2  veterinarians. 

Inlantrv    L'nitn. — Ksch    regiment    of    In- 
fantry shall  conBim  of  1  colonel.  1  llep--— 


SS,' 

ancea  of  a  maatcr  signal  electrician  and  the 
same  percentage  of  Increase  In  pay  for 
length  of  service  as  Is  alloited  to  a  mastBr 
signal   electrician. 

Tbe  total  enlisted  atrenetb  ol  the  Signal 
Corps  ahall  be  limited  and  flied  from  time 
to  lime  by  the  Prealdent  In  accordance  with 
the  needs  of  tbe  Army,  and  shall  conalat  of  : 
Master  signal  electricians,  2  per  cent  of  the 

Signal  Corps:  sergeantB.  first  claas,  7  per 
cent;  serueantB,  10  per  cent;  corporals.  20 
per  cent.  Tbe  number  of  privates,  flrrt 
dan,  shall  not  exceed  2S  per  cent  of  the 
number  of  prlvatGB.  Authority  Is  hereby 
gtven  tiM  FreBldent  to  organise.  In  bia  dls- 


1  12  In^ntry  compi 


I  first  UeutenoQt,  i 


ttallott  BhBll  conalat  of  1  cap- 

'    '       ;ond  lieutenant. 

sergeant,  1  supply 


tain,  1  Drat  IK 

1  Brst  sergeant,  1    .  ._     .   .,  . 

sergeant,   6  sergeants,   11  corporals.   2 


mental    ailjutant)  ;    1    regimental    i 
major,  mounted ;  8  battalion  Bcreeonta  nin- 
Jor,  mounted;  1  first  sergeant   (drum   ma- 
Jor)  ;   2   color  sergeants :   I   mess  sergeant : 

1  supply  sergeant:  1  stable  sergeant :  1  (er- 

feaut  X  2  cooks  ;  1  horacBhoer.  1  bund  leader  : 
assistant  bacd  leader;  1  sergeant  bugler: 

2  band  sergeants  ;  4  band  corporals  ;  2  muBl- 
clans.  Brat  daaa  :  4  mualclans,  second  class  : 
13  mualcIauB,  third  clasa ;  4  privates,  flrat 
class,  mounted  ;  and  12  privates,  mounted. 

Bach  Infantry  machine-gun  company  shall 
consist  of  1  captain,  mounted  :  1  first  lieu- 
tenant,  mounted:  2  second  lieutenants, 
mounted:  1  first  sergeant,  mounted:  1  moss 
aergeant ;  1  supply  Bergeant.  mounted ;  1 
stable  sergeant,  mounted;  1  horaeshoer :  5 
sergeants  ;  8  cori»rals  :  2  cooks  :  3  buglers  : 
1  mechanic ;  8  privates,  Srst  class ;  and  24 
ptivotes. 

Each  Intsntrv  supply  company  shall  con- 
sist of  1  captain,  mounted  ;  1  second  Hen- 
tenant,  mounted  ;  3  regimental  supply  aer- 
rants.  mounted  ;  1  first  sergeant,  moauted  ; 
mess  sergeant ;  1  stnble  sppceant;  1  cor- 
poral, mounted  ;  1  cook  ;  1  saddler  :  1  horse- 
Bhoer ;  and  1  wagoner  for  each  autlioiiied 
wagon  of  tbe  field  and  combat  train.  The 
FreBldent  may  Inrrcaae  a  compaoy  of  In- 
fantry by  2  serccants,  6  corporals,  1  cook. 
1  mechanic,  B  privates  (first  clasa),  and  31 

by  2  sergeants,  2  corporals.  1  mechanic,  4 
privates,  flrat  clasa.  and  12  privates. 

Oavalry  Vnilt, — Each  regiment  of  Cav- 
alry sbaU  conolst  of  1  colonel,  1  lieutenant 


jyGooi^lc 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Amy— coaHMMd. 

tDlonel,  S  iDRjon,  IS  wptBlna,  18  flrat  lien- 
tcnanta,  16  K«tnd  IteutenanU,  1  beulquar- 

tera  nvop,  1  IDac^' ' '~ 

timp,  tnd  12  tnrai 
roDB  of  i  tcoops  » 

Bacli  iquadron  Bhall  coDslet  of  1  major 
1  Orst  Uent^Dant  Caquadron  adjutant),  aod 
4  tnwpi.  £acb  trDap  la  BQuadron  ihali  cdd- 
slit  of  1  captain,  1  llrat  lleuteoBnt,  1  aecoDd 
Ueatenant.  1  Bnt  Mrgeaot,  1  >n«aa  aerKeant, 
1  mppl;  •crxrant.  1  stable  aerfceant,  S  ser- 
nanta,  8  corpornU.  2  cooka,  2  oorwahoere, 
I  aaddler,  2  bas1e™<  10  privatn  <9rBt  clasa), 
and  3tt  priTates. 

Each  beadqaartera  tTDopi  ihaH  conslBt  of 
1  captain  (r^bnental  adjDtant),  1  reslmen- 
tal  •erceaot  majot,  S  aquadron  ■ergeanta 
major,  1  llrat  sergeant  (drum  major),  3 
color  sergeants,  1  meea  aergeant,  1  anppl; 
■erceant,  1  stable  aergeant,  1  sergeant.  2 
oooka,  1  horaeahoer,  1  aaddler,  2  prlrates 
(flral  cUag),  and  9  privates,  1  band  leader, 
1  assistant  band  leader.  1  sergeant  bugler, 
3  baud  sergeants,  1  band  corporala.  2  must- 
dans  (first  clan),  4  mnalclans  (second 
dass),  and  IS  ffloslelaoi  (third  class). 

Bsch  macblntt-gnn  troop  shall  consist  «t 
1  captain,  1  flrat  llentenant,  2  second  lieu- 
leoauta,  1  first  sergeant,  1  meas  aergeant,  1 
supply  sergeant,  1  stable  aergesD^  2  horse- 
sboers.  5  sergeaDta,  B  corporals,  2  cooks,  1 
■aedunlc  1  aaddler,  2  buglers,  12  priTatea 
(flrat  claas),  and  86  privates. 

Esch  anppl7  troop  shall  conalat  of  1  cap- 
tain (regimental  aupplj  officer),  2  second 
Ikatenants.  3  regimental  supply  sergeants. 
1  first  sergeant,  1  mess  sergeant,  1  stable 
seneant,  1  corporal,  1  cook,  1  horaesboer,  1 
■adiller,  and  1  vraguner  for  each  authorlied 
tagoD  of  the  field  and  combat  t 


:    the    beadquar 

geanta,    5    corporals,    1    horaeab 
-  -   I    (first   class),   and  18   prli 


FltU  ArtfOerV  UnU*. — The  Field  Artll- 
itTj,  InclndliiK  mountain  artUlecT  light  ar- 
tUlerr,  horM  artlUccy,  heavy  artillery  (field 
and  siege  typea),  ahall  conBlat  of  12S  gan 
or  howltser  batteries  organized  Into  21  rcgl- 


unltlon  batteries  i 

,    — :.j  and  battalions, 

and  snch  artillery  parks  with  such  num- 
bers and  grades  of  personnel  and  auch  or- 
ginliations  aa  be  may  deem  necessary. 

Bach  reelment  of  Field  Artillery  shall 
rooiiat  of  1  colonel,  1  llentenant  colonel,  1 
captain,  I  headquarters  company,  1  supply 
nmpany,  and  such  number  of  gun  and 
bovttzcr  battalions  sa  the  President  may 
direct 

Bach  gun  or  howltser  battery  shall  con- 
(Ul  of  1  captain,  2  first  lieutenants,  2 
SrcDSd  lleutenantB,  1  Orat  sergeant,  1  sup- 
ply sergeant,  1  stable  sergeant,  I  mess  ser- 
geant^ 6  aergeants,  13  corporals,  1  chief 
mtcbaulc,  1  saddler,  2  borgenboers,  1  me- 
duDlc,  2  boKlers,  3  cooks,  22  privates  (Orst 
diss),  and  71  private*.  When  no  enlisted 
aien  of  the  Quartennaater  Corps  are  at- 
tached for  sncb  posltiona  there  shall  be 
added  to  each  battery  of  mountain  artU- 
lety  1  packmaater  (sergpant,  first  class), 
1  anistant  packniaster  (•ergeant),  and  1 
argador  (corporal)- 

Sach  houlqaurtera  company  of  a  regt- 
iMnt  of  3  tettallons  sball  constat  of  1  csp- 


t»ln,  1  flrat  llcnteaftnt,  I  regimental  ser- 
geant major,  2  battalion  sergeanls  major,  1 
first  sergeant,  2  color  sergeants,  1  mess  sei^ 
geant.  1  supply  sergeant,  1  stabl«  sergeant,  . 
2  sergeants.  V  corporals,  I  borsesboer.  1 
saddler,  1  mechanic,  3  buglers,  S  cooks,  S 

firlyatea  (Orst  class),  16  privates,  1  band 
esder,  1  assistant  band  lender,  1  sergeant 
bugler,  S  band  sergeants,  4  band  corporal^ 
2  mualdana  (first  class),  4  musicians  (seo 
ond  class),  and  18  musicians  (third  class). 
That  when  s  regiment  consists  of  three  bat- 
UllDDB  there  shall  be  added  (      -      -      - 

Suarters  company  1  hat"  " 
or,   1   sergeant,   3   corj 
private  (first  class),  ant 

Each  supply  company  of~  a  regiment  of 
two  battalions  shall  consist  of  1  captain. 
1  flrat  lieutenant,  2  regimental  sopply  aer- 
■ergeont.  1  mesa  Betgeant.  ' 


Dok,   1   horsesboer,   : 

d  1  wagoner  for  enc_ 

of  the  flefd  train.    When 


ment  couilatB  of  S  battalions  there  Bball 
be  added  to  the  supply  company  1  secnnil 
lieutenant,  1  regimental  supply  sergeant,  l 
private,  and  1  wsgoner  for  each  additional 
anthorued  wagon  of  the  fleld  train. 

Bach   gun    or    howltser   ttattallon    shall 
consist  of  1  major,  1  captain,  ani:  batteries 
Mountain    artillery  battalions 


fontry  divisions  shall  oontain  8  batteries: 

horse  artillery  battalions  and  heavy  fleld 
artillery  gun  or  howltser  battalloDs  shall 
contain  2  batteries ;  the  Frealdent  may.  In 
his  discretion,  Increase  the  headquarters 
company  of  a  regiment  Of  2  battallana  by 
2  sergeants,  6  corporals,  1  horBeshoer,  1 
mechanic.  1  private  (first  class),  and  fl 
privates ;  ths  headquarters  company  of  a 
regiment  of  8  battalloDB  by  1  sergeant,  T 
corporals,  1  borBeshoer,  I  mechanic,  2  cooks, 
.  2  privates  (first  class),  and  T  privates;  the 
annply  company  of  a  regiment  of  2  bat- 
talions by  1  corpora],  1  cook.  1  horsesboeri 
and  1  saddler;  the  supply  company  for  s 
regiment  of  S  hattallona  by  1  corporal,  1 
cook,  1  borseshoer,  and  1  saddler ;   ~    — 


r  howitzer  battery  by  8  sergea 
— '-   ■■  ^orseBboer,  2  mec"---'  — 

Coast  Arllllerv  Oorjii'— 


.9.    T    c 


72  n 


;  BSO  c 


ante ;  360  second  .  . 
Junior  grade'    "    — 


D  Drat  II 


juuiur    BC&ue  j    tL    lUHBier    eiei:irit:iaDB  ;    72 

engineers ;  88  electrician  sergeants  (first 
class)  ;  276  assistant  engineers ;  99  elec- 
trician sergeants  (second  class)  ;  lOS  fire- 
men ;  93  radio  sergeants ;  62  roaster  gun- 
ners;  263  first  sergeants;  263  Supply  ser- 
ges ots ;  2S3  roess  sergeants;  2,104  aer- 
geants :  3,1S6  corporals ;  62e  cooks  ;  626 
mechanics ;  620  buglers ;  6.226  privates 
(first  class)  ;  1S.6TC  privates ;  and  \&  bands, 
organized  as  hereinbefore  provided  tor  the 
Boglneer  band.  Tbe  rated  men  of  the  Coast 
ArtlllerT  Corps  shall  consist  of  casemate 
electricians;  observers  (first  class);  plot- 
ters ;  chief  planters  ;  coxswains  ;  chief  load- 
ers ;  observers  (second  class)  ;  gun  com- 
manders and  gun  pointers.  The  total  nnm- 
bor  of  rated  men  sbaU  not  exceed  1,784. 
Coxswains  shall  receive  18  per  month  In 
addition  to  tbe  pay  of  their  grade. 

i'orto  Rico  Re0Jm«nt  0}  Infantnt. — The 
same  organliatlon.  and  the  aame  grades  and 
numbers  of  commissioned  offlcen  and  en- 
listed men,  as  are  preacribed  by  law  tor 
other  regiments  of  Infantry  of  the  Army. 
The  colonel  of  said  regiment  shall  be  de- 
tailed hj  the  FrestdenL  from  among  offi- 
cers of  Infantry  of  tbs  Army  not  below  ths 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Arn^ 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Arm-j — ConUmied, 

grade  of  lieutenant  colonel,  foi  &  period  of 


avlded  herein  1 
Resuiar  Army,  ana  the  regiment,  or  any 
part  thereof,  may  be  ordered  for  Bervlce  out- 
side the  Island  of  Porto  Rico.  The  par 
and  allowauceB  of  members  of  nld  r«g[- 
ment  Bball  be  the  tame  as  proTlded  by 
law  for  omcers  and  enlisted  men  of  like 
grades  In  the  Begular  Arm; 


__„  J  aa'ld' Porto  Ei'co"  Pro  visional  Regl- 
aent   of   Infantry   on   June   30,   1_808, 


Ortpinal  Appolntmenti  (0  Be  ProvMonal. 
— Hereafter  all  appointments  ot  persona 
other  than  graduates  of  tbe  Cnlted  States 
illlltarj   Acade —   •-    "■-    '-  "'   -=■•""'' 


^LL.^.j   «. ^— J    .0   the  grade  of  second 

lieutenant  In  the  Kezular  Army  shall  be 
provisional  for  a  period  of  two  jeara,  at 
the  clone  ot  which  period  such  appoint- 
ments shall  be  made,  permanent  If  the  ap- 
pointees shall  have  demonstrated,  under 
such  regnlatlODS  as  the  President  mar  pro- 
■crlbe,  their  sultabllltr  and  moral,  profea- 
■lonal,  and  phf alcal  fitness  for  Bach  perma- 
nent appointment. 

Increaat  to  Be  Ifads  in  Fin*  JnercmmM. 
— Except  as  otherwise  speclflcally  provided, 
the  increases  In  tbe  commlasloaed  and  en- 
listed p --  .-      -        •        ■ 


■Dunel  of  tbe  Begular  Army  shall 


b  of 


corps.  Bod  department. 


corps,  ana  aeparuncnc,  an  ucaj-jj'  ud  irciLULi- 
cable,  one-flfth  of  the  total  Increase  autboi^ 
ixed  for  each  arm,  corps,  and  department. 
Detached  Officerg. — That  on  Jnlj  1,  1918, 
the  line  ot  the  Army  shall  be  incr""'^  ■— 


colonel.    Inch 


nuinder  shaTl  report  him  at  proflirtent  uhI 
aofflciently  trained  ma?.  In  tbe  discretion 
of  the  Secretarr  of  Wat,  be  furloughed 
to  tbe  ReinilBr  Army  Beserve  under  such 
regulations  as  the  Secretary  of  War  may 
prescribe,  but  no  man  turloughed  to  the 
reserve  sball  be  eligible  to  re-eollat  In  the 
service  until  the  eiplratlon  of  his  term  of 
7  years ;  In  all  enllatments  accompllahed 
under  the  provisions  ot  this  Act  3  yeara 
■hall  be  counted  as  an  enllstmcot  period 
In  computing  continuous- service  pay  ;  any 
noncommissioned  officer  dlecbargcd  with  on 
excellent  character  shall  be  permitted,  at 
the  expiration  ot  3  years  In  the  active  «er»- 
Ice,  to  re-enllst  in  the  organliatlDn  from 
which  discharged  with  the  rank  and  grade 
held  by  him  at  the  time  ot  his  dlscbarae 
It  he  re-enllats  within  20  days  after  tbe  dais 
of  such  dlBchat^e :  no  person  under  the  ags 
of  18  yeara  shall  be  enlisted  or  mustered 
Into  the  military  service  ot  tbe  United 
Btatee  wltbout  the  written  cnnsent  of  his 
parents  or  guardians,  provided  that  each 
mlQor  has  such  parents  or  guardians  en- 
titled to  hte  cnstody  end  control ;  tbe 
President  Is  authorized  in  bis  discretion 
to  utilize  the  services  ot  pastmasters  ot  the 
second,  third,  and  fourth  clnaseH  in  procor- 
Ing  tbe  enllstmentB  ot  recruits  for  tbe  Army, 
and  for  each  recruit  accepted  for  enllstaient 
In  the  Army,  the  postmaster  procuring  hlH 
enlistment  shall  receive  the  sum  of  (3. 

In  addition  to  military  training,  soldiers 
while  In  the  active  service  shall  hereafter 
be  given  tbe  opportunity  to  study  and  re- 
ceive Instruction  upon  educational  lines  of 
■uch  character  na  to  increase  tbclr  military 
efficiency  and  enable  them  to  return  to  civil 

clai.  and  general  business  occupations.  Clvll- 
'--[  teachers  may  be  employed  to  aid  the 

in  agricultaro 


Tocatlonal  educatloi 
or   the  mechanic    arts. 

Pav  of  Certain  Enllaiti  Hen. — The  month- 
ly pay  of  enlisted  men  of  certain  gradea  st 
the  Army  created  in  this  Act  shall  be  as 
follows,  namely  :  Quartermaster  sergeant 
(senior  grade),  Qnartermaster  Corps;  mas- 
ter hospllal  sergeant,  Uedlcal  Department; 


or  other  duty,  the  Dsual  period  of  which  e 
ceeds    one    year.      Said    extra    officers,    to- 
gether wltb  the  200  detached   olBcen  pro- 
vided for  by  the  Act  of  Congress  approved 
March  8.  1911,  sball    on  and  after  July  1, 


I  Bald  list,  and  tbe  officers  so  asslcned. 
_jall  be  subject  to  tbe  ptovlslollB  or»eO 
tloa  2T  of  the  Act  of  Congress  approved 


)  details  t 


nglneer  (Janlor  grade).  Corps  < 
uuKuieeis,  f  flS  ;  seraeant  (nrst  class).  Medi- 
cal Department,  (50  ;  sergeant  (flrst  claas). 


Carps  of  Engineers ;  regimental  supply  >er 
geant.  Infantry,  Cavalry,  Field  ArtlllerY, 
and  Corps  of  Engineers ;  battalion  anpnly 
sergeant,  Corps  of  Engineers ;  and  assist- 
ant engineer,   Coast   Artillery   Corps,    S45; 


ind    leader. 


Feb.  2,   IBOl.   with  referenci 
the   staff  corps. 

Enllatmenti  4b  the  BegnUr  Army. — On 
and  after  Nov.  1,  1916,  all  eallstmenta  la 
the  Bcgular  Army  shall  be  for  a  term  of 
7  years,  the  Hrst  a  yeara  to  be  In  the  active 
service  with  the  organlEotlouB  of  which 
those  enlisted  form  a  pact  and,  except  as 
otherwise  provided  herein,  the  last  *  years 
In  the  Regular  Army  Reserve  hereinafter 
provided  for ;  at  the  expiration  o(  3  years' 
continuous  service  with  such  organlKHtlona, 
either  under  a  first  or  any  subsequent  en- 
listment, any  soldier  may  be  re-enllsted  tor 
another  period  of  ^  years,  as  above  provided 
for.  In  which  event  be  shall  receive  his  final 
discharge  from  his  prior  enlistment ;  after 
tbe  expiration  of  1  year's  honoroble  serv- 
ice any  enlisted  man  serving  within  the  con- 
tinental limits  ot  the  United  Btates  whose 
~j,  battery,  or  detachment  com- 


Artlllery,  and  Corps  oi  Englnee  , 
geant  bngler.  Infantry,  Cavalry.  Artillery, 
and  Corps  ot  Engineers,  t40  ;  musician  (first 
class).  Infantry,  Cavalry,  Artillery,  and 
Corps  of  Engineers ;  supply  sergeant,  mess 
sergeant,  and  stable  sergeant.  Corps  of  En- 
gineers;  sergeant  Medical  Department,  t3S; 
supply  sergeant.  Infantry,  Cavalry,  and  Ar- 
tlllerr :  mess  sergeant.  Infantry,  Cavalry, 
and  Artillery;  cook.  Medical  Department; 
horseaboer.  Infanti?,  Cavalry,  Artillery, 
Corps  of  Engfneera,  Signal  Corps,  anit  Meat- 


,    Cavalry,    Artillery,    and   Corps    of 


It;   mechanic,    In&ntry,    Cavalry,    i 


jyGooi^lc 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Anny 


AmiT — COnHiM»d. 

Field  ArtUleiT,  and  Uedleil  DepBrttocnt : 
fanicr,  HedlcU  Deputment :  aad  «Woner, 
IntuitiT,  Field  Artillery,  aaa  Corpi  of  Btt- 
iluetrv,  t21;  prlTate  (Brat  clua),  Intu- 
tti.  Cht Jrj,  ArtUlerj,  and  Ucdiotl  Depart- 
DPUt.  fl8 ;  prlvkte.  Medical  Department 
ud  bugler,  (IS.  Nothlns  herein  coDtalaed 
■bill  operata  to  redace  Ute  par  or  allow- 
una  now  aatborlied  bj  law  tot  any  srada 
ol  cntlated  men  of  the  Aimy. 

yinol  fi<Mhw9«  0/  Bniitted  Mtn^So 
(Dilated  man  In  tbe  BcsDlar  Arm;  Bball 
recelre  bla  llDal  discharge  until  the  terml- 
nilloD  of  bla  T-Tcar  term  of  enllatment  ez- 
c«pt  upon  Te-eDllitment  aa  provided  fOr  In 
tbli  Act  or  >■  provided  I17  law  tor  diaebarge 

Erior  to  expiration  of  term  et  enllatmen^ 
It  wben  an  enlisted  man  la  farlonshed 
to  tbe  Begular  Armj  Beieire  Ua  acconiit 
■hall  be  clowd  and  be  ahall  be  paid  In  full 
to  tbe  dato  tuch  fiirloiigli  becomea  enecnve, 
iDCludlng  allowancea  provided  by  law  for 
dlacbarged  Boldters;  when  bj  TeaaoTi  of 
dnth  or  disability  of  a  member  o(  tbe 
fimllj  of  an  enliated  man  occorrlu  after 
bla  enltatment  member!  of  bla  tamlly  be- 
come dependent  apon  blm  for  anpport,  be 
may,  In  tbe  dtwretlon  of  tbe  Secretan  of 
War,  be  dlMbarged  from  tbe  lervlce  of  tbe 
tJDlted  Statea  or  be  furlongbed  to  tbe  Beoo- 
lir  Aimj  Seaerve,  uitoii  due  proof  belna 
made  of  mch  condition ;  wben  an  enliated 
man  !■  dlacharged  by  parehaae  wbDe  in  ac- 
llre  eervlce  he  aball  be  fnrlougbed  to  tbe 
Regular  Axmy  Reserve. 

Segular  Arwm  Seteree, — Tbe  Begnlar 
Army  Reaerve  ahatl  conalat  of,  flrat,  aU  en- 
liated men  now  In  tbe  Army  Beaerve  or  who 
■ball  bereaf  ter  become  menHMra  of  the  Army 
Rfaerre  under  tbe  provtatone  of  existing 
lav ;  lecond,  all  enUated  men  fnrlonghea 
to  or  enliated  In  tbe  Sernlar  Army  Reserve 
under  tbe  provlilona  of  tbla  Act ;  and,  third, 
any  peraou  holding  an  honorable  ducbaige 
from  tbe  Regular  Army  with  character  re- 

Srted  at  least  good  who  la  physically  qnall- 
1  for  the  duties  or  a  soldfer  and  not  over 
45  yeara  of  age  who  enllsta  la  the  Regu- 
lar Army  Beserve  for  a  period  <tt  4  years, 

Tbe  Prealdent  la  antborlied  to  asalgn 
Bwmbera  of  tbe  Regular  Army  Bewrve  aa 
leserrea  to  partlcnlar  organisations  of  tbe 
Hegalar  Army,  ot  to  organise  the  Begnlar 
Army  Beserv^  or  any  part  thereof.  Into 
nnlta  or  detachments  of  any  arm,  corpa,  or 
drpartmeDt  In  snch  manner  as  he  may  pre- 
scribe, and  to  aaslgn  to  snch  nnlta  and  de- 
tacbmienls  oBleera  of  tbe  Begnlar  Army  or 

1°? 


a  tbe  Regular  Army  1 

lereof  for  *-"  "-•-■- 

not  ciceedln«  H 
wrrlsta  tf ' 


When  mobilised  by  order  of  Uie  President. 
tbe  members  ot  tbe  Regular  Army  Reserve 
ahall,  so  long  as  they  may  remHlo  in  active 
service,  receive  the  pay  and  Hllatrauces  of 
enlisted  men  of  the  Regular  Army  of  like 
grades;  upon  reporting  lor  duty,  and  being 
found  phyalcally  Dt  for  service,  members 
of  the  Begnlar  Army  Reserve  ahall  receive 
a  som  equal  to  IB  per  month  for  each  month 
daring  which  tney  shall  have  belonged  to 
the  Reserve,  aa  well  as  the  actual  necessary 
cost  of  tranaportatlon  and  subalstenee  from 
their  homes  to  tbe  places  at  which  Ch?f  may 
be  ordered  to  report  for  duty  under  such 
auramons:  service  In  the  Regular  Army  Ke- 
•erve  shall  confer  no  right  to  retirement  or 
retired  pay,  and  members  of  the  Regular 
Army  Beserve  shall  become  entitled  to  oen- 
slon  only  tbrousb  disability  Incurred  while 
□D  active  dnty  In  the  service  of  tbe  United 
States, 

Uie  ef  Other  Departmentt  Of  tht  Oovern- 
nent. — The  President  may  ntlllie  tbe  serv- 
ices of  members  and  employees  of  all  de- 
partments ot  tbe  Government  of  tbe  United 
Btatea,  wltboat  eipense  to  the  Indlvldoal 
reoervlat,  tor  keeping  In  touch  with,  pay- 
ing, and  mobilizing  tbe  Regular  Army  Re- 
serve, tbe  Enlisted  Beserve  Corps,  and  other 
reserve  organisations. 

Ba-eidtttment  In  Time  ot  War.— For  the 

BirpoM  of  utilising  as  an  aailllarj  to  the 
egnlar  Army  Reserves  the  services  of  men 
who  havq  had  experience  and  training  in  the 
Regular  Army,  ot  In  the  United  States  Vol- 
unteers, ontad«  of  tbe  contlcentBl  limits  of 
the  United  States  In  time  of  actual  or 
threatened  bostUltles,  and  after  tbe  Presi- 
dent shall,  by  proclamation,  have  called 
npon  honorably  diacharKed  soldiers  of  the 
Regular  Army  to  present  themselvea  for  re- 
enlistmeDt  therein  within  a  specified  period. 
subject  to  such  conditions  ss  may  be  pre- 
scribed, any  person  who  shall  have  been 
discharged  hODarabty  from  said  Army,  with 
character  reported  aa  at  least  good,  and 
who,  having  been  found  physically  quali- 
fied for  the  duties  of  a  soldier,  If  not  over 
BO  years  of  age,  shall  re-enllBt  In  the  line 
of  said  Army,  or  In  tbe  Signal.  QuBrtermaa- 
ter,  or  Medical  Department  thereof,  within 
the  period   that  ahall   be   specified    In    sold 

G-oclamatlon,  shall  r— ■—      -    —    —  --"-• 
g  a   ■- '■'-'■ 


lounty  1 

-..■of  18 

ot  the  perlud  that  s 


ti  lor  the  a 


0  receive  travel  expenaea  and  pay 
»  lun  iKie  of  their  respective  grades  In  the 
Brgalar  Army  during  such  periods  of  tratn- 
iDg  1  snd  In  the  event  of  actual  or  threatened 
bastUitteB  he  may  moblllie  tbe  Begnlar 
Anny  Reserve  In  such  manner  as  be  may 
detemlne,  and  thereatter  retain  it,  or  onr 
part  thereof.  In  active  service  tor  snch 
period  as  he  may  determine  the  condi- 
tlans  donand ;  all  enlistments  in  the 
RcRUlar  Army,  Including  those  In  the 
Iteffolar  Army  Reserve,  which  are  In 
force  on  the  date  of  tbe  anlbreak  ot  war 
thall  eontlnne  In  force  for  one  year,  unless 
T  terminated  by  order  of  the  Secretary 


prescribed ;   aobject  to  snch  regulation 

tbe  President  may  preacrlbe  tor  their  proper 
Mrntlflcatton,  and  location,  and  physical 
condition,  the  members  of  the  Regular  Army 


yMi 

therein  under  tbe  terms  of  said  proclama- 
tion :  at  the  rate  ot  tfl  per  month  for  tbe 
second  year  of  snch  perloil ;  at  the  rate  ot 
$i  per  month  (or  the  third  year  of  auch 
period ;  and  at  tbe  rate  of  %2  per  month 
for  any  subsequent  year  of  such  wrlod  :  but 
no  bounty  In  excess  of  f  300  shall  be  paid  to 
any  person  under  the  terms  ot   thla   sec- 


tion. 

Unlisted  Jlen  Prohibited  fram 
ptoj/ment. — No  enlisted  man  In 
service  of  the  United  Btates  in 
Mavy,     and     Harlue     Corps,     ~~ 


missioned    office 


pursuit,  business,  or  performance  in 

-    • • 1.  hire,  or  othiTwiae, 

terfere  wllh  the  cua- 


clvil  life,  for  emotumcn 

tomary  employmi 
of   local   clvltUr 


and  regula 


rofeasloD 


rts, 


Seraeantt  for  Dutg  toith  the  Xatlonal 
Onard. — For  the  purpose  of  assisting  In 
tbe  instruction  of  the  peraonnel  and  care 
of  property  in  tbe  bands  of  tbe  National 
Onard  the  Secretary  of  War  Is  authorised  to 
detail   from   the   Infantry,   Cavalry,   Field 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


I.OOO  Berzeants  tor  duW  i ,-- 

orgmUxBtloiis  of  the  National  Quard  . 
DDt  to  eicecd  100  ■ergesntH  (or  duti  with 
the  dlBclpllnHrj  ocgHnlMiOoQa  at  the  United 
Btatea  EHsclpluiarr  Darracka,  who  shall  be 
•ddltlooal  to  the  sergeantB  anthoriied  by 
this  Act  (or  tbe  corps,  compaDles,  troops, 
batteries,  and  detacbmcDts  (rom  which  the; 
ma;  be  detailed. 

OBIetri'  Remne  Oorps. — For  tie  purpose 
of  aeenrlns  a  reserve  of  oDcen  available 
fot  aerrtce  as  temporary  afflcers  In  tlie  Keju- 
lar  Arm;,  aa  oncers  ot  the  Quartemuuter 
Corps  and  other  staff  corps  and  depart- 
ments, as  officers  for  recruit  rendezvous  and 
depots,  and  as  oBlcers  of  volunteers,  there 
shall  be  organ  lied,  bd  Ofllcera  Beserve 
Coriis  o(  the  RegalBr  Army.  Said  corpa 
(hall  coneiBt  of  secllona  corraspondlnK  to 
the  various  arms,  etall  corpa.  and  depart- 
of  the  Regular  Am-       ' ■■ ' 

X  „  ,_.  .. 

pon  for  service 
thout  bis  consent,  be  so  called 
raite  than  that  held  b;  him  In 


bv  virtue  ot  their  commlaaiana  as  reserve 
offlcera,  eierdss  command  appropriate  to 
their  rrade  and  rank  in  the  organlmttoQi 
to  which  ther  ma;  be  asalgoed,  and  ahall 
be  entitled  lo  the  pa;  auiT  allowancea  ot 
the  correspoDdlns  gradea  in  the  Segolar 
Arm;,  with  Increase  of  par  for  lenKtb  ot 
active  service,  as  allowed  b;  law  for  offi- 
cers of  the  Regular  Arm;,  from  the  date 
npoQ  which  the;  shall  be  required  b;  the 
terms  of  their  orders  to  obe;  Ute  same ;  offi- 
cers BO  ordered  to  active  service  ahall  tAke 
temporar;  rank  among  themsetvee,  and  in 
their  grades  Id  the  organiiations  to  which 
aaalgned,  according  to  the  dates  of  oriJerB 
placing  them  on  active  service ;  and  they 
may  be  promoted,  in  accordance  with  such 
rank,  to  vacancies  In  volunteer  organ laa- 
tions  or  10  temporary  vacancies  in  the  Roeii- 
lar  Arm;  thereafter  occurring  In  the  organl- 
ullona  In  which  they  shDli  be  serving ;  offi- 
cers of  the  Officers  Reserve  Corps  shall 
not  be  entitled  to  retirement  or  reclrrd  pay, 
and  shall  be  entitled  to  pcnaion  only  for  dlB- 
ability  iDcarred  In  the  line  ot  duty  and  while 


ae    umcers     nenervw    i^urtio,    ii±    «** 
to  and  Including  thBt  of  major. 


Regular  Ajin;,  ( 


from  time  to  time  by  _  . 
this  speclfle  purpose,  the  Secvetary  of  War 
is  Bathorlied  to  order  reserve  offlcera  to 
duty  with  troops  or  at  field  eierclaes.  or 
for  instrnctlon,  for  periods  not  to  exceed 
IB  days  In  any  one  calendar  year,  a  ad 
while  BO  serving  such  officers  shall  receive 
the  pay  and  allownncCB  of  their  respective 
grades  la  the  Regular  Army ;  with  the  con- 
Bent  ot  the  reserve  officers  concerned,  and 
within  the  limit  of  funds  available  for  the 

Surpose,  such  periods  of  duty  m^  be  ex- 
inded  for  reserve  officers  as  the  Secretary 
of  War  may  direct ;  in  time  of  actual  or 
t.hppiitened  hostilities,  after  all  avaUable 
9  of  any  section  of  the  Officers'   Ke- 


Imlted. 


>  appointed   c 


i°X'i 


I    of    Volunteers    i 


No    person    i ._    _„ --    -. 

pointed  B  second  lieutenant  In  the  Office 
Reserve  Corps  after  he  shall  have  reachea 
the  Bge  of  32  years,  a  first  lieutenant  after 
he  shall  have  rencheil  the  age  of  ;>e  years,  a 
captain  after  he  shall  have  reached  the  age 
of  40  j-ears,  or  a  major  after  he  shall  have 
reached  the  age  of  45.  When  an  officer  of 
the  Reserve  Corps  shall  reach  the  nge  limit 
flied  for  appointment  or  reappoltitment  In 
the  grade  In  which  commissioned  he  shall 
be  honorably  discharged  from  the  service 
of  the  United  States,  and  be  entitled  to  re- 


1   Corps;   nothing   In    the   provisions 

as  to  the  ages  of  officers  shall  apply  to  the 
appointment  or  reHppolntmcnt  of  offlcera 
of  the  Quartermaster,  Engineer,  Ordnance, 
Signal,  Judge  Advocate,  and  Meiilcal  sec- 
tions of  said  Reserve  Corpa.  One  year  after 
the  passage  of  this  Act  the  Medical  Reserve 
Corps,  aa  now  constituted  by  law,  shall 
cease  to  eilet.  Members  thereof  may  be 
commlBsioned  in  the  omcers'  Reserve  Coij 
or  may   be   honorably   discharged  fn 


•e     CoTva. — The 


_B  may  be  aulhoriied  by 

Reterve     OBIcera'    Tr-'-' — 
Preslilent  Is  he    ' 


which    shall    consist    of    a    senior    dtvlsloD 


those   State   iDstitulIaas  that   are   regulreil 
to   provide    Instruction    in    military    "      '■ 
under    the    provisHms    of    the    Act 
grass  of  July  2,   1802,   donating  !i.       . 
the  establishment  of  colleges  where  the  1 
Ing    objec-      '    "    ""    "   "    '■- —■ 


Id  St  ruction 
haaic  arts,  in- 
d  a  Junior  dl- 
r  public  or  prl- 

nits  o'f"the  "senlor~di vision  may  be  organ- 

'    those  essentially   military   schools 

0    not   confer    an    academic    degree 

h.  as  a  result  of  the  annual  Inapec- 

■b   InsIltutloDB  by   the   War    I>^ 


eluding  military 
vision  organ! led 
'    ;atlonaI 

I  of  f 

ized 

but 


of   the   BCD  lor    dlvisior 


each    dlvlHlon 


Ogicers'  Reserve  Garpt  in  War. — In  time 
of  actual  or  threatened  hoslilities  the  Presi- 
dent may  order  offlcera  of  the  Officers'  Re- 
serve  Corps,  to  temporary  duty  with  the 
Regular  Army  In  grades  thereof  which  can 
□ot,  tor  the  time  being,  be  filled  by  promo- 
tion, or  as  offlcera  In  volunteer  or  other 
organizations  that  may  be  authorlied  by 
law,  or  aa  officers  at  recruit  rendezvous  and 
depots,  or  on  such  other  duty  aa  the  Preat- 
dent  may  prescribe.  While  such  reserve 
offlcera   are    on    such    service    they    ahall, 


T  Rtote  inatitutlon 
Act,  establish  and  maintain  at  Bucn  insti- 
tution one  or  more  UDlts  of  the  Reserve  Offi- 
cers' Training  Corpa ;  Profidea.  That  no 
Buch  unit  shall  be  cstabtlshed  or  maintained 
at  any  such  Institution  until  an  officer 
of  the  Army  shall  have  been  detailed  >■ 
professor  of  military   science   and   tacUcs, 


lilltary   science   an 
I    Institution    shall 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Aim^ 


under    mlUlary    ImtroetloD    at   l«ut   100 
phnimi?   fit  male   BtodenU. 

The  PmldeDt  mar.  opon  the  appllcatloit 
of  asj  ettabllBlied  educational  iustltatlon 
In  Uie  Ualled  IStatee  other  than  a  State 
liutltutloD  deacTlbed  above  the  authorittas 
oC  which  agree  to  eetabllah  and  ma  In  tain  • 
two  je«ra'  elective  or  compulaotr  cout«e  o( 
Diilltarr  training  as  a  minim nm  for  Ita 
phyiic^T  fit  male  stodeDta.  which  conrM 
irhfD  entered  apon  bj  anr  studeot  ahall, 
u  tenrda  each  itudent.  be  a  prereqalatte 
tor  graduation,  eetablleb  and  maintain  at 

Keaerra  ODcera'  TralnluK  Corpa. 

The  Secretary  of  War  la  authortaed  to 
preKribe  standard  coursea  of  theoretical 
lai  practical  military  training  (or  nnltj 
of  the  Reserre  Offlcera'  Training  Corps,  and 
no  nnlt  of  the  senior  division  shall  be  or- 
ranlied  or  maintained  at  any  educational 
institution  the  Bulhorltlea  o(  which  (all 
or  nfulect  to  adopt  Into  their  cucrlcalnm  the 
prescribed  courseB  of  mUltary  training  (or 
the  senior  dlvlaloo  or  to  devote  at  least  an 
average  of  three  hoars  per  week  per  aca- 
demic year  to  such  military  training;  and 
no  unit  ot  the  Junior  division  Bball  be  or- 
ganized or  malntalDed  at  an;  educational 
histltntion  the  Buthorltles  of  which  fall  or 
neglect  to  adopt  Into  their  currlculiim  the 
prescribed  coorseH  of  military  training  for 
the  Junior  division,  or  to  devote  at  least 
ID  average  of  three  hours  per  week  per 
academic  rear  to  aush  military  training. 

EUglbllllr  to  membership  In  the  Reserve 
Oaan-  Training  Corpi  shall  be  limited 
to  BtndeDte  o(  InstltutlonH  In  which  units  ot 
such  corps  may  be  estsbUshed  who  are 
cltliens   of    the    United    States,    wbo    are 


each  campg  at  the  eipeaae  of  the  United 
States  HO  far  as  appropriations  will  per- 
mit ;  to  subsist  them  at  the  expenae  of  the 
United  States  while  tiavellng  to  and  from 
such  camps  and  while  remaining  therein 
■o  far  as  appioprlatiouB  will  permit ;  to 
uae  the  Regular  Army,  such  other  military 
forces  aa  Congress  from  time  to  time  aa- 
thorlies,  end  such  Qovernment  property  as 
he  may  deem  necessary  tor  the  military 
training  of  the  members  ot  such  corps  while 
In  attendance  at  such  camps ;  to  prescribe 
regulations  lor  the  government  o(  such 
corps ;  and  to  authorize.  In  his  dlscreUon, 
the  formation  of  company  nnlts  thereof  Into 
battalion  and  regimental  units. 

The  President  alone,  under  such  regula- 
tions as  he  ma;  prescribe,  is  atithorlsed  to 
appoint  In  the  Offlcerg"  Reserve  Corps  any 
graduate  of  the  senior  division  of  the  Re- 
serve Officers'  Training  CorpB  who  shall 
have  eatlefsctorlly  completed  the  further 
training  provided  for  below,  or  any  gradu- 
ate of  the  Junior  division  who  shall  have 
satisfactorily  completed  the  courses  o(  mlll- 
tai7  tralnlDg  prescribed  tor  the  senior  dl- 
vlBlon  and  the  farther  training  provided  for 
below,  and  shall  have  participated  In  sach 
practical  InBtrucllon  BUbsequent  to  gradua- 
tion as  the  Secretary  of  War  shall  prescribe, 
who  shall  have  arrived  st  the  age  of  21 
years  and  who  shall  agree,  under  oath  In 
writing,  to  serve  the  Untted  States  In  the 
capacity  of  b  reserve  officer  ot  the  Army 
during  a  period  of  at  least  10  yeora  from 
the  date  oT  his  appointment  as  such  reserve 
oncer,  bat  the  total  number  ot  reserve  oO- 
cera  so  appointed  shall  not  exceed  00,000; 
any  qualUIed  graduate  undergoing  a  post- 


bodily   ( 
phydcall 

will  be  ( 


rrfcaliy  lit  to  perform  military  duty, 
,  ,. ._..  -t  miilta^  age. 

tall  BDch  Dombers     -     -' 


The  President  Is  hereby  a 

retired,  not  above  the  grad 


jr  more  nnlts  of  the  Reserve  — 

cers'   TralDlng  thorps  are  maintained ;   hut 
the  total  uumtwT  o(  active  ofQcers  so  de- 
tailed at  educational  Institutions  shall  not 
eiceed  300. 
The  President  la  authorlKd  to  detail  (or 


dutor   a 


the    8e«erve    Offlcera'    Training 

Corps  are  maintained  Buch  number  ot  en- 
listed men,  either  active  or  retired  or  of 
the  Regular  Army  Beserve,  oa  he  may  deem 
aeeeasary,  but  the  number  o(  active  hon- 
commlBHoned  oScers  so  detailed  shall  not 
eiceed  500. 

The  Secretary  of  War  Is  antborized  to 
iBBoe  to  InstitotioDB  at  which  one  or  more 
nnlta  of  Ihe  Beserve  OSeera'  Training  Corps 
are  maintained  such  public  animals,  arms, 
miKorms,  eqnlpmeut.  and  means  or  trans- 
partatlon  aa  he  may  deem  necessary,  and 
to  (orage  at  the  expenae  of  the  united 
States  public  anlmali  »o  Issued.  He  shall 
ceqntre    (rom    each    InatitutloD    to    which 

Eoperty  of  the  United  States  la  Isened  a 
nd  In  the  value  ot  the  propert?  Issued  (or 
the  are  and  sole-keeping  tnerabt  «nd  (or 
its  tetnm  when  leqnlred. 

The  BeaetUT  of  War  la  aathorlzed  to 
maintain  camps  for  the  further  practical  In- 
struction o(  the  memben  ot  the  Reserve 
oncers'  Training  Corpti  no  such  campa  to 
In  malnUlued  lor  •  period  loncer  than  alz 
weeks  In  any  oa*  j««t,  maept  in  time  dt 


oncer  while  undergoing  such  postgradoate 


further  training  by  the  preBldent  of  the 
institution  and  by  Ita  professor  of  military 
science  and  tactics,  and  has  agreed  in  writ- 
ing to  continue  In  the  Reserve  Oncers' 
Training  Corps  for  the  remainder  o(  his 
coarse  In  the  institution,  devoting  live  honrs 
per  week  to  the  rolllta^  training  prescribed 
by  the  Secretary  of  war,  and  has  agreed 
in  writing  to  pursue  the  courses  in  camp 
training  prescribed  by  the  Secretary  ot  War. 
■- V  he  (urnlsl— '   -'  •— -'  "- 

slstence  at  such  ri 
of   the   garrison   i 


|,  note. 


,, , ,  the  Secretary  ot 

War.  during  the  remainder  ot  his  service 
In  the  Beserve  oncers'  Training  Corps. 

Any  phyBlcally  lit  male  cltiien  of  the 
United  States,  between  the  ages  of  21  and 
ST  years,  who  shall  have  gradoated  prior 
to  the  date  o(  this  Act  from  any  educational 
Institution  at  which  an  oncer  ot  the  Army 
was  detailed  aa  ptotessoF  o(  military  science 
and  tactics,  and  who,  while  a  student  at 
such  Institntton,  completed  conrtes  ot  mili- 
tary training  nnder  the  direction  ot  ancb 
professor  of  military  science  and  tactica  sub- 
stantially equivalent  to  ttaoM  prescribed 
pursuant  to  this  Act  tor  the  eenlor  dlvtalon, 
shall,  after  BatittactorUy  completing  such 
additional  practical  mllitaiy  training  aa  tlK 
Secretary  ot  War  ahall  pteacribe,  be  tilglble 
(or  appointment  to  the  Officers'  B«Mrrc 
Corns  and  as  a  twttpowiff  •ddlllonal  teoond 
llenienant; 

The  President  alone  !•  tiraelv  anthorlsed 
to  appiill.t  and  commlMton  oa  •  temponiy 
seMnd  Uegtenopt  of  tba  Biynliir  Army  In 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Anny  Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 

AimT — CoHtlMMd.  "t  wacb  grade  or  pade 


tlOO  per  Dianili,  •■>;  reMrv«  offleer  ail- 
pointed  pannant  to  tbli  Act  and  to  attach 
him  to  a  ODlt  of  the  Kegnlar  Anny  for 
daty  and  trslnlng  durlDB  tbe  period  cot- 
ereo  hy  his  appointment  aa  ailch  temporary 
■ecDod  Ueutimant,  and  upon  the  ezpLratlon 
of  Buch  serrlce  vith  the  ReKulsr  Ann;  such 
offlcer  shall  revert  to  hU  statiu  lu  a  raerre 

No  ' 


r  dUablUCy  tomrred  Id  line  of  duty  In 
native  service  or  while  aervlng  with  the 
Benular  Army. 

The  Adjutant  Oeneral  ol  the  Army  eball, 
under  the  direction  and  aapervisloQ  of  the 
I ..__  q(  War,  obtalD,  compile,  and  keep 


.11,™ 


D  date  all  Dbtaloable  intor- 


o  the  n ,  _„__. .. 

capatloos,  and  quallScallDnB  for  appoint- 
ment sa  commissioned  officers  of  the  Army, 
._  .1 • .1 —  -emergency,  of  roeo 


regarded  as  quallQed  and  available  for  ap- 
pointment as  such  commlasloDed  officers. 

TrainlHg  Campt. — The  Secretarr  o(  War 
is  hereby  authorlEed  to  maintain  camps 
for  tbe  military  iDstmctlon  and  training 
of  such  clCUens  as  may  be  selected  for 
such   InBtructlon    and    training,    upon   their 

ment  aod  regulatloOB  as  may  be  prescribed 
by  the  Secretary  of  War;  to  use,  for  the 
parpDsp  of  maintaining  anld  camps  and  Im- 
parting   military    inatructlon    and    training 

ments.  equlpmpntB.  (entace,  flelrf  equipage, 
and  tronxpnrtatlOD  belonging  to  the  United 
Stales  as  he  may  deem  ncceBsary ;  to  fur- 
nish, at  the  pipense  of  the  United  States, 
nnlforms,  subsUtcace.  transportation  by  tbe 
moBt  usual  and  direct  roule  within  sach 
limits  as  to  territory  as  the  Secretary  of 
War  may  prescribe,  and  medical  supplies 
to  persons  receiving  Inatructlon  at  said 
camps  during  the  period  of  their  attendance 
thereat,     to     authorize    such     expenditures, 


Ing, 


Beld  e 


dses,  and  other  expenses  Incidental  to  the 
maintenance  of  said  camps,  and  the  theoret- 
ical winter  instruction  In  connection  there- 
with :  and  to  sell  to  persoDs  receiving  ID- 
Btrnctlon  at  aald  camps,  for  cash  and  at  cost 
prtce  plus  10  per  centum  quartermaster  and 
ordnance  property,  the  amount  of  such 
property  sold  to  any  one  person  tu  be  limited 
to  that  which  la  required  for  his  proper 
equipment.  The  Secretary  o(  War  1b  author- 
Ited  further  to  prescribe  the  courses  of  theo- 
TCtlcal  and  practical  Instruction  to  t>e  pur- 
sued by  persons  attending  the  camps  au- 
thorized by  thla  section  ;  to  111  the  periods 
during  which  snch  camps  shall  be  main- 
tained :  to  preBcrll>e  mles  and  regnlatlons 
for    the    government    thereof ;    and    to    em- 

61oy  thereot  officers  and  enlisted  men  of  tbe 
egular   Army  In   such   numbers   and   npon 


EnUsted  Rtgrm 
military  service" with 


ay  designate. 

Corps.— For  the  purpose 

" ' of  enlisted 

-■; —  — —  J  «^.  ..vv  -...u  mi  Engineer, 

Signal,  and  Quartermaster  Corps  and  tbe 
Ordnance  and  Medical  Departmenta  of  the 
Begotar  Army,  an  Enlisted  Reserve  Corps, 
to  ciKHlst  cFf  ncli  ntunber  of  entHted  men 


r  the  PieaUent  from 

authorised,  snch  an, 

e  on  and  after  Joly  1.  1B16. 


tbe  President, 


Dnlted  BtateB, 


int  citlsens  o(  the  Dnlt 

..  , who  have  declared  their  Inten- 
tions to  become  citlsens  of  the  United 
Btates,  snbject  to  such  physical,  educational, 
and  practical  examination  as  may  be  pre- 
scribed In  sold  rules.  For  men  eDlIstlne  In 
said  grade  or  grades  eertlflcatea  of  enlist- 
ment lu  tbe  Bnllsted  Reserve  Corpa  shall 
be  Issued  by  The  Adjutant  Oeneral  of  tbe 
Army,  bnt  no  such  man  shall  be  enlisted  lu 
■aid  corps  unless  he  shall  be  found  physl. 
cally,  mentally,  and  morally  qualified  to 
hold  such  certlflcBte  and  unless  he  sball 
be  between  the  ages  of  18  and  4S  year*. 
The  certificates  so  given  shall  confer  upon 
the  holders  when  culed  Into  active  service 
or  for  purposes  of  Instruction  and  training, 
and  during  the  period  of  such  active  serv- 
.,.    ._.,_.-..._    .^  training,  all  tbe  a— ■•— 


lerebv  suthoriae  L  to  Issue  to  members 
._  :he  Enlisted  Reserve  Corps  and  to  per- 
sons   who    have    participated     In    at    least 


r   tbe   mill  tar 


tlon  of  clttieDB,  conducted  under  the  aus- 
pices of  the  War  Department,  dlstlocOve 
rosettes  or  knots  designed  for  wear  with 
civilian  clothing. 

The  nnlfonn  to  be  worn  hy  enlisted  men 
of  tbe  ihillBted  Reserve  Corps,  except  corps 
Insignia,  aha II  be  the  same  as  prescribed 
for  enlisted  men  of  the  Regular  Anny  Re- 
■i>nre.  nnd  that  In  Hen  of  any  money  allow- 
clothlng  there  ahall  l>e  Issued  to 
ited  man  of  the  Bnlls'    ■    " 

,.  ._  Jme  of  peace  such  artlc. _. 

Ing  and   equipment  aa   the   Presiden 

Upon  a  call  by  tbe  Prestdeot  for  a  volun- 
teer force  the  mcmbera  of  the  Enlisted  He- 
serve  Corpa  may  be  mustered  Into  the  aerv- 
Ice  of  the  United  Slates  as  volunteers  tor 
duty  with  tbe  Army  In  tbe  grades  held  by 
them  In  tbe  said  corps,  and  Bhall  be  en- 
titled to  the  pay  and  allowances  of  tbe 
corresponding  grades  In  the  Regular  Army, 
with  lucrease  of  pay  for  length  of  serrice, 
as   now   provided   by   law   for   the   Regular 

mutary  Equifimmt  and  Inslructora  at 
Othfr  Schoolt  and  Collegci. — Such  arms, 
tentage,  and  equipment  as  the  Secretary  of 
War  BhaL  deem  necessary  for  proper  mili- 
tary training  shall  be  supplied  by  the  Oov- 
.  ..  grhools  and  colleges,  having  a 


course    of   mliltai 
the  Secretary  o" 


regulations  as  be   may   prescribe :   and   the 

Secretary  ot  War  authoriied 

commissioned  and  i 


0  detail  B 


of  the  Army  to  aaid  achools  and  colleges. 

C'Dmpi>alllon  of  ike  VltUio.— The  militia 
of  the  United  States  sbaU  consist  of  all 
able-bodied  male  dtiiens  of  tbe  United 
Btates  and  all  other  able-bodied  males  who 
have  or  shall  have  decUred  tbelr  Intention 
to  become  citizens  of  the  United  States. 
who  shall  be  more  than  18  yearn  of  age 
and,  not  more  than  45  years  of  age,  and 
said  mlllUa  shall  be  divided  Into  three 
c  lasses,  the  National  Guard,  the  Naval 
MUItta,    and    the   Unorganised    MllltU. 

OompatitioH  et  the  National  Ouard. — The 

Notional  Guard  s*--" '-'  -•  '-- 

larly  enlisted   mil 
18    aM   45   yean 


all   t 


t  ot  t 

t   between   tbe 


jyGooi^lc 


Encyclopedic  Index 


SnnnpttoiM  M«  XOiUa  Ouitf.— The  Vice 
PKiideDt  ol  the  United  States ;  the  offlcen, 
hidldal  and  cxecntlTe,  of  the  Goveinment 
of  the  United  States  and  of  the  Reveral 
8(atM  and  Territories ;  peraone  In  the  mllt- 
UXJ  or  naval  aervlM  of  the  United  States ; 
roitoinboaBe  clerks ;  persons  emplojed  bf 
the  United  States  In  the  transmission  ot  the 
mall :  artUlcers  and  worltnien  employed  In 
the  annoiies,  arsenals,  and  narj  yards  of 

the  United  States  ;  pilots  ; ' -"•..-"- 

employed  In  the  sea 


■s  actually 

;u,u"..="  "- r^lce  0*  8T  citlien 

M  merchant  vlthin  the  United  States,  shall 
be  exempt  from  mlUtla  dnty  without  regard 
— .,  and  all  periona  who  because  of  re- 
...i    belief  ahall  claim   eiemptloo   from 
Itarjr   Berrlee.  if  tbe  consdentloua  hold- 


preiideDt  shall  prescribe,  shall 

from  Dllltla  ser-ice  in  a  combatant  capa- 

d'-;  but  no  person  so "-'  -■-"  "— 

exempt  from  militia  eerrl       —  , 
"'t  the  Presldeat  shall  declare  t< 


Itfiai 
mlut 


Army 

d  all  other  military  supplies  for 


.-atio  to  the  number  __  

Id  active  service  In  the  National  Guard  in 
such  States  and  Territories  at  the  date  of 
apportionment. 

BfMttwentt  in  ths  National  Guard.— The 
period  of  enlistment  in  the  National  Guard 
shall  be  tor  six  years,  the  Sret  three  year* 
of  irhlch  eball  be  In  an  active  organization 
and  the  remalDlng  three  years  in  the  Na- 
tional Guard  Reserve. 

Federal  Enlittment  Oontraet. — Enlisted 
men  in  the  National  Guard  of  tbe  several 
Slates,  Territories,  and  tbe  District  of  Co- 
lumbia now  serving  under  enlistment  con- 
■racts  which  contain  an  obligation  to  de- 
fend the  ConatitatlDD  of  the  United  Slates 
and  to  obey  the  orders  of  the  President  of 
the  United  States  shall  be  recognized  as 
members  of  the  National  Guard  ander  the 
proviaions  of  this  Act  for  the  unexpired  por- 
Hon  ol  tbelr  present  enlistment  contracts. 
When  any  sach  enllBtment  contract  does  not 
contain  HUch  obUsatlon,  the  eollBted  man 
shall  not  be  recognized  a- ' '  "■" 


OrgoHtaatlon  of  JlaUtmat  Suard  Pnfls  — 
Except  »■  otherwise  speclfleally  provided, 
the  orsiuilaation  of  the  National  Guard  Is 
the  same  as  that  tor  the  Begalar  Army, 
■object  in  time  of  peace  to  snch  general  ex- 
ceptlonB  as  may  be  authorised  by  the  Becre- 
taiT  of  War. 

irainteHonee  of  Other  Troop*  bv  the 
Stale*. — No  State  shall  malnUln  troops  In 
time  of  peace  other  than  as  authorized  but 
nothing  in  this  Act  shall  prevent  the  main- 
tenance of  Btate  police  or  eonitabulary, 

ViMbar  0/  tike  XatUmal  Guard.— Tbe 
nomber  of  enUsted  men  of  the  National 
Guard  to  be  orsanlied  under  this  act  within 
one  year  from  its  passage  shall  be  lor  each 
Bute  in  tbe  proportion  of  ZOO  such  men  for 
each  Senator  and  Bepresentatlve  In  Con- 
insB  from  snch  State,  and  a  number  to  be 
detennlned  by  the  President  for  each  Ter- 
ritory and  the  District  of  Columbia,  and 
■hall  be  Increased  each  year  thereatter  In 
the  proportion  of  less  than  TO  per  cent 

nnai  a  total  peace  strength  of  not  less 
than  800  enlisted  men  lor  each  Senator  and 
Bepresentatlve  in  Congress  shall  have  been 

A»tisitm«nt  of  VaiUmal  OnarS  to  Brt- 
Mdea  and  DIviaioni. — The  President  may 
anlgn  the  National  Ooard  of  the  several 
Btatea  and  Territories  and  the  District  of 
Columbia,  to  divisions,  brigades,  and  other 
tactical  units,  and  may  detail  offlcer*  either 
from  the  National  Guard  or  the  Begular 
Army  to  t^mmand  snch  units  ^  where  com- 
plete nnlts  are  organised  within  a  State, 
Tirrllory,  or  the  District  ol  Columbia  the 
commanding  officers  thereof  shall  not  t>e  dis- 
placed  DD^r   the   provisions   of   this   sec- 

OMef  ot  Staff  of  SaUonal  Oiwrd  D(- 
vMont. — The  President  may  detail  one  offi- 
cer of  the  Regular  Army  as  chief  of  staff 
and  one  olBccr  of  the  R^lor  Army  or  the 
National  Guard  as  assistant  to  the  chief 
ot  staff  of  »BT  dlvlsloD  ot  the  National 
Qnard  In  the  Bervlee  of  the  Cnlted  States. 

AdfutanU  OmmtoI  of  Stales,  mo^—AdJu- 
tants  geoerml  ot  tbe  StAtea.  Terrttorlc*.  and 
tbe  DMrict  of  ColuuUa  and  Uia  ofBeaa  of 
tbe  Hattonal  Onard  shall  make  reports  ^ 
Ob  Secretary  of  War,  as  He  may  pr^cr- 

AnropriatUm,  ApporttMimewt,  «t*  - 
barMBMMl  of  Fimtt  for  the  KaHenat  Ov 
—Honey  llMll  ' 


DU- 

oprlated  annually  for 

_^  . tlonal  Guard,  indod- 

tng  ttw  expense  ot  providing  arms,  ordnance 
nanm,    qaaTtemuater    stores,    and    camp 


tlie  tnpport  of  the  N 


National  Qua 


in  til   he  B 


■1  token 


for  the  period  already  served  und 


r  the  old 

.      -  do  hereby  aeknowl- 

eoge  10  have  voluntarily  enlisted  this  

dav  of  ,  le — ,  as  a  soldier  in  the 

National  Guard  of  tbe  United  Btotes  and  of 

the  State  of ,  tor  the  period  ot  three 

years  In  service  and  three  yeors  in  the  re- 
serve, nnder  the  coaditlons  prescribed  by 
law,  unless  sooner  discharged  by  propM 
authority.  And  I  do  solemnly  swear  that 
I  wilt  bear  true  faith  and  alleslance  to  the 
United  States  of  America  and  to  the  State 
of ,  and  that  I  will  serve  them  hon- 
estly and  faithfully  sgalnst  all  their  ene- 
mies whomsoever,  and  that  I  will  obey  the 
orders  of  the  President  of  the  United  States 

and  of  the  governor  of  the  State  ol , 

and  of  tbe  officers  appointed  over  me  accord- 
ing to  law  and  the  rules  and  articles  of 


oath  p 
this  Ai 


tional  diHiri.— 


)arBe 


:ribed  in  tbe  preceding  section  of 
Enltated  Ken  from  ths  SO' 


.,  ,.—.-, ted  man  discharged 

service  in   the  National  Guard  shall 

receive  a  discharge  In  wrltinK  In  such  form 
and  with  such  classification  as  Is  prescribed 
tor  the  Regular  Army. 

Federal  Oath  for  Sattonal  Guard  Offloerl. 
— Commissioned  officers  of  the  National 
Ouard  ol  the  several  States,  Territories, 
and  the  District  of  Columbia  now  serving 
under  commissions  regalarir  Issued  shall 
continue  in  ofilce,  as  officers  of  the  National 
Guard,  without  the  Issuance  of  new  com- 
missions :  Provided,  That  said  officers  have 
taken,  or  shall  take  and  aubscribe  to  the 
following  oath  ol  office 


"I. - 


o  solemnly  swear  that  I  will 

n  of  the 

a,  foreign 
rue  faith 


,  B^lust  all  e 

and  domestic;  that  1  will  6 — 

and  allegiance  to  tbe  same ;  that  I  will  obey 
tbe  orders  of  the  President  of  ""-  "-"--■ 
States  and  of  the  go^ 

;  that  I  male 

without  any  mental  reservation  or  puriHim; 
of  evasion,  and  that  I  will  well  and  talth- 
tnlly  discharge  the  duties  of  the  office  ot 

in  the  National  Guard  of  tbe  United 

States  and   of  the   State  of  upon 

which  I  am  about  to  enter,  ao  help  me  Ood." 


this  obliKatloD  freely, 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Anny 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Axmf  — Con  tf  owed. 

Amament,  £guipinmt,  ani  Uniform  of 
tha  National  Ouord.— The  Ntttlonal  Onanl 
of  tbe  United  8tat«B  sball  be  uniformed 
■rmed,  and  equipped  with  the  aanie  type  or 
unlfDrms,  anna,  and  eQulpmenia  oa  the  Kega- 
lar  AnDf. 

The   Secretary  of  War  la  autborlied  to 

Kocare,  by  porcbBae  or  manufacture,  and 
iaaue  to  tfie  National  Quard,  opon  requl- 
•Itlon  of  the  governors  of  the  Statea  nod 
TeprttoriPB  or  the  commanding  leneral  of 
the  National  Guard  of  the  T^Btrlct  of 
Colnmbla,  aueh  nnmber  of  ITnlted  States 
■ervice  arma,  with  all  acceaaorlea.  fleld- 
artUIeiT,  materiel,  enijlneer,  coaat  artillery, 
■iKUal,  aod  sanitary  materiel,  Bccoutremenla, 
field  onifonns,  clothing,  equipage,  publlca- 
dona,  and  inlUtarir  atores  of  all  kinds, 
Inclndtcg  public  anlmaia,  aa  are  neceeaar; 
to  ann,  uniform,  end  equip  them  for  field 
•errlca. 

Bona  for  Oavalrv  ani  Field  Ariilterii  of 
national  Ouord.— Punda  shall  be  available 
for  the  purchBBe  of  horaoa  coclormlng  to 
the  Regular  Army  ataudarda  lor  the  use  at 
Field  Artlllenr  and  Cavalry  of  the  FlatioDal 
Qnard,  not  to  eiceed  thirty-two  to  acy  one 
battery  or  troop,  and  for  the  purchase  of 
forase,  bedding,  shoeing,  and  veterinary 
servlceB,  and  auppUea  for  the  Qovemment 
horses  and  rambensatlon  ol  help  for  the 
care  of  malerlai,  animals,  and  equipment, 
men  to  be  oompenaated,  not  to  eiceed  five 
for  each  battery  or  troop,  shall  be  detailed 
by  the  battery  or  troop  commander,  and 
shall  be  paid  by  the  United  States  dlabura- 
iDf  officer  in  each  State,  Territory,  and  the 
District  of  Columbia. 

DiacipUne  to  Conform  to  That  of  Reavfar 
Armv. — The  dlaclpllne  (which  Includes 
training)  of  the  National  Guard  shall  can- 
form  to  the  syatem  which  la  dow  or  may 
'-'-softer  be  prescribed  for  the  Regular 
uy,  and  the  training  ahall  be  carried  out 
the  several  States.  Territoilee,  and  t' 


ahall  be  entitled  to  the  same  pay,  subsist- 
ence, and  transportation  as  officers  and  en- 
listed men  of  correapoDdlng  grades  of  the 
Regular  Army. 


Ited  number  of  selected  offlcers  or 

men  of  the  National  Guard  to  attend  und 
pursue  a  regular  course  of  study  at  any 
military  eervlce  school  o(  the  United  StBlea. 
except  the  United  BUtea  MUitary  Academy, 
and  shall  receive  the  some  pay,  allowances, 
and  subslatence  to  which  an  officer  or  eu- 
iisted  mac  of  the  Regular  Army  would  be 
entitled  under  orders  from  proper  miiltarr 
authority,  while  In  actual  attendance  at 
such  school,  college,  or  practical  course  of 
Instruction :  in  no  case  shall  the  pay  and 
allowances  eiceed  thoae  of  a   captain. 

Dttail  ot  OBictri  of  RemiUtr  Amia  to 
Dutv  icllh  the  ^oilonot  Guord.— The  Efecre- 
tary  ol  War  shall  detaU  offlcera  of  the 
active  list  of  the  Army  to  duty  with  the 
National  Guard  In  each  State,  Territory,  or 
District  of  Columbia. 


Xational  Otiard,    When  Bubitct   to  Lato» 

Ooveming    Rcaular    Army.—Tbe    Na"        ■ 
Guard  when  called  Bs  such  Into  the  s> 

of "■    ■ 

thi 

and    regulations 


Army,  and  the  training  ahall  be  carried  out 
by  the  several  States,  Territories,  and  the 
District  ot  Columbia. 

Training  of  tha  Jlationat  OnatM, — Each 
company,  troop,  battery,  and  detachment  in 
the  National  Qnard  shall  aaaemble  for  drill 
and  Instruction,  Including  indoor  target 
pnicClce.  not  less  than  forty-eight  times  each 
rear,  and  ahall.  In  addition  thereto,  partici- 
pate In  encampments,  maneavera.  or  other 
eierclsea,  Including  outdoor  target  practice, 
at  least  fifteen  days  in  training  each  year. 
Including    target    practice. 

Inapection  of  the  National  Guard. — The 
Secretary  of  War  shall  cause  an  iuspecttoa 
to  l>e  made  at  least  once  each  year  by  In- 
spectors general,  and  If  necessary  by  other 
officers,  of  the  Regular  Army,  detailed  by 
him  for  that  purpose,  to  determine  whether 
the  amount  and  condition  ot  the  property 
In  the  hands  of  the  National  Gnard  la  aatla- 
factory ;  whether  the  National  Guard  Is  or- 
ganiied  aa  hereinbetore  prescribed  ;  whether 
the  offlcers  and  enllated  men  possess  the 
physical  and  other  quallBcations  prescribed  ; 
whether  the  organization  and  the  offlcera 
end  enllated  men  thereof  are  sufficiently 
armed,  uniformed,  equipped,  and  being 
trained  and  Instructed  for  active  duty  In 
the  field  or  coast  defense,  and  whether  the 
records  are  being  kept  In  accordance  with 
the  requirements  ot  law. 

Eneamamentt  and  Maneuvtrt. — The  Sec- 
retary of  War  Is  authoriied  to  provide  for 
the  participation  of  the  whole  or  any  part 
of  the  National  Guard  In  encampments,  ma- 
neuvers, or  other  eierclses,  Including  out- 
door target  practice,  for  field  or  coast-de- 
fetiae  Instruction,  either  Independently  or 
In  conjunction  with  any  part  of  the  Regu- 
lar Army,  and  the  officer*  and  enlisted  men 
ot  woQh  National  Quard  wbU«  ao  engaged 


National 

the  service 

if  the  United   States  shall,  from  the  tima 
juired  by  the  terms  of  the  call 
respond  thereto,  to  be  subject  to  the  laws 
J     ,-.,._.     1 —    t^g    Regular 

Army,   go   mr  im  uucu   mnB  nod   regulation* 

are  applicable  to  oiQcers  and  enlisted  men 
whose  permanent  retention  In  the  military 
service,  either  on  the  active  list  or  on  the 
retired  list,  is  Dot  contemplated  by  existing 
Jaw. 

fivst«ni  of  Oourts-tfarHol  for  Nattontt 
Ouard. — Bicept  in  organliatlana  In  the 
service  of  the  United  States,  courC»-martlaI 
In  the  National  Guard  shall  he  of  three 
kinds,  namely,  general  courts-martisl,  Hpe- 
clst  courts-martlel,  and  aummary  courts- 
martial.  They  ahall  be  conatltuted  like, 
and  have  cognliance  of  the  name  subjecia, 
and  poasess  lue  powers,  eicept  as  to  punlsh- 
menta,  as  slmUar  courts  provided  for  by 
the  laws  and  regulations  goreming  the 
Army  of  the  United  States. 

Fay  for  Sational  Guard  Offlcert. — Certain 
commlBsloued  officers  on  the  active  list  be- 
longing to  organisations  of  the  National 
Guard  of  jsach  State,  Territory,  and  0     ~' 


e.  Territory,  and  the  Dis- 
partlclpatlng  In  the  ap- 


portionment of  the  annual  appropTlatlan 
for  the  support  of  the  National  »3uard  ->■-" 
ensadon  for  their  servlcei 


of  the  Regular  Ai 
elude   longevity  t 


shall  receive  not  to  eiceed  one-half  of  tne 

fay  of  a  captain,  eicept  that  regimental  ad- 
itanta  and  mBjors  aoa  captains  Iq  command 
of  machine-gun   companies,  ambulance  com- 

fanlea,  field  hospital  companies,  or  sanitary 
roopa  shall  receive  the  pay  hereinbefore 
authorised  for  a  captain. 

Fay  for  Jfollonat  Ouard  SnJitted  Hen. — 
Each  enlisted  man  on  the  active  list  be- 
longing to  an  organliBtion  of  the  National 
Guard  of  a  State.  Territory,  or  the  District 
ot   Columbia,   participating    In   the   appor- 


jyGooi^lc 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Army 


Axmr—Co»tltNied. 

darlnK  periods  ot  service  for  whleb  he  ma] 
become  lawfully  eotltled  to  tbe  aame  pa;  ai 
■o  cntlated  tnen  of  correBpoDdlng  grade  Ic 
tbe  Resular  Armr,  at  a  rate  equal  to  ^3  pei 
cent  ol  the  Initial  par  now  provided  bv  law 
for  enllated  men  of  correspoDdliig  Bradea  of 
Um  Eegnlar  Armr. 

Satlaital  Guanl  When  Drafted  Into  Fed- 
eral Bertrlee. — Wtien  CouEresa  aball  hare  au- 
tborlied  tbe  Dee  ot  tbe  armed  land  forcea 
«f  the  Dnlted  Statea,  tor  any  purpoae  re- 
qntilng  tbe  U*e  ot  troopa  In  eiceBs  of  tboee 
ot  tbe  Begnlar  Aimr,  tbe  President  ma; 
dcaft  Into  Qie  mllltarr  servlire  of  the  United 
States,  to  serve  therein  tor  tbe  period  of 
the  war  naleM  soooer  dlrcharseii,  r " 


and  allowanres  as  offlcere  and  enllateil 

ot  the  Begralnr  Army  of  the  same  grades  and 

the  same  prior  serrlce. 

Slahta  to  Petulani. — When  any  offlcer  or 
enlisted  man  of  tbe  NntloDBl  Guard  drafted 
Into  the  service  of  the  United  States  In  time 
of  war  is  disabled  by  rtaaon  ot  wonndi  or 
dlrablUtr  received  or  incurred  while  In  tbe 
active  service  of  tbe  United  Statee  In  tims 
or  war,  be  shall  be  entitled  to  all  the  beneQta 
of  the  tienslDo  laws  existing  at  the  time  of 
his  service,  and  In  case  Bnch  oHlcer  or  en- 
listed man  dies  In  the  active  service  of  the 
United  States  In  time  ot  war  or  In  return- 
Ins  to  his  place  ot  residence  after  being  mus- 
tered oat  ot  such  service,  or  at  any  other 
time  la  consequence  of  wounds  or  disabili- 
ties received  in  Buch  active  service,  his 
widow  and  children.  It  any,  shall  be  entitled 
to  all  the  bnieflts  ot  such  peoalon  laws. 

Eneotiragtmtnt  of  Rifle  PracUce. — Tbe 
Beeretary  ot  War  shall  annually  anbmlt  to 
CaDzresa  recommendations  and  estimates  for 
tbe  establlabment  and  maintenance  ot  in- 
door and  outdoor  rifle  ranges. 

Phytical  Btamlruiiion. — Every  oDcer  and 
enlisted  man  of  the  National  Guard  who 
•hall  be  eaUed  Into  tbe  service  ot  the  Unlteil 
Btatea  as  such  shall  be  eiamlned  as  to  bia 
physical  fitness. 

SoneompliaHee  with  Federal  Aet. — When- 
ever any  State  shall,  within  a  limit  of  time 
be  died  by  the  President  have  failed  c 

'used  to  comr'-  — —' ■   -- 
,_lremeaC  of  tbl 
uolgated    tber^i 

a-  the  Prealden 
e  NBtlonat  Gl„.      

debarred,    vtholly  or  In  part,  a 
dent  mar  direct,  from  recefvlua 
United  States  any  pecuniary  or 
benefit,  or  privilege  snthorlied  o 


and  equipment,  end  what  saving  has  hi 

to  the  Oovermnent  by  reason  of  Its  having 
manufactured  a  large  part  ot  its  own  anna. 
munitions,  and  equipment  for  tbe  last  four 

InvettlaaUon  (Joneernfoff  liedalt  of 
Honor. — A  board  to  conslBt  of  five  general 
officers  on  tbe  retired  list  of  the  Army  aball 
be  convened  by  the  Secretary  of  War  wltbln 
sixty  days  after  the  approval  ot  this  Act, 
for  the  purpose  ot  InveatlgatlnB  and  re- 
porting open  paat  awarda  or  iaauei  of  the  so- 
called  congreislonal  medal  of  honor  by  or 
through  tbe  War  Department;  this  with  a 
view  to  ascertain  what  medals  ot  honor,  it 
any,  have  been  awarded  or  issued  for  any 
cause  other  than  dlatlngolahed  conduct  by 

—  „!■ — ii_.._j jq  action  Involving 

lemy  by  sucb  offlcer 

„. „ _j  _jops  with  which  be 

was  serving  at  the  time  ot  such  action.  And 

'~   my  case  In  which  said  board  shall  And 

.  report  that  said  medal  w"  " "  ' — 


o  mlUtlB  o 


rablllty.  and  practicability  ot  tbe 


so  Issued  shall  be  St..    ._  .  .  -  .   - 

the  otBclal  medal  of  honor  llsl.  It  shall  be 
a  misdemeanor  for  him  to  wear  or  publicly 
display  said  medal,  aDd.  If  he  shall  still  be 
in  the  Army,  he  shall  be  reqnlred  to  return 
•aid  medal  to  the  War  Department  for  can- 
cellatlDn.  Said  board  shall  have  fall  and 
free  access  to  and  use  of  all  records  pei^ 
taining  to  the  award  or  issue  ot  medals  of 
honor  by  or  through  the  War  Department. 
The  actual  and  necessary  eipenies  ot  said 
board  and  Its  members  shall  be  paid  out  of 
any  appropriations  available  tor  contingent 
eipensea  ot  the  Army  of  the  War  Depart- 


,  _,  ,,  jrls  antborisedtc  ,.., 

>r  purchase  snch  gauges,  dies,  jigs,  tools,  Oi- 
turcs,  and  other  special  aids  and  appliances, 
Inclndtng  specifications  and  detailed  draw- 
ings, as  may  be  necessary  for  tbe  immediate 
manufacture,  by  the  Qovemment  and  by  pri- 
vate mannfactnrera,  of  arms,  ammuultlon. 
and  special  equipment  neceeaary  to  arm  and 
equip  the  land  forces  likely  to  be  required 
by  the  United  States  io  time  ot  war. 

Xitratt  Supply. — The  President  of  the 
United  States  is  authorized  to  make  such 
investigation  as  Is  necessary  to  determine 
the  best,  cheapest,  and  most  avaUabie  i 


—  aland  Jorce  and  not  to~ the  Naval  Mill 

N'aval  Mllltia  may  be  credited  to  tbe  extent 
of  the  number  thereof  In  the  quota  that 
would  otherwise  be  required. 

Inteitlgation  at  to  Oavenment  Uaaiit- 
ftetars  Of  Amu,  Btc. — The  Secretary  of 
War  Is  BDthorlied  to  appoint  a  board  of  five 
eltlxena,  two  of  whom  shall  be  civilians  and 
three  or  whom  shall  be  officers  of  the  Army, 
to  investigate  and  report  ti  ' '  "  -  ■ 
bllity,  denrablllty.  and  prac 
Government  manutactnrlng  i 
and  equipment,  show'--  "^ 

comparative  prices  o.  —  .  _ 

and  equipment  manufactured  lu  Ooi 

plants  and   those  manufactured  in   (.ikblo 

Kints.  the  amonnt  of  money  necessary  to 
lid  and  operate  Oovemment  plants  for 
the  manufactnre  ot  arms,  munitions,  and 
equipment ;  showing  also  what  the  Oovem- 
ment plants  and  arsenals  are  now  doing  la 


I  and   other 

tto  manufarturiTonertriiie 

ful  products  by  water  power  or  any  other 
power :  and  to  acquire  and  designate  tor  tbe 
exclusive  use  of  the  United  SUtes  snch  site 
or  Bites,  upon  any  river  or  upon  tbe  public 
lands,  as  In  his  opinion  will  be  necessary  tor 
carrying  out  the  purposes  of  tiiis  act  i  and 
to  construct,  maintain,  and  operate  dams, 
locks.  Improvements  to  navigation,  power 
houses,  and  other  plants  and  equipment  nec- 
essary or  convenient  for  the  generation  of 
electrical  or  other  power  and  for  the  pro- 
duction of  nitrates  or  other  products  needed 
for  munitions  of  war  and  useful  in  the  man- 
ufacture of  fertilisers  aud  other  useful 
products. 

The  sum  of  120,000.000  Is  appropriated, 
available  until  expended,  to  enable  tbe  Presi- 
dent ot  the  United  States  to  carry  out  tbe 
purposes  provldetl  for.  The  plant  or  plants 
provided  for  shall  be  constructed  and^oper- 
ated  solely  by  tbe  Oovemment  and  not  In 
conjunction  with  any  other  Industry  or  en- 
terprise carried  on  by  private  capital. 

Protection  of  the  Uniform. — fi  shall  be 
unlawful  for  any  person  not  an  officer  or 
enlisted  man  of  tbe  United  States  Army. 
Navy,  or  Uariue  Corp*,  to  wear  the  duly 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidettts 


Amy — f? on  Knued. 

prescribed   aoUonn    d(   tlie   United   Statea 

Anuy,  Navr,  or  Marine  Corp"     "■" 

**--"— '  of  BUct  uniform, 


Corps,  or  an;  dta- 

form,  or  a  uniform 

anj  part  of  whlcb  U  similar  to  b  distinctive 

Birt  of  the  duly  preacrihed  uniform  of  the 
nlted  States  Army,  Navy,  or  Marine  Corps, 
excepting  Boy  Scouts  and  boDorably  ol>- 
charged  Boldlera. 

Any  permn  who  otTenda  against  the  pro- 
Tlslons  ot  this  section  shall,  on  couTlction, 
be  punished  by  a  fine  not  eiceedlng  1800,  o( 
by  Imprisonment  not  eiceedlnr  sli  months, 
or  by  both  such  fine  and  Imprisonment. 

A  soldier  after  four  years'  contlnnoos 
service,  ellher  under  a  Orat  or  auy  subse- 
quent enlistment,  may  be  re-enllgted  for 
seven  years  and  receive  a  final  dlacbarge 
from  bis  prior  enlistment,  or  after  three 
years'  continuous  service  may,  upon  his 
wrlltcn  request,  be  tnrlouehed  and  trans- 
ferred to  the  Beserve.  Enlistment  periods 
for  service  pay  are  counted  as  four  yean. 
First  enllsImentH  are  confined  to  men  be- 
tween tbe  BEes  of  16  sod  B5  years.  All 
■oldlera  receive.  In  addition  to  their  pay, 
rations,  clotblng.  bedding,  and  medical  at- 
tendan -'■ '•■■    "■ ' — 

lowlnc  bi  ■  compTete  ifst  of  tbe  com- 
manders of  the  army  since  ITTB,  together 
with  their  respective  ranka  and  the  period 

B  17.  177B, 

28,  1768,  to 

r),  Jane  20, 

(infantry), 

,    March    4. 

April     18, 

.    Dec     10, 

>Q,  July  13, 

Gen.    Alexander   Hamilton,    Dec.    14, 
o  June  IS.  ISOO. 
Brig. -Gen.     James     Wllkiiwaa,     June     IS. 
1800,    to  Jan,   27.   1812. 

Mal-Oen.  Henry  Dearborn.  JkiL  27,  1S12. 
10  Inne  IS,   181S. 

Uat  -Oen.    Jacob    Brown,   June    19,    181B, 
to   Feb.   24,    182S. 
MaJ.-Gen.    Alpiaodcr   Hacomb.    Hay   39, 


Mr], -Gen.  George  Brlnton  McClellan,  Not. 
I,  ISni,  to  March  11.  1802. 

Ual.-Gen.  Henry  Wager  Halleek,  Jul*  28. 
1862.  to  March  9,  1864. 

Ren.    ITIvHses    Simpson    Grant    March   9, 


1.  Phllln  Henry 


equipment  consult  the  Index  references  to 
the  Presidents'  Messages  and  the  Encyclo- 
pedic articles  under  the  following  headings : 


herldan,  Not.  1,  1888, 

lister     Schofleld. 
ises. 
on  Miles,  Oct.  6, 

.  Toung,  Anf.  8, 

ree,  Jan.  9,  1901. 


Lleut.-Oeo.  Arthur  UcArthur,  Bept.  IS, 
1006,  to  June  2.  1909,  when  he  was  retired 
under   the  operation   ot   tbe   law.   and  tbs 


wbtch  are  arranged  alphabetically. 

ClTll  War.  Military   Education. 

Forttfloitlons.  Revolutionary   War. 

Indian  Wars.  Span  lab -American 

Mexican  War.  War. 

Military  Academy.  War  Department 

Military   Departments.    Wars,  Foreign. 

Amy  (iee  also  Arms  and  Ammimitloa; 
Aneoals;     Militia;    War    Depart- 
ment.) 
Abseuee  of  soldiers  of,  orders  and 
proelamatiou  regarding,  S320,  3364. 

Depriving   President    of    command 
□f,  discnssed,  3670. 
Bepeal  of,  recommended,  3ST1. 
Fixing   military   eBtabllshinent   ve- 
toed, 203. 
Making   certain   debts   of  aoldiers, 

lien  against  pa^,  4672. 
Providing    for   additional   medical 
officers   in   volunteer  service   ve- 
toed, 3269. 

Annnities   for   families  of  deceased 
soldiers  recommended,  442S. 

Appointments  in,  2134. 

Appropriations  for.     (See   War  De- 
partment) 

Artillery  tacties  tor,  prepared,  027. 

Asylum  for  aged  and  disabled  mem- 
bers of .    (See  Soldiers'  Home.) 

Barracks,  permanent,  for,  1754. 

Battalion  formation  in,  recommenda- 
tions regarding,  5631,  587S,  6967. 

Brevet  appointments  in,  3SS2. 

Brevet  rank — 

Conferred    for   services    in   Indian 

wars,  200S. 
Discussed,  1002,  2559. 

Cavalry  tactics  for,  prepared,  927. 

Certificate  of  merit  granted  enlisted 
men,  additional  pay  to,  4735. 

Changes  in,  6669,  6670,  6SD4. 

Chaplains  for  hospitals,  3249. 

Clothing  accounts  of  enlisted  men  in, 
referred  to,  4660. 
Manufactured  in  United  States,  re- 
ferred to,  635,  6S5. 

Command  and  rank  in.     (See  Officers 
of,  po«(.) 

Commanders  of.      (See   Encyclopedic 
Index  article,  Army.) 

Commanding     officers     and     men 
praised  by  Boosevelt,  6693. 

Conduct    of,    in   Mexican    War,    dis- 
cussed, 2461. 

Courts -martial   in.     (Bee  Courts-Mar- 
tial; Courts,  Military.) 

Deserters  from — 

Efficiency  of,  667,  6671,  6805. 
Pardons  granted.    (See  Pardons-) 
Shot,  referred  to,  2287. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encychpet^  Index 


Anny 


Amy— oomMmmL 
DmertionB  in — 
Dieeussea,  4933. 

Legislation  regAfding  militarv  Stat- 
ute of  limit&tioni  as  applied  to, 
recommended,  4&S4. 
Portion  of  pay  witblield  so  aa  to 

prevent,  871. 
B«daetioa  in,  6SS0,  5031. 
Diseaued  by  President — 
Adams,  J.  Q.,  871,  925,  953. 
Arthur,  4638,  4724,  4832. 
develaud,   4Q32,   6099,   5373,  SS77, 

S988,  8158. 
Orant,  406S,  4147,  4S02,  4248,  4304, 

4380. 
EarriBon,  Benj.,  55S0,  6631,  5754. 
Hayes,  4424,  4461,  4524,  4569. 
Jackson,  1166,  1251,  1332,  1387. 
Jefferson,  317,  333,  373,  394. 
Johnion,  3561,  3649,  3773,  38S1. 
Liucoln,   3249. 

UeKinley,  6320,  6341,  6385,  6449. 
Madison,   461,   471,   479,   490,   513, 

G33,  638,  549. 
Monroe,  619,  680,  767,  780,  823. 
Pierce,  2748,  2819,  2941. 
Palk,  S260,  2276,  2481. 
Boosevelt,   6669,  6693,   6721,   6999, 

7068,  7110,  7234. 
Taft,  7371,  7428,  7613,  7616. 
Tyler,  1942,  2121. 
Van  Bnren,  1607,  1764. 
Washington,  62,   67,   76,   114,   118, 

178. 
Wilson,  8108. 
Edneation  in,  4570,  5879,  6669. 
Electione,    interference    in,    by,    in- 
quired into,  1315. 
Prohibited,  3866. 
Enlisted  men  in,  limits  of  punishment 

for,  5602,  6034. 
Enlogy  on  the  army  of  the  United 
Btates  by  President  Boosevelt,  won 
by  their  gallantry  and  efficiency  in 
the    Cuban    and    Philippine    cam- 
paigns, 6693,  6921. 
Executions  in,  contrary  to  law,  re- 
ferred to,  636. 
Expenditures  of.  (See  Finances;  War 

Department.) 
Reld  MantEUvetfl  of,  6670,  6927,  6999. 
General  Staff  of,  6670,  6805,  7069. 
Imprisonment  of  American   citizens 

by  officers  in,  referred  to,  4009. 
Increase  in,  1714,  E553. 

Beeommended,  429,  534,  538,  1473, 
1606,  2276,  2354,  2559,  2623,  2666, 
2714,     2748,     2819,     2830,     2941, 


Increased  pay  for  officers  and  men  of, 

urged,   7492. 
Indian  campaigns.  (See  Indian  Wars.) 
ladiatu  enlisted  in,  diseussed,  B0S1, 


Insane    asylum    for.      (See    Oovem- 

ment  Hospital  for  Insane.) 
Inspector-Oeneral  of.   (Elee  Inspector- 

Qenaral  of  Army.) 
Intoxicating  liquors,  order  prohibit- 
ing sale  of,  in,  4692. 
LftndH    granted    persons     who    have 
aerved  in.     (See  liands.  Bounty.) 
Large  standing,  unnecessary  in  time 
of   peace,    317,    1389,    1607,    1901, 
2E63,  2733. 
Legislation  for,  referred   to,   3585. 
Measures    for   efficiency    of,    recom- 
mended, 4148,  4248,  4304. 
Medical  Corpe — 

Improvement  of,  urged,  7111. 
Beeommended,  4148. 
Medical   Department   of,   reorganiza- 
tion of,  referred  to,   3282. 
Mileage  system,  repeal  of  law  aboL 

ishing,  recommended,  4304. 
Military    establishment    act    vetoed, 

203. 
Military     peace     establishment     dis- 
cussed, 680,  2453,  3S61,  3881. 
Military       statute       of      limitations 

against  desertere,  4524. 
Modern  rifles  for,  recommended,  5631. 
Nominati  ons — 
Correspondence     regarding,     2269, 

E367,  2368,  243& 
Beasons  therefor,  1773,  2296,  2367, 

2368,    2370. 
Withdrawn,  695. 
Northwestern,  referred  to,  602. 
Number   of  men   and   officers   in,  re- 
ferred to,  3578. 
Office  of  In^ctor-Qcneral  In.     (See 

Inspector-General  of  Army.) 
Officers    and   soldiera   of  temporary, 

discharged,  298. 
Officers  of — 

Absence   of,   orders   and  proclama- 
tion regarding,  3320,  3364. 
Accounts   ofi'referred  to,   806. 
Additional  grades  of,  2632. 
Annuities  for  families  of  deceased, 

recommended,  4304,  4382,  4461. 
Appointmente  and  promotions,  bre- 
vet rautc  discussed,  1002,  2559. 
Appointments  and  promotions  of, 
1773,   2269,    2296,   2367,   2388, 
2437. 
Recommendatione  regarding, 
5099,  6374. 
Assignments  of,  to  duty  referred 

to,  3268. 
Brevet  rank  conferred  upon,  for 

service  in  Indian  wars,  2008. 
Brevetted,  811. 
Commissions  of  brevet  and  staff, 

referred  to,  2559. 
Details  o^  to  colleges  and  univer- 
sities,  from  retired  list  recom- 
mended, 4570. 
Increase    in    number    of,    re  com- 
mended, 11^  490,  604. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Anny 


Messages  and  Papers  of_  ike  Presidents 


Law    antboriEing    ntlromeot    of, 

whea  iueompeteiit,  2621. 
Zietter  of  John  Bandolph,  jr.,  de- 
manding that   ceTtain,  be   ptm- 
iahed  for  inBolting,  2Q1. 
Pay  of — 
Eqaalization  of,  witli  naval  of- 

fieerg  diBCQBBed,  1254. 
Inequality  in,  between  naval  of- 
cers  and,  discnsBed,  1023. 
Queetion     of     restraining,     from 
nsnrping  powers   of  civil  fiwc- 
tionaries,  referred  to,  2632. 
Belative  rank  of — 
Befened  to,  1773,  2633. 
With  officeTB  of  N&vy  referred 
to,  202J,  2633,  2669,  2714,  3240. 
Betired  list  of — 
Details  for  colleges  and  nniver- 
sities  from,  recommended,  4570. 
Becommended,  2624,  2714,  2871, 

4724. 
Bepeal  of  act  limiting  ntunbers 
on,  recommended,   4425. 
Organization   of,   report   relating   to, 

transmitted,   995. 
Pardone  granted  deB«rterB.    (8e«  Par- 
Partial  reorganization  of,  2878. 
Pay  of— 

In  depreciated  paper,  1315. 
Increase   in,  discnssed,   2819,   7492. 
Bevision  of,  recommended,   1475. 
Payment  of,  resolution  providing  for, 

approved,  3350. 
Promotion  in,  6670,  6999,  7000. 
Provision  for  support  of.     (Bee  War 

Department.) 
Provision  for  aged  horses,  6722. 
Punishment     for     enlisted     men     in, 

limits  of,  S602,  6034. 
Qnarterm  aster- Qeneral    of,    fireproof 
building   for   records   in   ofBce    of, 
recommended,  4514. 
Quartermaster's  Departmenti appolnt- 

msnts  in,  referred   to,   1773. 
Bank  and  command  in.     (8ee  offlcera 


of, 


e.) 


Beading    matter     for,    recommenda- 
tions, regarding,  442S,  4451. 
Beduction    in,   referred    to    and   dis- 
cussed, 549,  698,  705,  3561,  3881. 
Be-enlistment  after  10  years,  repeal  of 
law  forbidding,  recommended,  587S. 
Befened  to,  631,  3578,  3585. 
Eegulations — 
Compiled  by  General  Bcott,  795. 
Orders  promulgating,  6602,  6034. 
Beferred   to,   442S. 
Be  organization  of,  6671. 
Commission  to  report  npon^ 
Appointed,  4352. 
Beferred  to,  4376. 
Time  to  report,  eztonslon  of,  rec- 
ommended, 4361. 


Becommended,  2S72. 
Beport  regarding,  transmitted  and 
investigation     into     referred    to 
with  a  view  to  proper  action  in 
the  matter,  291. 
Bepeal  or  amendment  of  act  forbid- 
ding use  of,  as  poue  oomitatitt  rec- 
ommended, 4452. 
BLSe  for  use  of,  6159. 
Adoption  of,  recommended,  5631. 
Selected,  5878. 
Bnlea  and  regnlationa    compiled   by 

General  Scott,  595. 
School  bnildings  for  posts  of,  recom- 
mended, 4451. 
Size  of,  6669,  6671,  6721,  6927,  6994. 
SmokeleBB  powder  recommended,  5631. 
Staff  corps   of,   recommondations  re- 
garding,    1606,    1754,     3994,   4102, 
4202,  4248. 
Subsistence    Department,    appropria- 
tion tor,  recommended,  4304. 
Snbsistenco  of,  referred  to,  594,  706. 
Sunday,  observance  of,  by,  enjoined 

by  President  Lincoln,   3326. 
Surgeon- General   of.      (See   Suigeon- 

General  of  Army.) 
Transportation      of,      from      Conncil 

BlufFs  to  Oregon  Biver,  795. 
Volunteers   for,    acceptance    of,    en- 
couraged, 416,  429. 
Army  and  Kavy  Forcoa,  mobilized  on 
borders  of  Mexico  to  protect  interests 
of  citizens  of  United  States  during 
uprising,  7650. 
Axmy  Modlcal  Department. 

Enlargement  of,  6935,  6936,  7000. 
Bank  of  officers  in,  7000. 
Army  Medical  Uusevm,  building  for, 

recommended,  4572,  4760,  4833. 
Army  Ordnance  Department. — Enlarge- 
ment of,  6936. 
AroOBtOok  War.— Between  1S37  and  1639 
the  settled  boundary   between  Ualne  and 
New   Brunswick  cnme  near  leading  to  ac- 
hostlUdesoD  the  Aroostook  River.   The 
_rnor  of  Maine  sent  troops  to  drive  off 
he  Intruders  and  erect  fortlfl cations,  and 
CoDgrcss  authorised  the  President  to  resist 
■^e   encroachments  of   the   British.      Presl- 
mt    Van    Bnren    sent    Gen.    Scott    to    the 
«ne,   who  arranged    s    trnce.   and   It   was 
rrecd  tbat  tbe  countrr  should  be  occupied 
■   ■■  •    ■  idlQg  sdJiistnieTiC  of 


lue  uonndnr7,  wbtch  was  TleDnltely  seitled 
Aug.  9,  1S42.  br  the  Ashburton  treaty 
(pages  1733,    1T38,    1T4T). 

Aroostook,  Tbs,  claim  of  owners  of,  for 

compensation  in  searching  for  bodies 

and  property  lost  in  steamer  Oneida, 

4119. 

Ananala. — Armories  and  srsensls  were  not 

establlsbed  In  the  United  States  until  the 

beglnnlDg  of   the    Eevolutlonsry    War.       In 

17T6  powder  was  manufactured  In  Virginia 


jyGooi^lc 


Encyclopedic  Indrx 


Anautlt    CoaUHmtO, 

nd  braiw  onnoD  nen  cut  In  Ptatladetiihta. 
An  anrnal  wai  eslabllBhi>d  at  Carlisle,  I'a., 
the  mme  jear.  WaihlDgton  Id  ITTT  cboas 
SpriDgfield.    Mam.,    as    a    suitable    toratlan 

farluml  thpre  la  1T8T.  Tbia  esUbllHb- 
mpDt.  DOW  the  cblef  amall  arms  maDutsc- 
loiy,  baa  a  capai^ltr  of  1.000  rifles  per  da;. 
The  arsenal  at  Harpers  Ferry,  W.  Va.,  was 
toKDD  In  1T9S,  and  tram  that  time  tba 
n<in]l>er  iraa  grndimllr  IncrenBcd  antll  1860, 
<rben  tbere  were  2a  arwoals  acnttered  over 
tbe  coDDtry.  Tbe  prlnciunl  onea  at  preaeot 
Iti  ose  are  at  AncualB.  Oa. :  Brnlcla.  Cal. : 
FtanUord.  Pa.;  SpringflMd.  Uaas. :  Oov- 
emora  Island,  N.  \. :  Rock  Island.  HI.; 
Baa  Antonio,  Tea. ;  DoTcr,  V.  J. :  Waler- 
town,  Mass.,  and  Watervllet.  N.  t.  Ord- 
aance,  arma.  aoiDiDDltlon.  and  accoutcr- 
nents  are  mannrartDrcd  at  man;  of  tbeae 
plaoea,  the  '■"—  ■--■--  '-  -■ — --  — •■  •-  - 
<p«rlai    llni 

lablEsbmenl  __       _._ 

manntBCture    ot    beavy  ordnance,       „ 

and  aasomblins  ofKuns  are  carried  an  at 
Bock  Island  and  ^nicla,  as  well  as  tbe 
makinic  of  leather  aooda.  Naval  guns  and 
projectiles  are  made  at  Waahlnzton,  D.  C. 


Angnstft,   Oa.,  referred  to,   893. 
Erection  of,  and  armories  on  Western 
waters  referred   to,   706,   781,  808, 
2079, 
Establiabment    of,    recomraended    to 
ntilise  tbe  iron  mines  and  works 
at  Berkeley  and  in  tbe  Btate  of 
Vii^nia,  99. 
In  the  Soutb,  3Z3. 
Frankford,  Pa.,  arsenal  at,  referred 

to,  4661. 
Looatioii  for  magazines,  referred  to, 

3844. 
Bepleniabment  of,  Tecommeoded,  255. 
Bock  Island    Arsenal,  appropriation 

for,  recommended,  4680,  4738. 
Sale  of,  not  nsed  by  OoTerntnent  rec- 
ommended, 3994,  4149,  4362. 
Bcbaylkill  .^rsenal,  appropriation  for, 

recommended,  4785. 
Bites  for — 

Appropriation   for,   772. 
Beferred  to,  178,  2896,  4148. 
Art.     (See  Science  and  Art.) 
Art  Exbtbltlaii.    (See  International  Ex- 
hibition of  Fine  Arts.) 
Artltnr,  ObaBtez  A.— Bept  20,  ISBl-UanA 

3,  1886. 
Twenty-fonrth  Ad  mini  (t  ration  (continued)  — 

Repobllcan. 
Becrttary  ef  Slate— 

Jimes  C.  B'alne  (continued). 
F.  i.'.  FrellnghDyaen. 
Bteretani  of  the  J'reoaury — 
Willlarr    —'-'-—    ' — • 
Cbarlci  ,.  .  -._--. 
Walter  Q.  Orcnham. 
Hugh  UcCDllocb. 
SeBTilorn  et  War — 

Robert  T.  Lincoln  (conttnoed). 
Beerelary  of  the  Socv — 

William  B.  nnnt  (contlnned). 
William  F:  Chandler. 
Btcretary  of  tht   ' 


(continued). 


Thomas  L..  Jamei  (contlDoed). 

Timothy  O.  Howe. 

Waiter  Q.  Oreiham, 

Frank  Halloo. 
i.  tiomey-  Q  enera  I— 

Wayne  UncVeagh    (continued). 

Benjamin  U.  Brewster. 
Arthur  was  tbe  foorth  ylcc-prealdeot  to 
■ucceed  to  tbe  office  of  President  through 
Ibe  death  of  the  Incnmlirnt :  and  tbe  aecond 
to  succeed  Ihrough  death  by  assasalQatlon. 
He  took  the  oath  of  olSce  In  Now  York  city 
Sept.  ^0,  1S81.  Arthur  continued  mosl  of 
Garfield's    appointees    ea    beads    of    depart- 

Patia  AfflUaHon. — President  Artbnr  early 

received  strong  antl-slayery  a.—  " ' 

his  father,  wno  took  part  li 
tlon,  at  Ullca  Id  183(j.  ot  toe  anii-siaTery 
Boclety.  Ur.  Artbur  In  bis  law  practice 
took  an  aclive  pari  as  counsel  In  scTeial 
cases  in  which  the  rlgbta  of  colored  people 
were  concerned.  He  became  a  Henry  Clay 
Whig  and  cast  hia  llrst  vote  for  General 
Scott  In  18Q2.      He  was  present  at  tbe  Re- 

SnbllcsD  conTcnlloa  at  Baratoga  aad.  In 
S5Q.  took  an  active  part  In  the  Fremont 
campaiRn,  From  1862  to  ISTZ,  while  en- 
gaged In  hla  law  practice.  Ceneral  Artbur 
took  an  active  part  In  politics. 

Pvbtio  i>«lit.— The  public  debt  ot  tbe 
United  States  daring  the  administration  of 
President  Arthur  stood  as  tollowB :  July  1. 
1881,  tl,819.n50,lG4.£:) :  18S2.  Sl.aTS.023.- 
4T4.2S:  188:1.  tl.G38.T81,82S.lS :  1881. 
$1.43S.M2,e05.39. 

In  bis  Klrst  Annual  Uessage  (page  483G) 


tlonai   iQdebti'dnesB  : 


If  It  continaea  It  a 


jdo       - 
8 

..  th 

I  is  now  taking  place 
LSe  ot  congratulation  1 
■  serlouH  apprebeasion. 
t  speedily  be  followed 
I  clearly  set  forth  in 


the   report   of  the  S. _  .     _    .    . 

surplus  must  He  Idle  In  the  Treasury  or 
the  Government  will  be  forced  to  buy  at 
market  rates  Its  bonda  not  then  redeemable. 


,.„._„ eipcndllur,. 

has  tauRbt,  is  ever  the  bane  of  a 
flowing  treasury."  In  bis  Third 
Message   (page  4765)    he  said:     "Tl 


rapidity  attainable." 

TaHft. — In  his  First  Annnal  Message 
(page  4636)  the  President  says :  "The 
tarltr  laws  also  need  revision:  but,  that  a 
due   regard    may  be   paid   to   the  conlllctlng 


the  Scrretary  ot  the  Trpi.,-.„.  

less  lighten  tbe  labors  of  Congreas  whenever 
this  subject  shall  be  brought  to  Us  consid' 
erttlon."  In  his  Second  Annua!  Mesnage 
(page  4722)  be  says:  "The  present  tariff 
system  Is  In  man^  renpects  unjust.    It  makes 


of  II 


a  practically  i 


jyGooi^lc 


Messages  mid  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Artlmr,  Olustor  A.— CtrnHnHcd. 

tlie  Tarlir  ComtDlnion.  ...  If  ft  een- 
eral  revlaloo  of  tbe  Isrllt  atuill  be  loiiDd  to 
be  Impncticable  at   tbls  KHton.   I   eipreu 


Dntcb  ■(■Ddard  of  color  !■  adopted  u  tbe 
teat  of  tbe  Mccbarlue  strenftb  of  Bonn  1> 
too  obvloDR  to  regulre  comment."  In  til» 
Fonrtb  Aoonal  Hesujce  (page  4S3S))  be 
•■n:  "The  healthfal  enlargement  of  onr 
trade  witb  Earope  Asia,  and  Africa  abouid 
be  ■ought  b7  redaclDg  tariff  bardens  on  mch 
of  tbetr  warea  as  neither  we  nor  tba  other 
Amerlma  Btatea  are  Btted  to  produce,  and 


raw  materlaia.  and  of  ( 

la  to  me  Ibat  man; 

menta  tn   tbe  great 

en    protection     and 

free  trade  ma;  thna  be  tamed  to  food  ac- 
count :  Ibat  tbe  revenue  may  be  reduced  ao 
aa  no  loiiKer  to  overtax  the  people  ;  tbat  pro 
tectlTe  duller  mar  be  retained  wjtbont  be- 
coming bQrdenaome:  thai  onr  ablpplug  In- 
terests mar  be  }adlclou»lT  encouraged,  the 
eorrencT  flied  on  Ann  baaen.  and.  abo*e  all. 
aacb  a  anlty  of  Interesta  establlabed  among 
tbe  Stales  of  tbe  American  a^Btem  aa  will 
be  of  great  and  ever-lDcreaslDg  adTantage 
to  tbem  all." 

Btandard  Time.— President  Artbur  called 
Ml  International  conference  to  eatabllab  a 
nnlTcraal    meridian    from    wblcb    to    reckon 


time    thtoaKboat 

— lona  partlclpBt _ 

■  held  at_  Waablngton  In, October,  li8\ 


Lted  In  tbe  conference,  wblcb 


■Dd  the  merldlnn  of 'OreeQWlcb  was'agrenl 
upon  (pagea  4T18.  4800,  482T.  4641,  BISO). 
Tbia  followed  the  dlvlalon  of  tbe  United 
Btalea  Into  fonr  time  bcciIods. 

Civil  8ervire.—\D  bla  First  Annual  Mpi- 
aage  (page  4648)  ttie  President  fully  dla- 
cuseea  tbe  Civil  Service.  He  repeats  his 
*lewa  as  set  forlb  In  bis  letter  of  acceptance 
of  the  nomlnallon  of  Ibe  Vice-Presidency ; 
describes  tbe  salient  features  of  tbe  English 
■yslem :  and  eelecta  from  It  anch  elements 
aa  he  deema  applicable  to  American  condi- 
tions. Among  these  are:  A  practically 
llfe-Iennre  of  office;  limitation  of  age  below 
middle  life  ;  and  a  retiring  allowance.     Com- 

fctltlve  eiamlnatlon  before  appointment  for 
tnesB,  and  promotion  on  etBclency.  are 
. ,    g(    h^    plan^_   In    bla  Beer—' 


anual  Mesaage  (page  4T33).  In  urging  BC- 

"-    -lid:      "In   the  Jndg- 

D  tare  given  study 


tlon  by  Congress,    he   aald :      "In   the  J 


offices    In    I 


Star  RenU  THato.— Early  ] 
admlnlatratlon  public  attention  iibb  uiiB^>m 
lo  the  Indictment  In  WaablnctoD  of  John  W. 
Doney.  John  H.  Peck.  John  R.  Miner, 
Stephen  Dorsey.  U.  C.  RerdeU,  Thomaa  J. 
Brady.  William  n.  Tnmer  and  J.  L.  Sander- 
sou  tor  conspiracy  to  defraud  the  goTern- 
ment  In  bids  tar  mall  service.      (See  Star 

iHteriKil  Impr^vtMOtta. — Prcalitent  Ar- 
thur B  atillude  toward  this  greai  guestlon  la 
shown  by  hli  Flist  Annual  Ueaaage  (page 
4040)  where  tie  said :  "I  advise  appropria- 
tions tor  such  internal  Improvements  as  the 
wisdom  of  Congreas  may  deem  lo  be  of 
pnbllc    Importance.      The    neceaalty    of    Im- 

B roving  the  navigation  of  the  Hlsalsslpnl 
Iver  Jnstlflea  a  special  altusloa  to  tbe  anb- 
Ject  I  suggest  the  adoption  of  Bome 
measure  tor  tbe  removal  of  obstmetlons 
wblcb  now   Impede  the  naTlgalloD  of   that 

treat  channel  of  commerce.  On  Aug.  1, 
B82.  (he  Prealdent  withheld  bis  algUHtare 
from  a  rlver-and-liarbor  bill  approprlatinx 
the  sum  of  tlS.T43.S75.  In  doing  so  be 
■aid  (page  4T0T)  :  "My  principal  oblectloQ 
to  the  bill  Is  tbat  It  contalna  appropriations 
for  purposes  not  for  tbe  common  defense  or 
general  welfare,  and  which  do  not  promote 
commerce  among  the  States.  These  pro- 
visions, on  the  contrary,  are  entirely  for 
Ibe  beaeOt  of  the  particular  localities  tn 
wbldi  It  la  proposed  to  make  tbe  Improve- 
ment a,  I  regard  such  appropriation  of 
the  pnbllc  money  as  beyond  tbe  powers 
given  by  Ibe  CaDBtltallon  to  Congreas  and 
tbe  Prealdent"  On  Aug.  2,  1S82.  tfala  bill 
waa  passed  by  Congreea  over  tbe  President's 
veto.  In  this  connection  It  Is  worthy  of 
note  Chat  In  three  of  bla  annual  messsee* 
(pagea  4725.  4TT4,  and  4S39)  _tbe  I^aldei 


won  Id  permit   Hie 


and  resection  ti 

outgrown  Ibe  provisions  wnicn  lae 
'■"1   bas   eatabllebed    for   filling    toe    mmui 
,.-«>    In    Ibe    pnbllc    service.         Full    and 
reful   BtellsIiCB,  of  removals  and  appoint 


„ A  code  of  rulea 

regulating  the  conduct  ol  civil  service  em- 
ployees waa  promulgated  by  Fliecntlve  order 
(page  4T48I  under  authority  ot  the  civil 
service  act  of  1SR3,  Thla  code  was  further 
aupplemenlpd  and  amended  by  another  order 
(page  4734)  under  the  same  authority. 
These  rules  and  the  report  of  the  ClvU 
Service  CommlBSlon  are  referred  to  (page 
4T73)  In  the  Prealdent's  Third  Annnal  Hes- 
sage.  Id  speaking  of  tbe  eTects  of  the 
Civil  fiorvlce  reform,  tbe  President  says 
(page  4839)  In  bla  Fourtb  Annual  Heaaage: 
"Tbe  system  has  fully  answered  the  ex- 
pectations  of    Its    friends   In   securii 

.^„ „    or'tbe 

1   the  pressure  of  personal 

Importunity  and  from  tbs  labor  of  ezam- 
tatng  tbe  claims  and  pretenalons  of  rival 
cMtoMatt*  toi  pnbllc  employnwnt." 


ended    Ihi    ,. 

tional  amendment  w 

President  to  assent 

to  veto   other  parts,  witooui  oemg  ooiigea 

to  velo  the  entire  bill  on  account  of  one  or 

two  objectionable  point*. 

Arthur,  CHestei  A.: 

Annual  messageB  of,  4624,  4713,  4757, 

4822. 
Biograpliical  sketch  of,  4618. 
Bland' Allison  Act  diseiiMed  ^>j,  knd 

recommeudations   regarding)   4633, 

4720,  4830. 
Civil  service  diicnsaed  by,  4647,  4732, 

4748,  4754,  4773,  4S39,  4663. 
Cbllector  of  port  of  New  York,  ras- 

pension  of,  discussed,  4463. 
Constitutional   amendment  regarding 

approvftl  of  separate  items  of  bill 

and   veto  of  others  recommended 

by,  4725,  4774,  4840. 
Death  of,  annonneed  and  honors  to  be 

paid  memory  of,  GOSl,  5082. 
Death  of  President  Gu^eld — 

Annonneed  to,  and  reply  of,  4604. 

Diseosaed  by,  4620,  4624. 
Finances    discDssed    by,    4032,    4719, 

4763,   4829. 
Inatignral  address  of,  4S20. 
Internal  improvementB  diacnased  by, 

4646. 
Oath  of  office  administered  to,  4615. 
Portrait  of,  4618. 

Powers  of  Federal  and  State  Govern- 
ments   diaensaed    by,    4707,    4771, 

4808. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


PioelanuitioiiB   of — 
Dt;   of     moarninK   in   memor;    of 

Piesident  Oarfleld,  4621. 
Discriminating    dnties    on    vewels 
from  Gnbs  &nd  Puerto  Sico  bub- 
pended,  4810. 
Duties  on  foreign  -veisela  Buspeiid- 

ed,  4871,  4872. 
Extr&ordinarj    seBBion    of    SenAt«, 

4621,  4873. 
Bnndredtb     unniveraur     of     snr- 
reader  ty  Washington  of  com- 
mission ma   Commander-in-Chief, 
4810. 
Qnarantine  regnlations,  4812. 
Thanksgiving,    4623,    4710,    4746, 

4812. 
Treaty  with  Great  Britain,  tenni- 

nation  of,  4867. 
Unaatborized   occnpanc.r   of  lands 

in  Indian  Territory,  4811. 
Unlawful     combination     in     Utah, 

4709. 

World's     Indnstrial     and     Cotton 

Centennial  Exposition,  4746. 

State  of  the  Union  discnsaed  by,  4S2S. 

TarifF  discussed  by,  4636,  4721,  4839. 

Thanksgiving  proclamations  of,  4623, 

4710,  4746,  4812. 
Veto  messages  of — 
Chinese  immigration,  4699. 
Passengers  by  sea,  4  70S. 
Belief  of  Fitz-John  Porter,  4808. 
Bivers  and  Harbors,  4707. 
Discussed,  4724. 
AtUcIm  of  Oonfvdwatloii,  8. 

Signers  of,  13. 
ArtHlmT.— The  hlstorr  of  ■rtUlery  begins 
■bartlj  after  the  Invenllim  of  gunpowder. 
It  wts  used  bj  the  Uoors  of  Algeclrai,  In 
Bptln,  la  1343,  and  Edward  111  bad  four 
muMns  at  Crecf  )n  1346.  Dnring  the  bIi- 
IrcDth  eentnr;  brass  gnns  and  fast-Iron 
projMtlln  were  adopted  throughout  Eu- 
rope. GastavtM  AdolphOB.  Bwedpu's  great- 
t«t  warrior.  Introdaced  t"—  >—••-" —  — 
Mm  aad  redticed  the  aw 
nmce  Id  Earope.  Napoli 
U>  mtlltarr  saccess  to  dib  biui  to  me 
muUpsIalloD  o(  artlllerf.  In  his  wars  are 
Hen  the  Drat  Important  effects  of  Ibe  eon. 
ccnlTStk>D  ot  Ore.  whioh  In  those  days 
coDld  onir  be  prodnced  b;  tbe  roasalug  o( 
rmc.  Napoleon  III  made  a  apecEal  atndr 
at  tbe  sabject  of  artillprr.  sad  tbe  treatise 
began  and  nalnlr  written  b;  blm  is  a 
•tandard  work  on  the  aabJecL  During  tbe 
CWl  War  Gen-  WtTIIam  F.  Barrj  did  much 
to  ImproTe  the  organliatlon    ' 


«od  48,000   I 

rearganliatlai. 

mental    orgsDlEallan    c 

—  •■' "—ed   and 

as  the  _ 

_.    -J    batteries    of   field    artlllerr 

and  128  batteries  of  toast  artJllerr.  The 
oDnn  of  the  artillery  coTps  are  a  Chief  ot 
Arttllerr,  to  serre  on  the  stall  of  the 
.      — —      Handing     the      


artlllerj  t 


paj   of  regimental   sargeants-major  of 

iiry :       and       twentj-seren       lergeanta- 

major  with  rank,  par  and  allowance  of 
battalion  seweants-inajor  of  Infantry.  The 
aggiHite  of  enllated  men  must  not  ex- 
ceed S.418  for  the  Held  artllletr  and  18.471 
for  the  coaat  anlllerr.  (See  alao  Arm;; 
Arsenals;  Arms  and  Ammunition.) 
Artillery  School  of  Practlco  at  Fortress 

Monroe,  Va.,  940. 
ArtlatB,  Foreign,  tariff  discriminations 
against,  4794,  4824,  4924,  5091,  fiSOl. 
Arundel  HannscriptB,  copy  of,  placed  in 

Library  of  Congress,  1445. 
Arre,  The,  seizure  of,  bj  Haitian  au- 
thorities, 26S0. 
Ashburton  Treaty. — A  treatr  condnded 
at  Washington,  Aug.  9,  1842,  between 
Great  Britain  and  the  United  Btates.  It 
was  negotiated  by  Lord  Ashburton  end 
Daniel    Webster.       It    settled    the    loae-dlft- 

BDted  boandarr  Una  between  tbe  United 
tatee  and  Canada.  The  former  secured 
about  seTcn-twelftha  of  the  tcrrltorr  which 
had  been  claimed  b;  Iwtb  countries,  pro- 
vision was  also  made  by  riir^  tr/>niv  fnr  ttia 
aappressloD  ot  tbe  slS' 
natual  eitradltlon  of  (_„...  ._  _. 
---       '-  201H,  _  204f,      2082). 


fltiTes  from   lus- 
,     2082).       (See 
Great  Britain.  Treaties  wltb.) 
Asbbiirton  Traaty: 

Beferenee  to,  2134,  2273,  2790,  307L 
Aahavllle,  N.   0.,  act  for  erection  of 

public  bnilding  in,  vetoed,  5060. 
Alia.— The  area  of  Asia  Is  ITIt  million 
square  miles,  and  It  extends  over  nearly 
one-third  ot  the  land  snrtace  ot  the  globe. 
The  distance  between  Its  extreme  lonBlIudes, 
the  west  coaat  of  Asia  Minor  (20*  B.)  and 
tbe  East  Cape  (170°  W.l  Is  0.000  miles. 
The  extreme  latitudes,  Caoe  ChelTaskla 
(78*  30*  N.)  and  Cape  Burn  190  miles 
_._.^  ....     —  .„,„  _,,..  ^p^^ 


north  ot  the  F?qnator),  are  0.8! 
Asia  Is  boandcd  by  the  oceau  uu  mi  siun 
except  tbe  west.  The  Isthmus  of  Sues  (cut 
by  a  canal)  connecta  It  with  Africa.  The 
boaodary  between  Europe  and  Asia  la 
tormed  on  the  west  msfaly  by  the  Ural 
Mountains  and  tbe  TIml  River.  In  tbe 
southwest  tbe  valley  of  tbe  Manycb,  whlcb 
■tretebes  from  the  Caspian  Sea  to  tbe  mouth 
of  tbe  DoD,  is  now  taken  as  Ibe  line  l>etween 
the  two  continents,  although  the  Caucasus 
wsB  formerly  considered  sa  oelonglng  to  En- 
rope.  The  Islands  ot  the  archineTago  which 
lies  In  the  soulheast,  between  the  conllneDts 
of  Asia  snd  Australia,  may  be  divided  Into 
two  groups  by  a  line  pnHSIng  east  of  Timor, 
Timor  Ijiut.  tbe  Kel  IslHuds.  and  tbe 
Uoluccas.  Asia  is  assumed  to  be  the  birth- 
place of  mankind.  It  bns  certainly  been  tbe 
scene  ot  many  highly  developed  clrlUaa- 
tiona  and  notable  conquestn.  In  it  also 
orlidcated     tbe     great     religions     of     tbe 

Tbe  Nations  of  Asia,  with  the  form  ot 
government  end  cspllal  ot  each,  follow : 
Afabsnifitan  (Monarchy).  EabnL 
Bhutan  (MoDarchy),  I^wakha. 
Chioa  (Republie)i  Peldnc. 
India  (Empin),  DelU. 
Japan  (EnnMrai,  Tokvi 
Nepal  (MoDanbr).  Kb 


burteea 


rolonels :     thirteen      llentenant- 


Kui^ln  Ana  (Empire). 
Sam  (Kinidom) .  Bangkok , 
Tutkay  la  A^  (HonarAjr). 


jyGooi^lc 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


AsU—OonHniKtt. 

Tli«  East  India  IslindB.  tbe  (oTemnirat 
to  which  ihpy  b(-lflii«.  Ite  arcK  In  iquare 
mile*  BoiI  population  are: 

Ah      Populft- 
,  „^  ,  ,  Sq.  MilM      tion 

-^   (BiiliJi 85.U00       850,000 

•""^  INelherUodi. 2(W,000    1,200,000 

Celebea,  NeUuriuda. 72,000       OOO.UUO 

Java.  NeUitrkodi «g,400  28,000.000 

Lewr  8and«  |  pormguwo. . . .      7.U00       Ssojioo 

Moluacu,  NetherlAzida 43.000       100,000 

PJliJjPP'™' I  United  SUiWi 115,000    8,300,000 

Smwtn,  Neihiiluib. 100,000    3,200,000 

PhvUtal  Featwet.^Tae  norlhprn  eoaul  ■■ 
■ImoHt  entird;  wIlhlD  the  Arctic  CIrrle. 
The  suliHoll  la  pcruiunriitlr  fniii'n,  onlr  a 
*cw  iDcbrs  at  the  uripi'r  Burfa™  thaw- 
ing In  Bumaicr,  vhon  cxtonglvp  manibcs  are 
formed.  Tbc  mala  Islacda  are  Ihe  Nl-w 
BHnTlan  Islands  and  Wrsngrl  Inland.  Id 
tbe  Dortbpaiit,  Asia  rearbrs  la  wllbln  thlrly- 
8li  ml  lea  at  the  DDrthwmt  pvninaula  o( 
Korth  America,  Iroin  wblrti  it  la  aeparalcd 
by  tbe  shallow  IlcrlDg  sinlt.  which  divides 
tbe    Arctic    Irom    the    TaclUc    (Iccan.      The 

and  Islaada.  both  ot  whlih  arc  UKuallr  mouo- 
talnous.  Tbe  prnlnsula  o(  KamchaUa,  Sak- 
balln  Island,  and  tbe  Kiirllca  mark  off  tbe 
Bca  ol  Okhotsk,  and  to  Ihe  soulb  the 
Islands  ol  Japan  and  [be  peninsula  of 
Korea  form  ihp  boiindarlps  of  the  Bea  ot 
Japan.  The  largeKt  iHland  off  tbis  coast 
Is  the  moiibtalaous  Island  of  rormoaa.  Itus 
South  Cbloa  Sea  Is  Koparated  from  tbe  I'a- 
clflf  by  the  rblllnplnos  and  ilorneo.  iQdo- 
Cblna  rorma  a  buge  peninsula  BtrctcblDg 
far  lo  the  souih  with  one  long  arm,  the 
Malay  I'enlnsiila.  which  nearly  rcacbea  the 
Etiuator,  and  two  lesser  projections,  the 
growing  deltas  of  Ibe  Mekong  and  Ira- 
waddy.  Siimaira  Is  aeparalc^l  by  Ihe  Ma- 
lacca Strait,  the  eaxtem  gate  between  tbe 
IndUn  Ocean  and  the  China  Sea,  to  which 
Blngannre  owee  Ita  Importance.  The  Itec- 
can  and  Arabia  project  as  largo  peninsulas 
Into  the  iDdlan  Oecan.  The  Island  or  Cey- 
lon Is  Ihe  only  large  Ixlaod  and  Is  Dearfy 
Joined  to  tbe  mainland  by  Adam't  Bi'ldge. 

The  Strait  of  Ormiii  and  the  HIralt  ot 
Bn)i-el-Miinileb  lead  to  the  Peralnn  Quit 
and  Red  Sea  respeetlTely.  To  the  north 
of  tbe  Ited  Sen  Ihe  Oulfs  ot  Sue*  and  Aknba 
form  openings  to  the  north.  The  former 
Is  separnted  from  the  Mediterranean  by  the 
lalhmns  of  Suei.  through  wblcb  Is  nit  the 
8uez  f-anal.  while  tbe  latter  leada  to  the 
nrt  valley  of  the  Dead  Sea.  The  Sea  of 
Mnrmora  between  tbe  Block  Sen  and  the 
.Sgenn  Is  bounded  by  narrow  channels,  the 
Dardnnellea  and  the  BoanhornB.  ronstnn- 
tlnople  has  a  unlcgue  position  at  (ho  west 
of   the   strait   on   the    European   side. 

Asia    may    be    divided    Into   three    main 

The  Korthern  Lowlands,  an  eiCcBSlve 
plain    rising   gradually   to   the    aontb   and 

I'lHtcBTiH  and  Folded  Ranges.— More  than 
one-lwelftb  of  Asia  lies  above  10.000  feet. 
A  serlea  ot  lofly  plalrauB  extends  from  Asia 
Minor   to   Eastern  Asia  at  varying  elcva- 

The  Ta  1)1  elands.— The  IVeesn.  reylnn.  and 
Arabia  form  tablelands  of  old  rock  wltbont 
(be  folded  mountains  which  are  eharacterls- 
tle  of  (he  reef  o(  Asia.  Tbe  Deeean  of 
Peninsular  India  Is  a  fragment  of  old  land 
smoothed  and  worn   by   river  erosion. 

Five  areas  may  bo  rtlstlninilBhed  In  Asia 
lo  which  there  Is  marked  dUrpn-nre  In  cll- 
mnte:  The  Arctic  Area,  where  the  tem- 
perature In  no  month  erceds  00*  P.     The 

eoid    Dirt    wm%    IDG    UarQIw   cvnvlv   Cw 


be  grown  In  summer.  The  Central  Area, 
mostly  a  n-glon  of  Inland  drainage.  The 
Moniwn  Areii,  comprising  the  most  denaely 
cultivated  and  populated  reelona  of  Asia. 
This    Includes    Cblna,    lQdo.cIilna,    and    In- 


.   ..„ Arabian  trlbea  i..^ ^~^ 

...t.  and  there  are  Kiiaalan.  British.   Dutch, 
Kreacb.   German,   Turk  lab,   America  n,    and 

AbIk: 

Comineiice  with,  extecfliou  of,  reenm- 
mended,  2624,  2703. 

Coolie  tr*de  with,  referred  to,  3261. 

ImmiicrantB  from,  should  be  protected 
against  lawless  assanlt,  7372. 
Asplimlt.— A  general  term  applied  to  sev- 
eral varietlee  of  hydrocarbons  of  a  bltuml- 
nons  nature,  varying  In  bordneas  from  sctnl- 
lluld  to  Eolld.  It  Is  used  tor  paving  pur- 
poses In  tbe  United  Stales.  Most  of  the 
aapbalt  nsed  In  the  Uailed  Stales  Is 
hrougbt  from  the  Island  of  Trinidad,  off  the 
coast  of  Veneiuela.  Other  Imports  are 
from  llermudei.  Venezuela.  It  la  also 
found  In  Koiilhei-n  California.  Tbe  supply 
In  Trinidad  is  obtained  from  Pllcb  Lake,  a 
name  given  lo  the  crater  of  an  eitlnct 
volmno.  138  feet  aliove  sea  level.  This 
crater  covers  an  area  of  about  114  acres 
and  Is  1.10  feet  deep  at  the  center.  The 
supply  Is  gradually  renewed  by  the  con- 
stant eiudatloti  at  soft  pllcb  from  sobter- 
ranean  sources  to  the  eitpnt  of  atKiut  one- 
foartb  of  that  removed.  Bnrrouadlng  tlie 
cralcr  Is  a  deposit  of  land  pitch.  Ihe  over- 
flow of  past  limes.  Tbe  Rermudes  supply 
comes    from    a    morass    on    the    main    land 


large  banks  of  b  .  

saturated   with    asphalt).      These   deposits 

—  — .—I, -J    ^j    i^g    American    Asphalt 

.   .    .         fork  Pitch  I^ake 

J  Trlnldsd. 

Although    (here    was    a    decresse    In    the 

—  j.._^.__    _.  .   -,gp|„,(  [Q   (dp  p„u. 


produetloa 

corresponding    Increase    In    the    < 
Dinnufictnred  or  oil  aspbnlt. 
the   ITnlled    States   Qeologlcal   curve.v.      uii 
aapbfllt  obtained  as  a  residue  from  the  dla- 
tlilslloq   of   Ueitcan,   Onlf,   apd   California 


■corJlSg  to 


The  produi-tlon  of  natural  asphalt  In 
101.1  amounted  to  n2.lt04  short  tons,  valued 
at  *7Sn.7ia.  a  decrease  from  (I5.16«  short 
tons.  valMPd  si  $8n.1.Z2S.  tn  1912.      On  tbe 


iRlsnd   of   Trinidad   tarnished   the   greater 
part  of  this— 12S,278  abort  tons. 

dispOBition  of  lanfla  In  Otlb 
atscosndt  BKST 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


AiptniraU,  United  8Ut«B  of  Oolomltla: 

CUims  ftrisiog  out  of  destrnction  at, 
4912,  5122. 

ImpriBoniiieiit  ot  Amtricftu  citiMiiB 
in,  4798. 

Hal  treatment  of  passengers  and  sea- 
men on  ships  plying  between  New 
York  and,  341  J. 

Teassls   froni]    duties   on,   suspended, 
4871. 
AsuaaliiAttoa  of  American  FresldatttB, 

discnsaed,  6639.    (See  also  under  Lin- 

eoln;  Qarfield;  MeEinley.) 


tBined  b;  tbe  Bovernment  In  wblcb  gold 
and  stlTer  ballloa  may  be  deposited  by 
cltliens,  Iher  reeelTlng  Its  ralue,  less 
thMrgrt,  Id  return.  There  are  bIi.  Esmelj, 
■t  New  York  City ;  Helena,  Moiit. ;  Char- 
lotte. N.  C. ;  St.  Loula.  Ho. ;  Deadwood,  B. 
DaC  and  Seattle.  Wash.  The  New  York 
Assay  Ofllce  la  the  largeit,  and  more  than 
ball  the  sold  and  silver  refined  by  the 
mint  serTk-e  Is  bandied  there. 
AnmnpUon  of  State  Debts.— E:arty  in 
tbe  second  seailon  oC  tbe  First  Congress 
Alexander  Hsmllton,  Seeretary  of  the  Treas- 
orj.  recommended  that  In  order  to  restore 
public  credit  Ibi'  Federal  Covurnmenl  Bbonid 
■Tand  and  pay  the  (orelgn  debt  of  the  Con- 
federation  (SlS.OOO.OOOl.  the  domesllc  debt 


a.ooo.cic 


t  It  a 


McPhersoD.  by  a 

from  Decatur.      The  wbole  line    was 

soon  engaged.  Gen.  Mcl'berson  was  killed 
In  tbe  action,  and  the  command  of  the 
Army  of  tbe  Tenni'ssee  dcvolred  upon  Gen. 
Logan.      After   (our  hours^of  flghllng   the 


leavloB 
Held.    TGe 


imj   lue  unpaid  debt  of  the 

SnsetiB.  Connei'tlcul,  New  York,  New  Jcr- 
•ey    and  South  Carolina  fHTored  the  plan. 
VlrtinU  strongly  opposed  the  latter  clause. 
She    was    suslalned    In    her    opposition    by 
Haryland.    Georgls,    and    New    llsmpsblre. 
The    Influence    of    North    Carolina    thrown 
anlDSt     tbe    measure    defeated    It    for    tbe 
rime,   but   II   was  rerlred  later,  and  passed 
Atw.    4,    1790.    It   was  claimed,    by    a    com- 
Unatloo    ot    Its   frleuda    wllh    those    of   the 
measure    locating    the    Federal    capital    on 
the    Potomac.      Tbe    amounl    author  led    to 
be    assumed    by    tbe    aoremment     In     the 
llquldstlon  ot  the  Slate  det'ts  was  121,500.- 
o3o.  but  the  amount  actually  assumed  was 
t3.2I>0.000  less  than  that  sum. 
Astronomical  Observatorr-    (See  UeU- 
orologie&l  Observatory;  Naval  Ob- 
■ervatory.) 
EBtablishtnent  of,  recommended,  879. 
Beport   of  Simon  Newcomb  on  Im- 
provements for,  4790. 
AB^mn,      HOltaiT.      (See     Boldlen' 

Homes.) 
As^nm.  Blgbt  of,  discnssed,  3SS3,  6961. 
AtcUson  and  Plkss  Peak  BaUroad  Oo. 

referred  to,  3658, 
AUanta,  The.    (See  Weehaicken,  The.) 
Atlanta,  Oa.: 
Capture  of,  and  ordera  regarding  cele- 
bration of,  3439. 
Collection  of  remains  of  offleera  and 

Holdiers  around,  referred  to,  3SB1. 
Cotton  Exposition  at,  4631. 
AOanU  (Oa.),BattlB  of. — On  the  night  of 
July  21  1864.  Qen.  Hood  tronaferred  his 
forces  before  Atlanta  to  a  point  near  Decs, 
tor  aboat  Ore  miles  east  of  Atlanta.  Sher- 
man eaiuQ  up  and.  flndlug  the  works  on 
Peach  Tree  Creek  abandoned,  proceeded  to 
Iniett  tbe  city.     At  11  a.  m.  ot  tbe  22d, 


Federal  lass  was  8,722  killed,  wounded  and 
missing.  Sherman  now  drew  hla  Itnea 
closely  arouod  Atlnnta  and  prepared  for  a 
siege,  but  was  unable  to  cut  off  Confederate 
supplies  from  Macon,  Aug.  25  he  gave  up 
the  Idea  of  a  direct  siege,  Sep!.  1.  bow- 
ever,  a  pact  ot  Hood's  forces  under  Hardee 
having  been  repulsedstJoneaboro,  Hood  blew 
Dp  his  magaalnes  and  evacuated  tbe  city. 
Atlanta,  U.  S.  8.,  mentioned,  6806,  6909. 

Atlantic  IJIandS. — The  Atlantic  Oceao  has 
a    large   number    of    bordering    Islands — tbe 

British  Isles  and  West  Indies  a '  '- 

portant :    Islands    In    the    deep 
the  BcrmodlBU  gro         -     '— 


e  most  Im- 


mark     1380, 


ea.    80,71.    -, 

canoea,  the  largest  of  which  Is  Mt   Hekla. 
It  la    subject   to    earthquakes, 

Bermuda  la  a  group  of  300  coral  Islands 
B80  miles  east  ot  North  Carolina.  Tbey 
were  discovered  by  Bermudei,  1522 ;  colo- 
nised 1612.     They  form  a  British  colony. 

discovery  by  Colambus.  14Q2.  Ban  Salvador 
(IVaiUng    f.)       Settled    bv    British,     18-,;0; 
ceded  to  England.  1783  :  British  Crown  Col- 
ony.     The    group    comprises    20    Inhabited 
and  many  uninhabited  Islands. 
Atlantic  Ocean: 
Canal  from — 
Oreat  Lakes  to,  eommiesion  to  con- 
sider construction  of,  0179. 
Gulf  of  Mexico  to,  discussed,  S90. 
Junction    between    Pacific    and,    re- 
ferred to,  2123,  2676.    . 
Desired,  2S13,  298S. 
Atlantic  Telegrapli: 
Discussed,  3653. 
Beferred  to,  3329,  3382,  3445. 
Atllxco  (Uexlco),  Battle  of.— immediate- 
ly after  tbe  battle  of  Eamantla  Geo.  Lan* 
pressed  forward  to  rellere  the  garrison  at 
Puebla,  Oct.  18,  1847 ;  he  learned  that  Res, 
with  a  body  ot  gnerlllaa,  was  nt  Alliico.  a 
town   about   10  leagues  _rror"   d.„».,       th- 


1  thro 


1   the  attemooD 

9  city,   and  diaper 


Meilcan"  losa  was  very  severe, 'no  Ibsb  than 
519  having  been  killed  and  ivaunded,  while 
the  Amerlceos  lost  only  two  men. 
Attainder,— The  eitlnctlon  of  elvl!  rights 
and  privileges  In  an  Individual,  and  the 
forfeiture  of  hla  properly  lo  the  govern, 
ment.  In  Englaod.  under  the  common  law. 
It  followed  as  a  matter  ot  course  on  a 
._.. —   — J   — . r^  death  tor  trea- 


, ,-,ent    c_    

A    Bin    of    Attalnde 


;    for 


convlctl 


..     Is    ■ 
wllh     I 


msy  not  be  given  a  trial.  Foreign  gov- 
ernments have  emnloyed  thia  method  of 
dlspoalog  ot  political  offenders  wltboui  giv- 
ing them  the  opportunity  of  a  regular  Ju- 
dicial    trial,       'nie    crime     against     which 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


at  atatb  tor  treasoD  farmerlr  worked  for- 
feiture o(  the  condemned  person' i  eatale 
to  the  soTernmeDt.  and  by  corruption  o( 
blood,  BB  It  ia  calleA  prevented  hfii  heirs 
from  Inheriting.  LegislatlTe  conTlclloDB 
whleh  Impose  punlahments  less  than  deacb 
are  called  Bllfs  of  Fains  and  Feoaltles ; 
the7  are  Included  In  the  meanluE  of  the 
words.  "Bill  of  Attainder."  aaea  in  the 
Constitution  of  tbe  United  BtaleB,  That 
Document  problblts  the  paasagi:  of  BlUa  of 
Attainder  6y  Congress  or  any  State  (Ar- 
ticle ].  sectloQ  B.  Flaaae  3),  aod  farther 
provides,  eonccrolog  Judicial 


^rticlf 


Bctlon 


CoQBtltatRi 
■Ide  11 


.„   attainder   of   treason  Bball   vork 

;on  of  blood  or  forfeiture  eicept  dur- 

Ufe  of  Hie  person  stialned"'^     The 

Court  haa  •fcclded 

wllhln    rbe    prat 


e  Con  fed  er 


1   dla- 


nevatlvlDg   aoj 

e  they  should  b. 

.J  practice  In  the  United  Statea  Courts. 
(See   Treason.  1 

Att0raey-O«n8r»L— The  oOce  of  attorney 
general  waa  created  by  an  act  o(  Sept. 
24.  1769.  He  la  appointed  by  tbe  Presl 
dent  with  the  conllrmatlon  of  tbt-  Senate. 
He  la  a  member  of  the  Cabinet,  and  re- 
ceives  a  salary  of   tlZ.MH)  per  year.     All 

United    SlntP"    AlmlTlrt    iiItnrnevH    finil    mar- 

■halB    ar. 

areaea   caaes,    thia   work   being  ai 

snEordlnates.     He  U  assisted  by  _.. 

Seneral  aad  eight  assUtanl  attorney  a  gen- 
eral, tiesidea  one  for  the  Post  OtBce  end 
one  for  the  Interior  Department  (See 
Justice,    Department   of.) 

Atb>nie7-a«i»r»l    (see    also    Judiciary 

SjHtem;   Justice,   Department  of): 

CompeUBation    to,   refened   to,    697, 

Dnties  of,   22S5. 

Doty  to  prosecute  and  conduct  all 
cases  in  the  Supreme  Court  in 
which  the  United  States  should 
be  concerned  or  interested,  6S7. 

UembeT  of  bokrd  to  examine  quotas 
of  Btatea  under  call  for  troops, 
3476. 

Modiflcstions  in  office  of,  recommend- 
ed, 1090,  2265. 

Opinion  of— 

Concerning  treaty   of   Ohent,   966. 
BegardinK     delivery     of     persons 
cbarged  with  crimes  referred  to, 
1808. 

Opinions  of,  compiled,  1856,  2632, 
2643. 

Becommendation   that   he  be   placed 
on  footing  with  beads  of  other  Ex- 
ecutive    Departments,      S62,     8  SO, 
lOlB,  2265. 
Attorneys,   District; 

Compensstion  of,  discussed,  189,  2666, 
2714,  4770,  4836,  4939,  5103. 

Necessity  of  a  nniform  fee  bill  for 

guidance  of,  referred  to,  2666. 

Augusta  (aa.),  Blega  of.— la  the  autnmn 

of   i3»H.   CotDwallli    etatloned    Lleut-CoL 


Brown,  with  a  Loyalist  farce,  at  aui 
Ga.  CoL  Clark  threatened  the  place  lar 
two  days,  InSlctlnK  some  lost  upon  tbe 
garrlsoa.  Tbe  Brltlsb  loss  was  principally 
of  their  Indlau  auilliarles.  In  tbe  spring 
of  the  follawiue  year,  while  Qen.  Greene 
besieged  Fort  Nlnetj-Sli.  Lee.  Pickens, 
rinrk  anri  ntber  Southern  partlaans  lafd 
ta,  begtonlng  Hay  23.     June 


Aastlu-TopoloTampo    Ballroad,    survey 

of,  correspondence  with  Mexico  re- 
garding, referred  to,  4475. 
Auiitraliuiia. — One  of  the  two  divisions 
o(  Oceania.  It  Is  subdivided  by  geogra' 
pbers  Into  Australia  proper  (4.  d.)  and 
Melanealft.  The  latter  locludes  New  Guinea. 
Bismarck  Archipelago.  New  Caledoula,  Sol- 
omon. Santa  Crui,  Sew  Hcbcldea,  and  Loy- 
alty    Islands.      (See    also    Australia,    and 

Australia. — The  territory  of  the  Comnioo- 
wealth  of  AastrallB  Includes  tbe  Continent 
of  Australia,  tbe  Island  of  Tasmania  and 
part  of  the  Island  of  New  Guinea  (Papna). 

Australia  (malnlaodl  la  probably  the  old- 
est of  all  land  surfaces  Id  either  hemisphere. 
It  la  surrounded  by  the  following  waters : 
North,  the  Timor  aad  Arafura  Seas  and 
Torres  Strait ;  East,  Paclfli!  Ocean  :  South. 
Bass  Strait  (wblcL  separates  TasmaolB 
from  the  Continent)  and  Southern  Ocean, 
and  West.  Indian  Oceaa.  The  coast-line  o( 
Australia  la  approximately  8,805  miles,  and 
the  geograpblcal  poBlllOD  of  the  Continent 
Is  between  10'  39^-39°  11'  South  latitude 
and  113°  B'-153=  16'  East  longitude:  the 
greatest  dlBtaoce  l^Bst  to  West  la  2.400 
miles,  and  from  North  to  South  1,971  miles. 

Phvtieal  Fea lures. —Nearly  all  round  the 
coast  and  In  eastern  and  soatbeastcrn  Aus- 
tralia, atretchiog  far  Inland  from  the  coastal 
range,  ta  a  rich  grazing  country,  admirably 
adapled  to  the  rearing  of  sheep.  Tbe  most 
extensive  moontaln  system  talus  Its  rise 
near  the  southeast  point,  and  Inclndes  a 
number  of  ranges  known  by  different  names 
In  different  places,  none  of  them  being  of 
any  great  height.  The  principal  rivers  are 
the  Murray,  with  Its  tributaries,  tbe  Mur- 
rumbldge,  Lacbiau,  and  Darling.  In  the 
Boutheastern  part  of  the  Island,  which  fall 
Into  the  aea  on  the  south  coast ;  on  tbe 
t.  the  Rawkcsbury,  Hunter.  Clar- 


Swan.     HurehlsoQ.      Gasco 


Lshburt 


the 


__rth,     the    Drysdale.     Ord.     VIcto 

Daly :  and  tbe  Roper,  the  Flinders,  and 
Mitchell,  which  debouch  Into  tbe  Gulf  of 
Carpcnlarla.  I-afces  are  numerous,  but 
irly   all   are    salt;    tbe   scarcity    aC    tbe 


(SprlngI,  and  Dec.  22  (Snmmi 
climate  la  extremely  dry,  but.  except  in  zae 
tropical  coast-land  ot  the  nortli,  tbe  Con- 
tinent Is  everywhere  highly  benedclal  to 
Earopeana,  the  range  of  temperatare  being 
smaller  than  that  ot  other  countrlea  slmT 
larly  situated. 

(Jorentmenl, — The  Oovernment  Is  that  of 
a  Federal  Commonwealth  within  the  Brit- 
ish Empire,  the  executive  power  being  vest- 
ed In  tbe  Sovereign  (thtongh  the  Oofecnor- 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


OcDcrmI),  tsaUted  br  ■  Federal  BxecntlTB 
Coandt  o(  eeven  Mlnlnprg  of  State  and  auch 
hosorar;  Ulslatera  wbo  maj  be  appotntiMl 
Iberrto.  Tti«  Constitution  leaXa  oo  the 
fundamental  law  of  Uarcb  16,  1898,  ratlQed 
b*  Ibe  Imperial  Pari  lament  on  Julf  9, 
IWX:  and  ths  Commaowvaltb  waa  Inausu- 
mtpd  on  Jan.  1.  1901.  Undpr  the  CoDBtl- 
tntlon  ibe  Federal  Goremment  posaeBnea 
limited  and  onumeraled  powers  as  aur- 
rradered  by  the  trdcratlng  States,  tbc 
residuum  ot  WiHletlTe  power  bclog  In  tba 
GoTemments  of  tbc  Tarlons  Stalea,  Briefly 
staled,  the  Pnumersted  powers  Inelnde  au- 
tborltr  oT»r  rommerre  and  nHTlgatlon. 
Ononep.  defense,  post  offleeB  and  telettruphH, 
census  and  stillnllrg.  and  cnnelllatlon  and 
■rbltratloD     in    extra  State    Industrial    dls- 


enimenta.  Tbli  agreement  Is  merged  Into 
an  AnstrallaD  Defense  srheme,  under  whleb 
tbe  rommoDwealth  provides  and  malntalna 

certain  ships  of  war.  whiob  form  an  Ana- 
trallBQ  squadron  of  tbe  Raral  NaTy,  under 


and    diTo 


orlly   t 
■nd   llg 

-.jtration .„._.. 

and    banklne,    and    welgbt*   i 


Atw  in  Ftqmlatlaa 

Sutas  and  Caiutals       Eiulwh  Dse.  30, 

Sg.  Miles  1913 
New    South    Wales 

(Sydoey) 309,480  1,777.SM 

Victoria  (Melbaunie)         B7,8U  1,380,661 
Bouth  Austnlia  (Ade- 
laide)        380,070  430,090 

Qiifrnilind  (Bilsbana)      970.500  630,429 

Ta^nwnikdlobut}...        Z6,21S  197,301 

(Path) 975,920  300,139 

Nottlieni    Tetritoiy 

(Dmin) 623.020  3.47S 

Pipw  (Port  MorcAy)  88,460  360.000 
redaral  District  (Cuk- 

betn) 913  1,910 

Total 3,ae3Ml  5.083,360 

Tbe  Federal  Parliament  coDslsta  at  » 
Senate  and  a  Ilonse  of  Rep  reien  tat  Ires. 
The  Senate  rontalns  Iblrty  six  members,  all 
from  each  ot  the  Original  SUtes,  eleeted 
for  bIi  years  by  onlTersai  autTrage.  The 
Rouse  of  Representatives.  Blmllarly  elected 
for  a  mailmnm  of  three  yeara.  coutains 
members  proporllonate  to  tbe  populsilan, 
wlib  a  minimum  ot  five  Repreaen tat  Ives 
for  earb  Siate.  Tbe  House  of  Representa- 
tives. 1013-1910.  Is  made  up  of  Iwenty-Beven 
for  Kew  South  Wales,  twenty-one  for  Vlc- 
lorta,  ten  from  Queensland.  Beien  from 
Soalb  Australia,  and  five  eaeb  from  Tas- 
mania and  Western  Auairalia.  and  conaista 
ot  tblrty-elgbt  Liberals  and  thirty- seven 
meml>ers    of    the    Labor    Parly. 

There  Is  a  Federal  nigb  Court  with  a 
Chief  Justice  and  sli  Judges,  bevlag  orig- 
inal and  appellsle  lurlEdlction,  subordinate 
to     the    Bnal     Appeal    Conrt    ol    tbe     Bm- 

Elre,  tbe  Judicial  Committee  of  ths  Privy 
onncll. 
Army  and  Navv- — In  1013  there  was  a 
total  membeiablp  of  tbe  Defense  Foree  of 
240.005.  of  wbom  281  oDlcera  and  T.60T 
men  were  serving  In  I  he  Navf  and  4,885 
ofllren  and  227.422  others  In  the  Army. 
Tbe  latter  figure  IneludeB  SO.OOO  rlBemen 
nnd   146.000   cadets. 

An  agreement  was  entered  Into  (1002) 
by  tbe  Commonweallh  and  Imperial  (Jovern- 
menu  under  which  a  naval  force  wss  to 
be  maintained  (for  ten  years,  1003-13)  In 
Australaalan  waters  by  tbe  British  Board 
of  Admiralty,  In  return  for  annual  eon- 
tribnllona  from  Amlralla  (£200.0001  and 
New  7,ealBnd  (£40.0001.  a  third  party  to 
tbe  agreement.  Thla  agreement  provided 
also  for  tbe  maintenance  of  Sydney  as  a 
nnt-clan  naval  station,  and  tor  tte  nom- 
toatlon  of  naval  cadets  in  the  Royal  Navy 
b7  tba  Anatmiaa  and  New  Zealand  (3ot- 


t  of  the  Royal   Navy   1 


Debls   remain  i 


Eaaleml.  ._   ., __. 

at  war.    Rhipa  of  the  Royal  Austra'lian  Nai., 
"^  known  as  H.M.A.S.   (His  MaJeBiya  Aos- 


dertaken     reaponslblllly    for      _  _    _ 

Territory  Debt  and  tbe  Port  Aognsta  Cood- 
nadatta     Railway     Debt,     whose     combined 

"" £5,071.847.      Tbe   other   Stale 

-      -   "--     ■  irge  of   the  Slate 

„  -—     il    of    the    Pobllc 

Debts  of  tbe  aevcral  Slates  on  Jnne  30, 
1912,  was  £277.124,095  (N.S.W.  £100.052,- 
636:  Victoria  £00.737.216;  South  Australia 
£31.080.124:  Queensland  £47.068,186:  Taa- 
mania  £11.302,411,  and  Weatem  Aoatrella 
£26,283,02' » 

In    leil    '  ; 

Pastoral,  ' 

107,000;  1  ; 

Mlninjc,   £ 
767.l>r' 


Tbe  Ian 

timated   a.   .. ^„.. ..,,„,„   _^.r.,   u^ 

15,042,000  were  under  cultivation  li 


In     1012    the    Common  wealth    prodnced 

734,000,000  lbs.  ot  wool  (aa  In  tbe  Erensel, 
agalDSt  708.572.000  lbs.  In  1911:  1^7,200,- 
000  IbB.  of  bolter,  agaluat  211.578,000  lbs. 
In  1911:  16,147,000  lbs  of  cheese,  egalnit 
15.887,000  Iba.  in  1911.  and  M.SlO.oSo  lbs. 
of  bacon  and  hams,  against  03,263,000  Iba. 
In  1911. 

in  1912  tbe  valae  of  gold  produced  was 
£0,880.000:  ailver  and  lead.  £4,217,000: 
copper,  £3,304,000:  tin.  £1.344.000:  coal, 
£4.418.000;  the  vaiae  of  alt  mineralB  pro- 
duced In   1912   being   £20,849.000. 

JfaaufoDturea.— In  1912  there  wer 
Commonwealth  14.878  industrial  ei 
ments,  employing  327.616  handa  ;  wages  paid 
amouDled  to  £31.295.876  :  the  value  of  plant 
and  machinery  £34.460.895;  of  materials 
used  £88.317.7^9 :  value  added  by  manufac- 
ture £80.427.300,  and  total  value  of  flnal 
output  £148.740.109. 

Ralliraifa.— The  total  length  ot  Oovem- 
ment  (and  private)  railways  open  at  June 
30.   1912,   la  stated  as  follows: 


,'b;'"ss-. 

7a  IS 

jyGooi^lc 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


AnstnUa— f^t<nw<. 

Yau  Enland  Cleuad 

— U.2S6A7i 

M)  1.910    

io)    z.oeo 

X)     3,0S3 
57)     8.017 

Tbe   welihta,    mpMurf_ , 

IdeDtkal   wtlh   Ihose   used   In    the 
Kingdom. 

I'D irtis.— Capital.  CaDbprra,  Id  tbc  Fed- 
eral Dtalrlct,  purobaaed  la  IBll  from  tbe 
fltale  o[  N.8.W..  la  to  be  laid  oat  aa  tbe 
tapital   Dt  tbe  Commoavealih,     Ueanwblle 

...    _. .  .-  \ien,ounie. 

with 


for  BblpballdlDK  and  bridgewoifc,  owIbk  to 
lU  durability. 

AnstraUui  BaUot.  (8«e  BaUot.) 
Anstrift  (Austrn-TJungartan  Monarchy)- 
— The  larEcat  empire,  next  to  Buaaia.  on  the 
Continent  of  Europe,  altuaCed  between  42° 
61'  X.  lalltude  and  »"  30'-28''  20*  E.  longl- 
tade.  wilb  a  total  area  of  876.077  aquare 
kilometres  (260,093  equare  mllei),  and  a 
total  population  (1910)  of  GI,3«0,3T8. 


n  at  the  o 
02:    Uelboama 


Ana,  En^i... 

8tat«*                               8q.  .MUh  i-opulauon 

Au»tiian  Empire 115.87*  28.567,898 

Eucdom  of  UuBouy. . .        125395  20340,678 

BoBiia  and  UsngcDiina.         lfi.760  1,031,803 

Total ~       " 


261/129        £1,340,378 
istro.HaD^rlau  Mon- 

■   -' ,   the   Ktoplre 

- —   — .„ of   lIUDKarj 

Boflna.  i:a<rh  of  tbe  States  has  Ita  own 
C'ouBtltutloD  and   raDlament.  and  for   moat 

le  (W.A.J,  ^u,-  branches  of  Btate  alTalra  Its  own  MlDlalrr 
aod   A  dm  In  la  I  ration  :    but    the;   are    closely 

f  Australia  was        bound  together  by  tbe  Identity  of  the  Bnler 


00:   Roekhamn- 


of  Aostrla   and   the   Kingdom' of   lIUDgarj, 


)0.      New  South 

....,:.    ~—    ....... oed   by   Captain 

"ook  In  1770.  A  Brlrlab  penal  colony  was 
Blabllsbed  at  Bydney  In  1T88,  sud  at  Bris- 
>BDe,     Queen  Eland,     In     1825.       Settlementa 


t  Adelaide  in  1836. 
lear  Baibant.  New 
[BYe  strong  Impetua 
Commonwealth  of 
BOO  bj   tbe  fed- 


Vlclorla  In  1834.  and 
The  discovery  of  soli 
South  Wales.  In  1851 
to     Immigration.       TI 

Australia   was  ereatei _.    — . 

eratlon  of  tbe  States  of  New  South  W 
Victoria,  QupecBland.  Soaih  Austra'la.  West- 
ern AUBtralla.  and  Taamanta.  Tbe  Qover- 
uor-General  Is  appointed  by  tbe  Crown. 

NtiB  SoHlh  Wain  Is  tbe  oldest  state. 
Sydney,  the  capital  and  prlnclpsl  port,  has 
a  popniatloa  of  621,000.  Forests  cover 
ODe-guarter  of  the  Burfacc.  and  tbe  cul- 
tivated area  was  renorted  In  1611  at  3.- 
381,000  acres.  Besides  wheat,  com,  and 
tobacco  20.000  acres  were  under  citrus  fruit, 
mostly  oranges,  the  yield  being  reimrted 
as  OgT,283  rases.  In  1910  4S.n01.OO0 
sheep  were  renorted.  from  which  were 
cUnned  415,333,000  pounds  of  wool. 

Victoria    was    orlKlUBlly_  a    part   of    New 


Sonlh  Wales 


'    In    1851.      The    Impor 


DBde  a 


rate  rol- 
-■)   were 

.id. 


visited  by  Captain  Cook 


I  defense,  was  f 
.,  ._e  I'ragmatle  Sanction  ol  n]i3,  and  bas 
since  been  regulated  bv  the  so-called  "Com- 
promise" (Ausglelcb-Klegyestsi  of  1867. 
According  to  the  ConstliutloDat  Union  for- 
elBD  alfalra  and  the  greater  part  ot  war 
BiTaIrs  (Army  end  Navy),  together  with  tbe 
floancea  concerning  them,  and  tbe  admlnla- 
trallon  of  the  Territories,  are  dealt  with 
by  common  mlnlBtrlcs,  Tbe  control  of  the 
official  actions  of  theee  ralDlBtera  and  tbe 
voting  of  tbe  common  budget  U  exercised 
by  (wo  delegatlonB,  each  consisting  of  60 
members,  ot  whom  20  are  chosen  from  tbe 
Trner  llouse  ot  Austria  and  of  IluDgarv. 
and  40  from  the  Lower  House  of  Austria 
and  of  Hungary.  Tbe  delegations  are  elect- 
ed for  one  year,  meet  aticrnstely  at  Vlenoa 
and  Buda  Pestb,  and  appoint  tbelr  own 
I 'resident  and  Vlee-PreBldent.  In  every 
other  respect  leglalallon  concerning  tbc  com- 
mon afTairs  belongs  to  the  two  rarliaments. 
and  carti  S(ate  provides  aeparately  for  Its 
contribution  to  the  common  expenses.  The 
proporilon  to  be  eontribated  by  each  Stalo 
la   flied   by   mutual   agreement,    renewable 

mnory.—ln    connection    with    the    Aus- 
glclch-Klcgyei*s  the  two  States  entered  Into 


,..j    of   5^1,830, 
Queen  (land  was 

Id  1770  and  selueuieuts  were  ujnue  lu 
182B.  Tbe  staple  production  of  the  Btate 
Is  wool,  tbe  production  In  1910  being  139,- 
250,000  ponnds.  Sugar  Is  (be  principal 
manufactured  article. 

Bouth   AuitraUa    was  proclaimed   a   Brit- 
ish nrovlnce  In  1836.  and  the  northern  ter- 
■    red  to  the  Con 


io,076  aquare  mJiea.    lo  which   the 
■n    territory   added    523,620    squan 

ranee  or  Italy.     Tbe  wine  profliict 


'alia 


lorth- 


D  of  1B2.000  in  mil. 


of    975.820 


eluding   enealycpns)    Is   especially  valuable 


Bugar       (Charles 


say  as  tbe  quota  agreement,   this  union  Is 

Following  the  assasBlnatlon  of  Archdnka 
'erdlnand  and  bis  wife  at  Berajevo  bv  a 
itudent.  nald  to  have  been  Incited  by  Ber- 
1th  Servian  olBcIal  eon- 
vance.  ftnatria.  on  Julv  28.  1914,  declared 
>r  Bgalnat  Servla.  and  an  army  was  Im- 
edlalcly  sent  to  occupy  Belgrade,  The 
Tvlan  governmpnt  fled  to  Msh  and  pre- 
ired  for  resFslance.  (See  Plnropean  War.) 
Reignina  Sovprelffit. — Karl  Frans  Joaepb 


la,    Gallcl 

»nd     llivria.    King    of    Je 
--■■-1    his   grand   uncle. 


Lo- 


.   —   „._ad   uncle,    the   aged 

Frana  Josef,  who  died  Nov,  21,  1918,  after 
a  relga  of  slity-elgbt  years. 

Arm]!. — Tbe  Common  Artny  of  the  Anatro- 
HangarlBD  Mooarcby   U  recrolted   b;   unl- 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyd^ptdk  Index 


AutdA-OoaMatMiL 

Tcml  compolwrr  wrrlce  for  sll  male  nb- 
>ci>  belw«eD  tne  Bgeg  of  19  and  43  Id 
Anitrli.  Hungary,  and  Bofnla-HenegoTliia. 
Tie  arallable  military  force  almj  locludea 
the  AnilrlBD  Landwebr  and  Landstarm  and 
tb«  Hannrlan  HodtMb^s  (Landwehr)  and 
NrprDlkeleB  (LandaturmJ. 

Tbe  P«aee  EaUbllabmpnt  of  tbe  Actlvs 
Arau  la  17,840  oflic«ra,  4,700  offlclala,  and 
2eoJM)0  othera. 

Tbe  AnatrlaD  Laadwrbr  conalata  of  8,- 
•80  ofllMra   and   37,000  oHieTa. 

Tlie  HDiiK*rian  Land  web  r  eonalata  of 
S,0(IU  ottnra  aod   Stl.OUO  oiben. 

The  War  Ealabllibment  of  tba  Moblllied 
Field  Army  Is  81>S,000  all  ranks,  witb 
aboDi  1,000.000  from  the  other  formatlona. 
<Sm  Armies  of  tbe  World.) 

Saiy. — The  NaTj  li  admlnlaterpd  by  a 
department  at  tbe  War  MloUtry,  and 
DtDDed  by  l.SOO  offlcera  and  13.K00  men  In 
1012.  (For  tbe  latest  reports  as  to  present 
etUbUshment,  see  ^aTle■  of  the  World.) 

COM m OR  Finanet. — Tbe  Kipendltnre  on 
Common  Affairs  (Defense.  Foretxn  Attalrs, 
Finance  Minlatry,  aod  Board  of  Control)  Is 
met  from  tbe  Common  Reveaue.  derived 
from  the  net  proceeds  of  tbe  Customs,  and 
from  the  matrlcular  contrlbatlons  of  Austria 
1S3.6  per  MQI.)  and  Hnngary  (30.4  per 
nat).  Tbe  cnstoma  recelpta  tor  1013  were 
lBT,eU,000  crowDa.  The  rontrlbnilona 
from  Austria  were  2GS,SSZ,000,  wblle 
Huagary's  share  amounted  to  140,140.01)0 
crowna.  (5  crowns  eqaal  to  (1  United 
Sutea  money.) 

There  Is  no  Common  Debt,  but  tbe  King- 
dom of  Hungary  sets  aside  ■  rerlain  aum 
aanuallj  for  the  service  of  tbe  Debt  of 
Austria   contracted  tiefore   tba   year   180T. 


priiea  Ibe  following  provinces:  Lower  Aus. 
tria.  Upper  Auatiia.  Bohemia.  BukoTlna. 
CarlDtbla.  Camlola,  Dalmatla.  Galicla,  GOri 


Irala,    Btyrls,    Trieste    and    District,    ^rol, 
Vorarlberg. 

PkyairaX  Features.— Vta.t\y  three- fourths 
of  Austria  Is  blgli  ground  above  Ibe  600 
foot  level,  with  three  main  mounlaln  sys- 
tems— tbe  Alpa.  Csrpstblsns  and  Bobemla- 
lloiVTiBn  mouutalna.  Tbe  Central  Alpa 
traverse  the  country,  while  the  Eastern  Alps 
He  entirely  within  Its  boundaries :  the  Car- 


—  idIbId  system  i — 

Central  Europe.     The „ ^ 

Ii  occupied  by  fertile  plslns,  of  which  ihs 


'main log  toortb  part 


Urxeat  Is  In  Gallcla.  Tbe  canltal  is  ._ 
Ibe  Danube-drained  Wiener  Bccken,  The 
Danube,  joined  by  tbe  Inn,  enters  Austria 
from  Bavaria  at  Ibe  gorge  of  PaEsao,  Tbe 
Dnlcater  rises  In  eanlem  Galli-La,  end  en- 
tera  Russia  at  Chotlu.  Tbe  Vistula  rises 
In    Silesia,    and    forms    tbe    boundary    of 


Dlt;  Is  beredllsry;  of  5  prtnce-arcbblsbops, 
7  prince  bishops,  and  B  arcbblahoiM :  and 
of  IBS  members  nominated  by  the  Emperor 
for  life,  for  public  service— a  total  of  278 
members  Id  1012. 

Tbe  Abgeordnetenhsus  la  composed  of  Sie 
deputies,  elected  by  anlverssl  manhood  snt- 
trage  (twentytour  years)  and  by  secret  bat- 

Ttit  courts  of  first  tnalsDce  are  Ibe  S39 

BvtiTkigeriohtB  (District  Courts)  and  tbe 
76     Superior     District    Courts     with     Jury 

Courts   attached,      f ■-' —    -'    -~-    -- 

pealB   from,    these  coui 

nice  ProTlDclal  AppeBi  muns  ac  Vienna, 
Graz.  Tries  le,  Innsbruck,  Zara,  Prague, 
Brnnn,  Cracow,  and  Lemben  The  Supreme 
Court  and  Court  of  Cassation  at  VIeDDa  Is 
the  Bopreme  Court  of  tbe  Empire.  Coses 
of  conflict  between  different  autliorltles  are 
dei^lded   by  the  Tribunal  of  the  Empire  at 

All  tiie  kingdoms  and  ronntrles  represent- 
ed_ln_t^o  Ao_«1ria^   Relchsratb  possess  self- 

_._    ._    _.     —    J  Ibe 

Empire.  In  addition,  there  are  communal 
councils  wllh  eiecullve  commlltees.  the 
council  of  the  town  of  Tr1es[e  baring  tbs 
funr'tlODS  of  a  provincial  diet.  The  diets 
meet  annually,  are  elected  for  six  years, 
and  coDsiBt  of  a  single  chamber,  with  an 
eiemtlve  cooDcli. 

/WaoHCC.— The  revenoe  of  Anatria  for  tte 
year  1913  was  3,147.473.000  crowns,  and 
the  czpendllare  was   3,137,196.000  crowns. 

To  the  General  Debt  of  Aaitrla.  canlract- 
ed  before  tbe  year  1867.  tbe  klnedom  of 
Huncary  contributes  over  »12.000.000  an- 
Dnally  (60,010.340  crowna  IQ  1912).  tor 
amortisation  and  Interest.  Tbis  General 
Debt,  on  Dec.  31,  I9I2.  was  5,108,386.399 
crowns,  and  the  special  debt  was  7,877,033,- 
326  cr 


lonii   taiatlon  a 


ary    education   Is   controlled    by   t 

lOTprnment.    Including  tbe   prlvfli..    

lasla  and  Rcalnohnlpn  prepare   for  the 


RoMlan   Poland.     The 


r  bas  Its  annrce 


cbnlcsl  high  schools. 
Production  and  /nrfm(T>.— Agriculture  Is 
tbe  most  important  Industry  of  tbe  Inhab- 
ItaniB,  and  more  than  ooe-balf  of  the  peo- 
ple are  occupied  therein.  Of  the  total  area, 
about   94   per   cent.   la   productive.   30  per 

paalnres  and  meadows,  and  32  per  cent 
woodlands.  The  arable  land  produces  wbest, 
rye,    barley,    oats.    — ' —     — ■-• —     

wheat  and  maize  h „  ., „ 

from  Haogery.  The  gardens  produce  a 
variety  of  Trult  and  tbe  vineyards  nmdace 
eioellent  wine.    The  meadows  and  pastures 


S'„.'T! 


mouDialna  o; 
atlc. 

aovemment. — The  Government  Is  that  ot 
a  eonstltnUonal  monsrchy,  the  Sovereign 
bearing  the  title  of  Emperor,  and  tbe  snc- 
cesslon  hereditary  (In  tbe  order  of  prlmo- 
teoltDre)  In  Ibe  male  line  of  Ibe  House 
of  Hababnrt-Lothrlngen,  and  after  tbe  fall- 
BTt  of  tbe  male,  fn  tbe  female  line  of  that 
bouse.      (Bee  Anstrla-Hungary.) 

The  Eelchsratb  (Coanetl  of  the  Empire) 
conslsta  of  two  houses,  tbe  Berrenbau* 
IKonse  of  T^rds)  and  the  Abgeordnelenhaas 
(Honse  ot  Depntlea). 


of  Deentlc 
ierrenliaDa 


beech,  asb,  elm,  etc..  for 


rich  den- _. 

petroleum.  While  the  salt  mines  of  the  Car- 
parhlaDS  are  tbe  richest  in  the  world,  tbe 
mines  of  WIellcika.  In  Gallcla.  and  of  Sali- 
ksmmergnt.  in  Upper  Austria,  are  tbs  most 


bad.     Marlebbad.     Fran  sen  bad,     GlesshUbel, 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


materials,  wlille  lui  rirprs  oBer  both  power 
and  trusporL  In  addition  la  the  Iroo  and 
*teel  iDdDstrlee,  textiles  and  glou  (par- 
tieularij  la  Bohemia).  lealbor.  furniture. 
and  woodworh.  brewing  and  distilling,  cbem- 
IcaU,  prlntlnjr  and  statlonerr.  and  tobacco 
trades  are   of   great   ImporlaDce. 

Tbfl    sea   fisheries   oF   the    Adriatic   coast 
(about    1,000    mlleE)    employ    about    20,000 


Trantforlation  and  Oommunicatlon.—ln 
1910  23,000  kilometres  114.300  miles)  oC 
railway  wore  open  and  worlilon.  or  which 
ll.OOO  were  owned  or  worked  by  the  State. 
aDd  3.300  owned  and  worked  b^  companies. 


appointed  by  the  si 

The  ifouse  'of  'Repreaentath 
1C3  members,  of  whom  413  &ir  ci^ieo  oj 
an  eliTtoral  college  In  Hungar;  end  40  bj 
the  Diet  of  Croatia  Slavonla.  Parliament 
meets  annuallr.  and  has  a  maximum  dara- 
tlon  of  flTe  reara 

The  conrta  ol  (trit  Instance  are  the  76 
County  Courts,  and  458  District  Courte,  con- 
trolled and  supervised  bv  the  12  Sirfllyt 
TSbiak.  There  Is  a  Supreme  Court  of 
Hungary  at  Budapeit  and^one  of  Croatla- 
Slaninla  at  ZaRrabT 

•duetlon  and  /ndiulry.— The  fertile  soil 
_ J  J jnTflci    '    ' 


....rked  bj  I 

In  1910  the  iennlh  o(  Darlgable  : 

canals  e^nedcd  4.000  miles  for  Teasels  and 
nits,  eOU  miles  being  navigable  for  steam- 
ers, whi-h  rlJ  to  the  number  of  about  S40 
on  the  Danube  and  Elbe. 

TTiBre  were  9.053  post  ofllces  In  Anstrta 
(1911).  There  were  7.039  telegraph  of- 
fices with  4T.0T6  bllomolreB  of  line  and 
23T.847  kltomclrus  of  wire.  Telephones  arc 
In  full  operation  and  are  eiteoslTCl;  used. 
In  1910  the  mercantile  marine  of  Austria 
coDBlsted  of  300  steamers  of  3(18,000  tana, 
and  1S,11«  sailing  TcBsela  of  47,000  tons. 
rown».— Capita f,  Vienna,  on  the  Danube. 
PopuUllan,  1910.  2.0:11.496.  Other  lawns 
are:  Trieste,  lfil,(J53 ;  Prague,  223,741; 
Lemberg,  208,113:  Grai,  1S1,781 ;  Cracow, 
1E1,88U;  UrllDD.  129.737;  Csemowlta,  87,- 
128 :  rilsen,  80,343. 

HUHQAKy  la  a  great  lowland,  encircled 
bj  the  Carpathians  and  the  Alps,  and  oc- 
cupying tbe  basin  of  the  Danube  from  the 
Sirge  of  Poisoor  to  the  "Iron  Gates"  of 
rsora.  Tbe  eastern  porMon  U  koown  as 
TranEjIvanla  ( KlmiThagOutai.  or  I.and  be- 
jond   the  Forests:   the  Gorman  name  being 


of  Hungary  and^lls  magnlHcent 
theT 


luletlon.    . 

■  I    the    ■ 


rloua   Induatrlea. 


l-MO,- 


The  agricultural  holdlnga  t 
number  about  3,000,00"  -'  - 
000  were  leas  tban  7  a 

All  the  great  plaJos 
llent  quality, 
e^lons   which   envelop 


produce  grain  of  eic 

The  mouDtalDous   -_„ 

Hungary,  the  western  basin  of  the  Danube, 
and  tbe  baslna  of  the  Drove  and  Save,  are 
'Ith    forests    which    contain    uk, 
<.  and  other  valuable  trees,  which 


ditlon  t> 


The  total  area  of  the  foresti.  „ 
iDii  wu  8,880.042  hectares.     (I  hecUr»~ 

Lignite,  Iron  and  coal  are  won.  In  ad- 
"lon  to  gold  and  silver,  aonie  80.000  per- 
»^8  being  employed  In  Ihe  mlnlna  and 
smelting  Industries.  Salt  1b  also  largely 
produced 

Weaving,  metal,  stone,  glasi.  wood,  brew- 
ing, and  tobacco  Industries  emplor  most 
of  the  Industrial  population,  but  manufac- 
tures arc  of  small  Importance  compared  with 

Inland  Fisheries  are  of  great  Importance. 
The  river  Ttsxa  cnielss)  Is  Blated  to  be 
"one  part  Bab  to  two  parts      -■ 


Slavonla,  which  form  an  aunei  of  tl 
earlan    crown,    extend    caetwards    from    me 
Adriatic  to  tbe  conQnence  of  the  Save  with 
Ihe  Danube. 

Htven  and  Latei. — Tbe  Danube  (Duna) 
enters  HuDgarr  from  a  gorge  In  the  LUtle 
Carpathians  and  flowa  eastwards  and  south- 
wards  CO   I-    — " -'"■    "•-   " 

tbeore  east 

■  e  8av€  _ 

fra.; 

ary.  The  Danube  Is  navigable  throughout 
Its  course  In  Hungary  end  Is  the  great 
highway  and  Ihe  outlet  Into  the  Black  Sea. 
IIB  tributaries,  the  Save  and  Drave.  are  also 
navigable  to  the  base  of  the  Alps  Id  the 
west.  The  TiBza.  which  divides  Ilnngary  al- 
most equally  Into  a  western  and  eastern 
portion,  flows  In  a  winding  but  navigable 
course  southward.  Of  the  northern  trlba- 
tarlPB   tbe   March    (with   the  Lcltha   In  the 

■  )   dlv1di>s  Hungary  ' 


Croalla  and       pulsory  and  free,  and  la  n 


taxation.      Tberi 


fri'i  ' 


entary   Schools   S 


fore  1807.     The 
1911 


a  over 


—The    < 


Is    1 


n  the   Pragmatic  Sanction  of  1723  a 


the   f 


18B7,   I 


ad  la  t 


a  roOBtltnlloQal  Monarch;  heredltarv  In 
the  male  line  by  primogeniture  of  the  Elaba- 
burg- Lorraine  dynaaty.  and  after  the  eitlnc- 


:,  In  the  female  . 


Munates 

'Hie  House  of  Magnates  con- 
sisted (In  tbe  Beaalon  of  1011-121  Of  15 
Archdnkea,    60    Ecclesiastical    Dlgnltariea, 


::e.— Tbe  Austro-Rungatlan  Mod- 
is  no  Common  Debt,  but  In  the  el< 
e  of  the  Kingdom  of  Hungary  the 
00.a21,9S4  crowns  Is  set  aside  an- 
B   a    contrlbutlOD  to   tbe   service  of 

d'bt  of  Hungary  tor 

IS   •tui.i.-u   m   i>.304.658,000   crowns. 

Traniportatlon  and  ComtKunloatlon. — Tbe 
total  Icngtli  of  lines  open  and  working  In 
1011  was  13,033  miles,  of  which  10.043 
were  owned  and  worked,  or  leased  and 
worked,  bv  tbe  State.     Over  3,000  miles  of 

port.  There  were  S.331  post  ofSccs  and 
4,700  telegraph  offices.  The  sce-golog  mer- 
cantile marine  amounts  only  to  some  130.- 
000  tons.  The  chief  nort  Is  Flume,  on 
the    Adriatic    coast    of   Croatia. 

roicn*.— Capital.  BudapeRt,  on  the  Dan- 
ube. Population  (19101.  88(),37]  Twmtr 
towns  have  over  40,000.  IE  exceed  30,000, 
and  27  exceed  2D,(XX>  Inhabitants. 

Trade  idfh  the  Vmud  Stales.— The  value 
of  merchandise  Imported   Into  Austrla-ITun- 

fary  from  the  United  States  for  the  year 
913  was  t23, 320.090  and  goods  to  the 
value  of  t19.192,414  were  sent  tUtber.  a 
balance  of  $4,128,282  In  favor  of  the  United 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Etieyelopedic  Index 


BOaSlA  AND  HERBBOOVISA  eompriM 
■li  dtnrlrlH,  coTerlng  &n  area  o(  lv,T60 
aqnare  mlln.  wllh  a  popalatloD.  bj  tba 
ceaidi  of  1910,  of  1.S88.044.  beiiidci  the 
mUllaiT  KaiTlaoD  ol  33.T5S.  The  luhabllantB 
IFF  SliTs  aad  the  Imsuuie  la  Serrlaa. 

OocemiRnit.— The  admin  la  I  rat  Ion  of  Boa- 
ala-HenesoTlna  was  banded  over  to  the 
Anitra-Hunsarlan  Hanarcbr  bj  the  Treatr 
ol  BerEln  (IHT81,  aod  In  1908  rHe  Kmperoi^ 
King  extended  his  HorcrelKotr  over  the  DfOT- 
lona  bj  autusraph    letier. 

The  Diet  of  92  membera  (T2  elected  and 
2D  noinlQaled)  di^ala  with  borne  affslra, 
JniUce.  finance,  and  public  works.  Tbe  lo- 
cal reveUDe  was  eatlmated  at  79,129.476 
crowns  In  1911,  tbe  eipendltnre  at  79.036,- 
T19  crowDB. 

Capital,   Serajevo   (Boana-Seral),   on   tbe 
Bona    RlTcr.      Popnlatlon     (19101     B1.872. 
Other  towna  are  Moatar  IS,385.  Baojaluka 
11.783.  and  Tula  11,333. 
Aurtclk  (Bee  also  Auatria-HungBiy) : 
Chmrgg    d'affaires    of,    to    United 
Statei,  witbdraval  of,  referred  to, 
2S0O. 
CDDunereial  tel&tions  with,  1114,2004. 
Confederate    eavoja    sent    to    Oreat 
Britain    and    France    referred    to. 
(See  Uason  and  Slidell.) 
Consul   of  United   States  to  Vienna, 

referred  to,  2583. 
Consular  convention  with,  4023. 
I^gitive  criminals,  convention  witli, 

for  surrender  of,  2911. 
Importation  of  American  products  to, 
legislation  against,  discussed,  4916. 
Imprisonment   of    Ainerican    citizens 

by,  2689,  2742. 
Uiniater  of  United  States  to  be  sent 

to,  1592. 
Belations  opened  with,  1706. 
Treaty    with,    transmitted    and    dis- 
enaaed,    975,     1008,     1026,    1097, 
1105,  1157,  2434,  2911. 
Correspondence  regarding,  referred 

to,  2564. 
Befeired  to,  1070,  1114. 
Troops  of,  departing  to  Mexico,  re- 
ferred to,  3588,  3589. 
Vessels  of,  diacriminating  doties  on, 
mspended   by   proclamation,    1003, 
1004. 
War    with    Hungary,    sympathy    of 
American  Governmant  with  latter, 
2550,   2679. 
Wines  from,  duties  on.    (See  Wines.) 
Atutacla-HnngaiT     (see    also    Austria; 
Hungary): 
Claims  of,  regarding  subjects  killed 
Inconfliet  in  Pennsylvaaia,6324,63e3. 
Consular  convention  with,  409S. 
Empress- queen   of,   assassination   of, 

0324. 
Expulsion  of  Ainerican  citiEens,  6425. 
Uinister   of,   to    United    States,   re- 
ceived, 4718. 
Uinister  of  United  States  to,  appoint- 
ment of  A.  U.  Kelley  as,  and  re- 
focal  to  reeeiTe,  disenssed,  4910. 


Nentrality  of  United  States  in  war 
with— 
Belgium,  7977. 
Fiance,  7975. 
Great  Britain,  7975. 
Italy,  8065. 
Japan,  7977. 
BuBsia,  7974. 
BervU,  7969. 
Tariff  laws  of,  evidence  of  modifica- 
tion of,  proclaimed,  5718. 
Discussed,  6747. 
Trademarks,  treaty,  regarding,  4114. 
Anstrta-Htmgary,    Treattea    with. — The 

treat;  of  commerce  and  navlBatloD  of  1829 
was  proclaimed  Feb.  10.  1831.  It  waa 
made  orlgluallr  for  the  apace  of  ten  ^eara. 
wlcb  renewal  from  j(-- *' "■  — 

tiroTldea   for    llbei ..     . 
eallon   bettreea    tbe  t.., 

dcr  protection  of  person,  propert;,  and  tbe 
equitable  Impmlllon  of  fees,  cbarKCs,  and 
. .   ■ — »yi  Importation  and  re-eiporta- 


on  their  own  acooant  aba II  derive  from 
their  offldal  position  no  advaDtage  or  prlvl- 
leKe  not  Bceorded  to  private  dtlaena  Id 
similar  transact  Ions. 

Z>l8|KWal  of  Property  and  Consular  Juris- 


„  persDD  may  will  prop- 

ertr  wltbln  the  other  country,  and  the  lega- 
tes or  rtpreaentatlve  wbo  may  by  tba  laws 
of  a  country  be  dlaqunllfled  from  holdlut 
tbe  same  aholl  have  two  yeara,  or  an  ri- 
tended  reasoDBble  time,  to  dispose  0 


same  and  s 

fall 


be  aabject  to  any  an- 
-   —    — ics.     Tbe  property  of 

person   dying  without   heirs   shall   have 


a  terma :   and   theso   shall  a 


the  Jn^ldal   mncblnery   of  the  country  In 
— Bl^  deaer-     - 


tborlly,  and  powi 


JustI 


...  _  . eitradltlOD    coo' 

proclnlmpd    Dec.    16,    1866.      II 
dltlon  of  crlmlnnla  and  fuglllTt' 


aaylum  In  HODgbt.  and  n 


sault    with    lot 
'bery,    foriwi 
. .  micrfell     roonpy. 
public   money.      The 
Burdcd  In  the  llsbt  or 

tM  Id  which  an  aayl ...  _    .,_  .      

of  thnae  where  tbe  offence  was  committed. 
Tbe  provlalona  of  the  treaty  are  not  retro- 
active, nor  do  tbey  apply  to  political  offend- 
ers or  cltlEenn  of  the  country.  AH  ex- 
penae  In  to  be  t>ome  br  the  oountrr  asking 
extradition.  If  the  rcIuRcc  commlta  a  new 
erlne  In  the  country  of  aaylum.  auch  of- 
fence mnst  be  disposed  of  before  citradl- 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presideris 


'A 


tlon  la  permitted.  The  tieatr  eitenda  from 
jtAt  to  rear,  anbject  to  >lx  montbi'  Dotics 
of  tntCDtlon   to   terminate. 

Ooiuular  Convnillon. — June  2g,  ISTl,  « 
eonaular  conTeiitioD  was  proclaimed  deflo- 
Ins  rlKbta,  prltlleEeB,  Immoaltlea,  duties, 
and  Bpherea  o(  action  of  the  eoaaulH-^a- 
•ral,  conaula,  Tlce-conHula,  and  conanlar 
aeeaCs  of  the  reapectlve  conntrUH.  It  jfra- 
Tldea  for  tbe  recognition  of  such ;  exemp- 
tion from  nillltarr  service  and  witness  duty 
la  cases  beyond  their  consolate  dutlea 
(testlmooT  In  ordinary  cases  bclnc  taken 
at  the  reudence  when  neceasary) ;  tbe  privl. 
lege  of  holatlag  the  national  flag  over  their 
resldeatial  or  offlclal  bulldlna  or  vessel ; 
consular  papers,  arc^blye^  aod  records  to 
be  Inviolate ;  freedom  and  ease  of  accea- 
don  to  ofll™  la  provided  for ;  appointment 
of  aubordlnate  repreaea  tall  res  la  permitted; 
eonaula  may  call  upon  tbe  local  antborltlea 
for  police  and  Jodlclal  aid :  may  take  depo- 
altlona  of  tbelr  countrj-men  ;  may  irltnesa 
wills,  offlclal  pnpeFs  and  asreemeotE,  la  ac- 
cordance with  the  Ibwb  of  the  country 
which    they    represent;    may   act   as   Inter- 

tlon's  papera :  may  arrest  desertera  from 
veasels  of  their  nation  ;  may  act  as  tempo- 
rnry  trustee  for  the  goods  of  a  countryman 
[Qg  wllhout  belra  or  represeDtatlves. 
~   treaty  was  drawn  to  remain  In  force 

tlon  to  terminate. 

ffaftirnUnMon. — To  regnlate  tbe  cltlien* 
ship  of  ImmigniDta  a  natnra Illation  conven- 
tion was  proclaimed  Aug.  1,  18T1.  Tbe 
governmait  of  Anntrla-IIungary  ogreea  to 
recognise  aa  American  clllsens  Ihoae  of  Its 

Beople  who  bave  resided  In  the  United 
tates  for  a  period  of  Qve  years,  and  who 
have   become  lis   cltlEens   by   regular   and 

.._    people    who    baa    almlla..^     

formed  to  the  naturnlliatlon  laws  of  Ans- 
trlB-Hnneary ;  bat  the  declarBllon  of  In- 
tention Is  not  In  either  country  regarded  as 
nntnra Illation.  NaturalliatlaD  Id  one  coun- 
try doea  not  grant  to  tbe  person  Immunity 
from  the  consequences  of  a  crime  committed 

firlor  to  ImmlgrntloQ,  aubject,  ' 
[mllatloo;  eGpedally  does  t 
those  who  have  aougbt  to  e> 
doly  In  Anstrla-B angary,  i-  _ 
subject  may  renonnce  his  foreign  cltlsen- 
ahlp  If  he  desire,  witbout  a  Bied  period  of 
residence.  This  treaty  was  designed  to  en- 
dure tor  a  period  of  ten  years,  and  there- 
after from  "-ear  to  year,  aubJetrC  to  alz 
mo  [It  h  8'  notice  of  ternlDBtion. 

rrode-morti — The  reproduction  o(  trada- 
narks  by  other  than  tbe  owner  Is  pro- 
blblted   and    legal    redress    la    accordea    to 


'    "ERii 


ply   to 

illltary 


B  of  both  I 


ID  tries  n 


to  b«  referred  to  the  Fermanent  Omrt  of 
Arbitration  at  The  Hague  according  to  a 
convention  signed  Jan.  15,  1B09. 
Antomoblla  Trade.— Early  eiperlmentera 
in  motor  vehicles  were  hamiiered  by  tbe  lack 
of  englnea  which  naed  a  fuel  less  heavy  and 
balky  than  coal.  Light  vehicle  motor* 
were  msde  poaslble  by  tbe  sncceasful  pro- 
duction of  lloDld  or  volatile  faela  aad  the 
Internal  combustion  engine.  The  motive 
pover  ia  these  gas  or  Easotiae  engines  is 
famished  by  a  auccesalon  of  ei plosions 
which  take  place  within  the  cylinder  It- 
aeir.  thereby  doing  away  with  iloa  cumber- 
some  boiler   and   furaace. 

In  1880  two  OermBDs,  Gottlieb  Daimler 
BJid  Carl  Bern,  working  lodcpondently.  first 
applied  tbe  gas  engine  succesatDlly  to  road 
vehicles.  Daimler,  who  was  manager  of 
the  Otto  Gas  Eoglne  Worfcs,  at^Deuti, 
PruBslB,  fitted  hla  small  air-coaled  motor 
to  a  bicycle  by  placing  It  vertically  be- 
tween the  front  and  rear  wheels,  the  rear 
wheel  being  driven  by  meana  of  a  belt 
In  1889  fie  constructed  a  two-cylinder 
engine,  which  attracted  the  nttentloo  of 
Messrs.  Panhard  and  Levaaaor.  of  Paris. 
who  acquired  tba  necessary  rights  and  Im- 
mediately began  the  construction  of  tbe 
easenUally  modern  motor  car.  the  flrat  of 
which  was  brooght  out  in  18B1. 

Carl  Bern  first  aoolied  his  single  borl- 
lontal  cylinder,  water-Jacketed  en^ne  to  a 
three-wheel  carriage.  It  was  placed  over 
the  rear  aile  and  drove  a  vertical  crank- 
ahatt,  thuB  giving  tbe  flywheel  a  borlsontal 

Eaaitioa.  Tbls  arrangement  insured  ata- 
llltv  In  the  steering  of  the  car.  Tbe 
crank-shaft  was  connected  by  bevel  gear^ 
Ing  to  a  short  borizontal  shaft,  which  was 
in  turn  coupled  to  a  counler-sbaFt  by  a 
belt  The  enda  of  this  countershaft  were 
connected  to  tbe  road  wheels  b;  chains. 
Tbe  earlv  attemotB  by  American  inven- 

flned  to  steam  motors.  An  omnibus  built 
In  1878  by  a  Mr.  Fawcett  of  Plttabarg. 
employed  a  Brayton  motor  of  unknown  de- 
sign. During  the  elRhtiea  a  Mr.  Copeland 
brought  out  B  bicycle  equipped  with  a 
■team  motor,  followed  by  two  tricycles 
similarly   equlnped.    which    were    the  prede- 


and  gaaollne  was  the  fuel.  Later  ' 
machine  was  remod<!led,  aslng  a  flasn 
boiler,  that  la.  tbe  steam  was  generated 
only  as  required  by  the  enKlaes.  In  1893 
Mr,  Olds  began  building  KasoIlDe  motors 
tor  horseless  carriages,  wblcb,  since  tbelr 
—- -"--^lon    In    189B,    have   proved   practical 


home  it  Is  then  public  property  in  the 
country  of  the  other  contracting  power- 
To  acquire  trade- mark  protection,  dupli- 
cate copies  must  be  deposited  In  the  Patent 
Offlce  at  WashlbSton  and  In  the  Chamber 
of  Commerce  and  Trade  at  Vienna  and 
Pesth.  This  treaty,  origluslly  of  ten  years' 
duration,  now  lives  from  year  to  year,  sub- 

!ect  to  one  year's  notico  of  termination, 
t  was  Interpreted  to  apply  also  to  oopy- 

ArbUratbrn. — DUteTencea   of   a   legal   nsf       

Xnn  or  aa  to  tjie  tnterprstoflon  of  ueatlea      begli 
imposBlM^  of  annbinmt  wy  iP" —       ' — 


Charles  and  I.  F.  E>uryBa  completed  thdr 
flrst  automobile  In  189:,  Their  second  car, 
comoleted  In  1893.  embodied  all  the  es- 
sential features  of  the  modem  aatomobtle- 
Tbe  Duryea  Motor  Wagon  Company  was 
organ  lied,  and  the  thirteen  an  to  mobile*, 
flnlahed  in  the  eummcr  of  1396.  were  the 
first  manufactured  for  sale  In  tbe  United 
States.  The  price  of  these  vehlelea,  fl.eoo. 
was  considered  too  high  for  an  on  tried 
snbstltute  for  tbs  horse  and  carriage,  atid 
prevented  tbe  Immediate  acceptance  of  the 
gasoline  automobile  in  America.  A  large 
majority  of  plants  reporting  for  tbe  indus- 
try to  the  census  Of  190U,  commenced  ope> 
-^ona  la  1898,  tbs  date  of  the  sabMJLatlil 
ling   of    tiM   aatDmoUte   butmai    in 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


EticyclopetHc  Index 


Antomobas  Trade — Oontinuta. 

Petrol  Motori.— In  1882  Beau  de  Rocbas, 
a  CreDcb  engiDeer.  patented  an  iDtemaf 
comboBtloa  CDstne,  tlie  crloclples  at  which 
liave  ever  since  afforded  the  basla  (or  de- 
at^era  of  thU  class  of  engine.  The 
Simplest  (orm  cocilsta  of  a  Blcgle  criinder 
closed  at  the  top  and  opflo  st  Che  botloni, 
wltbin  which  moTca  a  olosel;  fltdng  plRton. 
eonneeted  with  a  swloglns  rod  lo  the  crank- 
dutt.  A  mixture  of  air  and  the  vapor- 
bed  petroleum  ia  Introduced  Into  the  cyila- 
der  when  the  piston  la  at  the  top.  forming 
a  enshlan  between  the  Sled  top  of  Che 
cj  Under     and     the    moTable     piston.    The 


t  37,700,  1 


e  SO,  1 


ued  at  $72,522,- 
!  moDtha  ending 
cars,  passenger 
t   allghtlr    more 


rc{al,    valued   I 
han   1486,000,000. 

It  wilt  be  noted  that  while  the  number 
if  cars  increased  36  per  cent,  the  value  in- 
■reased  only  10  per  cent.  iDdlcatlns  the 
— »—  _.....  .^ ,....  ,,.„g  ^^jjj  giving 


BHTuan  on  ni  Ui.irnTumm  or  Amniosiiss,  iro  AtnonasiLi  Bodim  ii 


nln  el  U.(I3S,«0,  uid  43 
II0J1S.CI70;  in  IDO»,  si  " 
nlBcduH^U[,2»e. 

mlitnre  Is  then   Ignited,   caaslDg  a 

The  piston,  which  is  Qtted  gaa  tlgbL 


cjllDder, 


If  this        23.81 


t  notable  ei- 


fi  the  oulr  thing  which 
It  fs  driven  to  tlie  bottc 

where    its    further   down. 

■rreAted  by  (be  crank.  The  Impulse  of  this 
explosive  stroke  Is  stored  In  a  Hf  wheel 
attached  to  the  crank-Bheft,  which  Is  ca- 
ried  aroTiiid  BRsln  drawlnif  the  piston  a 
Aniomoblles  are  variously  equipped  wll 
four,  six  aod  eight  cylinder  — -•—  --  -•- 
type. 

Eleclria  Kotori. — The  electric  automo- 
bile Is  In  less  advanced  state  than  the 
gasoline  type.  The  only  practical  supply 
of  power  Is  by  means  of  heavy  storage 
batterlea  carried  on  the  car  itself.  If  the 
electricity  gives  out  at  any  place  other 
than  an  electric  charging  ---■'—  "-- 
machine  Is  helpless.  The  mo 
tension  of  the  electric  autom 

■      -■       ---—■-,    field     „h.--= = 

ucks,   drajB,   and   delivery 

The  latest  steps  !□  automobile  bnlldlug 
have  been  the  armored  gun-carrying  ma- 
chine and  the  farm  tractor. 

The  rapid  growth  of  the  baBlness  li 
ahown  by  the  fact  that  the  number  of  ea- 
tabllahments  making  aotomoblles  and  parta 
lamped  from  67  in  1900  to  743  tn  1008, 
and  the  value  of  output  during  the  same 
time  from  »4,748.011  to  t249.2M.076. 

Con  tinned  demand  tor  aotomoblles  and 
trucka  In  this  country  and  abroad  has 
broDght  a  remarkable  Id  crease  In  salea.  the 
sUtlstIca  for  the  year  endlBB  with  June  30, 
1B16.  as  compiled  by  Alfred  Beeves,  geDcral 
manager  of  tbe  National  Automobile  Cham- 
ber of  Commerce,  Inc.,  showing  the  produc- 
tion to  have  been  708.  B27  cara,  valued 
wholesale  at  (523,463,803.  which  Is  an  ad- 
vance of  30  per  cent  In  tbe  nnmher  ot 
or*  BDd  more  tban  10  per  cent  In  valae 
over  tti«  prerlona  twelve  months. 


ca  ssd  psTta  lo  the  valua  of 


ed  a  total  in  the  year  ending  wl 
1916.  far  in  eiceas  of  any  previo 
e  months.      They  totalled   160.254,6! 


l,9T"m. 


s  valued  at  (21,- 
lented  37.876  ve- 


added  parta  lo  the  valae  ot  (7,833,183,  giv- 
ing a  total  of  (68,107.818. 
Nnmaa  ot  AtnoHosoM  UiNCHCTnaro,  is  Karoantp 
KB  Tflj  Cbmsds  or  1V14 

OaadiH  uid,it«iai ue^i 

Pimily  sod  plcaavn IMJU 

Tomiigows 4H3T« 

DcliTwywBCDDiMidtnxfa 23,?l» 

AUsther i»lil 

Bei*i» 4.718 

Totsi sn,iw 

AntonomooB  OoTenunent  for  Onba  dis- 

cussed,  6152,  6261,  6284,  0308,  6660. 

(See  also  Cuba.) 
AnttoM  Towns,  Destruction  of.— Th« 
news  of  the  taaasacre  of  whites  at  Fort 
Mlmms  having  spread  Into  Georgia,  Brig, 
Qen.  John  Floyd,  at  the  head  of  B50  SUte 
militia  and  400  friendly  Indians,  started  on 
an  eipedlllon  of  chastisement.  Between 
midnight  and  dawn  of  Nov.  26,  1813.  the 

The  Indians  fought  Qercely,  but  were  orer- 
wbelmed,  driven  to  the  wooda  and  caves, 
and  shot.  Floyd  lost  eleren  hilled  and  fifty- 
four  wonnded. 

Anz  Ouurdfl  (Canada),  Battle  of.—  The 
flrst  encounter  between  British  and  Amert- 
cant  Id  tbe  War  ot  1812.     Oen.  William 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Aux  Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidetiis 

Anx  Oftuardi — (taiuimMd.  Avaa  Ldaads: 

Hull,  govsrnor  of  the  northwest  Terrltorj,  ClaimB  reBardinK,  inid,  3446. 

placed   In  command  of  lorcea  Id   Ohio  and  n j.-.-    _i4.E    V-»..».«i_    ».«-j 

Srdered  to  beeln  the  InTnelon  of  Canada.  Convention    with    Venezuela   regwd- 

croased  the  river  July  12,   1B12,  and  dla-  ins,  3111,  3191. 

patched  Col.  Lewis  Cass  with  280  men  to-  TtafaranPti  tji    ^ilflO 

ward   Maiden.      CrosBlog   the   RlvierB  aui  aeterenco  to,  diaa. 

Canards,   a   tributary   o(   tbe    Detroit,    be  A-vUtlon,    (Bee  Aeronantics,  also  Army, 

era?'from"whom  he  leaded  t™at  B^ma''of'the  Signal  Corps,  Navy,  Flying  Corpt,  and 

enemy   had    been   killed   and   nine   or  ten  for  application   to  military  uses  see 

wounded.    Cass  did  not  lose  a  man.  -t.  „_"_  m ir i.-_.  i 

Auxiliary  NaYy   in   SpaniBh-Amorioan  European  War,  Z^riww.) 

War  6313  Aatecaa  or  Aztecs.   (See  Indian  Tnbea.) 

AvetJWtoro   (N.  O.),  Battla  of.— March  Artec  Olnh  of  1847. -Tbls  society,  oHk- 

le,  1865,  aen.  Slocum,  tn  the  advance  of  Inally  composed   of  officers  of   tiM  United 

tbe  Onion  Army,  encountered  the  Confeder-  States  Army  who  served  In  tlie  war  wttb 

ates    under   Gen.    Hardee    near    Averjabpro,  MciIco,    was  formed   In   the   City   of  Mexl- 

l?».?^°5"fl"Vh"1°''''  °^n   between  Cape  ^^  ,„  ig„   ^nd  Has  been  continued,  -with 

K8h^rn^nlScheirnntll7otaBt''on''co^^^  *   "e'^  to   cherish   the   memories  iSd   keep 

mneeDtratThls  army  at  mme  point  in  his  ■"»<'  '"«  traditions  that  cluster  about  the 

rear.    Ineeaaant  rains  had  made  the  ground  names   of   those   officer*   who    took    part    In 

so  soft  that  men  and  horses  sank  deep  In  the    Mexican    War."      Membership   Is   con- 

"--  — -■      A  severe  flgbt  took  place  amid  flned   to   officers   of   the   army,    navy,   and 

„■_   — J, 1.-  _.  —.-J       mi.-  marine    corps   who    served    In    the   war,    or 

.....      ^     .  .       .                   .  I    .      .,    ....  their   male  blood  relatlvea.     Each    primary 

■nd   the   Confederates  retreated   to    Smith.  member    mav    nominate    as    his    Euccessor 

Held,  leaving  108  dead  upon  the  aeld.    The  mb  ^n  or  a  male  biood  wJatSre   who  dnr- 

477  woUd?d  ""  ""o"^"""  ""^  "*  m  ISa-lIf'  '"oV%he"'^rlmlr.^"mrm^£er^  is 

Area  Mandi.— A  group  of  small  isUndi  k"-™    ^    associate-member,    and    ou    the 

in  the  Caribbean  Sea,  belonging  to      ,^^,„.„^^,,,^.  „ 

Venezuela.  are  (1909)  22Q  memben. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


iDBornctlan  la 
lere  of  Ue  people  of  YtrKlnl*,  ted  ti7 
NatluDlel  Bacon.  In  IBT3  the  Crown  ai- 
■Used  tbe  entire  Province  of  Virginia  tor 
thiri;.oiie  jaar>  to  Lorde  Arllnnon  and 
CDlpeper,  wlib  power  to  collect  tor  tbelr 
own  use  all  quit  rents,  escheats,  and  dntlee  ; 
10  name  ihenfra  and  other  offlceri :  la  make 
atw  counties,  and  Id  general  to  exercise  the 
■ntboHIr  of  absolute  rulera.  Sir  Wllllnm 
BerkeleT,  the  Ensllah  EOTcrnor  of  the  Colony, 


K' 


iltlon  to  frei 


inpopuli 


[   that   the 


from  the  colon 


I  the  settlers 


g  ^r  himself  and  bis  roas- 
ters  at    tne    least    poaslhle    i      '        —      -■ 
proTCd  Ihefflclent  In  proIecUnE  t 
(gainst  the  rBYSBes  of  the  Indian 
heiTT  taxes  upon  the  people  aod  ._ 

the  franchise.     An  lodlan  uprising „ 

(Kcurred  In  the  state,  a  force  of  BOO  men 
lathered  to  march  Bsalnst  them.  BerkeleT 
ordered  them  to  dlaband.  The  colonists 
chow  Bacon,  who  was  a  popular  lawyer 


igal 


leader.'  and  despite  the  rcfui 
nor  to  commission  him.  he  led  nis  i 
.._st  and  defeated  the  ludlans.    Berki 
reapoo   proclaimed    Bacon   a    rebel, 


•t  the 


■reapou   prociaimea    dslvu   h    reuei,    uuc 
rhslandlnE  which  the  people  chose  him  a 

mber  of  the  bew  assembly.    Oo  his  way 

to  Jamestown  he  was  arrested  and  tried  by 
the  Kovernor  and  his  council,  but  was  re- 
leased on  parole  and  left  the  capital.  He 
■ODD  letnmed  with  600  men  and  again  de- 
manded a  commission,  which  was  granted. 
While  Bacon  was  successfully  engaged  In 
another  campaign  against  the  Indians. 
Berkeley  behId  proolslmed  bin 
a  trallor  Bacon  then  bums'' 
the  gofornor  taking  refuge  o.. 
Teasel  Id  the  harbor.  The  rebellion 
carried  on  Id  a  desiiltor;  way  ualll  the 
death  of  Bacon  In  ISTT.  when  It  eallBpsed 
for  want  of  a  leader.  The  English  executed 
tweDry-tbrt«  of  the  parllclnnnlH  In  this 
rrbellbn.  It  Is  notable  as  the  Qrat  formi- 
dable resistance  to  colonial  authority  Id 
British  America.  The  slgDlQcBuce  of  Its  oc- 
reoce  Just  100  years  before  Indeper-' 


a  remarked.     One 


oYb, 


liealenaats  put  li 

rebellion  waa  Wl - 

serred  for  a  few  years  as  the  first  gov^ruuc 
ot  Korth  Carolina. 

Badm. — A  Oermaii  grand  durtiy,  o(  aonth- 
era  Germany  and  a  state  of  the  German 
Empire.  The  reigning  duke  Is  Frederick 
II.  It  ts  bonnded  by  Besse  and  Bavaria 
OB  the  north.  BSTBrta  on  the  northeast, 
Warttemberg  on  the  east  Swllaerland  (sep- 
arated mainly  by  Lake  Constance  and  the 
Rhine)  oD  the  south,  and  Alsace  and  the 
Rblne  Palatinate  {separated  by  the  Rblnei 
on  the  west.  Its  capital  In  Carlsruhe.  It 
produces  grain,  wine,  tobacco,  hemp,  pota- 
loet,  hopa  and  chicory,  manufaclores  silk 
goods,  chemicals,  clocka.  machinery,  wood- 
enware.  brushes,   paper,  etc. 

OoDeranimt  — The  govenimeat  is  a  eonstl- 
tntlonal  hereditary  monarchy  under  a  grand 
duke  and  a  Landtag  with  an  Unper  House 
and  a  Chamber  of  slity-tbree  Representa- 
tlTeo.  It  sends  ttiree  representatives  to 
the  German  Bundesrath  and  fourteen  to 
the  Reichstag.  It  entered  the  Qerman  con- 
federation In  1815.  received  a  Constitution 
Id  181B.  aod  became  a  member  ot  the  Ger- 
man Rmplre  In  ISTl.  It  has  an  area  ot 
B,823  sq.  miles  and  a  populatlan  (IBIO) 
ot  2.1413S2.  (See  also  Germany). 
'FTi^fT.   fugitive    eTiminals,    conTention 

with,  for  surrender  of,  889S. 
BuJitn,  TnatlM   with. — The   extradltloB 
ttcatr  «f  1SB7  and  the  natorallMtlon  con- 

i 


.._ .  , year.     The  ex. 

iradltable  crimes  are:  Murder,  assault  with 
Intent  to  kill,  piracy,  arson,  robbery,  for- 
gery, making  or  circulating  conQterfelt 
money,  and  embeiilement  of  public  mon- 
ies. Evidence  of  guilt  sufficient  to  convict 
witbin  the  country  of  asyluiQ  must  be 
supplied.  The  expense  must  be  borne  by 
the  country  asking  surrender.  The  treaty 
does   not   apply   to   political   offenders,    nor 


within  the  country  ot  asylum  causes  the 
olTender  to  be  tried  and.  If  guilty,  to  b* 
pnolshed  there  before  surrender.  The 
treaty  remained  In  force  until  Jan.  1,  1880, 
and  thereafter  from  year  to  year,  subject 
to   one   year's   notice  of   Intention   to   ter- 

The 'treaty  of  1868  Is  a  natumllsatlon 
treaty  designed  to  regulate  the  recogni- 
tion of  naturalised  cltliens  by  their  native 
country,  and  was  proclaimed  Jau.  10,  18T0. 
Kach  country  agrees  to  recoKnlw  as  cltl- 
leoB  those  of  its  former  subjects  who  bnve 
legally  conformed  to  the  nalurnlliallon 
laws  of  the  other  country.  No  Immunity 
from  punishment  tor  crimes '-"-'  """ 


•    llml 


blflty    o"a 


. .._ ,    _    cltleen 

If  be  desire,  easily  resume  hts  cltl- 
lenshlp.  This  treaty  was  made  to  run  tea 
years  and  tbereofler  from  yesr  to  year, 
subject  to  twelve  mouths'  notice  of  inten- 

.1 —  ._  . 1 — tp_     ^  protocol  was  signed 

.*v  9A.  iftAH.  In  further  ex- 
(See  Ger- 
lUBD   fjmpire.j 

Baluuiut  Banks,  negotiations  with  Great 
Britain  regarding  cession  of  keys  on, 
to  United  States,  013. 

Batuuna  Islandi,  fonnorlr  LncaTos.— a 

cbsln  of  islands  stretching  from  near  the 
north  coast  of  Haiti  to  the  east  coast  of 
Florida.  They  are  separated  from  Florida 
by  the  Gulf  Stream  and  from  Cuba  by 
the  Old  Bahama  channeL  There  are  some 
3.000  of  these  lalanda  bat  only  about  SO 
of  any  slie.  The  prlndpal  ones,  beginning 
at  the  northwest,  are  Great  Bahama.  The 
Abacos.  Eleuthera.  New  Providence.  Andros, 
Guanahanl  or  Cat  Island  or  Ban  Salvador, 
WatllDg  Island,  Ex  a  ma.  Long  Island, 
Crooked  Islands,  Harlgnana.  Inagua.  Little 
Inagna.  Calcos.  and  Tntls  Island.  The 
climate  of  these  Islands  Is  very  mild  and 
salubrlons.  even  In  winter.  The  soil  Is 
thin,  but  produces  cotton,  malie,  pineapples, 
oranges,  etc, 

Hlftory, — The  Bahamas  were  Columbus's 
earliest  discovery,  but  Chere  la  some  doubt 
as  to  which  ot  the  Islands  he  called  San 
Salvador.  The  Inlands  were  occupied  by 
the  Kngllsh  In  1629  and  flaally  secured  to 
them  by  the  treaty  of  1783.  Area,  about 
6.4B0  sq.  miles:  population   110091.  ei.2T7. 

Gocemtnent. — The  capital  Is  Nsssau.  New 

clI,  and  a  legislative  council  of  nine  mem- 
bers each  and  a  representative  assembly  of 
twenty-nine  members  constitute  the  govem- 


In  the  Bahamas,  especially  In  New  Frovl- 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


BaluuM  IilandB — Contimiat. 
deoce.  The  Ulonda  ia.ve  wme  MpuUtlon 
ta  K  winter  resort,  the  thermomecer,  from 
NoTemtwr  to  Mbj.  Tarlea  from  60'  to  75*, 
and  darlor  tlie  cemalnder  of  tlie  year  from 
76°  to  80', 

Bftltuna  IfllandiipoatKl  conveiition.  with, 

5377. 
BaUug  Bniliuaa. — The  baftlDg  indnaur, 

BccordliiK  to  the  lait  federal  census.  Btanda 
thirteenth  In  the  list  ot  American  Indus- 
trleB  !□  DOlnt  of  vslne  of  products.  Bresd 
la  regularlT  shipped  bj  a  Isrge  number  of 
bakeries  throuKbuut  Ibe  country  a  distance 
of  a  hundred  and  fifty  miles,  and  in  a  few 
iDBtances  It  Is  shipped  a  thousaod  miles. 
This  last  la  eiceptlonal.  hovever,  and  only 
peculiar  conditions  make  It  passible.  Iieugth 
of  shipments  depends  entirely  on  the  local 
bread  market  and  ao  the  e^ipress  rates. 
The  manin  of  profit  on  bread  KCQcrally  is 
small.  ^Ipments  of  bread  wllf  not  stand 
an  exorbitant  express  rate,  and  when  sent 
long  distances  always  goes  to  a  market 
where  the  demand  for  a  superior  article  to 
tbat  baked  locally  is  equal  to  a  sometTbat 
Increased  price.  The  capital  lis  tlon  of  the 
baking  Industry  is  kItcd  1q  the  last  federal 
census  (1909)  at  |212,ai0,00l>.  The  larg- 
est producers  of  bread  m  the  United  States 

ard  Baking  Compaoy  and  the 
_  ^. <  j^„  jg,^  ,nj 

1  Comjiaay      " 


clUea.     The 
General  Baking 


Bread  Company  of  Kansas  Cltr  a 
the  iaraest  In  the  coualrj. 

The  baking  Industry  Is  growing  by  leaps 
and  bounds  aod  very  likely  by  this  time 
stands  twelfth  or  even  higher  in  the  list 
of  American  Industries.  At  the  time  of  the 
of  the  produc"  '     -■■--■-- 


.__ B  with 

nual  products  valued  at  over  a  hundred 
nulIIoQ.  The  per  cent  of  Increase  for  ten 
years  covered  m  the  report  was  12 Q. 3  per 
cent  In  value  of  products,  eicceded  In  the 
same  period  only  by  such  products  as  wom- 
en's clothing,  automobiles,  electrical  ma- 
chinery, fertilizers,  wire,  beet  sugar,  manu- 
factured ice.  pbotoKraphle  a  p  pars  tun,  etc. 
The  history  ot  TjIbcuU  baking  In  the 
United  States  is  a  record  of  tbe  develop 
ment  of  a  small  and  obscure  business  to 
an  Industry  of  national  ImDortBDcre.  The 
word  biscuit,  derived  through  Fi 
the  Latin,  means  twice  baked. 
Its  origin  Id  the  fact  that  tbe  military 
bread  of  tbe  Romans  was  twice  prepared 
Id  Ibe  oven.  In  Enrope  all  small  cakes 
made  of  flour,  with  sweetening  and  flavor- 
ing added,  are  called  biscuits.  In  tbe 
United  States  tbe  word  "cracker"  was  used 
to  describe  the  early  productions  of  crisp 
nnsweetened  dough,  and  later  extended 
to  Include  those  with  both  sweetening  and 
flavor.  When  these  American  crackers 
were  sent  to  Europe  thcT  were  Included 
under  the  geueral  name  of  biscuits,  and  the 
term  Is  coming  Into  a  wider  use  In  America. 
The  first  cracker  bakery  recorded  In  tbe 
United  Slates  was  that  of  Theodore  Pear- 
«0D.  of  Newburyport,  Mass..  who  as  early 
i    17»2    made   a   large    round    crisp   wheat 


loaf. 


cracker. 


bread    would    kee 
this  reason  It  WB.    .. 
piles    of   sailing   vessels. 


rblch.    unlike 


t  Menotoioy   (now   Arllog- 


nedv  followed  s.   ..     ._ 

ton],  Mass.,  In  1HU5.  In  Boston  the  Aus- 
tin* carried  on  the  business  sacceaifully  for 
many  years.  Other  noted  New  England 
Arms  were  Thurston,  Hall  &  Co..  of  Cam- 
brldgeport :  J.  S.  Carr,  of  Springfield  ;  C.  D. 
Boss  ot  New  London,  Conn.,  and  parks  Ic 
Savage,  of  Hartfori  The  earliest  Kew 
York  cracker  baker  was  Epbrnlm  Tread- 
well,  wbo  began  buslnesH  in  IB^S.and  the 
Brlnckerbolfs  started  In  ISBOv  The  Lar- 
raliee   Company,   ot  Albany,   established   in 


of  8L  irfmla."  These'Bnd'many'otoers  Joined 
in  the  race  for  recognition  throuehout  tbe 
country.  Bending  their  representatives  from 
Maine  to  Oregon,  and  trom  the  lakes  t«  tbe 

Slf,   besides  exporting   to    Sonth   Antertca, 
rlca  and   Australia. 

Until  about  1840  machinery  In  tbe  bis- 
cuit business  was  almost  unknown.  A  ma- 
chine was  then  Invented  which  rolled  the 
dougb  Into  a  thin  sheet,  which,  passing 
alone  on  an  endless  belt  or  apron,  was 
cut  mto  tbe  required  shape  by  a  stamp 
_...__    ,„j    .....__    — — latically.     In    this 


J  bnrrei. 

In  184S  the  discovery  of  gold  In  Cali- 
fornia and  tbe  consequent  demand  for 
crackers  BS  a  suitable  article  of  pioneer 
food  proved  a  marked  stlmnlns  to  tbe  bis- 
cuit trade.  Plants  were  enlarged  and 
stesm  power  was  introduced  to  woric  the 
mactilaes.  The  civil  war  gave  a  second 
great  impetus  to  the  Industry  and  the 
old-time  d^Bt-CUe  ovens  being  taxed  beyond 
tbeir  caPBCltv  to  meet  tbe  Increased  de- 
mand for  bard  bread  for  army  and  navy 
uecbanlcal  reel  oven,  consisting 
ivlng  In 

a  Ferris 

whole  enclosed  In  a  lari:e  brick 
Invented,  and  this  again 


— ,       r— thcsereelo, 

nd  had  lifts  been  increaaed  until  now  all  the  large 
plants  have  a  dally  capacity  of  trom  fotiy 
to  fifty  barrels  per  day  per  oven. 

The  biscuit  baking  buBlness  has  not  es- 
caped the  national  tendency  toward  con- 
centration. Four  holding  companies  now 
control  nearly  all  the  larger  plants  la  the 
country.  Tbe  first  ot  these,  the  New  York 
Biscuit     I — • "-      ' 

with    an    Immense   i ._    ..    ..     _. 

City,  baking  a  thousand  barrels  of  flour 
day.     The  American  Biscuit  Company  rans 
one  large   factory   In    New    York,    and    the 
United  States  Blscnlt  Company  controla  the 

grlnclpal  tftctortes  In  Ohio.  ladlsna  and 
enuRylvaala.  The  National  owns  bakeries 
In  Denver,  Colo. ;  Cedar  Rapids  and  Des 
Moines.  Iowa ;  Bock  Island,  ill-,  and   New 


ihea,   pastry,   nretiels,   etc..   collected 

.J)14    snow    26,Bfl3    establishments    Id     . 

United    States,    employing    124.0S2    wage- 
earners,  and  prodDclng  goods  to  the  Talne 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encychpedie  Index 


«t  $1»1,88S,000  for  the  jm.  The  c<wt 
ot  nwterUle  need  in  tbeu  b«kerlea  was 
Clven  ae  S2T4^T,000,  end  the  >iaaant  dii- 
trlbatod  JD  vagea  ■■  ¥96,684,000.  Besides 
these  IBS  tKCtoriea  reported  bUcolts  and 
rrackera  as  snbsldlar;  prodneta.  All  tlieu 
flKnrM  tbow  substantl&l  Increases  over  the 
eensn*  ol  1808. 

Balance  of  Tndth — ^^e  difference  In  tbI- 
ae  between  the  exports  and  Imimrts  of  m 
cooDtrj  Ib  called  IIb  balance  of  trade.  The 
Dotloa  loDK  preTHlled  that  an  excess  ot 
eiports  OTer  I m ports  wss  desirable,  and 
this  led  to  such  a  balance  being  termed  a 
balance  In  taror  of  the  couutr;,  while  > 
balance   of   Imports    OTCC   eip — 


Powers :    (S)    there   sbatl  he   tntematianal 

Kendarmes  In  Tnrker :  iS)  Uie  tt 

donlan    villayeta   s^-'■    '-    ' 

strlcted  In  power. 


Turkey  and  attract  Che  attention  c_  _„ 
Europe.  This  condltloo  of  allalrs  con  tin- 
ned until  lace  !□  the  year  IS03.  In  Sep- 
' —    *  that  year  Bulgaria  declared  her- 


■Idered  on^Torable, 
■  -   —  I  based  on   . 


the  n 


itaken  idea  that       Nori-i'i 
settled  b;  Im-  -  ■  - 


ot  wliicli  was  legudcd  as  desirable.  This 
Tlew  has,  boweyer,  twen  entlrel;  discarded 
by  politicsl  eeoDomlstn.  It  la  now  known 
thaf  la  healthir  and  profllable  trade  Im- 
Dorts  mDBt  of  necessity  exceed  exports.     A 

STen  quantity  of  merchandise  eiported 
am  a  country  mnst,  !□  order  to  yield  a 
prollt,  be  sold  In  a  foreign  market  at  a 
price  whlcb  Inclodes  cost,  Insorance  and 
trelgbt  to  the  torel^n  market  and  reason- 
able proflt   *-   "■ >.-—.   ••   ....-   1-- 


iw  tiiere  most  of  necessity  be  greater  than 
that  of  ttie  eiported  articles.  Not  that 
tranaactioQS  can  be  thus  traced  except  in 
Isolated  cases ;  wb  may.  Indeed,  asanme  a 
case  o(  exports  eidnslTcIy  to  P:ngland  and 
ol  Imports  eiClnslTcly  from  France,  the 
trade  between  these  countries  equalising 
the  transaction  :  for  bills  of  exchange  and 
ths  Other  Itutruments  at  commerce  render 
rery  simple  in  practice  even  tbe  eases  most 
dlfflcilt  to  trace  In   theory;   the  desire  tor 

EIn  leads  eyery  article  to  Sod  Che  market 
wlilch  It  is  most  TDlnable  ;  In  Ibis  sense 
SM  and  silver  are  articles  ol  commerce,  and 
ry  win  not  be  eiported  unless  their  valoe 
la  the  otber  country  Is  greater  than  at  home. 
*^^im  States.— A  general  term  referring 
to  those  states  or  parts  of  states  In  the 
Balkan  peninsula  In  the  aoutheastern  part 

I   of   Croatia   and   Kus 


self   free   from   Ihs  Turfs   and    ....    . 

nd  proceeded  to  take  passeBBlon  of  the 
.__.» liway,  wtilcti  though  In  Bul- 
led by  Turkey,     The  Turkish 

government   complained    to   the    signatory 

Eowers  of  the  Treaty  ol  Berlin,  which 
ad  left  the  Bulgarians  vassals  to  Turkey. 
Oct.  C,  IfiOe,  Prince  Ferdinand  read  hla 
manifesto  of  Independence  and  union  for 
Bulgaria  and  eaatem  Knmella.  Next  Aus- 
tria, on  Oct,  T.  proclaimed  to  the  world 
thst  the  provinces  of  Bosnia  and  Eerse- 
— .__ ..___  ^j  j^gjjj  ^     ..  — 


latlon    when   Turkey   was 


Es.°  £lp"lo 


S5°eUl 


the  prevention  of  a  possible  Slavic 
o(  tlie  future.  The  Turkish  gov- 
appenled  to  the  powers,      Servia 

nte  negro     were     ready     to      unite 


■In.  Oct.  T,  Crete  proclaimed  Itself  a  de- 
pendency or  Greece.  Torkey  again  pro- 
teaced.  and  QresC  Britain,   France,  Russia 


'    consldenitlon 


and    . 


a  Oc- 


tober 190S.  Qrpat  urltsln,  France  and 
Russia  advised  Bulgaria  Co  negotlaCe  with 
Turkey  with  a  view  to  compensating  the 
latter  power  for  sccedltjg  to  Bulgarian  In- 
dependence. The  culmination  of  the  Au»- 
tro-Turklah  difflcoltica  was  effected  In  a 
protocol  signed  In  February,  1000.  whereby 
Tarklsh  customs  duties  were  locreaned  16 
per  cent,  Turkish  monopoHes  In  mQtcbes. 
cignrette  paper  and  some  other  articles 
were  established,  all  Moalems  of  Bosnia 
and  Henegovlna  were  to  enjoy  political 
and  religious  freedom,  and  Turkey  re~ 
celved  an  indemnitv  of  tl2.r>00,000  from 
AnsCrla.  In  May.  1910,  the  Cretan  assem- 
bly was  opened  In  the  manner  ot  the  Greek 
parlloment  snd  an  oalb  of  nlleglaDce  was 
taken  to  Che  EluR  of  the  Hellenes. 

As  early  as  February,  IB12.  the  govern- 
ments of  Bulgaria.  Serbia.  Montenegro  and 
Greece  had  come  to  a  complete  underatand- 
Ing  and  tonned  ao  alliance  for  tlie  purpose 
ot  securing  the  freedom  of  their  com- 
patriots and  co-re llglonlBts  from  Tarklsh 
domination,  and  the  Hgeraudliement  of  each 
state  througb  the  division  of  Turkev  In 
Europe.  Alleged  massacres  in  Macedonia 
and  a  revolt  In  Albania  had  almost  brought 
matters  to  a  crisis,  when  Connt  Berchtold. 
Anatrlan  Minister  ot  Foreign  Affairs,  pro- 
posed to  the  powers  that  they  shonld  co- 
operato  to  restrsin  the  Balkan  States  from 
upsetting  the  statu*  guo  In  Eluropean  Tar- 
key,  and  cnconrare  the  Porte  in  a  lullcy  of 
moderate  deeentralliatlon  on  etbulc  lines. 
Anatrla's  purposa  was  to  prevent  war.    By 

. , the  Balkan  allies  the  pronosal  seemed  fa- 

dvQ   agents   appttfaited    by    tha      ToraH«  to  ttadr  dainu.    Tha  Twki  toohad 


Greece,  and  pari 

leal  sense  It  nsuatiy  applies  to  uuigsna, 
Berrla,  Montenegro,  Rumania,  Turkey  In 
Enrope  and   Greece. 

BaOmt  9iiull<M.— Situated  as  it  is. 
gnirdlng  the  coveted  .£genn  Sea  and  the 
Strait  ot  Dardaoellea,  and  compoaed  of  na- 
Uona  balding  variant  political  and  religions 
views,  tbla  gronp  of  states  la  looked  opon 
as  a  eonstant  menace  to  the  peace  of  Ea- 
Npe,  Politltal  troubles  In  the  peninsula 
are  generally  referred  to  aa  the  Balkan 
Qsesfloa. 

The  Congress  of  Berlin,  which  attempted 
to  alter  the  map  of  Europe  after  the  Bus- 
-'a  victory  of  ISTS,  In  falling  to  reeogntu 


rtanee,    EIngrand.    Italy   i 

allied  against    Anstrlaraungary,   Germany. 
Tnriiey  and  Bnlgarla. 
The   great   powers 

ordered    these    threa . 

jl)    TIw  Tnrklth    Inspeetor-Ocneral    must 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Balkan  SUtM—OoHttmwii, 
npoD  It  as  a  thrrat  of  Earoifeaii  Interren- 
tlon  for  the  ulteFloT  purpose  of  takiog  the 
MacedoDlao  provinces  from  the  control  ol 
the  Bultau. 

Turto-Bulaarian  War. — During  the  peace 


negotUtloDi    between    Italy   and   Turlcey    In 

"--'  .  1912,  Turkey  roobllted  -  ' ' 

e  BulRBrlan  trot" 


roud— That,  leaalug  o 


ora,   each    pNTlnce   hRTlng   an    AasemblT, 

with   repreaentstlTeB   whose   authorllf    will 
be  drawn  pro^rtlonatel]'  from  the  Tarlou> 


Bept,  1912,  Turkey  roobllted  a 

"■■  "■■'       '  .ud  the  Bccuaed 

mobilization   of 


sparauteed.  dHlarhig  that  Ibe  powers  of 
Garape  bad  temporized  too  lunc-  Bulinrla 
called  upon  BervU,  Greece.  Hacedonla. 
Montenesro  and  UenegoTlua  to  rUe  ajnlnat 
Turkey,  and  by  Oct.  10.  1612,  600,000  bayo- 
nets aurrouDded   European  Turkey. 

The  Fowera  In  the  meauwhlle  bad  been 
endeBTorlng  to  concert  measurei  to  prevent 
actual  war,  Repreaentatlvea  ol  AOBtrla- 
Hongary  and  Rusala  at  Sofla,  Belgrade, 
CelllDBe  and  Athena  annoUDced  to  the  Bal- 
kan Blllea  the  attitude  of  the  Powers  aa 
follows : 

The  goTeruments  of  Russia  and  Anitrla 
declare  to  the  Balkan  States : 

First — That  (he  Powers  energetically  re- 
i  susceptible  of  caualng 


began 

-  , uted   wl._ .-„..    -J 

--Ignrla,   assisted   by   Servia.   Montenegro 
and   Greece.         After   Investing    Adrlanople 

' -    •^-    Black    8e«, 

o.    May    80. 

_..  Tbrsce  to  the  Enos  MldlK 
line  fell  to  the  share  of  Bulgaria,  as  well 
as  DBita  of  Uacedonla  to  the  west  of  Bul- 
garia. 


In  a  campaign  of  eight  weeks  the  Balkan 
"   """"■    '    "'le  Turks   from   Albania, 


Blllea  had  swept 
Kplrna,  >■--.■—■ 


Inqulshed  her  Eoropcan 


possession  of 
ns.  By  the 
il^ned  In  !»□- 


They   both   re- 


1  xxiii      f£^'"'«. 


the  realiiatlon  of  reforms  In  the  admluL. 
tratlon  of  European  Torliey,  It  being  under- 
stood that  these  reforms  shall  not  aSect 
the  soTerelgnr;  of  the  BulCan  or  tbe  terri- 
torial integrity  of  the  Ottoman  Empire. 
The  Powers  reserve  to  themselves  ll&erty 
of  action  for  a  collective  ulterior  study  of 
these  reforms. 

Third—That  If  nevertheless  war  breaks 
out  between  the  Balkan  Btates  and  the 
Ottoman  Empire,  tbey  will  permit  at  the 
end  of  the  conflict  no  modtncatlon  of  tbe 
territorial  itatu>  quo  In  European  Turkey. 
The  Powers  will  make  collectively  to  tbe 
Sublime  Porte  representations  similar  to 
tbe  above  declaration. 

Montenegro  had  prevloosly  (Oct  6,  1912) 
declared  war  on  Turkey  and  the  other  Bal- 
kan allies  made  demanda  wbicb  Turkey 
considered  offensive. 

M.  Posltch.  Servian  HlnlBter  ot  For- 
eign Affairs,  snd  President  of  the  Council 
of  HIolBlers,  Iraued  a  statement  aaylug : 
■'Since  tbe  orrlva]  of  the  Turks  In  Europe. 
Chrlstlsn  populatlouB  under  their  rule  have 
oever  ceased  to  suffer.  The  relations  be- 
tween them  have  never  been  other  than 
those  between  conqueror  snd  conquered. 
Servla  Is  not  recogulEed  as  a  nation ;  she 
bas    neither    churcb    nor    school. 

"Servla.    like  other   Balkan   nations,    baa 

Seacenbly  waited  for  the  putting  Into  ef- 
>ct  of  reforms  which  would  assure  tbe 
Bsfety  of  the  lives  of  the  Christian  popula- 
tions In  the  Ottoman  Empire,  but  all  has 
been  in  vain.  We  are  convinced  that  war 
Is  now  the  only  means  of  attaining  auton- 
omy for  Old  Servla,  where  a  malorlty  of 
tbe  population  are  Serbs.  I  consider  ttuit 
these  people  inerlt  our  effort  all  the  more 
because  I  hey  were  altogether  abandoned 
even  In  the  attempts  at  reforms  nndertaken 
by  the  great  Powers.  Old  Servla  must  In- 
clude Ibe  vilayet  of  Kossovo  witb  the 
Sanfljak  of  Novl-Baiar,  tbe  northern  por- 
tion of  tbe  vilayet  of  Scutari,  with  the 
shores  of  the  Adriatic,  where  there  are  sn- 
clent  Servian  forts ;  also  tbe  northwestern 
portion  of  Ibe  vilayet  of  MonasClr,  Includ- 
Tug  Lake  Ochrlda. 

Besides  Old  Servla,  antonomy  must  be 
given  to  Macedonia,  Albania.  Thessaly  and 
Eplra.  At  tbe  head  of  tbeae  autonomous 
proYlBCM  tbere  muat  be  CkrlatUn  aoren- 


the   Balkan  t 

o   frontier   delimitations.      National 
—     -  -     high    that    a    scttlemcn ' 


military    action.      They    grew    „.     ™„ 

problem  of  new  frontier  lines  made  neces- 
sary by  the  elimination  of  the  Turk  from 
Macedonia  and  the  greater  part  of  Thnice. 
Bulgaria,   a   party    to    both   dlspates,   was 


J    „ Issue   Buccessful   be- 

yood  tbcir  most  sauguliie  hopes,  the  Balkan 
allies  fell  out  over  a  division  of  tbe  spoils. 
Their  original  plaus  contemplated  a  Joint 
campaign  for  tbe  liberation  of  Macedonia, 
and  at  the  outapt  their  eipectatlons  did 
not  go  beyond  the  expulsion  of  Turkey 
from  this  one  province.  The  unexpected 
successes  of  the  Bulgarians  in  Thrace,  how- 
ever, eitpnded  the  prospect  ot  conoueet  and 
altered  the  concert  of  the  allies,  n'hile 
the  Bulgarians  concentrated  moat  ot  tbelr 
'roops    before    Adrianople    and    Tchataldja, 


the    Serviai 


orther 


Macedonia 


within  their  own  frontiers.     Here  they  were 

this  emergency  Russia  was  appealed  to  for 
mediation,  whkb  ended  wltb  tbe  treaty  of 
Bucharest,  AugUBt  0.  1913,  by  wbicb  Bul- 
garia was  stripped  of  her  newly  acquired 
western  possessions  and  ceded  a  part  of 
her  former  territory  to  Rumania.  Dnrlns 
this  second  war,  In  wbicb  Bul^rla  wa^ 
worsted  by  her  former  allies.  Turkey  reoccu- 
pied  Adrlanople  and  tbe  adjacent  terrltor?. 
Bnlgarla  was  onable  to  endure  a  thl-d 
war,  and  on  Sept.  :i9,  1913.  alined  a  trenly 
at  Constantinople  by  which  the  Tiirko-Riil- 
gnrian  line  was  traced  op  tbe  Mnrltin 
River  from  its  month  tn  a  point  near  Han- 
dra.  and  thence,  passing  west  of  Demotlba, 
left    both    tbnt    town    and    Adrlnnople    to 


jyGooi^lc 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Bans 


Balkia  SUtas — OoutiinMi. 

ilallj  tlonbled  la  extent  b;  tb<  Treatr  ol 

CooBtaDilDople. 

aucb   mat  ten   sa   were   left   to   Interna- 
tloul  ■rtittratlon  or   lo  Mttlement  by  tbe 
-        r  aatlBfactorlly  adjiiated. 


ierTlB  Ducaed  a  grleraoM  agelnst 
UangSTj  OB  account  o(  being  depi 
1    Haport    on    the    Adriatic.       "— 


at  Albania,  but  __;___! 

'Hunjtar;.     Tbe  gcoirlDg  batred 


between    tbe    I ..  _ 

the   asBaralnatlon    _. 

ll'14,  of  Crown  Prince  Fr 
or  Aiutrta  and  his  wife.  Austria  cbarced 
that  tbe  murder  waa  part  of  a  widespread 
political  plot  known  and  perhapa  luatlsated 
bjr  ibe  Berrlan  Qovernment,  and  demanded 
a  Tolce  tn  tbe  Inveatlntlon  and  panlahment 
at  tbe  crime.  Auatrfa'a  determfoatlon  waa 
oppoaed  br  Hnnla.  aod  wben  tbs  latter  be- 
■■^■noblflalng  ber_torc«B  Jn  AujtatL  1914, 


after  Aiutrlaa 


I  had  lam 


Sed  in 


Sei- 


ne Immediate  came  at  the  Entopeai) 
war  of  I&14-ia  mar  be  traced  to  tbe  po- 
litlaJ  altuattoD  In  tbe  Balkana,  and  the 
fenecal  war  reall;  grew  ant  of  tbe  Balkan 
wari  of  1912  and  1913.  Tbe  reaalt  of 
those  warm  waa  to  briag  Russia  and  Aus- 
trla-Honsar;  Into  direct  opposition.  Both 
bad  been   BtrlvlnB  for  years  for  mastery  of 


the    peninsula.       The    growth    of 
"Togary  east  and  souCb  to  t"--    — 
Eini  in  Bosnia,   Ueneaorl: 
la  Uie  aim  of  AuKtrla.  llni 


lary  east  and  souCb  to  tbe  .^Eseau  Sea, 
II  In  Bosnia,  Ueneaorliia  and  Serrla, 
the  aim  of  AuKtrla.  Bnngarla  had  been 
pprmanently  attached.  BoBoIa  and  Ilerxe- 
fforina  were  recent  amnlaltlons.  Berrla  was 
siltl  necessary  and  Qreece  desirable  to  tbe 
culmination  of  the  Anstrlan  ambitions. 

Riuala,  meanwhile,  was  equally  desirous 
of  obtaining  ■  soutbera  port  open  to  the 
Hediterraoeaa  without  passlnii  throufa  the 
Dardanelles  by  consent  of  Turkey.  hi>«>|' 
Iberefore,  encouraged  the  Pan-Slai 


Turkish  empire  In  Europe, 
the  Balkan  league,  aald  to  1 
Bnsaian  diplomacy,  scored 


eztenslan.  The  collapee  of  the 
In  Europe,  as  a  result  of 
'te  a  creation  of 
.  point  In  favor 
ui  KUHio.  iue  secuno  daJkan  war.  In 
which  the  alliea  fougbt  among  themselves, 
was   reputed    to   be   a   counter   diplomatic 

Say  of  Austria.  For  k  time  It  raptured 
ISTle  solidarity. 

Daring  tbe  general  F/Uropeaii  war  of 
ISI4-I6.  the  attflude  of  the  Balkan  States 
was  closely  watched  by  tbe  twillgecenta. 
Alter  early  attacks  on  Belgrade  by  Aas- 
triina,  in  1B14,  no  military  operations  were 
carried  on  in  Eferria  for  nearly  »  year.  Bu- 
nanla,  Bnlgarla  and  Greece  maintalrcd 
■tnrt  nenlrality  until  In  October,  191S, 
■hen  a  Teuton  army  began  to  aasemble  In 
ssntherD  Hungary,  with  the  evident  Inten- 
tion of  proceeding  Into  BerTla.  K'njr  Fer- 
dloand  of  Bulgaria  mobilised  bis  annlea  on 
the  frontier  and  declared  his  action  to  be 
for  the  preservation  of  neutralll?.  SuasLa 
Iminrdlately  demanded  the  demobllliatlon  of 
the  forcea  and  tbe  dlaalasa!  of  the  Oerman 
aOcera  who  It  waa  said  were  In  command. 
Fmeh  and  English  troopa,  which  had  brea 


opFrmtlng  In  the  Danlanelles,  were  landed 

at  Balonlka  In  the  northern  jiftrt  of  " 

raveled  by  Bulgaria.     The  Oredau  i 


Bat  protested    against    this   Tlolaaon    of 
nentral  territory. 
"-   ■"  I   middle   o(  December.   1918.   the 
I   and   Buli^riaa   armies  had 


Ballot.— Literally  a  little  balL  The  term 
Is  applied  to  all  methods  ol  aecret  voting. 
beoiiiM  fotnerly  all  such  votes  were  taken 
by  black  and  white  balls  placed  In  the  same 
box,  or  ball!  of  only  one  color  were  depos- 
ited In  different  boxes  bo  arrSLieed  that 
noaa  but  the  voter  could  see  which  box 
received  his  t>alt.  The  Ureeks  used  marked 
shells  ioitratoH),  whence  the  term  ostra- 
cism. The  Komans  used  tickets  tor  secret 
voting  as  early  aa  139  B.  C.  The  first  uae 
of  the  ballot  in  the  United  States  waa  In 
the  selection  of  a  pastor  by  the  Salem 
Cbnrch.  July  20  lefa.  Dttrlng  the  same 
year  It  waa  used  In  ecclesiaatlcal  and  mu- 
nicipal elections  In  tbe  Netherlands,  but  In 
England  the  cuatom  waa  not  established  un- 
til 1ST2.  though  Bccret  voting  was  actually 
employed  In  the  parliament  of  Scotlaad  In 
cases    of   OBtradsm   two    centuries   earlier. 


lions  of  Feiinayivanla,  New  Jeraey,  and 
North  Carolina,  wtalcb  were  adopted  In 
ITTe.  made  voting  by  ballot  obligatury. 
Some  of  the  southern  slates  were  alow  to 
adopt  tbe  ballot  ayalem  of  voting,  the  viva 
voet  method  having  prevailed  in  Kentucky 
local  and  state  elections  up  to  a  late  dale. 
In  Alaliama.  Florida.  Indiana,  Kansas,  Ken- 
tacky.  LOQlalana,  Nevada.  North  CaroIIaa. 
Pennnlvanla,  Tennessee,  TeiBa,  and  poasl- 
bly  otlier  state*,  the  canBtltutlona  require 
the  h«lBlBtnrea  to  vote  vina  voce.  In  1873 
Congreas  paased  a  law  reiiuirlog  all  Con- 
treesmen   lo  ha  elected   by  ballot. 

i%»traUa»  Ballot. — Bills  embodying  tbe 
Australian  ballot  system  were  introduced 
In  the  legislatures  of  Michigan  and  New 
York  Id  IS8T,  but  failed  of  pasaage  uotll 
18S9.  when  the  system  waa  adopted  in  a 
slightly  modified  form.  In  1868,  the  sys- 
tem was  adopted  at  LonlBTllle.  Ky..  and  In 
MaasaAuaelta.  This  method  requires  the 
namea  of  alt  the  candidates  for  all  tbe 
offlees  to  be  placed  on  one  llcket  The 
voter  retlrea  to  a  private  booth  and  Indl- 
eatea  bis  choice  by  making  a  mark  oppo- 
aite  a  party  emblem  or  a  candidate's  naiiie. 
This  system  of  voting  was  first  proposed  by 
Francis  8.  Do  I  ton,  a  member  of  the  legls- 
latnra  of  South  Australia,  In  ISOl.  Ita 
use  in  the  United  States  was  flrst  advo- 
cated In  1882  by  Henry  George  In  « 
pamphlet  entitled  "RnK)lah  Blecllona."  The 
Australian  ballot  has  been  adopted  In  soma 
torm  Id  all  the  statea  except  North  Caro- 
lina. South  Carolina,  Georgia  and  Nevada. 
Delaware  adopted  It,  but  later  returned  to 
the  old  system.  A  modlflctttlon  of  the  l>al- 
lot,  used  In  Bomc  localltiPB.  Is  the  so-called 
voting  mschlne  Id  which  the  voter  Indicates 
his  choice  by  pressing  knobs  which  record 
his  vote  upon  slips  of  paper  and  record 
alao  the  number  of  votes  cast  tor  each 
candidate. 

Bhort  Ballots,— The  short  ballot  la  an 
attempt  to  simplify  eleetlona  by  placing 
a  few  ofllcers   In   nomination  at  one  time 

£"     roviaing  that  only  important  oBli 
ctlve.     Two  abort  ballot  a  mend  mi 


iSSt  i 


adopted. 

Bklls  Blnir  (Va.),  Battle  of.— In  October, 
1861,  Oen.  UcClellan  directed  Bilg.  Oen. 
Charles  P.  Stone  to  make  a  demonatratlon 
toward  Leeabnrg,  Va.  Stone  ordered  Col. 
Davena,  of  the  Fifteenth  Unaaacbuaetts.  to 
croaa  the  Potomac  Dear  Balla  BIuK  and  at- 
tack and  deatroy  any  Confederate  camps 
found,  or  to  report  and  wait  for  re-enforce- 
menta.  Devena,  nltb  about  SOO  of  bis  own 
regiment  and  100  of  the  Twentieth  Uaaaa- 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


.     .   .    of   New    Xurk,   aasumcd    oommaad. 

D  o'clocli  p.  u.  Col.  Baker  vaa  bllletl.  and 
the  li'edvrulH,  afier  a  vulu  atlempl  lo  out 
tbelr  way  tbrousti  to  EilwardH  Ferrr.  were 


e  tbeniHelvt.  _ 

Many  o(  the  polreutlng  army  w«] 
while  snimmiag  the  river.     Tbe 


'Ht  they  could. 


Federals  loit  was  894.  Tbe  Confederates 
lost  302.  Gen.  Stone  was  arrested  and  kept 
in  conflnement  from  Feb.  9  to  Aug.  16, 
1662. 

Baltic  Sea. — A  Enrope&D  inland  Be& 
crashing  the  shores  of  Sweden,  Qer- 
man7,  and  Bussia.  It  terminBtea 
in  the  Qulfa  of  Bothnia,  Finland, 
and  Biga. 
Free  transit  into  and  from,  discnased, 

2867,  2944. 
Sound  dues  on  commerce  to,  impoai- 
tion  of,  2774. 
Baltimore,  The: 
Mentioned,  6297. 

Sailors  of,   aaaanlted  at  Valparaiso, 
and   action   of    Oovemment    dis- 
cnsaad,  5620,  S650,  5662. 
ludemnit}-  for,  paid  b;  Chile,  GT17, 
5750. 
Baltimore,  Md.: 

Britisli  retreat  from,  referred  to,  £33. 
CoortB  of  United  Statea  in,  provision 
' lodation  of,  referred  to. 


Duties  at  port  of,  referred  to,  80. 

Inanrrection  in,  on  day  of  election, 
measures  to  prevent,  2975. 

Memorial  from  merchants  in,  trans- 
mitted, 384. 

Military'  police  to  be  established  in, 
3313. 

National  conventifT   at,   for  preven- 
tion of  cmeltiee  to  animals,  4458. 

National  Prison  Gongresa  at,  referred 
to,  4162. 

Police  commiesioDers  of,  arrested,  re- 
ferred to,  3234. 

Post-office  bnilding  for,  referred  to, 
2898. 
Bank  BlllB  less  than  $20  shonM  be  anp- 

pressed,  13S5. 
Bank,  International  American: 

Charter  for,   recommended  by  Ptesi- 
deut  Benj.  Harrison,  6560. 

Establishmeot   of,    recommended    bj 
International    American    Confer- 
ence, 5505. 
Discussed,    5560. 
Bank.  Manufactory.— a  banking  achemB 

whtcb  originated  In  MaBBachuaettB  in  1740. 
The  Idea  was  to  aecure  the  IsBneB  by  mort- 
gage on  the  real  estate  of  each  Bnbscriber 
(0  tbe  amount  of  bis  BnbBrrlpdoQ.  Thoagh 
opposed  by  a  Btrong  party^^lt  paBsrd  the 
House  of  RepreBentatlves.  The  bank  failed 
after  iMDing  notes  to  the  extent  ot  £SO,OUO. 


Bank  Hotea.    (See  Banks  and  Bnnking 

and  Finances  diecoased.) 
Bank  of  Missouri,  measurea  taken   by 

Government   to   enforce   payment  of 

sums  due  from  directora  of,  941. 
Bank  of  Pennsylvania: 

Payment  of  bonds  of,  held  by  United 
States,  referred  to,  1726, 

Suspension  of,  referred  to,  1768. 
Bank  of  the  United  States.— ?eb.  25, 
ITBl.  Congress  issued  a  charter  aatborizlng 
tbe  Bank  of  Che  Unlled  Slates  to  do  busi- 
ness for  twenty  years.  Its  capital  atock 
was  (10,000.000.  of  which  Coagreas  sub- 
scribed (2,000,000,  partly  In  coin  and  part- 
ly In  goTcrameat  securities.      It  was   made 

depository  lor  tbe  public  mobeyB.  It  was 
also  autborlicd  to  (sbuc  Its  notes,  parable 
In  specie,  and  was  made  in  eiery  way  possi- 
ble the  agent  of  tbe  United  States  Treasary. 
and  a  strong  power  in  tbe  financial  affairs 
of  tbe  country.  Its  capital  was  divided  Into 
20.000  sharea  of  $400  each, 
fourth    In    specie    and    thre    ' 

-  -  ■  -be  U- 
was  allowed  to  bold  property  ot  alt  kinds 
up  to  Mie  value  of  tlG.OOO.OOO,  iDClnalTe 
of  Its  capital  stock,  and  further  to  eatablish 
braorh  banks  Id  tbe  various  cities.  In  ac- 
cordance witb  thia  last  provision  a  branch 
was  at  once  opened  in  New  York  Cll;  and 


Bank  of  United  States: 
Act    to    extend    charter  of,    vetoed, 
1139. 
Beferred  to,  1225. 
Act  to  incorporate,  vetoed,  540. 
Agent  should  be  appointed  to  take 

charge  of  books  of,  1382. 
Attempts  to  impair  credit  of  Oov- 

emment,  123S,  1250. 
Bills  of  exchange  discounted  at,  for 
benefit  of  Senators  inquiied  into, 
1346. 
No  report  on  subject  of,  1347. 
Bills  of,  should  not  be  received  for 

taxes,  1382. 
Charter  obtained  by  ofGcers  of,  from 
Pennsylvania  for  new  bank,  1471. 
Charter  of,  not  to  be  renewed,  1226, 
1250. 
Expiration     of,     diaensaed,     1025, 
1897. 
Chartered  rights  of,  should  be  ter- 
minated, 1250. 
Claims    of,   and  course  pursued  by, 

1329. 
Constitutionality    of     law     creating, 

questioned,   1025,   1092,    1225. 
Dangers    from,    apprehended,     1091, 

1224,  1249. 
Deposits  in,  removal  of,  1249. 

President  Jackson's  paper  to  Cab- 
inet on,  1224. 
Befuses   to   transmit,   to   Senate, 
1255. 
Recommended,  1163,  1236. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


BEnknqitcy 


Buk  of  TRilted  SUtOB-OoHKiiM^. 

Beferred  to,  1386. 

Views  of  President  Tyler  on,  189T. 
Diieetora  of,  nominsition  of,  ukd  rea- 
sons  therefor,  1260. 
DiMnssed  by  President — 

Jaeluon,  1121,  1382,  3470. 

Polk,   2504. 

Tyler,   1897. 
Distresses  caused  by,  needlesdy  pro- 
daeed,  1328. 

Reference  to,  1383. 
Flagrant   miscondiict   of,   commented 

on,  1220,  1249,  1330. 
QoTemment  most  bo  Boparated  from, 

1329. 
Judicial   power,   attempte    to    nonrp 

functions  of,  1259. 
Honey  in,  not  accounted  for,  1259. 
Kote*   of,    cannot   be   reissued   after 

expiration  of  charter,  1471. 
OrguiizatioD  of,  referred  to,  664. 
Panic,  attempts  to  bring  about,  1250. 
Pspen   and   funds   in   possession   of, 

refnsal  to  deliver,  1258. 
Psniion  money  retained  by,   1328. 
Politieal  power  of,  fund  employed  by, 

to  sustain,  1249. 
President  of,  fnnds  at  disposal  of  for 

electioneering  puiposes,  1249. 
Bechsxter   of,   a  leading  question  in 

election  of  President,  1225,  1249. 
Sound  correney,  failure  of,  to  estab- 
lish, 1025. 
Stock  in— 

Government  slionld  be  notified  re- 
garding, 1382. 

Should  be  sold,  1330. 
Snbtcriptions  to,  96. 
Snbstitnte   for,  most  be  adopted  by 

Congress,  1228. 
Successor   of,  cannot  fame  notes  of, 

1471,  1600. 
With  limited  powem,  recommended, 

1092. 
Bank  of  United  States  tb.  Haletead.— 
Ad  Important  Sapreme  Court  case  on  appeal 
fram  the  clrcntt  court  of  Ecatuck?  Id  1S2S. 
Prnprrtj.  Including  real  Mtste,  was  offered 
For  nU  tor  debt,  Tbe  blgbpst  bid  belDK 
IpH   tbsD    (bree-foartba    of    Its    BpuralBca 

prene  Court  beld  tbat  It  bad  Jurisdiction  In 
«  (tie  to  whlcb  the  Bank  of  (he  United 
Stitra  was  a  party,  and  tbst  a  laar  arblcb 
forbade  the  rale  of  land  under  execution  for 
len  than  tbrpp-foartba  of  lis  appraised 
Tilne  did  not  apply  to  writs  of  execution 
Imied  by  Federal  courts. 

Bank  of  United  States  ▼&  PUnten* 
Bank  of  Qeorgta. — a  suit  brougbt  by  the 
Bink  of  tbe  United  States  tor  pajrmeut  of  a 
pnnnltiiory  note  wlilcb  had  been  Indoreed 
to  It  by  tbe  Planters'  Bank  of  Georgia.  Tbe 
Elate  of  OeorKlH  bad  stork  In  this  bask. 
Tbe  action  was  brougbt  aicalnst  Che  Planters' 
Bank  and  also  eealnat  tbe  State.  The  Su- 
preme  Court  In  1824  decided  tbat  If  a  State 
brtame  a  party  to  a  banking  or  a  commer- 
□a)  enterprise  the  BCate  could  be  sued  in 


the  course  of  buslneu,  on  the  principle  that 

when  a  gavernment  becomes  a  partner  in 
any  trading  company  It  dlTeata  Itself,  so 
far  as  concerns  tbe  ttaniiactluiia  uf  that 
company,  of  Ite  Boverelgn  character  and 
takea  tbat  of  a  private  cftlien.  Tbe  State, 
said  tbe  court  through  Cblet  Justice  Mar- 
Bball.    IB   not   a  party — that   la,   an   entire 


the   circatt    i: 

-»atterr 


t  had  jarlsdlctloo  la  ■ 


•BanHwj^  extension  of,  to  foreign  coun- 
tries recommended,  7674. 
Banking  System.  (See  Banks  and  Bank- 
ing-) 
BanlcrnptCT.— The  Conitltntlon  glvea  Con- 
gress tbe  power  to  eatabllab  uniform  bank- 
ruptcy laws  tbranebout  tbe  United  Btatea. 
Bankiaptcy  Is  a  state  of  Inability  to  pay 
all  debti.  It  Is  also  the  process  by  which 
an  Indlyldnal  may  secure  a  discharge  of 
his  iDdebtedneHB  by  surrendering  his  prop- 


and  complying  wlUi  tbe  law.    April 

j.ovO,  a  bankruptcy  act  was  passed  by  Cou- 

ereas  and  waa  repealed  In  December,   1803. 

In  May,  1837,  a  comi '-■  — '-■- •> 

In   the   United   Btaiei 


_    -, ling   (allures    to 

the  amount  of  llOO.OOO.OOa    On  account  of 
tbe_  taeST);  looes  Incurred  during  the  tlnan- 


avy  losses  I 

IDiC     which 


Another  l^nclal  panic  occurred  In  ISST, 
and  most  of  the  banks  suspended  specie 
payments.     A  third   {the  Lowell)   r'* 


pasaed  March  2,  ISOT.  and  repealed  In 
1878  (4204).  The  present  law  was  passed 
jQly  1.  teas,  and  amended  June  SS.  IBIO. 
Dnring  the  years  of  our  history  when  no 
national  bankrupt  law  eilaied  all  r 
~'-*lng  to  loBolvencIes  h' "  '  ~  " 
rdTof  State  laws. 

Bankrupt!!))  Lato. — lExtrBcts  from  the 
United  States  Bankruptcy  Act  of  Jaly  1, 
169a  as  amended  by  Act  of  June  SS,  1910: 

Who  may  become  baokrnpta.— (a)  Any 
person  except  a  muolclpal  railroad.  Insur- 
ance or  banklog  corporation  shall  bo  en- 
titled to  tbe  beneflts  of  this  act  aa  a  TOl- 
~atary    bankrupt.        The    bankruptcy    of    a 


,  -.  Btockboldera.  ae  such,  from  any 

liability  under  tbe  laws  of  a  atale  or  ter- 
ritory or  of  tbe  United  States,  (b)  Any 
natural  person,  except  a  wsge-eamcr  or  a 
penoD  engaged  chlpQy  In  farming  or  tbe 
tillage  of  the  soil,  any  unincorporated  com- 
pany and  any  moneyed  bualnesa,  or  com- 
mercial corporation,  except  a  municipal 
railroad.  Inearance  or  banklog  corporatloo, 
owing  debts  to  the  amount  of  one  Iboosand 
dollars  or  over,  mny  be  adjodged  an  Invol- 
untary bankrupt  upon  default  or  an  Impar- 
tial trial  and  Hball  be  subject  to  the  provi- 
sions and  entitled  to  the  benefits  of  this  act. 
Duties  of  BnDkrup[a.-~ra)  Tbe  bankrupt 
shall  (1)  attend  the  first  meeting  o(  his 
creditors.  It  directed  by  the  court  or  a 
Judge  tbereot  to  do  so.  and  the  hearing  upon 
i^3  anplkaCIon  for  a  discharge.  If  died:  12 1 
comply  with  alt  lawful  orders  of  the  court: 
(3)  eiamlne  the  correctnens  of  all  proofs 
of  claims  tiled  against  his  estate:  (4)  exe- 
cute and  deliver  such  papers  as  shall  be 
ordered  by  the  court;  (5)  eiecute  to  his 
tmatee  IrHDBferB  of  all  bis  property  m  for- 
eign countries :  (6)  Immediately  Inform  bis 
trustee  of  any  attemnt  by  bis  creditors 
or  other  persons  to  evade  the  proTlsIons  of 
this  act.  comlnu  to  hlB  knowledge;  (7)  tn 
case  of  any  person  having  to  bis  knowledge 

S roved  a  false  claim  aoralust  his  estate, 
Isclose  tbat  fact  Immediately  to  his  truB- 
tee;  (81  prepare,  make  oath  to,  and  file 
In  court  wltbhi  ten  days,  unless  further 
time  la  granted,  after  the  adjudication  U  an 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Banknqttc^        Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Bankniptcjr— O0"H««ed. 
. ij^  ^j^   — 

Mnkrnpt,  •  scliMlure  of 

uis  )j[uiwriy,  BbowlDK  ibe  amoant  and  kind 
of  proper  LT,  the  locatlan  tliereof.  Its 
moDc)'  value  In  deUlI,  and  a  list  ot  hia 
creditors,  sbowlDS  their  reildeneea.  If 
known  (If  anknovn  tbat  fact  to  be 
stated),  the  amount  due  each  of  them,  the 
hereof,   the  Becarlty  held   by 

e'maj  be  entitled  t(_, 

cate,  one  copy  of  each  tor  the  Cjirr».  «up  lui 
the  referee,  aud  one  for  tlie  trustee ;  and 
(0)    vben   preeent  at   the    Qret   meeting   ot 


Deaa,  Ibe  cause  of  hte  baokmiiic;,  hia  deal- 
ings wltb  bis  creditors  and  otber  penoni, 
tbe  amouDt,  kind,  and  wbereaboats  of  his 
propertr.  abd,  la  add  I  Hod,  all  matters 
wlirch  mar  affect  the  admlDlatratioD  and 
settlement  of  hfa  estate;  ' —  -"  ' 


froTldcd,  hoverer.  that  he  shall  not  be 
required  lo  atlebd  a  meellag  of  his  credi- 
tors or  at  or  tor  bd  eiamloatlon  at  » 
Slaoe  more  thao  one  habdred  and  Bftf  miles 
tstanl  from  bis  home  or  principal  place 
of  business  or  to  examine  claims  except 
when  presented  to  him.  unless  ordered  DT 
tbe  court,  or  a  judge  thereof,  for  cause 
shown,  and  the  bankrupt  shall  be  paid  bis 
actaal  expenses  from  the  estate  when  ei- 
amloed  or  required  to  attend  at  any  place 
other  than  tbe  city,  tawn^  or  Tillage  of  his 


Buikznptcy,  Lawi  of: 

Uodiflcations   regarding   involnntaiy 

bank  nipt  cf  recommended,  4204. 
Passage  of,  recommended,  1907,  2972, 

3052,  4730,  4840,  5478,  5561. 
Memorial  favoring,  presented,  1907. 
Power  to  make,  vested  in  Congreaa, 

869,  2972. 
Uniform  system  of,  met  to  wtkblisli, 
referred  to,  683. 
B>tiVi  uid  Banklnsi 
Banking  and  cnrrenej  reform  urged, 

7908. 
Banking  eystem — 

Control  of,  must  be  public,  78S1. 
Shotild  be  instniineuts  and  not  mas- 
ters of  enterprise,  78S1. 
Discussed  by  President — 
Lincoln,  3331,  3360,  3149. 
Madison,  G60. 
Polk,   2257. 

Van  Bnren,  1541,  1707,  1757. 
Wilson,  7879,  790S. 
Beforms  in,  recoouuended,  1380. 
BiseuBsed  by  President^ 
Buchanan,  2968. 
Grant,   4241. 

Van  Bnren,  1541,  1707,  1757. 
Wilson,  7879,  7908, 
Tiaws,  muat  not  permit  concentration 
of  funda  for  speculative  purposes, 


Specie    payments    diBcusaed. 

Specie  Payments.) 
Special  commission  to  make  su 

tions  concerning,  recommended. 


{Sea 


Bank!.— A  bank  >■  an  Institution  tor  re- 
celvlDg  and  lending  money.  Tbe  banking 
Inslliuies  o(  the  United  States  may  be 
classed  as  National  and  Stale  banks,  private 
bnaki  or  bapkers,  sSTlogs  banks,  and  loan 
and  trust  campaalcfl.  in  1T81  tbe  Congress 
of  the  UOD federation  ebariered  the  Bank  of 
North  America  with  a  capital  ot  S4U0.000. 
wllb  a  view  lo  providing  throDsh  Its  Dotes 
jlallng^^medlum     foc^    tie    coantrf. 


In  1TG2.    By  ] 
establlihed.   on 


r  York,  tbe  other  h 


tbe  Bank  ot  Ibe  United  Sta.__       

ter  authorised  an  existence  of  20  years  and 
L  capital  ot  (10,00^000.  one-flfth  lo  be  sap- 


;  largely   In- 


plled  by   tbe  United   Stales.      ._ ^ 

gress  refused  lo  renew  the  charier.  Dui 
tbe  trrlng  limes  ot  tbe  War  ot  1812  c 
State  banks   existed,   and    these   larg  ~ 

creased    in    number.       In    1816   tbe    

United  Slates  Baok  was  chartered  to  run 
20  years  wllb  a  capital  of  (SS.OOO.OOO,  ot 
which  tbe  Federal  aovemmenC  subscribed 
one-Qfth,  Tbe  bank  wss  to  have  cnstody 
of  the  public  tonds,  and  5  of  Its  2S  di- 
rectors were  to  be  sppointed  by  the  UDltcd 
.„■    ._    ...    — ,„,„g 


"iS".*?. 


vetoed  it  { 


t  President  Jackson 


Doved  from   the 
and  placed   In 

136   the   bank's 
'resident   Tyler 


chatter  expired.     In   1841 

vetoed  two  bills  to  revive  — .  _. 

In    1846   Ibe   Independent  Treasury   syi 
._._...._...>    ,j.__    .^.i    j|[ 

lid  be   -. 

Hon'otTh~e  tank." ~Betwe~eii"  1836  and  180:i 
only    Slate    banks   existed.      Feb.    2S.    1863. 
the  National  bank  act  was  passed.   Tbia  act 
proving  defective.  It  was  superseded  by  rfae 
act  ot  June  3.  1864,  which  forms  tbe  basis 
of  the  present  system. 
Banks. — See  Bncyelopedie  Index  articles 
and  page  references  under  beadings: 
Book,  Manufaeloiy.        Claariag  Bouss. 
Back  Not«.  Currency  Lav. 

Bonk  of  Miasooil.  Depoau,    Public,  Re- 

Bank  of  Pennsylvania,    ^."'"ralof. 
Bank  ol  United  States,    ruul  Buk  of  United 

B^kT^Uoorf.  Na^BankEsaioin. 

S"!?*"  S^L.,  a.  .  NatiMal  Banks. 

Banki,  Postal  BaT'gs.      Portal  Savinn  t—w. 
Banks.  Savin™.  Rafaty  Fund. 

i«  Payments. 

--    Bd  States  Note«. 

of  United  Sutes  Bank  ol 

Banks,    National.  —  DissBtiifaction    and 

losses  In  connection  with  the  State  banking 
system  in  vogue  in  the  first  half  of  tbe 
nineteenth  centnry  led  lo  Ibe  paarage  of 
laws  by  tbe  Federal  Government  tor  the 
protection  of  holders  of  the  circulating 
medium.  The  drst  National  bank  act  of 
the  new  and  comprehensive  series  was  Bug- 

fested  lo  Congress  by  Secretary  Chaae  In 
861  aad  paRsed  In  1B63.  It  was  Bmeodi^ 
by  a  law  passed  June  S,  1864,  'Hieae  acta 
form  the  basis  of  the  present  law.      It  Is 


•  of  all  btahs  of  tbat  atata  to  be 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index    . 


•ccnred  bj  *  deposit  of  itorkB  and  bondB, 
ooe-balf  Id  Issues  of  Ibat  ittte.  The  dr- 
cuiaiiug  nolcB  were  redeemable  at  RKeaciea 
wltbln  tbe  atste.  Tbls  latter  feature  of  tbe 
New  York  law  wsa  adapted  from  the  Suf- 
folk iratem  in  Togue  Id  New  Eaglaad. 

Coder  tbe  National  baoklng  law,  aa 
kmendpd  bj  tbe  art  of  March  14,  1900, 
•n*  Ore  peraons  with  a  combined  rapllal  of 
S2S.OO0  may  open  a  bank  and  receive  dr- 
calatliiK  notea  to  the  amouat  of  the  par 
value  of  tbeir  capital  lovesled  In  United 
Btitei  bonds,  but  not  to  exceed  the  par 
valDe  of  tbe  bonds.  la  rltlea  of  more  than 
S.OOO  aod  len  than  tt.000  Inbabltaata  tbe 
capital  rnimml  la  fSO.OOO.  while  a  capital 
of  tlOO.OCK)  Is  required  In  cllles  baFlna  a 
■     ■         -     -  r  6.000.  and  doobl_e   ihlB 


the 


medlun] 
IT  plaPCB. 
allonil    B 


raoital  remains 

taw    also    esiab — ■ 

Bnrran  in  Ibe  Treasury  Department  and 
created  the  oOce  of  Comptroller  of  the  Cur- 
renrr.  Tbls  set  added  some  t3SO,000,000 
to  the  cnrrency  of  the  ™uQtry. 

The  aanual  report  of  tbe  Camptroller  of 
the  Cnrrenrj  for  the  rear  1913  showed  7,- 
4S8  National  banks,  with  a  capital  of  fl,- 
05a.B10.792.  a  total  anrplus  of  fTSS.St!,- 
182.  rrportlns  net  eamlnEs  of  (100,980.084. 
paTing  In  dividends  *11B,900.0S1.  a  ratio 
of  dividends  to  capital  of  11.40  per  cent. 
Tl»  clrcnlstion  ouHlandinB  Sept,  1.  1913. 
waa  tT24.500.000 :  Individual  depoalts,  tC- 
7B1.350.000:  prlnclnal  resourres,  loans  and 
dlaconnla.  t6.lSO.800.000:  United  StsI  - 
bond*  on  deposit  lo  secnre  ' — '--'- 
$735.800.000 :      United      Btatea 


aronod  of  Stness  as  on  that  of  party  fldel- 
ily,  a  principle  also  mucb  la  vogue  In  the 
granting  of  bank  cbarlera  before  ths  bvs- 
lem  of  free  bankEau  ™me  Into  use.  The 
banks  selected  by  Jackson  as  public  depoa- 
Itors  were  in  derision  called  "'pet  banlis." 

Banks,  Postal  SATlngs.     (See  alao  Pos- 
ted Savings  Ban  he.) 
Beeomm ended  by  President — 
Arthnr,  4639. 
Grant,  41SZ,  4204. 
Hayes,  4574. 
Boosevelt,  7102,  7226. 
Taft,  7373. 
Banks,  BaTlngS.— The  flrat   aaTtogs  hank 
Id  the  United  Btatea  was  the  Bostoc  Provi- 
dent Barings  iDstltallan.  Incorporated  Dec. 
13.   1818.     The  Philadelphia   Snvinga   Fund 
Boclely   began  busloess  the  same  yenr,  but 
waa  not  Incorporated  until  ISIB.     In  1818 
tjanka    for    savings    were    Inrorporsled    In 

re,   Ud.,   and  Salem.    Unss..  and   In 

Kew   York.   Hartford,   Conn.,   and 
'  --1  Providence,  H.  1.     There  werr 


Balllmi 

181S  r 


903   s 


1,2}{7   I 


CDlted  Stales  lo  a-hlvh  7.096,220  persons 
had  deposited  13.281,263,119.  These  Hg- 
nres  are  the  highest  reached  In  the  history 
of  this  country  both  with  regard  to  tbe 
number  and  the  amount  of  depositors  and 
-  of  deposits.  BtallsIlcB  of  the 
—  -'  "■-  — ^fiii  ohtHlned  by 
..   and   Labor, 

__,    Slates,    with   about 

91  per  cent  of  the  total  population  coneld- 
ered,  has  more  than  29  per  cent  of  the  sav- 


that    tbe   L'olted 


and  tbe  aothorlied  capital  wsa  tl.07a.ll24.- 
1 75  Tbe    outstanding    clrruiatlon    was 

f8TT.640.281,    of    which    «128,241.760    waa 
■reared  tiy  other  than  United  States  bonds. 
(See  alto  Currency.) 
Buks,  SaUonal: 

CircDlation  of.  (See  National  Banks.) 
I>iBcns8ed  bv  President — 
Artliiir,  4720,  4786,  4832. 
Cleveland,   4926,   6876,   596S,   5986,. 

0070,  6156. 
Qrant,  4199. 
Johnson,  3563,  3770. 
Lincoln,  3331,  3350,  3384,  3449. 
McKinlev.  62S4,  6358. 
Boose vel't,  6654. 

Van  Buren,  1541,  1707,  1757,  1828. 
WUboh,  7960. 
Orsnnizstion  of,  discussed,  47S0,  4926, 

&S76,  5965,  6156. 
Beports  of  exajniners  of,  4655. 
Should  engage  attention  of  Congress, 

551,  1025. 
Tax  on  capital  and  depoaita  of,  repeal 

of,  recommended,  4636,  4766. 
Treasury  balance  depoaited  in,  7980. 
Banks,  Pet. — When  President  Jackson  or- 
dered the  public  funds  withdrawn  from  the 
mited  Statea  Bank  In  1833.  It  became 
oecrMBiT  for  tbe  AdmtnistrattoD  to  Bnd 
mme  other  place  of  deposit  tor  the  Federal 
naneya.  Certain  Btate  hanks  were  chosen, 
ud  tbe  allegation  was  made  ttisl  tbe  aelec- 
tloa  waa  detcmlned  not  so  anch  on  the 


savings,  tbe  profits  thereof  being  paid  as 
Interest  to  tbe  depotttors. 

In  1913  there  were  1,9TS  savlDgS  banks 
In  the  United  Btatea,  bnvlnic  10.TB8.036 
depositors  and  deposits  of  14,7^7.40:1.030.79, 
an  average  o(  $139.07  to  each  depositor. 
New  York  haa  tbe  largest   number  of  de- 

Sosllors  and  the  largeft  total  of  deposits. 
.114,240  persoER  having  11,700.083,786.36 
to  tbelr  credit,  an  average  of  (545.90  to 
each  peraon.  The  1.710  depositors  In  the 
aavlnra  banks  of  Montana  have  on  aver- 
age of  (781.30  lo  their  credit,  nearly 
double  the  average  for  the  entire  country. 
Banks,  Stats.— A  Slate  bank  Is  an  Inntl- 
tntlon  chartered  by  a  State  legislature  for 
banking  purposes.  It  performs  elmllar 
fuartiona  of  KatlonsI  bsnks.    Alter  the  ex- 

Elratlon  of  the  charter  of  tbe  Bank  of  Ihe 
nited  States  In  1836.  and  the  refosal  of 
Congress  to  recbarler  It,  Btate  banks  sprang 
ap  In  large  numbers  througbout  the  unloD. 
Each   state   passed    Its^own   law    for    their 

Iheae  law 


r  el  re 


Bufflclently  protected  sgalost  toss 


, and  failures.      Between   1B36  and 

1883  there  were  no  United  States  bnoka 
or  National  banks,  and  ooiy  Slate  banks 
existed.  Being  allowed  to  Issue  notes  to 
circulate  aa  currency,  they  availed  them. 
selves  of  tbe  privilege,  and  in  many  In- 
stances the  privilege  was  much  abnsed. 
By  act  of  Congress  passed  Marcb  S,  1865, 
all  circalatlns  notes  of  banks  other  tban 
Katlonal  banks  were  taxed  10  per  cent. 
The  result  of  tbls  law  was  to  speedily 
caose  tbe  retirement  of  all  such  notes. 
There  ara  In  all  some  14,000  Btate  banks 
at  present  in  operation. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Bulks,  State: 
Deposits  in  should  be  reguUted  br 

law,  1331,  1386. 
Discussed  hy  President — 

Bnchau&n,  29SS. 

aeveland,  S986. 

Jackson,  1469. 

Tyler,  1899. 

Van  Buren,  1541,  1548,  1711,  1T57. 
Uessares   should  be   adopted  to   cor- 

rsct  unlimited  cre&tion  of,  1899. 
Nomber  of,  6157. 
Paper  to  Cabinet  concerning,  1224, 

President  Jackson  refuses  to  trona- 
mit  to  Senate,  1255. 
Practicability     of,      commented     on, 

1236,  1250,  1330,  1384. 
Public  deposits  should  be  placed   in, 
1236. 


(See  Indian  Tribes.) 
Baptist  ObnTclt  in  MiBsiseippi  Territory, 

act  for  relief  of,  vetoed,  475. 
Bar  Harbor,  He.,  acts  for  erection  of 

public    buOdinKB    at,    vetoed,    5257, 

6571. 
Barbados  Island  (West  Indies},  postal 

eODvention  with,  6277. 
Baibary  States. — The  region  on  the 
aoTtb  coast  of  Africa  borderliiK  on  the 
Hedlterrsnean  Sea.  It  Is  capable  of  high 
cnlllTatlon.  In  earljr  times  the  soil  wsa 
made  to  jrleld  richly.  Barbara  wbh  known 
In  ancient  times  as  Hauriunfa,  Nnmldla, 
Africa  Propria,  and  Cyrenalco.  It  now 
comprises  the  countries  ol  Bnrca,   Tripoli, 

Fenaii,   Tonls,    "         '-    — ■"    *' "- 

Bides   HuTopean.,   — 

habit  the  BarbarT  Stntes — Berbers.   Uoora, 

"-— '—     Jews.    Turks,    Kulngl'-    — •■   "- 

S  popolntlon  la  about 

■nn  and  a  Haatlna  rict, „....,.„..  „.. 

rated.     The 


Fenaii,  Tonls,  Algeria  and  Morocco. 

Bedonlni,  Jewa.   Turks, „ —  —  _  _ 

oroes.     The  popolatlon  la  about  11,000,000 


Mohammedaaa  and  a  Soatlne  popula 


Jena  and  Cbristlaos  □ 
language    of    commerca    is 
Id  TunlB   and  Tripoli,   whe 


Uuriag  the  latter  part  of  the 
Ceutorr  most  of  the  EnropcaQ 
lelW     -    — -    -""—    ■- 


the    plra 
is  the  price 


I  time  was  paid,  but  in  the  earlv  pari 
the  nlneteeath  centuir,  alter  aubJuEal' 
Tripoli   and  Algiers,   the  Unltf'   "'— — 


i  Baling 


Friendly  inteieooTBe  with,  415,  G03, 

649. 
Beferenee  to,  321,  324.  325. 
Belations    with    which,    through    un- 
reasonable demands  of  Tripoli,  led 
to  a  declaration  of  war  against  the 
United  States,  314. 
BaiceKnut,  ^aln.  International  exposi- 
tion of  Labor  at,  discussed,  5177,  5399. 
Baring  BrotHeis  ft  Co.,  funds  of  United 

States  on  deposit  with,  382S. 
BambQULar  KQd  Hunker.— in   1845   the 

Democratic  party  In  New  York  State,  ow- 
ing to  intenul  squabbling,  became  divided 
lata  two  pronounced  tactlona.  Thene  were 
the  administration  Democrats.  calllDK  Hiem- 
selvea  Conaerratlves,  and  the  aore-heada  of 
those  days,  stigmatised  as  Radicals,  because. 
among  other  tbloKs,  ther  were  affected  with 
antl-alaTery.  or  "rree  Boll"  (which  lee)  sen- 
timents ;  whereas,  the  administration  party 
was  strongly  pro-alar ery.  In  the  Demo- 
cratic State  Convention  held  at  Byracnae 
early  In  1S4T  the  latter  faction,  by  political 
manlpulfttloD,  aecored  the  organliatlon  ot 
that  body,  and  decided  nearly  all  the  con- 
tesled  Beats  In  tbelr  own  lavar.  and  made 
the  State  ticket  and  tlie  Stale  committee 
to  anlt  themselves :  In  other  words,  "car- 
■    "       *"      "       hunk,"    and    fairly    won    the 


e  Hunker  oi 

to    the    Dutch    farmer    who 

ard  the  name  of  Bambnmera 

<n   them,   and   the   two   nld- 

mer  and  Huoker,  were  ban- 

h  until  after  the  former 

berty  party   fichich  tet). 

t  Mr.  Var   " -•■" 


acted  terms  of  pence  from  Ibe  pirates.  The 
action  of  America  was  followed  by  Ger- 
many, France,  and  other  European  pow- 
ers, and  the  pirates  were  completely  sub- 
jugated. (See  also  Africa,  AlireHan  War, 
Trlpolltan  War,  and  the  Beverat  States  of 
northern  Africa.) 
Barbary  States   (see  also  the  several 

States;    Algerine   War;    Tripolitan 

War.) 
Consuls  of  United  States  in,  referred 

to,  169. 
Disbursements    in    intercourse    with, 


3  back  and  for 


_      ,s  usFd  to  slKQlfy  that 

the  administration  faction  had  reached  their 

goal,  or  home. 

Barratarla,  Island  of,  pardon  granted 

lawless  inhabitants  of,  who  aided  In 
.    defense  of  New  Orleans,  643. 
Bataan,  Frorlncs  of ,  Fh.  L,  mentioned, 

6701. 
Baton  Booge  (La.),  Battle  of.— G«riy  in 

May.  1862,  after  the  fall  of  New  Orleans, 
Admiral  FarrBguC  passed  np  the  liver  and 
raised  the  American  Sag  over  the  pobllc 
buildings  in  Batou  Rouge,  the  capital  of 
LoulBlana.  Gen,  Thomas  WllllBms  was 
placed  In  command  of  the  place  wltb  a 
small  garrison.  Aug.  G,  1B62,  he  was  at- 
tacked by  Gen.  Breckenrldge,  who  wos  to 
hare  been  asslated  by  tbe  Ironclad  gna- 
bont  Arlcamas.  Tbe  Arkantaa  exploded  her 
boilers  Bud  failed  to  reach  the  scvne  of  ac. 
tlon.  Tbe  ConfcderateB  were  repulsed.  The 
Union  loss  wns  200,  Including  Oen.  Williams, 


sea.— Before  the  ceaslan  of 
Louisiana  to  the  United  Butea.  a  man 
nampd  "ravler  bad  purcbaaed  a  plantation 
on  the  MlaslsBlppI  River  near  New  Orleans. 
Part  at  It  afterwards  became  the  Tillage  of 
St.  Mary.  An  alluvial  denoBlt  or  river  beach 
formed  in  front  of  the  village  and  was  need 
as  a  lauding  place  tor  the  dtliena  ot  Be 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclope^  Index. 


BsetSogar 


Battan  Oua»— CwNMied. 
Uirj.  Under  the  law  It  wu  h  part  of  the 
Gntrler  eat&ta,  which  wu  puriAaBed  b; 
Ednid  LlTlutistoo.  of  r>ew  Xoric,  who  t>e- 
ftn  ImproTlas  It  for  his  owd  use.  The 
Hopte  proteBled  an  the  groaod  ol  an.  old 
French  law  slvlnK  allavloDa  to  the  (overa- 
DtDt  Freiloeat  Jefleraon  dlipaeaeBsed  LIT- 
liiitoD  of  the  Batture.  and  the  latter  Im- 
ntdlitely  began  rait  against  Jeffenon  and 
the  United  States  marsbaL  The  Supreme 
Conrt  refuied  to  entertain  the  aalt  against 
itie  Prestdent.  but  decided  to  leilora  the 
Bitture  to  UvlngatOD. 

Barilla. — A  kingdom  of  sonthern  Ger- 
suuj.  and  one  of  tba  Statea  of  the  Qerman 
Emplic  It  conalstB  of  two  nuegual  and 
disconnected  parts,  tbe  larger  eaaiem  and 
iDe  smaller  western.  The  country  pro- 
dncn  wbeat,  rye,  oats,  and  other  cereals, 
lobicco.  potatoea,  hops,  ax.  wine.  etc. 
Tbe  moat  Important  msnutacturea  are  tex- 
tile^ beer,   maohlnerj,   Iron-ware  and  por- 

Oavernmvtl. — Ita  gOTemment  ll  a  COD- 
Mtntloiuil  hereditary  monarchy,  wllh  a 
kbi,  an  upper  honae,  and  a  chamber  of 
isa  deputlea.  The  relgDlDg  king  la  Ixiula 
til.  rt  made  a  treaty  with  the  North 
German  Confederation  In  1870  and  entered 
thcGemiBD  Empire  In  18T1.  Ares  ^  29,286 
iq.  miles  :  popolatlon  I 

The  army '"*" 


t  la  numbered  separately 


4  peace  footlof  has  about  -..---  — 
About  701  per  cent  of  the  pOTtalatlon  ».^ 
Roman  catholle*  and  some  28  per  cent 
Pratntaats. 

BkTftTla  (we  also  Unnkh): 

Convention  with,  2218,  2760. 

Fugitive  eriminalB,  convention  with, 
for  anirender  of,  2760. 

iDunigration  treaty  with,  3834. 

Naturalization  treaty  with,  3883. 
Bavaria,  Trea«»  with.— These  include 
(he  treaty  of  1645,  treaty  ot  1853,  and  the 
Irtsty  ol  1868.  They  were  not  affected  by 
(be  formation  ot  the  German  Empire  In 
I8T1.  Tbe  treaty  of  1B45  abollahed  tbe 
frplf  SaubaUie  aud  taxes  on  emlirratlon.  In 
Piauce  the  droit  iraubaia«  was  the  right  of 
(he  king  to  the  goods  of  an  unuaturallied 
foreigner  (aubat*)  dying  within  his  hlng- 
dom.  The  king  stood  In  place  of  the  helra. 
In  Prance  thla  right  was  abolished  In 
I8I9.  This  treaty  tleclared  that  the  OroU 
€aiaalM,  droir  ie  relralts.  and  droit  de 
traeHmer  tax  or  taxes  on  emigration  be 
■boUahed.  When  any  person  holding  real 
property  dies,  the  person  to  whom  it  would 
ile»;end,  were  be  not  dlsqnallfled  br  alien- 
ue  under  tbe  laws  of  tbe  land,  s^all  be 
allowed  two  or  more  years, 
wblch  to  dispose  of  It,  ant 
(he   proceeds    from    the    cottntry 

psytng  detraction  dutf         " 

Tcr  by  wilt,  donation, 
(♦rred  ooou  -•■—   — ' 


_     Power  of  trans- 

-j   ,  -r  otherwise.  Is  cob- 

Tred  opou  alien  realdenta  equal  to  thoae 
-Jloyed  hy  cltlaena  or  anblects.  When  no 
beirs  exist  the  property  of  tbe  deceased  la 
to  receive  the  same  eare  as  that  of  a  na- 
tlre  or  dtlzen.  EHsnutes  rwardlag  posee»- 
non  are  to  be  decided  according  to  the 
lawi.  snfl  by  the  courts  la  which  the 
preperty  Is  sltnated.  For  extradition  terms 
af  the  treaty  of  1854.  see  Extradition  Trea- 
tlri.  The  treaty  of  18R8  was  a  naturallia- 
Oon  treaty.  (See  Germany.) 
BiTBTd  VX.  BlBgleton.— This  Is  one  of  the 
niilnC  Inatances  of  a  court  passing  upon 
the  cDDttltnthniBllty  of  an  act  of  the  legts- 


fTth" 


lature.  Suit  wa*  brongbt  before  the  conrt 
of  appeals  of  North  Carolina  In  1787  for  tbe 
recovery  ot  certain  property  that  had  been 
confiscated  and  sold  to  the  defendant  nuder 
an  act  ot  the  legislature  psssed  during  the 
Revolution  which  authorized  the  conilsca- 
tlOD  of  the  property  of  aliens.  Counsel  tor 
defendant  moved  tbe  dismissal  of  (he  case 
In  accordance  with  an  act  ot  the  leglala[ure 
paased  In  1780.  which  "required  the  courts, 
In  all  eases  where  tbe  defendant  makes 
affidavit  that  he  holde  the  dlspnted  property 
under  a  ssle  from  a  commlasloner  ot  for- 
feited eatatea,   to  dismiss  the  ease  on  mo- 

.,„„     ,„.__    ._,. ^^^  ,g  dismiss  tbe 

___   of   the  legislature 
void."   Judgment  waa. 

, ...    (he    defendant   on    the 

p.  .jnnd  that  aliens  cannot  hold  land,  and 
If  they  purchaae  It  the  land  Is  forfeited  to 
(he  Bovcrelgu. 
BkTonno  Decre«.— April  it.  ISOB,  Napo- 
leon decreed  that  all  American  vessels 
wbleh  Bbould  enter  tbe  porta  of  Prance, 
Italy,  Bod  the  Hanae  Towns  shontd  be 
aelaed,  "becaase  no  veaaeU  of  tbe  United 
BUtea  can  now  navigate  the  seaa  with- 
out violating  the  law  of  aald  Statea."  Id 
hia  attempts  to  aobdue  England,  Napoleon 
Bonght  to  destroy  her  commerce  witb  ail 
□eutral  powers,  Including  the  United  States. 
Beu,   Tha,  sent  to  relief  of  whaling 

fleet,  6350. 
Boar  Flag  War.— Aq  Inanrrectlon  against 
the  Mexican  Qovcrnmeot  1q  June.  184S, 
Buppoaed  to  bavo  besn  Inatlgated  by  John 
C,  Fremout,  tbeu  a  caplalD  or  United  Btnles 
troops  In  California.  A  body  ot  American 
settlers  seised  some  Mexican  boraes  and 
then  captured  the  town  ot  Sonoma.     They 

raised  a  Gag.  having  —  "  ••■"  " -'  - 

bear.    In  July,  the  Ml 

Sn,  the  Stars  and  Stripes  wer 
mterey.  and  the  Bear  Flag  Viae  uecame 
a  factor  In  tbe  American  cooqueat  of  Cnl- 
ttornla.  A  battalion  called  the  Bear  Plag 
battalion  waa  active  In  expelling  the  Hexl- 

Beanfort,  N.  O,,  blockade  of,  nmoved 

bj  pfoclamatioD,  3290. 
Beaver  Dam  (Ouiad«),  Battle  of.— After 
tbe  retreat  of  tbe  American  arm;  from  the 
Niagara  River  they  reodeavoused  near  the 
western  end  of  Lake  Ontario.  Gen.  Dear- 
born aeot  Lleut-Col.  Charles  Q.  Boeratler 
with  B40  men  to  capture  Beaver  Dam.  A 
Brltlah  lieutenant,  on  June  24.  1813,  with 
forty  or  flfly  men,  but  claiming  to  be  the 
advance  guard  of  1.500  troops  and  700 
Indians,  demanded  of  bim  to  surrender. 
Boeratler  surrendered  542  men.  one  12- 
poQnder  and  one  d-pouuder  cannon,  and  a 

Bedloea  IBland.  (See  Liberty  Enlighten- 
ing the  World.) 

Beef  Frodncta.  (See  Animab  and  Ani- 
mal Prodncte:  also  Meat  Packing  and 

Slaoghtering.) 
Beer.     (Bee  Liqnore — Halt,  Tlnoua  and 

Distilled.) 
Beet  Sagar.— Although  the  manuftieture 
of  sugar  from  cane  antedates  Its  produc- 
tion from  beets  by  several  centuries,  the 
latter  were  nut  to  practical  use  fourteen 
centnrlea  before  refined  sugar  waa  pro- 
daced  from  the  "sweet sticks'"  of  the  ^Bt 
In  the  flrst  century,  Pltny  the  Elder 
wrote:  "Next  to  grain  snd  beans  there  Is 
no  more  serviceable  plant  than  the  while 
beet,  tbe  root  of  which  Is  used  for  human 


r  having  tie- 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Beet  Sugar  Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


BMt  Sugar — OomimtadL 

and  animal  food,  the  joxaig  BpronU  as  a 
Tegetable.  and  Ibe  leaTea  as  an  accesMry 
toader.  *  *  *  Beets  should  not  be  grown 
contlnuoualy  on  the  same  ■oil,  bat  a  rota- 
tion should  be  obBerred." 

Europe  follows  this  advice  t«11b1oiu1;, 
though  it  has  not  been  accepted  Beuerallr 
b;  Amecican  farmers,  which  accoonta  for 
their  Inferior  yields  of  both  beeta  and 
cereal  crops. 

The  first  to  suspect  the  pmence  of 
■□gar  In  the  beet  wns  the  fsmoDS  Frencli 
aeroDomlat,  OtlTler  de  Serres,  in  1600,  bnt 
this  discovery  led  to  no  Immediate  reaalta. 
A  century  and  a  half  later,  In  1T4T.  the 
dlatlngulalied  Oerman  cbemlst,  Andreas 
Uurnraf.  ProfesBOr  of  Physics  In  the 
Academy  of  Science  of  Berlin,  socceeded 
IQ  produclne  a  few  cryatals  of  sugar  from 

Serrea"     writings     conveyed     the     idea     to 

*'    —  hlle   the   Germans   assert   that 

1  original  with  their  coantry- 

Uarggtafs  popll  and  soccesaor,  Frana 
Curl  Acbnrd  devoted  his  aclenUQc  csreer 
to  applying  MargBraf  s  discovery  to  Indus- 
trial purpoaes.     Throagh  the  liberal  r      '  ■ 


the    Great,   Acbnrd    < 


.....  r  Beriln  (or  a  num- 

ber of  years,  but  on  the  death  of  his 
Sovereign  he  was  compelled  to  abandon 
the  wort  until  Friedcrleb  Wllhelm  III  In- 
tereated    himself    In    It    and    made    bim    a 

Jrant  of  9,000  tbalera  (t25,000).  Id  ITftS, 
chard  was  nlile  to  preapnt  hla  Soverelga 
with  beet  sugar  loaves  whlcb  In  every  re- 
spect were  com  parable  to  the  best  cane 
Hugsr.  The  King  then  loaned  him  SO.OOO 
thalers,    and    In^  1802,    Achard^  erected    -* 


Cune 


,  Lowi 


sues 


??.??! 


ry  In  the  world.  It  was  a  prlmltTve 
affair,  with  a  capacity  of  but  a  tew  hun- 
dred pounds  of  beets  per  day,  the  beets 
being  raaped  and  the  Juice  preased  out,  as 
with  the  cane.  The  beets  contained  bat  3 
to  4  per  cent  of  augor  and  It  coat  sliteen 
cents  per  pound  to  produce. 

Achnrd's  enterprise  attrscted  the  atten- 
tion of  NnpoleoQ  Bonaparte,  sod  he  aent 
French  sclentl^tg  to  Silesia  to  InveatlgaCe 
the  new  Industry.  Upon  their  return  two 
factories  were  established  near  Paris. 
These  were  un successful,  but  the  French 
made  the  discovery  then  which  waa  des- 
tined to  revolutionise  methods  of  tillage, 
estahllnh  modern  sclentlSc  agriculture,  and, 
by  doubling  the  Bcrenze  yield  of  cereals, 
add  more  to  the  wealth  of  (he  world  and 
lis  ability  to  maintain  population  than  has 
any  other  discovery  before  or  since.  At 
that  time  the  cereal  crop  yields  ot  the 
continent  were  but  twelve  bushels  per  acre, 
and  starvation  threatened  the  rapidly  In- 
creasing  population.  In  altetnatlDg  beets 
with  cereal  croos  the  French  aclentlBts  dlft- 
covcrcd  that  he  yield  of  cereals  was  In- 
creased nenrly  twofold,  Wbeo  Napoleon 
becnme  convinced  of  this  fact  he  ordered 
during  1811  «ad  1812  thousands  of  acres 
to  be  planted  in  beets,  and  technical 
schools  rind  factories  to  be  built.  As  a 
result  the  [ndustry  wns  firmly  established 
In  France  and  the  yield  Of  cereal  crops  In- 
creased. 

German  and   French   scientists  then  be- 

Kn   developing   the    augar    content   o(    the 
et    plant,    and    moat    wonderful    resnlts 
hnvo  ii»BTi   nbtained.     By  careful  selection 
.    scientific    tillage    the    sngsr 


of  the  original  beet,  and  the  tonnase  se- 
cured (roDi  a  single  acre  Is  more  than 
originally  conld  be  aecnred  from  a  good 
sised  farm. 

In  answer  to  the  criticisms  that  beet 
sngsr  has  less  sweetening  power  than 
cane  sugar  the  assertion  Is  made  that  even 
a  chemist,  surrounded  with  sll  hla  acien- 
tlUc  laboratory  equipment,  can  not  dis- 
tlngnlsh  one  from  the  other.  Although 
derived  from  different  species  of  plants. 
the  reflned  product  from  the  Juice  of  the 
cane  snd  beet  la  the  Bsme  In  composition, 
In  sweetening  power.  In  dietetic  effect.  In 
chemical  reaction.  In  all  other  respects. 
Furthermore.  1(  maple  sugar  were  rebolled 
and  passed  throngh  the  process  ot  refining. 
It  would  lose  its  aroma  and  flavor,  whidi 
are  wholly  In  the  Impurities,  and  the 
white  crystals  would  be  Identical  with 
those  derived  from  sugar  cane  and  sugar 

Pure  Bogar,  whether  derived  from  beet 
or  cane.  Is  as  Identical  as  Is  pure  gold. 
Whether  mined  In  the  Bocky  Hoantalns  or 
In  the  Trans  vest. 

The  earliest  attempt  to  produce  sugar 
from  beets  In  the  Dnited  States  was  made 
In    Philadelphia    In    1830   by    Vaughan    and 

Bonaldson,    but    their    effortr 

eeaaful.      Elzht      -    -  ■- 

ChUd 


1.     Eight     years     later     David 
.  erected  a  small  factory  a*  •■'—■'-- 
Uass.,   and   succeeded    In  | 


a  small  factory  at  Northamp- 


ampton  plant  operated  but  one 

In    1852    Bishop    Tyler,    of    th_    

Chnrch,  purchased   In   France  the   maehln- 


I    Tyler,    of    the    Mormon 


ery  for  a  factory,  shipped  It  to  I 
enworth,  Kana,  by  water  and  by  oi  teams 
hauled  tt  from  there  to  Bait  U.ke  City. 
This  effort  also  was  a  failure. 

During  the  next  few  years,  attempts 
were  made  to  produce  beet  sngsr  In  the 
United  States  ss  follows:  Illinois,  1863-71; 
Wisconsin,  1868-71 :  New  Jersey,  1870-76- 
Uslne.  18T6:  but  all  these  efforts 
In  failure,  absorbed  some 


ided 


The  first  American  to  wrest  success  from 
failure  was  E.  H.  Dyer,  who  erected  a 
small  plant  at  Alrsrado,  Cal.,  In  ISTB. 
Although  a  failure  for  many  years,  much 
of  which  time  the  plant  was  Idle,  It  flnilly 
became  a  saccoas.  Several  times  It  hss 
been  rebuilt  and  re-equipped  with  machln- 


psj  1; 


(  the  a 


more  than  a  mere  Irsctlc 
actually   Invested    In   IL 
federal    treasury    needed 


In    1883    !._-     

money  and  as  our  national  legisiatora  had 
become  enthuslnstic  about  the  ponel  bill  lies 
of  producing  our  sugnr  supply  st  home. 
Congress  enacted  a  tariff  bill  which  car- 
ried a  duty  of  3|  cents  a  pound  on  reflned 
sugar  and  21  cents  on  raw.  But  no  one 
knew  what  soil  or  climate  were  required 
for  producing  high  grade  beets  nor  how 
to  grow  them  nor  how  to  operate  a  fac- 
tory, and  the  string  of  dismal  failures 
which  bad  reached  irom  orenn  to  ocean 
made  capitalists  cautious.  While  the  duty 
levied    was    more    than    generous,    the    ac- 

Sulrement  and  dissemination  of  field  and 
actory  technical  knowledge  wns  lost  aleht 
ot  and  capital  held  aloof.  When  In  ISStk 
onr  federal  treasury  was  overflovrlog  ana 
sugar  was  placed  on  the  free  IHr,  the 
bounty  of  two  cents  per  jionnd  which  was 
placed  on  domestic  prodnction.  fallnl  to 
attract  capital,  a*  did  the  WUaon  40  par 
cent  ad  valorem  blU  of  1804. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


BMt  Bagax — Contimiti. 

When    tbn    Dlii«ley    bill    of    1S9T    tru 

S>»ed     and     Presldeot     McKloler     made 
nines   Wilson   Secretnr;  of  Agriculture,   ■ 

— ...     .*     .-. ._     establlBhea. 

'   Imports 


tfw     order     of    affairs 

WliUe    the    dutr    flzed   on    bueb 

was  but  62  per  cent  of  what  It 

under  the  bill  ot  1SS3  and  but  six  factories 

were    In     eilBten  "     '"      "■ ' '      ' 

AKrlcQlCure      Bet 

methods ._ , , 

alJj.  It  was  deemed  wise  tliBt  a  great  IQ- 
duistrr,  dentlDcd  to  supplj  a  large  portion 
of  tbe  (400.000.000  worth  of  sugar  which 
we  anouallT  cousume,  should  not  ba  coo- 
fined  to  a  lew  Stales,  wbere  localised  nn- 
propltloas  weather  conditions  might  serl- 
oushr  Interfere  with  our  guppt;  of  a  staple 
food  product  Od  tbe  contrarj.  It  tras  con- 
■Idered  desirable  that  the  factories  should 
be  scattered  ss  mucb  as  possibly  even 
Ibougb  one  State  or  one  group  of  States 
nnld  produce  tor  a  traction  less  than  conld 
other  States.  To  tbis  end,  the  depart- 
ment issued  a  wall  map,  on  wblch  was 
traced  tbe  theoretical  beet  bucsf  area  of 
the  United  States  and  from  time  to  time 
IS  it  was  demonstrated  that  faTorable  coQ- 
dlllons  existed  In  other  territory,  that  fact 
vos  made  known.  The  Isst  statement  of 
the  department  concerning  tbls  subject 
shows  that  we  bare  In  the  United  States 
ST4.00O.OO0  seres,  the  soil  and  climate  of 
-'-'-'- idapted   to  sngar  beet  culture. 


tbe    Department    of 


■Dd  if   bat   a^ra'etli 

tbls  area    were   planti 

inld  fnmlsh  all  tbe 


of    0 


Virginia,      West     VIrili 

llllDols.  Mlf '    "■■^- 

tbe    Meilca 


Roughly  speaking,  tbls  territory  extends 
from  ocean  to  ocean  and  from  the  Cana- 
dian boundarr  to  and  IndodlaK  portions  of 

"■  -    Vliilnla.    Oblo,     Indiana, 

-I,  Oklaboma,  Texas  and  to 
oandary,      Sogar    beets    can 

__ vnrtelj  of  sons,  clay  loams 

and  sand;  loams  being  preferred.  Dr. 
Wllrj  and  the  Bureau  of  Cbemlstry  and 
Dr.  Qallowar  and  tbe  Bureau  of  Plaut  la- 
dastrr  were  set  to  work ;  a  Beld  agent  was 
placed  on  the  road  to  Inrestlgate  condi- 
tions tbroDgbout  (he  countrr  and  eiperl- 
ments  were  conducted  In  Tarlons  Staten- 
As  a  resQlt  of  tbe  * 
InTltlne  condition! 
ons    bull   ■■ 


aied 


lie  tins  and  reports  of  the  depart- 
rs.  (S«. 000,000  had  hecn 
Industry,   the   number  of 


tbe  bblted  States,  enough  t 


. „li  to  anpply  _ 

ptvpte  living  west  of  the  Mississippi  1 


ahly  than  can  a 
tbe  expansion  of 
penda  the  succee 
works  which  tt 
strurted  at  an  ex 
When  on  Jiioe 
Telt  laid  down  1 
Recta  mat  Ion  Act, 
tare  remarked  to 

tbe  Dnlled  Statei"  Not' onir ''wiu'"that 
legislation  reclaim  aa  empire,  bnt  the  most 
nalnral  enterprise  to  be  established  at  the 
foot  of  those  nnge  dams  will  tw  beet  sugar 


Serretarr    Wilson   km .. 
nrjr  long  haul  freight  charge 
praHts  of  the  far  weiteru  ni 


that  i 


Belden 

which  to  fatten  stock,  they  obtain  two 
crops — sugar  and  live  atock — on  which  the 
freight  eharges  are  small  In  proportion  to 
the  value  of  the  product.  Sugar  beets 
reach  their  greatest  perfection  when  grown 
□nder  Irrigation,  and  our  farmers,  espe- 
cially In  the  Irrigated  weot,  have  found  the 
crop  to  be  one  ot  ibo  most  proUtallo  if 
also  the  most  difficult  wblch  they  can 
grow.  Due  to  rotating  them  with  sugar 
beets  one  year  In  (our,  thousands  of  (acroB 
are  producing  greater  yields  of  all  other 
crops  than  ever  before. 

This  Industry  now  distributes  183,000.- 
000  annually  to  American  farmers,  to 
laborera  In  tbe  sugar  factories  and  to  labor 
Id  coal  mines  and  other  Amerlcon  indus- 
tries which  tumish  It  with  supplies,  all  of 
which  money  would  be  sent  to  foreign 
countries  la  payment  tor  imported  sugar, 
but  for  tbls  domestic  industry. 

Since  this  industry  was  established,  it 
has  distributed  (400,000,000  to  American 
toilers,  and  when  fully  developed  It  will 
distribute  (200,000,000  annually  to  Amerl- 

During  the   IG   years  in   which  the  do- 

...1.  1 — . Industry  has  grown  from 

.c .    -p,gjagj  nbole- 


mestic 


--    -    tS.n    per 

wholesale  price,  or  17  p~. , 

fsct  that  dnrlnig  the  same  period  tbe  price 
of  practically  all  other  food  commodities 
has  increased  from  S31  to  100  per  cent. 
When  fully  developed,  this  industry  will 
still  (nrther  reduce  not  only  the  price  of 
sugar,  but  of  all  other  food  products, 
through   lucreasing  the   yield    per    acre. 

The  German  Increase  in  yield  per  acre 
of  wheat,  rye.  barley  and  oats  tias  been 
80  per  cent  during  tne  past  thirty  years, 
as  compared  with  an  IncronBe  of  but  0.« 
per    cent    in    the    United    Btntea.      Gem 


many'a  Increase  In  yield  ti. 

of  sugar    beet   culture    wblch   taught  their 

fonr  In  rotation  with  c ' ■"    "■ 


cured  wherever  sugar 

Introduced  In  tbls  country,  and  should  tbe 
further  eipanslon  of  tbe  Industry  result 
In  duplicating  Oerraany's  experience 
throDgbout  the  Dnlted  States,  our  yield  of 
these  four  crops,  at  prcBcnt  farm  prices, 
would  be  worth  (2.000.000,000  Instead  of 
(1,124.000,000.    as  at  present. 

In  ima  there  were  655.300  acres  of 
beets  barrested,  yielding  a  little  less  than 
91  tons  per  acre,  and  5,224,377  tons  of 
beets  were  worked  into  682,558  tons  of 
sugar.  Tbe  buildings  and  macblnery  were 
vaTued    at    (84,000,000,    aod    120,000    per- 


12  In  Califonila,"7""in"utHh,  ■ 
In  Wisconsin,  2  In  Nebraska,  3  in  Uhlo,  and 
1  eacb  In   Kansas.  Montana,   JliiDois,    Indi- 
ana, lows,  and  Minnesota. 
BelmntM-Etra    Indians.      (See    Minne- 

taree  Indians.) 
Boldon,  S.  A.,  ft  Co.,  claim  of,  againat 
Mexico,  2687. 

Distribution  of  award  in  ease  of,  re- 
ferred to,  4B88. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Messages  and  Papers  of  Ike  Presidents 


Balgtnm. — Belgium  hsa  ■  frantKr  of  831 
aillBe,  and  li  bounded  on  the  north  Bad 
noitheut  by  the  Netbeilands  (2U8  mlleB), 
on  the  Bouth  by  France  (:181  mllci),  on 
the  east  lij  RhenlHh  i>ruii3lu  (iJO  mlleii) 
■nd  th«  Qrund  DuL-hy  of  Luiemtjurs  1811 
miles),  with  a  low  unbroken  sealHiard 
(North  Sea)  o(  42  mllea.  The  "polden" 
near  the  coast,  which  ar-  — ' — '-^  '■" 
dikes  against  Soods,  cover 
■quare  miles. 

PhuHcal    f.— .„.     .-V , 

and  lis  tributary  the  Sambre  divide  the 
country  luto  two  dtstlnct  regions,  that  o( 
the  north  and  west  being  geuenlly  a  low 
fertile    plain,    while   the    fori —■'    " 


—The    Heuse    (Maaa) 


die-land  of  t 


_i  Ardeune 
r   the   moiic 


river  of  the  wesi 

MSscauI  I       Tbeu 
■rr  n> 


ivlgiible.       The        the  T 


south  and 

MkheOrlses  to 

ration  of  the  country  does  not  eiceed  D3S 
feet  The  principal  rivers  are  the  Meuso 
IMaas)  BDd  Its  trlbulsry  the  Sambre, 
which  flow  from  France  to  the  Netherlands 
and  aie  navlgnble  streams  throughout 
their  course  la  Belgium.  The  Ourthe  Is 
..„  .   ..!....._-„  (roto  iiie  frontier  of  Lux- 

-    -ivlgiible,       Thi_ 

Is  the  ecbelde 

of  canals  far  the  purpuses 
Di  irsuEport.  The  p  rind  pa]  harbor  and 
commercial  entrepot  Is  ADlirerp,  a  alrougly 
fortlHed  clly  on  tlie  Schelde.  Other  harbors 
on  the  western  coasl  are  Oatenil.  NIeuport, 
BMokeDberg    and    Zeebrugge. 

Area  in       PopulaUoo 
English       Cuuua  of 

BuTMUes       leia 

Antwerp 1,003         988,877 

Bnbut 1,267      l,*flB.07T 

Fknden,  East 1,158      l|l30.33a 

FUnd«rs,Wsst 1,3*8         8T4.135 

Bsinaut 1,437      l,23I.Ba7 

Utgs 1,117         88§.341 

IjSburt  B31         27B,8B1 

Lunmburg 1,709         Z31,21S 

Nmdut 1.414         392,8*8 

Tots! 11,370      7,4Z3,784 

BUtori/  and  Oorflrnratnt.— Belgium,  the 
coDulry  of  the  ancient  Belgae,  nud  known 
aa  Flanders  and  Brabant  In  the  "Low 
Countries,"  was  Joined  to  the  Kingdom  of 
the  Netherlands  In  1815.  su  arranarment 
which  was  upact  by  the  Rerolutlon  of 
1830.      On  Oct.   14.    1830,  a  Naflonsl   Con- 

Iress  proclaimed  Us  Independenro,  and  on 
une  4,  1831.  Frince  Leopold  of  Saie-Co- 
bnrg  was  chosen  Hereditary  King.  Iteign. 
log  SoTercIgn  Albert  Leopold  Clement  Ma- 
rie Melnra£  King  of  the  Belglnns,  Duke 
of  Saiouy,  Prince  of  Bnie-Coburg  and 
Qotha,  born  at  Brussels,  April  8.  18TS.  son 
of  Prince  Philippe,  Count  of  Flnnders,  suc- 
ceeded his  UDCle,  King  Leopold  II.,  Dec. 
S3,  1909. 

After  Oermany  had  declared  war  agalost 
Rnssls  In  August,  1814,  German  armies 
started  for  the  French  border  through  Bel- 
gian territory,  Belgian  permission  being 
refused  German  r  declared  war  and  the 
King  of  England  was  appealed  to  to  sup- 
port the  neutrality  of  Belgium.  (See  Eu- 
ropean  War  of   1814-16.) 

The  Senate,  elected  for  eight  Tears,  con- 
sists of  120  members,  of  whom  twenty- 
seven  are  elected  by  the  ProTloclal  Coun- 
cils and  ninety-three  by  the  people.  The 
Chamber  of  Represents  tires  consists  of 
186  members  (one  for  esch  40.000  of  the 
Inhabitants),  elected  by  the  people.  The 
electoral  law  of  1804  Introdnced  ODlTersal 
male  antrrage  at  tbe  age  of  twenty-flTe, 
with  ploral  Toting  Dp   to  three   TOtea  by 


edncatlonal  qnsliacattqn- 
s  punishable  by  law.  Tfie 
eglalature  meets  nnnually  In  November. 

There  Is  a  Justice  of  the  peuce  in  each 
of  the  Cantons  1^K7),  twenty-sli  District 
Courts,  a  Criminal  Assise  Court  In  each 
Province  and  three  Courts  of  Appeal  at 
BniBsels,  Uhent,  and  Utge.  There  Is  a 
Court    of    Cusiwtlon   at    Brussela. 

In  each  of  the  nine  ProTlnces,  and  In 
each  of  tbe  U.eSli  Communes  there  la  en 
elected  (Jouncil.  These  ProTlnclal  and 
Communal  Councils  are  elected  for  eight 
yeara  [one-half  retiring  every  four  years), 
and  meet  annually. 

The  Army  Is  recruited  by  yearly  calls 
and    Toluuiury    enllmments.       The     yearly 

calls    Include,    acconllr "    "    ""'    ' — 

flxed  b     -■ 


mliiCurr    I 


_., The  Peace  Estab- 

,-,  ..1  11)13,  3,41IH  officers  and 
,  Including  a  Gendarmerie  Of 
nd  3,6211  men.     There  are  Ull- 


40,073    It 
74  officer 

lUry    Gov ._ 

werp,  Lltge.  and  NamuT.  The  n<u,<,.,'>j 
of  Belgium  Is  guaranteed  by  Austria,  Bus- 
nlo,  Prussia,  anil  tbe  United  Klnnlom  by 
he  Treaty  of   London    (Not,   16,  1B311. 

£ifucat<on. — I'rlmary  education  Is  nnl- 
veraal  altbougn  not  legally  compulsory,  and 
U  Is  free  to  the  neceiisilous,  scbuola  being 
malntaiued  by  communal  taxation  with 
provincial  and  slate  grants ;  In  addition, 
mauy  scboola  are  under  ecclesiastical  con. 
trol— Roman  Catholic  predominating.      Spe- 


_,?"." 


abound, —   —   _ 

special  feature,  tbe  Conservatoires  ot  Brus- 
sels and  Ll^ge  and  tue  Academies  of  Brna- 
sels  and  Antwerp  being  Justly  famoua ; 
there  are  thirty- Ave  Royal  Atbencums. 
Tbere  are  State  Universities  at  Ghent  and 
Llfgc,    and    free    UniverBltlea   at   Brussels 

Froduatiati  and  Indiutry.—Ot  the  7.27T.- 

000  acres,  4.600,000  are  under  cultivation. 
],-.;80.0OU  ere  under  forest.  400,000  are  fol- 
low or  uncultivated,  and  833,000  are 
marshes,  rivers  and  canals,  cosds.  etc. 
The  principal  crops 
ley,  rye,  potntoes,  »■ 
hops,  and  slthouj'- 


a'.s 


fini.  tobacco  and 
qunnCltlea  of  cere- 
malse  and  barley 


JUS   are    employed    In    agriculture. 
Ive  Block  In  1912  Included  232,709  tc 


20,000.000  fraop .,. 

Tbere  are  two  great  coal  Belds  (12S 
mines  working)  along  the  valleys  of  the 
Meuae  end  Sambre,  the  annual  output 
being  about  24,000.000  I'^nglish  tons.  Iron 
la  obtulued  in  large  quantitlea,  and  tbe 
steel  Industry  (Ineots  and  rails]  is  of 
great  Itnportnnoe.  Tbe  priuclpRl  Iron  towns 
are  LlCge.  Berelng  and  Cbsrlerol.  There 
are  also  1,780  stone  quarries.  The  mln- 
Bml      anHnn      nf     Hiui       Bpe     stlli      famoDS. 

!  engaged  In  the 


couairy.      aouie    ouu.wuvr    i>ersoiis    are    em- 
ployed In  the  Tflrlous  factories;  the  chief 

the     quarries     of     tbe     souUiern     counties^ 


ney,    Courtrai.     Rousselnlre,    and    Bruges. 

lace  at  Brussels,  Mechlin  and  Bruges,  and 
teitiles  at  Vepvlers, 

Transport!] (Ion  and  OommuiUcatloH. — In 
1S12  there  were  4.369  kllometrca  of  rail- 
way worked  by  the  State,  of  which  4,110 
were  Slnte  owned.  Tbere  were  also  ISO 
kilometres  of  ptWately  owned  and  worked 


jyGooi^lc 


Encyclopedic  Index 


... The    STOBS    receipts    fram    rall- 

iTBfa  irorkcd  br  tbe  Stale  In  1012  were 
331,339,006  rraoM,  the  vorklDg  eipeniea 
IwiDB  228.672,818  fraars ;  tbe  pknengera 
nrTTcd  nambered  191.811,188.  The  private 
lines  amouat  to  lesi  Uan  one-foarteeiith  of 
tbe  total  mileage. 

Tbe  naTlgable  rlTera  and  cbdbIs  bnye  a 
total    length   of   2,179   kllomei 
very   greatlj    uied.      "'—   ■■-— 


the 


CoDfO    Hire 


occur  rapid!  and  fall!  wblcli  bava  been 
avoided  br  a  rallniad  240  mltei  Id  lengtb. 
Tbere  ia  atao  a  aecond  line,  eOM^eotlmetM 
,    from  Boma   to    tbe    Mayunibe  c 


t  and   Sam- 

coal    fields,     i     '     " 

Sfbelde    Is    the    waterwa;    of    tbe 
Bgrl cultural  district. 

In  IBll  there  were  1,594  post  offices. 
Tbere  Is  rIho  a  Marconi  lastsltatlon. 

TOKnt. — Capital,  Bratsela  (Brniellei). 
Population,  Dec.  81.  1910,  195,030  (wllb 
snfiurbs  720.S4T).  Other  large  cltlea  are 
Aotnerp,  320,650;  Ll*ge,  17^000;  Ghent, 
lOo.OUO:  St.  .\lrdaa.  S4,000 :  N'amnr,  82,- 
000:  Bercbem,  81.0  ~ 


,_ .'tbandlae  Imported  Into  Beljlnm  from 

tbe  mited  Slates  for  tte  rrar  1S13  was 
*ilA,S4S.4e2  and  goods  to  the  vain?  of  |41,- 
»41.0I4  were  sent  thllhci^a  balance  of 
(:24.904.448  la  favor  of  the  Unlttd  Slatea. 
COXaO  COLONY— Tbe  territory  of  tbe 
Congo    Inclndes    tbe    right    ttanli    *'    "" 


_  _r  the 


_..    ..■   from    Manj-nnga    to    the    ■ 

and  aliteen  miles  of  aescoRSt   -    --'-      - 
eainarr  ;    [he  left  bank  from 
miles    from    tbe    aen)  :    am 
balh    banks.      Tbe   t 


000.  Tbe  total  European  population  (Jan- 
narr,  1912)  was  5.405.  of  whom  879  were 
Brlllsb.  48  AmerkBDB,  278  Italians,  803 
PoriDgnese,  177  Swedes,  150  Germans,  and 
S.307  BelgieuB.  A  terrible  dlseaae.  called 
"Sleeplog  Sickness,"  for  which  no  remedr 
bas  yet  been  discovered,  has  of  Iste  years 
aasde  Increaalng  ravaKea  apon  tbe  native 
popDiatlon.  snd  tbreatens  to  depopulate 
lat^  districts  (cspeclallv  along  the  banks  of 
tbe  Congo  River  and  Its  prlndpat  trlbn- 
tarlea)  of  a  country  In  other  respects  cap- 
able of  aapportlng  with  eaw  a  large  papa- 


in   several    dlBfrleli,    „    „. 

-orerflnieiit— By   law  of   Oct.   18,   1008. 


II.)  was  annexed  bv  Belgium,  and  Is  ad- 
ministered by  a  Colonial  Council  of  four- 
(een  members,  over  wbtch  the  Mtntater 
for  tbe  Colonies  presides. 


try.  Tbe  Great  Lakes  Railway  has  s  line 
from  Stanleyville  (a  Ponthlervllle,  12S 
kilometres,  and  aoother  line  from  Klndu 
to  KoQgolo,  SS5  kilometres  (total  length 
of  railways  open  In  1911,  1,289  kllome- 
trea).  There  la  letegrapblc  commnnlcBtlon 
triih  Europe  (total  length  of  telegraph 
lines  In    lOll,   £.881    kilometres). 

TOKiif.- — Tbe  capital  la  Boma  (pop. 
B.600),  other  towns  being  MatadI  (4.Cl«fl, 
BoDBua,  ElliabethTllle.  Stanleyville,  and 
Leopoldvllle. 

_. A   With  Bli   Vlce-Gov- 

,-Generat.  aad  a  General  Directorate 
e  departments.  For  local  admlols- 
;  pnrpoacB  the  colony  Is  divided  Into 
latrlcts     (See  also  Congo;  Africa.) 


CUkrge   d'AffAires    to,     1130. 

ClainiB  of  United  States  againat,  145S. 

Commercial  relationa  with,  2193. 

ConsDiar  convention  with,  38SS,  3893, 
3gS7,  4S3g,  4561. 

Consuls  of,  in  United  States,  exe- 
quaturs to,  revoked,  3420. 

Convention  with,  for  relating  right 
of  inheriting  and  acqniring  prop- 
erty, 2697,  4S22,  4641,  4864, 

Convention  with,  on  slave  trade,  6363. 

Convention  vith,  regarding  Scheldt 
dues,  3395. 

Referred  'to,  6625. 
Difference  of  France   and,  with   Ye' 

neznela,  6070. 
Fugitive  criminals,  convention  witb, 

for  surrender  of,  2724,  4124,  4210, 

4247,  4695,  4715. 
Importations   of    American  prodncte 
to,   restrictions   upon,   diBcnased, 
C956,  6325,  6363. 

Decrees  regarding,  referred  to,  6100. 
King    of,    arbiter    in    cases    of    tbe 

Georglana    and    Lizzie    Thompaon, 


n-land    ahuta    out    tba 

coaat  from  tbe  more  productive  Interior. 
The  exports  conslat  mainly  of  rubber  (three- 
fifths  of  whole),  palm-kernels,  palm-oil, 
Ivory  and  a  few  minor  artlclea.    The  coffee  „.,— ., 

plant   and   cotton   grow   wild,   and   coffee,  ronai 

cocoa,  and  tobacco  have  been  planted  with  4303. 

anccesa.     Iron,  copper,  and  other  minerala  Tniile.i 

have   been    found.      Ri  -  iTaae  1 

807.040  francs :  expend 


iltnre  (1912),  08.9(57',- 

_._     .       mporfa     (1012),     S3.807.84T 

ttanca:  exports  (1912).  (S9,]2B.804  franca. 
The  river  la  navigable  (for  IS,(X>0  ktlo- 
uetree)  for  large  veitsels  from  Ita  mouth 
at  Bsnana  to  Hatadl  (05  miles),  where 
the  European  ■teamera  discharge  and   re- 


Uonetary  convention  of  Latin  Union, 

adhesion  to,  declared  hj,  4967. 
Naturalization   treaty  with,  3892. 
Neutrality  of  United  States  in  war 

with— 


Trade-marks,  treaty  with,  regarding, 

4799,  4822,  6425. 
Treaties  with,   transmitted  and  dia- 
eussed  by  President — 
Arthur,  4695,  4715. 
Buchanan,  3063. 
Fillmore,  2697,  2704. 
Qrant,  4124, 4216, 4247, 427S,  429«. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Belgium 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


JuksoD,  11B0, 
Johnson,  3S93. 
Lineoln,  3305,  3496. 
Polk,  2272,  2479. 
Van  Bureu,  1821,  1S39. 
Approbation   of  Belgian  Chambers 

aot  received,  1832. 
Delaj  in  exchange  of  ratificationa, 

1244,  2004. 
Disavowal     of,    b^    Belgium,    dia- 

cuBBed,  1317. 
Termination  of,  referred  to,  4242. 
Bfllglnm,  Traatlea  witb. — Tbe  blstory  of 
the  diplomatic  relatloDB  of  tbe  United  States 
wltb  tbe  klnBdom  of  Belgium  diaplaje  Ter; 
amicable  seailmeDi  on  both  sldM.  The 
treat;  of  184S.  OD  commerce  and  navlga- 
tlOQ,  wag  termtnated  b;  tbe  Belgian  E<»'erD- 


same  lear  i 
power  In  1( 
duties  or  lGt_ 
tbe  treaty  of  1 


>  termlnsled  b;  tbat 
••e  treaty  on  Import 
1  part  lupenedecf  br 


(bat    In    cone 


applied   to   all   flags  and   tbe  duty   should 
that  the  plIotSKe  daes  snd  local  taxes,   re- 


vessels,  should  never  be  In- 

Tbe  trenty  of  1668  on  Qsturalliallan  nss 
proelnlmed  July  30.  ISUS.  It  agreed  to  Tbe 
recogaltion  by  eacb  country  of  aucb  eml- 
prania  from  tbe  resppcMTe  counlrlea  as 
■boultl  by  legal  nsturalliallon  become  cltl- 
trna  of  tbe  other.  Provision  trns  made 
(or  Ibp  pKnlshmeni,  Buujeet  to  tbe  statute 
of  llmltallon*.  of  tboxe  guilty  of  mlade- 
""""""    ^milled    prior    to    emigration, 


rarded    I 


In  1S82,  was  saeceeded  br  one  of  xnore 
breadtb  In  ItlOl.  A  trade-mark  coUTeDilon 
concluded  In  1B84  was  extended  to  corer 
copyrlshta  In  J891,  and  Bperlbcally  «■ 
tended^to  tbe  protection  of  trade-marka  of 
both  countries  in  China  In  19U5. 
B«lllgsrent  Righta.—Klghts  granted  by 
neutral  Bovecnmenta  to  natlona  at  Trar 
with  each  other,  as  disllngulahed  from  the 
Dnrccognliable  rebellious  subjects  of  a 
friendly  poirer.  Belligerent  rights  vrere 
accorded  the  Confederate  States  bf  Great 
Britain  Id  a  proclamailon  by  the  Quern 
recognlilDg  tbe  eiiatence  of  war  between 
the  L'nlled  States  and  the  Conredernte 
Slates  snd  the  right  of  eaeb  to  eierolse 
belligerent  powers  OQ  the  ocean,  but  not 
recofoliing  the  nstlonnl  independence  of 
the  latter,  tt  also  enjoined  neutrality  upon 
British  Bubjects.  Such  recognition  of  rights 
wss  also  msde  by  France  and  other  lead- 
ing commercial  powers  of  Europe  and  by 
Brasll. 

B«lllgneiit  Blgbts: 
Accordance  of,  to  Cuban  inBurgeuta 
deemed  anwise  bv  President- 
Cleveland,  606S,  6151. 
Grant,  3985,  4018,  4202. 
UcEinlev,  6258. 
Accorded  Confederate  States  hy  for- 
eign powers,  disenssed,  3259,  3327, 
3565. 
Becognition  and  aid  of  foreign  pow- 
ers invoked  by  Confederate  States, 
3221,  3246. 
Bdmont  (Ho.),  Battle  of.~Kov.  i,  leei. 
Gen.  Orant,  who  had  been  in  command  of 
posts    in    eastern    Missouri    and    soul  hern 
Illinois  onder  Fremont,  bnd  a  force  of  20.- 
000    men    at    Cairo.       A    Coofederale    force 
under  Gen.  Folic  beld  Columbua.  Hy..  on  the 
""-■■      wlppi  River.      This 


9  navigation  of  the 


beiuR  defended  bj 
gons.  Od  tbe  MIbso 
tua    the    Con  fed  er 


should  tbey   return.   '  Kreedoi 

tnry    service    in     Belaluro    is    — 

legally   naturalized    cCiIiens    of    tbe    t'nilcd 

[. __j . .||  made  for  n    "  "" 

:o  former  cuiienali'       --    •     ■      ■ 

BUhiei 

The  couBUlnr  couvenllan  tresly  of  18A8 
was  lermlnnled  on  notice  by  Belglom  on 
Jan.  1.  ISSO.  Tbe  trsde-mark  convention 
of  1868  expired,  with  the  treaty  of  18S8, 
of  vrblcb  It  nns  a  pnrt,  od  July  1,  1870. 
Tbe  eitTHdiilan  convention  of  18T4  wsa  ler- 
mloated  by  Hubacitalion  of  cisnaea  in  tbe 
irenly  of  1882. 

Tbe  trcnty  of  commerce  and  nsvlgatlon 
of  June  ZS.  1875,  provides  tor  full  and 
entire  freedom  of  comtuerce  and  naviga- 
tion. No  higher  or  olher  taxes  aball  Tte 
ImpOBed  npon  Inbnliltsnts  of  the  one  slste 
residing  in  the  other;  nor  other  or  higher 
duties,  fees,  or  Impoafs  of  any  kind  upon 
■hips  of  tbe  one  country  In  the  ports  of  the 
orher.  CoBStlng  tnide  privileges  absll  be  In 
botb  cnsea  thoBc  of  Ibe  mos^t  favored  na- 
rflnsshlpmer 


imporlHtlon  and  eiportat 


Belmont.  The  battle'  lioB  foughtNoVr  7, 
IBSl.  E^w  of  the  men  had  been  under  Brt 
before.  Oraul's  men  took  tbe  camp,  but 
were  compelled  to  abandon  It  and  retarn 
to  their  transports.  Tbe  Federal  loss  wss 
485  killed,  wounded  Lnd  missing.  The  Con- 
federate loss  was  842,  including  prlsooera. 

Bsmla  Hslgbta  (K.  T,),  Battlos  of,— 
Also  called  battles  of  Saratoga  and  Still- 
water. In  the  autumn  of  177T  the  condition 
of  Burmyne'B  army  In  the  upper  H'Tl«on 
Valley  liegsn  to  grow  BerlouB.  Provisions 
were  running  Bhori  and  the  lllcelihoad  of  ef- 
fecting a  Junction  with  Howe  at  New  York 
was  remote.  Gen.  Gales  bnd  been  lent  by 
Congress  (o  succeed  Schuyler  In  command. 
The  American  army  tvns  dally  increaslDi. 
Sept.  IS,  the  two  armies  met  at  Bemla 
Relghta.  between  Snrntoga  Lake  and  tlie 
Hudson  River.  An  engagement  took  place 
between  about  8,0f)0  British  and  5.300 
Americans.  Of  the  BrKlsb  nbont  500  were 
killed,  wounded  or  captured :  the  Ameri- 
cans lost  310.  This  Agfa t,  Bomellmes  called 
tbe  battle  of  Freeman's  Farm,  was  not 
dtclalve,  as  the  Brltlab  held  their  sround. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Bering 


Bomls  Hol«tati  (N.  T.),  BattlM  of- 

CuuUkuiiI. 
The    AmertcaDB     BhowwJ,     howBrer,     tL.. 
Bu[B"riie_^«iald    not    break    UTOU^h    tbeir 


llDea.       The    I 


_..   -irouBh   tl 

I  armlea  remalDra  aim 
WKDin  nunoa  aaot  of  each  other  for  Eome 
Ibrce  weeks.  Occ  T,  BurEorne,  deapRlring 
at  re-enCorccmcals,  made  a  Be«>nd  attack, 
bat  was  forced  to  retire  to  the  heJKhts  near 
Saratoga.      The   numerlca]   atreagtli  ol  tile 

. . —J  ,|,jn  that  of 

vat    completely 

,  which  refused 

bliD,  but  held  him  nnttl  famine 

capllnlalion  Oct.  IT,  177T.     The 

of  troops  Burreodered  wbh  5,781.  of 


(orcedhlB 


^he 

■  of  Baratoaft  Is  oficn  Irenteil  by 

to  nan 

olntlOD'      Arnoia,   wdo  anDaequeDiiy   [umeu 
Iralior,  was  the  hero  of  these  engagemeiilB. 
B«ii  rmn>""i   Tbe.     (Se«  ButterOeld, 
Carlos,  &  Co.) 

"  —  "" i  OongnBB  at  Uilon,  4B28. 

(Vt),  Battle  of.-An  im- 
porlant  cohfllct  of  the  Kevolntloaarr  War. 
Aag.  11.  1777,  Bareoyne  sent  Lleut-CoL 
Banm  with  abont  SOD  British  and  lome 
Indiana  from  Fart  Edward  to  forage  for 
cattle  and  supplies  Id  Vermont.  On  the 
road  to  Bennington  they  were  opposed  by 
CoL  John  Stark,  Ang.  16,  with  a  force  ol 
•ome  2000  men,  mostly  mllltia  from  New 
Bampabire  and  Ycrniont.  The  engagement 
began  aboat  3  o'clock  Ir  •■--  -" •' 


OTercome.   Col.  Brefman  n 


■bout  40   killed  a 


I  (W.  0.),  Battle  of.— After 
tbe  engagement  at  ATerysbam  Sherman's 
■rmr  continued  Its  march  toward  Golds. 
boTO.  When  near  BentonTllla,  Uarch  18, 
I84B,  Sloeam's  ndTsnce  encountered  the 
Confederates  In  force.  Johnston  hnd  hastily 
collected  Btewsrt's  and  Cheatham's  corps, 
Birdee's  force,  and  Bnmpton's  cnTBlry, 
■ggregatlng  aomethlng  like  24,000  men. 
'The  attack  of  tbe  Confederates  waa 
dlret^ed  mainly  agalnat  the  corps  of  Jeff. 
C.  DstIb.  a  strong  line  of  battle  con- 
ft«nted  Johnston,  wllh  Mill  Creek  and  a 
aingle  bridge  in  bis  rcnr.  March  20  a 
ganeral  attack  was  made  by  Sherman's 
aklrmlah  line,  tnjrlng  the  nUht  Johnston 
retreated,  ss  It  was  not  LU  purpose  to  bring 
OD  with  his  smRll  force  a  general  battle  witn 
the  lane  army  of  Bbertnau.  The  battle  was 
not  a  distinct  victory  for  either  side. 
Bereean,  the  allowance  made  for,  32S. 
Bergen,  Norway,  international  exhibi- 
tion to  be  held  iu,  3470. 
Berliis  Sea  (between  Alaska  and  Asi- 
atic Snssia;  850,000  sq.  miles);  Amer- 
ican Tessels  seiEed  hj  BasaJan  cmla- 
ers  in,  disctissed,  633S. 
Bntng  Sea  FlaheTleg.— in  1886  tbe  Amer- 
ica d  GoTemment  set  np  the  claim  that 
Bering  Sea  waa  mars  clauaum,  and  claimed 
JorUdlctloD   orer   the   eastern    half  of   It, 


In  July,  IBSS,  tbe  British  Colnmhian  BealM 
utacK  liiaiHoiid  waa  avizea  tor  trespaasing. 
Russia  pretended  to  grant  snch  rlghis  when 
ceding  Alaska  In  1807,  though  In  1822  tbe 
United  States  had  diaputed  RdssIu's  claim 
to  soTerelgnty  over  the  sea  beyond  the 
neaal  three-mile  limit  of  territorial  ]url»> 
diction.  In  consequence  of  this  new  doc- 
trine many  Conadlan  and  American  vessels 
were  seized  by  ■  United  States  naval  ves- 
sel for  taklUE  seal  about  tbe  Frlbyloff  lal- 
ends  and  In  the  open  sea  In  violation  of  the 
laws  oC  the  United  States,  which  had  leased 
a  monopoly  of  seal  killing  to  the  Alaska 
Commercial  Company  (afterwards  to  the 
North  American  Company,  la  1800).  The 
British  government  claimed  damages  for 
the  Canadian  vessels   seised. 

Blaine  and  Sir  JnDan  Paunce- 

any 

luld 

a   fflodu 


hj  Salvadorean  insurgeiitB,  discussed.       Another 

6661,  fannrtl., 


.   .     tary  Bl 

fote,   the   British   ambassador,   L.._ , 

ions  consnllatlons  over  tbe  affair,  hut  could 
arrive  at  no  conclnslon.  Alter  a  fflodu 
I  tbe 
uiuLtcr  wu»  uxjHiij'  leiL  to  a  ooaru  oi  a  ■"" 
tratlon  to  consist  ol  two  members  appo 

ed   by   the    United   Slates,   two    by   Gi 

Britain,  and  one  each  by  the  President  of 
France,  the  King  of  Italy,  and  the  King  of 

M g„ij    Sweden.      The    m — ■- —    — 

were,  respectively,  JdsII 
of  the  Supreme  Court, 
kui  iiuuii  T.  Morgan;  Lord  Hauuvu  buu 
Sir  John  8.  D.  Thompson ;  Baron  de  Coor- 
cel;  the  Maruuls  Emlllo  Tlscontl-Venosta, 
and  Gregers  W.  Gram.  Tbo  Tribunal  be- 
gan its  sessions  at  Paris,  March  23,  1893, 
and  Auguat  1&  following  rendered  its  de- 
cision denying  tbe  right  of  American  loris- 
dlctlon  OQtslde  the  usual  three-mile  limit. 
In  order,  however,  to  prevent  eilermlnatlon 
of  tbe  sests,  the  commission  stipulated  that 
seal  ashing  could  be  engaged  In  by  licensed 

for  seals  In  those  waters  from  May  1  to 
August  1  and  forbade  pelagic  sealing  within 
slity  miles  of  the  frlbyloff  Islands,  seal- 
ing with  Brenrms  or  In  steam  vessel s. 
These  restrlctloiiJ  were  made  binding  for 
Ore  years  but  proved  wholly  Ineffective. 
•- '^g  of  EngllBh,  Amerlcsn  and 

18,  1807,  which  uiianlmously  iipheld  tbe 
attitude  of  the  United  States.  In  sddltlon 
the  United  Slates  agreed  to  prolUblt  all 
Prlbyloff  Islands    (or 

-.  Queiiec  August,  1808,  transferred  Its 
session  to  Washington,  D.  C.  In  November 


Bering  Sea  Fiaherlw  (see  also  Fisher- 
Claims  against  Bussia,  6375. 
Ueasures  to  prevent  the  extermina- 
tion of  seats  discnssed,  5366,6153. 
Proclamations      regardinR,      S449, 
G476,     SS33,     5578,     5681,     5697, 
GSZS,  5926,  6015,  6123. 
Modus  Vivendi— 
To  embrace  Qreat  Britain  and  Ja- 
pan  referred   to,   6067. 
"With  Bnssia  restricting  sealing  in, 
5961,  6067. 
Questions  with  Oreat  Britain  regard- 
ing, S545,  6616,  6062,  6266. 
Adjustment  of,  referred  to,  5747. 
Agreement  for  modut  vivetuU  pro* 
claimed,  5581. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Bering 


DiBcnssed,  5616. 
Arbitration  of — 
Agreed  upon,  5616. 
Proposed   bj   Great   Britain,  de- 
clined by  United  State b,  5545. 
Treaty     Tegardiug,     5671,     5746, 
6063. 
Coiregpondence     regarding,     trans- 

mitted,  5515,  5567. 
Discussed  by  President  Cleveland, 
G9S8. 
Tribunal  of  Arbitration — 

Acts   to   give   effect   to   award   of, 

proclaimed,  £926,  61^3. 
Award  of,  discuased  and  recommeu- 

dations   regarding,   595S,   6062. 
Case  of  United  States  at,  prepared 

by  John  W.  Poster,  B748. 
Convention  for  aettlement  of  claims 

nnder,  6097. 
Discussed  by  President  Cleveland, 

5869. 
Enforcement  of  regulations  in  ac- 
cordance   with    decision    of,    re- 
ferred to,  6000. 
Failure  of  negotiations  of,  to  pro- 
tect fnr  seidE  of  Alaska,  6182. 
EeportB  of  Agents  of  United  States 

to,  transmitted,  690Q. 
Pelagic  sealing  complained  of,  7443. 
Becommendation    that    President    be 
given  power  to  prohibit  taking  of 
seals,  5748. 
Beport  on,  transmitted,  5396. 
Berlin  Decree.— An  edict  iHsued  from  Ber- 
lin  Not.   21,   ISOe,  by  Napoleon   I.      It  de- 
clared  a.   blockade  of  the   British   IsUnda 
and    ordered    all    EngUsbmcn    In    countries 
occupied    by    French    troops    to    be   trcnced 
as  prisoners  of  wur.      All  trade  In  Engllsli 
merchanillEe  was  forbidden,  and  no  letters 
in    the    English    Inngiinge    were    to    be    al- 
lowed to  pass  throusb  French  post-ofBces. 
No    Teaael    directly    from    Englnnd    or    [he 
Englisb   colonies    was   to   be   admitted   Into 

tatloD  ail  mcrcb'andlse  derived  from  Bng. 
land  or  ber  colaiilcs,  by  whomsoeEer 
owned,  was  liable  to  aeuure  even  on 
hoard  nentral  veaeels.  The  decree  re- 
rved    for   future   consideration    the    quel 


tlon 


lether 


to  sclEure  and  conQscatlon.  The  objeci  oe 
this  decree  was  to  destroy  the  forelen  trade 
of  England,  aa  well  as  to  retaliate  agnlnat 
the  Brltiab  for  an  order  Id  conncli  Isaued 
May  18,  1800,  declaring  a  blockade  of  the 
coasts  of  German]',  Holland.  Belgium,  and 
France,  from  Brest  to  the  i:ibe,  a  distance 
of  abont  600  miles.  No  commendations 
took  place  under  the  Berlin  Decree.  (See' 
Embargo;  Milan  Decree;  Orders  In  Coun- 
cil.) 

Berlin    and    Milan    Decrees    discussed 

and  referred  to  by  President — 

Jefferson,  ^09,  415,  430,  432,  434,  441, 

446. 
Uadison,  467,  476,  503,  513,  522. 
Proclamations  regarding,  by  Presi- 
dent Madison,  457,  466. 


Fisheries  at,  discussed,  4560. 
Kongo  conference  at,  4S5S,  4S6G. 
Bennndn   (Oroup  of  360  islands;   Brit- 
ish; 580  miles  east  of  North  Carolina; 
area,  20  sq.  miles) :  slaves  seized  on 
board  brigs  by  authoritiaa  of,  4867. 
Bema,  Swltxeiland: 
International    Copyright   Coavention 

at,  discussed,  4919,  5090. 
International  Postal  GongresB  at, 
discussed,  4250. 
Bbntan. — A  native  state  la  the  south- 
eastern  HImalayBH,  between  26°  42' -2S*  >'. 
latitude  and  89° -92°  E.  iongltnde,  and  la 
boanded  on  the  north  and  east  by  Tibet, 
and  on  the  south  and  west  by  BrllUh  Indls. 
Tbe  total  area  Is  estimated  at  20,000  Eag- 
lish  square  miles,  with  a  population  vsrl- 
oaslr  Btated  at  200,000  to  400,000  persons, 
malDly  Buddhists,  and  consisting  of  an  idle 
priestly  class  and  atiuggling  caltlTStors. 

Government. — From  the  middle  ages  iiDttl 
IBOT  the  country  was  under  tbe  dual  gov- 
ernment of  a  spiritual  rtilef  and  a  temporal 


cblet  councillor    and    virtual 


eredlti 


em  Pel 
T     ruiei 


Bbut: 


tarv  Haja.     In  1863,  owing  t 

British    subjects,    portions    o 

British  India,  a 


...^    _;lQg    paid  annually    by   t-.> 

agreed  to  be  guided  In  its  eiteroal  relatlnna 
by  the  edvlce  of  the  British,  who  andertook 
not  to  Interfere  in  its  internal  alfalrs. 
Biennial  Baglster,  distribution  of: 

Act  providing  for,  reasons  for  apply- 
ing pocket  veto  to,  6072. 

Beferred  to,  1783. 
Big  Bethel  (Va.),  Battle  of.— One  of  the 
preliminary  sklrmlabes  of  the  CItII  War. 
In  June,  ISOl.  MaJ.-Gen.  B.  F.  BnUer,  of 
UaasachDSetts,  was  pinced  In  command  of 
the  Federal  forces  In  eastern  Virginia.  He 
est Hbil shed  headquarters  at  Fortress  Hon- 
roa  and  was  soon  In  command  of  10,000 
men.  June  9,  Butler  sent  Brig.-aen.  B.  W. 
"' — '"■   1   detachment  of  3,500   (com- 

Infantry  and'a  battery  of  Brti'ltery) 

,o  dislodge  the  Confederatea  at  Big  and 
Little  Betbel  under  Gen.  J.  B.  MnKnidet's 
command.  Uograder'a  force  (1,400)  bad 
made  frequent  raids  upon  tlie  Federal  lines. 
The  attack,  which  was  Intended  as  a  sur- 
prise, was  made  by  the  Union  forces  on 
the  mornliig  of  June  10  and  was  repulsed. 
The  Union  loss  was  seventy-sli.  Among  the 
killed  wa«  MoJ.  Theodore  Wlnthrop.  The 
Confederate  loss  was  one  killed  and  four 
wounded.  Big  Bethel  was  the  first  real 
battle  of  the  w«r. 

Big  Black  (Miss.),  BatUe  of.— Hay  IT, 
1833,  the  day  after  the  battle  of  Champion 
Hills,  Grant's  army  pushed  on  toward 
yicksburg.  McCIemeDd's  corps.  In  advance, 
loon  coma  upon  Pemtierton's  army,  strongly 
intrencbed  on  both  sides  of  the  Big  Blnck 
River.  The  Confederate  batteries  posted  on 
the  high  bluffs  were  carried  after  n  sbarp 
engagement,  the  Federal  sssault  being  led 
by  Lawler'a  brigade.  The  Confederates  re- 
treated. Seventeen  pieces  of  artillery  and 
about  1,200  prisoners  were  here  taken.    A 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Big  BlKk  (IBsa),  Battlo  ot—Cmllntud. 

portloD  of  Pembertoa'B  outpoBts  crowed  ttie 
river  OD  temporary  bridges,  which  they  de- 
itroyed  behind  them,  and  joined  the  main 
body  ot  the  armT  In  the  ratreat  Into  the 
forUecHtlous  at  vtckaburg.  I'be  Federal 
loaa  vaa  279. 


Bigamy.    <8«e  Hormon  Church;  Poljg- 

amy.) 
BUI  of  Eiglltt.— The  eaiUest  colonial  or 
State  declaration  of  American  rlgbtg  after 
Ibe  "Body  ot  Iawb"  of  Maaaacbu setts.  In 
1640.  was  that  irhich  accompanied  the  Tlr- 
Elnla  const Itnt loo  of  1776,  It  was  based 
upon  the  EnsllBh  BUI  of  Blxhu  of  1689. 
Tbe  latter  was  an  tmrtrumeot  alened  by 
WUIlam  and  Hary  nban  aceepUns  the 
crown  of  England  from  the  CoDTentlon  of 
Parliament.  It  asserted  the  right  of  snb- 
lectB  to  petlUon,  the  right  of  Parliament 
10  freedom  ot  debate,  the  right  ot  elscton 
tu  choose  represeDtatWeB  freely,  and  other 
prlrilegefc  This  Bill  ot  Bights  which  con- 
tained tbe  fuDdamental  principles  of  po- 
llilcal  liberty,  was  not  extenaed  to  the 
colonies.  Other  State  constltDtlonB  In  de- 
llDhig  the  rights  of  the  citizen  aa  >.Ealtiat 
IhB  scope  of  the  Stnie  largelT  tollowed 
\bt  phraBeology  of  tblB  famous  Instrument. 
The     NatlODaT    Constitution     was     harshly 


ten  ameadmeots  stand  as  tbe  partial  tul- 
Blhnent  of  their  promlaeB.  (See  also 
Amendments. ) 

BUla  ftnd  Acts: 
Acts  to  be  pnblisbed  in  certain  news- 
papers, 4116. 
Approved  bnt  not  signed,  whether  in 

force,  disCQEsed,  856. 
ConsiderSition  by  Preaident,  time  al- 
lowed for,  discusBed,  2993,  3060. 
Constitutional   ameudment  regarding 
approval  of  separate  items  of  bill 
and  veto   of   others   raconunended, 
4196,  4725,  4774,  4840. 
Daly   certified   and    approved   which 

had  not  passed,  diBCnssed,  1353. 
ESect  on,  of  adjourament  ot  Congrees 
before   expiration   of  ten  daye  af- 
ter presentatioi^  to  President  dis- 
cnssed,  3797. 
List  of  acts  transmitted,  3963. 
Bimetallic  Conference.     (See  Interna- 
tional Monetary  Conference.) 
Bimetallism. —The  use  of  two   metnls  as 
money  at  relative  values  set  by  legislative 
enactment ;   the   doctrine  that   two   metalB 
can  and  ought,    at   the   same   time   and   In 
tbe  same  country,  to  be  adopted  aa  stand- 
atds  of  value  and  bear  to  each  other  a  tlied 
ratio  estsbllsbed  by  the  Govecoment.     As 
used  In  this  country,   the  term  usually  ce- 
tera  to   the   nae   ot    gold   and    silver    at    a 
llied    relative    value    eatabllshed    by    law, 
UonometaUism    Is   tbe   doctrine   that   only 
one  metal  onxht  to  be  so  nsed. 


BlograpUcal  Sketches  of  President— 

Adams,  John,  217. 

Adams,  J.  q.,  857. 

Arthur,  4618. 

Buchanan,  2960. 

Cleveland,  4888. 

Filbnore,  2599. 

Garfield,  4593. 

Grant,  3957. 

Harrieon,  Ben]\,  6488. 

Harrison,  W.  H.,  1SS& 

Hayes,  4391. 

Jackson,  998. 

Jefferson,  307. 

Johnson,  3499. 

Iiineoln,  3204. 

UeEinley,  5234. 

Hadison,  450, 

Monroe,  572. 

Pierce,  2728. 

Polk,  2221. 

BooBevelt,  6637. 

Taft,  7367. 

Taylor,  264L 

Tyler,  1888. 

Van  Buren,  152& 

Washington,  33. 

Wilson,  7867, 
Biological  Survey,  work  of,  reviewed 

and    commended,     74 Se.      (See   also 

Agriculture,  Department  of.) 
Birds: 

(Migratory),  regulations  for  protec- 
tion, 789S,  7986, 

(Native),  reservation  established  for, 
7959. 
BUck  Oockadea.— A  badge  first  worn  by 
the  American  soldiers  daring  tbe  BevolQ- 
tlon  and  later,  during  the  hostility  toward 
France    (about    1797)    occasloaed    by    r 


X.   Y. 


ra  lists   t 


.  dispatches,  adopted  by  the  Fed- 


mblen 


rejoinder  to  the  trl-colored  cocfcade  worn 
by  tbe  Bepubllcaas  as  a  marb  of  elTectlon 
toward  France.  Kb  significance  In  some 
degree  lay  In  the  tact  that  It  had  been  a 
part  of  the  Continental  unltorm. 
Black  Friday. — There  have  been  several 
Block  Fridays.  The  term  Is  often  Dsed  to 
designate  a  dark  flnaQclal  day.  In  Eng- 
land It  has  Bpeclal  reference  to  Friday, 
Dec.  S.  174G,  tiie  day  on  wl)Icb  news  came 
to  London  that  the  young  Pretender, 
Charles  Edward,  had  reached  Derby ;  and 
also  to  Friday.  May  11,  1866,  which  was 
the  height  of  tbe  commercial  pnnlc  In  Lon- 
don through  the  failure  ot  Overend, 
Guerney  &  Co,  Sept  24,  186B.  Is  some- 
times referred  to  as  Black  Friday  In  the 
United  StflteB.  On  this  day  a  BvndlCBte 
of  New  York  bankers  advanced  the  price 
of  gold  to  1S21,  causing  a  panic.  It  sold 
at  113}  the  previous  evening.  Another 
such  day  was  Friday,  Sept.  10,  18T3,  when 
Joy  Cooke  ft  Co.,  leading  American  bank- 
ers, tailed.  A  great  crash  ensued  to  Wail 
Street,  the  center  ot  financial  operations 
In  America,  and  the  historic  panic  of  1873 
began.     Credit  generally  was  Impaired  and 

many    Soanclal    Instltntlona    ' ■" 

Into  bankruptcy. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Black 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Black  Hawk  War.— Br  a  treaty  Blpied  at 
Prairie  du  Chien,  Wis.,  Jalj  IS,  1880,  tha 
8ac  and  Fox  Indians  ceded  all  their  laoda 
la  Illinois  and  Wlscotmin  to  the  United 
BlBte«.  Block  Hawk,  a  noted  cblef  of  the 
tribe,  refused  to  abide  \>f  the  treat}-  and 
made  war  upon  the  whites.  He  reslaled  the 
Burrer  of  the  land  at  Kock  Island,  111.,  al- 
thongh  moat  of  the  Sacs  and  Foies  were 
west  of  the  Mississippi.  In  1831  be  at- 
tacked lomc  IlllDOls  TlllaKeB,  but  waa  drIreD 
off  by  the  mllllla  under  (ien.  Gaines  Id  June 


The 


reed 


e  of  United  States  troops. 
Diui:^  nnwB  tva9  defeated  at  the  Wlscoaaln 
River  Julf  21,  1S3^.  b;  a  deuchment  of 
troolis  under  Oen.  Dodge,  and  again  at  Bad 
Axe   River,    Aug.    2    of  the    same  r«ar,    by 

Gen.  At"-' '" —  "■ — ' —  ■■- 

feats  B 

Black  Hawk  War,  discassad,  1166, 125L 
Black  HOIb: 

Emigr&ticiii  to,  4276,  4306,  43SS. 

Oold  discovered  in,  referred  to,  4306, 
4365. 
Black  Horse  Oavalr?.— A  political  term 
applied  to  thoae  legislators  (more  or  less 
numerous  In  every  legislative  bodj)  that 
act  togelber  for  the  purpose  of  exacting 
money  from  friends  of  any  meaBure  nnder 
CODslderstion  and  threaten  Its  defeat  In 
case  □(  non-compliance.  Their  number  Is 
frequently  great  enougb  to  be  of  consider- 
able Influence. 

Black  Laws. — Laws  pasaed  In  many  of  the 
DortbeFQ  atatea  before  the  abolition  of 
Blavery  requiring  certain  acts  to  be  per- 
formed by  tree  nepoes,  as  a  condition  to 
tbeir  residing  la  those  states,  or  preacrlb- 
Ing  dlsabltlttes  under  which  they  labored. 
8ncb  were  laws  regulrlug  them  to  die 
certificates  of  their  (reei&m ;  forbidding 
them  to  testify  in  cases  In  which  a  white 
man  waa  Interested :  eicludloe  them  from 
tbe  mllltla  and  from  the  public  schools, 
and  requiring  them  to  give  bonda  for  tbetr 
good  behavior. 
Black  Mesa  Forest  Beserv«  pioclBimed, 

6700. 
Black  Bock  (H.  T.),  Bauaes  of.-Lieut.- 

Col,  Blsbop,  with  about  400  oien  from  tbe 
British  camp  at  Lundya  Lane,  crossed  the 
Niagara  River  July  11,  1S13,  and  attacked 
the  blockhouse  at  Black  Rock,  where  tbe 
Americans  had  a  considerable  quantity  of 


■ad  Porter .,    ,. 

bis  way  to  Buffalo,  meeting 

of  100  re_gulars.   he  returnc 

the  Invaders.     After  a  short  strui 

British  were  driven  with  loss  to  tl 

Lieut. -Col.    Bishop    wns    mart  ally 


iggle  the 


— jdys  Lane  the -- 

tired  to  Fort  Erie  end  vicinity.    Gen.  Drum. 

went 'in  pursiilt.  As  a  prellmloHry  step  to- 
ward attacking  Fart  Erie,  the  British  gen- 
eral reaolved  to  take  passeaalon  of  Stack 
Bock.     About  1,200  men  under  Ueut.-Col. 


Tucker  crossed  the  river  o 


Aag.  8,   1614^ 


_.. _.c^    iSy'lKXi 

Americans  under  Lleatenaats  Ryan,  Smith, 
and  Armstrong.     The  British  lost  a  consid- 
erable   number ;     tbe    American    loaa    waa 
silghL 
Black  Boc^  H.  T^  workB  at,  referred 

to,  1563. 
Black  Sea: 

Navigation  of,  unlocked,  1008. 

Vesaels    of    United    States    excluded 
from,  discussed,  1065. 

Free  passage  for,  secured  b;   treaty 
with  Turkey,  1067,  1157. 

Black  Warrior,  The.— The  American  mer- 
chant vessel  which  was  selaed  at  Havana 
by  Cuban  customs  ofBclals  Feb.  28,  1S54, 
and  with  its  cargo  was  declared  conflscsted 
<276T,  2778).  The  proceedings  aronsed  a 
bitter  feeling  against  Spain,  and  a  special 
meHBenger  was  dispatched  Inatroctlng  the 
American  ralclster  at  Madrid  to  demand, 
BB  Immediate  redress.  In demD Ideation  to 
the  owners  In  the  sum  of  {300,000.  The 
relnctance  of  Spain  to  accede  led  to  the 
Ostend  manifesto.  Spain  afterwards  made 
compensation  for  the  seizure  (2869),  bat 
the  Incident  was  used  as  a  pretext  for  later 
aiihuatetlng  expeditions  into  Cuba. 
Black  Warrior,  Tlio,  seizure  of,bT  8pan- 
isli  authorities  discvsBed,  2767, 2T7S. 

Disavowal  of,  bj  Bpain,  and  payment 
of  indemnitj,  2S69. 

Beparation  for,  refused,  2779. 
Blackfoet  Indiana.  (See  Indian  Tribes.) 
Blackstock'i  (a  C),  BatUe  of.— m  No- 
vember, 1T80,  Geo.  Sumter  started  for  Fort 
Mlnety-Slx  to  attempt  ita  capture.  Ue  was 
pursued  by  Col.  Tarlelon.  A  skirmish  took 
place  Nov.  20  at  Blackstock's  plantation, 
on  the  Tjger  River.  Union  Dlstrtct,  8.  C. 
Tarleton  lied,  leaving  nearly  200  dead  and 
wounded  upon  the  fleld.  The  American  loss 
was  only  Uiree  killed  and  Qve  wounded. 
Bladensbnrg  (Ud.),  Battle  of.— As  earij 

as  January.  1814,  intelligence  was  received 
at  Washington  that  4,000  British  troops 
had  landed  at  Bermuda,  destined  for  tlw 
United  States.  The  British  Admiral  Cock- 
burn  arrived  at  Lynnhareo  Bay,  Va.,  Id 
March  with  1  ship,  2  frigates,  and  I  brig. 
Early  In  August  he  was  Joined  by  Tlce- 
Admlral  Cochrane,  who  took  command,  and 
was  later  Joined  In  the  Chesapeake  by 
4,000  veterans  of  Welllngton-a  Brmy,  under 
Gen.  Ross.  Tbe  civil  government  at  Wasb- 
Ingtoa  waa  apathetic  In  the  f""  "*  '~ 
—  -"--  -"  —  ger.    Washington,  w 

.J  and  records,  was  ■ , 

At  the  suggestion  of  Gen. 
■•luuer  uie  President  called  a  Cabinet 
council  In  July  and  proposed  raising  ao 
army  for  tbe  defense  of  the  Federal  capital. 
This  comprebeoded  a  reqnislllon  on  tbe 
States  for  mllltla  aggregating  93,000  men. 
The  naval  defenses  were  Intrusted  to  Com- 
modore Barney,  with  a  smalt  Ootllla  of 
Sm-boats  carrying  400  men.  By  Aug.  1 
eti.  Winder,  who  whs  BHslgned  to  the  de- 
fense of  the  capital,  bad  l.OOO  reenlDrs  and 
almost  4,000  mllltla  under  his  commaad  for 
(be  defense  of  Washington  and  Baltimore. 
The  remainder  of^  the  arm^  was  on  paper. 


t  by  It 


fonnins  >  Junction  wltb  Winder's  advance. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encydof 


Bladensbnrg  (Ud.),  B&tUe  ot—conHniK<l. 

vbtcb  bnil  proceeded  to  Blndensbarg.  about: 
Are  milea  from  Wsablngton.  on  toe  post 
road  to  Bfllllmore.  Here  at  noon.  Auk.  24. 
1S14.  the  two  armtes  laeed  eacb  otber.  tbe 
Brllish,  uDder  Gen.  Rosa,  nearly  G.OOO 
■Irong,  4.000  o(  tbem  wasooed  br  serTlce 
Id  CDDtlnental  En  rope,  while  the  defeuderH 
of  the  capital  con«lBt(>d  cnnlnlT  at  undled- 

6[llied,  untried  mllltln.  many  of  tbem  only 
im  days  [rom  Iheir  hontes.  Tbe  battle 
lasted  from  aboul  half-past  twelve  till  four 
o'clock  abd  resulted  In  the  utter  rout  of 
tbe  Americana.  Tbe  Brltlnb  loat  upward 
of  SOO  men  la  the  enntcement.  Tbe  Amer- 
leana  had  only  20  killed  and  CI  wounded. 
After  this  battle  the  InvBdera  marched  to 
the  capital,  Belied  it,  and  burned  the  public 
buildings. 

Blaud-AlliBon  Act: 
Discussed  by  President — 

Arthur,  4633,  4720,  4830. 

aeveland,  4927,  5097,  E373. 

H&rrison,  Beuj.,  5475. 

Hayes,  4511,  4568. 
Vetoed  by  President  Hayes,  4438. 
Bland  DoUar,— A  name  gomeClniea  ap- 
plied to  the  silver  dollar  of  tba  United 
StatpH,  the  coinage  of  wblch  began  In  18T8. 
Daring  that  year  CongresB  paised  the  act 
providing  for  ancb  coinage.  A  bill  was 
Introduced  la  tbe  Hoase  of  Represeota- 
tlvea    by    Rlcbard    P.    Bland,    of    MlBSOurl, 


paaaed  tbe  Houae  providing  for  free  coin- 
age, but  was  modi  fled  In  tbe  Senate  by 
the  AlllBon  amendment.  As  tbe  bill  became 
a  law  It  provldeiJ  that  Instead  of  free 
ColnaKe  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury 
Bhouid  purchase  each  moolh  not  le«9  tban 
la.000,000  nor  more  than  14,000,000  worth 
of  silver  bullion  to  be  coined  into  silver 
dollars  of  4i:!i  grains  each.  President 
Hayes  returned  the  bill  with  his  veto  Feb. 
28.  I87S  (4438),  bat  on  the  aanie  day  both 
House  and  Senate  passed  the  bill  over  bis 
veto.  The  effects  of  the  law  wera  dis- 
cussed by  the  Chief  Executives  from  time 
to  time.  (See  Dland-Alltson  Act.)  Tbis 
act  was  repealed  In  ISflO  by  tbe  act  ot 
CongresB  known  as  the  Sherman  act  (q.  v.). 
Blockade.^A  well-deBned  principle  of  In- 
tematlonai  law  which  aecurea  to  any  na- 
tion the  right  In  time  of  war  to  render 
intercourse  with  the  enemr's  ports  unlaw- 
fnl,   hacardoQB.  or  Impoaslble  on  the  part 

-*  _—.—   ..  ,. ■_.__.,..__..  ^y  ttg 


iic  Index  Bhie 

and  otber  North  CaroUnn  ports  were  much 
used  by  tbeae  vesaels.  as  also  the  port  of 
Charleston,  S,  C.  United  Stales  cruisers 
blockaded  these  ports,  and  under  the  es- 
tablished rules  of  International  law  selied. 
aearcbed  vnd  conn  seated  foreign  vessels 
attempting  to  r  "   "' "  ■-■--■--'-    "   -- 


Dutc 


It     was 


nised  bv  European 


.Jlog 


..1  Is  that  a  . 
t  be  effective. 


which    patrol    tbe    sea   outside   the 

harbor  and  arrest  any  vessels  ot  any  power 
attempting  to  enter.  Bbould  any  arrested 
Tcaiel  contain  goods  or  persons  contraband 


ships  I 


DSlt- 


.t  tbe 


meat  of  tbe  Spanish-American  War  It- 

the  United  States  maintained  ■  atrict  block- 
ade of  CubBu  ports  for  several  weeks  under 
the  direction  ot  Acting  Rear-Admlral  Samp- 
son, wbich  Anally  resulted  iu  tbe  battle  of 
July  3.  when  tbe  Atnerlcaa  squadron  under 
tbe  Immediate  command  o(  Commodore 
Schley  entirely  destroyed  the  Spanish  deet 
udder  Admiral  Cervera.  In  the  KuBSO-Jap- 
anese  War  (see  Japan),  tbe  Japanese  main- 
tained B  strict  blockade  of  Fort  Arthur 
from  Feb.  10,  1904.  when  tbe  first  attack 
waa  made,  nntll  the  fall  ot  the  city,  Jan. 
2,  1906. 
Blockades: 
CoTrespoodence    Tegardin^r,    referred 

to,  3259. 
During  War  of  1812  diacuBsed,  486. 
Establislied  by— 
Portugal,  clsims  of  United  States 
growing  out  of,  1098,  1113,  1243. 
Spain,     [ilaims    of    United     States 
growing  out  of,  1112. 
In  order  to  be  binding,  must  be  effec- 
tive, 2945. 
Maximilian's  decrees  declaring,  pro- 
claimed void,  3e31. 
Of    Cuban    ports,    proclaimed,    6472, 
64S1. 
Discussed,  6298,  6312. 
Bemoval  of,  referred  to,  6321. 
Of  Mexican  ports,  and  effect  of,  on 

United  States,  1705,  1733. 
Of  Soutbern  ports  proclaimed,   3215, 
3216,  3481. 
Claims   of   foreign  powers   arising 

out  of,  discussed,  332S. 
Nonresident  foreigners  engaged  in 

violating,  order  regarding  3483. 
Beferred  to,  3225,  3385. 
Be  moved,  3523. 
From  certain  ports,  or  relaxed  in 
tbe   South   iu   the   interests  of 
trade  and  commence,  both  borne 
and  foreign,  3290,  3372,  3417, 
3431,  3482,  3507. 
Of  Spanish  Main,  referred  to,  776. 
Of  Tripoli,  questions  between  United 
States  and  Tunis   growing  out  of, 
386,  389. 
Bloody   Shlit.— A   terra   used   to   describe 
the  utterances  of  Impassioned  speakers  and 
writers   who   after   tbe   close  ot   the  Civil 
War  endeavored  to  revive  Its  memories  and 
to   agitate  the   minds   of   their  besrers  for 
political   effect-     Reviving  war   animosities 
was  said  to  be  waving  the  bloody  shirt. 

Blue  Book.  (See  Biennial  Register.) 
Bine  Laws.— A  name  applied  to  tbe  early 
laws  of  some  of  the  American  Colonle*. 
Tbe  Reneral  court  ot  New  Haven.  Conn.. 
In  April.  1644,  ordered  that  the  "Jadiclal 
laws  ot  God  aa  they  were  delivered  to 
Moaes."  should  be  blading  on  all  offendera 
and  a  rale  to  ell  tbe  court*  Ot  tbe  Jnrle- 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Bins] 

diction  "till  they  b«  branched  out  Into  dht- 
tlcolsTB  hereafter,"  New  HsTeD'a  crlmlnBl 
code  1TBB  developed  eloog  these  lines.  It  Is 
doubtfut  howerer,  if  Bome  of  the  rigid 
rules  OF  conduct  often  quoted  as  Blue 
Lawa  wero  ever  enforced.  Some  of  them 
are  as  follows :  "No  one  shall  run  on  the 
Sabbath  day,  oc  walk  Id  his  garden  or  else- 
where, except  reverently  to  and  from  meet- 
ing."    "No  woman  shall  kiss  her  child  on 

"•-     D„t....>,     „.    taatlae    day."     ""- 

— 1 ^  uanatn 

^    _B"i8'49  a  law  or~HaBBB- 

chaaetts  proTldcd  for  tbe  prohibition  of 
labor,    play   or    traiel   on  the    Lord's    Day, 


the    Sab 


loiidg  or  other  securities   whfch   they   pro- 
pose to  make  or  sell;  (3)  sample  eoples  of 

used  in  tbe  sale  of  securiuea;   (4)  a  copy 
of  any  charter  or  PonstltntloD  and  by-laws 


under  which  they  do  business.  Any  mis- 
representation of  the  condition  of  tbe  cor- 
poratlona  whose  securities  are  offered  for 
Bsle  Is  made  a  felony,  punishable  by  (10.- 
000  line  and  ten  years  la  prison.  In  some 
states  brokers  are  required  to  furnish  evi- 
dence of  their  good  character  and  flnanclal 

standing,   i--"    .—.-..    —    ...    ^.— > 

■"-  '■- oaeu  II  [ 

._ „  .Jerert'f,. 

Besides  Kansas  tbe  following  states  hare 
enacted  Blue  Bky  Lews :  Arizona.  Arkan- 
Bss,  California,  FloHda,  Idaho,  Iowa, 
Halne,    Michigan.    Mlagourl.    7' 


of  ihes«  laws  still  sur- 
vive In  state  legislation. 
Bine  Uckfl  (K7-),  Battle  of.-^&ng.  19, 

1782,  a  body  of  182  Kentucky  pioneers 
were  drawn  Into  an  ambuscade  at  B!ae 
Licks,  Nicholas  Connty,  Ky.,  by  Indtaas  un- 
der Slmoa  Glrtv.  The  settlers  were  de. 
feated  with  the  loss  of  slity-two,  Indudlnc 
a  son  of  Daniel  Boone, 

Bine  LlghtB.— During  the  summer  and  an- 
tnmn  of  1S13,  while  the  British  commander, 
Sir  Thomss  Hardy,  with  his  fleet,  had  the 
port  of  New  London,  Conn.,  hlocksded, 
Commodore  Decatur  made  several  futile 
attempts  to  escape  therefrom  with  his  Qeet, 
conilating  of  the  frigates  Unitrnl  States  and 
Uaccdonian  and  the  sloop -of -war  Hornet. 
Decalur  claimed  that  bis  failure  was  due 
to  the  fact  that  blue  signal  lights  were 
flashed  from  tbe  shore  toward  tbe  British. 
Tbe  friends  of  tbe  British  and  the  oppo- 
nents of  tbe  war  became  known  as  Blue- 
Light  Federal  lata. 

Blue  Sky  Laws.— a  popalsr  designation 
applied  to  tbe  several  atste  Isers  regulating 
the  sals  of  securities  of  industrial  or  rail- 
road companies  to  the  public.  Tbe  flrst  act 
of  the  kind  was  passeJ  by  Kansas  In  1911 
and  amended  In  many  particulars  lu  1013. 
Those  of  the  other  states  are  based  upon 
tbe  Kansas  law  and  follow  Its  general  out- 
line. The  deflnlte  objects  are  (1)  ti  ~ 
"--   and  provide  (or  the  registration. 


sgents   and 


fa^Ton  anS   supervision   of   Foreign   i 

...     . . .     ...     .,nj     tjjpi, 

as^se'l^fng 
<r  other  securities  Issned 
oy  sQcn  invesimeut  companlcB  ;  (3)  to  pro- 
tect tbe  purchasers  of  securllles  issued  by 
such  concerns  1  (4)  to  prevent  frand  In 
the  selling  of  snch  aecnrltlBS;  and  fS)  to 
create  some  governmental  authority  to 
supervise  such  companies  and  otherwise  ad- 
minister tbe  provisions  of  tbe  law.  The 
Kansas  law  applies  to  every  person,  cor- 
poration, copartnership,  or  association 
(with    the    eicepllon    o)    banks    snd    trust 


sell,   any  stocks,  bonds,  or  otlicr  _ _ 

(eicept  government,  state  and  municipal 
bonds,  national  bank  stock,  building  and 
loan  stock,  or  shares  In  corporstlons  not 
oceanlied  for  profltl  to  any  person  In  the 
State.     Brokers  a-^   ■ • * ' — 


Minnesota   hss   l   _,, _.-     — 

to  tbe  secnritlea  of  tnsarance  companies. 
Blneflaldifl,  (See  Hosqnito  Indian  Strip.) 
Bo«rd  at  He&lth.    (See  Nutioiial  Board 

of  Health.) 
Boud  of  Tnde  and  Flantattois.— In 
1660  Charles  II.  established  two  separate 
councils,  one  for  trade  and  the  other  for 
foreign  plantations.  For  a  ttmo  these  were 
united  (from  1872  to  167H).  The  charter 
of  Rhode  Island  and  Providence  Plantatloir- 


charge  of  the  English  Colonies  In  America. 
In  1768  a  Secretary  of  State  tor  AmerlcK 
was  established,  and  the  duties  of  the  board 
were  transferred  to  him. 
Boca  del  Tare,  United  States  of  Oolom- 

bla,   vessels  from,  tonnage   intj   on, 

suBp  ended,  489S. 
Body  of  Liberties.— A  bin  of  rights  con- 
slating  of  a  code  of  100  fundamental  laws 
setting  forth  the  sacredneaa  of  Ute.  liberty, 

Eroperty  and  reputation.  Tbe  Hody  of 
Ibertles  waa  compiled  by  Nsthanlel  Ward. 
Sastor  of  tbe  church  at  Ipswich,  Mass.. 
rom  drafts  submitted.  A  copy  of  these 
laws  was  sent  to  every  town  wifhin  th» 
jurisdiction    of    Maasachuse 


..    _ny    msn    saw    anything    to    be 

altered  he  caight  communicate  his  thoughts 
to  some  of  the  deputies."  In  December. 
1641,  tbe  General  Court  of  Massachusetts 
adopted  this  fundamental  code  as  the  basis 
of  common  law,  there  having  been  up  to 
that  time  no  written  law  in  the  Colony. 
Boer  War. — The  conflict  between  Great 
Britain  and  the  South  African  republics 
of  Transvaal  and  tbe  Orange  Free  State. 
Following  the  organisation  of  tbe  Trans- 
vaal  Republic  the  British  claimed  auier- 
alnty  over  the  country,  and  sent  a  gover- 
nor and  a  military  force  to  support  their 
claims  In  1879.  The  Boers,  who  were  de- 
scendants of  Dutch  colonists,  offered  mili- 
tary   resistance    and    defeated    the    British 

Lalng'B  Neck,  Jan.  SB,  1861,  and  at  Ma]aba 
Bill,  Feb.  2T,'  isai.  tn  March,  the  Inde- 
pendence  o(    the    Bepoblle    was    acknowl- 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Bo«r  Wu^-OMKMMd: 


edied  br  a  Britlab  trtaty,  snd  the  Boers 
KcEnowledged  tbs  nuenUntr  of  tlw  Qneen 
of  Enslana. 

~>aTiag      tlie      follanlDK      7eari      BrttlBh 


:   DitlajiderB,   proteited  to  tbeir 

De  goTemmeal:  tlut   tbe;   were  harahlr 

treated   by   the   local   authorltlM.     Btltiah 


mlUtarj'  Airco  were  Increased  aod  tbe  In- 
eenaed  Boen  demanded  tba  Instant  with- 
drawal of  all  troops.  The  Orange  Free 
Bute  aopported  the  Tmnavaal  la  oppoilng 
Brltlah   authorltr- 

In  October,  1809,  10,000  British  foreea 
were  concentrated  at  Lad^Bmitli,  in  Natal, 
at  the  ImiFtloii  ot  two  rallroada,  one  rnn- 
DlnK  Into  the  Transraal,  the  other  into  tbe 
OranKe  Free  State.  Here  they  were  be- 
sieged bx  tbe  Boera  ddUI  they  were  re- 
llered  br  the  British  General  Buller.  Feb. 
S8,  1000.  Other  British  forces  were  be- 
sieged la  Klmberley,  in  Cape  Colony,  from 
Oct.  20,  1S08  to  Feb.  llC  1900,  and  In 
UateUnK.  Becbnanaland,  from  October, 
1SB9,  to  Ub7  is,  1»00.  Attempts  to  re- 
IkTe  these  positions  occasioned  the  prln- 
djul  battles  ol  the  war.  In  189B  General 
Bfr  Redveni  Bnller  bad  fi4.000  troops  Id 
the  conntTT.  He  made  three  (ntlte  at- 
tempts to  relteve  L^dysmlth,  and  was 
stTcrelr  defeated  while  attempting  to  fom 


chief    of   staB. 

_  Gen.  Freoch,  with  8.000 

lleved     Klmberley,     Ths     Boer 


■eneraf    Cronje,    with    D, 

dered   at    Paardeeberg,   1l ..    _. 

Uodder  River.  Feb.  27,  IMKX  ^  Blwrnfonteln 


surrendered 


Lord    Roberts    March    IB, 


the   north.     General    

baraaa  tbe  Brltllb,  and  cat  off  the 
anpplr    of    Bloemfonteln.     The    Boer    geu- 
eraC   Jonbert.   died  Harch   STth   and   was 


In    forelng    the    Boers   I 


render.     Peace  wa<  algi>ed  Uar  81,   1902. 

American  Interest  In  the  Boer  War  la 
■howD  br  the  fact  that  the  Senate  *ote  on 
Ur.  Pettlgrew's  resolntloo  of  ■rmpatbT 
with  the  Boers  was  20  In  favor  of  to  29 
anlnst.  The  South  African  repabllcs 
ohctallr  appesled  to  the  Doited  States  to 
Intervene,  with  a  Ttew  to  the  ceuBtLon  of 
hostilities  earlr  In  1000.  President  Mc- 
Klnler,  however,  refnsed  to  interfere. 

The  Boer  force  daring  the  war  was 
•boat  TH.OOO,  The  toWl  British  force  sent 
to  Sonth  Africa  from  Ans.  1,  1899,  to  Har 
31,  1902.  was  896.000.  The  cost  of  the 
war  to  EnElnnd  was  more  than  a  billion 
dDlUr%   and  20.000  men. 

Boot    War,    Bttitude    of    tba    United 

SUtes  in,  SSn,  6410,  6429. 
BoM  City,  IdAlio,  mentioned,  6B1S. 
Boklurft. — A  Russian  dependeacr  In  cen- 
tral Asia.  It  lies  between  lalltode  41*  80* 
and  S6*  iV  north  and  between  longitode 
61°  40*  and  T3*  east,  and  U  boonded  on  the 
north  br  tbe  Russlsu  provinces  ot  Srr- 
Dsrla  snd  Bamarkand,  on  the  east  by  tbe 
province  of  Ferghana,  on  tbe  Booth  b; 
Afghanistan  and  on  the  soatbweaC  by  the 
RiiBslan  transcMplan  nrovinee  and  the  lOia- 
nat  of  Khiva.  It  baa  an  area  of  93.000 
square  mllea  and  a  popalatlon  of  2.000,000. 

Hfslorv. — The  modem  Slate  of  Bokhara 
was  fonnded  by  the  Usbega  In  tha  flftecnth 


centary.      The    djnasty    of    Uangnts; 

—^i...  ...I ..  -y[jf  belongs,  dates  fro 

—  ,.„ — tory.     Mir  MuaaSar  .  . 

din  In  ISes  proclaimed  a  holy  war  against 


succeeded  by  Lonis  Botha.     June  Stb,  Rob- 
erta   occapled    Pretoria.     By    establlsbiti" 

^entration  nrmpa'the  BriUsb  fliialiy 


.  -.,„ deblock  signal  hoa'su  tbrongboul 

the   coantry   and   driving   the   Inhabrtants 


the  eighteenth  centar 


tbs  Russhins,  who  tbereapoa  Invaded  L.. 
dominions  and  forced  him  to  sign  a  treaty 
ceding  tbe  territory  now  forming  the  Bua- 
slnn  district  of  Sjr-Darla,  to  consent  to  a 
war  Indemnltv,  and  to  permit  Rnssian 
trade.  In  18 T 3  a  further  treaty  was 
glgned  by  virtue  of  which  no  foreigner  Is 
admitted   to   Bokhara   without   a   Russian 

Bissport,  making  tbe  State  practically  a 
uBB^an  depeodeucy.  By  this  treaty  also 
merchandise  belonging  to  Russian  traders, 
whether  Imported  or  exported,  pays  a  duty 
of  2y  per  cent  ad  valorem,  and  no  other 
dnty  can  be  levied  on  Russian  goods, 
which  are  also  exempt  from  transit  duty. 
Bolivia. — A  republic  of  South  America. 
It  extends  between  10*  and  22'  B.  lat.  and 
D8*  and  69°  W.  longitude  In  the  west  centra 
of  Bonth  America.  It  has  no  seaboard  and 
Is  bounded  on  tbe  north  nod  east  by  Braill, 
on  the  west  by  Peru  and  Chile,  and  on  the 
Boutb  hy  Arventlna  and  Paraguay.  Tbe 
boandarles  have  been  settled  bv  treaties 
with  ItB  territorial  neighbors.    Of  the  toUl 


500,000  «f  mixed  Span iBh-lnd Ian,  Bpanlsh- 
Negro  or  Negro-Indian  descent. 

PAvatcol  Feature*. — Bolivia  slopes  eart- 
wards  from  the  Andes,  which  form  tbe  west- 
ern boundary  with  Fern,  and  occupy  the 
{reater  portion  of  the  sooth  and  west  of 
be  repnollc.  In  the  north  snd  east  are 
Slalns,  that  ot  the  sontb-east  being  a  por- 
on  of  the  Gran  Cbaco  of  Argentina. 
Tbe  waters  rising  !□  the  eastern  slopea 
of  the  Andes  are  divided  Into  a  northern 
and  soutbem  system  by  a  lotly  plateau  la 
Chnqulsaca.  Those  of  the  north  form  the 
rivers  Grande-MamorS  and  Benl,  Those  of 
the  south   form   tbe   upper   waters   of   the 

:b"ls  ?ol' =  — 

'hain  of  salt  lakes  la  the  Pampa 


Anllagaa  farther  south. 


Dsportmnls  and  Capitals    Enaliih      Pnmlatk 
BqlMUsB  1911 

Chuquioes  (Suers) 26,410         200,000 

Cochabamba  (Coohabuuba)      23,321         420,000 

El  Bam  CTtirudad) 102,080  40,000 

IaPuO^Pu) 63,762         650.000 

OruroCOnuo} 13,973         120,000 

Fatod  (Poton) 43,903         380,000 

8Bii(B(>ui(BuiUCnu)...    141.600         260,000 

Tarija  (liila) 33.027         130,000 

Territarles  (BawalM) . . .  ■ ._  11B.363  M.OOO 

Total 567.498      2JtOa.00O 

Hiitory. — Botltla  was  formerly  a  Bpanleh 
poBsesslon.  It  became  Independent  In  1S29 
and  united  with  Pern  from  1836  to  183B.  , 
The  counCr;  consists  Of  10  departments  and 
territories,  governed  by  a  President  and  two 
Houses  of  Congress,  with  a  constitution 
modeled  after  Uiat  of  the  United  States. 
Revolutions  have  frequently  occurred.  From 
18T9  to  1883  Bolivia  and  Peru  were  united 
In  a  war  agalDst  Cblle.  The  result  was 
disastrous  to  t^e  allies,  and  Chile  became 
posResBed  of  all  thp  western  aeacoast,  In- 
clodlng  the  niter  dlstrlcta  of  Bolivia. 

Oot-erament. — The  governmfnt  is  that  of 
a  democratic  Republic  under  a  modification 
tdafed  Oct.  28.  1880)  of  the  fundamental 
law  of  Aug.  6.  1S25.  at  which  date  Bolivia 
declared  Its  ludepeodence  of  Spalo.     The  Re- 

Subllc  was  previously  comprised  In  tbe 
anlsb  Vlce-BoyallT  of  Alto-Pera,  and  de- 
'es  lis  present  name  from  Its  liberator. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Bolivia 

The  Biecutlre  Is  entrasted  to  a  Trealdent 

(elected  foe  four  years  b;  direct  popular 
vote  and  Ineligible  lor  re-electlool.  aided  br 
tno  Vlce-PreBidectB,  and  a  Cabinet  ol  alx 

Fresldent  o(  the  Republic  (1B13-1B1T)  Dr. 
Ismacl  MonCes,  asaumed  office  Aug.  14.  )B13. 

Consrcaa  coDglEta  ol  the  Senate  and 
Cham&r  of  Deyutles.  The  Senate  of  Six- 
teen members,  (wo  from  each  province,  le 
elected  by  direct  Tote  for  eli  rearB.  one- 
tblrd  retiring  everr  two  rears.  The  Cham- 
ber of  Deputies,  of  seTenty-tlTe  members.  U 
elected  by  direct  vote  for  four  yea™,  one- 
half  retlrlne  every  two  years.  CongreM 
meeta  aunually  on  August  6th,  for  eO  to  00 

There  Is  a  Supreme  Court  at  the  capital, 
with  seven  lodges  appointed  by  Caugress  for 
leu  years  aniT  eight  district  couits  at  the 
proTlnclal  capitals. 

Each  of  the  eight  Departmente  Is  admin- 
istered by  a  Prefect,  nnder  whom  are  Hub- 
prefects,  corregldorea  and  alcaldes.  The 
larger  munlclpalitlea  are  gOTerned  by  coun- 
cils, the  smaller  by  boards  or  appointed 
agents.  The  Territories  are  admlnlfltered  by 
a  national  delegation  of  two. 

AriBK.— By  a  law  of  Jan.,  1B07.  service  in 
the  Army  (mllltlal  la  ualversaJ  aud  com- 
pulsory between  the  ages  ot  20  and  50. 
Service  In  the  Active  ^llllla  Is  for  Bve 
years  wlHi  five  years  In  [be  Reserve,  and 
ten  years  In  the  Territorial  Guard.  The 
Peace  Rstabllahment  la  (Aug.  8,  1813)  about 
850  officers  and  4.BE0  others.  The  War  Eb- 
Ubllshment    la    slated    to    be   about  90,000. 

£Juca[fon.— Primary  education  Is  free 
and  nominally  compulsory,  but  is  conOned 
to  tbe  monlcfpalltleB,  who  are  the  controll- 
ing authorities  ;  81.338  popUs  were  enroled 
in  1012.  Secondary  education  reaches  only 
about  1,500  pupils;  tor  higher  edacal Ion 
there  are  university  colleges,  special  BchoolD 
and    techolcBl    Institutes.  

Drbt.— The  Public  Debt  on  June  80.  1813, 

Bt«liiigLo«iotll>C«,6%„ ^■2S'SS2 

Rulway  Loan  of  1813,  6^ *'SSS-SS2 

Internal  Debt 900.000 

nSEuiDibt 3,000.000 

ProaucUim  and  /BdHatrj/.— About  000.000 
(one-fourth  of  the  population)  Uve  by  agrl- 
cnKure  and  pastoral  pursuits,  the  total 
area,  under  eultlvatloo  being  about  6,000.- 
000  acres  The  puRat  provide  excellent 
arailng  for  large  herds  of  llama  vlcnlla,  and 
aloaca?  and  ctacbooa  bark  Is  produced  from 
the  trees  In  that  region.  The  forest-clad 
plains  and  the  lowest  slopes  of  the  Andes 
prodQCe  rubber,  cotton.  Indigo,  tropical 
fruits,  and  medicinal  herbs. 

Rubber  iB  now  the  most  Important  brtI- 
cultural  Industry,  the  eiporta  ^hi  l6l2 
amounting  to  •4,080  tons,  valued  at  (B.200.- 
000. 

The  mineral  produftlonB  are  very  valu- 
able, tin  being  the  principal  product  ot  the 
mines,  the  exports  (n  1912  being  valued  at 
124  000,000 ;  and  the  silver  minea  ot  Potosl 
are  regarded  as  Inertaustlble ;  gold,  partly 
dug  and  parllv  washed.  Is  obtained  on  the 
Eastern  Cordillera  ot  the  Andes,  aod  copper 
lead,  antimony,  wolfram,  blamuth,  salt,  and 
sulphur    are    bIbo    found. 

Ta^BHt, — Capital,  fiacre.  In  Chnquisaca, 
Bituated  about  10,000  feet  above  sea  level, 
named  after  a  victorious  general  In  the  War 
of  Indeneodence  of  1824.  Population,  24,- 
000.    The  great  trading  centre  and  seat  of 

Sjvemment  Is  I.a  Fsi,  popnlsHon  80,000- 
ther  towns  are  CochabamtM,  Potosl,  Oruto, 
Santa  Craa,  aod  TarUa. 


VeloAls,    ireo»u«»    ani    Cf^rtmeil.—Tht 
Metric  System  of  Weights  and  Heaaures  la 

Srescrlbed    by    law,    hut    some    of    tbe    old 
paolsh   standards   are    atlli    employed    In 

The  Unit  of  Currency  la  the  ftollKfaao  of 
100  ee«tat-os,  worth   (legal  value)   **>-38^. 


and  1.812  miles  coQceeslona  grant- 
ed and  under  survey.  In  1912  there  were 
214  post  offices  and  182  telegraph  omce* 
with  U.SSO  miles  of  line.  In  1012  the  Bo- 
livian Government  signed  a  contract  for  tbe 
erection  of  Marconi  wireless  aiatlons  at  La 
Pai.  Villa  Bella,  Coblja,  Trinidad.  Santft 
Ciui.  Puerto  Buaret  and  Yaculba. 

rrode  icllh  the  UnUei  jBfotei.— The  valne 
of  merchandise  Imported  Into  Bolivia  from 
the  United  States  for  the  year  1B13  waa 
|S40,T44,  and  goods  to  the  value  of  I3S0 
were  sent  tbllher— a  bBlapcc  of  {040,394  In 
favor  ot  the  United  Stales. 
Bo11t1»  (aee  also  Fern-BoliTia  Confed- 
eration) : 
Controversy  with  Chile,  referred  to, 

3410. 
Diplomatie  relations  with,  G468,  6364, 

Beaumed,  444S,  456£. 
Insurrection  in,  discoBsed,  6361. 
Treaty  with  (3111). 
BatiQcation  of  amendments  to,  reo- 
ommendation  regarding,  3260. 
War  between  Chile,  Peru,  and,  4522, 
4503,   4S2S,   4717. 
Claims    of    TInited    States    arising 

out  of,  4913,  G0S3,  5369,  5544. 

Conditions  of  peace  presented  by 

ChUe  discussed,  4662,  4717,  4760. 

Efforts  of  United  States  to  bring 

about     peace,     discussed,     4522, 

4563,  45S2,  4662,  4717. 

Negotiations    for    restotatiOB    of 

peace,  4076. 
Terminated,  4822,  6364. 
Treaty  of  peace  diacusaed,  4760. 
BollTla,  Treaties  with.— May  13,  1858,  a 
treaty  of  peace,  friendship,  commerce  and 
navigation    was    cocclud^    with    Bolivia. 
This    contained    the   favored-natloa    clause 
deflned  neutral  rights,  contraband  of  war, 
rights  of  citizens  In   case  of  war,    forbade 
conflBcatlon   —  •'■"   — 


•  the  B 


ipened  lhe~AmaioD  Hl'ver'and 

.   to    navigation    by    sblps    o( 

United   States.  ^  A  previous^  convention 


convention    was    concluded    In 

1900.  (See  Extradition.) 
Bollnuui  OaH- — An  important  Supreme 
Court  case  Id  which  treason  1b  defined  and 
tbe  autborlty  of  tbe  Bupreme  Court  to  Issue 
writs  of  habeas  corptia  ai  lublMendum  la 
maintained.  BollicaD  was  charged  with  be- 
ing implicated  In  a  treasonable  attempt  to' 
levy  war  upon  the  United  States.  In  that  ha 

llsh  an  Independent  Slate  In  the  southwest: 
Id  1805.  It  was  decided  that  a  mere  con- 
spiracy to  subvert  the  Government  by  force 
Is  not  treason,  an  actual  levying  of  war 
being  Qecesaary.  Tbe  court  held  that  the 
crime  with  which  the  prisoners  Bollman 
and  Bwartwout  stood  charged  had  Dot  been 
..^_i   — .  ... J  discharged. 


committed,  and  they  n 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Brada.— In  B  Ies«1  BcnM  so  oblleitloa  In 
wriling  and  under  «e«l  wberebj  one  part; 
blDda  blmaelf  to  pny  a  lam  ot  monef  to 
another  at  a  certain  time,  and  uanallr 
twirlng  ■  BpeciSed  rate  of  Intereit.  ThB 
s«cnrlt]r  for  the  payment  ol  the  bonded  in- 
dpblednesa  Is  generally  a  mortgage  on  pro- 
ductive properly.  The  mortgage  la  placed 
In  ttie  hands  of  a  third  part;  as  trustee 
to  vhom  Ibe  bondholders  may  apply  (or 
foreclosure  la  tbe  event  of  fallore  to  pay 
Interest  or  prluclpal.  The  enllre  mort- 
gage  la  then  divided  Into  aepatate  bonds 
of  (usually)  (1,000  each  and  sold  to  aepa- 
rate  Investors.  When  Issued  to  creditors 
named  they  are  registered  on  the  books  of 
the  company  Issulug  tbem  and  tbeir  own- 
ershlp  Is  ■  matter  ot  record.     When  made 

Pf-Vrm"o(  notes 'fal!^-'' 

able  at  the  company's 

Bonda  Isaned  by  governmeDta  are  not 
based  upon  any  mortgage,  but  upon  ths 
Integrlty_o(  Uie  government_flnd_lt«  ability 


D  collect  anfficlenl  funds  from 
detaSft 

o(   th< 


of  Its  ttonds  recoursi 


tbe   payment 


t  payo 


J  Id  tbe  case  of  some  of 

the  smaller  reppbllcs  of  Bonth  and  Central 
America.  (See  Debt.  Public.) 
Bonds  of  United  SUtra  (eee  *Ibo  Debt, 
•     Public;  Loans): 

Authoritjr    vested    in    Secietary    of 
Treaaiuy    to    issue,     recommonda- 
tioua  regarding,  E877. 
Siaensaed.     (See  Debt,   Public,  dia- 

ensaed.) 
iMnanee    of,    discnsaed    and    recom- 
mendations  regarding,   5877,   69 SS, 
5993,  59SS,  6074,  fl07fl,  6077,  617S. 
Purchase   of,   with   Treasury  surplna 
recommended,  3965. 
Btnilioiaine  Blcliud,  Tlie.— An  old  East 
India  merchantman  Hlted  np  as  a  man-of- 
war  by  the  Preucb   at   L'Orlent   In  1779. 
It  was  one  of  Sve  fitted  out  by  the  French 
at   the  suggestloD   of   Benjamin   Franklin, 
and    christened     In    bis    honor    Btmhomme 
JZIcJtord,   or   Good-Uan   Richard.      Bhe   was 
mmmauded  by  John   Paul  Joq--    —    " 


liorongb  dead.  Sept.  ZB,  1T7S,  tbe 
neei  pumUDtered  a  British  merchant  fleet 
conToyed  by  tbe  Berapia  and  CoaateM  af 
Bcarborimon-  The  larger  war  ship,  the 
Berapit,  tbongh  much  snperior  in  ereri  re- 
spect to  the  BOHkoinme  RIcltard.  was  flerce- 
ly  attacked  by  the  latter.  The  conflict  took 
place  by  moonllsbt.  In  the  presence  of, thou- 


speclatora 


mast   and   raked  her  deck  with   musketry. 


rbe  engagement 
a  bucketful  of 
n  the  hatchway 


, the    Bonhomme 

IMcfeard  Bank   In  a   few  honra. 
BOOBVlU*  (XXO.),  BnttlO  of.— When  Preat- 
dent    Lincoln's   call   for   troops,    April   15, 
ISU,   reaebed   Oorernor  Jackson,  of   Hla- 


Boart,  be  refused  to  fDrolsb  tbe  four  regi- 
ments forming  the  quota  of  tbe  state. 
Francla  P.  Blalc,  Jr.  had,  h 


military    command   of    r 


tied,   un£.. 

tbanlel  Lyon, .,„ . 

mustered  In  Immediately,  Lyon  being  m 

brigadier-general.  Wben  another  Mlssourt 
brigade  bad  been  formed,  Uay  8.  Lyon  was 

fut  Id  command  of  tbe  department.  Mean- 
Imo  Governor  Jackaou  ordered  tbe  state 
mlllllB  to  camp  at  St.  Lonla.  May  10  Oen. 
Lyon  surrounded  the  camp,  and  on  Its  sur- 
render by  Geo.  frost  paroled  the  men,  700 
In  number.  June  15  be  occupied  JeDerson 
City,  the  governor  fleeing  to  Boonvllle. 
LyoD  tollaned.  On  luoe  17  he  dlapersed 
the  state  troops  collected  there. 
BootlosireiB,  miadeeds  of,  7014. 
Bordor  Statea.— a  designation  for  the  aer- 

eral  slave  statea  of  Delanare,  Maryland, 
Virginia,  Kentucky  and  Missouri,  lying  next 
'-  tbe  free  states,  and  sometimes  iDclndlug 


ilcable    adjustment    ..    , 

Jueatlon.  They  origlbated  the  Peace  Con- 
iieace  of  1B61. 
Bomao. — A  large  Island  in  Ualaysla.  It 
Is  situated  In  the  Indian  Archipelago, 
bottnded  on  tbe  cast  by  the  Sea  of  Celebes 
and  the  Macaasar  Btralt.  on  tbe  aonth  by 
the  Sea  ot  Java,  and  on  the  west  and 
north  by  the  China  Sea. 

His  torn.— It  waa  firat  visited  by  tbe 
Portugneae  tn  1518.  Borneo  has  an  area 
ot  about  213,000  square  miles  and  a  popn- 
latlon  of  1.2S0.0O0. 

Phvileal  Feature:— Two  chains  of  moun- 
tains traverse  the  Island  In  a  neatly  parallel 
direction  from  oortbeaat  to  southnest. 

ffolsrol  Product*.— Vegetation  grows  lul- 
nrlantly   and    choke    woods   Hbd    Bnlces  are 
exported.      The    mineral    wealth    Is    great, 
gold.  Botlmaay.  salt,  petroleum,  tin,  copper. 
Iron,   and  coal  exist,   but  are  not,  as  yet, 
largely  worked. 
Bothoo,  treaty  with,  £088. 
BoapboniB,  Tbe,  reBtrictions  on  passage 
of  Straits  of  the  Dardanellea  and,  by 
ships  of  other  nations,  4078. 
Boston: 

Ezecntion  of  laws  for  Tetnm  of  ftif^- 
tive   slaves  forcibly  resisted   in, 
2637. 
Proclamation   regarding,  2516. 
Reference  to,  2B73. 
Fire    in,    referred   to    by   President 

Grant,  4138. 
Industrial    exposition    at,    discussed, 

4773. 
Navy-yard  at,  referred  to,  4675. 
Title  of  TTnited  States  to  land  oe- 
cnpied  as,  referred  to,  4698. 
TTnlawfnl  asBemblages  in,  and  proc- 
lamation against  and  autborization. 
to    employ    force    in    suppressing, 
2837,  2645. 
Boston  Oue. — The  esse  of  a  fugitive  slave 
who  escaped  from  hla  ovner  In  Georgia  and 
took  passage  on  tbe  Boslon,  a  vessel  bound 
for  the  coast  of  Ualne-     The  Rovemor  of 
Georgia   charged   the   captain   of   tbe   ship 
with  steallDg  the  slave  and  demanded  that 
the  governor  of  Maine  restore  the  fugitive. 
This    waa    refnaed.       The     legislature    of 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Boston  Oim — Contlinud, 

Georel»  then  called  upon  i „ ._   ,_ 

■  law  cTOmpelllOK  the  Baremor  of  Ualne  li> 
caniplr  wliti  such  demaod.  Vo  acUon  was 
takeo  bf  Coagresa. 

Boston,  Evociutton  of. — Dnrlog  the  win- 
icr  of  1T76  WasliliiglDii,  haTlug  recelred 
aome  ordnaDCe  captured  at  TlcoDderoga  aad 

■  Bupplr  ot  ammnnltloD  taken  b;  prlTateeci 
at  Ben,  determined  to  attack  Boston,  then 
occupied  b;  tbe  Brltlsti.  In  pursuance  of 
Ibla  plDQ  he  occupied  NookB  BUI  (an  emi- 
nence St  the  eitremlij-  of  Dorchester  Neck) 
and  Dorchester  UelgblB,  which  commanded 
Nooks  Ulll,  and  the  town  Itself.  On  the 
nlghi   of  March  *.   1TT6,    the  I    '   •  ■ 


overcd  with  b 
e  fore   ■ 


lodge  them  or  abandoi 
cbose  the  latter  altema 
IT  the  town  and  harbor 
tbe  Btltlsh  army  and  ni 


the  ti 


British 
Thejr 


Marcfi 
were  evacualed  by 
ij  without  Srins  a 

Bostoa  FIto  referred  to,  4138. 
Boston  Hassacn.— The  British  navigation 
acta  were  a,  aource  of  great  annoyance  and 
loss  to  the  American  coloolatx,  and  theli 
execution  ivas  rcBlsted  at  all  points.  Great 
Britain  attempted  to  coerce  the  people  loto 
-     -mpllaDce  with  the  laws  by  sending  Ce~ 


Gage    with    three 
--*■       Tbe  p 


e  of  t 


a  Hsi 


Co  mi 


fecred  to  Salem  aad  Marblehead,  and  Qen. 
Oage  arrived  In  Boaton,  June  1,  17T4.  to 
enforce  the  law.  The  Boston  people  were 
Indlrnant,  Much  sympathy  was  eipreased 
tar  them  througboat  the  Colonies.  In  many 
places  people  refused  to  buy  British  goods. 
Oct.  20.  1TT4.  the  Amerlcao  AssDcTstlaD 
was  formed,  pledging  the  members  to  non- 
eoDSumptloD  and  Qoolnterrourse  with  Great 
Britain,  Ireland  and  the  British  West 
Indies.  The  Association  Included  62  mem- 
bers of  tbe  Continental  Congress. 
POBton  Tea  Party-—'"  I'^^T  Oreat  Brit- 
ain Imposed  a  duty  on  tea  sold  In  the  Amer- 
ican Colonies.  The  East  India  Com  pan; 
preTalled  upon  the  ministry  In  1773  to 
amend  tbe  act  so  aa  to  relieve  the  company 
from  paying  the  duty,  thereby  forcing  the 
coDanmera  to  psy  It.  The  colonists  were 
Indignant  at  tula  transfer  of  tbe  ta 


28.   1TT3,  a  ship 


log  of  Decembsr  16th  an  mthoalaitle  moat- 
ing was  held  at  Faaeull   Hall,  and  at  Ita 

.1 —  ,._. .n  ...  =„  ^gg  dlsinilscd  aa 

the  tlirec  chips 


'.S 


60  and  6 

Indians  took  posaeaalon 

and  threw  overboard  t-^  .....^^-.v  v.  »i^ 
amounting  In  all  to  342  cheats.  Seveateen 
cheats  were  also  destroyed  In  Xew  <ork 
hsrhor  about  tbe  same  time.  These  eventa 
resulted  la  the  passage  of  the  Boston  Port 

Act   (a.   0.)    and  were   an   Important 

of   the   train   of   cauaea  of   "-     

Bevolutlon. 

Boiton,  Tlu,  mentioned,  62S7,  6367. 

Bodton,  U.  B.  8.,  mentioned,  6766,  6767, 

6768,  6771,  6835,  6836. 
BoimdarleB. — The  colonial  boandailea  of 
the  United  States  were  IndeSnIle  and  often 
the  EQbJect  of  mucb  dispute.  The  graota  of 
territory  In  America  were  made  by  Euro- 
pean rulers,  who  were  careless  gr  Ignorant 
of  tbe  geography  of  tbe  country.  Tba 
Wyoming  dispute  between  Connecticut  and 
Pennsylvania,  aod  the  Westero  Beserve  of 
tbe  former  Id  Oblo,  are  Id  evidence  of  the 
Interminable  wrangles  created  by  these  royal 

S rants.  Tbe  boundarlea  of  the  Cnlled 
tates  were  agreed  apon  In  1T83  at  tba 
treaty  of  VcTsallles.  Congreai  then  took 
up  the  question  of  the  bor^r  lines  between 


.    __    1    In 

:  troops  further 


t   Brltal 


!   1TS9  B 


nvllle  i 


Boston  and  British  soldiers  charged  with 
tbe  enforcement  of  the  laws.  Id  February, 
1770,  a  press  gang  from  the  British  frigate 
Roi»  boarded  a  ship  belonging  to  a  Mr. 
Hooper,  of  Mnrblchead,  nhereupoD  a  riot 
ensued.  On  the  night  of  March  G  following 
■  large  crowd  responded  to  tba  ringing  of 
tbe  are  hells  and  came  Into  collision  with 
the  soldlera.  The  latter  flred,  killing  three 
persona  and  wounding  several  othere.     The 

Dcns  of  the  Boston  massncre  spread  rapidly 
and  did  mucb  to  strengthen  the  spirit  of 
revolution  among  tbe  people. 
Boston  Port  Act. — An  act  of  Parliament 
Introduced  by  Lord  N'orth  and  paased  March 
7,  1774,  In  retatlatlOD  for  the  deBtrnctlon 
of  cargoes  of  tea  In  Boston  Harbor.  It 
provided  tor  tbe  discontinuance  of  lauding 
and  dis>-harglng.  loading  or  shipping  of 
merchandise  to  or  from  the  city  of  Boaton 


■     Court. 


the    northeast 

boundary  of  tbs  United  States  '  *      ' 

as   extending  from   tba   source 

Croli    River    dde    north    to    tb.    ^ 

between  tbe  Bt.  Lawrence  and  the  Atlantic, 
thence  along  tbe  waterahcd   to  the   nort' 
'  iromoat  head  ot  the  Connecticut  Itlve 
:  long  and  Irritating  dlsputea  over  tl 


tweeo  the  United  States  and  British  poo- 
sesslODS  on  the  present  lines.  Tbe  territory 
bounded  on  the  north  by  latitude  ^4"  40*. 
on  the  east  l>y  the  Rocky  Mountains,  on  the 
south  by  latitude  43°,  and  on  tbe  west  by 
the  Paclflc  Ocean,  has  been  variously 
claimed  by  Russia,  epaln.  Great  Britain 
and   tbe    t'olted    States.     By    treaty    v 


iBia  Jan.    II, 


,    tbe    Unl 


1    States 


40' „    _.    

By  the  treaty  which  ceded  Florida  In  1819 
Spain  rellnquiahed  all  claims  to  anytblng 
north  of  latitude  4S°.  Though  Great  Brit- 
ain had  little  claim  to  the  territory.  Joint 
occupation  whs  agreed  apon  by  the  treaty 
ot  Oct.  20.  ISia.  and  this  becoming  unaatla- 
factory  Great  Britain  waa  Induced  in  1846 
to  accept  latitude  49°  as  the  boundary 
between  her  posseaslona  and  the  United 
Slates  from  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  the 
channel  between  Vancouver  Island  and  the 
mainland.  (For  boundary  disputes  after 
1846.  see  articles  on  Alaska,  Gadsden  Par- 
chase  and  Meilcan  War.) 

Botanic  QardeiiB. — West  ot  the  Capital 

In  Washington  is  a  broad  stretch  of  lend 
known  as  tbe  Mall,  extending  to  the  Poto- 
mac River.  The  part  of  the  Mat!  nearest 
the  Capitol  Is  called  the  Botanic  Oardeoa. 
These  contain  great  conserva lories  stored 
'■'  ■     ■        There  I"   "'  "    "   '" 


_    _  Boston  harbor 
114   cheats  of   tea,   and   early   la 
others  arrived.     On  the  eren- 


ulture,  under  whose  charge  are  the  great 
ropagatlng  gardens.  The  Mall  tnrther  ex- 
?nda  to  the  waablngton  Monument. 


jyGooi^lc 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Boy 


Botmtr-     (See  Sngar  Bonnt;.) 
Bounty  Zianila.     (See  Lands,  Boimtjr.) 

BonrbODB. — The  honse  of  Bourbon  la  tha 
UiaUj  ot  klDffi  tbat  ni]»d  France  tor  over 
two  handred  reari.  trom  108S  to  tbe  time 
ot  th«  Preoch  reTolaCloQ,  1T91.  One  ot 
tbeir  characCcrlBtlcs  wu  bd  obHtlnate  re- 
Inial  to  keep  pace  with  eventa.     Experience 


plied    {In  American    political    parli 

■n7  Btateaman  or  polltlelan  that  ellng^  lu 
dead  lauea  and  refuael  to  aecommodate 
binuelf  to  chanse*' 

Bozon.— The  name  popularly  given  to  the 
Chlneee  ant  t -foreign  secret  eocletr.  Ih-hwo- 
Ch'uan.  "Volnnteer  United  Flsta,"  who  were 
larxelj  reaponalble  for  the  dlaturbanceB  In 
that  country  In  1800.  Excited  bj  the  proE- 
reaa  of  European  clTllliatlon  and  Christian- 
it/  In  China  they  canaed  antl-forelKn  riota 
In  Tarlona  pftrta  of  the  empire  and  ma>- 
■tcred  ma&r  mlaalonarlea,  native  cooTerta 
and  Etiropeaii  mercbanta.  On  Jane  20th, 
they  murdered  the  German  minister.  Baron 
Ketteler,  tnd  being  Joined  by  the  Imperial 
troopa  bealeged  the  forelgnere  and  foreign 
mlnlaters  In  the  British  legation  In  Peking 
ontll  Aos.  IS,  when  the  siege  waa  raised  by 
a  relief  expedition  from  the  Hilled  fleets — 
■ e,   SusHlan,    British.    American   and 


gary,  Belgium.  France.  Germany.  Qreat 
BrltalD,  Italy,  Japan.  Tbe  NetberlandB,  Bne- 
•Ib  and  the  United  States,  sn  Indemnity 
amounting  to  460,000.000  taels   (fSSS.OOO.- 

000)    for    Inturlea    Inflicted   "--   "--    " 

---■mnlty  I"  • "- 

-■    In    tl 

ments.  dne  on  Jan.  1  of  each  fear  up  .. 
IMl,  Interest  Bt  4  per  cent,  to  be  payable 
batf-jearly.  The  securities  for  the  debt  are 
the  Imperial  Maritime  Cu  ' 
nnapproprlatei^   Ineresied^ 


Bay  Sconta  of  America.— The  Boy  Scont 
moremcnt  can  be  traced  back  to  widely 
■eparaCed  aourcea  where  constmctlve  tdeaa 
came  to  boy  workers  and  were  tested  with 
varying    degrees   of    Baccese.     ' 


there    were    a    number    ot    orlgloe 


and  Ideals  of  the  movement  belong  here  also 
to  the  highest  plans— that  of  efficient  dti- 
Eenihlp,  service  ana  character-building. 

"The  Boy  Scouts  of  America,"  the  name 
ander  which  the  movement  In  the  United 
Ststes  wss  Incorporated,  February  8,  1910, 
has  as  Its  Honorary  President,  the  Hon. 
Woodrow  Wilson,  Preeldent  of  the  United 
Statea.  and  Hon.  William  H.  Tsft  and  Col. 
TTieodore  Eooeovelt  as  its  Honorary  Vlce- 
Presldenta.  Associated  with  these  In  ap- 
proTsI  and  promotion  of  tbe  movement  are 
eminent  cltliens  from  all  walks  ot  public 
life,  who  are  members  ot  the  National  Coun- 
cil and  of  the  local  councils  In  the  citle* 
end  towns  of  the  whole  country,  and  a  boat 
of  others  who  earnestly  co-operate  In   the 

A  group  of  men,  representing  the  various 
rellgloDa  and  civic  organlaetlans  of  the  com- 
munity that  are  engaged  Id  ttoys'  work. 
are  brought  together  aa  a  local  counrll  for 
the  promotion  of  Bcont  work.  This  local 
..  _   J  charter  from  the  national 


■ill  eaj 


methods,  plans  and  principles  that  haTfl 
proved  elTeetlve.  In  Great  Britain,  Lleut.- 
Omi.  Sir  Bobert  8.  8.  Baden-Powell  became 
~  "    I   In   organization   work  based  lanely 

^„  ......  ..,  ^^..^ff"!'      ■■ 

t  of  British  Boy  I 

grew  Into  tbe  hundred  thousands,  with  the 
emphasis,  not  on  the  military  note,  but  on 
p^ce  vlrtnes  snd  learning  practical  trade*. 
Then  the  movement  spread  to  Qermany, 
France.  Italy.  Australia  and  New  lEeeland. 
to  Canada  and  the  United  SUtes:  to  Elonth 
American  republics :  In  short,  almost  the 
world  over,  aince  It  la  already  established 
Id  twenty-seven  conntrlee.  Everywhere  It 
has  shown  adaptation  to  new  fields  and 
nationalities. 

In  Germany  the  boys  have  engaged  In 
the  work  with  such  eDthualaam  and  In  such 
nonbers  that  the  Prussian  and  Bavarian 
anthorltles  are  giving  tbe  movement  finan- 
cial aid.  Bnt  It  has  been  left  to  the  United 
States  to  show  what  the  system  of  scouting 

can  accomplish,  whe-  "■  — *■ •-  *'--  '--•- 

In  whieb  the  larger 
Ideas  and  princlplet 

number  of  the  Boy  t 

out  the  world  Is  estimated  as  noc  less  man 
two  mtlllon,  oiM-atttb  ot  tbe  whole  nprnber 
are  tn   th«   United   Statea.    Tbe   emphaal* 


deal  with  all  qoeBtlona  relatlog  to  scouting 
In  that  district  and  to  pass  upon  all  Scout 
Uaatera'  appllcatloDB.  In  many  cases  this 
council  engages  a  boys'  work  director,  to 
be  known  as  the  Scoot  Commissioner,  to 
take  charge  of  the  work  in  that  community. 
He  Is  reepoDSlble  tn  the  local  council  for 
the   direction   and   i 

He  Is  the  leader  of^ 

aa  such,  gives  such  Instructions  and  help 
as  may  be  neceseary.  arranges  Inter-troop 
meets,  gomes,  camps,  and  In  general,  makes 
uniform  the  plan  of  work  conducted  In 
that  community.  The  Scouts  are  organised 
in  patrote  and  troopE.  Eight  boys  consti- 
tute B  patrol,  one  of  whomla  chosen  as  the 
Patrol  Leader,  Three  patrols  make  np  a 
troop.  The  Scout  Moster  Is  the  adult  lender 
of  the  troop.  Already  there  are  about  TOO 
local  coupclle  Id  ae  many  cities  throughout 
the  United  States  and  under  the  direction 
of  each  tbcre  are  from  Bve  to  one  hundred 
and  fifty  Scout  Masters  in  charge  of  troops. 

Tbe  Scout  programme  Is  proving  practi- 
cable aa  a  clvfc  enterprise.  There  sre  many 
cities  so  thoroughly  organised  that  every 
phase  of  boT  life  In  the  community  Is  being 
reached  by  Scout  activities.  The  movement 
Is  adapting  Itself  not  only  to  the  wealthy 
classes,  but  to  tbe  boys  of  the  slums,  to 
the  newsboys  and  to  foreign  boys  a 

a — .1 —    outdoor    lite 


_.  ._  wholesome,  at- 
tractive, outdoor  activities  with  the  In- 
floence  ot  the  Scoot  oath  and  law,  the  move- 
ment derelopa  character  and  worth-while 
ability. 

Scout  craft  Includes  Instruction  In  first 
aid.  life  saving,  tracking,  algnalllng.  cycling, 
DBtnre  study,  seamanship,  campcraft,  wood- 
craft, chivalry   and  all  the   handicrafts. 

The  national  organliatlOD  la  largely  raatn- 
talned  by  public  subscript lona.  Sustaining 
and  Contributing  Mcmbcrshlpa  a—  ' ■■  '- 


t  and  pro  mo  til 


imen  throughout  the  country 
iclally  aaalatlng  in  the  develop- 
omotlon   of  this   organliatloa 


PreBldent^"wiTllam'HrVBft  "Col'.'T'heodore 
Boosevelt ;  President,  C.  H.  Llvlnxston, 
Washington.   D.  C. ;  VIce-PreBldentH,  B.  L. 

"-'- "-'-'ol,  Tenn. :  UllCon  A.  McRae, 

;  David   Starr  Jordan.   8 Can- 


Daniel  Carter  Beard.  Flushing.  N.  Y. ;  Trei 
ater,  Qeorge  D,  Pratt,  Brooklyn,  N.  T. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Boycott 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Boreott. — la  Korember,  1880,  during  the 
Laod  League  agit&tlaii  In  IreiBod.  Cipt. 
James  Boycott,  agent  of  Longb  Haak  larm, 
■D  eitate  of  Lord  Erne,  baring  erlcted  many 
of  tbe  tenanu  of  tbe  eatate  for  retaalng 
to  paj  rent,  waa  besieged  on  bli  premises. 
Tbe  nelgbborlDE  tradeamen  refused  to  aup- 
pl;  bim  with  tSeli  goods  at  anj  price.  His 
aervaalB  left  and  no  oEbera  conid  be  In- 
duced (0  take  their  places.  To  gatber  bl* 
crops  It  benme  ntresstr;  to  bring  In  Im- 
migrant iBtKirers  and  to  protect  them  while 
at  work  by  the  preiience  of  armed  con- 
■labulary.  This  method  of  coercion  became 
popular  among  the  land  leaguers  and  was 
SUDD  put  Into  operatlDD  against  ahopkeepen 

This  poJIor  of  noD-lutercoarae  and  glTorts 
to  cammerclally  Isolate  business  opponents 
was  lutniduced  Into  tbe  United  Slates  by 
tbe  Knlsbts  of  Labor  and  Trade  Uclons 
about    1S65.     In    1886    two    women    bakera 

[  were  boycotted  by  tbe   lalwr 

..._  ._._^i_      « without 


witbdra 


ind  their  frit. 
3  against  tht 


Ibelr  patronage.     Tbe  buslne 


they  « 

tbe  same  year  o 


ere  rcUcTed  by 
ead    for    rharl 


seriouslT  in  lured,  nntll 
'  ring  large  orders 
ispltsl*.     During 

_. .7aa  convicted  ol 

r— „ ort  money  under  a  threat 

if  boycotllog.  One  man  was  boyrotted  for 
;lytng  testimony  sgalnst  conspirators. 

Boycotting  has  been  deflned  by  an  Amerl- 
an  judge  as  a  "oimblnatlon  of  inany  to 
ause  a  loss  to  one  person  by  coerdng 
tbers  against  their  will  to  withdraw  from 
_ilm  their  beneflrlal  business  Interconrae, 
through  threats  Chat  unless  those 


.  tbe 


win  t 


mllar 


A   boycott, 

panled  by  ylolence  or  Intimidation,  baa  been 
pronounced     unlawful     by     many     courts. 
Wben    accompanied    by    violence    It    Is    a 
criminal  offence  at  common  law. 
President   Taft,    when  Judge      * 


othcri 


;o  prev 
the    B 


^vv  .....,-=  —  .-..  United  States  Courts  In 
boycotting  cases  ba»a  been  contradictory. 
Id  tbe  case  o.  the  Danbury  (Conn.)  hatters, 
the  employers  were  adjudged  Injured  to  tbe 
extent  of  180,000.  and  authorised  to  bring 
salt  against  the  boycotting  organisation 
for  thrice  the  amount.  In  HoDtana.  tbe 
Supreme  Court  held  tbat  the  boycotted  com- 
pany did  not  have  a  property  right  Id  tbe 
trade  o(  any  parilcoiar  person :  hence,  any 
-    rightfully   withdraw    !■'- 


I   with   the 


_.B  crlmlr 
acting    m 


o  law  In  withdrawing  their  patronage  they 
could  not  be  enjoined  from  continuing  tbe 
boycott  Id  force,  so  long  as  tbe  means 
employed  to  make  It  effective  were  not 
Illegal.  (See  Llndaay  A  Co.  c».  Montana 
Federation  of  Labor  et  al.;  Loewe  vi.  Law- 
tor  el  oI.)  Other  Indictments  against  mem- 
bers of  labor  anions  charged  with  twycoltlng 
have  been  prosecuted  In  tbe  Cnlted  Rtstes 
Supreme  Court  and  the  results  will  be 
found  under  Anti-Trust  Laws :  Bucka  StoTS 

Tbe  states  hsTlng  laws  prohibiting  boy- 
cotting Id  terms  are  Alabama.  Colorado, 
IMIuols.  Indlara  and  Texas.  The  states 
baring  lawe  prohibiting  blacklisting  In  tenm 

«  ATsbama,  Araaosas.  Colorado,  Conneetl- 


graph  operatora  only),  Miasourl,  Montana, 
Keyada.  Kortb  Carolina.  North  Dakota, 
Oklahoma,  Oregon.  Texas.  Utah,  Tlrgtnla, 
Washington  and  Wlaconaln.  A  number  ot 
states  baye  enacted  laws  concerning  In- 
timidation, conspiracy  against  worklngmeD 
and  iDterference  with  employment,  via.: 
Alabama.  Connecticut.  Delaware,  Florida, 
Georgia,  Idaho  (applies  to  mine  employees 
only),  Illinois. ^Kausas.  Kentucky,  Louisiana, 


tts,  Mich 


nin.  Mlnneaota. 


MIchlpin. 
„-. New  Hamt _  . 

Jersey,  Sew  York,  North  Dakota.  Oklahoma. 
Oregon,  Pennaylyanla,  Porto  Rico.  Rhode 
iBland,  South  Dakota,  l^xas.  Utah,  Ver- 
mont. Washington.  West  Virginia  and  Wis- 
consin. In  tbe  following  states  It  la  na- 
lawfal  for  an  employer  to  exact  any 
agreement,  either  written  or  verbal,  from 
an  employee  not  to  Join  or  become  a  mem- 
ber of  a  labor  otvanlsatlon,  as  a  condition 
of  employment:  California,  CoIoradOj 


,  Idaha 


Indiana.  'Kansas,  ilaa 


luced 


Jersey,  Ohio.   Oklahoma.   Oregon.   Pennsyl- 
Taala.  Porto  Rico,  South  CBrollna  and  Wis- 
codbId.      (See  Locwe  vs.  Lawlor  et  al.J 
BoTCOtt   (secondary)    denounced   aa   at 

vftriance     with     American     instinct 

7378. 

Bnka  and  OonplaiB,  legislation  for  in- 
creased safety  in  use  of,  recommend- 
ed, 5486,  6561,  5642,  5766. 
Bnuidy  BUUon,  or  FIa«twood  <Ta.), 
BattlO  of,— After  the  battle  of  Chancellors, 
vllk  Hooker's  army  remained  Inactive  on 
the  north  side  of  the  Rappahannock  for 
about  a  month.  June  9,  1803,  two  divisions 
of  cavalry,   supported  by  two  brigades  of 


d  tbat  while  the  employees  of 

or    company    had    a    right    to 

-"   at   any  time,   they    Bad   — 

t  the  work  belnr  '  — - 


by 


ind   the  cavalry   was   commanded   by   Gen- 
—  ■-  ••■■'—•  --a  Oregg.    They  were  driven 
lOBB  of  BOO   men   la  one  of 
rairy   flghta  of  tbe 
practical    result    of 

,. Jlscorery  that  Lee's 

Infantry  wna  moving  north  by  way  of  Cul- 
peper.  Here,  also,  on  Aug.  1,  Gen.  Buford 
with  hia  division  ot  cavalry  met  the  Con- 
federate General  Stunrt  and  compelled  him 
to  retreat  nntll  re-enforced,  when  Buford  li 


.   10   I 


I    16 


deaullory   flghtlng   with   both   t .,    

Infantry  oecaired  In  the  vicinity  of  Brandy 
SlBtlon. 

Bniidywliio  (Pa-),  Battle  of.— m  the  lat- 
ter part  of  May,  177T,  Waahlngtoo  left 
UorrlstowD.  N.  J.,  where  he  had  been  In 
winter  quarters,  and  took  ap  a  strong  pOBl- 
tion    behind    tbe    Rnrltan,      Howe    i   -      -  - 


t  N'ev 


wick  E 


troops  for  PhlladelphiB,  landing  abont 
iD.OOO  men  at  Elk  Ferry,  n'ty  miles  from 
the  city,  Aug.  26.  Washington,  hnving 
been  tolDed  by  Lafayette,  DelCalb,  and  Pu- 
laski, drew  near  to  defend  the  city.  Tbe 
oaailnal  alrength  of  tbe  American  army 
WBB  14.000  men,  though  only  ir.OOO  were 
considered  effective 


d  it  « 


11  Sept.  11  thnt 


encountered  tbe  Americans  at  Chndds  Ford, 
on  Brandywlne  Creek,  atiout  thirty  miles 
southwest  of  PbllDdelphla.  In  tbe  battle 
which  occurred  that  day  tbe  British  gained 
a  clear  victory  through  a_BUCCesttfal   flj^nk 


cut,  Florida,  llllnoli,   Indiana,  Iowa,  Kan-      British  n 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


BraKQ.— Tbe  moit  eitenBlra  BUte  of 
Bouih  America.  It  wu  dlscoTered  In  ISOO 
b;  Fedro  AlTarei  Cabral.  PoctDgnese  dbtI- 
galor.  It  is  bounded  od  tbe  Darth  br  the 
AtlsDtlc  Ocean,  aaUna,  and  Vmemela ;  od 
the  we«t  by  Ecuador,  Peru,  Bolivia,  Para- 
STUf.  and  Argeotlna:  od  Ibe  Boultt  bj  Urn- 
gaay ;  and  on  Ae  eaat  bj  the  Atlantic 
Ocean ;  and  extends  betneeu  lat.  i'  22'  N. 
and  33*  4S'  8.  and  lODS-  34°  40'  and 
73*  15'  W..  bflQK  2.600  miles  from  north 
to  aonth,  and  3,S<XI  from  writ  lo  east ;  wltli 
a  coaat-llne  on  the  Atlantic  of  3,700  mites. 
Jfiilorii. — It  was  claimed  and  colonlied 
b^  Ibe  Portuguese  trath  b;  rigbt  of  dli- 
coTciT  and  tbe  dlctuia  of  the  Pope.  It 
berame  tlie  residence  of  the  eiMed  Portu- 
sueae   rojal    famllj   during   the    Napoleonic 

— ...       .._  ._j J procialmed 

-    d  and  Dom 

__     .    .    Portugneae    King,    be- 

nme    tbe    Drat    emperor.      He    resigned    in 
J»31  m  favor  of  bla  son  Pedro  II.     Id  No- 


and  a  republic  organi 
■■ He     ~"     ■ 


'or  'anPirf  u 


:   Prealdent 

later' br    Pelioto.   and   ho'bjDe   Uoraea. 
Wenccalau  Brai  Is  now  president. 

The  btoodlesB  revolution  of  1889  trans- 
formed tbe  provinces  of  the  Empire  iDto 
States  of  a  Fpderat  Union.  Tbe  States 
hare  their  own  laws  aDd  coosldersble  fiscal 
anionomj,  belDg  administered  at  their  own 
expense,  and  controlllnK  Ibe  outward  (but 
not  Inward)  cusloma.  ^atloneI  defence,  po- 
lice, finance,  currency,  and  natloDBl  or  Inter- 
state  Jnsllee   are    reserved    to    tbe    central 


Each    Stale   has    an    elected 


PrraideDt  or  Oovcrnor'aiid  a  bli 
Islalure.  ralsea  Its  necessa. 


. ,__lrolB  Ita  Indebtedncsa.     The 

External  Debts  of  tbe  various  States  of  tha 
mioD  amounted  In  the  anregate  to  *220.- 
000.000  at  the  end  of  lafo;  their  Internal 
Debta  to  over  165,000,000:  and  their  Float- 
ing Debts  to  over  (40,000.000.  The  terrl- 
torr  of  Acre  (Aqulrv)  was  parcbaKd  for 
110.000.000  from  Bolivia  by  treaty  of  Koy. 
17.  1903,  thus  terminating  ■  diapule  vrltb 
that  republic  through  the  Incursion  In 
DDrth-vestem  Bolivia  of  large  DDmbers  of 
Brailllan  settlers.  AcT«  has  petitioned  to 
be  received  Inio  the  Siates  of  tbe  TJdIoq. 

PHuiicol  FcBfBrcf.— Tbe  northern  Slates 
ot  Amaiones  and  Pari  sod  the  central  State 
of  Maito  (iroseo  larhlcb  toRetber  coaatlluto 
more  than  one-halt  of  Brazil)  are  mainly 
wide,  low- lying,  forest-clad  plalDs.  Tbe 
esitem  and  aonthem  Btates  are  traversed  by 
interspersed  wllh 

r pal  ranaea  are  tbe 

_, the  Serra  do  Uantequelra 

(tiailalaata.  9.000  feet),  and  tbe  Serra  do 
Esplnbaco  lllaeolaml.  6,000  feet).  In  the 
southeast  ot  Mlnas  Geraea :  the  Serra  do 
PatanaD,  the  Serra  dos  Aymorcs  and  the 
Serra  da  Gnrguela.  Branca,  and  Ararlpe. 
Brsill  la  DDniualled  for  the  number  and  cl- 
ient of  Its  rivers.  The  Amaion.  tbe  largest 
river  Id  the  world,  has  tributarlea  which  are 
Ibemselvea  great  rlvera.  and  Sows  from 
Ibe  Peruvian  Andes  lo  the  Atlantic,  with 
a  total  lengtb  of  some  4.000  miles.  Its 
Dorthem  tributaries  are  the  Rio  Braneo,  Rio 
Negro  and  Japura ;  Its  soutbem  tributaries 
are  the  Jurus.  Purus.  Msdelra  and  Tapalos, 
while  tbe  SIngu  meets  It  within  100  mllea 
of   Its   outflow   Into   the   Atlantic. 

January  6,  1914.  a  Brailllan  commlanlon. 
beaded  by  Col,  Theodore  Roosevelt.  ei-Pre»- 
tdent  of  Ibe  United  Btates,  and  Cot,  Ron- 
don,  started  to  explore  tbs  Dnvlda  River, 
which  turned  out  to  be  a  trlbularr  of  the 
.._    _-_.    ..    ^^fp, 


Madeira,    the    tower 


which    was 


27,  after  travellDg  B42  mites  from  San  Luis 
de  Caceres,  tlie  party  deacended  Mie  Dovlda, 
or  River  of  Donbl,  as  lu  headwaters  had 
hecD  called  by  ao  eipedltlOD  surveying  for  a 
telegrapb  line  In  1909.  Descending  the  river 
.™  _.,_.  ^. . .,. ■I'^i'  s.  lat. 

— _.     the    Ar( 

reached  April  20,  1914 


tbe    ludeflnlle    Cas- 


charged  li 
and  90*  3 


halt,    waa   naoied   tbe   Rio   Theodore. 

thereby  pnt  upon   tbe  map ;  It   had  never 
appeared  previously  on  any  map. 

The  Tocanttus  and  Araguaya  flow  north- 
wards from   the  plateau   ot   Matto   Grosio 


0  FraDClBCO  rises  Id  tl 


e  with  the  Para 


la  Ibe  mountains  ot  that  name  and  divides 
the  Braflllan  Slate  from  the  Paraguay.  The 
Paraguay  and  Parsnft.  from  (bi'lr  cODfluence, 
become  the  principal  river  of  Argentina  and 
flow  Into  tba  Atlanilc  at  the  estuary  of  La 
Plata. 


MB,  as  the  CHtanha.    EmbarUnc  t 


Ana  in       BctinvBtcd 
States  and  Capltata         Engliib       Population 

Sq.MiiB       leio 

470  900.000 

73.720  70.000 

10.230  800.000 

714.000  3S0.000 

2ie.00D  3,300,000 

SI  ,750  800,000 

17.000  300,000 

260,000  200.000 

131.000  SSO.OOO 

580,000  140,000 

231,000        4,000.000 
482,500  600,000 

2;, COO  500.000 

3S',C00        1,500!000 
92,600  400,000 

ie,800      1.000,000 

)      20,000  280,000 

"AI^TT.".  .V.  .'.7.  .'T .'""  109,000  1,500,000 
Bants  Cathaitna  (Floriao- 

opolb) 43,000  350,000 

Bao  Paulo  (Bao  Paulo) ....        95,500        4,000,000 

SsfCpe  (Aiacaju) 9.600  500,000 

Total 3,298470      21,580,000 

Of  tbe  total  number  about  1.000.000  ar« 
"wild"   IndlaDB. 

fithMOffrapfiv.— There  are  five  distinct  ele- 
ments In  tbe  population  :  the  Portuguese  set- 
tler*, the  aboriginal  Indians,  Imported  Afri- 
can negro  slaves,  mixed  descendsDts  of  tbeae 
three  races,  and  European  immigrants  of  all 
nstlonalKleB,    principally     Italians     Portu- 

Kese  and  Bpaniah.  Tbe  descendants  of  the 
rtuguese  settlers  are  Ibe  true  BrazlllaDS, 
the  aborlgtual  Indians  are  now  mainly  (rll>es 
In  the  forests  and  plains  of  the  interior. 
The  staves  were  freed  between  ISTl  nnd 
1888.  their  Importallon  haTluR  ceased  In 
18SS.  The  modem  trend  of  Teutonic  imml- 
grstton  Is  towards  the  soutbem  states,  par- 
ll'-nlariy  Rio  Grande  do  SnI.  Tbe  official 
language  of  Braiil  Is  Portuguese. 

Oorsnuneaf. — Brazil  was  colonized  by 
Porlagal  In  tbe  early  part  ot  tbe  elileeDth 
centory,  aDd  In  1S22  became  an  lndepend<'nt 
empire  under  Dom  Pedro,  son  of  tbe  exiled 
King  Joto  VI.  of  Portugal,  Oo  Nov.  IB, 
18S9,  Dom  Pedro  II..  second  of  the  tiDe,  wta 
detbioiMd  and  a  r^ubUc  waa  proclalBed. 


jyGooi^lc 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


BiaXll— CDNtllHMlL 

The  roaatltDllon  rrati  on  the  rnndalnnilal 
iBV  of  Feb.  24.  1891,  which  eaubllrtied  a 
federal  rppublJc  under  the  name  of  Eiudoa 
llDldos  do  BraiU. 

The  President  and  Tlce-Prealdent  are 
elected  for  four  rears  by  th«  direct  Totes  oC 
all  male  BraiJIlana  over  twenir-one  jean 
who  rao  read  and  write,  and  are  Ineligible 
for  the  succeeding  lerma.  Tbef  are  afded, 
HB  eiecutlrea,  b;  a  Council  of  Ministers, 
who    do   not   allend   Congress, 

The  National  Consrees  conslats  of  a  Ben- 
Bte  and  Cbambcr  of  Deputies,  wblch  meet 
annually,  on  Maj  3,  for  four  months  Tbe 
Seoate  Is  composed  of  slit;-tbree  members 
elected  (or  nine,  sli  and  three  jeara  In  ac- 
cordance with  their  place  In  the  ballot, 
those  for  lesser  periods  twins  renewed  In 
due  conrse.  Tbe  Chamber  of  Deputies  con- 
sists of  212  members  elected  for  three 
jearH.  Tbe  eleclora  for  both  booses  are 
all  male  BcBiIllans  over  twentj-one  years 
vho  can  read  and  write. 

Tbere  la  a  Supreme  Federal  Tribunal  and 
•  Federal  Court  of  Anpeal  at  the  capital, 
and  Judges  sit  In  each  Slate  for  Federal 
cansea.  Except  In  the  federal  district  Jus- 
tice Is  administered  by  State  Conrti  for 
Slate  causes,  Irom  the  lowest  to  tbe  blgh- 
eat  courts. 

Armii.— By  a  law  of  Jan.  1,  1B08.  mili- 
tary service  la  obligatory  on  all  male  Bra- 
illlans  from  twenly-one  to  forty-four  years. 
The  Peace  ElTectlTe  Is  Z.SOO  ofacers  and 
28,000  others.     (See  Armies  of  the  World.) 

Natrv. — The  Nary  Is  manned  by  aliont 
7S0  officers  and  9,000  aesmea,  etc.  (Bee 
Navies  of  the  World.) 

Primary  education  Is  secular  and  free, 
but  Is  not  as  yet  compulaory ;  It  Is  main- 
tained and  coulrollcd  by  the  governments 
o(  tbe  varloua  Stales.  Public  iBStructlan 
" islng  and  reading  and  writing  a~" 


tbe 


uallBca 


the     franchise      for 


rally 


iltlvated.  '    Thrcf 


jrths 


belait  grown  cWefly  In  Rio  de  Janeiro.  Mlnas 
Geraes.  Sao  Paulo,  and  Esplrlto  Banto.  and 
In  B.  smaller  degree  In  the  north.  Cotton 
Is  largely  cultivated  for  export,  and  Is 
being  ased  for  home  maputaclureB.  Sugar- 
cane Is  grown  In  large  and  Increasing 
quanllcles  In  the  Dortbem  provlocea,  Per- 
nambuco  being  the  centre  of  the  su_gar- 
produdug  zone.  India-rubber  comea  from 
the  more  northero  provinces,  especially  the 
valley  o(  the  Amazon,  and  la  snipped  from 
FarA  and  Mandos.     Tobacco  ahd  cocoa  are 

ErowD  largely,  eapedally  In  Babla.  The 
Ive  BtocE  Included  Jl^OOO.OOO  cattle  In 
IDIO,  (tattle  and  stock  taJaIng  being  an  Im- 
portant Industry. 

Brazilian  foresta  are  Immense,  and  abound 
In  the  greatest  variety  of  nsefal  and  beau- 
tlfal  woods  adanted  for  dyeing,  cabinet 
work,  or  sblpbulldlog ;  among  Ihem  are 
mahogany,  logwood,  Tosewood.  braillwood. 
cinchona,    etc. 

Ths  mineral  products  are  considerable, 
—• >     —mprlso     gold,     silver,     Iron,     qnlck- 


Uanu/ncfurH.— In  IBOg  there  were  1.541 
Industrial  establishments  employing  46.000 
hands,  and  reptewnilng  an  Invested  capital 
of  over  £14.000,000.  Tbe  establishments 
are  protected  by  enormous  Import  duties  on 
manufactured  arllcles.  Cottons,  woollens, 
and  silks  are  produced,  but  tbe  ontpnt  Is 
considerably  below  IDe  demand.  Flour  mills, 
for  imported  Argentine  wheat,  and  brewing 
are   Important   Industries. 

Tbe  Import!  consist  of  every  description 
of  manursctnred  article,  In  suite  of  a  high 
tariff.     There  la  a  hcav"  -■■■■ 


i  of  0,000.000  bags, 
upspmi'heii  tar  exceed  that 
early  17,000,000  bags  In  ISOO. 
<tt  and  Contniun(callaa.— 
:s    Us    railway    system      hut 


miles  under  construction,  tbe  Federal   Gov- 
f-mmenC  nwnlnir   e..10O  mlles  of  Hie  whole. 
3,200    post    oDIces    in    1010. 


There  Were  2,125  1 


e  marine  of  Brazil 


entered      st 


1  Is  tbe   principal  Industry,   tbe   prodnce 
iwarde  the  Interior  European 


y  gen- 
t    tbe 


lelro,  Sao  Patilo,  Bahla.  I 
rara,  MsranhAo.  Rio  Grande  ana  Banios. 
Towni. — Rio  de  Janeiro,  tbe  capital.  Is 
the  second  largest  dly  In  South  America 
and  poBseases  one  of  the  dpest  harbors  In 
the  world.  Popalntlon,  1012,  estimated  at 
1.000,000.  tither  towns  and  their  popula- 
tion are; 

Baa  Psdo. 380.0OD     Butoe 40.000 

Bshia 2M1,000    Macelo 40.000 

Par*  (Belem).,.  200.000    Cuyjibfi 38.000 

Pernunbuco , . . ,  160.000    Nictheroy 3fi,00a 

Porto  A1b«« 80.000    Floriuiapolis. . . .  33,000 


r«ar* eO.OOO    S»o  Liiii 30  000 

rhemiDS Hl.OOO    Atscbju 22,000 

^urityba H),000    K«l*l 17,000 

Honq/. — Tbe   Currency   Is   nominally   me- 
tallic,  but   almost    entirely    paper,    In   de- 
■      ■■  -    mllrpls.      The   gold   mllrela 


S'S 


637,000. 

Traile  tUh  tile  United  Btatea.—The  vsh 
Imported   Into   Braill_  froi 


i5ri'.855  were~Bent  thitber,  n  balance 

of  $TT,S1T,388  In  favor  of  BcasU. 

BiazQ: 
Blockade    by    naval    laioee    of,    w- 

forred  to,  9T0. 
Boundary    question    witli    Argentine 
Bepublie  BDbmitted  to  President 
of  United  States,  6867,  6058. 
With  BoUvia,  042(L 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Charge  d  'affaires  received  from,  820. 

CorrespoDdeiice  with,  referred  to, 

2430. 

ClaimH  of  United  States  agaiDet,  929, 

951,  962,   1009,  HIS,   1245,   1594, 

1933,  2051,  30SO,  3SS0,  4220. 

CoDTeDtioD     for     satiafaction     of, 

negotiated,  2553,  2582,  25SB,261S. 

Pajment  of,  1009,  1245,  2116,  2618. 

Commercial  relations  with,  3049,  4078, 

4629,  S570,  56S3. 
CommiaaioD  of  United  Statea  aent  to, 

952. 
Convention  with,  referred  to,  2081. 
Cotton  cnltnre  in,  4078. 
Diaturbanees  in,  1158,  2051. 
Duties  on   American  goods  Tedneed, 

9«S. 
Imprisonment  of  American  citizens 

in,  970,  2770. 
Uai)     steamship     service     between 

United  States  and,  3SS5,  3586. 
Uiniater    of,    to    United    States    re- 
ceived, 2553,  4718. 
Minister  of  United  States  in,  official 

fonetiotts  of,  terminated,  951. 
Phwphates   disco ve red   in    coast   of, 

4795. 
Political  distnibances  in,  discnssed, 

5617. 
Belations  with,  2399,  6364. 
B  evolution  in — 
Action  of  American  commander  in 
aalnting    revolted    Brazilian    ad- 
miral disavowed,  5867. 
PolicT  of  United  States  regarding, 

6472,   5867,  SS56. 
Questions  with  Portugal  respecting 
escape  of  insurgent  Admiral  Da 
Qama,  5956. 
Bepnblican  form  of  government  es. 
tablished  and  recognition  of,  b7 
United  States,  5543. 
Slavery  in,  4100. 

Abolished,  5360. 
T»riff  laws  of,  evidence  of  modiflca- 
tiona  of,'  proclaimed,  5576. 
Notice   of   intention    of    Brazil    to 

terminate,  discussed,  5956. 
Heferred  to,  5615,  6747. 
Trade-marks,  treaty  with,  regarding, 

4460. 
Treaty  with,   9S6. 
Obligations  of,  to  cease,  1828. 
Beferenee  to,  1009. 
TesM-ls  of— 
Discriminating  do  ties  on,  suspend- 
ed by  proclamation,  2372. 
United  States  seized  or  interfered 
with  by,  962,  2779.      (See  also 
Camline,  The.) 
War  with— 
BnetioB  Ayrea — 
Peace  condoded,  977. 


gsi. 

Paraguay,  4078. 

Good  offices  of  United  States  ten- 
dered, 3776,  3S83. 
Btaall  Steamship  Co.  referred  to,  5634. 
Braxll,  Traatlea  with. — Dtplomallc  nego- 
Uallom  with  Braill  are  embixlleil  tn  nva 
treaties :  Treat;  of  1828  on  amity,  com- 
merce, and  DavlGatlon:  Treaties  ot  1840 
on  clatniB  Id  geDeigl  and  a  protocol  sub- 
raltllEg  to  urbRratlon  tbe  cUfm  o(  George 
C.  Betiner  e(  ot.,  algned  In  1902.  Treat? 
of  1S78  on  trade-marks  (see  Trade-marks, 
Trealiea  ouj  ;  and  eilrailltlOQ  conrentlOD 
and  protocol  of  IBM  (aee  Bitraditlon, 
Treatlea  of). 

Tbe  treaty  ot  1828  accords  reciprocal 
freedom  of  commerce  and  navigation  upon 
equal  tvrma  and  rondltiona  to  ihoae  by 
walcb  they  are  enjoined  by  any  and  every 
olber  nation ;  the  cltlaeoa  of  the  respecilie 
countrlea  are  prlvll^K^d  to  coadud  com- 
mercial and  profesalonal  tmnauctionB  In 
Ibe  country  ot  the  other  nalloB  upon  the 
same  terms  and  under  lllic  coQdiilonB  aa 
clilieDB  Bod  aublecta.  CoubIwUc  trade  la. 
howerer.  excluded  from  lb  la  aEreement. 
Freedom  of,  and  equallly  In.  carrying  trade 
of  export  or  reexport  or  Import  of  goods 
la  permitted  without  payment  of  blgber  or 
other  duties,  Impaats,  laiea,  or  fpca.  than 
Ibose  10  wbleb  citlsens  and  aobJeclK  are 
liable^    If  Biibjected   to   embargo     "    ■--- 


niflcatloD 
uge. 


gyluir 


and    protection 


Ref- 
eorded 


of  the  other  country.  All  reasonable 
lance  la  to  be  rendered  to  vessels 
ablp wreck  or  damage  In  tbe 
uiiiriB  Ml  loe  other  country ;  aod  protection 
from  pirates,  with  reBtUutloo  of  property. 
If  poKSlble.  Freedom  of  aate,  diBpogltloa, 
SDd  auccesBlon,  Id  the  eeae  of  personal 
goods  IB  granted  lo  iDdlvlduat  clllienn  and 
subjects  wltbln  tbe  other  country.  Protec 
tlon  of  tbe  peri-on  and  of  the  properly  of 
cItlieDS  and  subjects  of  each  olber  la  lo  be 
the  Bpeclal  care  of  each  contracting  party. 
Entire  freedom  of  conaclence  la  arrorded 
to  tndlvlduala,  together  with  protection  of 

In    event    of   war   ot   one  of   the   pnrtleB 
-'■*■   -    ihlril   It    If  agreed   that   full   r 


•    principle  that    the   flag  c 


lb  la 


Inclple,    but    I 


tbe 


:  «"?/ 


But 


property  of  an  enemy  of  one  of  tbe  par- 
lies, sueb  property  rball  be  eonflsenled 
unleaa  pat  on  board  before  tbe  decloralloD 
ot  war;  en  eicupc  of  Ignomnre  of  decla- 
ration of  war  Bball  not  he  vnlld  after  a 
Eerlod  of  four  months  ahnll  have  elapBed. 
Iberty  of  commerce  and  nevlgntlon  shall 


pnd    to    1 


trabnnd.       At     i 


BacntloD    of    i 

times  tbe  examination  of  vcstels  Bbsti  be 
conducted  by  all  means  cnlciTlatcd  to  mini- 
mize TCxatloD  or  abuce.  When  one  of  the 
partlea  ahall  he  at  war  with  a  third  Stnte, 
no  dtlien  or  nubjecl  of  the  other  contract- 
ing parly  shBll  accept  letters  of  marque 
or   reprisal  to  act  aKalnBt   tbe  (""■--    — 


jyGooi^lc 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


ten  sbaJl  b«  those  of  (be  most  faiorcd 
nation.  Thpse  oIDrlati  sbalt  be  ei«inpt 
from  all  public  eerrli*.  laips,  ImposlB,  and 
dutlta.   ei»pt  nicb  as  tbey   nball  ptj   od 


Bball  be  tbe  aame  as  ibOB«  pulil  hj  rltluDi 
of  tbe  eountry.  Tbe  eonanlHr  popera.  ree- 
orda,   and   arcblrea,   aball   at  all  tlmea  eod 


„, , , _,  Belied  or  iDlerfered 

wllh  by  aa;  maelBlrala.  Coniula  ahall 
bave  full  authority  to  arrest  and  delalD 
for  n  period  not  to  eicead  two  montha  all 
deserletv   from    public   and    private  TCSselB 


, , , een  forwarded  to 

tbe  olTendlng   Btate  and  a  r^asouablc   time 

Braill  alao  beeame  a  party  to  the  a>D- 
TBDIIon  b«tw(^n  Ibe  United  Statea  and  Ibe 
aereral  rcpuWica  of  South  and  Centra! 
America  lor  tbe  arbitration  of  peoanlary 
clolma  and  the  protecIloD  of  InTeulloaa,  etc.. 
wblcb  was  algned  In  Baenos  Alrea  In  1910 
and  proclaimed  Id  WeablDKton,  July  S9, 
1914.  (See  Soatb  and  Central  America, 
Treaties  wlcb.) 

Brulto  (Mexico),  Bftttle  of.— in  June, 
1846,  Ibe  Army  at  Ibe  Weal  wBi  organised 
at  Port  LeaTCDworth,  on  Iba  HIaaourl.  It 
constated  of  1,638  men  aod  Bliteeu  pleraa  of 
ordnance,  under  commnnd  of  Col.  PblL 
Kearny,   of   tbe   First   United   Statea   Dta.- 

EiODB.  He  WDH  ordered  lo  proceed  lo  New 
cilco  and  take  possesBlou  of  Santa  F< 
and  prorlnlm  tbe  entire  Territory  to  be 
nnder  tlie  J  u  rind  lot  Ion  of  tbe  L'nlted  States. 
Hla  ordera  were  later  amended  to  Include 
Cnlltornla.  In  Otty  days  [be  arm;  marched 
RSR  mllpn.  nnd  nn  Aiir.  ^f^.  1840.  the  Amer< 
r  tbe  cIlBdel  at 

llHbIng    a   clrll   sovemmcDt   c 


BtuOB  Sutlmgo,  Tbz.,  eommerca  of  dia- 

trict  of,  referred  to,  2610. 
Bnad.    (See  Baking  BnsiDesa.) 

Brud  Elott.— During  a  period  of  general 
Snanclal  depreaalon  In  183T  tbe  poor  of 
New  York  held  freqnent  rlotoua  meetlaga, 
which  culminated  In  violent  aaaaulta  upon 
flonr  warebouBea.  KmployineDt  waa  meager. 
reniB  were  exorbitant,  and  flour  was  912 

broken  open  and  i 
The  rlotera  v 
Breadstnffs,  importation  of,  into  foreigii 
countries,  and  rates  of  duty  on,  5503. 
BreakwRteiB,  expenditures  od,  1126. 


fn  "la  "A 


h&w^b 


and    I 


Tbe    I 


ilxled  of  B 


I  elTe(^lve 


drngo —    „ 

Donlpbnn,  wllb  bla  own  regiment  and 
Welgh[man'a  batlery  of  artillery,  waa  or- 
dered lo  proceed  southward  and  Join  Wool 
In  Chlbuo'^—     '"'"  -•--■-  * ■■ ■ 

Ss^lSIB?  .-, 

the  Brailto,  an  arm  of  Ibe  Rio  Grande. 
Here  they  were  aurprlsed  by  Gen,  Ponce  de 
Leon  ivlth  1.220  Ueilcana.  of  whom  037 
were  well  mounted  and  eqalpped.  Tbe  aa- 
aa Hants  were  ntierly  routed,  wllh  heavr 
loaa.  Including  Gen.  Ponce  de  Leon,  while 
the    American    loss   waa   only   seven    men 

Bruos  Blvn,  explorationB  of,  referred 


Miniaters  of,  received,  949. 
Postal  arrangements  with,  2412. 
Treaty  with,  988,  991,  2B86. 
VesselB  of— 
Application  for  rights,  621. 
Discriminatiug  duties  on,  enapend- 
ed,  e06. 
Bravet  Oommlaaiona.     (See  Army.) 
Breweries.    (See  Liquors — Malt,  Vinous 

and  Distilled.) 
BtHmty: 

b7  corporatio 
Proposed   extraditional   offense,  6791. 
Severer  laws  advocated,  6917. 
Bridges: 

Construction   of,  over   navigable  wa- 
ters, 4303. 
Referred  to,  1171,  1257. 
Brtdgewater,    Tbe,    correspondence    re- 
garding case  of,  transmitted,  5396. 
Briar  OrMk  (Oa.),  Battlo  of.— Harch  3, 
1TT9,   Geo.   Lincoln  sent  a  detachment   at 
bla  army,   consisting  of  1,G00   North   Caro- 
lina mllltla  and  some  Georgia  Contlneniala 
Qoder  Gen.  Aahe,    to  the  Junction  of  Brier 
Creek  wllh  the  Sarannnh   Itlver.     In  this 

foBlilon  thev  were  attacked  by  Llent.-Col. 
'revoat  with  aome  2.000  men  and  com- 
pletely routed.  Gen.  Elbert  Cot.  Mclntoah, 
aeveral  other  offlccra,  and  nearly  200  men 
were  capiured.  Nearly  an  equal  number 
are  aupposed  to  have  been  killed  In  action 
—   — .   dealh    In    their    Qlgbt    Ihrougb    Ibe 


"ft'-„ 


with  I 


(Ion  of  400  or  BOO,  rellred  to  their  bomeB. 
Tbe    Brillab    loss    waa    only   sixteen    killed 

and  wounded. 

Brlflcoe  ▼>.  Bank  of  Oonunonwesltlt  of 
Kentncky. — a  suit  brought  by  tbe  Bank 
of  tbe  Commonwealth  of  Kentnck;  agalnat 
Brlacoe  et  al.  as  holders  of  a  pramlsBory 
note  for  wblch  the  notes  of  the  Itank  bad 
l»een  given  aa  a  loan  to  (be  drawera  of  the 
note.      The    detendBnlB    claimed    that    tbeir 


_llon  which  forbids  Suies  Ib- 
aulog  such  blllB.  Tbe  circuit  court  and  Ibe 
court  of  appeals  of  Kentucky  gave  Judgment 
for  the  bank  on  the  ground  ihal  thf  --■' 
locorporatlnic  the  Bank  of  tbe  ~ 
wealth  of  Kentucky  waa  conBlItu;.^^..  ~^m 
that  the  notes  iHHued  were  not  bills  of  credit 
within  the  meaning  of  tbe  Katlonal  Consti- 
tution. Tlie  Snpreme  Court  In  1B37  decided 
the  case  In  favor  of  tbe  bank,  the  notea  not 


d  blllB  ot  credit. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Bilitow  SUtloa  (Ta.),  BktUs  of.— 
BM>k«'B  and  HelDtielmiD'i  dlvlaloiu  of 
HcCtellan'B  armj  had  been  aeut  to  cela- 
forc*  Pope,  Vbo  lud  ukeo  a.  pasltlan  west 
of  the  Rapitabsnoack.  Stauewntl  jBCfaaon 
made  ■  forced  marcli  from  the  Sliennndoati 
Taller    t>r   WI7   ot   Tharoughfare   Gap  and 

KislDjE  by  the  battleflpid  of  Bull  Bun,  Ang. 
1882  destrOTed  Popeii  Blorea  at  Brla- 
tow  Station,  and  tbea  advanced  to  Msdos- 
aaa.  Booker'fl  dlflalan  fb»  n«il  da;  cnme 
npon  tbe  Confederates  nnder  Ewell  at  Brls- 
(oar  Station  and  drove  them  from  tbe  Held. 
Eacti  aide  aalTered  a  loaa  of  about  300  men. 
British  America: 
Commereial  relationa  with,  1130,1131. 
ConBul-general   of   United    States   to, 

MTOBt  of,  referred  to,  3399. 
InaniTection  in  Bed  Kivei  Bettlement 

referred  to,  4001. 
Uilitaxj   expedition   against,  procla- 
matioa  regarding,  3631. 
DiaevBsed,  3655. 
BeeiprocitT   relationa   with,  referred 
to,  3665. 
Troatjr    regarding,    not    favorably 
considered     br     United     States, 
3988. 
Srlttah  Oolonlat: 

Commereial  relation!  with,  652,  S689, 

G748,  6332. 
Tariff  laws  of,  evidence  of  modifica- 
tions of,  proclaimed,  5688,  6381, 
Discoued,  5747. 
Stitlab  Oolnmbla: 
Agent  Bent  to,  referred  to,  3068,  3072. 
Bonndarr   line    with    Alaska.      (See 
Alaska.) 
Brtttah  I>eMs.     (See  Debts,  British.) 
British  Empire. — Tbe  British  Empire  oc- 
enplea  atwnt  ODe-qaarter  ot  tbe  known  Biir- 
faee  ot   the  globe,  and  Ita  population   ex- 
ceeds oDcquarter  of  the  estimated  number 
of  the  hOTiiBn  raec.     The  total  area  Is  dls- 
trlbnled  almast  equally  over  tbe  Norlbcrn 
Blid  Soothem  Hemlspberes,  but  more  than 
two-thirds  lie  In  the  EuUent  and  lesa  than 
— ... —     ._     ..._     n  Hemlaphera. 


Btknooraplv- — By  far  tbe  Kreater  por- 
tion of  in«  Empire  Ilea  wKbln  tbe  temper- 
ate sones,  the  tropical  areas  being  Boutb- 
cm  iDdli,  West  and  Centrsl  Atrlcs,  parts 
of  the  West  Indies,  Brltlib  Oulana  and 
Hondnraa.  Northern  Australia,  Borneo,  and 
thJe  TBxIona  aettlcmeota  In  the  Malay  Pen- 
_-._    -^'nuigj  white  population  of 

wns    slitj    miniona, 

but    pnrtly    French, 

-, Tbe  remaining    — 

DdlUoni  Inclnde  816  mllllana  of  the  r 
races  of  India  and  Ceylon,  forty  million 
black  races,  six  million  Arabs,  six  million 
Uslays,  a  million  Chinese,  and  a  million 
Polrnealsns.  with  varlaua  other  elements, 
Inclndlns  lOO.nOO  Bed   Indiana  In   Canada. 

Of  the  total  nopniatlon  over  210  mllKona 
are  Hindus,  100  millions  UnhammRdnaa, 
70  mllllona  Chrlsttans  (OS  millions  Protes- 
tanta,  seven  millions  Catholics),  twelve 
millions  Bnddhlats.  twelve  millions  Anl- 
mtstit  fonr  mllllona  Slkhl,  Jalna  and 
Paraeea,  750,000  Jews,  and  the  remainder 
FoIytbdvtB   and   Idol   worahlppers. 


ContiiMnMl  DlvlalDiu  and 


121,090    <S,H«. 


121,012    46,878,500 


Stnili  SettlenwDta  ('^n^ 
Fctlented ' '  Mil'ay '  Bta'tM 


28,000      1,000000 
13,000         620.000 


3,187,860  S23,168A0O 


Union  o[  South  Africa  (Pro- 
toiia  ukd  Cap*  Town) . . 

Baoitolsnd  (Mueru). 

BecfauanAland  (Mafekuu) . 
Bwuilaud  (MbabsDB). . . . , 

Bhodeaia  (Saliabuiy} 

Giiml>iB  {Bwhurat) 

Gold  Cout  (Accra) 

~      L  Leona  (Freetown) . . , 


70.000  8,100.000 

7s!ooo  i2ej]00 

4aa|ooo  i.7so!ooo 

4,000  148J100 

I20/W0  1,400,000 


Boutbern  Nijnria  (Lacoi 

Branaliland  (llcrbets) 

Eut    Africa    Protectorate 

(Nairobi) 

UmndB  (Kampala) 

Zsnri'ar  (Zanii  b>) 

N'yaialBDd  (DUnlyipl 

Euvpt  (aw  pp.  223-230). . . . 
SiidBn  Provin™«  {bm  pp. 

231-Z34) 1 

Mauritius  [Pott  Loiiia) 

Soichelles  (Vic     '  ■ 
AacenaiDn  {Geo 


2.0O0.0O0 

Kooo 


Total,  Africa,  ate 3,618,245    46,468,160 

CiuiiKla(OttawB)..,.^.....     3,730,000      7,300,000 
183,000         240.000 


ir(8t.  Johna) 

nenniids  (HainiltpD) 

Britiab  Honduiaa  (Bclise). 


Qiud  Total 13,133.713  434,680.860 

Qoremmtnt, — There  b  no  fundamental 
law  upon  which  the  Coastitutlos  of  the 
Empire  rests,  but  there  are  three  main 
prlnclplea    underlying    Its    sdmlslatratlon. 


jyGooi^lc 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Biltlflli  Empln— foxK""^' 
Tim.,  ■elf-gavernmeat.  self-Hnpport,  and 
■eif-aefpBce.  Tbe  flrst  of  tb»Be  prlnclplea 
hull  lieen  nppllpd  lor  many  yeerB,  ODd  1h 
fullj  developed  in  tbe  CBse  □[  CunadB,  New- 
toundlund,  AuBlrulIa,  New  Zeul^ad,  and 
the  UnlOQ  o(  Sonih  Afrlcn.  The  Hepond 
principle  1b  equally  deye  loped.  Rlmost 
ever;  unit  belci  flonnolally  Belf-iupporiinE. 
The  Ihlrd  prloclple  it  of  mudem  grow'- 
and  m&v  be  said  to  be  the  outcome  of  i 
Imperial  (.■onferpnce,  which  has  gradua  , 
liecome   recogDlced    as   the    Cablaet    of  tha 


e  of  the 


domlntoii  enact!  a  Uw  wbleh  la  Kpatnant 
to  an  Imperial  law  alfectliu  the  domln- 
loh.  It  la  lo  the  eilent  to  wbl^  It  la  repuK- 
caut  abtolutelV  void.  (Be«  A natra I Ib,  Can- 
ada, etc.)  The  Imperial  Domlnloaa  may 
be  divided  Into  vevenil  claaaea.  acoordlpcto 
the  WIT  In  which  tbey  are  goTemed : 
(a)  Tboae    havlag     tesponilble    Bovcrn- 

menlT  or  malDlT 


t  Id    Lonclfon    (in' 1B87J  of  the   Pre- 
"    the    various    aelf-govenilng    Do- 
■cnreBentlnK    their    eoontrlea    at 
the  celebrations  of   the  Jubilee   oC   Queen 


mlera    of    < 


by  the  Prime  Minister  of  the  United  Klng- 

jtHlcr.— HIb  MoBt  Excellent  Uajeaty 
George  the  Firtb.  by  the  Grace  ot  Ood 
King  o(  rtie  United  KllDgdoin  of  Great  Brit- 
ain and  Irolaad,  and  of  the  British  Domln- 
loua  beyond  the  Seas,  Defeader  of  the 
Fallh,  Emperor  ot  India. 

I/ciflilaturF.— The  I'arl  lament  of  the 
United  Kingdom  la  Ibe  supreme  legislative 
aatborlly  ol  the  Empire.  TblB  parliament 
baa,  irlth  the  consent  of  the  King-Emperor. 
delegated  Ita  legislative  aulhority  to  other 

SrlUmests  eoosdtuted  by  Itself,  while  re- 
ining  a    general    supervlsloa    of   Imperlsl 
affairs  throngb  the  medium  of  the  Colonial 


.  .e  of  the  Privy  Council,  before  whlcb 
appealB  may  be  brought  (In  the  form  of  • 
petition  to  the  Crown)  from  Consular  Courts 
and  CoDrtB  of  Vli:e- Admiralty,  and  from  tbe 
Courts  of  India  and  every   British   Domln- 

Deffnet. — The  general  defence  of  the  Em- 
pire la  undertaken  by  the  Imperial  Oovern- 
ment,  aided  In  an  Increasing  degree  by  the 

EiTemments  of  India  and  the  aelf-goTem- 
g    DomlDloos     (see     Canada,     Australia, 
New    Zealand,    and    Bonth    Africa).         ""■- 


Out  to  tbe  elected 


lb)    ,_ 

latlve  aasembly  wholly  or  partly  elected, 
and  an  eiecutfve  council  nominated  by  tbe 
Crown  or  the  govemor  representing  the 
Crown  ; — In    this   class   may    be    placed   the 

BabamSB.  Barbadoes,  Bermuda.  British  Gui- 
ana. Jamaica,  Leemard  iBlanda.  HaurlUns, 
and   UaltL 

Where    there    la    government    by    a 


representing 

--.--^  .  -J]l.  Oam- 

hla.  8t,  Vtnceat.  Blerra  Leone,  Straits  Set- 
tlements. Trinidad. 

(d)  Wherein  both  legislative  and  eiecn- 
live  powers  are  vested  In  tbe  garenior 
alone:— In  this  cIbbb  are  Olbraliar.  I^bnan. 
and  8t.  Helena,  where  power  Is  alao  re- 
•enred  to  the  Crown  to  legislate  br  Order  In 
Council.  In  Boutti  Africa,  Becbaanaland. 
Baautoland,  and  Znluland  are  governed  In 
sabstentlally  Ibe  sams  way,  hot  no  power  lj 
reserved  to   the  Crown. 

(e)  ProtectorateB.^The  protectorates  are 
countries   whlcb.   as  regards   their   foreign 


[elusive 


"flrst  line  uf  defence"  is  the  Royal  Navy 
<aee  United  Kingdom),  the  "second  line'' 
being  tbe  Regular  and  Auxiliary  troops  of 
the  British  Army   (see  UnltMl  Krngdam). 


being  the  Regular 

the  British  Army   ( 

Tht    VniUd   KlRffiom.—Ttit 

recognlies  certain  great  prlnplples.  Includ- 
ing the  fair  admlnVst  radon  of  lastlce.  tbe 
prohibition  of  taxation  without  the  consent 
of  the  people,  and  a  limited  monarchy,  the 
power  of  tbe  manarch  belnx.  In  effect, 
wielded  by  a  ministry  supported  by  a  ma- 
]ority  of  the  Honse  of  Commona.  The  com- 
poncDt  pnrts  ot  tbe  British  Government 
are  the  KIde  :  the  Legislature  (House  of 
ind  House  of  Commons)  ;  the  ~ 
.  Ministry  appol  ■  ■ 
eign  and  reaponslble  t 
the  Judicature. 

The  /nrflon  Eoinire.— India  Is  governed 
by  tbe  King  as  Emperor,  acting  on  tbe 
advice  of  the  Secretary  of  State  for  India, 
who  Is  assisted  by  a  coancll  whose  mem- 
bers are  appointed  by  the  Secretary  of 
Stnte.      (See    Indian   Empire) 

Imptrial  Dom^ntors.^All   British   domin- 
ions are  subject    (except   as  reaar'-    ' — 
tlon)    to  the  IPElBliitlon  at  tbe  BrI' 
lltment,   but  no  Act  of  Parllameni  i 
a  dominion   DDleas   that  dominion   li 
Cially   mentioned.     If  the  leglslatare 


of  the  BrillBh  Par- 


the    Bril..,„     .._....,    

Africa.     Somali  land.     Nyasaland,     Uganda, 
Swailland,  and  Nigeria, 

(t)  Bpberes  of  InBuence. — A  sphere  of 
Influence  tnay  be  described  as  an  area  where- 
in other  Powers  undertake  not  (o  attempt 
to  acquire  Influence,  or  territory  by  treaty 

Bdueatlon. — Rdncatlonal  aysteiDS  on  a 
more  or  less  uniform  plan,  are  deyeloped 
throughout  the  Empire  under  the  control 
-'  •'■-   -'spectlve  govemmenta     University 


._jlly.  These  Rhodes  acholarshlns  are  ten- 
able for  three  years,  are  of  the  annual 
value  of  SI, GOO.  and  are  open  to  scholars 
of  each  Province  of  Canada,  of  each  State 
of  Australia,  of  New  Zealand.  Newfonnd- 
land,  N'atal,  Cape  of  Good  Hope  (4),  Ja- 
mslra  and  Bermuda.  (Facb  State  of  the 
T'niled  Stales  has  a  stml'Br  nomination, 
snd  flfteen  scbotarsblns  of  fl.SSO  are  In 
the  nomination  of  tbe  German  Emperor.) 

Hittory. — The  moat  recent  historical 
event  ot  Interest  was  the  declaration  of 
war  against  Germany,  Aui  4.  181*,  In  sup- 
port of  the  neutrality  of  Belgium,  throu^ 
which  country  Germany  was  aeiidlnK  troops 
for  an   Invasion  of  France. 

BMpplno.—^a  IBIS  there  were  11,444  ves- 
sela  (over  100  tons)  flying  the  British  flag. 
ot  which  total  8,270  were  registered  In  the 
TTnlled  Kingdom  and  2,1 6S  ia  other  paru 
ot  the  Empire.  , 

Toinu.-^Capltal,  London  (Kngland). 
Population  (ISll),  4,S2S,BS1  (wtlh  auburbs, 

7,2e2,ofla). 

At  the  Census  of  IBll  there  were  M 
towns  In  tbe  Brltlab  Empire  exceeding  100,- 
000  Inbabltanta.     (See  Great  Britain.) 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encychpfdic  Index 


VKITSD  S/VO£>Oir.— EDgland,  Scotland, 
Intand  uid  Wales.— Tbe  InbablUDts  of  ihe 
Ualted  KinsdoiD  ftre  almoat  en tt  rely  CIitIb- 
Uus,  and  malDl)'  ProieatBuu,  tbe  tirep- 
tkxu  belDK  <l*e  mlllloD  Roman  Cattiolics, 
ISO.OOO  Jew*,  and  a  unall  number  o(  nan- 
Cknttlan  ImmliranU.  Tb«  laognage  of 
Um  people  la  Bnglltb,  with  e  larEs  propor- 
tloa   of   Welsh-auaklng   people    [n    Wales. 

Tbe  climate  of  the  British  latea  Is  InBu' 

oF  the  auff  Stream, 
iiie  preTBiiiQS  winaa  cause  a  plentllnl  rain- 
fall In  tbe  weBtem  region,  tbe  aTerage  fall 
belni  blgbeat  In  Ireland.  The  Quit  Sirtam, 
troD  tlie  Onlf  of  Mexico,  in  a  belt  of  tem- 
perate water,  which  divides  at  the  aoath- 
weiiern  extremitj  of  Ireland  and  at  the 
Land's  End  (Coruwall),  the  former  current 
sklrtiDS  (be  Dortb  of  Scotland,  and  reunlt- 
tu  with  tbe  BOnlbem  arm  In  tbe  Nortb  Bea. 
tG>  climate  ot  the  British  Isles  Is  thus 
warmer  and  far  more  equable  ihan  that  of 
otber  laiida  between  the  saine  parallels,  and 
lu  barbota  are  free  from  tee  all  tbe  year 


AnaSq.  Fcfialatlon 

IXdiioM  and  Cuutals          Miles  1011 

bduidaiKlWiiksaAuloa)      £8,321  Se^OTO.IM 

Scadand_^«Bbargb) 20,7ge  4.7eaMM 

lldud  (DiiOUO) B2,S31  4J90,319 

Idawk. 303  148.eiE 

TttMl 130.963    4S.370.530 

(tocamment. — Tha  Britlab  Constitution  ll 
mainly  nnwrltten  and  customary,  bat  Ita 
dnehtpment  la  marked  by  certain  ontstand- 
hw  and  tnndanienlBl  laws,  of  wblcb  the 
praidpal  are  Uagna  Cbarta  (I21S),  tbe  Ba- 
beaa  torpua  Act  11678),  tbe  Act  ot  Set- 
tlement (ITOl),  (be  Act  ot  Union  with 
Bcctland  {1707),  tbe  Act  of  Union  with  Ire- 
land (1800).  and  the  Parliament  Act 
(leil).  The  first  secured  annual  partla- 
menti  and  the  equal  admlul titration  of 
Jnillce;  Ihe  aecond  established  the  liberty 
of  tbe  person  :  the  third  provided  for  the 
FroteaCant  ancceulon  to  the  tbrone ;  the 
fonrtb  and  flfth  created  (be  United  King- 
dom ;  and  the  last  enabled  tbe  Commons  to 
pan  certain  Acts  without  Che  adherence 
of    the    other    Chamber.      The    constituent 

Krts  of   (be   British  Constitution   may  be 
IS  briefly   described. 

The  throne  is  hereditary  In  tbe  English 
boDSS  of  aixe-Coburg-Qolba  with  mlicd  "- 


the    I 


■relgu    I 


— —  pedtlon  presented   by 

bolh  Uousea  of  Parliament  Tha  High 
Court  comprlBes  the  King's  Bencb,  Chan- 
cery, and  Probate.  Dlvotte  and  Admiralty 
DWlslona.  Two  Courts  of  Appeal  hear  ap- 
peals from  these  divisions,  the  ultlmale 
Court  ot  Appeal  from  all  tbe  courts  In 
the    United   kingdom  being   the   House   of 

Iscots  clill  law,  which  la  entirely  dif- 
ferent from  that  of  England,  Is  administered 
by  the  Court  of  SeaHlon,  which  Is  a  court 
of  law  and  canity.  The  High  Court  of 
Juallclary  la  the  supreme  criminal  court 
In  Bcolland.  It  consists  of  all  tbe  judges, 
and  aa  a  rule  It  la  confined  to  the  trial 
of  serious  cases.  The  Sberllf  of  each  conniy 
Is  Ihe  proper  criminal  jodRC  In  all  crimes 
occurring  witbin  the  county  which  merit 
only  an  arbitrary  punishment.  (For  the 
British  Army,  see  Armlra  ot  the  World :  and 
for  tbe  Navy,  Bee  Navlps  of  tbe  World). 

BducotlOB.— Elementary  Education  la 
compulsory  tor  all  ctUdren  between  five 
and  fourteen  years  of  age,  and  Is  provided 
free  at  Public  Elementary  Bcboola  main- 
tained by  Local  Authorities  and  aided  by 
Btste    Grants. 

There  are  18  Dnlveraltles  In  tbe  United 
KluRdum,  of  wblcb  10  are  In  England,  4 
Id  Scotland.  1  In  Walea,  and  3  In  Ireland. 
Theae,  with  datea  ot  foundation,  are  Oi- 
Cambridge     (1257),    Durham 


(1831),  London  (1838), 
T,, — .^.v-n,      (1000). 

HI,  Bbptneld  iiiru„.,  =uu  ^, ,=,,„, 

,    .J    England;    University    ot   Wales 

(18»3I,    Id     Wales;     Bt.    Andrews     (14111, 
Glasgow      (1450),     Aberdeen      (14941, 
Fdlnburgh    (15821.    It     ~       ■      " 
lln    I1G91I.    National 


tal    number    of 


Sloyed  In  agriculture,  11,30  In  commerce, 
.2  In  conTeyance,  0.0  In  mines  and  Quar- 
rlea.  7.89  In  metals  and  machinery.  8.77  In 
building  and  construction,  6.92  In  textile 
fabrics,   and   7.23  In  dress. 

Mann /adiires.— Tbe  United  Kingdom  Im- 
ports annualiy  (tor  home  consumption) 
about  2,000.000.000  lbs.  ot  cotton  an<f  400.- 
000.000  to  450,000,000  Ibi.  of  wool  (In  addl- 
"--  '-  150,000,000  lbs.  produced  at  bomt ' 


England  and  Waist. — The  sontbem  and 
larger  portion  of  the  Island  ot  Great  Brit- 
ain, Is  situated  In  western  Europe,  betwern 


bounded 
"--  sides 


loiiiby  the  Eu»- 
-     — '     --     A 


by  the 

or  Qennen  Ocean, 

llsh     Channel,     ar.     -_ „ 

George's  Channel  and  the  Irish  Bea. 
leDKth  measured  on  a  meridian  from  uer- 
wick  to  St.  Albln's  Head.  Is  385  mllet. 
Ita  breadth,  between  Bt  David's  Head  la 
South  Wales  and  the  Naie  In  Essex,  Is  280 
miles.  Weld  was  called  by  tbe  early  Ro- 
mens  Britannlca  Rerunda.  It  was  brought 
under  tbe  domlninn  of  the  Fngllsh  by  Kings 
Henry  II.  and  Edward  I.  Tba  Independence 
of  Wales  died  with  Prince  Lleweltvn.  who 
wa*  murdered  In  1283.  In  13S4  Queen 
Eleanor  gave  birth  to  a  son  In  raemarvan 
Castle,  whom  Kdward  I.,  bla  father,  called 
Prince  of  Wales.  This  title  bas  ever  since 
been  gtven  to  the  beir  snparent  to  tbe 
throne  ot  Great  Britain.  Walea  waa  Incoty 
porated  with  England  bj  an  act  of  ^jUa- 
ment  In  1536. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


aln.  b 


_.ii  and  Ireland.    It  Is  bounded 

b;  tlie  AtlaDtte   Oceui  on  tbe  north,  west 
•Dd  wratti  and  on  tbe  east  by  Great  BriUln, 


61*  26'  to  OS"  21'  north,  and  fron.  ___ 
S*  23*  to  Kr  28'  west.  Tbe  leadlos  < 
cnpatloD  1>  agTlrnlture,  and  tbe  chietw-- 


splrlts.    etc. 


■nd  ft  Chief  Secrefarj  In  Parllameiit 


■iBtlng  of  172  meiDbera,  appolnta  twenty. 
eight  representatlTe  peers  to  alt  In  the 
Hddw  ot  Lords.  The  conntrr  la  dlTld«l 
Into  (oar  nroTlnce*  Olater,  Mnnater,  Lehi- 
T  and  ConDanBht.  By  the  Local  QoTem- 
-'    • -'     *  ■"" '"  — oTlslon  waa  made  for 


old  jrand  Juries  and  prescnimcnt  aeaslona. 
Tbe  principal  oltles  are  Dnblln.  Belfast, 
Cork.  Limerick,  Londondprry  and  Walprford. 
TbeM  haTB  Boroagh  Counclla.  Women  are 
eligible  tor  election  in  boroagh  and  county 

Tnie  iBtth  the  UnlUd  Slolw.— The  »alne 
of    mercbandlBe    Imported    Into    trie    Dulled 
Kingdom    from    tbe    T^nlted    Statea   for    the 
Tear  ol  1913  was  SBOT.lie.OSS,  and  gooda 
to    tbe    vilne    of    t2»B.Dn4,II40,    were    sent 
tblther — a  balance  of  1301,084.119  in  faror 
or  the  United  States. 
BiitUh  EmplM.     (See  Great  Britain.) 
Biltlsb  Onlana: 
Botind&rr  diBPote  tietween  Great  Brit- 
ain and  Venamela  regarding,  di»- 
euBBed,    G204,    S471,    5616,   ES73, 
695S,  S064,  6087,  6154. 
Arbitration  of,  diaenssed, 6337,6380. 
Becommended  b;  President  Cleve- 
land, 6064. 
Treaty  for,  6154. 
Monroe  doctrine  reasserted  and  at- 
titude of  United  Btatea  respect- 
ing, disctiBsed  by  President  Cleve- 
land, 6064,  6087. 
Tariff  lawa  of,  evidence  of  modiflea- 
tiona  of,  proclaimed,  56S8,  6381. 
DiaeuBsed,  5747. 
Brltlsli  Hndsons  Bay  Oo.     (See  End- 
sons  Bay  Co.) 
Bzitlsb  KortlL  Amarlcft.     (See  Britlali 

America.) 
BritlBh  North  American  FislurlM.  (See 

Fisheriet.) 
Britlali  Wait  Indies: 

Employment  of  coiared  laborers  from 

United  Statea  In,  2678,  2Q83. 
Tariff  laws  of,  evidence  of  modifica- 
tions of,  proclaimed,  668S. 
DiacQued,  5747. 
Teseels  from  Trinidad,  tonnage  dn^ 
on,  suspended,  4889. 
Br04d  Seal  War.— Tbe  clerk  of  Middlasez 
County,  N.  J.,  tbrew  ont  the  vote  of  Sooth 
Anboy  tn  tbe  ConsresBloDal  election  of  1838 
on  account  of  defects  In  tbe  retTims.     The 
Pimociata  protested,  bot  the  Whig  repre- 


■entatlves  were  declared  eleeted  and  Kfroi 
certlflcatea  under  the  broad  seal  oi  tbe 
aute.  When  Consresa  met,  Dec.  2,  1889, 
the  Hooge  contained  119  Democrats  and 
118  Whig*  outside  of  the  New  Jersey  con- 
testants. Tbe  Clerk  of  the  Bouee  refused 
to  recognlie  the  New  Jersey  WhLgs.  Qreat 
confusion  followed.  Dec.  0  Jofin  Qulncy 
Adams  was  elected  Bpesker  pro  tempore. 
Dec.  IT,  after  mucb  wrBuKlIng,  R.  11.  T. 
Hooter,  of  Virginia,  was  elected  Speaker. 
The    Democratic   conteatsnts   were   flnaily 

Brookljrn  (IT.  T.),  Battle  of.-^niy  2, 
1TT6,  Oen.  Howe  arrlTed  from  Halifax  and 
took  posseaaloD  ol  Btaten  Island,  N.  T. 
He  was  soon  Joined  by  Sir  Henry  Clinton 
from  the  aoalh  and  Admiral  Lord  Howe, 
bis  brother,  from  England,  with  •  fleet  and 
a  large  land  force.  By  Aug.  1,  arrivals 
of  Hessian  troops  bad  fnereaaed  tbe  force 
under  Howe  to  nearly  80,0(M).  Gen.  Charles 
Lee  entered  New  York  tbe  same  day  that 
Clinton  arrived  at  Sandy  Hook.  Vaah- 
Ington  placed  Boston  In  a  stale  ot  secnrlly 
snd  proceeded  to  tbe  Hlghlanda  of  the 
Hudson.  SO  mltee  above  New  York.  Tba 
combiaed  American  forces  numbered  about 
IT. 000.  uDder  the  immediate  eomiusnd  ot 
Sullivan,  Stirling  fSIr  WlllUm  Aleiander) 

inho  had  succeeded  Lee),  and  Putnam, 
ug.  22,  1TT6,  10,000  men  and  40  cannon 
were  landed  by  tbe  Britlah  on  Long  Island 
between  tbe  present  Fart  HamllTon  and 
Gravesend  TlliBges.  American  troops  to 
the  number  of  STOOO  nader  Sullivan  guard- 
ed a  range  of  bills  eitendlnc  from  The 
NarcowB  to  Jamaica  village.  On  tbe  mom- 
Ing  of  Aug.  27  a  desperate  battle  was 
fought.  StlrlloK  was  taken  prisoner  and 
SumTsa    waa    forced    to    surrender.      The 


was  867  killed,  wounded,  and  taken  prls- 
onera.    Putnam'a  dlTlslon  of  tbe  army  was 
Bllently   withdrawn   by   Waablnrton   under 
cover  of  a  fog  on  the  night  of  tbe  29th. 
Brooklyn,  Tlie,  mentioned,  6317. 
Brooklyn,  N.  T,,  site  for  dry  dock  ai, 

934. 
Brotbar  Jonathan. — A  genertl  name  ap- 
plied to  the  people  ot  the  Vnlted  Statesi 
Its  origin  1*  said  to  be  ■*  fonows:  Oenerat 
Waablngton  found  aoon  after  having  taken 
command  of  tbe  Continental  army  tliat  It 
was  sadly  In  need  of  many  artlelea.  Jona- 
than Trumbull,  the  elder,  st  that  time 
Governor  o(  Connecticut,  was  a  friend  of 
Waablngton  and  one  In  whose  Jutement 
Washington  bad  great  conBdence.  Daring 
a  consultation  on  tbe  atate  of  tbe  army, 
WaabJugton  suintested  that  tbey  consult 
"Brother  Jonathan."  meaning  Trumbull. 
This  advice  was  followed,  and  Trumbull 
devised  tbe  means  of  procuring  what  was 
desired.  The  story  wsB  told  In  tbe  army, 
and  tbe  reply  to  a  demand  for  any  artlde 
wBs  Invarfabl*  advice  to  aak^^Brotber 
Jonathan."  Tbe  phrase  became  prorarblat 
and  has  lived  to  tbe  present  time. 
Brown's  InsurtectloiL— During  tbe  year 
1859  John  Brown,  with  a  tew  companloniL 
rented  a  farm  In  Maryland,  near  HaTpeis 
Ferry,  Va.  (now  W.  Va.).  to  which  he 
■muggled  arma.  Be  had  designed  a  plas 
for  tbe  seizure  of  tbe  United  States  armnry 
at  Harpers  Ferry  In  which  over  100.000 
stand  of  small  arms  were  stored.     Ble  ob- 

S^ct  wna  to  free  tbe  neero  slaves.  Sun- 
ay  evening,  Oct.  16,  18S9.  Brown,  with 
a  force  ot  22  men,  seised  the  armory. 
The  telegrsph  wires  were  cnt,  trains  were 
stopped,  and  about  60  prisoners  taken.  It 
was  said  ha  Intended  after  taking  the  aztt- 


ide 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Brawn's  Inwiwctloa — Contttivrd. 
orj  lo  flee  lo  the  mouDtAins,  wbere  he  ex- 
pected to  be  Joined  b;  (be  negroeB.  nbo 
were  to  rlw  bdiI  flghl  under  nia  leader- 
Bblp.  BrowD  abaodoDed  tbls  plan,  boir- 
CTrr,  aad  remained  at  tbe  Ferrr.  Tbe 
mllltla  VBB  BummoEied  and  aurroanded  him, 
>Dd,  together  vlth  aome  marloei  anil  artil- 
lery, capturvd  bJm  and  hla  party  after  a 
desperate  flgbt.  la  wblcb  be  «aa  nouDd«d. 
John  Brown  was  tried,  iras  eoDdemoed  to 
death,  BDd  od  Dec  2  wai  executed  bj  hnng- 
Ing.  ThU  laeldeut  created  tremendouB  ei- 
dtemeot  and  iDleoalBed  tbe  growing  bitter- 
nen  between  the  Nortb  and  tbe  South. 
Prealdent  BucbaoBD.  In  bin  annmil  ihph- 
aage,  December,  185B,  reterr?d 
Anrrer^an   *■   ''the   recent   sa^ 

t  Harpera  Ferry, 

<MiclL),  Battle  of —Id  July, 
1812,  Governor  Hetga,  of  Ohio,  bcdI  Capt. 
Binah  with  men,  cattle,  and  proTlsiona  to 
Ibe  relief  of  Oeneral  HutL  who  had  croaied 
tbe  Detroit  BlTer  Into  Canada,  Leamlog 
tbal  a  body  □(  British  and  Indians  were 
IrlDK  In  wait  at  Brownstowo,  at  tbe  month 
of  the  BnroD   EWer,   to   Intprcept   bU  snp- 

Bllcfl,   Ball    sent    Ua}or   Thomas    B.    Van 
ame  with   200   men   from   b'lndlays   Oblo 
regiment    to    act    as    an    eacort    from    the 


aod    blood; 


Eoorces     Blier      .._        . . 

BrownstowD  Aug-  5  when  It  found  Itself 
Id  bd  ambdBb  and  almost  surrounded  by 
Indians  under  Tecnmseh.  The  party  re- 
treated In  disorder  with  Iobb.  having  been 
panned  part  of  the  way  by  the  Indians. 
BnnmsvUle.— On  the  nlgbt  of  Aug.  lS-14. 
190e,  a  riot  occurred  In  Brownsville,  Teiaa, 
In  which  one  citlien  was  killed  and  another 
wounded  and  the  chief  of  police  Berlously 
Injnred.     (Page  T338.J     Bitter  feellngi  had 


e 


lie  and  tbe  soldiera  of  the  Twen^-fittb 


Jcoloredl,  who  were  stationed  l. 

Fort  Brows.     According  to   the   theory  of 


r  of  War,  from 
nen  from  a  battalion  of  ITO  loi 
ef  revenge  npon      ~        '  " 


(  of  the  

..  fancied  slight.    About 

mldnlKht  they  secretly  left  the  barrack! 
and  nred  throngh  certain  houses  of  the 
town,  with  the  result  noted  above.  An  Id- 
veatlgatloD  was  at  once  begun  by  the  In- 
spector-general, who  reported  that  he  waa 
nnahla  to  obtain  any  evidence  from  the 
that  they  bad  any  knowledge  of  tbo 


3taK 


e  ground 
■nsplrs— 


honor"  the  entire  battalion, 
that  there  bad  been  formed 
of  alienee"  to  protect  tbe  offenders.  '(Fbrs 
7S2S.)  He  aaaumed  that  It  was  ImposslMe 
that  aneh  an  affray  should  have  happened 
without  the  knowledgs  of  a  part  or  all  of 
the  batUIlon.  This  action  of  the  Freal- 
dent  was  severely  criticised  by  blB  oppo- 
ncnta,  and  the  Beuate  passed  resolutions 
calling  for  all  the  facts  la  the  cb»  n>Ti. 
atar  (jodse  defended  the  Prealdeni 
Feb.  25.  1D08.  a  committee  of  tb 
aftar     Inveetlgatlon,     reported     i 

"abootlng  np    of  Brownsville  waa _„ 

"some  (7  the  soldiers  of  the  Twenty-flfth 
Intantry."  (Page  784T.)  The  action  of 
the  Prealdent  waa  Dot  paased  anon.  Two 
reaolntlona  wcr«  introduced  In  tbe  Senate 
— one  to  reatoTG  the  discharged  soldiers  with 
luck  pay,  and  the  other,  anthorlied  by  tbe 
Prealdent.  permitting  tbe  re-enllBtment  of 
mch  as  coifld  satlafaetorlly  show  the  Pres- 
ident that  they  had  Dot  participated  In, 
and  had  no  gDlltv  knowledge  of,  the  sboot- 
lac  tn  Brownarltla. 


soldier 


aothorlty  II 


denounced  a  bill  to  compel  the  President 
to  reinstate  the  discharged  soldiers  aa  an 
anconstltntlonal  usurpation  of  eiecotive  au- 
thority. 

Ju^  Hough,  of  tbe  United  States  Clr- 
cnlt  Surt  for  New  York,  on  May  IS.  1908, 
decided  In  tbe  case  of  Oacar  M.  Reld.  one 
of  tbe  discharged  soldiers,  that  the  Preal- 
•"""•■-  --•'--  -aa  legal,  and  that  the 
r  was  found  In  the  articles 

,-   Ion  waa  broogbt  under  an 

act  which  allows  the  Government  to  be 
sued  Id  certain  casen.  and  was  to  recover 
the  pay  and  emotumentE  accTuIng  from  tbe 
date  of  his  discharge  to  tbe  end  of  hia 
enlistment.  Tbe  esse  was  appealed  to  the 
Bo  pre  me  Court. 

BrtmnsvlUe,  Tax.,  bloctcKde  of  port  of, 

removed  hy  proclamation,  3417. 
Brunswick   Harbor,    Qa.,   improTement 

of,  referred  to,  14B6. 
Bnuaelo,  Belgium: 

International  congress  Kt,  for  aboli- 
tion of  African  slave  trade,  6471, 
5543. 
International  Exhibition  of  Setances 
and  Industry  at,  5187,  5399. 
Seport    of    CommiisionerB    to,   re- 
ferred to,  6400. 
International    Monetary    Conference 
St,  in  1S92,  G752. 
Postponement  of,  discussed,  68T0. 
Be  ports  of,  transmitted,  5784. 
TTniveraal    Exposition    at,    American 
exbtbits  at,  diseoBaed,  6324. 
Buchanan,  James.— 1857-1861. 
Eighteenth  Admtnlstratlon^Democratle. 
nce-Preatd fnl—Joha  C.   BrccUnrldga. 
iSecreloru  of  State — 
Lewis  Cass. 
Jeremiah  B.  Black, 
Becrelarv  of  the  rreasari"— 


John  A 


Dli. 

"   "   "Johi  B.  Floyd, 

Joseph  Halt. 
Beoretarv  of  1/ie  Xavy— 

Isaac  Toucey. 
Becretarii  of  (ha  fnteriOr — 

Jacob  Thompson. 
Po»(fBa»(er  Gene™  I— 

Joseph  Holt. 


Senate.       in  ridge 


-.  ClDcInoatl,  June  2-0.  1S5S.  nomin- 
ated him  for  President  and  John  C.  Breck- 
■--■'-  ■-■   —      President     Pierce,  Douglas, 


taken,  Bncbanan  always  led. 

Platform. — The  platform  reiterated  many 
of  tbe  elementa  of  the  platforms  of  IB40  and 
1844.  Including  soch  topics  as  the  public 
lands  :  opiKiaIng  the  national  banlt :  advocat- 
ing the  auh-tresBury  system :  supporting  the 
veto  power:  and  objecting  to  further  re- 
strictions upon  nainrallzBtlon,  To  these 
were  added.  In  185S,  sections  denonnelng 
opposition  to  Catholic*  ;  contending  for  State 
authority  only  on  the  alavery  qneatloii  aU! 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Bnchanan,  Jubm— CanHiHwtf. 
gon-lnlerlercDce  b;  Congreu  Id  tbli  matter; 
■upporiLng  Ibe  comprumlsea  of  1850:  glTlns 
cmpIiBIIc  HDnouQcement  to  S'stet  RrgbtB : 
■upporilng  (he  Monroe  Doctrine:  adyocating 
tbe  eBtabliabmeDt.  by  guvcmment  aid,  ot 
good  ron-munlcBtlon  between  tbe  Atlantic 
and  PadQi^  coaalBi  aod  endorsliiK  the  Sd- 
m  Id  I  St  re  lion   o(   President  I'lerce. 

OppotltlOTi. — Tbe  AmerleaD    (Know  Kolh' 


toit) 


Held  a 


l>IlllBdel- 


I   b» 


a  of  tbe  r 


Amerkao-boni    cItlienB ;    refusi..    „    

offlre-lialdlnE  rlgbts  to  any  wlio  recognized 
allegiance  to  foreign  poCentatcB:  raislos  tbe 
period  ot  realdeuce  quaiia^atlon  for  Dalurall- 
■atJoD  to  tweniT-one  Tears :  opposlDi  any 
Dnlon  between  Churcb  and  Statics ;  enforce- 
ment of  all  laws.  Tbe  Itepabllcsn  National 
Conientlon.  held  at  I'blladelphla.  June  IT, 
1858.  nominated  John  f.  Fremont  and  Will- 
lam  L.  Dayton  on  a  platform  npholdlng  tbe 

'— -•-     -  — -  "--' -1  the  Conatltn- 

iroblbilloD   by 
8  of  polygamy 

,.  .._.     ihel     "migl 

..„_ , [lively    demanding   _ 

tranBcaDtlnrntBl  railrond  :  ecknowlt^slng  (he 
conatltutlonallty  of  tbe  lotirnitl  Improvo- 
menta  policy.  The  Whig  National  Conven- 
tion, held  at  Baltimore.  Sept.  17-18,  ISSe. 
endoTECd  the  nomlnatloCB  of  FlMmore  and 
Donelson,  made  by  the  American  partv  on  a 
-'-■■■ -nnooncing  adlic: '" 


time  n'hlg  doclrlocs;  denounclbt:  Bectlonal 
aatagoDlsm  and  the  forniallon  of  geograpli- 
leal  parties:  and  endorsing  tbe  admlnlstra- 


cieciorHi    Yuie    (-uuuieu    rcn.    Li.    ± ,    _..  r_ 

Bachanan,    1T4 ;    FremoDt,   114;   and   FUl- 

Partv  Afilllatlon. — In  bis  early  career,  Bn- 
chanan sided  with  (he  FederallaK  In  disap- 
proving of  the  War  of  1812.  Yet  be  felt 
It  a  patriot's  duty  always  to  defend  bis 
country,  aod  apoke  of  the  war  as  "glorious 
bi  the  highest  degree  to  (he  American  char- 
— •—    '■ni  diBgrr— '■■'  '-   ■'■-  — •-  ••■- 


I   DDderwent   a 


inaa  a  political 
In    (Sngress, 


_f  the  Demo  _    .    . 

friends  of  tbe  administration  who  railed 
tbemselves  National  Rep uhl leans  i  and  be 
was  always  a  lealoaa  aupportec  of  GfDetal 

PoUliral  Complrxion  of  Ootiare»».—lji  the 
Thirty  flf (li  rongresH  tl8B7-18r>B)  the  Senate 
ot  afity-four  members  was  compoft-d  of 
thirty-nine  Democrats,  twenty  Republicans. 
and  Ave  Americana;  aod  tie  House  of  237 
membem  was  made  np  of  131  Democrats, 
Olncly-two  HcpnbllcaD»,  and  fonrtccB  Amer!- 
rans.  Id  tbe  Tblrty-alith  Congreis  (1869- 
1811)  (he  Kena(e  ol  slity-ali  members  waa 
rompo<ied  of  tblrty-elgbt  Democrats.  tweDty- 
sli  Republicans,  acd  two  Americans;  And 
the  ITouM  of  237  members  was  made  Dp  of 
101  tlenincrats.  Ii:t  RepnbUcans,  and  twea- 
tT-tbree  Independents. 

■_ ^, <  .... ,_  p,^|. 

a  beyond  all  qnes- 

ongh(  to  be  collected  from  tbe  people  rhan 
the  amount  ne<iiKiuir»  to  defray  the  eineDses 
rat.  and  efficient  admlnls- 


dent    Bur 


for  the  parpo*e  of  beaefltlng  faTored  mt- 
pomtlODS.  Individuals  or  Interests  woDid 
bare  been  uDlusC  to  the  rea(  ot  the  com- 
munltv  and  Inconalstent  with  (ba(  spirit 
of  falrneaa  and  equality  whkb  ought  to 
govern  Id  tbe  adjustment  of  a  reTenae 
tariff."  In  his  Kecoad  Annnal  Ueasage 
(page  3052)  In  dlBcussIng  tbe  aort  of  duties, 
lie  said :  "Id  regard  (o  the  mode  of  assess- 
Ing  and  coUectlng  duties  under  a  airlctly 
revenue  tarllT,  I  Dave  Ions  entertained  aod 
eipreaaed  the  opinion  Ibat  aoDBd  policy  re- 

Snlres  tbat  tbia  ahould  be  done  by  spedlle 
ullea  In  cases  to  wblcb  these  can  be  prop- 
erly applied.  .  .  .  The  present  ajrsteia 
is  a  sliding  scale  to  bis  (the  nuDufactDrer'a) 
disadvantage.  Under  It.  wheu  prleea  are 
hlgb  and  business  proaperous.  (he  dntles  rlaa 
Id  anioun(  when  be  least  reqalres  tbelc  aid- 
On  the  contrary,  when  prices  fall  and  he  !■ 
straggling  a^alDat  adverrity.  tbe  dotles  are 
diminished  In  tbe  aame  nroporllon,  greatly 
to  blB  Injury."  In  bla  Fourth  AddqbI  Mea- 
aage  (page  3183)  on  the  same  subject,  be 
aaid :  "An  ImpressloD  strangely  enoDaU 
prevails  to  lome  extent  that  speclfle  dudes 
are  necessarily  protective  dutlea  Nothing 
can  he  more  faiiacloaa.  Great  Britain  glorlea 
Id  tree  trnde,  and  yet  her  whole  rerenue 
from  Imports  Is  at  the  present  moment  col- 
lected under  a  system  ot  apeclQc  dutlea." 
Foreign  PoUcy. — Domestic  atTalra  were 
so  disturbed   during   President  BuchankD'a 


Inangural  i 
dent  --'— 

of  t.  V    -  

conducted  by  purchase  or  by  tbe  ToluDtary 
Impulae  of  the  people,  never  by  eonqueat. — 
even  In  the  caae  ot  Mexico,  after  the  war. 

state,  but  a  fair  price  was  paid  to  her  for 
tbe  ceded  tecrltoi?.  In  lils  Second  Annaai 
Address  (page  30:17)  he  announces  the  con- 
clusion or  tbe  Perry  treaty  with  Japan.  In 
tbe  same  message  be  dlseuBBea  the  dllter- 
encea  with  Great  Britain,  conditions  which 
led  to  the  settlement  by  President  Bncbaoan 
of  tbe  long  standing  "right  of  aearcb." 

InUmat  /mprofcmenl*.— Id  *e(olng  "An 
act  making  an  appropriation  for  deepening 
the  channel  over  the  St.  Clair  flats.  In  the 
State  of  MIchlKan,"  the  President  In  hia 
Veto  Message  (page  8130)  clearly  expresses 
his  yiews  upon  the  qnestlon  r  "What  n  v«« 
flcid  woold  tbe  exercise  of  this  power  open 
for  Jobbing  and  corruption  I  Uember*  at 
Congress  from  sd  honest  desire  to  promote 
the  Inlerest  ot  tbelr  constltDents  wonid 
struggle  for  Improvements  within  their  OWD 
districts,  and  tbe  body  Itself  mnat  neee*- 
aarlly  be  converted  Into  an  areDB  wtierr  each 
would  endeavor  to  obtain  from  the  Treasory 
as  much  money  aa  possible  for  hIa  own 
locality.  The  temptation  wonld  prove  Irte- 
siBtlble.  A  Byslem  of  'log-rolllnr  )I  know 
no  word  ao  expressive)  would  be  lDai)gDr- 
aled  ander  whieb  the  Treasury  wonld^  be 
exhausted  and  tbe  Federal  Oovemment 
would  be  deprived  ot  the  means  necessary 
to  execute  these  great  powers  clearly  con- 
flded  to  I(  by  the  Constrtutlon  for  tbe  pur- 
pose of  promoting  the  Interests  asd  tukU- 
callng  the  honor  of  tbe  conn  try." 

Blavtrv- — In  his  Inaugural  Addreaa  (pan 
2902)  President  Buchanan  treats  the  whole 
question  of  slavery  as  being  settled  by  the 
regulations  of  Congress.  "The  whole  Ter- 
ritorial guesdon,"  he  aaya.  "being  thns  set- 
tled upon  the  principle  of  popular  Boverelgn- 
ty — a  principle  as  ancient  as  free  goven- 
ment  Itself — everything  of  a  practical  nalnre 
baa  been  decided."  This  la  the  keynote  (o 
all  of  the  Presldi'nt's  acts  In  connection  with 
this   aahject.     The  onus   rested   noon  Con- 

teas,  and  It  was  for  bim  to  carry  out  tbe 
wa  wbldi  CoBKKM  Iwd  mad*  ob  tb*  Mb- 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedie  Index 


Buchanan 


EandB  of  the  pro»l«vecj  p«riy, 

■Dd  the  PrrcldFor'a  conduct  1q  raianlat 
tbe  Uws  (orinulated  br  tbem  nutde  It  appear 
■I  tboash  tie  CDdorsed  ihelr  pollcf.  Presl- 
drnt  BucbanaD  was  oppowd  to  slaTarr ;  bla 
mena|«a  teem  with  aaggcRtlnna  tor  coDoll- 
latorr  meamrm;  hat  h»  did  object  to  the 

._.„» -J   -naympathpIEc   abolltlaDlalf 

'  other   Statea.     He   aajs 

Bat   thla    queatlon    of    ia- 

r  la  of  far  Kraver  Importance 


therefore. 


t   bla 


lealtl- 

In    bla   Third    Aaoual    Qea- 

aace  fpase  S084)  the  President  Tnakea  an 
latpaaalosed  appeal  to  bla  countrrmeD  to 
"nliliate  tbe  aocleot  feellnKs  of  muiital 
tartwaTWiice  and  sood  will  toward  each  oibrr 
wid  ilrlva  to  allaj  the  demoa  aplrlt  of  aec- 
tloDal  hatred  and  atrllg  now  allre  In  the 
land."  While  ha  wnnia  the  people  of  (te 
danier  of  dlaraptloD  of  the  union,  whkb 
he  profHsea  to  bellcTe  Impoaalble.  ret  the 
happenlnca  at  Barper'a  Ferry  aerre  a«  (he 
teit  tor  ft  IcaaoD  of  what  mar  happen.  In 
Ua  Fonrth  Annnal  Ueaaaae  (paae  815T] 
the  Prealdent  annoaaeea  that  "The  long- 
foatlnned  and  Intemperate  laterfereoce  of 
the  Northern  oeople  with  the  queatlon  of 
alamr  Id  the  Soathern  Btatea  has  at  lenKth 
prodaeed  tta  nataral  effect.  The  dllTerent 
•epthma  of  the  Union  are  now  arrared 
acalnat  each  olber.  and  the  lime  haa  ar- 
riTed.  ao  maeh  dreaded  bj  the  Father  of  bla 
Conntrr.  when  hoatUe  KeoKraphl<vl  partlpa 
tare  been  formed.  -  .  .  How  eaar  woold 
It  be  for  the  American  people  to  aetlle  Ibe 
ilarerr  queatlon  forever  and  to  restore  peace 
and  harmonr  to  tbla  diatraeted  ronntrr  t 
Tber.  and  tber  alone,  can  do  It.  All  that  la 
neceaaary  to  areompllab  the  obj^t.  and  all 
for  whtcb  the  atave  State*  bave  eTrr  con- 
tended, la  to  be  let  alone  and  permitted  to 
manaie  their  domeatle  batltntlona  In  their 
own  way.  Aa  aoTprelirn  Statea.  they,  and 
Ibey  alone,  are  rraponilble  before  God  and 
the  world  (or  the  alaverr  eilstlnn  among 
Ibem.  For  thla  the  people  of  the  North 
are  not  more  reaiionatble  and  ha*e  no  more 
Tifht  to  lulerfere  (ban  with  almtlar  Insdta- 

.. —    —    D 1.    ..    n- Bpeaklnn    of 

.    and  duty   tn 

_, "After  all.  be  la  no 

DMre  than  the  Thief  RireDtlve  of  tbe  Got- 
ernmeot.  Bla  proTlnce  la  not  to  make  but 
to  execute  lawa."  Foltowtns  Bondi  Cam- 
llna'a  ordinance  ol  aeceaalon  of  Dec.  20. 
IBAO.  the  Prealdent  In  a  apeclal  meeaage  ti 
e    818«)    dlamaaed    **•-    -'-*• 


Admiaaion   of   statea   dlacnsted    and 

iMOHnnrndations      of,      regarding, 

S033,  30S4. 
AhutisI  mcMagei  of,  8067,  3028,  3083, 

3157. 
Biographical  aketch  of,  2960. 
Canatitntional  amendment  tegKt&ing 

■laTerj,  recommended  bjr,  3169. 
Correapondenee  of,  while  minister  at 

8t  Peterabnrg,  referred  to,  3967. 
CnmpoDdenea  of,  witli  I^wia  Caaa, 

nfarrcd  t«,  3964. 


Cnba,   aeqaiattlon   of,   diseiuied   bjr, 
3040,  3066. 

Recommended  bj,  3041,  3092,  3173. 
Death  of,  announced  and  bonora  to  be 

paid  memory  of,  3S62,  3863. 
Dutiea  on  veaaela  of  Ital^  suapended 

by  proclamation,  2824, 
Financea    diacuaaed    by,   2967,    2968, 

3019,  9052,  3073,  3104,  3179. 
Foreign    policy    diacuaaed    by,    2986, 

2998,  3037,  3041,  3066,  3039,  3092, 

3173,  3177. 
Inatructiona    to,    while    mini  iter    to 

England,  regarding  free  ships,  etc., 

referred  to,  2910. 
Internal  improvements  diacnssed  by, 

3130. 
Monroe  doctrine  leaaserted  by,  3043, 

3177. 
OfBeial  condoct  of,  investigated,  3145, 

31  SO. 
"Pocket  vetoes  of,"  3073,  3180,  3138. 
Portrait  of,  2960, 
Powers  of  Federal  and  atate  govem- 

menta    diacasaed    by,    2962,    2981, 

3028,  3074,   3084,  3130,  313B,  3145, 

3150,  3157,  3168,  3186. 
Proclanationa  of — 


Dtities    on    veaaela    of    Italy    aiiB- 

pended,   3022. 
Extraordinary  Besaioii  of  Senate,  to 
act  npon  Executive  commoniea- 
tions,  3026,  3081,  3156,  3203. 
Military   expedition   to   Nicaragua, 

3027. 
Bebellion  in  Utah,  8024. 
Protests   of,    against    proeedlngi    of 
fionee     of    Bepreaentatives,    3145, 
3150. 
Seceasinn  diacnssed  by,  3159,  3186. 
Secretary  of  State,  2319. 
Slavery  disensBed  by,  2962, 2981,  3028, 

3084,  3157,  3186. 
Btate    of    the    Union    diaeuBaed    by, 
2967,  3028,  30S1,  3063,  3157,  3192, 
3200. 
Tariff  diaenaaed  by,  2964,  3052,  3181. 
Time   allowed   Pieeident   for   consid- 
eration of  bills  discnsmd  by,  2093, 
3060. 
Veto  messages  of — 

Deepening   channel   over  Bt.   Clair 
Flats,     reasons    for   applying 
pocket  veto,  3130. 
Donating  lands  for  benefit  of  agri- 
cultural colleges,  3074. 
Belief  of— 

Edwards  &  Co.,  313S. 
Ho  chad  ay  &  L«ggit,  3201. 
Bemoval  of  obstructions  in  Uissis- 
aippi  Biver,  reasons  for  applying 
pocket  veto,  313S. 
Seeoring    bomesteada    to    aettlen, 
8139, 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Messages  attd  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Bochonsn 

BocbUUUI,  JUUM — ConHnned. 

TruiBpoTtation    of   mail   from   St, 

Joseph,  Mo.,  to  Plaeerviile,  Cal., 

leftBona  for  applying  pocket  veto, 

3073. 

Bnck,  The,  Beizare  of,  and  claims  aris- 

iDK  out  of,  4114,  519S,  &54T,  SG73, 

5873,  5962. 

Award  in  case  of,  5673. 

Bncki  Stove  Oase. — Id  AuKoat,  1907,  tbe 

Bucks   Btove   and   Range   Companj-   of   Bt 

Lonli  brougbt  proceedlogB  In  tbe  Sapreme 

Coort  of  tbe   District  of  ColTiinbIa  anlnat 

the  olOcerB  of   Ibe  American   Kederalion  of 

Labor   to   enjoin   Ibem   from   eooducilng   > 

boycott  agalnvt  tbe  codipbdt  by  advprtlslng 

tbat  tbe  concern  wbi  on  tbe  ''unfair"  aDd 

"We-don't-pa(roDln"  Uata  pnbllabed   In  tbe 


federation*  offltlal   ornn, 

Bdced   for  waa   taaoedliT   Judge   G 

23,  leOT.    On  tbe  plea  IbsC  [be  (ei 


Judge  Gould  Dec. 

, It  tbe  terms  of  the 

Injunction  were  being  Tlolsled  proceedinga 
for  contempt  of  caarl:  .were  broogbl  against 
Bamnel  Gompe™,  preeldeQt  of  ihe  American 
Federation   of   Laoor ;    Jolin    Mltubell.   Tlce- 

Srealdent ;  and  Frank  Morrlsoa.  sccretar;. 
astlce  WrlgbC,  of  the  Snprcme  Coort  of 
tbe  DIatrlct  of  Columbia,  before  vhnm  the 
caae  waa  tried,  decided  Dec.  23.  190S.  tbat 
Ibe  defendanla  were  guilt;.  Mr.  <;ompcrs 
wai  a^teuced  to^  one  year's  [mprlsoameot. 


!R'V 


ipt.  wblcb  could  be 
Tbe  sentence  o(  t 


ImprlBonment  was  tbe  penalty  for  criminal 
contemcit.  and   therefore  It  was  not  a  legal 

tuulahmeni  IQ  tbl9  case.    Tbe  Sunreme  Court 
cid  Ibat  the^publlahed^or  apoHen 


I  eked   1< 


?D  joined 


1  theae 


eepied    by    tbe   Wbli 


.._         big    secrelRry    of    Btad 

.. ',,  the  dnte  for  the  meellni 

the   legislature,    nr      "  ' 

mU  «t  contestants 


■LA 


Senate,  which  was  Whig,  m«t  and  ad- 
journed because  of  tbe  mob.  Two  warrlnf 
bodies  met  Id  tbe  boaae  (1TZ4,  ITZG).  The 
Wbig  EOTernor  called  upon  tbe  mllltln 
■Dd  tried  wttbouc  effect  to  obtain  Ped- 
ural  aid.  The  Democratic  bouse  waa  wvn. 
aired  Dee.  2S.     A   remark  mad< 


oenlsed  Dee.  25.  A  remark  made  during 
the  height  of  the  eicllement,  tbat  the  moS 
would  feel  tbe  effect  of  "bsll  and  bnckabot 
before  nlgbt."  gave  the  episode  the  name 
o(  the  Bucksbot  Wsr. 
Bnckahot   War,    dooumentB    regarding, 

transmitted,  1724,  1725. 
Bucktallfl.— A  name  applied  to  the  Tam- 
many Society  of  New  Tork  City  (mm  the 
fact  tbat  the  membera  of  tbe  orsaalutlon 
wore  buck's  tails  In  their  hs.ta  as  a  badge 
Instead   of  a   tcalber.     Between   1S12   r    ' 


J  of  Clinton's  canal   pol- 

icy  from  Its  Inception  In  18IT.  and  Ibe  name 
waa  later  applied  to  all  who  opposed  this 
policy  tbronghoat  the  Slate. 
Bnena  Vista  (Uextco),  Battle  of.— After 
part  of  his  army  bad  been  sent  to  Gen. 
Scott,  Gen.  Taylor,  with  leas  than  5,000 
men.  moslly  raw  mllltla,  was  attacked  at 
Buena  Vista  by  BsDta  Anna's  army  of  21,- 
(WO,  Feb.  22,  1847.  Taylor  Intrenched 
blmeelf  In  Ibe  pass  of  Angostnra.  Id  Ihe 
Sierra  Madre  Mouutalna,  od  the  road  lead- 
ing to  Sao  Luia  Potosl.  Tbe  engagement 
began    at    3   o'clock   In    the   iftemoOD    and 


pealed  to  tbo  Coort  of  Appeals  of  tbe  Dla. 
trlct  of  Cdumbla.  Tbia  tribunal  In  a  deci- 
sion rendered  Xot.  2,  l&OO,  affirmed  the 
decree  of  tbe  Snpreme  Court  of  tbe  Dislrlcl 
ot  Colnmbla.  An  appeal  was  then  taken 
to  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  fulled  Sraiea. 
which  on  May  ID,  1811.  handed  down  a 
decision  TCTeraing  tbe  Judgments  ot  tbe 
Court  o(  Appeals  and  tbe  Supreme  Court  of 
tbe  District  oC  Columbia,  and  remanding  tbe 
case,  with  the  direction  tbat  tbe  cociempt 
proceedings  tDStliuted  by  Ibe  Bucks  Slove 
and  Range  Company  be  dismissed,  but  with- 
out prejudice  to  tbe  power  and  right  ot  the 
Bnpceme, Cpurl  of  the  Dlst-'-'  -•  "-•■■-'■i- 

tbe  opinion I'SsThatiiie  proceedings  brought 
against  Ihe  labor  union  officers  waa  for  cWll 
_,.,_,.   — ...  V. 'abed  only  by 


combioatlon.  and.  as  such,  relinquishes  Ibe 
rights  of  IndlTlduala.  It  also  establlsbea 
tbe  tart  tbat  legal  prosecution  could  be 
levelled  not  only  at  the  union  itself,  but  at 
Ibe  officers  as  well.  (See  also  Boycott.] 
BnckallOt  Wai,— The  election  In  Philadel- 
phia Oct.  9,  1838,  WBH  of  consiflerable  im- 
portance becsuse  noon  It  hinged  the  con- 
trol of  tbe  legislature  wblrh  wna  to  elect 

CTnClldaie'"W'oa  defeated."' The  Democralic 
return  lodges  thereupon  cast  out  5.000 
Whig    votes,    claiming    fraud.       The    Whig 

Judges  then  issued  cerllDcateB  of  electloa 
o  toth    their    CoDgrr~-  — '     -~-    '--'-'- 


wouDded.  PlehllDg  was  renewed  at  dawn 
of  tbe  23d  and  conllnned  ddiII  sunset.  Tbe 
Mexicans  retired  during  the  night  to  Ana 
Kueva.  The  American  ioas  In  killed, 
wounded  and  missing  amounted  to  745  :  that 
of  Ibe  Mexicans  upward  ot  2,000.  Jeffer- 
son Dnvls  Id  this  battle  commanded  a 
MiEBlaslppi  regiment  as  Its  coioaeL  and 
saved  the  Brmy  by  reeeiving  the  charge 
of  Ihe  Mexican  tancera.  His  troops  were 
formed  In  ihe  shape  of  a  T. 
Buena  VlBta,  Mexico: 

Battle  of,  referred  to,  238S. 

Mutiaj  in  camp  of,  referred  to,  2443. 
Buenos  ATres  (see  also  Argentine  Be- 
public): 

Convention  with,  ratified,  7672. 

Diplomatic  relations  with,  diacnssed, 
2116, 

Imprisonment  of  American    cititena 
in,  632. 

Independence  of,  asserted,  612,  627. 

Kinister  of  United  States  in,  retunu, 
1171. 

Revolution  in,  2702. 

War  with  Braiil— 

Peace  concluded,  977. 

Questions  between  United  States  and 

Brazil  growing  out  of,   929,   951, 

Buffalo  (N.  T.),  Destmctlon  of.— During 

the   winter  ot   1813   the   British   regained 

Forts   George   and    Klagara.      The   British 

aad  Indians,  under  tbe  command  of  Ltent.- 

Oen.  Drummond.  MaJ.-Geo.   Rlsll,  and  Col. 

Murray,  overran  and  laid  waste  the  Taller 

of  the  Niagara  and  preaaed  bard  upon  Bnf- 

ffllo.     Gen.  Amos  Hall  aucceeded  Oen.  Uc- 

Clurc  nt  Buffalo  Dec.   26.  In  the  eommand 

of  2.000  badly  organised  American  troops. 

On  Ihe  ni^bt  Of  Dec.  29  [Uall  crofsed  tM 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Bulgaria 


Buffalo  (K.  T.>,  Dttrtnctlon  ot—Cont'd, 
itni  at  BImck  Rock  irlth  1,450  men.  tarsely 
Ktnlan,  and  a  bodr  of  lodlao*.  At  sTgtit 
of  tb*  enemr  800  of  Hall'a  troops  deserted. 
Be,  however,  made  a  gallant  defeoBe  witb 
Ik*  CbaDtaaqns  troopi  and  CanBdiBD  reCu- 
nea  tintll  he  waa  lorced  to  retreat,  keep- 
bc  the  eDemr  la  check  and  cOYerlnt  tie 
■lAt  of  the  tDhabltanlB.  The  BrltlaC  bdiI 
iDdlaiia  took  poaaeaalon  of  Buffalo  and  pro- 
ceeded to  burn,  pin  ode  r,  and  nuBsacre. 
Oalr  4  buildings  were  left  Btandlns  In  the 
town  and  only  1  at  Black  Rock. 
Bnffklo,   Pan-Americaik  Expoiitioo   &t, 

0382,  643fl. 
Buffalo  Bxpoaltlon.   (See  Pau-Americaji 

Exposition.) 
Hirtiiiiwj  4)id  £oaa  Asaodatlou. — Cor- 
poratloDB  organUed  ptlmarllr  to  enable 
peraona  of  limited  tneau  to  aecnre  homes, 
•nd.  ■erondarlly,  to  enable  mcb  peraont  to 
pat  aalda  a  certain  flied  anm  at  stated 
laten^K  wo  that  the  Investment  mt,f  b« 
■  1   the  beglnnlnz 


laten^ 

the   homfr-bnlldlng 


home-bujlng     I 


ntSb 


jid,  full-paid  and  permsnent  shares  are 
bj  th«  aaaoflatlon.  pajable  In  full  ot 
ly  laTga  part  on  subsrTlptlon.     Special  de- 
paalt*  ID  anr  amount  are  rerelTeo.     Share* 

BrtlT  paid  are  broDgbt  to  their  par  Talua 
aMItiK  to  parmeots  made  dividends  ap- 
portioned^ thereto.  Special  depoBlts  are  gen- 
erallr  wlthdratrahla  by  tbe  depositor  at 
pleaanre.  Installment  share*  and  prepaid 
iharta  rcinalB  tn  until  they  reach  tbeir  par 
nlne^  Full-paid  abarea  remain  In  a  cer- 
tain flted  tine.  Permanent  shares  remain 
In  until  the  dlssolutton  of  the  corporation. 
Tbcae  asaodatlons  rame  Into  existence  In 
Kngland  nearlv  100  vears  ago,  but  were  not 
mad*  the  snbject  of  legislative  enactment 
imtll  18SS.  The  first  association  estab- 
UAed  tn  the  United  BUtea  waa  the  Oxford 
Provident  Building  Asaoctatlon,  of  Fraok- 
ford,  Pa.,  ornnlsed  In  1831.  There  are 
aerordtng  to  the  offlclal  report  made  to  the 
National  i.eagne  of  Building  Aaaoclatlona.  la 
1911,  In  the  United  States  6,860  assoda- 
tiona  with  aaaets  of  tail. 867.1 7B.  The  ea- 
tlmated  membership  Is  3.169,893. 
BaUdlns  and  lAan  AnacUttong,  raport 
i^tranamltted,  6909. 


of,   vetoed,    dis- 


aiu.trajia 
BniUiiigBi  Public: 
Acta    for    erection 


Arehiteeta  for,  antboritj  for  employ- 
ing referred  to,  2954. 

At  Waahington  destroyed  by  Qreat 
Britain,  E30. 

Commiaaion  appointed  to  determine 
extant  of  aecurity  of,  against  fire 
referred  to,  4432, 

Conatmetion  of — 
B«e<nnmended,  4577. 
Beferrvd  to,  3S9,  438,  1463,  1911, 
S281. 

Expenditnre*  for,  085. 
Diaetuaed,  4197. 

Heating  and  ventilatisg  referred  to, 
3110,  3112L 

niastrationa  of  tbe  principal  govern- 
mental, and  most  important  in 
Washington,  D.  C  (See  the  frontis- 
pieeea  of  variooi  Tolomes.) 

btproTament  of,  reeonunended,  831. 


Bnlgulft.  —  Bnlgatta  I*  an  Independent 
kingdom  In  tbe  northeast  of  tbe  Balkan 
Fenlnsuta,  bounded  on  the  north  by  Ba- 
the   Bouth    by    Torke;    and    the 

,.-rai]el  with  the  Daoabe.  about  a. , 

miles  (0  the  north.  The  Hhodope  mountains 
extend  along  the  southern  boundarr  of  East- 
ern BumeliB.  The  western  portion  of  Bul- 
garia Isoccnpled  bjeitenslve  plateaus  which 
conoeet  the  Balkan  and  Rhodqpe  ranges. 

All  the  rivers  of  Nortbern  Bulgaria  rise 
In  the  Balkans  and  flow  northwarfi  Into  the 
Danube,   the   fall   being   often   preclpltona. 

Area       Pcrnila- 

inSqvan    tknia 

Mllea  1010 

4,670       951,900 

Kiustendil 1,826       Z31,5S3 

PIbvu 2.S67       Set368 

FhlUnxifK^ 8.007       447,300 

HnncEuL 3.04S       40«,30« 

ShumlL 231*       383,601 

Sofia. 8,73*       401,008 

Stara-Zicin. 4,00S       443,060 

Tiinovo 3,080       448.107 

Varna. 3,486       820,613 

Wdia 1,701       337,671 

Vratsa 3.660       312.460 

Total 87,303    4.337,6ie 

Bnlgarlan,  a  langoage  of  the  Slavonic 
group.  Is  tbe   national  langnage, 

H&(orjF.— The  Bolgarlan  kingdom  wa» 
orlglnallj  foonded  In  the  seventh  century 
br  an  Incursion  of  Balaars  acrois  tbe  Dan- 
ube, and  their  seltlemcnt  In  a  district  of 
the  Boman  (DTiantlne)  Empire.  At  the 
close  of  the  fonrleenth  centnr;  the  kingdom 
fell  under  tbe  swsy  of  tbe  Turks,  from 
whose  dominion  Bnlgarla  was  sepsrsted  by 
the  Treaties  of  San  Stetano  and  Berlin 
(1878)  after  an  armed  revolt  against 
Turkish  misrule,  many  heroic  engsgements 
marking  the  course  ot  tba  stmgg^.  Tbe 
Treat;  of  Berlin  (Jnl?  13,  1878)  created  the 
PrlndpalltT  of  Bulgaria  as  a  tributary 
Stat*  ot  the  Turkish  Empire.  In  1880 
war  broke  ont  between  Bolgaria  and  her 
weatem  Delghbor.  the  outcome  of  the  Berro- 
Bulgarlan  War  being  the  political  union 
of  Bastera  Rumelia  and  Bufgarla. 

Oct.  6.  1808.  the  prlnclpalltr  of  United 
Bulgaria  was  declared  an  Independent  king- 
dom, and  the  present  ruler  declared  blm- 
aelf  Tsar  (King)  ot  the  Bulgarians.  The 
Indepeadeoce  was  recognised  bv  all  the  Pow- 
ers, April  20-2D.  1800,  tbe  tribute  to  Turkey 
being  cspltallsed  and  the  annaal  parments 
cancellHl.  In  1012  Bulgsrla  (In  conjunc- 
tion with  Servla.  Uontenegro,  and  Qreece) 
declared  war  BKalnst  the  Ottoman  Empire. 
The  war  was  proaecnted  with  tbe  utmost 
Tltcor  and  the  town  of  Adrlanople  and  all 
Thrace  to  the  Rnoa-Mldla  line  fell  to  the 
sharp  ot  Bulgaria  at  the  Treaty  of  London 
of  May  30,  1913,  together  with  purls  ot 
Macedoula  to  the  west  of  Bulgaria-  Bot 
the  second  war  of  Bulgaria  against  her 
former  allies,  who  were  sided  by  Rumauls, 
resulted  In  the  treaty  of  Bucharest  (Aug. 
0.  lOlS).  by  wbleh  Bnlgarla  was  abom  of 
mnch  of  the  westward  eileasloo,  and  ceded 
a  part  ot  her  former  territory  to  Rumania. 
Tnrkev  alio  took  advantage  of  Bulgaria's 
dincoitles  and  reoceupled  Adrlanople  and 
tbe  adjacent  territory.  (See  also  Balkan 
States  and  Bnropean  War  of  1014-16.) 

OODsntmenl. — A  Constllntlonsi  monarchy. 
hereditary  In  the  male  line  ot  a  prince, 
"freely  elected  by  tbe  ponulatlon  and  con- 
firmed by  the  Sublime  Porte  with  the  as- 
sent of  tbe  Powers."  The  Conatliatlon 
was  adopted  April  SO,  18T9. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Bulgaiia 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Htiler — Ferdloand  I.  fFetdlnend  Uail- 
mlllaa  Cliarin  Leopold  Marie.  Duke  of  8u- 
OD7)  born  at  Tlenoa,  Feb.  ES.  1861. 

Tbe  National  AMembtT  (ttobcaaje)  P^n. 
•liti   ol  213   reprowniatlTM    (1   tor  20,i 


cbuk.,    and 


B  (be   Court  of  CassallOQ 
rm-ka.    MiibBinnipai 

. epintuat  courti  ( 

II;   lav  and  tbe  law  o(  InherltancF. 

ScFTlce   Id    tbe   Army   Is   anlvemal   and 

compuliory  o-  -"  — '--  ■— • ■*■- 

Ot  20  aod  4S. 

offlcers,  B4.03, 

Army.  270.000;  Territorial  Army,  B5.000. 

Produotion  and  Indiutry. — Over  70  p«f 
cent,  of  tbe  popitlatloo  lire  by  agrlcnltare. 
•Dd  more  tban  one  Ibird  of  tbe  land  li  ua- 
der  caltlTatloD.  one-lblrd  b«lDg  woods  and 


Id  larm  qnanlltlea  from  tbe  rotr  BeldB  o( 
the  abelterPd  vatleya.  Biilmrtan  bomappuna 
knd  embroidery  are  anrlvalled  la  tbeir  ex- 
eeltenre  but  aalTer  from  tbe  competltloD  ot 
cheap  and  Inferior  Imnorts  from  Rnrope. 

RdHuiaM.— In  1612  Itiere  were  2.000 \ilo- 
niHrpB  of  railway  oneo.  all  bclooElni  to 
the  Rtate,  nltb  200  kllomeirei  Dn£r  con- 
Strnrtlon. 

Trade  iHIA  th«  United  gJnte*.— Tbe  value 
of  merpbandlse  Importpd  Into  Bulla ria  from 
the  Tnlted  Btates  lor  tbe  year  ini3  wia 
*103,T4e.  and  goods  to  the  nine  of  S410.- 
037  were  sent  thltber— a  balance  ot  1336,- 
eoa  In  tayoi  ot  Bulgaria. 
Bnlguli: 

Biplomatii;  Tel&tioni  witli,  establiBh- 
ment  of,  TeeoRimaDded,  4759. 

Massacre  by  Turks  in,  referred  to, 
4376. 
Bon  Bim  <Va.),  B&ttle  of,  or  Tint  Bat- 

tls  of  MlWIinilH — Per  tbe  doable  purpoae 
Of  menacing  Washington  and  preTentIng 
■n  fldTane*  of  the  Federal  troops  Into  Vlr- 
glnln.  tbe  Confederates  diirlufc  tbe  ■nmmer 
of  1801  roltected  a  larjio  body  of  troops  In 
tb?  TiclnHy  of  MnnaMis  Junptlon.  Va. 
The  poHKlon  wai  33  mllea  sonthweiit  of 
Wa»hln|rton.  The  troops  here  aiwembled 
Diimlierpd.  lnctudln);  nit  repntorcements  re- 
celvrd  durlQK  the  bnttle,  nbont  32,000.  iiD- 
der  roDiinniid  of  Qpn.  Beauregnrd.  Tbe 
senior  nlBoer.  Oen.  J.  E.  Jobnnton.  after 
biR  nrrlvat  on  the  Held,  did  not  take  tbe 
■  PtnnI  rommand.  Tbg  aitgrentp  force  ot 
IJdIod  anldlen  In  and  around  WsBblnRton 
wns  34.100  men.  Both  nrmles  were  com- 
noied  montlT  of  nndlsplpllned  Tolnnteers. 
Inly  ia.  ISfll,  UaJ.-Gen.  McDowell  beRSn 
a  geopral  forward  movement.  Lieut. -Gen. 
Rpott  adrlaed  poHlpoDement  uottt  tbe  forces 
should  be  tiettpr  prepared  for  secvlM, 
but  bis  warning  was  dlerpgardnd  The 
Federal  army  wna  dlTided  Into  5  dlTlslona. 
LeHTlng  6.700  men  under  Brig. -Gen.  Run- 
yon  to  guard  the  approaches  to  Wasblng- 
toD,  tbe  other  4  dlTlnlons.  aeKreeatlng  2H,- 
BOO  men,  under  Brlgadlet-npnereln  Tyler. 
Hunter.  Hplnlielmno  and  MIlM,  BdTaneed 
to  Bull  Bud,  a  tribiitnty  of  the  Potomac 
Blver,  about  80  miles  from  Wasblngton, 
OD  the  way  to  MnnasuB  JuoetioD.  Hunt- 
er's and  Helntietman'B  dlTlalons  croBSed  th« 
mj)   July   21   and   attacked   the   CoDfeder- 


Rt«  left,  slowly  forcing  It  back.     Beanre- 


vj  o,vw  uHTu  uuuer  juuuBiDD.  WHO  Dsa 
been  pDcamped  Id  tbe  Shenandoah  Valley 
and  whose  junction  with  the  main  army  It 
WBS  thought  would  be  prevenied  by  Oen. 
raHerHon.  Tbe  latter  had  been  stsUoDed 
at  UartlDBburg  with  18.000  men.  Be- 
tween 3  Bu<]  4  o'clock  in  tbe  aflernooo, 
when  everjlhing  seemed  faTorable  to  the 
Federals,  the  luiit  3.000  of  Johnston's  men, 
under  Gen.  Klrby  Smith,  arrlyed  and  fell 
upon  tbe  Federals,  torclQK  a  retreat.  This 
attack  was  followed  by  another  by  Early's 
brisade,  and  tbe  Federnl  retreat  became  a 
rout.  Men  threw  away  their  arms  and 
;  artillery  horses  were  cut  from 
■  and  KUDS  abandoned  OD  the 
—  ers.  clvlllnns.  and  camp  folIo<r> 
pimlc-Btrlcken  toward    Wasblngton 


It  ride. 


ingtoD 


nd  la  carriages.     Ths  re- 
■d  folloi *— •  ""'- 


8  reached  Wash- 


were :  Federal  losses — killed,  481; 
wouoded,  l.Oli:  mlBsIns.  1.216:  total. 
£.708.  Confederate  losses— killed,  S87 ; 
wounded.  1.082;  mlsBlnn.  13;  total,  1,082. 
Tbls  bnttle  was  the  tint  very  Important 
engagemeDt  of  the  war.  (Bee  also  Grove- 
toD  (Va,).  Battle  of:  Manaaaas  (Va.),  ot 
Bull  Bun,  Seoond  Battle  of.) 
Btmcombo.— To  talk  buncombe  Is  to  apeak 
for  effect  on  persona  at  a  distance,  with- 
out regard  to  tha  audience  present  The 
EhrVse  orlslaated  Dear  tbe  close  of  the  da- 
ate  on  the  famous  "Missouri  Question." 
In  the  Sixteenth  CoDgresa.  It  was  then 
used  by  Felix  Walker,  a  naive  old  moDDtalo- 
who   realded   at   Waynesrille.   In   Hay- 


wood, a  western  connly  of  North  Carol loa, 
near  the  border  of  the  adjacent  eoantj 
of   Buncombe,   which   was   In   his   dlatrlct- 


The  old  gentlemau  rose  to  speak  Wblle  the 
House  was  Impstlently  calling  "Question." 
and  several  members  gatherea  around  him. 


begging  him  to  desist.  He  persevered,  haw- 
ever,  for  a  wblle,  declaring  that  ths  people 
of   his   district   expected   It,    and   that  lie 


Buncombe; 
Bimkei  Hin,  or  BrMda  Hin   (Hub.), 

Battle  of.— After  the  battles  of  Lexington 

and  Concord  tbe  British  force  under  Geo. 
9  increased  to  10,000  men  by  the 
OenernlB  Howe.  Clinton,  and  Dnr- 
goyne  irom  England.  These  olBccra  occu- 
pied tbe  town  of  Bonlon,  on  a  peolnsnla 
extending  Into  the  harbor.  On  the  sar- 
roundlng  hills  were  encamped  some  20.000 
undisciplined  Americans.  On  the  night  of 
June  18.  1775,  1,000  of  tbem  under  Col. 
Preacott  were  sent  to  fortify  Bunker  HItl. 
on  another  penlnniila  lylnR  nona  of  Bo>- 
tOn.  ThrmiKh  some  mfeapprehenalon  they 
seised  Breeds  Hill.  Dear  Boston,  and  threw 
□p  a  line  of  fori  I  Heat  Ions.  In  the  mnmlog 
of  thp  ITtb.  abont  8.000  (possibly  S.S0OT 
Brltlah  eronapd  tbe  bnrbor  In  boats  and 
chnmed  tbe   hilt,   which  wns  defended   by 


about 


inlf   t 


:   of   r 


crulta. 


After  three  bloody  chnrgea  tbe  Americans 
were  driven  from  their  position,  having 
defended  themHclve*  with  gunstocks  and 
stones  when  tbpir  ammunition  was  exhauat- 
ed.  The  Brltlnh  Ions  was  about  l.OSO; 
that  of  rbe  Amprlcans  abont  450,  Including 
Gpd.  WarrpB.  Tbe  aiml-ilCB  of  tbls  baf- 
tle  show  the  number  of  killed  and  wounded 
to  bnve  been  more  than  30  per  cent  of  the 
Dumber  enmKPd,  thus  placing  It  among  the 
hlondlpst  battles  known  to  history.  At  Oet- 
tyabnrg  after  three  days'  lighting,  tbe  Union 
army  lost  2S  per  cent  while  SO  per  cent  ot 
those  who  fongbt  at  Bunker  Hill  tall  In  an 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


By  Chance 


Bnml  Com  Otsek  (Ala.),  Battla  of.— 
Aa  a  lemlt  of  Tecunueli'a  elTDrta  to  In- 
dace  all  tbe  Eionthem  Indlnni  to  Join  In  a 
■   1  against   tho   whltea. 


•   et  eztermlnatlo-  _„ , 

tbe  Creeks  were  dlTlded  Into  two  tacUona 
-     " ■'  'irpeace.    In  1813 


>r  war,  tbe  other  U 
riier  jIcQneen,   a  tiall-b 

■M,  oae  Di  the  leaden  a. jr~--<. 

waa  fQmlahMl  by  British  e^ata  at  Penea' 
cola  with  larse  quantities  of  lopplleB,  on- 
der  aanctlon  of  tne  Bpanlsb  KOvetnor.  On 
leamlDS  of  this  CoL  James  Caller,  of  Wash- 
Incton,  ut  ont  July  ZC,  1S13,  to  disperse 
the  Indians  McQueen  had  collected  and  Id- 
terecpted  the  supplies.  On  the  morning  of 
July  27  Caller's  command,  Increased  by  re- 
eDfOTcemeDls  to   180   men,  came  npon  Ue- 

8nMD'>-  party  at  ttielr  camp  on  Bnmt 
am  Creek.  The  Indians  were  aarprlsed 
and  Bed  Into  tbe  woodi.  leavlni  their  pack 
boraea  to  the  whites.  They  soon  retanedt 
however,  utd  fiercely  attacked  lOO  of  CalU 


Bntt«r,  ObeaM,  and  Oondoiued  UOk. — 
Of  the  8,479  establiflhmeats  in  the  dairy  la- 
dnstry  In  the  United  State*  in  1609  60.4 
per  cent,  reported  butter  aa  their  prodnct  of 
chief  Talna,  42  per  cent,  cheeee.  and  l.S 
per  cent,  condensed  milk.     Of  tbe  yalne  of 

8rodilct>  shown  (or  ths  combined  Industry 
le  butter  tactorle*  cnotrlbDted  1194,988,- 
198,  or  71  per  cent. ;  tbe  cheeae  factorlea 
144.268,177,  or  16.1  per  cent.:  and  the 
condenaed  milk  factories  SS0,296,B43,  or 
12.9  per  cent.  Tbe  combined  production  of 
hatter  In  the  factories  and  on  farms  In 
United  States  amounted  to  l.eie,41G.2S3 
poonda,  an  increase  of  127,642,661  pounds. 


0  retreat  after  a  braTC 


Bmr  Oonsplrmcy.— In  MDMqaence  vt 
BnTT'a  4nel  With  Hamilton,  in  which  the 
latter  met  his  death,  Burr  was  indicted  In 
New  Tork  and  New  Jersey  for  murder. 
Be  went  west  and  made  an  exteoalTa  tonr. 
In  tbe  oonrse  of  which  be  made  prepara- 
tions for  a  aUnntlc  but  mysterious  scheme. 
Tbe  real  Object  of  this  1«  ooknowD.  It  was 
either   to    separate   the   Mississippi   Valley 

from   tho   rest  of  tbe  Union    "~      ' 

Into  a  new  nation,  or  In  cnn 
In  1S06  he  gathered  a 


i(]nr 


a  tbe  fall- 


JeBerson's  order,  brousht  bai.-K  lu  >iniiiiia, 
and  Indicted  there  by  a  United  Statea  Orand 
Jory  for  treason  and  lor  a  misdemeanor, 
based  on  bla  course  In  levying  war  wltbin 
this  eonntry  on  a  friendly  nation;  but  it 
waa  h<^>ed  that  Bnrr  could  also  be  abown 
to  b«T«  had  treasonable  designs  against  tb« 
nnlty  of  hla  country.    He  was  acquitted  ot 


milk    shows    an    Increase    In 

Sradnctlon  for  the  decade  1899-1909  amoant- 
Dg  to  S0T.8T4,TeT  pouods,  or  164.7  per 
cent  The  bulk  of  this  product  was  re- 
ported by  a  small  number  of  statea  New 
York  produced  24.4  per  cent,  of  tbe  total 
quantity  in  1909,  Illinois  2S.I  per  cent., 
and  Washington  10.8  per  cent.,  the  com* 


i  acqoltted  for  misdemeanor., 

was  honnd  over  to  present  bimsell  for  trial 
In  Ohio,  but  the  matter  was  pressed  no 
further.  One  of  Burr's  dupea  In  tbls  scheme 
was  Barman  Blennerbasset,  who  was  also 
arrested,  but  who  was  discharged  after 
Burr's  acquittal.  Among  the  witnesses 
against  Burr  were  Oen.  Wilkinson,  com- 
mander of  tbe  United  States  army,  and 
Commodore  Truxtun,  ot  the  navy.  Wash- 
ington irrlng  was  one  of  bis  attorneya. 
Btnr  Oonaplncr: 

Heatioued  hj  President,  304. 

Procluution  aninat,  892. 

Progrea*  of,  400. 
Bnifaaai  (s«e  ftlao  Uannf kctnroi) : 

AntaKoniam    of    govenunent    eud»d, 
7914. 

Oradit  extension  neeaMarj,  7880. 

Uen   ahould    be    relieved    of   uncer- 
tainties, 7910. 

Progrsmme  of  regnlatioa  of,  b^  03d 
Congreaa  commended,  BO  16. 
Bttttar,  Rct  defining  and  imposing  tax 

on,   uid   legolating   mumfaetnro   of 

otoamargMJac,  diBooased,  4992. 


Bitttorflold,    OarfoB   ft    Co.,    claim    of 
agninst  Denmark  for  seimre  of  tita 
Be*  Franklin   and   Catherine   Au- 
ptuta,  4462,  5369. 
Agreement  to  sobmit  to  arbitration, 
63S8. 
Award  of  ubitrator,  5545. 
By  Ohuico,  claim  for,  adjasted,  3404. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Cabinet 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


OftUtWt — SpedSnlly,  a  bodr  of  coddmI- 
ori.  uiubIIt  compoMd  o(  heidB  ot  deptrt- 
menti.  nwetlng  [o  a  privata  room  or  cablnst. 
Id  tbe  ValttA  atatM  tUs  term  la  applied 
to  tbe  cooDcll  composed  of  tbe  beafit  of 
■ome  of  the  EiecuCjTe  DcpBrtinenta  of  tbe 
GoTeromeDt,  with  wbom  tne  Preeldent  can- 
ters on  mnttere  ol  admin  Lit  ret  Ive  policy. 
Their  meeting     "  -'~' "'  """  "-—■-■—- 


IB  unknowD 


theli 


conclueii 


of  the  Preeldent 
binding   force. 


_  I   does   not   proTlde   for  a 

Cabinet,  but  It  authorlws  the  Prealdent  to 
"require    the    opinion    In     writing    ot    the 

~"'~"lpal   offlcer  In  each   of  the      " — 

—rtroenta  npoi    _  ,    .  "  " 

duties     of^    their     rei 

WaablngtoD    required 


T^partmentB  upon  an;  sublecc  relating  t 
_     ^...■._     -.-    •t-i-     -eapectlTe     olBcea. 
icb    opinion  I    fn 

e  In  tbe  method 

_■  an  advlBorr  board  vlth  whk  . 

Ident    holds   regular    conaultBtlona.     From 

being   merelj   the    t       ■        -    -■       - 


„    _ _J    beads    of    the    Eiecntli, 

Departinents  certain  of  Its  members  have 
come  to  lie  recognised  as  an  eeseiitlal  part 
of  the  Gorernmenj.     (See  also  Prealdeotlal 


a  essential  part 
Bncceislon  and 
Oabinet: 
Offlciol    conduct    of,    complimented, 

OrtlM.— Paeiflo  cable,  6663,  fiTlS.   (Bee 

also  Ocean  Cables.) 
Oaddo  Indians.    (See  Indian  Tribes.) 
Cadet. — One  who  Is  under  tinlalug  for  a 
commission    In   the    Armr    of   the    United 
States,  by  a  course  of  InBtmcCloa  and  dla- 
dpUne   In  tbe  Ullltarj  Academy  at  Weat 
PolDL     (Bee  Military  Academy.) 
Cadets,  UlUtUT.     (See  Militar;  Acad- 
emy.) 

Enlistment  of,  time  of,  alionld  be  ex- 
tended, 1607. 

Increase  in  corps  of,  reeommended, 
3249. 

Promotion  of,  referred  to,  2422. 

Heferred  to,  621. 
OaboUa  Indians.     (See  Indian  Tribes.) 
Cairo  and  Tennessee  RaUroad  Co.,  act 

to   anthorize  coDBtruetion  of  bridges 

bj,  returned,  5505. 
Oalapona  Indians.    (See  Indian  Tribes.) 
CalsTsras  Big  Tree  Grore,  pr^ervation 

of,  68S9. 
Oalebee  Creek  (Ala.),  Battle  of.— Tn  bts 
expedition  agalnaC  the  Creek  Indiana  Geo. 
Floyd,  with  more  than  1,200  Oeorgla  toI- 
uoteers.  one  company  of  cavalry,  and  400 
friendly  Indians,  arrlred  at  Caleuee  Creek 
on  the  Digbt  ot  Jan.  29.  1814.  and  estab- 
lished a  camp  on  tbe  highland  bordering 
on  Che  awamp  of  that  name  In  Uacon 
County,  Ala,.  GO  miles  weat  of  Fort 
Mitchell.  Before  dawn  of  tbe  following 
morning  the  camp  was  Bnddeoly  attacked 
by  IndiaDB.  The  aimillnnts  were  received 
with    grapeshot,    followed    by    a    bayonet 

ss?"  .:;:;:_■:  .:r.7  ~ 

wonaded.     Ot  the  friendly 

killed  and  IS  wonnded.  Floyd  retired  to 
Fan  Mitchell,  where  most  ot  bis  men  were 
discharged  No  otTier  expedition  against  tbe 
Creeks  was  organised  In  Georgia. 
OaUfoinla. — One  of  tbe  Paclfle  Coast 
States  i    nickname,    "Tbe   Oolden    Btste"; 


>y    Nevada   and    Arizona,   and   on    tbe 
By  lower  California,  and  on  the  west 


_,.     Call- 

, , J  flctitioui 

island  In  the  BpanlBh  romance  "Laa  Serna 
de  Esplandlan.''  Other  authorities  derive 
tbe  name  from  the  SpaolBh  worda  "call- 
enle"  (hot)  and  "fomaila"  (famace).  The 
State  extends  from  lat.  Sa"  80"  to  42" 
north  and  from  long.  114°  to  124°  25' 
west,  an  area  ot  158,297  sqasre  miles.  It  U 
bounded  on    the   north   by   Oreg  '     "' 

east    by    Nevada   and    Arizona,   i 
Boulh  


dty.  The  State  Is  famoQS  for  Ita  beantlfnl 
scenery.  Its  salnbrloua  climate,  and  Its 
wealth  of  precious  metals  and  choice  (mlta. 
From  tbe  time  of  Its  discovery  to  1S4S 
It  was  practically  a  part  ot  Mexico.  July 
C,  1S4S,  col.  Jobn  C.  Fr^moDt  assamed 
command  of  the  Insurgents  at  Sonoma  and 
on  July  7  tbe  Star  and  Stripes  were  hoisted 
over  Monterey  by  order  of  John  D.  Sioat, 
commanding  the  U.  8.  PaclBc  sqnadron. 
Gold  was  discovered  Jan.  Ifl.  184S.  Feb. 
2,  ot  the  same  year,  California  and  New 
Mexico  were  ceded  to  the  United  SUtea 
by  the  treaty  of  Oviadalonpe  Hidalgo.  It 
was  admitted  to  the  Unloa  Sept  9,  1850, 
as  a  result  of  the  famous  Clay  compromlae 
resolutlouB  passed  bjf  (Tonfresa.^   (See  Com- 


dlrected  to  tbe  troubles  and  In  Itla  neasace 
ot  Dec  18,  1906  (page  7744).  deciana  Kla 

Sirpose  to  maintain  tbe  Integrity  of  out 
eaty  obligations  to  Japan. 

Tbe  state  also  pasned  a  civil  sarrlce  law, 
a  "blue  sky"  law.  Intended  to  aafeguard  tha 
people  In  the  purchase  of  secnrttlea  o( 
corporations,  a  mothers'  pension  taw,  a  com- 
mission to  flx  mlnlmnm  wages  ana  bmira 
ot  lahor,  and  a  commlaalon  to  assist  tha 
legislature  In  framing  lawa. 

The  nnmbiT  of  manafactoring  eBtabllab- 
menta  in  California  having  an  annnal  not- 
pnt  valued  at  SEOO  or  more  at  tbe  begtnnlnk 
ot  IBIS  wai  ID.ORT.    The  amonnt  of  eapitnl 


and  wages  paid  amounted  to'  f  140,S4S,00(L 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Can^ 


(hlifaniU: 
Admiwioii  of,  into  TTnion  diievaied, 

23S«,29M. 
Alhira    of,   nport    of,   truumitted, 

S67B,  25S4. 
Alien  Und  law  dlscnised,  8253,  8255. 


TTDitod  StatM  of  Uexico — 
Ares  and  v&lne  of,  2449,  2484. 
IMMnwiona    and    TseonunendationB 
regarding,  2306,  2309,  2344,  23S6, 
E380,  2426,  2437,  2444,  2484. 
Treaty  for,  tranimitted,  2437. 
Ceuion    of,    to    Oreat    Britain    by 
Mexico,  negotiations  regarding,  re- 
ferred to,  2078. 
Circuit   eonrt   of   ITnited   Btatee   in, 

referred  to,  3282. 
Qaima  of  eitizena  of,  against  TTnited 

SUtee,  2879. 
Conetitntion  adopted  by,  2S70. 
Constitutional  eouTention  in,  refemd 

to,  25S6,  2584. 
Cuartel  lot  in  Uonterej,  nurey  and 

diepoaal  of,  diacoMed,  6504. 
CnstoDU  collected  in,  2586. 
Difficulty  between  conanl  of  France 
and  anthoritiea  of,  2835. 
Batitfaetorily  eettled,  2868. 
XSeetione  in,  national  military  force! 

to  be  need  at,  referred  to,  4076. 
Eiqteditions    orsaQized    in,    for    in- 
vasion of  Mexico,  2770. 
ProelamatioQ  against,  2804 
forces  to  be  employed  in,  2454. 
Fnndulent  clsime   to   lands   in,   de- 
feated by  Attomey-QeneTal,  8184. 
Gwlogieal  and  miueralogieal  explora- 
tion in,  recommended,  2558. 
Qidd  in,  production  of,  2660, 
OoU  mines  discovered  in,  2486,  2493. 
Qovenunent  of,  diseoMed,  2556,  2564. 
Indians  in — 
dainu  of  persons  for  supplies  fur- 

niidted,  2777. 
Colonisation  of,  referred  to,  2834. 
HoetimisB   of,   referred   to,    2668, 

2894. 
Number  of,  2458. 
Bemoval  of,  referred  to,  2833. 
Irrintion  of  valleys  in,  4217, 
Iaiu  grants  in,  appointment  of  com- 
missionen  to  Kettle  claims  nnder, 
reeommended,  2S22. 
Condensation  of  CommissiatieTB,  in- 
adequate, 2662. 
Land  laws,  extension  of,  over,  recom- 
mended, 2623. 
lAod   office    in,   recommended,  2643, 

2714. 
Lands  En,  set  apart  as  public  reserva- 
tion by  proelamstton,  6792,  5804, 
6814  S816,  6207,  6211,  6701,  6706. 
Liriit-nottBes  on  coast  of,  sites  for, 
Mferred  to,  2667. 


Line  of  eommnnleation  witb  eastern 
section  of  United  Btntes  recom- 
mended, 2658,  2622. 

Mail  facilities  eboold  be  afforded 
citizens  of,  248B,  2S60. 

Hsil  route  from  Miwissippi  River  to, 
recommended,  2B92. 

Hineral  lands  in,  ditposition  of,  dis- 
eni»ed,  2493,  25SB,  2623,  2663. 

HioerH'  itrike,  proclamation  against 
violence  in,  8317. 

Uines  in,  Tcferred  to,  2486,  2493. 

Mine,   branch    of,    in   recommended, 
2486,  2557,  2621. 
Constniction  of,  discussed,  2747. 

National  military  forces  to  be  used 
at  election  in,  referred  to,  4076, 

Payment  of  settlers  for  improve- 
ments on  Bound  Valley  Beaerva- 
tion  is  recommended,  4692,  4781. 

Private  land  claims  in,  referred  to, 
3127. 

Public  lauds  in — 
Modifications    in    laws    regsrdingy 

recommended,  2623. 
Beferred  to,  2558, 2662. 

Bevenue    laws,    extension    of,    over, 
recommended,  2493. 
Befened  to,  2557. 

Slavery  in,  right  to  introduce,  dis- 
enseed,  2490. 

SurveyoT-Oeneral 's  offices  in,  reeom- 


Territorial    government,   for,   recom- 
mended, 2392,  2439,  2488. 
Unlawful  combinations  in,  proclama- 
tion against,  5932. 
Vigilance  committee   in,  application 
of     governor     to     nudntain     law 
agaiuat  naurped  authority  of,  2916L 
Oallfomla  and  Oregon  Ballrosd,  com- 
missioners appointed  to  report  open, 
referred  to,  4865. 
Cambrian,  TIlsv  ordered  from  and  for- 
bidden to  re-enter  waters  of  United 
States,  891. 
Oamden  <B.  0.),  Battle  of.     (See  San- 
ders Creek  (&  C),  BatUe  of,) 
Campaign   Oontrlbntlooi.— At   the   extra 
session  of  the  Blxtr-aecond  CoDfress  an  set 
waa  passed  to  provide  for  tbe  pnbllcttr  of 
contributions  for  tbe   porpoac  of  Influenc- 
ing elections  at   wblcb   represaotatlTeB  In 
ConnesB  are  elected.    Tbla  act  forblda  anr 
candidate   for  repreaentatlTe  from  glTlnc, 
coatrlbuting.   eipendins,    ualng   or  promis- 
ing anr  anma  In   the  aggregate  exceeding 
tS.OOO  In  anj  campaign  for  nia  nomination 
and  election.     A  candidate  for  Beuatar  la 
limited  to  tlO.OOC     Sworn  atatements  of 
all  expendltarea  most  be  Olcd  In  Washlnc- 
ton  not  leas  than  ten  nor  more  than  fltteen 
days  before  the  time  for  holding  anr  prl> 
marr    election    or    nominating    conTentlon, 
and  not  lesa  than  ten  nor  more  than  fifteen 
daja  before  the  da;  of  the  election  at  which 
the  person  la  to  be  balloted  for. 
damp  Alga,  Ta,  mentioned,  6774, 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


OuuUU.— Tbe  DomlDiDD  of  CanadR  oc- 
cupies ttiG  whole  of  the  noithem  part  of 
the  North  AmerlesD  CouUuent  (with  tha 
«xceptloD  of  Alaska  and  part  of  Che  eoaat 
of  Labrador),  from  40°  Dorch  laCitadeto  the 
Arctic  aeai,  and  from  the  Pacific  to  the 
Atlantic  Ocean. 

BUtoru. — Canada  waa  orlgtnallr  dlacof- 
cred  by  Cabot  la  1497,  bat  Ita  hlstorr  datea 
onl;  front  1534.  when  the  French  took  poi- 
aeuloQ  of  the  country.  The  flret  aettlement 
(Quebec)    was    louaded    by    tbem    Id_1G08. 


New  Branawlck  were  united  under  the  tl 


e  adtnful 


)  terrltorlei  of  Britlib  North  i 


Pravinoei  (Enlliih   Popnlatloit 

&).  Mila)  1»11* 

Alberta. 2i5,28G  V7Vfie» 

Biltuh  Columbia 36i,KU  S92,4B0 

Mwiitobik 261.S33  465,eU 

NawBnuuwiiik ZT.DSS  SSLSSD 

NovaSmtia 21.428  402,338 

Onlailo. 407.262  2,023,274 

Piinn  Edwaid  Uud 2.184  S3,7Z8 

QlubMI 70e,S34  8.003,233 

b^Ubewan 2al,700  4S2,433 

Tnkoo 207,078  8.812 

Noith-WcM  TenitoiiN. 1,242.234  18,481 

Total 3.729.065    7,206,043 

*Tbe  rural  population.  In  1911,  waa  8,- 
S2H.6T9.  and  the  urban  popalatlon.  S.2S0,- 
W4.  Of  the  Immlgranca  In  1911-12.  108,082 
were  from  Rngland,  2.019  from  Wales,  30.- 
T8B  from  Scotland,  and  9,706  from  Ireland. 
total  lS0,e42:  and  139.000  came  from  the 
United  Slates  and  112.8SI  from  other  eoan- 
trlei.  lu  1S12-18  the  iDUUlgiaDta  nnmbered 
402,482. 

Phyleal  Featuret.—From  a  phyBlcal  point 
of  view  Canada  ma;  be  divided  Into  an 
eaatern  and  a  weBtem  dlilBlon,  the  Red 
River  Talley,  In  long.  97°,  lormlog  the  eep- 
■ratlng  line.  The  eastern  division  comprlsea 
three  a  reus :  (11  The  coulbeaBtem  area, 
wblch  li  generally  billy,  and  somellmea 
mountalnouB,  with  many  fine  itrelchea  of 
BKrlcullural  and  pastoral  lands.  (21  The 
Bouthern  and  western  area,  prenentlne  lo 
the  main,  a  broad,  level,  and  slightly  nn- 
dnlatlDE  eipanse  of  generally  terllle  eoun- 
try.  wlrb  occaslonar  Btep-like  ridges  or 
rocky  eacarpments.  The  main  bydrogranh- 
Ical  feature  la  the  chain  of  lakea.  with 
■n  area  of  150.000  aqnare  miles,  contrib- 
uting to  the  great  river  syatem  of  the  St. 
Lawrence.  (S)  The  northern  area,  embrac- 
Idk  nearly  two-tfalrda  of  (be  Dominion,  witb 
■n  average  elevallon  of  1,000  feet  above 
the  level  of  tn*  aea.  pre-eminently  a  realon 
of  waterwaya,  and  Inclndtng  the  great 
Laurentlan  mountain  range,  in  tbla  area 
are  touad  the  other  great  river _8yBtemB,  the 
Nelson  and  tbe  Hackenile  The  western 
dlvlBlon  rererred  to  may  alao  be  aatd  to 
poweaa  two  ar«aa  equally  distinct  In  char- 


acter. The  first  atntcbea  trotn  tbt  Bed 
River  Talley  to  the  Bocky  Uouutalna.  Hera 
between  1st  49*  and  B4'.  la  the  great 
Prairie  Region,  rising  to  the  weat  In  three 
terrace-like  elevations.  North  of  the  Mth 
parallel  ttae  country  puaea  again  Into  for- 


pouesslon  of  Great  Britain  by  the  Treaty 
of  Paris  of  that  year.  Nova  Seotla  vaa 
ceded  la  1713  by  tbe  Treaty  of  Utrecht, 
the  Province!  of  New  Brunswick  and  Prince 
Edward  Island  being  subscquenlly  formed 
out  of  It.  British  Columbia  was  formed  In- 
to a  Crown  colony  In  1858,  having  prevl- 
ouily  been  a  part  of  tbe  Hudson  Bay  Terrl- 


The    accond    area,    from    1.,,^    „,:..„..,. 

edge  of  the  I'ralrle  to  the  PaelBc  coast,  la 
a  distance  of  400  miles,  and  cootalna  the 
Rocky  Moamalna  (Uount  Kooker,  16,700 
feet)  and  the  Uold  and  Cascade  Ranges, 
whose  summlta  are  from  4.000  to  18.000  leet 
blj^  the  country  being  on  tbe  whole  deoaely 

(roremnenf. — Canada  Is  a  Belt-governing 
Dominion  wltbln  the  British  Empire,  Ita 
coDHtltatlon  realtng  on  the  British  North 
America  Act  of  1887.  under  which  tbe 
Dominion  of  Canada  came  Into  being  on 
July    1,    18HT    (Dominion   Day.)       Tbe    Bx- 

— •■— '-    Tested    In    a    Oovemor- 

by   tbe    Sovereign   and 


ecntive    power    . 

General    appoints  _    _,     „_    ___ 

aided   br_  a_^l'rlvy   Council.     Govemor-Oen* 


eral  and  Commander-in-Chief — Fleld.Uar- 
sbal  Hli  Royal  HIgbnesa  Hie  Duke  of  Con- 
nanght  and   Httatheam. 

Parliament  consists  of  a  Senate  and  a 
House  of  Commons.  Tbe  Senate  conslsta  of 
87  members,  nominated  tor  life  by  tbe  Qov- 
emoc-tieneral.  distributed  between  the  vari- 
ous provinces.  The  House  of  Commons  is 
chosen  every  Ave  years  at  longest,  and  the 
l&ll-ie  Parliament  con^sisof  221  membera. 

Justice  la  ad  m  la  I  St  e  red,  aa  in  England, 
n  Judges,  police  magistrates,  and  Justice* 
of  tbe  peace,  of  whom  the  Urat-named  are 
appointed  by  the  Governor- General,  for  life, 
from  among  the  foremost  men  at  tbe  Bar 
In  the  several  provlncea.  Tbe  highest  court 
Ls  tbe  Supreme  Court  of  Canada,  composed 
of  a  Chief  Jiutlce  and  five  pulane  Judgea, 
and  holding  tbree  sesslous  In  tbe  year  at 
Ottawa.  The  only  other  Dominion  Court, 
vli.,  the  Exchequer  Court  of  Canada.  Is  pre- 
Blded  over  by  a  separate  judge,  and  Ita 
sittings  may  tw  held  anywhere  la  Canada. 

Armv. — Service  In  the  MlUtla  1b  Universal 
and  compulsory  oa  all  male  citlsena  from 
18  to  eo.  The  Peace  Rlfectlve  conslsta  of 
a  Permanent  Blatr  of  S.620  offlcers  and  men, 
and  74,000  undergoliu  service.  The  War 
Effective  conalsts  of  four  classes:  tbe  nn- 
marrled  men  18  to  SO;  the  unmarried  mea 
SO  to  40  1  the  married  men  18  to  45 :  and, 
Dnalljr,  the  remalulns  male  eitlsens  of  IS 
to  eo.  a  total  of  2.lSs,000. 

Bducation   is   imder   the   control   of  tbe 

Erovlnclal  governments,  the  cost  being  met 
r  local  taxation,  aided  by  grants  from  the 
aeverol  Provincial  Governments.  There  are 
some  26,000  elementary  and  secondary 
schools  (attendanea  at  the  former  being 
compnlsory).  with  over  1.1S7,.000  pupils; 
and  slity  unlvenltles  ana  nnlveralty  col- 
leges with  40.000  students,^  Tbe  twenty 
unlveisltles  had  about  10,000  students  la 
1S12. 

Produotlan  and  Induttry. — In  1911  there 
were  22,704.028  acres  under  com  crop* 
(wbeat  10,373.958,  barley  1.404,3S2,  oata 
9.219.920)  and  10.129.040  acres  under  other 
crops  (hay  and  clover  7.003,242).  a  total 
of  82,863,074  acres  under  coltlvabon.  Ttie 
Live  Stock  <iei2)  Included  2.330,800 
horses.  T. 903. 2 42  cattle.  2.300.000  shi^ep, 
and  2.666.400  pigs.  According  to  the  cennu 
of  1911  there  were  8.628  butter  and  ehceae 
factories  and  5  factories  (or  preserved  mtik 
and  cream,  tbe  total  value  of  all  dairy  prod- 
nets  being  139,143.089  In  1911.  The  flsh- 
erlcs  are  an  Important  source  of  wealth  and 
inclade  saluioii,  cod,  herrings,  mackerel, 
and  lobsters,  tbe  total  value  of  the  catch 
In  1912-13  being  132,973,189.  The  Inmber, 
lath  and  shingles  produced  In  Canada  In 
1911  bad  a  total  value  of  181.666.268.  Tbe 
forests  have  a  total  estimated  area  of 
nearly   668,600,000   acres.     Tbe   Industrial 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


CanadiBU 


ta  IVll,  Witb  &  toUl  cftplUl  or  tl,Z4T,S83, 
•00.  Ui«  TKlue  □(  tbe  products  twins  (1.- 
lte.VI9.Q39;  B10.BO3  perBona  wfre  »ni- 
stoTtd.  Tbe  metals  produced  In  1912  wer« 
Valued  M  toUows'— Gold,  112.659,443:  sll- 
T»r  tl9,425,eee J  copper,  »]2,T09,311 ; 
alckel.  «ia.462.4SB. 

TramportatioH.—Tiie  total  Icngtb  of  rall- 
wara  In  operation  on  Jaoe  SO.  1912,  vaa 
2«iT2T  ID  Ilea,  tlia  total  capital  iDvolred  be  Ids 
«.K68,9ST.D20,  tbe  earolDis  bclDg:  {219.- 
4t^^BA,  and  tbe  working  eipeoaes  1150- 
736.M0.  In  1911-12:  there  were  also  l,30a 
Billr*  of  electric  railways,  Tbe  Bca^olog 
■sd  lake  mercantile  marine  of  Canada  on 
Dec  81.  1912,  consisted  of  4.713  galling  »es- 
kI«  and  3,607  steamers  (total  net  tonnage 


tbe  aame  ta  naed  In  England,  not  tne  nnu 
oSMlne  la  the  dollar  of  the  United  State*. 
Canada  las  flfty  clllei  with  a  popula- 
tion In  eiceaa  of  10.000.  Montreal  approach- 
log  Boo.ooa 

Ouuda,  Dominion  of: 
Abduction  of  Allan  UacdoDald  from, 

referred  to,  3826. 
Armed  men  from,  aeiza  American  citl- 

sen,  1928. 
Attempted  o«enpation  of  portions  of 
Alaska  by  Orest  Britain  aod,  re- 
ferred to,  6097, 
Attempts  of  Oreat  Britain  and,  to  ea- 
tabluh  post  routes  in  Alaska,  6097. 
BonndtfT  line  with,  discnssed,  S470, 

5616,  6064. 
Canal  tolls  charged  by,  negotiations 

regarding.    (See  Welland  Canal.) 

Chief  jpstice  of,  arbitrator  in  claim 

of    United    Btates    against    Pern, 

6335.    (See  also  6988,  6092.} 

Chinese    entering  United    States 

throngh,  5476,  5632. 
(3yil  war  in,   nentratity   of  United 
States  in,  discussed,  1702,  1748. 
Proclaimed,  1688,  16B9. 
Commercial  relations  with,  25S2,  26S4, 
3989,  3999,  G743,  6332.    (See  also 
Weuand  Canal.) 
Conference  on  subject  of,  discnssed, 

567S,  B678,  G748. 
Commission,  Joint  High,  6370. 
Tenians  in.    (Bee  Fenians.) 
nsheries,  questions  regarding.     (See 

nsheries.) 
Hostile  disposition  of  people  of,  to- 
ward United  BtAtes,  1749. 


niegal  expeditions  against,  proclama- 
tion against,  4039. 

Incursions  from,  discuased,  3447. 

Jurisdictions  of  United  States  and, 
in  Qreat  Laken  discuased,  6064. 

Mere  ban  disc  transported  from  one 
port  in  United  States,  over  Cana- 
dian territory,  to  another  port 
therein,  discussed,  5770. 

Natural  products,  reciprocal  arrange- 
ments regarding  importation  of, 
2582. 

Outrages  committed  on  American 
frontier  by  inhabitants  of,  dis- 
cussed, 1260,  1676,  1695,  1840. 

Parliament  of.  (See  Canadian  Parlia- 
ment.) 

Postal  arrangements  with,  referred 
to,  2176. 

Postal  conTentiou  witb,  4203,  S377. 

St.  Lawrence,  navigation  of.  (See  St. 
Lawrence  Biver.) 

Trials  in,  of  citizens  of  United  States 
for  complicity  in  Fenian  invasion 
of,  3718. 

Vessels  of  United  States  seized  hj 
revenue  cutter  of,  4070. 

Vessels  from  Ontario,  duties  on,  sus- 
pended by  proclamation,  4S71. 

Vessels  of,  permission  to  aid  disabled 
vessels  in  waters  of  United  States 
proclaimed,  SS28. 

Vessels  of  United  States  in  Great 
Lakes  granted  facilities  for  return- 
ing, 6331. 

Welland  Canal  tolls  discussed.     (Bee 
Welland  Canal.) 
OMiada,  BadprocltT  with: 

Treaty  providing  for,  transmitted, 
7581. 

Effect  on  trade  conditions  forecasted, 
7582. 

Effect  on  cost  of  living,  7CB3. 

National  scope  of,  7584. 

Proclamation  convening  oxtra  ses- 
sion of  Congress  for  consideration 
of,  7586. 

Special  message  of,  7587, 

Speech  of  Taf  t  on,  7588. 

Farmers  not  injured  by,  7689. 

Uanufacturers  least  benefited  by, 
7591. 

Good  effect  of,  on  future  relations, 
7592. 

Annexation    not    foreshadowed    by, 
7593. 
Canada,  The,  claims  arising  from  wreck 

of,  on  coast  of  Brasil  and  award  dis- 
cussed, 4052,  4069. 
Canadian    ParlUment,     expression    of 

thanks    from    legislative    council    of 

Canada  for  donations  for  library  of, 

2877. 
Canadian  Volnntoen,  bounty  lands  to, 

proclamation  regarding,  568, 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Ouala.— Beton  tht  daja  of  rallroidi  over* 
land  tnnilHirtatloD  wu  a  wrloiia  problem. 
Water  aeemed  to  preunt  tbe  cheapest  and 
matt  aTdllable  medium.  The  natural  wa- 
ter connei  were  citenalTely  Eiavlgated,  but 
aa  the  neceasltle*  o(  transportatioD  betweea 
commercial  ccnttn  Increawd  canals  were 
DTolected  In  manr  parti  ol  the  coDDlr;r. 
.  The  aldeat  woika  of  the  kind  Id  the  United 
Slatea  are  the  South  Hadley  and  Monta- 
gue canalB,  In  Masaacbusetti,  bulJt  bv  com- 
panlei  chartered  Id  1782.  The  Ulddleaei 
Canal,  conneirtlng  BoitoD  harbor  with  the 
Merrlmac  BiTer,  wia  completed  In  1808. 
The  Erie  CanBl,  the  largcBt  snd  moBt  Im- 

Krtant  In  thla  couulrj,  wan  projected  by 
Witt  Clinton,  begun  Id  1817,  and  com- 
pleted In  18^S.  It  extendi  from  the  Bud- 
ion  BlTcr  at  AlbBDT  to  Lake  Erie  at  Buf- 
fslo.  II  la  387  miles  Ions  and  coit  152.- 
540.800.  In  1003  the  leglilatnre  of  the 
State  of  New  York  Toted  1101,000,000  to 
ImproTe  the  canal  lystem  of  the  stale,  the 
chief  Improvement  belnK  tbe  deepenlnc  and 
widening  of  the  Erie  Canal  to  permit  Ita 
uie  by  boat!  of  1,000  to  1,200  tone. 

The  Ohio  and  Lake  Erie  Canal,  froti) 
Cleveland,  on  Lake  Erie,  tooth  throng  tbe 
Btala  of  Ohio,  to  tbe  Oblo  Rlrer  at  Torta- 
moutb,  a  dlitance  of  317  mllei,  wa*  for- 
mally ^CEun  Jaly  4.  182e,  by  Got.  CIlntOD, 
d(  Kew  York,  nmoTlug  the  flrst  ahovelful 
of  earth.  The  work  wai  completed  Id  1832 
at  a  coit  of  (4.006,204.  Another  canal 
acrooa  the  State  of  Ohio  was  completed  In 
1S34,  eitendlnE  from  Cluclnnatt  to  Defi- 
ance. 178  mlle>.  where  It  Joined  the  Wabash 
aod  Erie,  forming  another  water  rood  be- 
tween tbe  river  and  lake,  of  286  mllei. 
Tbe  cost  of  thlH  canal  waa  (3.700,000. 
The  Uorrli  Canal,  from  Jersey  City  to 
PblllpsburK.  N.  J.,  102  mllei  In  length,  con- 
Deedng  Newark  Bay  with  the  Delaware 
Blrer,  waa  begun  In  182S  and  Snlahed  Id 
1836.  With  tbe  development  of  railroads 
these  ceosls  fell  Into  neglect  and  were 
flnalty  wbotty  or  partly  abandoned  or  taken 
over  by  the  railroads. 

The  IlIlDola  and  Mlcblgao  Canal  extends 
from  ChlcRgo  to  LaSalle,  on  the  IIIIdoIs 
Hirer    a   distance   of   102   mlleo.     It   coat 


nepln.  III.,  lift;  mllei  througfi  the  Bock 
Blver  and  twenty-seven  miles  tbrougb  land 
to  tha  UliBlBSlppl  River  at  Bock  Island. 
The  Cbesapeake  and  Ohio  Cannl.  the  oat- 
come  of  a  project  of  Washington  to  Im- 
Eove  DBVlgsllDa  of  the  Potomac  River,  was 
gua  In  1S2S  by  tbe  board  of  public  works 
Of  Virginia  and  completed  in  1850.  It  cost 
(11,000,000.  It  elleods  from  OeorgetowD, 
D.  C.  lo  Cumberland.  Md..  a  distance  of 
184  mllei.  By  means  of  seventy-four  locks 
an  elevBtloD  of.  SOB  feet  Is  attained.  The 
Delaware  and  Hudson  Canal,  ei tending 
from  Bondont,  N.  Y..  to  Honeadale.  Pa.. 
108   miles,   wai   completed   In   1829._    The 


^FipJD'/.^lA. 


In  181S  and  com< 


Superior 
18BH  at  t 


preted'i'n  'l  8457  °The  ^!rfilgh  Coal  a'nd  NaS- 
gatlon  Company  have  a  caDBl  from  EastoD 
to  Coalporl,  Pa.  An  Important  Ship  canal 
Is  tbe  Banlt  Balnte  Marie.  coDnectlng  Lakea 
Superior  and  Enron,  wblcb  waa  bnllt  In 
■"'-      *  -  of  (S.033.683. 


._    ...aerted   for   comparison.) 

Following  Is  a  complete  list  of  canals  In 
tbe    Cnltpd    Stales,    together    wltb    ttieir 
length  and  cost  of  construction  : 
Albemarle  and  Cbesapeake — From  Norfolk, 

Vs.,  to  Currituck  Sound.  N.  C.  44  miles; 

cost,    with   Improvements,    (1.641,363. 


Aofttfta — E^m  BaTannati  BItci,  Om.,  t» 
Aunata.  Ga..  9  miles.  (l.BOO.OOO. 

Beaafort— From  Bcantort,  tt.  C,  to  Nenia 
River,   In   course  of   constmcUoD. 

Black  River — From  Rome,  N.  Y,,  to  Lyona 
Falls,   ti.   Y..   S6   miles;   (3,581,eS4. 


(   Ship  Canal,  coDDectlns  the 


Harlem  River  snip  v.'Baaj,  couDecring 
Hudson  Blver  and  Long  Island  Bound, 
way  of  Bpnyten   DuyvTl  Creek 


lem  River,  was  opened  for  trafBc  on  June 
IT.    1806,  and  cost  about    (^700,000. 

Hocklng-^From  Carroll,  Ohio,  to  NelioD- 
vllte,  Ohio,  42  miles.  (076,481. 

Illinois  and  Ulrhlgsn— From  Chicago.  III., 
to  La  Balle    III.,  102  mlleo.  (7.867,787. 

IllIuolB  and  Mississippi — Aronnd  lower  rap- 
ids of  Rock  Blver,  111.,  connected  nit^ 
Mlsilsslppl  River,  76   miles.  (T.260.000. 

Lake  D  rum  mo  nd— Connects  Chesapeake  Bay 
with  Albemarle  Soand,  22  miles,  (2,- 
600,000. 

Lake  WasblDgton— -Through  Lake  Dnlon, 
Seattle.  Wash.,  to  I'uget  Sound. 

Lehigh  Coal  and  NivlgaHon  Co.— From 
Coalporl,  Pa.,  to  Easton,  Pa.,  108  miles, 
(4.456,000. 

Louisville  and  Portland — Falls  of  Ohio  Riv- 
er.  LoulBVllle,   Ky,.   H   miles,    (6,978,631. 

Miami  and  Erie— From  anclnnatl,  Ohio, 
to  Toledo,  Oblo.  274  miles,  (8, 061680. 

MoiTis— From   Jersey   Cltj    to   PhllllbsbDrg, 


id     Beaufort— From     Clubfoot 

Creek  to  Harlow  Creek.  N.  C,  3  miles, 
Ogeechee— From    SavaDDsh    RWer,    Os.,    to 

Otteechee  River,  Oa.,  18  miles.  (407.810. 
Ohio— From    Cleveland,     Ohio,    to     Port^ 

moutb.    Oblo.    817    miles.    (4,606,204. 
Oswego— From  Oawi —    "   ^     .„  o.-.-. 

N.  T.,  38  miles.  * 
Penneylvr"'-     "" 

1B3  "mlfesr  ('7.7Si'.7b'o.' 
Portage    Lake    and    Lake    Bnperiot^Froin 

Keweenaw    Bay    to    Lake    Superior,    8S 

miles.  (628,802.  _ 

Port    Arthur— From   Port   Artbnr,    Tex,    to 

Gulf  of  Mexico,  7   miles. 

F( — From   Waldo,  Fla.,  to   Melroae, 


„  N.  T.,  to  Syracnae, 

289,626, 

_  _     Prom     Colombia.     Northnm- 
ind,   WI1kes;Bsrrfl,   BoDtlngdoD,    Fa., 


Lakes  Buperlor  aod  Huron  at  St  lUry't 
Elver,  8  mllei,  (6,0S8.U3. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Inde*_ 


SchoTlklll  NavlgatlOD  Camp«nr— rrom  Utll 
Cnek.  P>.,  to  PUIadelpUa,  Pk..  108 
miles.  S12.461.eOO. 

fltnTicoii  Bar  >n(l  Lak«  Ulcblsan — Between 
Oreen  Bar  and  Lake  Mlchlna,  11  olle*, 

Bt  lla^'a  Falla — ConDecta  Lake  Baperlor 
mnd  Baion  at  Sault.  8t«.  Marie,  Htcb., 
It  mllM    (7.909^667. 

and  Tidewater — From  Colnin- 
I    HtTte   de  Qiace,    Md.,   4S 


Snaqoebaiuu 

bla,    P«.,    lo    niTi 

UIIM,  $4,981,840. 
WaUondlDff — From  Rocbeeter.  Ohio,  t 

coe.  Oblo,  2S  alle«,  ««07.Se9. 
Welland  (Bhtp  Canal)— ^^onoecta  Lake  Oif 

-— 1  iak»  Brte,  : —      "       


tarlo  and  I 

see. 


•aid  U 


pnblic  *f  Panama,  to  acqnl: 


had    or    land    under    , 

Bianttd,  or  wbicb  wai  excepted  fTom  tbe 


Jl  sbaU 

be  anlBdeDtlr  advanced  (owaia  eompletioa 
to  rcBdvr  Uh  twtiwr  witIcm  ot  tbe  Utb- 


I  Canal  CuntslMloa 


Utll       PraaldeDt  la  antborlied  br  eneeatlTe  order 


to  diacontlnaa  the  latboiUn  Canal  Comnla- 
aloiL  whlcb,  tonther  witb  tbe  preaent  or- 

fanlutlon,  sball  tben  MBie  to  eilvt;  and 
bg  Prealdent  la  antborlaed  thertaftei  to 
complete,  piTeni,  and  operate  tbe  Panama 
<^«nal  and  lOTani  tbe  Cunal  lOQe,  tbrDur>> 
QOTcnior    and    ancb    otber    persona    i 


poInFad    by  tbe  "Prealdent,    bV'and'wItli 


I  mile*,  t2.0BO,- 

CUMls  (Me  also  tbe  seTer&l  canals): 

AcToa    eoDtinent,    pTactieabilitj    of 
eonetmction  of,  referred  to,  4473. 

AltamAhft  Biver  to  Teuneasee  Biver, 
referred  to,  10S7. 

AppropriatioiiB  for,  929. 

Atutntic  Ocean  to  OnU  of  Mudeo, 
dtsetused,  905. 

Constitutional    amendment    for    im- 
pTOTement  of,  ansgested,  552. 

are»t  Lakes   to  Endson  Biver,  difr 
enaaed,  482. 

lAuds  granted  to  Statei  in  kid  of, 
1029,  1725. 

Becommendations   regarding  aid   \a, 
4149,  4201,  4209. 

BoTvsyB  for,  referred  to,  824,  987. 

Utility  of  canal  navigaition  i' 
482,  652,  58S,  785,  877. 
Oaaal  2one.~Tfae  Panama  Canal  act  ot 
1912  provided  for  the  Koiemmeut  bj  the 
United  State*  ot  a  aane  of  land  and  land 
imder  water  of  tbe  wldtb  often  miles  extend- 
iDf  to  tbe  dlatance  ol  flve  mile*  on  eacb 
•Id*  «t  tbe  center  line  of  tbe  root*  ot  the 
canal,  wblcb  sone  beslna  In  tbe  Carlobean 
Bern  tbiec  marine  mllM  from  mean  low- 
water  nark  and  extends  to  and  across  tbe 
lathmna  ot  Panama  Into  the  Pacific  Ocean 
to  the  distance  of  three  marine  mile*  from 
mean  low-water  mark,  eicludlni  therefrom 
tbe  dtlea  of  Panama  and  Colon  and  tbelr 
adjacent  harbota  located  within  said  sone, 
a>  sxcepted  in  the  treat;  with  the  Bepnb* 
Uc  ot  Panama  dated  NoTember  IB.  1908, 
bat  Inclnding  all  lalanda  within  said  de- 
■eilbed  sone,  and  In  addition  thereto  the 
graiip  of  lalandi  In  the  Baj  of  Panama 
■wmed  Pertco,  Nios,  Culebra  and  Flamen- 

,  and   anr  lands  and   water*  ontalde  of 

I.  .._..,  ,boTC  described  which  are  nec- 


Miurtiiiction,  malntenanc*.  operation,  i 

tatlon.  or  protection  of  tbe  said  canal  or 
«(  >n7  BuxlUsry  canala,  lake*,  or  other 
works  naceMBiT  or  conrenlent.  The  Preal- 
dent  la  antbortsed,  bj  treaty  with  the  Be- 
— ■..■.  .<  u. ^ '— inr  afldltlonal 


—  — poUC7  of  the  United  atates. 

President  Wilson  by  execntlve  order  (page 


Ouul  Zona: 
BxeentiTe  Orders 
EatabUsfaing  potmsent  govsnunent 

for,  7920. 
Extent  and  popalatlon  of,  7087. 
Fixing  interest  rates  In,  790fi. 
Forbidding  eormpting  of  emploreea 
to. 79187 
GambUng  law  in,  amended,  7988. 
dovemment  for  dieeoBwd,  7887, 
Military  gorenunent  for,  7687. 
PiOTiding    conditions    of    emplof 
ment  in,  7923, 
Hentralit^  of,  proelalmed,  8008. 
Order  relating  to  onstoms  serriee  and 
providing  for   flnea  for   disbonest 
manifests  in,  7963. 
Order  relating  to  Postal  Crimea  In, 

7W4. 
Quarantine  regolationa  for,  7088. 
Segnlating  bearing  of  arms  in,  7903, 
Begnlating  bnnting  in,  7909. 
Beqniring  MCoritT  for  costs  !n  civil 

eases  £,  7964. 
Wireless  telegranli  station  established 
in  for  nse  of  Nav7,  7980. 
Cancer, — A  malignant  irowtb  of  epidermic, 
epithelial  or  glandnlsr  tissue,  bsTlnc  aec- 
ondar;  frowtba  or  extenxlona.  The  dlstasa 
Is  increasbiK  rapldlf  in  all  dvtllsed  eoon- 
trlea  It  Is  easentlallr  a  disease  ot  middle 
life,  occnrrlnK  moatlj  In  persona  of  more 
than  fortr  rears  ot  see.  Benllltj  and  tbe 
decadence  of  tisanes  wUcb  bsTs  passed  the 
period  ot  tbelr  nsetnlnes*  and  are  abont  to 
undergo  phrslologlcal  rest  are  pradlaposloc 
factors.  The  srmptoms  often  elnde  trained 
obaerrers  and  the  canses  of  the  disease  have 
ncTer  been  acenratel;  determined.  Domestic 
animals  as  well  aa  man  are  subject  lo  the 
disease.  The  nrevalenca  ot  cancer  In  flahes 
and  the  coincidence  ot  the  nofraphlcsl  dis- 
tribution of  tbe  disease  In^sh  and  tbe  hu- 
man famllj  (0  Impressed  Preeldent  Tsft 
that  he  recommended  to  Confress  an  ap- 
propriation ot  tno.OOO  for  ths  stud;  of  to* 
question.  (Face  7861.) 
Canoor  ta  Fidwi,  appropriation  recom- 
mended for  reaearMt  work  nbjeet  of, 
7«0, 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Cudk 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


OaodlK.    (See  Crete.) 
Oumoa  (see  tiao  Anns  ftud  Ammnni- 
tion;   Arsenals;   Artilleiy,  and  En- 
ejelopedio  Index  nrtiole  on  Amu 
and  Amniiuiitlon). 

Foandry  for  m&king,  recommended, 
1607,  1714,  4797. 
Cuton,  Cbiiut,  hoetUitiee  in,  referred 

to,  2877. 
Cantonment  OUnon,  Aik^,    road   from 

LitUe  Bock  to,  referred  to,  932. 
Cape  Cod  Canal  (see  Canals). 
Cape  Fear  River,  H.  C  act  for  impror- 

ing,  approved  and  reaaons  therefor, 

2776. 
dape  Horn: 

Ezpenditnrea  for  freight  and  pauaga 
by  way  of,  referred  to,  4072. 

Shortening  of  sea  voyage  aroond,  die- 
enssed,  4601. 
Oape    Bpartel,    light-houm    on,    treaty 

with  Morocco  regarding,  35S2. 
Oape    Vincent,     N.    T.,    proclamation 

granting  privileges  of  other  ports  to, 

286S. 
Capital,    relation   of   labor   to.      (See 

Labor,  diBcnssed.) 
Capital  of  United  Statea.— Up  to  the  time 
of  the  adaptloQ  at  the  Constitution  the 
CongreiB  tud  no  Dzed  place  for  boldtog 
Iti  seailons,  but  met  at  York,  Lancanter, 
Philadelphia,  Baltimore,  Princeton.  Anaap- 
oIlB,  Trenton,  and  New  York.  The  First 
Cooerera  under  the  Constitution  met  Id 
New  York  City  In  1789.  Later  It  held  aes- 
alons  Ln  Pblladelphla  from  1T90  to  1800. 
Dnclng  the  aecand  aeeslon  o(  the  First 
Cooeress  under  tSe  Constitution,  after  a 
long  and  bitter  debate  In  which  sectional 
leflronHr  tan  high  an  act  was  paBsed.  June 
!!8.  1790,  selectlnR  the  present  site  of 
Washlnston  aa  the  permancDt  sent  ot  Qor. 
ernment.  The  Government  removed  to  Its 
new  headquartorB  In  1800.  (See  WaahlnB- 
ton  CIt7  and  District  ol  Columbia.) 
Capital  of  United  States,  seat  of  Gov- 
ernment  removed   from  Philadelphia 

to   Washington  discnsied,   281,    295, 

298,  2S9,  300. 
Capital  Pnnlslmient.— In  nesrir  an  states 
the  death   penalty   la  apeclfled   as   punish- 
ment   (or   Erst   dcBree  murder :      PoUov 

are  the  methods  ot  eir  — "' 

tlona  to  the  rule: 

STATES  AND  UDTHODS. 

Alabami      "      "'-" 


Q  sod  the  excep- 


-°tHii 


CfllKornIa— HanpLni 
Co  lorado — Ha  ngluB 
ConnectlcD  t — Haqg 


re— Hsnalng, 
.    of    Colum. 


Kentucky  —  Electro- 


Hrrland-HsnglnK. 


Nstrlct      _ 

bin— HsnglnK. 
Florida— HnogTng. 
Georgl  a— Ha  n  slug. 
Eawal  I— Hanging, 
Idaho — HanKlDg. 
Illinois— Bang!  D«. 
Indiana— Hanglns- 


-  Life 


Uieblgan— 

prlBonmt 
Minnesota 

Imprlaonmenr. 
UI'Hlsalppl  —  Hang- 

MlsBonrl— Hanging. 


New  Jersey  —  Blec- 

trocntlon. 
New  Mexico — Hang- 
New  York— Electro- 
cution. 
North      Carolina  — 

Electrocution. 
North     Dakota— 

Oh  [o — Electrocution. 
Oklnhoma  —  Haog- 


Teias — Haaglog. 
Utah — HangTuc     or 
Bhootlng  at  dlsere- 


Vlrglnla  —  Blectro- 

WnshlngtOD  —  tjf* 

Imprisonment. 
West   Virginia  — 

WIswasln^^Life  Im- 

prlaonment. 
Wyoming  —  Hanf- 


Oregon — Ha  nglng. 
Pennsylvania— Ble 
trocntlon, 

OapltoL — From  CapltotlHm,  the  name  ot 
the  magnlflcent  temple  of  Japlter  Capltoll- 
nus  on  tbe  CapKollne  Hill  In  ancient  Borne. 
The  Uont  CapttoHnut  was  so  called  from 
the  flodlng  of  a  sknli  during  the  excavation 
for  the  Brat  building.  The  name  Is  ap. 
piled  to  tbe  mognltlcent  edifice  Id  which 
tbe  Congress  at  tbe  United  Btatea  hold  Ita 
sessions  and  to  the  atatehoaaea  which  an 
erected  at  the  capitals  ot  the  Tarlona 
atates. 

The  Capitol  la  situated  on  a  low  hill 
commanding  one  of  the  beflt  view*  of 
Waahlnglon,  and  dominates  the  city  with 
Its  magniOceDt  dome.  Its  eltieme  length 
is  7G1  (eet,  and  It  varies  from  1£1  to  824 
(eet  in  width ;  It  consists  of  a  main  edlflee 
of  sandstone,  painted  white  and  crowned 
wllb  an  Iron  dome,  and  two  wings  of 
white  marble.  Tbe  general  style  is  clasalc 
snd  Its  columns  and  detail  are  Corinthian. 
As  a  nhole  It  Is  one  of  the  moat  Impos- 
ing and  beautlfol  governmental  build- 
ings In  tbe  world.  Tbe  original  dome 
was  a  low  structure  of  wood  covered  wllh 
copper,  but  this  was  ceplnced  Id  18fi6  by 
tbe  present  Iron  donie,  ^87  feet  hl^  de- 
signed by  Thomas  IL  Walter,  atia  anr- 
mounted  by  a  fine  statue  of  Freedom  by  tbe 
American  sculptor  Thomas  Crawford.  The 
coroer  stooe  of  tbe  buUdlnir  was  laid  br 
P  resident  Wash  log 


1^11. 


r  of  b 


by  tbe  British  under  Oeneral  Ross  Aug.  34, 
1814,  The  fouDdatlon  of  the  main  build 
Ing  was  laid  March  £4.  1818.  and  tbe  wbolt 
was  completed  In  1827,  at  a  coat  up  tc 
that    time    of    nearly    f2.SO0.O00. 

An  act  of  Sept.  SO.   ISSO.  provided   foi 
eitensloQB   to   the    north    snd    south.    --' 
President    FUlmom    laid    the    corner 
July  4,  18B1,  Daniel  Webster  dellverji 


nd 


flnlshed 

--,   bly  to  the 

beauty  of  the  bulldlag.  with  their  porticoes 
and  columns  of  white  marble,  which  con- 
lain  tbe  Senate  Chamber  and  Hsll  of  Kep- 
resentarlres. 
The  former  Senate  Chamber  Is  now  occn- 

B"ed  by  the  Supreme  Court,  the  former 
all  of  Reprenentatlves  Is  now  a  Statuary 
Court  to  which  ench  state  contributes  stat- 
oes  of  ber  most  famons  sons.      Among  the 


jyGooi^lc 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Cameg^e 


■ome  ot  thrai  coIobuI  Id  ilEe,  In  tarloun 
paria  of  tbe  bulldlos :  the  Marble  BooDi 
of  tbe  fionate,  with  Ita  minora ;  the  collec- 
tion of  Bpeafcera'  portralls  In  (be  Repre- 
•FotatlTea  Lobby  ol  the  Hoaae,  and  the 
manlTC  Rotonda.  witb  Ita  blatorlcal  palct- 
Inn  and  tieacDca.  Outaldfl,  on  tbe  esat  la 
tbe  plaiB,  near  the  cenler  o(  vrblch  alts  tbe 
daaalc  flcure  of  OeorKC  Waablagton.  On 
tbt  ««at  aide  Storr'a  bronie  Btalne  of  Joha 
Uaraball.  like  tbe  WnsblagloD.  a  sitting 
Dfnre.  la  encountered  b;  toe  vlallor  Juat 
before  he  HMrnda  tha  atalrs  o»er  Ibe  ter- 
race. II  la  cuHona  to  cote  that  tbe  mnln 
facade  faces  eaat,  aa  It  was  no  Helps  ted 
tbat  tbe  city  wonid  ipread  In  that  alreC' 
tlon;  th«  tPTcraa  baa  profed  to  be  the  case 
and  tbe  Capitol  tnma  Ita  back  toward  tbe 
main  portion  ol  the  dty. 
Ovitol: 

Cub  of,  abould  be  conunitted  to  pub- 
lic Bgent,  S90. 

Congreas  rMommencet  iU  dntlM  in, 


DiaeiuMd,  2672. 

Jurladiction  over,  truiaferred  from 

loUrior    to    War    Depkrtmetit, 

8737. 

Plusnibmitted  iiDiatisfaotor7,  and 

eombinatioiL    of    uune    adopted, 

2678. 

Soferenco  to,  S684,  £015,  S917,  2918. 

HeatiDg  And  veatilating  referred  to, 

3110,  3112. 
Imprevement  of,  Intereat  glianld  be 

taken  in,  SSS. 
Incomplete  and  not  in  a  itate  to  re- 
ceive Membera  of  Congreaa,  SSS. 
LoDKitada  of,  680,  688,  789. 
Uarble  eolamiia  for,  referred  to,  3114. 
Secretarv  of  President  J.  Q.  Adama 

aaaanlted  in,  966. 
WaahiBgton,  atatoe  of,  to  be  placed 
inTML 
Apprwriation    for,    recommended. 

Erection  of,  referred  to,  1910. 
Winga   added    to,    nearlj    complete, 

£672. 
Work  of  art  for,  referred  to,  2910. 
Captured  Propeit^^s 
Gotten   eaptnred    and   forfeited,  re- 

feired  to,  3666. 
Bhonld    not    be    adjudged,    without 
regular  iaveati gallon,  485. 
Oar  OOBpleta.     (See  Brake*  and  Conp- 

leia.) 
OaracM    CemmiailOQ    discnieed,    4761, 

4826,  4920,  9090. 
Caracai;  ToianieU: 
Centennial   celebration   of    birtb   of 
BoUvar  t«  be  bold  at,  4716,  4760. 


Statue  of   Wuhington   to   be    com- 
menced at,  and  indnatrial  exhlbi' 
tion  to  be  opened,  4716,  4760. 
Oardenae  Ba^,   Onba,  conflict  in,  die* 
cussed,  6302,  6316. 
The  Wlntloio  rescued  hy  the  Bvdaim 
in,    thanka    of    Congress,    etc.,   to 
officeTB  and  men  of  latter  recom- 
mended, S30S. 
OardlnaL — A    prince    of    the    Church    ot 
Rome,   ranking  In  Catholic  eonntrlea   with 
princes   of   the  blood  royal,   a  member  of 
the   conclave  or   sacred   college,   which   le 
tbe  conncll  of  tbe   Pope.     Blnce  11T9  the 
cardlDBla  have  clulmed  and   exercised   tbe 
privilege   of  electing  the   Pope.     The   full 


Closkey.  oi  New  ^ork.  was  made  tbe  drat 
American  cardinal.  Ua  died  Oct  10,  1886, 
and  on  June  T,  ISBS.  Archbishop  Jamea 
OtbboDS,  of  Baltimore,  was  created  cardl- 
naL  Not.  27,  1911,  Pope  Plus  X  bestowed 
tbe  red  hat  of  Cardinal  upon  Jobu  U.  Par- 
ley, of  New  ?ork;  WlllUm  H.  O'Connell, 
of  Boston,  and  DIomede  Falconto,  former- 
ly of  Wssblcgton,  for  the  United  State*. 
Oaillole   Indian    Bchi>ol,    establishment 

of,  diKnssetl,  4529. 
Oumlck  ft  BamM7,  elainu  of,  referred 

to,  306G. 
OaniegiB  Fonndatlos  for  tho  AAnncft> 
meat  of  Teaching.— An  institution  tonnd- 
ed  by  Andrew  CarneglB  In  190S,  and  In- 
corporated by  the  Congress  of  the  TInlted 
States  In  1906.  Tbe  Institution  Is  ei^ 
dowed   wllh^  f  IS^OOOjOOO^  and  Its^prlmi^ 

Terall'les,  s^d  ^echnlca'l  sl 

ed  Stalea,  Canada  and  Newfoundland.  By 
tbe  ssTcnlh  annnal  meeting  of  the  trns- 
tees  In  1912,  SIC  allowaDces  were  being 
paid  tr  — -•- —   --"  '"' ■ —  • ■- 

The*" 

ancel-  , ._  _„ 

ment  being  about  seventy  years. 

In  the  payment  of  retiring  allowances  to 

Srofeaaors  and  pensions  to  widows  of  pro- 
•asors,  the  foundation  alms  to  deal  with 
iDStltntlons  rather  than  with  indivldnala. 
It  baa,  therefore,  formed  an  accepted  llat 
of  Inatltutlons,  the  teacbers  and  omcera  ot 
which  may  retire  nnder  flied  rules.  There 
were  In  KoTember.  191S,  ae*anly.|hree  In- 
atltutlons on   the  accepted   list.     In   addl- 


report  of  the  president,  and  In  olber 

bulletins  published  by  the  foundation.  The 
p resident  ot  the  fonndatlon  Is  Dr.  Hennr 
B.  PrItehett;  aecrelary,  Clyde  Fnrat ;  sd- 
dress,  676  Fifth  Avenue,  New  York  City. 
Oamegle  Hero  Pnnd,— m  April,  1904,  An- 
drew Carnegie  created  a  fond  ot  (S,000,- 
000  tor  the  beneUt  of.  the  dependents  of 
those  losing  their  lives  In  heroic  elTort  to 
•are  tbelr  fellow  men,  or  for  the  beroaa 
tbemselTes  If  Injured  only.  ProTlsion  was 
also  made  tor  medsls  to  be  given  la  com- 
memoration   of    heroic   acts. 

The  endowment  known  as  "Tbe  Hera 
Fned"  WB*  placed  In  the  banda  ot  a  com- 
mlealon   composed   ot   twenty-one   persons. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Ounuglt  HttO  Fond — DonMmwd. 
raldenU    ol    Plttibaiy,     Pa.,     of    which 
ChirlM  It.  Taylor  la  proldeDt.  and  F.  M. 


In   hla   letter 


I   the   Heio  Fand   Com- 


'    poiltlona   pecuniarily 

.  _.   ,  ___   __   ,hfldren  .. 

otbw  dependent!  are  to  be  provided  tor 
natu  lb*  reottrlea,  and  the  children  nntll 
ther  reach  a  Klf-tappoTtlng  rec.  Fot  ei- 
cepllonal  children,  exceptional  Eranta  mar 
be  made  tor  exceptional  education.  Oranta 
nt  inma  of  moae;  mar  alio  ha  made  to 
heroea  or  herolnea  aa  the  commlaaloD  thinka 
adTlaable— each  cue  to  be  Indged  on  Ita 
tnerlta," 

The  fnod  oppllea  only  to  acta  performed 
wtlhiD  the  United  Btalea  ot  America,  tbe 
Dominion  ot  Canada,  the  colony  of  New- 
foQDdUnd,  and  the  waters  thereof,  and 
■nch  acts  muat  have  been  performed  on  or 
after  April  IG,   190*. 

Tbe  commlulon  baa  awarded  B41  med- 
al*—SOe  bmnie.  SIS  BllVEr  aod  16  r>ld. 
In  addition  to  the  medala,  1835,986  haa 
bean  awarded  for  disablement  beneQta.  and 
for  educational  and  other  apeclal  purpoaea, 
and  for  the  dependenta  ot  beroea  who  lost 
tbdr   lives,    Inclndlns   paymeota   made   to 


OftnOfez  Fenr  (W.  Va.),  Battle  of.— 
After  UcCIellan'a  promotion,  Jalr  22.  1861, 
to  tbe  cammand  of  the  Arm;  of  the  Po- 
tomac, Boaecrana  ancceeded  bim  In  com- 
mand in  West  Virginia.  Oen.  Floyd  took 
a  poaltlon  on  the  Oaoley  River,  elgbt  miles 
•outh  of  Nlcholaa,  W.  Va^  at  Camlfei 
Ferry,  with  2,000  Confederatea.  Intending 
to  cnt  off  Coi's  brigade  from  Sosecrana'a 
army.  Sept.  10  he  waa  attacked  In  tbla 
poalllon  bT  Roaecrans  with  10.000  men. 
Darkness  terminated  a  aharp  engaBement. 
and  tbe  next  momlns  Floyd  waa  m  the 
moantaina,  thirty  mllea  away.  Tba  Federal 
Ion  waa  120  killed  and  wonnded.  Amone 
tbe  former  waa  CoL  Lowe,  of  the  Twelfth 
Ohio,   who   fell  at   the  bead   of  hla  regl- 

CaroUlte,  Tlie. — A  steamer  In  tbe  service 
of  Canadian  rebels  which  was  aelied  on 
American  aoll  by  the  Brltlah  and  burned. 
Id  183S-3T  a  revolntlonary  Bplrlt  de- 
veloped [n  Lower  Canada.  Dec  12.  18ST, 
the  leaders  of  the  Inanrrectlon,  under  one 
Hackenate,  aelaed  the  Canadian  Navy  Isl- 
and, In  the  Niagara  Blver,  and  aet  np  a 
provisional  govemment.  Dec  26  the  Ca- 
nadlana,  croastng  the  Niagara,  after  a  flght 
In  which  aeverar  rebels  were  killed,  burned 
the  vessel  (1618.  1929).  The  affair  caused 
great  IndlgDation.  Preatdent  Van  Bnren  la- 
aued  proclamatlona  demandlog  observance 
of  the  neutrality  Uwa  (1696,  16991.  '"■- 
New  York  militia  waa  called  ont  and 
under  command  at  Oca.  Scott. 


OaroUnd,  Tha,  attacked  and  dutrojed 

bj  British  forces,  1618. 
Claim  on  Brazil  coneemin^,  42S0. 
Correspondence  regarding,  161 S,  1676, 

1839,  1840,  2010,  2073. 
BisCDBsed,  IB 29. 

Satisfaction  demanded  of  Great  Brit- 
ain for  destrojing,  1732. 
Oandlne  Trtan^ff — a  PadOe  areblpelaxD 
extending  from  lat.  8*  to  11*  north  and 
from  long.  I3T*  to  163°  eaat.  The  prin- 
cipal Islands  are  Tap,  Ponape.  Btrong,  B>b- 
elthonap,  and  Book.  The  name  uaualiy  In- 
clDdea  the  Pelew  Islanda.  Tbe  InhabltantB 
are  Polynesians.  Oermany  and  Bpaln  both 
claimed  Tap  Island  unMl  1886,  When  tbe 
dispute  waa  aettled  In  favor  ot  Spain.  Bjr 
treaty  of  Peb.  12.  18B9,  these  lalanda,  wltb 
tbe  exception  of  Guam,  the  largest  of  tba 
Uarianne  Which  bad  Wn  ceiled  to  tba 
United  States  In  1808,  passed  on  Oct.  1, 
ises,  (rom  Spain  Into  flie  bands  of  Oct- 
many.  The  purchase  price  paid  by  Oermany 
was  about  (4.000,000.  They  eoniUt  «t 
about  flve  hundred  coral  islets  which  ara 
small  and  sparsely  peopled.  The  moat  Im- 
portant product  and  export  la  copra. 
Caroline  lalanda: 

Dispute  between  Qermany  and  Spain 

relating    to     domination    of,     dia- 

cuBsed,  4916,  6370. 
Questions  with  Spain  toQcbing  rights 

of  American  citizens  in,  6622,  G751, 

687E. 
Olfpenteis'  HalL — Building  owned  by  the 
guild  or  nnlou  of  carpenters  of  Phllsdel- 
phla.  It  was  similar  to  the  guild  balls  ot 
LoDdon.  The  First  and  Second  Continen- 
tal Coogreases  beld  their  seaalona  in  tbla 
haU. 

Carpetbaggers. — A  term  of  reproacb  aii- 
plled  to  certain  aorthera  politicians  who  Ui 
tbe  days  of  the  reconatmctlon  of  the  sonth- 
ern  atates  shortly  after  the  close  of  tbe 
Civil  War  took  up  temporary  raaldence  In 
the  south  Bad  sooght  e  --   " 


Intendsd  ..  .  . 
fore  carried.  It 
carpetbags. 


Diiy,   aoa  loere* 

—   their  effects   in 

, Some  of  them   proved   to  bn 

good  and  nseful  cltliens,  while  many  were 
uuBcmpuloua  adventurers  who  sought  0lll> 
clil  poaltlona  tor  the  porpoae  of  enrlcblnc 
themaelvea. 

Ourlages  and  Wagons.— Ages  at  prog- 
ress have  Intervened  between  the  laxnrlooa 
automobile  touring  car  of  to-day  and  the 
sandy  chariots  ot  ancient  kings.  American 
inventive  genius  haa  added  materially  to 
this  proEcesa.  Until  the  advent  of  the 
automobile  the  American  buggy  represented 
tbe  highest  type  of  private  conveyance, 
being  B  modEQcalEon  of  the  Bngllah  brong- 


d  out  and  placed 


Revolution  very  little  manufacturing  wea 
done  In  thia  coontry.  Wealthy  Americana 
Imported  their  coacbea.  carriages  and  phae- 
tona  from  England  and  France.  Tbe  num- 
ber of  repair  abopa,  however,  locreaaed 
with  the  number  of  vehicles. 

Tbe  Brat  American  vehicle  to  be  manu- 
tactnred  to  any  extent  was  the  two-wheeled 
chaise,  which  became  popular  In  New 
But  land.  New  York  and  Boston  wers 
connected  by  a  stage-coach  route  In  17T0. 
In  1776,  when  John  Hancock  married 
Dorothy  Qnlncv,  he  took  ller  by  atage- 
coacb  le  PhUadelplila  tor  a  boneTuo^ 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Cattle 


OurUtcM  and  W^cotu— <7mff(i««d 

After  tbe  Conttnental  CousreM  had  or- 
(uilMd  the  OovemmeDt,  "the  itnportBtlon 
of  coadiea,  chain,  and  carrlasH  ot  sii 
MR*    Irom    BoglaDd    was   lorbld 


federal  atid  ttale  aid,  the  Tehlcle  bualaea* 
gnw.  Tha  Coueeiosa  wason,  with  broad 
wheeto  and  canTaa-covered  bodr,  often 
drawn  bj  aeveral  teama  of  horses,  came 
Into  MDeral  uae  In  New  York,  New  Jersey 
and  PennarlYanla.  Troj,  N.  Y.,  became 
famona  for  Its  coaches :  finlem  iDd  Woccea- 
ter.  Hbbb.,  were  also  earl;  noted  aa  maoo- 
faettirlas  ceatera.  With  tbe  migration 
weatwart  after  the  war  of  1812,  the  vehl- 
de  baalDeai  followed  the  main  rontea  of 
trarcL  John  Btndebaker  eatabllahed  a  shop 
at  Aablaad,  Ohio,  In  188S,  and  two  of  his 
MDl,  iMTlni  learned  their  father's  trade, 
went  to  Soath  Bend,  Ind.,  ia  1862,  and 
(stabtlabed   the  bualDeaa    which   has   alnee 


I    aoDTiBllr    60,- 


more  than  a  bund  red 

phwa    8,000    workmen,    ,    ,_, 

COO,000  feet  of  lamber  and  tbonsanda  at 
tana  of  Iron  and  steel.  The  rearlr  output 
ot  the  factorr  exceed*  100.000  Teblcles. 

In  1B73  the  CairisEe  Bnlldera*  National 
AMDdaUon  was  founded  b;  the  lea  dins 
manDtacturers  of  tbe  coontrr  foe  training 
stilled  workmen  and  to  itandardlie  tbe 
buslneas.     Rubber  tlrea  came  Into  use  In  1890. 

In  famll7  and  pleaaure  earrlaeea  Ohio 
taoka  flrst  New  York  leads  In  Uie  num- 
tier  of  public  convey  an  ces  manufactured, 
while  Indiana  beads  tlie  Hat  of  States  turn- 
ing out  fami,  goremmeot  and  municipal 
WBfona.  HIcblEan.  Hlnoesota.  Wisconsin 
and  New  York  torn  out  about  three^quar* 
ten  ot  tbe  alelgba  and  sleds. 

In  the  census  report  tor  1900  the  state- 
mcDt  was  made  that  In  the  earlleat  stages 
of  the  carriage  and  wagon  Industrr  almost 
the  entire  work  of  manntacliirfng  was 
done  at  the  establishment,  but  speciali- 
sation has  wranght  a  change  In  this  as  In 
manj  other  lines  of  msnufanure,  and  now 
few,  If  an;,  manofacturers  produce  i  " 
parts.     The  making  o' ' —  -"■• 


t  of  the 


work  00 


^ing  IQ  .„ 

on*  branehea,  according  to  tbe  cenaoa  of 
IVIO.  was  carried  on  lo  S.402  eatabUsh. 
ments  In  tha  United  States,  and  gave  em- 
plorment  In  1900  to  82,944  peraona.  of 
whom  09,928  were  wage-eamera,  and  paid 

t<S,BSS,130  in  aalarlea  and  wages.  The 
Hal  coat  of  materials  was  m.9Sl,288. 
which  warn  equal  to  abont  half  (Cl.S  per 
eent.t  of  tb«  toUl  Talue  ot  ths  prodncU 
{tl50.892,b«T),  while  the  *a]ua  added  to 
tbe    natanals    by    manntactnre    waa    <|7T,- 


Oanon  ud  Oolondo  Bsflioaa,  right  of 

■mj  ot,  tbrongh  Walker  Biver  B«Mr- 

vation,  Nev,,  ntmtA  to,  4736,  477«, 

«53,  6178. 

Ousong  Vallar,  Utah,  Territorial  goT- 

amment  over,  referred  to,  3014. 
Cartel. — An  agreement  between  twillgerent 
states  relating  to  the  methods  ot  carrj- 
■ug  on  the  war,  as  tor  the  eicbanga  of 
nsoners.  declaring  certain  groand  ncu- 
-^rrrlng    on 


ErTsoners.    declaring    c , 
ral,    repressing    marauders,    i ,. 

postal  eoDimunrcatlon,  or  the  like. 


—  — .  nsed  In  eicbangi...  v._^..._  „. 
carrjlDg  communications  to  tbe  enemy. 
Cartels  fat  the  exchange  ofprlsonat*  ars 
perhaps  the  most  comman.  These  are  nsu- 
Bllr  concluded  bt  the  two  goTcmmentK 
bu£  genera]*  may  treat  with  each  other 
directly.  An  exchange  of  prlaoaera  la 
beneflclal  to  each  side,  which  thereby  re- 
covera  its  own  men  and  Is  saved  tbe  tron- 
ble  and  expense  of  guarding  and  feeding 
its  captives.  In  an  exchange,  the  rank  ol 
the  priaoners  Is  taken  Into  account,  and. 
BO  far  as  possible,  man  I*  exchanged  tor 
man  ot  equal  rank. 

Outhrngt  (Ho.),  Battls  of.— After  Gov 
emor  Jsckson  and  hi*  follower*  had  l>een 
driven  from  Boonvllle  by  Oen.  Lyon  they 
pasbed  weatward  Into  Jasper  Connty,  being 
joined  on  tbe  way  by  Gen.  Sterling  Price. 
This  Increased  the  Confederate  forces  to 
8.600.  July  S,  18S1.  they  were  confronted 
near  Carthage  by  Oen.  E^na  8tgel  with  a 
force  of  l.eOO  men,  who  had  been  aent  to 
the  southwestern  part  of  the  Btate  to  pre- 
vent reenforcementa  arriving  from  Arkanaa* 
and  Texas.  Blgel.  after  a  short  engage- 
ment, retreated  throngh  Carthage  to  iar- 
coxle,  flfleen  miles  to  the  eastward.  His 
loss  waa  18  killed  and  SI  wounded.  The 
Confederatea  reported  tlietr  loss  at  40  to  60 
killed  and  126  to  ISO  wounded. 
Oarj'g  BabaUioiL— Thomas  Cary,  depnty 
governor  of  North  Carolina,  was  deposed 
In  ITOB  at  tbe  solicitation  ot  the  Qnaken 
for  distranchlaing  then  under  the  reqotre- 
menta  of  the  test  acL  For  several  years 
Carv  endeavored  to  usurp  the  govemmeat. 
In  ITll  be  attempted  to  capture  Qovemor 
Hyde  by  force.  Qovemor  Bpotswood,  ot 
Virginia,  scut  soldiers  to  Hyde's  assistance 
aoiTCady  waa  forced  to  submlL 
Cau  Oraade  Bolii,  AitMna.  (Sm  Parka, 

National.) 
OavQe    lalaikl,   BoMoa  Harbor,   joint 
resolntioB   antboririne  use   and  im- 
provemeut  of,  vetoed,  6244. 
OatawlMt,  Tha,  pucliased  for  Fern,  de- 
tention of,  3831,  SS36. 
Oatlierlne,  Tlia^  aeiser  of,  bv  Britiih 

erniser  Dolphin  dlseaiied,  2070. 
Oatberlms  Ancoata,  The,  aeiied  hj  Den- 
mark witk  tbe  Bm  Frankltn,  4469, 
6309.   (8eeBatterfletd,OarloaAOo.) 
Arbitration  in  caae  oi^  0U9. 
CatUa: 
Contaglona     dleeaaei     among,     dla- 
eoseed,  4S7S,  4SS0,  4771,  S112, 8883, 
6764,  6887. 
Oonventton  at  Cblsago  on  gnbjeel  of 
diseases  of,  4771. 

portatton  and  importation  of    (Sea 
'-' and  Animal  P'^^ttBtfc) 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Cattl« 

OfttUe — ermttowfld. 

Ingpection  of.  (See  Aaimal  lodiu- 
tfy,  Bniefta  of.) 

BeatrictioDfl  on  importation  of.  (See 
AninuUa  mni  Animal  Product*.) 

SlaughteT  of,  from  United  States  re- 
quired bj  Great  Britain,  5704,  6178. 
Cattle.    ExUliltlon,    IntomaUonal,    at 

Hambnig,  Qennanr,  discossed,  4714. 
OatUe  PUfQe.  (See  Plenro-pDeumonia.) 
Oancns. — A  meeting  of  tbe  BdhereDte  of 
a  political  partr  to  name  eaadldates  lor 
offlce  or  lErea  uimn  llees  of  part;  poIli^T. 
Tbougb  tbe  caucui  Is  Btrlctlj  an  AmerieBii 
Initltatio^  almllar  mettlDn  are  wnietlmea 
held  In  Bnglend.  Ur.  Gladstone  beld  a 
coacns  respeetlns  the  ballot  bill  Jul?  6. 
1871.  Tbe  cancna  orltlnated  In  Boalon  In 
tbe  earl;  part  of  tbe  elgbteenth  century. 
It  Is  Ruppoeed  to  have  dertved  Its  name 
from  tbe  meetings  of  tbe  culliera  connected 
with  tbe  sblpplnB  bualneu  In  the  Nocth 
End.  From  t&e»  local  meeClaEs  the  cns- 
— 1   grew   and   carried  the   asme   wltb   It 


until  a 
Gove 


:   the   I: 
;    It    ' 


e  bj  a 


18ZB   E 


in  1831  the  present  ajslem  of  nomlasllaD 
by  conrcDllons  came  Into  use.  State  on- 
cers were  slmllarlj  nominated  by  legls- 
la  live  csnciises  until,  somewhat  previous 
to  tbe  general  pnrtv  svatem,  nominating 
conreDtlona  took  their  place.  Cancases  of 
tnembera  of  Congress  are  now  held  repular- 
I;  bT  tbe  adherents  of  the  aerernl  political 
parties  to  discuss  and  determine  upon  party 
policies  and  to  eboose  the  officers  of  the 
BcDBte  and  House. 
OBTalrr.  (See  Army.) 
Oavalrr,  increase  in,  recommended,  228, 

230,  2714,  4B61. 
Oavlte,  Plilllpplne  Islands,  batteries  at, 

ailcnced  bj  American  squadron,  62 B7, 

63  IS. 
Oajniga  Indlaiu.  (See  Indian  Tribes.) 
OayuM  Indiana.  (See  Indian  Tribes.) 
Cedar  Creak  (Ta.),  Battle  of.-One  of 
tbe  most  notable  actions  In  the  CItII  War. 
After  the  ensasement  at  Fishers  Hill  Bberl- 
dan  posted  hla  army  on  the  north  aide  of 
Cednr  Creek,  near  StrnsbarE.  and  went  to 


Cedar  Kers,  FU.,  interfsrenee  with  col- 
lector of  cnstoma  in,  and  action  of 
Goveinmeut  disenued,  6607. 
Cedar  Homitalo  (Ta.),  BatUe  of.— June 
26,  ISe^,  Gen.  Pope  was  asslKOed  to  tbe 
command  of  tbe  combined  forces  of  Banks, 
FremonL  snd  McDowell,  known  as  the 
armr  of  Virginia.  Each  of  the  separate 
armies  had  Been  defeated  or  forced  Into 
retreat  by  Jackson,  Tbe  combioed  forces 
numberwl  4S.000.  Including  0.000  cavalry. 
Pope  eatabllsbed  headqnartcrs  at  Culpeper, 
ahont  60  miles  soutbwest  of  WaablnKlon. 
Gen.  Lee  aeot  Jackson  and  A.  P.  Hill  to 
occupy  GordonsTllle,  a  few  miles  Sonth  of 
Culpeper.  Tbeir  united  armies,  number- 
ing, according  to  Federal  accounts,  25.000 
men,  advanced  toward  Culpeper,  and  on 
AuB,  9  attacked  Gen.  Baoka,  with  a  force 
of  XOOO  men.  at  Cedar  Uonalain.  a  hill 
two  miles  west  of  Mitch  el  la  Station.  Cul- 
peper County,  Va.  Banks  was  defeated. 
The  Federal  lotisea  were  S14  killed,  1,443 
woundpd,  and  620  missing.  Tbe  Confed- 
erates lost  22B  killed,  and  1,"— '-' 


Oedar  Baptds,  Iowa,  act  for  erection  of 

public  buildings  in,  returned,  S503. 
Cemeteries,  NatlonaL— The  army  appro- 
priatlon  bill  for  1860  contained  a  claoae 
setting  aside  $10,000  to  pnrcbase  a  lot 
near  the  Cl»  of  Mexico  (or  the  Interment 
of  Cnited  States  BOldien  who  fell  near 
that   place   during   the   Mexican   War. 

Since  tbe  Civil   War  Congress  liaa  estab- 
Itahed     elghty.fonr    cemeterleB     within     lh« 


jonth,  I 


They    are    mostly    In    1 
*  "~e  soldiers  fell  In  thai 
:    3T0.41S    graven 


e  and  rank  of  each  o 


1  June  80;   ISID; 


ralley, 


prised    t 


1.900  prIsone'rB.  The  'Federal  army  onder 
command  of  Gen.  Wright  retired  toward 
Winchester,  when  Sheridan,  who  had  ai^ 
rived  at  the  latter  place  during  tbe  (ore- 

■    armv   anii   ordered    tbe 

rere  in  pos- 
_.       .     ..  Creek  w\ea 

tbey  5  -        -    - 


afternoon  a 


1   both  Bides.     The 


I  defeated,    wllb 


the  I 


lost    nil 


ate  loss  was' 2:400.  This  was  tbe  laat  effort 
of  the  Confederate  forces  to  occupy  the 
EUienandoab  Valley. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


OiiB0t«Tla«,  KatlOMl— {rontftiMd. 


Ot  (bin  iitafBnta  lint  S^lT  m  tbiM  olCoBfidfnt^ 
Mac  Mialf  b  the  NMJontl  CaDctarw  i(  Cuap  Buthr, 
CnnM  Bm,  nngi  Pol^  FonSmkh,  HuipMa.  JdlecBB 
Banak^  tknacbld  ud  WoodJswn. 

Tba  natloiial  cnnetarr  at  Octtjabarc,  Pi., 
la  pecallarl7  InteresllDi  from  Its  havlns 
bcea  dedicated  bj  Freildent  Lincoln  Id  1863. 
tl  •IxniDdi  In  numeroni  memorlila  of  the 
departed  aoldlen,  Incladlns  a  natlocBl  moa> 
DmenL  It  baa  been  the  icinie  of  a  re- 
nnlrn  of  tbe  aarrlTOTa  of  tbe  sreat  battle 
toQsht  there  July  1-3.  1863.  The  OoTern- 
ment  aMiunod  clurfe  of  It  la  1S12. 
CteBUtMlM,  Nfttloiul.  (8m  ftlso  Na- 
tional Cemeteries.) 

EitablisluiieDt    of,    and    namber    of 
'Doion  foldien  buried  in,  diseassed, 


428E,  4352,  4402,  4443,  4508,  4S52, 
4603,  4712,  4753,  4S18,  4899,  5078, 
S350,  5483,  5540,  5609,  5832,  5949, 
6046. 
Oeiuors.— Bomsa    maslatratei    to    mrrtj 
and  rate  the  property  and  correct  the  man- 
ners of  the  people  were  appointed  aboot  443 
B.    C.     The   old    conatltutlon    of    rennsrl- 
vanla,  framed  In  ITTO.  provided  tor  «  coun- 
cil of  ceuors,  to  be  chosen  two  from  each 
city   or   county   every   i 
duty   It   should   t 


whether  t 


'SClsete    tbe    de- 

_ ;nl    and   Inquire 

tutlon  had  been  rlolated. 
A  new  conBuiiaiiDU  was  framed  In  ITBO  with 
this  provision  omitted.  The  Vermont  con- 
■tltullon.  modeled  after  that  of  Pennsyi- 
Tania,  provided  for  censors,  and  this  re- 
quirement was  not  abolished  till  1870. 
Oensnie,  Xesolntlons  of. — Two  resolutloni 
of  censure  on  the  president  have  been 
pasaed,  once  by  the  Senate  and  once  by 
the  House,  on  occasions  where  the  ma- 
jority passing  these  resolution s  waa  not 
saffldently  large  either  to  pass  njCHsares 
over  Ibe  president's  veto  or  to  Impeach 
him.  Marcli  28.  1S34.  after  three  months' 
debate  over  an  attempt  to  impeach  Andrevf 
Jackson,  Congress  rcaolved  that  the  "presi- 
dent. In  the  late  executive  proceedings  la 
relation  to  the  public  revenue,  ha*  assumed 
upon  himself  authority  and  power  not  con- 
ferred by  the  Constitution  and  Uwa.  bat  m 
derogation  of  both."  Jaclcson  protested, 
but  without  avail.  In  1837  the  resolutions 
were  expunged  from  the  records.  Jan.  10, 
1843,  John  M.  Botts.  of  Virginia,  offered 
a  resolution  for  the  Impeachment  of  Presi- 
dent Tyler  for  "gross  usurpation  of  poner, 
wicked  and  corrupt  abuse  of  tbe  power  of 
appointment,  high  crimes  and  mlads- 
meanors,"  etc,  Tyler  protested  Bgntnat  this 
as  Jackson  had  done  before  him,  but  he  had 
aa  a  member  of  the  Senate  voted  against 
the  reception  of  Jackson's  protest,  and  In 
answer  to  bis  protest  Uie  House  sent  him 
a  copy  of  the  Senate  reaolutlon  on  the 
former  occasion.  The  resolution  waa  re- 
jected by  a.  vote  of  83  to  127.  (Sea  alao 
Proteati.) 

Oensns. — The  Conalltntlon  requires  that  ■ 
census  of  the  Cnlted  States  shall  be  taken 
decennially.  The  flrat  census  was  taken  In 
17B0  under  the  sopervlsion  of  the  presi- 
dent :  subsequent  censuses,  to  and  includ- 
ing that  of  1840,  were  taken  under  the 
snperrlBlon  of  the  Secretary  of  Stats.  In 
1849  the  supervision  of  the  census  wae 
transferred  to  tbe  newly  organized  Depart- 
ment of  the  Interior,  and  cootinued  under 
the  control  of  Chat  department  until  the 
passage  of  the  act  of  1903.  creating  tbe  De- 
partment of  Commerce  and  Labor :  by  this 
act  the  Census  Bureau  was  transferred  to 
*■*""   ~"7  department,     Congresa,  by  a"""  "~ 


The  work  of  tbe  Census  Bureau  Is  di- 
vided Into  two  main  branchea.  namely,  the 
decennial  census  and  special  statistical  In- 
quiries, the  latter  moally  made  In  the  In- 
tervals between  the  decennial  censoaes.  The 
Thirteenth  Decennial  Censas  was  taken  aa 
of   date   April    IS,    1910.     It   covered   tba 


ftt,   SH8,    4180,   4187,   4184,   4237, 


pproved  Uarch  6,   1902.  i 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


dOlriM  refardlng  tba  lDian«,  leeble-tnladrd, 
OMf  and  dninb,  lod  blind ;  ertme.  panper* 
lim,  tnd  IniitTOlence :  deaibi  and  ^ilribs  In 
tin  areas  malutalalDx  reglitratlon  tjatan ; 
social  and  financial  ataltalica  of  cities ; 
wealth,  debt  and  taxation  ;  rellglona  bodies: 
electric  llslit  and  power,  telephonea  and 
tclecrapba,  and  atreet  rallwaji :  transports- 
Uoa  b;  wat«r;  cotton  prodnctian  and  dls- 
trlbatloD :  and  production  of  forest  prod- 
acta.  Tbe  autiatlea  of  deaths  (whlcb  now 
COTSi  a  Ilttl*  over  lialf  of  the  conntrj), 
of  dtlea,  and  ot  production  of  cotton  and 
foreal  products,  are  secared  ananallT :  the 
olber  atatlatlcs  mentioned  are  taken  aanallr 
at  InterTals  of  fiTe  or  ten  jeara,  not.  how- 
ever, at  the  same  time  as  the  regular  de- 
cennial cenHQsM.  Tbe  act  of  1902  also  pro- 
Tldea  for  a  eeniiia  ot  manuCactures  In  the 
Uth  rear  Interrenlns  between  the  deceanlal 
censusas,  and  tbe  new  Thirteenth  Cenana 
act  further  provides  for  a  censns  of  agri- 
enltare  in  leie,  as  well  aa  In  ISia 

The  Director  of  the  Censns  Is  appointed 
br  tbe  President  ot  the  Dnlled  Blatea  and 
r«celvea  a  salary  of  le.OOO  per  annum.    The 


PosUge   on   pftp«n    eonceming,  dis- 

eosoed,  664. 
lUfeired  to,  6345,  6389,  6454,  6676. 
Supervisors  of,  removed,  referred  to, 

4S43. 
OmamM,      Asrlcnltnnl,      recominended, 

Onmi  Boud  referred  to,  S560. 
Cenini  BnrMtn  diBCQaaed,  4066,  5640. 
OenL — Copper  coins  stamped  with  varlons 
designs  were  Isaoed  first  b;  tbe  atate*  aad 
later  bjr  the  Federttl  OovemmenL  Tennont 
was  the  first  state  to  Isaoe  eopiwr  c«nta, 
having  granted  permtaslon  In  Jnne.  1TS5.  to 
Benben  llannon,  Jr..  to  make  montj  for  tbe 
sUte  lor  two  jrears.  In  October  1785, 
Connectlcnt  granled  the  right  to  coin  £10,- 
000  In  copper  cents,  known  u  the  CoDMCU- 
cnt  cent  ol  ITBS.  In  17S0  Haaaachnsetta 
established  a  mint  and  coined   160.000   In 


eenta   and   halt   i 

New  Jerse;  granted  the  t 

"""  "  ■■"   noppers  1-  -^- 


iht  t 


£10.- 
1T81 


BOr^a.    The  permanent  ofllee 


..-_._ , orgaDlxatlon 

Includea  a  chler  clerk,  four  chief  statlsti- 
dans — for  Bapnlatlon,  (or  manaf  acta  res.  for 
flnance  and  municipal  ststlstics,  tor  vital 
statlsiles — a  geographer,  and  eight  chiefs  of 
division.  The  enllre  nnmbcr  of  emploreea 
In  the  Bureau  at  Waahlngton  Is  now  aboat 
640 :  In  addition  .there  are  abont  TOO  special 


Ight  . 

...  ..     .    _  ..__  jEming.    _. 

J.  Harrla  of  the  Continental  Congress  directed  Bobert 
Morrla  to  look  Into  the  matter  of  govern- 
mental coinage.  He  pronosed  s  standard 
based  on  the  Spanish  dollar,  one  hundred 
units  to  be  called  a  cent    Ula  plan  w 


agents  employed  Intermittently  in  the  south- 
em  states  for  the  collection  of  cotton  sta- 
tlstlca.  The  number  ot  emplovees  In  Wash- 
ington was  greatly  Increased  durlr*-  "-- 
deeennlal  ccqsqb  :  on  November  1,  ~ 
was  S.56B.   la   addlt'  ~  " 

(Sea  Fopnlatlon.) 


Appropriation  for  ezpenaei  of,  ree- 
ommended,  4654,  4664,  469D,  46D5, 
4737. 

Digenued  uid  reeommendBtioiu  re- 


Arthur,  4635. 

Cleveland,  S978. 

Fillmore,  2622,  2eeS,  2708. 

Grant,  3996,  4066,  4166,  4208. 

Harrison,  Benj.,  S5G3,  6640. 

Jackson,  1093,  1367. 

Jefferson,  81 S. 

Johnson,  3872. 

Lincoln,  3259,  3338. 


Pierce,  2756, 

Boosevelt,  6676,  7104,  7176,  7228. 

Taj-loT,  2560. 

Wer,  1894,  1934,  1943. 

Van  Bnren,  1714,  1775. 

Washington,  98,  175. 
Everj  five  years  rseommeuded,  4208, 
In  1875,  recommendation  for,   4157, 

4208. 
lann  regarding  timo  of  taking,  dis- 
enssed,  98S. 

Beferred  to,  1775. 


Congress  tiiat  tbe  smallest  coin  s 

-• -•  which  200  sboDid  pi) 

dred    ' 


sta-      lied   the  coinage   of  copper  cents  contaln- 

1  Wash-  Ing  264  grains  and  half  cents  In  proportion. 
Injr  the  By  the  acts  ot  Jan.  14,  1793.  and  Jan.  36, 
1910,  it        1766.  their  weight  was  reduced  (183). 

Their  coinage  commenced  In  IT 93.  In 
185T  the  nickel  cent  was  subs  turned  and 
the  half  cent  discontinued  and  In  1864  tbe 
bronze  cent  was  Inlrodneed.  weighing  forty- 
eight  eialns  and  consisting  of  nInety-Sve 
per  cent  of  copper  and  the  remainder  ot  tin 
and  sine.  In  the  calendar  year  1910  there 
were  coined  IE>2,846.218  cent  pieces  wortti 
«l.I>28,4e2.18.  This  was  about  f  20.000 
more  than  the  value  of  five  cent  pieces 
coined,  and  abont  *100,000  less  than  the 
value  ol  dimes  coined.  A  proposition  to  coin 
a  half-cent  piece  was  Inlrodneed  to  the 
Slity-Bpcond  Congress  In  191S,  but  tailed 
ol  passage. 

Oeat.    (See  Copper  Coins.) 
OontoniUal  AnnlTenaiY  ot  ronndlng  of 

Wasblngton  aa  Capital  to  be  held  in 

1900,  6347,  M04,  6456. 
Centennial  Annlvonarr  of  Fxaming  Of 

Constltntlon,  proposition  to  celebrato, 

in  Philadelphia,  S118. 
Oentennial    AnnlTersarr    of    Indopon- 

dance,     proclamation     reeommendiuK 

delivery     and     filing     of     hiBtorical 

sketches  of  counties  and  towns,  4345. 
Osntennlal  Oeiebratlon  of  Inangnratlaa 
of  Praaident  Washington  to  be  held 
in  New  York,  5371. 

Proclamation  regarding,  5453. 
Oentennial  Expoaltlon  at  FhlladelpliU. 
— An  International  exhibition  ot  acts,  man- 
ufactures, and  products  ot  tbe  soli  and 
mines,  held  at  Fslrmount  Parli,  Philadel- 
phia, from  May  19  toNov^^lO,  ;"~- 


nno  oeia  in  tnis  couniry,  ai 
to  celebrate  the  eompletioi 
Ot  the  tHateace  ot  (tw  Unit 


United  HtatsB  aa  an 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Central 


liidepaideDt  nmtlon.  Tbe  eoterprlae  re- 
cdT«4  PresUaDt  Onwt'B  warmest  sapptirt 
(4168,  4Sie.  42M,  «306j.  ClIlieDB  of 
FhiladelpbU  antNicrlbed  (10,000.000  of  csp- 
Ital  atock.  Consresa  Bpproprlaied  (2.000.- 
000  u  ■  loan,  PeDnsytvanlB  (1.000.000.  and 
the  fit;  of  rhlladelphls  (1,000.000.  Elgbt 
million  peraona  paid  admlaslon.  and  many 
forclsD  conntriea  were  repreaented  bj  oi- 
UUta. 

Cantennlal  Exposttion  at  Philadelphia 

diacuBMd,  4I5S,  4216,  42S4,  430S. 

Appropriation      for,      recommended, 

4270,  4314. 
Commiaaion  referred  to,  4272,  4315. 
Correipondenee    regarding,    referred 

to,  4311. 
Executive     orders     regarding,     4235, 

4280. 
GcTemmeiit    aid    to,    reeommended, 

4215. 
Prodajnation  regarding,  4181. 
Bemoval   of  government   exhibit   to 
capital    for    permanent    exhibit 
reconiineiided,  43S4. 
Exhibits   of  foreign  nationa   eon- 
tribnted,  4365. 
Beport  of  board  on  behalf  of  Exeeu- 
tiTe  Departments,  printing  and  dis- 
tribution  of,    recommended,   4381, 
4429. 
Beport    of    eonunisBion    referred    to, 

4364,  4465. 

BesiUts  of,  diseosaed,  4355,  436S,  4465. 

OratrsI  Amorica. — The  aix  IstbnUan  atatea 

hBTS  an  ana  whldi  a  little  exceeda  200.- 

000  aqnare  mllea.     Tbe  createat  breadlba, 


I,  Nlcaragaa,  Panama,  Salvador, 
i>aiM>na    Cuniil    Zona    belouslne    to    tbe 
United  Btatea  haa  an  area  ot  474  aqnare 

Tbe  nplanda  of  the  pUteaa  of  Mexico  ara 
iDlermpted  tij  the  lowland  of  the  lathmal 
of  Tehnantepee,  bnt  rlae  again  on  Ibe  aoolh- 
caat.  The  xeneral  formallon  aa  far  aonlb 
aa  Coata  Blca,  wbere  the  lathoiDa  narrowa 
and  tbe  noantaloa  trnd  to  form  a  alDfcIe 
chain,  la  that  of  a  placean  aloplng  gentlr 
towarda  the  Atlantic  and  aleeply  towarda 
the  Paclfle.  On  thla  are  many  more  or  leaa 
parallel   nrnsea. 

Kioaragaa  utw  a  wide  coaat  plain  on  the 
•aat,    the   Uoaqnito   Coast,   nplanda   In   tbi> 
Interior  from   1,000  to  7.000   feet,   alop! 
S«ntlj    towarda    the   .'" — ""    — '    "'"■ 


,   aloplng 


-jmtlnae  tbe  weatem  volranle  aone.     8 

of  theae  are  actlre,  CaaeKnlna  and  Uaaaya 
hare  been  tbe  aeenea  of  Taat  emptiona.  To 
the  east  of  tbla  Tange  la  a  great  denremion 
oeenpled  hj  tdkea  Manama  and  Nle- 
arainia.  Theae  are  drained  by  the  San  Jaan 
BlTer    which    flowa    Into    the    Paclflc 

To  the  •DDth  the  main  Cordlllprs  followi 
the  cmter  of  tbe  iBthmaa  to  Panama,  where 
a  relaf-lre  denreaaloD  from  I.lmon  Bay  on 
the  AUantle  to  Paoania  on  tbe  Psolflc  hag 
faTored  the  eonstractlon  of  the  canal  at 
the  narroweat  portion. 
Omtaal  Amoilc»  (see  «Ib9  the  sev«ral 
et»teB); 


Affair*  of,  disenued,  6825. 

Civil  war  in,  977. 

Commercial  relations  with,  1115,  4327, 

4826. 

Commission   to    South   America    and, 

for  improving  commercial  relations, 

4826,  4863,  4864,  4915,  4955,  5116. 

Consuls  of  United  States  to,  increase 

in  number  of,  recommended,  4760. 
Conventions  and  treaties  between 
Great  Britain  and  United  States 
rogarding  dominion  over,  dis- 
CDBsed,  2861,  2884,  2901,  2951, 
2952. 
Complications  arising  vnder,  2973, 

3039. 
Construction  of,  discussed,  2973. 
Correspondence       regarding,       trans- 
mitted, 2722,  2894. 
IHplomatic    relations   with,    referred 

to,  2724. 
Diplomatic  representation  of  United 

States  in,  discussed,  6325. 
Fugitive  criminals,  convention  tritb, 

for  surrender  of,  4055. 
Greater  Bepoblie  of  Central  America, 
establishment   of,  discussed,  S325, 
6365. 
Greftown,    bombardment    of.      (Bet 

Greytown,  Nicaragua.) 
Minister  of  United  States — 
Attacked  and  vronnded  bj  ontlawt 

in,  2814. 
Grade   of,  elevated  to  plenipotei 

tiary  rank,  4717. 
Sent  to,  2744. 
Uonarchical    government,    establish' 

ment  of,  in,  referred  to,  3402. 
New   British    colony   establiahed 

2719. 
Outlaws  in — 
American  minister     attacked  and 

trounded  by,  2814. 
Uarauding    bands    of,    destroying 
property    of    American    citizens, 
discussed,  2S15. 
Town    occupied     by,     bombarded, 

2816. 
Complaint    of   foreign    powers    re. 
garding,  2817. 
Policy  of  United  States  toward,  dis- 
cussed, 5750. 
Questions  between  Great  Britain  and 
United  States  regarding,  2741,  2813, 
2901,  2943,  2973,  3039. 
Beferred  to,  2722. 
Ship  Canal  througb,  discussed,  1115. 
(Bee    also    Nicaragua   Canal;  Pan- 
ama Canal,) 
Treaty  nith  Great  Britain  regarding. 

(See  Clayton -Bui  wer  Treaty.) 
Treaty    with    States    formerly    com- 
posing,   referred    to,    2553,    2569, 
8S70, 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Messages  mut  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


TnuumiHion  of,  to  Hodh  d«elin«d, 
SQOL 

Treaty  with,    tTBiumitted    and    difl- 
ciUMd,  883,  910,  1750,  4055. 

War  in,  discTieMd,  491L 
Oantral  Ameilca,  Oreatw  B«pn1fllc  of, 

MtabliBbment     of,     diaeoBoed,    6325, 

6365. 
Ottntial  Amflrtca. — Honduras  and  Niea- 

ragoa  Treaties  propoaed  bj-  Preudent 

Taft,  7663. 
Oentxal  American  Peaca  Oonfarmce.— 
On  acconnt  of  tbe  frequent  rtTOlntlona  In 
tba  Centnl  American  republlca.  m  well  aa 
the  won  between  tbem,  Preildcat  Diu.  of 
Mexico,  and  PreildenC  SooKVelt  appealed  to 
the  repnblln  to  coofer  with  each  other  on 
the  qaeitlon  of  a  general  treatr  of  arbitra- 
tion and  amltr-  In  reaponie  to  tbis  Invita- 
tion all  the  Central  American  Btatea— Coata 
"'ca,  Onatemala,  Hondoras,  Nicaragua,  and 


•*^!f" 


lesatlona  In  each  from  all  the  others  ;  forbid 


reTolntlooar;  govern  men  la  wilch  mar  o 


by  the  frecl;  elected  repteuntatWea  .. 

peoplB :  non-lnterfeKnce  In  Inlernal  war- 
fare. The  Central  American  Court  of  Jus- 
tice was  formed,  to  conalet  of  dve  Jnstlcea, 
one  from  each  republic,  to  alt  at  the  city 
of  CarUgo,  In  CoBta  Rica.  Tbls  court  has 
JortwIlCtloD  over  laCeToallonal  questions  be- 


raniportatlon.   edu- 

merce,'  Industries,   peace  and   prosperttj  of 
tbe  countries  of  Central  America. 

Hay  26.  IBOa,  the  CfUtral  American  Court 
of  Justice  was  opened  a  I  Cartago.  Costa 
Blca,  In  tbe  preaecce  of  reprcsentatlTea  of 
ITDlted  Stales,  Heilco^  Bed  all  tbe  Central 
Amerlcao  republics.  The  day  cas  celebrat- 
ed throughout  Ceutral  America  as  a  na- 
tloDal  hoHday.  The  United  States  commis- 
sioner annoDQCed  the  girt  of  (100.000  from 
Andrew  Carnegie  to  build  a  temnle  for  the 
sittings  of  tbe  court.  Id  July,  Honduras  and 
Nicaragua  broaght  cbargea  agalast  Salvador 
and  Guatemala.  President  Davllla.  of  Hod- 
duras,  cbarged  that  a  recent  revolt  In  Hon- 
duras was  organlied  and  sunporlcd  In  the 
neighboring  Stotes  of  Oustemala  and  Salva- 
dor. PresFdent  Zels/a,  of  Nlcaragun,  made 
almllar  charge*.  The  letter's  claims  were 
dismissed  aa  lacking  fouodallon.  The  Hon- 
dnras  claims  were  eia mined  and  decided 
adverselr  In  tbe  following  December.  'Hils 
was  taken  as  an  Indication  of  the  altlmata 
Utility  of  the  cogrt  for   tlie  piupoieB   for 


which  it  had  been  created.    Tbe  AUTeTeBCM 
here  peacefall;  adjnated  were  of  tbe  elaas 
that  formerlx  led  to  hMtUltles. 
Ottntial  Americas  P«aca  Oonference,  re- 
sult of  efforts  of  Presidents  of  Unitad 
States  and  Uezico,  7135. 
Oenbe  of  Fopnlatlon.— Bishop  Berkeier, 
writing   early   In   the   eirtiteenth   eentnry, 
said  In  bis  poem  "On  tiie  Prospect  of  Plant- 
ing Arts  and  Learning  In  America"  : 
"Westward  the  course  of  empire  takes  Ita 


Tlme'a  noblest  offspring  Is  the  last." 
The  epigraph  to  Banciort's  "History  of 
the  Halted  States"  made  the  llrat  line  of 
the  aboTe  read  aa  fotlowa: 
"Westwsrd  the  star  of  empire  takes  Its  way." 
Tile  centre  of  jrapulatlon,  the  "star  of 
empire,"  of  tbe  Gnited  Ststea  has  mored 
steadily  westward  from  ■  point  east  of 
Baltimore  In  1T90  to  the  city  of  Blooming- 


Deied  table  shows  its  progress : 

Census  .  .      .     «-        .  UUn  dortH 

Y,„  Approiimato  Locataon        pSjji™ 

1790— TwaDty-thne    milM   B«t    of 

Ballloiaie,    Md 

tSOO— Eighteen  milsa  West  of  BalU- 

Dioni.Md 40.9 

IStD— Forty    miles    Northwat    by 

WcrtoIWHhiii^n.D.C..         9S.0 

1830— SiitMD  miln  North  of  Wood- 
stock, Va n.t 

1830— NlnatHtn    niila    WotrfloDtk- 

west  of  Moorefisld,  W.  Vs.*  40.4 
IMO-^Siileaa  mile*  South  ol  Clarka- 

burg.  W.Va.* U.O 

ISW— TirBDlv>^rea  miln  BonllHast 

of  ParLersbura,  W.Va.*...  U.S 
I8eO~-Twenty  miles  South  of  ChU- 

liootha,  Ohio 80.6 

ISTO-^otty-eight    miles    Beat    by 

North  (iiC%iciDnitl,Ohio...  4t.l 
IBBO-^^iEht  milca  WeM  by  South  id 

undoiMd,  Oblo S8.1 

1800— Twsnbr    mOes   Esat    id   Co- 

lumbna,  lad 48.0 

1900— Six    mila    Southeast   id   Co- 

lumbua,  Ind 14.0 

ISIO— In  the  oity  of  Bloomlagtoo,  Tad.  3B.0 
*  West  Viiguiia  fcsmed  part  of  Virginia  until  igeo. 

Oerro  Qordo  (Mexico),  Battle  of.— This 
battle  was  fought  on  April  IT  and  18. 
184T.  Ten  days  after  the  surrender  of 
Vera  Crus  the  Tanguarda  of  Scott's  army, 
under  Brig.-Oeo.  Twiggs,  took  up  tbe  march 
toward  tbe  Ueilcao  capital.  The  dlslSDcs 
to  be  covered  was  pearly  200  miles.  Tbree 
dnj-B  later  they  arrived  at  the  foot  of  the 
Orliaba  Uounfalns,  SO  miles  to  the  west- 
wnrd.  Here  Santa  Anna,  the  Uexlcan 
Prealdent.  had  assembled  a  force  c(  IH.OUU 
men.  Intrenched  on  tbe  heighta  of  Cerro 
Qordo.  The  American  force  did  not  ex- 
ceed 8.000  men.  By  cutting  a  new  road 
around  the  monutalo  to  the  Bank  of  the 
enemy  and  slmulcsneonsly  assaulting  front 
and  rear  the  Meiicans  were  forced  lo  sur- 
render. SBUta  Anna  encaped  wltb  some 
6.000  or  7,000  of  his  army  down  the  rosd 
toward  Jalapa.  The  Iobb  lo  the  Americans 
was  es  killed  and  398  wounded.  That  of 
tbe  enemy  was  CRllmated  to  be  nearly  1,200 
killed  and  wounded.  Tbe  Tlctors  captured 
8,000  prisoners  (who  were  paroled),  be- 
tween ^.000  snd  4,000  stand  of  arma,  48 
pieces  of  heavy  bronae  cannon,  and  a  larp 
quantity  of  Ozed  a '•'— 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


ClumcellofsviUe 


■lutll  be  entltlgd  to  more  thin  ten  ddafatM 


Onnitl,  claim  of,  ag&inst  Colombia  dia- 

eiUMd,  0328. 
Otmn,  Admlial,  Spanish  fleet  onder 
command  of,  in  Santiago  £aibor, 
Cnba,  6316. 

Daatrojred    bj    American    squadron 
while   attempting  to   escape,   6317. 

(See  alao  BpaniBh-Americaa  War.) 
OMmoa  of  lAndB.  (See  Landa,  Indian.) 
OhalaMtto'i  FlADtatlOB  (Iia.),  Battle  of. 
— Ooe  of  the  battle*  near  Vew  Otleana. 
After  tbe  IndedilTC  engagement  at  Tilliere'a 
pUntatlon,  Dec  SS.  1814.  Sir  Edward 
Fakeubam  Joined  the  Britltb  armv  witb 
. ..     -t....    --jelied    the    InTad- 


>  tbe  enfcasement 


with  4.000  L 

Ibe  BrItUh .v- ^_ 

In  2  colamoi  nndei  Generals  Sean  and 
Qibb&  After  faclUK  the  beBTj  fire  of  tbe 
i_uri_-  .■.._.>.... —   *—  .   Biiort  time, 


Amerlean  abarpehootera  f 


Sir  Edward    Pakenbam    ordered    _    

Tbt  Brttlata  loai  in  tbe  enea^ment  vaa 
atioDt  ISO.  Tbe  loai  of  tbe  Americans 
was  9  killed  aed  8  wonnded.  One  man  on 
board  the  LouMana  was  killed.  More 
than  800  ebota  were  barled  from  ber  gnna 
wItb  deadly  effect.  One  of  Oiem  fa  known 
to  bare  kflled  and  wounded  IS  men. 
Ohambor  of  Oommorca  of  tba  United 
Htatoa. — A  national  organisation  fonred  at 
a  eemmerdal  conference  called  by  tbe 
Prteiaent  at  tbe  Cnlted  Statee  to  meet  In 
Waihlngton,  Aprtl  23  and  S3.  1913.  It* 
pnbUsbed  porposea  are  to  enconran  end 
"iromote  tbe  orEanliatlon  of  Baaoclatlona  of 
men  In  all  parts  of  tbe  countr;. 
debatable  pollclea  affect  log  oor 
commerce  are  adrocated  bf  tbe 
rnieru  iintborltlea,  tbere  sbould  be  a  rec- 
onlied  orKanliatlon  capable  of  eipreaaing 
tbe  bnalneae  opinion  of  tbe  entire  countrr 
arallabto  for  cooterence,  Blike  to  tbe  ei- 
ecntlTe    and    leglalatlTe    brancbe*    of    tbe 


National 


it  America  t 


t  In  tbi*  capacltp — : 


orlgliiata    legielatloo,    oor   to   be    

saHl;   critical    «t   leglalatlon    proposed    by 
othcra,  bat  ratber  to  aaanme  that  tbe  Na- 


conntiT  and  will  accept  our  co-operatloa 
In  an  eodeaTor  to  make  all  business  legls- 
latlon  conetroctlTe. 


aaaodatlonB  shall  be  of  two  claaae*.  Vlrat 
— Local  or  State,  commercial  or  business 
orcanfutlons  whose  chief  pnniase  Is  the 
dereb>pmeat  of  tbe  commercial  and  In- 
dnstrlal  Interests  of  a  alngle  slate,  dty  or 
locality.      Second — Local,    — '-     ■-■■—■ — 


Kepr»»entatUM, — Eaca  member  of  the 
Cbamber  of  Commerce  of  tbe  United  States 
of  America  shall  be  entitled  to  one  dele- 
gate end  one  rote  (or  the  flmt  twenty-Sve 
member^  and  one  delegate  and  one  toIo 
for  eacb  additional  two  boodred  member* 
tn  exeeaa  «f  tweDtr-Sre,  bat  do  tBember 


e  National  headquarter* 


tbe  facllltie*  o 


■bip  Is  limited  to  G,000. 

Oliainbois  of  Fonlgii  Ctaamttc*.  ans* 

gested,  7674. 
Oliamben,  Talbot,  court-martial  of,  re- 
ferred to,  S12. 
OhanUaal,  arbitration  with  Uexieo  of 
bonndary  quoBtion  not  utiafaotoiTi 
7658. 
OhuvlMi  HQIfl  (HlM.),  Battlo  of.— 
Sberman  was  directed  to  remain  at  Jack- 
ion  to  deetroy  everything  that  conld  be  ot 
value  to  tbe  Confederatea.  Grant  himself 
turned  toward  the  west.  Femberton,  the 
Confederate  general,  with  35,000  men^  bad 
left  Vlckiburg  hoping  to  cut  oK  Qraut 
from  his  supplies  and  form  a  Innctlon 
with  Johnston's  forces.  Iieamuig  the 
strength  and  position  of  the  enemy.  Orant 
ordered  Sherman  and  McPheraou  to  leave 
Jackson  and  hasten  forward.  Uay  10, 
18es,  Femberton'a  army  was  encountered 
at  Champion  Hills,  a  precipitous,  narrow, 
wooded  ridge  twenty-flve  milea  west  of  Jack- 
son and  twenty  miles  east  of  Tlcksbarc. 
Tbe  Confederates  were  stronglj'  posted,  and 
.. cesMry  for  the  Federal  tro*""  *- 


approach  the  position  a 


lery. 


kffeS 

- of  10  batteries  of  artll- 

Hover's   division   and   UcPhenon'a 
)■,  with  tbe  exception  o"  •" *" 

The  battle  vi ,    

and  the  Confederates  were  driven  back 
after  they  bad  sustained  heavy  las*. 
Orant'a  losses  were  410  killed.  1,844 
woonded.  and  18 T  missing — total,  3.441. 
The  Confederate  losaea  were  probably  near- 
ly tbe  same,  and  In  addition  2,000  pclson- 

Oliamplaln,   Lake,    (Soo  Lake   Cluun- 

plain.) 
OtaancelloisTllIo  (Va,),  Battlo  of.— Jan. 
26,  1803,  Haj.-Qen.  Joseph  Hooker  suc- 
ceeded UaJ.-Oen.  Bora  side  In  command  of 
the  Army  ot  the  Potomac.  By  April  1 
that  army  was  In  ezcelleut  condition,  num- 
bering at  tbe  beginning  of  the  new  opera- 
dons  over  100,000  Infantry,  10,000  artil- 
lery. 12,000  or  13,000  cavalry,  and  more 
than  400  gnna.  Gen.  Lee  waa  at  Fred- 
ericksburg, Va.,  wItb  67.000  Confederates. 
April  28  (same  authorities  say  tbe  20th> 
Hooker  began  a  movement  with  Le«'s  left 
as  hla  objective  point.  To  cover  his  real 
design,  however,  be  dispatched  Qen,  Stone- 


p  of       man  with  moat  o 


valry  o 


tloned    Gen.    Sedgwick    with    SO.OC 

opposite  Prederlckahurg.  and  moved  with 
about  70,000  men  toward  the  Onlted  State* 
Ford,  on  the  Bappahanoock.  By  April 
BO  Hooker  bad  crossed  the  Sappahanoock 
with  the  main  body  of  the  army  and  ea- 
tabUabed  bit  beadquartera  at  ChancsUora- 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Tti«  Confeile_. ,   _, 

Witb  bim  Sl.OOO   men.      Lee  bad 

FlgbtJDB   began   Uaj    2    tbe   Flfib   Corps 


Monlei 

12  to  14  Inrldent  to  tbe  talLlDg  ot  Cbapalte- 
pee   and   tbo  occupations^  of ^  the   city    Ui» 


1   \c    Frederick  iburx 


Con  federals 
g  recall  of  Hoo 

:ale».  May  a  I*e  detacbed  "Si.  .. 
'  Jackson,  with  abont  26.000  men,  to 
*    "  1  Elevenlb  Corps,   under  Oen.  O. 


10,7«,  .,    . 

commander   In   cblpf   of ... 

faglllTe.      Tbe  trophies  Included 


ant    some   30.000.    lost 

-     then    PreBideni    Bad 

"  """   armj,   was   • 


color*  and  ^andarda,  75  plecei  of  ord- 

___    __.     —    __„    nip,^    20.000    amall 

UM  <)nantl(7  of  ammnnl' 


Tbe  next  dai.  Mar  3,  the  ct_ _.  .. 

newed,  nearlj'  14,000  troops  under  I-ec 
bating  made  a  Junction  wltb  tbe  forcei 
under  Stoart,  Jaekaau'a  immediate  auccea- 
Bor.  It  reaolted  In  general  Con  federate 
aucc««s.  Sedgivtck  In  the  mcanilme  bad 
croaaed  Ibe  Bappabannoek,  forced  Early 
out  ot  the  Frederlckaburg  Eclgbla.  and 
threatened  the  Confederal*  r —  -'  ™ — 


Ohuleston,  8.  C,  Ztxpofiitton,  reUtiona 

of  U.  8.  GoTernment  to,  0675. 
Oharlogton  (S.  O.),  Surrandsr  of.— After 
Blr  Henry  CUntou  bad  learneil  of  the  (all- 
ure  of  the  attack  on  Savannah  be  aent  an 
additional  force  of  8.500  men  to  tbe  Sovtll 
under  MaJ.-Gen.  Leallb  Tbe  main  t>ody 
of  the  American  army  » —  ■-  — '-■ 


CellortTtlle.        Lee,      having     defeated     the 
^]jig    of    tbe   Federal   army    and 

-t  away,    rcenforced  on   the  8d  and 

4lh  of  May  the  troopa  in   front  of  Sedg- 


4lh ,    „ 

wick,  Tbe  latter  ...  .  . 
reeroBBed  tbe  river  at  night  wtiu  a  ioh 
«f  5,000  men.  Booker  alu  recrowed  Ihe 
tlver  dnrlng  the  nigbl  ot  tbe  41b.  Accord- 
ing to  Federal  accouota  their  lass  was 
ITTiBT.  ot  whom  6,000  were  prlBonera; 
18  Euna  and  30,000  muskelB  also  fell  Into 
tbe  Dands  of  the  ConfederateB.  Lee'a  loM 
waa  about  13.000.  iocludtng  prtaonenL  Tbe 
battle  ot  ChencellorsTllle  was  probably  the 
mtnit  liDportant  victory  won  and  tbe  great- 
est dlaaster  auatBlued  by  the  Contederatca 
tip  to  tbat  period.  Tbey  here  detealed  tbe 
■plendld  Union  Anny  which  aitscked  them  ; 
but  tbe  death  ot  Lleut.-Oen.  Jnckson  was 
a  loaa  from  wblcb  It  was  welt-nlgb  Im- 
poaalble  to  recover. 

Ohkntmr  (Va.),  B«ttl«  Of.— Aug.  81, 
18S2,  the  day  after  the  aecond  battle  of 
Bull  Bun.  ot  Manassas,  Lee  sent  Jackaon 
northward  for  the  pnrpoBe  ot  taming 
Pope'a  right  wing  toward  'Washington. 
Pope'B  beadquariers  were  at  CentervIUe 
and  he  bad  been  reentorced  by  Sumner's 
and  Franklin's  corps.  AntlclpatlDK  tbe 
movement  ot  the  CoDtcderates,  be  disposed 
bis  forces  In  position  to  meet  and  truatnite 
It  at  Chaolltly,  Just  north  of  Centerrllle, 
on  the  evening  ot  Bept.l,  by  the  troops 
under  McDowell,  Hookpr.  and  Kearny. 
Id  tbe  engagemept  Oenerals  Keamr  and 
Stevens  were  killed.  Pope  was  forced  to 
fall  back  upon  tbe  works  at  Washington. 
Federal  loss.  1.300:  Confederate,  8O0. 
OIiftptilt«iMo  (Mazleo),  Bftttla  of.— The 
redaction  of  El  Mollno  del  Rey  aod  Casa 
de   Mata   by   Qeu.   Scott's   srmy   left   tbe 


filled  with  troops  a 
flj^lnary  /re"" 


spproncbes  v 


l5,   1847.   ..  ,  _ 

_   ., on  tbe  outworkB, 

,_j   18th  a  Btralegic  assault   was 

made  and  tbe  walls  scaled  In  the  face  ot 
a  terrible  Hre.  Tbe  American  force  con- 
sisted of  7,180  men.  Some  26.000  ot 
Santa  Anna's  men  were  distributed  be- 
tween ChunibuBco  and  Ihe  Clly  ot  Mexico 
and  the  caoaeways  conneclInR  them.  Be- 
tween ChapuUepeo  and  the  City  of  Mexico 
proper  were  two  camewara  or  elevated 
roads  leading  to  tbe  gates  of  Belen  and  San 
Coame.  These  were  crossed  under  Ibe  en- 
emy's Are  and  tbe  divisions  ot  Worth  and 


iBO,  the  British  squadron,  having  toacbed 
st  Tybee  Island,  near  Savannah,  croaaed 
the  bar,  and  on  April  6  pnssed  Fort  Moul- 
trie, with  a  loaa  of  27  men.  and  aocbored 
off  Fort  JohuBOD.  which  bad  been  aban- 
doned by  tbe  Americans.  April  2»  Admiral 
Arbuthoot,  with  600  marlnea.  forced  tha 
Americans  to  abandon  L'Empriee  Point, 
with  a  loss  of  nearly  100  men,  who  were 
raptared    by    f  ... 

'- '-fston. 

illrle,    —    - 

__,   Gen.  Lincoln   i , __ 

surrender.  The  Brltlah  caanaltles  were  76 
killed  and  ISO  wounded.  The  Amerlcsa 
caaualtiea  ware  nearly  tbe  same  ;  5.018  men, 
which  Inclnded  all  the  male  eltlaeos  ^ 
Charleston,  were  made  prisonera,  and  405 


Qoltmui  entered  I 


>  knciinit  aeat  ot   tha 


Site  for,  934. 
Olurtor. — A    name    commonly    applied    to 
grants  of  land   or  special   privilege*  made 
by  governments  or  Individual  nilera  to  eom- 

fanlee  or  bodies  ot  men  for  a  term  of  years. 
a  American  law  a  charter  Is  a  written 
grant  trom  the  sovereign  power  conterrlUK 
rights  or  prlvlleees  upon  a  municipality  or 
other  corporation.  The  term  Is  generally 
applied  to  tbe  slatnte.  lettera  patent,  or 
articles  o(  aaBoclation  canctloned  Itj  staluta 
creating  a  corporation,  as  a  dty,  college, 
stock  company,  benevolent  society,  or  social 
club.  During  the  early  settlement  of  Amer- 
ica European  potentateB,  c!alm[n(  sover- 
eignty by  right  ot  discovery.  Issued  chai^ 
terB  granting  land  for  pnrpoaes  of  colonisa- 
tion. The  principal  charters  granted  tor 
this  purpose  were  those  ot  the  Virginia 
Company.  1B06,  1009.  and  1012;  Plymootb, 
1020  :  IilassacbusellB  Boy,  1629  :  Providence 
Plantations.  1644;  ConnecUcnt  1663: 
Rhode  Island  and  Providence  Plantations. 
1803:  Massacbusetts,  1691,  and  Oeoiula, 
1732.  The  same  aorC  of  charters  were  given 
to  the  Dutch  West  India  Company  by  tha 
States- General  ot  the  United  Netherlands 
In  1621  and  to  the  Swedish  Company  by 
GuBtavQB  Adolpbns  In  1624. 
Olurtor  Oak. — A  tree  celebrated  In  Amer- 
ican legend.  According  to  tradition,  la 
1087  Edmnnd  Androa,  the  colonial  governor 

of  Connectlcnt  demanded  the  retom  of  the 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


iWr^ 


Olwitar  Oak— OiHiHiHt«<. 
duiTiM  Of  tb«  Colon;.     Daring  a  n>c«tln( 
held  to  dclllMmte  npoo  the   actioo   to  he 
Uken  the  Utfita  were  eoddenly  eicliwiilBhea. 
Wbea  titer  were  lelUitad  the  ehartei  wu 
BtHlng.      It   w«a   Mid   that   Capt.    Wada- 
worth    oTCTented    the    conflacatloQ    ol    the 
dkarter  b;  eecretinf  It  In  the  boUow  oC  an 
oak  tree  near  Hartford.    The  tree  vas  lona 
held  In  sreat  Teaeratlon.     An«.  20,  18S6, 
it  wa*  proatrated  tyj  a  sale. 
Chaata  Indlanfl.    (See  Zndiiui  Tribes.) 
CbatUiioogft  (TeaiL),  Battle  of.   (S«o 

Miaaionarr  Bidge.) 
Charnuta  luUaiia.  (See  ladlan  TrilMa.) 
CbalUUa  Boaarratlon,  WadL,  allotment 

of  lajida  in  eeveraltT  to  Indians  on, 

referred  to,  4779. 
Chamlcala. — The  ehemtcal  Indnitrr  of  the 
Doited  BUta  li  but  little  more  than  100 
jeaia  old,  and  ranki  foDTth  amaoK  the 
manolKctnrins  bnilnesan.  No  cbemlcBls 
were  made  here  before  the  BeroloUon. 
Jn  1810  copnena  waa  made  In  Vermont 
and  MaiTland,  and  the  Utter  atate  pro- 
duced ainm  In  1813.  The  mannlactnre  of 
chemleala,  palnta  and  medldnea  began  In 
Baltimore  In  161  a 

Cbemlcal  manufactnre,  aa  ancli,  can 
hardly  be  said  to  bare  existed  antll  the 
CQDtlnDoaalr  working  chamber  proceii  for 
aalphnric  acid  waa  latradaced,  aboot  1810, 
wbllc  tbe   Leblmc  soda  proceea   althonah 

dlacorered  br  him  In  1789,  failed  t ■  - 

foothiz  nntll  1814,  when  It  waa  in 

into    Bnaland    br    Loah.      Now     .. 

Ihia  great  dlaeoverr  approaching  extinction 
Ukrougb  tbe  contact  proceaa. 

Br  1830  the  Indnatrr  waa  tlrmlr  eatab- 
llahed  Id  the  United  SUtea,  Phlladelpbla 
being  tbe  center.  There  were  thlrtr  llrms 
doing  bnaincaa  tbroDshout  tbe  entire  conn- 
trr,  with  a  capital  of  tl,lS8,000,  prodnc- 
Im  articles  valued  at  11,000,000.  Tbe  list 
oTactlclea  Included  acetate  and  nitrate  of 
lead,  acetic  and  oxalic  addi,  alum,  am- 
aionla,  aqna  fortla,  bichromate  of  potash, 
borsx,  camphor,  coppersa,  chrome  rellow, 
chrome  green,  Olauber's  and  Rochnlle  aalts. 
mnrlade  and  nitric  adds,  oil  of  Titrlol, 
PmsBlan    bine,    pmsalale   of   potaab,   aalt- 

Etre,   enlphate  of  quinine,  tartar  emetic, 
rtarlc  acid  and  compounda  of  theae. 
The    chemical    Induatrr    la    divided   for 

Eirpoaea  of  analrsla  by  the  Cenaua  Bureau 
to  twelve  gronps  aa  follows :  I — Adds, 
except  anlpharle,  nitric,  and  mixed  acids, 
and  soCIt  aa  are  made  br  establishments 
In  tha  wood  distillation  Indostrr.  II— 
Sodas.  Ill — Potashca.  IT— Alnma,  V— 
Coal-tar  products.  TI — Cranides.  *"' 
BleachlDg  materials.  ~' 
leala  (snbstaacea  proaucea  or  me  aia  oi 
electricltr,  InclDdlng  metale  and  allors  pro- 
duced br  alectrolTtlc  or  electrometallurgle 
•"■— Plaat'"      "    

Jierwiae  •seemed 

a  tbe  exceptions  DOted  In  tbe 

gioop,  tbls  <dsssldcBtlaa  exclndea  alcohol, 
dre  stntto,  tertlUser*,  explosives,  oils, 
paints  and  otben  which  are  considered 
under  approprlata  haadtngs.  The  number 
of  eatabiisb  meets  In  these  twelve  groups 
la  1»10  waa  alTen  a*  849.  Tbe  eaplU]  In- 
vettad  was  tlSS.14S,TS0  and  &T,T91  per- 
sona were  engaged  In  the  Induatrr,  extract- 
a  therefrom  in  aaUrr  and  wages, 
321,089.  The  total  Tslne  of  tbe  prod- 
neta  waa  placed  at  $117,688,887.  The 
▼alne  of  the  several  rroops  was ;  Adde^ 
■11.936.889;  sodas,  X2M17^982  :  potaabee, 
$BS>40:  alnma,  83,STM43;  coal-tiu  prod- 


BGia,  sfi,oio,o»i  ,  cTBUiaeB,  f  j,,u*x,gtio , 
bleaching  materlalo,  si,68S.046 ;  chemical 
anbatances  produced  br  tbe  aid  of  elec- 
trldtf,    117,902,277;    plastka,    fT,180,lT2; 

— '   -r  ilonefled  « ».n»no-i.  . 


..-[:  aalta.  tin  compounda,  br-prod- 

.,   134.349,818. 

Besides  these   groups,  the   pcodoctlon   of 


|18,7$BTB{^'Jand'~tha   outpnt" 


ISO  establlabments  engaged 
m  wiKHi  uiaiiilatlon,  not  Including  turpen- 
tine and  toslD.  The  chief  prodncn  of  tbls 
Industrr  are  wood  alcohol,  acetate  of  lead, 
tncpentlne  and  cbarcoal  and  creosote.  The 
coDltal  Invested  was  reported  In  1910  as 
118,017,192.  Less  than  4.000  persona  were 
engaged  In  the  buslneaa  and  their  wages 
and  salaries  amounted  to  11,818,0S9.  The 
materia  la  used  cost  $C.B7E>,8S1,  and  the 
Talue  of  tbe   products   waa   ■9,786.998. 

The  production  of  aulpburlc  acid  Is  a 
matter  of  tbe  areateit  Importance,  as  It  la 
not  onlr  the  lonndatlon  of  the  Inornnle 
heavT-chemlcal  Induatrr  and  la  used  for 
manr  other  puITloae^  but  also  baa  latelr 
become  a  moat  Important  material  lu  the 
organic  dre-atuff  Indnatry,  eapeclallr  1° 
the  prodnctloQ  Of  allxarlne  colore  and  of 
■ruthetli:  lodlgo. 

Tbe  flrn  mannfacturer  Of  sulphuric  acid 
In  the  United  States  appears  to  have  been 
John  HarrlBou,  of  Philadelphia,  who.  In 
1798,  hod  ■  lead  chamber  capable  of  pro- 
ducing 800  carboys  of  add  per  annnm. 
The  bualaeas  proved  very  profitable,  add 
selling  as  high  aa  ISc  per  pound.     Towers 


,    and    the    Lennlg 


in   Fhtladelpbla  1_ 

plant,  erected  In  1829,  Is  said  to  have  been 
so  BDCceiaful  that  tbe  then  existing  New 
York  Cb  em  leal  Company  went  Into  liqui- 
dation and  put  the  fimds  realised  therefrom 
Into  a  banking  companr,  now  widely 
known  as  the  Chemical  National  Bank. 

Nitric  add  waa  mRoafaclured  in  Phila- 
delphia Id  1834  br  Carter  t  Bcattergood. 
The  moat  nolahle  recent  advance  made  In 
Its  manufacture  Is  In  tha  form  of  appa- 
ratna  employed,  which  Is  due  to  Edward 
Hart  and  Oscar  Onttman.  It  la  need  In 
tbe    manufacture    of   nitrates,    like    alive 


.   like  s 


iklDg 

- .  tton,     nltroglrcerlne, 
agent  and_  tor  etching 


;  In 


oxydlalni 


Sulphuric  add  ran&s  first  In  importance 
among  maoufactnred  chemleala,  followed 
doselr  br  artlfidal  lertllliera.  Paints  and 
dres  come  next  The  conduct  ol  the  l&dna. 
trr  depends  more  upon  skill  and  knowledge 
tun  anr  other  Industrr,  and  ttie  growui 
1*  so  rapid  that  the  skilled  worker  of 
twentr  rears  ago  won  Id  be  oaeleaa  to-day. 

Among  tbe  mannfacturea  depending  upon 
the  chemical  Industry  are  the  following; 
cotton,  woolen  and  silk  fabrics,  oil  doth, 
palDt,  Rlneoae,  fertllliera,  aonp,  glaaa,  pa- 
per, InX  explosives,  pyroxylin,  electrical, 
pyrotechDlc.  pharmaceutic  tauDlng,  oil  and 
sugar  refining,  artificial  lea,  oleacUllg 
worka  and  the  reduction  of  metals. 

UerchandlHlng  of  many  chemicals  la 
handicapped  by  our  Inability  to  compete 
with  tbe  low  wages  of  Bome  foreign  coaa- 
triea ;  but.  on  the  other  hand,  through 
natural  advantages  not  enjoyed  by  foreign 
manufacturera,  considerable  exportation  of 


For  the  manafaeu 


"of 


it  all  tl 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


milled  iDduitrlea,  tbe 

--■0  eaUblUhmenW  — ,.-.—_ ,- 

,  laelatllDS  propil«ton,  tim   memt»en. 


2.140  eslablUbmenU  employing  88,09T  per- 


w*Ke-earnera  «iid  ealaiied  atiendaDU.  The 
oplui  Inreited  Id  tbe  teveral  brancbei  at 
the  BoBlneM  Rioounted  to  1*88,729,410  waA 
the  TBlue  of  [be  prodactn  was  tl2S.084,D40. 
The  nnmber  ot  cBtabllehmente  maaufac- 
tarlns  dre-Btuffi  and  eitracte  was  reported 
M  lOT,  baring  a  capIUI  of  tlT.B34.e'lS,  and 
tanilDs  out  flDlahed  prod  nets  valued  at 
S16,96\g74.  at  whlcli  se,2T0.923  wai 
lidded  In  the  procesa  of  maDutactares. 
Uore  tbin  tBO.DOO.OOO  wal  Imeated  In 
making  ezploslvet,  wblch  was  carried  oo  In 
cIshtT-Blx  faclorlea.  The  tertUlwc  Indoa- 
ti7  was  capltallied  at  f  12I,53T,4B1,  and 
the  oDtput  of  tbe  SSO  tactoriea  naa  woTtb 


IBl*,  __ 

New   Jtnts,   IT   1 

Virginia,    9    in    Pt 


i  In  New  Sorfc,  18  In 
MaBBachusetti,  IS  in 
aylvanla,    6    in    —     " 


.Muu,  »  In  TenneBSee,  4  In  [iorth  Carolina, 
4  in  West  Virginia.  2  in  GeorBla,  "  "- 
DOlB.  2  In  Wir ' '  -  -—  '- 


and  1  each  In  Alsbuna, 


Caliiomis,  ConnecacDt,  Indiana  and  Hlcbl- 

Olumlitry,  BTueaa  of.  (See  Agiieoltiure, 

Dspartment  of.) 
(numulpo,  Koreft,  agreement  respecting 

foreign  settlement  at,  5391. 
OberokM  Oam. — The  Indian  tclbes  known 
aa  the  "Creehi"  and  the  "Cherokeea"  po«- 
Mssed  large  tracti  at  land  In  what  are  now 
the  BtateB  of  Georgia  and  North  CaroiinA, 
and  tbe  terrttoiT  to  tbe  weit  of  them. 
From  time  to  time  treaties  had  been  mads 
with  tbeae  Indians  br  wbldi  much  of  thlB 
Und  bad  been  ceded  to  tbe  United  Btatel. 
Among  these  were  tbe  Hopewell  treaty  of 
1T8S  and  tbe  Kotston  treat;  of  1781 :  the 
llrBt  of  these  InstrnmentB  had.  among  other 
tblnga.  recofnlaed  the  Cheroliees  aa  a  na- 
tion poswaauig  It  own  laws  and  all  the 
otber  attrlbntes  of  nationality-,  Uie  eeeond 
bad  gnaranteed  to  them  all  lands  not  tbere- 
br  ceded.  When  Oeorgia  Id  1802  ceded  her 
western  territory  to  the  Hulled  Btates,  tbe 
latter  agreed  to  eitloguish  Indian  titles  to 
landa  In  the  slate  proper  aa  soon  as  It 
coDid  peaceably  and  reasonably  be  done : 
bat  tbe  Cherokees  could  not  be  Induced  to 
anrrender  tbelr  lands.  Tbe  state  therefore 
claimed  the  right  to  extend  Its  own  laws 
n*er  all  Its  territory,  and  passed  acta  de- 
prlTlng  the  Cherokeee  ot  their  conrts  and 
ether  machinery  of  Kovemment ;  these  were 
followed  by  acts  dividing  the  Cherokee  land 
Into  conntlea,  and  after  allottliiK  169  acres 
to  each  bead  of  a  Cherokee  family,  provid- 
ing for  the  distribution  of  the  remainder 
by  lot  among  the  people  of  tbe  state.  Not- 
withstanding the  treaties.  President  Jack, 
•on  took  tbe  ground  that  as  the  state  was 
■overeign  the  united  flutes  conld  not  Inter- 
fere. The  qocBtion  now  came  np  before 
the  Dotted  States  Bnpreme  Court  In  the 
following  way.     A  Cherokee  named  Tassels 


■ring  way.     A  Cherokee  nan... 

senfeneed  to  bi-  hanged,  undpr  the  l! 

of  Oeorgla,  for  killing  anolhcp  Indian  on  the 
Cherokee  lands.  The  Oolted  Blatpii  fia- 
preme  Conrt  granted  a  writ  of  error  re- 
quiring  the  state  to  show  cause  why  the 
ease  shonld  not  go  to  the  Cherokee  courts. 
This  writ  was  dlsrHBrded,  and  the  Indian 
was  liirog.  There  the  nutter  was  dropned. 
Again,  two  mlsslonariea  were  convicted  of 
entpHog  the  Cherokee  territory  without 
haying  compiled  with  certain  requirements 
demanded  by  Georgia  enactments  regarding 
these  lands.  Their  caae  waa  carried  to 
Oa   Dnlt^    States    Bnpreme    Court   on    a 


writ  of   error,   and    tbe   Jndgaent   of   the 
conrt   held   the   pcovislona   oT   oar   Indian 


Is    Important    as    the    flr»t 

Instance  of  successful  Dulliacstlon  of  Unit- 
ed  States   laws   by   a   state.     Tbe   Indiana 
were  Anally  penoadcd  to  move  to  the  In- 
dian Territory,  and  by  1838  the  i^st  had 
left  the  sUte. 
Clieiokee  Commission: 
Agreement  with — 
Cherokee  IndiAni,  6671. 
Cherenne    and    Antpalioe    Indians, 

6565. 
Comsneke,  Kiowa,  snd  Apache  In- 
diana, 5768. 
Indians  of  Pjramid  L«ke  Boserra- 

tion,  Not.,  6649. 
Iowa  Indians,  5508,  5612. 

Proclaimed,  5591. 
Kickapoo  Indians,  5638,  6949. 
Pawnee  Indians,  S768. 
Pottawatomie  and  Absentee  Bhaw- 
nee  Indians,  5514. 
Pioclaimed,  55S1. 
8ae  and  Fox  Indians,  6608,  6510. 

Proclaimed,  5691. 
Shoslione   and    Arapaho«    Indians, 

5649. 
Tonkawa  Indiana,  6638,  6649. 
Wichita,  Caddo,  etc.,  Indians,  me- 
morial regarding,  S671. 
Wichita  Indians,  563S,  6648. 
Appointed  and  diBCosaed,  5481,  6506, 

6508,  6638. 
Lands  acquired  bj,  opened  to  settle- 
ment.   (3ee  Lands,  Public,  opened.) 
Cherokee  Tndiana     (See  Indian  Tribes.) 
Oheiokee  Ontlet: 
Cession  of,  to  United  States,  agree- 
ments and   propositions  regarding^ 
discussed,  6481,  5638,  5760. 
Claims    of   Indians    regarding,    dis- 
cussed, 5667. 
Contracts  and  leases  for  gracing  on, 
proclaimed  null  and  void,  SS39. 
Time    for    removal    of    stock    ex- 
tended hj  proclamation,  6534. 
Fraudulent  occupation  of,  discussed, 

6886. 
Opened  to  settlement  bjr  ^oelama- 
tion,  5838. 
Form  of  declaration  required,  685C. 
Cherokee  Btrlp.    (9ee  Cherokee  Outlet.) 
Chenr  Valley  (N.  T.),  T" 


jll  the  buildings,  and  drove  away  the  11 

Olieupeike,  Tbe.--Jnn«  33,  isor.  aa  Vb» 
n.  B.  B.  CJtesapeote  was  leaving  Hampton 
Roads,  Ta.,  a  lieutenant  of  the  British  eUp 
fisopard  b<Hirded  her  and  demanded  tbe  le- 


jyGooi^lc 


Encyclopedic  Index 


a  who  bad  eo- 


of  the  dewrtera  Comoiadiire  Birron  mc- 
canUngl;  refined  to  deliver  the  men.  Tbe 
oOcer  4d  til*  Ltopard  then  returned  to  hlB 
■blp,  wblch  Immedbktelr  opetied  fire  od  tbe 
CJiaapeake.  The  latter  veuel,  being  en- 
tltelT  Dnprnrared  tor  battlBi  was  forced  to 
(OTTcnder  intboot  Hrins  ■  gnn  (414).    Pres- 


I    ftct. 


e  Ub 


t  Admiral  Berkeley 


men,  and   tbe  r 

Onlr   tardr    rep _ 

(Ifalr  (9S1),  and  It  served 
American  opinion  aialnat  f"" 
bastened  tbe  War  of^lSl;^ 
OheupeKke,  The,  attacked  bj  British 
■hip  Ltopavd,  410,  414,  4S0,  454,  460. 
Cl&img   of   Peter   Shaekerly  groning 

8Qt  of,  1687. 
emnit^  for,  demanded,  433,  44L 
Paid,  48L 
Sef  erred  to,  403. 
OlWiapeake   and  Delaware   Oanal  Oo.,' 
■harOB  in,  taken  bjr  United  Btates, 
870. 
Ohes^mtke  and  Ohio  Oanal: 

Ceasion  of  GoTemment   intereets  In, 

to  Uarjland  cooaideTed,  1770. 
Incorporation  of,  referred  to,  8S2. 
Legislative  acta  of  Virginia  reapeet- 

ing,  transmitted,  1037. 
Proprietr  of  eonatmetinff,  diseassed, 

785. 
Babaeriptione  for,  eommieeionen  ap- 
pointed to  Tsceive,  873. 
Oheaapeako  Bay,  canal  from  Delaware 
Biver  to.    (See  Chesapeake  and  Dela- 
ware Csnal  Co.) 
Ohoflnlmau  roratt  Beoerre,  proclaimed, 

7114. 
Otujeana  and  Axapatioo  Bwerratlon, 
Ind.  T.: 
Deed  for  release  of  lands  in,  b^  Choe- 
taws    and    Chickasawo,    discussed, 
5637,  S664,  6761. 
Opened  to  settlement  hj  proclama- 
tion, C710. 
Appropriations    for,  recommended, 
S636. 
Unauthorized  oecnpancy  of,  proclama- 
tion against,  48S2. 
Ohtrnuw  Tndlam.  (See  Indian  Tribes.) 
OUcago: 
Convention  at,  on  subject  of  diseases 

of  cattle,  4771. 
IHre  in,  referred  to,  4108,  4138. 
Oovemment   buildings   in,   destroyed 
by  Are,  discnaaed  and  leeommenda- 
tiona  regarding,  4108. 
International    militarj     encampment 
to  be  held  at,  foreign  gnests  not  to 
pa7  duties  on  baggage,  S164. 
Itemorial   of   convention    at,   in   re- 
^et  to  onlarging  water  eommnni- 


eation    between  Uississippi  Biver 

and  Atlantic  Ocean,  3388. 
Proclamation   granting   privileges  of 

other  ports  to,  ESS8. 
Unlawful  combinations  in,  proclama- 
tion against,  GS31. 
World 's  Colnmbian  Exposition  at— 

Board  of  management  of  Govern- 
ment exhibits  designated,  6833. 

Chinese  artisans,  admission  of, 
temporarily  to,  recommended, 
6622. 

Military  encampment  to  be  held 
during,  discussed,  5468. 

Proclamation  regarding  opening  of, 
6575. 

Proposition  to  observe  fonr-hon- 
dredth  anniversary  of  diaoovery 


Beporte  of — 
Deposited  in  State  Department, 

618L 
Dlscnsied  and   recommendatioue 
regarding,    6567,    6669,    6765, 
C769,  6184. 
Beaolution  of  International  Ameri- 
can Conference  regarding,  77. 
Chicago  FUe  referred  to,  4I0S)  4138. 
Chicago  rire.-:-Oct,  8,  8,  and  10,  1871.  tbe 
CItr   of  Chicago.   III.,   waa  vUlted   br   the 
most  disaatioua  Are  of  modem  times.    Two 
thousand  one  hundred  aerea  of  tbe  elt/.  tha 
greater   portion   of   which  iraa   covered   br 
coBtlr    atores   and   other    bnalueaa    honaea, 
were   burupd   over.      The   loss   wa*   nearlv 
1200.000,000. 

Ohicago  Indian  Uassaero.— At  the  ont 

brenk  of  the  Wiir  of  1812  Cspt.  Nathan 
Heald  commanded  Bftj  men  at  Fort  Dear- 
born, where  now  Htiinds  tbe  citj  of  Chi- 
cago.    Ordered  br   Gen.  Hall   to   abandon 


tbe  fori  and  loin  him  at  Detroit,  Capt. 
Heald'H  partr  were  warlald  br  Indians  on 
Aug.  15,  1812,  among  the  sand  hills  along 


and  tbefi  scalps  sold  to  <!;ol.  Proctor,  who 

had  offered  «  premium  for  American  scalps. 

Ohleago,  Ullwankee  and  St.  Patd  SaQ- 

way,  agreement  witb  Indians  for 

right  (S  way  for,  4780,  4788,  4994, 

6178. 

Lands  granted  to,  for  right  of  way 

declared  forfeited,  6944. 
Proclaimed,  6529. 
Ohicago  Blots,  proclamation  remrding, 

SB31. 
Chicago  Strike,  report  of  commission 

on,  transmitted,  G98S. 
Chicago,  Texaa  and   Uexlcan  Oontral 
Ballway,  application  of,  for  right  of 
way  across  Indian  Territory,  46S3. 
Ohlchagof  Island,  referred  to,  6697. 
CUckahomlny   <Va.),  Battle  of.    (Bee 
Cold  Harbor,  Battle  of;  Gaines  Uill, 
Battle  of.) 
OUekamanga  (Oa.),  Battle  of.— Attai  tha 
battle    of    Btone    River,    or    Hartrceaboro, 
Jan.   2,  ises,   Bragg  retreated   to   Shelbr- 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Chlckunanga     Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


24  Aoiecrani  advanced  from  Uarfreeaboro 
and  gradually  torced  braei  Co  evacuate 
middle  Tenaeuee  and  eroia  Teanessee  Blver 
to  CDattanooga.  Aug.  tS  Kawcrnne'a  arm; 
In  3  corpi,  under  Generals  deorge  H.  Tbom- 
aL  Alexander  McD.  McCook,  and  Tbomaa 
L.  Crliteuden,  niBde  an  odvsnce  througn 
the  Cumberinnd  Monutalna.  Sept.  7  aod 
8  the  Coofederatee  retired  from  Chntta. 
nooKB,  Tenn.,  to  Lara;'ette,  0».  Loqb- 
atTMt  having  arrived  from  Virginia  with 
reenforcementa  tor  Bragg,  BoBectaaa  con- 
centrated his  armr  near  Lee  &  Gordoa'a 
Ulll  on  Cblckamauga  Creek,  a  tributorv 
of  tbe  TenneaBee.    On  the  evening  of  Bept. 

JB  the  two  armlea  wen "-  -'-'" 

of  Cblckatnaaga  Creek. 


ISTS.  It  prohibit*  tbe  emplormentof  children 

nuder  ten,  ana  those  under  fourteen  inar 
oulT  be  employed  huif  Ume.  Night  work  is 
forbidden  and  children  under  atiteea  mntC 
fumlBh  medical  certltlcatea  of  fltneaa  for 
emplayment.  end  weekly  certlUcate  ahowlns 


II  oppoalte  sldei 

■~\rn^  nnmbered  betireen  BEi,- 

ruui D ..  ,rmi  about 

(  with  «.  por* 


roved  the 


Bragg-B 


reek  With 


certain  amount  of  school  a 

In  European  conntriea  the  regnlfttlon   or 
lid  labor  la  the  duty  o'  "•'  — •—'  — ■— 


.. ■  have  the  same  e 

ir  collect  similar    

"         -  *  — a  eiiBience  n 

-  evil  la  aoi . 

Freildent  Roosevelt.    — 

.jeBsage  to  Congresk  Dec- 

^......vnded  tbe  enactment  of  a 

_  _  _  labor  law  for  the  District  of 
ColambiiL  which  should  be  a  guide  to  thOM 
Btates  wUch  wished  to  IcilBlale  anlnat  the 
_^.   ,gjg_  ,Q9p_  5i8Q^  78«^      »- 


nite  resalta.  On  tbe  morning  of  the  SUth 
the  Confederates  renewed  tbe  attack. 
Longslreet  penetrated  tbe  center  of  tbe 
Federal  line  and  aeparated  Rasecrans,  Uc- 
Cook.  and  Crittenden  from  the  rest  of  the 
army,  and  the  brunt  of  tbe  battle  fell 
Dpon  Thomas.  The  Federals  retreated  at 
night  to  RoBsvlUe,  and  on  the  night  of  the 
2lst  lo  Chattanooga.  The  Federal  losses 
in  tbe  battle  were  l.OST  killed.  9.3»1 
wounded,  and  5,269  missing-  total,  16,830. 
The  Confederate  loss  waa.  18,000. 
OUckunancft  uid  Oluttaiiooga  NaUonal 

Military  Puk  discoased,  SS79. 
OUckunangR  buUins.    (See  Tad i an 

Tribes.) 
OUckauw  Ouo. — Through  the  efforts  of 
Northern  people  In  organizing  vigilance 
committees  to  prevent  kidnapping  of  tree 
colored  persons  on  the  charge  ot  being  fugi- 
tive slaves,  a  writ  of  habeas  oorpui  waa 
served  npon  tbe  captain  ot  the  brig  OMaka- 
laa  demandlog  the  delivery  of  two  colored 
women  whom.  It  was  cbarRed,  he  intended  to 
carry  South.  On  exhibiting  their  free  papers 
the  women  were  liberated. 
Oblckaaaw    Indians.      (See    Indian 

Tribes.) 
Oblef  Blaglflttftte.     (See  President   of 

United  Btatea.) 
OUef  Bigniil  Officer  of  Amiy,  printing 

of  report  of,  recommended,  46S8, 4737, 

4778. 

(mUd  Labor.— with  the  Introduction  of 
machinery  which  reqairea  but  slight  at- 
tention and  no  highly  afctlled  operativea 
came  the  employment  of  children  in  fac- 
tories. The  invention  of  spinning  machinery 
in  England  and  the  cotton  gin  In  America, 
transferred  the  Oeld  of  youthful  Industry 
from  the  cottage  home  and  farmhouse  to 
crowded  mills  and  shops  and  factories. 
Competldoa  between  manufacturers  gradu- 
ally  resulted  in  iucreaslng  tbe  tasks  and 
lengthening  the  hours  ot  employment  of 
children,  until  the  Government  came  to  the 

As  ioDg  ago  as  1784  tbe  magtstrates  of 

Tjinnishire,  Rngtaud.  found  It  necessary  to 

t   reBolutfon   that  annrenttces   should 


der  tbe  new  law  bed  been  received,  3.600 
of  which  were  denied  on  accoont  of  age  or 
edneatlon. 

BWtlstlcB  collected  by  the  ceneral  secre- 
tary ot  tbe  National  Child  L^bor  Committee 
show  that  something  like  fi.000.000  children 
of  school  age  have  left  school  to  engage  in 
wage  work.  According  to  the  censna  ot 
J910,  180,388  children  under  fourteen  years 
ot  age  were  engaged  In  IndnaCrles  .other 
than  arrlculturaC  Tbe  committee  belleTesi. 
however,  that  more  dilldren,  to  proporUoa 
to  the  popnlatlon,  are  attending  school  ti>- 
dar  than  ever  before. 

OMld  Iiabor  Ii«W.— The  64th  Congreai 
passed,  and  President  Wilson  signed,  Sept. 
1.  leie,  a  law  forbidding  the  ahlpment  from 
one  state  to  another  of  artlclea  made  by  the 
labor  of  children.  This  as  far  as  the  au- 
thority of  the  federal  government  extends 
under  the  Constltutloo,  This  law  provides 
that  no  producer,  manufacturer,  or  dealer 
Bhnll  ship  or  deliver  for  shipment  In  Inter- 
elate  or  Kireign  commerce  any  article  or  com- 
modity the  product  of  any  mine  or  qnarry, 
situated  in  the  United  Btates,  In  which  with- 
in thirty  days  prior  to  the  time  of  tbe  re- 
moval of  Each  product  therefrom  children 
under  tbe  age  ot  1<  years  have  been  ho- 
ployed  or  permitted  to  wort,  or  any  ar- 
ticle or  commodity  the  product  ot  any  mill. 


lud.  found  It 

, J   that  annret 

no  longer  "work  In  tbe  night  o 


.„„ 1  of  such  product  therefrom  chil- 
dren under  the  age  of  14  year*  have  been 
employed  or  permitted  to  work,  or  children 
between  the  ages  of  14  years  and  10  yeara 
have  been  employed  or  permitted  to  work 
more  than  eight  hours  In  any  day,  or  mors 
than  six  dsya  in  any  week,  or  after  tbe  hour 
ot  7  o'clock  postmeridian,  or  before  the 
hour  ot  e  o'clock  antemeridian. 

The  Attorney  General,  the  Secretary  o( 
Commerce,  and  tbe  Secretary  of  Labor  are 
constltated  a  board  to  make  and  publish 
uniform  rules  and  regulations  for  carrying 
out  tbe  provlEloDs  of  the  act.  For  the 
purpose  of  Becarlng  proper  enforcement  of 
tbe  act  the  Secretary  of  Labor,  or  any  pei^ 
son  duly  authorised  by  him,  has  authority 
to  enter  and  inspect  at  any  time  mlnea, 
qnarriea,  mills,  canneries,  workshops,  fac- 
tories, manufacturing  establlshmenta.  and 
other  places  in  which  goods  are  produced  or 
held  tor  interstate  commerce. 

tt  is  made  tbe  duty  of  each  district  attor- 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


OkDA  lAbOT  iMW—OMUnued. 
U17  State  lactorr  ot  minlDs  or  qaarry  In- 
■pectOT,  commlHloDcr  at  labor.  State  medi- 
cal liwMctor,  or  ■cbool-attendnncc  officer,  or 
ua  otber  ftmm  shall  present  uUstactor? 
CTloeDce  of  BUT  bqcIi  violation  to  cause  ap- 
propriate proceedings  to  be  commenced  and 
proaecated  in  the  proper  courts  of  tbe 
united  States  wltbout  delay  tor  tbe  enlorce- 
tnent  of  tbe  penalties  In  sucb  cases  herein 
proTlded :  FroTlded.  Tbat  nothing  in  this 
act  shall  be  eonstmea  to  appl;  to  Dona  fide 
boys'  and  clcla'  canalng  clubs  recoKOlied  b; 
the  Axrlenltnral  DeoartiDeDt  of  tbe  severA 
States  and  ot  the  United  States, 

Anr  penoD  who  Tlolates  any  of  tbe  pro- 
TUona  of  thla  act,  or  wbo  refuses  or  ab- 
Btnicta  entn  or  anthorlzed  Inspection,  sball 
tor  each  offense  prior  to  tbe  first  convlc- 
tton  be  punished  t^  a  fine  or  not  more  than 
$200,  and  for  each  oEcDse  aubsequent  to 
aaeh  conviction  by  a  floe  of  not  more  than 

"  n^^SlOO.^or  bj_lmpjlsoD- 

^tiol 

discretion  ot  the 

Provided,  That  no  dealer  shall  be  prose- 
cuted nnder  the  provisions  of  this  act  for  a 
ahlpmeut,  delivery  for  shipment,  or  trims- 

ertatlon  who  establishes  a  guaranty  Isened 
the  person  by  whom  the  soods  shipped  or 
delivered  for  shipment  or  transportation 
were  manufactnred  or  produced,  to  the  ef- 
fect tbat  BDch  Koods  were  produced  or  manu- 
factured In  a  mine  or  quarry  in  which  with- 
in thlr^  dan  prior  to  tbelr  removal  there- 
troa  no  children  under  tbe  ase  ot  sixteen 
years  were  employed  or  permitted  to  work. 
or  in  a  mill,  canDcry  workshop,  factory,  or 
mannfaclnrlns  estabUBbmeat,  In  wblcb  with- 
in tblr^  days  prior  to  tbe  removal  of  such 
SDods  tnerefrom  no  children  under  tbe  age 
ot  fourteen  years  were  employed  or  per- 
mitted to  work.  Dor  children  between  tbe 
Safes  of  fonrteen  years  and  sixteen  years  em- 
lyed  or  permitted  to  work  more  than  eight 
nrs  In  any  day  or  mare  than  six  days  In 
any  week  or  after  the  hour  of  seven  o'clock 
poatmeiidlan  or  before  tbe  hour  ot  six 
o'cloiA  antemeridian ;  and  In  stich  event,  it 
the  guaranty  contains  any  false 


sball  be 


ot  a  material  tact,  the  guai 

■■'"  *"  prosecntlon  aud  _, 

t  provided.     Bald  guaranty. 


rlded.   stall 


afford  the  protection  abo'. 

eoutalii  tbe  name  and  addreea  oC  tbi 

SriDK  the  Mme:  and  do  proilncec,  ~ 
rer,  or  -■-— -  — ~" 

thla  act  I.. ., ,  _ , 

ment,  or  transportation  of  a  product  of  any 
mine,  qoarry,  mill,  cannery,  workshop,  fac- 
tory, or  nunnfactuilng  establish  ment,  If 
tbe  only  employment  therein,  wltbln  thirty 
daya  pnor  to  the  removal  of  inch  product 
therefrom,  ot  a  child  under  the  age  of  bIi- 
te«D  yeara  has  been  tbat  ot  a  child  as  to 
whom  tbe  producer  or  manufacturer  has  in 
good  faith  procured,  at  tbe  time  «f  employ- 
bg  Bach  child,  and  has  since  In  good  faith 
reued  upon  and  kept  on  file  a  certificate. 


J     Ue     DOBTO.    I . __     __ 

-uch  an  age  that  the  shipment,  delivery  for 
shipment,  or  transportation  was  not  prohib- 
ited by  this  act. 

Any  person  who  knawlngly  makes  a  false 
statement  or  presents  false  evidence  In  or 
In  relatton  to  any  such  certificate  or  appll- 
CBtloD  therefor  snail  be  amenable  to  prosfr- 
catlon  and  to  the  fine  or  Imprisonment  pro- 
vided. In  any  State  deslgnaled  by  tbe  board, 
an  employment  certificate  or  other  similar 
paper  as  to  the  sge  ot  the  child.  Issued  nn- 
aer  tbe  laws  of  that  State  and  not  Incou- 
■M^t  wltb  the  provisions  ot  this  act,  shall 

« 


The  word  "person"  ua  used  In  tbli  act 
ahaU  be  construed  to  tuclude  any  Individual 
or  corporation  or  tbe  members  of  any  part- 
nership or  other  UDlncorpu  rated  associa- 
tion. The  term  "ship  or  deliver  for  ship- 
ment in  Interstate  or  foreign  commerce'* 
as  used  In  this  act  means  lo  transport  or  to 
ship  or  deliver  far  shipment  from  any  Stats 
or  Territory  or  tbe  District  ot  Columbia  to 
or  through  any  other  State  or  Territory  or 
the  District  of  Columbia  or  to  any  foreign 
country  1  and  In  tbe  case  of  a  dealer  means 
only  to  transport  or  to  ship  or  deliver  for 
shipment  from  tbe  State,  Territory,  or  dis- 
trict ot  manutactaro  or  production. 

Owen  B.  Lovejoy,  chairman  of  the  Na- 
tional Child  Labor  Committee,  said  ot  the 
law :  "Tbe  law  will  reach  150,000,  bat 
thero  are  1,690,000  children  tn  the  United 
States  who  cannot  posalbly  be  touched  by 
any   federal   leBlslallon.      These   are    wards 


:   tbe 


the  t 


ifant 
ir  city  streets ; 


alppL  Oklahoma,  and  Tex 

mestic  servants  under  IB  years 

the  menial  drudgery  Id  our  American  homes  ; 


i  years  old  wbo  do 


and  the  pallid  cashgirla  in  our  deportment 

OliUd  Latei  and  Lalwi  of  Women: 

Congress  asked  to  investigate  condi- 
tion of,  7035. 
ObUdTBn'fl  Bnrean.— Tbe  Children's  Bu- 
reau ot  tbe  Department  of  Labor  was  creat- 
ed by  Cangress  In  1912  to  Investigate  and 
report  upon  all  matters  pertaining  to  the 
welfare  ot  children  and  cblld-tlfe  among  all 
classes  of  our  people,  and, especially  to  In- 
vestigate tbe  Questions  ot  Infant  mortality, 
the  birth  rsie,  orpbanege.  Juvenile  courts. 
deaerllon,  dangerous  occupations,  accidents 
and  diseased  children,  employment  and 
legUIatlon  alTecllDe  children  In  the  several 
states  and  terrllorlea.  The  functions  Ot 
tbe  bureau  are  thus  largely  Investigative. 
It  has  DO  power  to  administer  anyiblng  or 
to  regulate  anything,  and  the  act  creating 
the   bureau   stipulates   that  "no   official,  or 

sbsil.'oYor  the  objection  of  the  head  of  the 
family,  enter  any  house  used  exclusively  as 
a  family  residence."  It  la  to  serve  as  a 
centre  to  which  people  can  turn  for  definite 
Information   regarding  child    welfare   move- 

tlon  working  for  chlldien  can  learn  of  and 
profit  from   tbe  experience   of   others. 

Tbe  bureau  has  Deen  In  active  operation 
since  Augnst.  23.  1U12.  It  has  already 
published,  In  addition  to  a  brief  circular 
containing  the  law  eetabllsbing  the  bureau 
and  a  statement  ot  Its  scope  and  plans,  a 
monograph  entitled  "Blrtb  Beglstratlon  an 
Aid  In  Protecting  the  Lives  and  Bights  ot 
Children.  Necessity  for  Extending  t£e  Reg- 
istration Area."  a  pamphlet  "Baby- Saving 
Campaigns.  What  Some  American  Cities 
are  Doing  to  Prevent  Infant  Mortality."  and 
a  monograph  called  "Prenalal  Care."  de- 
signed tor  the  nse  of  tbe  expectant  mother. 

Tbe  publications  thus  tar  Issued  have  all 
been  In  the  field  of  tbe  work  to  promote 
child  health.  Other  pamphlets  on  the  care 
of  children  are  In  tbe  course  of  preparation, 
and  tbe  results  of  an  Investlgatlqn  Into  tbe 
social  causes  of  Infant  mortality  In  Johns- 
town. Pa.,  will  soon  be  puhllMbed.  Tbe 
bureau  expects  to  follow  It  with  reports  ot 
the  resnlts  of  other  similar  Investigations 
In  typical  cities  and  rural  districts  to  be 
conducted  In  tba  tntnio. 


oyGoO»:^Ic 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


OUIdzaii'l  Bnrua — Oonllnued. 

Tha  buri'BU  bail  not  ■■  r<^t.  publlibcd  anr- 
thlDS  on  (lie  employmcDt  ot  cbililcen.  buc  U 
bu  bi  tbe  courK  □!  preparfttlou  a  ibaruugti 
dlgeit  ot  alt  the  itale  ' —   -"■'"   '-' — 


children  In  tbe 


, .1  ot  tbe  falrtb 

rate  and  Inlaot  mortalltT  :  tbe  third  with 
lIUteraPT  sod  Khool  altendance :  (be  lourtb 
Willi  the  euiplOTiaDDt  ot  cblldren.  and  ttie 
flflh  with  atatlRtlc*  of  the  delectlTe,  de- 
pendent and  delinquent  dauei. 
OhUe. — Chile  eztenda  down  the  weatem 
coaat  of  Booth  America  from  tbe  Illo  Sams 
to  Caps  Born,  and  li  bonaJEd  on  the  north 
by  rem  and  oa  the  eaet  br  Bolivia  and 
Arsenllni.     It  Ilea  between  18°__;ie'-pi|-  35' 


2.800  iDlleH 


vith  a  Keneral  elevotTr 


numemna  tnnimlta  atti 
000  feet— tbe  hlsheat, 
tlon    Toleano,    be  ins 


of  tbe  sea ;   but 


.K2     feet.       T 
itremltr.    Then  are 


Prorliwia  Enxliih  Ution 

Bq.  Miles  leia 

AaOBoana E.Wt  13fi.UB 

Antotacuta. 4e.Sfll  132.3M 

AnooD. 3,188  112.733 

Atwanu 30,BST  U.aTfl 

Bio-BJa S,34g  103.170 

Ciutin 6,377  ISe.SOfi 

ChiM 8,683  e3.8U 

ColduBoa 3.849  ISB.STS 

ConnpcidB 8,311  Z3a,U3 

Coqulmbo 14,083  181,243 

CunoA 3,04 1  108.791 

Linlna 3,907  lia.SeS 

Uaoquihut 33,387  118.973 

MualUiMa ee,17a  34.3T* 

Millsoo 3,301  11G.IT7 

Maula 3,S0g  119,107 

NuHle 3.497  173.24* 

O'Hlnbu. 3,1B8  95.534 

Butiaco S,S90  300.787 

Tacna. 9.248  44.391 

Talea 3,882  133,33S 

Tannui. 18,128  110,714 

Taldivia 8,991  141,398 

Vajpar^K 1,774  311,809 

&wtar  Itlaad,  Mo 73  348 

Total 204,740    3.503,fiU 

Klhnoloou. — There  ar^  fonr  dlntlnct  ele- 
neuta  to  the  mclal  divliilnnii;  the  Rpsn- 
lah  aetllera  end  their  dexfvndanti :  the 
Indlitpnoua  Aim  ran  inn  Indlnna,  PueKlana, 
and  ChnnitOK:  nitied  flnnnlnh  InitiiinK:  7.a- 
rapean  InimlirantiL  The  Intter  were  repre- 
wnted  In  1010  by  20,000  Rpanlanls.  16,- 
000  Italtann.  11,000  nrrmauii.  10.000  Brlt- 
Inb.  and  10,000  French.  Hpiinliib  In  the 
laumtaoe  of  the  mnnlir.  and  the  State  Te> 
llglnn  It  Roman  Catholic. 
autartf.— It  waa  InTkded   br   tlw   Spaif 


lah  nnder  Almaicro  In  1535,  and  wai  fltat 
settled  br  ValdlTia  at  Kaallaso,  In  IMl.  . 
Indepvndunre  was  pruclalmed  In  1H18. 
ihouKb  tbe  last  elrouKbold  of  the  Spaa- 
lardB  wHi  not  tuki'u  uuill  1S2S.  After 
salnlog  lia  lndepeodcoi-e  l.hlle  made  exten- 
sive cuuiiueata  In  i'utagania  and  that 
eouQlry  wua  flnallj  divided  between  Chile 
and  Argentina  wltb  tbe  Andea  as  the 
boundurr.  Ware  wllh  fera  and  Bolivia 
from  1 870-1  Hxa  extended  the  northern 
boundBriee.       Cbl)e_  baa    enjojed    trealer' 


lullllj,     both     Inl 
--  -ulorltr  -- 


___.Dal     i 

f  Boulh  American  Re- 


than  t , 

publics,  but  ia  11(02   the  qulel   waa  Inter- 
rupted by   a   vIoieDt   dispute  wllb   Ar»n- 
■        '  '        mnnient  of  their 


-irgenilna.) 

Oocernnral,— The  Contitltudon  rests  on 
the  fundamental  law  of  Uur  25,  1S33,  and 
Is    that    of    a    democrallc    Itepublic.      The 


direct  V _,.  , ,   — 

Ing  held  on  June  2S  and  the  Inauguration 
on  September  IS,  tbe  annlventarT  at  tbe 
Declnrntion  of  Independence   (1810).      ''^- 


■    41  ■)    of    100 
pityHfat   I'eatKreii. — The  great   chain   of 


ncceeding 
■aiarr    ot 


t    (11)10-15),  Bami 


assumed  offlce  December  23,   1910. 

There  la  a  Council  of  SUte  ot  elPTen 
mrmbera  (Ave  appointed  by  the  Prealdent 
and  six  chonen  by  Congress. 


rr    .10.000   Inhabitants   of 
with  a  mini 
of  15,0001  Is  eircted  bf  direct 
-. 

I.ai 


Thpi 


I  in  i  mum  traction 

male  euf- 
twenty-oDc  toe  Ibnae  who  can  read 

Court   of   Inst  Ice   at 

, _    _    rreeldpDt    elected    an- 

lusllrj  and  Courts  of  Appeal  at  Concep- 
lan.  gentlnin.  Berena,  Tnma,  Talca,  Tal- 
Itvla.    and    Valparaiso.      There   are   Conrla 

"  ■    Instance  turooirbont   the  countrr 


and  District  Courti 
Court  St   Ihp  capital 

The  Provlncps  are  goTPrupd  br  Inten- 
dentea  uudcr  whom  are  Qobemailorea  fir 
Dppnrtnipnls  of  pscb  Provloce  and  for  Ibe 


Tbpre  la  a  8tnte  Unlveraily  and  a  Roman 
Cethnlic  nnlverslty  at  Rnnfiniro.  The  Na- 
tional I.llirnry  at  the  capital  contains  IBfi,- 

8S0  TOlllDlpS. 

inrt     Jinl%gtrii. — ARrlmltnre 


barco,  ax,  beinp.  Chile  pepper,  and  pota- 
toea  are  grown  extensively :  the  vine  and 
■11  European  fnilt-treee  flnurlah.  In  the 
•ontb    the   ral&tail    la   ezceaalTe   and   Oe 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


_.-, i  rli-ti  iculd  . 

dlwoTCird.  Ibe      nilnJeM     Durth     yields 

moiv,  rapedailr  Ditnite  of  nodii.  Iodine, 
bonte  of  aoda,  RoJd  and  silver,  n  larn 
onmber  of  tnlueB  7l?tdlDj[  bolh  brlns  In 
ictoal  work  In  Tarapai't,  UaanaL-u.  and 
Carhlnal  In  AUcama,  and  Carai-oK's  Id  An- 
tofacaata;  the  crntre,  copp»  and  allver; 
■Dd  tba  ■oDtb.  iTon  and  coal. 

Tkera  are  amelllns  worka  far  eoppei 
and  allTer,  tanoeiic*;  corn  and  aaw  nillla. 
atarrh,  aoap,  blacQlt.  rope,  cloth,  cbeeie, 
tniDlton,     candle,    -— ■    — "-    '— — ■— 


paper    faelurlei, 

cl 

rraiutKnrtatlMt  biuI  Oammiifltnittoii.— In 
lOtl  there  were  S,8U4  EnsUau  mtlea  of 
rallwar  open  and  worklnx,  aod  1.ST8  undrr 
cnnatrartloii.  In  April,  1910,  Ihe  trana- 
Andran  Hue  wai  eompletc,  tbua  cannectlDS 
YalparalBD  with  Biirnoa  Alrea.  A  lonKl- 
tadlnal  rallwair  of  SBO  mllea  from  Iiiulqi 


a  tbe  north,  to  connert  with  Ihe  imulhcm 
proTlDcea.  la  now  under  conat ruction  by 
two  Britlah  BTDdlcates.  A  line  from  Arica 
to  t^  Pai    (Bolivia)   waa  opeord  In  1S13. 

Id  1910  then  were  1.090  post  offlen 
Tkcre  were  also  1,400  telcgraidi  oDlfea 
(and  four  wlrrleaa  alatlonal,  wllh  21,9Ba 
miles  of  wire.  Telephones  are  highly  en- 
dent  and  KtueraL 

The  mercantile  marine  In  1611  coDslated 
ofW  BtMmers  (114.887  tons)  and  41  sail- 
ing Teasel*,  (Se.sai  toDB).  a  total  of  139 
vessels  ezceedlos  100  tons  each  (IBl.- 
S18  tons).  There  are  ten  llnea  of  steam- 
ers on  the  L'Uillan  route  to  F^iirope,  lbs 
total  nnmber  of  Te»«elB  entered  at  Cblllnn 
porU    In    1910    belni    11,482    a6,Te»,lS9 

TomM.— The  prinelpal  port  Is  Valparaiso. 
Other  potts  are  Arlca.  Iqulnue,  Oohljn  and 
Antafattaata  In  tue  north ;  Onldern  and  Co- 
anloibo  In  lb*  renlre;  and  Tnlcnhuano, 
Caatvpaan  and  VsldlvlB  In  Ibe  soDth.  The 
cS4>llat  Is  SanllSKo,  In  the  rentre  or  the 
country    on    a   platean    amidst    msKnldcent 

. "ipnUtlOn,  iniO.  365,- 

Valparalao,  C'onrep- 


Trudt  tciih  the  Ciide'J  Slotre.— TheTalne 
of  Dierrbandise  Imported  Into  Chile  Irom 
tbe  United  Bfites  for  the  year  ini.1  was 
SIS,0T«,Te3.  SDd  sDoda  to  tbe  vatue  of  (3T,- 
«BS,420  were  seDt  tbitbpr—a  bahince  ot 
tl1.STS.6ST  in  tsror  oC  Chile. 

OUto: 
AmeriuMi  sailon  on  the  Baltimore  m- 
Bftolted  at  Valparaiso,     (Se«  Balti- 
more, Tbe.) 
American  Mamen  {npreued  bj',  £772, 
BonndaTT    qnettioo    with    Argentine 

Bepnblic,  4629,  6323,  6363. 
Chureli  of  tbe  Compania  at  Santiago, 

destrojed  by  Are,  339S. 
Oaiint  of,  KKaiost  United  Statea  eom- 
misaioB  to  settle,  discniaed,  S862, 
6B56,  6058,  6327. 
CUma  of  United  BUtea  attntnst,  1694, 
20S1,  SieS,  4913,  6083,  6369, 5544, 
(Bee  also  Bainmmr,  The.) 
Amemeut  ngaiding,  refeired  to, 
1828. 


Chile 

Award  of  arbiter,  King  of  Beli^mn, 

referred  to,  33S1. 
Commiaaion    to    settle,    disenised, 

6867,  5S56,  60S8,  6327,  6366. 
ConveDtion   providing   for   adjust- 
ment of,  by  arbiter,  3064. 
Parment  of,  S116,  3485,  4289. 
Protocol   relative   to,   traoBmitted, 

4214. 
Provision  made  for,  20S1. 
Coiunl  of,  to  United  States,  exeqn»- 

tnr  to,  revoked,  36S5. 
OoDsular  convention  with,  2057. 
ControversT    witli    Bolivia    referred 

to,  3410, 
Cop/right     privilege     extended     by 

proclamation,  6126. 
"     'tive  criminals,  co 

t  surrender  of,  2912, 
Independence  of,  asserted,  613. 
Minister  of,  to  United  States,  recep- 
tion of,  referred  to,  4G22,  6416, 
Minister  of  United  States  in,  821. 
Action  of,   in  harboring  criminals 
discussed,  5867. 
Naval    force    of    United    States    on 

shores  of,  875. 
Proceeds  of  cargo  by  the  Maerdonia 
seized  in  Peru  by  authorities  of) 
3015. 
Award  of  arbiter  referred  to,  3381. 
Convention  regarding,  3004, 
Belations  of,  witb  Peru  referred  to, 

4662,  4673. 
Specie  payments,  remimption  of,  by, 

discDSsed,  6059. 
Treaty    with,    transmitted    and    dia- 
CQSsed,  1158,  1169,  1246,  126U,  1270, 
2912,  2967, 
Vessels  of,  discriminating  duties  on, 
suspended  by  proclamation,  2612. 
Beferred  to,  2618. 
Vessels  of   United   States  eeiied   or 
interfered     with    by,    18S2,    2051, 
2116,   2193,  3445,   4289.     (See  also 
Ouod  Return,  The.) 
War  in,  and  policy  of  United  Statea 
respecting,  discussed,  5618. 
Seizure  of  tbe  llala  by  the  United 
States  for  violation  of  neutrality 
laws  discussed,  6618.     (See  also 
BatUmon,  The.) 
War   with   Bolivia   and  Peru,   6422, 
4563,  4628,  4717. 
Claims    of   united    States    arising 
ont    of,    discussed,    4913,    6083, 
6369,  6544. 
Conditions  of  peace  presented  by 

Chile,  4662,  4717,  4^60. 
Efforts  of  United  States  to  bring 
about    peace,    4522,    4603,   4582, 
4662,  4717. 
Negottatlona     for     restoration    of 

peace,  4674. 
Terminated,  4822. 
Treaty  of  peace  discnased,  4790. 


oyGoO»:^Ic 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


,   TWfttteS  TitlL— M«T    16,    1832. 


naTisBtloQ  waa  coDcluded  witb  Chile,  and 

Sroclalmed  b;  Preiilileat  JacluoD  April  £9. 
831.  It  included  tbe  mosc  taroied-iu- 
"--    --■■    — DTlded   for  freedom   of 


md  uaTlgutluD,  reclpracal  crlT 
— „—  —  JUBlnesB  Hnal™,  IndemDll;  (i_ 
vesaeU  of   either   country  delaloed  la  tbe 


leges    Id    buHlneas   i 


ClBl 


tectlon 


cllliena .     _      .  .  _       ...  _    „ 

prescribed  rules  for  trading  prlrlleges  of 
neutrsla.  vUltaUou  and  eeiircli  ot  veaaels, 
blockadea,  etc.  Eichange  ot  conanls  waa 
BlBD  provided  for.  An  additional  conven- 
tion was  concluili'd  Sept.  1,  JH33,  eitend- 
Ing  the  prlTllegea  ot  the  most  (bto red- 
nation  clauae  to  Republics  oC  BollTla.  Co- 
lombia, Peru,  the  United  States  of  UeilCD, 
the  Federation  of  Central  America,  and  the 
proTlncea  ot  the  lllo  de  la  Plata,  and  In- 
cbidlug  Uruguay,  Pamgiiay,  Buenos  Ayree, 
New  OrannBa,  Vene«i.ela.  Ecuador,  bi3 
any  new  atalea  which  may  be  dismembered 
from  tboae  now  eiUHng.  (See  pngea  11G8, 
116S,  1246,  1260  and  12T0).  Tbls  treaty 
WBB  terminated  Jan.  20,  1850.  on  notice 
given  by  the  Chilean  Ooyemment.  In  18J 
B  convention  w  "  ■  '  ■  ■  -' 
tratloD  ot  the  ci 


for  goods  and  silver  co.n  and  b 
cated  by  order  of  tne  Vice  Adml 
Chilean  nary.  The  King  of  Be 
appolnled  arbiter  and  cendered 


-   the   arbi- 


a  made  on  bebalf  of  ii 


The.  also  pages  £912  and  20oT.| 

A  general  claims  convenllon  was  agreed 
to  Id  1892  by  which  all  United  States  cltl- 
Eena    having    ctalma    against    Cblle    might 

alon.     Tbe  commission  nrovlded  for  Id  thla 


k  Shk 


ing     the 


r  2S.  isae.  and  a  special 
of  1897  awarded  the  bclcs 
ds  tS.IiOO  for  damages. 


clal 


mlaalon 


„      the      gen,....      

This  cnmrnlfis^D  adjourned  June  18.  11)01. 
after  awarding  |28,nS£.ze  gold,  without  [D- 
terest,  tn  favor  of  the  trnlted  Btatea,  and 
13.000  sold,  wltboat  Interest,  tn  favor  of 
Cbtle.  An  extradition  treaty  was  condaded 
In  1900. 
Chile  also  became  a  party  to  the 


tlon  betwten  tbe  United  States  and  » 
republlca  of  Sontb  and  Central  Amerl< 
■■      arbitration  of  pecuniary  c^  ' 


'era  I 
.  for 
tbe 
-  —  —iveniiona,  etc.,  wblch  was 
signed  In  Buenns  Aires  In  11)10  aid  pro- 
claimed In  Washington  July  29.  I9I4.  (See 
South  and  Central  America.  Treatlea  with.) 
OUnL — China  Proper  (or  the  nigbteen 
Provinces)  occnples  the  son tbea stern  cor- 
ner of  tbe  coDtlDeot  of  Aala.  and  covers 
about  one-third  of  the  total  area  of  China. 
Ita  northern  boundary  Is  marked  by  the 
Great  Wall  of  China,  a  rampart  of  earth, 
orlgtually  reinforced  with  bricks  and  mas- 
onry, some  12  to  28  feet  bigh,  and  l.EOO 
ml  tea  In  extent,  with  nnmerona  satea, 
many  of  which  are  now  neglected  or  abaa- 
doned.  This  barrier  was  erected  In  the 
third  centiiry  H.  C.  aa  a  defence  against 
the  Mongols  of  the  north,  and  reached 
from  Bhang-hal-kwan  on  the  east  coast 
(Gnlf  of  Chlh-U)  In  long.  ^•>0'  E,  to  Tni^ 
kestan  In  the  west  (98*  K.).  It  In  now 
broken  .  In  many  places  and  the  ChlDese 
have  tbemselvea  advanced  beyond  Its 
Dortbeostero  edce.  In  tbe  ptovince  ot  Cblh- 


U.  The  eaatem  bonnAary  b  th«  CUna 
Sea,  and  on  the  south  the  land  frontier  la 
cotermlnona  with  French  Indo-CblnA  and 
the  Sban  Statea  of  BrlUsh  India.  In  tha 
weat    the    Eighteen    Provlncea   adjoin    Brlt- 


iHh 


Tfuet  and  Chinese  Turkeatan. 


J(»lom.— Chinese  clvlliiatlon  la  the  old- 
est In  the  world,  and  Ita  gDvemmeni,  baaed 
npon  that  ot  the  family,  remained  di>- 
changed  in  Its  root  Idea  until  the  revolu- 
tion of  ieil-lU12,  by  which  the  antocracy 
of  the  Emperor  and  tbe  power  ot  tbe  bu- 
reaucracy were  merged  Into  «.  Bepubllcan 
form  ot  government.     For  more  than  2.000 

of  tbe  State,  legislating  by  edict  In  mat< 
tera  great  and  small.  Jn  the  seventeenth 
century  the  Mlug  Dynasty  waa  overcoma 
by  tbe  Mnncbus  froni  the  north,  who  have 
now  become  almost  entirely  absorbed  by 
tbe   conquered   race.     The   conuitlona   and 

'---   of  the  autocracy   were  preserved 

. _    .....  ...    ,  years  the 


dlst 


■t  adml 


ration 


Many  tetorms  were  In  III- 
BLi-u  ur  iiruiuiBtrd  In  tbe  last  few  yean  of 
the  Imperial  rul^  and  an  execnilve  liody 
was  actually  created,  while  a  leglslaiure 
waa  promised.  At  the  close  oi  tne  year 
1911  the  party  ot  reform  forced  the  Im- 

Berlal  dynaaty  to  a  '■voluntary"  Bbdlca- 
Ion.  and  a  Itcpubllc  waa  proclaimed,  which 
waa  formally  recognized  by  all  the  Pow- 
ete  on  Oct.  6,  1913.  President.  Tnan 
Shlh-kal.  bom  18S9.  elected  provisionally 
Feb.  12,  1912 ;  re-elected  Oct.  6,  1913  (for 


province  waa  reprcceoted  In  the  Hoosc, 

In  December,  1915,  the  Council  of  Stnttt 
voted    to    return    to    the    imperial   form    of 

fovernment,  and  Yuan  relnctautly  accepted 
be  crown.  March  22,  1910.  China  again 
became  a  republic,  wltb  Xuan  Bblh-kaT  a* 
president.  lie  died  June  6,  and  waa  suc- 
ceed ed  by  LI  Tuan-hung. 

Forrign  Aelalfoni. — Foreign  relations 
with  the  Chinese  Dominions  have  ciistnl 
for  many  centnrlea.  In  the  thirteenth  een- 
tnry  the  Vent  Ian  mercbant^adrenttirer, 
Mopco  Polo,  resided  Id  Cambaluc  (the  pres- 
ent Peking),  and  was  employed  by  tba 
Mongol  Emperor  Kublal  Khan  as  advisor. 
In  the  aeventeenth  century  Jesuit  misslon- 
arlca  had  attained  conslderab'e  lnflD<>nce. 
Tbe  Dutch  and  PortDsueae  traden  had  for 
centuries  maintained  commercial  dealinn 
with  the  port  of  Canton,  bat_toivatd  tfi* 

T  India 

„ J.  _  treaty  waa  algned  at  Nan- 
king m  1840  ceding  Hong  Kong  to  Great 
nj».._    __..    — ^nlng  flVB  porta  to  foreign 


and    China 

^eBDltrf'iVa .,., — 

proceeds  of  which  are  to  be  employed  In 
carrying  out  a  scheme  for  the  nniflt^tlMt 
of  the  cnrrency  on  a  allver  basis. 

The  contlnned  eicluslveness  of  the  Chi- 
nese Government  led  bv  a  long  cbafn  of 
events  to  the  war  of  ISflO,  when  Brtdah 
and  French  troops  captnt«d  Peking.  In 
16n4  China  tonght  H  dlaastrons  war  with 
Japan,  resulting  In  the  loss  of  Fomtoaa 
and  the  eBtabllsbment  of  Korea  aa  an  In- 
dependent Ktnte.  An  abortive  attempt  waa 
made,   In   1898,   by   the   Emperor  to  Intro- 


jyGooi^lc 


Encyclopedic  Index 


ChinA 


fflrtni    rnnHwfrT 

dace  admlnlBtratlv*  reform*, 

ttonarr   mlDlBters  pereuaaed  tbe   Doirsze 


Tbs  police  of  Important  places  In  China 
to  emploj  Japanese  sdvlBeta  (or  the  pur- 
poBe  01  OTESDlElDe  and  tmnraTlne  tne  serv- 
ice. China  shair  Head  to  Japan  a  com- 
mlasloD  lo  BFTsnge  for  the  purcboee  ol  ma- 


)  the  Leaatlon* 

io  Peking  and  the  forelcn  Beltlemcnta  in 
TIentaIn  were  flercelj'  attacked  and  t>om- 
baided  tor  manT  irecK*.  The  aituBtlon 
iraa  relieved  at  Its  most  critical  moment 
bT  tne  BTTlTel  of  an  allied  armr  despatched 
b>  nearly  all  the  Treaty  Powera,  aod 
TlentBln  and  PeblnE  wire  cgp.ured.  The 
Imperial  Court  Bed,  and  remained  In  vol- 
nnlarj  exile  until  eaily  In.  1902.  Mean- 
irlille;  B  Peace  Protocol  was  signed  be- 
tween the  Envo;i  of  the  Treaty  Powera 
«Bd  the  Chinese  Piealpotentlaries.  Prince 
Ch'nx,  and  the  late  LI  Hong  Chang.    Thla 

CDiUlea  for  an  Indemnity  ol  f320,u00.0(H>, 
be  paid  within  thirty-nine  Tears.  Snb- 
•eqacDt  negotfatlona  reaalted  In  three  new 
commercial  treaties— between  the  United 
Kingdom  and  Cnlna  (Sept  6,  ie02)  :  Unit- 
ed Blates  and  China  (Oct.  8.  1903)  ;  and 
Japan  and  China  (Oct.  9.  190S).  Under  the 
two  last  Mnkden,  TatnuKkoiv,  Chang-aha, 
and  Antnng  In  Uanchnrla,  were  made 
Treatj-  ports. 

Itarlng  the  European  war  of  1914-15 
Japan  drove  the  Qermens  out  of  Klau  Chnu, 
■nd  later  made  a  aerlea  of  demands  on 
China,    which   practically   amoanled   to   a 

The  Btate  Coancll  held  a  special  session 
«t  PAtn,  March  2S,  and,  acting  os  Parlia- 
ment, rescinded  all  monircbbil  leglalntloOi 
restored  all  the  lavs  of  the  Bepubllc  af- 
fected hy  the  monnrcblal  movement,  and 
then  adjourned  permanently. 

Thaa  waa  given  public  evidence  of  an 
admission  of  the  errors  made  by  Parliament 
la  DTglng  a  monarchy  npon  the  President. 

The  following  comprises  the  list  of  Jap- 
anese demands  npon  China,  m  far  as  they 
hBTB  been  made  pabllc  At  leaat  one  other 
clansa  haa  been  sappressed.  This  repre- 
sents the  demands  after  tevlaloD.  the 
original  list  Including  inany  more  drastic 
fcatorea,  among  others  the  right  to  propa- 
gate Buddhism  In  China. 

Group  1. — Transfer  complete  to  Japan  of 
the  German  lease  upon  Klucbow  :  a  pledge 
not  to  alienate  any  of  (he  territory  of 
Sbantnug  Province ;  consent  to  a  Japanese 
railway  joining  Klaochow  with  Chetoo  or 
Lungkow :  the  opening  of  certain  treaty 
port*  In   BhantuuK,    to   be  selected   latpr. 

Gronp  !!.— Extension  of  the  Port  Arthnr 
lease  to  ninety-utne  years ;  freedom  of  leA- 
denee  and  travel  and  the  right  to  lease 
or  own  land  or  work  mlnlna  concpsslons 
In  South  Manchnrla  ad  East  Mongolia  :  the 
conoent  of  tlie  Japanese  Oaverameut  to  be 
obtained  before  grrantlnii  aoy  railroad  con- 
cessions, borrowlnic  any  money  on  tbe 
taxes,  or  appointing  any  advlsera  In  South 
Mancoarla  and  East  MonEOila ;  a  ninety- 
nine-year    lease    of    the    Eirln-Chaugchun 

Group  III. — The  Hanyehpln^  Company 
(the  largest  mining  and  steel -making  pom- 

pany  fn  China)  to  be  made  a  Joint  f 

of  the  two  nationa.  and  none  of  It 
erty  or  righta  to  be  alienated  witbr 
consent  of  Japan ;  tbe  company  lo  i 
given  a  monopolr  oyer  all  mines  In  li 
■elKhboTbood.  (This  company  owns  tt 
steel  works  around  Hangchow^ 

Gronp  IV.-No  Island,  port  or  harhor  c 
the  Chinese  cosat  to  be  ceded  or  teased  I 
■ST  foreign  power. 

Gronp   Tf.     '--    -- 


iind  for  the  admlnlati 

agree   to   permit   Jai 

build  a  railway  eonnecllng  Wuchang  with 
Klukiang  and  Nanchang,  also  a  line  be- 
tween Ivancbang  and  Cnlaochna.  No  for- 
eign capital  to  be  employed  lu  the  Province 
or  F^tleo  without  Japanese  consent. 

Japan  later  withdrew  Group  V  and  China 
submitted  to  the  others  by  a  treaty  signed 
Hay  2B,   IBIS. 

ABU.  AND  FOPnjTieii  or  teb  aupiha 


Territories  and  Capitals      Engluh  Popo- 

Bq.  Miles  laSoD 

China  Proper  (Peldnc) 1,501.000  402,000,000 

Manchuii*  (Mukden) 360.000  11,000,000 

Moncolia  (Itrga) 1,07S.OOO  3,000.000 

Tibet  (Umm) 760,000  3,000,000 

EaBtamTurk(atan(Urumchi)   600,000  2.000.000 

Total.  China. 4.237,000  121,000,000 

Race*     end     RMgient. — The     prevail  lug 

race  In  China  is  of  Mougollnn  origin,  but 
there  are  many  races  In  aoniilon  to  Chi- 
nese- In  the  aborlBlnal  Lolos,  Mlaotie. 
Iklas,  Hakka  and  Uoklos.  The  Mauchns. 
who  ruled  China  irom  about  the  middle  of 
tbe  sereuteenth  century,  although  numtwr- 
Ing  only  from  4.000.0UU  to  6,0«0,0OO,  are 
Uongols  from  Eastern  Tartary,  whose  su- 
perior military  orgDulxatlon  enabled  the 
race  to  dominate  the  less  warlike  Chinese. 
In  addition  to  the  Chinese  In  the  above- 
mentioned  lerrltarles,  whone  Diimbers  are 
variously  estimated  at  3r>0.000.000  to  460,- 
000,000,  there  are  some  10.000,000  Chinese 
In  various  quarters  of  the  globe,  partlcu- 
iarly  In  tbe  Malay  Peninsula,  North  and 
South   America,   and   Oceania. 

The  principal  rellglona  are  Taoism  and 
Buddhism,  which  have  grown  up  aide  by 
side  since  the  Ilrst  century  of  the  Chris- 
tian era,  until  the  older  faith,  to  which  no 
date  can  t>e  aSBlgned.  Is  difflcnlt  to  dlstln- 
galsh  from  tbe  younger.  Confuclaniam  la 
too  genera!  a  philosophy  to  be  termed  a 
religion  ond  It  has  no  temples  or  priests. 
Muhnmmodanliim  wfls  Introduced  la  the 
seventh  century  of  the  Chrlecian  era  and  Is 
believed  lo  have  eome  30.000,000  adher- 
ents. Christianity  has  made  little  head- 
way, although  its  mlaBlnnarles  have  been 
protected  since  ISeO.  The  total  number 
of  converts  does  not  exceed  I,uO0.OOO,  of 
wliom  over  l.OOO.OOO  are  Roman  Catholics. 


■V.  -jsi 
appoint   ' 


"?fi 


amended). — In   times   of 
lany  Japanese  ad  vis- 


Ana  in  Estimated 

Provlnaas  Engliah  Popu- 

8<i.IdilM  ladon 

■■— 35,200  20,000,000 

Chihii 120,500  23.000,000 

Fuklan 43.G00  22,000,000 

HoDU ST,000  34,000,000 

Hunui 77,600  28.000.000 

Hupgh 73,E00  35.000,000 

Kiosu. 136.500  10.000.000 

KioniEBl 69,500  20,000.000 

KloEgra 38.000  27,000.000 

KwuiKn 84.000  6.000.000 

EKUigtuDa 93,500  30,000,000 

Rweichov 61,000  9.000.000 

NiubuL 6S.200  ai.000,000 

ShEiun SO.OOO  lO.DOO.OOO 

awntung 6S.00O  27.000,000 

Shenn 77,000  9.000,000 

BHKhuan 170.000  65,000,000 

Yoonan 153.000  10,000,000 

Total I,e01,000  4Q2,000MO 


oyGo'0»:^Ic 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Chinft 

OUiik— OoaHiHted. 

Armf, — Tbe  land  tereea  can  Dot  7ct  be 
regarded  aa  capable  ot  oCTeniilve  warfare 
or  of  wittuCandlDa  trained  European  or 
Japaneae  troopH.  Energetic  nieasBres  ot 
reiorm  aim  prlndpallj  at.  (See  Armlea 
of  tbe  WorHf ) 

Navv. — The  Narj  has  not  recovered  from 
the  effecu  of  the  CblDO-JapBueae  War,  when 
more  than  lea  Important  war  feaaeta  were 
innk  or  captaced. 

FroduatiOH  and  lndiutr)f.—The  Elgbteen 
ProTlDcea  are  easentlatlT  agricultural,  the 
laod  being  Held  on  Ireefaold  tenure  with  a 
amall  annual  goverutueut  tax.  The  rich- 
eat  Bone  Ilea  between  35-  and  2T  N., 
and  baa  two  ralnj  and  two  dry  aeaaons, 
the  principal  crone  being  rice  In  tlie  Idw- 
IflDg  river  mllefB,  and  tea,  illk,  wheat, 
cotton,  mulberr;  and  atlgnr,  Tbe  northern 
■one  (about  3S°  N.),  producea  whi^at.  bar- 
le7,  maiie.   peas  and  beuns :  the  aoutbern 


'".a 


Klntdom,  Hong  SoDg.  the  tinlted  States, 
and  elsewhere.  Cotton  fans  been  grown 
for  eentnrlea,  and  about  half  the  priMlnce 
ta  locally  abaorbed.  the  eiporta  amounting 
to  aboDt  200,000.000  ponnda.  Silk  la  lurae- 
ly  grown  and  about  ODe-thIrd  of  the 
world'a  supply  la  derlred  from  China, 
while  great  quantities  are  naed  Id  home 
manufsctures.  Timber,  particularly  liam- 
boo,  la  anppUed  from  the  foreala  of  the 
western  mountains. 


a  wide  area.     Wlilte  ..,,..  ._ 

Id  Xunnan.  Iron  ore  Is  abundant  and  la 
being  locally  absorbed,  and  tin  Is  produced 
tor  export.  The  coal  tlelds  probably  exceed 
those  of  any  otber  country  la  extent  and 
value;  Inde.  lapis  laiuU,  porcelain  clay 
and  petroleum  are  plentiful,  and  the  latter 
Is  now  snccessfully  exploited, 

Baiiioo^a.^ About  6,800   miles  wera  open 


tlOD. 


.__    :   of   the   Chlness   debt   ont- 

stantllng  at  the  end  of  1912  excluding  In- 
terest and  proTlDclal  loans  la  roughly  esti- 
mated at  M'tO.OOO.OOO. 

Tb*  Dolt  of  Taliie  la  the  ynan,  equal  to 
•boat  SO  cenu  United  BUtes  money. 

J(l»Cffr7AM.— UaucbDrla  lies  to  tbs 
north  ot  Cblna  Proper,  between  80*-S3*  N. 
and  11S*-1S4*  E.,  Us  northera  boundary 
belDg  the  Amur  Blrer,  wllh  the  coast 
province  ot   Buaaia   and    the   Jepaaess    de- 

KDdency   of  Korea  on  the  east,   and   the 
ansbalkal  Province  of  Russia  and   (Cbl- 
neae)  Mongolia  on  the  west.    It  la  watered 


rice,  while  the  poppy  is  extensively  growo. 
Tea  Is  unlvenialli  consumed,  and  very 
largely  exported  by  land  to  Russia  and 
Siberia   (wblcb  absorb  nearly  Bt-e-slxths  ot 


Nlu-ehwang  eastward  to  th«  Koredit  glM 
and  Antung.  Ttieae  blgbways  are  ot  great 
Importance  to  the  culilvatora  of  the  Indigo 
and  opium  districts  ot  the  aoatb,  and  to 
the  mining  districts  of  the  northwest. 

The  Trnna-Slberlan  Hallway  enters  Man- 
churia at  the  western  boundary  of  Eel- 
lunB-klaog  and  thence  Hntheast  to  its  ter- 
mination at  Vladivostok. 

irOVOOUA.— The  total  area  of  Mongol- 
ia, which  exteuda  from  the  Ureal  Wall  ID 
Ihe  south  to  bltwrls  Id  the  north,  and 
from  the  Khlngang  Mountains  Id  tbe  esat 
to  EnsslaD  CeDtral  Asia  In  tbe  west.  Is  es- 
timated at  1,076,000  EDgllah  square  miles, 
with  a  nomadic  Mongol  and  Kalmnck  pop- 
ulation variously  computed  at  1,TS0,00U  to 
3,2E0.000. 

Bittorv.—ln  the  thirteenth  century  of 
the  Chiisllan  ers,  the  Mongolian  ruler, 
JCDghli  KUan,  held  sway  over  an  empfrv 
'-from  tbe  Ctaina  Sea  to  the  banks  of  the 
Dnelper. "  and  the  vaat  area  ot  tbe  Cblneae 
domlntons  Is  but  a  portion  of  the  former 
Mongolian  Empire. 


almoal  to  tbe  center  of  Mon- 
golia, in  the  eitreme  east  tbe  Kblncang 
range  crosses  the  southern  and  northern 
boundaries.  The  greater  part  of  Mongolia 
Is  occupied  by  a  high  tableland,  known 
as  the  Ueaert  ot  Gobi  or  Sbamo,  about 
3,000  teet  auove  sea  level.  2.0o6  miles 
from  east  to  weat  and  BOO  miles  from 
nortb  to  south,  an  arid,  rocky  waste  wltb 


D  lines, 


1  Busso-Chl' 

^  ^^....- .  jIffDed  MOT.  fi.  -"-"      "    - 

_._     recognises     , 

Outer  Mongolia   and  China 
autonomy   ot   that   region. 

T/BEr.— Tibet  (or  Bod)  occupies  more 
than  hnlf  the  western  area  ot  the  ChlneM 
dominions,  with  the  Eighteen  Provinces 
—    •'•-    — -'     Nepal,    Bhutan    i"-"     "-■■'-■■ 

orthT 


as  a  western  and  southern  boundary.    The 

I;reat  hydrograpblc  feature  la  the  cbsin  ot 
akes,  all  15,000  feet  or  more  above  tbe 
mean  level  ot  the  sea. 

CniyEBB  TURKE8TA}l.—V.meni  Tnr- 
kestan  occuplea  the  northwestern  comer  of 
the  Chinese  dotnlolons,  between  Mongolia, 
Basalan  Central  Asia  and  Tibet. 

Recent  discoveries  show  that  numerous 
" ^*T*    ?""    covered   by    the    moving 


sands  of  tl , 

tlons  belDg  early  Id  tbe  Christian  era. 
towns  now  exist  mainly  as  stations  on  tbe 
various  caravan  routes  between  China, 
Buasla  and  India. 

Trade  toffh  the  f7nlfritfftatM.— The  value 
■"""Use   Imported    I   '  "    ' 


— ._j  BDd  opium,  which  provide  highly 
prodlable  eropa. 

Capital.  Mukden  (on  the  Hun-ho).  Pop> 
nlatlon,  SSO.OOO. 

Four  of  the  great  Asiatic  blgbwars  trav- 

u V.....  .    < ,    iipfcinn    (0   Mukden 

to  Sanslng  and  Pos- 

. wang  (0  MukdeD  and 

Petuna,  and  (hence  to  'nllalhar,  Uergen 
and  across  the  northern  boundary ;  from 
Nln-chwang  sonthward  acroaa  the  Llao- 
» — . — ..    .-    Kin-cbow;   and    troia 


Oblna  (see  also  Ctknton): 
American  citizens  in — 
Propertv  of,  destrojed,  4823. 
Protection     for,    diacuased,     4006, 
4055,  5544,  5621,  6059,  6328,  0366. 
AmeTicDD  tnanufacturea  in,  4702.    . 
Art  i  SAD  R     from,     DdmisaioD     of,     to 
World's   Fair  temporDriljr,  reeom- 
mended,  M22. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Etuyekfedie  Itules 


Chhw 


Boxer  nprisiitg  in,  0417,  6678.     (Sea 

ftlso  Boxers.) 
Cable  eonneetion  with,  6719. 
Ckiins  of  United  States  against,  1436, 
4761,  4801. 
Convention  for  adjuBtment  of,  3071, 
8090,  3173. 
Befeired  to,  3S18. 
Indemnities  received,  diecnssed  and 
TecommeudBtionB  regarding,  3173, 
8247,  4S20,  4561,  4630,  4T15,  4762, 


2066,  2743,  2977,  3446,  4060,  6328, 
6366,  6914,  7010. 
Interroption  of,  bj  Great  Britain 
referred  to,  1839. 

Commercial  treaty  with,  6797. 

CbmmiBsion  to  stndj  conditions  In, 
recommended,  6328,  6366. 

CMnmigaioner  of  United  States  to — 
Appointment  of,  recommended  and 
compensation  to,  discoaied,  2067, 
269£ 
Correspondenee     of,     transmitted, 

2894,  2911,  2994,  3062. 
Instmetion  to,   referred  to,  8015, 

8113. 
Beport  of,  referred  to,  2610. 

Couditiona  in,  diecnssed,  8066,  6327, 
6367. 

CoDsnlar  conrta  of  United  States  in^ 
Jurisdiction  of,  2951. 
Begnlationa  for,  referred  to,  4675, 
5388,  5432. 
Bevision  of,  referred  to,  3111. 
Treat;  regardinft,  4S81. 

Consular  premises  in,  rent  of,  referred 
to,  4806. 

Controversv  between  Japan  and,  re- 
garding Lew  Chew  Islands,  4521. 

Cooler  trade,  referred  to,  2907,  3127, 
32«1,  3837,  3991,  4034,  4190. 

Distnrbanees  in,  ducnaaed,  6418,  6678. 

Emperor  of,  accession  of,  referred  to, 
5469. 

Expenditures  from  appropriation  for 
providing  for  intercourse  with,  re- 
ferred to,  226a 

Immigration  of  Chinese.  (See  Chi- 
nese Immigration.) 

Import  duties  of,  6700. 

Japanese  citizens  in,  treatment  of, 
and  action  of  offlcert  of  United 
Statea  regarding,  inquired  into, 
5992,  7053. 

Judicial  tribunal  in,  for  trial  of 
American  citizens  recommended, 
2400. 

l^ritime  provinces  of,  passing  under 
control  of  European  powers  dis- 
cussed, 6327. 

Uataaera  of  Preach  and  Bnssian  leai- 
denta  in,  discussed,  4055. 


Uilitary  operaUons  of  Qreit  Britain 
against,  terminated  b;  treaty,  2066. 
Uiniater  of,  to  United  States — 
Eatabliahment  of  legation  discussed, 

4448. 
Beceived,  4718. 
UiniBter  of  United  States  to — 

Appointment  of,  to  misBion  b^  Em- 
peror referred  to,  3796,  3825. 
Appropriation  for  support  of  Amer- 
ican voutbi  to  serve  as  part  of 
offlciu  familv  of,  teeonunended, 
4101,  4145. 
Inatmction  to,  referred  to,  3113. 
Letter  of,  transmitted,  3064. 
Beception  of,  discussed,  3090,  4190. 
Mr.  Ward  deciinea  to  anbmit  to 
humiliating  ceremonies  attend- 
ing, 3090. 
Beferred  to,  2218,  3122. 
Befuaal  to  receive,  6621,  6673,  5679. 
Betorn  of,  on  account  of  illness, 

225L 
Bent  to,  2116,  2977,  3090. 
Miaaion   to,  recommendation   that  it 

be  raised  to  first  class,  3991. 
Uiasionaries  in.    (See  American  elti- 

Uonetarv  system  of.  Improved,  6941. 
Open  Door  in,  6679,  6797; 
Opium  traffic,  treaty  for  repression  of, 
referred  to,  4629,  49S6. 
Legislation  regarding,  recom- 
mended, G083. 
Outbreaks  against  foreigners  in,  5621. 
Political  relations  with,  referred  to, 

1845. 
Population  of,  2066. 
Postal  convention  with,  3776. 
Bebelliou  in,  3446. 
BelatiouB  with,  2977,  3991. 
Bevenne  lawa  of,  rulea  regarding  fines 
for  breaches  of,  etc.,  referred  to, 
SS92. 
Bales  for  seamen  of  American  vessels 

in  porta  of,  referred  to,  2682. 
Slavery  in,  referred  to,  4539. 
Straw  Shoe  diannel,   veaaola  sailing 
under     American     flag    prohibited 
from  paaaing  through,  3896,  3902. 
Snbjeeta  of,  in  United  BUtea — 
Outrages  committed  on,  discussed, 
4914,  4968,  6083,  6419,  6678. 
Indemnity  to,  recommended,  6219v 
Appropriations  for,  5367. 
Begistration  of.     (See  Chinese  Im- 
migration.) 
Troops  sent  to  protect,  4933, 6419. 
Swedish    missionaries    murdered    in, 

6868. 
Tariff  of,  6679. 

Treaty    with,    transmitted   and   dis- 
cussed,   2206,    2211,    2251,   8037, 
3061,  3071,  8089,  3108,  3830,  4629. 
}l9difi««ti9n  <>i  article  of,  3398. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


CMiw 

Oldnk— OMHiMMrf. 

Pioposed  modiflcation  of,  3TS1. 
Eeferred  to,  2610,  £977,  3090,  3113. 
VeBaels  of,  d incriminating  duties  on, 

repealed  hj  proclaination,  4S52. 
War  with— 
FrsDce,  4823. 

Qiemt  Britain  and  France,  neutral- 
ity preserved  hy  United  States, 
in,  3037,  3089,  3174. 

Action  taken  hj  United  States 

regarding,  5957,  6059,  6417. 
Agents  of  United  States  re- 
quested to  protect  subjects  of 
contestants,  S957,  6059. 
'Women  imported  into  United  Btates 
from,    for    dishonorable    purposes, 
4309. 
OUdk,    TraatlM    with. — The    tresty    of 
pence,  amit;,  and  commerce  coDcloded  wUb 
China   In   1S44  was   Id   part  superseded   hj 
tbe  treaty  of  1858.    Several  »rllcle»,  how- 
t   Chan/ted.     PBHaetiBei  ' 


plj-log 


Ilh  mall  aa<f  baseage 

-  'rom  duty  If  the 


the  United  States  and  not  hired  from  Cbl- 
Bttae  Bubjects,  pay  (he  regular  duty  of  one 
maee  (58  ounces  o(  pure  sIlTer)  pet  ton. 
Each  of  the  eonanla  nt  the  flTe  ports  to  be 
supplied  vltb  Btnndard,  stamped,  and 
sealed  neiehts  and  measures,  according 
to  the  standard  at  the  custom  house  at 
CantoD.  CItliens  of  Ihe  L'nited  States  are 
admitted  to  trade  with  Chinese  aubjecta 
wllhout  dlatlDctlon.  Detailed  reports  of  all 
TesBcla  and  cargoea  belonging  to  the  United 
Btates   are   to   be   made    annually   to    tbe 

Eavemor-generat  of  each  of  Che  tlTe  ports 
y  the  consults  at  these  ports,  soch  reports 
for  Bse  aod  eiamlnutlon  for  revenue  pi:r- 
posea.  The  vessels,  property,  and  persons 
□f  citizens  of  Ihe  United  Stales  are  not 
HDbJect  to  embargo  and  cannot  be  pre- 
vented from  pursuing  their  Iransaetfons 
wlthont    molestalioa    or    embarrassment 


{"ents  In    such   i __    .__     
>nB  aa  altall  lie   agreed   upon   aa   _. 
iDg  open  to  them.     Cltlsena  dl  the  United 


-,    build   houses,    chur 

hospitals,  and  cemeteries:  Ibey  shall  Dot 
be  subjected  to  eiorbltOQt  demands  or  on- 
rensonable  condllloDB.  The  customary  pro- 
vlsloDS  are  made  In  cases  of  shipwreck, 
and  the  onus  of  arrest,  trial,  and  punlsli- 
ment  of  robbera  and  pirates  who  plunder 
vessels  belooging  to  the  United  States  rests 
upon  Chinese  nnthorlties.  But  If  for  any 
reason  these  eanoot  be  apprebended,  thB 
Chioese  sutborltles  shall  not  be  called  apon 
to  Indemnify  for  last  goods  or  damage.  If, 
however.  It  be  shown  that  local  antnoHtlea 
were  In  eoUusloo  witb  the  roblters  or  pi- 
rates, their  goods  shnll  be  confiscated  to 
Indemnlfv  for  ' 


Slatei  for  commerce,  residence,  or  tmds 
are;  Tbe  cities  sod  ports  of  Canton  and 
ChsD-Chan  or  Swalan,  In  Ihe  provinces  of 
Kwang-tnng:  Amoy.  Puh-Chau,  and  Tai- 
wDii  In  FormoBB.  In  Ihe  province  of  Fab- 
Klen  ;  Nlnn-po,  In  the  province  of  Cheh-Kl- 
ang:  and  Shnngbnl,  la  the  province  of  Ki- 
ang-su.  and  any  other  port  hereafter  opened 

InUrd  States.  Trade  may  l>e  freely  car^ 
rled  on  In  these  ports,  and  vessels  may  pro- 
ceed from  one  to  the  other  of  them;  bat 
no  fraudulent  or  claodeailne  trade  may  t>e 
carried  on  with  any  other  port  under  pen- 
alty of  couBscallon  of  vessri  and  cargo. 
Any  cllIicQ  of  tbe  United  Stales  carrjHis 
on  trade  in  eontrnband  goods  shall  be  pnn- 
Isbed  by  the  Chinese  authorlllps  wtlbant 
protection  or  countenance  of  tbe  United 
States.  The  tariff  of  duties  to  be  paid  ahnll 
In  ell  cases  be  the  same  as  that  under 
n-hlch  tbe  most  favored  nation  shall  con- 
duct Importation  and  exportation. 

Tonnage  Duet. — Vesiels  of  over  150  tons 
harden  shall  pay  tonnage  duties  of  four 
mace  per  ton  of  40  cubic  feet;  those  of 
luO  tons  or  under,  one  mace  per  ton  of  40 
cubic  feet.  Tbe  tonnage  la  all  cases  to 
he  Ihat  of  the  ship's  register,  which  with 
her  olber  papers  must,  on  her  arrival,  ba 
lodged  with  the  consul  for  eiamlnatlon  by 


of  friendship  between  tbe  t 


conled  c 


r  Chine 


Is  of  tt 


d  Stnt 


and  hospitality  In  toh^n  of 


rlKht   t-   _„_ r - 

plllare  United  Btates  vessels,  bnt  the  of- 
fenders must  be  handed  over  to  the  Chl- 
Vcae  antborltlea  for  punishment. 


minister  la  also  privileged  m  muoe  uuc  ■>-.<■ 
a  year  to  the  capltnr  of  Ihe  Kmperor  of 
China  and  there  to  confer  with  a  high 
Offlclsl.  deputed  for  ftie  purpose,  upon  mnl- 

the  privilege  of  residence  be  granted  by 
the  Emperor  of  China  to  the  representative 
of  any  other  foreign  country,  tbnl  privi- 
lege, without  further  notice  or  formal  per- 
mission, shall  become  a  rlgbt  of  tbe  minis- 
ter of  the  United  Stales.  The  form  In 
nhlcb   commnnlentlons   may  pass   between 

prescribed    In   terms   of   Ihe    Chine 


the _ „ 

of  1880.1      If  a   vessel  pay „ 

at  one  iiort  and  proceed  for  a  part  or  the 
whole  of  her  cargo  Id  another  port,  slie 
shnll  not  pay  duties  a  second  time  on  ber 
tonnage,  bat  only  upon  ber  cargo  or  part  of 
It.  Pilots  and  oil  other  assistants  may  be 
hired  as  reoulred  upon  terms  agreed  upon 
by  the  patties,   or  determined  by  the  con- 

may  eierclae  con- 

__  vessels  of  the  DnUed  States  while 

In  Chinese  ports  to  Ihe  extent  of  puttlDS 

subordinate  officers  on  board  o* "- 

"  during  tbe  si 


T  tonnage  dnties 


Mntl- 


__■    deaerters    are.    upon   Info  ..._     ._ 

from  the  consul,  to  be  arrested  by  tbe 
Chinese  snlhoritles  and  handed  over  to  Ibe 
consuls  for  pnnlshment.  Crimlnsls  taklos 
refuse  In  Ihe  hounes  or  on  sblpa  of  dtlsena 
of  Ihe  United  Sintea  are  to  be  handed 
over  to  Chinese  oSIcIbIs  on  demand  snd 
shall  not  be  harbored  or  concealed.  Pnh- 
11c  pence  Is  to  be  preserved  by  the  offloera 
of  both  nations,  who  meat  exert  tbem- 
Eelven  to  maintain  order  by  dispensing  Im 

--— -'   ■-- '-      Wllhln   forty-eight  *= 

t    vessel    of    the    T 

, anchor  In  either  e.    — 

ports,  the  ship's  papers  must  be  depoalted 
with  tbe  consul,  Bod  Iron  tliem  a  tn*  (*■ 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


pan  of  Deccssaiy  detalli  b 


1  be  comma- 


E-", 


a  Mcmlt  for  ber  dlschirge. 
■cbarnd    wltbont    ancb    permit. 
Hiir  b«  cc— — '-'    — ^   -   — 


>  be  imp«e4  open  t 


flDe  of 


■llDce.  If  (be  master  delermlne  within 
forlj-eljht  bonra  to  proceed  to  onotber  port 
wltbont  bKaklbg  bulk,  be  maf  do  to  wltb- 
ont  the  parment  of  tonnage,  dnileB.  or 
otb«r  cbargea  anlll  be  ahal]  reach  Ibe  other 
port.  Id  tbe  abaence  of  the  consnl  or 
propel  repreaentBtlve,  the  maaler  maj'  call 
Dpon  tbe  consul  of  a  friendly  power  to 
act  for  htm  Id  the  premlsea.  DrsptK"*  <n 
th«   I 


-E    b7    CitlWD*   of .. 

reexported   after   due 
IDS   cnitoma  antbarltles  to  gai 
fraod :  Id  tbe  CTeat  of  detection 


It  praeeedlDH.  the  sooda  an 
idacctlon.  PoreigQ  erela  or 
a  ChlDCae  port  In  United  BU 


codsqI  tbtD  r 


United  Btatea  mar  empio;  scbotara  in  a 

Ert   of  tbe  emptre   f-    ■-■-    —     *  ' 
)fitag«a  and  mar  bi 


of  tbe  ciclusloD  of  t 


T  acceaa  to  Cblneae  porta  lo  Ions 
imI*  do  Dot  CDfraKe  In  work  of 
to   tbe   nnfHendlT  power.      IMa- 


■  bPT  reaMl*  do  Dot 


EDtea   bti' 
hloa  ai 

own  conntrr.    

of  tbe   United   States  and   

otbcr  poner  realdent   In  Cblna 


._    United    Btatea   clt liens   In 

bo  settled  In  the  conrta  of  thelt 

ranntrjr.  _A1I  dlspotca  between  cltliens 


■ettlcd  accordlnE  t 


J  tbe  treattea  Id   force 

betweea  tboae  conntrlea.  Cllliens  of  tbe 
iJQlted  States  deslHDt:  to  addreia  a  Cbl- 
iwse  oBclRl  mnst  transmit  tbelr  commnnl- 
cations  tbroDgh  the  conanl.  who  shall  iee 
to  It  tbat  tbe  commnnlcatlon  coDtarms  to 
tb«  prescribed  Mart  rltnat  and  la  respect- 
fallr  addressed.  A  Chinese  dtlsea  mar 
addi«M  the  coninl  dlrectlr,  at  tbe  asms 
tine  iDformlDs  bla  own  proper  offlclals  fnllv 
In  tbe  premises.  Dlapotes  between  dtl- 
araa  of  tbe  United  Btates  and  Chinese  clii- 
aena  are  to  be  adjnated  when  otherwise  Im- 
posatble  br  pnbllc  ofllcera  of  the  two  conn- 
trie*  Bctlna  taeHber.  Tbone  who  qnletlr 
pTofeaa  aaa  teach  tbe  doctrines  and  prlncl- 

E'-a  of  lb*  Cbrlatlan  rtllKlon  shall  not  be 
rasaad  or  persecnted  on  scconnt  of  tbelr 
bitfa.  Ad7  favors,  rigbts.  t  ' 
not  conferred  br  this  treatr,  a 
a  fotnre  time  shall  be  cranred 
eonntrr,  shall  at  once  treeir  ■ 
cttlacns  of  th*  Unlttd  Btatea. 


r 1  eiporta  In  d. _. 

duty-tree  goods,  and  contraband  goods,  and 
established  weights  and  measnres  In  United 
Btatea  eqnlialenta.     Br  tbis  treaty  cllliens 

of  the   United    P— '-•■-■ 

entering  the  cap! 
posea  of  Irade. 

Claim*.— A   claims   convention   was   coo- 
■    ■   ■  date.    Not.   8.    I65S, 


Daty  paid  good*  Imported  Into  a  Cblnese 

Krt  br  cltliens  of  the  United  Btates  may 
reexported   after   dne   examination   by 
Lntboritin   to  fnard    against 


out  br  a   

the    Chloese    j 

cept  (he  aurplui      _        _  __   _ 

tbe  United  Btntea  and  luieated  in  g 


'furpfifs^'Vl 


Dnds.     Out  of  tl 


Immlaraltoa  and  Emierallojt. — The 


f  "a/e^ 


on  entrr ;  Import  duties,  i _.. 

tbe  goods:  a  port  clearaaca  Is  given 
_.. ..  ... .. —  w ^,[3  ,nj 

Mui  jV'^ldT  wipoMlbirior" 

.^  the  conanl,  who  atiall  certify  to  the 
SDperinteDdent  of  customs  the  cause  of 
•neb  transshipment,  and  at  bis  discrellon 
permit  the  tranasblpment.  Oooda  trnns- 
shlpped  without  such  permission  are  sub- 
ject to  coDllBcatlon. 

Penomal  KelatioHt, — ClUscos  of  tbe  Unit- 
ed States  may  aoe  Chinese  debtors  In  local 
CODTta,  snd  Chinese  creditors  may  sue 
United  Btstes  debtors  before  tbe  consul  or 
■      ■' ■-  ■       "■  ■       I    of    the 


was  proclaimed  Feb.  S,  18T0,  and  supple- 
ments and  eiplatna  that  of  1SB8.  The 
t:mperor  of  China  aaserts  fats  right  of  eml- 
ueot  domain  to  all  of  the  land  opened  to 
trade  by  clliiens  of  the  united  States,  and 
stipulates  tbat  any  and  all  concessions  to 
them  do  not  give  bq  enemy  the  right  to 
make  war  npon  tbe  United  Stales  within 
his  waters  nor  lo  permit  the  United  Slates 
to  mnke  attacliB  upon  enemies  tberelo  :  and 
furtber  that  the  Jurisdiction  of  tbe  Emperor 
of  China  over  his  londg  aod  subjects  Is  In 
no  wise  Impaired  by  any  concession  made. 
Any  further  rights  of  trade  which  are  not 
provided  for  by  treaty  are  to  l>e  adlusied 


s' those  to  which  Rns- 
e  subject.     United 


disability  or  persecution  by  reason  of  their 
rellglona  belief,  and  due  respect  is  to  b« 
paid  to  burial  places  of  all  religions  denoml- 
natioUB  and  beliefs.  Emigration  from  and 
Immigration  Into  both  coantrles  mnst  be 
wholly  voluntary  and  with  entire  free  will 


dally  Is  tbl9  fltBrmed  reKardlng  educi^oD 
and  the  eBtabllshment  of  Bcbools.  No  In- 
terference by  the  United  Btates  Id  matters 
of  Inlemal  ad  ministration  la  to  be  attempt- 
ed, partlcolarly  In  matters  of  rallrood.  tele- 
graph, and  other  internal  c "    " 


hibit,  the  coming  or  the  r         _ 

laborers;  Ibis  provision  applies  only  to  la- 
borers. Teachers,  stndents.  merchBDls.  or 
travelers  from  curloBltv,  as  well  as  laborers 
residing  within  tbe  tinlted  States  at  Ibe 
of   the   r-     ■-  • 


rights,  privileges,  and  Immnaldes  formerly 
prescribed  by  treaty.  Buch  legislation  on 
the  subject  as  may  be  medllnted  at  any 
time  Is  to  be  snbtnltted  to  the  Chinese  legs- 
tlon  at  Washington  for  consideration,  dls- 
cnsslon,  and  regulation,  tbat  no  hardship 
mar  be  InHleted  npon  Chloue  inbjecta. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


China 

OUlU,  TimUm  vlUl— CmMRNfA 

Traffic  fn  Opivjn:  Judicial  Proetdure. — 
KoT.  It.  1880.  another  treaty  at  eommer- 
dnl  lnteronir»e  and  Jndlclal  procedure  wa» 
coDCIiided  wblcb  proliltilti  tbe  ImpoHatloD 
of  oplam  Inio  Unfled  SliilM  porI»  by  Chl- 
n»e,  or  Into  Cbluese  ports  b;  cltlieuB  of 
tbe  United  Btatei.  In  Tpsscia  owned  by 
_i-i __    — L*__-^    ^j    either    power.    Id 


temlon  of  the  eommetelal  Intereoorve  be- 
tween tbe  two  countrlei.  It  coatera  apoD 
tbe  Cnlled  Btate*  mtnlster  to  China  tbe 
light  to  reside  at  the  city  of  PelflDK.  to 
have  andlence  with  the  Emperor  wbenever 
neoegsary  to  preseat  bis  credeDllili  or  a 
meBBnge  from  the  President,  and  to  enjoy 
all  the  honors,  prerogatives,  and  prlvllez?* 
of  the  represent  a tlTPB  of  tbe  most  farored 
nation.  The  anthorllatWe  texts  of  all  doc- 
-s  Bhntl  be  EDgilBh  for  all  d 


In)  npoD  ihlpa  or  trade  of  othc 
coDDtrlei  or  opoD  the  citizens  of  Bti<^b  coan- 
trlei.  In  cases  of  controversy  between 
ntlaeoB  of  the  United  States  and  sabjects 
of  Cblna.  wblcb  call  for  iudiciul  Interven- 
tion, It  Is  agreed  that  the  preeldlng  olBcer 
shall  be  of  tbe  Dadanallty  of  the  deFendant. 
All  priTlleges.  conrteales.  and  fnclUiles  are 
'-  "—accorded  (o  the  representative  of" — 


plalDl 


will 


pern 


against  any  declaloa  resctaed  In  tbe  procccd- 
iDgB  conducted  accordiog  to  tbe  Judicial 
procedure  of  tha  country  of  the  presiding 

/mnitoralfon.— Tbe  convention  of  I8U4, 
regDlatlng  Chinese  Immigration,  prohibited 
the  Immigration  of  Chinese  laborers  for  ten 
years,  eicept  In  tbe  case  of  the  return  of  a 
rpglstered  Cblncae  laborer  who  had  a  iaw- 
fnl  wife,  child,  or  parent  In  the  United 
Btates,  or  properly  therein  worth  one  thoa- 
sand  dollars,  or  debts  of  that  amoont  dae  to 
blm  or  pendbig  settlement  Such  returnlnK 
Cblneae  laborer  must  before  bis  departure 
from  tbe  United  States,  deposit  with  the 
collector  of  cualoms  of  his  district  a  full 
description  In  writing  of  his  family,  bis 
property,  and  his  debts,  as  a  condition 
pr<i»dest  to  bis  return.  A  fniae  relura  In 
•acta  cases  aball  prevent  bis  return.  In  all 
aucb  cases  tbe  returti  mast  tie  made  wltbln 
■  period  of  one  year,  unless  the  time  shall 
be  eitended  by  reason  of  siekneBS  or  valid 
diublllly,  snch  extenuating  facts  being  re- 
ported to  tbe  Chinese  consul  at  the  point 
of  departure,  sad  by  blm  transmitted  to 
the  collector  of  tbs  port  at  which  he  shall 
land  In  the  United  States.  These  probib- 
llory  reatrietlona  shall  In  nowise  extend  to 
teachers,  students,  mercbaats.  or  travcleri 
for  pleasure  and  curloalty,  other  than  Inbor- 
ers,  who  most  he  provided  with  a  certificate 
from  their  government  or  from  the  govern- 
ment of  the  last  place  of  residence,  and 
Froperly  vis*d  by  the  conaular  representa- 
Ive  of  tbe  United  States  at  tbe  point  of 
departure-  Resident  Intwrers  in  tbe  United 
States  shall  have  all  rlgbts.  privileges,  and 
Immunities  enjoyed  by  others,  except  the 
Fisbt  of  nalnra Illation,  and  their  persona 
and  property  shall  be  protected  by  the  gov- 
ernment of  the  United  States.  Tbe  Chinese 
nvemDieat  agrees  to  tbe  enforcement  of 
fbe  acts  of  18Q3  and  18Q3.  which  require 
all  resident  Chinese  laborers  to  be  regis- 
tered for  tbe  BBSuraoce  of  their  better  pco- 
tfctlon,  and  tbe  United  States  recognttea 
tbe  TlBitt  of  tbe  Chinese  governmeat  to  en- 
act similar  legislation  to  apply  to  labor- 
ers of  the  United  Slates  wlthfa  tbe  Em- 
peror's damlDloDB.  The  cover 
United   States   engages  5y  It 

•DPPlr  annnaliy  to  the  govemi 

a  list  of  nil  citizens  ol  tbe  United  B 
(other  than  the  diplomatic  corpn)  Inclnaing 
mtsslonarles,  resident  or  travellDg  In  China, 
tonlher    with    the    names,    addresses,    and 


Bu^al  r^tlona,  wa*  made  In  tnither  e 


ed  to  the  olOcIals  within  their  own  JIlrMI<^- 
tlon.  The  extension  of  trammerclsl  freedom 
to  cllisenB  of  the  United  SUtes  Is  again 
condrmed.  The  tax  known  as  llkln  was 
abolished.  This  was  a  tax  of  one  cash  per 
lael  imposed  apon  all  sales  tbroughoiit 
China  as  a  wsr  tax  to  meet  the  deflclencr 
caused  by  the  Tni-plng  rebellion  (ISStf- 
1864).  In  Its  place,  tbe  United  Stattt« 
agreed  to  the  imposlllon  of  a  aurlai,  In 
addition  to  tbe  current  tarllT  rates  on  all 
foreign  roods  Imported  by  cltlsens  of  tbe 
United  Btatea.  and  on  Chinese  produce  In- 
tended forforeign  export:  this  snrtai  never 
to  exceed  one  and  a  half  times  tbe  tariff 
established  by  the  final  protocol  of  CblDtt 
with  the  Powers,  Sept  7.  1901.  and  the 
total  taxes  of  alt  klods  apon  sncb  aooda 
mast  never  exceed  seven  and  a  hall  per 
cent  od  valorem.  The  Ukln  collecting  Aa- 
tlnna  are  abolished  In  all  parts  of  tbe 
— n  provinces  of  China  and  In  three 
I  provinces,  bnt  the  customs  slatlona 


within    these    districts    i 


retained.     The 

abolition  of  llkln  Is  further  compensated  for 
by  a  special  surtax  on  foreign  goods  not 
to  exceed  one  and  a  half  times  tbe  five  per 
cent  import  duty  estahllsbed  by  tha  proto- 
col of  leoi.  It  Is  permitted  to  tbe  Cbt- 
neae  government  to  recast  tbe  foreign  ex- 
port tnritr  OD  a  scale  not  exceeding  Ave 
per  cent  ad  mforrm.  and  all  existing  tsiitt 
rates  which  exceed  tbe  last  named  limit 
be  reduced.  In  place  of  all  Internal 
on  of  every  kind.  China  may  add  an 


4rliflniflon.— In  1008  an  ] 

■       ■  ■     ?hl 

tbe  interpretation  of  treaties  and 
wblcD  mar  be  Imiwsstble  to  settle  by,  di- 
plomacy shall  be  referred  to  the  Permanent 
Conrt  of  Arbitration  at  The  Bagne,  pro- 
vided tbey  do  not  affect  tbe  vital  Interests, 
tbe  Independence  or  tbe  bonor  of  tbe  con- 
tracting part  lea. 

The  estibllBbment  of  bonded  warebonaea 
■  the  several  open  porta  Is  provided  for 
'  -~- mttted.  China  agrees  to  revise  tbe 
•   -^  rithio 


lent  Office 


patenting  of  I -j    

of  tbe  United  States.  Copyright  pro- 
.-..on  wltbln  certain  limits  Is  rranled  to 
itlsens  of  the  United  Btatea.     Tbe  navie- 


Bble    Inland 


of    tbe    Empire 


opened  to  steam  naTlgatlou  by  firms,  com- 
panies, and  Individuals.  Mukden  and  An- 
tnng.  In  the  province  of  Sheng-ktng,  ate 
added  to  the  list  of  open  porta,  Cblna 
agrees  to  prorlde  a  nnlform  coinage 
tbronghout  the  Empire  to  be  recofpiised  aa 
.  1     .._    1^  jjjp  payment  of  c — 


jyGooi^lc 


Encyclopedic  Index 


OtallU,    TtMtiM  Vlth— CoMdHHCtf. 

lens  4Bd  certain  rMtiictlons  upon  nlnlOB- 
Ark*.  Tbe  United  State*  a(rce>  to  belp 
Cblaa  remodel  ber  Jadldarr  upon  western 
line*.  Cbtiu  pTohlGlta  the  Importation  of 
morphia  and  iDBtrnmeDta  for  lis  iDjectloB, 
exc^t  for  medldDBl  or  lorKlFBl  oiea.  Con- 
dition* of  tbe  treat;  of  lOOO  not  at  varl- 
ance  wltb  tbe  termi  of  thla  treaty  ffe  re- 
•fDniied.  A  scbedQle  of  larirr  dulles  apoa 
Impocted  (ooda  la  appeoded  to  the  treaty. 
rfhlltnm  Dnmlcnttlan. — in  1844.  under  a 
treaty  negotiated  by  Caleb  Cnsblcg,  Bre 
CbliMM  porta  were  opened  to  American 
Inda  and  protectloD  of  lire  and  property 
waa  cuarantwd  American  clUieD*.  By  tbe 
BBrllDcame  treaty  of  ISee  the  rlsht  of 
Cblneae  Immlrratfon  waa  admitted,  and  tbe 
._    _—    — a.    jn,t    the    eubjertm    of 


emptloiia,  and  Immnnltlea  reapectlng  i 
■nd  realdence  Id  tbe  United  Btatea  a 
anblecta  of  tb«  moat  (&Tored  nation. 
Cbineae  came  to  tbli  coantry  In  eon 
able  DDmbera  ontil  tbeir  presence  began  to 
caase  oppoaltlon  on  the  Paelfle  Coaat  end 
afitatlon  waa  benn  for  tUelr  eiclnaloo. 
They  were  obnailonB  to  many  Americana 
on  aeconnt  of  tlMlr  Inereaalns  namber*  and 
their  bablta  of  lUe  which  rendered  their  as- 
•ImllathHi  with  Amerlnna  Impoaatblc.  In 
la-u  ...^  .  -ToncreBalonal  InTestlcatlon  ■ 
'  thelT  Immlnatlon  passed 
-    -d  by  I'reslf*  — ^*^-- 


1«7»  _   __ 

bill    reatrletlDC 

ConKTesa  bat  was  re  toed  by  . 
(MM).  The  conttnacd  odpobiudu  v>  ino 
Chlncee,  however,  led  to  the  framInK  of  a 
Dew  tresty  with  China  In  1880.  This 
treaty  conceded  to  tbe  OoverameDt  of  tbe 


It  Hayes 


eomins  of  Cblneae  laborers,  whenever  tbelr 
wesenee  ahonld  t>e  deemed  Injurious. 
Chinese  Btudents.  teachera,  merchanta,  and 
travelers  were  to  be  admitted  freely  as 
before.  In  1SB2  an  act  was  pasaed  by 
Coniren  anspendlns  the  linmlsrstlon  of 
Chlneae  laborera  for  ten  yean.  ThU  act 
was  amended  aeveral  timea  In  the  direction 
t  rreater  strlnsenry.     In  1S82  the  Geary 


.J    China   and   *U    Chinese    laborer* 

■bonid  be  obliged  to  procare  certlfleates  of 
— ■ — ce    from    the    collector   of    Internal 
I,  fallnre  to  do  ao  within  a  year  to 
d  by  deportation.     Thla  art  was 

.DDstdcrably   by   a   law    passed    Id 

IBM-  A  new  treaty  waa  agreed  UDon  by 
tbe  United  Btatea  and  China  In  18S4  ab- 
aolntely  prOhlbitlnK  the  coming  of  Chinese 
labotera  cor  ten  yeara.  This  treaty.  In  ac- 
.eordance  with  tbe  terms  of  one  of  Iti  ar- 
ticle^ was  terminated  by  China  at  Ibe  ei- 
Elratlon  of  tbe  ten  years  period,  la  Decem- 
tr.  1904.  Bt  an  act  approved  Aorll  20. 
1903,  all  law*  in  force  problbltlng  and 
regoIatlDK  Chlneee  Immlirratlan  were  rc- 
enarted  aa  far  aa  not  meonBlatent  with 
trsatT  obligations  ontll  olberwiu  provided 
br  law,  and  their  operation  eiteuded  to 
tM  laland  territOTy  of  the  UnlCrd  States. 
Tbe  Domber  of  Chloese  In  tbe  United  StatcK. 
prafwr.  as  reported  by  tbe  cersus  of  ISIO 
waa  71.631,  aa  compared  with  8n,863  In 
1000,  ahowlna  a  decrease  of  18,832  In  the 
decade.  Of  the  total  nnmber  Id  ISIO.  86.- 
8S8  were  males  and  4,STS  were  females ;  GS 
per  cent  of  tbe  malea  were  single  and  2S 

Eer  cent  of  the  women.  Uore  than  one- 
iir  reaided  In  California.  There  were  760 
farma  operated  by  Chinese,  of  which  1113 
wer*  In  California,  and  only  BT  were  owned 
by  Chinese,  tbe  other*  lielng  worked  by  Chl- 


OhlnMS  ImnilgnUan; 
Act— 
Segardiitg^  vetoed,  4466,  4699, 
To  execnte   certain  treaty  atipnla- 
tions    approved    and    dlaetusad, 
GS15. 
Conventional   regnlation    of   pasaags 
of  laborers  acroas  bordera  proposed 
to  iUexico  and  Great  Britain,  &S44. 
Conventions  regarding.     (Bee  Treaty 

regarding,  po»t.) 
Discussed  by  President — 
Arthur,  4718. 
aeveland,   4914,   4968,   4975,   C083, 

^194,  5S15,  6868. 
Qraot,  4242,  4309. 
Harrison,  Beuj.,  6469,  £470,  6632. 
Hayes,  4521,  4540. 
Boosevelt,  7008,  7010. 
Execution  of  acts  regarding,  refened 

to,  549S. 
Head   tax   collected   from   Chinamen 

entering  Canada,  5476,  5632, 
Hegistration  of  Chinese  laborera — 
Extension  of  time  for,  5S38,  5868. 
Law  regarding,    sostained    by   Su- 
preme Court,  5888. 
BeportB  on,  referred  to,  4073,  4975. 
Through    Canada    and    Uexico,    dia- 

enased,  6476,  6632. 
Treaty   regarding,   4561,   4581,   5196, 
G908,  6956. 
Diseusaed,  4689,  4823,  6194,  6386. 
Beferred  to,  4691,  5212,  6215. 
Bejeeted  by  China  diacuaaed,  S367, 
5386,  5387,  6469, 
Violation    of    lawB,   reatricting,    dls- 
cnssed    and     recommendationa    ro- 
gaiding,  4762,  6632. 
OUnMS  Indemnity.— In  Hay,  1900,  a  se- 
cret society,  known  as  tbe  Boxers,  arose  In 
tbe  provtocea  of  Shan  Tung  and  Pe-chl-LI, 
China,  and  massacred  native  Christiana  and 
Rnropeau  missionaries.    In  June  the  Boxers 
deitroyed   the  Tien   Tsln   railway.   Isolating 
the  foreigners  In  Peking,  and  abortly  after 


mnrderea    tbe    aerman'"mlnTsii 

Japanese  cbancellor  of  legatloc 


md    Ibe 

until  the  middle  of  AnKat  "that  a  relief 
force  composed  of  12.000  American,  Brit- 
Isb.  French,  Qermau,  Russian  and  lapaoess 
troopi  was  enabled  to  rescu;  tbe  besieged 
tegnjions  In  Peking.  Tbe  BmpreM  Dowager 
and  the  coort  baa  fled,  and  It  waa  Impmal- 
ble  to  apprehend  the  leadera  In  tlie  antt- 
forelgn  uprising. 

Peace  ncKatlatloBa  were  opened,  and  on 
Dec.  4,  the  Powera  sent  a  Joint  note  to  the 
Chinese  peace  cammissloners.  demanding, 
among  other  things,  the  eiecntlon  of  the 
leaders  In  tbe  massacre  of  foreigners  and 
tbe  payment  of  an  Indemnity ;  tortwde  the 
Importation   of   arms   and   ammunition   or 


_>terlaU    _.. 

converBlon  of  ad 
-         tbe  Impi 


irem  Into  speclllc  du- 
.„ , of  certalo  rlvera.  pro- 
hibited Chinese  memtMnthlp  In  antl-forelgn 
aecret  societies  under  psln  of  death,  ordered 
tbe  dlsmlnal  of  governors  who  shonld  here- 
after  permit  antTforelni  agitation.  A  lega- 
tion d'str'ct  In  Peking  which  might  b* 
tortifled  and  guarded  was  deSned.  and  cer- 
tain polnta  were  Indicated  that  migbt  b« 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  PresidetOs 


OhliiMe  IsdansltT — Comtbmtd. 
occuplMl    bj    the    forelsn    powers    M 
muDiCBilDQ    open    betweea    tbe    i 


The  ■ 

demnllj  «b  fixed  at  |Z4.440,T78.L_  __ 
1000  It  WIS  decitlvd  bj  tbe  powen  Cbat  tbls 
debt  was  paTable  In  gold.  Tbe  prlDclpal  Is 
parible  In  tulrty-ulne  ananal  InstsDmeDts. 
ebdlDg  [D  1941.  Tbe  Interest.  pa7able  seml- 
,1b  aboDt  $ia,- 


lall    iDto   tbelr   Imperlallitie   laps. 

ma  mi    ot    tbe    indemnities    eiaeted    and 
loans  made  to  par  tbe  lame  fallows: 

Atler  tbe  Brlllsh  bad  captured  teretal 
ports  tn  tbe  opinm  w>r,  In  ia40,  taken 
Cblac-Klans  In  a  bloodT  assaalt,  aod 
tbreatened  Naofclng,  a  treat;  was  nude 
wltb  CblDa,  wblcb,  besides  openlnx  five 
ports  to  foreign  trade  and  ceding  tbe  lalaod 


aanuuiiT.  ni  juur  per  ci^ue,  ib  aug 
800,000 ;  the  BecnrUlea  (or  the  Inden 
the  maritime  miloms  and  tbe  i 
opol7   and   tbe   native   cuetoms  <: 


alljai 


recommendalloD  CongreBB  passed  ..  .. 
resolDtloD  which  was  approved  Uar  23. 
IVOS,  reducing  tbe  total  amounC  to  tl3,- 
65B.492.6a,  reserTing  12,000.000  tor  the 
pajmenC  of  fature  clalmB  under  Hie  treat; 
and  proTtdlog  for  Ibelr  adjudication  by  the 
Court  of  Claims.  This  was  done  purely 
as  aa  act  of  friendship  toward  Cblna. 
OhlnsM  Imlenmltr  of  1900; 

Authoritj  asked  for  cancelling  part 
of,  7123. 
OhlnOM  IiOan. — The  constractlon  of  eiten- 
Blve  railway  lines  by  tbe  Bowunent,  with 
the  use  of  foreign  capital  and  the  granting 
of  eoiiceaslona  to  foreign  companies  to  build 
ralli'osdB  !■  opening  ap  China  Id  influences 
wblcb  the  great  Towers  are  not  slow  to 
avail  themselveB  of.  In  June.  1908,  work 
iras  begun  on  (be  Tien  THln-Pakow  rail- 
road, about  TOO  miles  long.  connectliiE  the 
Imperial  rallwayi  In  N'ortb  China  with  the 
German  transverse  line  and  extending  to 
tbe  VanglBe,  opposite  Nsoklng.  and  eounect- 
Ing  three  open  porlB.  About  t^S.OOO.OOO 
was  borrowed  to  build  this  road.  The  rosd 
from  Nanking  to  Shanghai.  ISO  miles,  was 
opened   in  April.   •'■"•• 


Tbe  e 


of  tl 


r  Fist  fl 


in    August, „.,     „.     ,- 

form  of  an  allotment  lo  New  lorb  bankers 
of  one-fourth  partldpBIIon  !□  a  loan  be- 
gotlated  by  the  Chinese  government  tor  tbe 
construction  of  tbe  IlaDEowSiechaen  RaU- 
vay.  Tbia  total  amonnt  ol  tbe  loan  Ib 
I30.O0O.O0O.  of  which  t7.500.000  is  lo  b« 
taken  by  an  American  syndicate.  Tbe  sum, 
so  small  for  Wall  Street.  Is  trot;  a  mere 
wedge,  bnt  the  principle  involved  Is  con- 
aide  red  of  world-wide  Importance,  and 
opeos  tbe  door  for  tblngs  far  greater. 
The  Chinese  Government  gave  SBSuranc« 

—  ^    ._  .. —    -J    j,ay(   eqaal    oppor- 

'-■  for  both  tbe  Can 

with  branches  ai 

0  appoint  subordinate  engineers.    They  a 
lO  have  one-hslt  of  sll  future  loans  on  t^c 
Sierbuen   Railroad  with   corresponding  ad- 

For  years  Great  Britain.  France  and 
Gcrmanv  have  been  dlolomatl rally  strug- 
gling for  the  con  I  rolling  Influence  over 
China  when  tbat  vast  country  should  have 
Its  awakening  to  western  civllliatlon  and 
eiploltstlon.  They  have  manoeuvred  In 
every  way  to  bring  about  conditions  that 
migbt  tesnit  in  tbe  partition  of  the  empire 


ing  Koog  to  Kngland,  exacted  *  « 
luueiunlty  ot  S21,000,000.  In  ISSS-l&aB 
another  expensive  war  was  forced  upon 
Cblna  by  England  and  France,  to  end  which 
China  was  compelled  Co  pay  tbe  expenses 
of  her  conquerors.  By  the  treaty  of  8hl- 
monoseki,  ending  the  war  between  Cbtna 
and  Japan,  In  1SB5.  China  agreed  to  pay 
an  Indemnity  of  200,888.200  laela  (about 
1 1  SO,  000, 000  J .  This  disclosure  of  Chlns'a 
weakness  aroused  tbe  Interest  ot  European 
nations,  and  Rnssls,  France  and  (lennany. 
Jealous  of  the  growing  Influences  ot  Japan, 


protested   e 


I   the   cession 


:    Lisa 


t  English,   Ger- 


>  the  latter  counCn.  and 
HUBBie.  tarousn  tbe  agency  of  France, 
placed  a  loan  In  1805  amounting  to  f  TT,- 
20O.(X)0  to  enable  China  to  meet  tbe  pay- 
ments ot  (he  indemnity.  In  1806  180.000,- 
000  was  loaned  by  German  and  American 
CBpltalista,  and  in  1898  another  tSO.OOO.- 
GOO  was  advanced  by  the  Hong  Kaag  and 
Shanghai  Banking  Corporation,-  and  I"- 
Deutscbe-AslatlBche  Bank  of  F  "  '  ~ 
man  and  American  capital. 

In  return  for  these  loans  valnable  rail- 
way and  trading  concessions  were  exacted. 
with  a  view  to  eBtabtlBhlng  In  the  disin- 
tegrating empire  spheres  of  InDuence  which 
would  serve  as  a  pretext  for  military  oc- 
cupallon  Bbould  tbat  become  desirable.  In 
'"OT,    Germany    by    way    of    reparation    for 


tung  peninsula,  and  obtained  valnable  mln- 
Ide,  trading  and  railway  privileges  In  tlie 
tlcta   Bhantang  province. 

Farly  In  1898,  while  tbe  British  govern- 
ment was  endeavoring  to  seen  re  guarantees 
that  the  Yangtseklang  region  sboold  not  be 
alienated.  Russia  obtained  a  lease  of  tbe 
harbors  of  Port  Artbur  and  Tallen  Wan.  ■» 
the  Llao-Iung  peninsula,   with  railway  c 


Tbe  United  States  Government  bas  stood 
by  Cblna  as  ber  friend.  John  Hay.  as  Sec- 
retary of  State,  laid  down  the  policy  of  tbls 
govern  men  t  as  insisting  on  what  was  called 
[he  "open  door,"  meaning  thereby  that  all 
nations  should  stand  on  equal  terms  wttb 
China  and  tbat  empire  should  not  be  ex- 
ploited eicluBlvely  by  any  other  nation  to 
Its  own  material  advantage. 

This  relatively  Inslgnlflcant  railway  loan 
proved  to  be  tbe  critical  Inrldent  to  bring 
to  a  focus  tbe  International  diplomatic  gams 
tbat  powerful  nations  have  ^een  jilaytng. 
with  the  vast,  unknown  Flowery  Kingdom 
as  the  most  maDgnlBcent  spoils  at  stake 
since  the  days  that  Rome  was  annexing 
practlcallv  all  th^  world  to  paj  It  trlbnts. 

Great  Britain  has  been  In  the  Cblnese 
game  with  her  gold.  Germany  bas  been 
working  tbe  military  end.  training  and 
arming  tbe  Chlness  soldiers.  France  bad 
been  let  In  as  their  helpful  ally.  Tbe  Unit- 
ed States,  standing  for  fair  play,  for  tbs 
open  door,  tor  the  best  Interests  ot  Cblna, 
—  ..  ...   ...  ._..^  jjjg  game.    All  tbe 


f  China's  entrancs 

and  all  tba  eon- 

0  tallow  along  tbe  Uass, 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Itidex 


Church 


WM  ta  be  beU  eloNly  between  tbe  three 
BuoMui   MODtrlei. 

TUa  waa  tbe  iltiutloD  wben  President 
Taft  lUBtmcted  the  American  Ambaasadort 
la  Enrope  and  tbe  Charge  d'Affalrea  In 
Feklnc  to  lod^e  a  proCeat  and  to  demand 
tUa  conntt?'!  parliclpe.tloD  In  whatcTer  al- 
(ected  tbe  welfare  of  our  peaceful  allj 
•eron  the  Paclllc  Tbe  affair  at  once  waa 
lifted  BbDTe  a  mere  flnanclBl  tranaacllan 
Ibio  the  realma  of  Interoatlonal  dlplomscr- 

It  waa  aa  anprecedented  act  tor  tbe  Oqt- 


bufcet*,  but  Preeldenc  Taft  held  tbal  the 
condltlona  warranted  tbe  move.  Tbe  ac- 
tion of  the  Foreign  Board  Indicates  that  the 


dlatntereated  poller  of  tbla  countn. 

Peking-a  announcement  that  tbe  Amer- 
ican wbire  of  the  loan  for  eonaCructlng  tbe 
BAnbow-Saecbnen  R«llw*y  wu  allowed  by 
the  Foreign  Board  la  most  gratifying  to  tbe 
State  Department,  not  that  the  amonaC  In- 
TolTcd   1*  anDelent   to   Jnitlty  a   spirit  of 


dole. 
l>nrlur  the  anmrner  of  1912  prlTnte  flacal 

■txnta  or  tbe  Cblneae  QoTemment  i ' 

pledgea  ot_  •  loan  of  ■nfflclant  ilie 


f  tbe  Cblneae  QoTemment  secured 
pledgea  of  •  loan  of  snfflcli 
tbe  new  Cblneae  Republic 

af  reornnlsatlon,   without 

■o-callM  "six  power"  loan,  and  without 
•nbmlttlDS  to  the  conditions  of  the  powers. 
OUmm  IiOUig,  nentral  advisei  propmed 

1^  tlie  United  Btateo,  7661. 
(jh^pora  Oommlailoti,  report  of,  dis- 

euswd,  S500. 
OUppoira  ZndluiB.  (See  Indian  Tribes.) 
Ohippswa  Plains  (Ouutda),  Battle  of.— 
On  tbe  morning  of  July  4,  1S14,  the  entire 
American  Army  of  the  North  adTaneed 
northward  alons  tbe  western  bank  of  tbe 
Klagara  Blrer  to  a  point  near  the  moaCh 
ot  tbe  Chippewa.  Here  they  were  con- 
fronted by  ihe  British  under  Gen.  Rlsll, 
who  was  reeuforced  during  tbe  night  by 
tbe  King's  regiment  from  Toronto.  On 
the  afternoon  snd  eveDlng  of  the  C(b  a 
stubborn  battle  waa   foaght      The   British 


OUppawa  Beasrvatlona   in    Wisconsin, 

dispoaition  of  timber  on,  SS66. 
OUpperar    Indiana.      (See    Indian 

Tribes.) 
OUilqnl,  Isttunni  of,  penona  sent  to,  to 

make  required  ezaminatioiu,  referred 

to,  31DS. 
OUdiolin  TB.  Oeorglv— In  1792  Alexan- 
der Chlsholm,  of  Bonth  Carolina,  brought 
salt  In  the  Supreme  Cotirt  ot  tbe  Cnlted 
Btetee  agnbist  tbe  Btate  of  Qeorgia  tor  tbe 
payment  of  a  private  claim,  cblsholm's 
counsel  claiming  tbat  sectlou  2  of  Article 
III.  ot  tbe  Constitution  vested  the  court 
with  Jnriadlctlon  In  each  cases.  The  court 
gave  Jndgment  to  Hie  plaluCllt  and  luned  a 
writ  of  Inqnlry,  but  the  writ  was  never 
eleented.  tbe  legislature  of  Qeorgia  haTlng 
passed  an  act  making  the  eiecutlan  ot  snch 
a  writ  ponlsbable  by  death.  This  ease  led 
to  the  adoption  In  1798  of  tha  elerentta 
aatenduent  to  the  Constltntlon. 


Oho-balt-Ui-blBb  Itadlana.     (See  Indian 

TribsB.) 
OhocUw  Ooal  and  EaUwa;  Co.,  act  ati- 
thorizing  Oklahoma  City,   Okla,,  to 
isana  bonds  to  provide  right  of  way 
for,  vetoed,  5571. 
Cboctaw    OommlBBlon,   proceedings   of, 

referred  to,  £129. 
Clioctaw  Indians.     (See  Indian  Tribes.) 
Olioctaw  Nation.  Ind.  T.,  right  of  way 
for  railroads  across  lauds  of.  4653. 
4S55. 
Obolera  (see  also  Contagions  Diseases; 
International  Sanitary  Conferencej 
Quarantine  ScgtilatioDi). 
Canses    of,    report   on,  referred    to, 

4259. 
International  conference  on  sabject 

of,  at  Borne,  4S1S. 
International  conference  to  be  held 
at  Conetantinople  upon  subject  of, 
referred  to,  3576. 
Bepresentatives  to  foreign  countries 
to   report   on   progresa,   etc.,   of, 
appointed,  4SB8,  4902. 
Beport  of,  referred  to,  5565. 
Christian  Indians.   (See  Indian  Tribes.) 
ObilBtlana  Oaso.— lo   ISOl    Edward   Gor- 
such  and  a  party  from  Maryland  attempted 
to  selie  a  fugitive  slave  In  Christiana.  Pa. 
A  riot  ensued  In  wblch  Qorsncb  wes  killed. 
Castner  Hanway,   an   hivalld   Quaker,   was 
arrested  and  charaed  With  treason,  riot,  and 
bloodshed  for  refusing  to  assist  a  marehsl 
In  qnelUng  tbe  disturbance.    No  Indictments 
were  found,  but  the  case  created  much  ex- 
citement. 

Otaristlang,  massacre  of.  (See  Arme- 
OIirrBtlei'i  FUidg  (Oanada),  Battlo  of. 

—Nov.  11,  1813,  Qen  Wilkinson,  with  the 
main  body  of  the  American  army,  here 
fought  a  slightly  superior  force  of  British. 
Tbe  battle  lasted  6  boars,  victory  alter- 
nately favoring  one  snd  then  the  other. 
Night  ended   the   eonSlct,  with   Ibe  British 

In  posseBiiDD  of  the  field.     ""■-   " ' 

lost    heavily. 


many  offlcers  being  either 
_i..cu  v..  -ujnded,  Amerlcsn  loss.  839; 
British  loss,  IT  killed,  wounded,  and  missing. 
Ohngacta  National  Forast  (Alaska): 
Opening  to  occupation  by  railroads 
of  12,800  aeies  of,  dlscnssed,  75B9. 
Olmrcll  and  StatA. — The  relstlon  of  the 
state  to  rellgtoas  bodies  In  America  differs 
from  sli  previoos  relationships  In  Europe 
and  the  Colonies,  Bbode  Island,  Pennsyl- 
vania, and  Maryland  provided  for  religions 
freedom  early  In  their  respective  histories. 
Moat  of  the  Colonies  esUbllshed  the  Charch 
of  England,  tbongfa  Massachnsetta  and  Con- 
nect Ictit  maintained  tbe  CDUgregBtlonat. 
The  Constitution  gnarantees  rellgloui  free- 
dom In  all  parts  of  the  United  States.  Ar- 
ticle VI.  declares  that  "no  religious  test 
shall  ever  be  required  as  a  quallflcatlan  to 
any  offlce  or  public  trust  under  the  United 
States."    The  flrst  smendment  provides  that 


"Congress  shall  make  no  law  resnertlng  a 

establishment  ot  religion ........ —  ... 

free  eierclse  thereof." 


t  problblling  tha 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Chnich 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Ohnrdi    of   Zi«tt«-I)»T    Salnti.    (S«e 
KoTmon     Chnrcli:     PolvguDy;     uid 

truh.) 

ObaidiM  and  Ohoicb  Fropeity.     (8«» 

Beligious  EatablishmentB.) 
Olmmtiiuco  (Mexico),  BaU1«  of. — Cbn- 
nibluca  wm  ■  Btronglj  fortlfled  plAoe  neftr 
tbe  Cltr  of  Mexico.  Tbe  American  arm;, 
Id  Ito  dlvtsioni,  ander  UenenUi  Worth  uia 
Twtgcs,  altscked  tbe  Uexlcaos  nader  Oeo. 
BiDta  AuiB,  Aog.  20.  I84T.  a  few  houn 
■Cler  tba  action  at  Contreraa.  Tbe  Amer- 
Icans  QDmbered  8.000  and  tbe  Heiicaoa 
S5.000.  Earlj  Id  tJie  engasement  tbe  mc- 
rlson  at  Ban  AnConlo  waa  roated.  Tbe 
hottest  flgbtlDK  took  place  aloDS  the  Bio 
Chnmbnsco,  where  for  aome  time  tbe 
America □■  were  threatened  with  defeat, 
bnt  rallflng  tber  drore  tbe  MexicaDi  be- 
fore them.  BlmultaoeoDBlr  were  taken  the 
teie-du-pODt,  or  btldcehead  (tbe  key  to 
BaDta  Anoa'a  position),  and  the  Pablo  de 
Chnrabosco.  The  conflict  laated  three 
hours.  iDclndlng  the  casualties,  tbe  Mexi- 
can loss  was  6,STT.  The  Americana  lost 
I.OIB. 

Cbnrubnflco  (Mexico),  Battlo  oft  re- 
ferred to,  2386. 
OlnuUTOIL — The  name  oHstnallr  propoaed 
tor  tbe  Dortbweatem  part  of  Indian  Terri- 
lorr.  now  Beaver  Count;.  Oklahoma.  Tbe 
atrip  of  land  lying  between  S6°  SC  and  ST° 
north  latitude  and  100°  and  103°  west 
loDgllodc  was  ceded  by  Texas  to  tbe  United 
States  In  18Q0.  The  name  Cimarron  la 
Spanlab  lor  "wild,"  and  was  applied  to  a 
tributary  of  tbe  Arkansas  Klver  wblch  bad 
Its  soarce  In  the  country,  Tbe  atrip  waa 
■ometiines  called  "No  Man's  I.and."  Since 
between  tbe  years  1850.  when  It  was  added 
to  the  United  States,  and  IBBO,  when  It 
waa  made  a  part  of  Oklahoma.  It  was  under 
no  form  of  goyemmcnt  and  (he  resort  chief- 
ly ot  outlawa.  Recently  settlera  from  Kan- 
■aa  and  Colorado  have  remoyed  tbither  and 
taken  up  their  abode. 
Olnclimatl  Industrial  Exposition,  board 
on  behtjf  of  EzecntiTe  Depart- 
ments designated,  4819. 
Instructions  to,  4820. 
nndimatl,   Sodet;  of   the.— A   society 

originated  In  1TS3  by  BeTolatlooary  oScera. 
At  the  second  general  meeting  In  1T8T 
Washington  waa  chosen  preetdent-general 
and  was  reelected  eyery  three  years  while 
lie  lived.  The  memberanlp  rolla  were  open 
only  to  tbe  offlcers  and  their  eldeat  sons, 
thougb  a  nnmber  of  French  ofllcers  were 
tnclnded.  Tbe  hereditary  principle  aroused 
popular  jealousy.  It  was  denounced  by 
tbe  Oovernor  of  South  Carolhia  and  the 
legislatures  ol  Ussiiachnsetts,  PennajlTa- 
ula,  and  Rhode  Island.  In  1T84,  at  the  BO- 
llcJfatlon  of  WaablngtoQ,  tbe  society  dropped 


.-Jl  memberablp  la  ceatrtcted  to  those  hav- 
luK  the  hereditary  right.  A  few  dlstln- 
gnlgbed  men  are  admitted  to  honorary  mem- 
bersblp,  bnt  the  nnmber  la  atrictlr  Umlted. 
President  Monroe  waa  an  original  mern>u>r 
and  President  Pierce  was  a  hereditary  □ 


Cleveland.  HcKlnler.  Roaaevelt  and  Taft 
were  made  honorary  membera,  aa  were  ex- 
President  Lonbet  of  France,  and  Admiral 
Dewey,  Llentenant-Oenerali  HUea  and 
Chaffee, 
Tbe  chief  Immediate  objects  of  the  •od- 


Bt  the  TilcDDlal  meeting  In  Newport,  B.  L, 
m  June,  IBll,  waa  S81. 
Olplier  Dlspatchw. — The  reanlt  of  the 
presidential  election  of  18T8  waa  for  aer- 
eral  months  in  donbt  Dnrlog  this  period 
of  nncertalntr  numeroo*  telegraphic  dla- 
natebea  naued  between  the  friends  of  Sam- 
1,  Democratic  candidate  tor  the 


Florida.      Charges    of    fraud   . 

mads  these  dispatches  were  ordered  turned 

to  the  Senate  Committee  on  Privllece* 

" —      A   lance   number  of   them 

slon  of  the  New   Torti 

..lused   a   aensatlon   by 

tnbllBblng  transcripts  of  them.    Mr.  TlIdeQ 
a  a  letter  emphatically  denied  all  knowl- 

Oitlnns  of  United  Ststei: 

Aid  furnished  Cabans  br,  62S4. 
Appropriation  for  relief  of,  abroad 

in  certain  cases  recommended,  4145. 
Attacked  by  Britiah  forces,  1818. 

Militia  called  forth  to  protect,  1620. 
Captured  by  army  of  Mexico,   1944, 
2010. 

Liberated,  2050. 
Claims  of,  against — 

Foreign  Powers.     (See  the  aeveral 
Powers.) 

United    States,      (See     Private 
Claims;  War  Claima.) 
Condemned  to  death  in  Cuba,  4690. 
Death  of,  in  Cuba,  617S,  61S4. 
Destitute  in — 

Colombia,  order  for  transportation 
of,  to  United  States,  S437. 

Cuba,  appropriation  for,  626(L 
Beconimended,  0248. 
Beferred  to,  6S5& 
Emigration  of,  to  Turkey  for  purpoaq 

of  acquiring  lands  referred  to,  3061. 
Estates  of  deceased,  in  Cuba  referred 

to,  2S93,  2894. 
Expelled  from — 

Jurisdiction  of  Mexico,  S180,  2198, 
3044,  3120. 

Prussia,  3123. 
Forbidden   to   sell   goods   in   Mexico, 

2115. 
Illegally  taken  from  United  States  by 

the  Enelish,  4SS. 
Impressed   into    military    serTiea    of 

foreign  countries.    (See  Natarxiised 

Citizens.) 
Imprisotunent  of,  abroad.     (See  Im- 
prisonment.) 
'mprisonment  of 

ferred  to,  4009. 
Injuries    ii^icted    upon,   in    Torkej 

discossed,  6090,  8147. 
Injuriea    auatained    by,    in    Mexico, 

2869,  3043,  S094,  4143. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Civil  Swvlce 


<minu  of  TMItMl  8t«te»-0d<itIiuHA 
Interference  with  righta  of  naturml- 

iied  mbjeets  by  Austria,  64ZS. 
IiegiBlation  for  protection  of,  4006. 
HvriBgoH   of,  when  abroad,   reeom' 

mencUitioiia  regarding,  1246,  4301, 

4360. 
ICnrdered  in— 

Cuba,  4003,  4004,  4022,  4023,  4106, 
6182. 

Great  Britain,  retaliatorj  meaanrei 
ditcnaMd,  522. 

Uexieo,  3096. 

Qnallah  Battoo,  Sumatra,  1138. 
Natnraliiatian  discnsted.  (See  Aliens: 

Naturalization.) 
Of  Hebrew  peranasion  diaeriminated 

against  in  Switzerland,  3123. 
Ontragea  on,  in — 

Costa  Bica,  3048. 

Uezieo,  2323,  2383,  3175. 

New  Oranada,  2048,  3040. 

Nicaragua,  3046. 

Pontifical  States,  3110. 
Pardons  granted.     (See  Pardons.) 
Passports  tised  br,  in  !France  referred 

to,  3S02. 
Presented  at  Coort  of  France,  3205. 
PriTilegee  accorded,  in  Turkey  dis- 

eossed,  4920, 
Property  of — 

Confiscated    in    Cuba,    4019,   4022, 
4023. 

Destroyed  in  Spain,  37S,  376,  6S2. 

Destroyed  in  China,  4823. 

Protected  In  South  Africa,  6371. 

Seised  or  destroyed  in  Uexieo,  2323, 
8044,  3096,  3120. 
Protection    of,    in    China    discnssed, 

4006,  40SS,  5544,  6621,  6050,  6069. 
Beligions  and  educational  establish- 

toents  of,  in  Turkey,  treatment  of, 

diaeossed,  6762. 
Besened  by  Spanish  bri^,  1123. 

Compensation  for  services  rendered 
recommended,  1123. 
Bights  of — 

Abroad  discussed,  3381,  6017. 

In  Egypt  discnssed  and  proclaimed, 
43I4,  4357. 

Violated    by    Spanish    authorities, 
2770. 
Selected  to  serve  in  offices  in  Jap- 
anese Oovemment,  4090. 
Bhoold  not  wage  private  war,  358, 

892. 
Slaughter  of,  in  Hamburg,  S.  C,  re- 
ferred to,  4329. 
Steps  taken  for  protection  of,  in  Tor- 
key  referred  to,  4321. 
Trading  under  false  colors,  480, 
Treatment  of — 

By  Qreat  Britain  referred  to,  3718. 

In  Cuba  discussed,  6256. 
Trial  and  conviction  of,  abroad.    (See 

Imprisoniaeiit) 


OltlMiMUp.  (See  NatnralizatioB.) 
OItIo  Federation. — A  nattonal  oifsnlsa. 
tlOQ  of  promlneol  repretenti.tlTes  at  capital, 
labor,  and  the  genera]  pnblic  formed  as  tbe 
direct  ontgrowlb  of  conventlani  held  In 
CbtcRKO  and  New  York  in  1&00'1901.  It* 
purpose  li  to  organUe  tbe  best  brains  of  tbe 
natloa  In  sn  edacatlonal  moTemeut  seek- 
Idk  tbB  solatlon  of  some  of  tbe  great  prob- 
lems related  to  social  and  industrial  prog- 
ress; to  provide  for  itudy  and  dlscuiilon  of 
Saatlons  of  nstlanal  Import ;  to  aid  thus  In 
e  crrstallliatlOD  of  the  most  eollghteDed 
public  opinion ;  and  when  desirable,  to  pro- 
mote leglslatloii  In  accordance  therewith. 
OItU  Eights  Act.— A  law  passed  by  Con- 
gress April  9,  1866,  over  President  John- 
son's veto,  placing  the  negro  on  the  same 
■  the  white  man  (page  S603>. 


Unlied  SUtee. „ _.. 

was  made  a  mlsdem««nai  to  be  considered 
by  tbe  Federal  eoorle  alone. 

A  long  controrenr  ensned  over  tba  con- 
BtltnttoDSlltr  of  this  law.  The  fourteenth 
amendment  was  framed  In  accordance  with 
It  (page  26),  and  In  18TS  more  stringent 
measures  were  passed  to  secure  the  cItII 
rights  of  tbe  negro.  In  June,  1SS3.  a 
number  of  cases  were  brought  before  the 
Unlied  States  Supreme  Court  on  eertlflcatei 
of  diTisioD  tram  the  circuit  conria  of  K«D- 
■as,  Calltorula.  Utssourl.  New  York,  and 
Tennessee.  Thej  were,  respectlvelj,  United 
Btales  e*.  Btanley,  United  states  v*.  Ryan, 
United  SUtes  vi.  Nichols.  United  States  vt. 
Singleton,  and  Boblnson  and  Wife  vt,  Mem- 
phis and  Charleston  Ballroad  Co.  Tbe 
cases  against  Nichols  and  Stanlej  were  on 
Indictments  for  retoBlng  tbe  prlTllegee  of 
a  hotel ;  against  Singleton  and  Rrau  for 
refusing  admission  to  a  theater.  itoblDson 
broagbt  suit  against  tlie  railroad  company 
for  refnslng  his  wife,  a  colored  woman,  the 
prMlegea  of  the  ladles'  car  on  the  Hem. 
phis  and  Charleatoa  Railroad,  In  the  latter 
case,  as  well  as  that  of  Ryan,  Judgment  was 

6 Ten  tor  tbe  plaintiff  on  the  ground  of  vlo- 
llou   of   the   first   and   t ■*    — ■' —    -• 


— tbe  court  declared 

certain   provtalona   of   the   drll   rigbta   act 
of   18TS   null   and    Told  and  Judgment   waa 
rendered  for  the  defendants. 
Oivn  Blgtata: 

Acts  regarding,  vetoed,  3603. 

Enactment  of  law  to  better  secure, 
recommended,  4209. 

Supreme    Court    deeision    regarding, 
referred  to,  4775. 

Violations  of,  referred  to,  3S66. 
Civil  SSTvlea. — Jan.  16,  1888,  Congreas 
paaaed  what  la  known  as  the  cItII  service 
law.  TbI*  act  establlahed  the  United 
States  Civil  Service  Commtsalon,  to  be  com- 
posed of  three  membera,  not  more  than  two 
of  whom  ahoDld  be  adherents  of  the  same 
political  parly. 

Perposs  of  lAe  Jot,— The  act  Itself  la  a 
mere  outline  of  Its  purposes,  but  for  Its 
ampllllcailon    It   provides   tor   rates   to   be 

tromnlgated  by  the  President,  such  rules 
}  be  eqnslly  binding  wlib  tbe  atatote  upon 
the  beads  of  Departments  and  oDcea,  aa 
well  as  noon  tbe  Commlaslon.  The  fonda- 
mental  purpose  of  the  law  and  roles  Is  to 
establish  tn  the  parts  of  the  service  within 
their  proTlsloos  a  merit  ayaiem  whereby 
•electtoa   for  appol^tinent*   abiiU   he   a»4« 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


CM  Service       Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


OMl  Sorvtce-Confffnirf. 

DpoD  tb«  baila  ot  dprnoDstrated  lelctlTe  tlt- 

iipBi  wlthoiit  ressrd  to  politlc&l  cttntldera- 

tlODI. 

Claitlflntton.—To    rarry    oat    this    pnr- 
pOM  ■  pl»u  of  competiil'— '--•■■ —  "- 


fudli 


^loatloDS  .. 

'olBSBlflfd    Berrlr*-" 


imm   lue   prorlaloDB    of    tbe"  dTll    wrrlce 
iw  and  rales  requiring  appolnlmentB  tbere- 


clasifflpd    ,.    .„„    „...   „. 

Ibe  lerilra  which  >ro  not  wlthtn  tboM  pro- 
Tliiona,  ■Dd  thprefow  In  wblcb  •ppolot- 
mpnta  may  be  made  wIthoQt  mQiliMtlon 
and  cerllSratlQD  by  tb«  Com  ml  ml  on. 

The  nnmlHT  and  location  of  federal  dTll 
■errlce  poiltlop*  OD  June.  30,   1918,  wai  aa 


dtaporud  by  T 


ion 

Mi 


4^1 

1 


lit 


"■iS 


_i_ 


jyGooi^lc 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Pmldcnc  trni  MDOnsed  bj  the  Scuhie.  buu 
PmIiIodi  of  mere  DDikllled  miDual  labor 
are  not  rcqatred  to  be  clawlDHl.  Wlib  tbeae 
IlmltalloDa,  tbe  Preeldent  la  Butboriied  to 
direct  from  time  to  time,  in  bis  dlBcreilon, 
tbe  bead!  of  Ucpartrnpnti  -  "  *"-  - 
tcut  (be  claiilflnl  serrlce 
Uw  and  nilet  do  not  gb 
iSon   an;    pover   of   ape 

';   that  power   Is   1—.    ..    

,     . .   .0  ancb  law.  namcl;.  In  the  Frealdent 
and  beada  ol  Deparlmenti. 


,  Tbe  clTll  «er»lco 
re  lo  (be  Commli- 
ofniment  and  re- 
where   It   i 


noTal :   that   i 
prior  to  anch  I     . 
mnd  beada  ol  Deparlmea... 
Dtpartwie»t     AppoinUie*.^ 

Uoo  of  ar '-•" ■ 

pniTldea   . 

compelltlve   eiamlnat , . 

blea  tboB  provldnl  the  ippoliitlDir  officer 
makes  aelectlon  and  appolDtment.  when  the 
CommlaaloD  certlSei  three  ellglblei  tor  aa; 

ErticnUr   iniltloa.    cte   appolntliiK   officer 
■  abaolute  discretion  In  maklDX  selection 
nod    annolDtment    fror    — "-    -■■-■■-•--      — 


ataall   be   made  wltboul   r 


charged  with  iDveatlgatlns  and  re- 
~  UIT  Irrexolartt;  of  ■ppolatmeat  or 
.    A  Tacaney  In  the  classlOed  BiTTlre 


trom  the  date  of  his  separallon  If  separat- 
ed wlt&OQt  dellnqueDc;  or  mlacoDdact.  For 
a  larfer  part  of  tbe  poalllons  In  (he  classl- 
fl«d  aerrlce  tbe  CommlsslOD  holds  eiamlaa- 
tlons  on  regnlar  srhedale  dates  tbrouKhont 


•rer,  alwaya  annonnced  In  the  public 


elani&cd  aerrlce;  tor  the  Oiling  ol  all  t 


„ _^ ,   —    ,je  apportl 

appolntmenU    at    Waihlnston    l .    „_ 

states  apon  the  basis  of  population ;  for  a 
period  of  probation  before  absolute  appolDt- 
ment ;  that  no  oerBon  In  the  public  serrlce 
aball  be  obllied  to  contribute  serrlce  or 
mone;  for  political  purposes ;  that  persons 
In  tbe  competltlre  service,  while  reulnlng 


a  thej 


cn' 


an;   right   I 


oil  [lea]      OplDtODB, 

=  Kxii.  In  political  cam- 
}  person  In  said  servlc« 
se  bla  official  author ItT 
e  the  political  action  o( 


>  political 


kor  persoD  or  bod;. 

Provitioiu  0/  tha  Riilei. — The  act  re- 
quires tbe  rulea  to  provide,  as  nearlT  aa  tbe 
conditions  of  good  ■dmlnlatTatloD  will  war- 
ran^  for  open  competitive  practical  exam- 
inations for  testing  the  fltness  of  applicants 
(or  the  classified  service ;  tor  the  fflline  of 
all  vacancies  by  select  Ions  from  among  thoae 
graded  bigfaeat :  for  the  apportionment  of 
appolntmetita  at  Washington  among  tbe 
Matea  upon  the  baala  of  population ;  for  a 
period  of  probation  before  abaolnte  appoint- 
ment ;  that  no  person  In  the  public  aervlca 
shall   be   obllired   to   contribute   service   or 

one;  for  political  purposes :  that  persons 
•v. .■.! rvlce.  vblle  retaining 


the  competitive  servT 

-  right  to  vote  aa  thi,   

M  privateir  tbeir  political  oplnli 


.    ._.   political  opinio 

^active  part  In  political  campaigns; 


na.  shall 


fS 

and  that  no  person  In  said  service  has  any 

right  to  nse  his  official  authority  or  In- 
fluence to  coerce  the  political  action  of  any 
persoD  or  body. 

£ftent   of   the   Servlea. — There   were   an 
June    30.    101^,    over   SUS.OOO    positions    Id 
-    ••    ~       ._.    --irlj  60  per 


t.  of  K 


>  competitive 


■ndlture  t( 


Clvll__Bervii!e""act'does' 


_._Jtlon.      __,    „ 
^the^Eiecntlve  Civil 


ippolnted  by    th 

jy  the  Bennle,  o 

iployed  merely   as  laborers  o 


blank  for  the  Departmental  Service  at 
WasblnKton.  Rallvay  Mall  Service,  tba  In- 
dian School   Service,   and  the   Government 


jyGooi^lc 


civil  Service        Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


PrlDtlng  SertlM  Aoald  tw  rcqnnted  dlreet- 
17  o(  th«  ClTll  e«mc«  Oomr"--'—  -'  "'— *■ 
"ng.     Th6  blank  (or  *'-  "~ 
-iitemal    SeTenae    __    __ 

Jucaled  ot  the  Civil  Bervln  Boatd  of  Eiam- 
lert  at  Uie  offlce.  wben  wrrlcg  li  aought. 
Applicant!  tor  eiamlnatloD  muit  be  clll- 
— ^1  ot  tbe  United  Btatai,  and  of  tbe  proper 
" ■  -  Tlcattn^  fill 

iutlon'Ta  male 


r  be  appointed. 


1  of  tbe  mlea,  a  i 
■   —  of  f 

!    of    elCnar    wari    may    be    n 
— '  -  •^-  lenith  of  til 


wftboat  regard  to  tbe  leng. .         __  _. 

Ae  hai  been  eepatatad  from  the  aerrlce. 
latutar    PotaeaalOM. — E^iamlnatloni 


Th« 


and  Havati,  and  aim  t 
-   Janal  aemra. 
Unela*Hflet     Servlo*.— Under 


Hannal   of   Smu (nations, 
and  dates  ot  ezamlnatloni,  r 

.i™.n  "nn'.«lnn' 

tonnatlan. 


■triv  P 


and  ceneral   In- 

"'nte'ciTll  Service  act  and  mlea. 
Tbe  Annaal  Report!  ot  tbe  Cammlmlon, 
•bowing   It>   work,     nieaa    anonal    report! 
maj  b«  conanlted  at  public  libraries. 
(MtII    Barrtca    (aee    kIm    OoTflmineiit 


polillcal  or  rellKlone  opialona.  ne  limita- 
tion i  ol  ase  varr  it  lib  tbe  different  aerTlcea, 
bat  do  not  applr  to  an;  person  bonorably 
dlacharsvd  ti'om  tbe  mllltarr  or  naval 
■errlea  of  tbe  United  Btates  br  reaaon  of 
dtaabllltj  reanltloK  from  woanda  or  aick- 
neaa  incurred  In  tne  line  ot  duty. 

BaamtiMiont, — Tha  examlnadoiii  are 
open  to  all  periona  aoallOed  Id  reaped  to 
B(e,  citlienablp,  legal  residence,  character 
aod  bealth.  DnrlDg  the  flacal  fear  ended 
Jane  80,  lOlZ,  88,240  penona  were  ap- 
pointed. Ot  those  appofnted,  2,S<M  were 
mial  letter-carrlera,  Is.SOT  were  mechanic* 
and  workmen  at  navj  yarda  appointed  on 
reglrtratlon  testa  of  fltneaa  given  bj  •  board 
ot  labor  emplojment  at  each  jard.  Several 
bondred  different  klDd*  of  eianinatlona 
were  held,  each  one  of  which  Involved  differ- 
ent testa,  nree  hundred  and  twentr  ot 
tbeae  eiamlnatlona  eoDtained  edQcatlonal 
tests,  the  others  being  for  mechanical  trades 
or  skilled  occupaclona  and  conalatlng  of 
cert  I  Scales  of  emplojers  or  fellow- workmen. 
Eiamloatlona  are  held  twice  a  rear  la  each 
state  and  terrltorr,  the  places  and  dates  be. 
log  publicly  aanounced. 

flIleS 


t  examination, 

plrlng  for  ordloarr  clerical  places  la  greaV 
It  In  eiccM  of  the  calla  of  appomtlng 
offlcen.  The  cbancca  of  appointment  are 
good  for  teachers,  matron^  aeamatreaaea 
and  phralclans  In  the  Indian  Bervlce,  tor 
male  atenogra^hers  and  tn>ewcltera, 
dranchtsmen,  patent  examiners,  civil,  me- 
cbanTcal  and  electrical  euglneeci,  and  for 
technical  and  sclent Ifle  experts. 

Pr»ter»nc«  Olofmante.  —  FeraODS  who 
served  In  the  mllltarr  or  naval  service  of 
the  United  States,  and  were  discharged  bv 
'  -'--^llltlei  reaultlng  from  w  -— ^ 


tor  appointment   at  a  grade  of  65,   white 

-"  -''■ obliged  to  obtain  a  grade  ot 

irtlfled  to  appointing  odlcerB 
~ !  Other  con- 


■inatatS 


also  held  for  positions  In  the  Phlllpplnea, 
Porto  Rico  and  Hawaii,  and  alio  tor  "" 
Isthmian  Canal  service 


execntlve  order  unclasalfled  ... 
appointed  after  open,  competltlvi 
tlon  upon  their  phjalcal  condlt. 
action  1b  outside  &a  Civil  Servlct 

PubUcvtUnt  of  (k«  (7om)itl(*<an.— Tha  Com- 
ulaalon  pnbllsbea  tb*  following : 


on   their  phjalcal   condition,     nils 


Appointments — 
Having  relation  to,  49M. 
Belationa  of  members  of  Cougresa 

to,  diicniaed,  45S7. 
'  Breaches  of  tniat  in,  7008. 
Appointment  of  aliens  when  no  eiti- 

»DS  are  available,  7969. 
Board  to  devise  rules  and  regnlationa 
to    effect   Teform   in,   convened, 
4109,  4110. 
Appropriation  to  continue  aerviees 

of,  recommended,  4111,  42S4. 
Bnles  and  regulations  adopted  bjr, 
4111,  413G,  4184. 
Abolished,  428L 
Ameudmenta  to,  4134,  4183. 
Civil  War  veterans  given  preference 

in,  6703. 
Compstitive    tests   for   laborers    in, 

S780,  6804. 
Consnlar    glheos,   order   regarding, 
0056. 
DlscusMd,  6071,  6154. 
Defense  of,  77KB. 

Oorporation   and  joint  stock  com- 
paniea,    order    governing   inspee- 
tion  of  retnrne  of,  7900. 
iDiaenssad  hy  President — 
Arthur,  4S47,  4732,  4773, 479S,  4839, 

4863. 
CleveUnd,   4948,   4974,   5112,   SSOl, 
B34S,  S399,  5429,  5882,  6889,  S972, 
5974,  5BS2,  6171. 
Qarfleld,  4601, 
Grant,  4063,  4108, 1169,  4177,  4208, 

4217,  4254. 
Harrison,  Benj.,  S487,  SSSS,  5642, 

5766, 
Bajres,  4396,  4417,  4613,  4S27,  4565, 

4588. 
HcKinlev,  6241,  6274,  6405,  6455. 
Boosevelt,  6673,  6803,  7010,  7102. 
Dismissal  of  employees  in,  6970,  6971. 
Employees  forbidden  to  instmet  can- 
didates, 6970. 
Examinations  for,  7010, 
Bzecutive  orders,  concerning,  6893. 
Extension   of,  disenssed,  5642,  6766. 
Fonrth-class  postmasters,  6172. 
Oovemment  Printing  Office,  eztendod 

over,  6040,  605S. 
Interstate  Commerce  Comnission,  ex- 
tended to  inelnde,  6143, 
Limitation  of  term  of  employment  in, 

opposed,  7753. 
Merit  system  in,  6672,  6673,  7010. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


PmrtiMD  interference  In  eleetiona  bj 
pnblie    officers,    order    respecting, 
4402. 
Partiun  spoils  iTstem  in  Qre&t  Brit- 
ain, report  on,  referred  to,  4S13. 
Pensions  for   age   and   disability  fa- 
vored, S134. 
Prasideiit,   extended   to   include   em- 

plOfMB  in  office  of,  0232. 
Bailir>7    Mnil    Service,  elassiflcBtlon 
of  employees  in,  S429. 
Amendments    to    rules    regarding, 
6469,  5486,  G542,  5610,  6948,  6954, 
6955,  6040. 
Discussed,  6882. 
Beeommended,  4627. 
Time  for,  extended,  6462. 
Disenssed,  5488. 
Beeord   of  efflclenev   of  persons  in, 
5642. 
Beeommended,  6616. 
Bognlations   governing   appointmenta 
and   promotions    in    customs  ser- 
Tice    and    aubtreasnry    in    New 
Tork  Citr,  4501,  4502,  6157. 
Beport  on,  discussed,  4SS8. 
Bnlas  and  regulations  abolished,  4281. 
BnlM  and  regulations  revised,  6803, 

6892. 
Bolea  for  regnlatton  and  improvement 
of,   and  amendmenta  thereto  hj 
President — 
Arthur,  4748,  4764,  4813, 4814,  4816, 

4818,  4820,  4821,  4873. 
Caeveland,  4897,    4899,    4901,  4B03, 
4906,  5078,  6080,  6f57,  S160,  5329, 
63C0,  6353,  6429,  6831,  6S32,  6868, 
GB46,  C950,  6030,  6040,  6046,  6057, 
6131,  6230,  6233. 
Grant,  4111,  4134,  4183,  4184. 
Harrison,  Benj.,    5462,  6463,  5464, 
5538,  6540,  6541,  6699,  6601,  5607, 
6609,  6737,  5740,  6818. 
Hayes,  4402,  4501,  4502,  4507. 
Bnles    governing    appointment    and 
promotion  in  New  York  post-office, 
4507. 
Salaries  in,  8135. 
Tenure  of  office  in,  7391,  8136. 
Otvll  Sarriea  Oomsilssloii: 

Appointment  of,  referred  to,  4773. 
Appropriations     for,     recommended, 
4418,  4S17,  4556,  4647,  4669,  4883, 
664S. 
Chief   examiner   of,   nomination   of, 

and  resaons  therefor,  4745. 
derieal  force  of.  Increase  in,  recom- 
mended, 6488,  5766. 
IMseussed,  6487, 

Beport  of,  transmitted  and  discussed, 
4217,  4588,  4792,  4863,  4948,  4974, 
6201,  5399,  6182. 
Bales    adopted    hj    (see   also    Oivil 
Berriea)— 


CMIWW 

Effect  of  enforcement  of,  disenssed, 
4219. 

Extension  of,  order  regarding,  4338. 

For    government     of    Light-Honsa 
Bervice,  referred  to,  4238. 
Salaries    of    Commissioners,    Increase 

in,  recommended,  4949,  6113,  7390. 
OItU  War. — A  foar  rears'  mllltsrr  cou- 
lllrt  between  the  Doited  States  QoTern- 
ment  and  the  states  adhering  to  It,  on 
the  one  side,  and  the  Conlederste  Btstea 
Oovernmeot  (composed  of  the  States  of 
Bouth  Carolina,  Mlsslsaliipl,  Florida.  Ala- 
bans.  Oeonrls.  Louisiana,  Texas,  Virginia, 
Arlfsnsss.  North  Carolina  and  Tenneaaee) 
on  tbe  other.  There  iras  behind  tbe  wsr 
a  ranstltutlonal  atrufgle  between  the  North 
and  tUiuth,  beglnnlDg  nearly  at  the  time  of 
the  formation  of  the  Ualun  and  InvolTlnK 

"   s  of  orlUn 

conditions, 
Dl   peoples 

, apart  fmm 

the  period  when  br  the  sword  and  aeU- 
■airltlM  the;  had  achieved  a  common  llb- 
ertf.  I^e  contest  waa  uoiqae  amoog;  mod- 
ern civil  wars,  and  no  ancient  con  diet 
between  the  member!  of  a  coofederacv  of 
republics  was  comparable  with  It,  either 
In  the  magnitude  of  the  qDeatloas  Involved 
or  In  the  extent  of  tba  operations  In  tb« 
Held  sad  tbe  reaults  onall;  attained. 
While  alaverr  waa  the  apparent  c " 


herent    la   the    papulation,    the    i __ 

their  snrrDuudlDgs.  tbe  atructura  of  Ibelr 
Government,  as  well  as  tbe  coodltlona  of 
life  and  tbe  object*  and  alms  ol  a  •odety 
not  homofceneoua  but  variant  In  man;  Im- 
portant respects. 


I   beglnnlnE   of   eolonliatlon    In 


I    rears    Immedlatelr   auccecdlnx   the 


Esre  of  1783.     Jealousies  between  the  New 
ijrland  ,    -  -  -        ..>-..         —   . 

the  Fedora f  Con voBtTon'oTlTST  iViequlred 


t  tbe  Southern  States 


penielual    peace    and    : 


oltr    between    the 


Dlirnsalona     —     _.,     , 

CoDKresses  after  the  adoption  of  the  Con- 
Ktltullon  are  full  of  expressions  of  doubt 
ss  to  the  perpetaltr  of  tba  federation,  ut- 
tered bj  eminent  men  from  New  Rnsland 
as  welf  as  from  other  sections,  many  of 
whom  bad  been  prominent  In  the  won  of 
establishing  tbe  new  frame  of  government. 
The  assertion  of  atate  eoverelgntr  waa 
-      -    .  ^.—  or^pa^rtg^ 

tbe  old  Republican   (now  tbe  Democratic) 

Krtj  the  orlrlnetlon  of  this  doctrine.     The 
o  seta  of  resolutions   of   Kenturkv   and 


nd  Uadlaon,  resperti 
rlnrfplea 

..™.„    *"-   ••    - 

thrv  ware  ever  proclaimed 


If.  declared  the  foodamental  prii 


Ive- 


BtBtes"rlRhta'a~s~ciear1r~Knd  as  boMIr  a* 
thcv  ware  ever  proclaimed  st  any  aubseonent 
period.  Ilie  report  written  by  Uadlion 
and  presented  to  the  Vlnctnls  leslslaturs 
haa  often  been  referred  to  as  the  ableat 
oflldal  exposition  of  the  doctrine  that 
the  state  Is  the  creator  and  sovereign  coa- 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


rict,    the    latter 
Irsctcd  ind  made 


vlihdcaw  from  tha 

iBTlni    Blrcadj  been   In- 

-•  —•  blndlns  effect.      It 


1  tbe 


LouTbIbdk  terrltoTT.  to  1811,  wbeu  tbe  StBte 
of  LoolBluia  WBB  Bdmltted  Into  tbe  Union, 
nuuy  New  BnKUnd  pnblle  men  *nd  writers, 
oppoied  to  tbe  eiteoBlOQ  of  tbe  Union.  eB- 
peFltllf  on  tbe  ground  that  It  aeemed  to 
IdtoItg  tbe  eitenalon  of  BlBTerr,  tometlmea 
•Towed  BeceBilon  aeotlmentB.  Joslah 
QnlncT,  In  a  apMcb  In  CangrcBB  In  ISll, 
Bied  the  threat  that  tbe  ^ew  Ensland 
States  wonld  wltbdraw  in  «  certain  niD- 
tlniencr,  "peaceablT  If  they  ean.  forclblr 
If  they  moBt."  Asaln  tbla  doctrine  of  a 
•eparable  union  waa  adranced  by  the  Hart- 
tara  Convention  (q.  t.)  In  ISli.  called  by 
■ome  of  tbe  New  Eogland  Btates  to  protest 
anlDBt  the  contiDUance  of  tbe  War  of 
1812  witb  Qreat  Britain.  When  tbe  jnea- 
tlOD  of  adnlttlnff  UlBwaH  into  the  UnloD 
HB  a  BlBTe  atate  (ISIT-ISSI)  wbb  being  dls^ 
'.    thrMt*    of   dUoolon    If    ihe    were 


proceeding  (romthc  Soiith." 
greaa  paaaed  a  Btrlngeat  tarln  measure  loi- 
lowing  the  protective  act  of  182«,  Tbla 
wa*  deemed  by  Booth  Cerollni  lolmlcal  to 
her  baalneia  Intereeta.  The  itate  lezlila- 
tnre  called  a  convent  loo  aod  paaaed  an 
ordinance  of  nnlllflcatioD  (q,  t.).  wblch, 
however,  ahe  lobBeqnentiy  rescinded.  As 
the  Qoeition  of  ilavery  began  to  overahadow 
that  of  the  tarlir,  Nortnern  extremlsta, 
called  by  aome  "Abolition lata,"  contended 
for  the  overtbrovr  of  human  bondage,  al- 
though tbe  Conatitotlon  conferred  —  " — 
~a  power  over  the   don: 


neaa  no  power  over  the  domeellc  inatlln- 
tlona   of   the   atatea   for   the   admlsBlon   of 

on  the  right  of  petition.  A[ipllcallona  for 
the  admission  of  new  states  orEaolxed  from 
tbe  public  domain  added  fuel  to  the  Are 
on  both  sides  of  tbe  controversy.  The 
occnpallon  of  the  territories  by  slavery 
and  anti-slavery  partisans  kept  Ihe  pec^le 
tbere  In  a  conilaat  stale  of  larmoll  border- 
ing on  civil  war.  In  tbe  midst  of  tbls  tbe 
John  Brown  nid  ^•^.  T.)  occurred. 

In  1800,  after  Lincoln  was  elected  Presi- 
dent on  a  platform  of  resistance  to  tho 
eitendon  of  Blaverj,  Booth  Carolina, 
through  ber  leglalature,  called  a  state  con- 
TCntlon  which,  on  Dec.  20,  1890.  dectired 
that  the  state  was  no  longer  in  the  Union. 
Similar  action  waa  taken  dnrlng  that  win- 
ter and  tbe  following  months  by  Mlaala- 
■Ippl.  Florida,  Alabama,  Oeorgla.  Louisiana. 
Texak  Virginia,  Arkanaaa,  North  Carolina 


t  Montgomery,  . 


isei,  delegates 
-1  by  that  date 
vui*.jy,  Ala.,  and  or- 
nnlMd  tbe  aoremment  of  the  Confederate 
Btates  of  America.  Tbe  torts,  military 
■uppllea  and  provisions  witbin  the  acceded 
statea  were  seised,  generally  with  little 
opposition  until  the  attack  on  Fort  Snmter, 
In  Charleston  Harbor.  8.  C.  The  war  b»- 
gan,  bo  far  as  military  operations  were 
concerned,  with  tbe  effort  of  the  Govern- 
ment at  Washington  to  relieve  tbe  garrlBon 
at  Fort  Sumter  and  tbe  Qrlng  npon  that 
fort  by  order  of  tbe  Confederate  govern- 
ment. This  event  practically  ended  with 
the  sorrcDder  of  Gen,  Rat»ert  E.  Lee,  com- 
mander of  the  Confederate  forces,  at  Appo- 
mattox. Vb.,  April  S,  1S6S.  and  the  sub- 
■eqnent  surrender  of  the  armies  of  Qen. 
Joseph  B.  Johnston  In  North  Carolina  and 
o(  Oen.  e.  KIrby  Smith  beyond  the  Iflasla- 
-'ppl  Blver. 

■  dear  a  view  of  tbe  position  and  atti- 


tude of  the  United  Statea  In  die  war  h 
Mold  be  obtained  In  a  few  words  titaa  an 
official  document  la  to  be  derived  from  tha 
'Memorandum"  of  Becretary  ol  Stale  Will- 
iam H.  Seward  In  regard  to  Ihe  letter 
addressed  to  blm  by  the  Confederate  Com- 
mlBBloners  Forsyth  and  Crawford.  Al- 
thooab  flied  earlier.  It  was  delivered  April 
8.  iSfll.  In  It  tbe  fact  waa  stated  &U 
President  Lincoln  coincided  generally  wltb 
tbs  views  expressed  by  the  Secretary  «f 
State.  Frankly  confeaalng,  he  aald,  that 
his  understanding  of  recent  evMitsTmeaa- 
Ing  tbe  attempted  secession  of  tbe  Sonthem 
States)  was  very  different  from  tbe  aspect 
In  which  they  were  presented  t"  »«—«- 
Forayth  and  Crawford,  be  nror 
third  person^  to  say  that  "I 


I  say  tbaf  "he  saw  In 


1    1828  Con- 


iDQ,  auu  ao  looepenaeoL  nation,  wiui  an 
ibltsbed  government,  but  nther  a  per- 
.^•slon  of  a  temporary  and  partlaan  excite- 
ment to  the  Inconsiderate  purposes  of  an 
nnjnatl liable  and  nneonat national  aggreaslon 
upon  tbe  rights  and  the  authority  vested 
In  the  Federal  Oorernmcnt,  and  hitherto 
benignly  exercised,  as  from  their  very  na- 
ture they  always  most  so  be  exerclaed.  tor 
the  maintenance  of  the  Union,  the  preaet- 
vatlon  of  liberty,  and  tbe  security,  peara, 
welfare,  happiness  and  aggrandisement  of 
the  American  people."  Dlaavowlng  anv  iin- 
thority  to  recognise  the  commiaslon 
diplomatic  amenta,   or  hold  e 


•»£5 


In  tbe  atatea     Hg  believed  In  the  rl^l  of 


of  the  Confederate  people  Is  perhaps  to  ba 
collected  from  the  constltntlon  of  tba 
Confederate  Btstea  and  from  the  inaurnral 

lages   of  their  Prealdent. 

1  waa  professedly  baaed 
„_  „_  ,. ,.„  of  the  Federal  Constitu- 
tion of  ITST.  with  the  amendments  to  tbe 
same.     Its  preamble,  however.  In  order  to 

{nt  at  rest  ail  argument  or  dispute,  con- 
alned  the  pregnant  worda,  "esch  atota  aet- 
Ing  in  Ita  sovereign  and  Independent  chai^ 
acter."  It  was  expressly  declared  that  no 
dnties  or  taxes  on  Importations  from  (orelgn 
nations  should  be  laid  to  promote  or  foster 
any  branch  of  Induatry.  Export  duttea 
were  allowed  to  be  levied  with  tha  eoncnr- 
rence  of  two-thirds  of  both  honaea  of  Con- 
greaa.  Any  Judicial  or  other  federal  offlcer 
resident  and  acting  solely  within  tbe  limits 
of  a  particniar  state  was  Impeachable  bjr 
two-thirds  of  both  branAes  of  the  legls> 
latore  thereof,  aa  well  as  by  two-thirds  of 
the  house  of  represeotatlves  In  Congreaa. 
Internal  Improvement*  by  the  (enerargo*- 
emment  were  prohibited,  except  the  Im- 
provement of  harbora  and  locaf  datlaa  tor 
Ilghta,  beacons  and  baoya  the  expenaea  to 
be  home  by  tbe  navtgatloB  facilitated. 
Citlsena  of  the  aeveral  states  were  not 
permitted  to  sue  each  other  In  the  federal 
conrla.  It  required  a  two-thirds  vote  ot 
each  bonse  of  Congreat,  tbe  Senate  votlns 
by  statea,  to  admit  new  states.  A  consti- 
tutional convention  could  meet  to  consid^ 
SropDsed  amendments  on  the  call  of  any 
hres  states  legally  saaembled  In  their 
several  conventions.  The  vote  In  conven- 
tion waa  to  be  taken  by  atates  and  after- 
warda  ratlfled  by  the  legislatures  of  two- 
-tblrds  ot  the  statea,  or  by  conventions  tn 
them.    Tha  power  of  Congress  over  terrl* 

tories   wss   settled   cnildtly,    an'    " 

Sir  ar-"    


provided   thi^    "In   i 


anch  tarrltory  tba 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


avflWar 


InMltatlou   of   Degro   ilaverx  •  •  •  ahKll   be 
rMonlied  and  protected  b;  Congnu  and 
ta   Ine   lenitorfal   goTemment."   etc     The 
eoDitltntloD  was  adopted  March  11.  ISSl, 
In  hi*  iDaninml  addresa  aa  proTlaloaal 

riident,  Feb.  16,  ISSl,  Mr.  DitLi  aald 
part :  "Boateliied  hj  tbe  coDBCIoasceaa 
that  the  traniltlon  from  tbe  former  Union 
to  tbe  pireent  Confederacy  has  not  proceed- 
•d  (ram  a  d[arcKard  on  our  part  of  Just 
DbliBatlona  or  an 7  failure  to  perform  &D7 
MtutKntiDoal  dutTj  moved  br  do  iDterest 


with 


.>  IcTade  tbe  rlgbti  ot  otber 

I  to   mitlvate   peace   aod   commerc 

II  Datlona  If  we   may  not   bope   t 
war   we   may   at   leaat  eipec-t   tha 


725.19T.8S. 

Tbe  resDlta  ot  the  war  were  the  reator- 
atlon  of  the  Union,  tbe  emancipation  ot 
tbe  ilaTea.  and  the  •er^ral  BmendmentB  to 
the  Conatltntlon  rcfardlOE  tbe  rights  of  tbe 
new  citlcena  under  the  new  condition!  an- 
tabllahed. 

Tor  a  more  detailed  accoont  ot  the  canaes 
d  blatory  of  the  war,  ace  tbe  m^aaages  o( 


Prealdeata    Bacbanan    1 


at    Lincoln.     ( See 


OMl  War: 

(Sea  mlso  Confederate  States;  Seeon- 
■tmetion;  ReBtoration ;  Seceuion; 
Slaverj;  Sonthem  States.) 

Act— 

Frescribing   oath   of   office    to   be 
taken    b^    peraons   who    partici- 
pated in  rebelHon  dtscuBsed,  4076. 
To  eoofiscate  property  nsed  for  in- 
BUirectionarj  purposes,  3361. 
Attorn e^-Generu    charged    with 
enpenntendence  of  pioceedings 
nsdeT,  3381. 


To  eqnalixe  bounties  of  soldiers  of, 
reaaona  for  appljing  pocket  veto, 
to,  4274. 
To  flz  ststoB  of  certain  Sonthem 

Union  troops  vetoed,  4035. 
To    suppress    insnTrection,    pnnish 
treason,  etc,  3294. 
Approved   and   reasons   therefor, 

3286. 
Attorney-General    charged    with 
superintendence  of  proceedings 
nnder  3325. 
Joint  resolation  explanatory  of, 
3397. 
Action  taken  hy  the  Mveral  States  in, 

diseusaed,  3256. 
Aiders  and  abetters  of,  proclamation 

against,  3294,  3299. 
Alabama-Keartarge  naval  engagement 

referred  to,  3457. 
Albemarle,  The — 

Destruction  of,  referred  to,  3457. 
Engagement  of,  with  the  Sauacv*, 
3411. 
Aliens,  liability  of  to  petform  mili- 
tary dnties,  3381. 
Proclaimed,  3369. 
Anderson,  Robert — 
Commander  of  feits  in  Charleston 

Harbor,  3189. 
Dispatches  of,  while  in  command  of 
Fort   Somter  referred  to,  3213, 
8222. 
Empowered  to  receive  volunteers, 

3219. 
Flag  over  Fort  Sumter  at  evacua- 
tion of,  to  be  raised  on  mine  of, 
by,  3484. 
Appropriation  for  prosecuting,  reeom- 

mended,  3226. 
Armed  nentrality  in  Middle    States 

discussed,  3225. 
Aims   and   munitions   of   war,   order 
prohibiting  export  of,  3326.    (See 
also  373.) 
Extended,  3436. 
ModiSed,  3379. 
Beacinded,  3533. 
Army  of  Potomac — 
Honors    achieved    by,    discnased, 

3376. 
Organi^tion  of,  3311. 
Thanks     of     President     tendered, 
3360. 
Army  of  United  States — 
Headqnartera  of,  3435. 
Information    regarding    operations 

of,  forbidden,  3240. 
Joint  resolution  providing  for  pay- 
ment of,  approved,  33S0. 
Army  officers  and  privates,  orders 

regarding  absence  of,  3320. 
Act  for  enrolling  and  calling  out 

national  forces,  etc.,  3365. 
Proclamation  regarding,  3364, 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


UtII  Wn—Oonlbiiit4. 

Aimj  officers  directed  to  mibBeribe 
a  new  oath  of  allegiaiiM,  8219. 
meats    of   commaads  ia,    and 


AasiffniaoB 
orden  r 


337S,  343S. 
Atlanta,  6a.,  capture  of,  and  orden 

regarding  celebration  of,  8439. 
BeUigerent  righti   accorded  Confed- 
erate  StatsB   b^    foreign   powera 
diacnsaed,  3259,  3327,  3565. 
Becognition  and  aid  from   foreign 
power*  invoked  by  Confederate 
Btatei,  3£21,  3246. 
Blockade     of     Bouthem     porta    pro- 
claimed, 321S,  3216,  3481. 
Claims  arising  therefrom  disetmed, 

3328. 
Nonresident  foreignen  engaged  in 
Tiolating,  order  regarding,  3483. 
Baferred  to,  3225,  33S5. 
BemoTcd,  3523. 

From   certain   ports,   3290,  8373, 
3417,  3431,  34S2,  3507. 
British  vessels  carrying  contraband 
of  war  for  insurgents  referred  to, 
3392. 
Bnrdens  imposed  opoa  people.  Presi- 
dent ezpretsea   desire    to    lelicTe, 
8476. 
Bnmside,  Ambrose  E. — 
Brigadier-general,  thanks  of  Presi- 
dent tendered,  3306. 
Us joT- general,   command  of   Army 
of  Potomac  assoraed  by,  3Z26. 
Chaplains  for  hospitals,  3249. 
Citizens  liable  to  be  drafted  not  per- 
mitted to  go  abroad,  order  regard- 
ing, 3322. 


Ageinet  citizens  of  insargeiit  States 
and  means  for  collecting,  dis- 
enased,  3251. 

Growing  ont  of,  disenssed  by  Preai* 

Orant,  4209,  4303. 
Harrison,  Benj.,  S756. 
Claims  of — 
Aliens   ariring   ont   of,    disenssed, 
4191. 
Conrt  to  try,  recommended,  4243. 
Foreign   powers    growing    ont   of, 

discussed,  3328,  40S6. 
France  growing  ont  of,  paid,  4916. 
Qreat  Britain  growing  oot  of,  4191. 
Payment  of,  4243. 
Clerks  in  Departments  to  be  organ- 
ized into  companies  for  defense  of 
capital,  3323,  3S42. 
Combinations  in  Southern  States  op- 
posing revenae  laws,  proclamations 
against,  3215,  8216. 
Commerce  disturbed  by,  S327. 
Commercial  intercourse  of  Southern 
@Ut«s.     (Sea  Confederate  SUtes.) 


Communication  with  tnenrgents  un- 
der ExecQtive  sanction  referred  to, 
3461. 

Confederate  envoys  sent  to  Great 
Britain  and  France.  (See  llaeOB 
and  Slidell.) 

Confederate  flags — 
Captored,    presented   to   Congress, 

3309. 
Betam  of,  to  States  recommended, 

G163. 
Proposition  withdrawn,  6164. 

Confederate  States,  seat  of  govern- 
ment of,  was  first  located  in  Uont- 
gomery,  Alabama,  3225. 

Contraband  on  British  vessels  for  nsa 
of  insurgents  referred  to,  3352. 

Contraband  trade  and  protection  for 
neutral  vessels,  order  regarding 
3377. 

Corinth,  l£iss.,  capture  of,  3315. 

Correspondence  with  foreign  powers 
regarding,  referred  to,  3234. 

Courts  of  justice  for  insurgent  States 
recommended,  3251. 

Craney    Island,    evacuation   of   bat- 

Cumbertaiul-UeTTimiio    naval   engage- 
ment discussed,  8349. 
Deserters — 

Condemned   to  death,  sentence   of, 

commuted,  3431. 
Beturning  to  duty  pardoned,  S3M, 
3479. 
Act  authoridng,  3368. 
Discussed,    3221,    3246,    3255,    327S, 
3301,  3303,  3305,  331S,  3370,  3889, 
3452,  3547,  3477. 
Dix,  John  A, — 

Applications  to  go  south   of  mili- 
tary lines  to  be  made  to,  3302. 
Authority  given  to,  while  at  Balti- 
more, 3313. 
Commissioners  to  examine  eases  of 

State  prisoners,  3310. 
Prisoners  of  war  released  to  report 
to,  3303. 
Drafts  to  be  made,  orders  regarding, 
3321,  3433. 
Citizens  liable   to   draft   not  per- 
mitted to  go  abroad,  3322. 
Deflcieney  in   quota   of   States  re- 
ferred to,  3412. 
Emancipation    of    slaves    discussed. 
[See    Emancipation;  Emancipation 
Proclamation.] 
Executive    orders    regarding,    321S, 
3239,  3300,  3360,  3375,  3431,  8474, 
3483. 
Expenditures  incident  to,  diecossad, 

3248,  3330. 
Pasting  and  prayer — 

Day  of,  set  apart,  3237,  S369,  84X8: 
Becommended,  3437. 
PIngal-Weehaieken  naval  cngagemaot 
referred  to,  8392. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


OtrD  Wax — OioiiHiiiMtt. 

ForcM   of   llDited  St&tei   in,   move- 
ments   of,    and    orders    regaidiug, 
3301,  3302,  3311,  331S,  3315. 
Foreign    interference    in,    disciUBed, 
3246. 
Aid  fumblked  TobeDion  b^  BritiBh 
Bnbjeets  referred  to,  3468. 
Foreign    teernitB,    enlistment    of,    in 
MTviees  of  United  States  referred 
to,  3413. 
Fort  Qaines,  rednetioD  of,  and  orders 

regarding  celebration  of,  3439. 
Fort  Henrj,  capture  of,  referred  to, 

3305. 
Fort     Uergan,    redaction     of,     and 
orden    regarding    celebmUon    of, 
3439. 
Fort  Powell,  reduction  of,  and  orders 

regarding  celebration  of,  3439. 
Fort  Sumter,  aHsault  upon  and  redac- 
tion of,  diaenased,  3222. 
nederiekeburg,    Va.,    battle    of,   re- 
ferred to,  3360. 
Oen,    Wadaworth    to     command    the 
force  eompoaed   of   the    clerks  in 
the  departments  organiEed  for  the 
defense  of  tlie  Capital,  3323,  8642. 
Georgift,  campaign  in,  discnssed  and 
orders    regarding    celebration    of, 
3439,  3452. 
OoTomment   of    Confederate    States 
first  located  at  U ontgomerr,  Ala., 
3225. 
nsnsferred     to    Bichmond,     Va., 
32S5. 
QoTemments  to  be  reestablished  in 
Confederate  States.     (See  Confed- 
erate States.) 
Sabeat  eorput,  writ  of — 
Antlioritj  ^ven  to  suspend,  3217, 
3218,  3219,   3220,   3240,   3300, 
8313,  3322. 
Beferred  to,  8225. 
Suspension  of,  3299,  8371.  3420. 
Bevoked   as    to    certain    States, 
3529,  SSSl. 
HaOeek,  Henry  W.,  assigned  to  com- 
mand of — 
Department  of  Hiasissippi,  3312. 
Iduid  forces  of  United  States,  3317. 
Believed  from  command  and  or- 
ders regarding,  3435. 
Hampton  Boads,  Va.,  conference  and 
correspondence  at,  regaining  reato- 
lation  of  peace  discussed,  3641. 
Hooker,  Joseph,  commander  of  corps 
'n  Army,  T""' 


ikea  by,  3379. 
Hunter,  DaTid— 

Command  of  corps  formerly  nnder 

Oen.  Bnmside  assumed  by,  3325. 

Proclamation  of,   for  freedom    of 

slaves  in  certain  States  declared 

void,  3202. 


Illinois  volunteers,  thanks  of  Pred- 
dent  tendered,  3442. 

Imprisonment  of  loyal  citizena  by 
forces  In  rebellion  referred  to, 
3235. 

Indiana  volnnteera,  thanks  of  Presi- 
dent tendered,  3442. 

Indians,  attitude  of,  in,  diacussed, 
3293,  3333. 

Injuries  to  citizens  of  foreign  coun- 
tries   growing    out    of,    discussed, 


Insurgent  cmisers  infesting  high 
seas,  proclamation  regarding,  8^6. 

Insurgent  leader  and  attempts  to 
negotiate  with,  discussed.  (Se» 
Davis,  Jefferson.) 

Insurgent  privateers  In  foreign  porta 
referred  to,  3276. 

Iowa  volunteers,  thanks  of  President 
tendered,  3442. 

Kansas  troops,  treatment  of,  when 
captured,  referred  to,  3398. 

Eearsarffe-Alabama  naval  engagement 
referred  to,  3457. 

Iieader  of  the  inaurgents  and  at- 
tempts to  negotiate  with,  dlacuased 
and  recommendations  made.  (Sea 
Davis,  Jefferson.) 

Leaves  of  absence  and  farloughs  re- 
voked, 3320. 

Legislature  of  Maryland,  arrest  and 
disperaion  of  members  of,  by  Qen. 
Scott  would  not  be  justifiable, 
3218. 

Live  stock  order  prohibiting  export 
of,  3326. 
Uodiflcations    in,  order  rcEardlnir. 
3379.  ^ 

Order  ertending,  3436. 
Order  rescinding,  3633. 

MeCallnm,  D.  C,  appointed  military 
director  and  superintendent  of 
railroads,  3302. 

McClellan,  Qeorge  B.  (See  HeClel- 
lan,  George  B.) 

UcPheraon,  James  B.,  command  of 
Department  and  Army  of  the  Ten- 
nessee aaaigned  to,  3436. 

Merrimac-Cumberland  naval  engage- 
ment discussed,  3345. 

Uerrimae-MoHltor  naval  engagement 
discussed,  3313. 

Military  authorities  not  vested  with 
authority  to  interfere  with  con- 
tracts between  individuals,  order 
regarding,  3546. 

Military  force — 
Necessary  to  prosecute,  discussed, 

3226. 
To  be  raised  by  governor  of  Mla- 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Civil  War 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


OItII  War— Coii«iiii(nr. 

Uilitaiy  poBsesaion  of — 

BBilromda  taken,  3314,  3379. 
Telegraph    linei,    orders   regarding 
and  reeommeadatioiis,  3309. 

llilitarr  Boppliea  pure  based  and 
frauds  in,  discussed,  3S7S. 

Uill  Springs,  Kj.,  battle  of,  tefened 
to,  3301. 
Thanks  of  President  tendered  offi- 
cers and  soldiers  In,  3301. 

Missoari  troops,  order  regarding  in- 
spection of  records  of,  3433. 

Mobile  Barbor,  Ala.,  achievements  of 
Federal  forces  in,  and  orders  to- 
gardins  celebration  of,  343S. 

Monltor-Seriimao  naval  engagement 
discnssed,  3313. 

Navy  of  United  States- 
Discussed,  3385,  3449. 
JoiDt  resolution  providing  for  pay- 
ment of,  approved,  3350. 
Naval    engagement    of    Eeartarge 

and  Alabama,  referred  to,  3398. 
Bank  in,  order  regarding,  3240. 
Discussed,  3450. 

Negotiations  attempted  with  Jeffer- 
son Davis,  for  the  restoration  of 
peace  discussed  and  correspon- 
dence concerning,  and  F.  P.  Blair's 
eorrespon deuce  concerning,  3461. 

Nesro  soldiers — 
Discussed,  3389. 
Enslaved  and  measues  of  rotalla- 

tion  discussed,  3378. 
Opinion    of     Attorney- General    on 
rights  of,  referred  to,  3410. 

Negroes  to  be  employed  for  military 
purposes,  order  regarding,  3318. 

Neutral  Tights  of  foreiKO  powers  vio- 
lated.    {See  Neutral  Eights.) 

Neutrality  of  foreign  powers,  3380, 
3665. 

New  Orleans,  La.,  capture  of,  S31S. 

Norfolk,  Va.,  suireudei  of,  referred 
to,  3313,  3316. 

Number  of  United  States  soldiers 
enlisted  in,  4156. 

Oath  of  allegiance  to  United  States, 
army  officer*  directed  to  subscribe 
anew,  3219. 

Object  of,  declared  by  President  Lin- 
coln, 3297. 

Official  Itecords  of.  (See  War  of  Re- 
bellion, Official  Records  of.) 

Ohio  National  Quard,  expiration  of 
enlistment  of,  referred  to  and 
thanks  of  President  tendered,  3440. 

Pardons  granted— 
Deserters,     (See  Deserters,  ante.) 
Pennna     participating     in.      (See 
Pardons.) 

Peace — 
NegotiatioDs  attempted  with  Jef- 
lersoD  Davis  for  the  restoration 


of,  and  correspondei 
ing,  3461. 

Negotiations  for,  and  correspon- 
dence regarding  restoration  of, 
discussed,  3461. 

Proposition   embracing   restoration 
of,  etc.,  would  be  considered  by 
Government,  3438. 
Pensioners  of.    (See  Pensions.) 

Diseonraging  enlistments  or  resist- 
iuK  drafts  subject  to  court-mar- 
tial, 3299. 
In  rebellion — 

Commanded    to    disperse,    3214, 

3294. 
Must  return  to  allegiance  under 
penalty     of     conlscation     of 
property,  3294, 
Trading  with  insurgents,  order  pro- 
hibiting, 3483. 
Pierrepont  Edwards,  commissioner  to 
eiamine  cases  of  State  prisoners, 
3310. 
Plymouth,  N.  C,  capture  of,  referred 

to,  3498. 
Porter,  Fitz-John,  relieved  from  eom- 

mand  of  corps,  3325. 
Presidential  election  of  1864,  effeeta 

of,  diicuBsed,  3453. 
Prisoners — 
Of  war- 
Exchange  of,  referred  to,  3399. 
Interview    between    Col.   Key 
and   Gen.  Cobb  on  subject  «f, 
3459. 
Order  for  discharge  of,  3538. 
Paroled,    order    regarding    pass- 
ports to  be  furnished.  3S47. 
Released,  to  report  to  Maj.-Gen. 
Diz,  3303. 
Political — 
Orders  regarding  provision  for, 

3239. 
Released  on  subscribing  to  pa- 
role, etc.,  3303. 
State,    commissioners    appointed 
eiamine  eases  of,  3310. 
Proelamation    of    President   Lincoln 
regarding,      3214,      3237,      3289, 
3358,  3362,  3364,  3414,  3472,  3479. 
Spurioos    proclamations    poblished 
in    New    York  World   and    New 
York   Journal   of   Commtret,   or- 
ders regarding,  3438. 
Property   to   be    seized   for   military  j 

uses,  orders  regarding,  3318. 
Protection  for  capital,  recommenda- 
tions regarding,  3323,  3642. 
Porchasing  places  in  insurgent  States 
designated    and    orden  regarding, 
3441. 
Quasi  armistice  of  President  Bneh- 
anan's  administration  refened  tO) 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


CirUWir 


OMl  Wai-C^««Md: 
Bailroada — 
Constinctioii  of,  as  militaiy  meu- 

nre  recommeaded,  3247. 
In  UiBBOnri  to   be   made  krailable 

for  miliUrj  uses,  3317. 
Military  poBSenion  of,  taken,  3314, 

3379. 

PoiutB  of  commencement  of  Union 

Pacific   discussed   and   oider   le- 

gsrding,  3401.  3435. 

Bfconstrnction    of   Southern    Btates. 

(See  BecODHtrnction;   It  est  oration.) 

Beeords  of.     (See  War  of  Bebellion, 

Official  Records  of.) 
Becoids  of  association  founded  for 
purpose  of  aiding  soldiers  of,  of- 
fered to  United  States,  4798. 
Befngeea  from  Virginia,  communica- 
tion regarding  removal  of,  3360. 
Bestoration  of  Boutbem  States.    (See 

SeconBtmction ;  Restoration.) 
Boauoke  Island,   N.   C.,  eaptore   of, 

referred  to,  330S. 
Sanford,  Edward  S.,  appointed  mili- 
tary   superintendent  of   telegraph 


SanacuiAtbemarle  naval  engagement 
referred  to,  3411. 

Scott,  Wiufleld,  retirement  from  ac- 
tive service  in,  orders  regarding, 
3241. 
Beferred  to,  3257. 
Bnceeesor    of,    referred    to,    3241, 
3257. 

Secession  discussed.    (See  Secession.) 

Sentences  of  imprisonment  by  mili- 
tary tribonals  remitted  and  pris- 
oners discharge^,  3537. 

Sewelli  Point,  Va.,  evacnation  of  bat- 
teries on,  3313. 

Bhmandoah,  reported  smrender  of 
tbe,  3575. 

Sheridan,  Philip  E.  (See  Sheridan, 
Philip  E.) 

Sherman,  William  T.  (See  Sherman, 
William  T.) 

Slavery  discussed.    (See  Slavery.) 

Stager,  Anson,  appointed  military  sa- 
perintendent  of  telegraph  lines, 
3310. 

Btates  in  which  inanrreetion  exists 
proclaimed,  3E38,  3293,  3366. 

Sunday,     observance     of,     enjoined. 


Telegraph  lines,  military  posseesion 

of,  order  regarding,  3309. 
Termination  of — 
Mediation  of  other  meapnres  look- 
ing to,  referred  to,  3355. 
Proclaimed,  36S7. 
Jn  Tenneesee,  3515, 


In  Texas,  3632. 
Correction  of  date  in,  by  proc- 
lamation, 3747. 
Thanks  tendered  commanders  and  sol- 
diers in.     (See  Thanks  of  Congress; 
Thanks  of  Piesident.) 
Thanksgiving  order  of  President  Lin- 
coln, 3439. 
Thanksgiving  proclamation  of  Presi- 
dent  Lincoln,    3290,   3371,    3373, 
342B. 
Order    regarding    day    appointed, 
3245. 
(See  also  fasting  and  prayer.) 
Threatening  aspect  of.     (See  Seces- 
sion discussed;  Slavery  diBcusaed.) 
Tranaportation  to  be  furnished  refu- 
gees and  freedmen,  order  regard- 
ing. 3547. 
Treason  against  United  States,  act  to 

punish,  3286,  3294. 
Troops  sent  through  Mexican  terri- 
tory in  1861  referred  to,  3574 
Union  and  Confederate  flags,  return 
of  to   respective   States   recom- 
mended, S163. 
Proposition  withdrawn,  5164. 
Vessels  of  United  States  destroyed  by 

rebel  vessels  referred  to,  3901. 
Victories  of  Pederal  troops  diacossed, 
3301,  3305,  3313,  3376,  3439,  3442, 
3432,  3467,  3477. 
Virginia—   % 

Attitude  of,  in,  discussed,  3224. 
Persons  in,  attempting  to  exercise 
official  powers  of  eivil   nature, 
order  regarding,  3245. 
Volunteer  service — ■ 
Act  to  provide  for  additional  medi- 
cal officers  of,  vetoed,  3289. 
Officers  and  men  in,  3578. 
Officen  in,  3357. 
Volunteers  called  for,  and  orders  re- 
earding,  3215,  3216,  3315,  3316, 
3321,  3322,  3370,  3374,  3427,  3433, 
3436,  34TE. 
Authority   to   call    for   additional 

volunteers  recommended,  3227. 
Board      constituted      to      examine 

quotas  of  States,  3476. 
Bounty   and    pay   to,    3322,  3375, 

3436,  3649. 
Be  commendations     regarding, 

3396. 
Gause,  three-hundred-dollar,  repeal 

of,  recommended,  3412. 
Increase  of,  letter  of  President  to 

governors  regarding,  3315. 
Propoaition    of   governor    of   Mis- 
souri regarding,  3241. 
Order    of    President    regarding, 

3243. 
Proposition  of  governors  of  Btates 
regarding,    and    reply    of   Presti 
dent,  3^41,  3316,  3437, 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


CiTll  War 

CHtU  War — Oonllnucd. 

BeenliBtment  of  vetenna  referred 
to,  3400. 
Seferred  to,  3225. 
Three-hundred-dollar  danse,  repeal 
of,  Tecommsiided,  3412. 
WeehaKten-Flngal  naval  engagement 

refened  to,  3392. 
Wise  on  8  in  Tolunteers,  thanka  of  Piee- 

ident  tendered,  3442. 
Wool,  John  E.     (See  Wool,  Jolm  £.) 
Ctvll  War  Veteiana: 

Boosevelt  nraiaeH,  6672,  7006. 

Their  priyUegeB  in  civil  service,  0TO3. 

Against  eitizeni  of  insurgent  States 
and     means     for     collecting,     dla- 
enssed,  32S1. 
Arbitration  of  pecuniary,  with  repnb- 
lies  of  South  and  Central  America, 
7982. 
Growing  out   of  War   between   the 
States.      (See     CivU     War;     War 
Claims.) 
Of  aliens.     (See  Aliens.) 
Of    foreign    powers    against    United 
States.      (Bee  the  several  powers.) 
Of    United    States    against    foreign 
powers.  (See  the  several  powers.) 
Seferred  to,  2S3. 

Surplus  remaiuiug  ^ter  paj'nient  of 
awards,  dUcussed,  3173,  3247. 
Private  claim  SKamst  United  Btates- 
(Bee  Private  Claims.) 
Olalma,  Court  of.     (See  Courts.) 
darksbarg,  W.  Va.,  act  making  appro- 
priation to  continue  construction  of 
public    build  i  ng    at,    approved    and 
recommendations  regartnng,  4fl91. 
Olayton  Antl-TniBt  Law.-'To  enpplement 
exlxlLus  laws   agalmt    monapalleB   and   un- 
Iswrul  rPRtrnlDt  of  trade,  tbe  C1a;tOD  bill 
■pproTcd     Ort.     IS,     1014,     deSncs     "Com- 

rllorles     or     wltb     ro  reign     countries,     and 


uimiiuiunte  In  price  bilwcpn  dlfferpnt  pur- 
cbnners  at  commodllleB  wbere  tbe  enact  of 
Rucb  dlacrlminntlon  mar  be  to  aubBtaDtlallj' 
lexnen  competition  or  tend  to  create  s  moa- 
opal7  Id  nnj  line  of  commerce.  mnhlnR  al- 
lowance for  dlffereDce  In  coxt  of  selling  or 
trannportallo  


Rclllag  goods  mnr  also  aelcct  their  own 
cuntomern;  agreempnla  or  unflerglaQdlnga, 
SB  ■  condllloQ  of  trade,  tbnt  goods  of  a  cam- 
pptltor  are  not  to  be  bandied  are  declared 
nnlnn-fal.  Any  perBon  lojiiri'd  Id  bla  biixl- 
nena  b;  reason  of  Ibe  Tlnfntlnn  of  the  nnil- 
tnist  laws  mar  bus  In  B  Unflert  Stntcs  Court, 
■nd  recover  tbree  fold  tbe  damnge  Biixtalnrd 
br  him.  together  with  costs  and  attorney's 
tees.  Tbe  fianl  decree  In  any  criminal 
pnMCcntloD  under  tbe  aotl-tnist  lawp  Is 
made  prima  fafin  evidence  agnlnst  the  same 
detepdaut  In  sabsequent  actions,  except  In 


It  lodsments, 
■  Is  saq»ende 


and  the  atatnt*  of  tlml- 


talJ^D 

..  be  a  commodity  o.  — 

merce,  and  labor  unions  and  sgrlcultnral 
BBBOClatlons  Instituted  for  mutual  beaellt 
hnrlDg  no  capital  stack  and  Dot  conducted 
tor  pnifit^  are  exempt  from  tbe  operatloaa 
of  all  BDtl-truat  laws,  and  auch  orgaDlia- 
tlona  and  their  members  are  not  to  be  con- 
strued as  lUegsl  combinations  or  cansplta- 
cles  In  reatralnt  of  trade.  No  corporation 
mny  acquire  stock  Id  snother  conmiatlon 
wbore  tbe  effect  of  such  ucqnlsltlon  may 
be  to  IcBBCD  competition  between  tbe  two  or 
create  s  monopoly.  Holding  companies  are 
forbidden  except  for  Investment  purposes, 
and  stock  owned  by  boldiUE  compaiues  is 
allowed  neltber  vote  nor  proxy ;  aubaidiarT 
corporations  may  however  be  organised  for 
carrylDg  on  legitimate  brancbea  or  exten- 
sions or  bualness  when  tbey  will  not  sulh 
stant  laity  lessen  competition.  Ballroad 
companies  ms'  build,  own,  and  buy  stock 
Id  brancb  lloea  or  scgolre  conliol  of  other 
lines  Id  extension  of  tbelr  own  where  tne 
effect  will  not  tend  to  lessen  eompetlllon. 

Two  years  after  tbe  psssace  of  the  set 
no  person  shall  at  the  s — -^' —  '•-  -  -•■ 
tor  or  employee  of  i 

ving  an  aggregate  a  , 

,..000,000;  no  bank  lna_.    _   

Inbabitanla  aball  have  as  a  director  or  em- 
ployee any  private  banker  or  director  or 
employee  of  any  other  bank  attiuted  In  tba 
aame  town'  no  peraoa  ahall  at  tbe  same 
time  be  s  director  in  two  or  more  corpora- 
tions either  one  bavins  a  capital  la  excess 
of  tt.OOO.OOO  engaged  In  commerce  other 
than  banting  and   transportation.  It  such 

. —    have    theretofore    l>een    com- 

ibexslement  of  the  tnnds  of  a 
lar  by  an  officer  thereof  Is  made 

felony  pnotshsble  by  a  flue  of  tBOO  and 


.  time  be  a  dl' 

-. ,.-, than  one  bank 

having  an  aggregate  capital   In  < 


1  of  20U.O0O 


rXoS 


years  In  prison.  No  com- 
n  carrier  ahall  deal  In  aecurlUes  or  sup- 
«  or  make  contracts  In  excess  of  tS0,0Oa 
'car  witli  anotber  corporation  when  the 


bidder  for  auch  auppiles,  etc.,  nuder  pen- 
alty of  a  Que  of  125.000  for  the  company 
nna  15,000  tor  the  person,  with  a  year  In 
Jail  added  for  tbe  latter. 

Authority  Co  enforce  compllsnce  with  Ihla 
law  Is  rested  Id  the  InteraUle  Commerce 
Commission,  tbe  Federal  Eteserre  Board  and 
tbe  Federal  'irade  Commlaaion,  and  action 
be  btongbt  In  any  district  where  the 


dp^i 


d Pendant  Ib  known 


maact  bualoeaa. 


Individual  directors,  officers  or  sgeeli 

held  personally  rcaponaible  for  lioisCloiu 
the  set  and  subjkcf  to  a  One  of  (5,000  o 


United  Slates  Court*  may  Issue  Injune> 

tloua  to  restrain  Tlolstlons  of  this  act  upon 
evidence  of  danger  of  IrreparaCle  loss  pend- 
ing hearing ;  no  Injunction  may  be  granted 


„ _„    it    disputes    over 

of  employment   UDless   necesssry   to 

prevent  Injury  to  property  or  property 
rlghta :  (and  no  such  injimctlon  sbsll  pro- 
hibit perfKmn,  whether  singly  or  In  concert. 
from    CPOBlng    to    perform    work    or    from 

Seacefully  persuadlog  others  to  do  so,  or 
rom  ceasing  to  patronlae  or  employ  any 
party  to  aucb  dispute,  or  from  advising 
others  to  do  so,  or  from  paying  or  wlth- 
boldlne  strike  beoeflta  or  from  peacefully 
ssfembling  or  doing  sny  set  which  migbt 
lawfully  be  done  In  th«  abKDCe  Ot  ancb 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encycloptdic  Indtx 


Olajtaa  Anti-Tnut  iM9—0iMtt»utt. 
dlKiDt4L  and  Done  of  tbese  act*  iluill  b« 
coBsldeTCd  vlolstlonn  ol  tbe  Unlled  BCates 
laira.  IMMuedlence  to  laJuDCtloiu  la  made 
contemiit  ot  caart,  piiDlsbatile  bf  a  floe  ol 
«1,000,  parable  to  the  persoQ  Injured  bj 
tba  coQtcmpt. 

CUTtan-Bvlvor  Twaty.— Jobn  H.  Clay- 
ton, Secrttarj  ot  Btate,  In  1860  cooduded 
a  treatr  wltb  Blr  Henr;  Ljrttan  Bulwer, 
RpKKDtlDK   Qreat    Britain,    for   «»tab]leh- 


i   ahlp   canal 


'□■H  Klcaiagua 
MDtrol  of  canal 
partT.     "■ 


■Dd    foHiade    eiclualT' 

Mmmnnlcatlon  b;  eltbe.  , __ 

neded  br  the  Har-Pauncelote  Treatj,  [■i>- 
flcd  by  the  ScDate  of  tbe  United  States, 
Dee.  IT,  1901,  which  made  the  way  clear 
for  tbe  United  States  to  coaatmrt,  oWD  and 
operate  an  lethmlan  canal ■  (See  Qreat 
IMtatn,   TrMtlea   wltb.) 

OUTton-BnliraT  Treatjr: 

CoireBpoudenee    respecting,    referred 

to,  2583,  2897,  2908,  4758. 
Differences  regardio); — 
DiaeaBsed,  3039,  309S. 
Tmal  Mttlement  of,  3170. 
Propotitiou    to   refer,    to    ubitiv 

ment,  2896. 
Treaty  for  Mttlement  of,  diacuBHed, 
2973. 
DiBCDMcd,    2580,    2617,    2903,    2943, 

S117,  46S8. 
Propooed   modificationa    of,   referred 

to,  4653,  4662,  4694. 
Seferred  to,  4687,  4698,  47S2,  6662, 
S849. 
Wittrfm  HooM, — Ad  Initltntlon  let  up  bj 
b»nhint  houaea.  rallroail  eompaniea,  or  per- 
•on*  •Dcaged  m  any  department  of  trade 
or  flnance  who  bave  credit  traoaactlans 
wltb  cacti  other.  In  tbe  ronrae  of  a  day'i 
boslneai  each  bank  recelTea  rarloua  amaunta 
of  eomnerclal  paper  which  moat  be  debited 
to  the  aconnt  ol  other  banka.  and  la  Itaelt 
not  dldlkelr  tbe  debtor  to  one  or  more  other 
banka.  Before  tbe  eatabllabmcnt  of  tha 
elaarleg  taonee  It   waa   cnitomary  to  have 


bad  deallDffa  and  par 


_r  receive  tbe  differ- 
ence between  tbe  debit  and  credit  aldea  of 
tbe  account.  The  mllecllan  and  payment 
of  tbeae  balancea  became  a  laborloua  and 
dasnrona  part  ot  the  banking  bualnc 
To  do  away  w'"-  "■'- ■- — -"■ 


wltb  thiB  cumberai 


•   reqalred  t 
•  eltarlBf  honae  In  legal-tender  notei  o 


may  be  averted  by  all  the  banka 

which  are  membera  o(  tbe  clearlns  houae 
poollBS  their  reserve  fDOda  and  taklof  cer- 
tiScatea  therefor.  Tbe  asaoclated  banka  of 
New  York  in  this  nay  made  It  poaelble  tor 
tbe  government  to  aecure  tbe  neceaaary 
fund*  for  carrying  on  the  Civil  War.  The 
panic  of  1ST3  waa  checked  In  a  almllar 
manner,  aa  were  alio  tboae  of  1SS4,  18»0, 
and  1693.  In  1893  the  Clearing  Houae 
Aaaoclatlon  resolved  Chat  any  member 
might  present  to  the  loan  committee  Ita 
bllla  receivable  or  other  aecurltlea.  together 
wltb  Ite  own  obligation  and  receive  Ihere- 
(or  certlflcatea  lor  7B  yer  cent,  of  their  par 
value,  which  certlfloatcH  would  be  accepted 
In  Ilea  of  cash  Id  tbe  payment  of  balancea 
at  the  clearing  house.  Railway  comnaDlea 
and  tbe  varloua  produce  and  atocli  ex- 
■hangea  have  Introduced  the  clearlng-boase 
— . —  Into  their  boalneea.  Similar Tnatltn- 
been  eatabllebcd  In  moat  of  tbe 


Z 

laree    cltlea   of   the   country. 

The  clearing  house  principle 
ly  been  adopied  In  stock  a    ' 


t  sQnarlng 

.labed  Ib  Lo , 

nlDeteenth  century.  The  banka  of  New 
Tork  aaaoclated  and  began  doing  a  clearlng- 
bimae  bnilneoa  Oct.  11.  1803.  The  New 
Tork  Clearing  House  la  tbe  largest  In  the 
world.  The  member  banks  have  a  capital 
of  1176,800,000,  and  the  average  dally 
clearances  tor  1914  were  $200,236.7^2, 
and  tbe  dearioga  for  the  year  were  fSO.- 
700,844,971.29.  The  number  of  banka 
In  the  Clearing  Eonsa  Aasoclatloa 

alMtlT,    tbe    present    : ' —    •-■- 

All    toe    aceonnts    of    •. ,.    . 

banks  wltb  each  other  are  adjusted  In  Jul 
one  boor  each  day— between  10  •■"'  ' 
A.   H.    Tbe  debtor  banks  a-~   — 


lumber    being    62.       bom 


62 


._    ._    paying    £1b    Iosb.      Thus   If 
Broker  A  sell  cectnlo  aecurltlea   to  Broker 

B.  and  Broker  B  then  Bell  them  to  Broker 

C.  Who  later  sella   tbem   to   Broker  A,   the 
traDaactlona  cancel,  except  for  the  dllfeience 
In  price  agreed  npon  at  each  aale. 
Olraring  Hvoses  recommended,  4199. 
OIovBlaiid,  OroTer.— 18S6-as,  1893-97. 

(TiaBT  TEau,  lS8fi-18S9.) 
Twenty-Hfth   Administration — Democratic. 
Vice-PretUent — Thomaa  A.  llendricka. 
Beerttary  ot  Siotr- 

Thomaa  F.  Bayard. 
Bteretarv  of  the  litutuni — 
Daniel  Manning. 
Charles  S.  Falrcbild. 
Beorelarv  ot  War — 

WUliam  C.  Hndlcott. 
A  ttomtv-a  tneral — 

Augaaiua  II.  Garland. 
Foslmaiter-aencnil — 

— Q  F.  V"  - 

.  Dick' 
larv  of  (lie 

yilllam  C.  1 

Bearetary  of  tht  Interior — 
LaclUB  Q.  C.  Lamar, 
William  F.  Vilas. 
Bmnlary  of  A.aricu'tiiro~~- 
Kormao  J.  Coleman. 
Cleveland  was  elected  by  tbe  Democratic 
part;  In  1S84  and  In  1SS2.     Tbe  conyenllon 
which    met    at    Cblcogo.    loly    8-11.    1S84, 
nominated  him  on  the  second  ballot,  desplta 
the  bitter  opposition  of  Tammany. 

Platform.— The  platform  of  1884  recited 
tbe  fundamental  principles  of  Democracy ; 
charged  Ibe  Bepubllcan  party  with  fraud. 
Jobbery,  and  reckleasneas,  from  long  pos- 
session of  power ;  pledged  Democracy  to  a 
complrte  reform,  riEld  economy.  redncLlon 
nf  laiatlon,  and  a  lower  tarlft  for  revenaa 
:  devoted  Internal  revenues  to  penalons 
war  eipeudllurea  only;  favored  ao 
rlcan  continental  policy ;  hvlli^Tnl  In 
'St.  money  of  gold,  silver,  an 


.,.  iu..t.,ij  ,  o.rfrted  equal  Justice  (or 
Tgtd   the  choosing  ot  Federal  ofllcera 

favored  civil  aervlce  re- 


jyGooi^lc 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


lamia  Coi  MCtlcra,  pledged  ■oTemmcnt  pro- 
tection to  all  cltliena  at  home  and  abroad; 
opposed  ChlDcae  ImmlcratlMi :  adTocsted  a 

meiBare  ol  iDternal  ImproTementa ;  upheld 
Uemocracr'a  cfforta  for  commerce  and  tner- 
cbant  Duiiae;  and  paid  a  tribute  to  Sam- 
uel J.  TUden. 

OppotUion. — The  Repabllcan  N'allonal 
CoaTenilon  at  Cblcaio.  June  !l-<i.  1884,  nom- 
inated Jamea  Q.  Blaine  ovec  prealdent  Ar- 
tbiu,  on  the  ronrth  ballot.  Tbe  Oreenback 
National  ConTentlon  at  Indlanapolla.  Mi; 
£8,  1b84.  eomlDated  Benlamln  V.  Batter. 
Tbe  Prohibition  Convenllon  at  PlttabBrgb, 
Jul;  23,  1884.  nominated  Jobn  p.  at.  John; 
another  branch  o(  tbe  FroblbltlonlslB,  under 
the  nami  of  the  American  Prohibition  Con- 
Tentlon. met  at  Cblcago.  June  19,  1884.  and 
nominated  Samuel  C.  PameroT.  The  Eqnal 
Blghta  part;  In  coDvcntlon  at  Ban  Fran- 
ctaco,  SM>t  20,  1S84,  nomlotled  Belra  A. 
Lockwood. 

VdIb.— Tbe  popular  vote  of  tblrlj-elebt 
aiatea  nTe  CleTCland  4.874,980:  Blarne, 
4,891.981 ;  Butler,  1TS.37U  :  and  St.  Jobn, 
15ti.3U».  Tbe  electoral  vote,  counted  on 
Feb.  11,  18S5,  Kave  Cleveland  219,  and 
Blaine  182. 

Partu  AMliaHon. — Cleveland'i  political 
career  dated  from  bis  election  as  the  Demo- 
cratic maror  of  Buffalo,  where  (IBBl)  be 
curbed  eitraTaiance  and  violation  of  the 
Conatltutlon  and  charter  to  Bach  an  extent 
that  he  became  known  aa  Vbe  "vela  miror." 
Aa  sovernor  of  Nei*  York,  his  State  admln- 
lalratlon  waa  a  continuation  of  bis  courso 
ai  mayor  ot  BufCalo.  and  11  was  tbe  con- 
aplcnona  evidence  of  bla  ability.  IntCKrlty. 
and  eonalateney.  that  made  him  so  atrotig 
a  candidate  for  the  fresldeacy. 

PoMical  Complexion  of  Congreta. — Durlnf 
President  Cleveland'a  Brat  admir'-'— "  — 
ConKreBs  was  divided  politically  Sf 

In    tbe    Forty-r"--"    -^ ■ 

the    Senate,    ot 

compoBCd  of  thirty-four  DemocrntB,  forty- 
one  ItepublicaoB,  with  one  vacancy :  and 
tbe  House,  of  325  members,  was  mode  op 
of  182  Democrats,  110  RepubllcnnB,  two 
Nationals,  wHb  one  vscancy.  In  tue  Fifti- 
eth ConEreBB  {1887-1889)  tbe  Senate,  of 
leventy-Hii  members,  was  composed  of 
tblrty-Beven  Democrats  and  tblrty-nlQe  Re- 
publicans :  and  Ibe  House,  of  325  memben, 
was  made  np  of  170  DetnocrBtg  and  151 
Bepnbllcans.         , 

(BacoNn_^TIBM^^  1808-1897.)^ 


own  State. 

Flattorm, — The  platform  of  tfaa  Demo- 
cratic party  In  181)2  denounced  the  Eepnb- 
llcaa  parly  and  Its  admlnlBtratlon ;  made 
tbe  tariff  tbe  moat  Important  iasae  ot  the 
election  by  a  section  amended  In  open  con- 
vention In  which  tbe  UcKlnley  Tarllf  waa 
condemned  ai  daaa  leslBlatlon ;  eipo— d 
aham  reciprocity ;  demanded  control  of  tbe 
truats ;  repeated  tbe  public  laada  policy  ot 
former  year*;  reaffirmed  civil  service  ra- 
torm ;  favored  lealrlctlon  of  Chinese  Imml- 

Satlon ;  supported  Internal  Improvements; 
vored  the  construction  of  tbe  Nlearaxua 
Canal :  endorsed  tbe  World's  Columbian  Gi- 
poeltloQ.  tree  education  tbe  plan  to  admit 


nominated  Ben] a: 


i   Mlnneapolli,   June  T,  1892. 

nln   Harrison,  on  a  pUt- 

1,  reciprocity,  free  coinage 


extension  of  foreljjl  c.        .  __,   __ 

speecb,  oppoaltlon  to  trusts,  free  postal  de- 
livery, civil  service  reform,  bulldlnc  of  Nic- 
aragua Canal,  admission  of  Territories  to 
Statehood,  reclamation  of  arid  landa,  aym- 
_..w i.t  . pledgeB  Co  veterans. 


palby  wltb  Cempen 


(tress '(1885-1887) 


and  commendation  of  Harrison's  admlnlatia 
tlon.  Tbe  Prohibition  convention  at  Cin- 
cinnati, In  June,  1892,  nominated  Jobn  Bid- 
well.  The  National  People'a  Convention  at 
Omaba,  in  Jnly.  1892,  nominated  Jamsa 
B.  Weaver.  The  Socialist  Labor  Conven- 
tion, at  New  York,  nominated  Simon  Wbu. 
Vote. — Tbe  popular  vote  ran  ;  Cleveland, 
e,G5Q,543 ;  Harrison.  6,175,683 :  Weaver, 
1.040.888_^BIdweJL     255.841 ;     an^  y>^ 


Tioe-PraHdenl— Adlal  B.  Stsvenion. 
Secretary  of  Stat 
Walter  Q.  C- 


the  OovemmenL  and  lndlrect^_pald  by  t] 
people,  from  cnstoms  duties.  The  queatl' 
of  tree  trade  Is  not  Involved,  nor  Is  the 


Daniel  8.  Lament. 
A  tlornay-Oenerat — 
Rlcbard  Olney. 

Judson  Harmon. 

pMfm  ufer-Ocnem  t — 
Wilson  8.  BlsselL 
William  L.  Wilson. 

Btoretttrg  of  the  Woov — 


Btcrttary  of  igriciillure — 
J.  Sterling  MortoiL 
BBCOUD  T£Rir—;faffllnatloii.— Cleveland 
was  a  second  time  elected  President  of  the 
TTnlted   States  by  the  Democratic  narty     ■ 


the  election   heli   II    .„„..    .„..,      . 

tbe  Democratic  National  Convention  held  -.. 
i-11.1 I —  nn   .on.,   ^ ^  nominated 


vember.    1892,      At 


Chicago,  June  22,  1892,  be  v 


.._,   Ik  tor  the  (teneral  dlscnsslon 

of  the  wisdom  or  expediency  of  a  protec- 
tive EyBCem.  These  sentiment*  are  ex- 
pressed and  emphasised  in  his  Second  An- 
aaal  Message  (pase  6095),  and  In  hla  Third 
Annttal  Mesaage  (pace  5169)  the  sQblert  la 
again  urged.  In  bla  Fonrtb  Annual  Mea- 
•age    (page  6369)   tbe   President  paint*  a 

Elctnre  of  tbe  result  of  economic  condl- 
ions  as  be  sees  them  prodaced  by  tbe  In- 
equalities of  tbe  tariff  laws. 

In  the  elections  of  1890,  Hr.  Cleveland 
championed  the  cause  of  tarllf  reform  and 
made  It  the  Issue  of  tbe  elections.  When 
he  accepted  tbe  Presidential  nomlnatloD  In 
1802.  be  wrote  In  bis  letter  of  acceptance: 
"Tariff  reform  la  still  our  purpose,  Thongh 
we  oppose  the  theory  that  tariff  laws  mar 
be  passed  having  for  their  object  the  grant- 
ing of  dlscrlmlnatlna  and  unfair  goTem- 
raental  aid  to  private  venture*,  we  wage 
no  eitermlnating  war  against  any  AmericaD 
Interests.  We  believe  a  readjnstment  can  b« 
accompllBhed.  In  accordance  witb  the  prln- 
clT>le«  weprotess,  without  disaster  or  demo- 
lition. We  believe  that  the  advantagea  ot 
freer  raw  material  ahoold  Im  aecordiid  t* 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Eneyekptdk  Index 


enr  mADattctDren,  and  we  eontcmpUte  ■ 
fklr  and  careful  dIscribDtloii  of  necwMry 
tariff  baideDs,  ratber  than  tbe  prK:lpltBtion 
of  ft«c  trade."  Id  the  FIrel  Anoaal  Mea- 
aaca  ot  hU  aecond  admlnlBtratlan  (pase 
(UHK»  the  PreaMent  aald :  "Wblle  we  ahoDld 
■tanchij  adbere  to  the  principle  that  only 
the  neceral(7  of  revenue  Jastlfiea  the  Impo- 
aitloQ  of  tariff  duties  and  other  Federal  tax- 
ailoD  and  that  tbej  ahoaJd  be  limited  bj 
■trict  econoiu.  we  can  not  clou  oar  eyei 
to  llie  tact  that  conditlona  hare  Kcowo  up 
amonc  na  whlcb  In  Jasliee  and  fairness  call 
tor  dlacrl  ml  Dating  care  In  the  dlitrlbatlon 
o(  mch  duties  and  taxation  ai  the  etner- 
Cendea    of    oni    GoTcmment    actnallr    de- 

Fonigit  PoIkT'— In  hla  First  Annual 
Ueaaaga  (pan  493Z)  Prealdeot  Cleveland 
recommendeii  Incraaiied  appraprlatlooe  tor 
tbe  coDtnlar  and  diplomatic  serrlee.  At 
tbe  beslnnlns  of  bis  Mcond  admin  let  ration, 
tbe  Vrealdeiit  waa  obliged  to  confront  tbe 
grkre  •ItoAtlon  arlslnx  out  of  tbe  propoied 
auDtxallon  of  Hawaii  to  the  United  Sialei. 
The  queen  and  ber  mlDisterB  aaeerled  tbat 
at  tbe  time  ahe  fielded  to  tbe  proTtalonal 
■OTemment  abe  yielded  to  tbe  force  aud 
power  of  the  United  Slates.  Tbe  President 
mad*  the  matter  the  aublect  of  a  special 
mesaase  to  CouKTcaa  (page  6893)  Id  which 
be  atatea  tbat  "a  candid  and  thorough  ei- 
atulnatloD  of  tbe  (acta  will  force  tbe  -  — 


llctlon  oTer  anr  territory  which,  after  In- 
eaUBatloD,  we  nave  determined  of  rlgbt  to 
lelong  [O  Veneanela."     The  slsnlDg  of  th* 


,    _.    Waahlosii^ „ 

garded  aa  the  Drst  formal  Bciiuleacence  by 

Doptrini 


I  Euroitean  power  of  tbe  prlnclpiea  of  tbe 


__    accompanrlng 

. o(  the  smBller  republic* 

of  tbe  Sew  World  by  the  United  Statea. 

flHonca. — In   his   Flrat   Annual    Meaaage 
(page    1B2T)     the    President    dlscuBsed    iBe 


should  not  lead  to  a  misuse  or  the  per- 
Tsrsloo  of  this  power.  The  necessity  for 
snch  an  addition  to  the  nation  as  Is  com- 
pelled by  the  sllTer-colnage  act  Is  negatived 
I.-  .1..  ....  .t—  —  ..  .u,  present  time  only 

1  than"l65^o5o,000 
;    Uo  vera  men  t.   tbe 


In  the  poBseesIOD  of   t 

custody  of  which  baa  entailed  a  considerable 
expense  for  the  cooBtructioa  at  vautts  tor 
Its  dcpoglt.  Every  month  two  mllUona  of 
gold  dollars  In  the  public  Treasury  are  paid 


n  armed  ibvaslon  by 

tbe  United  States,"  and  that  the  over- 
tbrowinc  of  tbe  government  waa  brought 
about  "5r  a  process  every  atep  of  wblcb,  it 
may  aafely  be  asserted,  is  directly  traceable 
to  and  dependeot  for  it*  success  upon  tbe 
agency  of  tbe  United  Btates  acting  throngh 
l(a  diplomatic  and  naval  reprcaentatlrea." 
He  declined  fo  submit  the  treaty  of  snneia- 
tlon  again  to  tbe  Senate  and  advised  out 
miDlater  to  inform  the  queen  and  ber  ad- 
Tlaera  of  bla  dealra  to  reestablish  in  tbe 
latandB  Ibe  status  which  existed  before  the 
armed  luterterence  of  tbe  United  Htatea. 
The  Senate,  however,  recognised  the  new 
tepnbiic  In  1884.  and  the  matter  passed 
beyond  tbe  Jurisdiction  of  the  President. 
Id  18B5.  upon  the  outbreak  of  the  Inaur- 
rectlon  Id  Cuba,  the  President  took  Immedi- 
ate atep*  to  aecure  the  neutrnllly  of  the 
United  States.  Tboogb  resolutions  favor- 
ing tbe  recognition  of  the  inaursenta  as 
beNlgerenla  paaaed  Congress,  tbe  President 
disregarded  them,  and  Secretary  Olney 
nude  public  statement  of  the  nict  that 
they  were  regarded  by  tbe  administration 
only  aa   "an  expression  of  opinion  on  tbe 

rrt  of  a  number  of  eminent  gentlemen." 
second  proclamation  of  neutrality  waa 
Issued  tn  July,  18M  (nage  6126),  follow- 
ing the  appointment  of  General  Fltihugb 
Lee  aa  minlater  to  Cuba.  Tbe  entire  snl>- 
]eet  rcqtiircd  delicate  handling  of  relatlona 
witb  Bpaln  daring  the  rest  of  the  life  of 
the  admlDlatratlon.  Tbe  most  notable  act 
of  foreign  policy  during  the  administration 
wsB  tbe  Veneanela  Message  (page  S08T>  In 
wblcb  tbe  President  InformetT  ConKresa 
tbat  Great  BritalD  bad  refused  to  Bnbmlt 
the  question  of  boondary  between  Venein- 
ela  and  British  Oulana  to  arbitration ;  that 
a  commlaalon  aboold  be  appointed  by  Con- 
gress to  esamlne  Into  the  matter  of  boun- 
dary: that  approprlatlonB  should  be  made 
St  once  for  this  work ;  that  the  Commls- 
ahm  abonld  tcport  at  once.  Then  tbe  mes- 
sage reads;  ''When  sucb  report  is  made 
and  accepted  it  will,  in  my  opinion,  be 
tbe  dnty  of  tbe  United  Statea  to  realst  by 

1  in  iti  power,  as  a  wllfnl  '- 

on  its  rights  and  interests 
..r n     by     Orrst     Britain     of    .-j 

la  or  tb*  azcrclM  ot  goyenunental  latls- 


accomulated."     He  adds  that  t 


\l  leaS 

"This 

'ead;  began."     He 
__    _...^__.loQ    of   compulsory 

_-.      —   his   BecoDd   Aonual    Message 

ipage  COST)  he  reports  the  failure  to  dis- 
tribute sliver  dollars  amang  the  people,  and 
again  urges  the  suspenslao  of  coinage.  Id 
bis  speclsl  message  in  1893.  the  President 
diacuBsei  the  worklog  of  tbe  Sherman  act 
and  reports  (page  5S34)  dlsapiralnCmeDt  In 
Ita  effecta  He  said:  "Uudaabtedly  tbe 
monthly  pnrchaaea  by  tbe  Oovcmmeot  of 
4.000,000  ounces  of  silver,  enforced  under 
that  atatnte,  were  regarded  by  tboae  Inter- 
ested in  sliver  as  a  certain  guaranty  of  Ita 
iDcrtaae  In  price.  Tile  result,  however,  haa 
been  entirely  dlffercDti  for.  Immediately  fol- 
lowing a  apasmodlc  and  slight  rise,  (be 
price  of  silver  began  to  tall  after  tbe  paa- 
aage  of  the  act,  aod  has  slace  reached  the 
lowest  point  ever  IcnuwD."  In  hla  Third 
Anooal  MeBsnae  of  his  spcoDd  administra- 
tion (page  eOT2l,  Ihe  Preiildent  gives  a 
tHatat  ot  the  legUlatlon  relating  to  silver 
colnngc  and  tbe  attendant  train  of  flnenclal 
troublea. 

CTcil  gentfce  Betorm.— Id  bla  First  An- 
nual Message  (page  4048)  President  Cleve- 
land said :  "Civil  Service  reform  enforced 
by   taw    came    none   too   soon    to   check    the 

trogresa  of  de moral iiat Ion.  One  of  Ita  ef- 
?cts.  not  enoagh  regarded.  la  the  freedom  It 
brings  to  the  political  action  ot  those  con- 
servative and  sober  men  who.  la  fear  of 
tbe  coDfusloD  and  rlBk  attending  an  arbi- 
trary and  sadden  change  in  all  the  public 
offlces  wllb  a  ehaoge  of  party  rule,  cast 
their  ballota  against  snch  •  change."  "Tlie 
civil  Bervlce  law  does  not  prevent  the  dla- 
charge  ot  the  Indolent  or  Incompetent  clerk, 
and  It  doea  prevent  aupplying  his  place  wltb 
ttie  unfit  party  worker.''  In  bis  Second  An- 
nual Message  (page  OllSt  be  saya  that  w*"" 


.lontry  ever  snbmIC  to  the  baulsbmenl  ot  It. 
nnderlylng  principle  from  the  operation  of 
thetr  Oovemmenf  they  will  abandon  the 
Bureat  gDaranty  Ot  the  safety  and  the  snc- 
pss  of^  American   Instltotlons  "     "■-■■--- 


.._..._._         B347  rl  miT.l.     In  the  First  Annual 

and  interesta.  the      Heaaage  of  hla  aecand  admlnlatratlon  (luge 
~  "   '  (S8iB8).  In  siieaking  of  tbe  working  of  the  re- 

form, the  President  aald :  "Tbe  law  embody- 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Olttvduid,  Grover— CoHtlnwtf. 

lug  tbli  reform  louDd  Iti  way  to  onr  itatnt^ 
books  mora  from  frar  of  tbe  popular  seall- 
ment  rilBtlng  Id  lu  fHvar  thui  from  any 
loTe  for  tbe  reforia  Itaelf  on  tbe  part  of 
leslalaton,  and  It  has  lived  and  growa 
and  Bouriahed  Id  apUe    '  "'  ""  "    — ' 


eO30.      Uli  last  ofllclBl   word  ngardlDg  the 

if  the  reform  appfara  Id  bla  Fonrtb 

■   biB   Bpcoud  a---'-'-— 
..    „  _jra  the  Presli 

"Tbe  progreu  made  In  civil  wiv 
fnnilBbea  a  cbubb  for  tbe  utmost  roDgratula- 
tloQ.  It  has  surrlved  Ibe  donbta  of  III 
fripndi  as  well  as  the  raoror  of  its  enemies. 
and  haa  SBinrd  a  permanetit  place  among 
tbe  agencies  deillned  to  cleanse  onr  politics 
and  to  Improve,  economlie,  and  elevate  the 
pabllc  Berrlce." 

A I  the  begiunlnK  of  Prealdent  Cleveland's 
administration,  he  came  Into  Bcrlone  con- 
flict wtib  many  InflucDilal  mpn  of  his  own 
party,  who  aouaht  tht  Immfdlatc  removal 
of  Rcpnbllcan  offlce-haldcrs  la  make  wa;  for 


fhl 


SnocratL  that  the  party  orninlzBt' 
■  ht  be  thereby  alrengthened.  It  was 
.  time  that  thi  .       ..   _       . 


EBtlon 


thereby  alrengthened.      .,    ... 

■'       — ressJ on  "offensive  pi 

— .   though  the   t 


ahlp"  as  It  HppeBrB  in  hiR  Fiecolvte  Order 
Dpon  the  anbject  (page  0079).  BIb  special 
message  (page  4960)  refusing  on  cobsiIiu- 
tlonal  groands  to  accede  to  tbe  Senate's 
request  for  papers  regarding  appointments 
and  dlstDlsaila  brongbl  about  a  stroggle 
with  CongresB  and  Its  refusal  to  sanction 
his  nominations. 
Cll«TeUnd,  OTOTsri 

Advancement  and  progress  of  TTnited 

States  disenssed  hj,  63SS. 
Aiiuual  messages  of,  4909,  S082,  6105, 

G3SS,  5S66,  G9S5,  60SS,  6146. 
ArbitratoT — 
In  boundary  dispute  between  Argea- 
tine  Hepublic  and  Brazil,  &887. 
Award  of,  discussed  by,  60SS. 
Of  claim  of  Italy  against  Colombia, 
63?8. 
Biograpfaical  sketch  of,  4882. 
Bland-Allison  Act  discussed  by,  4927, 

S097,  5373. 
British  minister's  interference  in  po- 
litical affairs  of  United  States  and 
action  of,  respecting,  5365,  G39S. 
Civil  Service  discussed  by,  4948,  4974, 
S112,  6201,  5348,  5399,  5429,  5882, 
6889,  5972,  6974,  6982,  6171.     (See 
also  Civil  Service.) 
CoDgresB  requested  by;  not  to  take 
recess  tmtil  enactment  of  financial 
legislation,  6092. 
Correspondence  requested  by  Senate 
respecting  relations  with  Spain  re- 
fused by,  6101. 
Cnban    inaurreetioa    and    policy    of 
United    Btates    regarmng,    dis- 
cussed by,  6068,  6148. 
Beferred  to  by  President  McKin- 
ley,  6291. 
Coireney  legislation  plan  of,  indorsed 
by,  6988. 


Discussed    by,    6993,     6999,     W7S, 
6091,  6175. 
Death    of,    announced   by   BooseTelt, 

6961. 
Discretionary  power  of  President  over 
nominations,    removals,   and   other 
acts  discussed  by,  4960. 
Finances    discussed    by,    4924,    5092, 
6097,  5185,  5371,  5833,  6875,  6964, 
6985,  5993,  5999,  6072,  6091,  6155, 
6175. 
.  Foreign    policy    discussed    by,   4913, 
5867,  5871,  6873,  5892,  6955,  6963, 
6064,  6068,  6087,  6148. 
Inaugtiral  address  of— 
First,  4884. 
Second,  5821, 
Legation  asylum  diaenssed  by,  5867. 
Monroe  doctrine  reasserted  by,  606^ 

6087. 
Pocket   vetoes   of,   5070,  6071^   5072, 

5073,  6193. 
Portrait  of,  4882. 

Powers  of  Federal  and  State  Qovein- 
ments    discnsaed    by,    4960     4992, 
4996,  5142,  5363,  5412,  6422,  5924, 
6010,  6109. 
Proclamations  of — 

Admission  of  XJUh,  6120. 
Canadian  vessels  permitted  to  aid 
disabled    vessels     in    Ameiiean 
waters,  5828. 
Chicago  riots,  5931. 
Copyright  privilege  to^ 
Chile,  6126. 
Denmark,  5827. 
Hexico,  6022. 
Portugal,  5830. 
Spain,  6024. 
Death  of — 
Grant,  4893. 
Gresbam,  6022. 
Discriminating  duties  suspended  on 
vessels  from— 
Cuba  and  Puerto  Bice,  5075,  5155. 
Philippine  Islands,  6155. 
Duties  suspended  on  vessels  from — 
Boca  del  Tore,  Colombia,  4895. 
Cuba   and    Puerto   Bico,   stiapen- 

sion  of,  revoked,  6071, 
Qermany,  6326. 

Revoked,  6120. 
Qienada,  6SS0. 
Quadelonpe,  5327. 
Netherlands,  5154. 
Trinidad,  4889. 
Extraordinary  seasion  of"— 
Congress,  6828. 
Senate,  6428,  6230. 
Importation  of  cattle,  probibitioa 
on,  suspended,  6025. 

Granted  Chicago,  Milwaukee  and 
St  Paul  Bailway  forfeited. 
6944. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Indtx 


CloflUng 


dovtlisd,  Oiorer— OMHsiMd. 

In  Oreer  County  bounds^  dis- 
pute not  to  be  sold,  532a. 
Opened  to  settlement,  5S38,  6016, 

60JS,  6020,  6026. 
Set  apart  as  public  reBervation, 
8659,  S864,  6]22,  6205,  6207, 
6209,  6211,  6213,  6215,  6216, 
6216,  6219,  6221,  6222,  6226, 
6227. 
Ksdif fing  order  reaerving  lands  in 

Alaska,  6128. 
Neutrality  in  insoTTection  in  Cuba, 

6023,  6126. 
Order  restoruig  Sionx  lands  to  pub- 
lic domain  declared  void,  4890. 
Pardons  to  polygamists,  5942. 
ProTenting  extermination  of  seals  in 
Bering  Sea,  5826, 5926,  6015,  6123. 
Tbanksgiviug,     4895,     6076,     51G6, 

5326,  5866,  5943,  6025,  6127. 
Unauthorized  occupancy  of — 
Indian  Teservations,  4892. 
Lands  in  Indian  Territorj,  4888. 
Unlawful  combinations  in — 

Washington  Territory,  4896, 6073. 
Western  States,  6932. 
Unlawful  indosorea  of  pnblic  lands, 
4693. 
BemoTals  from  office,  transmission  of 
papers  regarding)  refused  bj,  4960. 
Bight  of  asylum  discussed  by,  5961. 
Sherman   Act,  repeal  of  purchasing 
clause  of,  5875,  6073,  6074. 
Beeommended  fay,  5833. 
Special  session  message  of,  6833. 
Slate  of  the  Union  discossed  by,  4909, 

6358,  614a 
Tariff  discussed  by,  4926,  5093,  5169, 

S36S,  6890,  6984,  6173. 
Thanksgiving  proelaniations  of,  4S95, 
6076,  6166,  6328,  6865,  6943,  6025, 
«127. 
Union  and  Confederate  flags,  return 
of,  to  respective  States  recom- 
mended by,  6163. 
Proposition  withdrawn,  5164. 
Teto    of   bill,    authorizing   Arkansas 
N.  W.  By.  Co.  to  construct  railway 
through  Indian  Territory,  6012. 
Washington's   inanguration,   celebra- 
tion of  centennial  of,  6371. 
Olothlng  Tradei—It  la  onlr  within  recent 
times    tbat    the    niano  facto  re    ot    ready- 
made  elotnlns  csme  to  b«  looked  npan  as  aa 
Indoitrr  InrltlnK  the  Investment  of  capital 
tnd  the  enrrglea  of  trained  buslncHs   men. 
Friar  to  1830  the  bniilnen  seems  to  hsTe 
been  limited  to  ihtpplDg  lupplr  merebanta, 
irha    kppt     a    small     stock     ot     KDrmenla 
■dspteil  ID  the  DM  of  sailors,  who  found  no 
time  between  arrlTal  at  and  depsrtnre  trom 
ports  to  hoTo  clothes  made  to  tbelr  mes- 
■nre,  as  was  the  custom  smong  tbe  landa- 
men.      The  chief  shtppins  jwrti^   therefore, 
beesne  the  enrlj  centers  of  Che  readr-made 
riulUns  trade.     New   Bedford.   Mshh.,   Iha 
home  port   of   the   whaling   Induatrr,   was 
tka  early   nneleos  of  the  trade.'   It  then 


dcpKTtBrs  o(  gofd^eekers  tor  California  In 
1849,  KiLve  an  Impetus  to  the  baslaess.  and 
tact  or  lea  and  stores  carrying  made-up 
■tocas  beian  to  succeed  custom  tailor  sbops. 
Que  ot  the  llrit  to  eUBSse  In  the  whole- 
sale manufacture  of  clolhlng  was  George 
Opdjte,  once  mayor  o(  New  York,  who 
bepun  bualueaa  In  18:11.  He  and  his  auc- 
cesaors  oeetaed  stores  In  New  Orleans,  Mem- 
phis and  CharleBton.  wbkb  were  carried  on 
until  the  close  ot  the  civil  wnr.    The;  sup- 

SUed  mostly  the  cooraer  grades  of  clolblng. 
obn  T.  Martin  coDdacted  a  prosperons 
builnesa  In  Bt.  Louis  before  the  civil  war, 
oat  of  which  grew  the  present  11  rm  of 
"  Peet  ft  Co.,  of  New  York.     Thomas 


1848,  and^opened^a's'tore'ln  New"'York'°  fa 
1848  John  B.  BrowDlog,  of  New  York,  es- 


whlcb  ha  fou 


Inr  for  tbe  Uulon  army. 
le  TnTeDtlon  of  tbe  aewlng  machine  oon- 
n  foctory  walia  much  of  the 


machine,  wllh  a  capacity  (or  twenty-four 
thlcknessea  ot  cloth,  further  cbeaneDCd  the 
work.     The     following     flgiires     ahow     the 

..,..-1....    «#    *l™-    I..     n.J*«-P.  -    -"- 


lying  of  time  In  the  malilDg  ot  100  anlts 
ot  clothes   under   tbe  tactory   Sfatem ; 

Br  the  use  of  tbe  Bpouglng  machine  the 
cloch  for  100  coats  Is  prepared' by  two 
persons  In  1  hour  and  48  minutes,  hi 
agnlnat  11  houri  and  10  miQutes  by  band; 
for  100  pairs  of  troUBers  tbe  time  Is  1 
hour  and  8  minutes,  as  against  8  hours  and 
20  mlQulea  by  band:  for  100  Teats  the 
time  is  20  mhiutea,  against  S  hours  and  20 
minutes.  )ly  use  ot  a  macblne  cutting  la 
thicknesses  of  cloth,  tbree  persons  now 
consume  4  hours  and  S2  minutes  In  cut- 
ting out  100  coots,  against  33  hours  and 
20  mlnutPK  when  cnt  by  hand;  for  the 
trousers  (he  machine  lime  Is  now  B  hours 
aod  S8  minutes,  against  18  hours  and  40 
minutes  by  band  ;  and  for  the  rests  1  hour 
and  84  minutes,  against  11  hours  and 
40  minutes.  The  sewing  of  the  scams 
Bhowa,  of  course,  the  ereatest  saving. 
While  It  took  1,000  hours  to  aew  the  eoafa 
by  hand,  It  takes  only  66  bours  and  40 
m  Id  II  tea  on  the  power  driven  eewing 
mochlne:  for  the  trousers  the  hand  time 
was  433  bours  and  20  minutes;  by 
macblne,  64  hours  and  IT  minutes.  For 
sewing  the  vests  tbe  hand  time  was  416 
hours  and  40  minutes  and  by  mnchlue  64 
hours  and  35  minufps.  Other  operations 
have   been   correspoudlngly  cheapened, 

A  peculiar  feature  of  tbe  men's  clothing 
bnsltiess  Is  that  about  thrce-flrihe  of  the 
establlshmentB  make  clotblug  by  contract 
from  materials  (urnlebcd  by  others. 
Though  the  sweat-shop  has  twcn  partially 
eliminated  msny  of  the  factories  are  amslL 
Tbe  total  number  reported  by  tbe  last 
census  was  4,830,  and  of  these  8,217  Were 
contract  abona.  The  number  of  wage- 
earners  wss  1tS,T47.  ot  whom  67,801  were 
emnloyed  In  the  contrncc  shops  and  126.- 
loe  In  the  reEtilar  tactorles.  In  the  mnt- 
!,^1,  2^„''""'"  "**  contract  sbops  paid  (33.- 
2S,1.nBn,  and  the  retnilar  tnctorlps  paid 
100,360,962.  Tbe  tntal  Talue  ot  the  pr-d- 
nct  was  M08.2in.B8S,  of  which  ^28- 
104,626  was  added  by  maanfaeture.  Of 
this   latter   mm   the   contract   shops   cim- 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


dottilng 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


riuuLvu    m^^.aoitjtiit^    sua    toe    r^ffOlAr    : 
j)rl«   |]90.I69.E>11.     These   flsnres  do  .«,.. 
Include  ihictB  and  fnrnlNbLng  gooda. 

Woman's  Clothing.— The  manulacture  of 
wotaen'*  clothing  as  &  commercial  InduBtry 
did  not  icarc  until  Ibe  eaclf  ■iitlcs.  AC 
that  time  onJj  cloaks  and  maDtlUsB  were 
made  for  the  trade.  Until  1680  the  trafllc 
in  women's  resdr-made  clothing  was  con- 
floed  almost  entirely  to  doaka.  About  this 
time  the  ladles'  suits  braoch  was  estab- 
llahed.  During  Che  last  decade  all  the  dll- 
ferent  anlcles  which  are  cDmorlBed  In  the 
collective  term   lingerie  have  been   pat  on 


<m    lines    i 


nllar 


branch   of  the   business,    and   women  biiTe 
■Imost  entlrelr  dtaplaced  men. 

"^'    '--'    reported    *,BB8    fac- 


tories and  shops,  emplorlnK  163.^43  wage- 
eamera.  turning^  out  a  DDlsbed  product 
valued  at  1384;Tei,64S.  of  wblcb  amount 
ilTG, 963,423  was  added  bf  Dianntaclure. 
Tbla  Bhona  the  remBrkabls  Increase  from 
1860  wtien  tbere  were  0DI7  188  abopa  em- 
ploying 6,739  workers. 

Coal  Flelda  of  Alaska,  7720. 
Goal  Lands.— The  United  States  leads  the 
world,  both  In  the  prodactlon  at  coal  and 
the  extent  of  Its  coal  fields.  The  area  of 
known  deposits  Is  nearly  280.000  square 
mllea.  The  average  annual  jleld  for  Ore 
fears  endlns  with  IftOS  waa  about  4aa,- 
000,000  tons.  This  la  worth  about  fl.CO 
per  ton  at  the  mlnei 
The  coal  fields  a 


grouped   for   c 

?.._..  _g  dlvlalons:  T 
siachlan,  eiteadlDg  from  near  tbi 
ork   and.  FannsjlTaula   Btate   line 


? siachlan,  eiteadlDg 
ork  and  Fannsjlva: 
weaterly  through  tbe 


, „ ji  half  of  Penn- 

•rlranla  and  eastern  Ohio,  western  Marj- 
land.  soDthveBt  Virginia,  all  of  West  Vir- 
ginia, eastern  Kentucky  and  Tynnesaee  Into 
north  central  Alnbaioaland  covering  about 
TO.SOO  square  miles.  The  eastern  Interior 
Bel  da  cover  western  Indiana,  nearlj  tb« 
whole  State  of  Illinois,  and  part  of  Sen- 
toeky,  and  are  about  BB.OOO  Bquare  miiea 


__   The  west  central  field  extends 

from  western  Iowa  across  western  Missouri, 
Dortb western  Arkanaaa  and  eastern  Ne- 
braska and  Kansas,  and  through  Oklahoma 


of  the  Homestead  a^..     

ISOT,  President  Rooaeveit  sent  a  second 
speclai  message  to  Congress  nrging  legisla- 
tion for  the  preservation  of  ths  coal.  oil. 
lumber  and  grsalng  lands  (page  74181.  He 
especially  urged  that  tbe  Oovernment  be  au- 
thorised to  retain  title  to  the  coal  laada 
with  a  s/sCem  of  leasing  for  mining  oar- 
poses.  He  pointed  ant  that  aame  sueti 
system  baa  been  adapted  in  every  coal  min- 
ing country  of  Europe  except  Great  Britain. 
Among  the  advanlaies  he  pointed  out,  werv 
the  preservation  of  fuels  eBpecially  Bolted 
to  certain  Industries,  lacressed  opportunities 
for  coal  miners  without  eapltai.  tbe  pro- 
tection of  tbe  public  against  unreasonable 


disconnected  1 


Withdraws]  of,  from  entry  or  settla- 
ment  and  Kovemment  ownership  of, 
reeomaended,  7038. 
Removal  of  duty  on  anthracite,  reeom* 
mendedj  6714. 
OoaUii«  BUUons.  (See  Navsl  Btatlons.) 
Ooal-Tar   Ptodscta.— PopnUr   interest   In 
coal   tar   Is   centered   mainly    In   dyestnfl^ 
and  the  other  refined  drugs  and  chemkals 
derived   from   It      The   United    States   for 
commercial     reasons     has     developed     Utile 
mannfactui^    of    these    products,    and    has 
been  dependent  upon  European  nations  for 
the  bulk  of  her  supply. 

In  considering  why  this  condition  edsta 
there  must  be  borne  In  mind  the  (act  that 
made  into  drugs  and  dyes.  The  other  90 
per  cent,  suited  only  for  the  manufact&rs 
of  pitches  and  various  heavy  oils,  forms 
the  baels  of  an  Industry  already  well  de- 
veloped in  the  TjQlted  States.  Coal  tar. 
however,  Is  not  the  only  mnrce  of  what 
and  drugs.  fcK«llcd  "gas  bensoL"  or  light 
oil,  which  Is  abstracteir  from  coal  gas.  and 
la  therefore,  like  tar,  a  by-prodDCt  of  the 
earboDlsatlon  of  coal,  constltates  an  Itn- 
portant  commercial  Bonrce  of  these  refined 
products.  "Qas  bensol,"  unlike  tar,  has  no 
constltDentB  that  cannot  be  utilised  In  mak- 
ing dyes  BBd  refined  chemical  preparations. 
About  2S  per  cent  of  the  combuied  yield 
of  tar  and  "bensol"  may  be  made  into  tbe 
dyes,  drugs,  and  refined  chemicals  for  which 
America  has  heretofore  practleatly  depend- 
ed on  aermany.  The  gross  market  valoe 
of  these  reBned  products  made  from  the  SB 


rado  and  New   Heiica,   and   have  _   

area   of   some   43.600   aqDare    miles.     The 
Pacific  coast  coal  Delda  occur  In  Cailfamla, 


Oregon  and  Washington.  Tliose  of  Wash- 
Ingfon  are  of  the  roost  Inportanee,  sapply- 
Ing  fuel  for  railroads  and  ateamsblps,  si 
well  as  the  market  of  San  Francisco. 

Owing  to  the  discovery  of  collusion  on 
the  psrt  of  the  Union  Pacific  Hallroad  and 
subsidiary  companies  In  the  acquisition  at 
coal  lands.  President  Booaevelt.  through  the 
Interior  Department.  In  December,  lIK>e, 
Withdrew  from  settlement  64.000.000  acres 
of  mineral  landa  In  North  and  South  Da- 
kota, Uontans,  Wyoming,  Colorado,  New 
Ueilco,  Utah.  Washington  and  Oregon.  Of 
this  land  28.000,000  acres  were  later  opened 
to  entry.  In  Deeemt»er  tbe  President  sent 
a  special  message  to  Congress  nrging  the 
npsal  or  rsvlslon  of  ths  timber,  stona  and 


..  _ well  suited  f...   .__iuB  ui 

tbe  tar  products  consumed  In  the  conntrr. 
In  the  calendar  year  1913  the  United  Statea 
produced  aboDt  ISD.ODO.OOO  gallona  of  coat 
tar  and  7,G00,D00  gallons  of  "gas  bensoL" 
less  than  SOO,000  gallons  of  tar  being  Im- 
ported.   The  output  of  bltnmlnons  cm,  the 


than  4T(!.000,000  tons.  Germany,  with  si 
coal  output  of  only  290,000.000  tons  In  the 
same  year,  produced  n "■ —  ni.i»,««A-i~ 

gallons   of  coal   tar   ■ 


wHm,  the  United  Statea  Ilia  behind.    Qer- 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Coast 


OoU-Tu  Fradscts — Oonttmuai. 
loAaj  exported  Id  the  flscAl  rMr  ending 
Jane  30.  1013,  coal-tar  dyeBntTa  wortE 
orer  SOS.OOChOOO,  whereaa  the  United  Btatpa 
In  the  aame  year  imported  drestuffa  vorth 
(10.000,000 — pnctlcallT  the  entire  conanmp- 
tlon.  'Tiro  raw  matenali  are  the  aources 
or  the  Bo-called  "coal-tar  prodnctB,"  namely. 
crude  coal  tar  Itaelt,  and  light  oil  or  "ben- 
aol"  atrlpped  rrom  coal  ga*.  The  tar  and 
"beniol"  produced  from  American  coal 
need  not  be  In  anr  way  Inferior  to  those 
prodaced  in  Rnrope.  Tbis  niuntr;  produces, 
oovevcr.  less  than  one-third  of  the  auan- 
aiT  of  tar  and  abeat  7  per  cent  of  the 
(piantltr  of  "bemot."  In  addition  to  the 
coal  remaining  in  tbe  great  fields  of  coking 
coal  In  wealem  PenDBylvanla,  which  pro- 
dD«a  over  SO  per  cent  of  the  coke  made 
In  the  United  BUtea.  thla  conntty  has  an 
entirely  adeqnale  aonrce  of  tar,  "beniol." 
and  other  by-prodncts  in  tbe  coking  coals 
of  other  dUb^cU.  Coal  fields  In  West  Tlr- 
Rinla,  Virginia,  and  eaateni  Kentucky  which 
now  Bupplj  many  by-product  coke  arena  and 
|U  works  may  M  dt«wti  on  for  much  more 
coking  coal  than  thej  now  prodace. 

Oil  and  w«t«r-gaa  tara  lormcd  from  tbe 
petrolenm  nsed  In  the  manufacture  of  gas 
<rB»  nrodaced  In  the  United  States  In  1912 
amount  of  83.980,000  gallona.     Coal 


■eparatcd  by  dlstiilatloo  Into  a 
t  ftaeUoDB,  each  of  which  serves 
*-.  .i. ^.._^  o(  certain 


100,000,000  Kallc_„  „ —    

at  nearly  16,000.000,  were  consumed  In  the 
United  State*  In  the  year  1913  for  the  I 


treatmcDt  of  railroad  ties,  and  d 


Aniline  Dyet  nre  made  chiefly  from  h<^ 
tene.  totnene,  and  phenol.  "Anlliue  oil 
tbe   crude    In  termed  late   prodact    made   1 


line  dyes  roannmed  In  this  country  annually 

wonid  probably  not  regolre o  n~m.Tn 

gallons   of   "benmol." 

Saphthalens  [■  the  source  of  a  large  num- 
ber of  dyes  produced  through  various  In- 
termediate products.  The  eosln  dyes  are 
drrlved  from  resorcin.  a  benzene  product, 
and  phthallc  acid,  a  naphthalene  product. 
Arilfictal  tndlgo.  made  from  naphthalene. 
irSH  Imported  Into  the  United  States  In 
191.1  to  the  amount  of  neatly  8.000,000 
pounds,  valued  at  tl.lSO.Ooa  Nanbthalene 
enough  tor  making  tbe  dyea  of  this  class 
Died  In  America  could  be  obtained  from 
tbe  domestic  production  of  coal  —  *  ~ 
age  tar  carriea  between  5  per  e 
per  cent  of  napbtbalene. 

Albarin  Dyea  are  made  from  anthracene. 
As  adequate  mpply  of  anthracene  tor  these 
dyea  ia  at  hand  In  American  coal  tar.  Be- 
tween 1  per  cent  and  2  per  cent  crude 
■nihraceoe  Is  contained  In  coal  tar,  and  the 
amonnt  of  pure  anthraceue  In  the  tar  pro- 
duced In  the  United  States  In  lOlS  was 
probably  at  least  8,000,000  oounds.  In  tbe 
nme  year  the  Imports  of  alliaHn  dyes  were 
more  than  8,000,000  pounds,  valued  at 
11,826.000. 


Pure  Phenol  (or  carbolic  acid)  occurs  In 
the  light  and  middle  oils  or  In  the  special 
"carb^ic-oU"  fraction  of  coal  tar.  Between 
0.3  BDd  I.O  per  cent  ol  the  average  crude 
tar  la  phenol.  It  may  be  manufactured 
synthetically  also  from  benzene  through 
beniene-sulpbonlc  add.  About  8,300,000 
pounds  of  carbolic  acid  were  Imported  Into 
the  United  States  In  1913.  Phenol  Is  used 
not  only  ae  a  drug  and  antiseptic,  but  also 
to  a  considerable  extent  In  tbe  manufacture 
of  picric  add  tor  eiploslrea  and  of  certain 
dyeHtuffs.  Another  use  of  growing  Impot- 
tsoce  Is  tbe  manufacture  of  bsrd.  Infualble, 
amorphous   au  beta  aces   resembling   ce  Haloid. 

Benzoic  and  SaUcyUo  Acidi,  tbe  pboto- 
grttphlc  developers,  metol,"  rhodol,"  or 
■clon,"  hydroqulnone,  etc.,  many  drags, 
sach  as  acetanlllde,  phenacetlD,  Baccbsrln, 
antlpyrlne,  acetyl  salicylic  acid  (aspirin), 
and  a  grest  variety  of  other  lefloed  cbem- 
<«!  nroducts  Daed  In  compnrstlvely  small 
-itles,  are  derived  from  coal  tar,  chiefly 

•m  the  llgbt-oll  or  carboIlc-oII.  fraction, 
large  part  of  the  amount  consumed  in 
the  United  States  bas  been  imparted. 

Eaplosiueg,— The  coal-tar  products  of 
greatest  Importance  ae  raw  materials  in 
the  eiploslvea  Industry  of  tbe  United  States 
are  benzene,  toluene,  naphthalene,  and  phe- 
nol (carbolic  acid).  As  eiploslvce  the 
□ItrosubstitutlaQ  orodncte  of  coal-tar  de- 
rlvatlres  are  UBCd  as  bursting  charges  for 


and  "straight"  nltroRlyccrln  dynamite,  con- 
tain no  coal-tar  derivatives. 

The  nllrotoluenes  are  more  extenUvely 
nsed  In  tbe  eiplonlves  Industry  thsn  any 
other  nitrontibstltatlon  compounds.  Pure 
crystalline  IrlDltrololnene  has  proved  one 
of  the  most  eflldent  eiploalres  for  use  la 
eiploHlvc  abella,  torpedoes,  and  mines,  and 
Is    extensively    used    by   almost    every   im- 

Sortant  military  service,  Including  that  of 
Ills  cauotry.  In  recent  years  It  bas  also 
come   Into   use  as   a  substitute   for 

Eroportlon  of  the 
joators   (blasting  ,    ..   _ „ 

for  detonating  fuse.  The  nltronaphthalcne 
are  used  to  some  extent.  cbleBf  a>  sen-' 
tliers  In  the  "short-flame"  permissible  ( 
plosives  of  the  ammonlum-oltrate  type. 

PierUi   AcM    and    certain   of   the    plcrat 
are  highly  Important  aa   military  shell   t 
plosives ;    tbe    add    Is    also    employed 
surgical  a "~—  ''"  ■" "■ """ 


Iminate  In  de- 


arge 


bums  and  wounds. 

of  theee  compounds  de- 

8.000,000       pends  entirely  on  phenol  (carbolic  acid)  da 


._.  posalbllltles  of  the  use  of  the  n.„. 
derivatives  of  coal-tar  products  In  explosive 


911  It.      The    Bureau    of 

a  systematic  research 

Into  the  preparatlooR  and  nroperties  of  the"e 

.,.^.        stndying  their  possibilities  In  the  eiplo^ves 
and  10      industry. 

Ooast  And  O«odfltlc  Burver.— The  Coast 

and  Oeodetic  Survey  of  the  Department  of 
Commerce  la  charged  with  the  survey  of 
tbo  coasts  of  the  United  States  and  coHata 
under    the    Jnrlsdiction     thereof,     stid     tbe 

Publication  of  charts  covering  said  coasts, 
his  includes  base  measure,  trlnngulallon, 
topcsraphy  and  hydrography  along  said 
coasts ;  the  survey  of  rivers  to  the  head  of 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


OoMt  KoA  0«odfltlc  Snmf— Omttamd. 
vatlona  alone  Mid  coaiU  and  throdgboat 
tbs  dull  and  Japaa  itreami,  maxnetle  ob- 

—  ^nj  rewatchea  and  tbe  PQbllea- 

)■   abowlDg   tha   varlatloaa   of 

juagnetiam ;    gravity    Ttwarcb, 

nlnatEon  of  belgbca,  (be  detarmlnatlon 
or  ceogtapblc  poaltloDa  by  astranomlc  ob- 
■erfatloDi  tut  latitude,  laueltude  and  ail- 
mulb,  and  by  trlangnlacloD  to  fnmlab  refer- 
ence polDts  tot  atate  aorreya  and  to 
co-ordinate  BOTemmenial  aaneya 

Tbe  result!  obtained  are  pubnahed  In  ao- 
nnal   leporta   and   In  apeclal   pubEleatlona ; 

"' — '" Tlrlona  acalea,  locludiDg  aall- 

general  cbarta  of  tbe  coaet  and 

la:  tide  tablea  Inued  annually 

In  adranee;  coast  plloti  witb  ■■Illng  direc- 
tions coTerlne  tbe  navl. — *■'-  — • —  ■  — •' — 


cbarti  Dpcti  virion  ■  acalei 
lngj;b«rl«, jfene" " '    ■" "  " 


pub  U  cat!  01 

law  governTns  tbe  aurreyr 

CoMt  ixiA  a«odMlc  Sarrey,  act  respeet- 

iDg  printing  of  report  of,  in  qouto 

form,  returned,  610t). 
Coast  Olttw,  protection  for.     (See  De- 

fenaea,  Public,  piovieion  for.) 
Oout  Defenaas.  (See  DefeoBee,  Public.) 
Coast  Oaard. — By  tbe  act  approved  Jan. 
2S,  1S15,  Introduced  by  Senator  lownsend 
of  Mlchlsan  tbe  Revenue  Cutter  Service  and 
tbr  I.ltc  Ravine  Service  were  combined  In 
a  single  new  body  to  tie  tnoim  ae  tbe 
Const  Guard.  It  provides  that  In  times  of 
peace  tbe  new  arm  of  tbe  mllllDry  service 
■ball  operate  under  tbe  Treasury  Depart- 
'    and   durlnit *"   — *"' — '   *"   **"" 


r  be   subject   t 


Secretary  of  tbe  Navy. 

Const  Guard  were  tok(_ 

Cntter    Service,  and    tbe    same    ranks    and 


ikcn  from  tbe  Revenue 


tbe      disci 


n  I  Inued 


s  were  established  In  the  new  arm.  ■ 
[DC  ofllcers  and  men  of  the  Lite  Havluji 
Service  were  transferred  to  the  Coast  Querd 
with  their  same  ranlc  and  pay.  The  admin. 
Istratlon  of  the  Coast  Guard  was  placed  In 
tbe  hands  of  two  chiefs  of  division  at  a 
salary   of  13.000  a   j  ~'  -   --' 

bodies  were  eilended 
"       -      -  a  general  l.. 

,{    Service    Is ._    _    ,— 

alon  of  75  per  cent,  ot  salary  and  the  ofllce 
Is  abotlsheJ; 

Ooaat  BuTTar; 

Discussed,  636,  680,  1477,  4838,  8019. 

Expenses  of,  G99,  25E1. 

Light-tiooBes   on    Pacific    coast,    sites 
for,  referred  to,  2557. 

Near  completion  of,  630,  677. 

Transfer    of,    to    Navy    Department 
recommended,  4727. 

YesRela  employed  in  proseonting,  1S35, 
2537,  4103. 
Oosflte  of  United  States,  survey  of,  re- 
ferred to,  4932,  8019. 
Oobden  Olttb. — An  organisation  of  leading 
Enicllsb  free  trsders,  farmed  In  186S  In 
honor  nf  Richard  Cobden.  It  had  for  lU 
object  the  promulgation  of- those  principles 

free  trsder  was  so  Intimately  associated. 
It  pstahnshed  headquarters  In  London  and 
published  many  tracts,  pamphlets  and 
Cooks  upon  the  snbject  ot  tree  trade  for 
free  distribution  In  America.  England  and 


her  colonlea  ns  Cobden  Clab  held  Its 
Brat  dinner  In  London  July  21,  1896,  with 
W.  a.  Gladstone  tn  tbe  chair.  Jane  27, 
1888,  a  status  ot  Cobden  waa  nnvelled  at 
Camden  Town.  In  July.  ISBO.  12  oat  of 
14  cabinet  ministers  were  memtwra.  It  baa 
(or  honorary  members  several  American 
economists    and    statesmen.     Recently     tbe 


Itb 


Cobdsn  Club  baa  acquired  a  distinct  pol 

cal  character,  bavlna  become  IdentlSed  w 

tbe  fortunes  of  tbeUberal  and  free-Traae 

Parties. 

Codes.     (See  Criminal  Code;   Naval 

Code.) 
OcBur  d'Allne,  Idabot  military  reserva- 
tion granted  to  city,  6953. 
Ctenr  d'Altaes.     (See  Indian  Tribes.) 
Ooflee: 
Consular  reports  on  production  of  and 
trade  in,  among  Central  and  South 
American  states  referred  to,  5201. 
Duties  on — 
Recommended  by  President — 
Qrant,  4303. 
Hayes,  4422,  4511. 
Polk,  2366,  2405. 
Beferred  to,  2250. 
Bepeal  of,  recommended,  4061. 
Oobnawagas.     (Bee  Indian  Tribes.) 
Coinage.    (See  Coins  and  Coinage.) 
Coinage  Ziaws, — The  subject  of  coinage  re- 
ceived the  early  attention  of  the  founders 
of  the  Government.     Many  and  varied  laws 
have  been  passed  to  regulate  tbe  proportion 
of  pure  gold,    silver,   copper   and   nickel    In 
tbe   various   coins   and   tbe   ratio   ot   one 
metal  to  another. 
The   most    Important   coinage    laws,    to- 

Ktber  with  their  main  provlslona,  are  as 
Hows :  The  set  of  April  2,  1T92.  provided 
tbst  any  person  could  bsve  gold  or  silver 
coined  at  tbe  mint,  recelvli^  therefor  law- 
ful coins  of  the  same  metsl  In  equal  weight 
The  standsrd  at  flneneas  for  gold  was  eleven 

farts  pure  to  one  of  alloy,  and  for  silver 
,48G  psrts  pore  to  ITO  of  alloy.  Tbe 
ratio  of  gold  Xo  sliver  wss  as  1  to  15,  and 
botb  coins  were  legal  tender.  By  the  law 
ot  Uarch  3.  1T95.  the  Treasurer  retained 
21  cents  per  ounce  tor  silver  below  the 
standard  and  4  cents  for  gold ;  and  un- 
der that  law  the  President  by  p — ' ■■  — 


pennyweight 


rednced  the_  weight  of  tbe  copper  coin  one 

— jroportlon  Tn  each   bait  cent 

(page  183).     Vj  the  law  of  April  21.  1800. 
there    was   retslned    for   deposlls   of   gold 


t  May  B,   ISS 


1   for 


erials 


...stage  was  retained  from  silver  bullion 
requiring  the  test.  The  law  of  Jnne  28. 
1834,  provided  that  a  deduction  ot  one-half 
of  one  per  cent,  should  be  made  from  all 
standard  gold  and  silver  deposited  for 
coinage  If  paid  for  In  coin  within  Ave  days 
from  deposit.  Tbe  law  of  Jan.  18.  1S3T. 
required  the  standard  gold  and  silver  coin 
to  be  msde  nlne-tentbs  pure,  one-tenth  alloy, 
and  to  be  a  legal  tender  for  any  sum.  By 
tbe  Jaw  of  Feb.  21,  18S3.  the  wflght  of  the 
half  dollar  was  reduced  from  20«1  to  193 
grains  and  the  lesser  silver  eotns  In  the 
same  proportion,  and  were  made  tesal  ten- 
der to  the  amount  of  15.  No  private  de- 
posits for  conversion  Into  these  coins  were 
received,  and  rhanres  of  one-half  ot  one  per 
cent,  were  made  for  reflnlnfc.  The  law  of 
Feb.  12,  1878,  provided  tor  tbe  coining  ot  a 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Eticyclepedic  Index 


Coinage  Laws 


Bubsdiuy  Slnr  CoiB 


UJii^Mtotbcds 


C^  IID,  IS,  Uii. 

F«  iH  rnbSe  dna. 
7s  idU  e«USiaU>,  i 
bfkiw,  kod  lutaidBi 


For  Bine  otftifiMliiii 


IttS  fiM  to  tlM 


1  "kwtnl  ,      „ 

tbc  Tmsuy  in  nnu 


lu-kvfal 


t2Q. 


"tnda  dollar."   tbe   weight   of  whkli   wai 
made  420  cralo*.  «nd  o(  tbe  half  doUsr  193 

rna:  knl  teod^r  to  tbe  amount  of  IS. 
proTlaloD  waa  made  tor  the  roloa^  ol 
•ilTer  dollars  of  full  legal-tender  Talue. 
SilTer  bnllloa  mold  be  depoelted  for  eolaage 
Into  trade  doliara  onlr :  sold  for  coinage 
for  the  benefit  of  tbe  depositor.  The  Oine- 
1. —  -•  11..  _i...  —gfg  aathorlied  to  buy 
leas   thaa    one    dollar. 

" !« 


sIlTcr  tor  coins 
Ooe-atth  of  one  per  cent. 
eonTcrtlDg  stands  rd  gold 
aod  ailrer  Into  trade  dolli 
except  trade  doliara,  wen 
at  par  for  gold  coins  In  suuid  uul  <u..<n~>.4 
1190.  The  charaes  on  gold  coinage  were 
remoTed  In  18T5.  July  22.  ISTT,  an  act 
was  passed  b;  the  provlelons  of  which  the 
trade  dollar  ceased^  to  be  s  legal  tender. 
Feb.  Sd,  18T8,  an  art  was  paeaed  by  the 
terms  ot  which  silver  dollars  of  4]21  grains 
wen  made  legal  tepder  for  all  debts,  and 
the  BeeretaiT  of  tbe  Treaaarr  was  autbor- 
iwd  to  pnrchase  at  market  value  and  coin 
not  less  tban  *S. 000,000  and  not  more  thsn 
(4.000,000  worth  of  silver  bollloo  per 
month.  B;  tbe  lew  of  Jane  &,  ISTd,  silver 
c«Ins  of  leaa  tban  one  dollar  wer*  made 
legal  tender  to  the  amoont  of  |1D. 

Bilcer  PttrcHate  Act. — Jnne  14,  1S90,  the 
law  of  18T8  was  repealed  and  the  Secretary 
of  tbe  Treasnry  was  authorlied  to  pnrchBse 
4.500.000  oiiilres  of  silver  bullion  per  montlii 
laaulpg  legal-tender  notes  tn  payment,  and 
to  make  a  suBlclent  monthly  coinage  for 
tbe  redemption  ot  these  notes.     In  189S  the 


slaDdsrd  of  vslue  In  tbis  coontry 
■nu  increased  the  rewrre  for  the  redemp- 
tion of  lesal-teuder  notes.  The  law  also 
emitted  the  oRtlaDal  banks  to  Iss'ie  notes 
tbe  amount  of  the  par  value  ol  the  bonds 
deposited   and^^rednced  the   tax   upon   the 


era! 


shown  bi  the  table  e 
'Lrpif  Tenter. — There  a 


the 


mt  kinda  of  money  In 
Dalted  Btatea,  via. :  gold  coins,  standard  sll- 
vrr  dollar*,  subsidiary  silver,  gold  ccr- 
tiScates,  sliver  certlllcates,  treasnry  notes 
lenied  under  the  act  of  Jnly  14,  1800, 
Tnlted  State*  notes  Islso  cslled  greenbacks 
and  legal  tenders),  national  bank  notes,  and 
nickel  and  bronse  colna.  Gold  coins,  treaa- 
niy  notes  and  silver  dollars  sre  legal  tender 
at  face  valiw  In  any  amoDDt.  Bubstdlary 
allver  )■  legnl  tender  to  tbe  extent  of  <10 
In  aiqr  one  payment.    United  3tate*  Wte* 


are  not  legal  tender  for  duties  and  Imports 
and  intereal  on  the  pnbllc  debt.  Gold  rer- 
tlflcates,  silver  wrtlflcates  and  national  bank 
notes  are  not  legal  tender,  bnt  both  claues 
of  certificates  are  receivable  for  all  public 
dnea.  All  national  banks  are  required  by 
law  to  receive  tbe  notes  of  other  national 
bank  notes  at  par.  The  minor  coins  ot 
nickel  and  copper  are  legal  tender  to  the 
extent  of  25  cents.  (See  siso  Uinta  and 
Assay  ODce*  ' 


1792  ti 


WOM 

DodblaMdet 11R,ini.4»  tlMl.StH.im.OO 

Eula. Ea.t20.339  JUM.2II3,39(I  00 

H^ndo. rejocm  issjtoMi.ta 

nneckilki  pent  (coia- 
an  dmoDtmned  nader 
am  iJ  Bmtoba  M. 

UBO U9,m  i,st«.3n.aa 

OBrtaeadia. lMfiCU73  4(tg78,>32.S0 


lUUn.  Loojdua  Pin- 
ebaia  Eipottiaa  [wl 
rf jDDa2&l<)Ce)  .... 

DoOan,  Uwa  k  C\tA 


t»,4M,39T.aO 


IKUXIO.DO 


TMiiniii tajaMt  tMiojwwo.u 

IkiBin  (aunuB  diH»- 

Uowd.  Kt  of  F>bnu7 

U.  1S7S.  ranmed  ut 

</Pcbrj>iTlS,l«TS)..  IT8J0I,HS  UTa.309MS.DO 
Tnde    dcOUn    (dimi- 

timel.  Mt  o<  ranun' 

19.IS37) 3SMi,Vi         3t,int,tU.0O 

DdIIui  (U&ntte  an- 

Toiir,  amotUaidia, 

18W) MjMo  tajmm 

EaVdoDui t7T,3I&3U       lB8.eSS,19I  » 

BiSdoDtn  (CohmUaa 

■nrenir) E.OOD.OOO  ].90a.«».«a 

Qnintt  dollan. aM.ei3SM         M,U3.Hl.SUt 

Qoarta  dollan  (CoIjid- 

Uasnamir) WOOD  10,000. (» 

Tw^lj-centpi«a  (Dcdn- 

ue  (fiKDotiinied.  act 

JtiMii,is7Si ixs.<m         >n.«»oo 

«81,2»i270        «8.1».a)7,00 

4,S8ajlS.« 
1JS1.0ST.M 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Catnagfi  Lavs      Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Ooltuga  Laws— OonfiiHied. 


n**-(aitiiie«,idckd..  TKUlS-tiO  t3»aiO,3H.K 

«(it<iS(nt.21,  IStO).  ll,I78,8ia  HI.3U^ 
IW-toit  pKcm  lamia 

ma^Sth.  »,  187}).  ICflOLOOO  Sia.OIa  OD 


Marrb 


SOO. 


tOT8,- 


Coins  and  Oolnaga   (see  also  Coinage 
Laws;    Coins,  Foreign): 
Act- 
Authorizing    coinage    of    Btandard 

eilver  dollarB  vetoed,  4438. 
Dire  luting  coinage  of  eilver  bullion 
in  Treasarj  vetoed,  5S16. 
Bland -Allison  Act — 

DiscnsBed  by  President — 
Arthur,  4633,  4730  4830. 
aeveland,  4B27,  5097,  S373, 
Barrison,  Benj.,  S475. 
Bayes,  4511,  4568. 
Vetoed  by  President  Bayea,  4438. 
Copper  coins,  weight  of,  reduced  to 
weigh     one    pennyweight,    sixteen 
graina,  183. 
Discretionary  authority  of  President 
to  invite  nations  to  conference  on 
subject    of,    re  commendations    re- 
garding,  5877, 
Disc  usee  d  by  President — 
Arthur,  4633,  4720,  4830. 
aeveland,  4927,   S097,   S372,   5833, 

6875,  5965,  5996,  6073,  6156. 
Harri8on,Benj.,  6474, 5548,5628,6763. 
Bayee,  4413,  44S1,  4510,  4568. 
Washington,  141. 
Qold  coinage— 
I^ogreBs  made  in,  13  3L 
Talae,  law*  reguLatiog,  referred  to, 

lateraatioDa]  arrangeinent  fixing 
rate*  between  gold  sad  aUvcr 
coinage,  report  on,  5177. 

International    ooinase,    Tsferred    to, 

4113. 
Iat«rnational  conference  at  Bmasels 
regarding  nee  of  silver,  6752. 

Postponement  of,  discussed,  5876. 

fieport  of,  transmitted,  5784. 
International  conference  to  consider 

free  coinage  of  silver,  iafonnwtian 

"   f,ntaa>i,SB7i. 


International  movement  for  reform  of 

system,  referred  to,  3592. 
International  ratio,  establishineat  of, 

referred  to,  4955. 
Laws  connected  with,  changes  in,  rec- 
ommended, 1432. 
Opening  of  more  mints  recommended, 

4201. 
Silver  coinage — 
Act- 
Authorizing  coinage  of  standard 

silver  dollars  vetoed,  4438. 
Directing  coinage   of  silver  bul- 
lion in  Treasnry  vetoed,  5915. 
Discussed  by  President — 
Arthur,  4633,  4720,  4830. 
aeveland,     4927,     5097,    5373, 
6833,  5875,  5965,  6996,  6072, 
6084. 
Harrison,    Benj.,     5475,     654S, 

6628,  57S3. 
Hayes,  4413,  4511,  4568. 
Bepeal   of  act   requiring,  recom- 
mended, 4569,  4633,  4720. 
Bepeal   of   purchasing  clause   of 
act  of  1890  discussed,  5875, 
6073,  6074. 
Beconunended,  6833. 
Should  not  be  disparaged,  4414. 
Suspension      of,     recommended, 

4830. 
Suspension  of,  at  preaent  ratio 

recommended,  4510. 
Suspension   of,    compulsory,    rec- 
ommended, 4931,  6098,  5373. 
Coins,  Copper,  weight  of,  reduced,  183. 

Value  of  foreign  coins  fixed,  6616. 
Coins,  Foreign: 
Assay  of,  935. 
Ceased  to  be  legal  tender,  proclaimed, 

239. 
Counterfeiting  of,  should  be  made  k 

crime,  1136,  1268. 
Overvaluation  of  gold  in,  1846. 
Eeferred  to,  2307. 
Bpanieh  milled  dollars  legal  tender, 

£39.  ' 
Bpanish  milled  doubloons  referred  to, 
304. 
Cold  Harbor  {T».),  BatUe  of.— Flndins 

Lee'B  position  on  the  Nonli  Anna  too 
strong,  Grant  turned  Lre's  right  wins, 
croBsed  the  Famnnk^r  Hlver  at  Hanover 
Court-HoDM,  and  sfler  coDslderable  Bffht- 
Ini  resebed  Cold  Bsrbor,  to  tbe  eonbeaat 
ot^  Blchmond.  Lee  bad  arrived  there  be- 
fore tba  Federal  anoy  aad  iraa  well  la- 
trenebed.  On  tbe  anernoon  of  Joee  1. 
]&e4,  ao  attack  on  the  Coafederste  IImb 
vsi  made.  It  resulted  In  a  loss  ot  S.Otfli 
men  to  tbs  Federals  and  no  advantage  tn 
position.  Jnn«  S  was  spent  In  sklrmtsb- 
Ing.  At  darllgbt  June  8  s  general  asBanlt 
was  mad*  on  tbe  CoDfederat*  lines,  bat 
It  wea  repulsed  after  half  an  boar's  flgbt- 
Ing,  with  a  loss  of  T.OOO  men  to  Grant 
and  a  loacb  smaller  nnmber  to  tbe  Con- 
federatea  Tbe  strenrtb  of  tbe  Federal 
-   -  -  -   IC^OOO  a   ■  -■   -      - 


forces  was  aboat  IC^OOO  and  tbi 
cyntMatatM  aMM  m,in«.     For 


tbe  a 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Odombia 


OttldBulXff  (Tft.)i  BftUlfl  ot—OonHmut. 
tn  daji  tbs  armln  Ibt  poofroDtlDS  cacti 
other.  June  12  Grant  decided  to  appronpli 
RIcbmoDiI  from  Ibe  bouid.  ArcoMlngl;  tbe 
■rm;    passed    from    the    CblottabomTn;    to 


DtTUou  ud  Capiub 


operstloDS   at '  Cold    Harbor,    tnclndlng    tbe        withdrew    ft 
(DoOlct  of  Belhesda  Church  and  the  njarch        '""■    ■""  '" 
BcroM  tbe  ChlckahomlnT  and  James  rivers 
to    the    front    of    Petertbnrg,    were    14,B31. 
The    Confederate    loss    was    a  boat    l.TUO. 
OoDactoTB  Of  Onstonu,  eompensfttion  of, 

recommendatioDB  regarding,  4102. 
OoUegM.    (See  Education.} 
OOUlatoiu  *t  8a«.    (See    »lso    M&rine 
Dismsters.) 
Acts  regKrding,  kud  time  for  taking 
effect    proclaimed,    6537,    B933, 
6193. 
Diacnued,  6962. 
Proclamation  revoking,  6016. 
DiseiiMed,  6063. 
Adoption    of   new    code    of    interna- 
tional mles  for  prevention  of,  rec- 
ommended, 4631,  4683,  4718,  4827, 
4848. 
Colombia. — Colombia  occoplei   the  north- 
west  comer   of   the  Sooth  American   con- 
tinent from  the  Islhmas  of  Panama  to  the 
western  boaodartei  of  Teneinela  and  Bracll 
and  the  northern  boundaries  of  Fern  and 
Bcnador. 

Phgtical  Peatitrtt. — The  Bepnblle  Is  di- 
visible Into  two  unequal  portloDs.  of  which 
the  larger  (about  two-lhfrdB  of  the  whole) 


coastal  commnnltlM  nnder  tbe  name  of  New 
Oranada,  which  continued  under  Spanish 
rale  until  tbe  revolt  of  the  SpanlBh-Amer- 
lean  colonies  of  lHll-1824.  la  1816  Boll- 
Tar  estsbllsbed  the  Republic  of  Calombla. 
coaslBtlng  of  Ibe  territories  now  hoown  as 
Colombia .  Pans  ma.  Veneiuela  and  Ecna- 
j  i_  >o.u.,o.,..  "ineiuela  and   Ecuador 

.  .  BSSOClatlOQ  of  nrov 
nces,  and  In  1831  the  remaining  territories 
Bore  formed  Into  tbe  Republic  of  New 
Oransda.  From  1853-1861  man;  of  the 
Colombian    Provinces    declared    tbeir    Inde- 

tendence  snd  the  uloeleenlb  century  con- 
nloed  frequent  reTOiallona  anu  internal 
wara.  In  1903  Panama  seceded  from  Co- 
lombia, and  Is  now  a  separats  Republic. 


"uliih 


mnslsls  of  t: 


>  plsloe 


□f  the  e 


waller 


one- third)     eoaslsts    of    rugged  _    . 

with  three  main  ranges  traverBlng  tbe 
country  and  an  lao  la  led  group  of  peaks  In 
the  northwest.  Tbe  soul  hern  boundari 
crosses  tbe  Andes  wbere  Ibe  range  consists 
of  a  massive  series  of  volcaolc  peaks,  the 
higheat  of  which  are  Cblles  (IB.^00  feetl, 
Cnmbal  115.600  feet),  and  Paeto  04.000 
feet).  The  Weatern  and  Central  Cordil- 
leras ron  almost  parallel  with  the  Paclllc 
coast,  tbe  Eastern  Cordillera  baa  a  norlh- 
eaaterlr  direction  and  divides  at  tbe  Te- 
neiaela  boundarr-  In  Ibe  northwest  of 
Colombia  la  Ihe  Sierra  Nerada  de  Santa 
Marts,  tbe  bigbest  peak  being  about  IT,- 
000  feet  above  sea  level.  The  mountainous 
eglon  of  the  west  contalna  ninetr  per  cent. 


it  the  inhabitants. 


dalena  haa  t 


e  the 


miles.  Tbe  Cauca  flows  throuKh  a  valle* 
between  the  Wealern  and  Central  Cordil- 
lera, and  Joins  the  Msgdslena  aboat  200 
miles  front  lis  moutb  St  Bsrranqullla.  Its 
total  length  Is  about  SOO  miles.  The  Atra- 
•-   -"—a  In  tbe  alopea  of  tbe  Western   ' 


Caguetal   and  the  Nai_.. 

Colombia  lies  almost  totirely  In  the 
north  torrid  lone.  and  but  for  Its  eleva- 
tion would  poaseaa  a  eompletelv  tropical 
dlmste.  Tbe  middle  slopes  and  the  aub- 
tropica)  valler*  contain  tbe  moat  fertile 
and  prodnctive  regiona. 

ffAtonr.— The  rolomblan  roast  was  vis- 
ited in  1S03  h7  Christopher  Colnmhus,  and 
In  1639  a  Spanlsb  expedition  under  Qne- 
■ada  cMahllalied  a  govemmeDt  of  ccrfain 


egTuilei  iation 

AonDquis'lMedelltn) 23.Tfi2  740.637 

Atltnllco  (BanBDquilla) l.OOS  114,887 

Bolivar  (Csrtiaeu) 32,320  42&,e7e 

BovBci  (Tunia} 18,460  686.466 

Caldaa  (Maniulea) 7.380  341,468 

Cauca  U>opByan) 20.403  S11.736 

Cundinimarca  [Bi^ti} 8.046  7111.810 

HuUa  (Ndva) 8,100  1*8,161 

Masdaltma  (Santa  Muu) ... .  16,080  140.106 

Panami  (Panami) 36,780  400,000 

NariopWo) 6,360  363.913 

Bantiinder(Bui!BramBDga)....  17.80*  400,084 

NortadeSBntaDder(CdcuM)..  S,35S  204,381 

Tolima  (Ibagul) lO.OSO  382.426 

Vallo(CaK) 3,867  317.140 

Inlmdmaa— 

Meta  (VUlavicendo)  T  C29,299 

Choed  (QuibdO)                       1  2SS.84D  1 60.6A3 

Qoaajia  (□uataouarau)  f  ^  53,018 

Caquet^demiaComiBariai  J  l»6.ET8 

Total 461,800    M7S,6«1 

SrAnoirrapKt'.— There  are  six  distinct 
elemenls  la  (be  population :  White  descead- 
anta  of  the  Spanlah  settlers  In  the  six- 
teentb  to  nloeleenlb  centuries;  Indian 
aboriginals ;  mestizos,  or  mixed  Spanish- 
Indians:  negroes;  mixed  SpanlBh  negroes; 
mlied  Indian  negroes.  Tbe  numbers  of 
tbeae  elemeots  are  roughl;  eailmaled  at 
1,500,000  wbltea:  eOOlOOO  Indiana,  of 
whom  abont  1&0,000  ere  wild  and  unciv- 
ilised; 2.00aOOO  mestlios;  sod  1,400.000 
negroes  and  mixed  Spanlah  and  Indian  ne- 

(?oi-rr«»imt. — Tbe  government  la  that  of 
a  cenlrallied  Repnhllc  nnder  a  eonstltution 
of  lese,  bj  which  the  practical  Independ- 
ence of  tbe  PravlnceB  was  eillngulshed. 
The  EiecnllTe  consists  of  a  President,  and 
there  IB  a  Legislature  of  two  housea,  with 
appointed  Governors  sod  biennial  aesem- 
blles  In  each  of  the  Department  a.  Presi- 
dent of  Ibe  Republic  of  Colombia  (Aug. 
7,  1810-18141,   Dr.  Carlos  E.  Roslrepo. 

Congress  meelB  annuallj  for  ninety  d*]ta 
from  July  SO,  and  consists  of  a  Senate  and 
a  House  of  Hepreaenta lives.  The  Senate 
coDlalDS  thirty-four  members  elected  for 
four  years  by  eleoloral  colleges  In  each  de- 
partment. The  Houi<p  of  Represenlstives 
contains  ninety -two  members,  elected  for 
two  years  by  Ibe  direct  vote  of  all  male 
Colombians  aged  twenty-two  who  can  read 
and  write  or  possess  an  Income  of  300 
pesos  (or  land  valued  at  1,500  pesos). 

There  sre  msglstrates'  coorts  of  flrst 
Instance  with  superior  district  conrla  and 
a  snpreme  court,  with  appellate  Jurisdic- 
tion, at  Bogota. 

Amtf.— The  strength  of  the  Armv  is  de- 
termined by  CongreBB,  and  tbe  permanent 
force  consists  of  sboot  0,000  of  all  arma. 
Every  able-bodied  male  Colombian  Is  liable 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Coknnbla 

OolointiU — OmUbnud. 

for  aerrlc?.  and  •  vtr  Mnoftli  of  abont 

BO.OOO  could  be  raised.     (Se«  itmlea  of  tb« 

i-'acif, — Tlia  Kary  eanititi  of  At*  old 
cralBers  ot  UItU  or  Do  flglitlDE  value  and 
•  ffw  mlscellaneonB  craft,  and  Is  ata- 
tlaned  on  pithtr  aide  o(  the  lathmna  of 
Panama,  wlib  a  gonboat  on  the  Magdalena 

EilMcaUon. — rrlmarr  ed  a  cation  l»  free, 
bat  la  not  corapulaorr,  altbooali  the  aoboola 
are  irell  attended.  The  irhlte  population 
retnlna  tbp  lllerary  Inallarta  of  the  Span- 
lardB.  The  principal  faetor  !■  tlw  work  of 
the  Calbalie  eorporallona,  whoae  aecond- 
■rr  achoota  are  Btate-alded. 

FlHancet.—The  rerenue  and  expenditure 
of  Colombia  for  Ibe  five  jeara  1909-1913  are 
eatlmated  at  tbe   following  totala  In  gold 

Taar  Bmsiiia         Expanditora 

1900 is.eoo.ooo       ie.(K».ooo 

1910 10,831,S0O  I0.83I.S00 

lail B,7Ta,E00  B.B3T,68a 

1913 12,000M>0  13,000.000 

1913 10,500,000  16,llt,000 

Q#M. — The  Ertemal  Debt  baa  been  re- 
doced  bj  amnBement  with  foreign  (main- 
ly Brltlib)  bonaholdera.  and  now  amouota 
to  tl2.400.000.  Tbe  Internal  Debt  amount- 
ed on  July   1,   1912,  to  about  13,000,000. 

Prodttctloii  and  Induatrv, — Maize  and 
wheat  ar«  groirn  on  tbe  elcTated  plateaua 
of  the  weaterD  reglODa,  but  the  principal 

Rroduct  la  coltM,  of  which  excellent  qoat- 
In  are  produced  and  exported  through 
the  Delgbbbring  republic  of  Veneaueta  and 
through  Colombian  porta.  Cocoa,  augar, 
and  bananaa  are  alao  cnltlrated,  and  the 
Indiganoua  rubber  tree*  are  being  brought 
Into  commercial  nae.  The  gramj  plalna 
of  the  northeast  aupport  large  berda  ot  cat- 
tle end  abeep.  atid  caualdersble  devetop- 
ments  are  posalble  In  the  export  of  the  for- 

Gold.  allver.  and  platinum  are  found  and 
worked  in  large  QuantllLeL  and  there  are 
rich  mluea  of  copper,  lead,  mercury,  and 
ClnDSbar.  which  form  a  great  potputlal  aa- 
aet.  Belt,  coal,  and  Iron  are  plenllful.  and 
there  are  citenalTc  petroleum  Belds.  Con- 
ceaalona  for  tbe  deretopmeDI  ot  the  oil  In- 
dual  ry.  Including  tbe  right  to  construct 
rafLiTB]-a.  dock  a,  quays  and  cauata.  In  con- 
nection nrllb  (he  trangport  of  the  oil  bsTe 
been  let  to  an  Engllab  compiu]'.  The  Got- 
ernment  cmerBld-mlDea  and  pearl  flaberlea 
are  b-'llered  lo  be  TBiuable. 

Tbere  la  at  Pradera  a  aruall  Iron  Indus- 
try In  cloae  proximity  to  the  mlnea,  and 
aKricuItural  mncb'nery  la  produced.  A  pot- 
tery and  earthenware  Industry  has  sor- 
TlTed  Ibe  Spanish  Inraalon  of  the  sixteenth 
century  uucbsnged.  Sugar  reflnlng  la  en- 
couraged by  Ibe  State,  and  there  are  Pan- 
ama hat  facto rlea. 

Forelpn  Trade. — The  Imports  are  princi- 
pally flour  and  prepared  (oodstuffs,  ina- 
chluery.  and  textllea:  the  Eiporta  being 
coffee,  cattle,  hides,  and  nkins,  bananas,  to- 
bacco, rubber.  Paoama  bnta,  orchlda  (the 
Choicest  Tarleltea  of  which  are  foond  by 
adyenluroua  eiplorerel,  and  gold,  allrer, 
and    plBllnum.       Texillea    are    sent    prlncl- 

gilly  by  the  United  States  and  tbe  I'nlted 
Ingdom.  and  Sour  bv  the  L'nlted  Statea : 
•ugat  of  a  better  Quality  than  can  be  pro- 
duced by  the  prlraltlte  factories  In  Colom- 
bia la  aent  by  Germany,  In  addition  to 
rice.  CofTee  la  sent  to  tbe  United  Slates 
thrOQKb  Veoeinelan  and  Colombian  ports; 
tobacco  nrlndpatly  to  Hamburg:  and  cot- 
tob  to  the  TTnired  Ktni-dom  and  France. 
The  Talnea  of  the  Importa  and  Export*  for 


the  Btc  rean  190S-191Z  are  iUled  *•  fol- 
lowB  in  gold  peaos: 

Y«M  Imporia       Exporta         Total 

1908 I3,ei3390    14.998,434    38.S13.334 

1909 11.117,927    10.040,198    Z8,I4S,12e 

1910 1T.38S,M0    17,788.800    3S.I71.S40 

1911 18,103,803    32.37G,S99    40.484,702 

1912 23,904.033    33.231.740    60.180,309 

Kail  mi  VI.— Only  about  820  ml  lea  of 
railroad  were  open  In  1913.  Internal  com- 
manlcatlon  la  mainly  carried  over  the 
principal  rlyera  and  their  tribotariea.  u. 
regular  serrlce  of  river  Btelmera  runnlnc 
on  tbe  Magdalena  and  Its  many  auxir 
lary  aireama.  Mountain  tracka  only  Ot  for 
mulea.  and  cart  roBi3«  aome  In  very  good 
condition,  are  tbe  principal  meana  of  get- 
ting about  the  country. 

Bhipptna.— There  are  many  barbora  od 
tbe  Padllc  CoaaL  The  Carlboean  Coaat 
(Atlantic)  haa  many  porta,  of  which  Bar- 
ranqullla.  Cartagena,  Santa  Marta.  and  Rio 
Bacba  are  engaged  In  traffic  with  Europe 
and  North  America,  while  VlllBmaxBr  haa 
a  coasting  trade  with  Veneauela.  Tbe  ton- 
nage entered  and  cleared  at  Ban-anqullla 
(af  the  mouth  of  the  Magdalena  River)  ex- 
ceeded 1,400.000  tons  In  1910,  mat  of  Car- 
tagena being  about  1,200.000  tons. 

Toicnt, — Capital.  Bogota,  founded  by 
Qoeaada  In  153S.  There  are  flfieen  towns 
credited  with  more  than  20,000  Inhabitants. 
The  unit  of  value  under  the  law  of  IBOT 
waa  the  gold  peao  worth  about  a  dollar  In 
United  Blatea  money.  In  the  later  coinage 
tbe  peao  had  been  anperaeded  by  the  dollar, 
but  tbe  actual  currency  la  the  paper  peao, 
ot   which   It  requires  102  to  equal  gl- 

Trade  tnith  tha  UnUfd  Btata. — Tbe  value 
of  mercbandlae  Imported  Into  Colombia  from 
the  United  Btatea  tor  the  year  IBIS  was 
f7.S9T.686,  and  gooda  to  the  valae  of  tl5.- 
979,012  were  aent  tbltbei^a  balance  of 
IS.5S2.216  In  favor  of  the  United  Etatea. 
OdomMa: 

Action  of,  in  Panama,  6807-6S15, 6327- 

6857. 
American  citizeoa  In,  destittite,  order 
for    transportation    of,   to    United 
States,    5437- 
AniericaQ  eitizeng  in  New  Qranada, 

ontrages  on,  S948,  3049. 
Boundary  qaeetion  with  Costa  Itie& 

discuaaed,  4627,  5S69. 
Civil  war  in,  diacnsaed  and  action  of 
United    States    regarding:,    4911, 
6364,    6426. 
Oaims  of  American  citizens  arising 
out   of.    (See   Aspinwall,   Colom- 
bia-) 
Claim  of  Italy  Bgainst,  and  arbitra- 
tion of.  President  ot  United  States 
discnsscd,  6328. 
CHaima  of  United  Btatea  against,  292, 
1S94,  1751,  1SS3,  4S39,  4804,  636^ 
6681,  6735. 
Allowance  of,  1030. 
Convention  for  adjustment  of,  3444. 
Payment  of,  868,  4358. 
Claims  of  United  States  against  Nev 
Oranada,  2116,  2193,   E948,  3049. 
Adjaatment  of,  2116,  3176. 
Commission  to  settle,  extension  of 

time  of,  recommended,  3S6S. 
Convention  for  adjustment  of,  3320; 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


OolOtilUft — Comtlmed, 
Commercial  rel&tiooB  vith,  1124. 
ConventioQ    between    United    Statei 

and  Qranadian  Confaderation,  32  OS. 
Convention  with,  S5S,  907,  3412,  3444. 
CoTTeipondenee     with,     transmitted, 

6610. 
Demonstration    by    CongreM    of,    In 

honor  of  President  Jnarez,  of  Mex- 
ico, 3979. 
Diplomatic  relations  witb,  1132. 

Benuned,  4449.  4521,  496S. 
Dispute  with  Haiti  settled  bj  arbitra' 

tlon,  7657. 
Dissolntian  of  three  states  eompoa- 
ing.   115S. 

Bennion  of,  diacnssed,  1245,  1310. 
Flonr,  dntias  on,  reduced,  1115. 
Fngitivo  criminals,  convention  with, 

for  mrrender  of,  4587,  S200. 
Import  duties  imposed  upon  American 
prodncts  hj,  5672. 

BetJtliator;    meaanrefl    proclaimed. 


Imprisonment  of  American  citizens 
bj  antharities  of,  4798. 

Hinister  of,  to  United  States,  arrival 
of,  referred  to,  3381,  4521,  4662. 

Ifinister  of  United  SUtes  In,  1030. 
Sent  to,  3390. 

Transferred  from  Stockholm,  Swe- 
den, to,  3665. 

Ifinister  of  United  States  to  New 
QruuKda,  reasons  for  not  presenting 
credentials  disenseed,  3348. 

Postal  convention  between  United 
States  and  New  Granada,  2168. 

President  of,  delivered  from  assas- 
sins, medal  offered  President  Jack- 
son in  commemoration  of,  declined, 
1029. 

Belations  between  United  States  and 
New  Grauada  disenssed,  297S. 

Tonnage  duties  levied  on  American 
vessela  bj  New  Granada,  discussed, 
2948,  a049. 

Treaty  between  United  States  and 
New    Granada,    2217,    23SS,   2361, 

2582,   3063,   3122,   3174. 
Contravention  of,  by  Utter,  2948, 

3049. 
ProTiaions  of,  discussed,  2361. 
Beferred  to,  S976,  2577,  2581,  2902, 
8349. 

Tieatj  -with,  transmitted  and  dii- 
ensoed,  855,  868,  907,  1115,  1124, 
4587,  6SD0.  (Bee  also  Panama 
Canal.) 

Tessela  from  port  of  Boca  del  Toro, 
duties  on,  snspeuded,  4895. 

Tessel*  of  United  States  seized  or  in- 
terfered with  bj,  4289,  4358. 

Wars  in  New  Granada,  3349. 
OolomUa,    Treatiea   with.— In    1824    ■ 
ti«it7  of  amltr,  roininvrcc  and  DSTlBStlon 
wts  eoncinded  wttk  Colombia.    This  treaty 


Ccdonial  Damefl 


1   terms  In   1836.      With 


expired  br  I 

the  dlvlgroD    ..    ._,   .     ._   . 

Granada  ■uroecded  Colombia,  and 
of  p«flcp.  amity.   Darlgatlon  aod 

was   negotlatfd   with    ihla   gOTer: 

1846.      In    1862  the   nome  was  cbnngsd   to 
the  TJQlted  Btates  of  Colombia  and  Id  ISBS 

became  the  Republic  of  Colombia.     A  con- 
sular   convention    <ras    coDCluded    with    tha 

"''"°0?',! ■"   '"'"    """   


1  IBBT  and  1S64. 


the   ■ 


Bhlp  Canal.— IB  IQUS  s  ship  canal  con- 
vention was  slBord  Id  WnablDgton.  b;  John 
Har,  Amerlcao  Becretarr  of  State,  and 
Thomas  Herran,  ebarg4  d'afTalrea  at  Colom- 
bia, provldlns  for  the  traosfer  of  the  prop- 
en;  of  the  Kew  PaQQuia  Canal  Company 
to  the  L'nlted  States  and  Krantlng  t'  "~- 
Unlted  StatCB  the  right  tt ' 


wide  o „.   .._ 

one   hundred   jears    (page   f 

Ibis  treaty,   and  Its  provlalona  became  In- 
oppratlre.      (See  Paaama  Canal.) 

Colombia  also  became  a  party  to  the  con- 
ventloQ  betwHD  the  United  Btatea  and  tbe 
several  rep nb tics  of  Boeth  and  Central 
America  for  the  arbltrallon  ot  pecnnlarr 
claims  and  tha  prat  action  o(  loTentlons, 
etc..  which  was  signed  In  Baenos  Aires  In 
IBIO  BDd  proclaimed  In  Waahlngloo  July 
29,  1914.  (Bee  Bonth  and  Central  Amer- 
ica, Treaties  with.) 
OiflDii  Fire  Claims,  mentioned,  6SS4. 
Oolonal  Lloyd  Aaplnwall,  Tha,  seizure 

of,  by  Spain,  and  award  to  United 

States  discussed,  4052. 
Colonial  Domea  of  America.— The  Soci- 
ety of  the  Colonial  Dames  of  America  was 
orEanlied  In  the  City  ot  New  York,  May 
23.  ISOO.  and  waa  tbe  first  Borlet*  ot  women 
tor  this  patriotic  purpoaa  founded  in  Ib'a 
country.     It    waa    Incorporated    April    23, 

■■""'      The  Society  Is  pnrely  pat-'-'' ■* 

'— •  Id  Us  objects,  which 


edn  cation 
To  r  ■■ 


re:    (1) 


of  tbe  Colon,  and  ot  the  heroea  of  tbs 
Tfar  of  Independence,  that  tbe  memory  of 
tbeir  deeds  and  irblevementa  may  be  per- 
petnsted.     (2)   To  promote  celebrallona  of 

Seat  historic  events  at  National  Impor- 
nce  to  dllTuae  Information  on  all  subjects 
concernlne  American  blatory.  particularly 
among  tbe  young,  and  to  cultivate  the 
■plrlt  of  patrlotlam  and  reverence  for  the 
founders  of  American  const  It  ntlonal  blatory. 
This  Society  has  a  large  membership  and 
chapters  In  many  states. 

Another  society  of  tha  same  name  and 
bsvloe  similar  parposes  Is  composed  of 
delerates  from  the  state  societies.  Tbeaa 
eilsf  In  the  thirteen  orlglDsl  states  and  In 
twenty-one  other  states  and  the  District 
ot  Cofnmbie.  and  are  sll  Incorporsted.  The 
SRTcgate  membership  Is  (lOOei  over  B.OOO. 

Under  the  constitution  of  tbe  Xatlonal 
Society  It  Is  prescribed  thst  tbe  members 
shall  be  women  "who  are  desceodants  In 
their  own  rlgbt  of  some  snccstor  of 
worthy    Ufa    who    came    to    reside    In    '~ 


American  colony  prii 


_    ._    1750.   which   an- 
>f  bis  drscendania,  be- 

'   tbe   applicant. 


Ihk   a    lineal   sacerdant    ..    . 

aba  11  bave  rendered  ctBclent  scrvl< 
"■ry  during  tbe  ~'  ' 


__.   ;ltber 

._  tbe  tonndlng  of  a  commonweellh  or  of 
an    InatltutloB    which    has    survived    and 


jyGooi^lc 


Colonial  Dames    Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


OoIonUl  DamM  «f  Amaieai—CMttnaei. 
dev«1oi>ed  into  ImportKnce,  or  wbo  iball 
biTe  held  so  Important  position  Jn  tha 
Colonial    UoTerament,    BoS    who.    br    d> 

tlnBUlBbed  - —    -'■-"  *■ —  — »-v_., 


dadnE  State  In  tbe  Uclon  and  Ita  Iton, 
copper,  coal  and  lead  mlnee  ara  alao  lin> 
porlBDt.     Bitenalve  Irrigation  ■- —   — *-"- 


natloi 


—r-  "'*''  laraely  to  tha  BDCcesa  of  Its  axrlciil- 
■kall  hBTB  contributed  ^u^e,  and  gtork-ralalDS  Is  one  of  tbe  mort 
jia  great  and  powerful  Important  tndnatrieB.  The  excellent  dl- 
reDder«d   afler   1TT6   do       mate   hag    rendered   Ine    State    noted    aa  a 

^._      ^..^     -_.     --         heallb  reaott,  eipeclall]'  In  case*  of  pulmo- 

uarr  disease.  It  was  organlied  as  a  terri- 
tory In  1861  and  admitted  as  a  State  In 
1876  (4346).  President  Johnson  vetoed 
twn  irrn  oa  this  Subject  (3611.  3681). 
,S2Li  aq.  mllea ;  population  la  1910, 


cepted  for  BupplemeataT  a  □  plication  a. 
Tbere  Is  no  admission  except  throush  Co- 
lonial ancestry. 

OolonUl  Bodety  of  Ajnaric*,— Tbe  object 
of  this  soclet;   Is  to  advance  historic  re- 
■earch.  and  partlcalarl;  to  arouse  and  sns- 
taln  widespread  Interest  In  the  i 
of  the  memorj  of  the  chief  blsl 


widespread  Interest  In  the  perpetuation 
le  memorj  of  the  chief  historic  events. 

Iilacea  and  aeenea  In  the  colonial  and  revo- 
Qtlonarr  periods  of  our  country.  Tbe  So- 
ciety constats  of  memberg,  patrons  and  fel- 
lows. The;  are  perBous  interested  In  Amer- 
ican history  and  the  preaervatlon  of  the 
blatorlc  serenes  and  plaices  In  tbe  colonial 
and  revolutionary  periods. 

Tbe  Society  prepares  each  year  etchlnga 
of  historic  gcenea.  bnlldlnga  and  places  of 
America,  and  India  proota  printed  from  the 
etching  plates,  signed  by  the  artist,  are 
sent  to  all  members,  patrons  and  fellows 
of  the  society,  together  wltb   the  Meniorlal 


k  of  tl 


^Cl( 


B  etchings.      It .., 

oi  rare  documents,  retlca.  etc..  of  historic 
value  pertaining  to  the  period. 
Colonlkl  STBtatn. — It  was  the  custom  of 
European  cDunlries  having  colonies  In  Amer- 
ica to  manage  them  solely  for  tbe  proflt 
and  convenience  of  the  ihother  country. 
Id  this  Great  Brllsln  naa  no  more  culpa- 
ble than  other  European  nations.  Great 
Brltnlo'e  policy  has  of  late  become  more 
liberal,  her  colonial  poaaeaslons.  wherever 
capable,  being  self-governing. 
Oolonls&tlon  of  Negross.  (Bee  Negroes.) 
Colonisation  8oclet7,  American.— a  na- 
tional organization  formed  at  Washington. 
D.  C,  Jan.  I,  1817,  for  tha  purpose  of 
araglng  the  emanclpatlo       '     '  ''~ 


r 


e  Dnlt. 


Cape  Mesurado.  In  1847  the  colony  de- 
clared Itself  an  Independent  republic  nnder 
the  name  of  Liberia.  It  was  recognized 
by  tbe  United  States  In  ISSl, 

OolonlcBtlon  Society,  American,  agree- 
ment witb,  diaeiiBsed,  3059,  3124, 
3180. 
Colorado.— One  at  the  western  group  o( 
stales,  named  from  the  Colorado  River ; 
nickname,  "The  Centennial  State" ;  motto, 
"Nil  sine  nttmlne."  It  Ilea  between  lat. 
ST°  and  41°  north  and  long.  102°  and 
109°  n^est,  an  area  of  103,948  square  mllea. 
It    Is    bounded   on   the   north   by    Wyomlni 

and  Nebragha,  on  the  east  by  Ne"-"  — 

Knnsas,  on  Ibe  sonlh  by  New  luviit-u  auu 
Oklahoma,  and  on  tbe  west  by  Utah.  It 
Is  formed  partly  from  territory  Included 
In  the  Louisiana  Porchaae  and  partly  from 
that  acquired  from  Meilco  In  1848,  Colo- 
rado Is  traversed  by  tbe  Rocky  Monnlalns 
■nd  Is  noted  for  Its  beautiful  scenery, 
formed  by  lofty  peaka  and  deep  canyons. 
Colorado  Is  the  chief  gold  and  silver  pro- 


799,024. 
aiatli" 


.  Federal 
farms  In  the 
13.532,113  acr 


s  of  agrlcultnre  collected  for  the 


r   of 

Slate  at  46.170,  comprising 
s.  valued  wllb  stock  and  Im- 
S4ei,«71.806.  The  average 
(26.81   against 


t    1131.017,- 

, J26;    14.739 

mulea.  11.798,935:  179,294  BWlne,  tl.SSS,- 
158;  1.426.214  sbeep.  tS,C86,187.  and  panl- 
try,  tl.012,£Sl,  The  yield  and  value  of  tbe 
field  crops  of  1911  was:  corn,  373,000 
acres,  5,222,000  bushels,  $4,073,000;  wheat. 
438,000  acres,  S. 274,000  buBbelB.  SB,950,- 
000;  oBta,   290,000   acrea,  10,IB0,0f      "       " 


,   14,8 


;,Ooo: 


buahclB,  {176,000:  potatoeB,  90,000  acrea, 
3,150.000  bushels,  $$,118,000;  hay,  707,000 
acres,  1,414,000  tons,  tl3.150,000. 

Though  Colorado  does  not  now  lead  In 
the  production  of  any  Important  mineral 
Biibstarice.  tbe  United  States  Geological  Sur- 
vey reports  that  It  closely  approilmatea 
California  In  the  production  of  gold,  of 
which  In  former  years  It  has  been  the  lead- 
ing producer.  It  ranks  eleventh  among  tbe 
mjnersl-produclng  at  a  tea,  and  fifth  among 
the  states  west  of  the  Hlsslaslppl  River. 
It  Is  tbe  leadlog  producer  of  tuneEten  ores 
and  vanadium  minerals,  and  ranks  aecond 
In  the  production  of  gold,  third  In  the 
production  of  ilnc  and  fluorsnar,  and 
fourth  In  lead.  On  account  chiefly  of  the 
decreased  production  of  coal  tbe  total  value 
of  the  mineral  products  of  Oolomdo  de- 
creaeed  from  t5S;i<t7,399  In  1912  to  tS4.- 
294,281  In  1913.  The  product  of  ehlct  value 
iB  gold,  the  production  o(  which  In  1013 
was  almost  exactly  onc-tblrd  the  total  valae 
of  the  mineral  prndnrla  of  the  HtatP.  Thi- 
production  decrei 
ounces,  value-  - 
877,857  flue 


t   $18,6! 


i    Im: 


lued  at  $18,14 
e   among  the   e 


The  production  of  ilnc.  which  showed  a. 
marked  Increase  In  1912  over  1911,  suffered 
a  decrease  In  1913,  which  was  partlcnlarly 
empbaslaed  In  the  diminished  valne  of  the 
output.  The  recoverable  slue  content  of  the 
ores  mined  In  Colorado  In  1913  was  68.673 
short  Ions,  valned  at  $6,683,400.  against 
66.111  tons,  valned  at  $9,123,374,  tu  1912. 
The    line    mining   operations    are    tblrd    la 

dustrles. 

Colorado  leads  att  of  the  western  stales 
In  tbe  mannfactnre  of  pig  Iron,  but  pro> 
duces  only  a  small  qusntfty  of  Iron  ore. 
Silver  ranks  fourit  In  tbe  value  of  Colo- 
rado's mineral  product,  and,  nnllke  gold, 
showed  an  Increase  of  outout  In  1913.    Tbe 

Srodurtion  of  silver  In  the  M«le  Increased 
rom  8,S12.070  fine  ouncea,  valued  at  $5,050. ~ 
423,  In  1912,  to  9,326.200  fine  onncea,  val- 
ned  at   tS,eS2,4C4,      Ths   recoverable   lead 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


ConUDAICQ 


Ooloimdfr— CoHiimwiL 

coDtent  of  the  ore  Id  1SI3  wu  48.949  sbarC 
ton*,  Talued  at  13.807,502.  The  other  mln- 
etal  produots  nhlch  bad  a  total  Tilae  la 
rznsa  of  tl.OOO.OOa  In  1913  were  «lBT 
ptoducU  and  copper.  Other  mineral  prod- 
ueta  of  the  Btate  are  cement,  ferro-afioja, 
Dnospar,  fuller's  eorth,  gema,  graphite,  gyp- 
— .. ,g^  mica,  mineral 

-. i-    tuigsten    concentrates,   and 

tnlua  and  ranadlnm  orea. 
The  numtwr  ot  m an n factoring  estabUah- 
inentB  In  Colorado  harlng  an  annual  oatput 
Talued  at  1000  or  more  at  the  beginning  of 
1915  was  2.120.     The  amount  ot  capluf  In- 
Tcated  was  (181,719.000,  giving  employment 
i!L?^-^^^  peraona.  uglug  matectal  valued  at 
189.756,000,  and  tarDlu  out  Onlsbed  goods 
worth   (130,880,000.      Salarlea   and   wan* 
paid  •nauDted  to  $20,068,000. 
Oolondo; 
Admission  of,  into  Union — 
Aete  for,  vetoed,  3611,  3681. 
Table   &ccompan7iiig  veto  mea- 
sage,  36S7. 
Proclftimed,  4346. 
Becommeuded,   4209. 
Beferred  to,  4360. 
Bonndarr    of,   6937. 


Creation  and  OTganization  of, 
Territory,  referred  to,  3254. 

Oovernor  of,  absence  of,  from  Ter- 
ritory, referred  to,  3721. 

Italian  laborers  lynched  in,  dis- 
etused  and  recommendation!  re- 
garding, 6065,   6096. 

Labor  disturbances  in,  6942. 

Lauds  in,  set  apart  ae  public  reser- 
vation by  proclamation,  5595,  6695, 
5705,  5722,  5786,  6797,  6740. 

Unlawful  combinations  in,  proclftma- 
tion  against,  S932. 
Oolondo  BlTor  (Lower),  improvement 

of,  7722. 
Colorado  Spiingg,  Ooio,  act  granting 

lands    to,    for   water   reservoirs   re- 

tnned,  5501. 
Colon  of  Franca  presented  to  United 

States  on  the  occasion  of  the  presen- 
tation of  an  address  of  amity  from 

the  Committee  of  Public  Safety  in 

Paris,  181. 
ColmnbU,   Tlia,   attacked  hy  Ifexiean 

armed  vessel,  1684,  1686. 
Colombia,  The,  mentioned,  631S. 
Columbia,  District  of.    (See  District  of 

Columbia.) 
Colombia  Bfrei: 

Exploration  of,  396,  831. 

Improvement  of  recommendations  re- 
garding, 4571. 

Uilitar}'  posts  at  month  of,  recom- 
mended, 831. 

Referred  to,  705,  768. 


Territory  of  United  States  on,  infor- 
mation   regarding    occupancy    of, 
1616. 
Ooluublan  Exposition.      (See  World's 

Columbian  Exposition.) 
Columbian    Historical    Exposition    at 
Madrid: 
Acceptanu  of  invitation  to  partiei* 

pate  in,  recommended,  G0S2. 
Beport  of  United  States  commission- 
ers to,  transmitted,  5988. 
OolnmbuB,  Clirlstopliei.    (See  America.) 
OolumbOB  Dar.     (See  Holidays,  Legal.) 
Columbus  and  Bandnsk;  Tiunplks  re- 
ferred to,  2278. 
Oolnmbas  Barracks,  OUo,  new  buildings 
for  recraiting  service  at,  referred  to, 
4664. 
Colnmbu^  Os.,  act  for  erection  of  pub- 
lic building  at,  vetoed,  5257. 
OolnmbUB,  Ohio,  establishment  of  mint 

at,  referred  to,  4311. 
OoItHIs  Beservatlon,  Wasta.,  agreement 

for   eession   of  lands  on,   5M8. 
Comanclio  TniHans.  (See  Indian  Tribes.) 
OomblnaUona,  IllogaL  (See  Illegal  Com- 
binations.) 
Comet,   The^   compensations  by   Great 
Britain  in  ease  of,  referred  to,  1732, 
1784. 
Oommandors  of  Aim7.     (See  Eneyelo- 

pedio  Article,  Army.) 
Commarce.— The  commerce  ot  the  United 
States  Is  reported  b;  the  Department  of 
Commerca  under  two  general  beidlngs,  for- 
eign and  domestic.  The  extent  of  the  for- 
eign commerce  Is  represented  In  the  Imports 
and  eipoTta,  while  the  domestic  trade  Is 
summed  up  Id  the  freight  trafflc  of  the 
railroads.  Besides  that  carried  bj  the  rail- 
road*, the  rtTers  and  lakes  carry  a  contld- 
crable  amount  of  merchandise,  which  I* 
only  partlalt;  reported.     The  data  tor  the 


made  by   t 


report  of  the  Chief 


'^'nginJ 


FOBSiaH  TRADB.— 


Exports  for  the  fls- 
cai  rear  jusi  enaeo  wiin  Jnne  amounted  to 
14,3*5,000.000,  and  the  Imports  were  valued 
at  t3,ISO,000,bOO,  making  a  total  (orelgn 
trade  for  the  fear  ot  over  six  and  a  half 
bltllon  dollars,  which  la  much  larger  than 
aD7  preTioDB  total  In  tbe  history  of  Amer- 
ica p  commerce.  Theiie  figures  were  an- 
nounced Julr  12,  1S10,  by  the  Bureau  ot 
Foreign  and  l>omestlc  Commerce,  of  the  De- 
partment of  Commerce,  with  the  eiplana- 
tloD  that  the  figures  Included  for  Jane  are 
an   estimate  based   on   the   Snal   Ha;  sta- 

It  was  In  1872  that  onr  foreign  trade  Bnt 
exceeded  one  bUllon  dollars.  By  ISOO  It 
had  crossed  the  two  billion  dollar  mark,  by 
lOOT  had  exceeded  three  billion,  and  by  1918 
bad  riaen  above  four  billion,  remaining 
around  that  level  until  the  year  ]ust  ended, 
wben  the  sli  billion  mark  was  exceeded. 

Imports  first  exceeded  one  billion  dollars' 
value  In  1903  and  are  now  a  little  more  than 
twice  as  mucb  as  at  that  time. 

Exports  firat  rose  abave  one  billion  dol- 
lars' value  In  1892  and  are  now  tour  times 
aa  much  an  In  that  year. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Tblrteen  great  clanei  of  exported  artl- 
clm  rlel<l  ■  total  ntlmated  at  S,0S4  million 
doUirt  (»r  l&ia,  •■  agilost  1,321  mllllaD  tor 
all  other  artlclea.  The  followuis  table  ahow* 
the  remarkable  Increaiea  which  ba*e  oc- 
curred tn  eiporti  of  this  gronp  dartnx  the 
lait  two  Tear*: 

Lauitna  asmclcs  or  Bxpobt 


uru,    tA    muiiua,    coiOHIva   TVltn    ^£3    Ana    -l-V 
mlllioD  In  IBIS  and  1614,  respectUelT. 

TaklQK  up  tbe  artlclea  ol  lemer  Tilni^  luid 
■tatlDC   the   ISie    1S15.    and    1B14  ImpoitB 
In  mllllont  o(  dollan.  the  Osnrea  rnn  : 
Hiifon  Amci-ia  or  mnntr 


_, inalDB  down. 

ward  froiD  9  million  to  6  mllllaD  dollara 
each  last  year  Included  tan  and  lur  skins, 
"  -  ' — ' —    o  ■  leroplane*  — '  •-' —n..- 


.A. "7' 


5.K 


lac  ii 


■  istrii'mi> 
□uIbc 


87  a 


I  76  mItlloD 


_  _  _  _  rt  120  ;  1 
nrl  53  ;  raw  silk,  122, 
aEalnst  si  ann  U» :  cnffee.  117,  against  107 
and  111 :  and  cbemlcala,  drucs.  etc.,  lOS 
million,  iKBlDSt  S4  and  S!>  million,  respect- 
ively. Our  leading  Imrnrfs  are  thus  tao 
torr  matetialB  and  fnoilgtnltB. 

mportt  of  DianufscCured  flbera  are  esti- 
mated at  flS  mtlllnn  dollars  for  1916.  Hfmlnst 


The  estimated  tmi 


Jl^rt 


trade  In  the  minor 
mlllloii 


dollara;  nickel,  10;  iplcea,  9;  antlmon; 
lB«tte,  aulpbar  ore,  and  fertUliera,  each  7 ; 
earthen  and  eblaaware,  maneHDese,  braaa 
for  reman ufacture,  bltumlnaus  coal.  Iron  ore, 
tobacco  manufactures,  leatber  manufactures, 
each  between  5  and  6  million  ;  and  lead,  dye- 
woods,  docks  and  watches,  aabestoa.  dressed 
• —   . —   _i._..   --^  platinum,  each  from 


0  4  mlillon 

The  estimate  of  BH  blUloa  dollar 


s  tbe 


value  of  America „„ 

year  whicb  ended  June  80.  1910.  recently 
announced  by  the  Bureau  ot  Foreign  and 
Domestic  Commerce,  Department  of  Com- 
merce, Is  conflned  by  complete  returns  which 
*■—  '— t  been  tabulated  by  that  offlce. 


TBHU,     U,     BUU     lC4mi»:iV,     Sllk     mH  U  U 1 BU  LU IVH. 

seeda.  bides  and  sklni,  and  glucose,  eacb,  ft 
million  dollars. 

Seven  graapB  of  artleiM  represent  about 
one-half  the  entire  value  of  our  Import  trade, 
each  of  them  eiceedlns  100  million  dollars 
in  tbe  tlBcal  year  IQIO,  Stated  In  order  of 
magnitude,  they  are :  sugar,  estimated  at 
20f  millloD  Id  1910,  agBlnat  1T4  and  101 
mlllloDS  one  and  two  years  earlier ;   rubber 

r,  ISO  million  agalnat 


than   2  billion   dollar 
from  1011  to  1914.    J 

of  465   million    dollai„, „    . 

than  the  record  total  of  476  milll 
bnt   practically   200       ■- 


being  slightly   Ipea 


The  year's  Imports 
2.168  million  dollars. 


Imports  totaled  246 


pctlvely  :   hints  and        ^^ ^ea" 


amonnted  in  value  to 
'ng  by  524  mU- 


—  largest  Hk- 

dollara  larger  than  that  tor  Uay 
illllon  larger  than  that  for  June 


The  year'B  eiport  balance  n 
equaled  total  of  2,136  million  .  ...  __„ 
practically  double  that  for  19in  and  more 
thnn  four  timeg  that  of  1914,  which  were 
1,004  million  and  4T1  million  dollars,  re- 
Biwctively,  The  month  of  June  contrlhuti^ 
211)  mllUoD  dollars  to  tbe  favorable  trade 
■""'  —  e  of  the  year,  which    compares   with 


t  balai 


■  of  111 


wood  manufactures,  ni  mllllou,  a  a  RKalnst 

47  and  44  million :  tin  in  bars,  blocks,  etc., 

48  million,   compared  with  31   and  89   mil- 
lion ;  cotton  manufactnrea,  47  million,  com-        »...,  y... 
pared  with  40  and  71  million  ;  and  raw  cot-       62.9  per 


1015,  and_ 

~'  tbe  year's  Imports  68  per 
of  duty,  compared  with  ai... 
ler  cent  In  191B.     Of  tbe  Jui 
per  cent_  were  frpe_^  of  dnty, 


than  a     . 

!q  June,  1914. 

Of  the  year's  Imports  68  per  cent  entered 


It  In  JuD 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Eneyehpedic  Index 


t  iDward  gold  moTemmt  BmonDted 

t»  114  aHlUoD  dollara  for  Jane  aod  404  mU- 
lloD  for  tlie  retr  endlpg  with  Jane.  Tbe 
prccedliur  OBcal  sttt  shoired  a  oet  sold  Im- 
port of  30  mlllloD,  irblle  1014  Ihowcd  a  net 
Sid  export  of  45  oiillloii  doUan.  The  year's 
ports  of  gold  anoanted  to  4S4  mlllloQ  dol- 
lara, compared  with  112  mlllloD  In  1910  and 
«I  mUlloD  In  1814 :  the  year's  eTporta  of 

Kid,  90  mUIlon  dollars,  M  BgaloBt  146  mtl- 
<n  tn  191B  and  112  million  In  iei4.   Gold 
Imports   averaged    SB    million   dollara   i 


Br  montb  tor  tbe  pwtod  from  Jannan  to 
ar,  leie,  bnt  In  June  roae  to  123  mUlIon 
dollars,    jone  exports  of  gold  amonnled  to 


Tbe     Sao  It     Ste.     Marie    Canal 


b«  the  Inland  Watcnraja  CommlHlon, 
piaces  tbe  commerce  br  this  meana  of  trans- 
portation at  70.838,142  thort  tons. 

Cttminerc*  (see  also  Foreign  Import  Bn- 
ties) : 
Active  cooperation  of  coDsnlar  serv- 
ice in  promoting  foreign  commerce, 
64S9. 
Agreements  with  foreign  powera  re- 
garding, discQBBed,  5615,  5747. 
Proclaimed,  5S7S,  £683,  S5ST,  5SS4, 
S688,    5693,    S698,    G714,    5710, 
5718,     6800. 
Belgian  restrictions  opon  importation 

from  the  United  States,  6325. 
Berlin   and   Milan   decrees   affecting, 
diseussed    and    referred    to    by 
President — 
Jefferson,  409,  415,  430,  432,  434, 

441,  440. 
Uadison,  467,  474,  476,  503,  613, 
S22. 
Proclamations     regarding,     457, 
466. 
Bnrden  imposed  upon,  by  Spain,  1456. 
Collection  of  commercial  resDlatioDB 
of  foreign  powers  referred  to,  632, 
776. 
Conditions  of,  discussed,  2608. 
Conventions  regarding.    (Bee  treaties 

under  ttio  several  powers.) 
Oeelioe  of,  discussed  and  reeommen- 
datioDs  for  advancement  of,  by 
president — 
Arthur,  4650,  4727,  4831,  4837. 
Qrant,  4007,  4060,  420L 
Harrison,  Benj.,  6401. 
Depredations  on  (see  al«o  claims  un- 
der the  several  powers;  Vessels, 
United  SUtes,  seiied) — 
Beferred  to,  237,  .'" 
atioDS    aga 
■  Qovemment,  3 
IHeeussed  by  President — 
Ad«nu,  Jobn,  826,  241,  247,  2S6. 


Adams,  J.  Q.,  978,  979. 

Arthur,  4660,  4720,  4731,  4831, 48S7. 

Cleveland,   4921. 

Grant,  4007,  4013,  4060,  420L 

Harrison,  Benj.,   6491,  S74S,   fi747, 

57S7. 
Hayes,  4423,  4664. 
Jackson,  151B. 
Jefferson,  SIS,  361,  383. 
Lincoln,  3259. 

UcKinloy,  6241,  63S9,  6381,  6436. 
Uadison,  669. 
IConroe,  621,  667,  775. 
Pierce,  2762,  2S08. 
Polk,  2274. 

Boosevett,  6646,  6768,  7052. 
Taft,  7374,  7435,  7502,  7757. 
Van  Buren,  1719. 
Washington    68,  96,  175. 
Wilson,  8017. 

Extension  of,  with  foreign  powers, 
referred  to,  660,  3259,  4837,  6266. 

Fines  imposed  upon  American  ship- 
ping by  Spain  discussed,  4626,  4714, 
4783. 

First  treaty  of,  referred  to,  820. 

Foreign  vessels  purchased  by  Ameri- 
can citizens  in  aid  of,  4823. 

Hawaiian  trade  disenssed,  6340. 

Laws  for  regulating,  must  engage  at- 
tention of  Congress,  4S4,  526,  538, 
672,  7032. 

Laws  of,  having  tendency  to  prolong 
war  (1812)  should  be  revised,  52^ 

Letter  from  Emperor  of  France  re- 
garding free  trade  and,  referred 
to,  3112. 

Merchandise  transported  from  one 
port  in  United  States,  over  Cana- 
dian territory,  to  another  port 
therein,  discussed,  5770. 

Uerchant  marine  discossed  by  Presi- 

UcEinley,  6360. 
Boosevelt,  6653. 

Not  to  be  affected  by  imperial  de- 
cree of  France,  409. 

Policy  of  United  States  in  commer- 
cial intereonrse  discussed,  866. 

Proof  of  increasing  dangers  to,  re- 
ferred to,  427. 

Beferred  to,  2S96,  4973,  6663. 

Beciprocal  Trade  relations  with  for- 
eign countries,  6S66. 

Besonrces  locked  up,  6016. 

Spoliations  committed  on,  referred 
to,  237,  329.  (See  also  claims  un- 
der the  several  powers;  Vessels, 
United  States,  seized.) 

Suspension  of,  caused  by  injustice  of 
belligerent  powers,  443,  467,  477. 

Tariff  laws  modified.  (See  Foreign 
Import  Duties.) 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


With  foreign  powera  (sae  alio  For- 
eign Import  Duties) — 
Aoabift,  1114,  2004. 
Belginm,  81S3. 

Biuil,  3040,  4078,  4639,  SSTO,  5663. 

Britiab  eolonisH,  6G2. 

C&nada,     2582,    26S4,    S989,    3999, 

5748.     (See  Welland  Canal.) 

Conferenee    oa   subject  of,   dia- 

cnseed,  567S,  567S,  6748.^ 
Treat;  regardiDg,  4220. 
China,  1114,  1790,  206S,  2743,  2977, 
3446,  4060,  6367. 
Zntemiption  of,  by  Great  Brit- 
ain referred  to,  1S39. 
Colombia,  1124. 

Confedente  States.      (Ses  Confed- 
erate  States.) 
Consular  reports,  6338,  6356,  6381, 

e*36,  6460. 
Costa  Itiea,  388S. 

Cnba,  1260,  1347,  2945,  4826,  4921, 
6089,  5470,  5647,  6069,  6292. 
Report  OD,  6202. 
Treaty     regarding,     4842,     4847, 
4848. 
Denmark,  1094,  1244,  2812,  2S44. 
Ecuador,   6435. 

France,  170,  346,  409,  460,  467,  646, 
689,  917,  961,  1069,  IBll,  2976, 
6330. 
Bestrainte  on,  removed  and  die- 
CQBBed,  278,  292,  294,  457,  466, 
476,  917,  6262. 
Suspension  of,  458, 
Germany,  5617,   6061,  6330. 
Great  Britain — 
Convention  regarding,  548,  554, 
60S,  628,  764,  946. 
^vclamation  regarding,  555. 


Adams,  J.    Q.,   919,  933,  941, 
967,  974. 

Jaekaon,   1043,  1064,  lllS. 

McKinley,  6436. 

MadiBon,  439,  467,  478. 

Monroe,  60S,  628,  845,  669,  818. 

Polk,  2428. 

Taylor,   2648. 

WBBbington,  88,  114,  138,  176, 
184,  190,   191. 
Senewal  of  relations,  453,  4S7. 
Sospenaion  of  relations,  468,  476, 

Greece, 'ie47,  633S. 

Japan,  2703,  2743,  2769,  4060,  4242, 

4448,  6373. 
Mexico,  816,  1070, 1157,  SUB,  4327, 

4462,  6678,  6959. 
Netherlands,  599,  918,  1369. 
Newfonndland,  2867. 
Niearagna,  6435. 
Oldenbnn,  820. 
Vwa,  11S9,  2/46. 


Portngal,  81L 
Vessel  sent  to  protect  American 
interests,  1099. 
PniBsia,  820. 

Pnerto  Bico,  1260,  1347,  4826,  4921, 
6989,  S470,  6069. 
Treaty    regarding,    4842,    4847, 
4848. 
BnBBia,  820,  1068,  1113,  1369,  1704. 
Salvador,  6663. 

Santo    Domingo,    287,    773,    5663, 
6435. 
Complaints    of   France    against. 


removed,    280, 


379. 
Bestrictions 


285. 


Sardinia,  820.  ' 

South  America,  4014,  4826,  5509. 

South    American    Bepublics,   28S9, 
4460. 
Beport  on,  4024. 

Spain,  110,  112,  113,  139,  164,  60S9, 
6663. 
Treaty  regarding,  discoBsed,  4919. 

States  in  insurrection.     (See  Con- 
federate States.) 

Sweden,  820. 

Texas,  1964. 


Turkey,     1078.     (See     also     Black 
Bea.) 
Oommarce,  Interetato.     (See  Interstate 

Commerce. ) 
Commerce  OonrL— The  Msnn-Elklns  set 
ot  Jane  18,  ISIO,  created  a  aevi  Judicial 
bodj  known  «■  the  Commerce  Court  to 
review  the  declBlons  of  the  Interstate  Com- 
merce CommiBslon  on  appesl  and  to  eip©- 
dite  rate  caacs  Cormerl;  tried  In  the  Dnlted 
Statea  Circuit  Courts, 

It  baa  the  same  Jurlndlctloa  aa  Circalt 
Courts  In  (1)  all  ntges  Cor  the  entorcement, 
otherwise  tban  bT  adjudicatloo  and  collec- 
tlOD  of  a  forfeiture  or  penalty  or  by  Inflic- 
tion o(  criminal  punishmeDt,  of  any  order 
ot  the  Interstate  Commerce  Comnila«loa 
other  than  for  the  payment  of  money ;  (2> 
caaea  brought  to  enjoin.  Bet  aside,  annul 
or  eu spend  In  whole  or  in  part  any  order 
ot  the  Interatate  Commerce  Commlaaloa ; 
(SI  aucb  casea  as  by  section  three  ot  the 
act  entitled  "Aa  act  to  further  regulate 
commerce  with  foreign  nations  and  smonK 
the  atates,"  approved  Feb.  19.  1903.  are 
authorlied  to  be  maintained  In  a  Circuit 
Court  of  the  United  Statea;  (4)  all  such 
mandamus  proceedings  as  uuder  the  pro- 
tIbIods  of  section  twenty  or  section  twenty- 
three  ot  the  act  entitled  "An  act  to  regialate 
commerce,"  approved  Feb.  4,  1887,  as 
amended,  are  authorlied  to  be  maintained 
In  a  Circuit  Court  of  the  United  States. 

The  Jurisdiction  oC  the  Commerce  Court 
over  cases  ot  the  toregoln^  daaaea  shall  be 
eiclnalre.  but  thla  act  ahall  not  sffert  the 

{urladlctlon  now  posseaaed  by  any  Circuit 
;onrt  or  District  Conrt  ot  the  United  States 
over  caaea  or  proceedings  o(  a  hind  not 
wltblQ  the  aboT^ennmerated  classes. 

The  Commerce  Court  diall  be  a  conrt  of 
record,  shall  have  a  aeal  and  be  composed 
of  flve^Jndgea  to  be  from  time  to  tiao 
deajgnated  and  aaal^ed  thereto  by  th« 
Chief  J^Kttoe  ot  the  UoltM  Statea,  from 
amtaic  t±B  e^vart  jndgtn  of  tbeUtMM 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Stataa,  for  the  period  of  five  yatt.  except 
ttkAt  In  tbe  llrBt  instance  tbe  court  sbnll  be 
compvied  of  tbe  tlTe  &il<UtlODa.l  circuit 
Jodcee  to  be  appointed  as  hereinafter  pro- 


^-1  ahall  expire  Id  each  year  thereafter. 

In  case  of  the  death,  resignation  or  ter- 
mlnatloD  of  aBBlKnment  of^  an;  Jadce  so 
denlKneted.  the  Cblef  Jnetlce  shall  dea^nate 
a  circuit  Judge  to  aU  the  tscbqct  SO  ceund 
and  to  serve  during  the  uneiplred  period 
for  which  tbe  orlgloal  designation  was 
made.  After  the  year  1914  no  circnlt  Judge 
tfiall  be  designated  to  serre  In  tbe  Com- 
merce Court  until  the  expiration  of  Bt 
Icait  one  year  after  the  expiration  of  tbe 
period  of  bis  last  prcTloua  dealgnatlon. 
The  Jndn  flret  deelgnated  tor  tbe  nve-year 
period  shall  be  tbe  presldlne  Judge  of  Bald 
eanrt,  and  thereafter  the  fudge  senior  In 
designation  shall  be  tbe  presiding  Judge. 

KtfSi  at  tbe  Judges  dnrlng  tbe  perfod  of 
hla  eerrlce  In  the  Commerce  Court  ahall, 
on  acconnt  of  tbe  regulat  sessloDS  of  the 
court  being  held  In  tbe  city  of  Washing- 
ton, receive  In  addition  to  his  salary  aa 
circuit  Judge  an  expense  sllowar"  '*  '■'■' 
rate  of  one  "■ '  ' 


Elatablishment  of,  recommended,  7U2. 

JnriBdiction  of,  7767. 

Prompt  decuion  of  cues  in,  7756. 

Beasona  for  astabUBhmeiLt  of,  77S8. 

Becord  of,  7756. 
Conunerca,  Deputment  of, — In  order  to 
relieve  some  ot  the  executive  departments 
of  tbe  Oovemment  of  the  burden  ol  great- 
ly Increased  duties,  and  In  response  to 
the  petitions  of  the  Industrial  and  commer- 
cial daaaes  of  tbe  country  for  tbe  estab- 
lishment ot  a  separate  department  of  the 
Government  to  care  for  their  Interests, 
the  Bureau  of  I^bor  was  establlabed  Jnne 
21,  1804,  and  June  18,  1888,  It  waa  sue- 
1  by  r     "     -— * "-■- 


laet  day  o(  Its  seeslon  (1 . — , 

arated   tbe   Department   of  Commerce   and 
I,Bbo[   Into   the   Department   of   Commerce 


Department  of  Commerce  Is  compoaed  ot  no- 
related  bureans  and  branches  ot  tbe  pub- 
lic service.  Tbe  Inndamental  purpose  ot 
the  department  Is  to  promote  the  tOTClgn 
and  domeatlc  commerce,   the  mining,  i — 


two  ot  whom  shall  be  from  the  same 
lodldal  circuit,  who  shall  hold  olDce  during 
nod  behavior  and  trho  shall  be  from  time 
to  time  designated  sod  assigned  by  the 
Oilef  Justice  of  tbe  United  States  (or 
■ervlca  In  tbe  Circuit  Court  for  any  dis- 
trict, or  the  Circuit  Court  of  Appeals  for 
ftny  circuit,  or  In  the  Commerce  Court, 

President  Tatt  made  the  fotlowlog  sp- 
polntments:  Judge  Uartin  A.  Knspp.  pre- 
■idlng.  commissioned  Dec  81,  lOlO,  for  a 
term  of  Ave  years :  Judges  Sobert  W.  Arch- 
bald.  William  H.  Hunt.  Jobn  B.  Garland 
and  Julian  W.  Hack,  eacb  commissioned 
Jan.  31,  1911  for  terma  of  tour,  three  and 
two  year»,  and  one  year,  reapectlvely.  The 
associate  Judges  sbul  bave  precedence  and 
^all  succeed  to  the  place  and  powers  of 
the  presiding  Judge  whenever  be  may  be 
absent  or  Incapabre  of  acting  In  the  order 
of  the  date  ot  tbeir  deslgnatTooa  Four  of 
said  Judges  shall  constitute  a  quorum,  and 
at  least  a  m^orlty  of  the  court  shall 
concur  In  all  decisions. 

The  act  further  provides  for  the  appoint- 
ment of  a  clerk  and  marebnl.  Its  regular 
seaalons  shall  be  held  In  Washington,  but 
It  may  bold  seBBlona  In  different  parts  ot 
the  United  States  as  may  be  found  desir- 
able. In  all  cases  within  its  Jurisdiction 
It  may  exercise  any  and  all  the  powera 
of  a  Circuit  Court  of  the  United  Btatea. 
Its  Jurisdiction  may  be  Invoked  by  the  flllng 
ot  written  petitions  setting  forth  the  petf- 
tioner'a  cause  of  actiou  and  specifying  the 
relief  soughl.  Appeals  msy  be  taken  to  the 
Supreme  Court  of  tbe  United  States.  Upon 
expiration  of  the  term  for  which  tbey  are 
appointed,  tbey  do  not  cease  to  be  Judges, 
bat  are  aaslgned  tor  daCy  witblu  some 
Judicial  clrcuTt,  and  other  Circuit  Judges 
are  designated  by  tbe  Chief  Justice  of  tie 
Supreme  Court  for  service  In  tbis  court. 

The  conrt   was  abolished  Oct.    22.   1918, 
Ita  Jurisdiction  trnnHferred   to  the  district 
couris  and  Its  Judges  were  retained  aa  cir- 
cuit Judges. 
OtaoBMrca  Court.    (Bee  Conrtg.) 

Defended,  7755. 

Deeisions     stutained     hj     Sapreme 
Ooatt,  1757. 


[acturlng,  shipping,  and  Bshlng  llU 
.-'lea,  and  the  transportatloD  facnitles  __ 
the  United  States,^  The  new  oOees  created 
by  the  act  of  iMS  were  the  Bureau  ot 
Corporations  and  Che  Bureau  ot  Hanntse- 
turee.  The  Light  House  Board,  tbe  Light 
House  Establishment.  Che  Steamboat  In- 
spection Service,  ttie  Bureau  of  Navigation, 
the  United  Staiee  Shipping  Commissioner, 
tbe  National  Burean  of  Standards,  the 
Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey  (g.  v.],  the 
Commissi  oner- Qeneral  of  Immlgratlou,  the 
Commlssloneni  of  Immigration,  tbe  Bnreau 
of  Immigration,  tbe  Immigration  Service 
at  Large,  the  Burean  ot  g— ■— --   '-    -  - 


Labor  from  the  Department  ot  the  Interior. 
The  Burean  of  Foreign  Commerce  wag  taken 
from  the  Department  of  Btate  and  made  a 
part  of  tbe  Bnreau  of  Sutlstlca;  tbe  Fish 
Commission  <q.  v.)  tbe  ODce  of  Commis- 
sioner of  Fish  and  Fisheries,  which  had 
heretofore  existed  as  Independent  branches 
'    "      public   service,    are   now    attached 


e tanned  by  the  department  lor  1917  are 
■anaportabon  by  water  and  cltv  cartage  In 
relation  to  the  cost  of  living,  also  the  sub- 
jects of  religions  bodies,  marriage  and  dl- 


B  most  Important  divisions  ot 


states  and   with  foreign  natloi 
the   same  power  In   respect  to   uiek  •■   •■ 
conferred    upon    tbe    Interstate    Commerce 
Commission   (see  Interstate  Commerce). 

Vanu/oc tursi.— It  Is  tbe  function  ot  the 
Bnreau  of  Manufactures  to  aid  tbe  manu- 
facturing Industries  of  tbe  United  States, 
and  to  assist  them  In  gaining  markets  at 
home  and  abroad  by  supplying  all  avalla- 
bls  InformatloD  coocernlng  the  various  In- 
dustries and  their  markets.    To  aid  in  tU* 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


OoDuiMroQ,  Dapaxtment  of — Cantbutt^i. 

■II  conaalar  ofllccs,  under  tbe  direction  of 
tbe  BecretarT  ol  atitc.  are  placed  at  tbe 
•ervlce  of  tbe  Secretary  of  Commerce. 

[ToLlowInz    are    tbe    Sccrctarlee    of    Com- 
merce and  Labor  and  tbe  Presldenti  ander 
1  thcT  aerved : 


*°~'-LSr-™"' 

i 

RooMnlt... 
Tmh. 

Geotr>  B.  Cortehiou,  New  York. 
Victor  H.  McUbU,  CBli(onu&. . . 
Oosu  S.  8(niu.  New  YoHi 

1B03 
1909 

SeomwT   of  Commeroe 

WilKd 

William  C.  Redfield,  New  Yorit . 

1913 

been   the   castomary   practice. 


loLtlatlTe,    tbe    referendum    and    tbt 
In  some   casea,   no    cecognltli 
politic'     — ■ '--     ~     --" 


belni 


HUtOTv  oj 


For  more  detailed  Information  aK  to  tbs 
•cope  of  tbe  activities  of  tbe  Department 
□r  Commerce  consult  tbe  Index  refercbcee 
to  tbe  Prealdeota'  MewaseB  aod  Encyclo- 
pedic articlea  under  tbe  following  beaalngB ; 
CeniDi.  LiRbt   Ilonae   Berrlee. 

Corporations.  Uanufacturea. 

Fl^betlei. 

OommercA  utd  Iiabot,  Department  of: 
EstabliBhrnent     recommended,     8049, 

671B. 
EsUblished,  6784. 
Oonunerce  ol  Foretgn  Fowen: 

Consular  reports  on  trade  and  indus- 
tries referred  to,  4988,  5122,  5201, 
6338,  0356,  6381,  6436,  6460,  0673. 
Consular  repilatlons,  6797,  6913,  7421, 

7504. 
DlBtnrbed  hj  War  between  the  States, 

3327. 
Beferred  to,  4651. 
Beport  of  Hamilton  Fish  on,  4024. 
Oommerce   of  the  World,  printing  of 
apeeiBl  edition  of,  recommended,  6096, 
8183,  6734,  6867. 
Oommarca  with  Jfaar  East,  7667. 
Oonunerclal  Balatloiia,  printing  of  spe- 
cial  edition   of,   recommended,    6096, 
6183,  6338,  6356,  6381,  6436,  6460. 
Ooinitterclal     reports,    publication    and 
circulation  of,  referred  to,  4539,  6338, 
6356,  6381,  6436,  6460. 
Commercial  Bights   of  United  States, 
decrees  of  belligerent  powers  of  En- 
rope   affecting,  referred  to,  446. 
OommercUl  Tariff.     (See  Foreign  Im- 
port  Diities;    Import   Duties.) 
Oommerdal  Treaties.    (8ee  treaties  un- 
der the  several  powers.) 
Oommlaslon  Form  of  OoTenunant.—Tbe 
Soremment  of  a  ctt;  b;  a  commission,  In- 
stead of  b;  a  major  and  otber  city  officials, 
was    Drat    Instituted    In    QBlveeton,    Texas, 
In   1901.      lea   usual   form  proTldea  for   tbe 
_. .  number    ot    commla- 


tbird  of  a  beallb  department,  and 
>  on.  A  limited  number  of  membera 
t  the  commission,   asuall;  onlj   Ore,   has 


„.    political    parties: 

ndldatea    for   tbe    oOlce    of    commlaaloncr 
ilnated  by  certificate, 

'  the  CDmrnisafOH  form  of  Oov- 
i!>i>mi,i>t. — •TaSblnaton.  D.  C,  wblch  came 
uniJer  tbe  commleBion  plan  on  Jane  11,  18TB, 
by  act  of  Consrem,  was  the  first  city  In  the 
United  States  to  adopt  permanently  this 
form  ot  EOTemmeQt.  Tbe  application  of 
tbe  commission  plan  to  the  capital  of  the 
United  States  new  out  of  the  relation  ot 
tbe  National  Oovemment  to  the  Federal 
city,  and  the  capital  was  not  at  that  time 
considered  an  example  to  otber  mi  '  '  " 
tlea.  Tbe  real  beginning  of  tbe  n 
toward  comialaalaD  Koremmeut  in  Auicmiau 
cities  was  made  In  QalTeston,  Tex.,  In  IBOl. 
A  destrnctlye  storm  havliiE  OTerwbelmed  the 
city  In  leOO,  learlnK  It  prostrate  Snanclally, 
"--\  ^vemment  w ' — '  '-  "--  ■-- --■ — ■* 

I   such' that's"  1905  "it~  was 

■ --iree  more  cl  ties 

1  In  tbe  calen- 


dar year  1907,  2  In  1S08,  8  In  1900,  7  In 
1910,  14  in  tail,  14  In  1B12,  20  in  1913,  7 
In  1914,  and  8  la  the  early  part  of  IBIS.  In 
all,  81  cities  have  adopted  tbe  commission 
form.  According  to  the  latest  information 
available  ati  more  such  cities  have  recently 
adopted  tbe  plan  by  popular  Tole.  and  In 
four  of  them  it  has  olready  gone  Into  effect. 
Thus  there  are  85  cities  of  over  30.000  In- 
habltanta  which  are  goTerned  by  conimla- 
BloDi  at  tbe  present  time.  These  cities  vary 
in  population  from  3Z.S00  Inbabltants  In 
Boise,  Idaho,  to  4S5.O00  In  Buffalo,  N.  Y., 
and  are  Bcattered  throughout  27  States.  In 
adclKlon  to  the  District  ot  Columbia,  rang- 
ing from  MaaaacbuaettB  to  Washington  and 
from  South  Carolina  to  California.  Five  of 
them  are  in  New  Engiand,  SO  In  other  North- 
ern States  east  of  the  MlSHlSBlppl.  Id  In 
Northern  States  between  the  Hlaslsalppl 
RiTer  and  the  Padflc  Coaat  SUtes,  9  In  t&s 
Pacific  Coast  States,  and  25  In  the  South. 

Tbe  total  population  of  the  SS  commlsaloQ 
ebrnary  1,  1916,  Is  estimated  *t 


7,67T,0( 


800.- 


000  Inhabitants      . 

bureau's  latest  Inquiry.  ConOnlnK  the  fls- 
urea  to  cities  ot  30,000  to  300.000  Inlxahl- 
lanta.  there  are  now  operating  under  tbe 
commission  form  83  such  cltlea,  with  a  total 
population  ot  fl,48O,0OO.  or  45  per  cent  ot 
tbe  aggregate  population  of  the  184  cltlea 
within  these  sisellmlta. 

During  the  past  10  years  the  commission 
plan  has  also  been  adopted  bj-  many  cities 
ot  fewer  than  30,000  (nhabltsnta.  bnt  the 
bureau  has  not  secared  data  for  such  cities. 
OommlsBlon  of  lAhor.        (See   Labor, 

CommissioD  of.) 
OommlsslonerB.     (See  the  several  com- 

Oommlwionen,  United  BUtes,  jurisdic- 
tion   to     tr^    misdemeanors     recom- 
mended, 4939,  S879,  596S. 
Oommlwions   (see  also  Cherokee  Com- 
mission; Mission  Commission;  Sioux 
Commission); 
To  treat  with  Indians  foi  cession  of 
lands  discussed,  6271. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


T  more  persoDi,  elected 
or  •ppoluted,  to  wbom  anr  nutter  of 
baslpeu  1b  referred,  either  by  a  leglsla- 
tlTe  body  or  by  a  court  or  by  any  col- 
IrCtlTe  body  of  men  acllng  togeitiet 
Is  the  cuiiom  In  all  AmerlcaD  legla 
bodle*  to  appolDt  committees  for  tbe  I-. 
■ciloa  of  tbelr  bDalneea.  It  Is  ttie  dulj 
these  tommliiepH  lo  reonn  to  thp  pen 
body   tbelr  < 


I   leglalatiTe 


thus    presenting    lor    dla- 


compleled   legli 


cnsElon    well-abaped   i 

tlOD,      SaTlDK     DlUCh     TBiuuuir     iiuic     niiu     bc- 

mlltee  Bystem  of  canductlDg  builaesB  was 
developed   by   the   Brltlib   Bouae  of  Com- 

a  dnrInK  Qneen'B  ElizabeCh'B  relgo  and 

—  •■■•^ don  ' -'- 

Enjlaod    by    Uie 

iiT'dayB'' VlVgiEla.  'Marrlaol,    New    York, 
PennsylTaDla.    and    North    Carolina    copied 


raEfnet    i 


'     By  at  em    from    England,    and    the 
larlly  of  the  membera  of  tbe  Contlo 


t    with    I 


worklnga   i 


„_    .J  flabae   in    that    body."  After    the 
adoption  of  tbe  Conadtutlon  CoDgTeaB  made 


-, Clay,   the  Bratem 

;   committees    bad   reached   full 
t.     The  Senate  followed  slowly. 


sparlns  use  of  the 

by  1820,        ■      " 

of  Btandl 

derelopmi 

Tbe   Senate   appoinis   i 

Thil  WBB  formerly  the  < 

bnt  soon   their  appoln „. 

tbe    Speaker,    which   adds    greatly 

Oommlttm  of  tli«  Wlud«.— it  la  the  reg- 
nltiF  eoBtom  of  leglalatlTe  bodies  both  In 
thlB  eonDtiT  and  In  Europe,  to  intrast  or 
commit  all  propOBed  legislation  to  com- 
mittees appofDted  for  the  parpose  of  con- 
Blderlng  roedal  aalijeota.  These  make  re- 
porta  and  recommeudatloDB  to  the  wbola 
body.  For  the  purpose  of  deliberating 
npon  mattera  of  general  Interest  not  pom- 
prehended  In  the  scope  of  the  regular 
commit  lees,  the  entire  leglBlatlyc  body 
■oroetlmes  resolves  Itself  into  a  commit- 
tee of  the  whole,  under  the  chairmanship 
•rf  10 me  mrralier  other  than  the  regular 
mealdlDg  cmetr.  In  the  ITntted  Btutes 
Congrefls  the  rules  and  practice  of  the 
Bouse  recognise  two  Committees  of  tbe 
^hoie — nnmeir,  the  Committee  of  the 
IThole  House  on  the  State  of  the  Union,  to 
-  -  -  '       d  public  bualness  and  bills 

bile 


„    e  referred  prlTate  I , 

rate  business.  The  rules  of  proceeding  In 
tbe  House  are  obserred  In  the  Committee 
of  the  Whole  so  far  aa  they  are  applicable. 
No  leglBlatloD  csn  be  enacted  by  the  Com- 
inltteo  of  the  'Whole. 
OonmlOdore. — Formerly  a  courtesy  title 
^ten  In  the  United  Statea  KaTf  to  the 
•entoT  DtDcer  ot  >  Bqaadroo.     By  an  act 

8BSB«d  In  1857  tbe  senior  captain  of  a 
eet  was  known  as  the  flag  officer.  The 
grade  of  commodore  was  created  In  18S2. 
■long  with  that  of  rear-admiral,  and  es- 
tabllsbed  as  the  grade  next  above  that  of 
csptaln.  This  grade  hnd  the  lelatlTC  rank 
qf  a  brigadier-general  In  the  Army.  Until 
that  year  ■  captain  was  the  highest  naral 
officer  recognized  by  Inw.  A  captain  oi 
flag  officer  who ■'—' "■ 


called  commodore, 

ared  M< 


tban  one 
ras  oy  common  consent 
and  tbe  title,  ones  ap- 
-- -  '-   --      •"■-   "lie 


._,   -,    „   .-    The   til 

commodore  wsa  abolished  by  tbe  nary 
peraonnel  act  apprai-ed  March  3.  1899,  and 
the  namher  of  rear-admirals  was  Increaaed 
b]t  th«  aame  act  to  eighteen. 


Oommini  Curlm. — Tbe  legal  deflnlclon  of 
common  carrier  applies  to  all  who  carry 
goods  for  hire  Indifferently  for  all  persona. 
The  term  Includes  carriers  by  land  and 
water.  On  tbe  one  band  they  comprise 
railway  companies,  truckmen,  teamsters 
and  express  companies,  whether  such  per- 
sons undertake  to  conrey  goods  from  one 
part  of  a   city  to  another  or  through   the 


whether   between  porta,    „    , 

or  along  narlgable  rivers,  or  across  the 
seas.  Common  carriers  are  liable  for  all 
damages  or  loss  during  transportation  from 
any  cause  except  tbe  act  of  Qad  or  tbe 
public  enemy.  Common  carriers,  when 
they  undertake  tbe  general  baalness  of 
transportation,^  are_^  obliged    to  _  carry    all 

eicusB    they    t . . 
may  qualify  theti 

Ity  by  special  comrHt'i.  -xue  o»u  oi  lautog 
la  the  written  evidence  of  the  contract. 
The  reBponalblllty  of  the  carrier  begins  on 
receipt  of  the  Eoods  from  the  owner.  Com- 
mon carriers  or  passengers  are  not  held  re- 
BDonalble  as  Inaurers  of  the  safety  of  those 
thef  transport  as  common  carriers  are. 

federal  laws  seemed  an  necessary  Id  tbe 
earl/  blstory  of  leKlslatlon.  Tbe  attention 
of  CongreBB   was   Onnllj    engaged   by   a    re- 

Krt  submitted  by  the  Cullom  committee 
n.  IS,  188«.  which  declared  that  "Un- 
just discrimination  la  the  chief  cause  of 
complaint  against  tbe  management  of  rall- 
roBOS  In  the  conduct  of  bualneas,  and  gives 
rise  to  much  of  the  pressare  upon  Congress 
for  regulating  legislation."    This  report  w 


foster  particular  enterprises  or  to  build  up 
new  InduBlrles:  but,  deriving  Its  francblse 
from  tbe  legislature  and  depending  upon 
the  will  of  the  people  for  ifs  very  oilst- 
ence,  It  Is  bound  to  deal  squarely  with  the 
Dubllc.  to  extend  reanoDable  facilities  for 
he  Iransportatlon  of  persons  and  property. 


quality.     The  law  of  IL..    

ed  by  the  Elklns  act  of  IBOS.  This  pro- 
vided for  s  fine  of  from  |1.000  to  fJO.OOO 
on  the  company  Ins  tend  of  ImprlaonmeDt 
of  the  agent  for  wilful  violation  of  the  law, 
and  provided  foe  expediting  eases  before 
the  federal  conrts.     While  the  law  virtually 

Dted    the   »lvln»   nf   dirpcl    rehr'—     — ' 

s  found  p 


..„j  decided  to  be  lUeitB!  In  tbe  Northern 
Securities  case,  decided  March  11,  1904. 
June  20,  1906,  Congress  passed  the  Hep- 
born  law.  This  gave  the  Interstate  Com- 
merce Commission  power  to  prescribe  rates 
for  common  carriers,  and  broadened  the 
definition  to  Include  all  rHllroads.  pipe  lines. 


prescribed  others;  forbade  railroad  com- 
panies (0  transport  any  commodities  other 
than  Inmber  produced  or  owned  by  the  car- 
rier;  required  scbedulea  of  all  tarllfs  to  be 
Sled  with  tbe  commlBslon  :  Imposed  severe 
penalties  for  rebBtIng  :  empowered  tbe  com- 
_.__,_^  .-  It.  .  — Iform  method  of 


?i'3 


jyGooi^lc 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  PresidetOs 


Comman  0<uniwt   PwmnwA 

DnriDf  lEKIT  tba  Federal  OoTernment  ae- 
cnred  Indict  mcDta  anliiBt  tbe  lollowlac 
common  etrrlara  for  dlscilmliiitlng  between 
■blpMii  and  tar  eItIhb  rebateB ;  Tbe  Great 
NOTtbem  Ballroad,  Cor  giving  rebaCea  to 
the  American  Sugar  BeBDlng  Campaa;  ;  tbe 
ChlcBSO,  Bock  Island  and  Pad  Be.  on 
tWalT«    connti ;     tbe    Chleago,     Milwaukee 


twelre  counts ;  tbe  Central  Vermout,  for 
giving  rebate!  to  one  of  tbe  constltnenC 
compaulea  of  tbe  American  Sugar  Reflnlns 


Company ;  tbe  Ateblson,  Topeka  i 
Ft,  for  zlTlng  Illegal  rates ;  tbe  >ew  iuh, 
Cblcaso  and  St.  Louis,  tbe  Leblgh  Talley 
and  tbe  owners  of  a  refrlserator  car  line, 
for  glTlng  and  taking  rebates ;  tbe  Penn- 
srlranla  Rallcoad,  tbe  New  Xork  Central, 
tbe  Standard  OH  Companr  and  one  ot  Ita 
■nbaldiaiT  companies,  for  Illegal  rates  from 
Olean.   N.   Y.,   to  polnta  In  Vermont ;  Uia 


ia*t'Bi~Ii<nilB,' 

Omamon  Cutlers,   govemmeut  eonttol 

of,  recommended,  7143. 
Oammon  I>tkw. — Commoa   Law  la   deOned 
to   be  those   mlea   of   action   nhlcb   hare 
grown   up   from  old   asage   and   tbe  deci- 
sions of  Judges.     In  tbe  United  States  the 

. ,. .V.J    o(     g„g. 

ji  tbat  Kingdom,  and  Uie 

■la.uLuB  paaaed  b^  the  GngUah  Parliament 
before  the  Independence  of  tbe  Colonies. 
Julr  4,  ITTS,  Is  the  date  tiled  by  mauT 
■tates,  bnt  tbe  rale  Is  not  anlfotm.  With 
tbe  exception  of  Lonlslana,  this  forms  the 
bagiB  of  the  jurisprudence  of  all  states. 
1q  manr  of  tnem  It  has  been  eipreasly 
adopted  by  statute  or  constltDtlonal  pro- 
vision. Under  the  Brat  CouRtltutlou  of  Che 
Colonies  tbe  people  were  declared  entitled 
to  the  benedta  of  tbe  common  law  of  Eng- 
land, hot  It  waa  left  for  tbe  colonial  conns 


The 


cilatlDg  statutes  and  colonial   leglslatur 


t  in 


After 


tbe  CoDstltntlon  wae  adopted  the  strict  (. 

stmctlonlsts  maintained  that  tbere  was  no 
common  law  In  respect  to  the  jnrlapra- 
dence  of  the  Federal  goTernmeDt;  tbe  na- 
tlonallit*  taking  the  opposite  view.  Fed- 
eral   conrta   alttlng   '-    -    "" — '- —    -■' — * 


I    Ten-ltor 


of  decision  In  the  ab- 
aence  oi  atatutes ;  la  a  state  thej  adopt 
the  common  law  of  that  state.  Tbe  Unit- 
ed States  as  a  district  soverelEnty  baa  no 
common  law,  and  therefore  there  can  be 
oo  common  law  offenaea  against  It,  bnt 
the  Federal  courts  adopt  the  common  law 
deflnltioo  ot  common  law  cilmea  not  de- 
fined 1^  atatate, 
OompeiiMtad      BmanelpatloiL       (B«e 

Emsncipation.) 
Competitor,     The,     penons     claiming 

American  eitizanship  captured  on,  by 

BpacUh  anthorities,  6180,  6IS3,  G262. 
CompromlBo,  MlssonrL      (See  Miseouri 

CompromiBe.) 
Oompromlse  of  1833.— The  high  tariff  of 
1828  caased  mack  dlasatlafactlon  tbrougb- 
ont  the  south.  Br  the  act  of  July  14, 
1883,  amending  tbe  tariff  law  of  1828, 
manr  of  the  revenue  taxes   were   reduced 

4nd  tbe  Brat  tax  was  laid  on  woolei 
!he    oppressive    featarea    of      ' 


were  more  bitterlr  opposed  In  Sooth  Carw- 
Una  than  elsewbera,  and  resulted  In  the 
nulllflcatlon  o(  tbe  law  b;  ttiat  Btate. 
This  was  done  br  a  convenlloa  held  st 
Columbia,  Nov.  19.  IS3Z,  nblch  by  ordi- 
nance declared  the  tariff  acta  ot  182S  and 
1832  null  and  void.  Thus  the  qnestlon  of 
nullincatlon  In  Its  fullest  development    was 

1.  1S3S,  Congreas  enacted  a  new  tarllT  law 


mlae  took   the   place 


fc; 


ot    a    low-tariff    measure    then    nnder 

alderatlon  In  tbe  House.  The  latter  pro- 
vided for  a  gradual  scaling  down  of  all 
duties  so  that  20  per  cent  abould  be  the 
standard  dutr  In  1842.  (See  also  NalU- 
flcatlon.) 

CompromlM    Of    1SS3,    dimintition    of 

duties  under,  referred  to,  1955. 
Oompromlw  of  1850.— On  Jan.  29,  1860, 
Henry  Claj  Introduced  six  resolntlona  Id 
tbe  Senate  relating  to  (I)  the  admission 
of  California  ss  a  free  state;  (2)  Terri- 
torial governments  for  OWh  and  New  Mex- 
ico wlthoot  conditions  as  to  alaverv:  (3) 
booudarlea  ot  Texas;  (4)  parment  of  Texas 
debt:  (R)  snppreaaion  of  tbe  slave  trade 
In  the  DIatrtct  of  Columbia:  (8(  fogltlve 
slave  laws.  A  special  committee  of  thir- 
teen, with  Clar  a  a  chairman,  combined 
these  resDlutloas  Into  one  omnibus  bill, 
which  failed  ot  passage.  After  the  de- 
feat of  this  (Clar'a  omnlbna)  bill  several 
separate  bllla,  having  practically  the  same 
purpose    of    compromlslnK    on    the    slavery 

Sueatlon,  were  Introduceo  and  passed.  On- 
er tbe  CO m prom  1  Be  Texas  was  allowed 
110,000,000  tor  New  Mexico,  and  tbe  area 
of  that  territory  was  reduced.  Sent.  0, 
1800,  California  was  admitted  to  the  Union 
with  her  tree  conatltutlon.  On  the  same 
day  bills  were  passed  far  eatabllshlog  ter- 
ritorial jrovernmenta  In  New  Mexico  and 
Utah.  Theee  laws  contain  Senator  Bonlf'a 
slavery-option  clause.  Sept.  12  amend- 
menls  to  the  fagltlve-slsve  law  of  Feb. 
12,  1T93,  were  passed,  denying  arrested 
negroes  trial  by  Jnry  and  prohibiting  re- 
dress to  tree  colored  seamen  Imprisoned  in 
Bootbeni  ports. 

Compromise  of  1850  (see  also  Slaverj): 
Adherence  to,  2628,  2674. 
DiscuBsed,  2755. 
Compmnlaea  of  t]i«  ConsUtBUoB.— 
Three  Important  compromises  were  made 
by  the  Constltatlonal  Convention  In  IT8T. 
■  Important  question  that  agitated 

— whether  each  state's  In- 

eqaal    to    tbat   ot    any 

should  be  based  iipon  population.  Tbe 
plan  proposed  by  Ed  maud  Bandolpb.  ot 
Virginia,  and  called  tbe  -Virginia  plan," 
favored  representation  In  both  Houses  ac- 
cording to  population :  that  ot  William  Pat- 
eraon,  of  New  Jersey,  an  equal  vote  for 
all  states  and  only  one  House.  As  ■ 
compromise,   proposed   by   William   Samuel 


with  equal  representation  In  tbe  Senate  and 
proportionate  representation  In  the  Hoaae. 
Secondly,  it  was  proposed  to  tax  both 
exports   and   Imports   at   tbe  discretion   of 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Eneyehpidk  ImUx 


Crafederate 


In  one  article  of  export — rice.  It  wai  tbece- 
fore  decided  that  no  lai  apoa  eiporta  ihould 
be  laid.  Thirdly,  North  Carolina,  South 
Carolina,  and  Qeorcta  refused  to  enter 
Into  the  Union  It  the  slave  trade  was  to 
be  prohibited ;  ao  the  third  eompromlse 
agreed  to  was  that  ConaTeea  Bbonld  not 
prohibit  traffic  tn  eUvee  before  1808  and 
that  a  fuBltiTt-alaTe  Iftw  ehoDld  be  enacted. 
Oomptrolln  of  TiMnny,  785. 
Oonoonl  (Man.),  BatUs  of.— One  of  the 
openinx  skirmishes  of  the  BeTolntlonac; 
War.  A  detachment  of  800  Brltlah  sol- 
diers ander  Lleut-CoL  Bmlth  and  Ma]. 
PItcalm  bad  been  sent  from  Boatan  to  de- 
stror  or  captnre  some  mllltar;  stores  col- 
lected at  Concord  br  Ibe  Americana.  Af- 
ter a  brief  ensaseioent  at  Lezlofton  tber 
reached  Concord  April  18,  17T6.  wVre  ther 
were  opposed  br  SOO  mlnutemen  andec 
CoL  Bamtt  and  M^.  Bnttrlek.  After  a 
diort  conflict.  In  which  sereral  were  lost  on 
each  side,  the  British  fled  to  Boston  under 
»,  harasslns  Are  of  the  Americans.  (8e« 
—  '— ' — -T  (Maaa.).  Battle  of.) 


Confoctionwy. — As  early  as  1816  thera 
were  twenty  confectlonera  In  Philadelphia, 
and  perhaps  as  miiny  la  New  York.  Each 
dealer,  as  a  rule,  mlDO factored  hla  own 
Mock  br  hand  and  sold  It  at  remll.  In 
184B  machinery  was  tntrodneed  Into  the 
knslnesa,  and  the  trade  baa  so  increased 
that  today  the  manufacture  of  special 
machinery  for  contectlooera'  use  has  be- 
come a  separate  and  Important  loduatry. 

Amons  tbe  pioneers  tn  the  boslarss  were 
Sebastian  Hear  Ion.  ancceeded  In  1S44  by 
HenrlOD  A  Chauveaa  and  later  by  Sebas- 
tian Cbanveou,  who  was 
faclnre  r 
narshmatli 


]n-]Qbe      paste      and 

s  coantry;  Paul  I.ajas, 

who  became  a  sn^r  reflner  \  Oeorge  Miller, 


William  N.  Herring,  a.  8.  Renoels  sod  J.  J. 
Blchardaon,  of  Philadelphia.  In  New 
Tork,  Bldtey  &  Co.  was  establlsfaed  In 
1806;  B.  U  Stuart  In  1828,  followed  by 
Thompson,  Stijker  and  the  Delmoalco 
Brothers.  In  Boston,  tbe  Chases,  Copen- 
baicen,  Nichols  and  Fen  no  wera  leaders, 
while  In  Baltimore  the  pioneers  were  Bon- 
Vey,  PrlPe  and  Bridges. 

In  1850  there  were  in  the  United  States 
883  factories,  employing  I  788  persons  and 
producing  t8.(M0,BTf  worth  of  goods,  with 
•n  inTestment  of  S1,0S6,B61.  By  ISOO 
tbe  number  of  eetabllsbments  bad  grown 
t»  4,297,  with  a  capital  of  ISB.lE^.SBl. 
emploTlng  SS,5SS  persons,  paying  In  wagea 
•ia.667,(e7,  and  tpmlng  out  f81,290?43 
worth  of  goods.  Tea  years  later  the  value 
Of  tbe  oa^nt  was  $1S4.TSS,000. 

In  1884  the  National  Confectioners'  As- 
aoelatlotl  of  Ue  ttnlted  States  was  formed 
br  leading  candy  manufacturers.  One  of 
1&  statea  purposes  Is  "to  adfuace  tbe 
■tandanl  of  confectionery  In  all  practicable 
ways,  and  abaolotely  to  preient  harmful 
■dnitentlotts."  In  most  states  tbe  sate  of 
candy  containing  barrotni  ingredients  Is 
forbidden  by  law. 

Oonfodonto  Ilagi: 
Captnred,  to  be  presented  to  Congreas, 

330ft. 
Betnm  of  Tint  on  &nd,  to  reapectiTa 
States  reeomiaended,  0163. 
FropoBition  withdnwn,  S164. 


Oonfedante  Btddien,  proposed  national 
care  of  ^ves,  7006. 
President   W^ilsou's    speech   at   dedi- 
CRtioQ  of  monument  to,  at  Arling- 
ton, 7948. 
Confederate  States. — A  gOTemment  organ- 
iied  In  Pebroary,   1801,   by  the  states  of 
South   Carolina,    MlsslBSlppl,    Florida,   Ala- 


a,  Georgia,  Louisiana  and  Teias.   Later 
.  insas.  North  Carolina.  Virginia,  and  Ten- 
nessee seceded  from  the   Union  and  Joined 


the  Confederacy.  The  provlsionel  CoDerei._ 
met  at  MoDCgomer;,  Ala.,  Feb.  4.  1861, 
and  adopted  a  proifalonal  conscltotlan  Feb- 
ruary 8,  Jefferson  Da»la  was  elected  pro- 
visional prealdent  »nd  Aleiapder  H.  Ste- 
phens proTlslonal  vlce-p  real  dent.  Later  a 
permanent  goTernment    was    organlicd.      A 

Sermaoent  coaatltutlon  was  adopted  March 
1,  18S1.  Mr.  Davie  and  Mr.  Stephens 
were  elected  president  and  vlce-prealdent, 
respect Ively.  and  tbey  were  luauEnrnted 
Feb.  22,  1802,  at  Rtcbmand,  Va.,  which 
was  made  the  permanent  seat  of  govern- 


e  United  BUtes  G 


oize  the  Confederate  States  as  anything 
more  than  rebellious  members  of  tbe  Union, 
and  Immediately  took  m ensures  to  bring 
them  Into  subjection.  Tbe  Confederate 
o.-... ..   leiiigjrent  rights  by 


S2T.  3SB5).      Money 


„ -igbts   b 

nations,  bat  their  ii 

recognized  by  none  (pagt 
obtained  by   V 


laaue  of  treasury  notes  Snd  by  loans  on 
cotton.  After  a  war  of  four  years  tbe  gov- 
ernment of  the  Confederate  Btstes  prac- 
tically came  to  an  end  with  tbe  surrender 
of  Gen.  Lee  at  Appomattoi,  April  8,  1860. 
Confederate  Cabinet.— Tbe  Confederate 
States  had  a  cabinet  composed  of  the  heada 
of  executive  departments,  similar  to  tbe 
United  States  Government  and  created  for 
like  purposes.  The  beads  of  tbe  depart- 
ments exercised  similar  powers  and  were 
.>.......  _,.,.  j_.. 1  -  sponBlblUtles  ci  ~ 

the^u""!""  '°   ^''"'" 

net.      Congress   v .,    ,__ 

for  the  admission  of  cabinet  oHlcera  I.  _ 
seat  In  either  house,  with  tbe  privilege  of 

Snrtlelpatlng  Id  debates  pertaining  to  their 
eportment.  This  provfalon  remained  In- 
operative, as  Ibe  congreaa  failed  to  pro- 
vide the  appropriate  legislation.  Tbe  sec- 
retaries of  state  were  Robert  Toombs,  of 
Georgia,  Robert  M.  T.  Hunter,  of  Vlrgln- 
Is,  and  Judab  P.  Ben]amln,  of  Loulslsna: 
of  the  treasury,  Charlea  Q.  Memmlnger  and 
George  A.  Trenholm,  of  South  Carolina :  of 
war.  L.  Pope  Walker,  o(  Alabama.  Judah 
P.  Benjamin,  of  Louisiana,  George  W.  Ban. 
dolpb,  of  Virginia,  James  A.  Beddoo.,  of 
Virginia,  and  John  C.  Breckinridge,  of  Ken- 
tacky :  of  tbe  nary,  Stephen  R.  MalloQ, 
of  Florida :  poBtmaster-general,  John  H. 
Reagan,  of  Teias  ;  attorneys^tenersl,  Jndah 
P.  Benjamin,  of  Loulalana,  Thomas  Bragg, 
of  North  Carolina,  Tbomaa  H.  Watts,  of 
Alalmma,  and  George  Davie,  of  North 
Carolina.  The  last  member  of  this  cabi- 
net, John  H.  Reagan,  died  at  Palestine, 
Texas,   on  March  6,   190B. 

Confederate  Congress. — The  provisional 
congress  of  tbe  seceding  southern  ststea 
met  at  Uontgomery,  Ala.,  Feb.  4,  1881. 
Two  sessions  were  held  here.  The  gov- 
•rnment  removed  to  Richmond,  Va.,  Uny 
24,  ISBl.  The  last  two  sessions  were  held 
in  the  latter  city,   final  adjonrament  tsk< 


jyGooi^lc 


Confederate 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


KctioD :     lb?     pc«a1clent 


nai 


Confedonte  BUt«s— ^oNHnunf. 
In;  place  Feb,  IT.  1883.  The  flrst  Con. 
federate  CoQErens  held  four  sesiiloni  be- 
tweeo  Feb.  18,  1862,  and  Feb.  18,  1881. 
to  oigaalie  the  Confedc lu or .>  frame  a  con- 
all  tuiToa,  and  derlBC  aieani  for  carrj-lnB 
on  Ihe  nar.  It  conalated  of  tffenlr-tour 
aenatorB  and  aboot  ooe  hundred  repreaent- 
atlres.  The  aeoond  Coafedecale  Congress 
had  cwo  Beealous  between  May  2,  1864,  and 
Uarch   18,   1865. 

Confederate  Conslllatlon.— Tbe  eonatltn- 
tuCloD  adopted  t)T  Ihe  Confederate  Slatea 
Of  America  at  MODtgomerr.  Ala.  A  pro- 
visional congrese,  com  posed  of  delegate* 
from  the  aecedlng  stales,  met  In  that  citr 
Feb.  4,  18S1,  and  on  the  8tb  adopted 
B  proTlBlonnl  or  teiuporarx  constitution. 
Uarch  11  ther  agreed  upon  a  permanent 
constltullon,  which  vat  afterward  mtlBed 
bj  all  Ibe  seeedlug  states.  It  was  based 
upon  that  of  Ihe  United  States,  with  the 
following  cblef  eiceptlona :  It  recognlied 
the  prluciple  of  state   aorerelgnlT  and   the 

11  prohibited  Internal  Improrementa  at  f^- 
eral  eiprnse  and  eonulned  b  problbltlon 
against  Inj-lng  any  duties  on  Imporla  "to 
promote  or  foater  aoj  branch  of  Indus- 
trf"  :  new  states  were  to  be  admitted  hj 
a  Tote  of  the  states;  state  leglKlalurea 
could  Impeach  Confeilerata  officers  nctlng 
within    tliel-    •--■--■■—■--      -■--    ...  — . 


3  in 


Uadrld,  A,  Dudle;  Ubi 
L.  Q.  C.  Lamar  to  St.  I'eterabure.  nlthoiigh 
each  made  Tlslts  to  other  capltnla.  The 
arrest  of  Mason  and  Blldell  aboard  a  Brit- 
ish steamer  and  their  subsequent  release 
upon  demand  of  Crest  Britain  points  to  the 

Rrobablllty  of   Intervention  b;  that  power 
1    behalf    of    the    Confederate    Siaiea. 

Confederate  States  (see  also  Confeder- 

ata    Constitution;    Reconstruction; 

Beatoretion;     Secession;     Slavery; 

Southern  States;  Civil  War): 

Acts  for  admission  of  certain  Santh- 

em  States  vetoed,  3846,  3848. 
Acts   to    provide    for    more    efficient 
government  of  rebel  states  vetoed. 
(See  Ee  construct  ion.) 
Acenta  of,  abroad,  suits  instituted  in 

English  courts  against,  3661. 
Aid  furnished   to,  b^  Great  Britain. 

(See  Alabama  claims.) 
Belligerent   rights   accorded,  by  for- 
eign powers  discussed,  3250,  3327, 
3565. 
Becognition   and  aid  from  foreign 
powers  invoked  by,  3221,  3246. 
Blockade  of  ports  of.      (See  Block- 
ades.) 
Circuit  courts  to  be  re-established  in, 
recommendations  regarding,  3556. 
Correspondence  regarding,  referred 
to,  3676, 
Claims     against     citizens     of,     and 
means  of  eoUecting  discussed,  3251. 


Commercial  intercourse  witb,  prohib- 
ited, 3S3S,  3366,  34S3. 
Bestrietions  on,  removed  from  cer- 
tain ports,  32B0,  3310,  3372,  3375, 
3417,  3431,  34S2,  3507,  3515,  3524, 
352S,  3531,  3537. 
Conatitntjon   of.       (See    Confederate 

Constitntieu.) 
Courta  of  justice  for,  recommended  by 

President  Lincoln,  3251. 
Direct  tax,  colleetioii  of,  referred  to, 

3589. 
Envoys  of,  sent  to  France  and  Great 
Britain.     (See  Uason  and  Slidell.) 
Executive  departments  of,  historical 
statement    of    Gen.   Sherman    con- 
cerning pablic  policy  of,   referred 
to,  4SS0. 
Dags  of— 
Captured,  to  be  presented  to  Con- 
gress, 33SL 
Beturn  of,  to  respective  States,  rec- 
ommended, 6163. 
Proposition  withdrawn,  5184. 
Government    employees    assisting    in 
rendition  of  public  honors  to  rebel 
living  or  dead,  referred  to,  3S91. 
Government  of,  first  located  at  Mont- 
gomery, Ala.,  3S26. 
Transfer    of,    to 
3225. 
Governments  to  be  ri 
Act  to  guarantee 
of  government  1 
governments    have    been    ovsr- 
thrown,    3424. 
Discussed,  3300. 

Proclamations  regarding,  3414, 3423. 
In    which     insurrection    exists     pro- 
claimed, 3238,  3293,  335S,  3366. 
Proclamations    declaring    insurrec- 
tion at  an  end,  3627,  3632. 
Joint     resolution     declaring     certain 
States   not   entitled   to  representa- 
tion in  electoral  college  discussed, 
3461. 
Joint  resolution   excluding  electoral 
votes  of  states  lately  in  rebellion, 
vetoed,  3S49. 
Policy  of  President  of  United  States 

toward,  referred  to,  3667. 
President  of.    (See  Davis,  JefTerson.) 
Products  of,  authority  given  to  pur- 
chase, 3441. 
Bebel  debt,  referred  to,  3583,  3588. 
Be  construction  of.    (See  Beconatme- 

Bestoration  of.     (See  Bestoiation.) 
Secretary  of  War  of.     (See  Seddon, 

James  A,) 
Union  and  Confederate  flags,  Tetom 
of,  to  respective  States  recom- 
mended, 5163. 
Proposition  withdrawn,  S164. 
Confederate    Veterans.       (See    United 
Confederate  Veterans.) 


Bichmond,    Va., 

e-established  in — 

1  republican  form 

' )  states  whoae 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Emychpedic  Index 


OoatttatttSxai,  ArtielM  of.— The  Svcond 
CoDtlnental  CoDKreaa  Bppolnted  on  June 
11,  1776,  a.  cooiiiilttee  to  drair  up  Articles 
of  Confedern|[on  and  rerpetaal  Ud[oq, 
TblH  comoiiiree  preaeBted  a  dralc  to  L'oa- 
grere  July  12.  n78.  Nor.  15,  1T77,  ther 
were  xdoptrd   wlib  ameDdmentB  as  "Art! 


1   Atticlea  provided    tor   i 

■Ingle   Hoase  of  CDDKrew  vltb   powrr   ti 

ratfu-    moiiBT    by   reqiifBltEoo   on   the   statei 

ol  Che  articles  b 


did  n< 


jend  them  a  conv en t"lon"foi lowing  the 
____MtloD  of  the  Virginia  and  Marj-lond 
boundaiT  com  mis  bI  oners,  was  called  al  An- 
napolis, Ud..  la  1T86.  irlilch  In  turn  called 
a  conTentioD  at  Phllsdelpbia  In  1787.  The 
iHBt-named  bodr  rejected  the  Artlelm  of 
Con  Federation  nod  frnmed  inntead  the  prea- 
cot  Conatltutlon.  which,  after  Its  rallQea- 
tlon  br  nine  stHtes.  beoame  the  supreme 
law   of  tbe  land    (page   D). 

OonltdenilOB,  Articles  of,  S. 

SigneTB  of,  13. 
Congo  Conference,  at  Berlin,  referred 

to,  4823,  4855,  4865,  4»15. 
Oongo  Free  State.— A  dependency  of  Bel- 
slum  In  tha  heart  of  Africa.     It  extends 
from  B'  80'  north  of  the  equator  to  about 
12°   south,   and  (mm   tbe  central   lake  re- 


nt Angust,  1BH5,  and  December,  1894,  atlt 
treaties  with  Great  Britain,  Oerman; 
Prance  and  Portugal.  The  Country  has  a< 
cesa   to   the   Nile   at  the   Lado   enclaea,   ( 


The  a 


of  tbe 


lated 


populBtlDO,  Jan.  1.  IMS.  numbered  2.9-18, 
Including  forty-xeTen  Americans.  The 
■late  had  lis  origin  la  tbe  companies  formed 
for  trade  end  exploration  In  that  region. 

The  African  Internnilonal  Assoclallon, 
foanded  In  IS7T.  seol  Henry  U.  Stanley  on 
an  eipodlllon  up  (he  Congo  River  to  eatab- 
Ilsb  Iradlng  poats  and  report  on  the  possl- 
blllllea  ot  trarel  and  traD'oorlallon.  Atier 
Stanley'*  return  the  ConiltC  d'Etudes  dn 
Haut  Congo  iraa  formed  under  the  auspices 
of  Leopold  II.  King  of  Belgium,  and  In 
1879  this  became  t^e  Intprnatlonal  Asso- 
ciation of  the  Congo.  This  organisation 
again  sent  Stanley  up  tbe  great  elver.  H« 
and  bis  men  built  roada,  founded  trading 
stnclons  and  made  more  Chan  400  treaties 
with  native  ehlefs,  couTcylng  the  sover- 
eignty o(  tbene  ehlefs  to  tbe  InlematlDnal 
AsaoelatloD  of  tbe  Codico,  Tbe  association 
tlien  appealed  to  tbe  Pon-en  of  tbe  world 
for  permission  to  combine  these  numerous 
sovereignties  Into  one  Independent  state. 
The  rnlled  States  waa  the  flrsl  country  ta 
reeognlie  tbe  International  Aaaoclatlon  o( 
the  Congo  aa  a  aoTerelgu  Independent 
power,  under  tbe  name  of  tbe  Congo  Free 
State.  This  waa  done  In  accordatiee  with 
tbe  Mport   of   the   Committee   on   Foreign 


them    (pages  481!3,   4U14I 


_<!"P-'i-  .9^? 


Brll 


lUln. 


.   ...    —    _ .. 1  followed   t 

ol  tbe   United   SUles. 

A  general  act  of  tbe  International  Conga 
Conference,  held  al  Berlin  In  1883,  estab- 
lished freedom  ot  trade  In  the  basin  of 
tbe  Congo,  declared  abBOlnlely  free  the 
navigation  ot  the  Congo,  lis  tributaries  and 
(be  Taliea  and  canals  connected  with  It,  laid 
down  rnlea  for  the  protection  of  the  na- 
tlTes  and  the  suppression  ot  the  slave  trade, 


n  IndlvlilualB  and  could  not 

■   or  eufoi 

>   fotlle 


jction  Imposed  upon  It  tnteraatlonal  obll- 

GtloDS  at  variance  with  Its  traditional  pol- 
r.  The  Conference  placed  the  state  on- 
der  tbe  soverelgutj  ot  King  Leopold  II 
ot  Belgium,  on  tbe  basis  of  personal  union 
with  Belgium,  though  perpetually  neutm) 
and  free  to  tbe  trade  of  all  nntlane,  and 
guaranteed  equality  of  treatment  to  all 
— ... .  _... otloDality.     By  a  will 

Ekiilum""air'  his"  i 


of  July  3,  1800.  reserved  to  Belgium  the 
right  to  annex  tbe  Congo  after  a  period 
□rten  years  A  treaty  tor  anueiatlon  was 
signed  Nov,  38,  1007,  approved  by  the 
Belgian  leglshiture  In  AuguBt,  1908,  and  by 
the  King  Oct.  18,  lOUS  By  February, 
1909,  Germany  had  recognized  the  annexa- 
tion. The  exports  of  tbe  country  consist 
ot  rubber.  Ivory,  palm  nuts,  palm  oil,  while 
copal,  cocoa,  coffee,  gold  and  copper  ore. 
Cottons,  provlalons,  clothing,  wines  and 
spirits,  machinery,  building  material,  arms, 
ammunition  are  sold  to  tbe  country.  The 
bulk  ot  the  trade  Is  wltb  Belgium. 

In  IS14  tbe  Congo  completed  Its  sixth 
year  as  a  Belgian  colony.  Tbe  Belgian 
Parliament  provided  for  Its  administration 
and  appointed  Baron  Wahls  governor.  Many 


mplaln 


made 


or  unlives  by  traders.     Great  Britain 

withheld  ber  recognition  of  the  annpiadon 

— ,,    .  — .J ..   aatlBfaclory 

-.    21,    1911, 


conditions   In   tbe  Cotigo. 
BrItiBb  consuls  In  tbe  count 

conditions   Iti    general    had. ,. 

that    sbusea    continued    In    tboHc    districts 
where  rubber  Is  demanded  In  lieu  ot  taxa- 
tion.    (See  also  Belgium.) 
Congo  Free  State: 

Act  for  reform  of  revenue  tariff  of, 

referred   to,   5621. 
Arms  and  ammnnition,  act  probibit- 
ing  sale   of,  to  natives  of,  recom- 
mended, 5668. 
Discussed,  4S14. 

International  Agsociation  of  tlis  Con- 
go   recognized    by    United    States, 
4823,  4914. 
Beferred  to,  4988. 
Slave  trade  in — 

Conference  at  Brussels  for  auppres- 

slon  of,  5543. 
Becommendations  regarding,  5668. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Congo,  TrsatlM  Vlth. — Tbe  international 
Aiiw>rt8tloD  of  the  Congo  declaivd  In  1884 
tbKt  bf  tccatlca  with  tb«  Icsltim&te  lov- 
eivlKiB  tit  Ihp  baiiln  ot  tli(>  Conico  «nil  aclja- 


RtatiiJiiri]  for  k 

M.     Rceocnltli  _  __  ,_ „    

b;  tbc  UQltPtl  »tatra  by  decrarallnn  of  Sets- 
reCarj  F roll Dgliuy gen  April  Ti,  1S81. 
OongTSBB.— A    formnl    mcptlns   or  anKorla- 
tlon    of    persona    having    a    reprcaentatlva 
character  foi  toe  enactment  of  lawa,  or  the 


1    of    I 


'!h1    I 


._    _.ibjrc_,    __ 
n  lalereiit.    In 


Bliu 


tha  promol 

the  United  Slatrs  an  ii-KixiHuve  powpra 
are  graQlpd  br  the  ConiilltuIlOD  to  Coa- 
gresa.  This  body  conslms  ot  the  Somite 
7fl.  V.)  and  the  House  ot  KeprcaeDlatlTea 
(V.  v.).  The  powers  of  Cungreim  are 
ennmerated  In  the  ConHlituIlob.  Arlldc  I, 
aectlou  8.  and  all  tbe  powcra  not  deleitnted 
to  the  UQlIrd  States  by  the  Coaatllnllon 
nor  prohibited  bj  It  to  the  slates  are  re- 
serred  to  tbe  elates  reKperllrpI;  or  to  tbe 
<ple.  Tbe  power  of  Congreaa  Is  abso- 
»  within  the  scope  ot  lis  anihorltj  ei- 
L-eiit  as  It  Eoaf  t>e  reBlraloed  br  the  veto 
of  the  President.     Tbe  firnale  Is  componed 

of  Blta  or  popalallon.  The  mFmbem  ot  (he 
Hnoiie  are  apporlloned  on  the  basia  of 
Federal  nopniallon.  Tbe  Conflllntlon  pro- 
vides (Article  V)  that  "no  tilHle,  without 
Its  ennivDi.  shell  be  deprived  of  lis  equal 
■nllrace  in  the  Senate."  The  SeDntc  li>  pre- 
sided over  by  the  VIoe-rreKldrnt  of  tbe 
TJniled  SiHi™,  who  Is  aluo  President  of  the 
Benste.  and  tbe  HouHe  of  RppresentBllTes 
by  a  Bpeeker  chosen  by  Its  mpmlicrii.  The 
Vlee-I-rpiildent  baa  do  power  eicepl  in  casea 
Where  tbe  Senels  Is  equally  divided.  Con- 
gress Is  required  to  "ensemble  at  Iee*t  once 
la  every  year  Hnd  sucb  meellnR  shell  be 
on  tbe  a  rut  Monday  In  December  unless 
they  shall  by  law  appoint  a  dllTcrcDt  day." 
McBBuies  that  have  pnnaed  both  aoitscs 
are  sent  to  tbe  PresldcDC.  wbo  may  either 
approve  or  veto  tbem,  or  do  neither.  In 
which  latter  case  tbe  measure  beromes  a 
law  after  ten  dnys  tram  (he  lime  It  Is  pre- 
sented to  him,  unless  in  tbe  meantime  Con- 
gress   shall    have    adjourned.      It    he    ap- 

" "le  bill  and   sign   It,   It   becomea  a 

I  If  he  dlwipprove  it  he  must  re- 
luru  iL  with  bla  objection*  to  the  Honse 
In    whleb    it    shall   have    ortglnnted    for  re- 


C". 


dared  uaenaatliotlnaal  end  void  b;  tbe  Hu- 
preme  Court  of  the  Pnlled  atstes  when 
that  bndr  IB  properly  appealed  to  by  either 

Snrty  In  any  controverBy  arislna  1  "~  " 
>mpt    1o    enforrc    such    leglstalTon 


ernment  ot,  and  ApportlonmeoC) 

Oongrou; 
Act  appointinfT  (ta^  for  ftnan*]  meet* 

ing  ot,   vetoed,  1450. 
Act  of— 
Approved,  bnt  not  ligned,  vhetlier 

in  force,  discuaned,  656. 
Duly  certiiled  and  approved,  wfalell 
had  not  pawed,  diaensaed,  13S3. 


Effect  on,  of  adjonmraent  of  Con- 
greaa  before  expiration  of  10 
da^s  after  pressntation  to  Preai- 
dent,  dUeuued,  3797. 

Acta  of,  to  be  publiahed  in  certain 
Dowspapera,  4116. 

Address  from  committee  of  public 
safety  of  France  tranamitted  to, 
181. 

Adjournment  of — 

Postponement  of  recees  requested, 

6092. 
Postponement     of,     recommended, 

3021,  3286,  4034. 
Beaolntion     anthorizing,     not     ftp- 
pro  ved^  2ST. 

Appropriations,  power  to  designate 
officer   to   e^qwnd,   diicnsMd,   312S. 

Appropriations  should  not  be  made 
by,  qdIbsb  necesBBry,  1S4S. 

Bills,  time  allowed  for  conJiidBratioii 
of,  disrusted,  2993,  3000, 

Capital,  longitude  of,  west  of  Green- 
wich, report,  OSS. 

Capitol  prepared  for.     (See  CapitoL) 

Carpenter's  painting  of  Lincoln  and 
Cabinet  at  reading  of  Emancipa- 
tion Proclamation  presented  to, 
443S. 

Constitution,  eopiea  of,  printed  for 
members  of,  034,  678. 

Constitutional  amendments  recom- 
mended to.     (See  CoDBtitution.) 

Contingent  ezponseB  of,  diacnaaed, 
3179. 

Declaration  of  Independence,  first 
copperplate  of,  bequeathed  to,  by 
Lafayette,  letter  of  aon  presenting, 
1342. 

Diligence  and  good  temper  of,  ad- 
mired,  7913. 

Desk  on  which  Declaration  of  Inde- 
pendence was  written  presented 
to  tJuited  Btatss  by  heirs  of  Jo- 
seph Coolidge,  Jr.,  4540. 
Letter  of  Bobert  C.  Wintbrop  re- 
garding, 4541. 

Discretionary  authority  which  can  be 
regulated  by,  should  not  be  exer- 
cised by  Executive,  13fl7. 

District  of  Columbia  should  be  repre- 
sented in,  1091,  1120,  3652. 

Extraordinary  sesaioDS  of,   convened 
by  proclamation  of  Preaiden^— 
Adams,  John,  222. 
Cleveland,  582B, 
Harrison,  W,  H.,  1876. 
Hayes,    4390,    4472. 
Jefferson,  345,  412. 
Lincoln,  3214. 
IJIcKinley,  6470. 
Madiaon.  470,  609. 
Pierce,  29S7. 
Taft,  7586. 
Tan  Bnren,  16S8. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Congress 


Otmgnss — Continiitd. 

Inf omiation  Tegvding  foreign  affairs 
Teqnested    hj,   refased,   186,    S232, 
S£81,  2iI6,  2iS2,  26S0,  2691,  2695, 
flIOl. 
Joint   rsBOlntion  of — 
Declaring  freedom  of  Cuba  and  an- 
thoriidng     interTention,     etc, 
0207. 
Discnwed,  6311. 

Itegarded  b7  Sj^ain  as  "eqnfva- 
lent  to  an  eTident  declaration 
of  war,"  6312. 
Loyal  Senators  and  BepreaentativeH 
denied  admisBion  to  Beata  io,  dis- 
eossed,  3644. 
Hail,    lateB    of    traaaportation    of, 
ehonld  be  regulated  by.   (See  Post- 
al Service.) 
Meeting  of — 
Act  appointing  day  for  Bnnnal,  ve- 
toed, 1450. 
Conetitntional  amendment  regard- 
ing, recommended,  240. 
Members  of.     (See  BepresentatiTes; 

Senators.) 
Notiflcatiou  to,  of  discontinuance  of 
addresses,  by  President  Jefferson, 
313. 


int.) 
Protests  of  Presidents  against  action 

of.     (See  Protests.) 
Public  and  private  acts  of,  list  of, 

transmitted,  3963. 

Beqaested  by  President  Cleveland  not 

to  take  recess  nntil  enactment  of 

financial  leg^lation,  6092. 

Besolntions   of,  tlianking   Samnel   T. 

Washington  for  sword  of  Waaliing- 

ton  and  staff  of  Franklin,  2120. 

Bigbt  of  states  to  representation  in, 

diacnssed,  3644. 
"Sh^l  make  no  law  respecting  re- 
ligions eBtabliBbment,"  application 
of,  47S. 
Testimonials  of  Oen.  Orant  offered  to, 
by  Mrs.  Orant,  4857. 
Schedule  of,  4SSS. 
Thanks  of,  tendered.    (See  Thanks  of 

Congress.) 
Two  Honsea  of,  independent  of  eaeli 

other,  516. 
War  with — 
Algiers  should  be  declared  try,  639. 
Great  Britain- 
Declared  by,  497. 
Bpei^ial  seasion  called  on  aecoant 
of  threatening  aspect  of,  413. 
Spain  declared  by,  6348. 
Bonae  of  Beprasentativee   (see  also 
Bepreeentatives  ) — 
Address  of,  in  reply  to  President 
Washington's  inangnial,  48. 
B«idy  <a  Pmidait,  &. 


Address  of,  to  President  Adams  on 
death  of  Washington,   290. 

Calls  on  President,  290. 

Contested  elections  in,  act  regn- 
lating  taking  of  teetimony  in, 
reasons  for  applying  pocket  veto 
to,  2108. 

Ejgtresses  regret  npon  being  noti- 
fied of  President  Washington's 
intention  to  retire,  200. 

Information   regarding  foreign  in- 
tercourse   refused,    186,    2281, 
2416,  2452. 
Bef erred  to,  2529. 

Letter  of  John  Bandolph,  Jr.,  de- 
manding panishment  of  certain 
officers  of  Army  and  Navy  for  in. 
suiting  conduct,  referred  to,  291. 

Members  of.  (See  Bepresentatives.) 

Privileges  of,  letter  relating  to, 
transmitted,  293. 

Protests  of  Presidents  against  ac- 
tion of.      (See  Protests.) 

Treaties- 
Assent  of,  to,  not  required,  188. 
Transmission     of,    to,    declined, 
2601. 
Senate  (see  also  Senators) — 

Address   of,  in  reply  to  President 
Washington's  inaugural,  46. 
Beply  of  President,  47. 

Address  of,  to  President  Adams  on 
death  of  WashingtoUj  28S. 

Breach  of  duty  by  public  officer  in 
publishing  executive  bnsinesa  of, 
discussed,  2691. 

Calls  on  President,  288. 

Can  hold  only  correspondence  with 
the  President  in  executive  ses- 
sion, 2171. 

Correspondence  respecting  relations 
with  Spain  refused,  6101. 

Executive  and,  independent  of  each 
other  in  cases  of  appointment  to 
office,  516. 

Expresses  regret  upon  being  noti- 
fied of  President  Washington's 
intention  to  retire,   198. 

Extraordinary  sessions  of,  convened 
by  proclamation  of  I^esident — 
Adams,  John,  306,  1220. 
Adams,  J.  Q.,  997. 
Arthur,  4621,  4873. 
Buchanan,  3026,  3081,  3156,  3203. 
CHeveland,  5428,  6230. 
FiUmore,  2646,  2726. 
Beferred  to,  2726. 
Grant,    3066,    4087,    4171,    4278, 

4390. 
Harrison,  BeuJ.,  6817. 
Hayes,  4591. 

Beferred  to,  4588. 
Jackson,   1508. 
Jefferson,  449. 
Johnson,  8719. 
LiECOlB,  SSiZ,  S474. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Congresi 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


MeKiDley,  6470. 

Madison,  57L 

Honroe,  856. 

Pierce,  2S59. 

Polk,  2539. 

Tyler,  2220. 

Van  Buren,  1857. 

Washington,  130,  204,  571. 

(See  also  Congress,  ante.) 
Tree     confideiitial     commnnication 

with    Executive    should    be    pre. 

served,  S93. 
In  ronfldential  correBpondence  with 

PreHident,  144,  495,  652. 
Tn  executive  session  ran  onlj  ho]d 

(orrespoDdence    with    President, 

2174. 
Information  regarding — 

Annexation  of  Texas  refoied, 
2232. 

Negotiations  with  Great  Britain, 
Costa  Kica,  and  Nicaragua,  re- 
f  ased,  2690. 

Nominations  to.    (See  Ezeentlve 

President  Washington  meets  and 

advises  with,  respecting  treaty 
with  Indians,  53. 
Proposition   to  annex  Hawaiian 
Islands,  refused,  2691,  2695. 
Protests  of  Presidents  against  ac- 
tion of.     (Sea  Protests.) 
Beqneeted  bj  President  Adams  to 

postpone  adjouTDincnt  of,  257. 
Treaties,  power  to  make.  Tested  in 
President  with  consent  of,  187. 
OongreBS,  Numbw  of.— E»c1i  eonKrem  Is 
numbered  sad  bolda  (wo  SDnoal  seBslDiiB, 
reapecllvelr  tenned  the  Iode  and  the  short 
session,  each  ssseuibllaK  on  the  flrst  Mod- 
Aaj  [n  December  and  mar  be  called  In 
spcelal  BPBsIon  bj  the  President  or  by  Joint 
rpsoltitlao  of  bolh  houBes.  Tbe  Ule  o(  a 
coDgresB  lasts  (rom  12  o'clock  noon  on 
Mnrch  4  at  the  odd-nnmbered  year  fol- 
lowing the  election  of  representailTes  nntil 

■dd-nambered  rear.  To  determine  the 
.rpars  coTered  by  b  given  congreaa  moltl- 
plr  Ihp  number  of  the  congress  by  tiro 
'--  -"  "--  product  to  1T89.  The  result 
rear    In    which    Ihe    rongreBB 


OongrcM  of  NatiODi.      (S««  Panama, 

Isthmus  of.) 
Ooogrcsnlonal  Electloiis: 

Federal  supervision  of,  ree^mimended, 
5490,  5562,  5766. 

Qerrymander  diseuBoed,  6643. 
OongiesBloiiBl  Oloba.— That  part  of  tb* 
proceedings  of  Congress  wblch  wu  pnb- 
llsDed  between  1833  and  1S73.  Tbe  Globe 
WIS  flrsl  Issued  as  a  newsiinper.  Later  It 
soccseded  the  Register  of  l>ebiitea.  It  was 
succeeded  by  the  Coogresslooal  Beeord. 
The  _  Congressional    Clotie    wfls    sianed    as 

Tweatr-'thlrd   Congress,     'ii    ^ 

)ne  session  of  Coneress.     Th 
>lon  of  the   Fanlelh  Coagress. 


losed  Einmple :  Slity-Hceond  Congress. 
.Vice  S2  Is  124;  aflrllng  124  to  1780  gives 
.013.    tbe    year    during    nblch    (on    Mai 


Half 'l 


d   number. 
]   K've  "- 


a  or  fi 


'  P""B.  ag- 


gregating   more    than    5.000    pagra.       

also  Annals  of  Cancreas;  CoDgresslonsl 
Hecord  ;  Register  of  Debates.) 
OongresBlonal  Bacoid.— A  complete  rec- 
ord of  the  debates  and  proceedings  o(  Con- 
gress from  December,  1873,  to  tbe  present 
lime.  It  Is  tbe  successor  to  the  Congres- 
sJonal  Glotie,  and  Is  printed  and  circulated 

Record  la  Issued  daily  during  the  Besalons 
of  Congress.  Each  member  of  Congresa  Is 
—  ■"■' ■"  supplied  with  a  apedfled  nam. 


r   bla 


obtained  br  subscrlpllnn.  the  price  being 
IS  (or  the  long  and  t*  for  the  short  lei- 
Eion.  The  Congresslunal  Record  began  with 
tbe  special  session  of  the  Forty-third  Con- 

Eess,  convened  with  the  Inangurallon  of 
esldent  Grsnt  for  the  secood  (crtn.  Uireb 
4,  1873.  One  Tolunie  Is  devoted  to  the  pro- 
ceedings of  each  session,  but  the  volames 
are  generally  bound  In  several  parts.  VaL 
XLV,  covering  the  proceedings  of  the  sec- 
ond session  of  tbe  Sixtieth  Coogreaa,  Dec 
e,  1800-June  ZS.  1910.  consists  of  elgbt 
parts,  aggregating  more  than  10,000  pages. 
(See  also  Annals  of  Caniress:  Congres- 
sional  Globe.   Register  of  Debates.) 

Congressmaii-at-LaT^e.— A  member  of 
United  States  Houbs  of  Bepresentattves 
elected  by  tbe  voters  of  sa  enlire  state, 
and  not,  as  Is  cnslomsry,  by  those  of  ■ 
Congressional  district.  The  election  of  a 
Can gressman-at- large  Is  ■  device  adopted 
by  a  state  to  secure  proper  representation 
In  Cougress  under  a  Federaf  apportion- 
ment act  pending  tbe  passage  of  a  slate 
law  redlstrlctlog  Ihe  state  Tn  accordance 
■vltb  Ihe  Federal  allowance  of  Representa- 
tives. The  apportionment  act  of  Jan.  16, 
1U01.  provides  that  after  March  3,  1903. 
the  House  of  Repreaenta tires  shall  be  com- 
posed  of^SO   members  apportioned   ss^taj- 


..   Ihe  Slily-second   Congress  must   eiplr* 
To  And   the   number  of  a  congress   sitting 

?lven  year  subtract  17B9  from  that 
the    reaull    be    an    even    nnmber, 
I  at   nnmber   will   give   Ihe   congresa 

oi    wnich    the    year    In    queaf" "— 

close;    If   the   restilt    be   an 

add  one,   and  halt  the  sum    _    — 

congress  of  which  tbe  year  In  qneillon  was 
tbe  flrat  ;ear. 
Oomgrou,  Oosfedent*.     (See  Confeder- 
ate Congress.) 
Oongress,  OontinentaL    (See  Continental 
Congress.) 

of.    (See  Appendix.) 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Eticychpedic  Index 


log  BB  nearl;  as  poiBlbIs  an  equal  niimbtT 
at  lababllanta,  ine  number  of  sncl)  dl>- 
trlctB  equBllng  Uie  aumlier  of  Bepreaent- 
stlTem  to  which  Chfl  state  la  entitled; 
biit  "In  case  ol  an  Increase  In  the  number 
of  BepresentatlTea  which  mar  be  glTen 
to  an*  Btste  oBder  tbis  appoctloDineut  auch 
additional  Kepreeentatlve  or  Bepreaentn- 
tlTea  aball  be  electe<t  bj  the  Mate  at 
larK*  and  the  other  RepteaeutatlTea  br 
the  districts  now  pceBcrlbed  br  law  until 
the  IcKlslatore  of  auch  state,  In  the  man- 
ner herein  prescribed,  aball  redlatrlct  sucli 
Blata."  Toe  present  membeTshlp  of  the 
Bouse  la  tbna.  43G.  (See  Apportionment 
and    HoDBfi    of    BeprcEeDtatlTes.) 

~   e  ol  the  tblrteen  orlKlnai 
I  the  American  Union ;  Dickname, 


"Qui  t 


bonnded „j    . 

on  the  east  by  Bhode  laland. 

KLong  Island  Boand,  and  Ou  lu 
w  Tork.    Connectlcnt  Is  Inreel] 
ractarlng  State,  due  to  Ita  poaltl 


S^d^; 


HrearmB,    all 

snd  clocks. 

ly  KuRllHh  Cok 


Uass.,  abonl  leSS.  althoagb  the  Dutch  bad 
been  there  Bomewbat  earlier.  Charles  II 
nanted  a  tharler  to  the  Connecticut  and 
New  HaTen  Colonies  In  16S2,  and  Boon 
thereafter  they  united.  The  present  con- 
stltQtlon  was  adopted  in  1818. 

BtatlattcB  of  agriculture  collected  for  the 
U*t    Federal    census    place   the   number   of 


2.1fiG,T88  acre<.   

WOTements.  at  |159, 
domestic   -   ■    -' 
1B3.902 


11*,- 


Imafs.  poultry,  etc..   wia  11^ 

-■"n?    105,318    cattle,    Tfllufcu 

|3,S41    horses,    fS, 739,400  : 


B2.S72  Bwine,  ^472. 741 ;  22.418  sbeep,  ^112,' 
8461  poultry,  t988,6S3.  The  yield  and 
ralne  of  the  field  crops  of  1911  was;  corn, 
59.000  acres,  2.S62,0<KI  buahela,  (2,376.000: 
oata.  11.000  aerea,  886,000  bushels,  1216,- 
000:  rye,  8,000  acres.  148,000  buBhels, 
1138.000:  potatoea.  23,000  acres,  1,B5B,- 
000  hnsbels.  »2,0!13,000  :  hny,  400,000  ncrea, 
639,000  tana.  (12.666,000;  tohHcco,  17.000 
aerea,  27.e2li.000  ponoda,  (0,603,125,  The 
mineralproducta  of  the  State  are  unlmpor- 
tant-  The  capital  employed  In  manntac- 
tnrea  In  the  State,  reported  in  190B,  woa 
1373,283,580;  number  of  wage  ea^era, 
ISl.eOS.  to  whom  was  paid  |ST.B42.001. 
There  were  3,447  estHbUahmenta.  Tha  eost 
of  the  raw  mateHal  was  (191.303,881,  and 
the  TBlne  of  the  outpnt  Was  1369.082,001. 
Fopolatton  In  1910.  1.114.7.16. 

The  number  of  manutacturinK  eatabllah- 
menta  In  Connecticut  haelng  an  annual  oot- 
pnt  valued  at  (GOO  or  more  at  the  begin- 
ntDB  of  lOlS  waa  4,106.  The  amoDDt  of 
capital  Inveated  was  (020,194,000,  gtvlng 
employment  to  2M.498  DersoiiB,  nalne  mate- 
rial TSlned  at  (288.454.1100,  ind  tnmtng  out 
Inlshed  goods  worth  (545,249.000.  Salarlea 
and  wages  paid  aggregated  (160,730,000. 


<J0D8[i[Quon  07,  reierrea  lu,  219. 
Befnul  of  governor  of,  to  furnish 

militia,  for  defense  of  frontier,  501. 
Ommoctdcnt  Blver,  pntcticability  of 
connecting  Lftke  Mempbremagog 
iritb,  873. 


(See  Drafts. ) 
Oonserratloii  OommlBsloii.— The  NatioDai 
ConaervBlioa  Commission  was  created  by 
President  Booaerelt  Jnne  8,  1908,  as  the 
result  of  a  conference,  held  at  the  White 
House,  May  13,  1908,  of  the  goTemora  of 
the  states  and  territories.  The  President 
had  Invited  theae  oCBclala  and  other  emi- 
nent men  to  confer  on  the  subject  of  na- 
tional resources.  Among  the  [ratable  ad- 
dresaea  were  those  of  Andrew  Carnegie,  on 


ween  lat  41"  and  42° 

nd  long.  71°  55'  and  73''  SO" 
rea  of  4,066  aquare  mllea.  It  la 
~    the   north   by   Hassacbasetta, 


tlon;   Elihu  Root,    urglQg  the. _ 

erclsa  their  soierelentleB  In  preserving  their 


The 

J destruction  of  the  for- 
ests, streams  and  mineral  deposlta,  and 
the  depletion  of  the  soil,  and  to  encourago 
by  pnullc  sentiment  and  laws  the  conser- 
vation and  development  of  the  tM>UDtlful 
provisions  ot  nature  for  the  happiness  and 

Wltbln    a   month   after  the   creation   of 
the    national^  commission    tbe   governors   of 


and    woolen 


I    had   appointed    state    ( 

nameil  conservation  committee 
ary,  19U0,  tblrty-alz  statea  ana  lerriiories 
had  formed  conservation  commlsaloua,  and 
tbe  Indications  were  that  all  tbe  remaining 
■tates  would  soon  talte  similar  action.  Be- 
aldes  theae  forty-one  national  organizations 
bad  appointed  conservation  commltteaa. 
Under   the   direction   of  tbe   national    com- 


0,771,    The  value  ot 


brief  eitracta  from  the  report  made  I 
the  President  Dec.   7,   1908  : 

"The  duty  ot  man  to  man  Is  no  greater 
than  the  duty  ot  each  generation  to  the 
next  and  the  obligation  of  the  nation  to 
the  actual  cltlieo  la  no  more  aacred  than 
its  obligation  to  tbe  citlEens  to  be.  In  this 
coantry,  blessed  with  natnral  resoaccea  tn 
uoHurpaased  profusion,  the  aensc  ot  re- 
sponsfblllty  to  the  future  baa  been  slow 
to  awaken.  Poreats  have  been  cleared 
away  as  obstacles  to  tbe  use  of  land.  Neg- 
lect of  tbe  waterways  and  approaching 
eihauatioD  ot  the  foreats  directed  atten- 
tion to  the  rapid  depletion  ot  the  coal  and 
Iron  depoaita  and  the  mlause  of  tbe  land. 

"In  the  present  stags  of  onr  national  de- 
velopment wise  and  beneficial  uses  are 
easential  and  the  checking  of  waste  Is  ab- 
aolately    demanded.       The    most    reprehen- 


sible 


I   that  of   deatrnctloQ.   . 


In 


oil,  soil   waa_.   _. 

mines.  Xeaily  aa  bnd  Is  the  waste  ariBing 
from  mlauae,  as  the  consumption  ot  fuel  In 
fa  maces  and  engines  of  low  efficiency, 
Dse  of  HI -adapted  stmctural  materlala, 
growing  of  lll-choaen  crops,  and  the  per- 
petuation ot  Interior  plants  and  animals, 
all  of  which  may  be  remedied. 

"Even  as  we  have  neglected  our  natu. 
t(tl  resources  so  have  we  been  thoughtless 
of  life  and  health.  Natural  resoucces  are 
useless  wltboat  men  and  women  to  de- 
velop them  ;  we  csnnot,  therefore,  too  soon 
enter  upon  the  duty  ot  conserving  onr 
chief  source  of  strength  bj'  the  prevention 
ot  disease  and  the  prolongation  of  life. 

"At  the  present  rate  ot  coal  prodnctloD 
the   BDpply    will   approach   eihauatlon    by 


jyGooi^lc 


Coiiservation       Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


to  laBI  beyond  the  middle  of  tbe  present 
ccntarj.  Pelroleum,  though  lacreaBlDg  [a 
BupplT.    Is    also    eDormauBlj    misused    and 


BtursT  Kfls  Is  enauKh 
In   tbe  ijDited  StHtes 


apd  less  than  o 


f  of  tbe  lerm  ■ 


ductloD.  The  area  of  cultivated  luad  ma; 
poaalblT  be  doubled.  In  addlllon  to  the 
had  Kwultlns  the  plow  75.000,000  acres  of 
swamp  land  can  be  reelnlmed.  40.000,000 
aeres  of  desert  land  Irrigated  and   oillllona 


acre.  TSa  average  jleld  of  whea 
UultHi  Btates  is  fesB  Iban  fourteen 
;  la  England  It  Is  Lhlrty-ti 


:   Enginnd 


held  1 


els  and  In  Oermanr  twenty-elghl 

tblrt;    buahelB   of   oats   per   aere 

Dearly    lorty-flre    aod   Qermany   uiuic    lunu 

fortT-seTea.         Proper      mnaigement       villi 

double   the   yield   and   produre   more   than 

three    tlmea    out    preaent    population    can 

intgrowth  of  tbe  Joint  conaerTa- 
latu  ■.-uuiErence  In  December.  1608,  Presi- 
dent Roosevelt  Invited  President  Dial  of 
Ueilco  and  the  Governor-Geoeral  and  Pre- 
mier of  Canada  to  a  North  American  con- 
Bert  a  I  Ion  conference.  Theee 
sent  renresenlallves  to  a  meeting  he 
the  White  House  Feb.  18,  190B.  T'he 
cIpleB  of  tbe  original  commission 

doraed  and  an  Invltatlot — 

(orty-five   other   natloua 

to  a  world's  wmference  ._ 

Hague  on  a  date  Co  be  later  decided  upon. 
fs  a  result  of  the  agitation   against  de- 


catlce  tbe  people  and  sec 

,_,    r IT-'    of  laws    for    protecting 

eral  deposits,  foteata,  water  power,   fauna 
and  flora. 

T\e  Natl. 
With  headqua 
Ing.  Wasblnrl 

bced  bead  of  

the  Unlled    States.      The    aaaoclatlon    came 


woman  who  stood  for  couBerratlon  which 
would  give  them  Immediate  opportunity 
tor  nnlted  and  active  work.  Its  objects 
are  thus  stated: 

"Tbe  National  Conservation  AaBoelatlon 
Is  fighting  for  the  prompt  and  orderly  de- 
velopme"*     -'    —    "" — '     '" 


__    ___    ...itural    

the  welfare  of  ooraelvea  aod  our  children, 
and    for    the    rights    of    the    plain    people. 


.nls'boum        ...        .    . 

leal   considerations  nor  official  coanectloi 
It  IB  tree  to  speak  tbe  wbole  truth. 
"That    coneerva"'""    "" "    — 


Is  slresdj  bouse  „  . 

which  the  National  Conservation  Associa- 
tion has  set  Itself  Is  lo  get  tbls  principle 
put  Into  practical  effect." 

The   association    Is   maintained   by   dnea 


tributtng  Members  t^O.OC 


Th«  oitanliatlon   ot   tbe   National    Coa- 
aervatlon    Association    is   as    follows : 
_  GIff ord_.  Plpchojti  President,    WaablnEt' 


nBton, 
Pr™i- 


D.  C:  Chatlea  W.  Eliot,  Honorarr  Fn 
dent,  Cambridge.  UasB. ;  Overton  W.  Prl 
Vice-President  and  Treasurer.  Washlngtuu, 
D.  C. :  Harry  A.  Slaltery,  Becretary,  Wash- 
ington, D.  C, 

Tbe  National  ConBeTratloa  Congress  flrst 
met  at  Beittle,  Wash.,  In  August,  1909,  nn- 
der  the  ansplees  ot  tbe  Weshlagton  Conaer- 
vatlon  Aaaodatlon. 

The  objects  ot  the  Congresa  are :  To 
provide  tor  dlecusslon  ot  tbe  resources  ot 
tbe  United  Btales  as  tbe  foundation  for 
the  prosperity  of  tbe  people.  To  furnish 
deBnlle  Information  concerolng  the  re- 
sources and  their  development,  use  and 
preservation.  To  afford  an  agency  through 
which  the  people  of  the  country  mar  frame 
policies  and  principles  affecting  the  con- 
■ervaClan  and  utilisation  of  their  reaonrces 
Into  effect  by  their  respective 
—   '~   —  ■■-   and   federal   gov- 


representatlves 

There  Is  no  official  connection  between 
the  National  Conservation  Congress  and 
the  National  Coaservatloa  Association,  al- 
though tbe  two  are  working  closely  to- 
gether along  the  same  lines.  Tbe  Congress 
confines  Its  work  to  an  annual  gatberlng  of 
citizens  appointed  by  state  and  munldpal 
offlcIalB    and    delegates.       The    Aasoclatlon 

__. — ,__   _    _  ..   Tjoriting   organlaa- 

_t.    The  officers  are ; 
,  Kansas  City,  Uo. ; 


Latchaw,  slaasaa  <^ty.  Mo. 
Oonseiratlon   Oommlaalon: 

Appropriation  for,  urged,  7268, 

CommiBsiou  report  Bubmitted,  7258, 
OonservatlTeB.— A  faction  of  the  Demo- 
cratic parly  wbo  from  183T  to  1840  voted 
wltb  the  Whigs  against  the  anb-treasur;  bill. 
On  other  questions  the  Conservatives  acted 
with  their  party.  Tbe  term  la  general!;  ap- 
plied to  tbose  merahers  of  a  political  partT 
who  oppose  radical  measutes  of  any  kind 
OonsplTAciM,   nnlawfnL      (8ee  Illegal 

CombmatioDB.) 
Oonatuitliiople,  Tmkey: 

Sxpulsloa  of  Greeks  from,  2774. 

IntematioTial  conference  to  be  held 
at,  npon  Bvbject  of  cholera,  re- 
ferred to,  3576. 

Bobert  College  at,  referred  to,  3900. 
ConstelUtiOIl,  The. — Tbe  flagship  of  Com- 
modore TbomaB  Truitun  of  the  squadron 
sent  to  protect  American  shipping  la  the 
West  iDdlea  during  troubles  with  France 
In  1790.  Tbe  Conafcllallon  was  built  at 
,  and  commissioned  in  1798.    Feb. 

-.    .    she    defeated    and    captured    the 

French    frigate    L'tiuurgente,    oc    40    guns, 
Feb.  "    -"^    -■-     '•---'   '- -• 


1709.  she  defeated  and  captured  the 
-~ch  frigate  L'lnturgente,  oC  40  guns, 
1.  180O.  she  defeated  La  Vengcanet.  ot 
D»  guna.  which,  after  a  fierce  engagement, 
escaped,  owing  to  a  storm.  Coneress  pre- 
sented Truitun  with  a  gold  medal  and  a 
vote  of  thanks  for  hla  braver;  daring  thla 
engagement. 

Oonstltntlon.— Fundamental  law  In  a  llm. 
Ited  or  tree  government.  As  applied  to  the 
United  atates  of  America,  or  to  anjr  state 
of  tbe  American  Union,  tbe  conalltntlon  Ii 
a  written  slalement  ot  the  powers  ot  gov- 
ernment. Tha  people  who  hold  the  elective 
franchise  are  by  prescribed  forma  called 
upon  to  eatabllBh  tbelt  conatltntloD  wblch 
tner  Eoaj  sabsegaentlr  amend  in  accordaaca 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


ConftltutiOD 


ConstttoUmi — OMMmied. 

via  ll>  profliloni.  Wben  eaUblUbed  the 
anuUtntlon  1>  paramount  to  the  goveni- 
meot  orguilKd  onder  It  If  any  depart- 
neiit  of  the  goTeiDment  exceeds  Its  autbor- 
Iied  powera.   tbe  act  Is  Irregnlar  aod  void. 


traditions,  rojal  charters,  stat- 

Dies  of   Parliament,   the  commoD   law,   the 
Uagna   Cbarta,   the   Declaratloo  of   Itlghts. 


tloD  of  the  L 

a(  the  UnioQ  has  receired  such  sanctloQ. 
The  Constitution  of  the  Called  States  wan 
framed  in  a  coUTectioa  of  the  statee,  except 
Rhode  Island,  at  FhlUdelphla,  In  1T8T,  and 
vent  Into  ettect  March  4,  1T8S.  having  been 
ntlfled  br  eleven  of  the  thirleen  lUtes. 
North  Carolina  and  Rhode  Island  ratlBed  It 
Not.  21.  1T89.  and  Mar  S9,  1790,  respec- 
tlvel?.  (See  alM>  Amendmenta. ) 
Ooartltatiaii: 
AmeudmentB  to — 

Fonrteeutb,    recominendKtioii    tbat 
diaabiUtiea  imposed  under,   be 
removed,  4107,  4209. 
Proclamation     directing    diacon- 
tinnanee  of  prosecntions,  4130. 
Joint  resolution  proposing,  3841. 
Joint    resolution    proposing   four- 
teenth, opposed,  3SS8. 
Proposed  lij  Taft,  7390,  7393. 
Qneatiou  of  Congress  proposing  un- 
til after  admission  of  loj^  Sena- 
tors and  RepreseatatiTeB  of  no- 
represented    states    referred    to, 
3589. 
BatidcatioQ  of.      (Bee  Satiflcation 

of,  poet.) 
Beferred  to,  GQS,  786,  3732. 
Belative  to — 
AbolishinK  slaveif — 
Defeated,  3453. 
Becommended,  35S6. 
Ratification  of  referred  to, 
3570,  3644. 
ApproTal  of  separate   items  of 
bill  and  veto  of  others  recom- 
mended, 419S,  4725,  4774,  4840. 
Distribntion   of   surplus   ravenno 
among  states  suggested,  1015. 
Expenditnres  for  education,  tug- 

gested,  397,  444,  567. 
Gradual   emancipation  of  slaves 
recommended,  3337. 
Income    tax    reeommended,    7390, 
7392. 
Internal    improvements  snggest- 

ed,  398,  SS3,  587,  7«0. 
Legislation  in  extra  session  of 
Congress  snggested,  4196. 


Maintenance  of  free  sehoola  hj 
States,  4288. 

Mode  of  election  of  President 
and  Vice-President  snggested, 
1010,  1081,  1120,  1168,  1253, 
1338,  1395,  1478,  3837,  3889, 
4196. 

Mode  of  election  of  United  States 
Senators,  3S49,  3889. 

Postponement  of  meeting  of  Con- 

Kess  suggested,  240. 
ition  of  Presidential  electors 
recommended,  6644. 
Slarery  recommended,  3169. 
Suability  of  States  ratified,  250. 
Successor  to  President  in  event 
of  vacancy  in  Presidency  and 
Vice-President     recommended, 
3837,  3889,  4950. 
Tenure  of  office  by  judiciary  of 
United    States    recommended, 
3841,   3889. 
Centennial   anniversary   of   framing, 
proposition  to  celebrate,  diaenssed, 
S118. 
Journal  of  acts  and  proceedings  of 
convention    nhieh    formed,     pub- 
lished, 634,  678. 
Legislation  to  supplement  guaranties 
afforded  bv  fourteenth  amendment 
recommended,  4775. 
Ratification  of — 

Fifteenth   amendment  referred  to, 
3998,   4001,   4007,   4801. 
Discussed,  4009. 
Fourteenth  amendment  referred  to, 
3664,    3665,    3667,   3722,    3795, 
3836,  3837,  3843. 
Proclamation  regarding  enforce- 
ment of,  4088. 
Proclaimed,      3864,     3855,      385S, 
3867,  3858. 
Withdrawal  of,  by  OUo  and  New 
Jersey,  3836. 
Ratification  of,  by  states.     (See  the 

several  states.) 
Recommendation    of    legislation    to 
supplement  guaranties  afforded  by 
fourteenth  amendment,  477S. 
Referred  to,  95,  lOL 
Right  to  make  and  alter,  basis  of  our 

political   system,   200. 
Secret  journal  of  Congress  of  Con- 
federation pnblislied,  678. 
Signers  of,  26. 
Text  of,  15. 
Oonstltntloii,  Confederat*.      (Seo  Con- 
federate Constitution.) 
Oonstltntlon,   Tha. — A   famous   American 
frigate,    known    also    as    "Old   Irontidea." 
She  was  built  at  Boston  In  ITOT,  and  car- 
ried 44  ffuns,      July  17,  1812,   she  encono- 
tered  a  fleet  of  Ave  BrlOsh   frigates,   but 
thronch  the  masterlr  seamanship  of  Cept. 
Hull  elnded  captnre.     An«.  19  she  was  at- 
tacked   bv    the    British    frigate    OtierrVre, 
canriog   S8   guns.     Within   half  an   hour 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Constitution        Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


OmBLLUlUon,  Tlia — CmUnited. 
tbe  lalt«r  vas  a  irnck  and  85  of  her  men 
kllird  and  woundMl  |D02).     Dec.  29,  ISllf, 
tbp   BrllUb   maD-oI-vnr,  Jam.   carrTW  8b 
stinB,  jnrrepd«red  ■      ■     -      


-D  giiDi,  iDd  ibe  Leeani,  'l8  guns.     Bntliih 
loiB  IT  BDd  Am^rlcaa  lou  15. 
Ooiutltatlon,  Tbe: 

Britiah  frigate  Querriire  eaptoted  and 
destrojed  by,  602. 

BritiBb    frigate    Jara  captnred  and 
deatroyed  by,  GOT. 

Capt.  Bainbridge  in  cammaiid  of,  507. 

Capt  Bnll  in  command  of,  SOZ. 
Oomtltiitlon,  Tbe  (slave  ebip),  proceed- 
ings of  eonrt  regarding,  895. 
CensUtatlonal  Klglits  discussed.     (See 

powers  of  Federal  and  State  Govern- 

ments.) 
OonstitDtlonal  Tr«anir7  Syatem: 

Heconunended  by  President  Polk,  2256. 

Snt^cessfnl  operation  of,  discossed, 
240S,  2408. 
Cotutltntlonal  Union  Tartr.— Tbe  Iudm 
ot  1860  and  Ibe  Tears  Immfdlilet;  preced- 
ing dlsrnpted  tile  Wblg  party.  Uay  9  ot 
tbat  jear  rcprewiilatlT«i  of  tbe  party  beld 
a  eODTentloQ  si  Baltimore  sad  nomlDBtPd 
Jobn  Bell,  of  Tenncasce.  for  Pretident.  and 
Edward  Everett  of  MaararbDSetls.  for  Vice- 
President.  Delegates  vere  present  from 
about  twenty  stales.  They  took  rbs  naina 
of  tbe  Consiltutlonal  fnron  parly.  They 
denounced  tbe  platfnrma  of  (hp  otber  psrdea 
SB  tending  "to  wldpu  polltlosl  dlvliious," 
■nd  declsted  Iheir  prlnclplpa  Id  be  "the  Cou- 
slitutlon  ot  the  country.  Ibe  Union  of  tbe 
Stsles,  and  the  enforrpnient  of  the  lawa." 
In  tbe  electloQ  of  ISOO  tbe  party  carried 
tbree  states— Kentucky,  Tennessee,  and  Vir- 
ginia, polllQg  C89.S81  votes  sod  gslulng  38 
electoral  votes. 

OonsUtatlOIMUBtS.— A  potltlcal  psrty  In 
PenDBylvBDla  which  under  the  CanslltuClon 
of  ITTfl-ITOO  favored  tte  maintenance  of 
that  (natrument  as  opposed  to  those  who  di^ 
mandcd  a  _Btruuger  goverDmeDl   tban  could 


, — ,  attach   to  their  oBlce,  and   In 

non-CbriBtlan   countries    tbey    hare    some- 
times  tbe   right,    by   treaty,    to   act   la   a 
'FebT'26.       Judicial    capacity    betveen    citlsena    of    tbe 
" A  conaul-genersi  has  jnrls- 


s  of  t 


Beiw.. 
ch  deslrei 


1 804  a 


:1 -Fed  era 


St  I  tut  Ions  list  a. 
OoiuUtntions,  Bute.— At  the  time  of  tbe 
Declaration  of  Independence  only  a  few  of 
the  Colonies  bad  local  govemments  of  tbelr 
own.  These  were  only  temporary  oritanl- 
satlons.  Constitutions  were  Uret  adoptpd  by 
tbe    thirteen     original     " '-" 


Maryjasd.    >'ew    llampahlre.    ?tew    Jeraey, 
..__..    Vlrslnfa 

Boulh   Caroilia"  in  "iTTS  ;"  Uswchu] 


In   ITTS:   Georgia   and  ^e»   York  In  1T7T : 


ITBO;    Delsware    In    1T92 ;    Connecticut    in 
1818:  Rbode  Island  In  1842. 
Oonsnl-General,    title     of,    ehonld    be 

abandoned,  4023. 
OonsDlar    Service, — Con  ml  a  r    offlcers    In- 
clude    con  an  la  general,     consul  a     and     Com- 
■nerolal    agents.      Tbelr    chief    dalles    and 

Eoirers  are  coonecled  with  oiir  commercial 
iteresls.  to  protect  ahlps,  aesmen  and  olber 
Americans,  to  send  home  deslltute  sesmen. 
and   to  give   certlflcaies   for   varloDS   pnr- 


d  let  Ion 

conaalar  offlcers  are  appointed  by  The  Preal- 
deat  and  confirmed  by  tbe  Senate  after 
passing  an  eiamlDSllon  aa  to  Qtness  and 
sblllty  In  accordance  with  an  eiecutlve 
order  of  Prealdeat  Rooaeyelt.  Officers  of 
tbe  ecrTlce  are  under  tbe  control  and  di- 
rection of  the  Slate  Department. 

CoDSDlar  offlcera  are  expected  to  endeavor 
to  maintain  and  promote  all  the  rightful  Id- 
"   '  nerlcan  cllliens,  and  to  protect 
Ided  for  by  lr«Bty 
3  visa  snd.   when 


em  In  sll  privilege-  , 

conceded  by  osage ; 

__    suthorlaed,    to    Isst- 

pennltted  by  tresty.  law 

_..j4  .._  _ 


cbarge  of  ai 


Sf« 


take 

„ personal  estates  of 

Americans    n-bo   msy   die   abroad    wltboot 
legal  or  other  represents  I  Ives. 
OongnUr  and  Diplomatic  Sarvlca  (aes 
also  Consalai   Beform); 
Act  making  appropriations  for — 
Approved  and  reaaons  therefor, 4331. 
Betumcd,  4807. 
Classified  service  needed,  7022. 
Commercial  attaches  proposed,  6939, 

6940. 
Consular  system   referred   to,    1246, 
3382,   3303,   3471,   3692,  3794,  3837. 
Cost  of,  6797,  6708. 
CoBttunes  of  persons  in,  referred  to, 

3116,  3834. 
DiscoBBed,  S46S,  5547. 
Elevation  of  miasions,  6335,  6673. 

Be  commended,   646S. 
Inspector  of  consolar  offices  discnsBed, 

6155. 
Larger  salaries  needed  in,  7022, 
Organization  of  class  of  snpemomel'- 
ary  secretaries  of  legation  abroad 
recommended,  4654. 
Promotions,    removals    and    appoint- 
ments in,  4672. 
Beferred  to,  3067,  3303,  3471,  3592, 

4069,  4123,  4795,  4S01,  4849. 
Beorganization    of,  recommended   by 
President — 
Arthur,  4713,  4829,  4838. 
Cleveland,  4922,  5091,  5370,  5874. 
Boosevelt,  6673,  6674,  6913,   7082, 
7023. 
Ooiunlar  Oonvestloiu. — The  srst  prscti- 
cal  step  toward   close  diplomatic   relations 
belveen  nations  Is  the  citabllEbment  of  tba 
conaulsr  office  wltbln  Its  domlnlona.      This 
la  brought  about  by  trcatlea  and  agreemeo 


which  a 


called  c 


DDdltlona  upon  which  consuls 
sre  eslaOJlaued  Iq  foreign  counlrlea  by  the 
rnlted  Slates  bave  been,  groerslly  apeak- 
Ing.  the  aame.  ConsequeDtly  treaties  of  tbis 
nalnre  bear  sucb  close  rpscmblHuce  to  one 
another    that    they    are    here    grouped    for 

Snrpoaea  of  comparison,  and  only  apccllle 
ITerences  are  noled.  Such  treallea  pro- 
vide that  conHUlB-genersI,  consuls,  sod  vic^- 
conauls  shall  bs  reciprocally  received  sad 
recognised  on  presentation  01  thalr  commis- 


jyGooi^lc 


Encyclopedic  Index 


I   In   tbe   WB7   anil   m. 
'  >  ssTeral   oattoDB,   « 
'     "         e  of  the  I 


iBtnr    iff. 


-lomrillDB    to 

._c  pKrIlruIar  oatloD. 
)  (hall  be  Iraned  to 
by  tba  governmenc  of 
ikn  be  1b  KQt.  These 
reprcaenlallteB  are  to  be  treated  with  r«- 
■pcet.  dlgnlt7.  and  honor,  dae  to  tbe  coon- 
tiy  wheare  they  mme.  They  are  eipmpt 
from  mlUtan  aeirlce,  pabllc  dnij.  and  all 
penoDAl  ana  direct  taiatloD.  whether  Fed- 
eral, state,  or  municipal.  K,  bowever.  (be 
conmlar    representarlTc    of   a    toreisn    na- 

-■-- — t  of  the  country  in  which 

.  ._  ..-lenahle  to  all  of  the  laws, 
tazeaaod  performa  public  duties 


CMho.— Consular  resalatlona  with  Cblna 
are  contained  In  tbe  several  commercial 
trealtea  with  ttiat  nation.  (Bee  Cbbia, 
Treatle*  witb,) 

Colombia. — Consular  reKalatloae  are  con- 
lalaed  In  tbe  treaty  ot  peace,  amity,  nail- 


ilc?"hl 


wblcb  his  dtliensblp  demands 
CODiQla  have  the  rloht  to  hoist 
of  their  nation  over  uelr  ofBcii  ' 
or  upon  an  olBclal  vessel.  Tbey  are  re- 
lieved of  pabllc  witness  da».  and  wben 
tbeir  evidence  la  necessary  In  connect  Ion 
wlrti  tbv  administration  of  Jastice,  tbelr 
depositions  may  he  taken  In  writing  or  at 
their  dwelllnn. 

Consular  offices  and  dwellings  are  invio- 
lable ;  local  authorities  may  not  Invade  tbem 
for  any  purpose :  papers  and  documeDts  de- 
posited   ther- —   "—    — '— ■■    —   — 


lod    the   I 


amlned ;    

of  criminals  or  iusll^ve 


and    consuls    have    the    power 


of  tbelr  own  conntry,  of  the 
they  are  representatives, 


itlon  t 


wblcb 


coDnirj.  wbo  shall  be  accepcable  to  the 
respective  govemments,  and  that  con  aula  r 
Bxent  shell  nave  full  authorlly  to  act  when 
■o  certlBrated. 

All  consular  otBcIals  ot  whatever  rank 
have  power  and  aulhorHy  to  take  evidence, 
or  depositions  of  captains,  scamra,  crews, 
paasensers,  or  citlwna  of  tbelr  own  counlry, 
at  the  official  residence,  and  may  there  ei- 
ecate  any  papers  or  documents.  Consalar 
representatlTes  have  the  right  of  acqulrlnc 
property  and  of  dlsposlog  ot  It  In  any  way  ; 
Disy  condoct  bnalnesa.  trade,  or  profession. 
exactly  as  do  In  these  respects  tbe  citizens 
ol  tbe  country  !□  wblcb  [bey  reside:  and 
they  may  not  be  dl  scrim  I  us  ted  aEslo't  la 
any  way  by  reason  of  tbelr  belas  aliens. 
The  discipline  and  Internal  order  ot  the 
vessels  of  their  country  are  entirely  under 
the  control  of  tbe  eontula  of  the  porta  at 
wblcb  snch  vessels  may  be :  and  these 
officers  may  nse  the  local  Judicial  machin- 
ery freely  for  tbe  arrest,  detention,  and 
tunlsbment  of  deserlers  or  mallneers.  or 
ir  the  preservation  of  the  public  peace. 
Eipenses  of  such  police  Judicial  action 
most  be  home  by  the  codsuIs.  A  deOnlte 
■"— -  '--  ■*—  -■-* — " —  -it  deserters  i ■— 


r  tbe  dpt< 


InalB   BO  arrested   ' 


eatles     , 


varies    from 


t   trial   la  s 


tbre 


I,  of  I8S3.     [Bee  Argentine  Bepnblle, 


tlon  was  conclnded  In  ISTO  and  rallflcd 
June  29,   ]8T1. 

Btloiam. — The  consular  convenlloDS  of 
1868,  wblcb  expired  In  ISSO,  and  that  of 
1S80.  still  In  force,  govern  the  conduct 
and  appointment  of  consuls. 

BoHiUi. — AKreement  regardlns  consnts  is 
contained  In  the  treaty  of  peace,  frlcadahlp, 
rommerce.  and  navlntlon,  of  ISaS.  (Bee 
Bolivia.  Treaties  with.) 

BratiL — The  consular  convention  with 
this  nation  la  contained  In  the  treaty  of 
unity,  commerce,  and  navigation,  ot  I82S. 


:   of   1846. 


Treaties  with.) 

Cnafa  IT  lea. — Consular  resnlallona  wers 
covered  by  the  treaties  ot  friendship,  com- 
ce,    and    oavicatlon,    of    1851.         (Bee 


France. — The    i  _       

France  was  concluded  Feb.  23.  I8S3. 

tlon  was  coQcftded  Dec.  11.  1871. 

Ortece. — The  conanlar  convention  was 
concluded  Kov.  19.  1S02. 

il  a  Itl,— Consular  reKUlBttona  are  con- 
tained In  the  treaty  ot  amltv.  commerce, 
navlgnllon,  and  exlradlllon,  olTlSe*.  (Bee 
Haul  Treaty  wlrt.) 

Honduras. — Diplomatic  and  consular  res- 
ulatlDus  are  provided  In  the  treaty  of 
friendship,  commerce,  and  navigation,  of 
1864. 

Kalv.— Tbe  eonsuiar  convention  was  con- 
cluded May  8,  18T8.  and  a  supplement  was 
added  on  Feb.  24.  1881.  eovetlng  the  aettte- 
ment  ot  shipping  disputes. 

Japan. — The  treaty  ot  commerce  snd  nav- 
igation of  1894  resulatea  cooaular  and  dip- 
lomatic relations. 

Liberia. — The  treaty  of  commerce  and 
navigation  ot  1862  provldea  for  the  con- 
sular office. 

Uectlexburg-SchiceTin. — Consular  office 
and  funcllun*  are  provided  for  In  the  treaty 
of  commerce  and  navigation  ot  1847. 

Jlororco. — Consular  provisiaus  are  con- 
tained In  Ibe  treaty  of  peace  and  friend- 
ship of  1336,  and  In  the  convention  as  to 
protection  of  1880. 

JfNscaf, — Consular  provisions  are  <™i- 
talned  In  the  treaty  of  amity  a—* 

ffrtftwlond*.— Tbe     conmlar 
was  concluded  Uay  28.  18T8. 

Of  ton)  an  Empire, — Tbe  treaty  of  com- 
merce end  navigation  of  1830  provldea  for 
consular  Intercourse. 

/■araini<il'.~-D1p1aniatlc  and  consular  priv- 
ileges are  aecnred  by  the  treaty  of  frlend- 
Bbli>.  commerce,  snd  navigation,  of  18S9. 

Periia. — Diplomatic  privileges  are  secured 
by  tbe  treaty  of  friendship  and  c 


convention 


a  diplomatic  and  conanlar  prlv- 


IS81  s 

RuttUi. — The  treaty  of  commerce  and 
navigation  ot  1832  secures  diplomatic  and 
consular  privileges. 

Sen;<<i._The  consular  convention  of  1881 
aecurea  consular  privileges. 

Kfam.— The  treaty  of  amity  and  com- 
merce of  18S6  provides  for  tbe  appointment 
of  a  consul  to  reside  at  Bangkok. 

Spoilt.— Tbe  treaty  of  peace  of  1898, 
known  as  the  treaty  of  Paris,  provides  for 
the  consular  office. 

BTceSen  anil  Noru:ay. — The  treaty  of 
commerce  and  navigation  of  1827  provides 
for  the  conanlar  office  and  privileges. 

Biriieerlan/t. — The  confeution  of  friend- 
ship, commerce,  and  navlgsllon.  of  1850. 
provides  for  consular  office  and  prirllegea. 

T'onira. — The  consular  office  snd  Juris- 
diction Is  regulated  by  (be  treaty  of  amity, 
commerce,  and  navigation,  of  1886. 


jyGooi^lc 


Consular 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


OftnffTlllir  OoDTmtloiu — continued. 

Tripon.—Thi!  tn?at;  at  peace  >nd  amity 
of  1800  proTidu  lar  consular  rtaldence  at 
Tripoli. 

3'unlt. — Tbe  canauLsr  oBlce  Is  secared  by 
the  treaty  ol  amity,  commerce  and  uavlga- 
tlon   of   1197. 

jiaiuibar. — The    treaty    as    to    dutlea    on 
Ilguori,  and  consular  powets,  of  188S,  gov- 
SFTus  tbe  consulac  office. 
Oonsnlar  Oonventlons  with — 
Austria,  4023. 
Belgium,  38S8,  3893,  3S97,  4639. 

Sefsrred  to,  4561. 
Chile,  S957. 
France,  49,  2726. 

Beferred  to,  75. 
OermaiiT,  4114,  4142. 
Italy,   3800,   4436,   4448,   4S88,   4626. 

BxpJTationH  of  diactiMed,  1418. 
Netherlands,  4437,  4520. 
Boumania,  4622,  4627. 

Referred  to,  4737. 
SalvELdor,  4070,  4212,  4247. 
Serbia,  4627,  4658. 
Beferred  to,  47S7. 
Oonaular  Oonrta.     (Bee   CoortH  Comm- 

lar.) 
Oonsnlar   Laws    diseiiBBed,    £43,    1117, 

2713. 
Oonsnlar  Offlcan,  salaries  of,  7938. 
Oonsnlar    Offlcas,    inspection    of,    dis- 
cussed, 615S. 
Oonsular  Pupils,  referred  to,  3347. 
Cotuular  Bofonn  (see  also  Consular  and 
Diplomatic  Service.) 
Discussed,  6071,  6154. 
Order  regarding  examination  for  con- 
sular offices,  6056. 
Consular    Bognlatloni,   amendment   of, 

6704. 
Oonsnlar  Beporta: 

On  production  of  and  trade  in  coffes 
among  Central  and  8onth  American 
States,  referred  to,  6201. 
On  taxation,  referred  to,  5201. 
On    trade  and   indastries  of   foreign 
powers,    referred    to,    4986,    5122, 
5201,  6460,  6673. 
Publication   of,   discussed,   6338. 

Becommended,  4564,  4631,  S091. 
Talne  and  importance  of,  discussed, 
50B1. 
Oonsnls.— In  International  law  an  agent 
appoints  and  commlasloneil  by  a  saveraijrn 
Btate  to  reside  In  a  foreign  city  oc  town  to 
defend  ttie  personal  rights  and  to  protect 
tbe  bnnlncss  Interests  of  anch  citizens  of 
his  couatr;  as  may  rpslde  tberelD.  and  to 
collect^  and    forward    to    Ibe    bame   govem- 


Infor 


He  li 


Qatic 


igent. 


was  flrat  Inlraducod  In  18B5.  In  1869  the 
consular  serrloe  was  reorjranlied  apoD  a 
basis  reqniring  the  eiam  I  nation,  by  a  board 


which  has  remained  substantially  an- 
cbaoged  to  the  present  day.  In  1805  Presi- 
dent CleTcland  Issued  an  order  requiring 
the  examination,  by  a  board  composed  oi 
three  membeis  to  be  named  by  tbe  Secre- 
tary of  State,  of  applicants  for  appolnt- 
•  '-    places    tbe   salaries   of   which   ar- 


<    tor   all    consular    placei 


of  tbe   salaries 


KUched   t 


ected  U 


rightful  Interests  o(  AmerL 

to  protect  them  In  all  prlTllegea  prorlded 
(or  by  treaty  or  conceded  by  usage ;  to  vlsA 
aui)  when  so  anthorlied,  to  Issue  passports; 
when  permitted  by  treaty,  lav  or  osage.  to 
take  charge  of  and  settle  the  personal  es- 

wllbont  legal  or  other  represeotatlyea.  and 
remit  the  proceeds  to  the  treasury  In  case 
they  are  not  called  for  by  a  legal  repreaen- 
tatlve  wlthtn  one  year ;  to  ablp.  dlaeharge, 
and,  under  certain  condltlona.  n— '-'-'-  — ■• 


-  Teasels;    to   Investigate 

charges  of  mutiny  or  Insubordination  on 
the  high  seas  and  send  mutineers  to  the 
United   Blstes  for   trial :   to  render  asslit- 


1  reeelTC  tbe  papers  of  American  t 
rrlylng  at  foreign  porta  and  deliver 
•-r  the  discharge  r'  " ■-<—.'—- 


.  rbandlse  exported  to  the  United  States 
where  the  shipment  amounts  to  more  than 
HOC:  to  act  ss  official  witn  cases  to 
marriages  of  American  dtliens  abroad :  to 
_..  ._   ....   ._. .  _.  ....   im migration 


ertlfy   t 


!    of 


.-Jued  by  Chinese  and  other 

officials  to  Chinese  persons  coming  to  the 
United  Blates ;  to  protect  tbe  health  of  our 
seaports  by  reporting  weekly  tbe  sanitary 
and  healtb  condltloos  of  the  ports  at  whlcb 
they  reside,  and  by  Issuing  ti 


paHSengers.  a 


to  take  depositions  and  perform  d 

which  notaries  public  In  the  United   States 
are  antborlzed  or  required  to  perform. 
Prontatioti     of     Com»teree.— A     duty     ot 

Crime  Importance  la  the  promotion  of  Amer- 
:an  commerce  by  reporting  available  op. 
portunlttes     for    the     Introduction     of     our 

frodncts.  aiding  In  the  eatabllahment  of  re- 
itlons  between  American  and  foreign  com- 
mercial bouses,  and  lending  assistance 
wherever   practicable   to   tbe   marketing   of 


erican 


ercbandlse   abroad. 


to  the  foregoing  duties,  con- 
sular omrers  In  China.  Turkey,  Slam. 
Uaakat.  Morocco,  and  a  few  other  aixatled 
un-Cbrlstlan  counlrlea.  are  Invested  wllb 
Judicial  powers  over  American  citliena  In 
those  countries.  These  powers  are  usually 
deBned  by  treaty,  but  generally  Indnde  the 
trial  of  civil  cases  to  which  Americans  are 
parties,  and  In  somr  Instances  extend  to  tbe 
trial  of  criminal  easefl. 

OonsnlB  of  tTnlted  Btatu  (see  also  tlie 
several  powers) : 
Active  cooperation  in  commerce,  64S0, 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Cmtlneiilal 


Oonsnls  of  United  BUIta^—OonUnutd. 
Advanires  made  hj,  HhoiiJd  be  reim- 

buJBed,  243. 
Eo^ged   in  businesa   in  Tiolation  of 

law,  referred  to,  306a 
Ex&miiiation  b;,  of  American  atroci- 
ties in  Turkey  dia trussed,  5989,  6069. 
Expeoditnrei  to,  refosed  by  Turkey, 

6092,  6148. 
EzpenaoB  of,   appropriation  for,  lee- 

ommeiided,  41U9,  4159. 
Pees  collected  by — 

From  Amerjt^an  vosseli,  4867. 
In   connection  with  authentication 
of  invoicee.  4670. 
Fees  of,  referred   to,  4000, 40S7, 4109, 

4110,  41S9,  4210,  4258,  4736. 
ImprisoDment  of,  in  Cuba,  329. 
Jurisdiction  of.      (See  Courts,  Cou- 

flvlar.) 
Iaws  in  regkrd  to,  ahonld  be  reviaed, 

243,  1117,  2713. 
List  and  retnms  of,  trsnamlttod,  2133, 

4109. 
May  not  act  in  a  fiduciary  capacity 

while  in  office  abroad,  6704. 
Knmber  of,  who  apeak  or  write  Ian- 
gnage   of  country  where  they  are 
located,  4115. 
Order     ree&rding    examinations    for 
consular  offices,  6056. 
Discnased,  6071. 
Presents  from  foreign  states  to,  dis- 
position of,   ditcuaeed,   1256. 
Heferred  to,  1258,  1200. 
Beferred  to,  75,  78,  111,  169,  363,  2539. 
Beports  of.     (See  Consular  Heports.) 
Beports  of   consular  agents  referred 
to,    4069,    6248,    6299,    6338,    6356, 
6460,  6673. 
Beqoested  by  Swiss  Qovemmeut  to 
protect    its    citizens   in    countries 
where  it  is  not  represented,  4627, 
Bights  of,  in  Cnba  discossed,  6069. 
Balary  of — 
Appropriations    for    expenses    of, 

discussed,  4159. 
Discussed,    238,    243,    1031,    1910, 

1953. 
Fees  of  consular  agents  referred 

to,  3718,  4109. 
Fees  of  consular  officers  referred 
to,  4000,  4067,  4110,  4159,  4210, 
4258. 
Becommendations   regBi<diiig,  IKW. 
Consols  to  United  Stataa; 
Eieq  nature  revoked — 
Ooosnl  of — 
Belgiom,  3420. 
Chile,  3625. 
France,  260. 
Franlcfort,  3709. 
Great  Britain,  S0£4,  t9W. 
Hanover,  3709. 
B«s8e,  3709. 
NMsaa,  V7W. 


Oldenburg,  3710. 
Spain,  2588. 

Sweden  and  Norway,  362& 
BevocatJon  annulled,  3630. 
Vice-consul  of — 
Portugal,  4038. 
Sweden  and  Norway,  3627. 
Bevocation  annulled,   3630. 
Feea  demanded  by  Spanish,  discnsaed, 

4714. 
Xiegialation  for  protection  or  punish- 
ment of,  recommended,  2654,  2713. 
Tax  Dpon  incomes  of,  discussed,  3383. 
Oontaglons  Diseases  (see  also  Cholera; 
International  Sanitary  Conference; 
Plague;    Quarantine    Begulations; 
Yellow  Pever): 
Among     animals,     discussed,     4S78, 
4580,     4771,     5112,     4383,     6764, 
5887,   6597,   6604,   7078. 
Conference    on   subject    of,   to    be 
held  at— 
Borne,  4898. 
Washington,  4564. 
Legislation    to   prevent   introduction 
of,  into  United  States.    (See  Quar- 
antine Begulations.) 
Contested  Elections  In   Ooagreaa,  act 
regulating  taking^  of   testimony  in, 
reasons  for  applying  pocket  veto  to, 
2108. 
Oontlneatal  OongreBS.— On  receipt  of  the 
news   ot   the   passage  of   Ibe   Boston   Port 
Act  the  Virginia  aaaembr  in  1TT4  advlud 
a  congresa  of  all  the  CoIodIcs.     Upon  tbls 
itcommcodatlon  the  First  CoolInentBl  Con- 

fr^SB  assembled  In  rblladelphla  Hopt.  S. 
774,  all  Ibe  Culonlea  bi'lng  rtpreaeatrd  ex- 
cept Ci-orgla.  ReaolulioDB  were  pSBBcd  com- 
mending Ibe  i)coplc  of  Maasaniusetta  for 
their  temperate  reBlBtanrt  to  the  eitciillon 
of  the  obJiTtloDable  meaBures  of  I'arl la- 
ment and  dcclariug  that  all  America  ought 


jyGooi^lc 


Continental         Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidmts 


to  tbe  city  of  Unlco  v 


At  AnDipoUi,  Hd„  Nor.  26.  wbere  Ita  turn- 
BloDB  were  held  ddUI  Jane  8,  1TS4.  Ad- 
JonmlDs.  It  ne«  met  at  Trenton,  N.  J_ 
Not.  1.  Dee.  24  It  sdJoarD«d  to  meet  at 
New  York,  where  It  remKlned  la  aeulon 
antll  llB  flaal  adjonrument  Oct  21.  1TB8. 
Tbe  leHlons  here  were  ai  lollowa :  Jan. 
11  to  Nov.  *.  1T8B ;  Not,  7,  17M,  to  Nor. 
8,  1786  (Dew  offleeri  beiiiK  cboien  at  the 
commencement  of  ttiis  aemloD)  ;  Not.  8, 
1780.  to  Oct.  SO,  1787  (new  officers  axaln 
elected  at  bealanlDK  of  aenloD)  ;  KoT.  S, 
1787.  to  Qnal  adjoamment.  It  la  a  fact 
worthy  of  record  that  ai  Cba  old  Conneia 
died,  ao  the  new  wsa  born.  In  ths  Cl^  of 
New  York. 

Oontinantal  SCaney. — On  t&e  antbority  of 
the  BecoDd  CoDtlnental  Cangitm  an  Uana 
o(  paper  money  was  besnn  in  177B  and 
coatlnned  till  1779.  This  "money"  waa  In 
the  nature  of  bills  of  credit  and  Ita  Talae 
necessarily  fluctuated  with  tbe  lortnnea  of 
the  QoTernment  which  nromUed  redemp- 
tion. About  i242,000.0(W  were  put  lortb. 
At  flrat  tbe  blUa  clrcnlated  on  a  par  witb 
sold,  bnt  later  xreatly  depreciated.     In  1 

Kara  tbey  bad  Decome  depressed  to  balf 
e  value  of  Kold.  In  1775  they  were  n- 
dnced  to  oue-twenttelh  of  tbelr  face  Talne 
and  afterward  to  one-fortieth.  ConKresa 
tbcn  ordered  the  notes  brought  np  at  their 
market  value.  repLsclns  them  by  a  new  Is- 
sue at  the  rate  of  20  to  1.  to  bear  Interest 
at  E  per  ecat.  Tbe  old  notes  sank  a*  low 
aa  l.OOO  to  1  and  flnally  disappeared. 
Oontingant  ExpoiiMB.      (See  Expentli- 

tnres,  Public) 
OontnlMBd  of  War.— A  term  aald  ta  bar* 
been  flrat  employed  la  tbe  treaty  of  Boath- 
ampton    between    England    and    Spain    In 

162B.    The  treaty  of  the  Pyrenef"  "-- 

France  aad  Spain,  signed  Nov 
modlHed  tlie  prevlouslr  ente-*-' 
Of  articles  contraband  of  w<u.  -^^  _  „>,.. 
more  liberal  conalmcllon  was  pat  apon  tbe 
word  by  the  Declaration  of  Paris,  April 
26,  1866.  All  arms,  ammtinltlon.  and  sup- 
plies which  may  be  of  nae  In  carrying  on 
war  or  aldlne  In  defense  are  by  the  laws 
of  war  contrabaod.  and  are  liable  to  selzare 
by  either  belligerent  ahotild  a  neutral  at- 
tempt to  convey  Ibem  to  the  other  belliger- 
ent. In  most  of  our  treaties  with  foreign 
conntrles  all  articles  contraband  of  war  are 
Bpedfled.  Gen.  B.  F,  Bailer  In  1861  pro- 
nounced slaves  of  persona  In  rebellion 
agalDBt  tbe  United  States  Government  con- 
traband. 
Oonteaband  of  War: 

On    British    veaseLi   for   insorgenta, 
3352. 

Trade  in,  and  protection  for  nentral 
vessels,  order  regarding,  3377. 
Ooti:teact8,    OflTemment,    reeommenda- 

tions  regarding,  3171. 
OoDtrarsB  (Mexico),  Battle  of.— Ang.  T, 
1647.  Gen.  Twlgga'a  division  began  Ita 
march  upon  tbe  Clt;  of  Meilco.  By  the 
18th  tbe  entire  army  was  at  SanAogustlne, 
9  miles  froiD  the  city.  On  Ibe  ISib  a  pre- 
limloary  assault  was  made  upon  Contreraa 

BUI.    a    forllQed    posltloa    about    4    miles        - 

from  the  city,  held  by  Oen.  Valencia  with       Deane^  be  <■ 


._..     ..    1659, 
alned  no  lions 


a  guarded.     Tbs 
men    Ulled     --' 

.  .  _    lost    beavl 

cannon,   muskets  and   ammunition. 
Contreraa  (Mexico),  Battle  of,  refenod 

to,  23S6. 
Controller  Bay  (Alaska): 

Opening  to  aettlement  of  lands  in, 
discassed,  7599. 
OonvenUon,  KomlnfttlnK,- An  assembir 
of  delegates  or  representatlvea  for  conaol- 
tatlon  on  Important  political  concerns  and 
the  Domloatloi)  of  candidates  for  offlce. 
Early  American  candldatea  tor  offlce  either 
made  a  pa  bile  annoancnnent  of  tlielr  can- 
didacy or  were  placed  In  nomination  by  a 
caucus  more  or  less  select.  Out  of  tbis 
cnatom  grew  the  Congreasslonal  cancna  of 
party  leadera  and,  at  a  later  period,  the 
leglaUtlve  caucna  This  was  defective  In 
that  parties  having  no  legislative  delegates 
bad  no  caucus  delegatea.  This  was  rem- 
edied br  sending  caucus  delegates  from 
those  districts  not  represented  by  l^isla- 
tiTe  del«atet.  This  Immediate  atep  waa 
mceeeded  by  the  Dominating  eaucns  or 
convention  as  at  present  conducted,  botli 
In  tbe  several  states  and  In  the  nation,  con- 
atadng  of  delegates  from  all  parts  of  a 
state  or  of  the  nation  chosen  for  the  el- 

SresB  purpose  of  making  nom Illations.  Tlie 
rat  state  convention  of  wblcb  we  have 
any  record  was  beld  at  Harrlsburg,  Pa., 
la  1788.  Tbe  first  □atlonal  nomluatlnc 
convention  naa  that  held  at  Baltlniore  In 
September,  1831.  by  the  Antl-Masooa.  In 
December  of  the  same  year  tbe  NadoDOl 
Bepubllrana,  who  were  the  progenitors  of 
tbe  Whigs,  held  a  national  convenCloa  at 
Baltimore,  la  May.  1832,  ■  Democratle 
national  convention  nominated  Jackson  for 

S resident  and  Van  Buren  for  vice-president, 
boat  1840  both  parties  adopted  th\a  prac- 
tice, alnce  which  time  It  bas  become  Dal- 

OonTentlaii,  EerotatlonaJT'.— Prevlons  te 
and  at  tbe  begiiming  of  the  Revolution  ths 
royal  gOTemors  of  the  Colonies  diasolTed 
the  legislative  aisemblles  because  of  tfaeir 
opposition  to  tbe  oppresBlve  meaaures  at 
the  Crown  and  Parliament.  These  asaem- 
biles  Immediately  met  In  what  were  called 
revolntlonary  conventions.  Id  a  short  time 
these  bodies  acquired  all  anthorlti  over  tbe 
people,  to  the  eiclnslon  of  the  parent  Gov- 
craokent. 

Conventloiu,     (See  International  Con- 
ventions; Treaties.) 
Oonvlcti,  Foreign,  involuntary  deport»- 
tion  of   panpers,   idiots,   insane    per- 
sons, and,  to  United  States,  4S52, 
Conmj  Oal)al. — A  plot  hatched  by  Qen. 
Thomas  Conway,  who  was  a  "foreign  ofllcer 
of  great  pretensions,"  Generals  Gates  and 
UlOlIn.  and  Samnel  Adams,  "witb  two  or 

three  Others  of  tbe  New  England  delega- 
tion In  Congress,  and  one  of  the  Virginia 
depntles."  to  remove  Washington  from  cUet 


irooj  Lue  ciiy,  uciu  oy  ueu.  tajearia  wiin 
0.000  men.  Early  the  next  morning  Con- 
treras  Bin  was  taken  by  sudden  assault. 
Valencia's  army  being  completely  routed. 
with   a   loss    of    2,B0<i   men.      Among   t"- 

Srlsoners  were  4  generals.    By  this  brlllli 
isb  the  Americans  had  gained  one  of  t 


>  the  United  States,  t 


1777.  and  fought  a 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedk  Index 


Copyxl^t 


•a  Jobn  Ad&nu,  Samnel  AdBms,  Richard 
Henry  Iiee,  TbonUB  Htfflln,  etc.,  begao  to 
doDbt  WaulnnoD'a  fltnces  for  the  cblel 
'  ^CODTK^  Ji&    —    --'-'-—    "■- 

1  Che  bop<  of 

coireapondence  decogatory  to  Waablngtoa 
between  Qatei,  HiDln,  and  Conira;  durini: 
the  nuamer  and  antamn  of  ITTT.  In  the 
new  board  of  war.  organ  lied  Norember, 
1TT7.  the  fBctloD  wai  repreaeated  by  Calca 
UM  prealdeDt,  and  MUBlo  and  others  ai  mem- 
bera.  Conway,  acalnat  Waahl  neon's  re- 
monatraiic^  waa  promoted  major-general, 
and  made  InapectOT-Keueral  ot  tbe  army.  A 
Tata  attenpt  wa«  made  to  win  Lafayette  by 
offering  bun  an  army  to  Invade  Canada ; 
bnt  theaa  Intrlnea,  when  known  to  the 
ticartll;  reprobated,  nor  did  the 


Btata  l«clilatarea  approye  tbem.  In  gplte 
at  MsBstcn  to  the  armT,  Waehinston  re- 
tained tbe  conlldenee  and  alTectlon  of  aold- 
lera  and  people :  and  most  of  the  conaplra- 
tora  shrunk  from  ftTowlng  their  share  la  the 
plot.  Conway,  ordered  to  tbe  northern  de- 
partnwnt, '-' — *    ■ 

■  wounded  aoon   ._  _ 

duel  with  Oou  Cadwallader,  and.  believlDC 
bli  end  Dear,  wrote  an  apalogy  to  Washins- 
top  tor  hla  coarse.     He  lecorered  bowever, 
and  retnmed  to  France. 
O00I7   TndS  nferred  to,  2007,   S127, 

3281,  8837,  S901,  4034,  4190. 
OoppaiV  act  regnlatiiig  dntiea  on,  ve- 
toed, 3903. 
Copper  Oolna,  weight  of,  redneed  to 
one  penujrweight,  sixteen  grains,  1S3. 
Copper  UlnoB  referred  to,  764,  803. 
Oopperbeftd. — A  term  of  opprobrlom  ap- 
plied to  dtlieng  of  the  nortb  who  Bympa- 
thtaed  with  the  Sontbem  Coofederacr  dnr- 
inr  the  Civil  War.  The  name  waa  Orat 
-  need  In  a  iwlltlcal  sense  la  1863  la  refer- 
ence to  persona  who  favored  peace  on  any 
terms.  The  epithet  had  Its  orliilD  In  the 
charge  that  those  to  whom  It  was  appllHl 
were  secret  and  tnaldlons  foes  to  the  On  too. 
Tbe  term  has  receatly  (189Q)  been  applied 
to  thou  who  are  not  In  aympalhy  wllh  the 


prevalent  Ideas  concerning  t 


ra; 


that  the  right  to  Imia  aboold  b«  vested 
in  the  librarian  of  Congress,  and  In  1897 
an  omce  of  Register  of  Copyriabta,  actlnB 
under  the  direction  of  the  Ubrarlaa  01 
Congress,   was   created. 

FOTtigK  Copyright.— iTt  1881  the  Inter- 
national copyright  taw  passed,  eiteadlng 
tbe  privilege  of  American  copyright  to  aa- 
thors  In  snch  foreign  coontrles  a*  cr^oted 
tbe  same  privilege  to  American  aathors. 
This  redproca!  privilege,  which  Is  de- 
termined and  effected  by  proclamation  of 
the  president,  according  to  the  terms  of  tbe 
law,  has  been  availed  of  by  several  Ea- 
ropean   and  American  dbCIoob.  as  follows: 

Austria,  Belgluin.  Chile,  Costa  Blca. 
Cuba,  Denmark,  France,  (lermany,  Great 
Britain  and  her  posseBsIODe.  Italy,  Loiem- 
bnrg,  Ueilco,  Netherlands  sad  poasessloas, 
Norway^  Portugal,  Spain,  Sweden.  Bwltier- 

Copyrlght  treaties  have  also  been  entered 
Into  with  China,  Japan  and  Hnngary  (the 
latter  in  effect  on  October  IS.  1912).  The 
Copyright  Convention  of  Mexico  of  1902 
has  been  rallUcd  by  tbe  United  States  and 
Is  effective  from  July  1,  1008,  as  between 
the  Unlled  Elates  and  Coala  Rica.  Ouate- 
msla.  Honduras.  Nicaragua  and  Balvador. 

The  copyright  lew  approved  March  4, 
1909,  which  took  effect  on  July  1,  1900, 
provides  that  tbe  application  for  registra- 
tion of  any  work  "shall  specify  to  which  of 
the  following  claiaes  the  work  in  which 
copyrlsOit  Is  claimed  belongs :"  (a)  Books, 
locladlag  composite  and  cyclopaedic  works, 
direct DTleB,  gazetteers,  sod  other  compila- 
tions: (b|  periodicals  locludlng,  newfc 
papers;  (c)  lectures,  sermons,  addresses, 
prepared  for  oral  delivery ;  (d)  dramatic 
or  dramallco-muBlcat  compositions;  (e) 
musical  compoBltlons ;  (f )  maps ;  (g)  worka 
of  art;  models  or  designs  for  works  Of 
art;  (b)  reprodnctlona  of  a  work  of  art; 
(1)  drawings  or  plastic  works  of  a  sclentlSc 
or  technical  character;  (1)  photographs; 
"-'   — '-'s  and  plctorlaj, inns'— '■—- 


iflofltratloDS. 


-  ,  --      J    .. unietly 

ideavorlog  to  foment  discord  among   the 
— ^le    at   home   and   the   aoldlera   In   tbe 


n    for  reglBtratloB  of  auy  article  sboald 
itlnctly^  specify    to    which   <  "   ' 


or  the  olber  of  the  deslniatlona  named  In 
the  rtalQte. 

The  steps  necesaary  to  secure  copyright 
registration  are:  For  works  reproduced  In 
copies  for  sale :     1.  Pobllsb  the  work  with 


Copyright. — As  dedTMd  by  Drone,  copy- 
right la  the  excinalTe  right  to  multiply  and 
diapoae  of  copies  of  an  Intellectual  prodtie- 

tloo.     Before  tbe  organisation  of  the  Fed-       

«ral    Qovernmcnt   tbe   statea    Issaed    cgpy-       Copyrights 

rights^     The   ConsOtotlon   aotborlzed   Con-       * '*■■ 

greaa  to  grant  copyrights  to  authors  and 
patents  to  Inventors.  Accordingly  Congress 
passed  ■  law  In  1790  giving  authors  tbe 
eiclnalre  right  to  their  works  for  fourteea 
years,  with  the  privilege 
fourteen  years,  b*  themseli 


.,     The    __ 

In  the  form  "Copyright,  19. .  (year  date  of 

pnbllsatlon)    by (name    of   eopy- 

riglit    proprietor)."       2.     Promptly     after 

Eibllcstlon.  send  to  the  Copyrfght  Offlca, 
Ibrsry  of  Congress,  Wssblogton,  D.  CL. 
two  copies  of  the  best  edition  of  the  work. 


>pyrlgbti 


'   the   statutory    registration 


1  extended  to  twenty-eight  years,  with 
tne  right  of  renewal  of  fourteen  years, 
the  right  being  extended  to  tbe  widow  or 
children  of  a  deceased  aothor.  In  18Se  the 
protection  of  copyright  wss  extended  to 
drsmstlc  works  sod  la  1S65  to  works  of 
art  and  pbotographs.  Clerks  of  the  district 
conrts  of  the^nlted  States  at  flrst  iMued 
copyright*,   bat   the  act  of   1870  provided 


sale :    Copyright  may  also  be  bad  o 

1   reprodaced 
_,    _..__   .11   me   (.ujiyrlgbt  OOIce 

cation   for    registration,    wth    the    

tee  of  tl.  sending  therewith:  (a)  In  the 
case  of  lectures  or  other  orai  sddresses  or 
of  dramatic  or  musical  comnosllloos,  one 
complete  manuscript  or  typewritten  copy 
of  tbe  work.  This  prlvllcfie  of  registration. 
however,  does  not  exempt  the  copyright 
'-• —  from  Ibo  deposit  of  printed  c — 


t  the  1 


iislcal 


daeed  in  aople*  tor  Mle.     (bj   In  the 


Is  later  repro- 


jyGooi^lc 


Coj^right 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


ot  photographa  not  Intended  for  xeneral 
«lTCDlatlon,  one  pbotograpblc  print.  (c) 
In  tb«  caae  of  irocka  of  art  (palntlncB. 
dravlnsB,  acnlpnirc)  :  or  or  drawlan  or 
plastic  woTki  of  a  eelentlBc:  or  tecbalcal 
cliara«ter,  one  photoEraph  or  otber  Identl- 

Slag  reptoducQoQ  of  the  work.  In  all 
eae  cawi.  If  tbe  work  U  later  reproduced 
In  eoplea  (or  Mle,  two  copies  must  tben 
be  deposited. 

Duration  of  CoptrttiM. — The  orlslnal 
term  ot  copyright  tuna  for  twcDtv-el^ht 
rears.     Within   one  jear  prior   to   uie  ei- 

elratloii  ot  the  orlgliial  term,  tbe  aothor. 
'  llTlng,  or  the  wrdow  or  widower  of  Uie 
author,  or  the  children  of  tbe  auUior  If  he 
be  not  IItIdk]  or  It  none  of  these  be  UTln« 
then  the  author's  eiecntors.  or  In  the  ab- 
sence of  a  will,  tbe  author's  next  of  kin 
ma;  secure  a  renewal  for  a  further  term 
of  twenty-eistit  fears,  makini  flft;-sli 
years  In  all.  In  caae  of  composite  works,  It 
tbe  proprietor  secured  the  original  copr- 
rlsbt,  he  mar  also  secure  tbe  rcnewaL 
Copyrights  are  BRslgnabls  by  anj  Inatrn- 
tnsDt  fik  writing. 
Copyright: 
Correspondence  with — 
Switzerland  and  Franee  regarding 

international,  referred  to,  5115, 
Switzerland  and  Italj  regarding  in- 
ternational, referred  to,  4939. 
foreign  holders  of,  to  be  priTileged 
in   United   SMtes   disciuasd,   4828, 
5478,  6561. 
International  law  of — 

Convention  regarding  with — 
Germany,   5626. 
Great  Britnin,  2725,  2763. 
Correspondence  with  Great  Britain 

regarding,  referred  to,  2003. 
Becommended,  G47S,  S5S1. 
Law  of,  needs  revision,  7011,  7012. 
Proclamation  granting  privilege  to — 
Belgium,  France,  Great  Britain  and 
Switzerland,  5SS2. 
Referred  to,  5626. 
Chile,  6125. 
Denmark,  5827. 

Referred  to,  5874. 
Germany,  5713. 

Referred  to,  5752. 
Italy,  6736. 

Beferred  to,  57C2. 
Mexico,  6122. 
Norway,  7250. 
Portngal,  5830. 
Spain,  6024. 
Copyright  Oonvention,  Intematioiul: 
At  Berne,  discussed,  4919,  6090. 
Negotiation*  for,  referred  to,  462S, 
CopyilKht  lAwa.    (See  Copyright) 
Ooreft.     (See  Korea.) 
Corinth  (Mlaa.).  Battle  of.~Oct  S.  isoa, 
tbe  CaQfederates  under  Qenerels  Tan  Dom 
and  Price  appeared  In  front  of  Corinth,  end 
on  the  3rd  llghtlDE  began.     Orant  directed 
Itosecrnns    to    cdII    In    nil    his    forces    for 
tbe  defense,  snd  dispatched  Brig.-Gen.  Mc- 
pherson to  his  support  from  JackaoD,  Miss. 
Ord  and   Hurl  but   were  seat   from  Ballvar 
bv  way  of  PocahODtaa  to  attack  tbe  (lank 
of  Van  Dorn.     Bosecrana's  atmr  advanced 


Hva  miles  beyond  the  town  and  (ell  back, 
ngbtlng,  opOQ  Urant's  fortifications.  Tbe 
battle  was  resumed  on  the  momlnK  of  tbe 
4th,  and  before  noon  the  Confederate  re- 
pulse was  complete.  Tbe  Confederates 
numbered  SS.UUO.  Tbe  Federal  (orces 
amounted  to  IS.OOa  Tbe  Federal  loaa  was 
S1&  killed,   1312  wounded,  and  232  mlra 

'■ox.     The   Confederah"   ' '  '■'■' 

med,  B,9a2  wounded, 

Jn  the  Dtb.   while  In .,   ._.   

eratea  were  attacked  br  tbe  dlTlalanB  of  Ord 
and  HurlbDt  at  the  crossluK  of  tbe  Hstcble 
Slver,  to  miles  from  Cor&tb.  A  bstterf 
and  aeveral  hundred  men  were  captured. 
Oorlnth,  Klat,  capture  of,  referred  t4>, 

3315. 
Com.     (See  Agricoltniftl  Frodncts.) 
Com  LftVB,  repeal  of,  referred  to,  2660. 
Oorporatton  income  tax  same  as  excise 

tai,  7771. 
Oorporatloii  Tax. — Tezea  on  corporations 
are  levied  b;  most  of  tbe  states  In  propor- 
tion to  the  number  of  sharea  Into  whlcb 
tbey  are  divided.  The  laws  of  the  states 
are  hi  dlveralfled  In  Ibis  respect  that  manj 
corporations  And  It  profitable  to  I>ecome 
iDcorporsted  In  atatca  distant  (rom  tbe 
scenes  of  their  operation.  President  Roose- 
velt and  Taft  both  recommended  federal 
taiea  on  tbe  earnlnKa  of  corporations  and 
In  response  to  Mr.  'raft's  request  Coogresa 
■      "    -    federal   corporation   tax 


'e  company  to  pay  annnal- 

IB  Of  JS.OuS?  This 


Ided  for  a  form 


was  JUBtlded  by  the  eilscmg  deficit 
treasury.  The  law  also  provided  '" 
ot  publicity  which  gave  the  govt 


1  ot  the  aliteenth  amend 
cnent,  auperseai^B  the  Taft  law.  This  meas- 
ure provldCB  fop  the  payment  ot  one  per  cent 
upon  the  net  Income  from  all  property  own- 
ed and  of  every  buslnesa.  trade  or  profea- 
slou,  joint  stock  company  or  eorporatlon. 
Corporation  tax  a  tax  on  privilege  and 

not  on  property,  7771. 
Corporations   (see   Commerce  and  La- 
bor, Department  of): 
Bond  issuance  by,  power  of  Terri- 
torial   legislatures    to    anthorize, 
1757, 
BosinesB  stability  wotild  be  aasnred 
by  corporations  being  nnder  Fed- 
eral control,  7356. 
Evils  of  trusts   and   monopolies   dis- 
eoaaed    and    recommendations    re- 
garding,   5358,    5478,    6176,    6711, 
6899,  6974,  6976,  7137,  7191,  7199. 
Exclnsion     of     American     Insurance 
companies    from    Germany,     6061, 
6099,  6163. 
Federal   supervision   of  incident   to 

tax  on,  6648. 
Federal  control  urged  for,  6751,  7354, 

7523,  7571,  7579,  7662. 
National  Control   exemplified   in   na- 
tional bankitig  act,  pure  food  law, 
meat  inspection  law,  7080. 
Overcapitalization  of  disenssed,  6976, 
7039,  7132,  7187,  7191,  7199. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


OoipmvtlonB— CoHitoMd. 

Beferred  to,  1383. 

Tazei  Dpou  fraDChiEes  of,  reeom- 
mended,  7043. 

Treatment  of  American  insunncfl 
companies  in  BuBsia  discoBsed, 
6961. 

Work     of     Bur e  an    diBComed,    68S9, 
6785,  6901. 
CoiporatloDB,    Bnieau   of,    policy    and 

work  of,  6901. 
Corps  of  EagliiMEB.        (See   Eugineer 

Corpfl.) 
Cost  Of  Uvlng,  international  comniif* 

Bion  on,  7724. 
Costs  Bica. — Casta  Rica,  oconplea  part 
of  tbs  Boutbem  and  nSTrowliig  Iilbmoa  of 
Central  America,  between  NIciragDi.  and 
Panama,  with  a  rernlar  coaat  line  on  tbe 
AlloDtic  of  BboQt  200  miles,  aod.  a  broken 
and  Taried  coast  on  the  PaclBc,  with  two 
bold  promontarles— that  at  NicoTa  tn  the 
north  and  Dnlce  In  tbe  soatb,  each  enclos- 
Ins  a  enit  of  the  name  name. 

PHlTMcal  Fealuret  and  OUmatt. — The 
coDutiT  la  malDl;  an  el^Tated  tableland, 
lotersected  br  loftj-  rolcanlo  rldgea,  rnn- 
DlDg  from  northwest  to  Bontbenat.  Al- 
tboaeh  close  to  tbe  Bgantor  (between  8* 
17'-n°  Kf  N.  latitude),  and  lrlni{  entlrelr 
within  the  tropical  cone,  the  climate  ot 
Costa  BIca  Is  Dot  Dobealthr.  UHlnrla  and 
riwnnutlam  are  common  In  the  coaitat  re- 
Xlona,  but  the  climflic  of  the  plateau  (at 
an  cteratlon  of  3,(X)0-5,000  feet)  Is  equa- 
ble, with  a  mcBD  tempt--- *  •""  — ' 

-    — — •--     -■      -'T    6° 


Bli 


.rlatlon   of  onl; 


betwee 


1-1821)  t 


(1G30-1821)  Cos— , —  ,-, 

fipaolah    Amerlimn   dominloaa,    tbe   scat   ot 
administration  being  Cartago.    "-  ■"""  *"" 


Ion  being  C 
rew    In  Tta 


lot   with   (he   other 


Central  American  provinces  snd  berami. 
dcpendpnt  of  Bpaln.     Prom  1S24-1839  Costa 


t  the    "United   StateB  ot 


FiuTtncea  sad  C^>it>la      Eodlah       Population 


idlah 
MilH 


Atajuela  (Alajuela) 

CarUso  (CuiasD). 

Heredia  [HeiHlia} . .  .V 

LinmD  (Umon) 

Puntaranaa  {Pimtannaa) , . 
Baa  Joat  (San  Jaa«) 


Total 

J?fhNOprclphy.— The         

nialnlr^  of    Spanlah    btood,    ( 


meBtlio*  or  Spanish  Indians.  The  aborl 
nal  Indians  were  almost  eitermlneted  i 
der   three    centnrles    of    Spanish    role,    a 

' ' — *■  *  ""'    while  there  are  six 

stly    JaDialcons     e__ 


)   Qerman,    Brlllah,    and    United 


mediate  term)  and  a  sln^e  chamber  leslB* 
latnre.  Prealdenl  of  tha  Republic  (May  S, 
19I0-1S14). — Blcardo  Jlmenea,  bom  Feb.  S, 
18&9. 

Congress  con  slats  ot  tortr-three  Dep- 
ntles,  elected  for  toor  years  by  the  direct 
Tote  of  all  adult  self-sapporllne  dtliens, 
one-half  of  tbe  deputies  retiring  blennlall/. 

ters  and  superior  courts  la  eoch  province, 
with  a  supreme  court,  two  appeal  courts 
and  a  court  of  casBatlon  at  the  caplul. 

time  ot  war  on  all  able-bodied  cltlieDS 
between  the  ages  ot  eighteen  and  Uftv.  A 
Bmall  permanent  army  of  about  1.000  of 
all  arms  ts  malatalned,  aod  there  is  an 
organised  mllltla  with  a  reserve  and  a  na- 
tional guard.  In  time  of  war  a  partly 
trained  force  of  60"™'  — ''"  "■"  — •—- ■ 

Primary  Rdoratli 
free,  the  schools  • 
tbe  pToportlOD  ot  Illiterates  Is  twlng  rap- 
Idly  redDced.  Tbera  are  secondary  schools 
at  San  Jose,  Cartank  Alajnela  and  He- 
redia, and  colleges  of  law  and  medicine  at 
San  Jobs. 

Dett. — An  agreement,  made  between  tbe 
Costa  Rtcan  Government  sod  Hr.  Minor 
C.  Keith,  providing  for  the  iMue  of  £2.- 
000.000  Gold  RetundlDr,  to  be  applied  to 
the  Conversion  ot  the  Eitemal  Debt,  with 
all  arrears  of  Interest,  and  the  LImon  Bant- 
tatlon  Bondi  (for  which  together  £1,61T,- 
200,  the  balance,  faM:j,800.  being  reserved 
for  tbe  Uavernmenl's  requirements),  wbb 
finally  accepted  by  the  Foreign  Bondboldera 
m  jQly,  1911. 

Theae  Bonds  are  payable  In  1958, 
thraa<;h  tbe  operation  ot  a  cumulative 
sinking  fund  of  not  less  than  1  per  cent. 
annually,  commeaclog  In  1021,  and  bear 
Interest  at  tbe  rate  ot  4 
annum  for  the  flrst  ten  yei 
rate  ot  6  per  cent.  Iberastt 

cured    by    a    flrst    charge    oi_    —     

Rpvenoe.  The  July.  1911,  coupons  sod 
subsequent  coupona  were  do^  paid,  and  the 
coDverelon  has  been  duly  made. 

In  N'ovember,  lull,  the  Qovemment  ot 
Coats  Rica  Issued  la  Paris  a  new  B  per 
cent.  Loan  for  SS.OOaOOO  francs,  tor  the 
purpose  ot  paying  aff  the  Bonds  of  the 
Pariac  Railwar  and  the  Internal  Debt. 

This  Loan  Is  secured  by  a  flrat  charge 
on  the  OoTemment  Liquor  Monopoly,  and 
has  been  given  a  quotation  on  tbe  Paris 
Bourse.  Tbe  proceeds  ot  this  tssne  have 
been  applied  to  tbe  payment  of  the  Inter- 
nal Debt  and  Pacific  Railway  Bonds  In  the 
early  part  of  IBI2.  the  Oovemment,  noder 
the  agreement  with  tbe  French  Bankers, 
having  received  80  per  cent,  of  tbe  nomi- 
nal value  ot  the  Loan  coupons  paid. 

Tbe  Internal  Debt  amoanted,  on  Dee. 
SI,  1912,  to  3,466,272  Colones.  Tbe  gold 
colon  is  eqnal  to  4SM  cents  of  Dnlted  States 

Proifvctfoa  ond  Industry. — More  than 
two-thirds  ot  the  popolstlon  are  engaged 
In  agrlcultnre.  the  most  Important  crops 
being  colTce  and  banauan,  (be  latter  In  an- 
-      Ily    iDcressIng   quantifies.      Coffee,    rice. 


ler    cent,    per 


HBlie 


„■    8.000, 

with    son-     ___ 

States  settlers. 

OaecmiRntf. — The  present  consHtntlon 
rests  upon  the  funflamental  law  ot  Dec. 
22.  1871,  as  modlBed  In  1882.  1908.  and 
JftIB,  and  Is  that  of  a  centralized  Repub- 
lic, with  a  President  elected  by  direct  vote 
for  tonr  yean  (and  Ineligible  for  on  Im- 
.8 


grown  In  t_,    

and  rubber  are  produced  In  the  roast  lands. 
The  Boll  Is  eitraonlloarlly  fertile,  and  for 
tbis  rcnmn  the  republic  fully  deserves  tbe 
name  of  "Rich  Coast.''  beslowed  upon  It 
(possibly  on  account  of  Its  reputed  aurif- 


Then 


ealth) 


er,    rron7  lead    and    sine  are'  believed    to 
list  In  many  districts,  bat  the  gold  fields 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


211  bags,  value  {729,627  1  gold  and  Bllrer 
bnllloo,  £15S,514  :  raw  aagar,  cacao,  rub- 
ber, cedar  and  hides. 

tag*    of    Impo- 

G0.S8 ;     Germaur,     ii.ii;     u 

. ,  18,88;  fraace,  4.82;  other  ■ 

tries.  11.40. 

Hailaaj/i. — About   420  mllei   of   ral 
were  open  (or  traflic  Id  1911.  the  p--'- 

The  Co  . .   _ 

to    the    capital.    Ban   Ja 

all   honra,   and   U   coal 

Alajuela.        Tbe     Narthern     Railway 
from    LI  man   aa   tormina  a,    aod   comprlaea 

J4S  miles  Ot  main  I'np  "nil  hi-nnr' —  — 
IllDK  tbroDgb  4  he 


BhlvBing.—ln  1912,  BS2  (orelgii  Tessela 
{1,256.093  tons)  entered  at  Casta  Klcaa 
porta,  the  mercantile  marine  of  the  coun- 
try  coQslstlUK  onl;  of  a  few  email  salllDE 
■    "      stor-drlTen  TeaBels.     The  chief  port 


.„_ J    Eb    Iho 

It  Important  Einrbar  on  the  FacISc  coast. 

oiong.— Capital,    San    Jos6.       Eallmated 

nlatlon     (1912)     S2,440.      Other    towns 

Heredla.     Llmon,     AlaJuela,     Carl  ago, 

-nd   Liberia. 

ht  United  Btate*.— The  Tslaa 

;    Imported   Into    Coata    Rica 

from  the  Untied   States   for  tbe  jrear   1S13 
waa  ■3,514,906,  and  goods  to  the  value  of 

i3.oeSJ35  were  aeot  (hither — a  balance  at 
416,173  in  iDTor  oC  the  United  Btates. 
OoBta  Elca: 

Bonndaiy     question    irith    Colombia 

discussed,  4627,  58SS. 

Botrndary  qneBtion  with  Nicaragua — 

Arbitrstion   referred   to   President 

of  United  States,  and  award  of, 

S3Q9,  6427. 

Settlement  of,  indspensable  to  com- 

menceinent  of  ship  canal,  2702. 
Bnrrej  of  port  and  river  of  San 
Jnan,   3444. 
British   protection   over,   correspond- 
ence regarding,  transmitted,   2983. 
Claims    of    United     States    against, 
304S,  3100. 
Commission    to    adjust,    disensfied, 

2664. 
Convention     for     adjustment     of, 
3175,   31SS. 
Commercial  relations  with,  3885. 
Consul  of  United  States  in,  referred 

to,   3832. 
Correspond  en  ee   regarding,   transmit- 
ted, 2722,  2894. 
Dispute  with  Panama  settled  by  arbi- 
tration, 76S7. 
IWitive    criminals    surrendered    to 
United  States  bj,  S868. 


Negotiations  with,    transmission    of 
information    regarding,    reiFused, 
2690. 
Transmitted,   2095. 
Outrages  committed  on  Ametiean  cit- 
izens in,  304S. 
Postal  convention  with,  3284 
Kelations  with,   2690,  2691,  S695. 
Bupture    with    Nicaragua    amieablT' 

settled,  6325. 
Territorial      eantroversies      between 
States  on  San  Jnan  Biver,  273S. 
Treaty  with,  transmitted  and  dia- 

eussed,  2675,  3:75,  3185. 
Bxcbange  of  ratification  of  recom- 
mendations  regarding,    320L 
Oosta    BIca,    Treatlea    with. — JqIt    10. 

1851,  a  treat;  of  triendBblp,  commerce  and 
UQTlgBtlon  waa  concluded,  cantainlag  tba 
moBt-favored- nation  dause,  granting  eqnal 
treatmeDt  and  equal  trade  priTllcges  lo  the 
cltliens  of  each  eonntry  fn  the  territory 
of  the  other;  eiemptlng  from  mllllarr  duty 
the  citlieng  of  either  conntrr  In  the  terri- 
tory of  the  other,  and  providing  for  (he  ex- 
change  of  consular  ana  diplomatic  ofhcers. 
It  was  proTlded  thot  at  any  time  after 
■eren  rears  either  of  tbe  contraellng  par- 
ties might  glTe  notice  of  tenDloBtloa. 

Clolmj.— July  2,  1860,  a  claims  convptt- 
tton  was  concluded  prOTldlng  for  a  com- 
mission to  act  upon  all  clalma  for  dam- 
agea  to  peraons  end  property  snstalned  by 
cltliens  of  tbe  United  Slates  In  Coata  Rica. 
The  commission  met  In  WOFhlngton  Feb.  8, 
1862,  and  adjourned  the  following  Noveni- 
ber.  and  awarded  |2S,T04.I4  agaloat  Costa 

leges  to'Co's'ta"fetcii,''''arl'd"ln''l'S'oo'B'  protocol 
was  concluded  for  the  construction  of  an 
Inter-nceanlc  canal. 

irbilratton. — Differences  which  mar  arise 
of  a  legal  nature  or  relating  to  the  In- 
terpretation of  existing  treaties  which  it 
msT  not  have  t>een  poaslble  to  settle  by 
diplomacy  shall  be  referred  to  the  Perma- 
nent Court  of  ArbltrntloD  at  The  Hague. 
Bccardlog  to  a  convention  algned  at  Waab- 
iDRtoD  Jan.  13,  1909. 

Costa  RlcB  also  became  a  party  to  tbe 
convention  between  the  United  States  and 
the  several  republics  of  Bouth  and  Cenlral 
America    for   the    arbitration    ot   pecuniary 


lea.  Treaties   with.) 

Cotton  OasM,  saits  pending  in  Court 

of  Claims  known  as,  4003. 
Cotton  Crop. — The  cotton  plant  Is  Indig- 
enous to  tropical  India  and  America.  Cot. 
ton  cloth  [a  mentioned  by  Herodotas,  waa 
known  in  Arabia  in  the  time  of  Mahomet, 
and  was  Introduced  Into  Europe  by  bta 
followers.  It  was  used  by  the  Chinese  In 
the  thirteenth  century,  and  was  grown  and 
,_    „__._   ._   ...      ..       -'^iry.     Cot- 


ton   fabrics    were    worn    by    tbe    American 
Indians    when    first    visited    by     "  ' 
"■--    ' —    --■-m    factory    In    Ami 


ColumI 


Tonla  and   New  Jersey,   but   condltlona  ot 


jyGooi^lc 


Encychpedic  Index 


Cotton  Crop 


Ootton  Otop — OonHiuied. 
ellmite  Id  tbOBC  Btates  were  (ound  imliilt- 
ablG.  It  wtu  Introduced  Into  South  C>ro- 
II11&  In  1T33  anil  Into  GeorfHa  tn  IT34.  It 
wu  t)elng  grown  Id  LouFslaDa  Id  1741. 
Cotton  WBB  Dot  grown  as  k  staple  crop, 
howeTer,  until  1770,  at  which  time  sbm- 
meDlB  of  Amerloui  cottoD  to  Liverpool 
were  recorded  aa :  "Ten  bales  from 
Charlealon.  three  balee  from  New  York. 
(onr  hBSH  trom  Virginia,  and  three  barrela 
Iroin  North  Carolina."  ACcer  the  BsTola- 
(lonarr  War  the  cultlvatloD  ot  cotton  spread 
more  rapldl;.  The  crop  of  1790  produced 
S.138  equlvalCDt  t>Ble8  of  SOO  ponndi  eaclL 
S79  ol  whlcb  were  exported.  Bee  iBland 
eottOD  was  first  grown  In  1788. 

r'nitnn  1b  grown  Id  manr  localltlea  wIthiD 

indrcllng  belt  about  five  tbousand 

de.  but  the  total  area  devoted  to 

DBtitQtes  ODly  a  smBll  part 

d  surface  within  this  belt. 

-e  requlatte  tor  the 

cottoD.   tbe   most 

suitable  climate. 


•s  well  as  Bdeqaate  malslare. 

ealllles   wtiere    the    rainfall    Is 

recourse    Is   had   to   Irrigation, 

Altogether    the    great    ' 


nutes 


crop  ot  190^ 


e   than 


e   lm| 


Ingt;  iDdIca 
the   ecoDom' 

the   total   px „ 

In  1818  the  United  Statei  c 


The  following  table  shows  the  cotton  pro- 
dactlon  by  states  In  191S,  Including  Itntera, 
BDd  the  total  aDDoal  production  for  four 
preceding  rears : 


— ^,   and  New   Mexico. 

and  the  BtatPB  lying  to  the  aaulh.  This 
cot  Ion-producing  area  is  about  l.COO  miles 
long,  from  east:  to  west,  and  about  GOO 
miles  In  width.  WlthlD  the  past  few  years 
the  cultivation  ot  cotton  has  been  under- 
taken In  ArliODa  and  California,  on  Irri- 
gated land,  with  considerable  succcsb,  espe- 
cially In  tbe  latter  state.  The  growing  of 
other  valuable  cropB,  however,  will  likely 
prevent  any  appreciable  loereaae  Id  tbe 
production  in  these  states- 
Home  Idea  of  the  Importance  of  cotton 
prvductlon  in  the  United  States  trom  an 
economic  standpoint  may  be  had  when  It 
Is  considered  that,  Deit  to  corn,  cotton  is 
fhfl  mfdt  vnhiflhlp  crop  growD  In  the  conn- 
on  Is  the  largest  single 
The   valQC  ot   tbe  cotton 

__,. __,__jented  IS  per  cent  of  the 

total  value  of  all  the  crops  of  the  country. 
Tbe  value  of  cotton  exported  during  the 
fiscal  year  1913  amounted  to  tS4T.3ST.195, 
or  22.S  per  cent  of  the  total  value  of  all 
articles  of  domestic  merchandise  exported 
dnring  the  year.     These  large  e '" 


'Busd  on  eiiaivaleiit  Ml^pound  baloi, 
kudivkhal 


^hidinc  ItDtav- 
I  dja^ura  at 

'Inchidn  Ariima,  CslifoTDis.  Tftttm^fF,  KmtDoky.  sod 
Mew  Uauoo,  uid  the  linlo-  pmduEUon  ot  S^Beh. 

Cotton  crop  In  speclBed  years,  1903  to 
181S,  acreage  harvested,  production,  and 
farm  value: 


5.006,000  boles 


■Tbe  flgnns  lajmesal  equinlmt  SOClpoocid  bain,  iraa 


I    renders 

lulKirtBiice.    He  IntoiiatiDnBJ  

other  alDXle  article  equals  that  In  cuiwu 
and  the  prodncta  made  from  It.  In  Its 
Tarloo*  stages— from  tbe  teed  to  the  com- 
pleted fabric — it  furnishes  employment  t4> 
a  considerable  portion  of  tbe  entire  human 
race.      It   aHfects   Dot   oDiy  those   who   ace 


bat  also   large  nnmbers  who 


ts  spealc,  as  merchant!,  bankers,  manufac- 
tarara  of  fertlllie^  and  glnalng  macblDerr, 
•Dd,  Id  tact,  tome  of  thoae  engaged  Id  bi- 


noat  any  Une  of  naieaTDr. 


nie    world**   prodnctloD    of    commercial 
cotton  for  two^reeeDtyeari  Is  given  Id  the 


awiezed  taMe  for  ( 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Cotton  Crop        Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Cotton  Oiop— OooHMMd. 

COnON  FBODDOnOH   (SUM  OV  500  MmdW  K») 

Coontnr  ISIS  lais 

CnilMlStMM U,iaa.O00  13,113,000 

India* 8^1,000  3.328,000 

Esnii 1,470.000  1.492,000 

Cfilu 1,200,000  1.074,000 

Ruoia 1,004,000  B1T,000 

Bruil t20.000  315,000 

MuiMl 1SO.O00  140,000 

Peru IIO.OOO  110.000 

P«rt« 140,000  137,000 

Tmktgr 130.000  115,000 

AUothBr  montriM........  SS5.00D  23S,000 

Total 39,sae,ooo   20.970,000 

■The  ■monntB  for  India  do  not  iocluds  uttoo 
uBd  in  boms  muiufsotan,  althouch  luch  ootUn 
Ifl  indudfld  in  tha  r^orU  of  cotton  produeod  com- 
piled by  the  Todian  Qovanuneat. 

[Tbs  Btalinia  [or  tha  United  Btateg  won  col- 
lected by  thg  Ceuue  fiumu.  Thoaa  for  othn 
countrie*  have  been  eompiled  fnxa  ■  numbtn  ol 
■ouroea,  uooDC  tham  bdnf  The  CoUm  GatttU. 
Liverpool,  EnBUnd:  MiUui  &  Co..  OhIu,  Japu; 
Reinhut  A  Co.,  Alenndrii,  Eiypt:  CoimneieiAl 
Inlslliianea  Depanmant  ol  the  Indiiu)  Gavcni- 
ment:  Ruaiwi  Dapartmant  id  Asriculture:  E.  T. 
Craia.  Msdiw  City;  Pan-American  Union;  and  tha 
United  Statea  Conaillar  Reporta.] 

Cotlon  Ooodi  Hade  l»  the  United  States. 
—A  Cenaua  Bareau  report  IsBiied  June  17. 
1811,  Bbowed  diRt  the  Dumber  of  establlBh- 
ments  cngaKod  in  the  maQuFacture  of  cot- 
ton BoodH  In  the  United  Btates  In  ISOS 
was  1.200.  an  Increase  ot  24  per  cent  alnce 
1890,  and  that  the  value  of  the  pi-oducts 
waa  1816,297,000.  an  Increage  of  85  per  cent 
Bince  180S.  The  followlnK  Is  a  tabalar 
atalement  of  the  kinds  of  prodticts  of  cot- 
ton  goods  by  hind,  quantltj  and  vatae  In 

.  tmSSajma   mSmxti 

..  a,431.4a6.«a4       Ill,JSfl.0Ol 

lanvi <B,OM,gu       ii.-mtsa 

Dytd,  biaubad.  and  odn 

pnpandootton I,llt!33S  111,413 

CotfaBinsta H.lie.lOS  8.H2.S31 

AllotlHrBbtn 4.271.478  I.!03,1S1 

Cottoniran U),4SIJ»T  3S.7S3,I31 

AUotbttyHW ajOII,27r  4,783,211 

Tatalnhe *t70l,lt?,2«8 

ittmrnt  VahM 

WonniiiodB HS8,728,aM 

Dub 4T,>21.Ktl 

(HDihuu a(l,7IMA2 

FuiCTwaana,totd Ill.gl3.m) 

DlillB 31,25l!.roS 

Twilb.iUaeBi,eta. 33,991,SU 

AH  ottut  tuur  WMiM. . .  77.MS,0S7 

Hmndfabria t4JJU,IU0 

v£m^  tordnroyi, 

plnhK  aU S9,I3S.TI]3  BJU0,14) 

TpwaiiiiiiaBd  taiy  whtw  7tJ31J41  I,80B,I32 
UiHTiuto     oettbc    and 

nmilirfdries 1310,524 

Biga  and  baniiia (,7U,S1S 

Tapolriea t,411M2 

AUiitbcrwDnnioDda....  <,  lU,«aa,TST 

YananuiiDlsotand  totals  137,383.911 

Tbraad tl,«l7JM 

Twine.... 1,TI)1.11I 

Cwdivt  and  nQa 801,139 

CDttsanatanatlMd 14,421,ng 

AllQtbwi;n>d<ioa,ntaM 41,ai7JS« 

■In  sdflitkiiL  mtUs  cuds  to  tha  nha  of  ttJXi.rta 

nwily  in  otbs  Una  i^  faulnator. 
Jt,SamS^S^i^'yMS?^'m^^^  ^  Ua  iDtro- 


Illy  a 
(aies 


tically  valneleal,  except  (of  planting  par- 
poaea.  Although  it  vas  used  to  aome 
extent  for  fertlllilng  and  for  plantlcg,  a 
Terj  lam  proportion  of  the  total  amoant 
prodacea  waa  considered  a  waste  product 
and  treated  accordingly.  The  manufacture 
ot  oil  from  cotton  seed  Sra!;  reached  Im- 
portance Id  England.  That  country,  with 
a  crush  ot  about  200.000  tons  of  couon 
•eed  aoDually,  was  the  leading  cottonseed- 
oil  producing  country  In  the  world  as  late 
as  18T0.  A  few  mlfls  were  conatmcted  in 
the  United  States  prior  to  the  Civil  War. 
but  the  growth  o(  the  Industry  was  ver* 
slow,  and  at  the  census  of  1880  only  4B 
aiich  eatabllahments  were  reported  In  tbe 
Called  States.  Since  that  time  tbe  Indus- 
try has  shown  marrelous  growth  In  this 
country,  there  being  870  establlshmentB  en- 
gaged in  tbe  crushing  of  cotton  seed  during 
the  aeaaon  of  1913-14,  witb  a  crush  of  more 
than  4.7G0.0OO  tons. 

Many  changes  hare  been  brought  about 
in  this  iDduatry,  that  of  dellntlng  the  seed 

Breparatory  to  crushing  being  of  particular 
itereat  In  a  report  on  the  cotton  crop. 
The  BrsC  mills  erected  were  not  equipped 
wItb  machinery  for  thla  purpose,  as  tbe 
■eed  treated  were  usually  of  tbe  sea-laland 

'-'   comparatively   free  from   lint-      Practl- 

'  all  of  the  seed  treated  In  the  United 

are    of    tbe     upland     varieties     of 

,    and    these    seed,    unless    specially 

reginned.  are  covered  with  abort  Qbers. 
nblcb  prevent  a  complete  aeparatlan  of  the 
meats  from  the  hulls,  aa  small  Dartlclea 
of  the  former  become  enmeshed  In  the  flt>ers 
and  are  carried  away  with  the  bulla.  When 
aeed  were  first  dellnted,  not  more  than  25 
or  30  pounds  of  Unlera  were  obtained  per 
ton  o(  aeed  treated.  With  tbe  iDcrease  In 
tbe  value  of  oil  and  meal,  efforta  were  made 
to  Increase  tbe  yield  of  these  products,  and 
machinery  was  devised  for  the  closer  de- 
llntlng  of  seed.  Accordingly  Improved  ma- 
chinery of  this  character  baa  very  generally 
been  Installed,  and  now  many  establish- 
ments  obtain  more  than  100  pounds  of  iln- 
ters  per  ton  of  seed  treated,  some  obtaining 
es  much  as  ISO  or  160  ponnds  per  ton. 
Ootton  Exposition.— I^rom  Sept.  IS  to 
Dec,  31.  1899.  was  beld  at  Atlanta,  Ga., 
tbe  Cotton  States  Industrial  Exposition, 
having  for  Its  chief  purpose  the  display 
of  the  agrlcultnral,  manufacturing  and  min- 
eral resources  of  the  southern  states.  The 
site  covered  an  area  of  ISB  acres  In  Pied- 
mont Park,  on  which  some  tblrtv  exhibition 
bnlldlngs  were  erected.  The  Federal  gov- 
ernment aod  many  foreign  conntries  sod 
various  states  of  tbe  Union,  as  well  as 
South  and  fentral  America  Republics  made 
eiblhlts.  Numerous  congresses  of  educa- 
tional and  Induelrlnl  interests  were  held  In 
the  auditorium,  and  to  nearly  every  day 
was  assigned  some  special  feature  of  Inter- 
est Tbe  total  attendance  was  1,178,889. 
The  receipts  from  admlwlons  were  (500.- 
000:  from  concessions,  S12!S.2.'<0;  from  rent 
of  floor  apace,  »TB,«XX  a  total  of  (704,230, 
ai  against  a  cost  of  (960,930. 
Ootton  Ezposltlonfl.    (See  Atlanta,  Ga.; 

New  Orleana,  La.) 
Ootton  Loan  lefeired  to,  35S3. 
Oooncll  Bloffa,  Iowa,   act  antboridng 

porchaao  of  ground  for  Oovonunent 

offices  in,  vetoed,  S25S. 
Coant«rfottlng: 

Of  foreign  and  domestic  coins,  1136, 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Ooimtqr   Iilf*   Ooi 


the  Bbore-mentioiwd  cbki,  tbe  coort. 


r  uid  economic  c 


when  It  finds 


Srorlnc  aodftl,  MmlUrr 
Itloui   OD   AmerlcaD   fa 

L.  H,  Balle;,  at  tbe  Ne..    ._ 

Akrlcolture,  at  Ithaca  i  Henrr  Wallace,  oC 
Wallace'*  Famter,  Des  Molnea,  la. :  Kenron 
L.  BDtterSeld,  president  of  the  Massathu- 
■etts  Asclculiursl  College,  at  Amberit ; 
CI  (Ford  Pine  hot,  of  tbe  United  States  Forest 
Service,  and  Walter  H.  Page,  editor  of  The 
World*  work.  New  York  to  aialst  him  by 
actlDK  >a  a  committee  ol  Investigation,  or 
"Commission  on  Conntr;  Life."  The  im- 
mediate ttorpose  of  the  pcesldent  In  appoint- 
Inf  the  CommlBsloD  was  to  gain  from  them 
intonnatlon  and  adriee  whlcli  would  enable 
him  to  make  reeommendatlona  to  Congresa. 
The  Commission  carried  on  Its  Inqulrlefl 
and  inveatlgatloDB  by  correspondence  and 
br  penooal^  holding  meetings  la  rural  sec- 
tfona  at  which  tbe  farmera  themselTes  dls' 
CDsaed  their  needs.  The  letters  and  speecb- 
et  at  the  farmers  formed,  when  claaslfled 
and  arranged,  a  caadeDsed  and  compreben- 
sire  consensus  of  tbe  opinions  of  farmers 
ai  to  what  are  tbe  chief  rural  problems 
and  what  are  the  remedies  for  evils  and 
deficiencies.  Frot.  L.  H.  Balle;,  N.  T. 
State  College  of  Agriculture,  Ithaca,  N.  Z., 
Is  chairman  of  tbe  Commission. 
Oonntrr  Iilf*  Oommiwloii: 
Beport  Bnbmitted,  7253. 
County. — Originally  tbe  territory  of  a  count 
or  earL  County  government  was  early  ea- 
lablUhed  in  this  country.  In  1839  Virginia 
had  elgnt  counlles,  originally  called  -■-'  —  - 


the  claimant,  may  e 


Judgment   against   tbe   United   States   pay- 

...1 ..  ^f  Qj^  public  treasury.     An  appeal, 

I  of  law,  lies  to  the  8u- 


}  public  treasury.     An  appeal, 
only  upon  guestloos  of  law,  lies  to  the  8u- 

Keme  Court  on  the  part  of  the  defendanta 
all  cases,  and  on  tbe  part  of  the  clslm- 
anta  when  the  amount  In  coDtroversy  ex- 
ceeds tS.OOO.     Tbe  flndlngH  of  fact  by  this 


:  Bual  and   c 
of  H    ■ 


Bubjec 
Ds  prevents  parties 


SO    the    I 


J.       In   Sourb   Carolina 

■nbdlvlBiOD     of  ^^  the  _ColonT     ' 


Southern    count  lea    general! 


The  B 

bringing  action  on  IL_._ 

than  six  years  after  the  cause  of  action 
accrued.  Any  of  the  departments,  however, 
may  refer  clalma  at  any  time  If  they  were 
pending  therein  wltbln  a  period  ol  six  yeaia. 
Under  an  act  of  March  Z,  ISST.  the 
Secretary  of  the  Navy  referred  to  this  court 
all  caaea  growing  ont  of  clalma  tor  bounty 
for  war  vessel  a  captured  or  destroyed  by 
the  United  States  Navy  during  tbe  late  war 
with  Spain,  involving  tbe  consideration  of 
every  naval  conflict  that  took  place  during 
that  war  and  the  rights  of  all  the  oDcera 
and  men  engaged.  This  court  was  also 
vested  with  Jurisdiction  over  certain  Indian 
depredation  claims  by  an  act  of  March  S, 
-"''"       By  the  act  of  April  2B,  1»02    Cou- 


of  Puerto  Rico  upon  articles  Imported  from 
the  several  states. 

The  act  of  Jnne  2B,  IBIO,  "An  act  to 
provide  additional  protection  for  owners  of 
patents  of  the  United  States,  and  for  other 
purposea."  conferred  a  new  Jurisdiction- 
There  are  Ave  Judges,  who  sit  together  In 
the   bearing   of  cases,   "—   "' 


irlsh. 


„.    ^..   those   of    Bogland. 

rat    Incorporated    eoontlea 

.»>...     .- t  Colonlea,  however,  coun- 

goTemment  was  ealabltshed  with   Bng- 


UsBsachDBetta    I 


of  any  case.     Tbe  court  alts  at 

D.   C,   on   the   first   Monday   1_ 

each  year  and  continues  Into  tbe  following 
summer  and  until  all  caaea  ready  for  trial 
are  disposed  of.     Cases  may  be  commenced 


and  entered  a 


iish  mie.      Each  state  of  the  Lnlon,  except 
Louisiana,  which  adheres  to  the  parish  syi- 

lem.   Is   now  divided  Into  conntlea,  each  of       

which  contains  a  county  seat.  In  «hlcb  Is        Penton  W.    Booth,   III. 
usually    located   a   court-bouse   and   -    *-"       —   —        -         .  j    _ 


time,  whether  the  court 


Chief  Justice — Edward  K.  Campbell,  Ala. 

Aasoclate  Jodgea—Cbarles  B.  Howry,  Mlaa. ; 

"-- iton  W.   Booth,  III. ;  Geo.   W.  Atklnnnn- 

Ta. :  Samuel  8.  Barney.  Wis.      Ssl. 


OomlBr,  Tbs,  officers  and  men  of,  rei- 
cned  hy  Spanish  ship  .Patina,  200S. 

Compensation  for,  requested,  2005, 
Conrt  of   Arbitration    (IntemaUoual), 

(See  Eagae  Peace  GonfeTence.) 
Oonrt  of  Olftlnw.— This  court  was  eatab- 
llahed  by  act  of  Congreas,  Feb.  24.  ISBS. 
It  has  general  JnriadTctlon  of  all  "clalma 
founded  upon  tbe  Constitution  of  the  United 
States  or  any  law  of  Congress   except   for 

Enalona,  or  upon  any  regulation  of  an 
:ecutlve  Department,  or  upon  any  con- 
tract, eipreased  or  Implied,  with  the  Gov- 
ernment of  the  DnIteif  States,  or  for  dam. 
■gea,  liquidated  or  unliquidated.  In  cases 
not  sounding  In  tort.  In  respect  of  which 
claims  the  party  would  be  entitled  to  re- 
dress sgalDst  the  United  StRtcs.  eltbet  In 
a  court  of  law,  equity,  or  admiralty.  If  the 
tlnlted  States  were  suable,  except  clalma 
growing  out  of  the  late  Civil  „War  and 
commonly  known  as  war  clalma.  and  cer- 
tain rejected  claims.  It  has  Jurisdiction 
also  of  claims  of  like  character  which  may 
be  referred  to  It  bv  any  Executive  Depart- 
ment. Involving  disputed  facts  of  contro- 
verted questlotu  of  law,  where  the  amount 
In  controversy  exceeds  18.000.  or  where  the 
decision  will  affect  a  class  of  cases  or  fur- 
nisb  a  precedent  for  the  future  action  of 
any  Executive  Department  In  the  adjart- 
ment  of  a  class  of  cases,  or  where  any 
authority,  right,  privilege  or  exemption  Is 
elaliMd  or  <Knled  nndec  th*  Cooatltutlon. 


Chief  Justice.  ~(6.G0O  I  Justices,   (6.000. 
Oonit    of  Olalms    (eee    aleo    Southern 
Claims  Commission;  War  Claims): 
Act  in  relation,  to  new  trials  in,  ve- 
toed, 4168. 
Claims  pending  in,  referred  to,  1£05, 

5755. 
Joint     resolntion     to    refer     certain 

claims  to,  diaeusaed,  4741. 
Judgments  of,  shoald  be  made  final, 

3252. 
Hethod  of  verifTing  claims  against 
Government,   recommendations    le- 
garding,   4303. 
Suits  pending  in,  known  as   cotton 
cases,  4003. 
Oonit  of  OuBtoma  Appaals.— On  accoanC 
of  widespread   criticism   of  the   rulings  of 
customs  officials  and  the  conaeqnent  appeals 
to  the  federal  courts  by  Importers,  Congreai 
on    Aug.    6.    1809,    passed    an    act    creating 
a  Conrt  of  Customs   Appeals  to  hear  and 
determine  such  cases.     Trie  law  waa  amend- 
ed   Feb.  26,    1910,   and  provides  that  there 
sball  be  a  United  States  Conrt  of  Customs 
Appeala,  which  shall  consist  of  a  Presiding 
Judge  and   four  Associate  Judges,   each  of 
whom  sball  be  appointed  by  tbe  President, 
and  shall  receive  a  salary  oi  seven  tbousand 
dollara  a  year.     Tbe  Prealdlng  Judge  shall 
be  ao  deugnatad  in  tba  order  of  vpolnt- 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


1  bare  precedence  according  to  tbe  date 

of  tbelr  commlsaloDa.  Adt  three  membera 
of  aaid  court  aball  constltuCe  a  guomm, 
and  tbe  concurrence  oC  Ulree  membera  abBll 


Collector  or  Becretarr  of  the  Treaiurr,  ahal] 
be  dlaaatlafled  wltb  the  declalon  of  the  Board 
of  General  Appralaera  aa  tt.  tbe  conatnictlon 
of  tbe  law  and  the  tarts  reapectlUK  tbe 
claialBcatlon  of  socb  mercbandlae  and  tbe 
rate  of  dutjr  Impoged  thereon  under  each 
Flaaalflcatlon,  or  vita  anv  otber  appealable 
declllon  of  anid  board,  they,  or  either  of 
them,  mar,  wltbln  slit;  daya  next  after 
tbe  entry  o(  auch  decree  or  judgment,  and 
not  afterward,  apply  to  tbe  Court  of  Cua- 
toma  Appeal!  tor  a  rerleir  of  the  gnotlona 
of  Ian  and  fact  inrolved  1q  lucb  decision. 
Tbe  jndgea  of  the  court  appointed  by 
Prealdent  Taft  were :  Frealdlng  Judge,  Rob- 
ert U.  MontBomery;  Aseoclate  Judrea, 
Jamea  F.  Smith,  Orion  H.  Barber.  Harloa 
De  Trlee,  George  H.  Martin.  Attomej-Oen- 
eral.  George  W.  WIckerHham,  Aaalatant  At- 
tomey-Oeneral,  William  L-.  Wemple. 
Oonrt  of  Private  Land  Cl&bni: 

Difflcultj  in  adminiatering  law  eatab- 

liahing,  diBCuaaed,  S636,  57C0. 
Org&nization  of,  disciUBed,  563S. 
Oeiirt,  Supreme: 

Allotment  of  juaticee  of,  to  cirexiits, 

3324,  3376. 
Appeals  to,  from  courts  of  BiBtriet  of 
Columbia   and    Territories,    reeom- 
meudations  regarding,  4939,  6103 
Bill  for  relief  of,  diacuBsed,  5560. 
Bailding  for,  recommended,  6343. 
Decisions  in   joint  traffic   aaeociation 
and     trana-Miasonri    cases     of    no 
practical  effect,  7076. 
Delaj  of  justice  in,  dlacussed  and  in- 
termediate   court    recommended, 
4453,  4526, 4574,  4640, 5362,  5477. 
Circuit  courts  of  appeals  discuased, 
EQ6S. 
Act  regarding,  vetoed,   5679. 
Distribution  of  deciaious  of,  referred 
to,  2130,  2212, 

Salaries  of,  increase  in,  recommend- 
ed, 3996. 
Should  be  exempted  from  other  du- 
ties, 830. 
Limitation  upon  right  In  felony  eases 
to  review  by,  recommended,  6632, 
6880. 
Beports,  of,    (See  Supreme  Court  Be- 

Vacancies  in,  and  reasons  for  not  fill- 
ing discussed  bj  President  Lin- 
coln, 3250. 
Oonrta.— Public  trlbnnala  for  the  adminis- 
tration of  juatlee  and  the  iDterpretatlon  of 
law  were  authorlied  by  tbe  CooBtltutfon, 
and  tbe  First  Congress  established  the 
United  Btitea  Supreme  Court.  John  Jay, 
of  Xew  Tork,  wsa  made  chief  Justice,  and 
the  first  session  was  held  In  1T90. 

The   salary    of   tbe    Chief   Justice   of   tbs 
Cnlted  States  la  flS.OOO;  of  Aiaodate  Jua- 


}i 

..^^ 

4 

Ed™dD.^Si."i2S^ 

J^-c'iffife.T-: 

{912 

1H56 

Louis  D.  Brand™,  Masa 

The  Supreme  Court  la  tbe  highest  tri- 
bunal of  tbe  United  States.  It  conaleta  of 
a  Chief  Justice  and  eight  aasoclaU  Justices 
and  holds  Its  aeaslona  annually  In  the  Capi- 
tol at  Waahlnston,  commecclng  tbe  aecoad 
Monday  In  October.  All  Its  membera  are 
appointed  by  tbe  President,  with  tbe  advice 
and  consent  of  tbe  Senate,  and  hold  office 
during  good  behavior,  receiving  a  compen- 
BBtlon  which  may  not  be  dlmlnTahed  during 
their  term  of  office.  Tbey  bave  the  prlvH 
lege  of  retiring  at  the  age  of  seventy  If  Ihey 

their  Halaries  for  the  remainder  of  life. 
The   Jurisdiction   of  the   Supreme   Court 
-    ■ —    — -■    Muity 

-_  ._,  United  "BtkteV'Bnd't'reatlea'' which 
are  made  under  their  anthorlty  ;  to  all  cases 
affecting  ambassadors  or  other  public  min- 
isters  and    consuls :    to    all    admiralty    and 

the  United   Bta'tes  la  a  parly;   to   contro- 

states,  between  e" 


a  of  dllferi 


inds    1 


atfectlQK    embassadars 


of    the 
grants  of  dlfferi 
.  and  foreign  a' 


Supreme    Court 

In  all  the  otber  cases  sioremencionea  II  naa 
appellate  Jurisdiction  both  as  to  law  and 
fact.     Tbe  Supreme  Court  also  baa  appellate 


»2,500 
In  a 

ConatltutloD  eBtabllshlug  a  Supreme  Court 
and  conferring  upon  Congress  power  to 
create  inferior  tribunals,  a  rpKiilar  system 
of  courts  bas  been  formed.  The  system  at 
first  adopted  bas  not  been  changed   in  any 

portance   was   ibe   creation   of  tbe   Circuit 

Circuit     Court*.— The    judiciary     act    of 
ITS9    provides    for    United    States    circuit 


up  to  1869  were  held  by  Justices  of  the 
Supreme  Court  and  district  Judges.  In 
1601  Congress  passed  a  law  providing  for 
sliteen  circuit  Judges,  but  it  was  repealed 
tbe  following  year.  In  1S6Q  apeclat  judges 
were  provided  for  the  circuit  courts,  and 
Ibe  New  York  circuit  has  since  been  given 
an  additional  one.  Circuit  courts  were  abol- 
ished at  tbe  close  of  December  81,  1911. 

Circuit  Court  of  Appeal*.— Sapnnn 
Conrt  csaes  having  accnmolated  beyond  the 
capacity  of  tbe  court  to  conaider  tbem 
pramntly.  Congreaa  March  S.  1891,  provided 
tor  an  additional  circuit  Jodie  In  eadl  dx- 


:„Goo<i^\c 


Encyclopedie  Index 


CODltl 


OmiTtS — Conthmed. 

rDlt  and  MtsbUabed  ctrcolt  conrts  o(  ap- 
peal!, to  conalit  of  the  clrmit  judxeB  Of 
eicli  circuit,  tbr  district  Jndnii  thereiii.  and 
tbe  JOBtlce  of  the  Supreme  Court  Bulsncd 
thereto.  Tbree  Judgea  make  up  the  court. 
two  conatltutlng  a  quoTum  :  but  one  or  more 


of  the  d1*trirt  jDdgeg  of  Um  drenlt  may  ba 
called  on  by  the  court  to  make  up  a  qaorum. 
Tbeae  circuit  roarta  of  appeala  bave  llDal 
JarlsdtetloD  over  appesla  (rora  the  dlitrlct 
and  circuit  courli  except  Id  queitlOD*  of 
Che  iurladtctlon  of  thoae  rourts  and  In  con- 
■CltatloDal,  prlie  and  capital  caaea. 


(Sreulu  and  I^atniiU 


Diatriot  Judcea 


Ngw  Uampdiira. . 


Baconr  Cibcuw: 
CoDiwctioat, ....-..,., 
NewYock,  BaRlwni... 

N*w  Yikk,  aoutben.... 

N*«  Tork,  watem 

Now  Turk.  mtos. . . 


PduwidvaDia,  middle, . . 
Psmaylvaiiia,  Weatsn. 

Uaryland 

North  CuioUna.  eaawrn 
North  Canlina,  walwi 
SouUi  Caroliu 

VltsiDik.  wMUni.'." : " 


Alatwiu,  aouibsni .'.'.'. 
Florida,  Dorthen. .... 

Flerida,  aMitben 

Ceocsia,  northern 

LouumABUan"  " ' 

Uiai^iviqx.     northani    ud 


SB  Mr  Morton,  jr 


[  Chag.  M.  Housh. 
I  Leuned  Hand.,.. 
I  Julius  M.  Mayer. 

I  Augunoe  N.  Hw 

fTbomiu  Ivea  Cbalfield 

'jiSbnRl'HaMl....! 
Jama*  L,  Martin. . 


Edward  Q.  Bradford.. 


E.  Hbott  Laeombi 
Alfred  C.  Co>B. . . 

Martin  A.  Knapp'..    , 
Hbu;  Wade  Rofere  J 


JoBBfA  BnlBBaloD. . .  I 
John  B,  McPiienon.  } 
VictaB.  WooUey...  J 


HBwy  A.  M.  Smith. . 


I  Edward  D.  WUta. 


Henry  D.  Clartoa 

Uarrr  T.  Toulmin 

Wm.  B.  Sbeppaid 

Rhydon  N.Kit 

William  T.  Newman.. 


Henry  C.  Nilea 

Edward  R.  Meek... 
Waller  T.Buma... 

aordon  Rniaell 

Thomaa  S.  Maiey. . 


A.  H.  I.  CoAran... 

Walter  EvBoa 

Arthur  J.  Tuttle — 
Clannoa  W.  Beanoni 

JohnM.KilliU 

JohnH.aarke 

John  B.  Bater 


Andraw  P.  MeCot- 
RiabaniW.W^Ik^;   j 


:  Rnappen. 
;.  Dei^D.. 


d  (Bot  Ook  Sa,  ISU;  Publie,  Na  3S). 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


DiMrict  Jud(M 


lUiDoi>,M>attMro.... 
Wbcoulii,  «Mtern. . 


OUitauIa,  DoitbviL .  ^ 
Ctlitmiiai,  (outlMni. . . 

Uiho 

MootSDk 

No»»d. 

On,™ 

WMhinftoD.  auteni... 
WMbiDctoDi  vaitflm. . 


,  Csoin  A.  CupcoM. 


Fsdinuid  A.  Grostr. 
AitlmiK  Bubom... 


FHDdIa  E.  Balnr. 


Frmok  A.  Youmw 
RobartE.  Lswii. 
Henry  ThoDUfl  R 
BmilE  MoPbanoI 
John  C.  PoUook. 

Pun  Mom* 

,  Wilbur  F.  Booth. 

D&vidP.  Dyar 

AitM  a  Van  Valkan- 

'  WiniuD  R.  Miini«. . . 

,  Thooku  C.  ManSBT. . . 

■Wm.  H.  Pow 

Chariss  F.  Amidon 

Btdph  G.  CunpbaU. . . 


Walta  H.  SwibncD 
WilUusC.  Hook.. 

Elmei  B.  Adaiiu 

John  Emmstt  Cu- 


Edwaid  S.  FuHagton , 


Edvud  E.  Cuahi 
,  JcnmuAh  Natfirei. .... 
Kolwit   W.    Jumingi. 


ID  RandoIphTuuker. 


RiJpb  P.  Qusrlea 
EdmdMioorW 


Chule*     F.     Partons, 


Judn  fomtl 
■jyiek.  DicL 


Suford  B.  Do1«,  U.  I 


<  Joaepb  McKouu. 


The  act  to  codItT,  revlBe  and  ameDd  the 
laws  relatlnK  to  tbe  ludklarj,  approved 
Uarph  8,  lefl.  abollahed  the  flrculC  court* 
ot  tba  United  States  aa  courta  of  original 
JurltdlctloQ,    tracafeired   tbe   fDnctlona   of 


'   appeala   exerclae    appellate 


jyGooi^lc 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Cooits 


of    t 


I   ibe 


United  States  Court,  wblle  Borne  have  two 
or  mare.  These  are  the  RdmiraltT  and 
baniruptcj  court*.  They  haxe  jurlfldlrtlon 
Id  cihr  where  ao  alien  sues,  and  where 
the  LDlted  Statea  or  ao  officer  thereof  or 
1  foreign   conBUllia  party.     The  district 


Bupreme  Court,  and.  eioept 
of  the  Supreme  Court  lo  interfere  through 
Mrtlorarl.  the  judgmeatB  and  decrees  of  the 
Ciroulc  Courts  of  AppealR  are  Qnal  In  all 
noes  In  which  the  Jurisdiction  Is  dependent 
entirely  upon  the  opposite  parties  to  the 
■ult  being  aliens  and  cICliena  of  the  United 
Blales  or  cltlieoB  of  different  states:  in  all 
ease*  arising  under  the  patent  laws,  the 
copjrlght  laws,  the  revenue  laws,  the  crim- 
inal laws,  and  Id  admiralty  cases. 

The  First  Circuit  conalBta  of  Maine, 
UaasBchosettS.  New  Hampshire,  Bhode  Is- 
land. 

Seeond — Connectlcat.  New  York,  Vermont. 

Third^Delaware,   New   Jersey,   Fennsyl- 

Fourtb— Maryland,  North  Carolina,  Soatb 
CarollDa,  Virginia,  West  Virginia. 

Fifth— Alsbams.  Florida,  Georgia,  LodIsI- 
ana.  MlBBiaalppi,  Texas. 

Sixth— KentDcky,    Michigan,    Oblo,    Ten- 


0  hBTe  Jurisdiction 
■•    capital    as    the    umu 
Tbey  have  & 

B   Where  an    alien 


r  wtth 
tea  for 


the 

a  tort  la  violation  .. ,. 

of  questions  of  Rbleh  these  courts  take 
cognisaoce  are  determined  by  Congress. 
Originally  each  state  constituted  a  district, 
but  later  some  of  the  states  were  divided. 
There  are  now  nlnety-nloe  of  these  lowest 
grides  of  Federal   courts. 

The  saian  of  a  district  JudBe  Is  »6,000 
and  appointments  are  perm  an  eat,  except 
for  remoTal  under  charges.  Fci'"— i"-  •"'• 
the  Judges  in  the  various  distrli 


Ignst 
Idle. 


of  appo 


Dlsl 


B  North,  South,  East.  West  and 


rask'a.   New  Meifco.   North  UakoUr'Soaih 
lakola,  Utah.  Wyoming. 


BiU  . . .  . 


P.  McConniok,  Tei... 
■       ■  W.Walker,  HunwT 
;.  DeniKin,  Micb... 

Li^lE.  KnT(S^,''Mich°V 


in  Emmett  Carland,  D.  C. 


1,  H.  Hunt,D.C.. 


Salaria  XT.OOO  each.  The  Jod|cs  of  e 
and  the  Justica  of  ths  Sqpreme  Court  for 
aDDstitots  a  Circuit  Court  of  Appeals. 

Dlttriet  Court*. — District  Courts  a 


I   district   and  baa   e 


!  atate.     Every 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Omurta — Con  Itmued. 


Courts,  Oonnilar: 
JnTisdiction  referred  to,  4654. 

Of  ftcting  conaals  and  Tice-consnls 

of  United  States  in  Chma.  2951. 
KegulBtions  for,  3111,  5388,  fl590. 
In  Cbina,  4675,  7069. 
Japan,   4072,  4630. 
Korea,  5675,  6939. 

Be  commended,  5368,  5471. 
Beorganization      of,     recummended, 
4923. 
ConrtB,  District.  (Bee  Conrta,  Federal.) 
Oonrts,  Federal: 

Act  regarding  eatabli shine nt   of   eir- 
cuit   courts   of    appeals   and   regu- 
lating jurisdiction  of,  vetoed,  5679. 
CarelessneBB    in    preparing    statutes, 

diacusaed,  7216. 
Cliange  in  procedure  of,  recommend- 
ed, 7026. 
-  DetajB  in,  6918. 
Extension  of  jurisdiction  of,  recom- 
nended,  131. 


Fee  BTstem  as  applicable  to  ofSeiali 
of,  abolition  of,  diacnaaed,  6161. 
Be  commended,  4939,  5879,  596S. 
Modifleationa    in    sjatem   of,   recom- 
mended, 4640,  4939. 
Offenaea  against  court  officers  should 

be  made  cognizable  in,  5477,  5633. 
OCFensea  against  treaty  rights  of  for- 
eigners in  United  States  should  be 
made   cognizable   in,   56 IS. 
Power    of,    over    Eieentive    Depart- 
ments  diacnssed,   1720. 
Process  of,  should  be  ooiform,  75. 
Bemoval  of  cases  from  State  courts 
to,   restrictions    on,    recommended, 
4939. 
Bemoval  of  cases  involving  interna- 
tional obligations  from  State  courts 
to,  1928,  1956. 
Betnms    of   canses    pending  in,   re- 
ferred to,  325,  641. 
Cirenit — 
Allotment  of  justices  of  Supreme 

Court  to,  3324,  3376. 
Appeals  from,  recommendations  re- 
garding, 4939. 
Extension    of    system    of,    recom- 
mended, 1024,  1121,  lies,  3250. 
Besomption    of    anthoritj    of,    in 
States  where  rebellion  bad  ex- 
isted recommended,  3556. 
Correspondence  regarding,  trans- 
mitted, 3576. 
Transfer  of  original  jarisdietion  of, 
to   district   courts  recommended, 
4939. 
Circuit  courts   of  appeals — 
Act  regarding,  vetoed,  5679. 

Discussed,  5068. 
Commisaionera,    jurisdiction     to    try 
misdemeanore   recommended,   4939, 
5879,  S968. 
Diatrict — 
Act  providing  for  trials  in,  vetoed. 


496. 


a  of 


COQTt»-Marttal.~MI]ItarT  trlbuDils  la 
United  States  army  are  clasaiaed  as  cou 
martial,  courts  of  Inquiry,  and  mllltnr;  c 
mtaaiona.  Court  a- mart  la  1  are  of  fonr  kl 
— general,    gDTrlaou.    regimental    and   si 


lnt'of"thi 


le  MUlUirj  > 


eourtamartlal  are  compoaed  of  three  mero- 
bera  and  a  Jndge-Bdvocnte.  Tbe  snmmnrr 
eourt-martini  la  composed  of  one  officer  des- 
ignated   bj  the  con- "--    -" —      *   ■■-■ 


radpls  ■ 


irt.     Tbis  ci 
iindldnlei 


t  trj- 


Congress  and  their  Jarlsdlctlon  la  Itmlted  to 
malnlalDlDg  military  discipline. 

CoKria  of   loqiilrj   tony   be  demanded  by 
an  offlcer  or  soldier  wboa*  conduct  Is  to  b* 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


IsTnllsBted.  A  conrt  of  Inquliy  coul 
of  not  to  exceed  three  offlcen  and  ■ 
corder.  MlllCarr  Commlntons  are  for 
trial  of  offenders  agalDat  llie  law*  of  K 


River   about   2    miiea'aontb    of   tha  "boun^ 
dBi7  llQe_  between _ the  Carolina!.    Margaa'a 


In  Army  diacoBBed,  493S. 
N»vy  referred  to,  8S2, 
Bepilationa  for  gOTenunent  of,  S602, 
6034. 
Ooorts,  HIlltuT,  order  in  relation  to 

triala  hj,  363S. 
OomtB  of  Appemls,  Olicnlt.  (See  Coorta, 

PederaL) 
Conita,  PrOTlBlonal,  in  Lonisikna,  order 

regarding,  3323. 
OoDTta,  Stata: 
BemoTBl  of  caMB  from,  to  Federal 
conrtB,  lestrictiou  on,  recommend- 
ed. 4939. 
Bentoval  of  cases  involving  intern*- 
tional  obligatioDs  from,  to  Federal 
eonrta,    1928,   1956. 
00T0d«  (K.  Ubz:),  Battle  of.—After  Oen. 
Phil.   Keam7   had  calabllahed  the  author- 
Itj  of   tbe  United   States  sccnTel;, 


the  nrrlBona  bcblnd  Jan.  ID.  184T,  < 
nor  Bent,  Sheriff  Elilott,  and  twentr  others 
were  mnrdered  by  Insurgent  HezlcanB  at 
Ban  Fernando  de  Taos  and  seveo  olhera  at 
Tarler'a.  elsht  mllen  dlatant.  la  the  Taller 
of  the  Mora.  Col,  Sterling  Price,  wlio  was 
Id  command  si  Saots  Ft.  learning  of  the  op- 
rtelDg,  Jan.  23  started  for  the  scene  with 
a  force  of  shoot  400.  He  enconntered  a 
force  of  1,000  at  the  village  of  Covoda, 
which  be  dispersed  sfter  ■  severe  engage- 

OoTode  InTertlgatlon.— A  mmmlttee  of 
the  Hoose  of  the  Thlrtj-alxth  Congress  was 
appointed,  with  John  CoTode,  of  Fennsjl- 
Tanla,  aa  chairman,  to  InTcattgate  charges 
made  bj  two  Anll-Lecompton  Democrats. 
who  alleged  that  President  Buchanan  had 
used  cormpt  influences  to  Induce  them  to 
late  for  the  Liecompton  bill.  The  lavestl- 
ntlng  committee  consisted  of  Ore  members. 
The  three  Republicans  voted  to  sustain 
ttie  chartea  and  tbe  two  Democrati  to  ex~ 
oners  te  the  president.  No  act  Ion  waa 
taken. 

CoTode  InvMUgatloB,  3145,  3150. 
Oowani  Ford  (N.  0.),  BattJe  of.— Feb.  i, 
1TS1,  ComwaMla,  who  bad  a  second  time 
bnsded  North  Carolina,  attempted  to  pre- 
vent the  Junction  of  Morgan's  division  of 
the  American  srmy  with  the  main  bod;  nn- 
der  Geo.  Qreene.  Tbe  Amcrlcaon,  pur- 
sued b7  the  British,  crosaed  the  Catnwba 
filver  at  Cowans  Ford.  Oen.  Davidson 
with  SOO  mllltia  was  left  to  oppose  the 
erosslng  of  Corawaills.  Davidson  was  killed 
■Dd  the  mllllla  scattered. 
Oowpetu  (B.  0.),  Battle  of. — One  of  the 
eveals  following  Gen.  Greene's  taking  com- 
mand of  the  Sootbem  anny  In  the  Bevo- 
latlon,  which  decided  the  fate  of  tbe  war 
In  that  quarter.  Cornwaltls,  In  command  of 
the  Brltlah  aimj  and  In  possession  o' 
Bonlb  Carolina,   meditated  an   Invasion   c 


of    about    QUO    i 


-.. ,   TarletoD  began  the  attack.     Tbe 

tiattle  was  well  fought  and  displayed  rs- 
markable  generalship  on  tbe  pai%  of  Uor- 
gan.  WItb  bis  006  men  be  snrroaDded 
and  nearly  annlhltaled  Tarleton's  1,100, 
Tsrielon  and  270  men  only  escaping.  The 
Americans  lost  bnt  12  killed  and  61  wonnd- 
ed.  Two  BtandatdB.  100  boroeB,  SO  wag- 
ons, 800  muskets,  snd  2  cannon  were  cap- 
Cradle  of  Zdbeity. — A  name  applied  to 
Faneall  Hall,  Boaton,  an  old  liallding  used 
as  a  market  house  and  place  of  pobllc  meet- 
ing from  the  early  days  of  tbe  seltlemeot. 
It  has  been  the  scene  of  some  ot  the  IDOSt 
stirring  appeals  to  patriotism  by  American 
cllliens,  particularly  during  and  previous 
to  the  Revolutlonsry  War.  Upon  t>elng  re- 
fused tbe  use  of  Faneull  Ball  for  a  meet- 
ing Id  March.  18B0,  Daniel  Webster  wrote: 
"I  shall  defer  my  visit  to  Faneull  Hall, 
the  cradle  of  American  liberty,  until  Its 
doors  shall  fly  opcu  on  golden  binges  to 
lovers  of  Uulon  aa  well  as  liberty.'^  Tbe 
appellation  has  since  clung  to  the  building. 
0rane7  laland,  Va.: 

British  attack  en,  repulsed,  524. 


,  referred 


EvacQatioQ  of  batteries  o 
to,  3313. 
Crater    Ziake    National    Park.      (See 

Parks,  National.} 
Oredf^  extension  of,  neeessary  to  facil- 
itate buBinesa,  7SS0. 
OrCdit  HoblUer.— A  Jotot  stock  company 
originally  chartered  by  the  Pennsylvania 
leglslatare  under  the  osne  of  the  t^nnsyl- 
Tsnla  Fiscal  Agency,  with  a  capital  of  tl.- 
BOO.OOa  The  charter  was  purchased  by  a 
company  having  contracts  for  the  constmc- 
lloD  ot  the  Union  Paclflc  Railroad.  The 
valne  ot  the  stock,  which  depended  upon  the 
lltierBllty  Ot  the  contracts  made  by  Con- 
gress, rose  to  an  enormous  price  and  paid 
large   dividends  earned  In   the    ~ 


ot  the   Union    I 


__    .__     _  .  .._.  In  the   presi- 

de otlal  election  of  1ST2  the  Democrats 
charged  the  speaker  of  the  Houss 
of  Rep  reeenta  lives,  the  secretary  of 
the  treasury,  the  v I ce-p resident  and  the 
vlce-prealdent-elect  with  accepllng  Credit 
Mobnier  stock  as  an  Indirect  bribe  for  po- 
litical Inflneoce.  An  investigation  toilow- 
ed.  In  which  It  was  developed  thai  several 
members  of  Congress  were  holders  of  this 
company's  stock.  One  senator  was  recom- 
mended for  eipnialon,  but  as  his  term  was 
about  to  expire  no  acllon  was  taken.  Bepre- 
sentatlves  Oakea  Ames,  of  Masucbusetts, 
and  James  Brooks,  of  New  York,  were 
censured  by  the  HouSs. 

Credit,  Public: 
Act  to  etren^ben,  referred  to,  4415. 
Bank  of  United  States  attempte   to 

impair,  1232. 
DiaeuBsed.    (See  Financea  diacnsaed.) 
Faith  of  nation  must  be  preserved, 

334,  2079. 
Indebtedness  of  States  worke  injiuy 

to,  2061. 
'rogress    ol , 

American  atock  abroad,  73,  124. 
Frogreasive  itate  of,  76,  77,  95,  122, 

Sir,  463,  649. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidetds 


Credit 

Qradlt,  Pabllo — ooMtiiuKii. 

F^ovisioD  for  praMrTEtioD  of,  reeom- 
mended,  3073. 

"Strength  and  Hecnritv  of  Oovem- 
ment  rest  npon,"  21S. 

Support  of,  proviBion  for,  recom- 
mended, 5S,  60,  61,  2EB,  2060,  2079, 
2118,  3073. 

Sjstem  of,  Hhonid  not  Ba  left  nufin-' 
ished,   159. 
Orodlt  BTBtom  discDued  bjr  FroBident 

Vu  Burea,  1541. 
Oredlton,  aovBmraant,  payment  of,  In 

depreciated     currency     referred     to, 

1777,  1806,  1807,  1808,  1810. 
Onek  Indian  War. — TecnmBeh,  tbs  ambi- 
tious Shawuee  chief,  nnd  bli  brotber,  the 
Prop  bet,  In  their  effort!  to  work  ap  & 
COQsplracj  of  all  tbe  i.'JoFtb  American  iDdl- 
ena  anloBt  the  United  Siatea.  Jolaed  with 
the  BrlllBh  In  the  War  of  1812.  Tecumiieb 
waa  defeated  br  Ilarrlaon  at  Tlpnecanoe 
and  WIS  killed  In  the  balile  of  thcYhameB, 
Oct.  G,  1B13.  but  hia  icbemea  Bftltnted  and 
dlTlded  the  Creek  HallOD.  Weathenford, 
or  Bed  Ekigle,  became  ho  troubleaoine  ob  the 
leader  of  the  war  fBCtlon  that  bodiea  of 
mllltla  were  eent  agalnBt  him  from  Tea- 
neBsee  and  Georgia.  The  flrat  aerloiis  oat- 
break  of  the  Creeks  was  the  maaaacre  of 
the  garrison   and    relugeea  at    Fort    Ulnea, 

almost  abandoned  by  whites,      Self-protec- 

d  Teones- 

._.    .__    Held    at 

.„.. I    of   the    Tennesaee   mllltta.      Qen. 

Floyd  led  the  OeorslHns  to  annxe  tbe 
mHssacre.  and  Gen.  Clslboarne  was  aetlDg 
■t  tbe  bead  of  troops  from  LouJalana  ino 
Mississippi.      Tbe    war    received    lie    death 


Beaolution  of  Congress  declaring  lym- 
pathj  for  suffering  people  of,  re- 
ferred to,  3891. 
Bevolntion  in,   referred   to,   3060. 
Orlnu,     iDtemational     convention     for 

■nppreMJon   of,   4115. 
OrlniM  and  HlademunorB: 

Abdnetion  of  foreienera  ctaiminff  pro- 
tection of  United  St&tes  should  be 
made  a  crime,  2550. 
Convictions,  executions,  and  pardons 
for  capital  offenses  referred  to,  991. 
Degrees  va  crims  of  murder  should  be 

recogniied,  5755,  5880,  5963. 
Limitation  npon  right  in  felony  eases 
to  review  by  Supreme  Court  rec- 
ommended,  5632,  5880. 
Trial    of   misdemeanoia   by    United 
States  commission  era  recommended, 
4939,  6879,  5968. 
Criminal     Oode,     revision     of,     recom- 
mended, 561,  2550,  2672. 
Criminal  Law,  abuse  of  administration 

of,  referred  to,  4940,  G879,  7003. 
Orlailnala.  (See  Fugitive  Criminals.) 
Orlmlnala,  Foreign,  introduction  of,  into 
United  States  referred  to,  2368,  4588. 
Orlatdbol  Ool6n,  The,  mentioned,  6317. 
CrlttandOl  Oompromlae.— Tbia  was  one  at 
the  nnmerous  schemes  to  compromise  the 
■laverj  gnestlon  on  a  peaceful  basis.  John 
J.  Crittenden  waa  a  Senator  from  Kentucky 
and  (Fled  to  harmoolte  North  and  South 
on  the  alaverr  qnesllon.  He  hoped  to  evade 
the  Impending  war  by  proposing  In  IBSO  s 
conatltntlonal  amendment  wtalrb  ahould  d1- 
Tlde  tbe  United  Btalea  Into  slsTeboldlog  and 
nonalBTeholdlug  portlona.     Be  propoaed  dl- 


Tldlna _ 

■6'  80'.  the  United  Slat 
tor    every    fuf-lttve 
pTopoaltlon    — '-■- 


e  parallel 


_ roposed  occupattoi 

of  the  MIsBlaslppl  Valley. 

Oieek  Indiana.  (See  Indian  Tribes.) 
Creole  OaM.^DeriDg  tbe  paauBe  of  the 
brig  Creole  from  UamploD  Boada  to  New 
Orleans  with  a  cargo  of  slaves.  In  November, 
1S41,  some  of  the  negroes  rose  agaJnat  the 
olBrera  of  the  vessel,  killed  one  of  the 
owners,  and  raa  the  vessel  Into  Naasau, 
New  Prarldcnce.  Alt  were  here  set  at  lib- 
erty by  tbe  I'ngllsh  autbortllea  eicept  tboae 
Charged  with  murder.  Great  Britain  re- 
fused to  surrender  them  on  demand  of  the 
United  States  (1944),  but  the  matter  was 
anally  settled  by  a  treaty  In  1842.  Dnrlng 
tbe  negotiations  for  this  treaty  resolutions 
embod^lDg  the  principles  of  tbe  Anti-Slavery 

Slrly  were  offered  In  Congress  by  Joebua  It. 
Iddings.  of  Ohio,  He  was  censured  by  the 
Uonae  and  therenoon  resigned.  Betnmfng 
to  Ohio  be  was  reelected  by  a  large  majority, 
with  Inatmctlona  to  present  Oie  reaolatlons 


dence,  1944,  1954 
Oraacent  Cltr,  Tha,  not  allowed  to  land 
paBsengets  nnd  naU  at  Havana,  Oabn, 


0  pay  tl 


Crop  Talnea.     (See  Agrienltnral  Prod- 

OrOBB  EeTfl  (Va.),  Battle  of.— Dnrlng 
Stonewall  Jackson's  movement  up  the  &ben- 
andoab  Valley  In  tbe  summer  of  186!  Gen- 
erals FrfmoDt  and  Shieldfl  were  bolb  on 
tbe  alert  to  capture  blm.  P'r^mont  readied 
atrasbnrg  June  1,  lust  after  Jackson  had 
HBsed  throusb.  At  Port  Republic  tbe 
Bhenandoab  River  divides,  and  on  the  larger 
of  tbe  two  branches,  at  a  village  known 
nt  broDitbt  B  well's 
rmv  to  bay  June  8. 
_  _.  .  _  ued  and  Ewell  re- 
tired aurlng  tbe  night.    Jackson  » 


Keya,    F 

f  Jackso 


laht    aklrn 

durlag  tbe  _.„_..     

effected  a  junction  with  Gen.  I^ee.  and  t- 
gether  thsy  fought  tbe  battles  aronad  Bleb- 

Crow    Orsak    Vidians.       (Bee    Indian 

Tribes.) 
Onw  CrMk  BAsarvfttlon.      (Sm  GUobx 

Beservation.) 
Onw  LUtluu.     (See  Indian  Tribea.) 
Orow  EMorratlon,  Hont.,  opened  to  aet- 

thmoBt  by  pnbhMiMUoB,   BT27. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopt&c  Indtx 


Oxtrm  Point  (M.  T.),  0»ptn»  of.-imme- 

dlaiely  after  the  capture  o(  TlcooderosB. 
May  12.  17TB,  CoL  Seth  Warner,  with  a 
small  detachment  of  men,  pcoeeedeil  to 
CrowD  I'olQi,  oD  Ijte  Champlaln,  alwut 
90  miles  nortli  o*  Albany.  The  place  WOB 
■troDKly  fortlBed  and  mounted  IH  eannon, 
but  wag  garrisoned  by  only  12  men.  Th^e 
were   captured   and   the   tort    nwimed   by 

OnilM  Of  tlifl  Bftttleslilp  Fleet.— The 
moat  notable  ochletement  of  the  Navy  in 
time  o(  peace  wai  tbo  voyage  ot  the  battle- 
ship fleet.  TblB  proved  an  epoch-maklnB 
etnlM,  the  loDaest  ever  undertaken  by  euch 
a  nnmber  of  battleahlpB,  and  euUated  the 
Intereflled  attention  of  the  naval  world. 

Late  In  the  iprlng  of  1»07  It  was  decided 
to  aend  the  Atlantic  Fleet  on  a  practice 
cmlae  to  tb«  Pacific,  and  In  Augaet  of  that 
year   the    final    arraugementa   were   deter- 

The  deet'  aailed  from  Hampton  ttoada 
Dec.  18,  190T.  after  a  reylew  by  the  Preal- 
dent,  and  made  the  piaaage  to  various 
ports  lor  coaling  and  Incidental  atopa  at 
polnta  Id  South  America :  engaged  In  target 

Sacllce  upoc  arrival  at  Magdalena  Bar, 
eilco,  arranged  by  permiBBlon  of  the  Mei- 
Ican  government :  and  reached  Ban  Pran- 
dico.Uay  1,  190S,  without  a  ilngle  mlabap 
to  mar  the  voyage. 
~  ....  --laisted  of  sliteen  battleshlpa, 
Us,  four  auxiliaries.  The 
I    In    tbe    crewB    aggregated 

Kb  of  the  crnlBe  was  IS.- 
I  duration  ol  the  voyage 

0  Honolnla  atid  Manila  the 
home,  leaving  Manila  Dec. 

St  8uei  Jan.  1,  1809.     The 

,     Jed    passage    through    Suei 

Canal,  and   coaling  at  Port   Said.  ^ 

The  following  was  the  itinerary  after 
paulDK  Into  tbe  Mediterranean:  Oontutett- 
cul  and  Fermoat,  arrive  Vlllefranche.  Jan, 
14.  leave  Jan.  27  ;  H^nneiota  and  ICaniai, 
arrive  Marselllea  Jan.  14,  leave  Jan,  27; 
•Oeorola,  Nebituka  and  Kmtucliii.  arrive 
Genoa  Jan.  IG,  leave  Jan.  27 ;  Kfiode  /iland 


arpedo     boats. 


After  visits  1 
1  arrived 


1.  ' 


arrive  l*itho 


and  Kea 


the  materiel,  the  cold  (acta  are  that 

the  Bblps  practically  took  care  ol  their  own 
repairs  on  the  crulae.  The  repair  lists 
turned  In  at  the  United  Btates  naval  sta- 
tion at  Cavlte,  P.  I.,  were  significant,  since 
they  substantially  showed  what  was  needed 
after  the  voyage  to  the  eaetem  borders  of 
tbs  PaclBc  by  way  of  Aaatralla  and  Japan, 
and  they  were  DegllElble.  Tbe  performance 
of  the  OreaoH-  In  1698  was  subBtanllally  re- 

Wlth  respect  to  Its  effect  npon  the  dla- 
cipllne  of  tbe  ineD,  this  was  highly  bene- 
fldaU  Too  much  cannot  be  sold  of  the 
magniflceut  conduct  of  tbe  enlisted  per- 
sonnel tbrougbout  tbe  history  of  the  voy- 
age and  in  the  presence  of  an  unprecedented 
succession  ot  entertainments  and  ahore  hos- 
nltalltles.  Tbe  occaalon  brought  to  tbe 
front  that  element  of  greatest  strenetb  In 
our  navy — the  peraonal  characteristics  of 
the  enlisted  force.  The  tact,  sbllity  and 
mastership  of  tbeir  prafeiHlon  shown  by  the 
olQcera,  from  tbe  lowest  to  the  highest.  Is 
likewise   worthy  ot  earnest    commendBtlon. 

Tbe  result  waa  to  give  ua  an  opportunity 
to  get  better  acquainted  with  the  republics 
to  the  south  of  us:   with  our  own   Island 

Sossesslons :  wltb  tbe  new  end  vlgoroua 
ranch  of  the  British  Empire  In  Australia : 
and.  partlculsriy,  with  Japan :  and  It  bss 
atfonied  the  people  living  In  those  countries 


It  has  b 


'».'.' 


1  Jan.   IS, 


i  Athen 


«  Jan.  IT,  leave 

Jan.  XT.  After  leaving  the  above  ports- 
First  Division  arrive  Negro  Bay  Jan.  81. 
leave  Keb.  3  :  First  DivlsTon,  arrive  Qibral- 
tar  Feb.  3.  leave  Feb.  6 ;  Second.  Third  and 
Fourth  Divisions,  arrive  Negro  Bar  Feb.  1, 
leave  Feb.  1 ;  fleet  reassemble  olT  Qibraltar 
and  proceed  to  TTulIed  States,  arrive  Feb. 
22,    190»,   at   Hampton  Koads,  Virginia. 

when  the  purpose  of  giving  this  a>- 
■emblage  of  bittlesblps  the  privileges  and 
advantages  of  a  practice  crulae.  under  such 
severe  conditions,  was  announced,  criticism 
from  high  technical  guarCen  was  heard. 
It  was  BQggested  thst  the  undertaking  waa 
too  monumental;  that  a  battleship  fa  too 
vast  and  complicated  a  piece  ot  mechanism 
to  send    around   the  glol 

occasion:  that  dangers  m(.__ .... 

with  nnmbers  in  such  a  case :  that  dlaaster 
lurlied  on  every  submerged  ledge  and  was 
borne  on  every  unknown  tidal  curreut ;  that 
the  skeletons  ot  some  of  the  ships  would 
doubtless  be  left  in  tbe  Straits  of  Magellan  ; 
that.  If  the  fleet  should  succeed  In  rounding 
South  America.  It  was  reasonably  certain 
that  tbe  Individual  ships  would,  one  by 
one,  arrive  with  machineries  loose  and 
almost  UDserriceable,  with  crewa  refiecting 
the  damorallied  condition  ol  tbs  matfclai; 


.--ong  hand  In  friendly  greeting 
t  of  America ;  and  the  cordial  and 

ic    hospitality    extended    to    our 

Beet  will  no  doubt  be  long  remembered  and 


Between  the  United  States  and  e  _  .  .... 
try  visited  there  la  a  feeling  of  deeper 
Interest  and  friendship  than  existed  before 
the  fleet  sailed.  Our  own  Pacific  coast  and 
Island  posseBBlona  have  been  placed  In  sight 
and  touch  with  the  atrength  of  the  nation. 
Whatever  may  be  said  In  technical  criti- 
cism of  the  navy,  the  American  people,  to 
whom  the  ships  belong  and  who  paid  for 
them,  know,  as  the  result  ot  this  extended 
cruise,  at  leaat.  that  the  vessels  will  float : 
that  their  oDcera  and  men  can  handle 
them  :  and,  ao  far  aa  actual  tests  In  time 
of  peace  can  show,  that  tbe  ahips  and  tbe 
men  are  flt  Id  every  particular  for  any  duty. 

Onartal  Lot^   evrvej  and   disposal    of 

laud  known  as,  diBCnssed,  6504. 
Oabk. — Cuba  Is  the  largest  Island  of  the 
"West  Indies,"  and  extends  In  the  sbsps 
of  an  Irregular  crescent  at  the  entrance  of 
the  Gulf  o(  Heiico,  which  tbe  western 
horn  divides  Into  the  Florida  Channel  on 
the  north  and  tbe  Yucatan  Channel  on 
the  south.  The  western  eilremlty  fCspe 
San  Antonio)   'a  Jn  84^  BT  W.   loagltude. 


erly   point,   close   t 


distant"  from"Key"  West  "on    the'>lorlda 
ItipHed       mast    In   23*    13'    N.    latitude,    while    Cane 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


witb  *  tnixlmom  of  160  ana  a  mlnlmnm  of 
23  mllra.  There  are  ounr  dfpendent  Isl- 
an<to,  of  which  the  lele  of  proeB  In  Ibe 
Arcblpelago  de  !□■  Canirreos  (iDBide  tba 
veitem  bom  of  lb?  malo  Islaadi  ta  bj  far 
the  largeat.  wltb  an  estlmalcd  area  of 
nearly  l.-^OO  aqoace  mllea. 

Phj/itcat     Feature     and      Climate.— The 
lalaai   la   dlilloctlr   mauatalnous.    with   a 

croaa   range   In   tbe   boi-'' "   — '    ' 

KTOupa  from  end  to  i 
aomeof  tbe  flneat  barbi 
situated  both  n     "' 


f    tbe    lilaud. 


So% 


urce  Id  tbe  Blerra  Maeatra  to  Ita 
r  Into  tbe  Carlbbpan  Sea.  Tbe  Sa- 
Gcaoda  Is  alao  narlgable  for  about 

"Cnba  Ilea  entirely  witbin  Ibe  tropical 
(one,  and  poaaeases  a  dry  aeason  from 
Norember  to  April  and  ■  wet  aeaaon  for 
the  remalnlDK  bait  year.  Tbe  climate  la 
equable  with  a  blgb  mean  temperature, 
tbe  range  being  between  the  winter  and 
summer  means  of  70°-S0°  F.  In  tbe 
montba  of  October  and  November  tbe  lal- 
and  la  liable  to  aevere  sdj  dealructlve  bur- 
ricanee.  Yellow  fever  baa  ceased  to  be  a 
acourse  since  tbe  pre  vent  I  ye  action  at  tbe 
United  States  army  of  occupatloD  after  tbe 
Bpanlab- American  War.  Smallpox  bos 
been  almliarly  stamped  out  by  aanltary 
education,  but  consumption  la  atlll  preva- 
lebt.  The  hyslenlc  condlllona  of  (be  whole 
Island  bare  been  almost  mlraouloualy  Im- 
proTed  alnce  tbe  Interreotlon  of  tbe  United 
Slates. 

Hlifory.— Tbe  [aland  of  Cuba  was  vis- 
ited by  Cbrlatopber  Columbna.  during  his 
flrst  voyage,  on  Oct.  27.  1492,  and  waa 
then  believed  to  bepart  of  tbe  western 
a  of  India.      E]arly  In  tbe  sixteenth 


turlea  Cnba  remained  under  i 
tain-General.  Tbe  slave  tr 
Isbed  early  la  tbe  nine'   '   ' 

tbe    8 

1886,        _  _ .      .. 

marked  by  a  generally  corrupt 

tlon,       complicated      by      Inlerimi       umni. 

fomented   by   external   IndDences,   and   tbe 

various  attempts  at  Independence  met  wirh 

aevere  mll1tar|>  repression.     Tbe  Heparatlst 

and     autonomous    agitation     mlmlnnlHl     In 

the  cloalng  years  oi  lOe  n 

in  a  fierce  aud  hloodtblr 

thongh      a      conciliatory      movemeoi;      wna 

evinced  by  the  Madrid  antborltlea  Id  18B7. 

the  struggle  waa  continued  by  tbe  parly  of 

separation  In  tbe  Island.     In  1R9S  tbe 


:  of  the  CntCed  States  put  Into 
EKriruuun  a  threat  of  Interference  by  the 
dispatch  of  tbe  battleship  Mnitip.  to  Havana 
harbor,  and  In  February  of  that  year  tbe 
vessel  was  sunk  by  an  eiploaion  tue  cause 
of  which  appeara  llhelr  lo  remain  an  un- 
solved mystery.  On  April  20.  1898,  the 
Tnlted  States  Oovernment  demanded  tbe 
-•  "-"-a  by  tbe  Spanish  to 


and  a 


[lanlsb-A 


r  led  t 


.... t  of  the  island,  which  w(._ 

occupied  by  United  States  troops.  From 
Jan.  1.  1899.  to  May  20.  1902,  Cuba  was 
under  United  States  military  rnle,  and  re- 
forma  of  tbe  widest  and  most  far-reaching 
character  were  Instituted.  On  May  20, 
1902.  an  autonomous  govemineiil  was  In- 
aDKiirated  with  sn  elected  Presldenl.  and 
a  legislature  of  two  houses.  Tbe  Island 
was,  however,  again  tbe  prey  of  revolu- 
tion from  July  to  September,   1906,  when 


th*  rnlted  Statet  Oovernment  rem  mad 
control.  On  Jan.  28.  1909.  a  Tepabllcas 
fovernmeDt  was  again  Inaugurated. 


Frovinoes  and  Capitali      F.n»ii*h  population 

B^TmUm  1910 

Camaguay  (Puerto  Principe)    10,098  123.660 

UavanaOlBvana] 3,173  M5,178 

Matauu  (Matuuaa) 3,241  2S5,308 

Oiiante  (San^aso) 14.218  4BI,3M 

PlurdelRiD(PmardelRio)      S.2I1  232,421 

Santa  Clan  (SuiUClstB]..      8,264  497,143 

Total 44,178        2,150.112 

Nearly  60  per  cent,  of  the  Inbabltanta 
are  of  Spanlah  deacent.  the  colored  races 
numbering  about  30  per  cent.  (Including 
mixed  blood),  forelgn-bom  wlii.es  10  per 
cent,  and  Chinese  barely  0.6  per  cent. 
Slavery  was  abollabed  lu  1886.  and  tbe  col- 
ored racea  ere  Increasing  equally  with  the 
whites.     There  la   little  racial  antagonism. 

OOEemtREnf. — Tbe  governmeni  Is  that  of 
a  centrallxed  repubirc,  wllb  a  Prealdent, 
TIce- President,  and  nominated  Cabinet,  and 
a  legislature  of  two  bouses.  Tbe  Frealdenc 
Is  elected  by  Indirect  vote  for  tour  years, 
and  Is  Ineligible  for  more  than  two  con- 
secutive terms.  Prealdeat  of  the  Bepubllc 
of  Cuba  (May  20.  i918-May  19,  1917), 
Harlo  O.  Menocal. 

Congress  consists  of  a  Senate  and  a 
House  of  Sep  resentat  Ives.  Tbe  Senate 
contains  twenty-four  member^  (four  from 
each  province)  elected  by  Indirect  vole  for 
eight  years  and  retiring  by  halves  every 
four  years.  The  House  of  Bepresentatlvea 
conalata  of  elghty-tbree  members  (one  for 
each  ZS.OOO  Inhabitants)  elected  for  four 
yeara  by  direct  vote  of  all  male  citlsens 
aged  twenty-one  years  and  half  renewed 
overv  two  years.  Five  yeara'  residence 
qualmed  for  natura  Ilia  tlon  and  the  fraD* 
cblse. 

Tbe  six  provinces  contain  an  elective 
governor  and  assembly,  with  wide  powers 
of  self-government,  but  Gtiaoclal  aulonomy 
Is  restricted  by  tbe  economic  clauses  of 
the  treaty  with  the  United  Stntea.  which 
aim  at  development  within  the  financial  re- 
•onrcea  of  the  Island.  The  smnller  ad- 
ministrative unit  la  the  municipality  with 
elective  connclla  end  mayors  (a  lea  Idea), 
their  Jurisdiction  frequently  extending  over 
B.  Wide  rural  territory. 

Justice  is  adminlatered  by  courts  of  flrst 
Instance  In  tbe  municipal  areas,  and  their 
contiguous  rural  territories,  with  superior 
courts  in  each  province  and  a  auprene 
court  at  Havana. 

Tbe  external  relations  of  Cuba  are  regn. 
la  ted  by  the  protection  of  tbe  United 
States  in  tbe  case  of  any  attempt  to  Inter* 
fere  with  tbe  independence  of  tbe  laland. 
Tbe  armed  forcea  are  Iberefore  directed  to 
tbe  preaervatlon  of  Internal  order.  Thers 
Is  a  mounted  gendarmerie  of  5,000  men 
known  as  the  guardia  rural. 

Sditcofion. — A  great  Impetna  waa  given 
to  education  by  the  United  Spates  occupa- 
tion of  I899-IU02  and  elementary  schools 
were  established  In  every  miiDlclpallty. 
Primary  education  Is  compulsory  and  free 
and   about   82   per  cent,    of  attendance  la 

Finance. — The  revenue  and  exnendituro 
Of  Cuba  for  the  six  years  1907-1908—1911- 
1012  are  atated  as  follows: 

Year  Revenue  Emmditim 

1907-Oe 124.447,687 

1908-09 29,01  G.SeS 

1909-10 33,824,746 

leiO-Il 1 

I9U-I3 \     41,614,700 

1912-13 J 


(22.377.  IBS 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


_., jervlce  U8,4<K1,0001, 

I   (t4.3:iU,lHK»,  public  workB  ($3,- 
-_j i._.i._   ,..  MO.OOU). 


lines  from  botb  raasts  iNinDeetliiK  with  thia 
prlDdpaJ  srHteni,  partlcularlr  In  the  tobac- 
co dIXrIttB  oC  the  weal  Bad  the  mlLlDg  ra- 
SloQ  of  the  eaat. 

SAtppinir.— In  IBll  the  mercaDtlle  marine 
conBiMed  of  flttr-'our  BleBOiers  (B8.410 
tODB)   and  six  BBlLlDS  reuets   (1.035  tODB). 

Tdb  principal  harbora  are  HaTsna,  Ua- 
taaiaa,   CardeDni,   Babis   Bonda.   XeuTltaa 

Bonib   Santiago,   Clenfuegos  and   Guantan- 


Intooal  Dabti 


Fla..  from  vblrh  It  Ib  dlaCant  ulaei'-three 
mllefl,  1b  tbe  largest  cit;  and  prioclpal  com- 
ngercbl  center  of  the  West  Indlei.  ItB 
Spanlah  name  Is  8bo  Crlatoba]  de  la  Ha- 
balla.  The  cltr  contained  In  tOOT  a  ceD- 
Bna  populatloD  at  297.15Q,  and  the  munl- 
clplo  ol  Havana  a  populnllon  of  S02.GZe. 
n .-■— — .    .....,...^„     ,„. 


tZJSf!lf«0 


dudlDK    1 

and    mao; 


',  Id  1912: 


talni 


'.    IJni' 


Total  Drirt (02,063,000 

ProducthM  and  ImiMHy. — Ot  the  total 
area  (abont  28,000,000  acrcaj  Icbb  thiin 
1.000.000  acres  are  CDttlvated,  bnt  much 
of  the  remaining  Burface  Ib  denae  forest, 
marsh  or  pastoral  saTannBh.  Uore  than 
balf  the  ctittlvated  area  la  under  sngsr 
cane  and  about  80  per  cent,  nnder  tobacco, 
■wret  potatoes  and  bananas  In  equal  propor- 
tions. RIoe.  coffee,  cocoa  and  Indian  corn 
are  grown  and  man;  tropical  frnlta  (ar- 
aoges,  coco-nnlB.  pineapples,  etc)  are  cul- 
llrated.  Tbe  sugar  crop  la  Increasing  and 
amounted  In  1011  to  aesrlr  2.000,000  tons. 
Agricultural  conditions  are  atlll  lery  priml- 
tlie,  Foreatrr  Is  mncb  neglected,  al- 
tboagh  maboganr  IB  exported  and  cedar 
used  In  tbe  boilng  ol  tobacco. 

Iron,  copper  aod  manganese  are  plenti- 
ful and  are  easll;  worked.  The  prbirlpal 
mining  districts  are  Id  Orlcnte  proTlnce, 
where  the  Sierra  Maestro  woa  for  cen- 
Inrles  tbe  largeat  copper-producing  center 
In  tbe  world.  Ot  Don-metalllc  mlnerala 
petroleum  and  asphalt  are  found,  and  (he 
former  Is  exploited  to  some  eittnt.  Almost 
■be  whole  mineral  output  [a  sent  to  the 
United   Slates. 

The  only  manufactures  of  an;  Impor- 
taoce  are  connected  with  the  tobacco  and 
■ogar-cane  indnatrtea,  cigars  and  clgarettea 
being  made  In  great  quantltlea  Id  the  capi- 
tal, and  angar.  mm  and  whisky  In  the 
nelgbtKirbaod    of   tbe  plantations. 

Trade. — The  Imports  and  exports  of  mer- 
chandise tor  the  Ave  Tears  1&08-1B12  are 
stated  aa  follows  In  dollars : 

Year  Imports  Eaporl*  Total 

1906 lsa^W.1ftT    l9S,MS,oai  »I8SJ17,8«8 

igOB S3.SS6.83a    IIS,a37331     1M.4H.1BS 

1910 »e.33a,E3ft  iM,030.ser  343.26e.s3a 

1911 103,093.338    133,114.937    330^07,333 

1913 12»,902.341    172.073,328    3S8.3S0,H» 


tliAed  States ie6,4M.476  tl46,18fi.933 

"■■""'--'--  13397,049  11,440,330 

. , .      7,700.004  2  JS74,736 

...      8,431  JOl  0.199,173 

. . .      9.774,790  008,333 

Xaflipav*.— In  ISIO  there  were  3.516  miles 
ot  ROTemment  and  private  line  open  for 
tiaffle.  A  line  runs  from  Plosr  del  Slo 
to  Bantlago,  thuB  traversing  the  Island 
tnia   west   to   east,   and   there  are  many 


In  the  neighborhood.      The  barbor  i 
of  the  finest  Id  the  world. 

Other  cities  are : 

BUUaco 45,500    Quuitananio. . . ,  14,000 

MaUDBS. 36,000    MsnianlUo 14,000 

CSaatuev 30,000    Quaoabuoa 14,000 

Puerto    Principe  Santa  Clara 14,000 

(or  Camaguey}.  30,000    Ssgiia  la  Cranda  13.000 

Candafiaa. 35.000    Sancti  Si^nu. .  13.7SO 

Tiinidad- IIMO 

The  Metric  System  of  Wrights  and  Hess- 
ures  Is  In  general  use-  There  Is  no  Cuban 
cnrrency,  but  the  coinage  of  Spain  Itwen- 
ty-flye  peseta  gold  pieces,  "centenes,''  five 
peseta  sHyer  pieces  and  silver  pesetas), 
American  dollars  and  French  touts  d'or 
are  current.  Public  accoanls  are  kept  In 
dollars,  of  United  States  money. 

Tnda  wffh  the  Vmited  Atolei.— The  value 
ot  merchandise  Imported  Into  Cuba  from 
tbe  United  Stsles  for  the  year  IBIS  was 

S70.D8I.1S4.    and    goods   to    the   value   of 
ise.088.178  were  sent  thither— a  b'l'ice 
of  IGB.IS07,0lg  In  favor  of  Cuba. 
OnbA: 
AeqniBition  of,  by  U,  8. — Opposed  by 
Freaident  Fillmore,  2701, 
Proposition  regarding,  referred  to, 

3066. 
Becommended    by    President    Bu- 
chanan, 304],  3066,  30B2,  3173. 
Affaira  of — 
CommuDlcations   regarding,   trans- 
mitted, 6098. 
BiscuBsed,   2649,  2700,   6660,   6741, 

6743,  6780,  6871,  7056,  7234. 
Mediation  or  intervention  by  Unit- 
ed States  in,  referred  to,  6101. 
African    slave    trade    in,    disenssed, 

2777,  3041,  3124,  3126. 
Agitations  in,  and  abuse  of  American 

neutrality  laws,  4826. 
Aid     furnished    Inhabitants    ot,    by 
Ameriirau   citizens  and  Bed   CroBS, 
6284,  6308,  6320. 
American  citiieng  in — 

Assaulted     and     murdered,      4002, 

4004,  4022,  4023,  4196,  6182. 
Condemned  to  death,  4690. 
Death   of,   6178,   6184. 
Destitute,  appropriation  for,  6248, 
6263. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Propertj  of,  confiscated,  4019,  4082, 
4023. 

Treatment  of,  diaenssed,  6256, 
Appropriation    for    starvioK   inliAbi- 

tants  of,  recommended,  6292. 
Army,  U.  S.,  in  6693,  6691. 
Autonomons     govemnient     for,     die- 

cuMed,  6152,  6261,  6284,  6308,  6058. 
Blockade    of    ports    of,    proelalmed, 
6472,  6481. 


CeUEUB  ordered,  6694. 

Chinese  laborers  introduced  into,  re- 
ferred to,  4116. 

Civil  and  political  conditiana  in,  re- 
ferred to,  3998,  3999. 

Commercial  convention  witll,  in  1902, 
6741,  8743,  6780. 

Commercial      relations     with,     1260, 
1347,  2945,  4826,  4»21,  6089,  5470, 
5547,  6069,  6292. 
Beport  on,  6292. 
Treaty  regarding,  4842,  4847,  4848. 

Competitor,  capture  of  alleged  Amer- 
ican citizens  on  the,  61S0,  6133, 
6262. 

Conditions  in,  report  on,  transmitted, 
6292. 

Constitntional  eonvention  assembled, 
6448. 

Consol  of  United  States  in,  imprison- 
ment of,  329. 

Consnlar  officers  of  United  States  in, 
rights  of,  diacuBsed,  6069. 

Copyright  reciprocity  with,  6871. 

Correspondence  regarding,  4631,  4942. 

Creation  of  offices  in,  6589,  6591, 
6607. 

Diplomatic  intereonrse  with  Captain- 
General  of,  not  allowed,  2742. 
Renewal  of,  to  be  requested,  2742. 

Evacuation  of  Havana,  order  regard- 
ing, 6583. 

Sxiles  from,  arrival  of,  in  TTnited 
States,  456. 

Expeditions  against — 
Discussed,  2549,  2585,  2643,  2049, 

2779. 
Proclamations  against,  2545,  2647, 

2805. 
Referred  to,  2741. 

Government  for,  dlsenssed,  6323, 
6377. 

Grants  of  public  or  corporate  rights 
in,  order  regarding,  6583. 

Graves  of  American  soldiers  in,  to  be 
marked,  order  regarding,  657S. 

Hnrricano  in,  in  1844,  referred  to, 
2869. 

Importations    into,    modifications    of 
laws  regarding,  2869. 
Indemnity  for,  discussed,  2869. 


bprisonment  of — 
American    citiaens    in,   329,    2538, 
8676,    2677,   2765,    3115,    4023, 
6516,    6068,    6100,   6181,    6182, 
6184. 
Beleaaed,  0284. 
Persons  claiming  to  be  American 
citizens,  6180,  6183. 
Independenee   of,  recognition   of,  by 
United  States  opposed  and   prece- 
dents cited,  6286. 
Insnrrection    in    (see   also    Spanish- 
American  War). 
Armistice     proposed      by      United 

States  discnssed,  6285. 
AatonomouB  government  for,  dis- 
cnssed, 6152,  6261,  6284,  6308. 
Claims    of   United    Btates    ag&inst 
Bpain  growing  out  of,  4051, 4099, 
4448,  5871,  6180. 
Concentration  policy  of  Gen.  Wey- 
ler  discnssed,  6256,  6283,  6284, 
6308. 
Bevoked,  6285. 
Forcible  intervention  in,  by  United 
States  discnssed,  626L 
Recommended,   6289. 
Friendly  offices  of  United  States 
tendered,  refusal  of,  referred  to, 
625S,  6282. 
Nentralitr  proclamations  of  Presi- 
dent Cleveland,  6023,  6126. 
Policy  of  United  States  regarding, 
discussed,   by  President — 
Qeveland,   6068,   6148. 
Beferred  to  by  President  Mc- 
Kinley,  6291. 
Grant,    3985,    4018,    4051,    4101, 
4143,  4245,  4290. 
Beferred  to  by  President  Mc- 
Einley,  6259,  6284,  6291. 
Hayes,  4438,  4448. 
UcKinley,  6248,  6280,  6307. 
Provisional         government         pro- 
claimed, 7056. 
QnestioDB  with  Spsin  growing  out 
Of,  4115,   4195,  4196,  4245,  4520. 
Becoguitiou  of — 

Belligerency    by    United    States 
deemed  unwise  bv  President — 
Cleveland,  6071,  6i5i. 
Grant,  3986,  4018,  4292. 
HcKinley,   6258. 
Independence  by  United  States 
opposed  and  precedents  cited, 
6236. 
Referred  to,  4004,  4024. 
Resignation  of  President  of,  7436. 
Spain   directs  Gen.  Blanco  to  sus- 
pend hostilities,  6292. 
Surrender  of  insorgantB  referred  to, 

443T. 
Termination  of,  announced,  4448. 
Joint  resolution  of  Congress  declar- 
ing freedom   of,   authorizing  in- 
tervention, etc.,  6297. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


DiacQssed, 

BegsTded  hy  Spain  >■  "equivalent 
to    an    evident    declaration     of 
war,"  6312. 
IiopeE  expedition,  pardon  and  release 
of  members  of,  bj  Spain,  2678. 


2770. 

Maine,  degtnction  of  the.  In  harbor 
of  Havana,  6277,  6280,  6308, 

Findings   of  conrt  of  inquiry  dls- 
eoflsed,  0277,  6290. 
Number  of  lives  lost  by,  report  on, 
6294. 

Propoftition  of  Spain  to  Investigate 

eanaee  of,  referred  to,  0290. 

Maritime    jnriadietion    of    Spain    in 

waters  snrronnding,   3380. 
Military  eommiBsion  to  eoperintend 

SpanlBh  evai^nation  of,  6322. 
Military    oeeupation    of,    by   United 

States,  instmctions  rerarding,  657S. 
Piracies  in,  repressed,  782. 
Poller  of   United  States  regarding, 

referred  to,  2693. 
Forts  of  entry  eonstituted  in,  6580. 
PossesGion  of,  agreement  to  disclaim 

intention    to    obtain,    declined    by 

United  States,  2701. 
Postal     commnnieatjon     of     United 

States  with  Santiago,  order  regard- 
ing, 6577. 
Privateering  In  porta  of,  referred  to, 

2345. 
Proelaroation   of  Captain-General   of, 

anthorizing  search  of  vessels,  re- 
ferred to,  3988. 
Beeiproeity  with  United  States,  06S2, 

6690,  6717,  6741. 
Belations  with,  4758,  6658,  6663,  6682, 

6B90,  6717,  6741. 
Revolntionary  movements  in,  2SS5. 
Bight   of  search,  qnestions  with,  re- 
garding, 3986. 
Sanitary  problems  connected  with,  re- 
ferred to,  6341. 
Shipping    agreement     with    United 

States,  6690.  i 

Slavery    in,    diseoaaed,    4100,    4143, 
4194,  4196. 

Belease  of  persons  held  in,  4194. 

Tariff  laws  of,  evidence  of  modillca- 

tions  of,  proclaimed,  55S3. 

Beferred  to,  G615,  6747. 
Treaty  between  Spain,  France,  and 

Great  Britain  respecting,  referred 

to,  2876. 
Tripartite  convention  on  snbjeet  of, 

discussed,  2701,  2719. 
Tesaela  of  Spain  from,  discriminat- 
ing dnties  on,  suspended  by  proc- 
lamation, 4810,  5075,  S155. 

Discussed,  G08B. 

Bevoked,  5074. 


Cuba 

Vessels  of  United  States — 

Discriminating  duties  and  flnea  on, 
in,  1242,  4828,  4714,  4763,  4786, 
4788,  5961,  6069,  6378. 
Abolished,  4810,  G15S. 
Betaliatoiy    measure    discussed, 
4763. 
Fired  upon  by  Spanish  vessel,  6068. 
Not  allowed  to  enter  ports  of,  2770. 
Seized   by   Spanish   authorities  in, 
2757,  2778,  2859,  4023. 
Warned       against       insurrectionary 
habit,  7437. 
Onlia,  Treaties   with. — Br  s   commercial 
conveutloQ  concluded   nlth  Cubs   Dec  11, 
1902,  all  Cuban  merchandise  Imported  Into 
ttie  Cnlted  States  shall  be  admitted  at  a 
rednellon   ot    20    per    cent    In    the    rata    ot 
dnt;  on  raid  articles  and  reclprocallr  all 
produce   of   the   soil    or    Induslcr    of  the 
L'nlled   States  sball   be  admllted  Into  tbe 
Bepubllc  ot  Cuba  at  a  reduction  of  20  DCr 
cent   of   tbe   rate   of   duty   prescribed   far 
mcb    products    by    the    Bcpunllc    of    Cuba, 
rurlber  provided  that  certain  Brtlcles 


Macbluery  and  a,, „   --■-,— 

or  Ita  alloja  or  machines  and  apparataa 
In  nblcb  copper  or  Ita  alloys  enter  as  tbe 
component  ot  chief  Talne :  cast  Iron, 
wrought  troo  and  steel,  and  manntacturea 
thereof;  of  crjstal  and  glass,  eiccpl  win- 
dow glass :  abipa  and  water  borne  veaaels 
ot  all  kinds,  ol  Iron  or  steel :  wblaktes  and 
brandies,  flsb,  salted,  pickled,  smoked  or 
marinated :  flsb  or  BheilQsh.  preserrcd  in 
oil  or  otberwiBe  In  tina ;  certafn  articles  of 
potlerj  or  earthenware. 

To  be  Bdtultted  at  a  redoctlon  of  SO  per 
cent :  Bnlter  ;  floor  of  wheat :  com  ;  Hoar 
of  coru  or  com  meal;  chemical  and  phar- 
maceutical products  and  elmplc  drugs  ;  malt 
liquors  In  bottles;  non-alcoholic  beTeragea; 
cider:  mineral  waters,  colors  and  dyes; 
window  glass ;  complete  or  partly  made  ap 
articles  of  bemp.  flax,  pita,  Jute,  heneqnen, 
ramie,  and  other  apeclfled  Tegetahle  flbers ; 
muBlcoI  Inslrnmeals:  writing  and  printing 
paper,  eicept  for  newspapers ;  cotton  and 
moauraciures  thereof.  eicept  knitted 
gooda;  all  articles  of  cutlery  ;  ^oota,  shoes 
and  slippers;  gold  and  silver  plated  ware; 


printed'    troi 


charts),   pasteboard  and  manuf 

thereof,  common  or  ordinary  sosps.   vege- 
tables,   pickled    or   preserved    In    »uy    mao- 


and  nearly  alt  wines. 


0  of  40  per 


_..  iided  In 

the  preceding  acbedtiles  ;  cheese  ;  fruits,  pre- 
■erred ;  paper  pulp :  perfumery  and  es- 
sences; certain  arttelesof pottery anrteartb- 
enwarc :  porcelain :  soaps,  other  than  com- 
mnn  ■  nrQbrellas  and  parasols  ;  dextrine  and 
..— . ,  ._.   — -infacturea 


all  not  enjoy  the  beneSt 

..  JUT  concesBlon  or  rebate  or  duty  when 
Imported  Into  the  Republic  of  Cuba. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


.   -^Ing  anil  y aval  Btalioiu. — Bt  t 

ment  enfered  Into  Id  1008  the  Uolte 

leases  from  tbe  lilaod  at  Cutn  tor  $3,000 
per  auDum  land  and  water  tor  coaling  and 
naval  statlona  at  Qaantaaamo  and  Babia 

PoUUeal  Belatfoitg,^Ja  fnlflllment  of  the 
declaration  contained  la  the  lolat  resolu- 
tloD  Dt  April  20.  ISeS,  "for  the  recoKnltlon 
of  the  Independence  of  the  people  oi  Cuba, 
demanding  tbat  tbe  Qoiemment  at  Spiln 
rallnqulBh  Its  anthorlty  and  so  Tern  meat 
Id  tbe  laland  of  Cuba,  and  to  withdraw  Its 
land  and  aaval  loroea  from  Cuba  and 
Cuban  watery  and  dlreetlng  the  President 


•su: 


eluded  tiif  22,  1003,  a 


Teutlon  between  tbe  United  States  and  the 
sereral  republics  ol  South  and  Central 
America   for   the   arbitration   of   pecunlarf 


.  which  waa 


B  Id 


ot""the  UaltS  BtateV  .. 

naval  foiceB  of  the  United  Btstes 
these  resolutions  Into  effect."  the 
Is  berebj  BUtborlied  to  "leave  the  gOTem- 
ment  and  control  of  the  Island  of  Cuba  to 
Its  people"  so  soon  as  a  goremnient  sball 
have  been  cBtabllshed  In  said  Island  nnder 
■  constitution  which,  either  as  a  part 
thereofor  in  snordlnanceappended  thereto, 
shall  define  the  future  relations  of  the  Cnlt- 
ed  States  wltb  Cuba,  tbe  several  conditions 
were  enacted  Into  a  permanent  treat;  aub- 
■Unllall7  BS   follows; 

That  the  goiernment  of  Cuba  shall  never 
enter  Into  any  treaty  or  other  compact  wKb 
■ht  foreign  power  or  powera  which  will 
Impair  or  tend  to  Impair  (he  Indepen- 
dence Of  Cube,  nor  In  any  manner  author- 
lie  or  permit  any  foreleo  power  or  powers 
to  obtain  by  colonliatlon  or  tor  mlUtary 
or  naval  purposes  or  otherwise,  lodgment 
In  or  control  over  any  portion  of  said  laland. 

Thst  SB  Id  government  shall  not  assume 
or  contract  anj-  public  debt,  to  pay  tbe 
Interest  npoii  which,  and  lo  make  reaaon- 
•ble  sinking  fund  provision  for  the  nltl- 
mate  discharge  of  which,  the  ordinary  reve- 
naea  of  the  Islsnd.  after  defray [njc  the 
cnrrent   expenses   oi   government   shall   be 

That  the  government  of  Cuba  consents 
that  Che  United  Btatea  may  eiecclae  tbe 
ilgbt  to  Intervene  for  the  preservation  of 
Cuban  Independenca,  the  malnlenance  of  a 
nivemment  adequate  for  tbe  protection  of 
life,  property,  and  Indlvldnal  liberty,  and 
tor  discbarglag  tbe  obllgatlona  with  re- 
apect  to  Cuba  Imposed  by  the  treaty  of 
Paris  on  the  United  States,  now  to  be  as- 
aumed  and  undertaken  by  the  government 

That  all  Acta  of  the   United   States  ' 


V  and  aa  far  as  necessary  extend,  tbe 
plans  already  devised  or  other  plans  to  be 
mntually  agreed  upon,  for  the  sanitation 
of  the  cities  of  the  Island,  to  the  end  that 
a  recurrence  of  epidemic  and  lofectlons  dis- 
eases may  be  prevented.  Ihercby  asiurlnR 
Srolectlon  to  the  people  and  commerce  of 
nba.  as  welt  bb  to  the  commerce  of  the 
lonthem  ports  of  the  United  Statea  and 
the  people  realdinz  therein. 

That  the  Isle  o?  Pines  shall  be  omitted 
from  the  proposed  constitutional  bonndarles 
of  Cnba,  the  title  thereto  being  left  to  fn- 

Thst  to  enable  tbe  United  States  to  main- 
tain tbe  Independence  of  Cuba,  and  to  pro- 
tect the  people  thereof,  aa  well  as  for  Ita 
own  defeoBc,  the  government  of  Cubs  will 
■ell  or  lease  to  the  United  States  lands 
necessary  for  coallog  or  naval  stations  at 
certain  apeclfled  points  to  be  ajrreed  upon 
wltb  tbe  President  of  the  United  States, 

Tbat  by  way  of  further  assurance  the 
COvernmeDt  of  Cutta  will  embody  the  for» 


Trestles  with.) 

Onliui  OlaliDB  dieeassed,  3040,  30B1, 
3172.  (See     eieo     Spain,    claima 

sgainit.) 

Onban  Insmrectloii.    (See  Cuba,  insnr- 

Onlebra  Tuiawrt,  reserration  of  landa  on, 

6703. 
Onmbedand,  The,  engagement  with  the 

Uerrimao  referred  to,  3345. 
Onmberland  Boad. — A  national  highway 
aatborlsed  by  Congress  and  coDBtmcted  at 
tbe  expense  ot  the  Oeneral  OovernmeDt, 
Approorlatlona  for  tbe  purimse  of  building 
and  maintaining  this  rosd  were  opposed  by 
various  presidents  and  members  of  Con- 
gress on  the  ground  that  Federal  sld  to 
focal  Internal  Tmprovementa  waa  unconsti- 
tutional. Uarch  SS.  ISOO,  the  president 
was  authorized  to  appoint  tbree  commls- 
aiODcrs  to  lay  out  a  road  from  Cumberland. 
on  the  Potomac,  to  the  Ohio  River,  and 
(30,000  waa  appropriated  for  tbat  purpose 
(406),  The  road  was  extended  from  time 
to  time,  reaching  Illinois  In  ISSS.  when  It 
was  superaedfd  by  rallwaya.  The  total 
amoont  appropriated  was  (6.821.246. 
President  Monroe  vetoed  a  bill  for  the 
repair  of  tbe  road  May  4.  lfla2  (Till.  This 
highway  was  also  called  the  National  road. 
(Sea  alao  Interniil  Improvements.) 
Onmbetland  Boad: 

Act  for  repair  of,  vetoed,  711. 
Amendment    providing    for    ioteraal 

repairs  recommended,  TSS. 
Appropriations  for,  referred  to,  785, 

955. 
Commissioners  for-~ 
Appointed,  406. 
Duties  of,  683. 
Eeport  of,  428,  445. 
Constitutional   amendment  providing 
for   internal   improvements   recom- 
mended.      (See   Internal    Improvo- 
■s.) 


Referred  to,  786,  1406. 
Route  of,  approved,  428. 
Superintendent  of,  816. 
Report  of,  1491. 

Snrvey  of,  referred  lo,  1036. 
Onrrency  Laws.— strictly  apeaklng,  sny 
medium  of  exchange  tbat  Is  cnrrent,  or 
everywhere  received  as  money,  la  ctirrency, 
whether  It  be  coin  or  paper.  The  term  bas. 
however,  come  to  be  applied  In  tbe  United 
States    exclUBltely    to    paper    money.     Tbe 

Eappr  money  of  tbla  country  la  of  fonp 
Inds :  flrst,  legal  tender  notes :  second, 
national  bank  cotes  :  third,  gold  certlOcatea ; 
fourth,  sliver  certlQcates. 


jyGooi^lc 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Cunency 


Ourancy  Lam— CooHiMuil 

Legal  Tender  Hotet, — The  Icgsl  tender 
DOtes  or  the  United  States  are  bills  Issned 
merelj  on  Ibe  credit  of  Che  BovernmeDt  and 
orlKlnally  conetltuted  a  sort  ot  a  forced 
loan  bused  oa  the  promise  of  lbs  SDvem- 
meot  to  pa;  the  face  talue  upon  demand. 
but  tbe  leeal  tender  qaallt;  Blven  tbem  bj 


are  being  redeemed  as  rapidly  as  prac- 
ticable. Tbe  Issue  of  nstlonal  bank  notes 
Is  practically  dependent  upon  the  mHrfcet 
price  of  United  Stales  t>onds.  When  the 
premium  Is  high  It  Is  not  profltable  to  Issae 


Gold  CtrtUMo     saTcr  Ctrtifiaha 


TnaamyKotaof 


Unfinutal  fw  gold  Annunt  of  biIt^ 
unkn  KDid  doUui  Qoiae'' 
■re  blk  be-     Wli.iTtjaa. 


11,000,  (900,  1100, 

*n,t%uo,». 

a  all  dcbu.  pobEo 
iiidpclvits,a>«Pt 
cubana  ud  iato- 


11,000,  tsoo,  tioo, 
*M  Via,  tio,  u, 

(2,  II. 


Foi  an  pabGo  duo. 


n*  niliiirfiarj  ud 


ne^soiai 


Convress  made  psyment  In  almllar  notes 
posdble  and  legal.  ( See  Flat  Honey. ) 
The  acts  ot  18T5  acd  18a2.  howeTer,  direct 
the  Treaaurer  of  the  United  States  to  hold 


This       ...       . 

by    Jannary    1,   187B.    __    _     . 

has  since  legally  remained.     There  are  now 
actually    outstanding    ta 37 .923, 7 06.     TheM 


1878   ( 


I    (or   ti 


thousand    dollf 
specie  paymei 


dollar,    traction 


and  tbe  Issue  v 


_  _._    .,    __    ..  .,    Issued. 

The  legal  tender  notes  were  Issued  by  the 

—  Ternment  during  the ■ "' 

Islng  revenue.  aniT  ■■-- 
.-^rded  merely  as  _  .  . . 
Supreme  Conrt  has  declared  their  Issae  con- 
atltutloeal  and  legal,  tboogh  Iraued  In  time 

Koaranteed  by   the  goTei ,   —  — 

depodtlDS  United  States  bonds  ss  secnri 
(a«e  Banlia.  National.)  There  la  now  o 
ttandlng  <Tie,2ei,B21  of  this  sort  of  c 

Coin    OerH/tcatei. — Gold    and    sHver    r 

tlllcates    are    Issued    by    the    go< 
■gainst    deposits   of    gold    snd    sll' 


iDd.     Tbe  t 


rep  re  Bent  thi 


holds 


uat   fund.     The   c 

iln  Bud  are  used  In  prefer- 
, ly  because  of  greater  con- 
In    handling.     "" — — 


In    gold    certlflca 


alive 


certlflcstCB. 


1,  alive 


__    __  9  and  Treasury 

DOfes.  United  Stales  notes  are  by  regnla- 
HoD  receivable  for  customs  «o  long  as  tber 
continue  redeemable  In  coin.  There  are 
•till  In  use  small  smoDDts  of  |1  snd  12  na- 
Itooal    bank    notes;    alao    IBOO    and    Jl,'"" 


Ooli*. — The  amount  of 

latloQ  In   ISIS -"" 

Oliver,  1226,782 

From  the   above  Qgures  It 


(60^79,098;    and   ot 


fori 


(or 


ganliatlons  t 
credit. 

Ftnaneial  Panlos. — When  payments  fall 
due  snd  loans  are  called,  demands  are  made 
on  the  pclndpaJ  money  centres  for  currency 
with  wlilch  Jo  cancel  obligations,  Interest 
ratea  are  advanced  by  those  holding  cur- 
rency and  a  panic  ensues  among  those  com- 
pelled to  borrow  money  at  hliih  rates  of 
Interest  (If  abls  to  borrow  at  all)  or  lose 
secnrltles  pledged  (or  loana.  Beeuritles  are 
offered  tor  asle  at  far  below  their  value 
to  secure  needed  currency,  and  bualneaa 
halts  for  want  of  aufilelent  circulating 
medlnm.  Theae  panic*  have  been  of  fre- 
quent occurrence  1n  the  United  States,  and 
have  usually  been  terminated  by  the  removal 
ot  tbe  most  apparent  underlying  cause,  but 
not  until  many  hoDest  business  persons  have 
been  Dnanclally  ruined.     (Bee  Panics.) 

Oovemmettt  BtUtf. — Congreas  should  de- 

"* ■>  (or  preventing  panics  has 

— pinion  of  ban;  able  states- 

nd   bankers.     President   Monroe   dls- 
nlc  0(^1816-1819  Jearnedty  In 

s'tha 


long  been  the  oplnl 


dent   Tyler's  dlscu 

the  circulating  mcaium  m  ine  natioDai 
treasury  are  set  forth  In  his  second  annual 
address,  pages  2027  to  2060.  In  18C7  tbe 
widespread  poverty  of  the  circulating  med- 
ium wBH  rehearsed  by  President  Bucbanan, 
and  Its  causes  were  plaloly  laid  before  Con- 
gress with  Buggestlons  (or  relief.  (Pages 
2967  to  29T2.)  These  were  confined  mainly 
to  sppesls  to  the  patriotism  and  bonesty 
of  tae  business  world,  particularly  the 
bankers.  In  his  second  annual  message  bs 
renews  the  appeals  snd  cecommenda  an 
effective  federal  bankruptcy  act.  (Pages 
S051,  SOBS.)     President  iSrant  take*  up  Qie 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


CuirencT 


Messages  and  Papers  of  Ike  Presidents 


Oaxnaxj  lours -OonHnucd. 

Su«atlDD  of  tba  panic  of  1BT3  In  the  yerj 
rst  pBtasrapb  ol  his  flttti  annual  mea- 
■Bse  and  discuues  Its  rplallans  to  tbe  eur- 
renoj  aupplr  on  pages  4198.  41U9  and  4200. 
By  tbe  time  the  next  Hnlon  of  CoogreBS 
met  Grant  waa  able  to  □  resent  aperLflc 
remedial  ieglalatlon  whLcb  be  doea  at  tbe 
outset  of  bla  alitb  annual  addreas,  (PageB 
423S.  4S39.  4240  and  4241.)  Prealdent 
ElayeB  announced  his  belief  tbat  tbe  na- 
tional currenoy  aboutd  rest  solel;  upon  a 
eolD  beslB.     <re»re  43UT.) 

The  buBlneaa  depreBBlon  of  189:1.  follow- 
ing tbe  surer  FurcbaBe  Act,  caused  Preal- 


dent 


land  t 


repeal    tbe   act   and  t 


ealabllRhed  valnea.  (PaKcs  S833  to 
Frealdent  Roosevelt  or  11a  attention 
flated   credlta   and   high    i    ■         '   ■ 


In- 


branch  bank*  within  tbe  federal  reserre  dla- 
trlrt  In  whlcb  It  I*  located.  Boch  branches 
Bball  be  operated  by  a  board  of  aevea  dlrec- 


L'poD  depoalt  wltb  tbe  Tr«asarer  of  tbe 
United  Statea  of  any  bonda  of  the  Cnlted 
Btstes  In  the  manner  provided  by  eilstlag 
law  relating  to  national  banks,  each  bank 
shall  receive  froai  tbe  Controller  of  tbe 
Currency   circulaling   nolea.    roistered  and 


deposited,   such   nc.__    ..    __   

the  same  condltiona  and  proTtaloos  of   taw 
whicb    relate    to   the    Issne   of   circulating 

tbe   United    Btatea   bearing   the 


In  bla  Blith  annual  message,  pages  7429, 
7430. 

President  Taft  recommended  to  Congress 
aod  the  country  a  careful  study  of  the  cur- 
rency question  and  the  rejMrt  of  tbe  Mone- 
tary CommiBSlon  (page  TS93),  and  the  »vb- 
iect  of  a  National  ReserTe  ABSOClatiOD 
ormed  by  banks  and  rep  resent  at  I  tea  of 
tbe   government   In   Part    II    of  his  annual 

□try  more 

_,        __   ___    ___   .__je  bj  tbe 

Treaenry  of  emergency  money  to  tbe  na- 
tional banks  to  the  extent  of  tM)  per  cent. 
of  their  capital,  secured  by  state,  county, 
municipal  or  other  approved  bonds  or  ae- 
curltlea.    whenever    tbe    neceasltles    of    tbe 

Tbla  to  be  retired  by  a  tax  whenever  Its 
apparent  need  bad  passed.  (Bee  Aidrlch- 
Vreeland  Currency  tav  ' 


ui^ent  appeal  to  Congress  to  ensct  ade- 
ijuate  currency  laws  Ipage  82391,  and  tbe 
resull:  wSB  the  GIsas-Owen  Federal  Rceerve 
BanklnK  Law,  wblch  la  here  briefly  aum- 
marlzed.  At  tbe  breaking  out  of  tbe  Euro- 
pean war  Id  1S14,  the  organisation  ot  the 

curlt^B  I 

^.__     liquidation    of    thel_     

holdings  neceaaitated  Its  poatponement  and 
tbe  continued  use  of  the  emergency  currency 
nnder  the  Aldrlrb  Vreeland  law  In  1914. 
The  chief  provlsloDB  of   tbe  Glaaa-Owen 


law  s 


to!  low  I 


The  Becretsry  of  the  Treasury,  the  Sec- 
retary of  Agriculture  and  the  Controller 
of  the  Currency.  actloK  as  the  Reserve 
Bank  OrganlzatlOD  Committee.  Bball  desig- 
nate   not    lees    than   eight    nor    more    than 


than     J25.000 


sacb  federal  reserve  bank. 

Tbe  capital  stock  ot  each  federal  reserve 
bank  shall  he  divided  Into  sbarea  of  $100 

If  any  member  bank  sball  be  declared  In- 
solvent and  a  receiver  appointed  therefor, 
the  stock  held  by  It  In  said  federal  reserve 
bank  shall  be  cancelled,  without  Impaii^ 
ment  of  Ita  liability,  and  all  cash  paid  sub- 
acrlptlone  on  aald  stock,  with  one-half  of 
one  per  cent,  per  month  from  tbe  period 
or  laat  dividend,  not  to  exceed  the  book 
value  thereof,  shall  be  flrst  applied  to  all 
debts  of  tbe  Insolvent  member  bank  to  the 
bank,  and  the  tialance.  If 
..  __  paid  to  the  receiver  of  the 
bank. 

After  all  necessary  eipenses  of  a  federal 
reserve  bank  have  been  paid  or  provided 
for.  Che  Btockbolders  sball  l>e  entitled  to 
receive  an  annual  dividend  of  ail  per  cent, 
on  tbe  paid  !□  capital  stock,  wblch  dividend 


any,    shel 


— When  tlie  Demo- 


tbe  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  and  the  Con- 
troller of  tbe  Currency,  who  ahall  be  mem- 
bera  ei-offlclo.  and  five  members  appointed 
by  the  Presldect.  who  shell  devote  their 
entire  time  to  the  work  of  the  Board,  and 
abell  receive  a  salary  of  $12,000  per  year. 
The  Pederal  Reserve  Board  la  authorited 
to  examine  tbe  accounts,  books  and  afTair* 
of  each  federal  reserve  bank  and  to  require 
Burb  Btatements  and  reports  as  It  may  deem 

There  Is  created  a  Federal  Advisory  Cona- 
ell.  which  ahall  consist  of  as  many  members 
aa  there  are  federal  reserve  diBtrlcts. 

The  Federal  Advisory  Council  shall  have 

S)n-er  to  confer  directly  with  the  Federal 
eserve  Board  on  (tenera!  business  condi- 
tions and  the  general  affalra  of  the  reserve 
banking  syetem. 

Any    federal    reserve    bank    may    receive 


'   of   I 


member  t 


In 


.  .  and  drafts 
upon  solvent  member  banks,  payable  upon' 
*-" —   "-.  solely  for  — *■ 


in  such    dlatrlcta   ahsll   be   required,   within 

thirty  dsya  after  notlc-  ' "—  " '-- 

lion  Committee,  to  aul 

stock  of  Buch  federal  r 

equal  to  ali  per  cent,  of  the  paid  up  capital 


■  federal    i 


ink    shall    hsve 


ert ideates,  a 


_-    ,    — loans    thereon, 

exchange    federal       "   "~     -  -       ■ 
gold  coin,   or  gol 
Tract    for    loana 

to  buy  and  sell,  ...     .     _ _.  __   .. 

ard  Qotea  of  tbe  United  States,  and  b'llB, 
notea.  revenne  bonds  and  wsrrants  wltb  a 
maturity  from  date  ot  purchase  of  not  ei- 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


CnBtont-HoDses 


Oainiu7  Law  ■Cn«>Mim»J. 
ceedlnK  als  moDthii,  Iraaed  In  antlclpatloD 
of  the  colleetloa  of  taica  or  1q  anticipa- 
tion of  the  receipt  of  aaaured  revenuea  br 
an;  atate.  eoautr,  district,  political  aub- 
dlTlglon,  or  municipal  It;  Iq  the  coDtlnentsl 
United  StatcH,  IneludlDg  IrrlKatlon,  dralnafe 
and  reclamatloD  dlitilcta  i  to  purchase  from 
member  banks  and  to  sell  bllfs  of  eichaDoe 
arlalDK  out  o(  commercial  tratiaactloiis,  to 
otabllih  from  time  to  time  ratea  of  dis- 
count to  be  chiraed  b;  the  federal  reaerre 
bank  for  each  class  of  paper,  which  ahall 
be  Died  with  a  view  ot  accommodating 
commerce  and  bualness :  to  open  and  main- 
tain banking  accounts  In  foreign  countries, 
appoint  correapondenta  and  esnblish  agen- 
dee  In  such  eoDntrlea, 

The  mooers  held  In  the  general  fnnd  of 
the  tretsnry,  except  the  dre  per  centum 
tand  for  the  redemption  ot  ontstandlng  na- 
tional bank  note*  and  the  funda  proTided 
In  thla  act  for  the  redemption  of  federal 
reserre  notes,  mar,  npon  the  direction  of 
the  Secretar]'  of  tne  'Aeasury,  be  deposited 
In  federal   reserve  banks. 

No  public  fonda  of  tbe  Philippine  Islanda 

or  of  the  poatal  aavlngs  or  any  g • 

funds  shall  be  deposited  In  tbe  i 
United   States  in  an;  bank   not   •^•—±s 
to  tbe  sratem  established  bj  this  act. 

Federal  reterre  notea.  to  be  Issued  a* 


^.. a  of  the  Federal  Reserve  Board  for 

tbe  purpose  of  making  adTances  to  federal 
reaerre  banks  through  the  federal  reserve 
'-     — ;   bereb;   aathorlsed.     The   said 


pnbflc  d~uea.     The;  sbail  be  redeemablg  In 

An;  federal  reserve  bank  ma;  make  ap- 

Sltratton  to  tbe  local  federal  reserve  agent 
ir  such  amount  of  the  federal  reserve  notes 
as  It  ma;  require 
EJrery  federal 


,  J  bank  shall  main- 
tain reaerves  In  gold  or  lawful  mone;  of 
not  leaa  than  tblrt;-flTe  per  centam  against 
Its  deposits  and  reeervea  In  gold  of  not 
leaa  than  fort;  per  centum  agBlnat  Its  fed- 
era]  reserve  notes  In  actual  circulation. 
Whenever  federal  reaerve  notes  laaned 
through  one  federal  reserve  bank  shall 
received  b;   another  federal 


9  bank, 


throogb  ffhieb  the;  « 
No  federal  reaerve  t 


In  order  to  tnralab  suitable  notes  tor 
ctrcnlatlon  as  federal  reserve  notpa.  the 
Controller  of  the  Carrenc;  shall,  under  tbe 
direction  of  the  Secretar;  of  the  Treasar;. 
have  printed  such  notea  of  the  denomlna- 


on  depoalt  at  par  from  member  banks  or 
from    federal    reserve    banks,    checks   and 
drafts   drawn   npon   an;  ot  Ita  dennaltnrm 
and   when   remitted   b;   a   federal 
bank  cbecka  and  drafts  drawn  b; 
posltor  In  an;   other  federal 


Dcmber  bank  npoi 

::  :_  -::.r  to 

member  bank. 


this  act  shall  eompriM  i 

able  within  thlrt;  Siju.  a , 

shall   comprise   all    depiMltB  pa;able   after 


.  and  time  deposits 


certificates  of  d,, ^ ,- 

not   leas   than   thlrt;   da;s'   notice   before 
payment. 

An;    national    banking    association    not 


loan  shall  be  made  for  a  longer  time  than 
Ave  years,  nor  for  an  amount  exceeding 
aft;  per  cent,  ot  the  actual  valne  of  the 
propert;  offered  as  secnrlt;.  An;  sncb  bank 
ma;  maks  snch  loans  In  an  anregate  sum 
equal  to  twent;-flve  per  cent,  of  Us  capltt 
and   surplus   or   to   one-third   of   Its   tlm 


An;  iiatlonaf  banking  association  poas> 
~  -    — "-'  — -  --irplus  of  (l.OOtfOOO  u. 
aflon  with  the  federal 


e  ma;  flie  application  with  the  Fed 
erve  Board  for  the  purpose  of  seen 
lorlt;  to  establish  branches  In  tor 


■Ing 


,. -r— credit 

of  said  depoaltor  In  said  reserve  bank  or 
"ember  bank. 

After  two  jreara  from  the  pasaage  ot  this 
aft  and  at  an;  time  during  a  period  ol 
twent;  ;ear«  thereattar,  an;  memoer  bank 
desiring  to  Fetlr«  the  wbol*  or  an;  part  of 
its  drcnlatlng  notes  ma;  file  with  the 
Treasurer  of  the  United  BtatM  an  applica- 
tion to  aell  for  its  account,  at  par  and 
accrued  Interest,  United  States  bonds  aeeor- 
lngrirciJ^atJ<g_jtota  rWUrt. 


Interest 

nal  banking 

Ing  a  capital  and  surplus  ot  fl.OOOJKN) 

more  ma;  flIe "— ii —  — '"-  ••"-.  fa-j, 

Beaerve  B — ' 
authorit; 

States  for  the  furtherance  ot  the  foreign 
commerce  ot  tbe  Dnlted  Btatea.  and  to  act. 
If  required  to  do  ao,  aa  flseal  agents  of  tbe 
nmted  Statea 

OnmncT    (m«    also    Beierre   Banking 
S^rst^m,    Gold    CertificateB,    Silver 
GeTtiAcates) : 
Defects  in  law  pointed  out  and  re- 
medial leKislatfon  urged,  7049,  7050, 
7080,  7081,  7879. 
Discussed.    (Bee  Finances  disenMed.) 
Elastic    and    rsBponsiye    to    credit, 

needed,  7879. 
Of  the  Gmstitntion,  precious  metals, 

disetissed,    1466. 
Plan  of  legislation  for,   indorsed  hj 
President  Cleveland,  69S5. 
Disenssed,  5993,  6990,  6073,  6091, 
6175. 
Preciona  metals,  currency  of  the  Con- 

Btitntion,  1465. 
Bednction  In,  630. 
Beform  needed,  7879. 
Uniformity  of,  necesoi^  for,  S8,  60, 
649,  650,  663,   1896. 
Otutar  Hasaacre. — Ua].-a«n.    George  A. 
Coster  led  with  his  regiment  Oen.  Terr;'s 
colomn  In  an  expedition  against  the  Sioux 
Indians    In    1876.      Jnne    26,    coming    upon 
an  encampment   ot  Indians  on   tbe   Little 
Big    Born    River,    In    Montana,    he    divided 
hi*   re^meot    (tlie    Seventh    Cavalry)   into 
several   detachmenta,   one  of   which,   under 
Haj.   Reno,  was  ordered  to  attnck   In  the 
rear,  while  Custer  led  C  companlea  to  tbe 
front.     Reno  was  driven  back  and  the  In- 
dians fell  npon  Cuater  and  massacred  his 
T^      entire  command  of  about  276  men   (4S2T). 
de-       OnBtom-HoiiHa: 


In  New  York— 
Authority  for  Institating  investiga- 
tion demanded,  1952. 
Expenses  of,  referred  to,  8010. 
Inveatlgated,  19S2,  2007,  442S. 
Beport  of  eommissIonaTS  referred 

to,  2006,  2014,  4402. 
Beply  of  President,  1962. 
Officers  of.  elalmsof,  tirr  additional 
pay  yi^cnsiM^  vrtfis. 


jyGooi^lc 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 

OlMtont-Honw    CwMweJ.  OoBtoma  Bovmiiw,  OommlfBioiiei  of,  ei«- 

Putiskn  control  ovar,  order  regard-  ation  of  office  of,  reeonuuended,  39S5. 

ing,  4402.  Oiutaiiia  Serrice: 

OnsUnu     Admtatrtnrtlwi     Board     Alt-  Order  relating  to  and  providing  for 

eiuaed,  6S4D.  finea    for    dinhoneit    manifestR    in 

OnMomB    Appeals,     Oonrt    of.       (Bee  Canal  Zone,  7963. 

Comla.)  Treaaury  Department  ^Ten  anthoritj 

OtuUmia,  OoUoctor  of,  compensation  of,  over  officers  of  an  inforcement  of 

recommendations   Tegnrding,   4102.  nentralitj  laws,  79S4. 

Onstoma  OongroBS  of  Oe  AnMrleaa  Bo-  Orxne,  Tba,   sent   to  Oreytown,  Nica- 

pabllea,  referred  to,  6737.  ragna,  to  demand  reparation  for  in- 

OuBtoma  matrlcts,  consolidation  of,  rec-  juries  Bustained  \>j  United  States, 

ommended,  4767.  SSIQ. 

Executive  order  derignating,  7089.  Bombardment    b;-,     disensaed,    2S16. 

Ooatotna  DntlM.     (See  Import  Duties.)  (See  also  Oreytown,  Nicaragua.) 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Daiijing 


D&lT7lii|>  and  Cattle  Baltdng.— One  of 
tbe  most  itrtklng  lestares  In  the  hlstor; 
of  Oair;  farmlnK  In  ILe  United  States  U 
tbe  transfer  of  this  productlTo  Indaatrr,  In 
large  part,  from  the  farm  to  the  factor;. 
The    cowB    and    milk    continue    to   t>e    farm 

y  and  prodncts,  hut  a  constantly  in- 

.   ....„    ..    .^.    ..I .   conTertlng 


_- „    i   ot    t__ 

milk  Into  marketable  t< 
erlrs,    cbepse    laotoiiei 


, ..    .Jlabllnhmeots  come 

wltbln   the  realm   of  manufactures. 

This  change  has  taken  place  during  tbe 
last  half  cenlnry,  nhlcb  coTc^rs  the  period 
of  the  deTttopment  o(  asuoclated  and  co- 
operative dairying  In  America.  When  the 
milk  produced  on  two  or  more  farms,  or 
the  cream  from  such  milk.  Is  brought  to- 
Kether  at  one  place  to  be  eondeaaed,  or 
made  Into  butter  or  cbeeoe,  domestic  Indus- 
try ceaaeB,  tbe  place  beconieB  a  factory  and 
its  output  a  manufactured  prodnct. 

Tbe  United  States  census  of  1850  noted 
tbe  existence  of  odty  elebt  cheese  factories. 
The  number  Increased  very  little  until  after 


was  given  as  » 71,283,0 15.  There  were 
31,500  pcraonB  engaged  m  the  bUElness,  and 
S14,uT1,B:12  was  paid  out  In  salarlea  and 
wages.  Tbe  total  value  of  the  product  was 
»2T*,SBT,718.  In  this  Industry  tbe  coat  of 
materials  constllutes  a  *erj  large  propor- 
tlOD  of  the  total  value  of  produeta,  the 
processes  of  manufaclure  being  relatively 
■Imple  and  Ineipenslve.  The  cost  ot  the 
materials  used  In  leOS  was  $£35,540,004, 
forming  8S.8  per  cent  of  the  value  of  tbe 

£roductB,  while  the  value  addM  by  tnanu- 
icture  (that  Is,  the  value  of  products  less 
the  coat  of  materlala)  was  only  ( 39,01  l.fl.''.4. 

Crtamerict. — The    crean- —    — ■  — 
Introduced  Ir  "'        "^    '" 


^■setting")  on  tl 
there    and    tbe    i 


years    _.,_    _  .,_.    

cream  gathering  plan.  This  was  a  iHipuiai- 
form  of  creamery  management  In  some  west- 
ern Btatea  from  1870  to  ISaO.  l.'nder  this 
nlan  thu  mnk  mga  neparatcd  by  gravity  {or 
e  producing  farms,  skimmed 
cream    only    went    to    the 

--.-„  UBUDliy  collected  dally   by 

agents  or  gatherers  from  tbe  factory,  hence 
tbe  name  "cream  gathtrlng."  The  dairy 
centrifuge,  or  cream  separator,  made  Its 
appearance  Id  America  la  187S,  and  has 
revoloUonlied  dairy  and  creamery  manage- 
ment. The  popularity  of  this  machine  tor 
mecbaplcal  skimming  or  Beparatlng  cream 
from  milk  dates  from  about  1S8S,  and  since 
that  time  the  " separator  plan"  has  been 
adopted  by  practically  all  new  faetorlea, 
and  has  rapidly  renlnced  the  cream  gather- 
ing plan  In  established  creameries.  The 
separator,  operat»l  by  power,  baa  been 
placed  at  tbe  creamery  and  at  lis  branches 

butter  has  been  hanlcd  dally  to  theia  places 
to  be  there  creampd  or  separated.  This 
radical  change  of  management  accounts  for 
tbe  decrease  in  cream  as  a  mat^Tlal  re- 
ceived by  the  creameries,  aod  partly  for 
tbe  Increaxed  guautlty  of  milk  so  received. 
The  centrifugal  cream  ecnnrator  was  Intro- 
duced and  generslly  ado"ted  In  larne  alJies 
requiring  sleam  power,  aud  of  each  capacity 
that  one  maclilne,  operated  a  feiv  hours 
every  morning,  could  cream  the  milk  from 
•everal  hundred  cows.  One  powerful  sepa- 
rator Is  therefore  the  usnal  equipment  of  B 
creamery,  and  doea  the  work  for  a  whole 


nelghtiorbood.  It  bat  be«a  fonod,  bowever, 
that  the  labor  and  expense  ot  dally  hauling 
the  entire  milk  oroduct  of  patrons'  farms 
to    tbe    creamerr     often    several    miles    dia- 


and  economy  tn  creamery  management  has 
been  the  establlabmept  at  neighborhood 
"skimming  stations,"  equipped  only  with  a 


operate  ii,  as 
itral  plant  From  tbeie 
L    Is    transported    to    the 


eiteOBlOQ  of  the  creamery  system  b 
such  as  to  raise  the  product  ot  these  estab- 
llBhmentB  in  ten  years  from  19  per  cent  to 
S8  per  cent  of  the  total  bulter  product  of 
the  United  SUtea,  with  a  net  Increase  of 
131.7  per  cent,  tbe  quantity  of  butter  made 
on  farms  has.  nevertheless,  Increased  nearly 
Sftv  million  pounds.  As  a  rule  the  states 
producing  the  greatest  onantltlea  of  butter 
in    factories    are    also    those    In    which    the 

Sjan titles    made    on    farms    are    greatest, 
bio   ia  a   notable   exception.      It   produced 


r   other   state. 


n  farms,  whlcb 


ille    Its 


ric». — The  creamery  system  waa 
1  In  New  England  about  tbirty-flve 
)    upoD    what    was    kptiwn    as    the 


70,551,286  pounds  ol 

I. .1 — --ner   state,    wniie    its 

,   , —  comparatively  junall, 

being  only   8,117, S21    pounds. 

Other  new  elements  which  are  Indnenc- 
Ing  a  modlflcatlon  of  the  creamery  system 
are  tbe  Invention  of  the  Babcock  fat  test 
for  milk,  and  the  adoption  of  tbe  farm 
separator  In  aUes  for  either  hand  or  power. 
The  Babcock  tost  Is  a  ehemlco-mechanlcal 
contrivance,  not  dIfDcnIt  to  operate,  by 
which  tbe  percentage  of  butter  fat  hi  either 
milk  or  cream  may  be  measured  with 
mathematical  accuracy,  and  the  value  of 
the    1"-' ■-■ > "■- ~ 

-_. the  tiaeis"of  "thr'"ftt""lt   t 

Farm  and   creamery   methods  are  ao  macb 
BlmpUBed  by  these  Improvements  that  many 


This    new    form    i 
ipldly   eitendlng.    ai 

_   large  share  of  the  

received  at  the  factories  tor  t „. 

BuKer.— The   quantity   of  butter  packed 
solid  or  In  prlnta  and  rolls  varies  with  the 

■---  — jnlrements.      In  New  England  tbe 

cities    BDd    large    towns    easy    of 

,_.nlsh  markets  where  butter  can  b« 

sold  directly  to  retail  dealers  or  consumers. 
...  ..       ..    ^  ...      ti^^    cream- 


Tberefore,    Vermont    exceptet 

eries   of    this    section   pack    t _, 

butter  In  the  form  of  bricks,  prints,  or 
balls,  as  they  do  in  solid  tubs  or  flrklna. 
In  Rhode  Island  and  Connecticut,  with  re- 
tall  markets  at  their  doors,  the  factories 
eack  elRbt  times  as  much  of  their  product 
1  prints  SB  In  tuhs.  Philadelphia  and  the 
Penosylvanla  markets  la  general  have  long 
been  noted  for  eiwllent  print  butter.  Prom 
Iowa,  ^'Isconstn  Minnesota  and  South  Da- 
'— "  '•"" ust  be  sent  long  dlstancea  to 


ivblle  that  In  prints  and  small  packages 
iverages  22  cents.  By  careful  compu^- 
llon  ft  Is  found  that  22^  pounds  ot  milk 
Is  required  to  make  one  pound  ot  butter, 
rhis  statement  takpn  Id  connection  with 
tbe  average  price  ot  butter  forma  a  basis 
ipon  which  to  accurately  estimate  the  profit 
ir  Io>s  In  dairy  farming. 
Skim  milk  Is  looked  npon  as  a  by-pTOdnet 


jyGooi^lc 


Dairying 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Dftliylng  *"<*  Olttle  KkIsIUE — Con  tin  nod. 
of  the  creamerleft.  and  is  figured  as  wortb 
about  ten  or  elSTeu  cent!  per  hundred 
pounds.  It  IB  tunally  returned  to  the  tBnn- 
ers  at  this  price  and  (ed  Co  foung  Block. 
Some  ot  It  Is  used  for  mabloK  caaeln  which 
■ellB  for  three  to  live  ceacs  a  jmund. 

OhetM. — CheeBe  factories  are  run  on  about 
tbe  Bame  fceaeral  prlaclples  u  creameries. 
The  bulk  of  tbe  product,  althooifh  different 
In  form.  size,  color,  and  quantity.  Is  nearly 
all  made  upon  the  same  Beneral  plan,  closely 
resembling  the  Bncllsh  cheddar.  Hence  a 
uniform  type  wae  eslabllsbed,  wblch  be- 
came known  as  "Standard  American"  or 
"F^ill  Cream  Factory"  cbeese.  often  called 

SacceBBful  eDorts  have  been  made  In  the 
older  cheese-making  states  to  Imitate  noted 
foreign  brands.  Neafchatel,  Llmburger, 
BwlBB.  Camembert.  Brie  and  other  varieties 
are  made  as  part  of  the  regular  outpnt  and 
And  ready  sale  In  i "^ '•■•  •*■"  '- 


□  competltioD  with  the  Im-       Ponnds 


acd  UlU.— The  condensed  milk  In- 
M  slarted  Bboat  the  same  time  as 
ry  system  for  making  butter  and 
jome  melbod  bad  long  been  soaibt 
-rlag  milk,  but  none  was  successful 
Invendon  ot  Qall  Borden.  After 
"'  oiperlmentluB  he  decided  that  a 
ate  WIS  tbe  Dest  form  of  prea- 
Id  1856  settled  upon  the  proc- 
ess which  has  since  popularised  the  product 
in  every  quarter  ot  the  globe.  The  present 
eitennlve  Industry,  in  Europe  as  well  ns 
America,  with  its  many  dlBerent  establish- 
ments and  various  commercial  names  and 
brands.   Is  based   upon   Mr.    Borden's  meth- 


mf-Uquid  s 


iiiiiOduced    and    put    _, —    —    — 

1831.  It  was  then  mainly  In  open  vessels 
and  Intended  for  early  use.  Between  1880 
and  18T0  milk  In  both  forms  had  become 
well  known,  and  four  or  Ave  factories 
were  In  operation,  each  producing  about 
6.000  one-poaad  cans  per  day. 


Tbe  entire  dairy  and  cattle  ralaing  bnsl- 
ness  of  the  United  Sutel  for  the  last  cenaos 
year  may  b«  summed  np  aa  follows ; 
Cows   and   heifers   kept   for 

mllk   born   before   Jan,   1, 

1900    30,S2Q,432 

Cows  and  belters  not  kept  for 

milk    bom    before    Jan.    1, 

1BD9    12.023.682 

Heifers   bom   in   1010 7^9,680 

Bteera  and  bulls  born  befote 

Jan.    1,   1909    T,B&S,258 

Steers    and    bulls    bom    In 

1BD9    S,4S0,Z89 

Calves    bora    after    Jan.    1, 

1910    7.806.639 

Milk  produced  (pounds)...  0.888.727.303 
Cream  produced  (ponnda) . .  l,40e,113.»OS 
Value   of   milk,    cream    and 

skimmed  milk  %Vl&fillfiS» 

Pounds   of   bntter   produced. 

1800    •  1,619.418,263 

mnds   of   che««e   prodaced, 

1900    T  320.632,181 

*  In  addition,  S.3S1,212  pounds  of  batter 
produced  in  establishments  engaged  nrt- 
marlly  In  tbe  manufacture  ot  products  otJiec 
than    batter,    cheese    or    condensed    milk. 

t  In  addition,  4S,413  pounds  of  cbeeae 
produced  In  esCabllBbmenCs  engaged  pri- 
marily In  the  manufacture  ot  products  other 
than  butter,  cheese  or  condensed  milk. 

Computation  of  tbe  [>er  capita  consump- 
tion of  dairy  products  annually  In  this 
country  Is  a  simple  matter  so  far  as  batter 
and  cheese  are  concerned.  To  tbe  aggre- 
gates made  on  farms  and  In  factories,  tbe 
Imports  must  be  added  and  the  foreign  and 
domestic  eijiorts  deducted.  Dividing  this 
sum  by  the  population  Dgnres  gives  each 
Individual  about  20  pounds  aa  his  share 
of   butter   for  a   year   and   SU   pounds   ot 

Eavort  Trait. — Cheese,  batter,  and  butter 
tats  are  again  becoming  important  factors  In 
our  export  trade  after  a  long  period  of  com- 
parative Inactlvite.  Fifteen  or  twenty  years 
ago  the  United  states  was  selling  abroad 
between  20,000.000  and  30,000,000  pounds 
ot    butter,    from    DO.000,000    to    80,000.000 

EQunds  of  cheese,  and  from  6,000,000  to 
0,000,000  pounds  of  Imitation  batter  an- 
nually. In  later  years,  however.  eziMrts  of 
this  class  decreased  In  a  marked  degree  and 
In  the  fiscal  year  1814  had  fallen  far  beloir 
the  quau titles  named.  In  the  year  Just 
ended  there  was  a  distinct  revival  Id  all 
these  lines,  with  totals  closely  approilnut- 
Ing  the  bigh  levels  touched  In  the  decade 
from  18B0  to  1900. 

Tbe  large  gains  made  by  domestic  dalt? 

[iroducts  and  butter  substitutes  are  well 
llaatnited  by  llgures  pabllsbed  by  tbe  Bu- 
reau of  Foreign  and  Domestic  Commerce, 
Department  or  Commerce,  in  the  June 
"Summary  of  Foreign  Commerce."  Butter. 
usually  averaging  about  3,600.000  pounds 
annually  In  oar  export  trade.  In  1816  went 
to  nparly  10,000,000  pounds.  During  tbla 
period  imports  of  batter  were  rednced  by 
more  than  one-half,  falling  from  a  little 
less  than  8.000,000  pounds  In  1814  to  leas 
than  4.000.000  ponnds  last  year. 

American  cheese,  ronnlng  at  about  2.60a- 
000  pounda  a  year,  went  to  G4.00D.OOO 
pounds  In  tbe  fiscal  year  191S,  Here  also, 
aa  In  the  case  of  butter,  the  trade  balance 
was  transferred  to  tbe  export  side,  for  the 

Dear's  Imports  of  cheese  last  year  only  to- 
Bled  BO.000,000  pounds,  a  decrease  of  IS,- 
7SO.0O0  pounds  from  tbe  total  for  1914. 

Exports  of  condensed  mllk.  usnatlv  fi- 
ported  In  sums  valued  at  between  $1,000,000 
and  12.000.000  annually,  In  ISlC  rose  to 
(3,000,000  In  value,  the  quantity  (8T,00a00a 
pounds)  beinc  double  that  of  1B14. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Etieyelopedic  Index 


Dartmoutii 


ZMdxyms  and  Ctattls  Balslng— 0<m«iw«i1. 

ImlUtloo  bDtter  codUUdb,  in  ftddltlan  to 
i>Ieomarsarln«  oil,  aoina  batter  fat.  Th« 
ezporta  of  thli  article  alw  doubled,  rising 
from  2,600,000  pounds  In  1B14  to  e,3S0,00O 
poniidB  liat  rear. 

England  haa  becoms  oar  largeit  foreign 
market  for  batler,  cfaeeae,  and  condensed 
milk,  ha*fDK  taken  8.338,000  poands  oC 
batter,  oat  of  a  total  export  of  10,000,000 
pounds',  48,000.000  6o°ii^  o'  cheeae,  out 
of  a  total  export  of  04.000,000  pounda ;  and 
4/Mm,000  pounds  of  condensed  milk,  out  of 
a  total  export  of  87,000.000  pounda.  Can- 
ada, Cuba,  Panama,  Aoatralb,  and  Tene- 
■aeia  alao  take  conaiderable  onantltleB  of 
American  botter;  Panama  and  tbe  Weat 
Indies  are  Important  markets  for  our  cheese ; 
wblle  Cuba,  Belgium,  tbe  Netherlands, 
China,  Japan,  "— '-^'^"'-  t>»-.-.i-  ^-.u — «. 
Pananta,  and  E 


a  state  and  citr  boards  of  health  for  pare 
uiilk  and  baiter,  and  b?  the  members  of 
manr  organliatlons  of  farmers  and  dalrr- 
men  who  are  Interested  In  the  proQtable 
prodactlOD  of  batter,  milk  and  cheese. 

Public  BaMUti.— The  sixth  aooual  ex- 
blbltlan_>^  th«  National  Dalr;?  Show,  held 

laduHlrT. 

— I    leading 

dairy  breeds  of  cattle  were  shown  ;  and  the 
eshlDlta  of  dairy  maehlnerf  and  appllanees 
excelled  those  <u  previous  rears.  National, 
■tatrf    and    citr    governmeata    made    manjt 


excellent  exhibits  In  connection  with  the 
Innectlon  of  tallk  and  milk  products.  A 
fleatare  of  thia  meeting  waa  the  attendance 
of  President  Taft,  who.  in  a  brief  address, 
commended  the  scope  of  tbe  enterprise  and 
emphaslied  tbe  Importance  of  the  dalrj 
iDdaStrr-  In  1900  dalr;  cows  conetltuted 
•tMrat  one-fonrth  of  the  total  number  of 
cattle  In  the  United  States,  but  tbe  number 
IncreaMd  nntil  with  the  ceoaas  report  of 
1910  cows  made  op  one-third  of  the  total 
nnmber  of  cattle.  Tbe  eaases  of  tbis  change 
were  the  Increase  In  the  consumption  of 
milk,  the  cotting  up  of  large  ronRca,  and 
the  Increased  cost  of  feed.  whli£  added 
materially  to  the  cost  of  raising  beet,  so 
that  the  balance  of  prodt  was  swans  In 
favor  of  the  milch  cow.      (See  also  Ar  ' 


Dakota,  erecting  North  aii<I  Soatb  Da- 
kota into  a  aeparate  Internal  Beve- 
nne  district,  6608.  (S«e  alao  North 
Dakota  and  South  Dakota.) 

Dakota  Oential  Railway  Oo.,  agrsement 
for  right  of  wa;  to,  through  Sioax 
Beaervstion,  Dak.,  trauBmitted,  4T7S. 

Dataita  Indians.    (See  Indian  Tribes.) 

Dakota  Tairftoir  (see  also  North  Da- 
kota; Bonth  Dakota): 


Creation  and  organizstion  of,  referred 
to,  3£54:. 
Dakotah  Indiana.    (See  Indian  Tribes.) 
Sallaa,  Tex.,  bill  to  aathorize  construc- 
tion of  addition  to  pnblio  building  in, 
vetoed,  5519. 
Damu  of  the  Berolntlon.— The  Society 
of  Dames  of  the  Kerolutlon  was  organised 
in  1896,     The  regulation  aa  to  membership 
Is  that  the   soclet;    shall   be   composed   en- 
tirely of  wom^n  above  the  age  of  eighteen 
years,   of   good   moral   character,    who   are 
descended    In    their    own    right    from    an 
anceator  who,   either  as  a  military,  naval 
—  marine  omcer  or  offlelal  In  tbe   " 


if  the  thirteen  orlj 


iKlnal  c 


These  exports,  while  Important,  represent 
a  Ter7  small  proportion  of  tbe  annoiQ  prod- 
ucts of  tbe  60,000,000  cattle  on  American 
fanne,  valued  at  more  than  f 2.383,000,000. 
Aa  long  ago  as  1B09.  the  latest  period  cov- 
ered by  toe  tiational  census,  we  produced 
I.eie,6(N>,000  pouDds  of  butter,  321,00a000 
ponnda  of  cheese,  and  S.814. 000,000  gallons 
of  milk,  while  tbe  quantity  of  oleoma^»rIne 
OD  which  internal  revenue  tax  waa  paid  In 
1914  assregated  142,000,000  pounds. 

OOclal  T^orts  give  the  nnmber  of  mlleb 
COWB  In  tbe  TInKed  Btatea  In  181B  as  21,- 
262,000,  valued  at  tl.lie,338,00a. 

Ptuity  ej  PmdueU — Public  Interest  has 
recently  been  aroused  In  the  dairy  baslnpw 
by  the  demand*  of  the  people  throneh  \ 
. ... J^_-.._..^^jj 


lutlon,  April  19.  17T6,  when  hoatllltles  ci,_ 

menced.    and   April    10,    1TS3,    when   ther 

were  ordered  to  cease.     Local  chapters  may 

be  organised  when  authorlaed  by  the  Board 

of  Managers  of  the  Society. 

DanbniT  Hattoa'  Oase.  (See  Loewe 
V8.  Lawlor  et  bL) 

DaidaneUes,  restrictioDS  on  passage  of 
etraite  of  Bosphoma  and,  by  shipa  of 
other  nations,  4078. 

Darlen.  iBthmns  of,  canal  across.  (Bee 
Panama  CanaL) 

Darien  Naval  Xadlo  SUtion,  estab- 
lished, 7961. 

Dartmoor  Maaucre.— In  isiS,  Dartmoor 

frlson.   In   Devonahire,   England,   contained 
D.OOO  French  and  6,000  American  prlson- 
.F.  nf  -..-   ..  ..II   ..  impreaaed  Ameri- 
•    ■      Oght 


t; 

era  01  war,  aa  well   as  Impr 
can    aeamen    who    bad    refue._    „    _, 
against    their    country.      The    priaoners 
war  bad  been  taken  In  the   war  of  1812 

and  the  see  men  had  been  Impreaaed  for 
aereral  years  prior  to  the  war  and  were 
Impatient  for  tiielr  liberty,  the  war  hav- 
ing ended.  On  the  6tb  of  April  a  number 
of  sollora,  In  sttemptlng  to  escape,  came 
Into  collision  with  the  guarda  and  83  Amer- 
icans were  wounded  and  T  killed.  After  an 
investigation  ample  satisfaction  was  mads 
by  the  BrlUsh  &>vemment 

Dartmouth   College   vs.   Woodvard.— A 

celebrated  case  decided  by  the  Supreme 
Court  of  the  United  BCates,  in  1819.  Jnne 
27,  1816,  the  New  Hampshire  le^alature 
■mended  the  charter  of  Dartmouth  College, 
increased  the  number  of  trustees  to  twenty- 
one,  and  changed  the  name  from  DartmooTb 
College  to  Dartmouth  University,  creatlna 
a  new  corporation,  to  which  the  prope"'- -^ 
the  old  corporation  waa  transferred. 


ward   was   the  secretary   and 


7,  creating 
property  of 
red.     Wood- 


of 


the  corporation  under  the  ..=  „  ^^...ic.  mo 
old  trustees  began  suit  against  him  for  the 
PBooyery  of  the  property.  The  State  court 
decided^  against  (hem.  The  case  was  taken 
on  writ  of  error  to  the  Untied  Slates  8u- 
«me  Conrt  The  latter  tribunal  reversed 
declaring 


decision  of  the  Stale  c 


of  the  CouBtitntlon  which  proh  „ 

from  passing  any  law  Impairing  the  obllmi- 
tlon  of  coutracta.''  The  New  Hamashire 
law  was  therefore  declared  Dnconatltutlonal 
and  void.  Daniel  Webster  conducted  the 
case  for  the  plalutlffa.  This  decision  la  one 
of  tbe  most  Important  ever  rendered  by  the 
Supreme  Court  It  settled  the  law  holding 
that  a  charter  granted  to  a  private  cor- 
poration Is  a  contract,  which  cannot  be 
altered  in  a  material  point  wltbont  the  con- 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  PresidettU 


Darbnontli  Oollegfl  tb.  Woodmrd — 

ConHnti*4 
WDt  Of  tboRe  vbo  hold  It  nnlciH  tbe  power 
of  revlBlon  la  reserred  to  the  leslilatun  \>j 
a  daofte  la  the  chu'ter  or  a  general  law  o( 
the  Slate. 

Dmglitfln  of  tbe  Anertmi  BerOliitloiL 
— Tbe  Society  waa  organlaed  in  the  city 
of  Waiblngton,  D,  C,  Oct.  11,  1860.  Th« 
beadqaartera  are  la  WaBblDaton.  Iti  prea- 
eat  memberiblp  la  reporte<r  b;  the  Sccre- 
tatr-OeDaral  to  be  4T.111.  Beven  hundred 
and  fifty  state  chapters  eilat  In  forty-fite 
ttatea  and  territories  and  the  District  of 
Columbia,  prealded  oyer  by  reirentB.     Chap- 

I — 1.-  1 (jj^jj  anpojnted  f-  "-- 

a  Phillpplnea 

— ,    7  be  oflalble  tor 

■hip  who  li  of  the  age  ot  -  ■  -^ "  -  - 
and  who  Is  descended  trom  bu  iiui.i:biu[  nuu, 
"witb  unfaLIIng  lo;altT.  rendered  material 
■Id  to  the  cause  of  Independence  oa  a  recog- 
alted  patriot,  an  soldier  or  sailor,  or  aa  a 
cItII  offlcer  In  one  ot  the  seTeral  colonies 
or  Btstes.  or  of  tbe  Lnlted  CC  ' 
States,"  proTlded  that  the  appll' 


ter  reaenta  baie  been  anpolnted  for  Sag- 
land.  Cuba  and  the  Phlllpplnea 

■ •--  -'lelble  tor  member- 
lit  eighteen  ;eara. 


cation  fi 


e  Indor 


r.  and  la  1 


,.__     _.^_..     ._     .  ._     .nestlon    of 

ellRlhllltr  to  the  Board  of  Uanagement.  and 

upon  It*  approval  tbe  applicant  la  enrolled 

Danghten  of  the  Berolntlini.— Tbe  Qen- 
eral  Society  waa  orsanlsed  la  tbe  CIt;  of 
New  York.  Aug.  20,  1891  SllK<b[lltT  to 
memberahlp  Is  restricted  to  "women  wbo  are 
lineal  dcBcendants  of  an  ancestor  who  waa 
a  mltltar;  or  naval  or  marine  offlcer, 
Boldler,  sailor  or  marine  In  actual  serTlce 
under  tbe  autbcrlt;  ot  anr  of  tbe  thirteen 


3  authority,  or  deacendantB  of  one  who 

slaned  tbe  Declaration  of  Independence,  or 
of  one  who  as  a  member  of  the  Continental 
Confess  or  of  the  Congress  of  an;  of  the 
colonies  or  states,  or  as  an  offlclsl  ap- 
pointed by  or  under  the  sutborltjr  of  any 
■neb  representative  bodies,  actually  assisted 
In  tbe  establishment  of  American  Inde- 
pendence by  service  rendered  during  the 
War  of  the  Hevolutlon  becoming  thereby 
liable  to  conviction  ot  treason  against  Che 
Government  of  Great  RriUIn,  but  re- 
maining always  loyal  to  the  authority  of 
the  colonies  or  states,"  State  societies 
exist  In  a  large  number  ot  statea  Tbe 
office  ot  the  General  Society  Is  106  Fifth 
Avenue,   New  York. 

Danpblue  laluid,  Onlf  of  Mexico,  forti- 
Seation  at,  of   importance  to  de- 
fense of  New  Orleans  and  TJaioo, 
688. 
Seferred  to,  69S. 
Davids  Island,  Now  Toik  Hatbor,  new 
bailditig  for  recmiting  service  at,  re- 
ferred to,  4664. 
DaWM  OonindaBlon  dlseossed,  6272,  6S46, 

63S9. 
Boatll  Penaltjf. — Capital  paolshtnent  pre- 
vails In  all  the  states  and  territories  of 
the  Union,  except  Michigan,  Minnesota, 
Wl  scon  Bin.  Hhode  I  Bland.  Kansas  and 
Maine.  It  was  abolished  In  Iowa  In  1873 
and  restored  In  1ST8.  It  was  alao  abol- 
labed  In  Colorado,  but  was  restored  In  1891. 
1  New  Tork,  Virginia  and  Ohio  execution 


DmUi  Bat*.— The  death  rate  (or  IMB 
(IB.S  per  1.000  popnlatlan).  Is  the  lowest 
ever  recorded,  the  most  favorable  year  prior 
to  1016  having  been  1914.  for  which  the 
rate  was  18.S.  It  la  markedly  lower  than 
the  average  rate  for  the  live-year  period 
1901  to  lOOS,  which  was  16.2.  The  de- 
crease thns  amounts  to  16.7  per  cent,  or 
almost  exactly  ooe-sUth,  during  a  itcue 
more  than  a  decade. 

Tbe  following  table  shows  the  popnIatloD 
Md  death  rates  In  the   registratloa  area. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


DMtb  B«to— OiwtlMMl. 


K~ffiiu.(iiJi.::::::: 

\ 

r 

4I,TIW 

II 

7t«,m 

1 

UJ,«0 

TU,»88 

1 

tMMO 

s 

ii 

n 

is 

1E,2M 

S7I.»H 

'S 

UMl 

n,iH 
;« 

Doth 

i!: 

s- 

BrtmontUitWtaJJ'.ir.'.'.::;'. 

^s:::e:-e. 

2S. 

Kȣ? 

«-^»»-"»i>»« 

i- 

^^•EEE:. 

»Sg'».v;<i«::;::::: 
E,££iE:::::::::::;; 

??■ 

a^^S^E::::: 

1 
ii- 

S: 

ii-^^yiit^::-:::::::. 

11 

3ii™toe.W- 

>  lududs  DMriot  if  Cdmnbui. 
•Thoan 
potod  OB  tba  H 


^imJuA-  nl^r  ramiiniHlitiB  bifiic  ■  pofiiilMiaii  of 
UUO  K  cnrw  in  IBICL 

OeM,  PbUIc.— The  debt  of  the  UnlteH 
Sutes,  u  reported  to  the  flnt  Congreei  at 
It!  MCMMl  aeMlon,  ITeO-lTSl,  b;  Alexander 


Hamilton,  SacreCary  of  the  . 

ilBted  of  the   torelm   debt,    

aDd  Btate  debt*.  The  Secret  a  rj  recom- 
mended that  these  latter  be  naaamed  by  the 

dlHcusBlon  tblB  WEis  agTc^  to.  The  debt 
tbeo  stood : 

Domestic  debt  f42,414,08S 

ForelKD  debt 11,710,378 

State  debt*  (a«  dDBll;  asanmed)    lS,2Tl,78e 

Total    |72,3B6,24» 

The  torelgri  debt  coDilaCed  of  mone;  dus 
Id  FrHDK.  HollHUd  and  Spain,  for  loans 
made  to  ub  during  tbe  UeTolullon. 

The  debt  was  tuoded  and  In  1796  the 
total  nras  tS3,BDO,000.  It  then  began  to 
decrease,  and.  though  swelled  flG, 000.000 
br  the  Louisiana  Purchase,  It  was  brought 
down  to  $45,200,000  In  1812,  Tba  War  of 
1812  iDcressed  tbe  amoont  till  la  ISIS  the 
debt  reached  tI2T, 000,000.  By  1836,  how- 
ever, It  was  Tlrtaull;  eitlngnlahed.     It  then 

In  18se  tbe  treasury  had  od  hand  a 
surplus  of  over  t40.000.000,  all  but  (S.OOO,- 
000  of  which  was  ordered  by  Congress  to 
be  distributed  among  the  states,  oo  certain 
conditions  aod  In  (our  Installments.  Tbree 
of  these  were  paid,  but  tbe  turn  take  a  bf 
financial  affairs  rendered  the  payment  of 
the  fourth  Ineipedleut.  The  Increaae  be- 
tween 1S4T  and  1849  was  due  to  tbe  Mexi- 
can War.  Between  1SG2  aod  IS&T  over 
(63,000,000  ot  the  debt  was  purrhoBed  In 
the  market  by  the  government,  about  »a.- 
OOO.OOD  beln^pald  as  preulum.  Alter  the 
panic  of  1857  tbe  debt  began  to  Increase; 
the  sudden  enormous  Increase  in  1802  was 
caused  by  the  Civil  War.  The  total  amount 
of  loam  Issued  by  tbe  govemment  up  to 
the  outbreak  of  the  rivll  War  was  (605.- 
868,591.95:  between  that  time  and  July  1, 
1680,  there  waa  Issued  (10,144,QSl).4Oe.eO ; 
and  since  then  31  per  cent,  bonds  to  tbe 
amount  of  1460,431.050.  matured  6  and  6 
per  cent,  bonds  eitended  being  at  that  rate, 
and  3  per  cent,  bonds  to  tbe  amount  of 
t30*.204,360,  (or  tbe  purpose  of  extending 
tbe  above-mentioned  Si  per  cent,  bonds. 
(See    Ee(undlng,)      The    prosperity    of    the 

and  the'  successive  fundings  of  the  debt  at 
lower  rates  o(  Interest  reduced  It  by  1876 
to  12,180.395,067.  By  1886  it  bad  further 
contracted  (1.783,438,607.  but  the  Spanish 
War  caused  It  to  grow  again  till  In  1899 
It  amounted  to  (2.01)2.686,024. 

Of  this  debt,  (830,000,000,  bearing  In- 
matured  In  1867  and  1868,  and  about  (300,- 
000.000  other  debt  matured  in  tbe  same 
period.  To  meet  this  there  were  Issued  In 
1865  (332,998.950,  fifteen  Tears,  six  per 
cent,  bonds;  in  1867  (3T9,fll6.050.  fifteen 
years,  sii  per  cent,  bonds:  in  1868  (42,- 
539,350,  flffeen  yeara.  all  per  cent,  bonda; 
In  1867  and  18n8  (85,150.000  demanda. 
three  per  cent,  certlflcates.  The  rcfundlnB 
act  of  1870  aulhoriied  the  Issue  of  not 
more  than  (200,000,000,  ten  years,  fl»e  per 
cent,  bonds  ;  of  not  more  than  (300,000.000. 
Bfteen  years,  (our  and  a  bait  per  cent. 
bonds:  ot  not  more  (ban  (1,000,000.000, 
thirty  yeara,  four  per  cent,  bonda.  In  1871 
this  waa  amended,  increaalna  tbe  smount 
of  five  per  cent,  bonds  to  (r>(K>, 000.000,  the 

thereby,  tinder  thia'act  there  were  issued 
a  total  of  (412,808,450  ot  Ave  per  cent. 
bonda,  and  after  1876  (250,000.000  four 
and  a  half  per  cent,  bonds.  In  1879  a  bill 
was  passed  authorizing  the  Issne  of  (10 
certlflcates,  bearing  tour  per  cent.  Interest 
and  eicbangeabte  Into  tbe  (our  ner  cent. 
bonds  ot  the  acts  ot  18T0  and  1871.  These 
certlQcatea  were   lamed  m  k  part  ot   tbe 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Debt 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Debt,  PnUle— o<mt<i>N«<L 

refuDdlDK   Bcheme.   and    were    [□  tended   ta 

■upply  a  Kite  means  ot  InTeBtmint  (or  p«a- 

Sle  ot  am  all  meaag.  an  object  tbat  waa 
efeated  bj  tbe  premium  at  wblch  tbe  four 
per  cent,  bonds  were  Belling,  whlcb  acted 
—    —    i_j .    .„    !..._    „p    tlieae    i — 


tlflcB 


"1"? 


'   tbe 


n  ooe-baK  of  * 


1  debt,   eon- 


bonds.     Id  1ST»  OTer  1741,000.000  foar  per 

cent,  bonds  vere  issued  under  tbe  acts  of 

18T0  and  ISTl.      The  net  reaalt  of  all  tbCM 

cbsnges  nas  tbat  tbe  t 

slderablr  more  tban  ooe- 

In    leeG   ouatHndlDK    at    all   per 

□Ter.   was   lu    1879   coating  ^ut   lour   aod 

four  and  a   bilf  per  cent,   tor  more   tban 

one-balf  of  Its  tben  prloelpal.     In  1881  over 

SSTO.OOO.OOO  of  tbe  publfc  debt  runnlUE  it 
ve  and  sli  per  cent,  matured.  CoDKreia 
failed  to  provide  tbe  meaua  for  meeting  It, 
ftud  there  was  at  tbe  disposal  of  tbe  Becre- 
tar;  for  tbia  purpose  onlf  tbe  surplua 
reveDue  and  somewbat  over  (100,000.000 
of  four  per  cent,  bonds  under  tbe  acts  of 
ISTO  and  ISTl.  Under  tbese  clrcumatanceB 
Secretarj  Wlndom,  forced  to  act  on  bla 
own  reBponslblllty,  made  a  general  offer 
to  tbe  holders  of  these  bonds  to  extend 
tbe  bonda  of  sucb  as  might  dealre  It  at 
three  and  a  half  per  cent.,  redeemable  at 
the  pleasure  of  the  goTernmeot.  This 
measure  vaa  a  complete  auccess,  OTer  (460.- 

I'alf    per 

"'  -■■"■-rite 

ment,    to   be   issueS   Instead   of   the"  I 

extended  at  three  and  a  half  per  cent.,  and 
more  than  tSOO  000.000  were  so  Isiued. 
Meanwhile  the  reduction  of  tbe  debt  pro- 
ceeded BO  tapldl;  that  the  last  of  tbe  t&ree 
and  a  balf  per  cents,  were  called  for  paj- 
ment  NuTember  1,  18B3,  and  tbe  last  of^tbe 
three  uer  cenla.  July  1.  ISBT,  leaTlng  out- 
"—  ' —  --- *  a  naif  ana  four 


standing  only  the  fou 


The 


present  debt  ot  tbe  Dnlted  Btatei 
diTlded  Into  three  parte:  (IJ  tbe 
bearing   debt,   con  si  at  log   of  bonds 


whlcb  Interest  has  ceased  since  matutltr. 
nblcb  la  a  total  ot  OTerdae  bonds  outsCand- 
Ing  tbat  have  never  been  presented  (or  pay- 
ment:  (3)  debt  bearing  no  Intereat,  wblch 
Includes  old  demand  notes,  the  legsl-teitder 
notes.  certtScates  of  deposit,  and  gold  and 
sIlTct   ccrtlBcatea. 

An  ofSclBl  atatement  o(  the  public  debt 
ot  the  United  States  and  tbe  participation 
of  each  Individual  therein  will  be  found  In 
the  table  ot  the  flnanclal  growtb  of  the 
country  In  the  article  on  flnancea 

Public   debts,   as   represented   In  govern- 


add  to  present  wealth  by  taking  from  tbe 
fnlure    a   part   of   what   it    Is   sure    to  pro- 


1   commercial 
I  stendarda  of  national 
re    great    development 


Following  Is  a  statement   ._ 

Srlncipal  of  the  public  debt  of  tbe  Dnlted 
tales  annually,  from  1193  to  1014,  on  tbe 
dates  mentioned. 


(For   detailed    statemeDt   of   the   public 
debt  see  Financial.) 

Debt,  Pablle  (see  also  Bonds;  Louib): 
Act  directing  payment  ot  surplus  in 
Treasnrj'  on,  reasons  for  a,ppl7ing 
pocket  veto  to,  5073, 
Act  to  fscilit«te  refunding   of,   ve- 
toed, 45S9, 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Beb^  TvLVUo—ConUiuied. 

DisCdSSAd.    (See  Fiiuiiicei  diaciuMd.) 
Extinction  of,  13TD,  1382. 
Near  ■pproAch  of,  1014,  1160,  1247. 
Boferred  to,  2252. 
Increan  in,  675,  0402,  2441,  306S. 
In  eouBeqnenee   of  Mazican  War, 
2441. 
Interest  on,  reduction  of,  reeommend- 

e<^  3874,  4415. 
X^arment  of — 
From  aurpliu  reTenne  before  due, 

recommended,  S660,  2713, 
In  coin,  discnuBed,  3091. 
Pajnienta    on.      (See   Financea    dii- 

eoeaed.) 
Progrese  of  refnnding,  diecasaed,  4423. 
ProTiaion  for,  B8,  823,  1379. 
Vacant  lands  sold  for  reunboraing, 
100,  317,  584, 
Debton,    Insolvent    (see    alao    Bank- 
niptcy) : 
Uodilleations  in  law  regarding,  rec- 
ommended, 958,   1017,   1119,  1727, 
Pnblie  ofSceri  availing  thenuelvea  of 
benellta  of  act  muat  be  dlacnased, 
1107. 
D«bt4   Blltlah.— The   treaty    with    Oreat 
BrlttlQ  Id  1TS8  provided  tor  the  payment 
of  all  debt!  owed  b;  American!  to  British 
■Dbjecti.     Uany   obstacles  were   thrown   In 
the  wa7  of  prompt  parment.  however,  some 
<rf  the  state  goTemmeDts  soln^  so  far  aa 
to  proTlde,   even  after  the   ratiacatlon   of 
tbe  treaty,  that  such  debts  might  be  paid 
to  tbe  state  treasory,  and  the  atate  would 
then  refuse  to  entertain  suits  on  tbe  part 
of  eredltora     The   Sapreme   Court  decided 
In  1796  that  such  debts  must  be  paid  and 
that   DO   state  law   could   repudiate   them. 
(See  also  Ware  cs.   Hylton.) 
Dedmal  System  of  Colnaga,  Waigbta, 
and  UaasnieB. — In  1782  OoaTemant  Uor- 
riB    reported    a    decimal    currency    aystem 
de*l(nated  to  simplify   tbe  money   of   tbe 
United    States.     He    aacertained    tbat    tba 
1440th   part   of   a    Bpanlah    dollar    was   a 
commoD  divisor  for  the  varlaus  currencies. 
WItb  this  as  a  unit  he  proposed  a  colnaKe 
of  ten  units  to  be  equal  to  one  penny  :  ten 
Pttice  to  one  bill :  ten  bllla  to  one  dollar 
feqoal  to  sbont  seTenty-flTe   centa  of   tbe 

E resent  money)  :  ten  dollare  to  one  crown. 
a  1784  Mr.  Jefferson,  as  chairman  of  a 
committee  of  Congress,  proposed  to  strike 
tour  colDS  upon  tbe  baMB  of  tbe  HOHalsb 
dollar,  Tts.,  a  gold  piece  worth  ten  dollars, 
a  dollar  of  sllxer.  tenth  of  a  dollar  In  allTer, 
and  a  one  hundredth  of  a  dbllar  In  copper. 
Congress  adopted  this  proposltloa,  muina 
the  dollar  the  unit,  luVf  S.  1785.  and  tba 
eolna  became  koown  as  the  cent,  dime, 
dollar  and  eagle.    Jan.    ?     "'-°    '^— •- 


a  proposltloa, 
lu^  S.  1785. 
as  the   cent 

-ML    1.  1868,    

adopted  tbe  drclmal  system  of  eurreiicy  In 

use  Id  tbe  United  State*.     By  an  act  of 

Congreaa  of  Uay  IS,  1866,  tbe  S^nt  nickel 

ae  made  to  conform  to  the  dedn  ' 

rie  ayatem  as  to  ai«e  and  waigl 

)  of  the  metric  aystem  of  welgl 


Jf  May  16,  1866, 

piece  wae  made  to  conform  to  the  decimal 
or  metric  ayatem  as  to  aiae  and  weight. 
~-   —     -  the  metric  aystem  of  welghtr 

I  waa  Botborlsed  —  " 

oy  a  permissive  act,  not  mandi. ,.  _ 

tablo  of  equlvalenta  waa  approred  by  ' 
trew  Jnly  SS,  1860. 


Of 


-Tba 


emment,  and  decli 


and  of  right  ought  to  be  free 
and  Indapendeut  stateH."  tTortb  Carolina 
took  the  Bret  step  toward  ludepeadence  by 


B  resolution,  April  12,  .lud,  lu  l-uucuc 
wlth  those  In  the  other  colonies  In  declar- 
ing Independence,"  the  same  itBte  having 
e-evlouily  (May  31,  ITT5).  In  her  famoua 
ecklenbnrg  resolntlona  (g.  c),  wblcb  were 
forwarded  to  loe  Cootlnental  Coogrees,  de- 
clared the  people  of  tbe  colonies  "a  free 
and  Independent  people,  under  the  control 
_.  __  -^•jjf  power  thaa  that  of  our  God 
— eral  goTernmeot  o(  the  Con- 
._.  title  of  the  document  was  Bug- 

f Gated  by  Virginia  In  her  resolution  ol  May 
7,    ITTfl,    directing    bpr    r^nrPHPntiiMrM    tn 

propose  In  Congress  e 


Suced  by  Rlvhard  Henrf  Lee  on  June  Stli, 
but  was  not  adopted  until  July  2d.  The 
document  waa  prepared  by  a  com- 
mittee composed  of  Thomae  Jefferson, 
John  Adam&  Benjamin  Franklin.  Hoger 
Sherman  and  Robert  R.  Livingston,  'nia 
draft  was  made  by  Jefferson.  Coogress 
— ...   ._   ...-   ,^., — .,._   ..   t^a  by 


mads    In   the    Decli 


the  nnanlmous  vote  of  twelve  states.  he« 
Tork  alone  not  voting.  It  was  afterward 
ratified  by  a  convention  of  that  state.  It 
was  engrossed  and  algned  on  Aug.  2d,  by 
all  the  members  preaent^li  BlgoatoreB  be- 
ing afterwards  added.  The  algoers  oI  tba 
Declaration  were : 

John  Hancock,  President  of  tbe  Conerem. 

New   HampBhire^Joslah   Bartlett, 


Sbode  Iiland— Btephens  Bopfclns,  Wm- 
1am  Ellery. 

Connecticut— Roger  Sherman,  Samuel 
Bantlngton,  WlltUm  Williams,  Oliver  Wol- 

New  Tork— William  Ployfl,  Philip  Living- 
stone,  Francis  Lewis.   Lewis  Horrla 

New  Jersey — Richard  Stockton,  John 
Wltberapoon,  Francis  Hopklnson,  John 
Hart,  Abraham  Clark. 

Pennsylvania — Robert  Morris.  Benjamin 
»._...     rf._, — .-    --„k|iQ^    jflhn    Morton, 

^  Smith,  r ■ 

George  Ross. 

Delaware — Cnssr  Rodney,  Oeorge  Bead, 
.ibomas  M'Kean. 

Maryland — Samuel  Chase,  William  Paca. 
Thomas  Stone.  CbarleB  Carroll,  of  Carroll- 
Viral  nla— Oeorge  Wythe,  Richard  Henry 
Lee,  Thomaa  Jefferaon,  Benjamin  Harrison, 
Thomas  Nelson,  Jr.,  Francis  Llghtfoot  Lee, 
Carter  Braxton. 

North  Carolina — William  Hooper,  Joaepb 
Hewea,  John  Feno. 

South  Carolina— Edward  Hnt  ledge, 
nomas  Heyward,  Jr.,  Tbomaa  Lyncn,  Jr., 
Arthur  Mlddleton. 

Oeorgia — Button  Qwlnnet,  I^man  Hall, 
Cbarle*  Walton. 

Deeluratlon  of  Independencs: 
Analrtia  bj  President  Wilson,  7998. 
Deak  on  wbieh  it  was  written  pr*- 
•entad  to  United  States  by  beira 
of  Joseph  (Doolidge,  Jr.,  4540. 
Lettei  of  Bobert  O.  Winthrop  xw 
eMndiscb  4041. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Decluatioo         Messages  and  Papers  of  tke  Presidetits 


Declamtlon  of  ^idepandnice— ^bnMMMA. 

Fint  copperplate  of,  bequeathed  to 
Gongresi  hy  LafaTette,  letter  of 
sou  presB&ting,  1342. 

Signers  of,  i. 

Text  of,  1. 
Deduktion  ctf  Blgbta.— The  earliest  sen- 
vral  declBTBtloD  of  rights  of  which  we  boTS 
aaj  ofllrlel  record  was  that  ol  the  Stamp 
Act  CongTSN  Id  ITflS.  which  pnbllahed  what 
It  caJlcd  a  "Declaration  of  Itlghta  and 
Grievances  of  the  Colonlgta  of  America." 
In  thla  document  they  vigorouily  protested 
agalQst  the  Stamp  Act  and  all  other  plani 


CoDtlnental  Consress  made  a  similar  declar- 
ation anlDat  later  anreaalona  of  Parlia- 
ment. Declarationa  of  the  same  character 
were  Incorpo rated  la  the  Declaration  of 
Independence.  (See  also  Bill  of  Rights.) 
Decoration  Day.— Tbe  cnstom  or  Btrenlnc 
flowers  on  the  grares  of  their  dead  soldiers 
early  In  the  spring  of  each  year  originated 
among  tbe  women  ol  the  Sonth  before  tbe 


e  of  the  ClTll  War. 


wblle   Oeo 


lay  S 


Repobilc.  be  Isaued  an  order  fixing  the  SOtb 
day  of  May  of  that  year  as  a  day  for  the 

gnerat  obgerrance  of  tbe  cuBtom  by  mem- 
ra  of  tbe  Grand  Army  sod  tbelr  friends. 
Since  that  time  May  30  bad  been  regularly 
obaerred  as  Decoration  Day  tbrouRhout  tbe 
country.     It   Is   known   as   Confederate   Me- 

daya  observed  there  are  April  2et^  In  Ala- 
bama, Florida,  Oeorgla  and  Mississippi, 
and  May  lOth  In  North  Carolina  and 
South  Carolina,  While  Virginia  obserrea 
Hay  SOtb  and  Louisiana  May  3d  (Jefferson 
Davis'  birthday)  under  tbia  title.  In  all 
Htatea  except  Florida,  Georzla.  Idaho, 
Louisiana.  Mlsslaelppl.  North  Carolina  and 
Sontb  Carolina.  Tenneseee  and  Teiae  It  le 
a  legal  holiday,  Congresa  baa  by  law  de- 
clared Decoration  Day  a  boUday  In  tbe 
District  of  Columbia  and  tbe  terrltorlea 

Decoiatlon  Day.     (See  National  Ceme- 

De  Facto  and  De  TniO,— These  terras  are 

Senerallv  used  In  connectioD  with  tbe  bold- 
ig  of  omce.  One  who  bas  actual  possession 
Dt  an  office  and  exerclaee  Its  fuoctlona  la  aald 
to  be  an  officer  de  foolo,  or  In  fact ;  one  who 
Is  eotltted  to  an  office,  tut  does  not  actually 
till  it.  is  Bald  to  be  an  officer  de  Jure,  or  by 
Fleht.  A  de  faato  officer  may  bold  bla  office 
Witbont  wrongful  Intent,  though  without 
legal  sanction,  as  when  tbcrc  have  been  Cech- 
lUca!  irregularities  In  tbe  appointment,  or 
when  the  law  under  which  be  was  appointed 
Is  afterward  declared  unconatl  tut  tonal  by 
the  courts.  Tbe  acta  of  a  ds  facto  Incnmbent 
are  valid  as  reapeeta  third  persona  and  the 
pnbllc  generally  If  tbe  officer  holda  bis  posi- 
tion by  color  of  right  (that  1».  with  suppoHCd 
aatborlty  based  on  reasonable  grounds).  If 
be  holds  It  with  some  degree  of  notoriety.  If 
he  Is  actually  In  eierdse  of  contlhuous  ofB- 
claJ  acts,  or  If  he  la  In  actual  posaeaalon  of 
a  public  office. 
Defalcation  Of  Public  Offlc«n: 

Applioatlon  of  public  laonej  for  pri- 
vate uses  should  be  made  a  felonv, 
:708. 

Freedom  from,  diseuased,  6S42,  6746. 

Inquired  into,  2018,  fS80Q. 


Defaasaa,  PnbUc  (see  «lso  Forta  and 

Fortiflcationa) ; 
Board  to  ezamine  asd  report  npon, 

appointed,  4899. 

nrreaponder"     -' 

to,  3E6L 
Conncil  of,  recommended,  7697, 
Provision  for,  recommended  by  Prea- 

Adama,  John,  226,   243,  2S5,  270. 
281,  297,  301. 

Adams,  J.   (j.,  S55. 

Arthnr,  463S,  4724,  4767,  4798,  4S33. 

aeveland,  6099,  0878,  9966,  6159. 

Grant,  4202,  4271. 

Harrison,  Beuj.,  S476,  5S50,  5631, 
6755. 

Hayes,  4571. 

Jackson,  1411,  1433. 

Jefferson,  373,  407,  416,  421,  447. 

Lincoln,  3246. 

UeEinler,  6449. 

Madison,  455,  471,  551. 

Monroe,   763,  793. 

Boosevelt,  7000,  7113, 

Taft,  7284. 

Tyler,  1942    1943,  1055,  2056. 

(See  also  Navy,  vessels  for.) 
Beferred  to,  245,  247,  266,  269,  283, 

286,  301,  800,  1807. 
De  Fnca  Ezploratioiu.    (See  San  Jusld 

de  Fuca  EzplorationB.) 
IMagoa  Bay. — The  soatberomost  part  of 
Fi^tuenese  Baat  Africa.  It  la  about  70 
miles  long  and  20  miles  across.  Being  partly 
enclosed  by  Inyack  peninsula  It  aSords  tbe 
finest  harbor  on  tbe  east  coast  of  Africa. 
In  18ST  Colonel  Macmurdo.  aa  American. 
chartered  a  company  and  built  a  rallrnad 
from  Lorenio  Marguei,  on  Ita  shore,  to  tbe 
Transvaal  frontier,  which  was  eztenalvely 
u»ied  for  traosportlng  gold  from  the  Interior. 
Upon  the  death  of  the  concessioner  tbe 
Portuguese  government  aelied  the  road,  aod 
In  1890  the  matter  was  referred  to  inter- 
nntlonal  arbitration.  After  ten  years  of  liti- 
gation the  Portngneae  were  ordered  to  pay 
an  Indeainl^  of  tS.OOO.OOa  A  Brl&ih 
blockade  ol  the  port  dnrlng  the  Boer  war 
led  to  intematlona]  eomptlcatlona. 
Delagoa  Boy  Railway,  seizure  of,  hy 

Portnguese  (Government,  5470. 
Claims  regarding,  submitted  to  arbi- 
tration, 5646,  6433. 
Delaware. — One  of  the  thirteen  original 
states,  and  next  to  Bbode  Island  the  small- 
est In  tbe  Union,  Its  total  area  being  2,370 
square  miles,  of  which  40G  square  mllea  ta 
water.  Nickname,  "Tbe  Diamond  Sut«"  ; 
motto,  "Liberty  and  Independence."  It  Is 
bounded  on  the  north  by  Feonsylvanla.  on 
the  east  bv  New  Jersey  and  the  Atlantic 
Ocean  (Delaware  River  aod  Bay  separat- 
ing It  from  New  Jersey),  and  on  the  south 
and  west  by  Maryland.  Delaware  Is  essen- 
tially en  agricultural  State.  S5  per  cent 
of  Its  land  area  being  devoted  to  farmlns. 
The  crops  are  corn,  wheat  and  fmlt  Aboot 
16,000  acres  ire  devoted  to  raising  toma- 
toes, the  canning  and  shipping  of  whicb  la 
a  floarlBblng  Industry. 

Delaware     was     originally     settled     bj 


Swedes  under  Peter 


■X 


inlt  In  1888,  ; 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


under  tbe  role  of  the  Dutch  In   19B6, 

and  of  tbe  Engllih  In  1684.  In  1062  It 
wa>  nulled  wltG  FeansylTBolB.  In  ITOS  It 
reeelTBd  a  Kparate  auembl;.  bnt  had  a  gor- 
ernor  Id  comtnoD  wltu  PenaaylTanla  until 
the  BeTolDtlou.  It  wai  the  fint  atate  ta 
ntlfr  the  Federal  Constitution,  Dec  T, 
IT  ST.  Tbonau  a  slave  atate.  It  remained 
■-   "■-    ■■'-■—,   tbroQghoiit   the   Civil   War. 

„    1    Chlek- 

-c^..  Its  popnlatloQ  In  IBIO  toe  202.S22, 
Butlatlcs  of  asrlcnlture  collected  far  the 
laet  Federal  censua  place  the  nnmbet  ot 
tarme  Id  the  State  at  lD,SSe.  comprlalni 
1,038,806  acres,  valued  with  stocb  and 
Improvements  at  |eS.lT9,201.  The  valae  ot 
domestic  animals,  poultrr  etc,  was  16,817.- 
123.  iDCludlnK  3,4ai,T8l  cattle,  T64,13S 
mules,  33T.B10  ewlne,  36.8B8  Bheep.  and 
—  e  jleld  and  value  ot  Held 


Tbe  Democratic  party  i 


I  alwaya  strODg- 


Then  came  the 

Civil  War,  and  Chough  maoj  Democcats  anp- 
ported  Lincoln  and  the  Union  the  party  lost 
power  and  prestige  la  the  North  Benerally, 
and  the  Republican e  remained  In  control 
nntll  1884.  when  war  Iwnes  had  been  m- 
pereeded  In  the  mlnda  ot  many  hy  economic 


anei 


K;let1aQ,   of    New    Jersey,    and    Qeorge 


In    ] 


oata,  4.000 
000;  rye.  l, 
""" ;    potatoeH, 


,000  I 


,    195,000    I 


120,000    boBhels, 


,(^ 


6.000  b 


Inatlona  ot  the  i.lbera!  Republican  party 
(g.  t>.)  that  had  separated  from  the  Bepnb- 
llcan  party  and  named  Horace  Oreeley,  ot 
New  York,  and  B.  Orats  Brown,  ot  Mla- 
Bourl.  as  PreBldcnttal  candidates.  The  mt- 
noclt;  bcld  a  convention  at  LAUIsvllle,  Ken- 
tucky, and  nominated  Charlee  O'Conor,  who 
declined.  Greeley  waa  unsucceBBful.  In 
1ST4  tbe  Democrats  regained  control  of  the 
n pf  Representatives,  which  they  kept 


10,000  b 


Hi  niV\        OBiiiuei  J,    iiiuen,  oi  new   j 
63,000       A_  Hendrlcka.  of  Indiana. 


els,    1634.000. 

tons.    11.418.000.      .-. -„   — 

tistlcs  rcporled  to  the  Federal  Census  Bu- 
reau In  IBIO  placed  the  number  of  estab- 
Hahments  In  the  State  at  T26  caprtallied  at 
180,606.000,  and  employing  23,884  persons. 
The  largest  number  of  men  employed  In 
any  one  Indaalry  are  ensaecd  In  tnnning 
leather.  These  numbered  3,04S :  machinery 
and  Iron  casting  gave  employment  to  2,210 
waee-earnera ;  paper  and  wood  pnlp-mahlng 
to  1,52B  -,  canning  and  fruit  preservlns, 
1.369;  ablp-bnlldlng  and  the  prodnctlon  of 
tlmtwr  and  Inmber,  1,413. 
Delaware: 

Circuit  court  in,  time  of  holding,  249. 

ConatittitioQ  oi  United  Btates,  evi- ' 
denee  of  ratiflcation  of  araend- 
inent  to,  66,  170. 

BeaolTttiona  of  eeneial  aaaembly  of, 
transmitted,  ^ 
Delaware  Bay,  erection  of  pien  near, 

reeoTmneuded,  786. 
Delaware  TnHfana.  (See  Indian  Tribes.) 
Delaware  Blver,  canal  from  Chesapeake 

Ba;  to.  (See  Chesapeake  and  Dela- 
ware Canal  Co.) 
Democratic  Party. — One  ot  the  fragment! 
of  tbe  dismpted  Democratlc-Repnbllcan 
party.  Andrew  Jackson  waa  the  leader  ot 
the  part;  and  the  first  President  elected. 

Tbe  party  favored  Internal  Improvements; 
State  banks;  removal  of  deposits  from  fa- 
vored banks  ;  a  sub-treasury  ;  State  rights  : 
free  trade :  tariff  tor  revenue  only  ;  anneia- 
Ooli  ot  Texas :  tbe  Ueilcan  war :  the  com- 
promise ol  ISBOj  tbe  Uonroe  Doctrine:  the 


. i  statei :  Chinese  Immlgra  . 

rrom  the  time  of  Jackson  np  to  1860  tbe 

mocrats    'tis    akillfnl    parly    management       nad  an   imi 

...n  all  the  Prealdentlal  etecllons  bat  two —      by  drawing   _. 

those  of  1840  and  1B48.     They  adopted  In      The  nomination  of  t1 


_._ _    ._    L892    the    party    candidates. 

Grover  Cleveland,  ot  New  York,  and  Ad'al 
E.  atevenson.  ot  Illinois,  wtre  elected.  The 
party  also  gained  control  of  the  House  and 
Senate.  DurlDa  this  a  dmini  titration  the 
Democrats  repealt^  tbe  German  sliver  pur- 
chase  act    (Bee    Sberman    Art),   end    passed 


SSrJ 


._       .._   .      ..  and  the  Dem 

_1  of  the   Honae  In   1894. 

rength   of    the    radical    free    sllve 

IT  steadily,  an 

..._    _    _,    Brvan.   ot   Ne" 

braska,  and  Arthur  Sewall.  ot  Maine,  on  a 
platform  declaring  for  tbe  tree  colnaze  of 
allver  at  Ihe  raUo  of  16  to  1.  This  resulted 
In  tbe  formation  of  tbe  National  Democratic 
(Gold    rif mocrats)    party,    opposed    1 


general  the  tenets  ot  tbe  Democratlc-Repnb- 
Ucan  party  (o.  o.).  Tbey  carried  the  coon- 
try  through  the  war  with  Mexico,  annexed 


J    Brysn  and    Bewail. 
■  Democretlr  candidate 


1   mive 


Texas  and  Uie  Callfomlas.  and  abollsbed 
the  TTnlted  States  Bank.  With  tbe  Introdnc- 
tlon  ot  the  BlaTcry  qneatlon  Into  politics  the 
party  began  to  Hae  atrenglb  In  the  North. 


__  _  __  _^  _ __  _..  _.   Renub- 

lleann.  a"d  Bryan  was  alnn  nominated  by 
the  People's  party  (q.  c).  The  Democratic 
party  was  defeated.  Its  popular  vote  belna 
il.S0&.0S2  and  the  electoral  vote  176.  Tbe 
Democratic  party  supported  the  war  meaa- 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Demootttlc        Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


tbe  Wftr  wlcb  Spain,  bnt  dUasraed  with  It 
as  to  the  KttlemeDC  of  pnibTemE  ktowIsk 
ont  of  tbe  war,  partlcDlarly  the  qae*tloii  ol 
tbe  acqulBltlon  of  the  Philtpplnea.  In  IBOO 
the  Democrals  declared  "ImpeiiallBm"  10  be 
lb*  "paramoDDt  lune"  and  fsTored  "an  Im- 
mediate declaration  of  the  nation's  r 

to  Hve  tbe  Flllplnoe;   (1)  a  stable  1 

KOTsniment :  (2>  independence :  and  _[8) 
protection  from  oatilde  intecfc 
qneBlloa  of  tbe  free  coinage  i 
entered  Into  this  campalsn  InaBuiuiu  m>  luc 
party  raclHed  the  Chlngo  platform  of  IBM, 
■Dd  nominated  William  J.  Bryan  for  Presi- 
dent, and  Adlal  F..  atevenaon  for  Vlce-Pret- 
Ident.  Tbe  popular  Tote  waa  B,3B8.T29  and 
the  electoral  rote  IDS. 

In  19M  free  allver  was  In  abeyance  and 
tbe  Democratic  candidate  declared  himself 
In  favor  of  the  sold  standard.  The  party 
platform  also  declared  In  favor  of  a 


lae  of  fut 

the 


dependence  far  the  FlllpinoB, 
*    ■  »  tariff,  and  t  -'^---- 


candldatea ,-   —   —  

York,  and  Henry  G.  Davla.  of  Weat  Vlr- 
olnla,  who  were  unsucceBsful,  the  popalar 
vote  belnc  5.112,GeS.  and  the  electoral  vote 
140.  Id  1908  the  National  Democratic  con- 
Tcntlon  was  held  In  DenTer,  Colo.,  July  7 
to  10,  '  and  nominated  WlUlBni  Jennlnn 
Bryan,  of  Nebraska,  for  President,  and  JohD 
W.  Kern,  of  Indiana,  for  Vlce-Prealdent. 
The  platform  declared  for  publicity  of  cam' 
paian  contributions,  redaction  of  tbe  tariff 
on  tbe  neceaaltles  of  lite  and  the  admission, 
daty  free,  of  artlclea  competing  vltti  prod- 
ucts controlled  by  trusts.  Internal  Improre- 
menta  and  conservation  of  natural  resource!, 
and  the  exclusion  of  auch  Asiatic  Immi- 
grants as  cftnnot  become  amalframated  witb 
— r  population.      Tbe  Democratic  — j>-«-.- 

.     n-^.u — .     1 — 1     a^sgs.ioi     1 

I   Repnbllcan 

ocratic  candidate'  tb'321  for  the  Repub- 
lican. 

At  the  national  convention  In  BaltlmoTC, 
Hd..  June  26,  1Q12,  they  nominated  Wood- 
row  Wilson,  goTemor  of  New  Jersey,  tot 
" — '-■—     md   Oovemor   Thon—    "     " — 


ministration  and  called  attentlOD  to  the 
following  aehievementa :  Enactment  of  the 
Federal  Beserre  Act,  creation  of  the  Fed- 
eral Trade  Conunlaalon,  adjustment  of  tba 
tariff,  protection  of  labor,  Increaae  In  efll- 
dency  of  the  parcel   pott,  enlarsement  of 

Sistal  aarlnKS  ayatem,  the  pladng  of  Post 
See  system  on  a  ■eU-aopnorttng  basl&  nltli 
aetnal  snrplna  In  1918,  1S14  and  1916,  and 
"■• ' '  -'  leslM«tloD_to«titn(lng_eca; 

J 

wood  TarlJt  law  w — 

the  doctrine  of  a  tartlt  for  the  pur 

proTldlng  inaclent  revenue  for  the  opera- 
thm  of  the  government  economically  ad- 
minlatered  was  reafflrmed  and  the  proposed 
non-partiaan  tariff  commission  was  cordially 
endorsed. 

Amertcaniom  was  declared  to  be  the  su- 
preme issoe  of  the  day. 
Democntlc-SQpilbllctUl  Taxty. — Individ- 
ual liberty  rather  than  strict  government 
la  a  paramount  sentiment  In  many  Amerl. 
can  hearts.  Those  who  originally  looked 
with  apprebenslon  on  the  possibility  of  tbe 
central  Oovemmeut's  encroaching  upon  tbe 
personal  liberties  of  the  people  or  the  rigtaa 


President     received     8^303,182     votes 


a  tariff  lor  revenne  only  ;  vlgoro__  , 

tlons  of  trusts :   popular   election  of  sfna- 
:   presidential   primaries :   an   adequate 


nominated,    Juc 


1816,    I 


tbe   Demo- 


Bt.  Louis,  Mo.  President  Wilson,  by  a  vote 
of  1002  to  1.  Delegatfrat-Large,  Bobert 
Bmmet  Bnrk,  of  Chlcngo,  casting  tbe  dis- 
senting vote ;  and  Vice-President  Msrsball 
by  acclamation. 


E proved  Dy  the  resolution- 
idlng  the  plank  on  Americanism 
and  that  favoring  woman  snfTrage. 

rri,»  _,..j — J ij  (jjg   iprutan  Ad- 


cinctly  set  forth  by  Hr.  Jefferson  In  hla 
Qrst  inaugural  address.  These  tenets  be 
charade rlied  «a  essential  principles  of  our 
Govemmeat.  His  definition  of  the  princi- 
ples of  the  party  Is  tbna  expressed :  Cqoal 
and  exact  Justice  to  all  men,  of  whatever 
sUte  or  persuasloa  religious  or  political  i 
peace,  commerce,  and  honest  friendship  with 
all  nations,  entangling  alliances  with  none : 
tbe  BDpport  of  tbe  State  governments  In  all 
•>--■-  rights,  as  the  most  competent  ad- 
-jns  for  onr  domestic  concerns  and 

bulwarks  against  antl-republlcan 

tendencies :  the  preservation  of  the  General 
Government  In  Its  whole  constitutional  vig- 
or, as  tbe  sheet  anchor  of  onr  peace  at  home 
and  safety  abroad  :  a  Jealons  care  of  the 
■        "  elect—  '-  -^ ■- "-■  —■ ■ 


right  of  election  by  tbe  people- 


t  mUd  a 


by  tbe  sword  of  rerolutlon  where  peoceabk 
remedies  are  unprovided :  absolute  acquies- 
cence In  the  declslona  of  the  majority,  tba 


turn;  'revised  bankhuc  laws ;'  Inspection  of 
food  and  tbe  safeguarding  of  miners ;  the 
full  and  free  exercise  by  tTie  State  of  tbeir 


disciplined    mllfll 


best     reliance    in 


inlars  may  relieve  then 


tbe  » 


reserved  sovereign  tights. 

Ilclty  of  campaign  expeuaes ;  supervision 
and  regulation  of  rates  of  railroad,  express 
and  telephone  companies ;  mral  credits  and 
Improved  waterways:  encouragement  of 
merchant  marine  without  honntles ;  exemp- 
tion from  Panama  Canal  tolls  of  American 
ships  engaged  In  coastwise  trade,  and  for- 
bidding tbe  me  of  tbe  canal  to  railroad 
owned  ships  In  comiietltlve  trade:  and  es- 
tablishment of  parcel  post.     (See  Wilson.) 


5  lightly  hurt 


r  tbe  military  authority  : 
■■■'Ic   e!cpcnBe,    that   labor 
cncd  ;   the  honest  pay- 
id  sacred  preservaltod 
encouragement  of  agrl- 

irmatlon    and    arralgn- 
the  bar  of  public  re«- 
freedam    of    the 


Tha  platform  endoraed  t 


1    of   religion 


juries  1njj«rtl"ally  selected''  (page  311). 

Sympathy  with  the  French  revolutlonlsta 
In  1789  and  a  desire  that  tbe  Government 
should  aid  Prance  In  her  war  with  England 
drew  a  number  of  disciples  to  the  party  en- 
tertaining these  sentimenta.  Tinder  the  lead- 
ership of  Thomas  Jefferson  tbe  party  took 
the  name  of  Democratic- Republican  and  op- 
posed tbe  Federallsta.  After  Monroe's  time 
it  waa  commonly  known  as  the  Democratic 
party.  Ibongh  prevloosly  It  bad  been  known 
as  the  Republican  party.  From  Its  Inception 
m  179S  to  ISOl  It  was  the  party  of  opposi- 
tion. When  the  party  got  control  of  Ui« 
Oovemment  It  lost  algbt  of  some  of  Its  ten- 
ets,  and  many  of  lli  members  at  certain 
tUnea   gnpported   i  -     -■        -      -    - 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Bncyctopedic  Index 


Denma^ 


DamoenttoAvpn'bUcaD  Futy— Cont'd. 

oatlOiiUliaCloii,     After  the  War  at  1812  the 
DemocratB   htid  ■  clear  fleld  of  operations 

until  the  MCOQd  eLectlon  of  Monro    '- 

SabKqneDtly   dUsensloua  begaa   c 


aahed  on  tbe  n 


(at. 

The  Brcblp«lag<i  11e«  to  tlie  eaM  of  Jut- 
land, and  coDBlsts  of  tbre«  main  sroups  (nj 
l^nen.     with     Langeland,     JEM    and    Taa. 


Inn;'  (b)  ZealBad  (or  SJaelland)  with 
■lo^D,  ralstei,  Laaland.  Samili.  Amasei 
and  Baltholm ;  and  <c)  Bornbolm.  De- 
tached from  the  main  gronpB  are  Laeefl 
and  Anholt.  o(F  the  eaatem  coast  of  north- 
«ni  Jutland.  The  mainland  and  the  archl- 
pelani  lie  between  64°  33'-ST°  4S'  N.  latl- 
tnde  and  8"  4'  B4"-12''  47'  2B"  B.  longl- 
tnde.  to  which   muat   be  added   Bornbolm. 


tbe  lutcriectlon  of  T°  E.  and ... 

PhvHoal  J^eotiirrw.— The  malnluid  and  all 
the  lalandH  of  tbe  archipelago  are  low 
iTlns,  the  hlBheat  point  being  Barncbol 
(SiBfi  feet)  tn  Bandera  and  the  HimmelbjerK 
(BSO  feet)  In  the  Aarhua  proTlnce  of  eaet- 
eni  Jntland.  In  1826  the  North  Sea  burat 
tbronsh  the  neatem  coaat  between  the 
■mter  of  Tblated  and  RInrkJoblDft.  and  the 
northern    proTlncPii    of    Thlstiil    Hnd    TTInr- 

rlBK  are   thus  In ,   _,. 

temalnder    of    Jutland    by    -.    .. 

" — ■-  from  the  North  Sea  to  the  Kattegat, 


106,187        3.901  J  IS 


League  of  Solmar  (Denmaik,  Norway  and 
■Jweden)     from    1387-1448,    in    which    Year 


the  death  of   Klnf 


ectlon  of   Count 


Tocated  protecttoD.  national  a 

ImproTementa.  and  a  broadei  

of  the  Conatltntlon.    Tbe  partj  apUt  In  the 
campaign  of  1824,  and  never  after  appeared 
In  ■  national  campaign. 
Dtmonstlutiaii  of  HeUL— To  demone- 
tixe  ft  metal  ia  to  take  from  it  ita 
■tandard   moaetar;  Talne   and   thiu 
make  it  merely  a  commodity. 
Dautm     and    Oliotittaii,     depredations 
committed  on  property  of,  by  Mexi- 
eaiu,  144S. 
Denatond  Alcohol: 

Use  of,  recommended,  7224. 
Denmark. — The  Kingdom  ot  Denmark 
conaUts  of  a  portion  of  tbe  European  maln- 
lutd  and  of  •  Delgbborlng  archipelago,  with 
the  detached  Island  of  Bomholm  In  the 
Baltic,  and  tbe  Faeioea  (or  Sheep  lalanda) 
In  tbe  North  Atlantic  Its  dependeneiea  are 
Iceland  In  the  Arctic  Ocean,  QreeDlaod.  and 
the  West  Indian  Islands  of  St  Thomas,  Bt. 
John  and  St.  CroU.  Tbe  continental  por. 
tlon,  or  Jutland,  occnpylnK  the  northern 
extremltr  of  tbe  ClmbtFan  PenlDsala,  forms 
two-tblrds  of  the  total  area.  The  northern 
extremltr  la  The  Skaw  (Skagen)  In  ST° 
AOf  N.  latitude,  the  aonthera  boundary  ad- 

filllin>  the  Oerman   territory  ot  Schleswlg- 
olateln.    ■" '  ' "'    -  '" ' 


league."  In   1 S 14 ~  Norway   M 

eendent  kingdom  In  union 
rom  1448-1863  tbe 
hereditary  In  tbe  ms 
of  Oldenburg,  the  he 
coming  recognised  b 
leeO.  At  the  death  e 
oat  male  heirs.  In  1 
to  Prince  Christian  £ 
Sonderburg-aiUckabur 
a    prevloua    conrentlo 


with   Sweden. 


The   «_.. 

Christian  of  Sonderbnrg  Angustenburg 
from  the  duchies  ot  Scbleswlg  and  Eo^ 
stein,  which  formed^part  of  the  li.ngdom 


r    the 


and   of   the   Goths)    ChrlBllao    X.    <ChrIs- 
WIlllDm),     I 
26,   18T0. 

The  eiecutlve  Is  Teated  In  the  Sovereign, 
Bided  by  a  Council  of  Stale  (Slatsraad), 
nhlch  includes  all  tbe  Ministers. 

The  Blgsdaa  coqbIbIs  of  two  houaes,  the 
Laudstlng  and  the  Folketing,  and  meets  In 
•annual  sesHlon.  Tbe  Landstlng  conalals  of 
alitj-sli  members,  of  whom  twelve  are 
nominated  for  life  by  the  Sovereign,  and 
ilftj-four    elected    by     indirect    vote    lor 

every    (our    yeara     (leven    are    eleotiui    h" 
the    Capital,    forty-tlve^  b^    electoi 


dls- 
!   DT  me  iBiana  ol  Hornholn 

arBtB''of*l ,„    „..,_  .„ 

habitants),  elected  by  direct  vote  lor  three 

The    Kingdom    Is    divided    Into    eighteen 

Amtmann  ™r*  CivS'^  AdSlnlat^alor"  with 
elective  County  Councils  (Amatraad)  and 
PBrlsb   Councils  for  local   affairs.      MoDlcl- 

EB  lit  lee  have  Burgomasters  appointed  by 
]e  Sovereign  (eiccpl  In  the  capital  where 
the  Burgomaster  Is  elective)  wkh  elective 
MonlclDBl  Councils. 

Justice  Is  administered  In  hnndred- 
eonrls  for  each  hundred  (berredj.  or  group 
ot  nandteds,  under  a  Justice.  There  ts  a 
Supreme  Court  at  Copenhagen,  where  also 
there  Is  a  Court  of  Commerce  and  Naviga- 
tion. Prospective  lillgantB  are  flrst  beard 
by  "Committees  of  Conciliation"  which  en- 
deavor to  compose  matters  In  dlspate  with- 
out recourse  to  the  CourtB  of  Law,  and 
more  tban  half  of  tbe  csaes  are  thus  settled. 
Jrmu.—Senice  In  the  National  Militia  l> 
compulaorj'  and  unlverBal  for  all  able-bod- 
ied Danes  between  tbe  years  twenty  and 


of  tbe  World.    For  Navy  s 


muk  waa  at  tbe  head  t 


attended.      Copenbagen     tTnlveraltr, 

foanded  in   1419,   and  rebuilt  In  1836,  la 


oyGoo»:^Ic  . 


Messages  md  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


atteDded  br  OT«r  3,000  itndents  and  poa- 
■essn  m  UbratT  of  200,000  TOlamco,  ut  ob- 
•ervator;  and  botanical  nrdcn. 

PrvduetUm  and  /ttdwiry.— Two-flfUu  of 
the  popalatlon  are  employed  In  tMilf-"—- 

and  nastoral  iDdustrles.     Of  the  toti.. 

(0,470,000  BCivsi  tliere  were  (la  lOOT) 
7,000,000  acres  — '- -"■■ "* 


about  rixt;  otbera  on  the  wart  and  aontli' 
caat  coaet.  The  prlndpal  eiporta  an  wal 
oil,  aklna  and  fnra,  and  flah«ry  nrodacta, 
Ui«  Importa  are  breadatnffa  and  elottalni, 
the  Import  of  eplrlta  being  ptohlbltedi 

^ TBB  DANIBB  WBBT  IHDIBB  conalrt  Of 

Ot  tbe  total  area       8t  Tbonuu,  Bt  Joha  and  Bt.  Crolz  In  the 
Virgin  laUod  group,  of  whlcbthe  prlndpal 

and  64*  eO'  W.  loncltDde,  contain*  the  town 
of  Charlotte  Amalle,  which  la  the  eeat  of 
aoTerDment.  The  total  area  of  the  lalasda 
la  138  aqnare  mllea,  with  a  PODolatlon  Is 
lail  of  27,086.     T^.KOTeminent  la  that 


and    prlri 


:    porcelain    facto rlea    from    the 


^aUwayt.—Tbkn  were  "(lOlir  2,185 
TQlle*  of  railway  open,  of  which  1.212  were 
state  owned  and  t«3  prlrate  lines. 

ekiofing. — The  mercantile  marine  eon- 
elated  In  1911  of  CSS  eteamera  of  671,828 
groaa  toua  and  Sto  salllDg  reaeelB  of  64,- 
TS4  net  toos.  la  1911  Uanlsb  Tesaelg  car- 
CTlDg  2,101,407  tana  ot  merchandise  and 
forel^  » '" ■ —  '  ""■"  """  ' 

-Capital      Copenhagen 

lalRBd.  of    Z^land).      Popnlatlon    (1011) 


illea,  wli 
ot  21,086.  The  goTemmen 
_  crown  colonf,  with  a  goTet_».  ..«- 
dent  In  St.  Thomas  and  Bt.  Cralx  for  part 
ot  each  rear,  aided  b;  a  colonial  connell. 
St.  Croli  exporta  ingar,  nim  and  aea  Isl- 
and cotton.  St.  John  la  practlcallr  nnde- 
veloped,  ' 

.,  ^''?,  J»J"*''  Charlotte  Amalle  (popnla- 
tlon, 8,000),  on  St.  Thomas,  eoDUIna  one  ot 
the  flneit  harbors   In   the  West   Indlca. 

Parohoja  by  tAfl  I/sKmI  Btatf.—i.  treaty 
for  the  purchaae  of  the  Danlah  W«t  Indiea 
~"  " — ':  by  representatlvea  of  the  United 
I  Denmark  In  Hew  Tork.  Aognat 


'orelgn  vessels  carrying  1,661.63 
tred  at  Danish  ports. 

.^^     Copenhag 


462,161  (Including  anbnrbs.  060,000] .    The 


20,000,  and  nine  othera  exceeding  10.000. 

^-    '-    "-—    of    Wetghts    and 

—  e  Dnit    -  " 


Heaanres  Is  compulsorr. 
TpnpT  In  tha  Krone  of  100  Ore.     The  gold 
and  10  kronsr  pieces :  sliver, 


2  kroner,  1  krone  and  2B  Bn<f  10  Ore;  cop- 

Ker,  B,  2  and  1  Ore.     The  krone  la  eqniTB' 
:ut  to  2S  4/a  cents  Dnlted  gtatea  money. 


-_ e  North  Sea  between  Iceland  and  tbe 

Shetland  lalaads,  clnsterlag  round  the  In- 
tersection ot  7°  B.  longitude,  end  62*  N. 
latitude.  The  Islands  bave  belonged  to 
Denmark  since  1388  and  form  a  county 
(Amt)  of  the  kingdom,  sending  a  repre- 
sentative to  each  house  of  the  Bigsdag  at 
Copenhagen. 

ICELAND  Is  a  large  Toleanle  and  tree- 
less Island  In  the  North  Atlantic,  partly 
within  the  Arctic  Circle.  The  Islani^con- 
slsts  of  two  elevated  table-lands,  connected 
by  a  narrow  Isthmus,  and  contains  over 
loO  Tolcanoea,  some  of  wblcb  are  atllt  ac- 
tive, the  largest  being  Aakja,  with  a 
crater  thirty-four  aq.  miles  in  extent,  the 
moat  famous  Bekla,  In  the  Lakl  cbalu,  and 
the  highest  OeraefajOkuIl,  6,424  feet  above 
sea  level.  Iceland  was  a  repabllc  from 
BSO  to  1262  and  was  afterwards  under  Nor- 
wegian rule  for  mai.y  years,  outU  the  es- 
tabilstament  of  tbe  League  of  Kalmar 
(aee  Denmark,  History)  hroaght  the  Islaod 
under  the  Danish  crown.  In  toe  year  1397. 
The  gOTemment  now  rests  upon  the  con- 
stitution granted  In  1874. 

OREBSLASO  Is  a  vast  Island-continent; 
largely  within  the  Arctic  CTlrele,  with 
smaller  Islands  to  the  north,  with  a  total 
length  of  nearly  1,700  miles  and  an  ex- 
treme breadth  of  about  8(K1  miles.  The 
._._.    ____j   j^   t>eiieved   to   exceed   8B0.OO0 


•qnats   mllea,   of   which   the   . 

*' *  ibont  GO.OOO  aquare  miles  belonga 

~rk,  the  trade  being  a   monopoly 


..  merchandise  Imported  Into  Denmart 
from  the  United  Sutea  for  the  rear  1911 
?..*!  118.687,794,  and  goods  to  the  value  of 
i?-^l*i?^9  "^^^  ■*■■*  thlther—a  balance  of 
$15,718,124  in  favor  of  tha  United  States. 

Ceaaion  of  SL  Thomaa  and  St.  Jobn 

IslBnda  to  United  SUtea,  treaty  n- 

gardiny,  3777,  3779,  37M,  3886. 

Clainu  of,  against  United  SUtas,  344, 

366,  834. 
Claima  of  United  Statei  aninst,  400, 
887,  908,  B76,  1008,  1044,  1088, 
1109, 1157, 1243,  2178,  4468,  S369. 
Agreemest  to  robmit,  to  arbitra- 
tion, 5388. 
Award  of  arbitrator,  6S45- 
Payment  of,  976,  1008,  1068,  1112, 
1187,  1243. 


Consnls  of  United  States  in,  90,  109. 

Convention  with,  3096L 

CimTiets    in,     baaiohed    to    UnitMt 


extended,    by 


States,  38     . 

Copyright    privilege 
proclamation,  5827. 
Beferred  to,  G87C 

Furtive  cilmiDBis,  faUnte  to  nego- 
tiate convention  with,  for  nirrender 
of,  4561. 

Importation  of  American  prodneta  in- 
to, degree!  placing  reametiona  up- 
on, 6100.      '       ^  *^ 

Ifiniater  of,  to  United  States,  grade 
of,  raised,  4718. 

Naturalization  treaty  witb,  4160, 4193. 

Payment  of  claima  of  ttte  United 
States  against,  976, 1008, 1068, 1112, 
1157,  1243. 

Sonnd  dnea,  treaty  resaidinK,  2887. 
2984,3001.  * 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Siplmnatlc 


Treatjr   with,    transmitted    and   dii- 
ensaed  br  President — 

Adams,  J.  Q.,  911,  919. 

Bnehanait,   2994,  3001. 

Grant,  39S6. 

Jaekion,  1044,  1093,  1137. 

Jobnwin,  3779,  3Sgi. 

Batifieation  of,  hj  Denmark,  3819. 
Vends    of,    eaptnred   by    American 

alkips   and    claims   based   thereon, 

8271. 
TMwte  of  UnitAd   Stages- 
Seized  or  interfered  witli  by,  S388. 

Tolls  levied  on,  distnssed,  281S, 
2897,  2944. 
DaainadE,  Traatlas  with. — The  conTen- 
tloD  of  frlendsliip,  eommem  anil  nsvlga- 
tion  of  lB2e,  contalDlDs  tbi  most  farond- 
natloB  clause  and  permltllu  rreedom  of 
trade  and  eqoalitr  as  to  BliliiplDx  was  abro- 
gated b;  notice  April  IB,  18S6.  and  re- 
newed April  11,  1637,  except  as  to  aonnd 
and  belt  dues,  which  were  eipreeilj  dls- 
contlnaed  aa  to  United  Btata  Tessels  from 
tbe  date  of  the  latter  treatr-  A  clalma 
conTCDtion  was  eonclnded  In  1680  and  a 
Cousalar  conTcntlon  Id  1861.  A  natnralln- 
tlen  treatr  <*aB  proclatmed  In  1878,  and 
trade-nark  and  coprtlsbt  crlTlIcK«e  were 
exehannd  In  1892  and  liH  reapectlTelr. 
Tba  eslradltlon  treaty  of  1902  was  supple- 
inentcd  by  a  tnet;  slineu  In  10OB,  ez- 
tendlns  Its  provlslona  to  the  Island  poMes- 
■tons  ol  tbe  eontractins  parties  and  Inclnd- 
tbc  the  crime  of  bribery.  An  axreemeut 
was  effected  lor  an  szchange  of  notes  of 
lone  22  and  June  20,  1906,  with  respect 
to  tbe  protecUon  of  Indnsttuil  designs  or 
models ;  and  tbe  protection  of  trade-marks 
Id  China  was  effected  In  tbe  same  manner 
In  IBOT.  JntematioDsl  arbitration  was 
nsreed  to  Har  18.  1908. 
DapmdMidM  (Itunlu): 
Porto  Bieo  aod  Philippines  disenssed, 

6720,  8799,  6928,  7017,  70B1,  7232, 

7299,  7301,  7374,  8110. 
XMpondant-Paiudoii  Law  disenssed,  6SS2, 

S762,  Sa83,  5977. 
Dopositi;  PubUe,  Bonoval  of.— )n  1833 
and  prior  thereto,  tbe  pnbUc  fnnds  of  tbe 
OoTemnent  were  deposited  In  tbe  Bank  of 
the  United  States.  President  Jackson  de- 
termined to  dlseoBtlcne  this  practice  and 
to  deposit  the  fnnds  collected  In  state  banks, 
while  tbosa  In  the  Bank  of  the  United 
States  sbonld  be  withdrawn  as  needed. 
William    i.   Dnsne,   tba    Becretarj    of   the 

jstdent  teqossted  bis  MSlgnatron.'    __ 

was  glTsn,  and  on  the  same  da;,  Sept.  38, 
ISn,  Beger  B.  Taney,  the  AtteraM,-Oen- 
eial,  was  appointed  Beeretary  of  the  Trees- 
OTT.  Be  promptly  made  the  necessarr 
oidsn.  Hm  Ssnsts  passed  a  resolution  of 
eensare  of  the  Preald^t  and  also  rejected 
tho  nonlnatlOB  of  Mr.  Taney  as  Beereter; 
of  the  TreaaoTT.  In  a  paper  which  he 
read  to  fala  Cabltiet  the  Frealaetit  Rsve  his 
MSSMis  tor  renoTlnir  the  Ooramment  fnnds 
from  tho  Bank  of  As  United  States.  1234. 
Pspwilu,  PnUlc,  BMuoral  of: 
Prosi^nt  Jaekson  's  paper  to  Cabinet 
on,  1224. 


Befnsei  to  tnnsmitto  Benato,  1256. 

Beeommeuded,  1163,  1236. 

Beferred  to,  1386. 

Views  of  President  Tyler  on,  1SS7. 
BvpiadatloiiB  on  Commerce.     (See  the 

several  powers,  claims  against) 
Dnw  TilplMlitlffn. — Qen.  William  Eaton, 
United    SUtes   consul    at   Tonls,    In    ISOB. 
espoused   the   cause  of   Uamet,    T 

"of"?!!- 

Uedlterranean, 

—    ,,_    at  Deme  April 

27,  180S.    After  this  success  a  treaty  h&:h- 
ly  favorable  to  the  United  States  was  ne- 
Botlated    with  tbe   Pasba. 
Desertion,  from  Army  and  Navy,  6684. 
Deseit  Iianda.    (Bee  Lands,  Desert) 
Des  Uolnes  B^ids,  act  for  eontiuning 

improToment  of,  vetoed,  2921. 
Des  Molnet  Blvar,  acts  to  qniet  title  of 

settlers  on  lands  on,  vetoed,  4996,6412. 
Detroit  Tlie,  mentioned,  6365. 
Detroit,  Mich.: 


Ceded  for  post  of,  421,  426. 
Lyin^  near,  referred  to,  355. 

Hemorials  for  district  of,  430. 

Town  and  fort  of,  surrendered  to  the 
British,  500. 
Becovery  of,  referred  to,  524. 
Deteolt  (Mich.),  Snrrender  of.— m  An- 
gnat,  1812.  Col.  Proctor.  In  command  of 
tbe  Brltlsb  troops  In  Canada,  was  Joined 
bf  Oen.  Brock  with  a  body  of  milltls  and 
soma  Indians  under  Tecnmseb.  Tbe  forces 
at  Sandwich  amounted  t«  1,330  men.  600 
of  whom  were  ludlana.  Qea.  Bull,  In  com- 
mand at  Fort  Detroit,  on  tbe  opposite  aide 
of  the  river,  bad  1,000  men  STsllable  for 
dotv.  Aug.  18  (he  Britlah  sent  a  part;  of 
Indians  and  renilara  acrosa  the  river  to 
asaanlt  the  works.  Bull  snrreodered  tbe 
fort  and  tbe  whole  terrltor;  of  Michigan, 
of  which  be  was  governor,  without  the 
discbarge  of  a  gun.  Aboat  2,000  men  In 
all  became  prleoners  of  war.  Daring  [ue 
Bring  b;  the  British  7  Americans  were 
killed  sod  several  wounded.  Oeo.  Hull 
was  afterwards  convicted  of  cowardice  by 
a  CD  art-ma  rtlal  and  condemned  to  death, 
but  was  pardooed  bf  President  UadlHon  In 
conslderatloQ  of  bis  sge  auif  his  Bervices  In 
tbe  Revolutlouarr  War.  Sobaegnent  !□- 
vestlgatlone  gceatlr  modlBed  tbe  blame  at- 
tached to  Oen.  BnlL 

Dams  Lake  BeMrration,  N.  Dak.,  right 

of  way   for   railroad   through   bill 

for,  4952,  5177. 

Bettlement  rights  given  in,  69SS. 

Dbne. — The  smallest   piece  of   silver  now 

coined  by  the  United  States.     In  value  It 

Is  the  tenth  part  of  a  dollar.    The  word  la 

taken  from  the  French  dlilfima.  one-tenth, 

and  was  spelled  "disme"   on  some  of  ths 

Brst    coins.     Authorised    In    1702    with    a 

weight  of   41,e  gralDB,   It  was  afterwarda 

Sin  18B8)  reduced  to  88.4  gralna  The  first 
imes  were  issued  in  ITOC. 
Dingley  Tariff  Act,  revision  of,  recom- 
mended, 7379,  7393,  7395. 
Diplomatic  and  Oonnilai  Berrlee.— The 
ofllcers  of  the  foreign  servlcs  of  the  Unit* 
ed   Ststss  are  divided    lot*  t~     ' 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Diplomatic 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


UploiiiBtlo  uid  Ooiumlar  Serrlctt— ooni'd. 
diplomatic  aod  cods  alar,  Ambaasadon— 
Tbe  former,  called  In  general  ambuaaoilorB, 
dlploniBtlc  ageota.  Includes  envoj-B  eilraor- 
dlnir;,  mlnlatera  pleolpatentlarr.  mlnlaleca 
Tealdeat  and  aeeretatlea  o(  legation.  Tba 
flrat  may  be  aDpolntcd  for  Bpeuial  purposea, 
bnt  the  tide  le  uausll;  added  to  that  a( 
mlDlatera  pleolpotentlarr.  Theae  ambaasa- 
I  bare   the  right 


only  I 


ruey 


accredited   to   leaa   Importaat 

tbeir   ponera   are   abont   tbe 

'     iiDlateTB  plBDlpotentlary. 


«  appointed  to  ao- 


Secretatlea  al  legation 
slat  prlQdpal  ambaaaauuis. 

Ambassadora  extraordinary  and  plenipo- 
tentiary are  nov  sent  to  Argcntloa.  Auetrla- 
HDDiary,  BraiU,  Chile.  France,  QermauT, 
Great  Britain,  Italy,  Japan,  Mexico,  Ruagla. 
Spain  aod  Tnrkey  with  aalarlea  of  flT.500. 

EDToya  extraordinary  and  mlnlBterB  pleni- 
potentiary are  sent  to  Belelum.  Bolivia, 
Bulgaria,  China.  Colombia,  Coafa  Rica. 
Cuba,  Denmark,  Dominican  Republic,  Rcaa- 
dor.  Greece.  Guatemala.  Hayti,  UoDduras, 
Lniemburg,  Montenegro,  Morocco.  Netber- 
lendB,  Nicaragua.  Norway,  Faoama.  Para- 
puy.  Fenla.  Peru,  Portugal,  Rnmanla, 
Salvador,  Serrla,  Slam.  Sweden.  Switzer- 
land. Umgnay,  and  Veneinela,  with  aalarlea 
ranglDK  from  tlO.OOO  to  «12,000. 
,There  are   Btc   couaula-general  at   large, 


(7on»ii(<.— Conaular  olB( 
•a  la-genera  I.  coubuIb  and  c 
Their  chief  dutlea  and  po 
■       ■■■  arcinl 


rclBl 


e  connect- 


um-       Tbey 


tect  ahlpa,  aeameu  and  other  , 
Bead  borne  destitute  aeameo, 
certlUcateB    for     rarloua     pur| 

are  sent  to  the  principal  porta 

a  country.  Some  diplomatic  powers  also 
attach  to  their  office,  and  la  non-Cb  rial  Ian 
countrleB  they  bave  aomellmea  tbe  right. 
by  treaty,  to  act  In  a  Judicial  capacity  be- 
tween citlaena  of  the  TJnlled    States. 

A  conEul-general  baa  JurlBdlctlon  over 
Eereral  consuls.  Commercial  a  gent  b  are 
accredited  to  amaller  placei.  Tbe  varlona 
diplomatic    and    conaular   oDcera    are    ap- 

Kin  ted  by  the  Piea  Ideal  and  conDrmed  by 
t  Senate.  The  hlgheBt  salary  la  flT.COO, 
Bald  to  ambassadora  to  sreat  powers  and 
le  loweat  Is  $2,000,  nald  to  cooBUls  at 
unimportant  porta.  Offlcera  of  the  foreign 
■errlce  are  under  the  control  and  direction 
of  the  State  Department. 
Diplomatic  Agents.    (See  Consuls;  Hin- 

Isten.) 
2}lploniatlc  Servlco.    (See  ConeulAr  and 

Diplomatic  Service.) 
Dliect  Election  of  TT.  8.  BeiiatOTB.~A 
Joint  resolution  proTldtng  tor  the  direct 
election  of  aenatoni  waa  Introduced  In  the 
■eeond  seiBlon  ol  tbe  Slity-Qrat  Congreaa. 
It  passed  the  House,  but  on  Feb.  28,  1611, 
was  defeated  In  the  Senate  by  four  yotea. 
The  Joint  resolution  was  reintroduced  In 
tbe  llrst  BCsalon  61  tbe  Slity-second  Con- 
RTeaa.  and  on  April  14,  1911,  It  passed  the 
Bouse  of  RepreaentatWes  by  a  vote  of  2Se 
to  le.  On  June  IZth  tbe  Senate  passed 
tbe  resolution  with  an  amendment  placing 
""  control  of  federal  elections  under  state 


It  failed  t ._ 

notably  California,  Kansas.  Mlrmesot 
Montana.  New  Jersey.  Ohio  and  Wlaconal 
the  teglslatores  enacted  laws  providing  fi 


—     (or    the   t _...  _ 

.  .  ..  _..  United  States  Senatora.  as  Indi- 
cated In  the  general  primary  election  to  be 
held  prevlDusTy. 

This  method  of  expressing;  a  choice  for 
United  Stalea  SeoatorB  waa  UDBatlsractorr. 
as  It  was  not  general  and  also  becanae  mem- 
bers of  Btate  leglalaturea  were  Dot  bound  by 
Bucb  eipreBBlob  of  preference,  and  looked 
upon  [he  voce  merely  sb  a  recommendation, 
wTiIch  tiej  were  at  liberty  to  follow  or  dla- 
regaril  at  pleasure. 

The  Slity-secoDd  Congress,  at  Ite  second 
seaslou,  adopted  a  lolnt  reaolnHon  propos- 
ing an  amendment  to  the  conatltutlon,  mak- 
ing the  election  of  United  States  Senators 
by  direct  vole  of  the  people  compulsorj. 
This  was  ratlDed  by  a  sufficient  number  of 
statea  (36)  and  declared  In  force  Hay  SI, 
1S13,  being  the  seventeenth  amendment  to 
the  Constitution. 
Direct  NomlnatlotiB  of  Prealdantial  Oan- 

dldates.      (See    Presidential    Prima- 

Blrect  Taxea.  (See  Taxation;  Taxes.) 
Dlaalilllty-PenBion  Act  dlBCnsaed,  5SS2, 

5762,  5883,  597T. 
Dlsamuunent.    (See  Arbitration  (Inter- 
national) and  Diearmament.) 
Discretionary    Powers    of    PtMldflnt. 
(See   Executive  Nominations;    Presi- 
dent; Kemoving  from  Office.) 
Discriminating  Dntiw.      (See  Vessela, 

Foreign  tannage  on.) 
Diseases,  Oontaslotu.  (See  CholerR; 
Contagious  DiseaBes;  International 
Sanitary  Conference;  Flagne;  Quar- 
antine Begulations;  Tellow  Fever.) 
Diseases  of  Animals.  (See  Animals  ami 

Animal  Products.) 
Distilled  Spirits  (see  also  Liquors): 
Bale  of,  in  Siam  bj  AmericaoB,  4170- 
Sale  of,  to  Indians,  Tecommendatieus 

regarding,   322,   6167. 
Sale  of,  in  Manila,  information  eoB- 

ceming  transmitted,  84 1 3. 
Tax  on— Discussed  by  President — 
Arthur;  4723,  4765,  4831. 
Harrison,  Benj.,  5474. 
Washington,   91,  97,  104,  119,  122, 

123,  125,  128,  142. 
Division    of     United     States    into 
districts  for  collection  of,  91,  97, 
104,   126. 
Laws   for   raising.     (Elee   Bevenua, 

Public.) 
Bemoval  of,  on  spirits  lued  in  arta 
and  manufactures  discussed,  5474. 
District.— A  name  applied  In  the  United 
States  to  those  portions  of  territory  which 
are  without  elective  or  representative  In- 
etltutloaa — for  Instance,  the  District  of  Co- 


merly  called  districts.  From  1804  to"lS13 
that  portion  of  the  Louisiana  purchase  ly- 
ing nortb  of  the  northern  boundary  of  the 
Ere  sent  atate  was  called  the  District  of 
<iiil!'1nna.  Before  their  admission  as  statea 
Kentucky  and  Maine  were  called  dlfrlrlcts, 
respccllvely  of  Virginia  and  Maasachnsetts. 
The  name  "dlHtrlpt"  Is  also  applied  to  those 
divisions  of  a  atate  gronptng  certain  conn- 
ties  or  warda  Into  separate  Congressional 


jyGooi^lc 


Eneychpedic  Index 


District 


Dlitrlct    AttomayB.     (S«e    AttornefB, 

DiatrieL} 
Dlitrlct  Oomta.  (S«e  Courta,  Federal} 
IHsfarlet  of  Oolmnbift.— Consreu  U  an- 
thorlaed  br  tbe  Comtltatlon  to  "eicccln 
•xolnslve  lexUt&Uon  In  all  cmiea  wtutsoerer 
OTer  mch  dlitrlct  (not  eiceedlng  tea  mllei 
■quare)  ■■  m»T,  br  cessloD  oi  ptrtlmlar 
•tatca  &ud  tbe  acceptaoce  of  ConKrem,  be- 
come the  leat  of  the  OoTcmmeDt  of  the 
Dnlted  Btatea."  Jaly  18,  HBO,  after  a  long 
and  bitter  dlMonton,  a  dletrlet  teo  mllee 

Bnare  lytns  on  both  aides  of  tbe  Potomac 
Tcr  waa  lelected.  Uarrlaod  ceded  alitr- 
foor  eaDare  milea  on  the  north  bank  of 
tbe  rtver  and  Virginia  thlrtr-alx  aqnare 
mllea  on  tbe  eoatb  bank.  The  Dletrlct  waa 
flrat  called  tbe  Territory  of  Columbia.  Tbe 
seat  of  GoTerament  was  removed  thither  by 
IBM.  July  9.  1846,  the  portion  iouth  of 
the  Potomac  waa  ceded  back  to  Virginia. 

For  a  time  the  iaperlntandeoce  of  the 
District  of  Colnmbla  was  In  the  heads  of 
three  commltalonera,  bot  In  1802  Waablog- 
ton  waa  incorporated  and  Its  goTernment 
was  placed  In  the  hands  of  tJie  people, 
with  a  preddent  aod  a  rauaell,  tbe  former 
appointed  by  tbe  President.  In  1820  a 
mayor,  to  be  elected  by  the  people,  was 
snbatltnted  tor  tbe  president.  From  1871 
to  1874  tbe  District  bad  a  Territorial  govern- 
ment,  the  upper  honae  and  the  governor 
being  appointed  by  tbe  President  and  tbe 
lower  hoDse  selected  by  the  people.  This 
was  found  to  be  unaatli factory,  and  In 
1874.  Congress  provided  for  a  board  of  tbrM 
commlsaloners  to  take  charge  of  all  matters 
pertaining  to  tbe  District  government. 

Jane  11,  187S,  Congress  provided  for  s 
permanent  government,  conBiBtlng  of  three 
commissioner*,  two  to  be  appointed  from 
civil  life  bT  tbe  President,  the  third  to 
be  detailed  from  the  oflcers  of  the  Engineer 
Corpa  of  tbe  Army.     Tbe  area  Is  ■Eitv-foar 

anare  miles,  practically  all  Included  In  tbe 
ty  ot  Waablngton;  population  (1910), 
381.069.  of  whom  about  97,000  were  ne- 
groea.  The  valne  ot  the  property  In  the 
district  waa  estimated  In  1911  at  (1.200.- 
000.000,  of  which  about  one-fourtb  wai 
personal   property,   and   three- fourths   real 

Commlsslonen — Oliver  P.  Newman  and 
Frederick  L.  BIddons  (Democrat!),  whose 
terlM  expire  July  10,  1916.  and  Lleut.- 
CoL  Chester  Harding  (non-partlian) ,  Corps 
ot  Bnglneen,  United  states  Army,  detailed 
dnrlnr  tbe  pleasure  of  tbe  President  of  tbe 


Jodlelary-— Court  of  Appeals :  Chlet  Jus- 
tice.    Beth    Bhepard ;    Associate    Juitlcea. 
Charles  H.  Sobb,   J.  A.   Tan  Orsdel.     8a- 
prem*  Court:  Cbkt  JosUee.  Harry  H.  Cla- 
baufh :    Associate   Justices,    Job    Barnard, 
Thomas   H.    Anderaon.    Ashley   H.   Oould, 
Daniel  T.  VHgbt;  Wendell  P.  Btafford. 
IMMrict  of  (Mnmbla  (see  also  Wuh- 
iagton  Citjr): 
Aet^ 
nxlng  Tate  of  interest  on  arrear- 
age! of  tuee  due  in,  returned, 

For  promotion  of  anatomical 
■rienea  and  to  prevent  desecra- 
tion of  gntrea  vetoed,  4S9S. 


Prescribing  times  for  sales  and  for 
notice  of  sales  of  property  in, 
for  taxes  returned,  6812. 

Prohibiting  bookmoking  and  pool 
selling  in,  vetoed,  5528, 
Beferred   to,  5551. 

Providing  for  recording  deeds,  etc, 
in,  vetoed,  433S. 

Bespecting  circulation  of  bank 
notes  in,  vetoed,  3288. 

To  aboliafa  board  of  commissioners 
of  police,  in,  etc.,  vetoed,  4384, 

To  authorize  reaasessnient  of  water- 
main  taxes  or  assessments  in, 
returned,  6102. 

To  paj  moneys  collected  under  di- 
rect tax  of  1861  to  States,  Terri- 
tories, and,  vetoed,  S422. 


To   regulate   elective  francliise  in, 

vetoed,  3670. 
To  regulate  practice  of  medicine 

and    Borgerr   in,  etc.,  returned, 

6102.      "'"*'' 
Appropriation      for,     recommended, 

4ioa 

Armory  of — 
Damages  to  be  incurred  by  repeal- 
ing act  providing  for  construe- 
tion  of,  referred  to,  2901. 
Location  of,  referred  to,  £911. 
Site  for,  selected,  2899. 
Benevolent    institutions    in,    deserve 
attention   of  Congress,  3388,  3452, 
4459,  4679,   5385. 
Board  of  public  works  In,  report  of, 
referred  to,  4119. 
Work  accomplished  by,  4208. 
Bonded  indebtedness  of,  disoussed  and 
reoommendations  regarding,  4221. 
Beport  on,  4258. 
Boundaries  of,  referred  to  and  pro- 
claimed, 86,  92,  94. 
Bridge  over  Bock  Creek,  coustmction 

of,  referred  to,  1844. 
Bridges  over  Potomac  Biver  in,  con- 
struction   and    repair    of,    dis- 
cussed,    1171,    1257,    2710,    4638, 
4679,   SI  14. 
Injuries  sustained  by,  referred  to, 
1448. 
Buildings  for  offices  of,  recommended, 

4578,  4S40,  4950,  5114. 
Buildings,  public,  in,  eonstmetlon  of, 

referred  to,  182. 
Ceded    to    Congress    for  permanent 

seat  of  Oovemment,  92. 
Charities  and  reformatories  in,  6878. 
Congress  assembled  in,  261,  295,  298. 
Contagious        diseases,        pro  visions 
against,  recommended,  8S4. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


District 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


DlBtilct  of  OoInmUa— OmUmimL 
Conrbi  of — 
Appeals  from,  to  Supreme  Conrt, 
recommendtitioiiB  regarding  4939, 
S103. 
Ifiniater  of  NetherlandB  refoies  to 

testify  in,  £962. 
Snpreme  Court,  BeI«ction  and  aerv- 
ice  of  JQjoTs  in,  bill  regarding, 
returned,  S39fi. 
Crimei    BK&inBt    chagtity    In,   inade- 

Siacf  of  laws  relating  to,  6S33, 
t  of,  diseuBsed,  44S9. 
Delegate   in    CongreiB  to   reprMent, 

recommended,  1091,  IISO,  3662. 
DepreHion  in  peeuniary  coneemB  of, 

1396. 
Depntj   marthala,    bailiffs,    etc.,   in, 

compensation  to,  referred  to,  3664. 
Bistribntion      of     arms,      ordnance, 

•tores,  etc.,  to  Territories  and,  reg- 

olations   regarding,   SISD,   5462. 
Electric  wires  in,  report  of  board  to 

consider  location,  etc,  of,  transmit- 
ted, 5647. 
Qovernment   of,   discnssed,   29S,  S98, 
300,  1091,  1120    1612,  4257. 

Beferred  to,  4372. 

Territorial     goTsrnmeiit    in,     dis- 
cnssed,  4108,  415S. 
Improvementa    to   streets   In,   reeom- 

mendations  regarding,  4950. 
Insane  asjluni  in — 

Appropriation  for,  270S. 

Constraetion  of,  disenssed,  27S0. 

Erection  of,  recommended,  1621, 
2204. 

Estimate  for  deficienej  appropria- 
tion for,  4677. 
Institution    of  learning  for,   recom- 
mended, 4208.  . 
Interests  of,  diseuBsed  by  President — 

Arthur,  4734,  4773,  4S40. 

Buchanan,  2994,  3060,  3107,  3184:. 

Cleveland,  4950,  6113,   C3S4. 

Fillmore,  262S,  2673,  2710. 

Grant,   420S,   4257. 

Harrison,  Benj.,  5487. 

Eayeg,  4429,  44S9,  4532,  4579. 

Lincoln,  3254,  3452. 

Pierce,  282C,  2873,  2943. 

Polk,  2265. 

Boosevelt,  6768,  7033,  7034,  7363. 

Taylor,  2S6I. 

Tyler,  1903,  1942,  2124,  2204, 

Van  Buren,   1612,  1720. 

Commiesioners  appointed  to  revise 
and  codify,  287S. 

Proclamation  fixing  time  and  place 
of  election  for  voting  on  adop- 
tion of  code,  3021. 

Beferred  to,  3014. 

Bevision  of  civil  and  criminal  code 
recommended,  4840. 

Bevision  of,  necessary,  1396,  1478, 
1492, 16U,  6114,  6384,  SS3^  W43. 


Statute   of  Undtfttiou  for  erImM 
■honld  not  be  limit«d  to  2  TMXt, 
1168. 
Want  of  nniformity  in,  109L 
Laws  of  adjoining  States  appUeabla 

to^  insuificient,  326L 
Legislation  in,  power  of,  should  bo 
token  from  Congress  and  Tested  in 

Eople,  616. 
ral  spirit  of  Congress  In  relation 
to,  2750. 
Liquors,  amendment  of  laws  regulat- 
ing sale  of,  etc.,  in,  recommended, 
4950,  6114,  6386,  6487,  5766. 
Hilitory  governor  of.       (Sea  Wads- 
worth,  James  8.) 
National  celebration  of  the  centennial 

anniversary,  6347,  6404,  64561 
Penitentiary  in — 
Compensation  to  Inspectors  of;  re- 
ferred to,  1036,  1091,  1496. 
Completion  of,  r^erred  to,  109L 
To  be  erectod,  930. 
Plan  of,  referred  to,  105. 
Police   regulations    of,  recommenda- 
tions that  Commissioners  be  clothed 
with  power  to  make,  5114^ 
Police  system  for,  recommended,  1942. 
Political  rights  to  citieena  of.  exten- 
sion of,  recommended,  1396. 
Prisoners    in,    provision  for,  recom- 
mended, 326. 
Public  schools  in,  aid  for,  recommend- 
ed, 4430,  4532,  4578. 
Discriminations  against  District  In 
donation  of  lands  for  support  of, 
4459. 
Beferred  to,  98,  182. 
Bef orm  school  for  girle  in,  construc- 
tion of,  recommended,  5632. 
Beform  school  In,  supply  of  blanketa 

for,  diseuBBed,  4371. 
Belinquishment  of  portion  of,  to  Vir- 
ginia discnsBed  and  recommenda- 
tion that  it  be  refined,  3252. 
Commissioners  appointed  <m  affairs 
of,  4256. 


Seat  of  government — 
Boundaries  of,  referred  to  and  pro- 
claimed, 86,  92,  94. 
Bemoved    from     Philadelphia     to 
Washington,  281,  295,  298,  299, 
300. 
Sewerage    system   of,   committee  to 
report  upon,  appcintod,  5487. 
Beport  of,  transmitted,  6514. 
Slavery  in   abolished,  3274. 
Steam  railway  lines 


Controversies  regarding  occupation 
of  Btreeto  bv,  4950,  5114,  5386. 

Becommendations  regarding  loca- 
tion of  depots  and  traeks,  44S9, 
4679,  4651,  4734. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


DMdct  Of  iJtamMai-CwHiuMd. 

Stnot  TftUroad  eompaaieB  in,  report 
of  board  on  amoimt  chargeable 
to,  referred  to,  4273. 
8arve7  of,  eommlMionerfl  directed 

to  mmke,  86,  94. 
Beport  of,  referred  to,  128. 
Taxes  in,  remitted  hjr  Couktsm  sltould 
be  charged  to  NatioDU  Treasoiy, 
4808. 
DtroEca. — The  fact  that  an  Anerimn 
conple  maj  be  ngutei  ta  nun  and  wife 
la  one  Kate  while  dlToreed  In  another,  oi 
«•  nerer  married  at  all  In  a  third  itata  hu 
long  been  noted.  Law*  providing  lol  tbs 
tflaaolatlon  of  the  marriage  tie  exist  In  all 
the  aUtei,  except  Booth  Carolina.  In  that 
•tate  dlToree  U  not  cnnted  on  bdt  iTonnda 
whataoere^  either  b;  coarta  of  jneUee  or 
hj  acta  of  the  leslslBture.  In  all  other 
■tatea  Inlldelltjr  and  violation  of  the  mar- 
rlafe  towi  are  recognised  aa  valid  gronnda 
for  dlTorce.  In  New  York  adulterr  alone 
la  a  valid  gmond  for  abaolnte  dlvorn.  Im- 
potence or  physical  Inability  In  almost  all 
■tatea  either  Juitlflea  divorce  or  renders  the 
martlage  voidable. 

There  are  thlrty-Dve  different  caosea  for 
abaolate  divorce   recoanlied  in   the  differ- 

£rlnclp«l  I 
kfldellcv, 

wlllfnl    desertion:     habitual 


rnfldelk 
jrtllfnl    L 

;  conviction  of  felony ;  Intot- 
eraaie,  exireme,  or  repeated  cruelty ;  de- 
sertion. Condonation.  coIIdsIod,  or  con- 
nivance, with  llie  pnrpoae  of  pracnring  a 
divorcer  la  In  all  states  regarded  aa  a  oar 
to  the  dlsaolatlon  of  marriage. 

'  1  the  case  of  Haddock  ra.  Haddock,  It 


waa  decided  by  tlie  United  Btates  Supreme 

" ^    In    1906,    fonr   Justices   dissenting, 

1   divorce   granted  In   a   state   where 


Conrt    J 


the  defendant  Is  not  domiciled,  without  per- 
sonal   service   of   process   or    s    voluntary 
alld 


appearance  by  the  deleDdani,  though  valid 


B  law 


In  Novem- 

of  the 


upon   and  snbmltted   to   tb*   vaiioos 

legislatores.      This    Isw    speciBes    as    the 
ground  for  the  annulment  of  marriage,  Im- 

Sitency,  ninsanaalnlty  and  affinity,  eilst- 
g  marriage,  naud,  force,  or  coercion, 
Insanity  nnknown  to  the  other  party,  mar> 
riage  where  irife  waa  nnder  sliteen,  or 
husband  nnder  eighteen  nnless  conflnned 
after  arriving  at  anch  sge.  The  causes  for 
ebaolate  divorce  rccontnended  are  adultery, 
bigamy,   conviction  of  certain   crimes,   ei- 


for    legal    i 


—  -.a-,  aeparatlon  recommend- 
._  adnltery,  extreme  cruelty,  wlll- 
fnl desertion  for  two  years,  hopeless  In- 
sanity of  hnsband,  and  babltual  dninken- 
ness.  The  conference  recommended  that  no 
additional  causes  be  recognised.  Ths  pro- 
posed law  provides  that,  excent  In  cases 
Of  bigamr  ot  adnlteir.  Jnrlsdlc 

Cd  upon  two  years  res'"*""™* 
moved  Into  a  state  i 

divorce  arose,  do  Jurisdiction  sbsll  be 
tsken  nnless  this  cause  was  recognized  in 
llie  state  In  which  such  party  resided  at 
the  time  the  cause  sroee.  It  also  pro- 
Tldfs   that   Qvery   state  adopting  this  IfM 


This  law  waa  adopted  by  Delaware  and 
New  Jersey  In  ISUT. 

In  18tiA  the  Commissioner  of  Labor 
made  a  report  of  tlie  suUallcs  of  divorce 

covering  the  period  of  twenty  years,  1867- 
1889.  He  showed  that  whereas  in  IBUT 
there  were  only  9.93T  divorces  recorded, 
during    the    last    year    consld- 


:  of  167  per  c 

total  ] 

Sthe  twcL., , 
>   of   divorces   to    marriages 


•red,  2D,D35,  an  Increase  of  Ifi7   percent, 
while  the  population   iDcreased   only  sbont 
60  Der  cent.     The  total  number  of  dlvo 
g  the  twenty  years  «~     ' 


fi.7  for  a  elngle  state. 

In  1908  another  report  on  marriage  and 
divorce  was  made  by  the  Cenaus  Bureau. 
This  covered  the  twenty  years  1887-1906. 
The  total  number  of  divorces  reported  (or 


this  period  was  94S,62B.  as  compared  with 
the  328,716  for  the  previous  twenty  yea— 
These   Hgnres  Indicate   about   one   dlTOl 


the  328,716  for  the  previous  twenty  y 
These   Hgnres  Indicate   about   one   dlt...., 
In  every  twelve  marriages,  and  that  the  d. 
—  Is  higher  In  the  United   Statea 


8.S 


grounds  generally       ^be 


3  granted  solely 


forty  states,  the  Terriury  of  New  Uexlco,       many  wi 


twenty  yeani  v.„,  , , 

account  ot  Intemperance.  The  annual 
average  rate  of  divorcee  In  the  Dnited 
States  was  seventy-three  to  each  100.000 
of  population,  Japan  21b  divorces  to  each 
100.060  gf  population,  and  Austria  only  one. 
Neit  to  the  United  States  comes  Switier. 
laud  with  tblrty-two,  followed  by  Sniony 
with  an  annual  average  of  twenty-nine  to 
each  100.000  of  population.  (See  also 
Marriage,   Qlvorce  and  Polygamy.) 

DlTorca,  nniform  laws  on,  adroestad, 

7072,  7428. 
Dlxla.— A  term  applied  orlglDally  to  New 
York  City  when  slavery  eilatsd  there.  Ac- 
cording to  the  myth  or  legend,  a  person 
named  Dixie  owned  a  large  tract  of  land 
on  UanbaCtau  Island  and  a  large  namber 
of  slavea.  As  Dixie's  slaves  Increased  be- 
yond   the   requirements   of   the   plantation 

' ""int   to   distant    parts.      Natu- 

ted  Degroes  looked  upon  their 
'  piece  of  real  and  abiding 


rally  the  d 


._lly  tt ,._ 

early  home  a , _. 

bapploeaa,  as  did  those  from  the  "Ole  Vir. 
ginny"  of  later  dnrs.  Horace  Dlile  be- 
came the  syooDym  for  a  locality  where  the 
negroes  lived  bappy  and  contented  lives. 
In  the  south  Dixie  Is  taken  to  mean  the 
southern  states.  There  tbe  word  is  sup- 
posed to  have  been  derived  from  Maaon 
and  DlioD'a  line,  formerlf  dividing  the  free 
apd  slave  states.  It  Is  said  (o  linve  first 
come  Into  use  there  when  Texas  Joined  the 
Union,  and  tbe  uejcroes  sang  of  It  as 
Dixie.  It  has  been  the  subject  Of  several 
popular  songs,  notably  that  ot  Albert  Pike, 
'■Southron^  hear  your  country's  call"  r  that 
of  T.  M.  Cooler,  ''Away  Down  South  where 
grows  the  cotton."  and  tbat  of  Dan  Em- 
mett,  the  refrain  usuBlly  contalolng  the 
word  "Dixie,"  or  the  words  "Dixie's  Land." 
Dnring  tbe  Civil  War  tbe  tune  ot  Dixie 
was  to  the  aoothecD  people  what  Tankee 
Doodle  bad  a  I  way  a  been  to  the  people  of 
the  whole  Dnion  and  what  It  continued  In 
war  times  to  be  to  the  northern  people,  tbe 
1.   -itlonal  air. 


movements  developed  during  tbe  year  lOlB. 
It  waa  officially  launched  at  tbe  conferenc* 
of  Governors  of  tbe  States  Interested  calleci 
to   meet   at   Chattanooga,   Tenn.,   April   8, 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  PresidetOs 


Dixie  Hlglnnty— ConllHMd. 


>,  bf  OoTCTnor  Samuel  Raliton,  of  Indl- 
muu.  The  srstem  of  blebwayB,  as  deslsnated 
br  two  eaaunUsloaera,  each  appointed  by  the 
tiovernore  ol  the  SCatea  o(  Ulchlgen.  Illinois, 
Indiana.  Ohio,  Kentuckr,  Tennessee,  Georgia, 
and  Florida,  conglsta  of  two  dlvlaiona  and 
one  loop  each  to  the  States  of  Michigan  aod 
Florida,  with  connecting  links.  The  western 
dlTtsloD  starts  at  Cblcat^,  and  U  routed 
through  the  cities  of  DanTllle,  111.  i  Indtan- 
BPOlls,  Ind. :  LoularlUe,  Ky. ;  XashvUIe  and 
OiattaDOOgs,  Tenn. ;  Rome.  Atlanta  and 
UacoDi  Ga. ;  Tallahaaaee,  Klsslmee,  Bartow 
and  Jupiter,  Fla.,  where  It  coDoecta  with  tha 
eastern  dlvlalon.    Indianapolis,  Ind.,  ia  con- 


Dlile  BIgbwa;  con  reoaonably  expect  to  at- 
tract tourlata. 
Dixie,  The,  mentioned,  S318,  6765,  6766, 

6835. 
Dock  Taids  for  constraetion  of  luge 
vessels,  re  commended,  600. 
AppropriatiouB  for  building,  shonld  be 
separated  from  thoae  of  naval  serv- 
ice, 2625,  2670. 
Constraetion  of — 

Appropriation    for,    recommended, 

769,  1335. 
BisCDBsed,  333,  335,  28G0. 
Beferred  to,  769,  9S5,  2414. 
Site  for,  934. 
Bepoit    of    commisBioD    to  select, 
transmitted,  6S66,  5650. 
Bpanish    war     vessels    repaired    at 
American,  4005. 
Dollar.— Derived  from  daler  or  thnlar.    The 
American  allver  dollar  la  modeled  after  tha 
SpanlBb   milled   dollar.      It    was  aulhorlEed 
bj    an    act    of    Congress    passed    In    17B2, 
whieh  declared   371f  gralna  of  pure   sllrcr 
to  be  equal  to  24|  grains  of  pnre  gold  and 
each  equivalent  to  a  dollar  of  acconnt.     It 
was  made   the   unit  of   tbIuc.     The  silver 
dollar  was  flrst  coined  In  1TS4  and  weighed 
416  grains.  3TH  grains  being  of  silver  and 
the   remainder  alloy.      In   1837   the  weight 
was  redueed  to  412i   grains   by   decresslng 
the    weight    of    alloy.       In    1S78    provision 
was   made   for  a   dollar  of   420    grains  for 
use  In  trade  with  China  and  Japan  known 
as  the  "trnde  dollar."     The  gold  dollnr  was 
Issued  under  the  net  of  March  S.  lR4e.     Us 
coinage    was    discontinued    In    1800.       The 
coinage  set   of   Feb.    12,   1873,   tacitly   sus- 
pended  the   coinage   of   silver   dollars    lei- 
eept  the  trade  dollar)  end  aade  the  gold 
Cellar  the  standard  of  value.     The  act  of 


Feb.  28,  18TS.  ■nthorlied  the  Beetetarr 
of  the  Treasury  to  percbase  each  month,  at 
market  value,  not  less  tlutn  12.000^000 
and  not  more  than  $4,000,000  worth  of  bol- 
lloD,  to  be  coined  '-  "  -"- 
412}  grains  each.  '. 
by  the  act  of  June  14,  ISBO.  By  s 
laOO.  the  gold  dollar  again  became  the 
'  ndard  of  value   In  tbla  country.      <8e« 


lid   dollar    again   became   the 

_.   value   In  thla  country. 

Coinage  Lawij  Coins  and  Coinage.) 
Dolpbln,  The  (British  cruiser),  eeimra 
of  the  Catherine  bj,  diBcnnaed,  2070. 
Dolphin,  Tbe  (United  States  brig),  seiz- 
ure of  the  Echo  bj,  discussed,  305S. 
Dolphin,  The  (United  States  dispatch 
boat),  contract  regarding  construction 
of,  discDBSad,  4935. 
Dominican  BepnUlc  (See  Santo  Do- 
mingo.) 
Doorkeeper.— By  an  act  of  Uarcb  3.  1805, 
the  designation  of  Doorkeeper  o(  the  Sen- 
ate was  changed  to  8ergeant-at-Arma.  He 
executes  all  orders  relating  to  decorum  and 
la  offlcially  ctiarged  wllh  ail  matters  re- 
lating to  the  keeping  of  the  doors  of  tbe 
Benate.  He  orders  persons  Into  cnatodr 
and  makes  arrests  by  direction  of  the  Sen- 
ate. Tbe  duties  of  the  ENMrkeeper  of  tbe 
House  of  Representatives  are  varied  and 
complicated.  Tinder  tha  rules  of  the  Honae 
he  Is  required  to  enforce  tbe  rales  relat- 
ing to  the  DFlvlleges  of  the  Door,  and  Is 
responsible  tot  tbe  conduct  of  hla  em- 
plojecs— messengers,  pages,  laborers,  etc. 
He  also  has  charge  of  all  tbe  property  at 
the  House.  He  reports  to  Congreaa  annn- 
ally  the  amount  of  Doited  States  property. 
In  his  possession,  alaa  tbe  nntDber  of  pnb* 
lie  documenta  tn  bis  Doaaesslon  eobleGt  to 
order  of  members  oT  Congress.  He  baa 
more  patronage  tban  *Dy  other  oBcer  of 
tbe  House.  The  appointments  made  by  hint 
number  between   160  and   20O. 

Dorr'B   Bebelllon.— A    forcible   effort   to 

Dvertbcow  the  State  government  of  Rbede 
Island  In  1S40-1842.  After  tha  Declaration 
of  IndeiMndence  Bhode  Island  retained  her 
orlglnsl  coloiJal  charter,  which  provided  for 
aaXj  limited  guffrage.  Many  of  (Iw  dti- 
lens  were  dlssatlsaed  with  tba  State  sot- 
ernment.  In  October,  1841.  a  conTentloa 
of  delegates  prepared  a  constitution.  This 
was  submitted  to  popular  vote  aod.  It  wae 
claimed,  received  a  majority  of  the  vote* 
cast.  The  established  government  consid- 
ered these  efforts  to  ha  little  short  of 
A  IcglBlBlure  elected  under  the 


.  _  jmbled  1  _  _ .  , 
1  ThomSB  W.  Dorr 
r  King  proclaimed  i 


tlal  law.  The  Dorr  party  offered  armed  re- 
sistance, but  tbeir  forces  were  dispersed 
and  Dorr  fled  the  State.  Returning,  he 
again  offered  resistance  to  the  State  a»> 
tnorltles,  but  was  captured,  tried,  and  con- 
vie  led  of  treason.  He  was  pardoned  In 
IS!i2.  In  Seotember,  1642,  a  Slate  conven- 
tion adopted  a  conslltDtlon  which  embodied 
nearly  every  provision  that  had  been  advo- 
cated by  Dorr  and  his  followers. 

Dorr's  Bebelllon: 

Correspondence  regarding,  2139. 

Discussed,  2136. 
Donghface.- A  term  first  applied  by  John 
Randolph,  of  Virginia,  to  northern  COB- 
gressmen  who  supported  the  Hlssoarl 
Compromise  of  1820.  It  was  Intended  to 
apply  to  those  who  were  esally  molded  by 
peraonai  or  UDWortby  motives  to  forsake 
their  principles^     It  was  fenenUl;  applied 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


DongUftco — Oo»HMitd. 

to  Dortbern  people  who  favored  alaTer;,  but 

wBH    aUo    Minetlmes    need    to    atlgmatlse 

tlKwe   loatlieni   cItlzeaH   who   oppoied    the 

preTBiUuK  sentiment  of  their  aectlon  on  the 

Btmrery  qoeatlon. 

Donglis,  TAe,  indemniflcatioQ  for,  to  be 

made  b^  Orut  Britain,  2111. 
Snna. — CoDBCtiptloD  for  obtain] DK  mCD 
for  the  mllltarr  forces  of  the  goTernment 
depend  od  the  Mneral  prloclple  that  It  U 
tbe  dnt7  of  ■  cltliea  who  eiijaTa  the  pro- 
tcctkiii  of  a  KOrerDineDt  to  defend  It.  Tba 
state  const Itntlona  make  clllxene  liable  to 
mllltar;  datr.  and  the  Constitution  of  the 
United  States  (Arf-'-   ■■    — ——   =    — — - 


waa    riven   to   t 
and  taTored  bj 


_    I   Klrea  Coogreaa  ] 
which   the   court!   " 

_.      .  _  Beceaal^  for  t ,_ „ 

lattodnctlon  of  a  bill  In  Congreaa.  known 

■■"      ■■       ■ "    proTldlng   for   •■ 

_,    bnt    It    failed    to 

>nrliia  the  Civil  War  tbe  need  of 

occauoDcd  the  pasaaKC  o(  the  Con-       ■"—<; 

scTliiIloD  Bill,  which  became  law  on  March        the  ci 


I   bare   held   Includea   the 


■oldiera  occauoned  the  pasaaKe  ot  the  Con- 

■  -in  Bill,  which  became  law  on  March 

I   (afterwards  amended  In  Februarj 

and  Jal7,  18S4).  This  bill  provided  (or 
the  enrollment  of  all  able-bodied  citizen* 
between  elghtesu  and  forty-flve  jeara  of 
age.     In   default  of  volunteers   to  fill  tbe 

Suota    from    a    eonsreBBlonal    district,    the 
eflcleac;    waa    to    be    supplied    bf    drafts 


Dngo  Doctrme.— Wben  in  the  winter  of 
1902-1903  Qermanr,  Britain  and  Ital7 
blockaded  the  porta  of  Veoesaela  In  a-*  at- 
tempt to  compel  the  latter  conntrr  to  set* 
tie  Its  foreign  IndebtedneBS  Dr.  L.  P. 
Drago,  ■  noted  Jurist,  of  Argentina,  main- 
tained that  force  can  not  be  used  br 
one  power  la  collect  moner  owing  to  Its 
citliens  by  another  power.  Prominence 
'o  tbe  contention  hy  the  (act 
officially  upheld  by  Argentina. 
. by  other  South  American  re- 
publics. The  principle  embodied  bas  be- 
■!ome  jgenerally  known  as  the  "Drago  Doo- 

It  waa  at  thla  second  Hague  Peace  Con- 

_^...,   „.j  attended   by  delegates 

.1.      . 1 —     "intrles, 

dlBCUBBlon  and  Sie  power  of  a  Pan-American 
alliance  was  dlaclowd  to  the  world.  Dr. 
CslTO,  Argentine  representative  In  Enro- 
peBD  capitals.  malDtalned  that  If  Bnropean 
states  do  not  make  war  npon  each  other  tor 
tbe  sake  of  bondholders,  they  onght  not  to 
"•*'■ •"  collect  debta,  good  o-  "--•   '- 


In    May,    and    tbe 

application  of  tbe  draft  created  serlona 
rfota.  It  was  alleged  that  a  dispropor- 
tionate number  of  men  had  been  demanded 
from  Democratic  dlatrlcta ;  these  dlscrep- 
andes  were  corrected  by  the  War  Depart- 
ment. In  October,  1863,  the  President 
lamed  another  call  far  300,000  men,  and 
a  draft  was  ordered  for  the  following 
Jannary  to  aapply  any  deOclencles.  Other 
drafts  were  anDseanently  made.  Tbe  op- 
«Tath>n  ot  the  drafts  waa  not  satisfactory 
In  the  number  of  men  directly  obtained, 
and  de«ertIons  were  frequent  among  such 
aa  were  dratted,  bnt  volunlary  enlistments 
were  quickened.  The  Confederate  States 
bad  (sry  strlDgent  conscription  laws, 
which   were   rigidly  enforced. 

DraTt  BUti.—Tht  attempt  to  enforce 
the  draft  In  ISflS  led  to  serious  troubles 
In  some  sections  of  the  country.  Penn- 
srlvanja  was  disturbed  to  this  way,  but 
New  York  City  was  tbe  scene  of  the 
greatest    outrages.      On    Inly    13    a    mob 

S lined  control  of  tbe  city,  and  was  not 
Ispersed  till  four  daya  bad  elapsed.  Tbe 
police  force  waa  too  amall  to  cope  with 
the  riotera,  but  a  small  force  of  United 
States  regulars  could  be  commanded,  and 
the  mllltlu  were  absent  at  tbe  seat  of  war. 
The  enmity  of  the  mob  was  directed  es- 
pecially against  the  negroes,  several  Of 
them  being  banged  or  otherwise  killed,  and 
the  Colored  Orpnan  Asylum  being  burned. 
Finally  the  regolars,  tbe  police  and  some 
mllltia  that  had  returned  after  the  bat- 
tle of  Oettysbntg  sncceeded  In  quelling  tbe 
riot.  It  Is  estimated  that  about  l.DOO  per- 
sona lost  tbeir  Uvea,  and  tbe  city  was 
obliged  to  pay  Indemnities  for  loaa  of 
property  amoantlng  to  over  gl,G0O.0oa 
Dnfts,  OoTanunuit,  s&le  or  exchange 
of,  for  bank  notes,  uid  phjrment  of 
Qovenuuent  ereditors  in  depreciated 
currency,  1777,  1808,  1807,  1808. 


r  tbe  collection  of  d 


speculators 

tbelr    govei ._ _,    

for  the  collection  ot  paltry  Boma,  and  In- 
stanced a  case  where  tbe  actual  debt  tamed 
ont  to  he  only  three-fourths  ot  one  per  cent 
of  tbe  amount  claimed  and  the  United 
Statea  had  used  nineteen  wareblps  and  spent 
nearly  14,000,000  to  collect  a  debt  of  less 
than  (100,000.  Tbe  powera  agreed  "to  take 
no  military  or  nayal  action  to  compel  tbe 


debts    1 


atll    I 


„  .,  _B  creditor 
janawered  by  tbe 
~a  has  taken  place 


B  faUed  ti 


conform 


arbitration  has  b 
and  refased  or  .... 
debtor,  or  antll  arbitration 
and  tbe  debtor  state  b 
to  tbe  decision  given." 
Drawback. — A  term  aaed  In  comueree  to 
signify  the  remlaalon  or  refunding  of  tar- 
iff duties  wben  the  commodity  npon  which 
they  have  been  paid  la  exported.  By 
means  of  the  drawback  an  article  upon 
which  taxes  are  paid  wben  Imported  may 
bs    exported    and    sold    In    foreign    markets 

-  though  It  bad   not 

B  drawback  eoables 
,  ,_...,  — ^rted  artlelea  taxed 

1  sell  them  In  foreign  marketa 

on  the  same   terms   as   those   offered   from 
countries   where   no   tax   la   Imposed. 
Drod  Scott  Case. —  A  celebrated  Supreme 
Court    case,    decided    In    18CT,    Important 
I  the  Missouri  Compro- 


., other    State,    he    transferred    hia    salt 

from  the  State  to  ttie  Federal  courts  nndet 
tbe  power  given  to  the  latter  to  try  suits 
between  dUsens  of  different  States.  The 
._.     —     ._  jppgaj  tg  y,g  Buprenje  Court 


s  ancoainltatlonal  and  Totd:  that  one  ol 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Dred  Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 

Dnd  Scott  OiM — OsKtfiHMif.  Dock  Vallay,  Kst^  paTmeiit  of  MtUen 

tiM  constltntlDiul  fnnctloni  of  Consreu  ww  for    improTsmenta    on    land!    la,    n- 

the  protectloD  of  proHrir ;  tbat  slaves  vera  fsTmil  tn    dAiU    4T7fl 

twwpilMd  «■  proper^  by  the  ConadmOon,  ,Ji,„     iS,'           ■'*'„*     „j    .i.i„. 

mnd^Elut  Con^«w  wu  thcntore  boond  to  DndlaTi    Tu,    seiEUre    of,    and    elidini 

protect   •laven   la  tbe   Terrltorle*.     Bcott  arising    ont    of,    4114,    B198,    6547, 

wai  put  ont  of  court  od  ttB  Bronnd  that  he  5073    5B73     Bogft 

•rta  »tUl  a  Have  eml  being  inch  coald  not  .„  j'  -         '         f    anln 

be  a  elilwa  of  the  Unltef  suiea  or  have  Award  in   case  ol,  007U. 

any  atandlnE  In  Federal  conrta.     Auoclate  DnlntlL  Wt""-,  act  for  erection  of  pob- 

Jwtleeii  CnnU*  tjid  McLean  filed  dlnenUng  ^^  baildines  at,  vetoed,  0054. 

opiDlonB.     The  fleclilon  aroused  grett   ei-  nJZLijL    ~°~     '       i„_r!.«„_   „_„,!__ 

cTtement  thronghont  tbe   conntry,   partieu-  DnnUtk,  N.  T,  proclamation  (muting 

larlj  In  tbe  North.  privilegeB  of  other  porta  to,  2859. 

Dnd   8coU   due,   Sapreme   Court   de-  I>iirango,  Tbe,   convention  with   T«xaa 

cision     regardiug,     diaenaud,    £965,  for  adjuatment  of  claiins  in  ease  of, 

3029,  3085;  3160.  1686. 

Drinr,  Tlia,  ordered  from  and  forbid-  Datch     Bast     IndlM,     diserimlaating 

den    to    reenter    watera    of    United  duties  on  vsaaela  of,  anapended,  61S4. 

States,  S91.  Dntlos.      ^ee  Foreign  Import  Dntiei; 

Sit  Do^a.    (See  Doeka.)  Import  Duties;  Veuels,  ronlgn,  ton- 

1^7  ToftnsM,  anrvey  of,  for  naval  «ta-  nage  onO 

tion,  1038.  Drnmllb  Indlani.  (Bee  Indian  Tribes.) 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


B  Plnribm  mum.— A  liStln  phrtM  mean- 
inf  "Oct  of  aaur,  one."  or  "Oiie  ol  many." 
It  >lliide*  to  the  formation  of  one  Fed- 
eral GoTernmMit  ont  of  aereral  Indeiwnd- 
«llt  mtMtm.  It  la  tbe  mono  of  tbe  United 
Stntcm,  havlnc  been  wlocted  bj  <t  commit- 
tee compcwed  of  John  AdBma,  Benjamin 
rimnklln,  and  Ttiomaa  JeScraon.  Tber 
made  their  report  on  a  ivmiga  tor  a  motto 
and  freat  aeal  Aug.  10,  ITTS.  Tbe  phrase 
la  probablr  derived  tram  "Horetum,"  • 
LatUi  poem  b7  Ylrgll.  It  waa  also  the 
motto  of  the  "GentlemaD'a  UaBailne," 
which  waa  oolte  popular  In  the  Caloniea  at 
the  tlm*  the  selection  was  made.  It  Orst 
appeared  on  coin  laaued  bj  New  Jeraer  1° 

Eagle.— Tbe  |10  EOld  coin  of  the  United 
Btatea.  Ita  coinage  was  antborUed  In 
1TB2.  CotDCd  flrat  In  1704,  It  has  since 
been  leeal  tender  to  anr  amount.  Tbs  Brrt 
deUrerj  wM  of  400  esKlea  Sept.  22,  17»6, 
Colnase  waa  suspended  In  ISOS  and  re- 
anmed  In  IBS7.  It  takes  Its  name  from 
the  agnre  of  the  national  bird  which  la 
stamped  on  the  reverss.  (See  also  Colnais 
Lawa;  Coins  and  Coinage.) 
BartbqiukM    in    Pern,    Eenador,    and 

BoliviaL,  38SS. 
Xut  Tlmidft.     (See  Florida.) 
But  TlorUa  Olaliu: 

DiaenBaed   and    pnTment   of,   recom- 
mended,   17S7,    1906,    4520,    4530, 
4S60. 
Bepurta  on,  referred  to,  4541. 
Bast  Blver,  N.  T.,  appropriation  for  re- 
moTKl  of  Flood  Bock  in,  recommend- 
ed, 4788. 
Baat  TamuHM  milvenltT,  act  for  re- 
lief of,  vetoed,  4169. 
SMttgcrt,   Xa.,   proclamation   granting 

priTilegee  of  other  ports  to,  2859. 
Baatir.  Tlu^  eoUisions  of,  6774,  6933. 
Bcbo,  The,  captured  with  more  then  300 
African  nesroea  on  board  bj  TJ.  S. 
brig  DolpMn,  near  Key-  Verde,  on 
the  eoBBt  of  Cuba,  and  taken  aa  a 
price  to  Charieaton,  8.  C,  30S3. 
Beconunendationa  regarding  remoTal 
of,  3059. 


(16.8SS  feet).     Both  ranges  c 


DlaeoBaed  by  Preaident — 
Taft,  7370,  7423,  7505,  7736. 
WiUon,  8010. 
BcnaflTT — "^^    Republic    la    bounded    on 
the  west  by  the  Pacldc  Oosan,  on  the  north 


Eur.   and   Plehlucha  ■ 


active   volcanoes. 


rbe  elevated   Bcnadorlin  platei —  

the  two  raurea  consists  oi  tbe  Quito,  Am- 
bato,  and  Caenca  plains,  of  which  the 
'"    "   -tfle    and    covered    with 


loDgltDde,  were  anneied  bi  the  Sepnbllc 
of  Iccnador  Id  lBS-2.  The  Archipelago  con- 
sists of  six  large  and  nine  small  Islanda 
with  a  total  area  ol  about  ^OOO  Enillsh 
square  mllea.  The  larger  lalaDdH  were 
formerly  tbe  resort  of  bucCBDeers  and  tbev 
possess  alternative  English  and  Bpanlsb 
names,  via. :— Albemarlo  (or  luhplii  Nar. 
borough  (or  Femandlna 
BanU  Crua).  Cbalbatn 

James  {or  Ban  Ba]vaiL._., __    .__ 

Santa  Herla).  Tbe  name  la  derived  from 
the  giant  tortobie  (galtpagoi  found  on 
tbe  ^landB.  In  Che  Oulf  of  QuflfBiiulI, 
separated  from  tbe  mainland  bj  tbe  nar- 
row Morro  Btralts,  la  Puna  Island,  about 
200  square  mllea  In  area,  low-ljlog  and 
denselr  wooded.  Banta  Clara  In  tbe  same 
golf,  end  1^  Plau  and  Sbiboko  off  the 
coast  of  Manabl  province,  are  the  largest 
of  tbe  remaining  Islands  of  Bcnador.  Tbe 
river  systems  are  divided  \>j  the  Andes 
and  consist  of  western  rivers  flowing  Into 
the  Pacillc,  and  of  trihatarlea  of  the  Up- 


teenth 
the  Incl 


PrariBtea  and  CMtals  En^^ 

Atatr  (Oataeti 3,8K> 

BoUvar  fOuannda) 1,200 

CaBar  (AMaoe*) 1.G20 

CareU  (Tulean) 1,500 

Chimbonn  OUobaioba) . . .  S.OOO 

Eamenldaa  ^mBnlda*).. ,  6,500 
OoliDaaos  TtianHt  (San  Crl^ 

toSlTT 8.500 

Ouayai  (OoayaquU) 8,300 

Imbabun  nbarra) 1,300 

Uon  (Latwniuga) 3,800 

LolaOoW ».705 

Uanabl  (Puerto  Viajo) 8,000 

Orients  (Anhldona) <0,000  C 

OrofMaohala) MBO 

Piehiuiha  (Quito) 0,360 

Bioa  (BabafaW) ^-^^^ 

Tunguiacua  (Ambalo) 1,700 

Total lie,S30 

The   pardculart    In   the    ahnv 

dnde  the  area  i    ' 


PopuIatloD 
140,000 
4S.000 

T0,0DO 
40,000 
130,000 
30,000 


1,300,500 

)  total    In- 
popolatloa 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Eciudor— OoKtiKiKd. 

of    tbe    Orient e    Province   •■    ctilmed    by 

Bcaador  bnt  tbe  bonndarlei  are  In  dlspnte 

wltb  Colombia  and  Pprn.  Ecuador  claims 
■  wide  extenHloD  nortbwaid  Into  Colom- 
■"'  ,  while  Peru  clalmB  a  conBldcrable  por- 
'    "  "  ■ ,   ot    the    Ecua- 


ol    Ecuadorian   Orleu 


dorlaD    claim    from    Colombia,    and    _. 

eiteualon  beroDd  tbat  claim  into  Colombian 
territory. 


diaui 


00,000,    of   wbom 


—    --tally  'uncivil lied,    _. 

•ucaa.  Tbe  white  population,  deaeeadBDCa 
of  the  apaniBb  colonlatB,  arc  believed  to 
number  iOO.OOO,  tbe  meBtlios,  or  mlied 
SpanlBh-IndlanB,  300.000,  and  the  descend- 
anta  of  Imported  negroea  about  40.000,  ol 
wbom  only  S.OOO  are  of  pare  blood,  tbe 
remainder  being  ot  mixed  Indian  and  Span- 
lah  blood.  Tbe  foreign  population  la  slated 
at  6,000,  mainly  from  neighboring  repnb- 
UcB,  with  some  TOO  from  F:iirope  and  tbe 
United   States,   and   a  bant  300   Chloese. 

nenl.— The  Government  1b  that  o( 
~  1  republic,  and  reeta  upon  the 
wntten  constllutlon  of  1830,  with  a  Presi- 
dent and  Vlce-PreHldent,  elected  by  direct 
vote  (or  four  years  (and  Ineligible  for  auc- 
cesalve  terms  In  the  same  office).  Presi- 
dent of  the  Republic  (AprU  1.  191B-1920), 
Alfredo  Bniuerlio  Moreno. 

Congress  conslats  of  a  Senate  and  « 
Cbamber  of  Depatles.  The  Senate  contalna 
thirty-two  members  (two  for  each  prov- 
ince)   elected   for  four  years,   balf 


O.OOO   Inhabitants)    (.--. 

The   electors   In  each   ca 

tlzens  above  eighteen  yea 


under  political  cblefs.  The  OaUpagos  Isl- 
ands  are   administered   aa  a   territory. 

There  are  civil  courta  of  first  Inatance 
tinder  Justices  of  the  peace  Bod  police 
courts  In  all  tbe  smaller  centers,  with  nl- 
caldes  In  the  manlclpalltles :  six  superior 
courts  at  Quito.  Guayaquil,  Cuencs,  RIo- 
bamba,  Lola,  and  Porta  VJeJo,  and  a  su- 
pretne  court  at  the  capital. 

Jrtnv. — There  Is  a  Militia,  with  a  perma- 
nent strength  ot  at>ont  5,000  of  all  ranks 
and  a  National  Qusrd  of  three  classes. 
(Bee  Armies  of  the  World.) 

Ifavii- — The  Navy  consists  of  the  cruiser 
Cotopail,    tbe    destrover    BollvBr    and    tor- 

8edo-hoat  Tarqnl,  with  a  lores  of  ahont 
[W  of  all  ranks. 

Education. — Primary  education  Is  com- 
pulsory and  free,  there  being  at>ont  l.ZOO 
■cboola,  with  a  total  attendance  of  about 
80,000.  The  University  ot  Quito,  founded 
In  the  seTenteenth  century,  has  about  300 
■todenta  and  thirty -two  profeasors. 

finoBre,— The    revenue    and    eipendlture 
for  the  five  years.  ieOT-1911,  are  stated  as 
follows  In  condors.    The  condor  la  equal  to 
10.487  United  States  money. 
Tear  Ravenut 


lOOT 1,319,500  

1908 I.272.4SO  l.HO.ISO 

190» 1.887.760  1,560.500 

1910 1,530,700  l,550,0fi0 

1911 2.39S.480  2,204,725 


000.000,  and  t—    -_ ,_  „ 

poo,    a    total    of   t21.000.000.      The   ( 
blan  debt,  with  arrears  ot  Intereat,  ar 


ed  to  aboDt  12,000,000  tacras.  In  1S»  ■ 
Blnklng  fund  was  formed  tor  the  pnrpoaea 
of  amortlutloa  by  the  payment  into  a 
special  acconnt  of  a  10  per  cent,  surtax 
on  the  Import  duties.  This  sinking  fund 
amounted  In  ISIO  to  aboot  600.000  sncrea 
(f  300,000), 

Prvduction  and  Indrntrj/. — Wheat.  maUe, 
oata,  barley,  potatoes,  and  Tegetables  are 
grown  In  the  northern  uplands,  but  tbe 
staple  product  ot  the  soil  la  cacao,   grown 

— "--Ipally  In    the   val' -•  "•- ■ — 

^.    ^jiavas  and   in  the 

tbe  n 

one-fl 

eicelL   .    ,_ -_   „--  _    ._    ._„ 

alopes  of  the  Andes,  and  cotton,  sugar,  l- 
bacco,  and  rice  In  (he  western  plains, 
while  robber,  cinchona  bark,  vegetable 
Ivory  <tagua  nuts),  and  cabinet  woods  are 
obtained  from  (he  eilenslve,  foreal-clad 
plains  of  Orlente.  There  are  Immense 
tracts  of  erasing  land  on  the  lower  slopea 
west  of  the  Cordilleras,  and  also  on  the 
part  of  the  plateau  between  the 


jnges. 


and  copper 
lable  petTO- 


Santt   „..„„.  „„    .„> 

of  tbe  province  of  Guayaa.  Emeralds  and 
rublea  are  ocraslonally  discovered,  and  bqI- 
phur  Is  Bbundant  In  many  districts  and  In 
the  Crallpagoa  Islands. 
Tbe  principal  Industry 


-plaiting 


t!al 
at 

tbe  foreign  market.  Tbe  fiber  Industry  U 
widespread,  and  chocolate  factories  bave 
been  esubllsbed  In  tbe  cacao  districts. 

Tbe   principal   exports   are  cocoa,   vege- 
table  Ivory,    rubber,    cinchonr    ' — ■■    -* 

hat^    colfee,    and    cattle    snd 

Erlnclpal  Imports  being 
ig.  Iron  manufactures 
^    ■■  —In  1010     ■ 


a  horses ;  the 
lies  and  clolh- 
]    foodstuffs. 


- -  --.3  ranges  of  tbe  Andes. 

Stiipplno- — The  mercanllle  marine  con- 
sists ot  a  few  small  salllnc  vessels.  Id 
1910  430  vessels  engaged  in  the  foreigm 
trade  entered  and  Cleared  at  the  port  of 
Ouaynqull. 

Cllifi. — Capital,  Quito,  on  tbe  Ecnadortan 
plateau.  Is  an  old  Spanish  town,  containing 
B  cathedral,  tbe  Jesuits'  church  of  remark- 
able lieauty,  and  mnny  large  government 
bulldln^ra.  The  estimated  populalloa  of  the 
principal  towns  'Sn'^jjol""^' ^^Q"'**  JS'" 
000.' 


....,-.  towns   Is  __   

;   UuayaqnU,   60,000,  and   I 


■rllh  ita   Dniled  Stntes.^The  vain* 

cbandlse    Imported     Into     Eenador 

irom   the   United  States  for  tba  year  191S 
was    12.558.785.    and    goods    t-    -"—    --' — 


Ctpil  war  in,  1319, 
Claims  of  United  States  against,  eon- 
Tention  for  adjustment  of,  3348, 
3402. 
Failure  of,  to  pay  flrst  installment 
of  award  under,   3584. 
Commercial  convention  with,  17SL 
Convention  witli,  respecting  ease  of 

Emilia  Santos,  S9S7. 
Diplomatic  relations  with,  i 
4630,  5468. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Mncyciopedic  Index 


Egypt 


EarthqnakeB  in,  3885. 

FngitiTe  ciimiDalB,  eoDventioa  iritli, 

for  aarreuder  of,  4100^  4247. 
Imprisonment  of  American   dtizena 
in,  4SS0. 
Beleued,  4915,  4990. 
Treaty  to  settle  elaim  legardiDg, 
5369. 
Natiiralization    tiesty    with,     4119, 

41S3. 
Beport  of  Geoiire  E.  Church  apOD, 

transmitted,  4744. 
Treaty   with,    transmitted   and    dis- 
enssed,   1784,   2001,    3348,   4160, 
4247. 
Expresses  desire  to  negotffcte,  1694. 
Probably  rendered  abortive,   1933. 
Ecnador,  Treaties  vltlL — June  13.  I8S9, 
I   treaty   of   peace,   frlendstalD.    narlKatlon 
■nd  commeice  ttsi  concluded   with  Ecna- 
dor.   This  wsB  termlnatHi  Anxuat  20,  1S9S, 
br  notice  fiODi  the  Ecaadorean  goTernnient. 
A  claims  coDTeDtlan  was  agreed  to  Id  1862 
for  a  twelTc-moath  commlsalon.     In   16TZ 
a  iMtnrallaatloa  conTcntloa  waa  concluded 
wUch  also  was  abrogated  Acgust  26.  1S92. 
An  estradltloD  eooTentlan   waa   concluded 
Jnne  28,    1BT2    (s«e   l^itradUlon   Treaties), 
•nd  In  18S8  BUDtber  apcclaJ  clalma  eouven- 
tlon  In  the  caae  of  Julio  R,  Santos,  a  natlTe 
of   Bcnador  and   ■   natarallzed   cltlsen   of 
the  Daited  SUtes. 


0  became  a  part;  to  the  con- 


claims    and    the    prolectlo_    __    , 

mb^ud  procfafmA*  ln°WaaWn^on'*jQl? 
29,  1614.  (Bee  Bonth  and  Centra f  America, 
TreatleB  with.' 


(see  also  Indian  Schools; 
Military  Academy,  National  Uni- 
TeTsitj;   Naval  Academy): 

Act  donating  landi  for  benefit  of  ag- 
ricnltnral  colleges  vetoed,  3074. 

Appropriation  of  proceeds  of  Bales 
of  public  lands  for,  recommended, 
410a,  4157,  4558,   4578,  4645. 

Constitational  amendment  regarding, 
BvgKOBted,  397,  444,  587. 

Constitutional  amendment  regarding 
maintenance  of  free  schools  by 
states,  etc.,   recommended,   4283. 


Lands  granted  to  states  In  aid  of, 

1029,   1045,  8587,  4206,   5974. 

Beeommended,  398,  470,  4065,  4208. 

Of  freedom   diacnssed   and  referred 

to,  3995,  5489. 
Becommendation   that   States   be  re- 
quired   to    afford    good    eomnon 
schools,  4310. 
Becommendationa    regarding    edaea- 
tion    in    sUtes,   4til,  4408,   4564, 
4578. 
Sectarian  tenets  not  to  be  tsnght  in 

public  schools,  4310. 
Technical   and   industrial    discnssed, 
7424. 
Education.  Bnioan  of: 
Discussed  by  President — 
Grant,  4066,  4207. 
Hayes,  4531,  4578. 
Establishment  of,   referred  to,  4086. 
EdncatloB,  Oommlaaloner  of: 
Dnties    of,   respecting  ednestion    of 

freedom   referred    to,   3995. 
Beport  of,  referred  to,  4458. 
Education,  Indtutrlal,  report  on,  trans- 
mitted, 5782. 
Educational  Land  Orants,   1029,  1045, 
3587,  4206,  5974. 
Beeommended,   398,   470,   4066,  4208. 
EdncaUonal  BeqnlrenHnts  for  Voteis. 
recommended    by    Presideut    Grant, 
4310,  4365. 
Edwards,  W.  H.,  report  of,  transmitted, 

S769. 
E«l  Blrer  Indians.  (See  Indian  Tribes.) 
Egypt. — EgTpt  occupies  the  northeaatem 
eonier  of  the  African  continent,  between 
22'-81°  35'  N.  latitude  and  ie"-3T'  B. 
longitude.  The  northern  boundar;  la  the 
UedllerrBDean.  and  Id  the  Bonth  Egypt 
Ih  caDtermlaouB  with  the  Anglo-EgrptlaD 
Sudan.  The  western  boundary  rana  from 
the  coBHt  near  the  OuK  o(  SollBin  (longi- 
tude 26'  B.),  Inland  In  a  sonthweaterlr 
direction,  and  In  the  extreme  ■oulbwest 
meets  that  of  the  French  Bahara  In  16'  B. 
lougltade :  Id  the  northeast  a  line  drawn 
from  the  north  of  the  Onlf  of  Akaba  to 
Bafa  on  the  Hedlterranean  (84-  16'  B. 
longitude)    aeparatea    the    BInal    PenluBula 


Arthur,  4645,  4730,  4771,  4840. 
Harrison,  Benj.,  6489. 
BooBcvelt,  7424. 
Taft,  7664. 

In  Alaska,  appropriation  for,  recom- 
mended, 4667,  5463. 

In  Army  diseusBed,  4570,  5879. 

In    Indian    Territoij,    recommenda* 
tions  regarding,  6346. 


Pliyi<cal      Ftttluru. — The      hlcl 

Abraalala      extend      northward      . 

Egypt  along  the  Bed  Sea  littoral  and  Qnl 


a  the  Sinal  Prulnaula,  ■ 


alffi 


In   Its   DorCbeast  comer,   wTHl 

Slual    (8,640   feet),   near   tbe  apex 

south. 

SriDclpal   feature  of 
ley,   where  the  rive 

cllffB,  which,  with  the  e 

round  AswRu,  are  of  sai ..- 

Halt*  to  near  Esna.  while  from  Qena  — 
Cairo  llmeatone  predominates.  These  cliffs 
aometlmes  rise  to  Qearly  2,000  feet  above 
the  level  of  the  aea.  The  ciltT-eaclosed  val- 
ley   Increaaea    In    width    to    BCTeral^  i""- 


'   the    fertile   lands    apon 

penda ;  after  the  Delta  Barrage  (14  milea 
north  of  Cairo)  the  country  spreada  out 
Into    an    Irregnlar,    lan-ahaped    formation 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Egypt 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Njanu    to  its'monthR,  "and    (or  .       .. 

000   mllei   or   ItB  roaru  lies  betwMQ   Ibe 
■oulhern      an' 
Egypt.     The 

rise  and  fall,  .uc  .m  •ii.>iiim<ii«  i>s  uia>.i- 
mum  In  Spplembrr,  Iih  filt  being  rapid  for 
■bont  laarteeD  wecka  from  lliaE  time,  and 
thpn  Kradual   )□   the   end  of  Uht. 

Between  (be  weatera  clltfs  ot  the  Nile 
TalLe;  and  the  Trlpolltan  Taller  1«  a  vast 
plateau,  known  aa  tbe  I-I<>7an  Desert,  ivltti 


Od   tbe 


I   Dea- 


jni   BOTemed   bT   paehaa   wot   from   Cod- 
•laDtiai^Je    nntn_  tbe^^  begliinlna    o(    tbe 


.    In    187G    I 


territories   eomprlaed    ait 


fO.OOO    aqua 


mllei. 


_    ,_, ,.    16.000.000. 

The  wild  eitreTDgaDce  of  Ismail  drove  b'm 
to  nise  enormona  loana  In  Europe,   irhlcb 


French   repre 

gOTsmed  Egypt  for  1 


France   and   Great    Britain   Interve 

forced  Ismail  to  abdlcata,  appointing  bla 
■on  Tewflt   IISTe-lSeS)   to  ancceed  him. 

Bjr  *  KbedliBl  decree  ot  Not.  10.  16T9. 
two  Comptrollen-General  were  appoloted 
for  (he  reorganlastlon  of  the  admlnlatra- 
tlon  and  re-eat  ab  II  ah  ment  of  flnanclal 
eqalllbrlum.  Major  Evelyn  Baring  being 
>h<  B.ix.h  si>A  M  He  BlIgnlArea  the 
The  Dor  I   Control 

„. „_a  I'nTtlated.  bat  'fnrther  prog- 
ress waa  lulFirnpted  by  a  mllltRry  revolt, 
headed  by  an  offlcer  of  the  Egyptian  Army 
(Ahmed  Arflbl  Paaha).  The  revolt  as- 
anmed  alarming  proportions,  but  the 
French  Government  deellned  to  Intervene 
and  a  BrIllBh  expedition  was  dispatched 
to  re-ealabllah  the  nntharlty  of  the  Khe- 
dive. Egypt  la  nominally  anbject  to  Tur- 
key and  pays  an  annual  tribute  ot  S3.S0O.- 
000.  bnt  In  all  lotemat  and  Inlematlonal 
affairs    the    Bhedlve    It    complataly    Inde- 


Bbout  270,000  aqaa 

. ,  edge  of  the  Libyan 

:,   Boulhwest^  of  Cairo,   stand  the  Qreat 


the  Red  Sea  ia  known  as  the  ArablSD  Dea- 


639  E<7Pt 


._   abotlahed   by  a 

decree  of  tbe  Ebedlre  (Jan.  18,  1883)  and 
a  Brlllab  flnanclal  advlaer  was  appointed 
In  place  of  tbe  Comptroller-Oeneral.  In 
Janaary,  1884,  BIr  Evelyn  Baring  (who 
bad  previously  served  as  Comptroller'Geii. 
eral)  was  appointed  Consal-deneral  tor  the 
United  Kingdom,  and  tbe  British  expedi- 
tionary force,  sent  to  qnell  the  rebellion  of 
18S2.  remained  In  the  country  aa  an  army 
o(  occapstlon.  Ueauwblle  a  revolt  had 
brotpu  out  In  the  aonthera  provlncea,  head- 
ed by  Bbeikh  Mohammed  Ahmed,  of  Don- 
cola,  who  had  proclaimed  hlmaelf  a  Mahdl 
ot  lalam,  Thia  revolt  led  to  the  tempo- 
rary atmndonment  of  the  territory  now 
known  aa  tbe  Sadan  Provlncea  (v.  v.).  In 
1862  Tewllk  was  ancceeded  bv  hia  cMet 
wn  Abbas  II.,  the  present  Khedive. 


DiMrieta  tod  Capitala 


tioaen    from    among       HannlU 


eighteenth    century, 
years   tbe  mier   — 

the     mameinkea,  „ 

1802-1B04  French  troops  occupied  tbe  coun- 
try, with  the  ostensible  object  ot  sup- 
pressing the  mamelukea  and  restoring  tbe 
■ntborlty  ot  tbe  Bnltau;  and  after  their 
evacuation  of  the  country  Mohammed  All, 
who  was  appointed  governor  Id  1S05.  ex- 
terminated tne  mamelukes  In  1811.  and 
waa  eventually  made  hereiiltary  governor 
of  Egypt  and  tbe  Budan  by  a  Urman  from 
-'  t  Bnllan  of  Feb.   18.  1841.     Mohammed 

—J.J     !,_.,„     ,,13     J^tl,     by     tils 

i  nephew  Abbla 

during  the  reign 

a   of  Mohammed 

All.    ice    concession    lor    the    StieE    Canal 

was  obtained,  and  bis  successor  Ismail 
(1863-1ST9),  a  son  of  Ibrahim,  waa  granted 
(by  flrmac  of  May  14,  186T)  tbe  title  of 
Khedive,  tbe  previous  rulers  having  held 
the  title  of  Vail,  or  Governor.  In  tbe 
early  rears  of  Ismail's  relan  the  Egyptian 
doml[i1on8_were  very  lartrely  •— — ■'*-'    — 


Cairo., » 

Bah^*{i>amuhar)'.! '.'.'.'.  1,721 

Daqahlta  (MuaOrri 1.018 

"■    -'•    rtaDta) 2,436 

(Shabta  ^  KOm) . .  009 

CMlaUa  JBenba) S58 

Shaiqta  (Zaguig) IJS 


1,484,814 
BTI.018 
434  JITS 


384(101 
STMU 
44IJISt 

797,940 


::.:!  ■■•»»  {    2S 

Libyan  and  AnUanDsMcts  340000  100.000 

Total 303,181        tl.3873n 

SfhHOffrapfty.— There  are  tbree  distinct 
etemenia  In  the  native  population  of  Egypt. 
The  largest,  or  "EgyDtlan"  element,  u  a 
Hamlio-Bemltlc  race,  anown  In  the  mral 
diatrlMa  as  Fellabtn  (feliUt  ~  nlooghman, 
or  tiller  ot  the  •oii|.  Tbe  tellabln  have 
t>een  mainly  Mnhammadana  aicce  tbe. con- 
quest of  tbe  conntry  in  the  aeventh  cen- 
tury, but  about  800,000  Coptic  Cbrlstlaoa 
are  enomerated  In  tbe  towna  and  vlllagea. 
These  Egyptian  townsmen  and  peasantry 
eiceed  10.000,000  Id  tbe  total  of  the  On- 
■Ds  ot  1907.  A  second  element  Is  the 
Bedouin,  or  nomadic  Arabs  of  tbe  Libyan 
and  ArablaD  deserts,  nnmberlng  in  all 
about  760.000,  ot  whom  atmut  one-aeventb 
are  real  nomada,  and  the  remainder  arml- 
aedeutary  tent-dwellera  on  tbe  out  skirt  a 
of  Ibe  cultivated  land  of  tbe  Nile  Valley 
and  tbe  Farflm.  Tbe  third  element  la  the 
NnblBu  of  the  Nile  Valley,  between  Aawln 
and  WadI  Haifa,  of  mlied  Arab  and  aecro 
blood.  Tbe  Bedoaina  and  Nublana  are  Hn- 
faammadana.  At  the  Census  ot  1907  the 
foreign  residents  exceeded  220,000.  Inctod- 
Ina  Turks,  Greeks,  Itnliaos.  Brlllsh,  French 
and  Tiinlslana,  Auatro-HDngarlaQB.  RnB> 
Slans,  OermsDB,  other  Europesus,  and  Per- 

Oorwusteiit.— Viscount  Kitchener  ot 
Khartoum  waa  appointed  Brltlab  Agrot 
and  Oovemor^Jeoeral  In  IBll.  Tbe  amy 
la  limited  to  18.000,  and  the  commander  la 
chief   I*   appointed   by   tka   Khedlra   witk 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


titfia-HaoT  Law 


the  conaent  of  th*  Brtttih  Oorammmt. 
Tb«  poaltUtB  ot  SfTPt  Is  tbDB  Mimewbit 
Mmpllated  ■■  a  Beml-lndcpeadeiit  trlba- 
tatr  Stat?  of  the  Ottoman  Empire,  at  prea- 

...  .  ......    .  .,^ 

/rripu'rlM. — blDK    idena  '(B.C.'   iOOO,    _, 

Sroilmatelf)  la  aald  to  have  been  the 
saDder  of  tbe  11  rat  aclenllflc  ay  at  em  of 
maSag   tbe   Nile   water   for    IrrlBoUoD    pur- 

Bta;  be  emplored  wbat  la  ktiowii  aa  tbe 
In  ■ratem,   wblcb  la  still   used  for  the 


AmerieKn  repreaentstive  In,  death 
of,  referred  to,  3446. 

Ancient  obeli ak  preaented  to  New 
York  City  by  Oo  vemment  of, 
4520,  4584. 

Change  of  peraon*!  he&d  of,  4520. 

Commercial  convention  vith,  agree- 
ment regarding,  4849. 

Consniar  eourta  in,  diecnaaed,  4T59. 

Conanla  is,  relieved  of  judicial  pow- 
ers discussed,  4192. 


IrH) 


the 


_f  Delrflt  Id  Upper  Bgypt.     By  tbla 

CT*tcm  the  land  la  dlvfded  Into  rectaDcuIai 
areas  Tanrlag  In  alae  from  B.OOO  to  KO.OUO 
•cm  and  aarrounded  bj  banka;  water  la 
admitted  to  ibesa  baHlna  daring  tbe  Sood 
season  (Angnat)  lo  an  average  deptb  of 
tbree  fFct,  and  is  lelt  on  tbe  land  for  abont 
fortr  dajs ;  It  Is  tben  run  off  and  tbe  seed 
ta  aoirn  broadniat  on  the  anrovered  land. 
BInce  the  Brillah  occnpatlon  the  basin  bts- 
lems  hsve  been  Improved  and  provided 
witb  nnmbera  of  Important  maaonrv  norka. 

Abont  1830  Uobamnpd  'All  Paaba  Intro- 
duced the  Bjstem  ot  perennial  Irrigation  b; 
dIfslDS  deep  canals  In  which  the  water 
coold  flow  all  tbe  rear  round,  br  wblcb 
means  tt  was  possible  to  arow  two  (or 
more)  crops  In  one  year,  and  to  Introdnm 
th«  enltlvatlon  of  cotton  on  a  large  scale. 

Br  theae  worka,  and  hj  the  coDBtrnctlon 
of  a  vast  network  of  canals  perennial 
Irrlntton  has  been  extended  tbrosgboat 
middle  and  tower  Egypt.  Tbe  Increaae  In 
tbe  valne  of  tbe  land  has  been  enormous. 


conrse.  in  Lower  Egrpt,  cotton,  melse, 
wheat,  rice,  beana,  barley,  sngai  cane  and 
dover  are  tbe  chief  cropa. 

AaUiMvi. — There  li  a  network  of  rail- 
wars  In  tbe  Delta,  tbe  principal  lines  radl- 
allnr  from  Cairo  to  Alexandria  (and  on 
to  Rosetta),  Damletta,  and  lamallla  (con- 
tlnnlDE  nortbward  to  Port  Said  and  aoutb- 
ward  To  Saea).  From  Cairo  the  line  runs 
aontbwsrd  for  a  distance  of  6G4  miles  to 
Shellat,  tbe  FIrat  Cataract.  At  thlt  point 
■  steamer  connection  mas  to  Wadl  Haifa, 
connect  Ids  tbe  Ugjpllan  State  system 
wilh  ths  endan  Oovemment  Railwaya. 

Caroraa  Routt*. — Tbe  principal  carsvan 
routes   lead    to  tbe   Oasea   of   the   Libyan 

Desert.       There     are     many     wr" ' 

rontes   across  the  Arabian  Deser 
Bed  B~ 


wetl-hnown 


C<)fri.>~Catn>,  tbe  capital,  standa  an 
the  eaat  bank  of  the  Nile,  about  fonrteen 
mliea  from  tbe  bead  of  tbe  Deltfi.  lli 
oldest  part  is  the  fortress  ot  Babylon  la 
Old  Cairo,  with  Its  Boman  basliooB  and 
Coptic  chnrchea.  Tlie  earllen  Arab  bnlld- 
Ing  Is  tbe  mosqne  ot  'Ami-,  dating  from 
a.n  648,  and  tbe  moat  eonsplmoaa  la  the 
Clladri,  built  br  Saladln  toward  the  end 
of  tbe  twelfth  eenturr.  On  the  edge  of 
the  desert  west  of  Cairo  are  tbe  Prramlds 
of  Glaa  and  tbe  Bpblni,  which  can  now 
be  reached  bv  tram  In  aboot  forty  mlnntea. 
Alexandria,  fonnded  B.C.  S3Z  by  Alpxander 
the  Oreat.  was  for  over  1.000  years  the 
eapiial  of  Egypt.  Ita  rreat  Pnaroit  or 
llgfethoDse,  was  one  of  the  '"seven  won- 
deia  ot  the  world." 

BfTPt: 

Americkii   eitiaeni   in,   proclamation 
regarding  rightB  of,  4231,  4314. 
DiflcUMd,  4241,  4367. 


DistarbanceB  in,   and  protection   for 

American  eitisens   diacuiaed,  4716. 

EzpnlBion  ot  Greeks  from,  referred 

to,  2828. 
Judicial  code  of  reform  tribonal  of, 
to  be  revised,  4GU. 
BCTPt.  Intaniattonal  Tiflnmala  of.— lo 
leid,  aa  the  resnit  of  negotiations  between 
tbe  Ottoman  and  Egrpllan  GoTemments 
end  tbe  various  Cbriatian  powera  having 
repreuntativcB  at  Cairo,  courts  were  cre- 
ated In  Egrpt  tor  the  trial  of  civil  and  com- 
mercial causes  arlalng  between  natlvea  and 

of  different  nallonair 
.  .  _..  .-latloua  of  real  eatal 
any  person  snd  snita  of  foreigners  against 
tbe  Egyplian  aovemment  anif  membera  of 
■tbe  Khedlval  family.  Theae  mixed  trlbn. 
pals,  In  dvll  matten  within  their  eidn- 
alve  JarlBdictlon,  auperseded  the  consular 
conrlB.  A  mixed  tribunal  conslata  of  Ave 
Indgea,  three  of  whom  are  foreigners  and 
two  natlvea.     Tbe   foreign  jndges  are  ap- 

Kinted  by  the  Khedive  on  tbe  recommen- 
tlon  ot  tbe  great  powera,  each  of  wbleh 
Ib  represeated  by  from  one  to  three  indgea 
Tbere  are  three  tribunala  of  original  Jurls- 
dlclian  (flrst  instancej,  one  each  at  Cairo, 
Alexandria  and  UiuBura,  and  a  Court  of 
Appeals  at  Alexandria.  Tbe  United  States 
Is  repnaentrd  In  these  conrta  by  Uie  tol- 
lowing    Judges: 

Court  of  Appeala — Bomervllle  P.  Tuck, 
of   New   York    (appointed    1008). 

Court  of  First  Instance.— Will  Ian  O. 
Tan  Borne,  of  Utah  (appointed  ISOS) ; 
Pierre    Crabltte,    of    Louisiana    (appointed 

EgTpt,  Treatlea  wltlL  — m  November. 
1884,    a    coavention    relative  to   commerce 

and  cuatoma  was  concluded  with  Egypt. 
It  la  identical  with  one  concluded  between 
Egypt  and  <ireece  during  tbe  same  year. 
It  contRluB  tbe  moat  favored  oat  Ion  claase. 
and  proTldes  for  the  Importation  Into 
Egypt  of  the  producllona  of  the  soil  and 
Industry  of  the  United  SIBIes  under  a  died 
duty  baaed  npon  elBht  per  cent  ad  mlorsn 
In  the  port  or  dlBcEarge.    Tbe  imnnMntinn 

of    flreanns    Into    " ■    ■-    '- 

well  as  tobacco  II  . 
bac.    together  with 


Egvp 


,   haahlab. 


export   duty   ot  i    per   cent 

—  -.mputed  on   the  value  of  ths 

goods  St  the  port  of  exportation. 
Elght-Honr  Law, — Cougress,  as  long  ago 
aa  1888,  paaaed  a  law  making  eight  houra 
a  legal  day'B  work  for  all  laborera,  work- 
men and  mechauica  employed  bj  or  tta  be- 
half of  the  government,  and  Prealdent 
Grant  by  proclanatloo  decreed  that  no 
reduction  In  wages  abonld  be  made  la 
conBequencc  of  the  abottealBg  of  tbe  day. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Eight-Hotir 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Elcht-Hom  Law — Bontbtued. 
(Page    S1I60.)       Fniliire    of    KTlalii    dcpirt- 
mpDt  hFadH  to  comply  wltb  tbe  law  brotiKht 
fonh   an   emphatic    repetition  of   tbe    proc- 
lamaCloa    for    atclct    obserronce.       (Page 

freBldetit  Van  Bnrea  had,  back  la  1S40. 
«t4ered  a  iinltnriii  day  of  ten  houre  In  ttM 
eipciillye  depart  me  a  la. 

The  elgbt-hoiir  law  was  evaded  by  con- 
tnclon  la  aavy  ynrda  and  pnbllc  tiulld- 
Inn  and  work  uadertakeD  by  cnnlractora 
for  many  years.  Finally  In  1012  an  act 
was  pnsBPd  to  take  effetl  Jan. 


toln 


'Ork 


lUxlit-Hoiir  IdW  should  be  extended, 

7088,  7208. 
Zl    OuM7    (Onba),    Battl*   of.      (See 

Santiago    (Cuba),  Battie  of.) 
El  Oanay,  Cuba,  eaptuied  b;  American 

troops,  6317. 
ZL  Dorado,  Tlio,  arrest  and  eeareh  of, 

by  Spauiah   authorities,   2889,  E976. 
mecUon  Oommlaafon   charged   with  in- 
quiring into  Hubjeet  of  election  laws 
recommended,  5648,  5786. 
Electton  Law,  Federal,   recommended, 

S400,  6S62,  6766. 
ElecUoiu: 
Act  prohibiting  military  interference 

at,  vetoed,  4484. 
Ana  J  and  Navy  prohibited  from  in- 
terfering in,  3S66. 
Complication  a    growing    oat    of,    in 
Sonthem  States,  and  other  dis- 
turbances, discussed,  4071,  4072, 
4104,     4117,     4161,    4166,     4218, 
4216,     4250,    4259,     4273,     4367, 
4372. 
Federal  interference  in,  discnssed, 

4259. 
Balneal  corput  suspended  in  certain 
sections,   4090,   4093. 
Bevolied    as    to  certain  eouuty, 
4002. 
Prociamation  regarding,  4086,  4088, 
4089,  40!)0,  4092,  4093,  4177,  4226, 
4230,  4276,  4350. 
Congressional  and  claims  of  members 

to  seats  discussed,  4466. 
Constitutional  conventional  in  Cuba, 

ordered,  6443. 
Discussed,  444S,  4512,  4553. 
Educational  requirements  for  voters 

recommended,  4310,  4365. 
Federal  supervision  of  Congresstonal, 

recommended,  5490,  5562,  6766. 
QerTTman'der  discussed,  5643. 
In  Arkansas,  disturbances  regarding, 
and  claims  of  persons  to  govern- 
orship discussed,  4218,  4219,  4262, 
4273. 
Proclamation  regarding,  4326. 
In     California,     correspondence     re- 

Srding  national  militar7  forces  to 
used  at,  referred  to,  4076. 


out     of,    discussed, 
4250,  4259. 
Federal  interference  in,  disenssed, 
4259. 
Proclamations    regarding,    4177, 
4230. 
In  Mississippi,  proclamation  regard- 
ing complications  growing  out  of, 
4276. 
In  the  South  and  results  of  amend- 
ments to  Federal  Constitution  dis- 
cussed, 4445,  4553. 
In  Virginia,  troops  at  polling  places 

duriug,  referred  to,  4367,  4372. 
Not  to  be  held  iu  Hawaii,  6590. 
Partisan   interference    in,   by    public 
officers — 
Discussed  by  President  Tyler,  IBOS, 

1942. 
Order  regarding,  of  President — 
Cleveland,  5079. 
Hayes,  4402. 
President     discussed.        (See     Presi- 
dent of  United  States.) 
Stimulus    of   personal    intereata    in, 

should  be  restrained,  1942. 
Troops  stationed  at  polling  places  in 
Southern    States    discussed,    4367, 
4372. 
ElactlT«  FrancUse  to  Freedmen: 
Discussed  by  President — 
Garfield,  4598. 
Hayes,  4445,  4SG3. 
Johnson,  3S67. 
Free  exercise  of  right  of  suffrage  dis- 
cusHpd     and    recommendations    re- 
garding, 6490,  5562,  5643. 
Hlectoral   Colleges.— Under  tbe   Constlto- 
tloo  of  the  United   Btates   (Article  II,   Sec- 
tion 1),   the   President  and  Vloe-Pmldent 
nrp    rhoFPn    every    foor    years    by    elactors 
ipolnted   by   pnch    stnte   "In  snch   maaner 
thereof    may     direct." 


legialai 
r.,Hi:u  mate  Is  euiiuru  lo  AB  uiaaj  ejrircura 
an  It  baa  Seniitora  and  RepreaeDtatlvea. 
No  Senator  or  ReprnipnlatlTe  or  penoD 
holding  an  ofllce  of  Iniat  or  bonor  under 
tbe  United  Hlalea  may  be  an  elK-tor.  The 
twelflh  amendmeal  to  tbe  Constttatlon 
prescribes  how  tha  electora  shall  meet  and 
cast  their  ballots,  and  bow  Congmn  shall 
coimt  tbe  votes.  Tbe  arllcle  provldea  that 
"the  electora  sball  meet  In  their  respective 
atalea  and  vote  by  ballot  tor  president  and 
vice -president,  one  of  whom  at  leaat  ahall 
not  be  an  Inhabitant  of  the  same  state  with 
themselvei.  They  shall  name  In  their 
.. ...  _     voted     for     as     presi- 


dent. 


I    the 


Tloe-presldeat.  and  they  ahall 
make  dlatloct  lists  of  nl]  peranna  voted  for 
as  prealdeot  and  of  ell  peranns  voted  for 
as  vlre-nriMildent.  and  of  tbe  number  of 
votes  for  eacb.  which  list  tbey  ahall  sin 
and  certify  and  tranamlt,  sealed,  to  tbs 
seat  of  Ihfl  government  of  the  United 
8  tatea,    directed    to    tha    President    of    the 

Tbe'term  Electoral  College  has  besn  Is- 
formally  naed  since  1B21.  and  was  prob- 
ably BQEgeated  by  the  "Collage  of  Cardl- 
nala."  The  words  "College  of  r.Iectors" 
Otst    appear    In    so   act    passed    In    1S40. 


jyGooi^lc 


Encyclopedic  Index 


^amoottl  OoUegaa— OmHimmA 


cipr««a«d  as  to  It!  eoiwtltaUotiBlltr.    Th« 


and  their  1 

Eiarded.     1 
rt    abaolDt 


TIU   aboat  18l — , 

direct  br  the  teslalature  li 
Id  1824  populr-  -'— '—  ' 
le^Ulati"     — 


RppblDttnent    In    all 


The   I 


chotc«  ol  pnaldeDtlal 
Carolina.  In  186S.  T 
■rateiii.  wblch  divides 
—  te.  bas " ■•- 


adopt   I 


The 


3  district 
electoral 
a  party 


;fi' 

, been  tried  —  _  , 

compcomlse,  bat  at  prsaent  all  partleB  pre- 
fer the  arBtem  of  baTlhg  all  the  electors 
OD  a  xeneral  ticket.  The  state  appoints 
the  place  of  meeting  and  Congress  has  fixed 
the  time — the  second  Mondar  In  Jannarr, 
CTerr  fourth  year.  There  Is  no  organ- 
isation Of  the  college,  bat  It  Is  cnstomarr 
to  aalect  a  chalrmaa.  On  the  second 
Wedneaday  In  Febniatr  following  the  meefr 
Inc  of  the  electors,  both  houses  of  Con- 
ereM  meet  In  the  ball  of  the  House  of 
Bepreaentatlves  and  the  President  of  the 
Senate  opaos  and  counts  the  state  returns. 
The  state,  bj  act  of  Feb.  8.  1887,  Is  made 
absolute  Judge  of  sU  disputes  over  re- 
toms ;  It*  certificate  la  final  between  two 
aeta  of  retnma  and  Congreas  can  only  lb- 
terrene  it  the  Stat*  itself  Is  nnable  to 
decide.     (See  Electoral  Cammlsslon.) 

In  the  piealdendal  campaign  of  1912 
daring  the  conteat  between  President  Tatt 
tor  renomlnatloD  and  Ur.  Booserelt  for 
the  nomloatlon  for  President  before  the 
Bepubllcan  convention,  some  of  the  states 
«ha«e  presldentiHl  electore  before  the  nomi- 
nations were  made.  President  Toft  waa 
Dominated  b7  the  conventloQ,  and  Mr. 
Boosevelt  decided  to  ran  lor  President  as 
the  nominee  ot  tbe  (new)  Progresstve  Re- 
pDblJcan  partr.  Ur.  Roosevelt  claimed 
tliat  tbe  electon  who  had  been  chosen  and 
InatTucted  to  vote  tor  him  before  the  nomi- 
nation ot  Ur.  Tatt  were  atlll,  notwUh- 
atandlng  the  latter'a  nomination,  la  duty 
bound  to  carry  oat  their  obligations  to  ths 
people,  and  vote  for  Ur.  Boosevelt.  and 
•ome  of  the  electora  ezpreated  snch  Inten- 
tiODS.  Tbe  courts  were  appealed  to  In  sev- 
eral states  and  raled  that  electors  regu- 
larly plaCMl  on  the  Sepnbllcsn  ticket  could 
not  be  removed  because  ot  the  failure  or 
snccesB  ot  any  candidate  before  national 
convention,  and  that  their  obtlgattons  to 
the  people  were  tue  same  aa  if  no  conven- 
tion baa  been  held. 
Bloctonl  CollegM: 

Increase  of  politicsil  power  of  Sonth- 
eni  States  in,  due  to  constitutional 
•mendmeats,  discussed,  4445. 
Joint  resolatiOD  declarug  certain 
States  not  entitled  to  representa- 
tion in,  diacosBed,  3461. 
One  branch  of  Congress  formed  into, 

productive  of  mischief,  1395. 
Beferred  to,  2188. 
Electoral  CominlsBloiL — In  the  Preslden- 
tlsl  election  of  18T0  Rutherford  B.  Hayes 
and  Bamnel  J.  Tllden  w^re  tbe  respective 
Bepnbllcan  and  Democratic  candidates. 
Charges  of  trend  were  msde  con- 
cerning the  electoral  votes  of  Florida, 
I.onislana.  Oregon  aod  3ou(h  Cnrollua.  On 
Jan.  20,  1877,  Congress  appointed  a  com- 
mission, called  the  Electoral  Commission, 
to  Investigate  the  charges  and  determine 
the  validity  of  the  returns.  This  Is  the 
only  time  a  commission  of  tbis  sort  has 
been  appointed  and  mncb  donbt  bas  been 


method  of  appoints  . 

to    the    state    legislatures. 

1824   they  were  appointed 


Associate  Jui 


I,  three  Democratic  Representatives, 


>  Nathan  Clifford 


Miller,  Stephen  J.  Field,  William  Strong, 
and  Joseph  P.  Bradley ;  Senators  Qeorge 
F.  Edmunds,  Oliver  P.  Uortoa.  Frederick 
T.  Frellnshuysen,  Thomas  F.  Baysnl.  and 
Allen  O.  Thurman  (replaced  later  by  Fran- 
cis Kernau),  and  Kepresentatlves  Henry 
B.  Payne,  Eppa  Hunton,  Joslah  G.  Abbott, 
George  F.  Hoar,  and  James  A.  Garfield. 
The  commission  by  a  vote  of  eight  to  seven, 
.  on  Feb.  9,  1877.  decided  to  eastaln  the 
validity  of  Che  Hayes  electoral  ticket  In 
Florida,  and  later  gave  similar  decisions 
reEBrdlng  the  returns  Irom  tbe  other  states. 
After  tbe  work  of  the  commlsBlon  the  vote 
of  the  electoral  colleges  stood  18S  for 
Hayea  and  184  for  Tllden. 
Electoral-OommlsBlon  Bill  approved  and 

reasons  therefor,  4378. 
Electoral  HesaenKeni,  compensation  to, 

recommendations  regarding,  4S50. 
Electora,  Proaldentlal; 

Constitutional   amendment  regarding 
selection  of,  recommended,  S644. 

Method  of  appointment  of,  and  effect 
of  gerrTmander  d  is  en  seed,  5643. 
Electrical  Machinery,  Apparatus  and 
BnppllBB.— (From  a  bulletin  of  July  31, 
leiB,  Issued  by  the  Bnrean  ot  the  Census.) 
This  Industry  Includes  tbe  manufacture  ot 
the  machines  and  appliances  used  in  the 
generstlon.  tra □emission  and  utUlsHtlon  of 
electric  energy,   together  wltb    most  Ot  the 

8 arts,  accessories  and  supplies  for  them, 
t  does  not  Inclade,  however,  the  produc- 
tion of  poles,  whetbec  of  wood.  Iron  or 
steel ;  nor  does  It  Include  the  n 


.-  electrical  purposes,  that  of  bare  Iron 

copper  wire,   or  any  of  the  group  at 

electrochemical      and      clectrometallaiilcal 

producta. 


fully 


Reports  were  recetted  from  1,121  estab- 


with  products  valued  at  t8B9<4].-, . 

these  establishments,  the  principal  business 
of  1,080  was  the  manufactnre  of  electrical 
machinery,  apparatus,  and  supplies,  and  9t, 
which  were  engaged  nrimarlly  In  other  lines 
of  manufacture,  prodnced  electrical  machin- 
ery and  epporatUB  to  tbe  value  ot  SS4,- 
2B1,B61. 

It  Is  to  be  noted  that  these  statistics  do 
not  cover  porcelain  electrical  supplies,  mana- 
factured  by  the  clay-working  indDstrles — 
valued  at  14,180,270  In  1B14,  as  reported  by 
the  Geological  Survey — nor  globes  and  bat- 
tery Jars  for  electrical  use,  manofactured  In 

The  output  of  dynamos,  inclndlng  parts 
and  snupUes,  In  1814  was  valued  at  |2S,- 
238,437.  Under  this  head  are  Included  dy- 
namotorB,  motor-pen erators,  boosters,  rotary 
converters,  double-current  generators,  etc., 
8.S93    In    number,    with    an    aggregate    ca- 

Saclty  of  780.0oa  kUowatta  and  valued  at 
3,3e7,8aB. 
tlader  the  head  of  direct-current  dynamos 
there  were  reported  208,648  small  dynamoB 
and  automobile  starter-generator  sets,  valued 
at  «e,S88,27^  but  this  U  not  to  be  takeq 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  PresidetOs 


BI«etiloal  MMhlnarr,  Bter-ornHMwd. 


a  tbe  total  ontpDt  of  roclk  dsvleM,  itnce  It 
!■  apnnat  ^t^they '--■  ■—  "— 


L>    MACHIKBBT.     AFPlBXTaS. 


Com 

Pwemta 
tT«N« 

'HSSF^ 

118,071 
117.731 

iSI^SSS 

jsiliraioo 

18CW42.O00 

.s! 

*E)-~"'Tr'.rr 

sssi'™^'— *" 

_  „,,« ..  „ ._ .«,  pnjdDccd  elaebriau 

-— *■— Ti  Minnta.  ud  ■opplica  to  tba  nlu>  <i 
tatMijm.  wdb  IKW,  143  oUblUmiHiti  of  thia  diu^ 
acts  audutiBid  US,7S8,9ia  wortli  ol  dKbial  dmIu- 
Miy,  ftPs^rMu  lad  ai^fdiia  a  %  lubodurr  jmduot. 

Otbet  prodDCts  reported  tor  1814  vera ; 
Ught  and  power  switchboard  a,  panel  boarda. 
aod  cat-out  cHblneta,  valued  at  f8.98S,lll ; 
batteries,  storage  and  prlmarf,  aod  parts 
and  anpollek  123,402,1511 ;  IncaodesceDt 
lamps.  tlT,SSCI,3SS ;  arc  lamps,  searchlletita, 

evfectora,  and  focaalug  lamps.  tS.HS.t.SST  : 
leptioDes,     telephone     swltc"-' 


,     telephi 


S22,B15.640:   ti^li'grapli 


•  reported  bj  the 

._•«•  irtth  "motor« 

for  automobiles." 

Tbe  transtarmers  manafaetnred  In  1014 
acfresated  116,848  In  nnmber,  with  S,e44,- 
784  kilowatt*'  capadtr,  and  wen  rained  at 
il3,120,0flD. 

Tbe    iei4   oattmt   of   moton,   iBcladlnc 

!art«  and  auppllea,  waa  valued  at  (44,- 
T6,S3e.  Motora  made  In  1914  for  Indus- 
trial power  and  for  rallwar  use  numbered 
41T,»9S,  bad  an  aggregate  caparltr  of  2,BS2,- 
7BD  horsemwer,  and  were  Talupd  at  fsi,- 


cludes  a  conalderable  nnmber  of  atartlng 
motors  ior  gaiollDe  automobiles,  not  aepa- 
ratelr  reported  aa  sueti.     Molora  for  fans 


laST^ftS?- 
at.    Tba  lut 


dtcnlt  fltttngi, 

cbinerj,  apparatiUL  and  snppllea,  I 

608,  an  iDcreaas  of  56.8  pec  eant.    1 __. 

Item  Include*  electric  looomotlTe*,  mine  and 
rallwar.  of  which  there  wen  cnwrted  IKM, 
valued  at  ta,130,ai4. 

,  ,i*0(l«o»  _  o/  SMoblUksMitt*.— Of  tba 
1,121  eatabllahinents  reported  tor  1S14,  aS4 
were  located  In  New  Tork,  161  In  Illlnola, 
12S  In  Ohio,  114  In  Fennsrlvanla,  100  In 
Massachosett*,  68  Id  New  Jersej,  46  In 
Connectlcnt,  48  In  Indiana,  80  In  Cali- 
fornia, 19  In  UtsBouH,  18  In  UlnoeTCta,  IT 
In  Rhode  Island,  B  in  Colorado,  T  in  Matr- 
land,  fl  In  New  Hampahire.  C  In  Iowa,  4 
each  In  Delaware,  North  Carolina,  Tennessee, 
Washington,  and  Weat  Virginia.  3  In  Ken- 
tuckj.  2  each  In  Distrlet  of  Columbia,  Lou- 
isiana, Nebraska,  and  Termont,  and  1  ea<^ 
In  Alabama,  Kansaa,  Oragon.  South  Caio- 
llna.  Teiaa.  and  Virginia. 
Electric  TBlegnptL        (Seo  Tolegntpb 

Lines.) 
Etoctridua,  Intrautioiud  Oonsrua  of, 
at  Paris,  discnssed  and  reeommenda> 
UODB  regarding,  4581,  4625,  4714. 
EUmlnatlon  of  local  offices  from  poli- 
ties, 769S. 
ZSactTidana,  National  Oonf amies  of,  at 

Philadelphia,  495& 
XXk  Bofnge,  land  set  apart  for,  S39S. 
Bmancfpatlon  of  Slavea: 
CompensatioD    to    states    abolishiaK 
slavery  recommended,  3269,  SSME 
3334. 
Draft  of  bill  for,  3285,  3337. 
Becommendatiou  again  to  be  mado. 


itmg    apparatus.    Including    air    heatera, 

cooking  devices,  OatlFona,  and  welding  ap- 
paratna,  14,034,436 ;  electric  measuring  In- 
struments, |S,7Bfi,B0e-,  electrical  therapeu- 
tic apparatus,  (2,658.00 B ;  Insulated  wires 
and  cables,  t69,e05,STS  ;  electric  condnlta, 
UQdergroand  and  Interior,  (4.ST4,T0S  ;  mag- 
neto-Ignition apparatUB,  spark  plDgi,  colla, 
etc..  122,260.847:  electric  switches,  signals, 
and  attachments,  t6,3B3,Gfil,  an  Increase  of 
18.S  per  cent ;  carbons  for  furnace,  lighting, 
bruahea,  hatter;,  etc..  t3,602,?41,  an  In- 
crease of  86.2  per  cent j  annuncletora,  t268,- 
SOS,  an  Increase  of  12  per  cent :  electric 
clocks  and  time  mechanisms,  (410.TT4.  an 
Increase  of  16. n  per  cent ;  and  various  other 
kinds  of  electric  equipment,  Inclodlug  aock- 
eta,  receptacles  and  bases.  Bome  ele<  ' 
Il^tlns  r  -  ■      ■ 


Constitntional  amendment  rei 


agudiBg, 


BatiflcatioD  of,  8570,  3S43. 

Discussed  by  President  Hayes,  4394, 

Emancipation    Froelamatian.— Early    In 

the  Civil  War  man}'  peraona  began  t 

tate  for  a  proclamation  from  the  Prei_ 

declaring  the  slaves  tree.    It  was  the  U. 

tlon  of  President  Lincoln,  as  be  declarML 
to  preserve  the  Union  wIthODt  treeing  the 
slaves,  If  possible.  Sept.  22.  1662,  he  l*n*d 
a  Drellmlnarr  proclamHtlon  (page  3397} 
ueasure,  calling  npon  all  Uie 
-'"'""-  -Tslnst  the  United 
r  allegiance,  pron- 


a  had  no  effect.    Accordlnglv,  on 
Bflo     o — !.■_„.    Lincoln    issued  t 


:     seceded    except 
West    Virginia, 


:cept    tony- 


Norfolk  and  Portsmouth,  a ,_. 

Ishes  of   Louisiana,   incladliut  the   city  nt 
New  Orleans.     The  thirteenth  amendment 
to  the  Constitution,  In  force  Dec  18,  1866, 
completed    the   woA   ol   emancipation,   by 
which  8,895.172  slaves  were  made  free. 
Smandpatlon  Proclamation,  8358. 
Carpenter's  painting  of  Lincoln  and 
Cabinet  at  first  reading  of,  present- 
ed to  CongTees,  4435. 
Notice  given  that  slaves  would  Im 
emaneipatod  on  Jan.  1^  1863,  889T, 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Eticyclopedic  Index 


Sograving 


BmlMrCO.— A  prohlbltton  Impooed  by  a 
coontrT'  to  prevsnt  Ita  Tenels  or  tboie  of 
DCDtnl  OT  hoatUe  pOff*n  leaving  Its  ports. 
The  UDlted  States  GoTernment  tald  em- 
barne*  at  nrloas  dmes  betirecii  1791  and 
18  IB.  UpoD  tbi  breaking  out  of  war 
betwMD  Pnince  and  Great  BrltalD  in  1708 
each  cotintrr  ordered  the  selsure  of  nen- 
tni  Tesaela  bound  for  the  porta  of  tbe 
other.  In  constqoFncv  of  the  depreda- 
tlona  of  Eorland  and  France  npoD  tbe  com- 
merM  of  tbe  UUted  States,  an  acrt  naa 
paiiNd  April  18,  ISOe,  prohibiting  trade 
with  Great  Britain  and  ber  colonies.  Dec. 
22,  1807,  CoDgresa,  at  the  aaggesilon  of 
JelTenoii,  paased  an  embargo  act  prohibit- 
ing the  Balling  of  moj  merrbant  vessel, 
save  coast  era,  from  anr  American  port. 
Jan.  6,   1808,  aoother  and  mors  Btrine—* 


_:    pasaed.       These    meaanrea    fail 
to  brioc  either  Prsnce  or  Eneland  to  terms, 
—  1,  thoogh  aomoirhat  modlBed  by  the  act 


ir  Eneland  to  terms, 

and,  thoogh  somoirhat  modlHed  bj  the  act 
ot  March  12.  1808,  they  wrought  tnacb 
inJuiT  to  sblpplDg  and  export  trade  of  tba 
United  States.  They  were  eitenslvelr 
evaded,  and  March  1,  1809,  were  repealed 
and  replaced  br  the  nonlntercourse  law. 
which  forbade  French  and  English  vesssls 
entering  American  ports.  Another  em- 
bargo act  waa  passed  Dec.  10,  ISIS,  dur- 
ing th«  second  war  with  Oreat  Britain. 


On  Americwi  TesMla  Tefened  to,  427. 

On  foNign  vcbmIs — 
For  60  d^T*  teeommended,  484. 
Governon  Teqneeted  to  call  forth 
miUtia  U  necesaarj  to  enforee, 
144. 
Imposed,  45S. 
Bemoved,  457,  466. 
BmlMxilametit;     (See  Defalcation.) 
EnHgrants  to  nnlt«d  States.    (See  Zin- 

migiation.) 
Bmlgntlon  of  Negroes.  (Bee  Negroes.) 
Eminent  Domain. — The  original  or  supe- 
rior ownersblp  retained  br  tbe  people  or 
state  by  which  land  or  other  private  prop- 
erty may  be  taken  tor  public  nse  or  bene- 
fit. This  la  the  moat  deSnlte  principle  ot 
the  fundamental  power  ol  the  government 
with  regard  to  property  and  tbe  most  exact 
Idea  of  property  remaining  In  the  gOTero- 
ment  or  Id  the  aggregate  iKidy  of  the 
people  In  their  sovereign  capacity,  giving 
the  right,  to  reanme  orlglaal  poaBesalon 
la  the  manner  directed  by  law  wbeaever 
Its  ose  la  easentlal  to  the  mutual  advan- 
tage and  welfare  ot  society.  If,  tor  In- 
stance, tbs  proper  anthorltles  deem  It  neces- 
sary for  the  general  good  to  open  a  street, 
lay  *nt  a  park,  dig  a  canal,  abate  s  nui- 
sance, charter  a  rallrond,  etc.,  and  the 
ownere  of  the  land  on  the  route  or  apace 
desired  refiiBfl  to  sell  or  demand  an  exorbi- 
tant price  tor  their  property,  the  state, 
by  emlDcnt  domalo,  has  the  power  of  con- 
trol, and  the  courts  may  compel  tbe  sor- 
tander  of  the  property  upon  due  compensa- 
tloil   being   determined   by  a  board  ot  ap- 

C raisers.  The  CoDstltatroD  ot  the  Ualted 
tates  UmllB  tbe  exercise  ol  tbe  right  of 
emlneot  domain  to  cases  where  public 
good  demands  It  and  requires  compenaatlon 
to  those  from  whom  property  is  taken. 
Eaployeea.    (See  Oovemment  Employ- 

sm;  Officer^  Public.} 
BmployiBra'   UablUtjr  and   Workmen's 
Compensation  Commiailon,  7698, 
Bq^rt  of,  772S. 


BiHCnBsed    hy    President    Boose velt, 

672S,  6a9e,  G9S0,  6S8S,  7036,  7087, 

7088,  7126,  7206,  7216. 
Government     employees     injured     in 

service,   compensation  for,  leeom- 

mended.  7127. 
Enmcfau  (Ala.),  Battle  of. — in  Jannary. 
181 1,  Jackson,  with  B30  Tolanteera,  and 
200  friendly  Indlnns,  again  took  the  field 
against  the  hostllen.  Jan.  21.  wllh  Oen. 
Coffee,  he  camped  near  Bmuctsu,  o-  "  ■---^ 
In  the  Tallapoosa  In  southern  ' 
Indications  pointed  to  the  piese 


juthem   Alabama. 


ond  time,  but  were  again  repulsed.  Gen. 
Coffee  was  wonnded.  His  ald-de-camp  and 
2  or  S  others  were  killed.     Several  privates 


Tlie,  aelKtua  of  slaves  on 
board,  referred  to.  149S. 

Compensation  bj    Oreat   Britain   In 

case  of,  referred  to,  1733,  1784. 

Buglnea  and  HacUne  looli^  rednetioD 

of  tariff  on,  vetoed,  S131- 
Englneer  OorpBi 

Entitled  to   consideration,   47L 

Increase  in,  recommended,  873,  9S4, 
1387,   1474,  1607,  4038. 

Officers  of,  referred  to,  1SS5. 

Becommending  increase  in,  873,  9S4, 
1387, 1474,  1607,  4638. 
*ipgi"fl  (See  Great  Britain.) 
Engraving  and  Printing,  Bnrean  of. 
— 'In  1862  the  government  took  over  the 
work  of  priming  Its  own  notes  and  securi- 
ties and  Id  1874  the  Barean  ot  Bngraving 
and  Printing  was  eatabllBhed,  In  Hccordaoce 
With  an  act  passed  by  Coogress  In  1ST2. 

Id  18T8  a  separate  building  waa  erected 
for  the  exclusive  uae  of  the  bureau  at  a  cost 
of  1300,000.  This  was  soon  touad  to  be 
Inadequate  to  the  needs  of  tbe  work  and 
a  new  building  was  erected  in  ie02  In  the 
grounds  adjoining,  and  the  old  building 
was  reoovatpd  and  arranged  for  tbe  ofllceB 
of  the  auditors. 

The  bureau  designs,  engraves,  prints  and 
flnlsbea  all  tlie  aecurltlea  and  other  similar 


t,  postage  and  customs  stamps, 

,      ifts     and      cbecka,     dlshurslnx 

'  checks.  Itcenees,  commissions,  paf 
J  — lion  certldcstes.  and  portraits 

r  law  ot  deceased  membera  ot 


ent  and   pension   certlScstes.   and   portraits 

authorized   by  law  ot  decea— ' ' —   -* 

CongresB  and  other  public  _     .... 

Its  pressea  come  the  million  dollars  of  n 

faper  money  demanded  by  tbe  i 
be  United  States  every  day ; 


Wben   ttie   superintendent   of  tba   plate- 


jyGooi^lc 


Engraving 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


EngTMisg  and  Primtiiig — Coiiiiiia«d. 

order  for  prlutlnE  whlcb  be  recelTes  from 
the  Chief  or  DlvFiloD.  be  makei  ■  reqnUI- 

tlon  npoD  tbe  caslodlan,  Btatlnit  the  plate 
tequlred,  lU  class,  etc. :  tbe  same  1b  tben 
Cbarged  to  blm  apoD  the  book  of  deliver/ 
■Qd  a  repllo  Ii  forwarded  bj  ■  measeDser, 
With  a  re«lpt  for  ibe  same,  which  la  Blgned 
on  Ita  dellverj.  After  the  proper  comple- 
~ent  Is  printed,  the  replica  Is  rettinied  to 

ben    repatre- 
'.  and  placed 


.  dlipls}'  of  anthorlty, 
felt,  and  the  pressnTS 
"--    key  at  the  arch,   to 


th4t   BDthorltT 

teDds.  as  Ibat  i.. _.,   _. 

hold  the  fabric  together.    TheL 

except  that  of  the  machinery.  The  dlrec- 
tloDs  are  coDveTed  qaletly  from  ooe  to  an- 
other by  printed  and  written  tickets,  bo  that 
eTciT  ttinsacllon  has  iu  check  and  coun- 


iinted  for 

I    In    T' 


secret,  and 
n  tbe  time 


It    leave.,    ._    

It  la  stamped  In  tbe  Treasory. 
Enterprtse,  Tha. — ia  Americaji  brig  of 
tonrteen  ^nns  which,  while  cralslng  off  the 
coast  of  Maine,  Sept.  9,  1813,  nnder  com- 
mand of  Capt  Borrows,  met  and  caplared 
the  BritlBh  brig  Boxer,  also  of  14  guna. 
The  flghtlns  was  desperate  and  lasted  40 
mlnntes,  do  ring  which  both  cap  tains  were 
killed.  The  captured  brig  wa*  towed  Into 
Portland,  Ue. 

EntBTprlBfl,     Tha     (brig),    Beiznre     of 
slaves  on  board,  referred  to,  1499. 
Compensation   by    Great  Britain    in 
case  of,  referred  to,  1732,  1784. 
Ent«TprlBe,    Tlifl     (schooDar),    engage- 
ment with  Tripolitan  cruiser,  315. 
Entomology,  Bureau  of.    (See  Agiicol- 

ture.  Department  of.) 
Epidemics.  (See  Contagious  Diseases; 
International  Sanitary  Conference; 
Quarantine  Begalations.) 
Era  of  Oood  Faallng.— A  period  of  Amer- 
ican political  history  between  181T  and 
1823.  All  political  Issues  seemed  to  bays 
been  settled  by  the  Wnr  of  1812.  The 
Federalist  pariy  bad  dwindled  to  an  In- 
signlflcant  few,  and  the  grounds  of  their 
contentlona  seemed  to  hare  disappeared. 
Tbe  Democrats  held  undisputed  sway  in 
Goyernment  and  the  best  of  feeling  pre- 
vailed everywhere.  The  Inaugural  address 
at  Monroe  in  18IT  <5T3)  waa  calculated 
to  promote  harmouy  and  soothe  the  feel- 
IngH  of  the  minority.  Tbe  Prealdent  made 
a  tour  through  New  England  and  wan  en. 
tbasiastlcallv    ■--"        —    •"""    " 


In    1820    1 


Erie;  Tha,  ebums  of  Sweden  for  alleged 

miacondnct  of  commander  of,  1172. 
Sile  «nd  Oswego  Oanal,  memorial   in 

favor  of  enlarging  docks  of,  32S2. 
Erie,  Lake.     (See  Lake  Erie.) 
Erie    (Fa.)   Uarlna  Hospital  tendered 

United    States    for   nse    of   soldiera' 

and  sailors'  home,  47S6. 
Erwln,  Misa.,  riot  st,  6731. 
Essex,  Tha. — A  cmted  SUtea  frigata  of 
32  guna.  Aug.  13,  1812,  she  waa  attacked 
by  tbe  Alert,  a  British  sloop  of  war  carry- 
ing 26  guna.  One  broadside  from  the 
£«ejj  nearly  sank  the  Alcrl  and  caoaed  her 
surrender.  Among  the  midahlpmen  of  the 
Emm  at  tbiB  time  waa  Darld  tilaagow  Far- 
ragut  then  11  years  old.  Later  tlie  Etna 
sCaried  tor  the  Pacific  on  an  Indepeodent 
crulae.  At  tbla  time  she  carried  48  Euua. 
Under  command  of  CapL  David  Porter 
she  seised  nearly  ail  tbe  British  wbalinx 
vcaaela  orr  tbe  coast  of  Bouth  America. 
capturing  or  destroying  (2,500,000  worth 
of  tbe  enemy'a  properly,  360  seamen,  and 
over  100  cannon.  In  February.  1814.  aha 
was  aurpriacd  In  tbe  harbor  of  Valparaiso. 
Chile,  by  2  Britlah  men-of-war— the  i>ikoeb«. 

'  ■  "    '""rbj 


get    I 


I  surrendered  a 
neipicsB  wrecK  lo  me  enemy  after  a  bloody 
battle.  In  wbich  one-half  of  her  men  and 
all  but  1  officer  were  wounded  or  slain. 

Efltellfl,  The,  order  to  United  States 
marahal  in  Bhode  Island  to  take  poe- 
session  of,  4443. 

Ethiopia,  TreaUes  wlth.~-Dec.  ST,  ie03, 

a  treaty  to  regulate  commercial  relatlona 
was  signed  with  Menellk  II.,  King  of 
Ethlopis,  granting  freedor 
the  United  Sutes  to  trai 


EniOpe.— Tbe  area  of  En  rope  la  abont 
8,800,000  square  miles,  and  It  forms  abont 

one-ran  rteenth  of  tbe  land  anrface  of  the 
globe.  Its  length  from  the  North  Cape, 
11*  12'  M..  to  Cape  Hatapan,  hi  the  a  " 
of    Greece,    """    ""'    "      "-    -' — '    " 


23'    N.. 


:    about     2A0Q 


ind  Its  breadth  from  Cape  St.  Vln- 
vcuL  .1^  the  Urals  la  abont  8,300  milea. 
The    political     boundary    between     Europe 


tbasiastlcallv    received. 

almost  unanlmouHly  reel et — 

toral  vote  being  cast  against  blm.  Tbe 
later  iaaues  of  tbe  tarllT   and   Internal  Im- 

Srovemcnts  at  public  expense  had  not  yet 
eveloped,  but  with  the  election  of  John 
Qalncy  Adams  in  1824  opposition  to  his 
policy  hegnn  to  grow,  with  Jackson  aa  a 
center.     Jackson  bad  been  tbe  popular  can- 


later  formed  the  Whig  party,  and  the  Era 
Of  Good  FasUng  —•-^ 


Whig 
ended. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Bun^MnWir 


/Bepnbllc),   Bemc. 

•Tntkejj:  Empire) ,  CoQatantlnople, 
United  SiDBaom   (KlDgdomj,   LaodoD. 


.... J   !■   Ir- 

rcsoUr  owIdx  to  the  large  Dumber  of  IbI- 
itDda  and  of  deep  kqI'b  and  Inleti  sepa- 
rated br  peDlniulaa.  The  Battle,  wltb  It* 
inner  branches,  the  Gulf  of  Bosnia  and 
the  QdU  of  Finland,  reaches  toward  the 
White  Sea  on  the  nDrlh,  aod  parti;  Iso- 
lates Scandinavia.  On  the  west  coast  are 
the  penltuulBB  of  Dcnmork  CotentiD,  Brlt- 
taoTi  and  the  Iberian  Penlnaala.  The 
MedlterrBnesn  Is  dlrlded  Into  gnlfs,  penln- 
■nlas,  and  Islands,  of  which  ItaiT,  the 
Aurlatlc,  the  BalJtsD  Penloaula.  the  .Ggean, 
the  Bea  of  Harmora,  the  Black  Sea  and 
the  Crimea,,  and  Corsl(^,   Sardinia,  Slollj', 


erlfled  Che  truth  ot  t 


Crete  and  ^rproa  . 

BtructorallT  r 
pl«t«>Ds  and  r 


e  the  1 


rgest. 


Btructoraifr  Europe 

pUiteans  and  (old  moontslos.  The  main 
pIstesiiB  are  the  old  plateau  of  northwest- 
am  Enrope,  the  Central  Plateau  of  France. 
the  Hsseta  of  the  Iberian  PenloBala.  the 
Schwarawald  (or  Black  Forest),  Tsunos, 
Uonsrack,  BragehlrEe,  and  the  Russian 
Platform.  The  main  told  mountains  are 
the  PrrcDee*.  the  Alps,  the  Carpathians. 
tb*  Bslkans  and  their  branching  spMis. 
The  folded  mountains  contain  the  blithest 
imlts,  Ifont  Blanc  <1B.TT6  feet)  being 
...._.-..^.—   —■-t   of   gm .*  .... 

_.-■    short   and    torrenlfal 

on  the  West  Coast  Though  useless  for 
Davlgatlon,  they  provide  In  their  water- 
falls  Tsluable  power,  which  Is  now  being 
extenslTcty  utlllied.  To  the  sautheast  Is 
the  HuMlan  or  Eastern  Lowland,  the  riv- 
en of  which  drain  Into  the  Arctic,  the 
Baltic,  end  the  Btick  and  Caspian  Seas. 
The  Dwlna  and  Petchora  flow  Into  the 
Arctic,  the  DQna  and  Nlemen  Into  the 
Baltic,  the  Volga  and  Ural   Into  the  Cas- 


Blan.    and    the    Don,    Dnieper,    Bng    aud       to  complr  with 
nlester  Into  the  Black  8ea.  ■••.  ,  matter 


Etuope,  railway  sjatemi  of,  3270. 
Eniopo  ud  ths  Hear  But,   politieal 

conditions  in,  8017. 
Enropean  and  Wett  Virginia  l4Uid  and 

Mining   OOq   agreement   with   agent* 

of  llezico  referred  to,  3723. 
European  War  of  1914-17,— Any  attempt 
to  dlBcnss  tbe  political  and  diplomatic  rela- 
tions between  the  power*  of  Europe  at  the 
oulbresk  of  the  war  In  iei4  woald  be  lo- 
oppartnne  and  Inaccurate  at  this  time. 
Neutral  nations  are  not  without  bias  either 
from  seotlmeat  ot  poller,  and  npon  neither 
of  these  can  sound  Judgment  he  based. 
Kot  until  the  hand  of  time  shall  have 
■moothed  the  ridges  and  wrinkles  of  Im- 
ulalve  opinion  and  carefnl  InvestlgstloD 
aptflA.4  Fh.  »>^.rK  «*  »».«  Charge*  and  coun- 
to   read   the  true 

,    —   —  1  ui  lue  war.     Meantime 

i  maj  rely  for  a  connected  narrative  o( 
the  events  upon  tbe  undisputed  reports  of 
oecnrrences  which  are  confirmed  bj  ofllclal 
headquarters  of   the   warring  nations. 

June  Sg,  1814,  the  Austrian  Archduke 
Francis  Ferdinand,  heir  to  tbe  throne  o( 
Austria,  and  bis  wife,  tbe  Duchess  of 
Hohenberg,  were  assasBlnated  In  Saraievo. 
Bosnia,  b;  a  Servian  student  An  Inquiry 
was  begun,  at  which  evidence  wa*  intro- 
duced to  show  tbst  the  assassin's  work 
was  part  of  a  plot  tor  the  revolt  of  the 
Boulhern   Slav  province*  o(  Austria.   Instl- 

Eted  by  Servians  with  the  conolvsnce  of 
>  Servian  government.  Austria  demanded 
a  voice  in  the  Investigation  and  punishment 
of  the  crime,  and  sent  an  ultimatum  to 
SeTTla.  The  latter  country  agreed  to  all 
the  demands  eicept  that  to  allow  Austrian 
officials  to  participate  In  the  Inquiry, 

July  27,  the  Austrian  foreign  oBlce  Is- 
sued a  statement  In  which  appeared  these 
worita:  "Tbe  object  of  tbe  Servian  note  is  to 
create  the  false  Impression  that  the  Berrtan 
" iment  Is  prepared   in  great  measure 


TIstuls,  which  rises  In  tbe  Tstra,  and  the 
Oder,  which  has  Its  source  in  the  Sude- 
tes.  The  Elbe  snd  Its  trlbntarlea  rlsr  In 
the  tnonntalns  which  bound  the  Bob  em  Ian 

JIateau.  the  Erageblrse.  Bohemian  Forest, 
loTOvlan  Plateau  and  Budetes,  and  the 
Weaer  rlsea  In  the  Tburlnglau  Forest- 
Bolh  these  rivers  flow  Into  tbe  North  Sea. 
Tbe  Rhine  rises  In  the  St.  Qothard  gronp 
In   the  Alps  and  flows  through  tbe   Lake 


The  prlnclpsl  A 


Rhone;  which  rise*  near  the  sources  ot  the 
Buna  and  Oowa  through  the  Lake  of  Qe- 
neva.  With  tbe  SaSne,  its  northern  tribu- 
tary. It  forms  the  longest  north  to  couth 
mie-  ■-  — ""- ' 


— of  fact,  however.  Servia's 

note  Is  flUed  with  the  spirit  ot  dishonesty. 
which  clearly  shows  that  the  Bervian  Oov- 
emment  Is  not  seriously  determined  to  put 
an  end  to  the  culpable  tolerance  It  hltberto 
has  extended  to  Intrigues  sgalnst  the  Ans- 
tro-Huugarlan  monarchy." 

Russia  notlfled  Austria  that  It  could  not 
allow  Servian  territory  to  be  Invaded. 
Semi-ofllcUlly,  Oermany  let  It  be  known 
that  no  ona  must  Interfere  with  the  Aus- 
tro- Servian  entanglement — an  Intlmatltm 
that    Germany    would    t)ack    Austria. 

Sir  Edward  Orey.  the  British  Foreign  Sec- 
retary, made  the  deflnlte  proposal  that  me- 
diation between  Servla  and  Austria  be  un- 
dertaken by  a  conference  of  the  AmhB**ador* 
in  London.    France  and  Italy  accepted  the 

eroposaL  Oermany  and  Austria  declliied. 
ext  day  came  this  announcement  ot  war : 
"The  Boval  Oovemment  of  BetTla  not 
having  replied  In  a  aatlstactory  manner 
to  the  note  remitted  to  it  b;  th«  Anstro- 
Hungarlan  Mlulster  in  Belgrade  on  July 
23.    IB14,   the    Imperial  and  BOTKl   Gave— 


valley  In  Boropt.    The  west  ci 


of  Italy       self 


Ano  and  the  Tlt>er,  the  Apet 

■bed  lying  nearest  to  the  Adi 

In  North  Italy  Is  tbe  Po  and  its  trlbn- 
t*rle*.  The  Danube  rlsea  In  thi  Black 
Forest  and  receives  many  trlbntarlea  from 
tbe  Bavarian  Plateau.  (Details  of  the  his- 
tory, government,  etc  ot  the  several  eoun- 
trle*   will   be  found  In  tbe  regular  alpha- 


And*   Itself  compelled  to  proceed  It- 
to   safeguard   It*  rights  and  lutere*t* 


atate'of  war  with  BervU. 

(Signed)     "CODVT    BnCBMLD. 
"Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs  of  Anstrta- 
Huugary." 


bMlcal  o 


ir.) 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Eutopean  War    Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


BniopMa  Wa—Contbuui, 

Jnlr  so,  Qermaa  Cbancellot  Ton  Betb- 
niBiiD-BoUweg  leDt  th«  following  tclegnja 
to  tbe  Oennan  Ambauador  at  Vlenaa: 

"Wc  cannot  cipect  AaBtria-Hungarr  to 
negoClale  with  Serrla.  witb  whom  abe  li 
In  a  state  of  war.  The  refuBal,  howerer, 
ta  exchange  Tlewi  wllb  St.  Fetenbnrg 
would  be  a  grave  mistake. 

"We  are  Indeed  readr  to  fulflU  our  dutj 
aa  allr.  We  mnati  howevec.  rstow  to  be 
drawn  Into  a  world  conHaxratlon  owing  to 
Anitrla-UnnKary  not  reHpectlng  onr  advice. 
Xonr  Eicellenc;  will  eipr«H  thli  to  CoQnt 
▼on  Berchlold,  Anstro-UongarUn  ForeUo 
Hlntiler,  witb  mil  tmiituuli  and  great  aert- 
ODUieia.'* 

Id  reptf  to  tlila  eommtinlcatlan  Coant 
Berchtold  told  tbe  German  Ambaaaador 
that  the  AniCro-Hiuigarlan  Ambaaaador  at 
Bt.  Petertborg  bad  already  been  inatrneted 
to  begin  negotlaUons  witli  Serglna  Baxon- 
oB,  the  Raralan  Forelgp  Hlnlater.  Bat 
nothing  came  o(  tbeae  efforta. 

Oertnan;  then  asked  Enatta  to  "»" 
mobllliatlon  atid  aaked  tor  a  repl; 

tweuly-foar  baura.     England  nollBt- 

manr  that  It  a  general  conSlct  ihonld  oc- 
cor  It  coald  not  ataud  aloof  and  we  the 
balance  of  power  In  Earope  deatro^ed. 

Julr  aiat.  Premier  Asqnlth  annoonced  la 
tbe  British  Honae  of  Cammona : 

"We  tare  Jiut  heard,  not  from  Bt  Fetera- 
bsrg,  but  from  Oermanr.  that  Buiala  liaa 
proclalmMl  the  general  mobllliatloD  of  htt 
armr  and  her  fleet  and  tbat.  In  conie- 
qpence  of  this,  martial  law  It  to  be  pro- 
claimed In  OermauT.  We  understand  tbis 
to  mean  that  mobillaatlon  will  follow  la 
Germany  It  the  Russian  mol)IUsatlon  la 
feneral  and  Is  proceeded  with." 

Rnsila  paid  no  atieatlon  to  tbe  German 
Dltlnuitiim.  bat  H.  Gor^mrkln,  president  of 
the  ConncU  of  the  Empire,  Issued  a  mani- 
festo which  read : 


"BniRia 


at    AQBtria's 


HerTla  ._ 
in  regard 
BirpadT  - 
hands.'' 

The  German  Ambassador,  Baron  toq 
Schoen.  went  to  tbe  French  foreign  office 
and  expressed  tbe  tear  that  dangerous  fric- 
tion might  ariie  between  tbe  'Klple  Allt- 
aoce  and  tbe  Triple  Entente  in  tbe  event 
of  tbe  Powers  of  tbe  Triple  Entente  not 
taking  steps  to  loeallia  the  conflict  be- 
tween Anatria  and  Servla. 

August  1,  1014.  the  German  Ambaeaador 
banded    tbe    declaiation    of  „war_  to    tbe 

daj,  the  French  i 

eral  mobilliatlon  order. 

August  2d,  Germanjbegan  the  Invaaion 


powers.  Including  Germaar,  in  ISST,  but 
no  restatance  was  made  by  the  Ducal  army 
of  lesa  than  4G0  men.  though  tbe  Grand 
Ducheis  made  format  proleet 

August  8d.  Germany  aent  to  Belgium  de- 
manding paaaage  for  her  troops  and  offerlug 
compeDaatlon  tnerefor.  Germany  aald  tbat 
It  already  bad  Information  tliat  France  waa 
to  use  Betglam  as  a  military  base,  Belgi- 
um refused  entrance  to  Qerman  troops  and 
demanded  that  German*  reapect  her  neu- 
trality, bnt  on  the  morning  of  the  4th  Oet^ 
man  troopa  entered  Belnlnm.  Blr  Edward 
Grey.  Brill>h  Foreign  MlnHler,  In  tbe  House 
of  Commons,  read  a  teteicnim  addrpBwd  '- 


0  aafeguard  the  in- 


aaklDg  ■'.. 
Majestya  _.    -  — 
teprlty  of  Belglnr-. 

Italy     proclaimed     ber     neutrality,     al- 
though  a  member  ot  the  Triple  AlUasee. 


This  alllanea,  her  itateamaB  explalaad,  was 
Intended  to  protect  the  partlM  to  It 
againet  an  attack.  Italy  Interpreted  Ow- 
many'B  and  Atiatrla'i  actr ' —  " 


tbe  ^uluL- 

England  aent  a 


tb,  tbe  t , ^.- 

Ambaaaador  bis  passports  and 
,t  an  ultimatum  to  Oennanr,  d«- 
aatlsfaetorT  reply  by  ml&l^t 
uu  uM  question  of  tbe  neuttauU  of  Belgiom. 
No  repty  baring  been  received  tbe  Brltlak 
foreign  oOce  annanneed  tbat  a  state  ot 
war  ezlatw)  wltb  Germany,  dating  from  U 
F.M.  August  4,  1914.  Meanwhile  Germany 
bad  sl'ea  bis  pasaporta  to  tb*  BrlUsb 
Ambaaaador  In  Berlin. 

August  Bth,  President  Wnsoa  teudarad 
the  good  oBcea  of  the  Uotted  Btatea  in  an 
attempt  to  bring  about  a  aetttement  ot  tb* 
European  dlflicnltlea. 

Portugal  annonneed  It*  tntmtlon  to  anp- 
port  Great  Britain,  and  other  deeUratlona 
came  In  the  following  order: 


Sist  Otb,  ADStrla-Hung^y „ , 
__onteuegro  on_AiistrlB-Blingary ;  Mb.  Ber- 


Rnaala;  Stb, 

,.- =— t:  Otb.  Ser- 

remany;  10th,  France  on  Auaiila- 


led   Ger-       Hungary;  12tb,  Great  Britain 


I,  Japan  on  Germany :  SStb,  An>- 


Hnngary  on  Belgium ;  2Sth,  Turilsb  action 
ngalnat  Rnaala;  SOth,  Baadaa,  Freneb  and 
British  ambassadota  to  Tarkey  ask  for  pass- 


ports.   Hay  23.  1910,  Italy  declared  war  m 

.  Austria,  and  Aogost  28.  llilfl,  on  Oermanr. 

After  a  beavy  bomttardment  of  two  aan 

German  forces  altered   tba  atrongly  torU> 

Bed  city  of  LiCge,  Belglnm,  August  T,  and 

E>ceeded  westward,  taking  auccestlrelr 
UToln,  Bruaael^  Namur  and  Antwerp. 
Atwat  the  middle  ot  August  Japan  sent  an 
ultimatum  to  Germany  demanding  the  Im- 
mediate surrender  of  Kian  Chan.  China, 
which  was  leased  by  Germanyjn  IBOS.  and 
later  made  a  protectorate.  Tbia  was  sur- 
rendered to  the  Japaneae  In  NoTember. 

Ueantime,  altboQgh  Germany  had  mad* 
some  progress  along  tbe  aborea  of  tbe  Baltic 
Sea,  the  Kossian  forces  had  invaded  Oallcl« 
In  Austria  and  Blast  Pmasia. 

In  Franca  tbe  German  line  extended 
dlflEonally  across  tbe  northeastern  frontier, 
with  tbe  left  resttug  on  UOIbauaen.    Tnm- 

■--     -    the    left   base  the '— ' 

"~   ~-j   of    Nancy,    •eniaa, 

Lmiens,  westward  and  south 
ID  witmn  iwenty-flve  miles  ot  Paris  and 
along  the  Msrne  Blver.  Here,  with  the  aid 
ot  British  forces,  the  Oermans  were  checked. 
The  French  government  moved  from  Paris 
to  Bordeaux.  The  alUed  forces  attempted 
an  enveloping  msnomvre,  and  tb«  Getmaa 
line  was  extended  northward,  falling  back 
to  tbe  eastward  at  the  same  Ume. 

BatOt  of  Ike  JTanw.— During  tbe  retreat 
of  tbe  Freneb  and  allied  armiea  from  Bru*- 
aels  toward  Paris  tbey  had  received  C0B> 
stant  accessions,  while  the  Germana  wer* 
compelled  to  transfer  part  of  their  farMM 
to  tbe  eastern  theatre  of  the  war  to  <V> 
pose  tbe  Invasion  of  Prussia  by  the  Bua- 
Bept  S,  Qeneral  Jotfra  called  a  halt 


than  1. 

allies,    while    the    Germans   i 

SyO.qoo.     From  left  to  right  tbe  order  «t 


Ton  Bfllow^on  Hansen,  Grand  Duke  Al- 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


finn^einWar 


I  bat  thdr  rlfht  « 


.^ I  eiiKwed  to  at- 
tack. To  protect  tbelr  comnmnlcatloni  two 
eorpa  fkcnif  weat  w«r«  statloaed  btblnd 
tiM  BlTer  Onrc,  nbleh  flowt  (rom  th«  north 
into  tiM  Umvo,  about  thlrtr-flvi  milM  «a«t 
«t  Farls.  BaTlf  on  the  mornlnif  of  Bept.  6, 
0«nn«I  Joffie  ad-ranctd  IIm  Sixth  French 
knur  from  Farla  north  of  the  Harne  toward 
the  Onrc^  and  then  b«aii  Uw  tamooa  re- 
treat of  Too  Klnel^  which  exposed  the 
Sank  of  Ton  Btllow,  whoie  retreat  In  turn 
expoMd  the  flank  of  Ton  Hansen,  and  the 
whole  German  line  iwnnB  lapldl;  '"-'-  '- 
tba  eaatward,  at  the  aama  time  e: 
Biuttaward  to  avoid  cnTcloplns  ma 
br  the  enemr.     On  the  12th  and  18th  the 

eranlt  was  Brought  to  an  nneiiiected  halt 
tha  Germaa  army  at  bar  on  the  hllla 
north  ot  Uh  Blver  Aune. 

nm  9t  Attttetrp. — Dnrlnt  Septemter, 
ISli.  wUlo  tba  Oeroan  arnlsi  held  their 
porfoDna  b  Borthem  ITrance,  the  BelsUn 
Ktmj  bad  bean  reoiganlaad  and  began  an 
agyreiatTa  ^anpaln  agaloat  the  German 
eommtmlestVaia.  Tha  derman  general  staff 
thn  datannlned  to  capture  Antwarp  and 
o^pleta  the  conqoMt  m  Belginm. 

Tba  atira  Belgian  detenaa  centered  m 
Antwerp,  which  was  cotuldeted  one  of  the 
Btnmgest  fortcenea  In  Eoropa.  The  dtr 
had  a  popnlatlon  of  more  than  SOaooa  It 
waa  defnided  by  two  rings  of  torts — an 
hmer  one  «t  eight  forts,  aboat  two  milea 
from  an  aU  enceinte  which  encircled  tha 
«lty,  and  an  onter  ring  of  fifteen  forts,  at 
distances  Tarffng  from  six  to  nine  mllM 
troB  th*  enceinte.  Fonr  tpeclal  feat  urea 
coatrlbotad  to  the  atrength  of  Antwerp; 
(1)  tha  cleaa  prozlmltj  of  the  neutral 
DntA  frontier  on  the  north  and  northwest 
which  rednced  the  front  to  be  defended ; 
(I)  the  existence  of  a  large  inundated  ares 
OD  the  west  and  northwest.  whtiA  serred 
tha  same  pnrpoae:  (8)  the  poaltlon  of  the 
Bl*er_8chsldt,^  whlebpratecfed_ae  ^^oa 


the    weM    and 


Borland  "for  anppTlea  from  tneaeat 
_._. .  .^,  gi^,  Netha,  whldl 


tba  protectlMt  of  tba  dty  ea  the  sontbeaat 
Kiot.  38  tba  Oeraiaa  gnna  opened  upon 
two  at  tha  tort*  ot  the  onter  rU«  eonth  of 
tba  dtr.  On  the  2ea  one  of  these  waa 
Mown  np  and  tha  otber  was  dMttOTed  tbe 
following  dar.  Tba  next  two  forta  to  tba 
risht  wera  AMiMd  Oct  1,  and  the  Belgian 
liHntrr  wore  compelled  to  withdraw  aeroaa 
the  NAk&  where  thaf  were  anpported  bj 
the  Britid.  On  the  Stb  the  Belgian  .anv 
wltbdrcw  and  the  Oermana  croned  the 
Hethe  and  occmiled  AntweriL  oomlng  Into 
complete  posseaslon  by  tha  8&  A  war  tax 
of  fTiOOaOOO  a  month  was  lerled  npon 
the  dtT  and  ft  dvU  governor  placed  In 
diarge.  Hanr  storlea  were  told  of  attacks 
br  drlllanB  npon  the  soldiers  after  surreD- 
der  and  of  retallatorr  meaenrea  by  tbe  Oer- 
mana  which  were  ealcnlated  to  excite  the 
■rmiNithlee  of  uentrali.  Holland  reported 
Oat  30,000  Belgians  and  1,000  British  sol- 
tten  had  erosaed  Into  Dutch  territory  and 
had  been  intemed. 

BotOe  ff  Oa  A(m^-The  Alane  BItcf  la 
a  alncglsh  canalised  rlrer  abont  ITO  mllea 
loBg  flowing  generally  westward  Into  the  Oita 
throogb  a  valtor  from  halt  a  mile  to  two 
nllM  wMa  between  plateana  4S)Q  feet  hli^ 
OB  each  aide.  Wtdle  on  the  drive  to  Farla  the 
Oermana  had  prepared  a  strong  poaltlOD  on 
the  northern  plaiean  iwon  which  to  make 
a  stand  in  case  of  possible  retreaL  Con> 
ertte  platforms  had  been  bnllt  tor  beayy 
goat,  and  coDmodlona  tranchaa  with  orai- 


head  protection  against  sbrapnel  had  been 
consCmcted  for  the  Intanlry.  Tbe  right  of 
the  position  rested  on  the  Aoyon  Hills  west 
of  the  Olae,  north  of  its  Jnnctlon  with  the 
Alsne.  Prom  this  point  tbe  Hue  rau  east 
along  the  Alsne  about  forty  miles  and  than 
aoDtn  by  east  by  Belms  to  Verdun,  Four 
rallwHye  ran  back  from  this  posltlou  Into 
Belgium  and  a  flttb  ran  east  and  west  at  a 
conTenlent  dlstoui^e  In  the  rear  of  tba 
lines.  Tbe  German  retreat  abruptly  baited 
Sept.  12  at  SolBsotM  wbere  the  river  la 
■bout  sixty  yards  wide.     ■■-—  — ■-- 


forces  to  tarn  tbe  Qetman  right  and  itrllca 
tbe  railways  In  their  rear,  but  eacb  expe- 
dition resulted  only  In  a  pitched  battle  and 
the  extension  of  the  Qerman  lines  earth- 
ward. By  Oct  7,  the  26th  day  of  the 
Sgbtlng  along  the  Alsno,  the  lines  had  been 

K>longed  to  La  Bassee,  ten  miles  from  tha 
Iglan  frontier,  and  the  net  reanlt  of  tbe 
lighting  after  ten  montba  waa  the  exten- 
sion or  tbe  lln««  from  the  conflnencs  of  the 
Alsne  and  Olaa  rivers  Into  Flanders  and 
«a  cloaa  to  the  Bngllab  Channel  coast  aa 
operatlona  of  the  British  navy  would  per- 
mit. This  line  was  rongbly  marked  by  the 
tnwna  of  VsTmelles,  Atmentleres,  rpres, 
DIxmuda,  which  became  tbe 
-  -' ■--      Freneb  reserve 


irmy,  tbe  British  expeditionary  force,  Brit- 
ish Indians,  Senegalese,  and  Tnrcoa  went  to 
■pake  np  the  prolongation  of  the  alllea'  front. 

On  the  soutbeasf  end  of  the  Oermnn  Una 
the  Crown  Prince  In  September  sent  ont 
■everftl  arnu  eorpa  to  cat  the  line  aonth 
of  Vcrdnn,  bnt  onlv  incceeded  in  reaeblnc 
Bt  Mlhlel,  which  inrlng  the  flnt  half  of 
lets  contuued  to  be  a  atatting  point  lor 
aggresalve  mDvemcuta. 

ng}Mma  t»  rhuul«r«.— Having  taken  Ant- 
werp the  Germane  began  sending  large  ar- 
miea  toward  Dunkirk  and  CnUls.  Tbe  Bel' 
|dan  army  held  the  Oermans  back  of  the 
xser  BlTcr  at  Nleuport,  and,  assisted  by 
Brltlab  wanblpa  In  the  Channel,  forced 
them  from  tba  cosat  B«tween  Nleuport  and 
Yprea  the  Qerman  advance  was  checked  by 
cutting  tbe  dykea  and  flooding  the  country. 

Battle  0/  Fprac—Abont  tbe  middle  of  Oc- 
tober, 1914,  the  Oermans  began  massing 
their  troops  In  the  vldnity  of  Tprea,  and 
tbe  atueka  grew  fiercer  each  day.  Their 
evident  Intention  waa  to  force  their  war 
to  Calais.  By  Nov.  B  the  attacka  ceased. 
The  alllea  on  the  defensive,  lost  100,000 
men,  killed,  wounded  and  missing,  and  It  la 
aupposed  tba  German  offensive  cost  twice 
aa  many,  ao  that  tbe  losses  about  Tprea 
mast  have  reached  dose  to  800,000  men. 

From  the  time  of  the  establishment  of  the 
Unea  of  trenches  In  October,  1914,  to  the 
end  of  IBIS,  little  progress  was  made  by 
•Itber  aide  In  the  lighting  in  the  western 
theatre  of  the  war.  The  opposing  forcea 
were  arrayed  In  parallel  linet  froni  tha 
North  Sea  to  the  Swiss  frontier,  a  dlstanca 
of  SSO  miles,  the  number  of  combatanta 
~  ---*■  -"-  per  mile  of  front  probabtr 
^.000    to    10,000.      Artlllerr 

,_jce  nearly  every  dar  and  oc- 

caalonal  charges  by  the  men  at  arms  resulted 
In  Anglo-French  nlns  here  and  German 
galna  there,  bnt  the  main  llnea  remained 
generally  parallel. 

A  section  of  France  north  of  Arraa, 
known  as  tbe  "Labyrinth,"  was  selected  by 
the  Anglo-French  silica  In  Ha*.  191G,  as  tbe 
abjective  point  of  a  determined  effort  to 
break  the  Qerman  line.  Ample  preparations 
were  made,  and  the  lighting  b^an  May  80 
and  was  carried  on  contlnnonsly  to  Jnne  IT. 


jyGooi^lc 


Soropean  Wir     Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 

EuropetUl  Wftr — ContlnMiI. 

The  galas  made  were  InslgDlflcant,  kDd  were 

partially  recovered  by  the  Germans  later. 

A  second  drive  along  the  eotlre  Iraat  Id 
Fiance  and  Belgium  wftB  begun  Id  SepteiD- 
ber,  1010,  and  agbtlog  continued  almoBt 
DDlaterrupledly,  tlic  beavleet  act  Ions  be  log 


I    NlflH.      Ang.    16, 


carried    on    In    the    Champa„__    _. 

tweeD  Arraj  and  Xpres  and  east  o(  Ixh>h. 

The  Eatlem  Theatre  of  War.--Operat!ana 
■(alnat  Germany  and  Austria  on  the  east 
covered  two  Bepurate  flelde :  (II  that  along 
the  Vistula  Klver  In  Poland  anJ  l!:ast  Prua- 
■la  and  (2)  the  Austrian  province  of  Gall- 
da,  which  lies  north  of  the  Carpathian 
MoantalDS.  At  the  hegliiulcg  of  the  war  the 
RuKBlans  Invaded  East  Prussia,  defeated  the 
Germans  at  Oumblonen  {Aug.  17-23),  cap- 
tured   Allensteln    and   invesled   KfinlEBbers. 

In  the  south  the  BuBslan  Inrasion  uf  QhU- 
cla  resulted  In  the  capture  of  Leraberg, 
Bept.  2,  JaroBlav,  Sept.  23.  and  the  strong 
fortress  of  Pnetnysl.  on  the  Sao  Blver, 
March  22,  1915,  alter  a  long  siege. 

The  InvoBlOD  was  proceedlnE  favorably  for 
the  Russians  until  Ocnerul  Vun  HIndenberg 
transported  a  large  German  force  from  BeF 
Blum,  nnd  during  the  last  three  days  ot 
August  completely  aDDlbllsted  two  Russian 
army    corps    la    the    vicinity    of    Allensteln, 


Ortlesbucg  aud  Tnunen 


.        B   of   TO.OOO 

cers.  aod'the  equipment  of  the  two  corps. 

Before  the  middle  ot  November,  1014, 
seven  Russian  armies  were  advancing  apoD 
the  AUBtrlans  and  Gei'maDa  between  the 
Baltic  Bea  and  the  CarpnthlaD  MouDtalQB, 
and  pushing  them  to  the  west  and  south. 
The  Ruaslans  held  a  llDe  100  miles  loug  tn 
Eaat  Prussia  parallel  to  the  frontier,  ei- 
tendlng  from  StBllupODen  on  the  right  via 
Goldap  and  Lyck  to  the  vicinity  of  Soldaa. 
Here  occurred  a  gap  in  the  line,  which  be- 
KBD  again  In  Russian  territory  near  the 
VlatDla  and  ran  generally  parallel  to  the 
frontier,  aod  at  no  great  dlstsnce  from  it- 
to  the  vicinity  ot  Cracow,  Austria.  The 
Russians  held  the  German  town  of  Plescben, 
about  eO  miles  northeast  of  Breslau.  Al- 
though there  were  gaps  In  this  line.  It  was 
almost  continuous  For  350  miles.  In  Gall- 
cla.  Russian  armies,  moving  west,  were 
about  7B  miles  from  Cracow,  and  another 
array,  approaching  from  the  northeast,  was 
reported  to  be  within  2S  miles  of  that  city. 
The  full  strength  ot  the  Russian  Empire  was 
engaged  in  one  grand  concerted  movement, 
with  Its  single  purpose  the  uverlbrow  of  the 
Teutonic  power  ot  central  Europe. 

Farly  in  December  the  Germans  occupied 
Lodz,  In  East  Prossia.  and  began  an  Impet' 
Doua  advance  toward  Warsaw,  Poland,  while 
■•     "      ■  '    "■  n  Oallcla,  their 


- 260,l)6o    1 

against  the  northwest  corner  ot  Serrla, 
meeting  the  Servians  at  Valievo  SepL  IS 
and  defeating  them  Nov.  16.  The  Aostro- 
Hungarlan  siege  ot  Belgrade,  which  had 
beguQ    July    £9._   ended    Dee.    2,    when    V 


terate  attack  on  the  center  divided  the  Aus- 
rtan  army  crushed  the  tight  wing  and 
drove  the  lavadlDg  armies  from  the  Ser- 
Tlon  soil.  Dec.  l1,  191*,  King  Peter  re- 
entered Belgrade  with  hla  viclotloos  anny 
and  reported  the  land  wholly  free  from 
the  Invading  Teutons. 

Coincident  with  the  Bulgarian  Invkalon 
of  Bervla  In  October.  1B15,  Auetro-Germaii 
forces  crossed  the  Danube  at  Beln-ade  and 
drove  the  Bervlans  before  them  down  the 
UoraVB  Valley  aDd  formed  a  Junction  with 
the  Bulgars  on  the  :i6th  at  a  point  on  the 
Saionlla-MBh  railway  and  captured  Nlsh, 
the  temporary  capital,  and  Kragojevac.  the 

;rlnclpal  arsenal,  in  November.  By  the 
St  of  December,  1015,  AnstrD-HuDgarlaa, 
Germs  a  and  Bulgarian  armies  had  swept 
over  the  entire  country  ot  Servla,  the  army- 
was  Bcaltered  and  the   King  in  flight. 

Turkey' t  Enlraace  (nio  the  War. — Tha 
German  cruisers  Gorbcn  and  Brfilau,  pur- 
sued by  hostile  war  ships  at  the  begin- 
ning of  the  war,  sought  escape  by  passage 
through  the  Dardanelles  and  sateCy  In  toe 
TurblKb  harliors  beyond.  Instead  ot  be- 
ing compelled  to  put  f-  —  —  '-' — 
wflhl ■-'-  "-- 


Bonable  ti 


:,  the  cmlsera  n 


Ined  tlie  vessels  hut  announced  the  ab- 
rogation of  her  capitulations  wherein  she 
had  In  times  past  restricted  her  sovereignty 
__     ,„  jj    j^^_ 

-.-.  -..  ,:  hostility  waa 

of    the    Russian    Black 

oea  poci  ot  Theodosla,  Oct.  29,  1014,  by 
the  Qoeben,  changed  In  name  to  tbe  MtdtiUu. 
Other  hostile  a^ls  followed,  and  Nov.  6, 
Great  Britain  and  Prance 
Turkey.     The  tc 

and  ot  C 

dependen 

Kul-el-Amara,  S^egt  of- — The  outbreak 
ot  the  war  found  British  troops  to  the  nom- 
ber  ot  8.000  _or  10,000  Jn  Mesopotamia,  nn- 


Tbe  spec  la  cu  lac  advance  of  the  Germ  ana 
alODf  the  lOO-mile  front,  extending  from  tbe 
■"  ■  ■"  "  ■■  "       I    southeasterly 


dtrectloD  to  the  nortbc 

River  NIemen,  continue 

Id  the  province  ot  Conrland.   was  captured 


J  troops  settled  d 

front  of  the  place,  while  fieavy  Sanklog  pai^ 

ties  swept  by  on  both  banks  Of  th- ' 

Bi>eedlly  c\  '  


Hay   S,   and   the   invadei 
toward  Riga. 

In  north  PolBnd  German  forces  succeas- 
iTely  occupied  PnBsynss  and  Novo  Qpor- 
Rlevak  In  July,  1915,  and  continued  their 
drive  on  to  Warsaw,  which  was  taken  Aug.  1. 

PuTlher  Bouth,  In  Oallcla,  the  stroneiT 
lortlfled  towna  ot  Praemys!  aod  Lembcrg 
were  retaken  by  the  Germans  In  June. 

iHoarltm    of    ffertHo.— Prom    July    29    to 


The  Turks  then  assumed  tbe  simple 
lasK  or  maintaining  the  sieg  ■•  ^■ 

onward       should   compel   t' 


.,  -_i  both  banks  of  the  river  and 
:  off  tbe  Brltiih  llae  of  commnnl- 
.  m.._,._  .,.__  3  ^i|j  slMle 

,..    rrender.      In- 

elfectual  attempts  were  made  at  rescue,  and 
unusual  Sooda  prevented  Bfcgressive  opera- 
tions. After  a  siege  ot  143  days  the  Brltlsb 
flag  was  hauled  down,  and  the  army  sur- 
rendered Its  arms  to  tbe  Turks.  April  29, 
1916. 

Haeal  OocralloRS.— At  the  outbreak  ot  the 
war  Great  Britain  ci aimed  tbe  supremacy 
ot  tbe  Beas.  July  SI,  1914,  the  British 
fleets  on  all  statfons  put  to  sea  and  the 
word  went  to  BritlBb  consuls  all  over  the 
world  to  hold  British  shipping  Id  port  and 


jyGooi^lc 


Bneyeiopedic  Indes 


BnropeanWar 


_.   I   by    wircleu.      Two 

dari  later  twelre  Frencb  ahlpa  passed 
Olbraltar  Into  the  Medmrranean,  whicb 
vu  ■MiKned  ■■  tbe  tpeclal  provmce  of  the 
FrcBCbiSeet.  Tbe  AnstrimD  fleet  took  ret- 
uie  tn  Pola  and  tbe  Oennui  fleet  retired  to 
tbe  fortUed  porta  of  tbe  Noitb  Set  and 
lDt«  tbe  BUtlc  Ads.  6,  tbe  SAilffin  Dtl*^ 
t  Oerman  liner,  nblcb  had  been  converted 
Into  a  mine  larec,  waa  torpedoed  by  tbe 
Britlab  deetroyer  I^inoe.  Heit  dar  the 
Britlsb  cralMr  amphton  struck  a  German 
mine  and  aank  wltb  131  men.  Aog.  IT,  tbe 
Britlab  MigMy»r  sank  tbe  Nortb  German 
Ll«d  liner  Kotnr  WiUelm  der  OroMt.  whIcb 
baa  been  armed  a«  a  commerce  deatroyer. 

AbolOttd  Vonit  Battle.— Aag.  28,  1B14, 
Admiral  DaTld  Beatty,  wltb  a  Brttlih  bat- 
tle aqoadroQ,  conalstlDE  of  the  Fearteat, 
tbe  A-rttkuaa  and  aboot  twenty  deatroyera. 


ttettmera  and  tank  aeventeen  ot  tbem.  Bit 
raTages  have  cost  ns,  at  a  roosh  estimate. 
£2,200,000  In  our  mercantile  marine.  By 
entirely  lexltlmate  alrHtegv  he  sank  a  Riu- 
sisn  cruiser  and  a  French  destroyer.  He  baa 
bombarded  an  Italian  proTlnctal  capital, 
created  a  marked  panic  among  certain 
ctBBses  of  tbe  native  Inbabltanta  o(  our 
Indian  aeHpoFta.  swept  tbe  Bay  of  Bengal 
clear  oC  ihlpplng.  Isolated  the  province  of 
Be  cms  foe  man;  days,  and  finlabed  by 
audaciously  endeavoi-lng  to  deatroy  a  wire- 
less station.  In  all  bla  eiplalta  he  has  be- 
haved wltb  the  most  perfect  courteay,  aa  tbe 
oflUcera  and  crewa  of  many  of  the  sblpa  be 
sank  have  testlned.  He  haa  never  taien  ■ 
single  life  onnecessarlly,  except  by  accident. 


able    t 


Batten  put  to  aea,  leaylns  tb( 
aabore.  The  Btanen,  beins  i 
•el.  defeated  and  burned  Ah 


e  the  k 


tnrea     and 


Tbe   Cocoa   Island „   , — ..,,   - 

■erlrs  nt  ralracolons  eacapei,  berolc  adveu- 

physical     aDfferlnn,     reached 

delda,  on  the  east  coaat  ot  tbe  Red  Sea, 

In  frlenaly  territory. 

Tbe  KOniatierg,  on  Sept  20,  1914,  at- 
tacked and  destroyed  the  Britlab  cmlaer 
fegatat,  wblcb  waa  nndergolng  repalra  in 
ZanallMr  barbor.  After  a  tborongb  search  of 
Bast  AMcan  waters  the  airman  raider  waa 
diacoverad  by  tbe  Britlab  cralaer  ChatAam 
In  aboal  water  all  miles  op  the  Ruflgl  Rirer, 
In  Oerman  East  Africa.  There  she  was  bot 
fied  op  by  sinking  colliers  In  the  channel. 

In  commenting  upon  the  valor  of  German 
cmlaar*  tbe  Loudon  Timet  aald  editorially : 
"Tbere  are  few  eplaodea  of  modem  navBl 
blstory  more  remarkable  than  the  meteoric 
career  of  the  little  Binden.  Capt.  von 
HOllet  baa  cftptnred  twenty  of  opr  mercbant 


anlns  flabt  tbe  BHtlab  battle  crulaera  lAtm, 
Qtitat  Marp.  IiwimeMe  and  Weu)  Zaaloml 
came  npon  tbe  scene.  Tbe  tbree  Oerman 
cmiaera  and  two  deitroyera  were  annk,  and 
2,K00  aaUora  were  leported  loaL 

AeflvfHe*  at  Qarmtm  OntUtrt. — Id  epite  o( 
"-"■-■•  — ipremacy  at  aea  Oermany  waa 
iflict  severe  damage  upon  ber 
.  tbrongb  tbe  actlvltlea  of  the 
SarUrilte,     Amden,     Sffntorbnv, 

irsl,     Oneitatav,     Dresden,     Leipaie, 

ffSfwtanr  and  6e4er,  most  of  wblcb  had  E>een 
Intenwd  Id  neatral  porta  or  destroyed  by 
tbe  Bnt  ol  181S. 

Tbe  Oerman  cmlser  Karttruhe  was  In  tbe 
West  Indies  wbm  bonilltlea  broke  out  In 
Baropa.  Though  aald  to  have  been  chased 
bj  BHtlab  wanhlpA  tbe  KarUruhe  bad  by 
Aug.  2S  sank  IB  EngUsb  merchantmen  In 
the  Atlantic  On  the  3Qtb  she  took  tbe  Van- 
tfyck,  Talned,  with  ber  cargo,  at  (2,000,000. 

The  Smde»  appeared  In  the  Bay  of  Ben- 
gal SepL  10,  and  by  tbe  20th  had  captured 
alx  Britlab  sblpa,  sinking  Ave  and  aendlng 
tbe  other  to  Calcntta,  with  the  crewa.  Then 
abe  bombarded  Madras  and  set  two  oil 
tank*  on  Bre.  Entering  the  barbor  ot 
Penang,  Btralta  Settlements,  abe  torpedoed 
and  sunk  the  BusaUn  cruiser  Zhemtcltult 
and  a  French  destroyer.  Next  the  Bmdtn 
turned  her  attention  to  the  wlreleaa  tele- 
napb  plant  on  Cocoa  laland.  Nov.  9  she 
landed  a  small  party  to  destroy  tbe  station. 
Init  the  operator  bad  called  the  Australian 


conalacing  ot  the  three  armored  crulaera. 
Good  iJope,  VoiunoutA  and  QlaigoiB,  com- 
manded by  Admiral  Cradock,  encountered 
tbe  Oerman  cmlsers  Echamhortt,  QneiMKait, 
Dmiat,   SiTttitrg   and  Leiptic,   under  Ad- 


,   „ ice.  and  the 

aea,  leaving  tbe  landing  party 

. Bnden.     The 

200  killed  end  30  wounded, 
the  BMdneit  waa  trifling, 
landing  party,   after   - 


and    lasted    sbout    tbree-quar- 


A  broadjlde   from   the 


Oermsna  sank  tbe  VoaaiotifA  and  the  Qood 
Hope,  while  tbe  Olowoto  escaped.  Bear- 
Admiral  Cradock,  In  command  of  tbe  fleet, 
and  1,600  Brltldi  sailors  were  lost  Tbe 
German  losses  were  inslgnlflcant 

Off  tht  FatkUu\d».—Dee.  B,  1»H,  the  ang- 
mentcd  British  squadron  encountered  tha 
German  cculaerH  LMoaic,  Softornhorsl,  One^ 
senau,  NUmbtrg  and  Z>rssden  olf  tbe  Falk- 
land Islanda.  All  were  annk  except  tbe 
Dreiien,  which  escaped.  The  Brltlali  Io«s 
waa  reported  aa  seven  killed  and  tour 
woonded. 

Oct  17,  1914.— The  Brltiah  cruiser  Un- 
daunted,  supported  by  four  destroyers,  en- 
gaged and  sunk  four  Oerman  deatroyera  oS 
the  Dutch  coast :  193  German  officers  and 

Jan.  24.  lOlC,  a  large  German  fleet  while 
attempting  a  raid  on  the  English  Coast  was 
engaged  by  a  British  fleet  The  Oerman 
battle  cruiser  BluecJler  (16.660  tons)  and 
tbe  amaller  cruiser  Kolberq  were  reported 
lost,  and  tbe  Britlab  cnusers  Lion  and 
Tlqir  badly  damaged. 

War  Zona  Op«rallaiu.— Early  In  the  year 
191Q  a  Brltiah  order  In  council  declared 
that  ail  foodatuffs  destined  to  Qermany, 
though  intended  tor  the  clrlllan  population, 
subject  to  seliure  and  conflscHtlon.  Tbia 
was  based  on  Oermany's  national  regulation 

<fln  fontlHC-fltlnn   fnr  n,„,j    ud<™, 

declared  a 

iind  the  British  islea 
ind   warned   neutral 


to  be  fa  existence  at 

after   Feb.    16,    1916, 

veasela  ol  the  dangers  of  navigation. 

marlnea  were  sent  Into  the  designated 
waters,  and  reports  came  dally  of  tbe  sink- 
ing ot  English,  Frencb  and  neatral  vessels. 
Luittania  Cose. — The  German  embassy 
In  America  called  attention  to  the  war  sone 
and  repeated  the  warning  to  neutral  and 
enemy  vessels.  Despite  the  warning,  which 
bad  been  personally  brought  to  the  atten- 
tion of  the  passengers,  the  LitHtaiiia  sailed 
from  New  Tork  Hay  1st.  and  Hay  Tth,  when 
ofF  KlDNale,  Ireland,  was  struck  by  a  mine 
or  torpedo  and  sank  within  fifteen  minutes 
vrith  great  loss  of  life.  Including  more  tban 
bnudred     Americans.      (See     Wtlsoo, 

n  190T,  and  waa 

I  of  the  largest  and  fastest  at  Britlsb 
Fu.pB  and  was  valued  at  about  110,000,000. 
Besldps  passengers  and  crew  to  tbe  number 
of  2,169  persons  aboard,  she  carried  about 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


War    Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


A,ow    Kiui    oi    carsot    TBiiie_    _^    ,,,,,, 

Itt  principal  Items  of  the  cargo  were  tot 
war  eonaamptloti,  and  Included  alieet  bnwi, 
TAlned  at  tSO.OOO ;  copper  and  copoer  wlie, 
«32.000;  Beef,  (al.uOO:  furg,  (IIS.WKI; 
copper  mannfactares,  $21,000 :  milltar; 
KOOda,  166,000 ;  ammuuiUoD,  SliUO.OOU.  The 
lateat  olBclal  ttgacea  ahowed  tLat  l,3Se  Uvea 
were  loat.  The  total  Dumber  of  HDrvlfon 
waa  783,  iDcludlDg  4S3  passeugera  acd  SOI 
Of  erew :  the  number  Injured  was  30  paasea- 

SP»  and  17  o(  crew ;  o(  the  aurTlTora  IS 
id  from  eiposare  or  iDjurlea ;  tbe  number 
of  Americana  wbo  died  waa  lUT.  There  were 
81  American  aanlTon,  23  American  IdenU- 
Bed  dead  and  84  Amerleans  mlsBlng  and  nn- 
donbtedlj  dead. 

Poreltu  the  DaraantHet.-^Tixe  Btralt  of 
the  Dardanelles,  tbe  ancient  Uelleapont  of 
Xerxes  and  Aleiaiider  the  Great,  la  a  nar- 
row channel  iieparBtlng  southeaatem  Ra- 
rope  from  Aala,  and  connectlaE  tbe  Se« 
or  Uarmora  with  the  Aegean  Sea.  It  la 
abont  forl7-two  miles  lacg  and  Taries  In 
width    from    one    to    tonr    ml  lee.      The    ap- 

E roach  to  CoastantJnopJe  from  tbe  weat 
J  water  c»n  only  be  made  by  way  of  thlr 

narrow   atralt,    which   la   st —   *-— ■  — 

on    both    aides    with    modc._     

beav;  guns.     A  treaty  between  Turkey 
*"■"  — — •  — ^wera  of  Europe  in   1841 
g  war  ship  of  ani 


ttaUam  OMroHoM^— IWj  a 

Blct  bf  declaring  war  agauiat 
°    1MB,    — •"»-— -■•-'S'i^' 


a  1910,   and  ImmedlatelT  began  an  Invs- 
on  of  the  latrlaa  penlnsola,  on  tlie  east 
coaat  of  the  Adriatic  Be*.     Br  the  and  <tf 
the  /ear  tbej  liad  forced  tbeb  wkj  M>^ 
I  Oorltla,  ten  miles  from  the  frontier. 
ia,  which  had  malntaloed  a  strict 


the  great  powers  of  Europe  In   __ 

Tided  ttiat  no  war  ship  of  any  natlc 

Tnrke;  should  paaa  the  DardanelleH  wlth- 


Bulfiaria,  ' 


log  mouth  crossed  Ihe  Dannbe  into  Serrla 
and  advanced  to  the  Belgrade-Nlah.Saloalka 
railroad.  In  the  meanUme  Anstro-Oerman 
forces  had  crossed  tl^  Bare  and  Dannbe  and 

Bresaed  southward,  drlrlng  the  Berbi  before 
len.  Efforts  of  tlie  Anglo-Frencb  alllaa  to 
Indace  Greece  end  Bnmants  to  Interfere  in 
behalf  of  Berrla  were  futile.  The  Bolgara  ad- 
vanced Bteadlly  westward  to  Monastlr,  in  tbe 
eitreme  southweat  corner  of  Berrla,  whetw 
they  esWbllshed    themaelies   and   strength- 


clared  war  on  Austria  Aug.  7,  and  tbe  Hon- 
tenegiin  forces  proceeded  to  iDvade  Bosnia, 
In  conjunction  with  a  Serrlan  arm*,  and  to 
assist    the    British    and    French    to    bealwe 

,  ,^   „_     Cattaro.    They  later  occupied  Mostar,  ca^- 

itronsly   fortified       ^^  of  Henvgovlna.     After  the  occupation 

— ^'-:— 1.-    — J       of  Serrla  by  the  centra!  powers,  Austrian 

armies   turned    tbelr   attention    to   Itonts- 

^^j  yjg  Bosnian  proTlncea  and 

,       -  ■'■,tary   control 


out  esprest  c 


sent  of  Turkey.     This  agree- 


S5, 


1891  gave  the  Busslan  volunteer  Beet  tbe 


Early  fii  FeUmary,  IBIS,  a  fleet  of  the 
Anglo-French  allies  nndertook  the  dlfflcutt 
task  of  forcing  the  Dardanelles  aa  s  part 
<tt  tbe  operations  against  Turkey,  as  well 
as  to  secure  possession  of  large  quantities 
of  Russian  wheat  which  were  said  to  be 
atored  In  Odessa.  The  allied  fleet  under 
command  of  tbe  British  VIce-Admlral  Csr- 
den  Included  the  super-dreHdn  ought  Queen 
""     '  ""         **    ""*    he    the    moat    powerful 

wnpA,  Albion  a.aS  Uafeittc,  and  the  trench 
battlwlps    Oaulols,    Su/Tren,    and    Charle- 


fUnibeth,   said   1 


:  TcseelB,  bringing 

.     .  .    _    in   flf It,  Including 

the    greatest    and    newest    British    drenf 


total  up  t 


noughts.      Beavy   losses   sustained    _„    

allied  fleet  soon  made  It  apparent  that  an 
attack  by  sea  alone  could  not  succeed,  and 
Sir  Ian  Hamilton  with  the  British  and 
French  forces  whlcn  had  been  assembled  In 
Egypt,  was  landed  on  the  Oalllpoll  penin- 
sula for  land  operatlone. 

Tbe  Queen  EUialieth,  from  a  position  be- 
yond tbe  range  of  the  guns  of  Ihe  forts, 
redoced  the  outer  works,  Seddul-Bahr  and 
Kum  Kaleh.  on  Feb.  26,  The  fleet  then 
•  up   the  atralt,    sweeping 


the   I 


irretUtibie  aud  ( 


I   reducing   the  (orts    ._    _  _ 

nf  ihP  entmnce.      March  18, 

et,    the    English 

_...  .      _  e  sunk,  and  tbe 

Qttuloia  and    InflexihU    were  dlsehled. 

The  U«k  of  this  Joint  Hipedlllon,  num- 
bering eientually  upward  ol  300,000  effect- 
Ivea.  waa  to  occupy  the  lower  end  of  the 
Oalllpoll  Peninsula,  reducing  the  torts  on 
the  Dardanelles  shores  where  these  come  to 
tbelr  narroweat  span.  After  sU  months, 
during  which  time  three  violent  assaults 
had  been  repulsed,  the  question  ol  sbandou- 
Ing  the  enterprise  was  seriously  considered, 

I>nrInK  the  first  week  ol  January,  IBlB. 
the  entire  exp«<lltion  was  withdrawn.  The 
attempted  landing  at  Bnvla  Bay  failed.  The 
Turks  claimed  possession  of  (lO.DOO.OOO 
boot;  after  tbe  depamu«  of  the  British. 


placed   Uontenegro   under   i 
of   the  Ansti'lons. 

0/  Taing-tau. — On  the  outbreak  of 
~  '-\  Europe,  Japan  sent  an  oltl- 
iermany.  demanding  that  site 
T">iiuian  uKf  warships  from, Oriental  watars 
and  eracuate  the  entire  leased  territory  of 
Klao-chau,  with  a  view  to  Its  eventual  res- 
toration to  China,  Klao-cbao,  of  which 
Tslng-tsu  is  the  captttl,  lies  on  tbe  east 
coast  ot  the  Chinese  provlnc*  of  Shan-tniig. 
It  has  a  population  of  about  83,000.  of 
whom  some  l.BOO  are  white.  It  waa  seised 
by  Germany  In  November,  1S97,  and  later 
occupation  was  confirmed  under  a  M-year 
tease.  It  Is  sarronnded  by  a  nentral  sons 
thlrn  miles  wids.  Germans  ment  |10Q,00<X- 
000  In  Improvlu  the  pott  l%e  stege  lasted 
till  Nov.  7,  191^  when  the  German  garrison 
of  4,600^  which  Included  many  bnslness 
men,  was  forced  to  surrender.  The  JapUKSe 
besiegers,  reported  at  40,000,  loM  1,000 
men.  The  Japanese  cruiser  fntaoMho,  wla 
a  crew  of  344  men,  was  nmk  by  a  Gorman 
submarine,  and  the  Austrian  cml*er  Kat- 
tertn  BUtabeth,  which  took  part  In  tb« 
defense,   waa  sunk  by  her  ciew  to  eacaps 

/it  the  OauooMM. — For  more  than  eighteen 
months  the  Ciat's  armies  bad  made  little 
headway  In  the  Caucasus.  Preparations 
were  begun  by  Grand  Duke  Nicholas  in  the 
fall  of  ISIO,  and  an  army  estimated  at  SOO,- 
000  men,  operating  from  a  base  at  Batom 
OB  the  Black  Sea  and  on  TIflla  and  Baku,  be- 

Ein  a  drive  on  Armenia  in  Febnury,  ISie. 
raerum,  which  Ilea  00  miles  from  ue  Rus- 
sian frontier  and  030  miles  from  Constanti- 
nople, stands  on  a  plateau  6,000  feet  Ugh, 
and  was  defended  by  eighteen  forts.  Tlio 
city  la  flanked  bv  two  high  mountain  ranges. 
After  an  aesanlt  laadng  llvo  days  the  Rus- 
sians took  the  plnce  by  storm,  Feb.  26,  ISlfl. 
More  than  Soo  plecee  of  ordnance  and 
13,000  prisoners  were  taken. 

After  tbe  capture  of  Brsernm  the  Rns- 
slane  pushed  on  In  three  main  divisions.  The 
first,  along  the  Black  Sea  coast,  supported 
by  warships,  moved  toward  Treblbond,  tak- 
ing Ishnli  and  filMh  on  the  way,  and  on 
March  T,  Trebliond.  The  second  column, 
from  the  Lake  Van  region,  captured  Uuab 
and  Bltlls.  Tbe  third,  flghttng  in  Pertfa, 
took  Ketmanshah,  Feb.  30,  and  advanced  to 
Eirlnd,  130  milQs  from  BA|dBd. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Atrial  Warjan. — Soon  •tter  the  breaMng 
ont  of  the  war  It  becann  cTldent  tbat  air 
etaft  of  vaiiona  designs  were  to  pla;  &a 
luporuuit  part,  both  &i  seontlnx  >>d<1  otfen- 
bItc  operaaoDi.  The  QarmaDs  had  devel- 
oped the  Zeppelin  ftlrshlp  to  a  high  state  of 
jwrtectloii,  and  in  the  earlr  adTance  throosh 
Belclnm  and  Into  France  Zeppellna  (lew  high 
in  adranee  of  the  nblans,  cammnnlmtlng 
their  obeerratlons  to  headqnaitera.  On  Adk. 
34,  bomba  were  dropped  on  Antwerp-  A 
month  later  other  Belgian 
Parla  and  Waraaw,  w(" 

"■ "tory    .    .__ _ 

„ jBcned  the  outside  world 

from  the  headqaailen  of  the  belllserents. 
In  October  German  avlaton  dropped  bomba 
In  Parla.  kllllns  three  peraons  and  wonnd- 
InC  20;  Dec  SO  DnnkIA  was  ehelled  from 
the  air  and  16  persona  were  killed.  In 
JannaiT,  191S,  a  fleet  of  Zeppelins  raided 
ttie  EnKllah  coaat,  borobarduiK  six  towna 
._j   i.nTi__  A .      other  air  raida 


1   Antwerp. 

-  -jwns,  as  well  _ 
t  bombarded  from 


—lUtarT  pnrpoee.  By  Febraary,  1916,  the 
AtiKlO'P'reiich  allies  had  bnllt  a  fleet  of  SO 
*a  40  air  and  seaplane*  and  made  retalla- 
—  raids  on  Dnnklrk,  Oetend,  Zeebrugge 
._  other  towns  within  the  German  lines. 
SKbfliaHNa  OperofloB*. — Prom  Feb.  18, 
lfll6,  when  the  Onman  vr "- 


^iKllab  shipa.  SO  shlpa  owned  li 
Ucerent  conntnes,  6  nentral  ahlj 

•a  hoatlle,  and  27  nentral  vessel 

*neh.      During  Angnsl,   S8  ships   of 

than  SOO  tons  were  lunk  by  German  anb- 
marines,  and  In  September,  SB  more  victlma 
were  added  to  the  list.  Followtnc  is  a  pai- 
tial  list  of  the  loases  dne  to  snbmarlnea  In 
the  Drat  year,  which  serres  to  show  the 
havoc  wionght  by  the  nnderaea  craft.  (See 
alao  CtwUdiUa  Case.) 

SepL  D,  1914.— British  CRiiaer  Pathfinder, 


Mown  np  in  North  8ea. 
Oct  16.— British  — '- 


i  wbtch  sank  the  AfxHitlr,  Ortuv  and 
1   saperdreadnougbt   Au- 


anbmarlne  and   destroyer ; 

While  Star  ateamer  Oiymo 

Oct.  SI.— British  cralsei 


the  Strain  of  Dover  by  German  submarine. 
Nov.  11. — British  torpedo  sailboat  Nbier, 
"    rf  Elver  "raamea  by  Qer- 


Britlali  warship  Biilioart  (15,000  tons), 
deatnyed  by  explosion  In  dockyards  at 
Bbeemeaa,  on  Thames  River,  and  788  Uvea 
were  lost 

Lord  ol  the  Admiralty  Cbnreblll  aald 
Britain  coatd  lose  a  dreadnongbt  a  montli. 

British  SDbmaHne  B-11,  after  divine  be- 
neath Ave  rows  of  mines,  sunk  the  Turkish 
warship  Matudieh  In  tbe  Dardanelles. 

British  Fomldoble  (Ifi.OOO  tons)  snnk  In 
Bngllsh  Ctunnel  by  submarine,  with  a  loss 
of  nearly  600  lives. 

Two  British   food  ships 

off    Havre    by    GemuiD    sabmarines.      

Dnlted     States     was    Induced     to    protest 


European  War 

war  In  August,  1914.  to  Dw.  1.  UIO,  784 
ships  of  the  An^o-Freneb  atUes,  with  a 
tonnage  of  1.447,628,  were  destroyed  by  tlitt 
Teutonic  sea  forces.  Of  tliese  60S,  aggre- 
gating 1.079,482  tona,  were  destroyed  by 
submarines,  and  9S,  of  84,70B  tons,  by 
mines.  Of  the  784  ships  destroyed  624, 
with  a  tonnage  of  1,281,944.  were  British. 
TbIs  represents  B.9  pec  cent  of  the  entire 
Britlsb  shipping. 

Rttultt  of  One  Year'i  Varfare. — Bevlew- 
lag  the  Brst  year  of  tbe  war  the  Berlin 
newspapers  pointed  out  that  the  territory 
of  the  Teutonic  powers  was  tree  from  In- 
vaders except  for  small  strips  In  Alsace 
and  Gallcls,  while  the  German  armle*  In 
the  West  occupied  B3,000  square  kilometers 
(one  square  kilometer  equals  .8861  of  a 
square  mile),  InclndInD  Belgium  and  tbe 
moat  valuable  part  of  Prance.  In  addition 
to  this  territory  tbe  Austro-Oerman  allies 
occupied  150,000  square  kilometers  In  tbe 
East,  Including  the  entire  Russian  provinces 
of  Cod  r  land,  Kovno.  fiuwalkl,  I»mia, 
Flock,  Klllci,  Plotrkow.  Radom.  Elelce.  and 
large  parts  of  Warsaw  and  Lublin.  Tbe  to- 
tal conquered  territory  at  tbat  time  was 
twice  the  area  of  the  Kingdom  of  Bavaria. 
The  entire  Kingdom  of  Bervla  was  shortly 
after  added  to  the   conquered  territory. 

Ferdun,  Siege  of. — German  olfenslTe  op- 
erstloQS  against  the  French  fortress  of  Ver- 
dun began  In  February,  1910.  For  three 
weeks,  In  half  a  do»Q  plaqes  on  a  front  of 
more  than  460  miles,  from  the  North  Sea 
to  the  Swiss  frontier,  the  (Germans  bad  been 
feinting  with  an  Intensity  that  gave  each 
separate  tbmst  a  look  of  latent  enterprise, 
and  then  Bbmptly,  to  the  north  of  Verdun, 
on  a  continuous  battle  line  of  twenty-flve 
miles,  they  developed  operations  of  the  Brat 
magnitude. 

Verdun  1e  the  flret  and  strongest  of  a  lino 
of  forttfled  French  places  ( Verdnn-Tool- 
Bplnal-Belfort)  facing  the  German  frontier. 
It  had  withstood  the  Germsn  attack  at  the 
outbreak  of  the  war,  and  now,  greatly 
strengthened.  It  was  attacked,  Feb.  ^9,  by 
the  army  of  tlie  Crown  Prince,  800,000 
strong,  under  the  eye  of  the  Kaiser.  After 
six  days'  flghting  Port  Douanmont,  the  most 
uorthe^  outpost  of  the  fortiaed  area,  was 
taken.  Hardaumout,  to  the  east,  and  Champ- 
neuvllle,  to  the  west,  were  taken  Feb.  28. 
The  British  line  In  Flanders  was  lengthened 
so  that  reinforcements  might  be  sent  to 
VerdoD.  The  attack  on  tbe  west  side  of  the 
Ueuse  was  made  on  a  narrow  frent  of  not 
more  than  a  mile  and  a  half,  between  Vau- 
quols  and  Malancoart  and  toward  the  town 
of  Avocourt.  Repeated  assanlta  resulted  in 
the  formation  of  the  French  defense  on  tlie 
line  of  a  doable  salient,  with  one  opei  at 
Avocourt  and  the  other  at  Le  Hort  Homme. 
Halancourt  was  captured  by  the  (Sermon* 
March  ai,  who  then  shifted  their  attack  to 
the  town  of  Tbdi.  on  the  east  bank  of  tba 
Penetrating   tlie   French   llnea   on 

'■"""■      ■   rtfS!. 


and   Uay   almost  dally   attacked   Le  1 . 

Homme  and  HUl  S04.     Barly  in  June  tlie 

attacks  centered  on  Fort  Vani,  which  fell 
to  the  Germans  on  the  7th.  and  ThiaumoDt 
on  the  28d.   June  25  the  Anglo-BrltlBh  alUea 

torpedoed       Bomme,  Battle  of)  eitendlng  along  the  llna 
mi..       from  IJa  Boasee  In  the  north  to  Verdun  in 


against  the  severity  of  German  submarines, 
and.  In  the  interest  of  humanity  and  out 

of  respect  for  the  rights  of  nentrala,  Gler-       

■wuy  agreed  to  spate  neutral  ships  In  pre-       don.     From 
•criMd  waters  and  to  warn  all  vessels  be-       '     ' 
fora  attack,  cIvIdk  passengera   opportunity 
•o  escape  nnleas  the  vessel  attempts  flight 


Somms,    Baltte    of. — During    the    early 
■-■—    of    1916,    the    German    attacks    In 

mainly   directed  against  Ver- 

_.     -he  first  of  February  till  late 

_  June  tbe  most  terrific  warfare  recorded  In 
history  took  lace  In  this  fortified  area. 
'"  -  Verdan,  Battle  of.)     The  British  lines 


Kcllable  Blatistlea  compiled  in  December, 


IMS,  ahow  that  frum  tbe 


ol  ttia      Finally,  June  2Stbi  a  general  advance  b 


jyGooi^lc 


Boropean  War    Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


a  JalT  centered  along  the  ■ 


it-Qlnclir  and  CombleB  wep 

from  the  Oermang  In  Aneaat  and  b;  tl 
of  aeptember  the  AUlM  claimed  to  hai 


Ing  PeroDDe  and  Bapanme, 


ESaropean   armtea   up   to 

CBTtod  of  ten  month!,  wai 
r  the  Freocb  MlnlBtry: 


b;  tb« 
Ut  81,  1915.  K 
elTeo  aa  follows 


The  loaaea  of  Serrl*  are  not  atallable.  bat 
aa  tbat  counter  lM>  iUffered  from  plague. 
Id  addition  to  war.  thtj  mnat  be  large. 

Loam. — The  amount  of  mone;  borrowed 
bj  belligerent  and   aentral  conntrlea  as  a 
conseqaence  of  the  war  up  to  the  end  of 
Jnlr.  leiO,  li  aa  tollowa: 
Great   Britain    1 5.714.000,000 


Sg».:-.v.-.-.-.::;:;:::::: 

50,000.000 

75.000.000 
125.000.000 

$11,880,000,000 
t8,390,00a00O 

i.Toe.ooo.ooo 

0,606.000,000 

»io.eBa.ooo.ooo 

B^uvi.  Benta  and  Honte 
negro  

Total  AngI».Frencl.  AlUea 

Ajgrta-^oa,.^ 

ToUl  Teutonic  Alllei. . . 

lS^^"-:-"''--r 

«38D.S80.000 

dS&Wv.'.:::;::;:::::: 

Total  NentnU 

CommlufDD  arrlTed  In  tte  Unlted^taCei  for 
tbe  purpoie  of  borrowing  11,000.000,000, 
nnaecured  br  007  collateral,  to  carry  on  the 
war.  Thla  called  forth  proteata  from  Qer- 
man-Americans  In  all  parta  of  the  United 
States,  who  tbreatened  to  withdraw  thetr 
dcpoatta  from  banke  tbat  participated  In 
tbe  loan.  MoM  of  tba  newspapera  atrong- 
17  favored  tbe  loan.  After  conference 
with  leading  bankere  In  New  York  and 
Chicago  tbe  Commleelon  obtained  a  loan  of 

SSOO.ffOO.OOO  for  Qve  fears,  at  G  per  cent 
itereet  at  a  price  of  Bfl  to  the  banking 
syndicate  and  98  to  the  InTestor.  Tbe  boDda 
were  later  gold  tor  leH  than  B4. 

WIrtleti  TelKoraph  OontroL — At  the  out- 
break of  tbe  war  two  high  powered  wireless 
telcf impli  ttatlona  In  Amertcn  weie  owned 


TlllageB.  fnuD   the   Inraders       'h^"'^" 


b7  Oerman  capital  and  were  oneiatea  tu- 
rectly  to  receiving  statlona  Id  the  Interior 
of  Oermany.  The  one  at  Tnckerton,  N.  J., 
Beading  direct  to  Nauen,  Qermany.  was 
taken  over  by  tbe  Navy  Department  In  the 
fall  of  1S14.  to  ininre  Bgalnit  violations 
of  neutrality,  and  Jal?  6.  1915,  tbe  other 
station,  at  SayTllle,  L.  I.,  was  taken  over 
for  the  same  stated  reason. 

liuniUmu  BMpMent*. — Firearms  and  am- 
munition to  the  value  of  187,000.000  were 
sblpned  ont  of  tbe  United  States  during 
tbe  ten  months  from  August.  1014,  to  Hay 
81,  1610,  according  to  Dgnres  compiled  by 
the  Department  of  Commerce.  This  showed 
"1  Increase  of  400  per  cent  over  the  ehlp- 


__  tanouDCed    I 

that    Charlea   M.    Schwah.   of   the 
.    Bteel    Company,    '    -      ■ 


MTg.O0(>l  JJBDJ0o|l4JWJ0o       offense  v 


Beflilebem  Bteel  Company,  bad  closed  1 
contract  with  the  Rnsaian  Oovemment  tor 
tbe  manufacture  and  delivery  of  shrapnel 
and  hlgb  eiploslve  shells  to  tAe  value  of 
•75,000,000. 

Following  the  example  of  Qermany,  tb* 

Anstro-Hungarlan     Govern '    * 

that  a"    ' — '■-' —  — '  "■' 

Iral   cuuni_-»,_,   _ ^    ^    —    ,_--,_ 

Slates,  were  forttlddco  to  work  In  factories 
making  war  material  for  enemies  of  the 
dual  monarchy.     Tbe  penalty  for  snch  an 


ponlahment  under  certain  condltlOBB. 


Tbe  Austro-Hungarli 
eign  Affairs  sent  s  — 
Ambassador  af  "' — 


Minister  ot  For- 

_. to   the  Amerleaa 

Vienna  June  29   1915.  draw- 

„  to  the  fact  that  commercial 

bnalness  on  a  large  scale  In  war  material 
was  PTOceedlug  between  the  Culted  States 
and  Great  Bntain  and  her  allies,  while 
Austria- Hungary   and   Germany   were  com- 

Sletely  cut  off  from  the  American  market 
ecretary  Lansing's  reply  stood  flrmlj  on 
the  right  ot  American  exporters  to  send 
war  supplies  to  belll8«renta  able  to  purchase 
and  receive  them.  Be  Justified  tbe  stand 
taken  by  tbe  State  Department  by  point- 
ing ont  tbat  dorlii^  the  Boer  war  In  South 
Africa  Qermany  and  Austria  bad  sold  arms 
and  ammunition  to  Great  Britain. 


caused  wldeawead  ausplclon  that  theae  were 
tbe  work  of  Oermail  sympathisers^  and  tbe 
Secret  Service  of  the  government  made  ar- 
rests and  secured  convtctlODa  ot  repn  table 
dtlsens  for  vlolsUons  of  neutrality  laws. 
Protesl  to  Ortat  SriMto. — The  protest  at 
the  United  States  against  the  enforcement 
ot  the  British  Order  In  Council  declaring 
a  blockade  ot  neutral  European  ports  was 
rejected   bf   Great   Britain   In   three   r-*— 


by  Great  Britain  In  three  notes 
ftllc  by  tbe  State  Department.  The 
luaiu  nrlllsh  contention  was  tbat  no  prin- 
ciple ot  International  Isw  wss  violated  by 
the  British  blockade.  It  was  held  that 
there  In  only  one  Immutable  principle  nn- 
derlylng  the  right  ot  blockade,  uamely,  tbat 
ot  cutting  off  by  effective  means  the  sea- 
borne commerce  of  the  enemy."  Instaiices 
were  cited  ot  Federal  Interference  with 
neutral  traOlc  during  tbe  civil  war  In  Amer- 
ica wben  goods  were  destined  nltlmately 
for  SUtes  la  rebellion. 

Ford  Praet  Party. — Henry  Tord,  an  Amer- 
ican millionaire  automobile  manntactorer, 
annonnced,  Nov.  24.  1016.  that  he  had 
chartered  the  Scandinavian-American  ateam- 
shlp  Oscar  //  st  a  coat  of  |48,00O  and  was 
going  to  start  for  Europe  with  a  del«Btion 
ot  pacIQcists  to  make  an  effort  to  hidnee 
the  nations  of  Europe  to  atop  figfatlDg. 
"Out  of  the  trenches  before  Christmas"  was 
the  slogan  adopted  by  the  par^,  and  Hr. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


European  Wai 


Tim  nxiMH  War — Oontinuti. 

Ford  declared  bli  readlDesB  to  Bpend  hla 
ED  tin  to  I  tune  to  accomplish  hli  purpose. 
Tbe  project  was  ridiculed  by  the  newspa- 
pen.  aaa  man;  obstacles  vera  Buggesled. 
The  party  readied  Sweden  In  December, 
wbeie  Mr.  Ford  was  compelled  to  lesTc  It 
and  return  home  on  account  of  sickness. 
BsMonla  in  the  War. — Knmaalau  partici- 
pation Id  the  war  was  a  flnalltr  foreseen  bj 
all  eloaa  obserrers  of  tbe  great  Btruggle,  but 
it  waa  qnestlanable  at  all  times  prior  to  the 
aetnal  declaration  aa  to  vhlch  of  the  belllg- 
ereata  woold  gain  the  support  ol  tbe  Inlatid 
klnsdom,  Borrounded  by  warring  n-'"-''!"'- 


_  -  o  keep  banda  o((.  Slug  Charles 
worked  bard  to  maintain  Rumanian  neu- 
tialltj,  deaplte  the  AUlea'  conatintly  in- 
crea^bc  pressure.  Crown  Prince  Ferdinand, 
later  King,  InalBted,  bowerer,  tbe  nation 
wanted  war  wltb  Aiiatrla.  Oct.  9,  1914 
King  Charlea,  utterly  dIacouRtged,  said  to 
tbe  Anatrlan  envoy.  "I  hare  only  to  die 
and  see  the  end  of  this."  The  King  died 
Oct.  10.  1914. 

June  2S,  1916,  tbe  Anstro-Eungarlan  mln- 
later  predicted  that  a  critical  time  had  ar- 
tlTcd.  "Tbe  alnlater  reported  that  the 
entente  waa  tbreatenlDg  Rumania,  and  that 
It  would  conalder  no  Bumaulen  wisbea  In 
tbe  peace  conrerence  U  Bnmaala  did  not 
enter  tbe  war  now.  July  27  the  minister 
reported  that  King  Ferdinand  declared :  •! 
have  tbe  aame  IntenUons  as  mr  late  uncle, 
but  not  tbe  same  authority.' '  August  8 
Premier  Bratlano  asked  the  cessloo  of  a 
part  of  Bukowtna.  alleging  that  this  might 
atreuBthen  the  partlaaiis  of  neutrality,  The 
minister,  following  InstracttOQa.  declined, 
tlntt  the  ceaslon  would  Dot  prevent  Bii- 
manla  from  attacking  Austria  Hu agar v 
whenerer  she  thought  the  moment  propl- 
tloas.  August  12  tbe  Anstro-HungBrlan 
Foreign  Minister  luatrocted  the  minister  at 
Bucbareat  to  point  out  In  a  frlendlv  tone 
tbat  Rumania  left  the  Russian  frontier  un- 
protected while  It  made  atrong  war  prepsra- 
tlona  against  Aoetrla-Bungary.  The  King's 
answer  to  these  reprcaentatlona  on  August 
28.  the  minister  reports,  was  evaslTe,  aa 
QsoaL  The  night  of  tbe  zeth  Premier  Brat- 
lano declared  In  a  conTersatlon  with  the 
minister  that  Bumanls  would  enter  tbe  war 
only  it  attacked.    On  the  2Tth  Rnmanla  de- 


■tanee.  and  the  wliole  sltuatioa  Justlflea 
J  in  eipectlng  tartuer  successes.  The  lour 
..llled  Powers  Dave  been  obliged  to  take  up 
arms  to  defend  our  existence  and  the  liberty 
*  national  evolution.     Tbe  glodou     ~ 


e  been  oUlged  to  take  up 
-  ... J  .,.-  uberty 

mles  have  In  no  way  altered  our 
always  maintained  t" 


ready  to  contlnae  the  war  which  was  forced 
upon  na  to  ttie  last  extremity.  It  aucb  be 
necessary,  but  at  the  same  time  Inspired  by 
the  desire  to  avoid  further  bloodBhed  and 
make  an  end  of  the  atrocities  ot  war,  the 


rcpreaent  Oerman  Intereata  In  boatlle  cap- 
Itab^be  following  note,  to  be  transmitted 
to  the  goTemments  ot  Oermany's  enemies : 
,  'Tile  moat  terrlllc  war  ever  seen  by  hls- 
toty  baa  been  raging  tor  almost  two  years  and 
a  halt  In  a  large  part  ot  tbe  world.  The 
cataatropbe,  wblch  could  not  be  prevented 
by  tbouaands  of  reara  ot  our  common  dvUl- 
latlon,    Injutea  the  n     '  "  "~ 

terlal   ,... .    - 

Htarope  at  tbe  beginning  of  the  twentieth 
century  are  threatened  wltb  ruin. 
"Oeruiany   and    her   alltea,   Austrta-Hun- 


"Tbe  govemments  at  Vienna.  Constan- 
tinople and  Sofia  transmitted  Identical  notes 
and  also  communicated  with  the  Holy  Bee 
and  all  other  neutral  powera." 

One  week  after  the  Oeiman  propoeal 
President  Wilson,  through  Secretary  of  State 
Lansing,  ssnt  a  note  to  each  of  tbe  belllg- 


Tbe  President  suggests  tbat  an  early  oc- 
casion be  sought  to  call  oat  from  all  the 
nations  now  at  war  such  avowal  of  their 
respective  views  as  to  the  terms  upon  which 
the  war   might   be   concluded  and   the  e- 


He  Is  Indifferent  aa  to  the  means  taken 
to  accomplish  this.  He  would  be  bappy 
himself  to  serve,  or  even  to  take  the  initta- 
tlve  In  Its  accomplishment.  In  any  wav  that 
might  prove  acceptable,  but  he  has  no  desire 
to  determine  tbe  method  or  the  Instrumen- 
tailtv.  One  way  will  be  as  acceptable  to 
another,  If  only  tbe  great  object  be 


has  In  mind  be  attained. 


nstagea  orer  their  adveraariea.  superior  In 
bumbers  and  war  material.  Our  line*  atand 
unibaken  against  ever-repeated  attadu  by 
the  armlea  of  our  enetoies.  The  last  attack 
Id  tbe  Balkana  baa  been  put  down  rapidly 
and  vlctortonslr.    The  last  eventa  prove  that 


to  the  fact  tbat  tbe  *,„, 

men  of  the  belUgereDta  on  both  sides  have 
In  mind  In  this  war  are  virtually  tbe  aame, 
as  stated  in  general  terms  to  their  own 
people  and  to  the  world.  Each  side  desires 
to  make  the  rights  and  privileges  of  weak 
peoples  and  small  States  as  secure  against 
aggression  or  denial  In  the  future  as  th« 
rights    and    privllegea    ot    the    great    and 

fiowerful  States  now  at  war.  Sacb  wishea 
tselt  to  be  made  secure  In  the  fntura.  along 
with  all  other  nations  and  peoples,  against 
the  recurrence  of  wars  like  this  and  against 
aggression  of  selflsb  Interference  of  ao; 
kind.  E!ach  would  be  Jealous  ot  the  forma- 
tion of  any  more  rival  leagues  to  preserve 
■In  balance  of  power  amid  multi- 


ts  which  t1 


S%I! 


tbe  formation  of  a 


jyGooi^lc 


Etuopean  War    Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


bowertr,  eacli  decma  it  i. — 

Mttle  tlia  Innei  of  the  prcMut  «ra.r  w.- 
tenuB  wblcb  will  cerUlnly  ufeguard  the 
Independence,  tbe  territorial  IntKrltj,  and 
the  political  and  canunerdal  treeaam  of  tha 

lUltlODB   InvolTc^ 

Id  the  meuares  to  b«  taken  to  MCura 
ths  future  peace  of  tbe  world,  tbe  people 
and  aorecumeat  o(  tbe  United  Statea  are 
ag  Tltall;  and  aa  directly  Interealed  as 
tbe  goTernmentB  now  at  war. 

But  tbe  war  miut  be  conelnded.  The 
terms  Qpoa  wblcb  It  IB  to  be  concluded  tbev 
are  not  at  llberlr  to  snEgeat ;  bat  the  Preal' 
dent  does  feel  that  It  la  bis  rlgbt  and  hlB 
doty  to  point  out  their  InUmale  Interest  In 
Ita  concision. 

The  President  therefore  feel*  altogether 
Joatllled  In  augsestlDK  an  Immediate  oppor- 
tonlt;  for  a  comparison  of  vleirs  as  to  the 
terms  wblcb  must  precede  those  ultimate 
arraBgements  for  the  peace  of  the  world. 

Tbe  life  of  tbe  entire  world  baa  been 
profDiindlT  affected.  Brery  part  of  tbe  great 
lamilT  of  mankind  baa  felt  the  burden  and 
terror  of  tbla  anpreeedented  contest  of  arms. 
No  nation  In  tbe  dvUlied  world  can  be  said 
In  trutb  to  stand  ontaide  Its  InQueace. 

Tbe  leadov  of  tbe  several  belllgereata 
hRTS,  •■  has  been  said,  stated  tbose  objects 
In  general  terms.  Bnt.  stated  In  general 
terms,  tbey  seem  tbe  same  on  both  sides. 

Tbe  world  has  been  left  to  conjecture  wbat 
definite  results,  what  actnal  exchange  of 
gaannteea.  wbat  political  or  territorial 
changes  or  readJoBtmenta,  wbat  stage  of 
mllltarr  succeas  even,  would  bring  tbe  war 

irer  than  we 

e  belllgetents 

me    oue   siae    iiiiu   oa    tbe    other   would 
0  it  necessary  to  Insist  upon  are  not  so 


Eoncord   of    the   nations   s    hope   of 

the  immediate  future,  a  concert  of  nations 
im media telr  practicable. 

Tbe  President  Is  not  propoBlna  peace.  He 
la  not  even  offering  mediation.  He  Is  mere!; 
osing  that  sonndings  be  taken  Id  order 


Bsrsr 


_^t  we  ma;  learn,  tbe  neutral  nations  wltb 
the  belligerent,  bow  near  tbe  haven  of  peace 
mar  be  for  wblcb  all  mankind  longs  wltb 


apeaks  and  I 


be  understood  b; 
__lng 


e  objects  wblcb  he  seeiis  << 


brine  a  new  light  Into  the  affairs  of  the 

Unsino. 

J  to  the  entente  groups  was  de- 
livered to  Oreat  Britain.  France,  Italy,  Ja- 
pan, ROMta,  Belgium,  Montenegro,  Portugal. 
Knmanta  and  Serbia ;  that  to  the  central 
allien  to  QermanT,  Auatrla- Hungary.  Tnrkey 
and  Bnlgarla,  and  also  to  all  neutral  govern- 
ments for  thelt  informatton. 
Buiopaan  Wu  of  1914-16: 
Ameriean    flag,    misase    of,    during, 

8055. 
AneoQa,  note  on  sinking  of,  SllT. 

AuBtria's  reply  to,  8118. 
Appeal  by  Wilson  to  citizens  to  main- 
tain neutrality  during,  79TS. 
Board  of  relief  aitablished  for  bene- 
fit  of   American   citizens   stranded 
abroad  during,  7962. 
Oorrespondenee  relating  to,  8055. 
Day  of  prayer  Ht  aput  for  nations 

engaged  m,  8007. 
Destruction  of  mea  and  reaonrces  by, 
8015. 


Identic  notes  to  Qreat  Britain  and 


Lnsitania,  note  to  Qermany  on  siBk- 

ing  of,  8062. 
Nations  engaged  in,  will  need  onr 

lielp,  8016. 
Neutrality  of  United  Btatea  in,  7978. 
Neutrality  proclaimed  at  outbreak  of 
liostijtties  between — 

Aiutria-HDngary  and  Serria;  Q«r- 
tuany  and  Trance,  7069. 

Austria-Hungary  and  Buaaia,  7974, 

Belgium  and  Anatria-Hungary,  7974. 

Belgium  and  Germany,  7976. 

France  and  Anstria-Htmgary,  7975, 

Germany  and  Great  Britain,  7974. 

Great     Britain     and     Austria-Hun- 
gary, 7975, 

Great  Britain  and  Turkey,  8014. 

Italy  and  Anstria-Hnngary,  8065. 

Japan  and  Austria-Hungary,  7977, 

Japan  and  Germany,  7077. 

Position  of  American,  8102. 
Order  for  relief,  protection  and  trans- 

C;ation    home    of    Amerieass    in 
ope  at  ontbreak  of,  7961. 

(See  also  Neutrality;  Wilson,  and  the 
several  countries  involved.) 
Entaw  Springs  (8.  0.),  BatUa  of.— 
LleuL-Co[.  Stewart  had  succeeded  Lord 
Rawdon  In  command  of  tbe  aontbem  divl- 
alon  of  the  British  army  and  establlsbed 
headquarters  at  Orangeburg,  S.  C.  Oen. 
Oceene,  who  had  been  resting  tbe  American 
army  on  tbe  hills  of  the  Santce  Blver, 
had  been  reenforced  by  TOO  North  Caro- 
lina continentals.  His  army  thns  Increased 
to  more  than  2.S00  men,  Greene  determined 
to  attack  Stewart,  whose  force  did  not  ex- 
ceed 2,000.  Stewart  tell  back  about  fortj 
miles  to  Butaw  Springs,  near  the  Santec 
Blver,  In  South  Carolina.  Eere  Sept.  8, 
1181,  a  fierce  hut  Indecisive  battle  was 
touEbt.  Stewart  kept  tbe  Held,  bnt  at 
nlgbt  retired  toward  Charleston,  and 
Greene  took  possession  of  tbe  battle  gronnd 
and  sent  detachments  In  pnrault  of  ths 
British.  Tbe  total  American  casoaltlsa  as 
given  by  Qen.  (ireene  were  408,  Tbe  Brit- 
ish loss  was  69S. 

Ez  Port  Facto  Law.— A  taw  passed  after 
the  commission  of  a  crime  e 
or   for   wl'-"    -   —    ■' 

retroactive — 

United  States  probiblts  tbe  passage  of  socu 
laws  either  by  Congress  or  by  any  otbsr 
legislative  body. 

Exebange  for  Offldal  Docnmonts  (m 
aleo  International  Bureau  of  Ex- 
changes) : 

Agreement  at  Paris  eoneeming,  4718. 

Convention  coueoming,  49S5. 
£xclLangB,  Hedlnm  of.     (See  Uediun 

of  Exchange.) 
ExctLWjaer,  plan  of,  2067,  2119. 
Ezdae  Laws.- Ab  early  as  1T90  a  na- 
tional eiclBe  law  was  passed.  AlexandM 
Hamilton,  then  Secretary  of  tha  Treantry, 
Insisted  that  such  a  tax  was  necMsary, 
bat   tbe   law    waa   not   paaaed   without   a 


jyGooi^lc 


EHcyclopedic  Index 


Imported    ■plrltB,    Irt 

domeallc  dhlllled  Uq, ._ 

SO  cFDts  wbcD  the  mBterial  wbi  molBiBea 
or  other  Imported  product.  Thia  )>i  was 
tcdnc«d  Id  1T92.  OppoBltlOQ  to  It  wai 
■trom  thronghoot  Ihe  country,  colmlnHt- 
Inc  In  tbe  Wblskr  luBurrccilon  lu  westeru 
FentiaTlTanlti  Id  1794.  Uoiler  JeHpnon  tbe 
nclH  tax  was  aboJIshed.  It  vna  rerlved 
mxalD  In  1B13,  during;  tbe  war  nltb  Great 
Brilaln.  Id  181T  It  waa  agala  repealed 
■nd  DO  excise  tax  waa  collected  \ij  tbe 
Oeaeral  OorerntneDt  nnlil  1682.  dnrlag;  tbe 
CItII  War.  In  1864  tbe  eiclae  rnlei  were 
raised,  the  ratea  on  liquor  rising  rrom  SO 
MDt>  to  %2  per  aallon,   wbile   In   1865   Ibe 


Uqnor   wni   ralaed    . 

Bpanlsb    War,    howe   _  .    _..  _. 

as>'i  raised,  tboae  on  fermented  llqnora 
belDg  doBbled.  Br  id  act  of  Marcb.  1902, 
bowerer,  the  last  of  tbe  war  taxes  nere 
removed  aDd  tbe  rate  of  excise  was  left  as 
It  waa  before  the  war. 


Tuation.) 
BxecntlTe. — Tluit  branch  of  ■  Kovernmeat 
to  which  the  execatlon  of  laws  ts  entrusted. 
Tha  ciecntlTe  may  be  a  king,  ao  emperor, 
or  a  president,  or  a  coddcH  or  other  bodjr. 
From  ITTS  to  1TS9  the  United  States  Qov- 
emment  had  no  other  eieentlTO  tban  Con- 
gicsa,  which,  however,  created  a  Board  of 
War,  Board  of  Treaanrr,  etc.  The  Con- 
•lltntlon  iDTCated  the  President  wltb  ei- 
ecutlre  power,  sharing  only  tbe  powers  of 
appalDtment  ADd  treaty   making  with   tbe 


br  the  First  Congi 


OoTemors  appointed    b;  the   Crown 


■   of  the   three   great   branches   of  gov- 

— int.  tbe  olber  two  being   tbe  leglsls- 

iDd  tbe  jndlclsl.    Hlstorfcallr  the  leg- 


far  ss  foreign  powers  are  com 
der  some  Administrations  exec 


of    the    EieCDtlre    has    atendllr    I 
■iDce  the  Inatifianitlon  of  the  Got 
not  onlr  on  acconnt  of  the  appointing  pow- 
er,   which    la   ehared   with    the    8ei«><-   "".i 
wblch    grows    with    the    expansion 


dTCd  when  Congress  sod  the  Judlclarr  are 
'"' Besides,  he  Is  the  one  per, 

tMDts  to  the  sTcraie  dtuan 


the  p._ .. 

ment   of  authority  I 

EzecntiTfl  Cabinet. — Official  condtiet  of, 

complimented,  2203,  2714. 
lixecntlTe    Departments.— The    execntlTe 

branch  of  the  United  Slates  aoTeroment 
comprises  tlie  following  ten  subordinate  De- 
partments, each  of  wblch  Is  presided  over 
and  directed  by  a  head  irbo  la  known  as 
the  Secretary  of  the  Department.  The 
Secretaries  of  tbe  various  Departments 
constitute  what  la  termed  the  "Cabinet" 
<q.  v.).  They  are  choseD  by  tbe  President, 
but  must  be  coDttroied  by  the  Senate.  Each 
acts  under  the  authority  of  the  President. 
The  annual  salary  Is  fl3,000.  <1)  Slate, 
which  admlDlalera  foreign  atfalTS :  (2) 
Treasury,  which  has  charge  of  the  flnancea : 
(8)  Justice,  which  la  the  legal  counsel  of 
the  Goveromeni;  14)  War,  which  admlD- 
Isters  mllltarv  affairs  ;  (SI  Poat-oifice,  which 
has  charge  of  tbe  postal  service;  (6)  Navy, 
wblch  has  charge  of  naval  atfalrs:  (T)  In- 
terior, which  haa  charge  of  matters  per- 
taining to  home  affairs,  lacludlDE  public 
lands,  Indians,  patents,  pensions,  education, 
rsllroeds.  and  ceosas ;  (S)  Agriculture, 
which  collects  and  disseminates  loformntloQ 
agricultural    Bul-]ect8 ;    (9)    Commerce, 


r  Ibe  c 


cnt,  ani^  tor  a  short  time  In  MaBBSChusetls, 
where  governors  were  elected  by  the  peo- 
ple. AC  tbe  outbreak  of  the  Revolution. 
when  the  royal  governors  had  been  deprived 
of  their  powers,  and  before  the  State  con- 
'"  'Jons  had  been  adopted,  execotlve 
r  was  vested  In  a  committee  of  aafety. 


provlndal   congresses.     Most   of   the   ( 

constitutions  prorlded  fi 

Id   the  United   T    ' 


_ J    branch    Is    1 _.     

pUced  flrst  In  order  In  both  the  work  of 
the  Convention  and  In  the  Dual  draft  of 
the  Constitution.  Practically  Ihe  executive 
branch  Is  clearly  prior  In  coaslderallon  so 
._^  .-  .__.. — __.    -,ncerned.     Un- 


rpo rations.  Ssberles  snd 
uHviguLiuu  imerMiB  of  the  country;  (10) 
Labor,  which  has  charge  of  the  Immigra- 
tion bureau  and  atatlstlcs  of  labor.  The 
Depnrtment  of  Labor,  which  was  Created 
June  13,  1888,  and  absorbed  Into  the  De- 
partment of  Commerce  and  Latter  on  Its 
establishment,  Feb.  14,  1903,  was  an  Inde- 
pendent Executive  Department,  although  Its 


EzocntlTe  Departments   (see  also   tbe 
several  Departments); 

Acta  regarding  advertisiiig  of,  vetoed, 
4388. 

Advertising  in  newipapers  by,  in- 
quired into,  2911. 

Aliens  employed  in,  report  on  nninber 
of,  transmitted,  6102. 

Applications  to,  should  be  in  writing, 
3450. 

Appointment  of  laborers,  6707, 

Appointments  and  promotions  in,  or- 
der regarding  preference  to  be 
given  veterans  In,  3637,  6703. 

Appointments  in,  having  relation  to 
civil  service,  4990.  (See  also  Execu- 
tive Nominations.} 

Buildings  oeenpied  by,  referred  to, 
3897. 

Canvassing  for  ontside  support  for 
promotion  forbidden,  6703. 

Circulars  asking  for  political  contri- 
butions circulated  in,  4784. 

Closed  for  Thanksgiving,  3245. 

Communications  to  be  transmitted  to 
head  of  proper  Department,  order 
resarding,  3859,  3981. 

Employees  in — 
OfRcial  conduct  of,  complimented, 
8714. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


fizecutive 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Order  pennitting-- 
To  participate  in  decoration  of 
Kraves  ot  soldiers,  3S0g,  4118, 
4137,  4184,  4237,  4282,  4352, 
4402,  4443,  450fi,  4552,  4603, 
4712,  4753,  481S,  4899,  5078, 
6350,  5463,  6540,  6609,  GS32, 
6B4S,  6046. 
To  participate  in  public  ezerciaea, 

4879,  6590,  6595,  6611,  6730. 
To  witness  inauguration  of  Pres- 
ident Cleveland,  4861. 
Ordered  to  organize  into  companies 
for  defense  of  Washington,  3323. 
Partisan  interference  in  elections 

by.     (See  Elections.) 
RefeTTsd  to,  3585. 
Bendering  honors  to  rebel  living  or 

dead,  inquired  into,  3591. 
Wages  of,  not  to  be  affected  bj 
reduction  in  honrs  of  labor,  3969, 
4129, 
Examination    of    operations    of,    In- 
vited, 6058. 
Extension  of  power  to  make  tempo- 
rary appointments  of  heads  of,  rec- 
ommended, 334S,  6668. 
Personal    interviews   with  heads   of, 

order  regarding,  3646. 
Postage    accounts    of,    referred    to, 

2360. 
Power  of  judiciary  over,  diBCnssed, 

1720. 
Becord  of  efBciency  of  persona  in, 
5642. 
Becoromended,  6616. 
BedistributioD  of  bureaus  among,  ree- 

□mmended,  6989,  7106,  7229. 
Superannuated  employees,  7706. 
Transfer  of  duties  among,  recom- 
mended, 2264,  4060. 
Vacancy  occasioned  by  Seath  of  head 
of,  recommendations  regarding  fill- 
ing, 3348,  5568. 
EZ0CntlT«  Mawdon, — The  President's  offl- 
dal  resMence  at  Wuhinzton.  It  Is  built 
Id  the  English  ReDslBBance  style  ot  Krcbl- 
tecture.  Wllb  s  projecllng  CDlumeed  snd 
pedtmented  porcb  on  Ihe  front  entrance  and 
a  large  seml-clrcular  projecting  bay  on  tlic 
garden  front  oppoaite.  Tbe  comer  stone 
was  laid  by  Wasblngton  In  1702,  and  It 
WBB  first  occupied  b;  Fresldput  Jobn  Adams 
in  1800.  It  stanils  on  rennBTlTanla  Avenue. 
■llsbtly  over  a  mile  from  tbc  Capitol,  and 
Is  surrounded  by  about  tnentv  acres  of 
handBOnelr  Isl'l  out  groundB.  Tbe  Execu- 
tive Hanafon  Is  two  atorlea  hiKh.  and  170 
feet  Ions.  86  feet  vide,  and  1b  built  of  free- 
atone  palmed  wbltc.  From  ttils  latter  cir- 
curoBtanee  It  la  familiarly  known  aa  tbe 
White  HouBe.  When  tbe  BrlTUb  captured 
WaBhlnston  In  1S14.  tbe  Erecutlve  Uaa- 
alon,  togecber  witb  otber  bulldlnga,  was 
burned.  CongreHB  autborlicd  ItB  restora. 
tlon  In  181S.  wblcb  was  cotnpleled  In  1818. 
and  It  has  been  occupied  by  eacb  successlTe 
president  since.  _Tlie,WbIte  Honae  had  long 


de,  manr 


teratlons  and  additions   were  ma 

featnm  of  tha  original  atcbltectnr . . 

stored  and  tbe  presBure  of  apace  waa  re- 
lieved by  tbe  erection  ot  eiecotlve  offlcea 
In  (be  grounds  connected  wltb  tbe  mnJn 
building. 

White  Hoiue  Butet. — Tbe  following  mlea 
bave  been  arranged  for  tbe  conduct  ot  bual- 
DfBs  at  tbe  Executive  ODcea  during  tbe 
Winter  of  1913-14 : 

The  Cabinet  wtll  meet  o_ 

Frldaya  from  11  a.  m.  until  1  p.  n  . 

fieDBtors  and  RepreBentatlves  haviiLg  bas- 
IneM  to  transact  will  be  recelvad  trom 
1U.30  a.  m.  to  12  m..  excepting  on  Cabinet 
daya.  In  view  ot  tbe  prenore  ot  baslnesB 
St  tbe  Eiecntlve  OfflceB  during  the  Con- 
gre««lonsl   sesBlon   It   would   gteatly   taclll* 

■-• ■' —  ■' • — 1  and  DMmbera  conld 

.  tor  an  appoin •--•-—  —...__ 

as  many  \ 


leyed   I 


seeing  (he  president. 


.  ue  hours  of  10  a.  m.  and  2  p.  tn. 
Ex«ciitlT«  ICaiuion; 
Completion  of,  696. 
Furniture  should  be  provided  for,  by 

Congress,  695. 
Improvement  of,  808. 
Bestor&tion  of,  S729,  673*. 
EzMutlTe  Homlnatlomi  (we  ftbo  Be- 
movals  from  Offlca): 
Act — 
Prescribing  oath   of  office   to  be 
taken    by    persons   who   partici- 
pated    in     rebellion     discussed, 
4076. 
Begulating  tenure  of  certain  civil 
offices  vetoed.     (See  Tenure-of- 
Office  Act.) 
.   Appointing  power  discnawd  by  Prea- 

Buchanan,  3190. 

Fillmore,  2616. 

Jackson,  1261,  1272    13SI. 

Johnson,   3690,   3767,   3820. 

Tyier,   1903,   1958. 
Appointmen  ts — 

Applicants    refused   br    President 
Tyler,  1868. 

For  limited  period,  638. 
Referred   to,   3662. 

Belation  of  members  at  Congress 
to,  discussed,  4S67. 
Discussed,  3062. 
Errors   in,   arrangements   for  eorroe- 

tions  of,  recommended,  802. 
Interviews  with  President,  6831. 
Person H    appointed    or    permitted    to 

continue   in  office  without  consent 

of  Senate  inquired  into,  3663. 
President  Madison  declines  to  confer 

with  Senate  regardinj;,  516. 
Bejections    of.    President    Jackson  '■ 

message   asserting   that   Senate   is 

not  required  to  give  reasona  for, 

1261. 
Benewal  of,  2646. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encychpedic  Index 


fizpandon 


BxMnttrS  STomilUtiOIU — dmHnatd. 

Bequeat  of — 
Hoiue  for  n&mei  of  applieanta 


for 


offleo  refiued  by  Pieaident  Trier, 
1968. 

Senate  for  correspondence  regard- 
ing', right  to  make,  denied  bj 
President  Jackson,  1272. 

Senate  for  reasons  for  tnakin^f,  re- 
fneed  bj  President  Jackson,  1261, 
1351. 
Beeolotion  of  Senate  regarding    and 

reply  of  President  Hayes,  4433. 
Bnlee    regulating    interviews     with 

President      regarding,      discussed. 


Benate,  1S76. 
Jackson,  not  acted  on  by  Senate, 
1002. 
BxMntlTe   Ordan.      (See   the    several 

subjects.) 
BxecntlTo  Salaries.     (See  Salaries,  Ex- 

eeutive.) 
ExacntlTe  BenloiL — Tbe  CoestltatJon  of 
the  United  States  provides  tbat  the  presi- 
dent "sball  bare  power,  by  and  with  the 
adrlce  and  consent  of  the  senate,  to  make 
treaties,  provided  two-lhlrds  of  the  sena- 
ton  present  concur ;  and  he  shall  nominate 
and.  bj  and  with  the  advice  and  coaaent 
of  the  senate,  sball  appoint  ambSMSdors. 
other  public  mini  iters,  and  consuls.  Judges 
of  the  Sopreme  Court,  end  all  other  offlcerH 
of  the  United  Blate*  whoie  appoletmenti  are 
not  herein  otherwise  provided  fir  ami 
which  shall  be  eatabllabed  b;  law.' 


tlsg    to 

I   reqalres   Inat   "' . 

>atlal  or  executive  bnili 


recommeDdatlons   reoalres 

Ink  upon  ceufldeatlal  ~~ 

Diuesa    the    same    sIjkii    ue    L-uuBiuem    n 

open  eieeuttve  senlon,  the  Knste  ehsmbei 

absll  be  elrsred  ot  all  persoDB 


the 


leglslallve   clerk,    the   ( 

mlpole  and  Journal  clerk.  lae  nertcfani-ai- 
arms,  tbe  ssslstant  doorkeeper,  sad  such 
other  oSlcen  as  the  prcildlng  olDcer  shall 
think  necessarr,  and  all  each  ofllcers  shall 
be  sworn  to  secrecy."  Tbe  senste  Is  then 
said  to  be  In  executlre  leBBlon.  Tbe  house 
holds  no  executive  >euloas.  It  may  ^ 
into  secret  •esslon,  however,  whenever  con. 
fldentlBl  mmmanlcallona  are  received  from 
the  president,  or  whenever  the  speaker  or 
any  member  shall  Inform  the  hoose  tbat  be 
has  a  communication  which  oosht  to  be 
kept  secret  for  a  time. 

ExaQuatnX. — A  Latin  word  mesnlng  "Let 
him  exeente."  In  diplomatic  nssKe  the 
word  Is  used  to  iltnify  a  doeoment  aotbor- 
lalnx  an  official  to  act  In  the  cspacltr  of 
agent  or  representative.  Csuslly  a  written 
recocnltloo  of  a  person  In  the  cbsracter  of 
eonaul  or  commarclsl  agent  Inned  bv  tbe 
government  to  which  be  Is  accredited  and 
aothorlaloB  him  to  eierclse  his  powers. 
The  fcovernment  from  which  an  eiequstor 
U  aaked  bss  the  right  to  refnse  It  either 
on  political  or  personsl  grounds.  The  gav- 
cmmeot  mi;  also  withdraw  It.     When  de- 

Kved  of  bis  eiequstnr  a  consul  mar  wlth- 
iw  with  bis  records  or  delegste  his  pow- 
er* to  another,  according  to  InstmeUooa. 


EzoQuattin: 

Befusal  of  Turke}*  to  grant  exequa- 
turs  to   consuls    of   United   States 
referred  to,  6092,  6148, 
Bevoked — 
Conaol  of — 
Belgium,  3420. 
Chile,  3625. 
France,  260. 
Frankfort,  3709. 
Great  Britain.  2924,  2926. 
Banover,  3700. 
Hesse,  3709, 
Nassau,  3709. 
Oldenburg,  3710. 
Spain,  2588. 

Sweden  and  Norway,  S626. 
Bevocation  aunuUed,  3630. 
Vice- Consul  of — 
Portugal,  4038. 
Sweden  and  Norvrav,  3627. 
Revocation  annulled,   3630. 
Exhibitions    (see    also    Adelaide;    Ant- 
werp; Arcachon;  Atlanta;  Barcelona; 
Bergen;    Berlin;     Boston;     Brussels; 
Caracas;   Chicago;  Cincinnati;   Eam- 
biirg;    London;    Louisville;    Madrid; 
Melbourne;    Munich;    New    Orleans; 
Oporto;  Paris;  Philadelphia;  Sydney; 

Discretionary  authority  to  send  dele- 
gates to,  reeommendations  regard- 
ing, 4714,  4763,  4827,  5546,  6325. 
EzpanBlon,  Territorial: 

Annexation  discnssed.  (See  Alaska; 
California;  Cuba;  Florida;  Qadsden 
Purchase;  Hawaiian  Islands;  Louis- 
iana Purchase;  New  Mexico;  Phil- 
ippine Islands;  Puerto  Bieo;  St. 
John  Island;  St.  Thomas  Island; 
Santo  Domingo;  Texas;  Yncatan.) 

Foreign    policy   discnesed    by   Pre^- 

Adams,  John,  22S. 

Adams,   J.   Q.,   862,   868,  884,   895, 

903,  922,  950. 
Buchanan,   2966,   2B9S,  3037,   3041, 

3066,  3089,  3082,  3173,  3177. 
Cleveland,   4912,   5867,   5871,   5873, 

5892,  59S5,  59Q3,  6064,  6068,  6087, 

6148. 
Fillmore,  2614,  2656,  2701,  2715. 
Grant,  3885,  4006,  4015,  4018,  4050, 

4053,  4082,  4101,  4143,  4176,  4192, 

424S,  4290,  4365. 
Harrison,   Benj.,   5446,   S618,   6750, 

6783. 
Harrison,  W.  H.,  1873. 
Hayes,  4418,  4420. 
Jackson,    1158,    1222,    1824,   1870, 

1378,  1456,  1484,  1500. 
Jefferson,  311,  346,  349. 
Johnson,    3564,   3681,    3777,    8886, 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Expansion  Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Bxpuialaii,  Tanitoilml— CimNmuA 

M&dison,   452,   473. 

lfonro«,  S73,  SSB,  624,  037,  639,  672, 
«86,  762,  7P7,  7B1,  817,  829. 

PiercQ,  2731,  274S,  2807,  2S64,  E904. 

Polk,  2229,  2233,  224S,  2276,  2322, 
2337,  2361,  2386,  2431,  2437,  2444, 
.       2480. 

Taylor,  2548,  2555. 

Trier,  1890,  2049,  2064,  2160,  2169, 
2171,  2176,  2190,  2193,  2206. 

Ymn  Bnrea,  15B0,  1702,  1T48,  1819. 

VubiDgton,  120,  213. 
EzpatzlmtlaiL— The  Totaatirr  renc Delation 
or  tbe  rlgbti  uid  llabltitiea  of  clclienihlp 
In  one  couatr;  to  become  tbe  citizen  or  lab- 
Jcct  of  HDotlier.  Tbe  right  o(  eipatilatloa 
bai  been  (anrttoned  by  miiom  and  usaEe 
In  the  United  Stateii.  The  ■ovemment  baa 
cien  In  a  number  of  lD!:taar>.'a  refuacd  pro- 
tection to  oallTe-born  and  naturalized  clti- 
■ens  on  the  ground  tbat  tliey  bad  eipatrl- 
■ted  themaelTea.  An  act  o(  Coogrees  of 
Jal;  !T,  1BQ8.  declared  it  the  natma]  and 
Inherent  right  of  all  people,  and  aoy  de- 
nial or  realrlcllon  thereof  contrarr  to  the 
fundamental  prinrlplea  of  goTernment.  An 
act  of  Congren,  approTed  March  2.  ISOT, 
defined  tbe  condlifona  under  wblch  an 
American  dllien  may  eipatiiale  nimself. 
It  proTidea  tbat  m'aj  American  citizen  aball 
b*  deemed  to  have  expatriated  blmaelf  vtaen 
he  baa  been  nataratiied  In  any  foreign 
atate  la  conCoriulty  wlih  Ita  laws,  or  wben 
lie  has  taken  an  oatb  ot  allegiance  to  any 
foreign  stale.  When  any  naturalized  clll- 
■en  Bball  have  redded  for  too  yean  In  tbe 
forelgD  Btale  from  wblch  be  came,  or  for 
Dtc  yeare  In  any  other  foreign  atate,  It 
■ball  be  preauraed  tbat  be  has  ceased  to 
be  an  American  dllzen.  and  the  place  of 
hla  general  abode  Bball  be  deemed  his  place 
ot  rcBldence  daring  aald  yeara :  Provided, 
however,  that  auch  presumption  may  ba 
overcome  on  the  prescntallon  of  salfsfac- 
tory  evidence  to  a  diplomatic  or  consular 
offlcer  of  tbe  United  Btales.  under  such 
rules  and  regulations  as  the  UenBrlmenC 
of  State  may  prescribe  :  And  provided  alao^ 
that  no  AmerlCBn  citizen  Bball  be  allowed 
to  eipalrlate  himself  wben  tbls  country 
la  at  war. 

Any  American  woman  who  marries  a  tor< 
elgner  aball  take  tbe  natlonallly  of  her 
buiband.  At  the  lermlnallon  of  the  marital 
relation  she  may  resume  her  American  dtl- 
■enshlp.  If  abroad,  by  tegisterlng  as  an 
American  citizen  within  one  year  wltb  a 
CODIDI  of  tbe  United  SlateE.  or  by  return- 
ing lo  reside  In  the  United  Slatea.  or.  if 
residing  In  (he  UoKed  States  at  Ihe  trnol- 


the  marital  r 


If  «'■-    — ' 


rcQunclBIlon   thereof  before 

1nrl»dl 

esldcB 


alien 


— ,   J   ber 

as  Euch  before  a 
In  one  year  after 

..    niBrltaf  relation. 

A  Child  bom  wllhoul  tbe  United  States  ot 
■Hen  parents  eball  be  deemed  a  citizen  of 
the  rmted  states  by  virtue  of  tbe  natural- 
liatlon  of  or  rcBumptlon  of  American  dtl- 
■ensbln  by  tbe  parent ;  Provided,  that  socb 
naturalization  or  reenrnptlon  takea  place 
dnrlng  tbe  mlnortlr  of  such  child;  '~' 
pnivldtd  factlHr,  tbat  ""■-    -"*■ 


nefa  minor  child  ihall  bMlii  at  tb«  tlms 
■ueh  minor  child  begins  to  realde  perma- 
nently In  tbe  United  Stales.  All  cAldi«n 
bom  outside  the  llmlti  of  tlie  United  States 
who  are  cIllxeDB  thereof  and  wbo  coDtlnne 
(0  reside  oatslde  the  Dnlted  States  shall.  In 
order  to  receive  the  protection  of  (hla  gov- 
ernment, be  required  upon  reaching  tbe  age 
ot   eighteen   years   to   record  at  an  Amer- 

tbe  United 

.-  "Se  CnlteS 

Slates  upon  attaining  their  majority,  d- 
natrlalion  has  been  Irequcntly  pleaded  be- 


e  admitted,  except  In  tbe  o 


expatriation.     British  anbjecta  eeaae  t. 

Bucb  npon  being  natnrallied  Id  other  coun- 
tries, and  anch  persona,  In  order  to  be 
again  conddered  Brillsb  labjecta.  mnat  b« 
renaluralized  on  their  return  lo  Great  Brit- 
ain. In  Trance  and  Germany  the  aoms- 
whBt  IndeSnlte  claim  of  domicile  lo  a  for- 
eign laod  la  accepted  aa  evidence  of  ex- 
pa  (riatlon. 
ExpatrUUoil.         (Bee      NAturKlintion 

Eqwdltiotm    Against  Foreign    Poven 

(see  also  Neatr&litj) : 
Diacuaaed  bj  President — 

Arthur,  4640. 

Bnchaun,  2978,  2997,  3180. 

Fillmore,  2643,  2649,  2097. 

Jefferson,  394,  395,  400,  417. 

Johnson,  3640,  S65S,  8658. 

Monroe,   582,    683,  590,    Sft2,   601, 
609,    769. 

Pieree,  2741,  2779. 

Polk,  2466. 

Tnjlor,   2549.   2S85. 

Van  Buren,  1616. 

Waahin^on,  146. 
Proelamationa  againat,  bj  Freeideiit— 

BncliaDan,  3027. 

CleveUnd,  6023,  6126. 

Fillmore,   2647,   2648. 

Grant,  4039,  4045. 

Jefferson,  392. 

Johnson,  3631. 

Madison,  646. 

Pierce,  2804,  2805,  292L 

Tavlor,   255^ 

Tyler,  1926. 

Washington,  149. 
Gxpedltlona,  Exploring,  (See  Exploring 

Expeditions.) 
Expeditions,  TTnlawfoL  (See  Expedi- 
tions Against  Foreign  Powers.) 
Expandlturu,  Fnblic— In  1T94  the  an- 
nual eipendlturea  of  tbe  Federal  Qovem- 
ment  amoonted  to  only  te,300,00<k  In 
181*  they  ran  np,  on  account  of  the  war 
with  Qreat  Britain,  to  t34,T00.0oa  They 
fell  In  1834  to  fiaeOO.OOO.  In  I8S4  they 
were  »B5,000,000.  During  the  last  year  of 
the  riTil  War  (1866)  tbey  amounted  to  II,- 
2BS.OOO,000:  but  in  18T8  tbey  bad  declined 
to  S2 37, 000,000.  For  tbe  fallowing  ten 
years  the  expenditures  areraged  tS6S.00O,> 
OOO  per  auDtua.    For  tbe  Oacal  year  sndlBg 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


HxpnsB 


.^™„.„J,  Pnblic  (we  »lao  Foreign 

IntBTCOIITBe)  : 

Act  making  ■ppropriationa  'or — 
Approve  3    uid    reuons    therefor, 

SIZB,  4327. 
VeUMtd,  «8a 

Act  making  appropTifttione  to  supply 
deficieuciea  vetoed,  6115. 

Congreu  warned  about,  6238. 

Continseiit  fund,  aecoant  of,  Ten- 
dered, 80,  127,  325,  343,  354,  366, 
382,  40S,  421,  447,  482. 

DtBenaaed.    (See  Finances  disouBBedO 

Economy  In,  recommended,  6890,  6177. 

Estiniates,  etc.,  of,  referred  to,  281, 
297,  4213,  4923. 

Failure  of  Congren  to  provide  for, 
diacneaed,  and  reeommendationt  re- 


gard! 
4472. 


ling,    3073,    3102,    4322,    4404, 


ProvlaionB  for,  recommended  by  Pres- 
ident— 
Bnebanan,  3073. 
Hayes,  4472. 
Van  Buren,  1541. 
BipofliiMiit   Stations,    diBcnsBed,  6384, 
58S8,  5980,  6347.    (Bee  also  Agrieul- 
tore,  Department  of.) 
BtpeAnent  Stations,  Agrlcaltnnl,  re- 
port of,  6733,  6861. 
Exploring  Expedition!  (see  also  Arctic 
Expeditions;  Jeaimette  Polar  Eipa- 
dition:     Lady    Franklin    Bay    fix- 
peditioD;   Pawfio  Ooean  Exploriog 
ExMdition;    South   Sea  Exploring 
BxpiStion;  Wilkes  Exploring  Ei- 

AcTMs  continent  recommended,  341, 

Naval  expeditions  referred  to,  4449. 
BxnlOBlTes,  order  to  prevent  shipment 

of,  4810. 
Boort  DaUei,  levied  by  foreign  pow- 
ers referred  to,  4744. 
Bxporta.— Tbe  v«ln«  of  American  export 
trade  bai  generallr  kept  pace  wltb  tbe 
OnelopiMnt  of  domestic  bnstaMi.  In 
ISftS  It  pum4  the  bllltos  dollar  iMTk.  asd 
ntil  the  onttireak  ot  the  Boropeui  War 
Is  Uli.  it  promised  to  pass  two  and  a  hs« 


The  FDect  of  the  war  in  Rurope  upon  the 
bQBlDeu  of  the  United  StateB  t>  showa  br 
a  compflrlAon  of  the  ciporu  tor  the  inontA 
of  AoEUst,  1S18,  and  those  of  1914  : 

1913  1914  _ 

BeWum. IG  S3       »133,S27 

FrSioe IC  a*      7,4aO«» 

Oiniuw...       .      31  74  88,737 

RimS^  1  «         112.373 

Dailsd  Kiudom St  S4    3Z,SB1.3fiO 

AisMitiDe 1  le         971.1W 

Aiutnlk i  S3      1.823,483 

lUl/ 1  iTB      1,189,320 

Exports  for  the  13  months  endlns  with 
Beptcmber,  1916,  were.  In  roand  terms, 
le.OOO.OOg.OOO.  The  preci»e  figures  an. 
nounetd  by  the  Bureau  of  Foreign  and  Di>- 
mestlc  Commerce  of  the  Department  of  Com- 
merce were  t4.9'[l.B4B,S83,  as  ssainst 
18.177,764,184  In  tbe  preceding  12  months 
and  an  annual  average  of  12,488,000,000  In 
tbe  Bve  rears  preceding  IBIS-IB.      Our  ei- 

Krte  of  domestic  products  In  tbe  month  of 
ptembet  were  larger  than  those  (or  the 
entire  Dscal  year  1ST5,  the  closing  jeOT  ot 
our  flrat  centenarr. 

iN3r  the  rear  ending  with  September,  191(1, 
Imports  totaled  12,307,766,067,  compared 
with  tli981,2BB,0la  for  1915  and  an  annual 
average  of  1 1.725,000 ,000  (or  1911-1916. 


igate  of,  to  France  referred  to, 

Embargo  on — 

Modification  of  laws  regarding,  ree- 
ommended,  627. 

Becommended,    526. 
Laws  in  regsrd  to,  S28,  866. 
Prohibition  on — 

Becommended,  SI 7. 

Bemoval  of,  recommended,  5S7. 
Value  of,  for  year  ending  Jnne — 

1845,  2252;  1846,  2346;  1S47,  2401; 

1848,  24S6:  1851,  2658;  1S52,  2705; 

1877,  4422;  1881,  4633;  1884,  4880; 

1885,  41)25;  1886,  6093;  1890,  555S; 

18B1,  5627;   1802,  5743;  1893,  6875, 

5887;   1894,  6964,  6978;  1896,  61S6, 

6171;  1899,  6367;  1900,  6439. 
Value    of,    from    commencement    Of 

Qovemment,  1045. 
Expositions.     (Bee  Exhibitions.) 
Express,  Tlie,  American  vessel  attacked 
by,  2676,  2680. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Ezpimglng  BAMlnUcim.— Marcb  2S,  18S4. 
tbg  SennCe  pasmd  m  resolnlloa  c«uarlii( 
PrealdenC  Jackwin  ttnd  decUrlnc  tbmt  In  re- 
moTltif  the  Federai  deposits  from  Cbe  Bank 
of  the  United  States  lie  bad  usumed  ao* 
tliorlt;  not  conferred  bjr  the  (JonsiltutlDD 
and  the  laws.  Througb  the  effort  of  Sena- 
tor Benton  an  "expimslUK  resolutloa"  was 
passed  Jan.  18,  ItiSJ.  A  black  line  was 
drawn  around  the  tesolntloD  of  censure  in 
tbe  Jonraat  and  across  It  was  written  t}ie 
words  "KipunKed   b;   order  of  tbe   Senate 


opposed 


words  "Kipunsed   b;   order  of  tbe 
this  leth  duLf  at  Jaaaarr.   183T.'- 

EnneinE  resolution  was  stienuouslj 
J  waster,  Ola;,  and  Calbouu. 
ExtatUl<m  BtakS. — Under  tbe  proTlHloiUi 
of  the  Beserre  Banltlng  law  of  1914  an; 
national  banking  association  possessing  a 
capital  and  surplni  ol  $1,000,000  or  mora 
mar  Ale  appllcatlan  wliii  the  Federal  tte- 
■ervs  Board  for  the  purpose  of  securliiK 
antborlty  to  establlxb  brancbea  In  lorel^ 
coDD tries  or  dependencies  of  the  United 
Slates  for  tbe  furtheraDce  of  the  foreign 
commerce  of  tbe  L'nlted  States,  and  to  act, 
If  required  to  do  so,  as  flscal  agent  of  the 
Cmted  SUtes. 

Extradition,  IntamatlonaL — Extradition 
treaties  bave  been  concluded  bj  tbe  Oot- 
emmeat  ol  tbe  United  States  wltb  the 
principal  goTemmenls  ot  the  world  and 
>"<□;  of  tbe  smaller  ones.  The  tlrst  was 
..  _i.v  /■  — .  ii.i,_i„  negotiated  br  John 


that  with 

Jaj  In  1794.      Coagi 
law  for  carc;iDg  out 


nade  D 


I    1S42    a   seco. 


Tbls 


treatjr    was    negotiated! 
be  Inadequate  la^anr 


wa;s.      For    ini 

extradited  on  aboitier  charge  and'theiT  tried 
for  his  real  offeose.  This  callod  fortb  a 
protest  from  Oreat  Britain.  Br  iSSa  tbe 
treat;  of  1842  wee  faand  to  be  eutlrelr  In- 
adequate to  eilating  conditions.  Tbe  rbelps- 
Koseberj  convention  of  tbat  year  offered  a 
more  eatlBfactorr  sretem,  but  was  rejected 
by  the  Senate.  That  body,  bowever.  rati- 
fied the  Blalne-Paunccfote  convention  of 
18S9,  wblcb  accompllibed  the  desired  re- 
sult I'be  United  Stales  has  now  eitradl- 
tloQ  treaties  with  tort;  natlauB.  but  has 
no  such  treaties  with  the  tol lowing  coun- 
tries:  Bnlcnrla,  China,  Costa  Blca.l)! 
lean  Bepublic.  Egypt,  Oreec  "  ' 
Korea,  Morocco,  I'araguar. 
mania,  aud  Slam.  The  lalchL  uimuiuu" 
treaties  made  were  those  with  Cuba  and 
Uruguaj  la  1805.  Crimes  which  are  reeog- 
lil»d  as  extradltal  with  all  batlons  are: 
morder,  and  attempts  to  murder,  arson, 
robber;,  embeiilement.  forger;  and  couD- 
terfeitlng.  Crimes  at  spa  arc  rrtrsdllal 
with  allTiitt  France.  Burglar;,  criminal  as- 
sault, abduction,  perjury  and  drsiructlon 
of  railroads  are  extradltal  under  the  ma- 
Jorlt;  of  tbe  treaties.  (See  Treaties.) 
Extradition  TreatlM. — (See  eIso  FagltlTs 
Criminals.)  The  United  States  has  con- 
cluded extradition  treaties  with  sit  of  the 
principal  countries  of  the  world  and  many 
of  tbe  smaller.  These  vary  grentl;  la  the 
tztradltDble  crimes.  But  the  general  con- 
ditions and  menus  of  extradition  of  all  are 
tbs  same.  The  eRBeatlni  principle  of  ail 
of  these   treaties  is  thnt   a   fiTgltlve   from 

{ostice  cannot  be  extradited  from  a  coun- 
rr  for  one  crime  end  tried  upon  another, 
without  hnvlng  nmpte  opportunity  and  time 
to  depnrt  from  it.  The  renuisltlon  for  ex- 
tradition Is  mnde  throngb  the  dlplnmnlic 
aKenls.  or  when  such  sre  warning  (brough 
tbe  eoDsttlar  otBee.  Sufficient  proof  of  gnilt 
within  the  law  of  the  conntry  from  which 
extradition  U  ■ooglit  mnat  accompany  the 


regalaltlon ;  i 

legalised  cop;  of  tbe  Beoten^  "ot  the  JoSg^ 


traditable,  and  an  extradited  person  cannot 
be  tried  subsequently  for  a  political  offense, 
or  connection  with  one  prior  to  exlraditlan. 
Where  Ibe  person  whose  extradition  Is 
Bought  has  committed  an  offense  against 
the  laws  of  the  country  of  the  asylum  he 
must    be    tried,    and,    if    guilty,    fulfill    his 

ainlsbmenC  before  being  banded  over  to 
e  otber  nation.  F.ipenseB  of  Ibe  extra- 
dition are  to  be  borne  by  the  conntry  eeek- 
Ing  requlBltion.  No  extradlllon  is  possible 
If  the  offeose  with  which  the  fugitive  la 
charged  Is  nnpunlsbable  b;  reason  of  the 
atafute  of  llmllatlon  of  the  country  of 
asylum.  All  articles  and  properly  In  pos- 
sessloD  of  the  fugitive  at  the  time  of  arrest 
ate  so  far  as  Is  practicable  to  be  returned 
with  blm,  whether  or  not  the  proceeds  of 

Where  requests  for  the  extradition  ot  the 
same  person  come  to  a  nation  from  more 
than  one  otber  coaotr;.  uaiess  directed 
otherwise    by    treat;    provisions.    I""    "-    *" 


the'^nitd 


offlcerB  of  the  conn 


1  Id  force  aod  the  eitradltabi* 

offenses  are  as  follows: : 

irgentine    Btpubltc—llSW) .  —  Homlctd*. 


whose       BSsasslnatloD.  parricide,  poisoning,   Infantl- 


Tlolence 

nc  monies  or  of  private  foods  eieeeJilnK 
$200  ;  fraud  or  brench  of  trust  of  (200 ;  per- 
Jurr  or  subornation  of  perlur;;  rape, 
abduction. _    kidnapping     or     child  -•—" 

by  tbe''lmv8  of  both  c 

Am*trta-Htittearji—(J86&).- 
sault  witb  Intent  to  kill,  plra 

'™""'r  pabife 

iliidm~(isn7).— Murder,  attempt  to  com- 
mit murder,  plmcv.  arson,  robbery,  forgery, 
making  or  circulation  of  counterfeit  money, 
or  embeEElement  of  public  money. 

Bamrlo— (1853).— Murder,  assanlt  with 
Intent  to  commit  mnrder.  piracy,  arson,  rob- 
bery, forgery,  msklng  or  circulating  cona- 
terfelt   money,   or   embeislement   of   pnblle 

ifrlfffiMi— (1901).— Murder,  parricide,  aa- 
saBSination,  poisoning,  InCaDtlcide,  attempt 
to  commit  murder,  rape,  attempt  to  com- 
mit rape,  blgnmy.  abortion.  arsoD.  piracy, 
mutiny  on  shipboard.  larcen;.  burglary, 
hoiise-brenhlng.  forgery,  making  or  drcn- 
lating  counterfeit  money,  emttexslemeot 
of  public  money,  or  of  private  funds,  ex- 
ceeding $200  or  1.000  frnnc-:  tmln-wreck- 

pretenees.    kidnapping    of  minora,    and    r^ 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Indtx 


Bztndltfoo  VruOM-OonUntifi. 


r  L   vtolatlon   of   tlw  lawa   o*      but  a«  acceaiwrleH  li 


botb  catintrtet. 

Broirit— (t8»8).— SanM  ai  Bolivia. 

OMIa—(  1000). —Same  aa  BoUTla. 

OMm.— No  eztradlllon. 

OolomHa—lJSSS). — Same  ai  BdIItI*. 

Cuba.—1.  Murder,  cumprebfodtiiB  the  of< 
femes  cipreaa«d  Id  tbe  Feuul  Code  of  Cuba 
aa  aaaaHlnallon,  parrldde,  Infanticide  aad 
polaoDlng  1  mBDiilauEliier,  wheD  TDluntar;  ; 
the  atleiDpl  to  commit  anf  of  Ihese  rrimes. 
2.  Araon.  B.  Robberr,  deSDed  lu  t>e  the 
act  of  lelODloaatf  and  forcibly  Jaklng  from 
tbe  pmoD  ot  aaotber  mooe;,  KimhIb,  doca- 
mrata,  or  otber  properly,  \tj  vloTenoe  or  put- 
tins  nliD  Id  fear;  burslarr;  houiie-breali- 
lu  and  thop-breaklDg.  4.  Forgerr,  or  tbe 
mtteraDce  ot  forged  papers,  or  taralScnttoa 
of  tbe  oSlclal  acta  or  dacumenis  of  tbe 
OoTerDmeDl  or  public 


take  place  tor  participation  In  tny  of 
. —  crimes  and  oSeoaea  mentioned  la  tbia 
trMtr  not  onlr  aa  principal  or  ■ccompllcea. 


r  tbe  a 


S.  The  fabri 
r  coupons  ol 


pabUc  debt,  baak-noies,  or  o 
menta  of  public  credit :  of  conniirriEiL  wuiis 
atampa,  dlea  and  marks  of  slate  or  public 
admlnlatratloD,  and  tbe  utterauce,  cItcuLb- 
tlon  or  franduleai  use  ot  sdt  of  <be  above- 
menlloDed  objects.  0.  Btobesxlemenl  bj 
public  oncers  or  depoallarlea ;  embeiile- 
ment  b;  peraons  blred  or  salaried  (o  tba 
detriment  ot  their  emplojera  i  obtaining 
monej.    valuable    aecurlttps   ot   otber    per- 


iiade  crimi 


□f    1 


valne  ot  the  property  so  oblnln__   ._ 

leaa  than  two  hiisdrea  dollars  1b  gold.  7. 
Praod  or  breach  of  Imst  (or  the  corre- 
tpondlng  crime  expressed  Id  tbe  Fenal  Coda 
of  Caba  aa  defraudallon)  by  b  bailee, 
banker,  agent,  factor,  trustee,  or  other  per- 
Boa  aetlDK  la  >  fiduciary  npaelty,  or  direc- 
tor or  member  or  officer  of  any  companr, 

Wben  BDch  act  la  made  criminal  by  t*--  ' 

of  both  conDtrlea  and  tbe  amount  ol 
«r  tbe  valae  of  the  property  i 


pronri. 


aled  la  not  lesa  than  two  bnndred  d 

In  gold.      8.    Perjury  ;   subornatloo   of   per- 

■ "    —-.-.—J  ,  Jeflupd  to  be  tbe  glvlog. 


n  lb*  dlacbarice  ot  a   ..„ 

10.  Itap«  bigamy.  11.  Wilful  and  nolnw' 
ftil  destruction  or  ohstruclion  ot  milronda, 
tralna,  bridges,  vebldes,  venae  la  or  other 
neana  of  transport  a  tlon  or  public  or  private 
balldlnga.  when  the  act  commuted  endan- 
gers bnmnn  life.  12.  Crimes  committed  at 
■ea,  to  wit:  (a)  Piracy,  by  statute  or  by 
tbe  law  of  nations,  (b)  Revolt,  or  con- 
spiracy to  revolt,  by  two  or  more  persoas 
on  board  a  ablp  on  the  high  seas  ngnlnst 
the  authority  of  the  master,  (cl  Wrong- 
fully slaking  or  destcoylnf  a  vessel  at  aea, 
or  attempllng  to  do  bo.      (d)    Asnsults  — 


X  ship  . 

to   do    grleroni 


the  high  B 

bodily  liar 

against  the  laws  o 


13.  CrlmH 

__  bolh  conn 

triea  for  the   suppretwlon   of   slavery   ani 
alaTC-tradlng.    11.  KldnAppIng  of  minors  oi 


be  tbe  abductio: 


ad  nits,  dedaed 

lent  km  of  a  person  or  persona  id  oroer 
to  exact  mooe*  from  them  or  their  fam- 
ilies, or  for  any  otber  unlawful  end.  IB. 
lArccny,  deflned  to  be  the  Ibctt  of  money, 
effects,  docnments,  horse*,  cattle,  live- 
stock or  any  other  movable  property  of 
the  valae  of  more  than  flttv  dnllara.  16. 
Obtalalng  by  threats  of  doing  Injury,  mon- 
ey, Talnabl«a  or  other  peraonal  property. 
IT.  Mayhem  and  other  wtlfiil  mutllatlan 
c«ulag  dlMblllty  or  dattb.    Eitiadltlon  !■ 


IiroTlded  Hucb  participation  may  be  pun- 
Bhed.  Id  the  United  States  as  a  felony  and 
tn  the  Republic  of  Cuba  by  Imprisonment, 
bard  labor  or  capital  punishment. 

Denmark,— Sitae  as  Belgium :  anpple- 
meoted  by  a  treaty  signed  In  1806  extend- 
ing Ita  provisions  to  the  Island  poaseaalons 
of  the  cod  tract  log  parties,  and  Inc  lading 
the  crime  of  bribery. 


Jieuador~uaTZI.—l.  Uurder,  Includlor 
assasslDBiloD,  parrlclde,  Infaatlclde  and 
polsoDlDg.      2.  The 


rlclde,     Infaatlclde 

piracy,  and  mutiny  on  shlpbonrd  when  (he 
crew  or  a  port  tnereot,  by  fraud  or  vio- 
lence against  the  commanding  offlcer,  have 
taken  paaaesslon  of  I  he  vessel.  3.  The 
crime  of  burglary,  this  belag  understood 
as   the  act   of   breaking  or   tordaK   an    en- 

commlt  any  crime,  aad  tbe  crime  of  rob. 
bery.  Ihla  being  detloed  as  the  act  of  tak- 
ing from  tbe  person  of  another,  goods  or 
money  with  criminal  Intent,  using  violence 
or  Intimidation.  4.  The  crime  or  forgery, 
which  Is  understood  to  be  the  wilful  use  or 
circulation  of  forged  papers  or  public  docu- 
meats,  c.  The  fabrication  or  clrcnlstloD 
ot  counterfeit  money,  either  coin  or  pa- 
per, ot  public  bonds,  bank  bills  sad  secur- 
^tle^  and  la  Reneraf  of  any  kind  of  lilies 
to  or  iDslrumenls  of  credit,  the  cooaterfelt- 
Ing  of  stamps,  dies,  seals,  and  marks  ot 
tbe  state,  and  ot  the  admlnlBlratlve  au- 
thorities, and  tbe  sale  or  circulation  thereof. 
6.  Rmbeiilemeat  ot  nubile  properly,  com- 
mitted wIthiD  tbe  JurlsdlcGon  of  eltber 
party  by  public  officers  or  depositaries, 
franM~(1843l,— Murder,     assasalnntlOD, 

S.rrlcide.  Infanticide,  polsoolag,  attempted 
commit  murder,  rape,  forgery,  arson,  and 
embeiilement.  By  the  treaty  of  184S : 
Robbery,  burKlnry.  and  house-breaking.  By 
the  treaty  of  1858:  Making  or  clrciilatlag 
counterfeit  money  and  embeailement  by 
hired  or  salaried  persoDS.  By  tbe  treaty  .ot 
1IW9:  1.  Murder,  nHsnsalnatlon.  parricide. 
Infanticide  and  polsoalng;  manslaughter. 
when    volnntary ;    asHnuiC    with    loleot    to 


,  - of  forged  pnpera,  tbe  forgery 

ur  falsiacatlou  ot  omdnt  acts  ot  Govern- 
ment, of  public  authority,  or  ot  courts  ot 
Justice,  or  the  utterance  of  the  thing  forged 
or  falsiBed.  8.  The  conn  terf  ell  lug.  falsFfy- 
iag  or  altering  of  money,  whether  coin   or 

Eaper.  or  ot  InatrnmealB  of  debt  created 
y  natlotuil.  state,  provlDclal.  municipal  or 
other  governments,  or  ot  conpons  thereof, 
or  of  bank-notes,  or  tbe  utterance  or  clrru- 
lalloo  ot  the  same;  or  the  coanlertellins. 
falslfviog,  or  altering  of  seals  of  state.  V. 
Fraud  or  breach  of  trust  by  a  bailee,  hack- 


guarninn.  trustee  or  other  person  acting  lb 
a  flduelary  capacity,  or  director  or  mem- 
ber or  omcer  of  any  company,  when  SDCh 
act  Is  made  criminal  by  the  laws  of  both 


I  tries 


r  tbe 


at  the  pmnerty  misappropriated  Is 
u<.[  leas  thsn  (200  or  1.000  fraaca.  Km- 
besslement  br  public  officers  or  deposl- 
tarien ;  embeislemeut  by  persona  hired  or 
salaried,  to  the  detriment  of  their  em- 
ployem.  8.  Larceny ;  obtaining  money, 
vnlusble  securities  or  other  property  by 
fnlm  pretenses,  when  sncb  net  Is  made 
cHTniuRl  by  the  laws  of  twth  conntrles, 
sad  the  amount  of  moaey  ot  the  value  of 
tbe  property  fraodnlenlly  obtained   is 


less  than  t 


0  hundred  dollan  or  one  thou- 


jyGooi^lc 


Bztraditioa         Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidetits 


Bxtndltton  TrmUett-ContfrnwdL 
Mod  franra.  9.  Perjorr,  Bubornatlon  of 
pcrjDrr.  10.  Cblld-Mnllns,  or  abduction 
of  ■  minor  under  the  agt  oi  fourtepn  for  a 
bOT  and  at  aiilMa  lor  a  elrl.  11.  Kld- 
napplDf  ot  mlDora  or  adulla.  IS.  Willful 
ana  anTawful  dmracilon  or  obatructlan  ot 
rallroadi.  wtilch  endangera  humBn  life. 
18.  <B)  Piracy,  br  the  Uw  of  natloni.  (b) 
Tbe  act  bf  any  person,  being  or  not  being 
one  ot  tbe  cnv  of  a  TPuel,  ot  tiking 
poaaeaaion  of  aucb  veaael  by  fraud  or  tIo- 
leace.     {e)   Wrongfully  alnklng  or  dntroy- 


(dj      KCTD 


,  bj  two 


t  peraoDB 


_a  the  hJgb  ■eaa,  ..„ 

tbe  aatborlty  of  tbe  captain  or  maatEr. 
(*)  Aasaalta  on  board  a  ahtp  on  the  high 
•eat,  wllb  Intent  to  do  grlevooa  bodtl; 
barm.  14.  Crimea  and  offencea  againat  the 
tawa  ot  both  eountrlea  for  tbe  anppreaaloii 
of  slavery    and   alsTe-tiadln^.      IB.  Becel*- 


Ing    money, 


abortion. 

Orerf'.— No  estraditloo. 

-lltwaj.— Same 


__..     __     Bolivia, 

Mayhem,    bigamy, 

en  I  of  bank  fund*. 

properly  b;  threat  and 


icltb  tbe  add!.. 
tianic  robbery,  en 
obi  a  Id  log  money 
rcceiTlog  aame. 

HalH— (1884).  — Harder.      _._ 

parricide.  Infaatlclde,  polBaulne.  ailempi  lo 
cotDmli  mnriler,  plracv,  rape,  ftrgery  conn. 
terfclting,    araon,    robbery,   and   embeaila- 

Scndiini*.— Cnttl  1909  we  had  do  extra- 
dlllon  treaty  wltb  Hondores.  During  tbst 
year  Secretary  Hoot  negotiated  a.  conreotion 
coTeriag  a  longer  Hat  of  eitradltable  of- 
fcDsea  tban  Ibe  eilailng  treaty  with  Mei- 


plication  to  conElgnoua  lerrltorT.  Tbey 
are :  1.  Murder,  comprehending  the  Crimea 
dealgnated  by  tb«  terma  ot  parricide,  as- 
aaRHfoatloD,  manalsuahter,  when  voluntary ; 
polaonlng  or  Infanticide.  2.  Tbe  attempt  to 
commit  murder.  S.  Rape,  alKirtlou,  carnal 
knoirledice  of  children  under  tbe  age  of 
twelve  years.  4.  BlEBmy.  S.  Arson.  6. 
Willful  and  unlawful  deatmctlon  or  ob- 
aiructlOD     of    rallronda,     wblcti    endnngera 


I   Plri^.   aa  commonly   knt 


Mutiny  V  conaplracy  by  f 
of  •  vcsi   ' 

tbe  captain  (.- 

by   frand  or  violence 

ard  nhlpa 

.,  do  bodily 

liirglary.  deDned  to  be  Ibe  act 
laro  and  entcrlog  the  bnuae  of 
'be  night  lime  with  Intent   to 

_  .,>lonv  therein.    B.  The  breaking 

Into  and   •ntcrlnf  into   tba  oflccs   ot   tiM 


upon  the  bji 
barm.  8.  I 
of  hrpHklng 
another  In 


HI 

piinBcsdon   0- 
1   board  nhlpi 


OovemtDcnt  and  pnbllc  antboHtlea,  «r  tb« 
olDcea  of  banka,  banking  honaea,  Mvlu 
banka,  trnat  companlea,  Inaurance  eomp«- 
ulea,  or  other  bulldlnga  not  dwelling  with 
Intent  (o  commit  a  telony  therein.    10.  Rob- 


ing. 

__jurltlea   or    other 

,__, ^wlng   the  aame  to   have  been 

untawfully  obtained,  when  aacb  act  la  made 
criminal    hT    tbe    laws    of    both    eountrlea 
t  of  money  or  tbe,  value  of 

Orrot  Arilals~(1889).~VolnntarT  man- 
slaughter, counterfeiting,  embeiilement, 
larceny,  receiving  atolen  goods,  frand,  per- 
jury, snbomatlon  of  perjury,  rape,  abduc- 
tion, cblld-aleallng,  kidnapping,  burglary. 
ban ae- breaking,  piracy,  mutiny,  dentroylng 
a  Teasel,  assault  at  aea,  atavery  and  slave- 
trading  By  ■  aupplement  of  1900  tbera 
were  added:  Obtalnlna  money  under  false 
preteasea,    train- wreck  Ing,    and    procnrlnc 


utterance  of   forged  papera.      __.    __ 

fery  or  falBlflcatlon  of  the  ofllclal  a 
he  Oovernment  or  public  authority,  lo- 
cludlnr  conrta  of  Juatrce,  or  tbe  ullertng  or 
traudtilent  uae  ot  tbe  aame.  18-  The  fabri- 
cation of  coonterfelt  money,  whether  eolD 
laper^^con^erf^elt  titles  or  coupons  ot 

or  other  Inatrumenta 
ot  public  credit,  coonterfelt  seala,  atampa, 
dies,  and  marks  of  state  or  public  admln- 
latratlona,  and  the  nlterance.  clrcoletlon, 
or  fraodulcnt  use  ot  the  above  mentioned 
objects.  14.  EmbPZilemeuC  or  criminal 
malversation  committed  wltbln  the  Juris- 
diction of  one  or  the  olher  party  by  pnbllc 
oflcers  or  depoaltarles,  wbere  the  amoont 
embetded  eiceeda  t200  (or  Bonduran 
equivalent).      IE.    Emoesalement     by    any 


other  corporal  pnnishment  by  the  laws  <rf 
both  countries,  and  where  tbe  amonut  em- 
beasled  eiceeda  1200  (or  Hondnran  eqnlva- 
lent).  16.  Kidnapping  of  minora  or  adnlta, 
and  to  be  the  sbdunlon  or  detention  of  a 
persona.  In  order  ti 


inlawfnl  end.     IT.   larceny,  deflned 


K  _ __   _^  ____  ___ 

to  he  tbe  tbeft  of  ettecta,  personal  proper- 
ty, or  money,  of  the  value  ot  twenty-flr* 
dollars  or  more.  IS.  Obtaining  money,  ral- 
nable  securities  or  other  property  by  falsa 
pretenses  or  recelrlng  any  money,  valnabl* 
secnrltles  or  other  property  knowing  tbe 
same  to  hove  been  nnlswinlly  obtained, 
where  the  amonnc  of  money  or  the  value 
of  the  pronerty  *o  obtained  or  rerelred  ei- 
cceds  two  hundred  dollars  (or  Hondnran 
equivalent).  IB.  Perjury  or  subornation  of 
perjury.  20.  Fraud  or  breach  of  (mst  br 
a  bailee,  banker,  agent,  factor,  tmslee,  ei- 
ecutor,  admlnlatrator,  guardian,  director,  or 
oQcer  ot  any  company  or  corporation,  or 
by  any  one  In  any  fiduciary  position,  where 
it- -. ^^  ^^g  ^^iji^  p(  ,,|j 


after   the  fact. 


Erovlded   aucb   participation  be  pnnlababla 
y  Imprlaonment  by  the  ' -'  *""■ 

trading  partlea. 


!  iawa  ot  bofii  con- 


,  attempt  t 


irder,  rape,  ar- 

gery,  count  erf  el  tlar,'  and  embeiilement    By 
the   addition    of   1S84:    Kidnapping, 
/apait— (1886)  .—Same  aa   HaltL 
Ltixtwiburg — (lS83).'~S«Die      sa      Qreat 
Britain. 

iferini— (1689  and  1902).— The  tstent 
ot  extraditable  oSenaes  la  greater  In  tbe 
case  ot  Mexico  than  In  an*  other  treaty 
of  the  United  States,  probably  on  account 
ot  tba  contiguity  of  territory.  The  Hat 
of  eitradllalile  oCTcnaea  loclndea:  Unrder. 
assiialnallon.  parricide,  potoonlng,  infanti- 
cide, rape,  bigamy,  srson,  plra^.  dratrov- 
fng  «  vessel,  murder,  bnrglaij,  bonsebresll- 
Ing,  bank  robbery,  robbery,  forferT,  fraud- 
nient  nae  of  the  conrts,  conntertdtlng,  ta- 
tiodoctioB  of  eoiiateifeltcr'i  tooli.   iiibw 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


t  pnbllc  or  prlTBte  tuada.  embe*- 
„__.  -t  bank  or  trust  tunb,  embenle- 
nwnt  1^  hired  or  uUarleil  peraona,  kidnap- 
pbis.  najlKBi,  endaiiEerliiB  liunuui  life  07 
dMtractlan  or  railroad*.  GrldKes,  and  tha 
like:  obtalnliig  nwnei  or  propertj  by  tIo- 
iBDce,  threats,  or  ibIbc  pretenwa;  recel*- 
Ing  or  baying  eooda  known  to  bave  been 
wrotvfnlly  obtained ;  larceny  to  tbe  ei- 
teot  «t  twentT'Ove  dollars  or  more,  or  re- 
MMng  gooda  to  that  ralue,  koowlnK  them 
to  ba*a  been  iColen.  Bt  the  addition  of 
1M3,   bribery  waa   added. 

irorpMO — No   eitradltlou. 

VatharioiHt*— (ISeT).— Same  •■  Or«at 
Britain,  with  the  additloD  of  bigamy,  abor- 
tloa,  iBTCeny,  and  embenlement.  Ritend- 
ed  ui  IWM  to  tha  Inaular  poaaeialaiia  o( 
both  eonntriu. 

VfosrVffM—HWNS).— Practically  the  aanw 
aa  irlth  Hondnraa. 

Vorway — (1698). — Same  aa  Ketherlanda. 

Otto»a»  Smp4re— (1BT4).— Same  a* 
HaltL 

PowMM— (I904)._l.  Uorder:  2.  Arwm; 
S.  Bobber;  -,  4.  Forgery  ;  S.  Connterfeltlng  ; 
e.  Embeaalement  where  the  embeulement 
exceeda  tbe  aom  o(  1200 ;  larceny.  T.  Fiaod, 
breach  0*  tmat  by  a  bailee,  banker,  Ment. 
taetor,  tmitee.  or  other  peraoQ  acting  Id 
a  Ildoctary  capacity,  or  director  or  member 
or  olBcer  of  any  company,  when  aacb  act  la 
made  criminal  by  the  laws  of  both  coaDtrtea 
and  the  amount  of  money  or  tbe  value  of 
the  properl?  mlaapproprlated  Is  not  less 
than  t200.  8.  Ferjnrr :  aubomaton  of 
perjnry.  9.  Rape;  abdnctlon:  kldnap- 
Sng.  10.  Willful  and  nnlawtul  destroc- 
nou  or  obstmetlan  of  nllroads  which  en- 
dangera  baman  lite.  11.  Crimes  commit- 
ted at  ata:  (a)  Piracy,  by  atatnte  or  br  the 
laws  o(  Datlosa;  W  Bevolt,  or  conspiracy 
to  rerolt.  by  two  or  more  persona  on  board 
a  aUp  on  the  blgh  aeaa  against  tbe  an- 
thoTlty  of  tbe  master  ;  (0)  Wrongfully  slnk- 
)u  or  destroying  a  Tessel  at  sea,  or  at- 
tempting to  da  so :  (d)  Assaults  on  board  a 
sbiD  on  tbe  high  seas  wtlh  Intent  to  do 
grlcTOn*  bodily  harm.  12.  Crimes  and  of- 
leoaea  against  the  laws  of  both  conn'-'" 


ment  at  bard  1 
Paracam- — No  extradition. 
p«F*la.--No  ezttadlUon. 
i>er«— (1899)  .—Same  aa   Bolivia. 
Porte^l— (1908).— Same    as     Ho&darka, 


Bremen.  IJecklatibarg-Scbwerin,  Ueckten- 
borg-BlTdlts;  Oldenbnrs,  BchaDmbarg-Uppe, 
aaf  WflrttMnberg.  It  uiclndes  aa  pitradlt- 
-, . «_^ — ,m,  „|t|i  ,_.._. 


:  Harder  or  assanit  _  _.    .  . 

murder,  piracy,  arson,  robbery. 
the  ntteranee  of  forged  papers, 
ng,  and  embexilament  of  public 

—No  extradition. 
Kaaala— (1867). — Same  as  Great  Briuln. 
Aalpsdor— (1911). — Same    a*     Hondnraa 
with  few  minor  exeeptiona. 
Strata— (1901).— Same  aa  Netiierlanda. 
9iM*.— No  eitndltloD. 


Snolo.— Extradition  treaties  of  ISTT  and 
1862  abrogated  by  tha  treaty  of  frleadsUp 
of  1902,  and  reestablished  In  1904  by  the 
signature  of  a  treaty  similar  to  tliat  with 

jSicsdeH^dSBS).— Same  as  Netherlands. 

Switzerland — (1900). — Same  aa  Belglom. 

TEneiruela. — No   extradition. 
ExtraordlnuT  Seaalon  HoBsages.    (See 

Special  Session  Mesaagea.) 
EztTMiidiiiaTr   BeadauB   of   Congiaao, 
PToelamations  eonvening,  b;  Preai- 

Adatna,  John,  22£. 

Cleveluid,  582S. 

Harriaon,  W.  H.,  1S7S. 

Haves,  4399,  4472. 

Jefferson,  34S,  412. 

LlneolQ,  3214^ 

McKinley,  6470. 

Madison,  476,  529. 

PierCB,   2927. 

Booaevelt,  67S0. 

Taft,  7586. 

Tan  Bnren,  1538. 
Extraordlnarf  SmsIohi  of  Senate,  proe- 
lamations  convening  by  President — 

Adams,  John,  306,  1220. 

Adams,  J.   Q.,  997. 

Arthur,  4621,  4S73. 

Buchanan,  3026,  S081,  3156,  3203. 

CleTeland,    G428,    6230. 

FUlmors,  2646,  2727. 
Sefenad  to,  2726. 

Grant,  3966,  4087,  4171,  4278,  4390. 

Harrison,  Benj.,  6817. 

Haves,  4591. 
Beferred  to,  4G88. 

Jackson,  1508. 

Jefferson,  449. 

Johnson   37  IB. 

Lincoln,  3362,  3474. 

Uadfson,  571. 

Monroe,  856. 

Pierce,  2959. 

Polk,  2539. 

Booaevelt,  B779,  6951,  6967. 

Tvler,  2220. 

Tan  Bnren,  I8S7. 

Washington,  130,  204,  571. 
Eira'g  Obnrcli  (Oa.),  Battle  of.— Inly 
2T,  1604,  HsJ.-Oen.  O.  O.  Howard  was  sp- 
polnted  to  the  command  of  the  Army  of 
the  Teimeasee  and  Qen.  Hooker  resigned 
tbe  command  of  the  Twentieth  Corps,  be- 
ing sncceeded  by  Gen.  H.  W.  Blocnm.  The 
Army  of  the  TenneBBee  was  moved  from 
the  extreme  left  to  the  extreme  right  ot 
the  position  t>efore  Allaola.  Gen.  Hood, 
taking  advantage  of  this  morement,  Jul* 
2S  made  an  attack  on  the  Fifteenth  Corps. 
under  Logan,  at  Gira'a  Church.  Logan 
was  well  sopponed  by  Blatr's  and  Dodge's 
corps.  Tbe  Federal  acconnts  represent  tnat 
the  flgbtlng  continued  from  noon  till  4 
o'clock  p.  u.,  when  tbe  Confederates  re- 
tired wllh  a  loss  of  2,000.  Tbe  Federal 
losa  was  000.  Oen.  Sherman  says  that  the 
Confederates  sustained  an  overwhelming 
defeat  Gen.  Hood  states  tbat  no  material 
advantags  was  gained  by  either  opponent, 
-_j  ...-^  .V.  ,„. „  ,_  proportion 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Pair  Oakt  Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


F*lr  Oaki  <T&.),  Bftttla  of.  (Beo  Seviii 

Pin«i  (V*.),  B»tUo  of.) 
Falkluid  laliiidB,— Two  large  Idandi  buF' 
TODDded  bj  a.  group  of  Bnuller  one*  in  the 
Boutti  Atlantic  betwe«D  the  parallels  of  SI* 
and  E2*  45'  S^  some  300  mllca  east  of  the 
main  taod  ol  Patngonla,  opposite  the  Btralt 
of    MasellBn.      The    combined   area    of    the 

ETOup  !■  sbODt  T.SIO  Bguare  mllea.  Tbe 
iland*  were  tlHlted  by  John  Da»l»  In  1B92. 
Id  1T61  Commodore  Brroo  took  poueaalon 
of  them  Id  the  name  of  Oreat  Brttaln,  and 
the;  now  conatltute  a  crown  mlonr.  The 
priDClpal  owupallon  of  the  InlubUBUM  li 
aheep  ralalDg.  2,326.000  acres  being  de- 
voted to  (be  psBtaraKe  of  724,738  sheep  In 
1910,  bealdes  5,3S2  cattle  and  3,311  bones. 
The  principal  ciports  are  wool,  hides  and 
tallow.     The  population  Is  about  2,S00. 

FAlkUsd  Islands : 
Claims  of  Argentina  respecting  acta 

of  American  minister  at,  4910. 
Outrages    committed     on    American 
citizens  and  vessels  at,  1116,  1246. 
Famrell  Addreaa  of  President — 
Jaekaon,   1511. 
Washington,  SOS. 

Armjr  orders  regarding  reading  of, 

330S. 
Proelamation  recommending  read- 
ing of,  on  Feb.  22,  3289. 
Faimois'  Welfare: 

Giedits  for,  needed,  790S. 
Discussed   b^   President— 
Booaevelt,  7046. 
Wilson,  7908. 
Farm  Loan  Act.— Thla  i«  an  act  to  prorlde 
capital  for  acrlcnltaral  derelopmeot,  to  cre- 
ate  Btanoard   forma   of   tiiTeatment    baaed 
upon  farm  mortgage,  to  equallae  rates  of  In- 
terest Dpon  farm  loans,  to  fnrnish  a  market 
for  United  Btatea  bonds,  to  create  Oovern- 
ment  depositaries  and  onanda)  agenta  for 
the  United  Btales,  and  for  other  pnrposea. 
The  abort  title  of  thU  act  la  "The  Federal 
Form   Loan   Act,"     Its   admlnlitrstton    la 
under  the  direction  and  control  of  tbe  Fed- 
eral Farm  Loan  Board.    Ita  chief  proTlslons 


Said  Federal  Farm  Loan  Board  aball  con- 
■lat  of  dve  membera,  Includlaa  tbe  Becre- 
tarr  of  tbe  TreasDrr,  who  shall  be  a  member 
and  chairman  ei  offldo,  and  toDC  members 
to  be  appointed  b;  the  President  of  the 
tinlted  States,  bj  and  with  the  advice  and 
conaent  of  tbe  Senate,  Of  the  four  mem- 
bers to  be  appointed  by  the  President,  not 
more  than  two  shall  be  appointed  from  one 
political  party,  and  all  tovT  of  aald  mem- 
bera ahall  be  cltlsena  o(  tbe  United  States 
and  shall  deTote  their  entire  time  to  the 
business  of  the  Federal  Farm  Loan  Board ; 
tber  ahall  receive  an  annnal  salan  of  110,- 
OOO  payable  monthly,  togetber  wfth 


One  0 


emiwrs'to  be  appointed  by 


Prealdeat  shall  be  desUniateS  by  him  t_ 
serve  tor  two  years,  one  for  fonr  years,  one 
fAr  all  yeara,  and  one  for  eight  years,  and 
tberaafter  each  member  so  appointed  shall 
serve  for  a  term  ot  eight  jeare,  niileee  •ooner 


e,  Pteeldent    One 


removed  for  eanae  by  t_    „_ 

of  the  members  shall  be  dealnated  by  tbs 
Prealdent  as  the  Farm  Loan  Commlsaloner, 


Oeorge  W.  Norrls,  Farm  I«an  Commla- 
Bloner, 

Charles  EL  LobdeU. 

W,  S.  A.  Bmlth. 

Herbert  Quick,      W.  W.  Flannann,  Sec- 
retary. 

,  FtOtrat  Land  Banti. — The  Federal  Farm 
Loan  Board  shall  divide  the  continental 
United  SUtea,  eidndlns  Alaska,  Into  twelve 
districts,  which  ahaU  be  known  aa  Federal 
land  bank  districts,  and  may  be  d    '       '   ' 


needa  ol  the  c 

ahall  contain  a  fractional  part  of  any  State, 
The  Federal  Farm  Loan  Board  shall  es- 
tablish in  each  Federal  land  bank  dlatriet 
a  Federal  loan  bank,  with  Its  principal  oSea 
located  Id  such  city  within  Qie  district  as 
said  board  ahall  designate.  Bacb  Fedeial 
'"'*  *--■■  shall  Incladeln  Its  title  the  name 


e  drt  la  which  It  Is  located. 


Each  I 


deral  land  bank  aball  be  tempo 


Federal  Farm  Loan  Boavd. 

rectora  shall  be  dtlaena  of  tba  United  SUtea 
and  residents  of  tbe  district.  They  shall 
each  give  a  enretr  bond,  the  premlitm  on 

""""     ■""  "iM  from  the  fimda  ef  tbe 


aasoclatloDB,  berdnafter  aatborlsed,  aball 
have  reached  the  lam  of  9100,000,  tJie  olB- 
eers  and  dlrectora  o(  said  land  bank  ahall 


shall  consist  of  nine  membera, 
v..^..  ..u.u.Dg  offlcc  for  three  years.  Six 
of  aald  directors  ahall  be  known  aa  local 


latloDal  farm  loan  a 


shall    be    appointed 
LoaD    Board   and    r~ 


Inlng  three  directors 
strict  directors,  and 
'   the   Federal  Farm 


the  pnhllc  t 

Directors  of  Federal  land  banka  ahall  bave 
been  for  at  least  two  years  residents  of  tbe 
district  for  which  they  are  appointed  or 
elected,  end  at  least  one  district  director 
experienced  In  practical  farming 
,. .  .(  tSo_f •  "-  ^^ 

SistrlcL"' 

Capital  8toek. — Bvery  Federal  land  bank 
shall  hare,  before  beginning  bnalneer    - 
■cribed   capital  o»  —•   ■ —  "~    - 
The  capital  ■(—'■ 
shall  b-  -■'-■' 
may  be  auusc 

Oovemment  oi  any  Stale  o.   „ 

Statea.  Block  held  by  national  farm  loan 
assoclatlona  aball  not  be  transferred  or  hy- 
pothecated, and  the  certlllcates  therefor 
shall  so  state.  Stock  owned  by  the  Qovera- 
ment  of  the  United  States  in  Federal  land 
hanka  shall  receive  no  dividends,  but  all 
other  stock  shall  ahare  In  dividend  distri- 
butlona   without   preference.     Stock  owned 

Kthc  United  SUtes  shall  be  voted  by  tbs 
:nn  Loan  CommlasloDer,  a*  directed  by  the 
Federal  Farm  Loan  Board. 

tbe  dtity  of  tbe  Federal  Faim 
*-  open  books  of  s-"- — ■-"-- 


r  and  held  .,   _, 

r    corporation,    or    by    | 
-  " r  of  tbe  Unll 


Loan  Beard  t 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Fann 


Turn  Lou  Art— (J«i««wtf. 
far  tke  capital  (tock  ol  ■  Federal  land  bank 
In  aacb  fWeral  land  buk  dlitrlct.  If 
wltbla  tUrtr  dara  after  tbe  opaatnc  of  aatd 
booka  antjMTt  of  the  mlntmnm  capiUlUa- 
tioD  of  ITSa.OOO  herein  preacrlbed  (or  Fed- 
•nl  land  banks  «hall  remalD  nnsabacribed. 
It  ■■""  b«  the  dDtr  of  the  Becratar;  of  tbe 
Traamr;  to  subKribe  the  balance  thereof  oti 
behalf  «f  tike  United  SUtea,  tald  sobicrlp- 
tioa  to  be  tatiject  to  call  lo  whole  or  In  part 
bT  tlM  board  of  dll«ctora  of  Mid  land  bank 
opon  thlrtr  dan'  notice  with  the  approval 
(Ttbe  roderal  rartn  Loan  Board ;  and  - 

" --rj  of  tbe  TMaaiUT  Ir  *"■-*-  — "' 

f  dlnctod  to  Uke  o 


.J   tbe    _ 

caUed,  and  to  par  tor  tbe 
mon«n  In  the  'SnMtrj  i 
proprtatM. 

Attn  the  mbfcriptloBi  to  capital  stock  b; 
iiitli^kiT  fam  loan  aaaodatloai  ahjill  amount 
to  $700,000  In  any  Federal  land  bank,  uld 
bank  ahall  applr  lemlannDallr  to  tbe  pay- 
ment and  refirement  of  the  abarei  of  atock 
which  wera  laaaed  to  lepreaent  tbe  <ub«crip- 
tlona  to  tbe  orlsinal  capital  twenir-flve  per 
cent  (rf  all  Runs  tbereafter  aubacrlbed  to 
capital  Mock  nntll  all  aoch  original  capital 
•toA  la  retired  at  par. 


which  itock  li  ontitandl^  In  the  name  of 
■■HjwijI  farm  loan  aiaaclatlona  aball  be 
bcld  In  4«lck  aneta,  and  mar  conelat  of  cash 
In  tbe  vanlta  of  laid  land  bank,  or  la  de- 
poalta  In  member  banka  of  tbe  Federal  re- 


of  the  auoclatlon  ther  are  forming  eqoal 
to  S  per  cent  of  the  loan  they  seTerall;  de- 
Blre,  which  li  not  reqnlre^l  to  be  paid  un- 
less the  loan  Is  cranted.  that  Is,  each  bor- 
rower must  lubicrlbe  (Or  Bnch  Mock  to  the 
amonnt  oC  B  pei  cent  of  his  own  loan  and 


qualified  to  admlnUler  oaOia,  and  then  It 
mast  be  forwarded  br  the  aeeretarr-treas- 
arer  to  the  Federal  land  bank  of  tbe  district. 
Upon  lu  receipt  the  bank  will  aend  It* 
agent  to  examine  Into  tbe  representaHana 
made  In  tbe  application  and.  If  tooud  Mtla- 


application 
b  Hves  It  tl 
lionsed  b7  t 


ritlea  whkii  an  approved  under  rulea  and 
le  B^oeral  Farm  Loan  Board ; 


regolattoaso 

PTMfdcJ,    TU»    -~|.    ■«-    •'^u    x-v    r^. 

ot  mcb  capital  shall  be  Invested  In  United 


>i:porBte,  whlcb  a .. ... — 

-_   _.    . I  DDdnesa  aathonsed  b;  tbe  farm 

loan  act,  to  extend  Its  benefits  to  other*  tj 

•-■-■ —  ■- ' 1  from  dme  to  time, 

I  IndeOnltelr.  New 
...rowera  whose  loans 
I  (100  or  ai  large  as 


row  monej  ontll  the  land  banks  a 


padt7,  but  Mcome  merged  as  shareholders 
Into  a  corporation,  wblcb  baa  a  separate 
existence  crested  b;  law,  under  the  same 
name  which  baa  been  chosen  and  set  forth 
In  tbe  orlgtnsl  application  and  organliatloll 
certlflcate.  This  corporation  will  have  di- 
rectors and  offlcers  selected  bj  tbe  abare- 
holdera  to  do  Its  business  In  acc<Hdance 
with    the   bf-1aw8  wblcb   the  ahareboldeta 


Ir  guidance.    The  active  eiecn- 


Und  banks  and  lobit  stock  land  banks  o. 
sanlied  nnder  this  act,  when  designated 
for  that  purpose  b7  the  Secretarr  of  the 
Treaanrr,  shall  be  depositaries  of  public 
money,  except  receipts  from  customs,  un- 
der such  regulations  as  mar  be  prescribed 
\>j  said  Secretary :  and  they  may  also  be 
employed  aa  flnanclal  agents  of  tbe  Oovem- 
■Dent :  and  they  shall  perform  sll  such  rea- 
■onable  dotlea,  as  depositaries  of  public 
maniij  and  flnandal  agents  of  tbe  Oovem- 

■en^  aa  may  be  required  of  them. _, 

VaMOMol    Farm    Loan    ^HOoialloiM. — A       be  made  or  not  by  refusing  tbe  application 

T"tl""^'  [ana  loan  association  may  be  op-       ' ■ ■-'-•■  ■ 1^— * • 

finlsjd  In  any  community  where  10  dtl- 
t*  owning  land  desire  to^mw  sn  axgre- 
te  of  not  less  than  (20.000.     The  Und 

■        ■■    -T  the  proceeds   of 

■         '    '■  not  limited  as  to  the  number  of  their  mem- 

bers. After  one  Is  organised  It  may  serve 
an  entire  neighborhood  by  receiving  new 
members.  Each  association  may  obtain  In 
loans  for  Its  members  twenty  times  the 
amount  of  Its  stock  In  the  Federal  land  bank. 


the  loan  must  be  naed,  In  _. 

any  lien.    Loans  may  bo  as  small  as  (100, 
or  aa  large  aa  IIO.OOO. 

niey  must  first  make  application.  In  writ- 
ing, tor  a  charter  to  tbe  Federal  laud  bank 
•t  the  district  In  which  tbe  assoclatlDn  de- 
-^ —  'a  do  business.  This  application  must 
-   - -ialriig  -  - —  -'- 


h«  slnied  by  all  those  desiring  to  form  the 
aaao^tlon.  stating  speelfleall]'  tbe  name 
onder  which  ttaey  desire  to  do  easiness,  the 
amount  each  one  desires  to  borrow,  tbe  esti- 
mated value  of  the  security  each  one  offers, 
the  territory  tn  which  the  association  de- 
alica  to  do  bnslneoB,  bow  the  proceeda  ot 
tbe  loan  are  to  be  ined,  and  other  details  set 
forth  In  tbe  Idaak  forma  whlcb  are  (umlsbed. 
Tbe  appllcatloB  having  been  atened,  to- 
gdOiet  with  another  blank  fonn  fimlshed, 
called  u  "organlntlon  certlflcate,"  tbe  ap- 
plkanta  become  a  tentative  ornnliatlon  and 
elect  an  agent  to  represent  them,  called  a 
"•ecrotary-treasnrer" ;  they  also  select  a 
committee  of  three,  called  a  "loan  commit- 
tee." nila  agent  will  then  receive,  from  each 
of  tbe  appUouitB,  •  ssbscrlptlan  to  the  itock 


name       tlon. 


may  become  by  the  growth  o 
tlon. 

1.  Mo  loan  may  be  made  except  upon  tiie 
security  of  Brat  mortgages. 

2.  Tbe  amount  ot  the  mortgage  can  not 
exceed  one-half  the  appraised  value  of  the 
land  and  20  per  cent  of  tbe  permanent  Im- 
provements thereon,  which  must  be  Insured. 

S.  Tbe  proceeds  of  the  loan  most  be  need 

for  tbe  extlngulshmer*'   '" ""■■' —  '~ 

debtedness  or  for  prodi. 

Inclodea  the  purchase  of  live  slock,  fertll- 
Isera,  equipment  and  Improvements, 

4.  Brery  mortgage  mnit  contain  an  agree- 
1.  .^  p^  ojf  the  debt  (principal  and  In- 


t  (prtndaal  a 


terest)   In  died  annnal  c 
stallments. 
fi.  The  gmonnt  of  each  InstaUnest  nay 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


flzadby  tka 


ftM^Kt 


Inaily  tUc«.  ooteM  be  defttnlM,  bot 


period.    (See  Enral  Credits.) 

Fum     Fiodncte.      (Sea     Agricnltnru 

Produets.) 
Fumrllto  (T*.),  Bsttlo  of.-Altec  the 
■Taeaatlon  of  BIchmoDiL  Lee'a  •T1117  wu 
moVlnK  weitward  toward  Fi.tmTltle,  where 
b*  baMd  to  cross  tbe  Appomattox,  bum 
tbe  bndses  and  cbeck  tbe  punolt  ot  the 
Feder*l«.  Meantime  Ord,  with  hl«  com- 
mand of  tbe  Armr  ot  tbe  James,  was 
also  adTineluf  toward  FarmyUle  to  bam 
the  bridges  abil  lottrMpt  Lee  at  tbat  point. 
His  sdvaoce  conalated  ot  3  reglineDta  of 
lutuitn  end  a  squadron  ot  cavalrr  under 
Qen.  Theodora  Bead.  At  FarmTlUc  the 
Conledente*  made  a  Aort  halt.  EesA 
appcarlDK.  h«  wu  attacked  b;  Lee.  la 
the  conflict  Bead  was  killed,  his  column 
bmshed  aside  and  the  retreating  annr 
-*     "--     -■ After    the    der'*-     — 


turing  14  piece*  ot  a 

—    -nd  held  them  II 

._.  .f  the  Second  Corps,  when  ■  genenl 
attack  waa  ordered,  resnlimg  In  the  capture 
ot  B,000  or  T.OOO  prisoners. 
FmUod,  Tha,  2997,  3001,  3017.      (B«a 

Wklker,  WiUiun.) 
FaaUns  ud  Prayor  ^ms  ftlso  Thauks- 
giTing  Procljunfttions) : 
^eial  day  of,  set  apart  bj  proela- 
mation  of  Piesident — 
XJoeolii,  3237,  3365,  34eS. 

Befarred  to,  3437. 
WilMD,  8387. 
Fadaral  Ootntt.    (See  Conrta.) 
Fadnal  Oonta,  proeedore  in,  6918. 
Enforeement   of   criminal   lawi   dli- 

enaaed,  7003, 
Bi(^t  of  appeal  b^  Oovenunent  In 
criminal  eaaee  on  questions  of  law 
reeonunendfld,  7023. 
Todnal   Blectloii    I>aw    recommended, 

54W.  B6«S,  57ee. 
F«d*nl  Bupeetimi  and  control  of  in- 
terstate  eommeroo   advocated,    7074, 
7087,  7180.     (See  also  Corporations.) 
FadenI     Jniladlctlon     inadequats     to 
enforce    treat?     obligations    within 
■Utea,  7066. 
Fadtnl  Beaerre  Bamka.    (See  CorreDcy 
Laws  and  Beaerve  Banking  System.) 
Fadaral  Saparrlilon  of  Oorporatlona  in- 
cident to  tax  on  incomes  of,  7391. 
FadenllBt  Paitr.— The  first  political  psrtr 
organised  tn   the   United   States  after  tbe 
BCblevement  of  Independence.     lis  leaders 
were  Washington,   Adsms,  Hamilton,  Jar, 
.Uarsball,  and  others  of  high  rank  and  abfl. 
Ity.   Dnrlng  the  French  Bevototlon  the  F«d- 
eraltits  sj^pathlsed   with  England   rather 
than  with  the  Bed  Bepnblleani  of  France. 
At  thia  time  leSerson,  Borr,  tod  others  or- 


■ranlied  the  Bepnbllcan  partr, 


B  dla- 


Dlntenalfy  the  test- 
ing of  hostllltr  toward  Bngland.  Ther 
accused  the  Federalists  of  being  ensmles 
of  tbe  masses  ot  the  people  and  of  taioi- 
Ing  arlatocraUc  goTernment. 

Tbe  looseneM  of  tbe  Union  under  tbe 
Articles  ot  ConfedeMtlon  had  nnsettled 
bnalnesa,  and  all  cltiienB  that  nere  Injnred 
br  this  state  of  affslra  were  In  fsTor  «t  a 
stronger  goremment.  Moreover,  the  feel- 
ing that  tbUB  only  eoald  we  become  s  na- 
3  nation*   had   much   weight  la 


mora  tboughttol  to  t — 

waahlngton,  Jefferson,  Hadl- 

and  Randolph   1 •■  ~  ' — '— -  "- 


Inclining 

^ — ....... —      ^    jenerson.  msoi- 

r- all  Federalists  te 

and  wider  meaning  of  tbe  term. 

The  adoption  ot  the  ConstltntiDn  left  Oe 
aatl-Federallsts  without  a  can**,  and  Ot* 
Federal  partj  went  Into  power  with  Wash- 
ington at  its    head   practleallj  " 

During  the  flrtt  session  of  Code.. 
partments    of    the    goTemment 


nnopMeed. 
Mthede- 


At  t 

_ n  iBtrodDced  hi*  flnandal  nHasnn*. 

Tbe  foreign  debt  was  to  be  paid  In  tnit, 
the  continental  debt  wns  to  be  paid  at  par, 
and  the  debts  ot  the  several  Btates  wera 
to  be  assnmed.  To  the  second  of  these  pnp- 
oaltlona  Uadlaon  dUaente^  bat  It  wsa  nerat- 
theteas  carried.  Tbe  thfrd  arotised  enor- 
mons  opposition,  and  It  wa*  hotlj  debated 
both  In  and  out  of  Cbngnsi.  After  «ns 
defeat  It  waa  ralntroduced  aad  carried  tv 
neana  of  a  bargain.  At  tbe  third  sesrion 
a  bill  taxing  dbtlUed  nlrita  was  passed 
and  tha  Bank  of  tbe  nnfted  State*  was  In- 
corporated. TbeM  measures  Jefferson  and 
Randolph    opposed.     Tbe    par^   had    thus 

Esdaallf  strengthened  the  broad  constme- 
>n  Tlew  ot  the  Constltntloo  and  had  at> 
talned  real  principles  and  partr  life. 

The  Federalists  elected  WaahlnctoD  and 
John  Adams.  Hamilton's  Snaoclal  meas- 
ures had  been  Bc(.eptable  to  those  wbo  de- 
sired strong  goTernment — the  commerdal 
classes— and  those  who  wished  to  see  the 
Dolon  drawn  still  mora  tiosely  together 
In  the  direction  at  ccotrallaaUon  and  ns- 
tlonal  consolidation.  In  1T9T  [be  majorltf 
of  the  partr  favored  war  with  France. 
The  fallow  1  Dg  *ear  they  paaaed  tbe  Allen 
and  Sedition  I^ws  (q.  v.),  and  In  1800 
their  candidates,  Adams  and  Flnckner,  were 
defeated  br  Jeflereon  and  Bnrr  for  Presi- 
dent and  Vice-President,  respectlTelj.  Tbe 
anpatriotlc  conrie  of  the  party  In  the  War 
of  1812  and  tbe  odium  excited  by  the 
Hartford   ConTentlon   (q.  t.)   destroyed  It 

FedenUgt,  Ths.—A  series  of  easays, 
elgbty-DTe  In  number,  tu  faroi  ot  the  new 
Constitution  of  the  United  States,  orig- 
inally pnbllahed  In  tbe  fadepeadeNt  Jo»- 
ma,  at  New  York,  between  Oct.  2T,  1787, 
and  April  2,  1T88.  Tbe  anthora  wera 
Alexander  Hamilton  (who  wrote  flfty-one 
ot  the  esrays),  James  Hadlion  (who  wrote 
twenty-nine),    aud    John    Jay    (who    wrote 


,      .—    addressed , 

common  signature  ot  "Publlns. 
pose  of   tbe   letters   w*r  tn   n 
minds  of  the  people 
to  the  new   Federal 
by  thi   " 


nD   lu   <^nMe   m   the 
sentiment  taTorable 

B^Pt  17,  ITB^'^'ftae 

.—  were  galhered  Into  two  volnmes  tn 
IT88.  and  bave  been  reprinted  In  many 
editions. 

Fee  Syitem,  abolition  of,  as  applicable 
to    certain    Federal    offieem,    dii- 
cnssed,  6161. 
Beeommended,  4930,  6879,  S968. 
Felonies,    limitations    upon    rigbt    in 
felony  cases  to  review  bj  Boprame 
Court  recommended,  663^  58W. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


raUmittf 


—An  OTganlutlon  of  Irlsh-AnEr- 
le*D«  and  Itlih  rerotatloiiiBU,  wboN  object 
wma  the  fordbla  lepuatlaa  of  Itelaod  ttom 
Great  Britain  and  tbe  estabUsbmeat  of  an 
Irtoh  Republic.  The  Fenian  Brotherhood 
«a*  lonDded  In  New  Xork  Id  185T  by 
lilchael  Doheny,  WIIHbed  R.  Boberti.  John 
O'Uabony,  and  Michael  Corcoraa,  the  last 
named  belns  afterward!  a  brindler-geaeral 
Id  the  United  SUtca  Armr.  About  Ihe  cams 
time  a  almllar  organliatlau,  exlstlns  In 
Ireland  nnder  the  DBme  of  the  PbtBDii  Bgcl- 
et/,  was  developed  bi  JaineB  8tephen«. 
who  came  to  tbe  L'Dlted  Stales  In  1858  and 
reported  an  eorollment  of  aS.IKW  disciplined 
followers  in  Ireland.  O'Maboor  was  the 
flrat  president  ot  Ibe  American  orgaalutlon. 
Not.  3,  1863,  the  Brat  national  congren  ot 

Peolans  met  In  Cblci  ' "" 

rolled    member  Alp   ( 
wbom  wcr«  In  the  t 

reotlon    declared    In —    _.    — 

pendent  nation  with  James  atephens  l 
head,  ^'ben  tbe  eecood  Feotan  congress 
uaembled  at  Claclnnatl  In  Janoarr,  1866, 
tbe  drcles  bad  Incresied  Bvefold.  Tbe 
foarth  Fenian  congreta  met  Id  New  lork 
Jan.  2,  I8B6,  when  an  InraBloo  of  Canada 
waa  decided  npon.  Hllltar;  operations  weca 
condDcted  by  Geti.  ThomBB  w.  Sweene;,  a 
former  olDcer  of  tbe  UdIod  Arm;.  In  Mar, 
ISae.  the  United  Stales  aulborlUea  ■eiied 
750  atand  of  arms  at  Eastport.  Me.,  about 
1.200  iUnd  at  Rouses  Point,  N.  Y.,  and 
1,000  aUnd  at  St.  Albani,  Vt^  all  Intended 
for  the  FeDlan  iDvaslon  ot  Canada.  Ubt 
81,  1868,  Bboat  1.200  Fenians,  under  CoL 
O'Ndll,  crossed  tbe  Klagara  River  at  Buf- 
falo and  occupied  Fort  Erie,  wbeoce  tbe? 
were  driven  two  dafi  later.  On  returning 
Ihej  were  loterccpted  bj  United  States 
lorcea  and  paroled  nnder  promise  to  go  to 
their  homes.  Stmllar  arrests  were  made 
on  the  Vermont  Hue.  United  Btates  troops 
under  Gen.  Meade  kept  close  watch  on  tbe 
Canadian  frontier.  President  Johnson  Is- 
nied  a  proclamation  wamlng>  citiiens  of  tbe 
United  States  against  nartTcIpatlon  tn  tbe 
nnlawtnl  proceedlnM  (3031).  Tbe  Fenian 
leaders  were  arrested,  but  afterwards  re- 
leased. Several  oatbresks  were  suppressed 
In  Ireland,  and  dltseaelons  soon  arose 
among  the  leaders  of  the  movement.  A 
second  Invasion  of  Canada  was  projected. 
bat  the  vigilance  of  Ibe  United  Slates  an- 
thorltlea  prevented  Its  accompllsbment.  In 
April,  1867,  tbe  brig  £rts'«  Hooe  sailed 
from  New  Torh  with  srms,  ammnnltlon.  and 
oncer*  for  ■  brigade,  but  iras  doable  to 
land  and  returned.  Dnrins  1807  a  Dum- 
ber of  Fenian  riots  occnrred  Id  Ireland,  but 
alt  were  quelled  and  manv  of  the  leaders 
were  Imprisoned  or  hanged.     Haur  of  tbt 


Trial  of,  in  Cuads  referred  to,  S718. 
TTnl&wfol   exrpeditiona  of,   disciused, 
3640,  3655. 
Proelamation  Bgninat,  S631. 
TtKix,  Tbe,  proTision  for  eaptivea  of, 

recommended,  1097. 

FWnAndlnA,  Flftq  blockade  of  pert  of, 

removed  by  proelamntion,  343L 

Beferred  to,  3446. 

PMiocuiflaa  da  Porto  BIco.  Oompaliui 

tm  lOdt  ooneeaaionB  to,  6933,  69S4.. 


FcrroUna,  Tlia,  Americwi  Teaiel  at- 
tacked by,  S86d,  £976. 
Ferei.  (See  Contagion!  Diuuea;  Tel- 
low  Fever.) 
Flat  Money.— A  term  given  to  Irredeem- 
able paper  cucrencr  dnring  the  greenback 
aglCallon  fotlowlog  tbe  Civil  War  In  the 
United  States.  Tbe  greenback  part^  claimed 
that  tbe  flat  of  the  goremment  could  It- 
self give  value  to  a  circulating  medium  of 
no  Itttrlnslc  valoe  and  not  even  eon  tain  Inf 
a  promise  to  pay,  but  Issued  by  the  state 
with  tbe  bare  assertion  ot  lla  Ideutltj  with 
true  moner.  The  Latin  word  "flat"  meana 
"Let  It  be  done."  (See  Currener.) 
Field     Frodnctg.       (Bee     Agricnltnial 

Froduets,  also  Crop  Values.) 
"Fifty-four  Forty  or  Fight"— A  cam- 
paign crj  ot  tbe  Democrats  In  1844.  This 
was  during  tbe  northwestern  bonndarr  dis- 
cussion. Tbe  treat;  wltb  Spain  In  1810 
flicd  the  parallel  of  42'  as  tbe  northern 
limit  of  that  conntrj's  possession  In  Amer- 
ica. Between  that  parallel  and  54°  40'  lar 
tbe  terrltor;  of  Oregon,  claimed  b;  boln 
ind  England:     To  avoid  elasbes  a 


._.    upatlon    of 

■St  of  tbe  Bi  -•--  — 

upon  In  1818,  t . 

<>nnTant1on    In    tbe    rear    1827    decided    to 
'  Joint  occupation  tndeflultelv.   Tbia 

— . —J ..  '-- atistactloB ; 

■  far  north 

le  war  seemed  In- 

.,   .._s  arranged  In  1846 

fliing  tbe  boundar;  at  laL  49*  Dorlb.  It 
was  daring  tbe  presidential  camoaln  that 
tbe  cry  ■■Fifl;-foor  Forty  or  FlghF'  Orig- 
inated. The  supporters  of  Mr.  Polk  In  tbat 
campalKn  vigorously  proclaimed  tbat  tbe 
northwestern  boundary  lliia  shanld  be  es- 
tsbllsbed  as  far  north  as  &*••  40*  or  tbe 
United  States  should  Bgbt  It  was  during 
bis  administration  that  tbe  line  was  Bied 
at  40*.  When  criticised  by  bis  political 
opponents  for  tbe  faltore  to  locate  tbe  line 
St  Si"  tty  be  excused  and  Jnstlfled  bis  ad- 
ministration by  stating  tbat  "all  conflict- 
ing title  to  tbe  Oregon  Territory  sooth  of 
tbe  fort;  ninth  degree  of  north  latitude,  be- 
ing all  that   was  Insisted  upon  by  an;  of 

my      predecessors,      *■- -      ' -■■■ — '-■" 

(2484).       (See    also 

FIJI  lalandfl,  report  of  agent  to,  for 
invoHtigation  of  claim  of  B,  H, 
Benry  and  othen,  0098. 
Filibuster.— From  tbe  Spanish  word  Blh 
busCero,  meaning  "freebooter"  or  "bncea- 
Deer."  In  1840-1831  tbe  term  was  applied 
by  tbe  Cubans  to  Nsrelso  Lopes  and  his  fol- 
lowers, snd  from  tbat  time  became  a  com- 
mon nams  for  military  adventurers  who 
titled  out  expeditions  against  tbe  Spanlsb- 
Amerlcsn  coantrles,  Tbs  object  of  soet 
ot  these  flllbDslers  has  been  to  free  the 
Spanish- American  countries  from  their  Ruro- 
peao  rulers.  After  IiaT>e>  Ibe  most  famoos 
filibuster   was   Oen.    William   Walker,   who 


._     _.      _.     _   _    _jrce»   of   tbe   United 

States,  but  escsped  punishment  In  18117 
be  organised  a  second  eimedlllon  to  Nlca- 
ragna,  bot  was  again  compelled  to  snr- 
— '—   •-!  the   United   States   Oovemment. 


(See   also    Northwestern    Bound- 


jyGooi^lc 


Messages  and  Papirs  of  the  Presidents 


FQibtuter— CoHffiHMtf. 
I860  he  orxiDlKd  an  eipeditlau  apLliut 
the  GoTernment  of  Hondnrai.  bat  wa>  cap- 
tared  SDd.  b7  order  of  the  pmldeat  of 
HoDdorai.  ihot.  Id  the  Unllea  States  the 
term  Dllbuater,  vben  ased  In  a  leclslatlTe 
oc  polllical  lenae.  mpaci  Ihat  method  pur- 
■ora  bj  ihe  membera  or  the  oilnorlly  o(  a 
leilalatlTe  bod;  who  arek  to  delar  or  de- 
feat (be  adopdoD  of  meanures  otinoiloua 
(o  them  bj  obalmi'tlTe  and  dllatorj  tartlci. 
■Dch  aa  repeated  motlona  to  adjonro.  (or  a 
reeeaa,  ealla  for  the  jeas  and  nar*,  etc. 
FlUmon,  HUUt4.-Jii1t  10,  ISSO-Uareh 
1,  1863. 

SIltMllth  AdmlnlBtrattoD  (coDtlntied) — 
Whig 

Pret<denf  pro  (em.  of  t\\ 
William  B.  Kins 
Bterttarg  otBtate— 

Daniel  Webster. 

Edward  ETerett 
Becretary  of  Ifte  !" — 


Seerttary  ot  the  Inte 

Alei.  H.'H.  Btuirt 
Poatm  eiter-Oenrrei — 

N.  K.  Hall. 

Samael  D.  Habbard. 
Atlomeji-a 


flnctnate  with  the  price  and  oScr  atroag 
temptatlona  to  fnnd  and  petJniT.  SpacUc 
dutlei.  on  tbe  contiarr,  are  equal  and 
nnllorm  In  all  poru  and  at  all  tTmeii,  and 
offer  a  BtrDUx  [Dduecnent  to  the  Importer 
to  bring  the  best  article,  aa  he  pttja  no  OKire 
dn(T  apoa  that  than  open  one  of  Inferior 
quallt;."  There  waa,  howcTcr.  no  tariff  »- 
Tlslan  ^  Connrsa  nntll  the  act  of  IS5T. 
Id  his  Third  innaal  Mesaase  (pace  2T0S) 
the  Presldeat  a<aln  call*  the  attention  of 
(.'onsreaa  to  the  need  of  a  rerlskiD  ot  the 
tariit  and  adds  anotber  reawn  for  Ita  eon* 
aiderallon.  ".  .  .  that  the  present  tariff  In 
some  cases  Imposea  a  higher  dni;  npoD  the 
raw  material  imported  than  span  the  nr- 
tic  lea  manuractared  frotn  It  the  conaeqaenca 
of  which  Is  that  the  duty  operated  to  the 
encouragement  o(  the  forelRner  and  the  dlo- 


Jobn 

Plllmon 


,  Crittenden. 

SDOCeeded  to  I 


dene;  b;  the  WhlR  Nillonal  CoDTeotlon.  he 
waa  opposed  b;  William  O.  Butler,  of  Ken- 


nent.  specific  ii 


;nt  of  0 


]  cltlsena." 


First    . 


United  6 

PartV  Jl7IIJat(m.— FIllmore'B  political  i 
reer  la  contemporaneoUB  with  the  birth  a 
death  of  the  Wble  partr.  In  the  Stale  icg- 
Ulature  of  New  Tork  be  drafted  the  bill 
abnIlsblaK  ImprlsonmeDt  for  debt  paesed  In 
1S31.  In  CoDgreaa  he  waa  tbe  aathor  of 
the  tariff  bill  of  1642:  aa  comptroller  of 
tbe  State  ot  New  York  I1S4TI  be  adTo- 
cated  a  nallooal  baiik  with  currency  Issue 
Becur'^  by  Tnlted  Statea  atoclis — a  principle 
which  la  tbe  basis  of  Ibe  preseot  □alloual 
bnak  syMem.  Aa  Vice-President  wllh  Tay- 
lor on  the  Whig  ticket,  he  presided  In  Ibe 
Fenale  during  a  aeven  months'  eontroTeraj 
roTerluR  such  queillona  as  CBlIfornla'a  ad- 
mission. BlaTerj  In  ttie  new  territories,  sur- 
render ot  fugltlTc  Slaves,  and  Clar's  "om- 
Dlbaa  hill." 

Tarin.~'i'a  bis  First  Annual  Message 
(page  26201  President  Fillmore  dlscusBes 
tbe  laHII  and  advocatea  a  □nlform.  perma- 


illcir. — The  poller  of  his  ad- 
luu  Is  laid  down  (page  SS14i  In  hli 
mual  MeBsaee:  '-To  maEntaln  n 
ulrallt;.  In  foreign  wars,  to  eultl- 

ndlj  ri4atlonB.  to  reciprocate  eitrj 

noble    and    geaeroua    act.    abd    to    perform 

' '--alyeTerj  treaty  ob- 

..B  Which  we  owe  to 
oiner  ataies,"  ...  In  his  Becond  An- 
nua] Measage  fpage  SD52).  siieaklng  of  the 
lotaslon  ot  Cuba,  the  President  aays :  "In 
proclaiming  and  adhering  to  the  doctrine  of 
nculrallry  aud  noBioterYentloD.  the  United 
Biatea  have  not  followed  (he  lead  of  other 
clTlllied  natlona:  they  bare  taken  tbe  lead 
the  case  Ives  and  have  been  followed  h; 
olbera "  In  his  Tbini  Annnnl  MH^«t 
(page  27001  he  dep 
Cuba  to  tbe  Union 

this   Island  compara __   __ 

babKsulB  or  occupied  by  a  kindred  race,  I 
abould  regard  It.  It  volantarily  ceded  by 
Spalo,  aa  a  most  desirable  acqulslllon.  BaC 
under  eilsting  clrcniuatauceB.  I  ahoald  look 
upon  Its  IncorporatloD  Into  onr  Union  aa 
a  very  hazardous  mcaaure.  It  would  hrluK 
Into  tbe  Confederscy  a  population  ot  a  dl^ 
fprcnt  nadoaal  stork,  speaking  a  different 
language,  and  not  likely  to  barmonixe  with 
the  other  members." 

/Htemol  /mpro  cement*.— President  Flit- 
more  had  no  doubt  ot  lbs  power  ot  CoD- 
gress  to  make  aoproprlatloDE  tor  the  mak< 


— „     —     — Improvements.        __      __. 

First  Annual  MeBsage  (page  2626)  he  ar- 
gues Ihe  question  oC  the  conatltntlonaltty 
ot  sncb  acts.  "This  authority  I  auppoae  to 
be  derived  rhleSy  from  the  power  of  regulat- 
ing commerce  with  torelgn  natlona  and 
omnng  Ibe  states  and  the  power  ot  lay- 
and  collecting  ImpoEls."     LIghthonaea. 


Lnjys.   breakwat 


regulation  He  sees  no  more  reasoa  tor  n- 
fuslQg  approprialloDB  for  navigable  riyera 
than  for  aca.eoast  Imnrovemenfs.  Be  cltee 
an  Important  geographical  fact  In  these 
words :  "I  may  add.  aa  somewhat  remark- 
able, that  among  all  tbe  thirty-one  States 
there  la  none  that  la  not  to  a  greater  or 
less  eitent  bounded  on  the  ocean,  or  th* 
Gulf  ot  Iileilco.  or  one  of  tbe  great  lake*, 
or  some  navigable  river.*' 


Ibe  Treasury.     But  If  la  doluE  thia .- 

cidental  advantage  may  be  gained  by  en- 
couraging tbe  Indaatry  ot  our  own  cllliens. 
It  Is  our  duty  to  avail  oiiraelres  ot  that 
adrantnge.  ,  .  .  A  bl^h  tariff  can  never  he 
permanent.  It  will  caufs  dlnoatlef action  and 
win  be  changed.  It  ercludea  competition. 
.  .  .  What  a  manufactarer  wapis  1>  nnl- 
fomlly  and  permanency,  that  he  n 


jyGooi^lc 


Encyclopedic  Index 


FlnanceB 


mimon^  UOlftid— Coxdinwd: 
braced.  ...  Br  tbat  adlaMitieDt  we  have 
been  remed  from  the  wide  and  boandleaa 
aKlUtlon    th&t   aurroDDilfd  a«,    and  li«Te  a 
Arm.    distill et.    and    lEgal    grouad    to    rrst 


jtEeBdlng  th6 

entorctment  of  (hese  lawa  and  annoDQcei 
his  Intentlra  to  aee  the  )awi  enforced.  By 
proclamntloa  of  Feb.  18,  1631  (pase  2646) 
■apport  of  the  laws  b;  the  citliena  of  fbe 
coQDtr;  la  called  for.  In  hia  Second  Annual 
Ueaaase  (pace  2074)  tbe  Fnsldcnt  says : 
"'  --■■'^ —   -,t    the    Intereata   of    the    wbole 


bs  obtained  amid  c 
to  tnalit  upon  it  ■ 
be  adhered  t 


numore,  HlUard: 

/nrm^l  tnesaaget  of,  £613,  2949,  2699. 
Appointing  power   of  FreBident   dis- 

cusaed  hy,  2616. 
BiogmphieAl  eketch  of,  2599. 
Cuba— 

AcqniBition  of,  diacnassd  by,  2701. 

Affaira  of,  diseuBsed  hy,  2649,  2700. 

IncoipoTation  of,  into  Union  not 
desired,  2701. 
Do*th  of,  uinonnced,  and  honors  to 

be  paid  memorj  of,  4236. 
Death  of  ProBident  Tajlor  annonneed 
to,  and  reply  of,  25Sg. 

Commnnieation  of,  to  Senate,  2590. 

Disenased  by,  2593,  26O0,  2613. 
Tinancea    disensBed  by,    2619,   2658, 

2704. 
Poreign   Policy   diBcosaed  by,   2614, 

2656,  2701,  2715. 
Information    rentrding    negotiations 

-with    Great    Britain,    Costa    Hica, 

and  Niearagna  refused  by,  2600. 
Information  regarding  propositio 

annex    Hawaiian   Isle 

by,  2691,   2695. 
Internal  improvements  discnssad  by, 

2626. 
Oath  of  office,  time  and  place  of  tak- 
ing, mentioned,  2590. 
Portrait  of,  2599. 
Powera  of  Federal  and  State  QoreTii- 

mente  discnssed  by,  2626, 
Proclamations  of — 

Diacriminating  duties  on  vessels  of 
Chile  enspended,  2612. 

Extraordinary   session   of  Senate, 
2646,  2727. 

IfUitary  expedition  to— 
Cnba,  2647. 
Uexieo,  £648. 

Texaa  boundary  line,  2643. 

Unlawful  combinations  in  Boston, 
£645. 
State    of   the   Union    discussed    by, 

261S. 
System  of  government  dlacneaed  by, 

2614. 
Tariir  dlscnased  by,  2619,  2059,  2661, 

270B. 


nnances, — The  fltat  floancUl  meainre  of 
the  Continental  Cotutresi  was  a  loan  of 
£6.000,  In  1TT9,     Franklin  nrged  the  Con- 

(reu  to  conllnoe  to  raise  moner  br  loani, 
ut  the  majority  favored  the  Iswie  of  paper 
moneT.  One  delegate  said;  "Do  jrou  think, 
gentJemen.  that  i  vlll  conacat  to  load  mf 
— illtuenti  with  taiea  when  wb  can  aend  tr 


printer  and  set  e  wsKon  load  of  moneT, 
quire  of  wbtch  ivUl  pay  for  tbe  whale}'' 
Aova  lo  1773  te,<X«.<500  In  paper  had 
.   r J    redeemable  In  four  years,  be- 
ll 17S3.    BubaequeDt  Inuea  dur- 
[OlullaDnry    war  Increased  thli 
I  than  $200,000,000  and  It  rapid. 
:ed   DDtU  In   1781   It  ceased^  to 

, jey.     By   1788  ■ 

IjDited  SCstee  amounted  t> 
wbich  S7,885,0tiS  were  l 
Home  creditors  received  i 
aome  of  t[  

tbe   a^ptlon   of   tbe"  federal' ~ca  aid  I  utlo'n 
tbesa  clalma  were  paid  In  fuli  by  Al< 
Hamilton,  while  Secretary  of  the  Ti 
Before    thla,    however,    "-•---■■    ■■-- 
been  made  SiiiKr Intend i 


and  eatabllshed  a  bank.  When 
the   credit  at 


._  behait  oi. 

1 11  ton's    Ave    years    as    bead 
reaBury  Deiiartment  he  eatabllahed 


tbe  EOTernment  he  nsed  ni 
his  own  credl-  —  ■— --"  - 
Durlnj    Hi 

of  Ibe  Treasiiry __, 

tbe  public  credit  on  a  Srm  baaia. 
Gallatin  waa  appointed  Secretary  oi  tne 
Treasury  by  Jeaerson,  and  daring  hi  a 
service  of  twelTe  years  he  reduced  the  pub- 
lic debt  from  $83,000,000  In  1801  to  about 
J 60,000,000  In  1813,  besides  providing  funds 
Dr  the  purchase  of  Louisiana  and  the  ex- 
penses of  the  War  of  1812. 

In  J835  and  1836  the  country  was  prac- 
tically out  of  debt,  and  nearly  140.000,000 
was  milled  from  the  sale  of  public  landa. 
Congress  voted  lo  dlilrlbnte  all  the  surplus 

._    g(  $8,000,000  among  the  slates, 

___    e   this   bsd   b — ...1.—    - 

panic  overspread  tbe  c 

At  _the  beglnn1ng_of^the  cIt1I__i 


Tbe  most  Important  Baanrial  ti 

recent  times  have  been  the  enactment  of  the 
Aldrtcb-Vreeisnd  law  and  the  Regional  Be- 
•erre  iiank  law,  both  of  which  aim  to  stabi* 
Use  the  money  (osrket  by  the  issue  of  emer- 
gency enrrancy  based  on  collateral  ai 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Messages  and  Papers  cf  the  Presidttdt 


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DMPAxninn  of  Comnaci 

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Etieyclopedic  Index 


a  DiflBuianHirn,  Tsui  Evdmo  Jmra  BO,  ISOB,  ; 


tu.mtjin» 
najMiam 


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oyGoo»:^Ic 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Prssidents 


^S^JTS 


I>eMBa«bU>liitu«tluaO«H4rfaMll«M(la. 


Act — 

Sixecting  coioBge  of  silver  bullion 

in  TreasuT  vetoed,  591S. 

Direetiog  payment   of   surplni  in 

TieaBurv  on  public  debt,  reasoni 

for  appl^ng  pocket  veto  to,  5D73. 

To  authorize  eoiaage  of  staJidard 

silver  dollarB,  etc.,  vetoed,  4438. 
To  f&cilitate  refunding  of  nktional 

debt  vetoed,  4GSg. 
To   fix  amonnt    of  United  States 
notes  and  circolation  of  nation- 
al banks  vetoed,  422!. 
Anthority  to  Secretary  of  Treasury 
to   aecomalate    gold   for   final  re- 
demption recommended,  4303. 
Bank  deposits,  discussed.     (Bee  Be- 

posits  Public,  State  Banks.) 
Bland- Allison  Act — 
Diseussed  by  President- 
Arthur,  4633,  4720,  4830. 
Cleveland,  4927,  6097,  537S. 
Haniaon,  Benj.,  547S. 
Hayes,  4S11,  4568. 
Vetoed  by  President  Hayes,  4438. 
Olexring  bonses  recommended,  4199. 
Oimdition  of  the  Treasury,  7681. 
Conference  provided  for  in  act  to 
•ilithorize   coinage  of   silver  dol- 
lars, etc.,  appropriation  for,  rec- 
ommended, ^38. 
Oonatitntional  treaanry  Teeomtnended 
by  President  Folk,  2266. 
Suceeiafnl  operation  of,  diacoSMd, 
8406,   2498. 
Oredlt  of  the  United  States,  7682. 
Currency    legislation,    plan    of,    in- 
dorsed by  Pre^dent  Cleveland, 
E98S. 
Discussed,  5993,  S999,  607S,  6091, 
6175. 
DiMuased  by  President — 

Adams,   John,   228,    243,   252,   265, 

281,  297. 
Adams,  J.  Q.,  869,  923,  952,  977. 
Arthur,  tm,  4719,  4768,  4SS9. 


Buchanan,  2967,  29SS,  3019,   305£, 

3073,  3104,  3179. 
Caeveland,   4924,   6092,   5097,   S165, 

5371,  fi833,  6875,  69M,  SB8G,  6993, 

5999,  SD72,  6091,  61SS,  617S. 
Fillmore,  2619,  26S8,  2704. 
Garfield,  4600. 
Qrant,  3983,  3991,  4061,  4101,  4146, 

4197,  4238, 1247,  4268,  4301, 43S4, 

4379. 
Harrison,  Beni.,  5478,  5648,  6628, 

5753. 
Hayes,  4397,  1413,  4122,  HIS,  4S09, 

4523,  4S66. 
Jackson,    1014,    1088,    1118,    1159, 

1224,  1246,  1326,  1379,  1458. 
JeSereon,   31S,  332,   343,   348,   354, 

361,     366,     375,     382,    396,    417, 

443. 
Johnson,  3662,  3618,  3769,  3872. 
Lincoln,    3248,    3330,    3350,    S384, 

3447. 
UcKinle^ 

6137,  J465. 
Uadison,  4S9,  461,   472,  480,  504, 

613,  623,  635,  649,  563. 
Uonroe,   684,    613,   629,  646,  67S, 

756,  761,  780,  785,  822. 
Pierce,  2746,  2817,  2870,  2940. 
Polk,  2252,  2346,  2101,  2106,  2441, 

2496. 
Boosevelt,  6645,  6654,  6715,  6787, 

7082,  7198. 
Taylor,  2555. 
Taft,  7681. 
Tyler,  1895,  1916,  1934,  1955,  1959, 

2052,  20S7,  2079,  2117,  2119,  2199. 
Tan  Bureu,  1541,  1596,  1666,  1706, 

1761,  1757,  1789,  1822. 
Washington,  75,  98,  121,  188,  159, 

177. 
Efficiency     uid     eeonomr     in     the 

Treasury  Department,  7683. 
Elasticity  of  enrreney  noeded,  6911, 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


I 


I 


Jl 


I] 


Encyclopedic  Index 


iilii!!!! 


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jyGooi^lc 


Mttsages  and  Papers  9f  the  Presidents 


enncB  of  tb*  United  StttN  loelndM  kll  n 
p«id  for  ULUrlM  of  el«te,  iiupectora,  r 


e  liKentB, 


1  a,eeiuntilmtioa  for  final  ndomp- 

tion  authorised,  4303. 
Gkild  eertMc«tes,  reconunendationa  ra- 

Karding  isBoe  of,  4633. 
Gold    reserve    diicnaaed   and   leeom- 

mendatione   regaiding,  693S,  S985, 

6993,  5999,  6075,  6090. 
Gold  itandard,  effeeta  of,  66S4. 
areenbaeka    diBCoaaed,    6073. 

Betirement  of,  raeommendod,  6078, 
6176. 
Internationa]    monetary    oonferenees. 

(See  Gold  and  Silver;  International 


of,  recommended,  4302. 


4G67. 

Monetary  Commissioii,  7683. 
Monetary  Beform,  7B83. 
Ontstanding  arreara  doe  GoTemment 

referred  to,  2747.  — 

Paper  enrrenc^  diacnaaed.    (Bee  Cur- 
Power  of  Federal  GoTeroraent  over 

eollection  and  disbonement  of,  dia- 

enased,  1459. 
Public  depoaits  ducuaeed.    (Bee  De- 

posita,  Pnblic;  State  Banka.) 
Belationa   with   Uezico,   China,   and 

other     gold     atandard     countries, 

6826. 
Bevenne  laws,  need  for  read jnstment, 

6988. 
Seigniorage  diicusaed,  687S. 
Sherman  Act — 

DiBcoesed,  5548,  6628. 

Bepeal  of  purchasing  elanae  of.dia- 
cuased,  6876,  6073,  6074. 
Seeommended,   GS33. 
Silver  eertifieatea — 

DiaeuBBed,  5474. 

Bepeal  of  act  for  ieBnance  of,  ree< 
ommended,  4633,  4720. 

Snapenaion  of  isanonee  of,  recom- 
mended, 4830. 
Bilver-pntchase  dauae  of  act  of  1890, 
repeal  of,  diacnaaed,  6876,  6073, 
6074. 

Beeommended,  6833. 
Sinking-fund  law,  repeal  of,  recom- 
mended, 6764. 
Specie     payments    diaenased.       (Bee 

Specie  Payments.) 
Snbtreasory  system  diacosaed.      (See 

BnbtreaBory  Byatem.) 
Trade   dollara  discuaaed,  4767,  4831, 
Treasury     notes.         (See     Treaanry 

Notea.) 
Ftnancaa,  OdlacUon  of.— The  ezpensa  ol 
collectias    the    cnBtoma    and    Internal    rer- 


era,  atorekecpers,  paper  for  printlnK  Intemal 
revenae  itampa,  and  detectlDK  and  panbblBg 
violations  of  revcDDe  law*.  To  this  most  also 
be  added  travel  Ini  eipenaea  of  apedal 
asetita,  wdgblng,  meaiariog  and  appcatalnc 
imported  goods,  at  well  as  rents  for  belld^ 
iagt  not  owned  by  tbe  goveroment.  Hain- 
tensDce  o(  caston  bouses  and  other  batld- 
IngB  owned  bj  the  coverament  Is  paid  oat 
of  ■pecUc  ipproprlatloDs  for  those  purposes. 
The    expense    of    collectiag    tbe    internal 

revenae  bas  not  t '   " --*  -" — 

1868.  while  In  187 

bKS° 

collect,  and  varies, 


Tbe  foUowlOK  table  afaowi  the  amoont  of 
customs  sad  Internal  reTenae  receipts  for 
_. . ToUsctln* 


iKTBBHAL  laranDB. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Mncyciopedic  Index 


hsheriet 


7,  1T81,  tlM  ContlneDtal  Congrau  paMeA  an 
act  estabUablng  tbe  offlee  of  Saperlnlendent 
•t  EiBuiee.  Bobert  Uorrta  wu  appolDted 
to  tbe  iKMltlon.  Vrcrion*  to  tbls  thE  Com- 
mlttM  ot  ClBlDW  and  tlie  Treaini 
Aecoants  were  combined  Id  wbat 

tba  TRftiatj  Boai'    ' 

ken  of  Cnngreaa.    

Oe  appointment  of  Honli.  —  —  — 
tborUed  to  «znmlne  Into  tbe  itate  ol  ibe 
eoDDtry'i  flnucea,  report  pl«iu  (or  ImproTs- 
■ent.  direct  the  execution  of  orders  re- 
qpectinc  rerenne  and  expenditure,  and  con- 
trol tbe  pnbllc  accoanta.  Morrli  realgned 
In  1T84  and  the  BnaDcea  of  the  QoTemnietit 
were  piMed  under  a  board  of  three  eom- 
mlMlonera,  where  tbe;  continued  until 
1789,  at  which  time,  tbe  flret  CoDKrem  e^ 
ttbllibed  the  present  Treeaurr  Department 
(4.  T.). 
Fliw  Arts,  IntsmaUonal  ExMUtfam  of, 

to  ba  held  at  Hunicb,  BavKria,  C193. 
FbiM: 

Imposed  npoQ  Qon.   Jaelson,  remis- 
aiOD  of,  reeomniended,  2062. 
Bemitted    by    Executive,    inquired 
into,  637. 
Flagal,  Tlie,  engagement  with  the  ffee- 

hawkm  referred    to,   S392. 
Zlnlabed  Articles,  ahonld  not  be  put  on 

free  list  when  raw  materials  are  dn- 

tUble,  7151. 
Tbm  BngliiM  referred  to,  646. 
Plztt  TTnltad  Statu  VolnntMr  Baglmmt 

of  OaTalxr,  mentioned,  6037. 
Fiscal  Bank  of  Unltsd  BUtoi.— After 
tbe  repeal  o(  tbe  ■ubtreaaury  act  In  1841, 
the  WhlK  majorlt;  In  CauBress  passed  an 
act  chartering  tbe  Fiscal  Bank  of  the  Unit- 
ed States,  this  wbs  vetoed  br  President 
T7ler.  A  bill  was  tben  passed  cbarterlne 
tS»  Placal  Corporation  of  the  United 
States,  which  It  was  thontbt  would  meet 
his  aniroTal,  bnt  tbls  also  was  vetoed. 
Flical  Bank  of  Unitvd  BtatM,  act  to 

incorporate    subieribera    to,    vetoed, 

1916. 
Flacal   Oorpoiatlon   of   Unltad   BUtes, 

bill  to  incorporate,  vetoed,   1921. 
riscal  Policy.     (See  Fiuaueee.) 
Flical  Yuir,  change  in  temunation  of, 
2117. 

,  1611. 
,  _oe  Commerea  and 

Labor,  Department  of.) 
Flak  Law  Forwt  BaMm  (Utah),  pro- 

elaimed,  6064. 
Flsll0ll«&— The  right  to  catch  llsh  on  tbe 
high  aeas  li  open  to  all :  but  bf  interna- 
tlotial  law,  as  the  sea  for  a  marine  league 
la  under  tbe  Jurisdiction  of  tbe  soTerrlcn 
of  the  adjoining  land,  no  one  can  fish  In 
•nch  waters  wltbont  expreu  permlulon 
glTen  br  law  or  treaty.  After  the  Bevoln- 
noB  the  people  of  Caoada  disputed  the 
right  ot  dtlsens  of  the  United  Slates  to 
Sib  off  the  banks  of  Labrador.  Newfound- 
land,  and  the  Oulf  ot  St.  Lawrence.  Br 
the  trratj  with  Orrat  Britain  In  1TS3  dtf- 
■en*  of  tbe  United  Slates  were  KiTen  the 
rlgbt  to  take.  cure,  and  drj  flsh  on  the 
eoastL  bar*,  and  creeks  of  any  unsettled 
Brltlsb  possessions.  Permission  wai  alio 
glTeB  them  to  take  flab  without  curing  or 


'ing  them,  oa  the  coatti  of  Newfoandland. 
the   coasts,   baya,   and  creeks  ot   Nova 


On    — ^  _^ 

Bcotia,  Hagdalen  Islands,  and  Labrador, 
after  thel  ibould  become  settled,  tbe  rlgbt 
to  take  and  cure  flsh  was  Biven  onlr  with 
the  conBCDt  of  the  lababltants  or  proprietors 
ot   tbe   ground.     Amerlcsn    fishermen    were 

not  slow  to  take  ad * —  -"  "-- " 

nitlea   pro»ld.a    by 


take  advsntage  ol  the  opport 
_  .  Idi'd    by    thla   treatT,    and    Can^ 

dlan    resentment  became  more  pronounced. 


,- ,   —  Jhent  to.  T  ■  —  '""■'    "- 

Snestlon    of   Sshery    rlsbts 
oned,  thos  Tlrtiullr  allowing  tbe  old  rights 

In  1818  a  convention  of  the  United  States 
and  England  decided  tbat  the  citlsena  ot 
the  farmer  abonld  have  tbe  perpetual  right 
to  flsh  on  tbe  western  and  northern  coast* 
of  Newfoundland  within  certain  limits,  on 
tbe  ihorei  of  the  Uagdalen  Islands,  and  on 
those  ol  Labrador  tram  Uonnt  Jolj  eaat- 
ward  and  northward.  Tbe  rlgbt  ot  dry- 
ing and  curing  Qsh  on  the  western  and 
■onthwestem  coasts  ot  Newfoundland  and 
the  coast  of  Ubrador  was  granted  so  long 
as  they  remained  unsettled,  bat  atlerwarda 
duIv  witfi  the  conseot  of  the  proprietors. 
did  not  improve 


This  sgreemen 
the  situation  o 


ItaSt/' 


t  tbe  V 


■  In- 


Bctnmn  1SG4  and  180S  a  reciproc- 
ity treat;,  vlrtnally  between  Canada  and 
tbe  United  States,  permllted  the  cltlKna 
of  tbe  latter  to  lleh  In  all  the  Brltlsb  pos- 
•eesloQB  except  Newtoondland,  where  the 
right  was  denied.  From  1866  to  18T1  tbe 
conditions  of  the  treaty  of  1818  prevailed. 

By  tbe  treaty  of  Waahlngtou  in  18T1 
Csnadlsn  Ssbermen  were  permitted  to  take 
any  Bab  except  ahell-flah.  shad,  sod  sslooii 
in  tbe  waters  ot  the  United  States  as  far 
south  as  Int.  39°.  United  States  flsbermen 
to  have  the  same  privilege  In  Canadian 
waters.  The  Cansdlans,  however.  Insisted 
that  the  concessions  to  United  States  flsb- 
ermen were  tsr  more  valoable  than  thow 
awarded  themeelves.  (See  Fortune  Bay 
Outrages.)  As  a  resnlt  of  thla  conlentioa 
a  Joint  commission  was  appointed  to  de- 
termine  tbe  excess  of   advantages  enjoyed 

be    uld     thi 

June  SO,  18SS.  the  provlslong  of  the 
treaty  of  Washington  relating  to  flsberles 
ceased  to  be  operatlrc,  after  due  notice  by 
tbe  United  Btates.  This  abrogation  revived 
the  provisions  of  tbe  convention  ot  Lon- 
don, which  were  not  satisfactory  to  eltbec 
party.  In  May,  1888,  tbe  DavU  J.  Adam 
a  United  States  Oshing  schooner,  was  seised 
on  tbe  charge  of  having  purchased  bait  oD 
forbidden  coasts.  Several  other  aeliarea 
were  made,  causing  great  excitement  In 
tbe  United  SUtes  sniT  Canada.  Harcb  B. 
1887,  Congress  pased  a  retaliation  act,  pro- 
Tiding  that  whenever  tbe  president  shall 
be  aatisfled  (bai  our  Ashing  vessels  are 
lUecally,  nnjustly,  or  veiatlooaiy  restricted 
or  harassed  in  the  eierdee  ot  their  boslnen 
or  denied  tbe  privileges  accorded  to  the 
vessels  of  the  moat  nvored  nation  In   r«> 


Ident  Cleveland)  Instesd  c_    __ 

erclslng  this  power,  moved  tor  •  commis- 
sion to  amicably  adjust  the  points  ot  dis- 
pute under  tbe  convention  ot  London. 
Thomas  P.  Bayar&  William  L.  Putman, 
and  James  B.  ADsell  were  selected  to  repre- 
sent the  United  Slatea,  and  Joseph  Cham- 
berlain, BIr  Lionel  Sack vi lie- West,  and  BIf 
Charles  Topper  represented  Great  Brltalia 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Flahnlw— OimlliuKd: 

Feb.  1&  ISSe,  ■  tnatr  wu  llEDsd  bdiI  Im- 
iDMilBtelT  laid  before  rbe  two  OovernmenU 
for  rmtlflcatioa.  (Jreat  BrlUiD  BbandODad 
her  claim  tbBt  the  three-mile  limit  extend- 
ed from  headland  to  hcadiiud.  and  aareed 
that,  cioept  In  ratm  spwlallf  meDtroned 
of  \i»j»  more  tbHn  ipd  milea  wide,  the  ma- 
rine ^eaxiie  ibanld  bo  meaanred  outward 
from  a  line  draws  across  thepi.  and  alBo 
agreed  ttiat  the  United  Statea  llahinz  ves- 
aela  ahonld  have  the  same  rlfchts  In  Cana- 
dian ports  aa  Canadian  Teisela.  except  tbat 
the  porrbMe  of  bait  waa  forbidden.  The 
treat;  also  contained  •  reciprocltr  clause. 
It  was  rejected  b;  the  Senate  Aqk.  '11, 
1886.  Since  tbat  period  Rood  relations  have 
been  maintained  by  Ttrtae  of  a  wodiM 
Vivendi  terminable  at  will.  In  IRBO 
Canada  ralwd  this  modiw  cfnendl  to  the 
■tatuB  of  a  law  of  tbe  Dominion. 

At  a  meeting  of  m>ntereea  of  the  two 
powers  beld  at  Waahlngton  In  Mar.  1898, 
It  was  agreed  to  aubmlt  the  gueilloo  of  the 
flaherleB.    among    others,    to    a    Joint    high 


In  the  winter  f 


tlon  of  the  Treat;  of  1818  were  aubmltled 
to  The  Hague  Trlbnnal  In  September.  1910. 
The   lisnea    nay    be    presented    In   tbe   form 


Of  tbe  following  SI 


jQlclpal 


NewfoODdfBDd  as  In   Labra 


Sove 


aerlran  n^hermcn  operatlas  on 

_ 0  have  the  commercial  prlvlli.,. 

corded  genera  11;  to  American  trading 


•gos  a 


atj 


sels? 

The  Haftoe  Trlbnnal  decided  the  flnit  and 
flflh  questions  In  faTor  of  Great  Rrltaln  . 
and  the  remainder  In  favor  of  tbe  United 
Stalei.  Tbe  following  Judges  heard  tbe 
oase :  Lammasrh.  of  Vienna  (president): 
Judge  Qrttj,  of  Delaware :  Chief  Justice 
niiTiBlrlrk.  of  Canada  ;  Dr.  Drago  ot  Ar- 
gentina ;  and  Dr.   SaTarln-Lohman,  of  Hol- 


r  Americans.     The   award   (nrtber   pro- 

TJd(>d  tbat  eilsdng  regnlatlona  shoal d  be 
eiamined  as  to  their  Juiitlce  and  propriety 
by  a  committee  romposcd  of  two  eiperta, 
one  from  each  country,  together  with  Dr. 
.> „..,.    ._.__. jTfier  ■-  "-"  — - 


that  If  they  report  nnanlDMnaly,  Tba 
Hague  Trlbnnal  shall  incorporate  ncli  And- 
Inga  In  Ita  award :  and  tbat  If  they  fall 
of  unanimity  tbe  local  regulatlona  will  be 
examined  by  the  Trlbnnal  ItaeU.  Tta* 
award  decreed  ttiat  future  Anglo-AmerlcaB 
dlspntes  regarding  flsherles  ahall  be  con- 
sidered  by   tbe   comjolttee  headed   bj  Dr. 

The  snccenfnl  claim  of  Qreat  Bcltala 
regarding  the  fifth  point  waa  that  the  three 
marine  miles  within  wbleb  the  Caited 
States  had  agreed  not  tn  tak«  Sab  ahonM 
be  measured  from  an  Imaginary  line  drawn 

•■■ •*-  of  a  b^y.  no  matter  how 

--*  'o  headland ;  the  Dnlt- 


Newtonndlandera  v 


ordinances,   ,.   „-. 

Implements  for  flShlng  be  subject 
consent  of  tbe  United  States?  Second : 
Have  Inhabitants  ot  the  United  BUtes  a 
right  to  employ  In  crews  flehlag  on  treaty 
coasts,  persons  not  Inttabltants  of  tbe  Unit- 
ed States?  Third:  Can  Americans,  exer- 
cising their  right  to  take.  dry.  and  cure 
llsh  on  treaty  coaetR,  be  subjected  to  re- 
qulrementa  of  cnstom-nouap  entry  or  report. 
or  payment  of  dues,  or  any  similar  condi- 
tions, without  the  consent  of  the  United 
States?  Fourth:  Can  the  treaty  rights 
to  enter  certain  bays  or  harbors  for  shelter, 
repairs,  wood,  and  water  Ite  made  condi- 
tional upon  tbe  payment  to  customs  oDclals 
of  lUht,  harbor,  or  other  dnes.  or  similar 
conditions?  Fifth:  From  where  must  be 
measured  the  three  marine  miles  within 
whic*  Americans  may  not  flah?  Sixth: 
Does  the  treaty  give  Americana  rlghta  to 
"  :    bays,    harbors.^  and    cheeks   ot 


wide,  from  bcadland  ti 

*d   Stales,   on   tbe   ot . 

tbat  the  Une  ahonld  follow  the  alntiosltiM 
of  the  coast,  tbns  permitting  ABerleana  to 
Osb  In  bays,  providing  tbey  maintain  thret 
marine  miles  of  water  betWMn  IliiiiiHiiliw 
and  tbe  nearest  coast- 

The  decision  on  other  Dolnta 
necessary  for  American  Ibbermi 
to  cnstoms-bouses  or  to  pay  If 

other  does;  permits  the  em,. 

„ __  TSMd*  tl_ 

purchase   supplies   and   to   enjoj 
—  rclal  prlTliegM. 

_.  ..jlon     baa    been    received    with 

mixed   satisfaction   by   the   berrlng   flahery 

■  -.. ..      „•      K..fc       ._.„  Q^g      „J      (^ 

waa  that 

—    ,    --upatrl-^ 

voted  against   Great   Britain    on    toe   L.. 

Joints  ceded  to  the  United  State*,  and 
iidae  Gray,  of  Delaware,  voted  agalnat  the 
Unlfed  States  on  the  two  points  ceded  to 
England.      Senator   Rllhn   ■•— ' ■■  —- 


Interests    of    both    ( 

remarkable  Incident.   __    _. 

Canadian    Chief   Justice.    Fitipatrkk, 


FliDlUB  Bock,  flsberlea  adv&i 


D  Holland : 


nsberios  (sea  also  Bering  8eK  ISsiier- 


Halifax,  Nova  Scotia): 
Capture  and  detention  of  Amerieas 

fishermen,  853,  8S5,  4088. 
Commitaion    on    anbieet    of,   reeom- 

mended,  4757,  4S17,  S114. 
Coromisiioii   to  b«   organized,    2867, 

4075. 
CoTTeepoadenee  regarding,  with — 

France,  3233- 

Oreat  Britain,  3S33,  6121,  GIQS. 
DisensBed  hy  President — 

Adams,   John,  241. 

Jefferson,  334. 

Washington,  77. 
Federal  control  of  iBtsraUto  reeom- 

mended,  722S. 
Joint    eommiwion    between    United 

States  and  Great  Britain  relating 

to  preservation  of,  6183. 
Joint      high      commission      between 

United   States  and  Great  Britain 

on  subject  of,  to  sit  at  Wftshinaton, 

4075. 
Ontrages    committed    on    Amerleu 

fishermen,  4S42,  4558. 
Papers  for  protection  of  vessels  en- 
gaged in,  referred  to,  1774. 
QQestiouB  growing  out  of,  with  Oreat 
Britain    (see    «lgo.  Bering    8u 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


FlveFoika 


PUberies;  Fortune  Ba; Ontngea; 
Genava  Tribunal;  Halifax  Com- 
miuion:     Halifax,     Nova     Sco- 
tia)— 
Diociuaed  by  ProBident — 
aevflland,  4916,  50S4,  G114,  6188, 

6205,  5S13,  5364,  5384. 
Fillmore,  26T5,  2694,  2699,  2724, 

8728. 
Grant,    4012,    4056,   4068,    4076, 

4097,  4141. 
Harriaon,  Benj.,  S469. 
Jobnaon,  3581,  3888. 
Pierce,  2741,  2761,  2867. 
Tyler,  2112. 
Beterred  to,  3665,  3901. 
BegnlatlonB  of  Qreat  Britain,  France, 
and  Oermany  respecting,  referred 
to,  1127. 
Treaty  with  Qreat  Britain  regarding, 
2775,  2780,  2810,  2944,'  4164,  4867, 
5188.  (See  also  Geneva  Tribunal.) 
Acts  passed  to  give  effect  to,  pas' 

sage  of,  proclaimed,  4179. 
If  eetings  of  commiBBionere  referred 

to,  5196. 
Bejection  of,  discossed,  5205,  5364. 
Termination    of,    disoiUBed,    4757, 
4916. 
Proclaimed,  4867. 
Unfriendly  treatment    of    American 
llsbermen  by  Canadians,  4012,  40SQ, 
6114. 
T«as«ls  sent  to  protect  American  flsb- 
ermen,  2694. 

r«ati    of.— 


■erni    food   OBhcB.    I 


of  food  flsbrs  I] 


UnltKI  Htatrs.  Ibe  atudj  of  the  watera  of 
the  coait  and  Interior  Id  tbe  Inlereit  of 
flib-oulturc,  lad  lb«  iDTpgtlKBtlDn  of  Ihe 
flghlDK  grouDda  of  the  Atlantic,   (luK  and 


TDfOt  of  the  commercial  flBherlpa ;  (»)  the 
collection  and  compilation  of  the  atatlBtlca 
of  the  flahertee  and  thp  atod;  of  tbctr  meth- 
ods and   relatlona.      The   bureau   alao   baa 


D  of  Ihla  page  com- 


Jnilad lotion  ovei 
salmon  SaherleB  __ 
Ad  Idea  of  Ihe  e 
daatr;  of  t' 

the  table  a,  ._, ,_.„  ^.^^  „_. 

piled  b;  the  Department  of  Commerce  from 
reports  of  1908, 

FlsberlM  Exhibition,  Intematloiial,  at 

London,  discnssed,  4688. 
Fiolwrmen,  American: 

Captnre   and   detention  of,  853,  8SS, 
4068. 

Outrages  committed  on,  4542,  4658. 

Unfriendly  treatment   of,  by   Cana- 
dians,  4012,  4058,  6114. 

VeBBels  Bent  to  protect,  2694, 
FiahBis  Hill  (Va.),  Battla  of.— Barlr'a 
retreat  from  the  Opeqnan  after  Ihe  battla 
of  Sept.  19,  1864,  did  not  atop  St  Winches- 
ter, but  continued  to  Flshera  Hill,  south 
of  wlocbealer  and  about  12  miles  from  the 
icene  of  the  battle  of  OpequBU  Creek. 
Here  Earl;  rallied  hla  forces.  To  drlTe  blm 
from  IDU  poslIloD,  Sheridan  dispalcbed 
Torhert  with  2  dlTi^ooa  of  csTalrr  br  a 
clrcDltooB  Toale  to  Ihe  Confederate  rear. 
and  on  the  pvenlnK  of  Sept.  22  thp  Sixth 
and  Nineteenth  Corps  engaged  Early  to 
front,  while  Torberl'a  forces  fell  upon  the  r 
rear.  The  Contederales  retrealcd  and  Sher- 
idan fallowed  tbem  tbrough  Harriaonburs, 
StaoDton.  and  the  gapx  In  the  Bine  Kldge 
Uonntalns.  Sheridan  thea  deTaalated  the 
TBlle;  BO  aa  to  render  It  outeuabla  for  Con- 
federate troopa.  At  Flahprs  Hill  be  Cap- 
tured 1.100  prlaonera  and  18  gnna. 
Fialienr  Oommlaalons.      (See  Fisheries 

and  Bering  Sea  Fiaberies.) 
FlT«-cent  Piece.— In  itbb  congress  au- 
Iborlied  the  coinage  ot  a  sUtcf  bait  dims 
of  20.8  gralna  In  weight.  This  was  the  llrBt 
coin  alruck  b;  the  Unitpd  States  Uint.  In 
1SI>3  the  weight  was  reduced  to  19.2  graina. 
There  were  no  laauea  of  this  coin  in  1TB8. 
1T9».  1804,  and  from  1800  to  1828.  In 
1806  the  nickel  S-cent  pivce  waa  anthoriied 
and  the  legal-tender  valoe  reduced  from 
(5  to  30  cents.  Coinage  of  tbc  ailrer  half 
dime   WBB   dlBCOD tinned   in   18T3. 

Five    OlTlllied    Tilbaa.      (See    Indian 

Tribea.) 
FITS  Forka  (Va.),  Battla  of.— March  2T, 
1865.  Gen.  Sheridan,  with  10,000  caTalrr, 
retorned  with  hla  raid  throngh  the  Shen- 
andoah Valler  and  rejoined  the  Arm;  of 
the  Potomac  before  Richmond.  On  tb« 
29  th  Grant  began  a  move  men  t  to  torn 
the  Confederate  tight  or  dealroT  their  line 
of  retreat  Booth.     ^-—•'—    —'■  ■--  ~-"- 


jheridan,  with  the 


19:  ChlDMln  and  king  Mfl.M 


Total,  4,900377  « 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


nve  Foikt  Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


FlTfl  FoAs  (Tft.),  B»ttla  of-OonKiuuA 
Coips,  under  0«ii.  Warm,  and  about 
B.OM  cavalry,  croMcd  Batdiera  Ban  and 
proceeded  bj  war  of  the  Bordton  plank 
rosd  toward  Dinwiddle  Conlt-Honae.  War- 
ren tonnd  the  Confederatea  In  force  on  the 
White  Oak  road,  aherldan,  paiilng  Din- 
widdle, tnrned  north.  Lee  had  sent  a 
■troDfer  force,  chteOr  the  dlylatoiu  of 
JohnKin  and  Pickett,  to  meet  the  threat- 
ened attempt  on  the  roada  to  his  rear. 
Uarcb  81  thla  column  met  and  aeteated 
Warren  and  then  attacked  Bherldan  at 
Five  Farka  and  drove  him  back  toward 
Dinwiddle.  The  next  mornlnz,  April  1, 
Bhetldan  advanced  with  hla  cavalry  and 
the  Fifth  Coroa,  abont  12,000  atroDs.  By 
2  P.  M.  the  Confederates  had  retired  Into 
their  main  worka.  Ayrea,  on  the  left  of 
the  Fifth  Corpa,  made  a  charee,  earning 
all  before  him,  and  taking  l.WO  prlaon- 
•ra;  Orlffln  captured  the  works  In  his  front, 
taklu  1,S00  nrlwiners;  Crawford  MlMd 
tiM  FoM  road  In  the  Confederate  rear; 
Herrltt'a  cavalry  made  a  chBrge,  and  Ibe 
day  waa  won,  but  not  without  a  desperate 
resistance.  I<ee's  army  waa  virtually  over- 
wtaelnMd.  For  S  miles  It  fell  back  along 
the  White  Oak  road.  More  than  5.000  prlg- 
onen  were  taken,  with  S  suns  and  18  col- 
.  ore.  Bberldaa's  ton  waa  abont  1,000,  of 
whom  68i  were  of  Warren's  Corps. 
Flag. — A  banner  or  enalsn,  sometlniM 
called  eolora.  Dorlng  the  early  days  of 
the  Revolution  the  colonists  made  nse  of 
various  devices  tor  flags,  no  less  than  half 
a,  doien  distinct  banners  being  preserved. 
In  three  of  these  the  combined  crosses  of 
BL  Qeoi^e  and  Bt  Andrew  form  the  union. 
The  favorite  In  New  England  was  the  pine- 
tree  Bag.  consls.lDg  of  ■  green  nine  tree  In 
a  field  of  white.  This  was  alto  used  •« 
the  nnlon  of  a  flag  wltb  a  red  field.  The 
rattlesnake  flag  consisted  of  13  pieces  of 
a  rattlesnake  marked  with  the  Initials  of 
the  Colonies  and  the  legend  "Join  or  die." 
Another  snake  standard  consisted  of  alter- 
nate red  and  white  bars  wllh  the  destni  of 
*  snake  and  the  legend  "Don't  tread  on 
me."  In  ITTS  Congress  adapted  the  stripes 
of  a  troop  of  Fhlladelphla  llgbt-horse  cav- 
alry.   This  still  retained  the  British  nnloD. 

June  11  ITTT,  the  flag  of  the  United 
States  had  Ita  statutory  beginning  In  the 
following  resolution :  '^Besolved,  that  the 
flag  of  the  United  Btatea  be  thirteen  stripes, 
alternate  red  and  white ;  Aat  the  nnlon  be 
thirteen  stars,  white  la  a  bine  field,  repre- 
senting B  new  constellation."  The  banner 
of  the  United  Bcates  is  commonly  snpposed 
to  have  been  bssed  npon  the  WashlnKton 
coat-of-arms.  It  was  first  displayed  In  the 
battle  of  Brandywlne.  Bept.  11.  ITTT.  On 
the  admission  of  Vermont  and  Kentucky 
Id  1794,  two  more  stara  and  two  more 
atrlpes  were  added.  April  4.  1818,  the  flag 
was  reestablished  with  thirteen  stripes, 
representing  the  thirteen  original  states, 
and  twenty  stars,  one  atar  for  each  new 
sute  admitted,  to  be  added  to  the  Bag  on 
tlie  4th  of  Inly  snceeedlng  sneh  admlwlon. 

The  official  flag  of  the  United  States  bears 
forty-eight  stars  arranged   In   six  rows  of 


and  In  the  npper  quarter,  next  sCaS,  is  the 
fleld  or  "nnlon"  of  stars,  equal  to  the 
nnmber  of  stales,  on  blue  field,  over  one* 
third  length  of  tbe  Dag,  eitendtnK  to  the 
lower  edge  of  the  fonroi  red  stripe  from 
the  top.  The  storm  flag  Is  twenty  feet  by 
ten  feet,  and  the  recmitlng  flag  nlnt  feet 


Bine  IndiM  b;  toor  feat  fonr  IndMs.  Tba 
"American  Jack"  l«  the  "nnlon"  or  bins 
fleld  of  the  flag.  The  Bevenne  Uarina 
Service  fiajt,  authorised  by  act  of  Congresa, 


B  originally  prescribed  to 


"consist  of  sixteen  perpendicular  stripes,  al- 
ternate red  and  white,  tbe  nnlon  of  tba 
ensign  bearing  the  arms  of  the  Dnlted 
States  In  dark  bine  on  a  white  Held."  TUv 
aliteoi  atrlpes  represented  the  nniDher  of 
states  whi&  bad^  been  admitted  to  ttie 
Union  at  that  time,  and  no  change  has 
been  made  since.  Jnne  14,  the  anniversary 
of  the  adoption  of  the  flag,  Is  celebrated  aa 
Flag  Day  In  a  large  part  of  the  Union. 

In  order  to  show  pn^ter  respect  far  tiM 
Bag  the  following  ceremony  should  be  ob- 
it sbonld  not  be  hoisted  before  simrlM 
nor  allowed  to  remain  np  after  aimset. 

At   "retreat,"  sunset   civilian  aiiectatol* 
should   stand   at   "attention"    and    oncovar 
dnrinar  thn   playing  of   tbe  "Star   Spanglad 
unitary  apeetatora  are  reaoTrad 

>n     to    stand    at    "■ttjanHnn"    eBd 


Jr«'ttl 


nllltary  salute. 


Wben  tbe  National  colors  are  pasalng  as 
'     review,  the  spectator  shanld, 

..    „  _lt  an.'     -      •^  .        ™. 

stand  at  attentbHi  a 


parade,  or  In  review,  the  specta 
If  walking,  halt  and  if  sitting. 


placing  the  flag  at  half  ataft.  It  shovld 
nrsi  he  tiolsted  to  tne  top  of  the  stair  and 
then  lowered  to  position,  and  prellmlnair 
to  lowerlDB  from  half  staff.  It  should  b« 
first  rslsed  to  the  top. 

On  Memorial  Day,  May  SIX  tbe  flag  shonld 
■-  — '  ■-- "  -*-it  from  snnrlse  to  noon  and 


Narrow  Pennant,  — 

white  stars  in  a  blue  ground  next  the 

the  remainder  of  the  pennant  '' 

white  ;   the  President'-  "—  ■• 

States  Arms  In  a  bin. 

SecretacT    of   the   Navy    l__   _ 

anchor  In  a  blQe  field,  sorroiiDded  by  four 
white  stars:  Admiral,  United  Btatea  Navy. 
four  white  stars  In  a  bine  groond ;  Vle»- 
Admlral.  three  white  stara  in  a  bitte  grottad  ; 
Sear-Admiral,    two   wWte   r" —   '-    -    ■-■ — 


Bag  baa  th^e  United 
field ;  tbe  fiag  of  tba 
T    has   a    chain    and 


EroDod  ;  United  States  Naval  Dispatch.  Bva 
lue  crosses  potent  In  a  whita  gnitBd.  ana 
In  each  comer  and  one  in  the  cMtter ;  Unit- 


crosses  potent  In  a  whita 

_  ,.-ich  comer  and  one  in  the  c , 

ed   States  Naval  Convoy,   white  triangular 


_         free    sides    having    red    border; 

United  States  Revenue  Service,  aixtetn 
perpendlcnlar,  alternating  red  and  wbll* 
stripes,  the  upper  quarter  next  ta  staC 
having  in  wblte  ground  a  blue  ea^  bs- 
tween  semi-drcle  of  thirteen  bine  staia; 
United  States  Ligbtboase  Servloe,  trlangn- 
lar    flag    with    bine    llghthonae    In    irtilta 

Esnnd,  all  sides  of  the  flag  liavlu  red 
rder ;  Quarantine  flag,  plain  yellaw ; 
United  States  Tacht  Boslgn.  thirteen  borl- 
BOntal  alternating  red  and  whita  •triiMa 
with  aiLcbor  and  chain  snctaunded  by  ttir- 
teeu  white  stars  In  bine  ground.  In  vppar 
teft-hand  corner  next  to  suS. 
Flags: 
Confederate,  captured,  to  be  praaant- 

ed  to  Congresa,  3309. 
Union  and  Confederate,  ntnni  of,  to 
TeBpectiTS   States   leooDUQandad, 
S163. 
Proposition   withdrawn,   6164 
lUtbaad  Zndlang.   (See  Indian  Tribea.) 
Treaty  witli,  8913, 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Flogging.— A  chaatiMincnt  br  butlDg  or 
urblpploE.  It  wai  a  panlibmeut  iDBicted  In 
ths  UnUed  Slatei  Nrtt  UDtll  1860.  wlicii 
It  wu  abollabed.  In  18Q1  It  WM  problblted 
In  th*  Arm/. 

nortdA. — One  ot  tbc  Bontkern  iroup  of 
Btatea;  nlckoame,  "The  EreiKlade  State"; 
motto,  "In  God  We  TrnaL"  It  Ilea  between 
lat.  31°  and  21°  SV  nortb  and  long.  Te°  48' 
and  87°  38'  west,  an  area  ol  Od.t»lQ  sguare 
miles.  It  !■  bounded  oa  Ibe  nortb  b> 
Ueorsla  and  Alabama,  on  the  east  bj  tbe 
Atlantic  Ocean,  on  ttie  soutb  b;  Frorlda 
Strait  and  the  Gnlt  of  Ueilco.  and  on  tha 
■reat  bj  iSxe  Gulf  of  Meilco  and  Alabama 
(aeparated  from  tbe  latter  bf  the  Ferdldo 
River).  The  east  coast  of  the  State  con- 
tAlna  man;  favorite  winter  resorta  for 
tonrlata. 

Florida  wu  dlwovered  br  J  nan  Fonce  de 
Le«n  on  Easter  Sunda;  In  1513.  It  was 
□amed.   some   aar,    from   tbe   profusion   of 


flowers  Id  bloom  • 


the  time  of  Its  dlscov- 


eiT  1  othen.  from  tbe  dar  of  Its  dlscoTsry. 
wbleb  In  Spanish  la  called  Pascna  llorlda, 
or  Flowerr  Easter.     Expeditions  fltled  ont 


tntlle  ftttenptt  at  wttlemeDt  between  1916 
and  1S40.  Tbe  French  Admiral  De  Collsn; 
sent  three  colonlea  o(  Hnsaenota  from 
Vtuic*  to  Mttle  the  conntr;,  but  the;  were 
Massacred  b;  tbe  Spaolards,  and  In  1S6S  St. 
Aagnatlns  was  nemianentir  eatnbllahed  b; 
tbe  Spanlab  nnder  Henendea.  Tha  terrltoc; 
wa>  ceded  to  Great  Billalti  In  1703  and  re- 
tnrned^  to  Bcaln  In  1T83.  In  Pebruary, 
181t),  East  atiU  West  Florida  were  ceded  to 
the  United  Stacvs,  Spain  recelrlDg  there- 
for 18,000,000.  The  lerritorj  was  the  scene 
[  tbe  SemlDole  war.     It  was  admitted  t 


the  Union  in  184fi.  sei^edt^  Jan.  10.  1801, 
and  was  readmitted  by  act  of  Congress 
June  25.  18B8.  The  present  constltallon 
waa  adopted  In  the  latter  year. 

Btallstlca  of  agriculture  collected  for  tbe 
last  Federal  census  place  the  number  of 
tanns  In  the  State  at  SO.OIO,  eomprlalag 
6.2B3.CS3S  acres,  jralued,_ with  atook  and  Im- 


Floiida 

Florid*  (see  also  Confederate  Btatei) : 
Acquisition  of,  bj  United  States — 
Discussed,  624,  672,  929,  956,  1029. 
Effect  ot,  diBcussed,  2S7S. 
Treaty     regarding.       (See     Bpain, 
treaty  with,  discusaed  by  Presi- 
dent Monroe.) 
ArclilveH    of,    to    be    delivered    to 
United   States,  11E6,   1243,   1317. 
Contraventiou  of  treaty  regarding, 

discussed,  672. 
Portion   of,  delivered,   1369. 
Anny  in,  called  into  action  only  on 
vritten    requisition  of  officers   of 
Territory,  B96. 
Bonds  of,  referred  to,  1807,  180S,  1844. 
Boundary  line  with.     (Bee  Spain.) 
Boundary    line    with    Georgia    dis- 
cussed, 895,  961,  1124,  1260. 
Canal  routes  in,  snrvey  of,  1254. 
Cedar    Keys,   interference    with    col- 
lector of  customs  at,  5507. 
Change  of  possession  of,  from  Spain 


Claims  arising   out   of  i 
(See  East  Florida  Claims.) 

Constitntion  of,  transmitted,  3S32. 

Courts  of  United  States  in,  obstmc- 
tiona  to  execution  of  process  of, 


Expeditions  against,  582,  G90,  592, 
601,  60S,  620.  (See  also  Expedi- 
tions Against  Foreign  Powers.) 

Fisheries  on  coast  of,  2726. 

Fourteenth  Amendment  to  Conatitu- 


eompete  with  Havana,  Cuba.  In  t 
fartnre  ol  One  cigars.  Besides  tiimuri  ouu 
timber,  the  forests  prodnc^d.  In  190S,  12.- 
872.808  gallODB  ot  turpentine  and  1,44^.902 
barrels  of  rosin.  Florida  Is  the  premier 
state  In  the  produolloa  of  Fuller's  earth,  a 
*arI*tT  of  clay  used  for  fllterlnK  snd  clari- 
a_. —  ._i — ■    _i 1    .^^   legetable  oils. 

tide.      The    gove 

, I   tmproTed   the    barhora   i 

ebtnoeU  of  JaCksonTHIe  and  Key  West. 
1912  there  were  4.808  miles  of  steam  r 


way  and  IM  miles  oi 
Florida  and  East  Ce 
to  Key  Weat  was  epc 
popvlatlon  In  191«  w 


674. 
Beferred  to,  696. 
Qovemor  and  other  ofQcers  appointed 

for,  673. 
Inability  of  Spain  to  check  Indian 

movements  in,  600,  609. 
Indian  depredations  in,   1645,   £007, 

2052. 
Indians  in — 
Authority  to  tus  certain  fnnds  in 
purchase  of  lands  for,  bill  for, 
5197. 


of.) 
Indian    Wars    in     (see    also    Indian 

Wars)— 
Brevet  nominations  for   army  offl- 

cars  for  services  in,  2008. 
Correspondence  regardinir,  referred 

to,  1798. 
DiscDssed,  2007  2051. 
Disposition  of  Indians  to  treat  for 

peace,   1647. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Beferred  to,  600,  1754,  1S33,  Ift33, 
2007,  20S2. 

Innureetion  in,  proelunmtion  regard- 
ing, 3217. 

lBt«^«reiie«  with  collector  of  ens- 
t«iiia  in  CedftT  KeTs,  and  action  of 
OovemmeDt    diBCnsMd,    5507. 

Luids  granted  to,  in  aid  of  rmilrosds 
referred  to,  3580. 

Claims  to,  773,  9S3. 
Titles  to,  803,  B93. 

Treatj  regarding  leenTity  of,  !»• 

ferred   to,    92S. 
liBgisIativs  eonncil  of — 

Uemorial  from,  regarding  goreni- 

ment,  etc-,  for,  760. 
Beaolntions  of,  referred  to,  2073. 
Uaj.-Oen.    Jack«on  *b    entrance   into, 

discnssed,  611. 
CoDrtft-martial    of    Arbnthnot   and 

Anbrietie    [Ambriater]    referred 


entertained, 
Not  an  eneroacbment  upon  riglits 

of  Spain,  6IL 
Orders  to  Gen.  Matthew*,  Col.  Ue- 
Kee,    and    Governor    Mitebell,    re- 
garding poasesaion  of,  491. 

PoiMision  of,  transferred  from  Spain 
to  another  power  objected  to,  473. 

Power  to  nse   certain  fnn^s   for  the 
purchase  of  lands  for 
G197. 


Piopertj'  owners   in,  should  be  com- 
pensated for  losses  snstalned,  1474. 
Provisional   governor    for,  ajnKiinted 
and  restoration  of,  into  Union  dis- 
cussed, 35E7. 
Itailroads,  lands  for,  3080. 
Smnggling  practiced  b;  citizflns  of. 

(See  Smnggling.) 
Spanish  anthoritv  in,  almost  extinct, 

600,  609. 
System  of  bnccaneering  organicad  in, 

609. 
Territorial    government    established 
in,  756. 
Laws  of,  referred  to,  769. 
Territorial  jndges  in,  authority  of,  to 
act  as  Federal  judges,  referred  to, 
2268. 
Transmission  of  Constitation  of,  3S32. 
Uatawfnl  combinations  in,  606. 
norUa,  The. — ^  Confederate  cmlier  fitted 
out    In    EDtland    BDder   tbe    name    of    tba 
Oreto.     For  two  years  sbe  did  much  dam- 
ate  to  the  nnlon  cause.    After  bavlng  been 
(irlce    seized    and    ha  Ting    twice    escaped 
from   the  Fnlersl   cralwra,  bcr  name  was 
clMDied  to  Florida.     Oct.  7.  1864.  In  tbe 
harbor   of    Bab  la.    Braall,    in    Tlolatloa    of 
the  rights  of  neotrals  and  nndei  the  gmia 


of  the  Brasllian  eorrettfc  she  was  ew> 
tared  b7  lbs  Vsrihwcfl  (sWer  ahlp  to  tb 
Xtartartth  commanded  bt  Capt.  Kapoleon 
Collins.  Snbseqoentir  Ae  was  taken  to 
Hampton  Roeda  and  rank  In  a  cvlllaloii. 

Florlata,  Socdatr  of  Amnicaii,  act  in- 
corporating^ vetoed,  6010. 
Tlmx,  dnty  on,  referred  to,  lllS. 
Hooi^ail  and  OtlBt-IDIt  Didnatcr-— 
(Prom  a  report  of  tbe  cenans  bvrean.  AjaO 
1,  1S13.)  The  report  on  this  Indnsti?  dis- 
tlntnlshes  three  claaae*  of  tnllla:  (1)  Uet- 
chant  mills  vboae  cblet  products  are  In- 
tended for  buman  ronmrnptlon;  tS)  ntei- 
rbant  mllla  whoae  rblet  prodnrta  are  tboae 
naed  as  feed  for  live  atock.  and 


mllia    ei 


[inarep 


excInalTelT    In   < 


Indlnx-     llTna  tcporilnr  tbe  pan 

7  part  of  the  grain  wblch  tber  Rrlnd  are 
laallled  aa  jnerFbant  mills,  evoi  thoo^  a 


large  part  of  tbelr  basloess  d»  coi 
cnatom  grinding.  Custom  mills,  __  __ . 
other  band,  are  tboae  cogagad  uielDstvelr 
In  rnatom  grinding,  whether  for  toll  or  foe 
a  stipulated  charge,  Including  those  where 
grsln  atread;  ground  Is  sosMtlmeB  glrea  In 
exchange  for  the  grain  to  be  gronnd. 
PractlcallT  all  of  the  costom  mills  are  terr 
amall,  and  aa  also  are  a  conalderable  num- 
ber of  the  merrbant  mills. 

Ot  tbe  23,692  mllla  canraased  for  1909, 
more  than  half  (11.061)  were  custom  mllla, 
but  of  the  total  valoe  of  producle— f9S8.- 
099.DSS — anlT  tSB.llS.553,  or  5.9  per  cent., 
was  contributed  br  this  rlaas  of  mllta.  Uoie 
than  three-fourths  of  the  merchant  mills 
were  engaged  cblelly  In  tbe  mannfacture  of 
wheat  Bonr  and  other  prodncta  Intended 
for  human  conaumptlon.  and  tbe  tsIuc  of 
the  products  of  these  mills  was  tS32.T90.- 
364.  or  8S.T  per  cent.  Of  tbe  total  for  all 
mllla  eomblued. 

giiat-mlU  Induitrr  1* 

■•  -'  — — ' -stl- 

ilue 


The   0(  _    .. 

oue  In  which  the  coat  of  material*  consti- 
tutes a  Ter7  large  proportion  of  thr 

selff 


of  producta  the  p 

"__!_„  ._1..L1._:.  simple  and  Inetpe n^  _. 
Tbe  cost  of  tbe  materials  used  by  all  mills 


If  being  relstlTelr  at 


In  1909  waa  >S13.891,34T.  which 
to  about  seTen-elghths  '""*  - 
the  valne  of  products.  « 


S13.891,34T.  which  was  equal 
'n-elghths  (86.T  per  cent.V  of 
roducts.  while  the  value  added 


tl24.60p,6; 

The     floL- „ 

Classes  combined  gave  employment  li 


I    and    grist-mills    of    all 


- „ ,.., ._  1M» 

.- average  of  88.819  persons,  of  whom 

46,467    were    wage-earners,    and    paid    out 
<85.16T.693     In    salaries  _i--    -~- 


Ulunesols  IB  by  far  the  most  Importsnt 
state  In  tbe  flaur-mlU  and  griaC-ml If  Indus- 
try, ranking  first  st  tbe  censuses  of  both 
1909  and  1904  In  tbe  average  number  of 


.. — e  produced  or  more  than 

DDe-firih  ot  the  total  for  tbe  United  Btatea 
The  numtwr  of  wage-esmers  employed  la 
the  merchaot  mllla  ot  that  atate  iDcreesed 
during  _Jhe  ^decade  ^ending 

New  Tork,  which  ranked  aeeond  amoag 
ine  ststea  the  merchant  mllla  need  S0.07S.- 
407  bushels  of  wheat  and  40.271.988  budiels 
ot  other  grain  In  1909.  Uops  corn,  bnek- 
whest  and  oats  were  ground  la  New  Toik 
than   In   any  other  state.    Laifar  pereen- 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Efuydopg^e  Indtx 


Pood 


tatci  of  InracMt  troth  1860  to  1S09  ara 
•bawn  ror  New  Xork  tbKn  (or  HIqdcboU. 
Kmnna  raoked  third  id  value  of  produrta 
and  IQ  value  added  by  miDufartiiTe  lu  1S09. 
Of  the  Dine  atitea  that  led  Id  respect  to 
rtSat  of  prodDcta,  Kanaa*  abours  the  moat 
rapid  deTelopment  In  the  mllllDs  iDdaacrr 
daring  tbe  period  from  1800  to  IBOO,  the 
Dumb«r  ol  wage^aroera  iDrreaBlag  es  per 
MDt.  aod  tbe  value  of  prodarts  221.1  per 
cent.  Still  blrher  percentagea  of  iDcreaae, 
however,  are  abowD  tor  Kiiiie  of  the  ataCes 
In   wblcb   the   iDduetrr    baa   attalDed    Ita- 

SirtaDce  onl;  during  remnt  years,  such  as 
tlahoma,  Idaho,  LoDlalana,  Wyoming  and 
Kevada. 
In  1B09,  of  the  nnmt>«r  of  merchant  mllla 


of  the  nnmbw  of  merebaat  mllla.  Tlie 
great  balk  ot  the  oatpnt  of  the  mercbant 
mllla  waa  inrDed  out  b^  falabllahmeuta  hav- 
ing produrta  valued  at  IIOO.DOO  or  over, 
Bucb  eBtabUshmeDts  reporting  72.6  per  ceDt. 
ot  the  value  of  produi-cs. 

—        iu"°tlt7  °'  8™lQ  during  1009,  972.; 


SS0,T43  liusherB.  represented 
8T,80T,]18  busbelH,  or  '  '  - 
tbe  amount  reported   fi 


ownerablp,  ■■  compared  n 


I  men  C  a.  the  value   of  the  produrta 

of  ttaeeo  eatabllabmeDta  repreaented  66.  B 
per  cent,  of  tbe  valno  of  produrta  for  all 
nercbant  mllla  eDgaged  Id  the  Indaitrr. 

In  lODO,  ot  the  number  of  wage-earnen 
reported  for  merchant  mllla,  0,058.  or  22.0 
per  cent.,  were  emplored  In  catabUahmenta 
nndcr  Individual  ownerablp:  T.48S.  or  10 
per  ccDt.,  In  tboae  under  firm  ownerahip ; 
and  23.912.  or  C8.1  per  cent.,  In  those 
owned  by  cnrpantlona. 

There  was  considerable  variation  In  tbe 
relative   Importance   of   the   establishments 


corporatTona  constituted  SS.2  per  cent,  of 
the  namber  of  establish  men  ta,  gave  emplof' 
■     if  tbe  wage-eameri. 


^.„.ed  prlmarUr  to  tm  .^^—m- 

farture  of  products  Intended  for  bumaa 
consumption    nied   8*.3   per   cent,    of   the 

Suaotlly  reported  for  1900  ;  those  produc- 
ig  mainly  feed  for  live  atock  8  per  cent., 
and  tbe  mllla  engaged  eiclnalvely  In  cultom 
grinding  T.fl  per  ci— * 

The   value  o(   b 
tured    In    1006    at 

preparatlona"   appi . 

Of  tbe  total  quantity  ground  Id  merchant 
mllla,  wbeat  cooatltated  Ol.S  per  cent.,  corn 
formed  26  ll«r  cent,  knd  sals  formed  6.2 
per  cent. 

The  quantity  of  wheat  flonr  reported  for 
1006.  167.108,401  barrels,  represents  an  In- 
crease of  a,S84.Se7  barrels,  or  S.G  per  cent., 
over  1809.  Od  tbe  bssls  ot  tbe  quaotltj 
of  wheat  and  wheat  flonr  reported,  an  aver- 
age of  J.7  bashels  of  wheat  waa  naed  to 
produce  a  barrel  of  flour, 

Ulnneaota,  the  most  Important  flour-pro- 


ducing state,  shows  a  decrease 
namber  of  wheat-flour  mills,  and  a  dccreaaa 
Is  shown  for  each  ot  tbe  flve  rlaises  of 
mllla  except  those  producing  less  than  1.000 
barrels.  Decreases  In  tbe  number  of  mllli 
which  prodDced  wheat  flour  took  place  also 
Id  New  Xork,  Ohio  and  Hlssonrl,  wblrh 
ranked  third,  fltth  and  slith.  relpectlvelv. 
Id  the  production  of  aucb  flonr  Id  1B09, 
bnt  the  number  Increased  allghllj  In  KaD- 
aaa  and  IlUnola.  which  ranked  second  BDd 
foDrth,  respectively. 

Hummartea  glvlDg  general  atatlitics  for 
the  flour- mill  and  grist-mill  Industry  tor 
1608  are  presented  In  (he  following  table : 


FLOna-MiLLS  ahd  ORnn-MiLLB,  Mebchut 

r  ijin  Cdsioh 

Meicbant  Mills 

Curtom 

Chiefly  (or  Hu- 
ua  ConnmptioB 

Chiefly  peed 
lor  Live  Block 

ToU 

P«^^  ««a,*d  tn,th.  Induftiy. . 

'SSfflS 

tr,flI3,0S6 
70,234,080 

S:^:^ 

'£-Hlux:-Js^ 

(I)  Included  In  told  for  merehut  milU. 
these   eatabllsbments   gave   employment   to 
only  20.2  per  cent,  of  the  wage-earpers,  and 
rontrlbnted  ODij  2T.4  per  cent,  of  the  valne 
of  prodDrta. 

Of  tbe  11.601  merchant  mllla  rvported  for 
1006,  188.  or  1.2  per  ceot,.   maoDfactured 


prodDcts  valued  a 


___ t  (l.OOO.OOO  or 

On  tbe  other  hand,  Che  amall  t 
—that  la,  thoae  n        -    -     ■ 


7Dod  Adnltdntloii,  discnued,  5384. 
rood   tan.  DrngB   Act— The    Pure   Pood 
act.  approved  June  30,  1008.  for  preventing 
tbe  manufacture,  sale  or  transportation  of 
adulterated  or  misbrended  a 


liquors,   ard   for 
apd  for  otber  p- 
1607. 
The  Brat  aectloD  of  tbe  act  makei  It  ntt< 


took  effect  Jan. 


jyGooi^lc 


Mttsages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidmt$ 


IB  tbe  DlMrlct  of  Columbli 

tor7.  anr  irtlcle  of  food  or  dnig  whirh  li 
adulterstid  or  mlsbrinded.  under  a  pcnatlj 
Dot  (o  eicerd  (500.  or  one  jesr'a  Imprls- 
onment.  or  both,  mi  (he  diacrFllon  of  (be 
court  for  the  flrst  oltenr*,  tnd  not  fo  »i«ed 
■1.000  and  one  jear's  ImnrlioDment,  or 
both,  for  earh  inDceqiioDt  olTfare. 

Tbe  Koond  Met  Ion  of  the  act  makea  It 
■pplirabEe  Co  food  or  drugs  lutradured  iDto 


>   In   tbe    Uur 

~~    ,    — — ,jrtment   of   A„.. 

cultart,  or  under  the  direction  and  luper 
ilalon  of  nich  bureau,  tot  tbe  piirpoae  of 
dPtenslDlns  from  auch  siamt  nations 
vbether  nich  art  Idea  are  adulter*  t^d  or 
nlabraoded  witbln  the  neatilng  of  ttila  act ; 
and  It  It  ihall  appear  trom  an;  luch  exam- 
ination that  aoT  of  euch  (peclmeni  la  adul- 
terated or  mlabranded  wltbin  the  meaning 
of  tbla  act,  the  Becretarr  of  Agrlculiura 
■hall  eauae  notice  thereof  to  be  Riven  to 
the  part  J  (ram  whom  each  aample  waa 
obtained.  After  ludfment  of  tbe  court,  no- 
tlre  ahalt  be  glTen  b;  publlcBtlaD  In  auch 
manner  aa  may  be  preacrlbed  by  the  rulea 
and  resnlatloDB  aforeaald. 

The  term  "drug,"  aa  used  In  tbti  act, 
Inelndea  all  mrdiclnea  Bi;d  prepRrotlotis, 
rfcoBQlaed  In  the  United  Stnteg  rbamiB' 
copoela  or  NaMonal  FormulHry  for  Internal 
or  eitemal  use,  and  an;  subatanre  nr  mix- 
ture of  BuhatBDcea  Intended  to  be  u .-. 

;    mltlEatlon  or  prevention  of   dl»- 


iDjiirloni  to  bMllh:  PmrKM.  Hurt  wb«a 
In  tbe  preparation  of  food  pcodurta  for 
ablpment  tbe;  are  preaerred  b;  an;  titer- 
nal  appllcallon  applied  In  aurb  manprr  tbat 


used  fpi 

eaae  of  either  "man  or  othei 

"'     *"     ■  uaed  herein,  ahall  Include 


"food," 


■    Nat 


adollaraled    nader    Ihia    nrovlalon    it    tbe 
Btandard  of  atrenstb,   quallly  or  nurlCv  be 
y  atated  upon  ibe  botili 


plalnl*  at 


■    thereof,    althongh    tbe    atandard 

mar  dtlTer  from  that  determined  b;  tbe 
t#at  laid  down  Id  tbe  United  Btatea  Pbar- 
maeopoeta  or  National  Formular;,  and  if 
tbla  atrrniith  or  purltT  fall  twiow  tbe  pro- 
rrmird  atandard  or  queilt;  under  which  it  la 
•old 

In  Ibe  raae  of  ronfectlonerr— It  It  ron- 
lalD  terra  atba,  bHr;IeH,  talc,  chrome  vellow, 
or  other  mineral  aubatanee  or  poraonoua 
color    or    flavor,    or   other    Ingredient    dele- 


terloii 


!,X'L 

la  tbe  case  of  food—If  anv  anbttanM  baa 
been   mlied  and  packed   with   It    ~      ~~ 
reduce,  or  lower,   or  Injurloi   ' 
quallt;  or  atrengtb.     If  an; 


r  lower,  or  InJurlonaW  affect  III 
..•  atrengtb.  If  an;  aubatanee  h>a 
latltiited  whollr  or  In  part  for 


article.  If  an;  valuable  eonilltnent  ot  the 
article  baa  been  wboll;  or  In  part  Pitracted, 
If  It  be  mlied,  rolorrd.  powdered,  coated  ( 

atnlned   in   a   _,.—,.-   . . 

InferioritT  la —    -  . 

added  pofaonona  oi  other  ailiird  deleterlona 
Infredlent  which   may   render  andi   article 


ei-banlcall;.  or  hj 


tbe 


ia    neceaaarll;     removed 

for   tbe    removal 
I   be   printed   oq 


.  aald  products  are  read;  ti 

It  It  rooalit  Id  wbal«  or  In  part  ot  * 
flltb;,  decompoaed.  or  putrid  animal  or 
vesetable  aubatanee,  or  anv  portion  of  an 
animal  unHt  for  food,  whether  manufac- 
tured or  not,  or  It  IE  la  tbe  product  ot  r 
diaeased  animal,  or  one  tbat  taaa  dlad 
otberwlae  than  b;  alauibter. 

The  term  "mlabranded."  naed  heraln, 
ibali  apply  to  all  druga,  or  artlclea,  or  food, 
or  artlclea  which  enter  into  the  compoaitloB 
of  food,  the  package  or  label  of  which  dtail 
bear  any  atatement.  dealcn  or  device  r«- 
gardlrg  auch  article,  or  the  insredlrnla  or 
lubatancea  contained  therein  wb1cb  abali  b* 
false  or  misleading  In  any  particular,  and 
to  any  food  or  drug  product  wblcb  la  falae- 
ly  branded  aa  to  the  atate.  Irrrltory  or 
country  In  which  It  la  manufactured  or 
produced. 

Kor  tbe  parposca  of  tbla  act,  an  arttclo 
•ball  also  be  deemed  to  be  mlibranded : — 

In  rase  ot  druKa— If  it  be  an  ImlUtloB 
ot  or  offered  for  aate  under  the  name  of 
another  article,  or  It  the  contents  of  lb« 
package  aa  orlglnallT  put  up  ahall  bar* 
been   removed.   In   whole   or   In   part,   and 


all   anicles  used   for   food,   drink,    

tlonery    or    condiment    by    man    or    other 
an  I  mala,    whether   almple.    mixed   or   com- 

For  the  purposea  ot  tbla  act  an  article 
■ball  be  deemed  to  be  adulterated: — 

In  caae  of  druga — It,  when  a  drug  la 
•old  under  or  by  a  name  recognized  la 
tbe  United  Slalea  rharmacopoelo  or  Na- 
tional Formnlary,  U  differs  from  the  stand- 
ard  of  atrengtb,   qiiollty    or  purity,    r-  ■'~ 


prcpara 


I   tbe 


■alne.   chloroform,   cannabis    Indlca 
--'  -'  acetanllide.  or  any  derl 

H^uvd  therein. 

In  case  of  food— It  It  be  an  ImltalloD  ot 
r  offered  for  lalr  under  tba  dlatlnctlva 
lame  of  another  article. 
If  It  he  labelled  or  branded  k  aa  to  da- 
" -ad  Ibe  purchaser,  ot  nur»rt 
— '  -~    -r  .If 

t  up"Vbaii  'i 


tlfj  o 


proportion  of  any  morpb'ine.  opltiin. 


roiorm,  en  on 
acetanllide.  n 


-  -udlcii,  cblorai  bydrate.  or 
ny  derivative  or  preparatloB 
f  any  auch  aubatanee  contained  therein. 
If  In  package  form,  and  tbe  content!  ara 
stated  In  terms  of  weight  or  meaaure.  tbey 
aie  not  plainly  or  correctly  stated  on  tna 
outside  of  tbe  package. 

If  the  package  Rmtalnlng  It  or  Iti  lali«l 
aball  twar  any  statement,  design  or  devica 
regardlnjc  tbe  ingredients  or  tbe  aubatanee* 
contained  I -"■"'    — ' " 


p   any 


>r  device 


'ein,  which  statement,  < 


food   which   does   i 


Ingredlenta  Aall 


In   tbe   case   of  mlitnrea  <.      __ 
Mch  may  t>e  now  or  from  time  to  time 
artlclea  of  food,  under 

*F   nam**,  and   not   aa 

-.   .-  offered  tor  sale  under  tbclr 

own  distinctive  namea,  and  not  an  Imltatloa 
of  or  offered  for  aala  under  tbe  dlatlnctlve 
name  of  another  article,  if  the  name  ba 
accompanied  on  the  aame  label  or  brand 
witb  a  statement  ot  tbe  place  whera  wiA 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encydopedic  Index 


Fordga 


Food  aad  Dnga  Act— (TMiNmud. 

Bitlele  baa  bc«ii  man  uf  acta  red  or  produced. 
In  Uia  caae  of  artlrlea  labelled,  branded 
or  taxgBd  •>  aa  to  plainly  Indicate  that 
ther  are  componnda.  ImltatloDS  or  blenda, 
and  Ibo  word  of  "romponnd,"  "Imltatlan'' 
or  "blend,"  aa  the  case  ma;  be,  la  plainlr 
stated  oD  tbe  parkase  In  which  It  Is  offered 
for  aale:  Prorlded,  That  tbg  term  blend  aa 
QMd  herein  ahall  be  construed  to  mean  a 
mlitore  of  Ilk*  anbttaiirea  not  eirlodlng 
harmleaa  ntlorlnc  or  flavorlns  Ingredients 
used  for  the  purpose  of  roloring  and  flavor- 
Ins  only :  And  provided  further.  That  notb- 
Inf   Id  this  act  shall   be  ronstnied  ss  re- 


DDwbolesome 

their  trade  formulas,   except 

the  proTialona  of  this  act  mar  minli 

■ecnre  freedom   from   adnlteratlr-   ~ 

brandlng. 

No  dealer  shall  be  prosecuted  nnder  tbe 


}  disclose 


-jd  by  the  \., 


llsh  a 

Jobber,  mannfa _.   
us  In  the  United  Btatea.   fr._       .  _   _ 
pnrrbaie*  such   artli'les.  to  the  effect   tba^ 
the  Dame  Is  not  adullersted  or  mlsbranded 
within  the  meanlas  of  thla  ai.'t,  designating 


The  remalnlne 


of  tbe  a 


Club  was  formed  hj  seven  eltlsena  of  riy- 
■noatb  to  rrlebrste  Iba  "landing  of  our 
worthy  ancestora  Id  thli  place."  In  order 
to  accommodate  tbe  date  to  the  new  strle 
or  Oregorlau  calendar,  the  Old  Colonj  Club, 
tblnklng  that  Dec.  22d  new  stfle  corre- 
nonded  to  Dec.  Jltb  old  strle,  eatabltahed 
the  anDlrersarr  on  Dec.  22d  Instead  of  Dec. 
31st.  New  England  societies  have  been  es- 
tablished la  manr  atates  of  tbe  Union  and 


held 


Forefather*'   Dsr   1*  be- 

Inf  more  general.     The  celcbratTona  Art 

In    December,    the   date   of   the   pre- 


Tlde  tbe   methods  of  proseaitlDg 

and  destroying  goods  Imported  or  offered 
for  Import  which  are  adulterated  or  talselr 
labelled. 

The  Inspection  force  of  the  Bureau  of 
Cbenlslrr.  Dr.  Harver  W.  Wiley.  Chalr- 
maiL  Id  1911  collected  B.SOO  offlclal  samples 
of  fooda  and  drugs,  and  2.1)00  addltlouel 
aamplea  for  loTesligatlng  purposea  relating 
to  tbe  enforcement  of  the  law. 

Three  hundred  and  twelve  seliiires  were 
made,  and  the  reports  from  the  twentynjue 
branch  labaratorlea  Indicate  that  3,280  In- 
terstate samples  were  legal  and  B.llS  mla- 
branded  or  adulterated.  In  addition  0.GD8 
Imported  foods  and  drugs  were  asalyxed, 
of  wblch  R.OSn  were  ndliidged  adulterated 
and  mlabranded;  by  adding  to  Iheae  3,6T2 
domestic  and  1,803  imported  aamplea  exam' 
Ined  at  tbe  Wasblngton  oOti-e  a  total  of 
22.974  samples,  ciamlned  In  the  course  of 
the  Inapectlon  work  slone,  la  obtained. 
Foieo  Bin. — Sereral  bills  lutroduced  Into 
CoDgrew  have  been  given  thla  name.  Wben 
tbe  South  Carolloa  nulllDers  attempted  to 
prevent  tbe  execution  of  the  tariff  act  of 
)838,  it  became  nscesaary  to  enact  special 
laws  for  carrying  ont  Its  prortalons  to  en- 
force collections  under  it.  March  2.  1833, 
the  -F^rce  bill"  or  "Bloody  bill"  was  en- 
acted for  tbla  pnrpose.  llie  trouble  was 
•lUuated  later  by  a  compromise.  A  bill  to 
enforce  tbe  fonrleentb  and  DftPenth  amend- 
menta,  which  paiaed  Congreaa  May  81, 
1870,  waa  also  kuown  sa  the  "Force  bill,'' 
aa  waa  an  set  paaaed  the  following  year  on 
the  same  subject.  (See  Ku-Klux-Klan.) 
The  name  waa  applied  later  by  miuy  per- 
•ons  to  the  election  bill  which  was  Intro- 
dnced  In  the  Honae  by  Mr.  Lodge,  of 
Uaasachnsetts,   during  the    Flfty-flrst   Con- 

tress,  "to  amend  and  aapplement  tbe  elec- 
loD  lawB  ot  tbe  United  Statea  and  to  pro- 
vide for  their  more  efllcleat  enforcement." 
TbI*  bill  waa  passed  by  the  House,  bnt 
was  defeated  In  the  Senate. 
Forco  BOL  (See  Federal  Election  Law.) 

Forefathon'  D»y,— The  onnlversary  of 
the  landtag  of  the  Pilgrim  Fathers  at  Ply- 
mouth, Mass..  Dec  31,  1620.  They  touched 
•hoi*  on  Monday,  Dec.  lltb,  old-style  calen- 
dar.   Id  Dec«nbet,  1709,  ths  Old  Colony 


mlnarr  landing,  rather  than  In  the  Janu- 
ri  following,  when  tbe  landing  tor  aettle- 
lent  took  place. 

Foreign  Aflmtn: 

SnienseB   iucnrred   in,   not  piovided 
/or  by  law  rsfeired  to,  108. 

Beport  on,  transmitted,  6200. 
Fot«lKn  Aifalis,  Secietur  of.^iaii.  lO. 
1781,  the  Continental  Congress  created  the 
ofllre  of  Secretary  of  Foreign  Affalra  at  the 
solicitation  of  representative*  In  other  conn- 
tries.  Robert  R.  LlTlngston,  of  New  York, 
was  (he  IlrBt  lDcumt>ent  of  the  offlre.  His 
dutlei  also  comprehended  the  adjustment 
ot  affairs  between  states.  Tbe  scope  ot  tbe 
ofllce  was  much  enlarged  br  reorganisation 
In  1782.  John  Jay  occupied  the  position 
between  1784  and  1789._July  27,  l^._the 

SeSt  oY)  " 

Foi«lgIl-tallt    BUps,    admission    of,    to 

American  registrj',  8006. 
Foreign  Oolne: 
Assay  of,  referred  to,  935. 
Ceased  to  be  legal  tender,  239. 
Counterfeiting  of,  should  be  maSe  a 

crime,  1136,  1268. 
OvervaloAtion  of  gold  in,  1845. 
Referred  to,   2407. 
Bpanish   milled   dollars   lei»l   kender, 

239. 
Spanish  milled  doubloons  referred  to, 

B04. 
Talue  of  Alfonstno  and  X/oais  fixed 
bj  order,  8616, 
Foreign  Orlminals,  introdnetiou  of,  into 
United  States  referred  to,  2368,  458S. 
Foreign  Import  Dntlea  (see  also  Tei- 
eels, Foreign,  tonnage  on): 
Imposed    upon    American    prod  nets, 

By  Colombia,  5872. 

Betaliatory  measures  proclaimed. 
5700. 
By  Haiti,  retaliatory  measures  pro- 
claimed, 5702. 
By  Venezuela,  5672. 

Retaliatory  measures  proel^med. 
6703, 
Ifodificatlons  of  tariff  laws — 

DiHcuBsed,   5615,   G747,   6956,   6058, 

6239,  6652,  6713,  7189,  7393. 
Evidence   of,   proclaimed — 

Anstria-Huugary,   6718. 

Brazil,    6576. 

British  Quiana,  5688. 

BriUsh  West  Indies,  668& 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Foreign 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Tonlga  Import  TyaOt^-omtniMi, 

Cuba    ftnd    Puerto    Bico,    5SS3, 

5S90-&892. 
Dominican  Bepublic  (See  Banto 

Domingo,  pott.) 
Oermuiy,  5693. 

Great     Britain.       ^«    Britiib 
Oniana;   Britiab  West   Indies, 
ante.) 
Guatemala,  671& 
Houdnras,  6714. 
Nicaragua,  5698. 
Salvador,  5684,  6800. 
Banto  Doming^  5587. 
Spain.      (See   Cuba   and  Puerto 
Bico,  ante.) 
Veuels  refused    clearance  bj  Haiti 
diBCOBHd,  5869. 
Foreign  ^tercotum; 

Action  recommended  on  the  publica- 
tion of  confidential  items,  2281. 
Appropriations  for,   ISO,  448. 
Bednction  in,  discussed,  4350. 
Unexpended,  referred  to,  38£S. 
Continsent  expenses — 
Fnnds    on    deposit    with    Baring 
Brothers  A  Co.  for,  referred  to, 
3828. 
Public  interests  demand  that  eon- 
fldeutial  items  be  not  pubtufaed, 
2281. 
Funds  on  deposit  with  Baring  Broth- 
ers is  Co.,  382S. 
Provision  for,  recommended,  58,  190. 
Bequests  of  House  and  Senate  for  in- 
formation     regarding,      refused, 
186,  2281,  2416,  2452,  2690,  2601, 
2605,  6101. 
Beferred  to,  2529. 
Foreign  '**'°"°.  transmission  of,  through 
United  States  referred  to,  2175.    (Bee 
also   Postal   Service.) 
Foreign    Mall    Servlca,    unsatisfactory 
condition  of,  7109. 
To  South  American  couutriBS,  subsidy 
recommended,   7109, 
'  Foreign  UlnlsteiB.     (See  Ministers.) 
Foreign  Fanpets: 

Introduction  of,   into  United  States, 


Legislation  respecting, 

ed,  4757. 

Bequest  of  President  to  withdraw 
articles  regarding,  from  consider- 
ation of  House,  1692. 
Involuntary  deportation  of  convicts, 
idiots,  insane  persons,  and,  to  Unit- 
ed States  referred  to,  4S19,  4588. 
Foreign  Poller  of  TTnlted  SUtM  (see 
Annexation  for  policy  ae  applica- 
ble to  various  conntnei)! 
Discussed  by  President — 
Adams,  John,  228. 
Adams,  J.  Q.,  862,  868,  864,  895, 
908,  922,  960. 


Bnchanan,  2968,  2998,  8037,  3041. 

3066,  3089,  3092,  3173,  317T. 
Cleveland,  4912,  5867,  5871,  5873, 

6892,  G965,  S9S3,  6064,  6068,  6087, 

6148. 
Fillmore,  2614,  26S6,  2701,  2715. 
Grant,  3985,  4006,  4015,  4018,  4050, 

40S3,  40S2,  4101,  4143,  4176,  4193, 

4245,  4290,  4366. 
Harrison,  Benj.,  5445,  6618,  6750, 

6783. 
Barrieon,  W.  H.,  1878. 
Hayes,  4418,  4420. 
Jackson,    1169,    1228,    1324,    1370, 

1378,  1456,  1484,  1500. 
Jefferson,  311,  346,  349. 
Johnson,    3564,    3681,    3777,    3880, 

Lincoln,   3248,  3S55,   3327,   3444. 
HcKinley,  6241,  6248,  6281,  6295, 

6307. 
Hadison,  4S2,  473. 
Monroe,  673,  582,  624,  627,  639,  672, 

685,  782,  787,  791,  817,  829. 
Pierce,  273],  2745,  2807,  2864,  2904, 
Polk,  2229,  2236,  2248,  2276,  2322, 

2337,  2361,  23S6,  2431,  2437,  2444. 

2480. 
Boosevelt,     6921-6026,     6990-6998, 

7118. 
Taf  t,  7492,  7656. 


2171,  2176,  2190,  2193,  2206. 

Van  Buren,  1590,  1702,  1748,  1819. 

Washington,  120,  E13. 

Wilson,  7877,  7884,  7907,  7929,  7933, 

7934,  7969,  7070,  7978,  7982,  7984. 

Foreign  Postal  Arrangamanta.       (Sea 

Postal  Service.) 
Foreign  Powers.  (See  Powers,  Foreign.) 
Foreign  Balatlona: 

American    representative    at   corona- 
tion of  King  of  Biam,  7667. 
Arbitration,  7856, 

Arbitration     between     Panama     and 
Costa  Bica,   Colombia    and   Haiti, 
7657. 
Bnenos     Aires     convention     ratifled, 

7672. 
Central  America-Honduras  and  Nlea- 


Chambers  of  foreign  commerce  aog- 
gested,  7674. 

Chamizal  boundary  question  not  sat- 
isfactory, 7658. 

Chinese  loans,  7664. 

Claim  of  Alsop  ft  Co.  settled,  7667. 

Commerce  with  the  Near  East,  7607. 

Coronation  of  King  George  V.,  7668. 

Europe  and  the  Near  East,  7667. 

ilztension  of  American  banking  ta 
foreign  countries  racoBuneiueda 
7674. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


FoitffB  SCUtUoos— OmKwmA 

Wvr  leftl  treat;  (Nortli  Pacific)  eon- 

ehided  with  Great  Britain,  Japan 

and  Bnisia,  7870. 
ImpTOTement     In     foreign     service 

■tot«d,  767S. 
bitenutional  opium  eommjiaion,  7671. 
International  prize  oonrt,  7670, 
Latin     Amenca. — VenezaeU,     100th 

wmiverBarj'  of  independence  cele- 
brated, 7658. 
Liberia;  loan  to  ameliorate  condition! 

in,  7669. 
Need  for  American  merctiant  mariuea, 

7674. 
Neutral  adviaoi  propoaed  for  China 

in  matter  of  foreign  loans,  8046. 
Panama,  7664. 
Pftn-Ameriean  Union,  7661. 
Preaent&tion  to  Oenuany  of  replica 

of  Ton  Stenben,  7669. 
Protaetion    of    indnetrial    property 

nnion,  7671. 


Bnaria,    eoneeming   treaty   of    1632, 
7669. 

Settlement   of  long  standing  diiter- 
eneea  with  Great  Britain,  7668. 

Spitsbergen  Islands,  7670. 

THde  with  other  countries,  7672. 

TreatT  of  commerce  and  navigation 
witD  Japan,  7666. 

United  States  army  and  navy  forces 
mobilised  on  border  of  Mexico  to 
protect  American  Interests,  7658. 
Foialsn  Servlcav  impiovement  in,  noted, 

7675. 
Foreign  Trade.    (See  Commerce  of  For- 
eign Powers.) 
FoTUgn  Vends.  (Bee  Vessels,  Foreign.} 
Forelgnen    In    United    States.      (See 

Aliens;  Nataralized  Citizens.) 
Foreat^   Ml*,  The,   deBtmetion  of,   in 

Chinese  waters,  4464. 
Forest    PieasrvatlDn    discassed,    6656, 

66S7.6660,  6008-6911,  7005,  7218. 
Foieat  Beserre.— Jai7  i.  IBOS,  tbe  eoa- 
ttel  of  the  nKtlonal  foreat  reserves  togetber 
with  eTcrrtblDK  pertaining  to  tbe  nsc,  ore 
•nd  developmeat  of  tbe  timber,  irater,  (rrai- 
...    _._ ...    .    ^^^   ^, 


I   Depart  meDt 


Wlieontin,  u  well  «*  New  York,  PeDOSTl- 

— '-  —  "— '—      DorlDK  thla  time  ihe 

-      1  liitU  ■ 


vanik  end  Uonbans- 

Hatlonal  foreaU  anlt . 

»  tks  CTSten  ot  patrol,  by  which  m$aj 


soialler  Area  are  ertlnfnlAed  before  gain. 


deatmctlTe  headwar. 


S  the  Burean  e 


—  — , of  the  interior  coDcernlnc 

the  application  o(  lorettrr  to  tbe  forcat 
reaerrea.  The  cbange  of  name  from  "Coraat 
reaerrea"  to  "national  forests"  was  made 
In  1006,  Iq  order  to  correct  tbe  Impreaalon 
that  the  forests  were^  aa  "reaerreaT'  with- 
drawn  from  use.  Blnce  tbe  Forest  Serrlce 
took  cbarge  of  them  tbe  foodamestal  aim 
has  haen  to  open  them  to  tbe  widest  uae 
conatatent  with  their  proper  protection. 

The  reaerrea  aat  aside  were  aa  followa: 
By  President  Harrlaon.  18.116.710  acreai 
br  Preatdent  Clereland.  26.086,820  acres; 
"-  "--  -- —  HcKlnleT,  7,050,000  acrea ;  bj 


'rf.1 


ttident     Booaevelt.     148,846.824 


213  acres,  llie  ellmlDatlooa  threw  ont  land 
which  was  found  to  be  better  suited  tor 
aKTlcultaral  and  other  pnrpoaea  than  for 
foreRFT.  An  act  ot  Congreaa.  pasBed  in 
190T,  prohibits  any  addltloaa  by  the  " — ■ 
dent  to  the  national  toren  arei  ' 
lugtOD,  Oregi 
and  Colorado. 

In  porBuance  of  the  policy  that  the  for- 
esta  are   for  tbe  ase  of  the  people   under 

E roper  reatrlcCIona.  grezlDg  priTlluea,  tim- 
er cutting,  haying  and  other  amaller  prlT- 
llegea  are  let  under  goTemment  anperrlslon. 
Ii^m  these  aource*  there  were  received  In 
1008,  tor  graslDg.  1062.829.40  ;  timber  salea, 
t84»,02T.24:  special  naea.  (80,126,28:  tot^ 
from  all  sources,  gl, 642.281.  ST.  Under  the 
2B  per  cent,  of  the  g 


to    tbe    atate    wherein    the    „ 

dtnated,  to  be  applied  for  acbool  and  road 

f'Urposea,  and  the  balance  to  tbe  federal 
reaanry.  The  eipendltnrea  on  the  national 
(oresta  tor  1008^  were  tS,118,2eT.21,  an 
exceaa  of  about  |1,200.000  over  the  recelpta. 
In  addition  to  the  privileges  for  which 
charges  are  made  tbe  tree  nae  of  aome  tim- 
ber and  aome  paatDrege  la  granted  to 
■  '-reats,  no  charge  or  per- 

_„  .., (or  pasturing  a  limited 

numner  of  stock.  The  entire  coat  ot  man- 
aging tbe  National  Foreats  la  leaa  than  two 
cents  per  acre  per  yesr. 

Locatloa,  date  latest  proclamation  effec- 
tive, and  area  of  the  National  Forerte  on 
Jane  SO.  lOlfi  :  By  SUtes.  [Source:  Bo- 
ports  ot  tbe  Forest  Bervlce,  Department  ot 
AgrlcDiture.] 


cnltnre.     In  IMS  about  toai^tltths  i.. 

total  wooded  area  of  the  coantry  was  In  the 
banda  of  private  owners,  and  the  remainder 
In  efaarga  of  Forest  Service.  The  coDsnmp- 
tlon  of  ^mber  In  the  Cnlted  Statea  Id  1008 
was  three  times  the  annual   Increment. 

Dae  SI,  1B08,  there  were  14E  National 
Foreats,  embracing  108.681.089  acres  In 
aluteen  statea  and  tarrltorlea.  Including 
Alaska  and  Porto  Blco.  During  1908  aevere 
droDgbts  visited  many  parts  of  the  conn- 
try  and  forest  fires  were  frequent  and  d»- 
ttnetlv^  tbe  estimated  loss  due  to  fire 
bslng  liso.O0O.0OO.  The  moat  aerioua  ot 
Uiast  fires  were  In  Hlnnesota.  Hlcblgar  — ' 


Uttsl 

fltiliaiidfrat. 

-ssr 

Krtaita. 

AriKu: 

ffi 

s; 

■■K 

C«a, 

i.«i,sa 

Coop 

«i 

guno 

111 

8«7.18S 

119 

«»,»• 

1,071.411 

11 

17.708 

Fksk 

11 

l.Ml,7n 

Shve 

«T.4M 

!Sto 

II 

l,«e444 

Tmt 

110 

1.W7.7W 

AikanMU 

AlkSMM 

Avr.  n.tUt 

enao 

OBHk 

D*t  3B,  mo 

iUMt 

TM 

ustjm 

jyGooi^lc 


Forest  Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Si^udbnM. 

UMt 

NUnL 

SW.>Dd{<nrt. 

■■56S5- 

HMma. 

*"& 

sis 

SKfltl 

Mi 

.i71,0IT 

'soijiu 

1.K 
,,K 

M»,7n 

lUaiHBtt: 

jaaia 

A«» 

^^"fc-» 

MB 

Air!  io.'»ii 

8«t.M.l«ll 

Z-S! 

I>.«MJOt 

<iu,«eo 

WS,1M 

s 

'SS! 

I.H3,77J 

t.its.aai 

toMoa 
m.iTs 

tarn 

^::;;;i;;;;;; 

Jta.  M.  Sit 

Hi 
Hi 

OohndK 

1S4M.7M 

"^t^ 

(M.    LWU 

1 

ItejH 

400 

"1 

atir 

Total 

ijff^m 

SlS:^:::::::: 

"-iiS^: 

SSi?;!!!! 

11,107,881 

jdy  i.mi 

D«.  M.  UIO 

K:ai!!! 
IS  1:  ll! 

I|i 

"^-^t* 

IM,1M 

KtAa 

SSffl 

'■as 

'■BS! 
'fflS 

833MT 

ffiSJ! 
>K 

i>0i.8a« 
i/M.en 

ItSMS 

"^ 

MOOJlll 

"■"feSS^ 

Not.  M,  INS 
Oil  U.»10 

Job  1,  mi 

Ok^Lonm: 

•^-Si-d. 

■«s 

a:£.u 

'SSiS 

mSSS'::.:::::::::: 

jS  ti 

m^ 

11 
11 
10 

FA.KWU 

Fd).  10.1m 
Fib.  11.1m 

iS^ :::::■ 

8WW 
to  two  BU 

^HtUOBti  lomt 

utandlv  b 

Em. 

jyGooi^lc 


Encyclopedic  Index 


BMamdfavl. 

-S- 

Ndtan. 

""%2^ 

ES 

^^38. 

to-::;:;::;;: 

78Mtt 

SI  ii! 

fA.  IS.  All 

■"■%,. 

sa*- 

(W.TST 

*-ssr. 

»l:i!S 

III 

W»taF, 

OtL    T.IMO 

jnir'  1,'iMg' 

SSS'.?!r^::::::: 

4»,TW 

iMlns 

Jsrsiisi 

""S^ 

Aa.lT,UOt 

FdrttRiM! 

coDBervlDg  the  rorcBta  and  tbe  water  sup- 
plj  of  the  slates  entering  Into  Buch  agree- 
ment  or  compai^  The  lum  of  (200.000 
wu  appropriated  sod  made  available  until 
expcDCed.  to  enable  tbe  8eeretai7  or  Agri- 
culture  to  co-operate  with  an*  state  or 
KTODp  of  atatea,  wben  r«queated  to  do  bo, 
m  Ibe  protection  from  Ore  of  tbe  toreated 
wsterabeda  of  Qavlgable  atreami ;  and  tbe 
Secretar;  of  Agriculture  la  autborlied.  and 
OQ  aucb  conditions  as  he  deems  wise,  to 
stipulate  and  agree  witb  an;  stats  or 
group  of  states  to  co-operate  In  the  oraanl- 
latlon  and  maintenance  o(  a  sjstem  of  lire 

Krotectlon  on  anj  prlvKte  or  state  forest 
inds  wltbla  aucb  state  or  states  and  situ- 
ated upon  tbe  watershed  of  a  navigable 
river :  Provided,  That  no  Bueb  stipulation 
or  agreement  shall  t»e  made  with  an;  state 
whlcti  has  not  provided  b;  law  for  a  system 
of  forest  Are  protection :  Provided  further, 
That  In  no  case  shall  the  amount  cipended 
In  aof  ttate  exceed  In  anr  Dscal  year  the 
amonnt  appropriated  bf  that  state  for  the 
same  purpose  during  the  same  flacal  year. 
There  was  appropriated  (or  tbe  Dseal 
year  ending  June  80.  1910.  the  aum  of  fl.- 
000.000,  and  for  eaeb  flacal  year  thereafter 
a  sum  not  to  exceed  «2.0D0.0O0.  tor  nse  In 
the  ezamlnstlon.  survey  and  acquirement  of 
lands  located  on  the  headwaters  of  navi- 
gable streams  or  those  which  are  being 
or  which  may  be  developed   for  navigable 

Burposes:  Provided,  That  the  provisions  of - 
bis  section  shall  expire  by  limitation  on 
the  SOib  day  of  June,  1815. 

It  alao  provided  that  a  commission,  to 
be  known  as  the  National  Forest  Reserva- 
tion CommlaaloD,  consisting  of  tbe  Secretary 
of  War,  the  Secretary  of  tbe  Interior,  the 
Becretarv  of  Agriculture  and  two  members 
-'  —-  ''— -X'"  ■»  "elected  by  the  Presi- 


dent of  the  Senate,  and  two  munbers  c_ 
tbe  House  of  HepresentatlTCS,  to  be  selected 
by  tbe  Speaker,  be  created  and  autborlaed 
to  consider  B''d  pass  upon  such  lands  as 
may  be  recommended  tor  purchase  and  to 
Si  the  prices  at  which  such  lands  may 
be  purchased,  and  do  purcbaaci  shall  be 
made  ot  ai:y  lands  until  aucb  lands  have 
been  duly  approved  for  purchase  by  said 
commission. 


gan,  7gg9. 
Lookont  Station  established  on  Twin 

SUters  Mtnmtain,  7966. 
&uger  Station  eaUblished  for,  7090. 
Tomt   BaMTTatlona.— March    i,    leii. 
Coasntt  gaTt  eonatU  to  eacb  of  tbs  iSTual 


such  exception  and  reser- 
vation and  tbe  time  within  which  such 
titDber  shall  be  removed  and  the  rules  and 
regnlatloDS  under  which  tbe  cuitlof  and  re- 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Forest 

Tonat  E«srT»tioii»— Omittannl. 
moTBl  of  sncb  timber  and  the  mlQlnc  utd 
remo*Bl  of  aach  mlDerali  Hhall  be  done  ihall 
be  eipresMd  In  tae  written  Initrament  of 
conveiaace,  aod  thereafter  the  mlnlnr,  cut- 
ting and  remoTBl  of  the  mlaerali  and  tim- 
ber 10  excepted  and  reserred  ahsll  be  done 
oolr  under  and  In  obedience  to  the  ralea 
and  reKBlatlona  ao  eiprcMed.    (See  National 

Forest  lands  acquired  under  the  ffeeka 
IdW  :    Area*.  June  SO,  1815.    [Source  ;  Be- 

E-M  of  the  Barest  Service,  Deoartmeut  of 
Icttltnre.] 


In  the  Department  of  Agrlevlttuc     In  18B1 
.  xi-i.i —  -•  r^—t — created  In  ttut 


AmamdwKolvtiaL 

SWtUdarn. 

^ 

Additnal 

Total 

Omk: 

4.171.70 

11,890.« 

j^^ 

lUal 

3t,174J» 

M.7HA 

"wSaiS...... 

10W1I2.II7 

H0JB8.»0 

MeJ7U7 

"SS^-^ 

1^ 

£rr:;;;; 

gga 

^:?*:: 

TWd. 

laejw.ia 

SEj.10I.1S 

ScnACanSBK 

i7,8i«.a 

■MS 

whaaTiici^V.-.: 

17.S0t.M 

7«78J7 

Total 

7WWX88 

IM,»1IJ( 

MM<7.9g 

"^         

I0MtJ)7 

1U18.H 

Total 

U,4(».M 

m.iXAi 

WalVbibk: 

s 

Sfe; 

IB^SULIO 

s« 

Total 

lOS^JS 

Ond  total.... 

M8.17S.M 

mjS7.<a 

1J»,1UJ« 

j.-—-j,—a~ 

I»fl«u» 

11.(97.(1 

_  dlTlalon  of  foreatrr  « 

department      In   1901  thli  dlvlBlon  t„ 

the  Bnreau  of  Foreatr;.  and  In  IMS,  when 
the  care  of  the  national  forest*  waa  i^Tcn 
to  this  bnreaQ,  It*  name  becane  the  Arcst 


hands  of  the  Depart- 
ment of  the  Interior. 

A  Uw  antharlElDK  the  president  to  act 
apart  forest  reserrea  was  paaaed  in  1891, 
bat  no  provision  tor  their  admlnlstntloa 
and  use  was  made  nntil  189T.     (Se«  ronat 

Onr  forest*  now  cover  SSO,000.000  acres, 
atHHit  one-toorth  of  the  United  States. 

.__^ ...._._ .  pontjiji  one-Bfth  o( 

..     Forests     privately 

I:   leaat   fonr-flftha   of   the 
The     timber     privately 


oiTDed  contain 


owned  la  not  only  four  times  that  pnbltcv 
owned,  bat  It  Is  nnerallv  more  valnable. 

The  original  foreata  of  the  United  States 
contained   timber   In  quantity   and   variety 


alie  In   the    wori£     They   c 

65.000,000  acres,  with  a  stand  of  a 
than, 6,200,000,000,000  board  feet  o 

.  the*~Bo^~Maantein  and  tb« 

The  present  rate  of  cottlng  Is  three  times 
the  annnal  growth  of  the  foreata  of  th* 
United  States.  The  great  pineries  of  the 
lake  atates  are  nearinc  whaoitlon  and 
heavy   Inroads  have  been  made  c "~~ 


cbaotable  timbet,  according  .. 
standards  of  use.  There  were  L. 
foreat  reglona — the  northern,  the  ■ 


■apply  of   valuable  timber 
M  ot  the  eonntry. 


made  opon  t 
tluoaf  Aout  . 


cobseqaence,  the  State  ot  Wa^lnston  has 
led  for  several  yeara  In  lumber  prodoiHon, 
now  followed  In  order  by  LonlslanB,  Mlaals. 
slppl,  North  Carolina  and  Oregon.  In  1912 
the  production  of  yellow  pine  lomber 
amounted  to  fourteen  and  one-half  billion 
feet  r  the  Douglas  flr  ot  the  northweat  held 
aecond  place,  with  nearly  lire  and  one- 
quarter  billion  teet ;  wblle  white  pine 
ranked  third,  though  leaa  waa  produced 
than  In  the  preceding  year ;  oak  came  first 
among  the  hBrdwooda  with  tour  and  one- 
third  lllllon  feet,  and  was  followed  la  order 
by  maple,  red  gtun,  tollp,  poplar,  diestant 
beech  and  birch. 

We  take  from  onr  foreata  reaclr,  Includ- 
ing waste  In  logging  and  In  mannfaetnre. 
SOTOOO.OOO.OOO  cubic  feet  of  wood,  Taloed 
at  about  tl,8TS.000XI00. 

We  nae  In  a  alngle  year  9a000,000  cords 
of  firewood.  40.000.000.000  board  teet  at 
lumber.  130.000,000  bewed  ties.  l.ess.OOO.- 
000  staves,  over  4(4.SOO.OO0  board  teet  tor 
over   lse.000.DOa    aets  of  h  — *" — 


corda    ot    native    pulp    ' 


Fonft  Sarvloa. — One  of  the  bureaus  of 
the  Department  of  Agriculture,  It  has 
charge  ot  the  administration  and  protection 
ot  the  natlonBl  foreata  and  also  promotes 
tbs  practice  of  foreatry  through  Investlga- 


FrankUii  B.  HooA  In  18t 


,_     ,_,     .     ISS.OOO.OOO 

cubic  feet  of  round  mine  timbers,  tiesriy 
1.BO0.0O0  cords  ot  wood  for  dlatlllaUon. 
over  140.000  corda  for  eicelalor,  and  nearly 
S,BOO,000  telegraph  and  telephone  poles. 

In  1612  abonf4,S80.000  corda  of  wood 
were  used  In  the  manufacture  of  paper,  ot 
which  about  940,000  coTda  were  IniMtted 
from  Canada.  Ttie  demand  for  wood  pulp 
.        .. .__. .,. ...  f^^_ 


>n  the  sprace  toi 
prindpal  pimI] 
r  woods,  suck  a 


.   which   fumtah  tba  prindp* 

though  a  number  ot  other  woods. 

poplar,  hemlock,  pine  and  balaam,  are  now 
being  used  In  coDBlderabl*  ouantltlca.  "Bm 
Forest  Service  ot  the  United  States  Depart- 
ment ot  Agrlcultui*  Is  eondnctliig  lBT««tl- 
gatlona  to  determine  what  other  woodK 
such  aa  acmb  pine.  iHilte  Or,  tnpalo  and  tha 
like,  can  be  aniissifull/  oiM. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


A  larger  drain  upon  our  farert  moniMa 
Is  made  bj  tbe  demand  lor  railroad  ties- 
White  oak,  hitherto  the  chief  aourca  of 
•upplj.  Is  not  pleDtilul  eDough  to  meet 
thla  demand  IndeSnltel;.  and  to  man;  parts 
of  the  rountr;  tbe  auppl;  of  rheatiiut,  cedar 
•nd  (Tpreas  la  dwindllne;  howeTsr,  raelhoda 
of  treating  woods  with  preaervatlve  aolu- 
tlopa  are  belog  used,  and  In  this  way 
cbeaper  and  more  plentiful  woods.  Buob  aa 
SoQthern   pine,    Dougit-    "-    " '■    — ' 


°J5?.' 


demand, 
a  tbe  nnTi 
b   tbe 


ork  of 


Induatrr.   also  larsel;  througl 

tbe  Foreat   Service.  V  the  li 

tbe  Bo-c*11ed  "cup"  sysleaia  oi  lurpeuiminii 

Id   place   of   the   old  destructive   system   of 

"boilnB."     The  new  syateroa  Insure  a  Iflriter 

firodurf  of  better  qualltr  and  prolong  the 
Ife  of  tbe  loDK-leaf  pine  fotesta  upon  which 
t-hA  iniiiiqirv  depends. 

tat   approprlatloD 

„-lDat  tS.343.045 

further  provision  of  1200.000  a 
^■htlDB  iDd  preventing  forest  " 
I  eitraordloarr  emergency. 

liDg  receipts  for  11 

ders  of  22.032  per ..   „ 

cattle,  horses  end  hogs,  and  of 
o.titt  ^jcruilts  to  grsie  T.S6T.B51  sbecp  and 
goats.  The  receipts  from  timber  sales  were 
paid  by  approilmately  B.800  piirchasera, 
who  rut  the  equivalent  of  fl>».e68.000 
board  feet  of  timber  The  receipts  from 
apeclal  uses  were  paid  by  Ibe  holders 
of  approilmately  S.nOO  permits.  Id 
other  words,  these  receipts  represent  profit- 
able use  of  the  forests  by  at  least  3S.000 
Individuals  or  concerns.  To  the  use  for 
which  payment  was  made  must  be  added 
the  heavy  free  use  of  the  toreals  by  the 
public. 

In  Issuing  permits  for  reMrvoIra,  con- 
duits, power-houses  and  transmission  lines 
for  commercial  power  development  tbe  Foi^ 
eat  Service  bas  ■teadfastly  Insisted  on  con- 
ditions  designed   to ' .— .^-    — 

Krpetiial   holdings 
velopment    of    a  v. 
payment  of 


oatloL- 
buDdred  bllllt 


.     The  total  i 
1    forei 


I   to   aerure  tbe  fall 
ble    power    and    the 

icd  oftlmber  on  the 
--—   -^  nearly  alz 


Fort  Donelscn 

Forwt  Service.    (See  AgricnUiire,  De- 
partment of.) 
TOTBBtry,    report    of    CommiBaioner    of 

Agriculture    on,    trtusmitted,    4432, 

4462,  4535. 
Forestry,  Bniean  of,  work  of,  6655. 
Forestry  System: 

Inauguration  of,  discuBsed,  S346,  6390. 

Plans  for,  to  be  formulated  by  com- 
mission, 6167. 
ForestB.     (Sea  Lands,  Timber.) 
Formou    Island,    ship's    company    of 

American  bark   Rater  murdered  by 

inhabitants  of,  3829. 
Fort  Berthold  BMemtlon,  N.  Dak.: 

Agreement  for  cession  of  portion  of, 
to  United  States,  5118. 

Allotment  of  lands  in  severalty  to 
Indians  on,  referred  to    4783. 

Portion  of,  opened  to  settlement,  pro- 
claimed, 6579. 
Fort  Bliss,  Tex.: 

Title    of   United   States  to,  referred 
to,  4665,  4738. 

Troops  ordered  to,  referred  to,  4901. 
Fort  Brldger,  Idaho,  treaty  of,  6687. 
Foit  Brown  (Tex.),  Attack  on.— in  con- 
sequence of  tile  simeiatlon  ot  Texas  tbe 
War  Department,  apprehending  trouble 
with  Mexico,  sent  all  the  available  troops 
In  the  Soulb  and  West  to  tbe  frontier. 
Tbe  territory  between  the  Nueces  and  Klo 
Grande  Klvers  was  claimed  by  both  Teiaa 
and  Mexico.  Oen  Zaebary  Taylor  collected 
an   army  of  4.000  men  at  Corpus 


to  advance  to  a  posltloii  o: 

and  on  March  26  he  occu, 

on   lbs   coast    of   Che   Gulf  ot   Mex 

north  of  the  mouth  of  tbe  river.  Dtirlng 
April  Gen.  Taylor  uad  advanced  his  army 
up  tbe  Rio  Grande  to  a  point  onpoalla 
Matamoras,  which  wss  occupied  by  Ibe 
Mexican  army  under  Gen.  Arista.  Her« 
the  Americans  built  a  fort  under  the  di- 
rection of  Uajor  Brown  and  named  It  tn 
his  honor.  Learnlns  that  boaies  of  Meil- 
--*   i  the  -■---  "--"    -" - 


_n  tbe  Rio  Grande, 
upled  Point  Isabel. 


Taylor   fell   back   toward   tbe   latter   place 

May    I.       Learning    of    hla    -" "-- 

*'— ' 1    May  a    1 


heavy  bom- 


%». 


Forest  Barvioe  Is 


bnrument  ot  Port  Browi 

tlnued  at  Intervals  nDtll  me  lutn.      it  was 

fallantly    defended     bv     Ma].     Brown    and 
nptatns  Hawkins  and  Mansfleld-     Tbe  for- 
mer   wag    killed    during    the    engagemeot. 
The  only  other  fstalltv  was  that  of  Ser^t- 
Welgert-    Thirteen  privates  were  wounded. 
Fort  Cameron  Beservatlon,  Utab,  dis- 
posal of,  recommended,  4740. 
Fort  Delaware,  DeL,  title  to  island  on 
which    it    stands    referred    to,    1099, 
1125. 
Fort  Dodge  unitary  Baservatlon,  Iowa. 

Disposal   of,  retorrod  to.  4BB0. 

Fort  Donelson   <Tenn.),   Oapttira  of.— 

After  the  taking  of  Fort  Henry  the  next 
logical  move  against  the  Coufederale  lliM 
of  defence  In  tbe  West  was  the  rednetlon 
of  Fort  Donelson.  Thls^was  a  large  fleld- 
wark  ol  100  acrea,  on  a  bluCt  100  feet  high. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Fort  Donel  son 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Port  Donelaon  (TmsLi—OmttbtMtd. 
BMr    the   town   of   DoTer,    Tcbd.,   on   tb* 
Cninberl«na    H[Ter.     iboat    83    mllea    from 
Tllte.     It  moaiitvd  SS   siini  and   wu 


ai.uoo  I „„„..  „„.  ,■.„,,„ 

!,  Brli,-G(D.  Grant  wLtb  15,000 
' "-by  war  of  tba 


tcea  moT^  upon  The 

roads    leading    from    Fort    HL 

Grant   wag  plnPlOK   bla  force* 

tb  n  Am. 

On  tba , 

Are.  In  a  desperate  attack  2  of  tbe  vea- 
aela  were  dlaaMed  and  the  otbera  withdrew 
aflM;  a  lou  of  S4  men.  The  kuds  on  tbe 
bluff  were  too  hlgb  to  be  silenced  from  the 
water  leTel.  On  the  day  of  the  unaDcceaa- 
fal  attack  bj  the  gimboata  Gbd.  Wallace 
arrived  with  reenforcementa,  aweUlns 
Grani-a  command  to  27.000.  On  the  16IB 
Flojd  made  aa  attempt  to  force  bla  way 
IhroDcb  (he  BurronndlnB  Federal  llnea. 
FlKhtlDK  contltiued  all  dar  during  moat 
Intensely  cold  weather.  When  nlftt  fell 
opon  Donelson  the  Confederatea  retired  to 
their  worUa.  During  the  uLght  Floyd  nxr- 
rendered  the  command  to  Pillow  and  be  to 
Burkner.  The  two  former  eacttped  by  way 
of  the  rijer  during  the  nlaht  and  neit 
morning  Buckner  aurrendered  the  fort  nn- 
SS'li'Ji""""?  '"  Grant.  SIily-flTe  gtioa. 
37,600  amall  arma,  and  Mfiii  priaonera 
fell  Into  the  hands  of  the  rlctora.  Orant'a 
loaaea  were  2.S32  )□  kl'led,  woDDded.  and 
mlaalng.  The  rnnfederatM  lost  S.BOO  In 
hilled  and  wounded. 

Fort  Erie  (Ouuda),  BkUle  at— Ino* 
1.  1814,  MaJ.-GeiL  Brown  eauibllshed  teed- 
qnartera  at  Baira!i)  with  the  Intention   of 


Port  Fldur  or.  0.),  Otpt&n  of.— 1b 
NoTember,  1864,  an  expedition  wa*  plaoned 
4galnBt  Fort  Flihec,  N,  C.  Thla  fort  oc 
caplea  a  peninaola  on  tbe  aoDUi  eout  of 
North  Carolina,  between  the  montb  of  the 
Cape  Fear  Blver  and  the  Atlantic  Ocuu, 
atKial  18  mllea  from  Wllmlngtoo.  It 
'"'"■^  the  principal  defence  of  that  clty^ 


whicb  was  the  moat  Important  aeaporf 
through  which  the  Bonttiern  Confederacy 
received  forelcn  tappllea,  and  from  which 
departed  blockade  rannera  laden  with  cot- 
ton and  other  prodncla  of  the  South.  It 
was  also  deemed  a  point  of  conaidprahle 
alrateglc  Importance.     Fort  Flaher  and  Ita 


proaehea    to    Wilmington     

guna.  Including  some  ISO-pounder  Arm- 
Btrong  gQoa.  The  garriaon  of  the  fort  and 
oQtworfa  coaalatetT  of  2,300  men.  Dec. 
IS,  1864,  the  eipedlllon  atarled.  It  was 
composed  of  a  fleet  of  73  veasela,  carrying 
8B5  guna,  some  ol  them  of  the  largest  ealH 
ber,  and  a  land  force  of  6.500  men  under 
Oen.  Butler.  The  eipedltion  was  accom- 
panied by  a  boat  loaded  with  21B  tons  of 
gunpowder,  which  It  was  designed  to  ex- 
plode Iq  the  Ticlnlty  ol  the  fort,  with  toe 
object  of  Igniting  and  einlodlng^  (be  maga- 
tlnea.  This  proved  a  fallare.  Dec  24  file 
tort    was    tKimbnided    by    tha    fleet    for   an 


The   r 


try, . 


2  brigades  of  Infan-       the   protection   of   Pi 


ied  by  aeDeralB*'Scolt , 

"'-    — ■•  *o  each   were  added 
a  aquad  of  cavalry. 


ley.    respect..,         „. 

■  train  of  artillery  i 

There  waa  also  a  brigade  of  1,100  New 
York  and  PennsylvaDla  TOlunteeia  and  BOO 
Indians.  July  3  the  American  Army 
croaaed  the  Niagara  and  demanded  the 
■urrender  of  t'ort  Erie,  the  flrat  Brltlab 
poBI  on  the  Canada  side.  MaJ.  Buck,  wIlU 
the  garrison  of  170  men.  yielded  wllbout 
a  Btrnggle.  Aug.  E  Gen.  Gaines  arrived 
at  Fort  Erie  to  take  command  of  tbe 
American  army  of  2,500,  which  had  re- 
tired  to  tbe  sontbwnrd  after  tbe  battle 
of  Liindya  Lane.  Here  he  was  beBleged 
bv  Lleot.-Col.  Drommond  with  6,000  men. 
The  latter  anbjected  the  fort  to  a  heavy 
bombardment  all  day  Aug.  14,  and  on  tbe 
IStb.  between  midnight  and  dawn,  made 
a  series  ot  desperate  asiuiulta.  showing  no 
quarter  to  Americana  who  fell  Into  thele 
■  power.  Tbe  Rrltleh  were  drfven  off,  with  a 
loBB    of    221    killed,    1T4   wounded   and    106 

66  wounded,  and  U  mlaslng.  After  thta 
repi'lae  the  Britlxh  kept  np  a  conatant 
bombardment  of  the  fort  for  aeveral  weeks. 
OcD.  Oalnea  was  aerlonsly  Injured,  and 
Gen.  Brown  reaumed  command,  thouEh  la 
III  health  and  anfferiDg  from  wouoda  re- 
ceived at  I.nndya  Lane.  8epl.  IT  a  aortie 
wan  made  by  about  1.000  regulars  and  the 

ontposts,  and  all  their  bntterlea  were  cap- 
tured or  destroyed.  This  saved  Buffalo  and 
prrhnpo  all  of  n-eatern  New  York  and  serl- 
ousIt  crippled  the  enemy.  The  Inas  to  the 
BriT^Kh  itiirlng  the  sortie  waa  600  hilled, 
wniinded.  and  mlaslng.  and  38S  prlaoacrs. 
Tbe  American  inaa  waa  7B  killed  and  216 
wounded.  After  this  disaster  Dmmmond 
retired  precliil  lately  and  the  American* 
abandoned  and  destroyed  Fort  Brie. 
Pnt  Erie,  Oanada,  Todnetion  of,  b; 
American  arms,  C21, 


reconnalaaance  by  the  land  troops,  Bnt- 
ler  ordered  their  reembarkatloQ  and  re- 
turn. Butler  was  relieved  of  the  command 
and  superseded  by  Gen.  Terry,  with  tbe 
addllloD  ot  1,600  men  and  a  smalt  alege 
train.  Jan.  13,  1865,  the  fort  wsa  again 
Lttacked.  The  troops  were  landed  under 
.he  protection  of  Porter's  guna.  On  tbe 
14th  a  smalt  advance  work  waa  taken  by 
the  Federala  Tbe  ships  reopened  Bre  on 
'"•"  ••  »  ■■  ...  general  assault 
nra  a  desperate 
..,..-.. -u.,.^  ,.u.. ,.,..<.  Traa  maintained. 
Not  until  10  V.  V.  waa  resistance  ended  and 
the  garrlBOn  forced  to  surrender.  Two 
thou  Band  and  eighty -three  priaoners  were 
taken,  Incindlog  Gen.  Whiting  and  Col. 
Lamp.  The  Federal  loss  was  110  killed 
and  530  wounded.  Tbe  ConfedepHte  loss 
In  killed  and  wounded  wna  about  GOO.  The 
neit  morning  by  the  accidental  exploalon  of 
a  magasine  200  men  were  killed  and  100 
wounded. 
Fort  OalaM  (Ala.),  Bodnctton  of.  (Se« 

Mobile  Ba7  (Ala.),  BstUe  of.) 
Fort  aalnei,  Ala.,  reduction  of,  and 
orders  regarding  celebration  of,  3439. 
Fort  Oeorge  (Canada) ,  Oai>tar«  of.— 
After  the  occnpstlon  of  Toronto,  April  27, 
1813,  the  Americans  turned  tbcir  attention 
to  the  British  forts  along  tbe  Niagara 
River.  On  the  west  aide  of  the  river  and 
near  ita  moulh  alood  Fort  George,  which 
waa  held  by  about  1.800  regiilars,  350  mi- 
litia, and  60  Indians,  under  Brig.- Gen.  Tin- 
cent  and  Colonels  Barvey  and  Meyers. 
Nearly  opposite  Fort  George  waa  ttie  Amer- 
ican Fori  Niagara,  In  and  abont  which 
had  been  collected  some  4.000  Iroopa  un- 
der command  of  Gen.  Dearborn.  Acting 
under  him  were  Mai. -Gen.  Morgan  Lewis. 
Generals  Boyd,  Winder,  and  Chandler,  and 
Cni.  WiDfleld  Scott.  May  27.  1813,  an 
attack  was  mnde  on  Fort  George,  The 
army  waa  traoFporied  to  the  CanadisD  soil 
by  tbe  fleet  under  Commodore  Chauucey 
and  Capt.  Perry.  After  a  severe  battle 
of  20  minutes  the  British  fled  In  confusion 
toward  Beaver  Dams,  18  mllea  distant,  to 
readeiTons.  At  the  end  of  3  bOnrs  Fort 
Oeorgo  and  Ita  dcpendeDclea,  with  tba  tII- 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


EtKyclopedk  Index 


FortHcHemy 


Fort  OMrse  (Oaiuda),  Oftptnn  ot—cvi. 
lase  of  Newark,  ircie  tn  tbe  handB  of  tha 
Americans.  TbeLr  loaa  was  a  bent  40 
kUlFd  and  100  vonnded.  The  loaa  of  tbe 
Brillah  rexnlara  waa  Bl  killed  sod  SOB 
woDUded,  ml  Ming,  and  prtaoiiera.  The 
number  at  Canadtan  mlUIIa  made  priaon- 
en  VBB  COT.  maHlDg  Ibe  total  Britlah  loaa 
883.  aa  well  aa  large  guaDtltlei  of  ammu- 
nition and  atorea.  Jufy  8,  1818.  a  part; 
of  40  Americana  under  Lleat.  Eldrldee,  Id 
attempting  to  drive  off  a  amall  detachment 
of  Britlah  and  iDdlaoB  irho  bad  approachM 
to  within  a  conple  of  mliea  of  Fort  Oeorge, 
were  ambuahpd  bj  IndlaDi  under  ltlfl<«- 
bird,  and  only  10  of  the  part;  eactped. 
The   woDnded   and   prlaoDera    were   mMU- 

FoTt  a«orgo,  Oftnada,  redaction  of,  b; 

AmericaJi   anna,  624. 
Fort  QrlBwold    <Ooiiil),  0»ptim  of.— 

Sepc  6,  ITai,  after  Arnold  and  Ibe  Torlea 
bad  aecored  New  Loodon,  ther  carried  by 
acaanlt  Fart  Griavold,  on  the  oppoalte  «lde 
of  the  riTcr.  The  Americana  offered  a 
alobbom  realatance.  Out  of  the  tnrrlBon  of 
150  men  73  were  killed.  Inclndlng  Col. 
Ledyard,  the  commander,  and  SO  were 
wonnded,  man;  after  haTing  aurrendered. 
Fort  Hall  B«MrTatloii,  Idalio,  agree- 
ment with  ludiauB  for  diapoaal  of 
landt  on,  for  use  of  railroad,  1655, 
<77fl,  B187. 
Opened  to  Battlement,  6B87,  6863, 
6865,  0939. 
Fort  Harrison  (Ind.),  Attack  on.— Capt. 
(afterwarda  General  and  Prealdent)  Zach- 
ar;  Ta;lor.  Sept.  4.  1812.  held,  UDtll  re- 
enforcement!  reached  blm.  a  blockbonae  on 
tbe  T^abHih  River,  Ind.,  with  a  garrison  of 
BO  men,  HI  or  CDDvaleaelng  from  fever. 
against  a  Scree  assnult  of  Indiana.  Tbe 
savages  set  are  to  the  blockbonse.  Tay- 
lor's lOBB  was  3  killed  and  B  waundad. 
Fort  Henry  <Tann.),  Oapton  of.— The 
mslD  line  of  Confederate  defense  In  the 
VtBl  In  JannATj.  1862.  citetided  from 
Colnmbos,  K;.,  on  the  Mlaalaalppl  River, 
to  the  Cumlierland  UotiDtalDS,  In  eastern 
Tmueasee.  On  this  Hoe  of  defpnse  were 
Forts  HeniT  and  Donelson,  to  tbe  north- 
ern part  of  Tennessee,  tbe  former  on  tbs 
eastern  bank  of  the  Tennessee  River  and 
the  latter  on  tbe  wealcm  bank  of  the 
Cumberland,  abont  IS  mlica  apart.  Gen. 
Halleck.  fommander  of  tbe  Department 
of  Ulssonri,  determined  to  make  an  at- 
tack on  Fort  Henr;,  wblch  was  near  the 
center  of  the  line.  Jan.  SO  an  expedition 
was  aenc  oat  from  Cairo,  consisting  of  T 
gnnboat^  4  of  tbcm  Irooclad,  under  com- 
mand of  Commodore  Foole.  and  a  land 
force  of  1C,000  men  commanded  b;  Brlg.- 
Gen.  Grant.  On  the  night  of  Fell.  5  &■ 
infantr;  were  landed  (  miles  from  tbe 
forL  Tbe  gunboats  anchored  abreast  until 
10  o'clock  tbe  neit  mamlug.  when  the; 
began  to  advance.  Fort  Benr;  monDleA 
17  gnna  and  nni  garrisoned  b;  2.724  men, 
under  command  of  Brig.-Oen.  Tllghman. 
Tbe  attack  waa  to  ba*e  been  made  b; 
tha  guuboata,  seconded  b;  the  land  forcea. 
Foota  becan  tha  bombardment  before  tha 

S rival  ot  Oen.  Orant.  whole  march  waa 
la;ed  br  mndd;  roads  and  swollan 
Kreams.  Tllgbman  answered  tbe  Are  of 
tha  Rtinlwata  tor  1  boor  and  !0  minntea 
and  then  anrrendered  nneoudltlonall;.  tbe 
gieater  part  of  his  carrlaon  baTlna  al- 
tead;   aerawd   to   Fort   Donelson.  _.  Orant 


tbe  fort  waa  turned  over  to  bim.  The  part 
of  the  garrison  that  aurrendered  conalsted 
of  about  Be  able-bodleu  men  and  60  In- 
valids. Tltahman'a  loaa  was  21  killed,  and 
wounded.  Tbe  Federal  loaa  waa  4a 
Fort  Henry,  Tenn^  thanks  of  President 

to   forces   eaptniing,   3305. 
Fort  Jackaon,  Ala.,  treaty  with  Indiana 

eonelnded  at,  886. 
Fort  LeaTanwortli,  Kana.: 

SBtimates   for   bturacka  at,  referred 

to,  4666,  4Q74. 
Uilitary  prison  at,  ase  of,  as  Oovem- 
ment     penitentiajv,      diBcuued, 
6161. 
Becommendad,  6969. 
Fort  Ziawls,  OdOq   eatimates  for  poat 

at,  4677. 
Fort  UcAUlstar  (Oa.),  Oaptors  of.  and 
Fall  of  Savannah.— After  the  destruc- 
tion at  Atlanta  and  Its  railroad  connectloiu 
Gen.  Bherman  took  up  bis  march  toward 
Savannah.  HIa  arm;  waa  composed  of  the 
Fourteen  (h.  Fifteenth.  Seventeen  lb,  and 
Twenttelb  Corpa.  Gen.  Howud  commanded 
tbe  right  wing  and  Gen.   Sloi^um   Ibe  left. 


I!!'',.; 


Sbtrrmau  passed  dowi 


McAlUaCer, 

- — _As  from  the 

_.a  and  eSectuall;  prevented  tbe  ascent  of 
tha  river  b;  the  Federal  gunboats.  Tbe 
defenses  of  Ibe  tort  wei'e  weak  to  the  land- 
ward and  a  garrison  ot  less  Iban  SIX)  men 
held  Ibe  worls.  Fort  McAllister  mounted 
In  iMrbetle  and  1  mortar.    Dec.  13, 


23  gun 

1864.  Ocu.  Ub»d'i 
Corps  crossed   " 


fort  froi 


the  ri 


djvli 

river  ana 
Tbe  garr 


of  tl 


Flfipcnth 
lulted   tbe 


light  from  union  Head,  and  wbco  the 
:stmeut  ot  Bavannab  was  completed 
rman  demanded  Its  surrender.  Hardee 
lied,  but  on  tbe  night  of  Dec.  20.  when 
tbe  arrangements  tor  tbe  aasanlt  had 
J  completed,  he  evacuated  the  cit;.  It 
a  occupied  next  da;  by  Sherman's  artnj. 


Bhennan'a  marcb  from 
dIsUnce  of  mors   than 

klUed."!"™  -— '-  " 


Thus  ended 


a.     Oat  ol 
-_ — a   63   were 

wounded,  and  200  were  captnred 
on  lae  march,  which  consumed  27  da;B. 

Fort  UcHenry  (Hd.),  Bombardment  of. 

—In  September.  1811.  the  British  planned 
to  take  Baltimore  by  a  combined  land  and 
aea  attack.  The  nl^ht  after  the  battle  of 
North  PoUit  tbe  BrlU«h  remained  on  tbe 
field.  The  following  morning.  Sept  13, 
1814,  tbs  British  fleet,  consisting  of  16 
heav;  vessels,  B  of  tbem  bomb  sblos,  began 
tbe  attack  oa  Fort  McHenry.  3  miles  soutb- 
«aat  of  tha  city.     The   fort  waa  defended 

KHa].  Armlatead  with  about  800  men. 
e  bombardment  continued  25  hours.  Tha 
American  loaa  waa  4  kIDed  and  24  wounded. 
It  was  during  thia  bombardment  that  Fran* 
"■     ■'    Key   wrote   "Tbe   Star-Stia 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Fort  McEinn^  Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Fort  HcElnner  (Wro-).  estim&teB  tor 

completion  of  poet  at,  4680. 
Fort  UacUiuw  (Mlcli.),  Capture  of.— 
The  War  of  1812  WBi  proclaimed  Jana 
IS  (19T).  The  BrlllBta  In  Canada  learned 
of  It  ftooner  ttian  tbeir  advcrsarloB  across 
tbe  lafce».  Julj  IT  ■  force  of  000  BrltlBh 
and  Indiana  under  CapC.  Robcrls  aiiiprlaed 
and  captured  the  garrlBon  of  01  offlccre  and 
men   under   Lieut.    Heocki   at  Fort   Mlcbill- 

cap^tnre  It  Id   1814  was'  ucaacccBBlul. 
Fort   Mackinaw,   Mich.,   attempted   re- 
duction of,   referred  to,   S34. 
Fort  Madison   (Iowa),   Defense   of. — 

Bept.  B.  1812.  about  200  WlDOebaBO  Indi- 
ana attacked  Fort  Uadlaon.  oD  the  Mlaala- 
Blppl  River  above  St.  Loula,  and  were  re- 
pulsed after  3  da^a'  QEhtlug.  The  garrison 
cone  la  ted  of  a  small  detachment  under 
LIcutenaotB  Hamilton  and  Vasquea.  The 
Amerlcaoa  lost  one  man. 
Fort  MagiTiTiiB,  Mont.,  estimfttea  for  poet 

at,  4687. 
Fort  Maiden,  Canada,  redaction  of,  by 

American  arms,  524. 
Fort  Marc7,  Military  Reiervatlon  (New 

Mox.),  disposed  of,  6872, 
Fort  MelgB  (Oliio),  Bombudment  of.— 

In  April.  1S13,  Col.  Praetor,  wUh  a  force 
et  1,000  British  regularB  aod  Canada  mili- 
tia and  I.SOO  Indians,  set  out  on  an  ex- 
pedition agalDBt  Fort  Meigs,  on  the  Mau- 
mee  River,  about  12  miles  from  lis  moulh. 
Gen.  Harrisoa  was  tbere  with  aboat  1.100 
etfcctive  men.  May  1  the  Brltlsb.  havInK 
erected  batteries  at  Maumee  City,  oppo- 
site the  fort,  opened  Are.  which  thej  kept 
up    for    B   days    witb    slight    Injury   to   fort 


Har 


order'to  return  tbey  pursued  the  nyioB  foe 

„„..^ ._   __]lcr'B   commi._ 

only  170  escaped.     After  the  fruitless  bom 


Fort  MelgB,  Oblo,  British  attack  on,  re- 
pulsed, 524. 
Fort    Mercer    px.    J.),    Attack    on.— 

Though  the  British  forces  under  Gen.  Howe 
had  occupied  rblladclphla  In  September, 
1777.  Washington's  army  Id  the  Immediate 
Tlclolty  controlled  the  DBTlgatlon  of  the 
Delaware  and  ScbuylklU  rlreia.  Just  be- 
low Ibe  mouth  of  the  latter  stream,  and  on 
Ibe  opposite  sids  of  the  Delaware,  at  Red 
Bank.    N.    J.,    waa    Fort    Mercer,    In    com- 

mnnd  of  Col.  Gr " '"   '   ' '  -■-  — • 

400  me  '  '    ' 


sfan  troops.  The  assailants  were  repulsed 
with  a  loss  of  400.  One  of  the  ships  ground- 
ed and  2  others  were  burned.  The  Amsrl- 
can  casualties  were  SS. 
Fort  Mifflin  (pft,).  Attack  «.— On*  of 
the  principal  defenses  of  the  Delaware  River 
after  the  ocenpatlon  of  Philadelphia  In 
aeptember,  17T7.  wa«  Fort  Mifflin,  Just  be- 
Rrw-tU  mODtb  of  tt»  WantylklH.     On  On 


arrlTal  of  Admiral  Howe  with  his  fleet  off 
Newcastle.  Uel.,  early  In  October,  ic  be- 
came necessary  to  open  tbe  rlrer  to  Brit- 
ish navigation.  Fort  Mlffllo  was  In  com- 
mand  or  I.ieut-Col.  Smith,  of  Baltimore, 
with  a  garrison  of  about  400  men.  Falling 
disastrously  at  Port  Uercer,  Ibe  British 
turned  to  Fort  Mifflin.  A  combined  attack 
by  the  land  and  water  batteries,  begun  on 
the  lOlh.  resnlled  In  the  retreat  of  Che 
American  garrison  to  Fort  Mercer  on  (he 
night  of  Not.  15,  1777.  wiih  the  loss  of  250 
men.  The  next  day  the  Royal  Guards  oc- 
cupied the  works.     The  Brltlsb  loss  was  37. 

Fort  Mlms  (Ala.)  Mvsacre.- In  the 
summer  of  1813  the  inbabllanti  of  Ala- 
bama, frightened  by  the  bosllle  actloDS  of 
the    Creek    IndlaDi,    took    refuge    at    Fort 

Mima,  near  Montgomery,  Ala.,  10  miles 
above  the  Junction  of  tlie  Tomblgbee  and 
ilaljama  rivcra     The  place  was  garrisoned 


[   240   t 


At  noon  Aug.  30,  1813.  about  1.000  Indians 
under  weathersCord  aod  the  prophet  Francis 
surprised  the  fort.  Of  tbe  SSO  persODS 
( more  than  300  of  whom  were  women 
and  children)  who  at  the  time  were  at  Fort 
Mlms,  400  were  maaaacred.  locludlng  all 
the  women  and  children.  The  whites  resist- 
ed desperately.  The  oeEroes  were  caade  slavea 
to  tbe  Indians.  Twelve  men  ot  the  garrl- 
son    escaped    Into    tbe    swamp. 

Fort  Morgan  (Ala.),  Badnction  of.  (See 
Mobile  Bay  (Ala.),  Battle  of.) 
Orders  regarding  celebration  of,  343&. 
Fort  Moultrlo,  Oharleston  <S.  0.),  D*- 
feme  of.— in  1776  Clinton  was  cborged 
with  holdiog  the  Sontbem  Colonies  and 
Comwallls  was  sent  to  his  aid  wltb 
troops  under  convoy  of  Sir  Peter  Parker's 
fleet.  Charles  Lee  commanded  tbe  Ameri- 
cans In  the  vlclDlty  ot  Chsrlcaton.  Will- 
iam Moultrie  was  in  charge  of  a  little  fort 
of  palmetto  logs  on  Siilllvans  Island.  8.  C 
June  4  tbe  hostile  fleet  appeared  and  on  the 
28th  bombarded  Fort  Moultrie.  Clinton's 
troops  bad  already  landed  on  Long  Island. 
Tbe  Americans  flred  with  precision  and 
elfect.  and  one  ship  was  abandoned.  Clin- 
ton's forces  failed  to  attack,  and  in  a  few 
days  Che  British  withdrew,  Tbe  American 
loHS  was  12  killed  and  24  wounded.  Tbe 
Brltlsb  loss  was  SOS.  and  only  one  ol 
tfaelr  vessels  remained  seaworthy.  An  Inci- 
dent of  this  battle  was  the  replacing  by 
Sergt.  Jasper  of  a  flajr  whicb  had  been  shot 
from  the  bastion.  This  fort  was  abandoned 
by  the  Federals  under  MaJ.  Robert  AndeT- 
BOD  Dee.  20.  18Q0.  and  was  seised  by  the 
Confederatea.  who  serred  a  battery  from  It 
during  the  bombardment  of  P^irt  Sumter. 
April  12-14.   1861. 

Fort  Myer,  Va.,  meteorological  obeerr- 
atory  at,  eBtablishment  of,  recom- 
mended, 4792. 
Fort  Niasua  <N.  T.),  Bombardmast  of. 
—Not.  21.  1812.  Port  Niagara  enstalned  a 
■evere  bombardment  at  the  bands  ot  the 
British  artillery  at  Porta  aeorgs  and  New- 
ark, on  tbe  Canadian  aide  of  tb«  Niagara 
River.  Tbe  Amoilcaiis  returned  the  Are 
and  silenced  tbe  ttatterlea  of  the  enemy. 
Tba  losB  to  tbe  Areerlcaoa  waa  9;  Biltl& 
loB*  waa  not  known. 

Fort  Omalta  MQlUry  BeMrvatlon, 
Nebr^  act  to  provide  for  lease  of,  to 
Nebraska,  vetoed,  6119. 
Fort  Fillow  (Tenn.),  Capture  of.— This 
fort  was  located  on  tbe  Chickasaw  BlDlT, 
lb  tbs  UtMa^ipl  Binr,  40  mllM  aunre 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Fort  Wagner 


Fort  miow  (Teim.),  Oftptim  ot—Cmt'i. 
M^mpblB.  It  WBB  ballt  bj  Ihe  CanfMleratea 
durlnK  the  Civil  War.  It  was  occupied 
br  Che  Federal  Iroopa  June  C.  1BU2.  It* 
CTBcuntlon  hsvlUK  been  compelled  bf  the 
deBtructlon  of  the  CoDCedcrate  flotilla  od 
the  prerlous  day.  The  Federal  forces  not 
long  arternarda  abandoaed  It  In  coQsequence 
ot  operatlona  on  the  TcDaesaee  RlTcr.  April 
12.    1GU4,    the    tore    was    garrlsoUL-d    b;    19 


1   638   t 


ot    t 


rlBon  of  3UU  n 


Oq  that  dar  Gen.  Forrest  with  Confederate 
csTBirr    assaulted    and    captured    It. 

Fort  Folk,  Tax.,  removal  of,  referred 

to,  2603. 
Tort  Powell  (Ala.),  Redaction  of.    (See 
Mobile  Bay  (Ala.),  Battle  of.) 

Orders  regarding  celebration  of,  3439. 
Fort  FntlB  Ullltary  Beserratlon,  Me., 

additional    land    for,    recommended, 

4777. 
Fort  £007,  Kaiuk,  bridge  over  Bepabli- 

ean  Biver  at,  recoDBtinetion  of.  Tee- 

onunended,  4777. 
Fort     Ripley     Military     Beserratton, 

Minn.,    Indian    Birbool    at,    eBtabliah- 

ment  of,  referred  to,  4683. 
Fort  St.  Plilllp  (La.),  Bombardment  of. 
—Jan.  9,  1815.  while  the  British  were  bury- 
biE  their  dead  before  New  Orleans,  a  portion 
of  the  fleet  attacked  without  sucress  Fort 
Bt.  Philip,  at  a  bend  In  Ihe  Mississippi. 
es  miles  below  the  cltj,     II  contained  a  iar- 

., .  o„^ -nder  Ma],  Overton.     Tha 

continued  far  Ave  days. 
e  killed  and  T  wounded. 
Fort  Selden,  N.  Hex.,  estimates  for  post 

at,  referred  to,  4070- 
Fort    Sherman    HUItory    Beservatton 

(Idaho),  dlspoBltion  of,  6937,  8053. 
Fort  801  Indian  Sob-Agency,  referred 

to,  66S5. 
Fort  Bmltli,  Parifl  and  Dardanelle  Rail- 
way,  act   granting  right  of  way  to, 

etc.,  vetoed,  S278. 
Fort  Stedmaa  (Va.),  Aaaault  on.— When 
Id  March.  ISUO.  It  became  apparent  to  Lee 
that  be  must  evacuate  Blebmond,  he  planned 
an  assBDlt  on  Fort  Sledman,  on  Grant's 
rlsht.  During  the  assault  Longst 
mil  were  to  retire  to  Ihe  south. 
b;  the  assaulting  column,  sud  Join  jodde- 
ton.  The  assault  took  place  March  25. 
The  batteries  were  carried  and  600  prisoners 
nptured.  The  Confederates  were  gathered 
in  tbe  works  the;  had  taken.  lArch  ZT 
the  aurroundlnE  artlller;  of  tbe  tlnlon  armr 
was  brought  to  bear  on  the  position,  and 
l.BDO  of  t^e  Confederates  surrendered.  Tbe 
Federal  losa  was  S19. 
Fort  Stepbeneon   (Ohio),  Attack  on.— 

In  Julj.  1813,  Uaj.  Croghan  was  sent  with 
160  men  to  sairlson  Fort  Stephenson,  or 
Lower  Sanduskr,  now  Fremont.  Ohio,  about 
20  miles  from  3andu.''k;  Bar.  Here  be  was 
attacked  Aug.  1,  1813.  bj  Gen.  Proctor, 
with  400  BrrUsh  regulsm  and  several  hun- 
dred Indians,  while  Tecumseh.  with  2,000 
Indians,  beld  the  roads  leadlni  to  the  fort, 
io  as  to  cut  olf  reenforrements.  The  flrlns 
was  maintained  all  alRbt  from  Proctor's 
inboats  and  from  bowltiers  landed  bj  the 
...._^      „ --flault  was  made. 


.  followed 


British.    Auk,  S 


Tbe  British  loss  waa  120.  Tbe  Indians  kept 
out  ot  harm's  war. 

Fort  SnlllTan,  Ma.,  legialatioti  to  an- 
thoTize  sale  of  post  at,  recommended, 

4783. 
Foit  Siunter  (8.  0.)  Fired  on.— At  3 :30 

o'clock  OD  tbe  mornlDg  ot  April  12.  1S61, 
Gen.  Beauregard,  In  command  of  ths  Con- 
federate troops  in  and  around  Charleston. 
8.  C,  demanded  the  surrendur  ot  Fort  Sum- 
ter. In  Cbai'leston  Harbor,  aboot  3M  miles 
from  the  dtj.  The  fort  was  garrisoned 
b;  MaJ.  Anderson  with  TU  men.  Beauregard 
bad  a  force  of  T,0(K)  men,  Anderson  hav- 
ing cefueed  to  surrender,  at  4  :80  ±.  u.  the 
' — 1  bard  men !;_  was   begun.      Tbe   firing    v — 


1   up 


intll    ( 


;wed    ( 


killed  and  7   sllgbtlr  wounded. 


_--n]ng  of  the  liSth.     tiulldltigs  In  t 

were    several   limes   set    on    flre.      Anderson 

It  was  ^possible  to  furnish   him  witb   the 

the  fort.     Accordlngl;,  on  April  14  he  evacu- 
ated the   works    lowering  the  flag  with  a 
salute,  and  with  the  garrison  salli.<d  north. 
This  was  the  Qrst  conflict  of  the  CIvl!  War. 
There   were   no  casualties   on   either  aide. 
Fort  Sumter,  S.  0.,  aeeanit  tipon,  and  re- 
daction of,  discuBsed,  3222,  327S. 
Flag  floating  over,  at  time  of,  to  be 
raised  on  ruins  of,  by  Qen.  Ander- 
son, 3484. 
Fort  Thornbnig,    Utab,   estimates  for 
construction  of  poat  at,  referred  to, 
4670. 
Fort  Wagner  (8.  0.),  Battle  of.— In  or- 
der  to   tfst   the   efficac7   of   monitors   and 
IroDcJada  as  against  land  fortiflcatlons.  Ad- 
miral   Dupont    attempted    to    force    the    de- 
fenses   of    Charleston    lisrbor    wlib    a   Beet 
of  BUch  jeasels.      April  T    :"'■■■    '      — -  - 

,    iBon    monitors.    tL_    ...„ 

[c>.    partially    Ironclad,    and    the   &'eoA:ulb, 

frailer    Ironclad.       The     opposing    forts 

mounted  300  guns.     The  expedition  slensllj 

fsllcd.      June   12  Gen.   Glllmore  was  placed 

in   command   of   b^    j....-    — . —   -.-- 

same   fort   with    1    ,_ . .    __ 

.10  monara      Admiral   Dahlgreu    „__ 

Ith  bim  nltb  the  frleate  Irorutdet 

,  .  ,  ._  Worrls  Island, 
then  proceed  against  Fort  Sumter.  July 
1803.  a  combined  attack  b;  aea  and  land 
yea  made  on  that  fortlflceilon.  lie  ad- 
vanced wllhin  muaket  range  ot  Fort  Wagner, 
but  delayed  tbe  asEaull  till  the  next  day. 
when  It  WHS  repulsed.  In  these  operations 
Glllmore  lost  about  150  men.  the  Confed- 
erates 300.  July  18  another  attempt  waa 
made  to  reduce  tbe  place,  but  It  waa 
completely  repulsed,  with  a  loss  of  1,200. 
Glllmore  now  determined  to  approach  tbe 
fort  bj  a  series  of  parallel  trenches.  The 
Brst  vas  opened  July  24  and  tbe  third 
Aug.  9.  Beauregard  waa  In  command  of 
Fort  Sumter,  Aug  17  Glllmore  opened  on 
that  fort  Br  tbe  23d  Sumter  was  battered 
to  ruins.  Additional  parallels  were  opened 
toward  Fort  Wafper,  Final  operations  be- 
gan Sept.  G,  with  IT  elege  and  cohom 
mortara,  13  Parrott  rlQes.  and  tbe  11-tnch 
shells  of  the  frontMcs.  An  a!<!<ault  was  to 
have  been  made  Sept.  T,  but  during  the  pre- 
vious night  the  garrison  evacuated  the  place, 
Thoagh  122. 30O  pounds  of  metal  were 
thrown  against  the  work,  the  bombproots 
were  found  Intact 

Fort  Wagner,  S.  0,,  Indian  agency  at, 
removal  of,  967. 


and  U  moulto] 


I  then  p 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Port 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Fort  Wftllftca  WUtair  BtMmtlon 
(Kanii.),  set  to  provide  for  diipowl 
of,   vetoed,   5308. 

Fort  WuIiliiKtoii  (N.  T.).  Okpttin  of.— 

One  ot  tbe  moat  accloiu  dUMUra  to  the 
AmeriraDE  ot  the  m]j  days  ot  tbe  Rpto- 
lullon.  Howe  neat  an  Pinodltlon  to  dliitods* 
the  Amerlnna  frnm  Korin  [joe  Bud  Wuihlas- 
tOD.  tbe  prlQOlpttl  OorcDHT*  of  Ihe  lludw>n, 
which  UaDgTffB  had  drrldi'd.  HRKlnnt  Ihe  ad- 
Tlre  ot  W'aahlDgtaD,  should  be  held.  Tbe 
garrison  wUhdrrw  from  Port  l*e  In  natety. 
Fort  WaablDgioo  was  rarrlMl  \>f  Blorm  Nov. 
le.  177(1,  afLcT  ■  KTprc  gtrunle.  2,1100  mea 
«Dd  all  Ibe  munltloaa  of  war  fatllas  Into  Ibe 
band!  of  the  Brltlah,  The  Amerlraa  lom 
Id  klllrd  aod  wounded  did  not  circvd  ISO. 
while  the  loss  ot  the  combloed  British  and 
lIcBslan    troops   amaDnlcd    (o   abont   4G0. 

Foit  Tuma  UOltarr  BeMrTfttlon  (Ariz.) 

alapoaed  of,  8704,  6700. 
Forts  Ollnton  and  MontgomDrr  <N.  7.), 

liOas  of. — Forta  Clinton  iind  Uoutgomerr 
were  BiiuaCed  oD  tbe  west  aide  of  the  Hud- 
con  Blvcr,  about  G  mlica  below  WeaC  Point 
Fort  tlon'goaiiTr  was  a  larjce.  naanlahrd 
work  Donh  of  l'0[)lupi'n  Crwk.  ltd  garrlaoD 
conalstlDg  of  one  njmiiaD;  ot  ■rtillpr;.  a  tew 
refmlara,  and  aome  half-armed  nillltia  under 
Col.  I.amb.  Fort  CllDtoo  wbb  aouth  ot 
the  mouib  ot  tbe  rrrok.  thoroughli  built, 
and  carrlBoned  b;  a  tew  recvlara  and  mllltla 
under  Brtg.-den.  Jamca  fjinron.  Oct.  i 
177T.  tbcse  forts  were  ntormed  and  carried 
bj  the  BrKiHb  under  (len.  Hrnry  CUnUm. 
Tlie  Amerleabi  lout  about  nOO  In  killed, 
wonndod.  and  mlivlns.  bcaldes  100  cumon 
and  tarse  quautltlei  ot  ammanillon.  The 
Brltlah    Ion    waa    about    200    killed    and 

Fortiess  Monroe,  Vs.: 
Artillery  schools  of  pnettee  at,  940, 
Estimates  for  barracks  and  qoarteri 
at,  referred  to,  4606, 
Forta. — Strlctlf  appnking  a  fort  la  a  perma- 
nent, RtrDUgl;  built  detached  encloaure  with 
mounted  guna.   capable  of  Independent  de- 
fcnae,  and  mnnned  by  an  organlaed  mllltarr 
force.   A  fnrlreaa  la  a   fort  ot  mnerlnl  aize 
and  atrenglh.     The  only  appllrellon  ot  Ihe 


r  the  I 


i  for 


Both  n 
II   nerleR  of   defeOH 


ditch,  and  mny  lie  of  enrlh 

pont  Is  a  permanent  mllltnry  camp,  with  or 

wllhoul  tfetenBlve  tortltlcotlona.      The  mill- 


parapet  and 

ap,  wHh 


Inry  ponti  of  the  wCKlnrn  pnrt  of  the  nnlled 
Statea  were  originally  fortlflcd  agHlnst  at. 
tacka  by  Indlnno.     There  ore  IfH)  forta  and 


ead— Eight    Ddlea    from    Baltimore, 


Army    and    Navy    Qeneral    Hoipltat — Hot 
—Three  milea  from  Augus- 


..Sprlnga.    i 
ta.   0«. 


a  from  Sao  Francllco.  C«I. 
— Two  mllpB  from  Boston,  Uaaa. 
ucBB — Eight    miles    from    Penaacola, 


BUaa— Port  Ells*.  Tex. 

BoM    Barrack*— Two    mOea   Ccon  Botef, 

Idaho. 
Bndy— One   all*   from   Baelt   Ste.   Uarle, 

Ulch. 
Canal    Zona— .Canal   Zone. 
Cantiy— Ten  mllca  from  Fort  Bterena,  Ore. 
Carroll— Klght   mtles  from    Balllmore,    MO. 
Caaey— Fifty-three  mllca  from   I'ort  Town- 

SoDthport.,  N,  C. 

—Ten    mlica  from 

Columbia- Fonr  mIlea  from  Fort   Stevena, 


ConatI  tutlon— Three  mlleefnini  Fortamonth, 

N.    H. 
Crockett — Qalveslan,  Tex. 
Crook— Nehra- ■-- 


Da  via — Nome,   Aliiaka. 

De  Ruaay — Four  mllca  from  Honololn,  B.  T. 

DcB  Holnea- Fltre  mllea  from  Dea  Holnea. 


Douglea — Douglaa,  ArU. 

Douglaa — Four  mileB  from  Bait  Laka  City. 

Utah. 
Du   I'ont— Two  mllea  from  Delaware  City, 

nci. 
le  Paaa- Eagle  Paaa,  Tex. 


Bagle  Paaa- Eagl 

Kthan  Allen— Vci 

Flajrer— Five    mllca   from   Port   Townaend. 

WaRhlngtoD. 
Foater~Hli  mllei  from  Porlanuinth,  N.  H. 
Frank  ford     Arsenal — One-half     mite     from 

Brlilnliorg,    Pa. 
Fremont- Twelve     ml  lee     from     Beanfort. 

QaliicB^Thlrty  mllea  from  Uoblle;  Ala. 

QalveBlon— tialveaton.  Tex. 

George  Wright— Four  mllee  from  Spokane, 

Getty- Five  mllea   trom  Newport,   B.   I. 
Gibbon— Taoane,   AluokB. 
GovernorB  laland— S.-P  Fort  Jay,  N.  Y. 
Greble— Five   miles  from   Newport.    B.  I. 
namllloQ— Seven  mllex  from  Brooklyn.  N.  t. 
Haticoek- Six  mllea  from   HlKhtanda,   N.  J. 
EcBtb— Tbrce-qnartere  of  a  mlla  from  Blgh- 

Innda,   Uaiw. 
Benry    Ilnrmrka — Cayey,    P.    K. 
E.  G.  Wright— Etghl  mllee  trom  New  Lon- 

Hownrd — Seventeen  mllea  from  Baltlmaie, 

HiiflchucK — Reven    mllea     from     Huachuca 

Biding,   Aria. 
Hunt — Fifteen     mllea     from     Waahlngton. 

D.C. 
Jackaon    Barracke — Six    mile*    trom    New 

Jiv— nnvnmnn  Taland.  New  York  City. 

-      ■— BarrackB,  Mo, 


Ipffcraon  Bnrracka-^elfen 


linmeha — Honolalu,   1 

"-■Bt  BarrackB— Key  ' 

—Two  mllee  from  ,, 

— -  jrorlh — I«aveDwnrth,   Kan. 

Leavenworlh — Fort  Leavenworth.  Kan. 
Levett- Four   mllea   from   Portland,   Ue. 
Lincoln — Four    miles    from    Blamarck,    N. 

LIncum— Three    miles    from    Port     Taldei, 

Log!  n— Colorado. 

Logan   B.    Roots — Foar   miles  from   Little 

Rock.   Ark. 
Lyoa—Foar  miles  from  Portland,   Ue. 
McDowe!l — Seven  mllee  from  San  Fiaiieleeo, 


jyGooi^lc 


Encydopedic  Index 


llcKlnler— FITS  mllM  from  Portland.  K«. 
HcPberBon— Foor  mllM  from  Atlanta,  Qa. 
UcRie — Ten  mllM  from  PeoMCOla,  F\*. 
HadlaoD  Barrack*— Backetts  Harbor,  N.  Y. 
Mansfleld — Serm  miles  from  Westerlr,  B.  I. 
Meade— Two  miles  from  SturclB,  8.  Dak. 
Ifleble — Blevea   mUea   from   New   Loadon, 

HlleT_Slz  miles  from  Ban  Pranelsco,  CaL 

Hlssonln— Four  miles  from  Ulssonla,  Uont. 

Monroe— Port   Monroe,    Vb. 

Uorgan— Thirty  miles  from  Uoblle.  Ala. 

Motl— Six   ~"--   '—   o.i.™     jj     t 

Honltrle— E  „ 

Urer— Fonr  miles  from  WaBbl 

NMcara — Seven  mile*  (mm  Len -..  _. 

OKlethorira — EleTcn  miles  from  Chattanoosa, 


7reii_ 


...B  milCB  from  Omaha,  Neb. 

Ontario — OswsBO,  N.   T. 

Pblllp    KeaniT — One   mile   from   gatindera- 


PlBtUbnra  Barracks— PlBttsburg,  N.  Y._, 
Porter- Three  miles  from  Buffalo,  N.  Y. 
Preble — Tbrae  miles  from  Portland,  He. 
Prealdio  of  Uonterer — Two  miles  from  lion- 

terer.   Cal. 
Pmldlo  of  San  Franclaco— Five  miles  from 

San   Francisco,   CaL 
Presidio  of  San  iPrancItco— Letterman  Oen. 

Hoap.  Cal. 
Rererc—One-quarter      mile      from      Stonr 

Beach,   Han. 
Bl  lei— Fort   Hllej,   Kan. 
Robinson — Fort  Rablnson,  Neb. 
Bock  lalend  Arsenal — One  mile  from  Bock 

I  Bland,  tit. 
Rodman — Fonr   mites   from   New   Bedford, 
_      "■■■        _.        ., V  CaL 


_..     miles  from  Honolulu, 

St.  Mlcbael— Fort  St.  B 

~'    Pblllp— Six  miles  fi 


Bcbolleld     

Honolaln,    H.    T. 
Scburler — Three    miles    from    Weatcbester 

Station,  N.  T. 
SereTen — Fort   Screven,   Qa.  _ 

Shafter— Tbree  mitcs  from  Honolulu,  H.  T. 
SberldoD- Fort  Sberidan,  111. 
sm— Fort    Bill.    OklB. 
Sloenm- Two    miles    from    New    Bochelle, 

N.  T. 
Smallwood — Eleven  miles   from  Bsltimora, 


,„_    „eTen  mites  from  Boston,  Uass. 
Blara— Three  miles  from  Fortamooth,  N.  H. 
SlevenB — Fort  Btevens,   Ore. 
BIrons — Five   miles  from   Boston,   Mass. 
Bnmrer — Six  miles  tram  Charleston,   B.   C. 
Terr;- Thiiteeti   miles   from   Naw   liondon, 

TeioB  City— Teias  City,  Tex. 

Tbomas— Newport.    K7. 

Totcen — Two  milts  from  Wbltestone,  N.  T. 

Tnrls^-GRlVBSton,    Tri. 

U.   B.   Military   Prison— Fort   Leavenwortb, 

U.  B.  Mllltsry  Prison— Foor  miles  from  Ban 

Francisco,   CaU 
Tanconver  Barracks— Vanconver,  Wash. 
WidAworth— RoBPbSDk.    N.    t. 
Walter  Reed   General  HoHtltsI — Five  miles 

from  WBiblngton,   D.  C. 


Watertown   Anenal— Six   miles  from   Bos- 
ton,  Mass. 
Watsrrllet   Arsenal — One   mile   [ram   Troy, 

N.  Y. 
Wayne — Foar  mites  from  Detroit  Mlcd. 
West   Point— West   Point,   N.  Y. 
Wetherlll— Two  miles  from  Newport,  R.  I. 
Whipple    Barracks — One    mile   from    Pres- 

cot^  Aria. 
Whitman- Twelve   mites   from   Mount  Ver- 
non. Wash. 
Wm.   H.   Be  ward— Haines,    Alaska. 
Williams — Four  miles  from  Portland,  Me. 
WInfleld  Scolt- WInlleld  Scot!,  CaL 
Wood— Three  mile*  from  New  York,  N.  Y. 
WordcD— Fifty  .one     miles     from      Seattle, 

Wash. 
Yellowstone — Five    miles     from    Gardiner, 

Mont. 
Yosemlte — Fifteen  mitea  from  El  Portal,  Cal. 
FoTta  utd  FortlAcatlonB  (Bee  also  Army, 
Defenses,  Public ) : 
AppropriatiouB  for — 
Bill  for,  defeated,  X3S8. 
Becommended,   395,   471,  614,   688, 
&27,  &56,  1388,  2711,  2895,  3993, 
47B8,  4833. 
Amuunents  for,  770. 
Appropriation    for,    recommended, 

2895,  4798. 
Becommended,  4S71. 
Board    of    Ordnance    and    Fortifica- 
tions diecassed,  S373. 
Ceded  to  United  States,  102,  146,  384. 
Conrtrneted  with  view  to  permanence, 

6S0. 
Ckinfltarietion    of,  progTera  made  in, 

635,  647,  677,  688,  800,  9S3,  12SL 
Defenae  of,  neeeBBarr,  435. 
ExpendltnreB  for,  635,  907,  983. 
In  lAwrenee,  Kana.,  referred  to,  3894. 
Beferred  to,  99,  161,  178,  230,  297,  318, 

614,  780,  894,   1785,   1807,  2286. 
Keqnisite  on  Beacoasts,  586,  688  1901. 
Stde  of,  on  Staten  Island  to  United 
posed,  934. 
ferred  to,  435. 
Foitnne   Bay  Outragei.— The   treaty  of 
Wasbluffton  (q.  v.)  ratmed  Ic  18T1,  granted 
to   AmerlcBD   flsbermeD   the   right   to  take 
and  cure  fish  on  the  Canadian  coasta.  and 
the  Hsllfai  CominlBBlon   (q.  v.)   determined 
□pon  the  compenEatlon  to  be  made  for  anrh 
privileges,     "nie  Newfoundlanders,  however. 


these 


Itaats  of  Fortune  Bay,  Newfoundland,  1 
tacked  some  OtoucesCer  flahermen  who  w«><i 
taking  on  cargocB  of  trosen  herring,  cut 
tbelr  nets  and  drove  away  Che  crews.  The 
Newtonndland  people  asaerced  that  the  local 
lawB  were  being  violated.  The  Brltlab 
Qovomment,  howevf"  '--"-'  -■--'  ■..-  — 
CDDld  not  Btand  In  r 


also  FlslMriet.) 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Preside«ts 


Fortune 

Fortune  Bay  OntragOB,  diieoued,  4518, 

4543,  4.1.^8. 
ClaimB  arising  out  of,  paid,  4685. 
Fonndiy,   KatlotuU,   for   cannon   to   be 
eomtnon  to  both  Aimj  and  Navy  of 
the   United   Btates,   in   aider  to   reg- 
ulate qnalitf  and  lecure  nnifonnitj, 
eieetion  of,  recominended,  1907,  1714. 
Font  Tean'  Law.— m   Mnj.   18S0,  Con- 
EreM  paaied  a  law  making  the  tErm  of  cer- 
tain   poBtmaaters   and    rercnne    cotlectora 
toat  7carB.     Thongh   It   was  claimed   that 
tbe   only   object   of   the   bill   was   to   have 
public    arcoiinta    aabmltted    tor    Inspection 
*v»rT  four  yeara.  Its  elTeft  waa  to  jreatly 
Inrreaae    the    power    o(    the   prealdent    In 
making  ippolntmenta 
FoDitli  of  Jnlr,  oration  hj  PreBident 

Wilson,  7952. 
Fttnrtll  of  July  Acddents.— in  reeent 
yeara  much  progreu  hal  been  made  toward 
aecnrliig  a  une  and  rational  celebration 
ot  the  Fourth  of  July.  A  tew  cltlea  like 
Trenton,  N.  J.:  Cleveland,  Oblo :  WaBhlng- 
ton.  D.  C.  and  Balllmore,  Md.,  have 
adopted  ordlnanrea  prohibiting  the  sale  and 
nae  of  firework*,  and  tn  New  York.  Chi- 
cago.  Toledo.  Ohio,  and  a  few  otber  eltiea 
tb>-  iiae  of  flreworka  hia  been  restricted. 
Injuries  and  latalltlea  due  to  tbe  dlRcfaar^e 
ot  eiploalTcB  OD  tbe  Kourth  of  July  are, 
bowever    still  far  too  numerous. 

From  records  kept  by  (he  Journal  of  tAa 
AtHKriran  Ucdical  Aforlalion  It  Is  abown 
tbat  the  average  tinmtier  of  raanaltlpa  be- 
tween 1004  and  1010  were  170  peraona 
killed  and  4,000  Injured.  The  year  pnred- 
Ing  the  taking  of  this  avet-Bge  fhe  number 
of  peraouB  killed  waa  46S.  and  I 
after  repeated  csutloo  and  the  pa 
JudlclouB   city    ordlnanceBj  only  OT 


Uedlterranean,  TOO  North  Bea,  ete^  and 
900  Allanllc. 

Phlftlrat  Fraturrt. — Tbe  Pyrenees,  wblcb 
divide  li'rBnra  from  Rpalu,  extend  from 
Ibe  Allanllc  to  the  Uult  of  Lyons,  the 
highest  point  In  French  territory  being 
the  Vlgnemale  (lO.HOO  feet)  In  the  center 
of  the  range.  Tbe  Alps  form  the  enstem 
frontier  of  France,  their  hlgbeat  polot  (tbe 
highest  Rummlt  of  Europe)  being  Mont 
Blanc  [IS.SlH)  teet)  near  Ibe  Junction  ot 
the  Fraaco-SwlBB-ltallsn  frontier.  The 
narrow  Rhone  valley  aepn rates  the  Alps 
from  the  mouatalnoua  region  of  south-cen- 
trnl  France.  The  Rhone  rlxes  In  Uont  St. 
Golbard    (Swltierland),    and    at    LrouB    la 

(Dined  by  the  Safiae  from  [he  Faurllles  and 
'osges.  Tbe  Garonne  rises  In  the  Span- 
'ah    Pyrenees,  _flowB  _  Into    the    Atlant-    " 


The  Loire  rises  In  tbe  Vlvarala 

Mountalaa  and  flows  Into  the  Atlantic  at 
Rt.  NsiHlre.  The  Seine  rlBes  In  the  Lan- 
sres   plnteau,   and   flows   Into  the   Engtlsb 


were   reported  killed   and   aome 

Fongth  of  J11I7  OlalniB. — This  nnme  Is 
■iven  to  a  rlaiB  of  claims  arlalng  during 
tbe  CiTll  War.  The  claims  were  (or  qiiar- 
lermaater  and  commissary  stores  and  itip- 
pllea  taken  from  loyal  dtlsena  In  certain 
territory  named  for  tbe  use  of  and  actually 
oaed  by  tbe  ITnlon  armies.  The  flrat  act  of 
CongreBB  proTldlna  (or  the  payment  ot  these 
clalma  was  passed  July  4,  1S64,  from  which 
tad  tbe  name  arose. 

Fomth  Of  Jtdy  Clalau  (see  also  War 

aaimt) : 

Payment  of,  referred  to,  4148. 

Transfer  of,  to  Sonthem  Claims  Cam- 

miulon  recommended,  4361,  4425. 

Fox  BMorration.     (See  Sac  and  Fox 

BeservatlonO 
Fox  Blver,  wig,,  act  regarding  Im- 
provement of,  vetoed,  4336. 
France. — France  1b  the  most  wenterly  itats 
of  Conlral  Europe,  extending  from  42*  20" 
to  El'  5'  N.  lalltDde  and  from  T°  45'  E. 
to  4*  49'  W.  lougltnde.  It  1b  bounded 
northwest  by  the  North  Sea,  Straits  Of 
Dorer  and   the  Engllsb 


the  ^ 


It  by  the  Hedlli 


[•oth 


length   from  north  _  _ 

the  greatest  breadth  from  eBBt  In  weat  B.10 
miles.  Its  S.SIH3  miles  of  boundnry  are 
Dearly   two-thlrdB    water,    400    miles    being 


Qei 


euae  both  rise  la  French  ti 
irtheasH,    but    their    mali 
□d  Belgium. 


;■'.'( 


iBd  /*opiilo/ ion, —Continental  France 
hbb  ail  area  of  :i0T,0T6  square  miles,  and 
la   divided    pontlCBlly    Into  elghty-acTen   de- 

30.002.258  according  to  tbe  census  ot  1911. 
Winlorji. — The  monarchical  system  was 
overthrown  by  tbe  French  Revolution 
(1TH9-I7n3),  which  establlflhed  a  Republic 
during  the  closing  years  of  tbe  eighteenth 
century.  In  1804  Nnpoleon  founded  the 
■■First  Empire."  which  gave  place  to  a 
rcKloratlon  of  tbe  Bourbon  Dynasty  In 
1814-1815  nnlll  the  ■■Second  Empire"'  un- 
der     Napoleon      III.      '  ""''"•  '"-" 


Ity  under  the  third  Republic. 


._.     _ _  ..  _.  h   followed   by 

way  of  Ll?ge.  Belgium.     The  GermaDs_had 


iKinn   which   followed 


jdvauced  to  within  a  day'a  march  of  Paiia 
by  Sept.  1,  wbcD  wllh  Ibe  aid  ot  English 
troops  tbey  were  checked. 

Ooi-minipiil, — Since  1870  France  haa  en- 
loTcd  an  Increasing  aecnrlly  onder  tbe 
Third  RepiiMlc.  The  bend  of  tbe  Republic 
Is  the  President,  electPd  for  seven  years 
by  tbe  two  Houses  of  Legislature  (Sen- 
ate and  Peputlc")  In  Joint  sesslsn  as  (be 
NallonnI  Asaembly,  All  French  cltlaena 
are  eligible  for  the  oOee  of  President. 
except  members  of  any  royal  family  which 
has    ever    reigned    Id    France,  Presldi^nt 

(Feb.  18,  jni3-1020).  H,  RaymoDd  Poln- 
cnr#.  horn  at  Bar-le-Dne  (Menae),  Ang. 
20.  1880.  elected  Jan.  IT.  lOlS. 

Tbe  EiecntlTe  Is  vealed  In  the  President 
anil  Is  eierclsed  by  a  Pahlnet  of  Respon- 
sible MInlalcrs,  tbe  chief  of  whom  Is  se- 
iccled  by  the  Preoldent  of  the  Republic 
from  one  of  (he  principal  political  par- 
ties of  the  legislature. 

The  Prpstdent  la  aided  In  fleterminlne  con. 
Btllutlnnn]  and  administrative  nneatlons  by 
a  ronBcll  d'Ftnt,  which  cotmlBts  of  twenly- 
one  foil  n  ell  lorn,  thlrty-upven  Haltrea  des 
HefinPtes  Had   forlv  Andlton. 

The  lowcBt  CourtB  are  thow  nf  the  Jnges 
de  Palx  In  ench  of  the  H.no5  cantona. 
where  minor  clrll  and  rrlmlDal  casfs  are 
delerralned.  More  aerloiis  chBrgea  are 
dealt  wllh  by  the  trlhnnnui  de  premiere 
InBtnnce  In  ench  of  the  377  armndlsae- 
menta.  the  22T  trlhiinani  de  commerce 
dealing  with  mercantile  caaea.  Appeals  from 
the  tribunals  are  heard  In  twenty-all  courts 


jyGooi^lc 


Encyclopedic  Index 


_..    I    held    perloflleaTly    to    each 

deoartiDpat.  witii  Jiirlps,  whose  verdict  de- 
pendB  on  a  mpre  nuijorltj.  The  bigheBt 
trlbiinal  Is  Ihe  Cour  de  CasBntloD  at  PbtIh. 
Id  criminal  cnseB  a  pr«llmlDaT7  Inquiry 
IB  beM   Id  nertrt  by  a  judge  d'lnstructlOD, 

the  ra<e  for  proaecntlon  by  a  procureur 
bttore  a  criinlnul  tribunal.  All  jiidKea  are 
appointed  hy  Xbe  Prealdeut  of  tbe  Kepuo- 
lle.       TraDBporlallOD     lo     a     penal     colour 


AnuleB   of   the    World   and    I 


>   ot   t 


FriDce  Is  blKbl;  developed.  The  Central 
AdmlnlBtralloa  comprlwa  (a)  Mlnlslri  o( 
Public  Inslructlon;  (b)  Superior  Ednca- 
tloDBl  Council,  charged  wITh  ttie  actual  ad- 
mlolstrntloD ;  (c)  CansulIatlTe  Comailttcc 
(advlaory)  ;  (d)  Educational  BarrBux  bdi] 
InspectluK  Btalts,  whose  heada  report  direct 
to  the  MlnlBler.  By  the  Law  of  July,  1S04. 
alt  congresaltoalat  ItiBtllutloDB  are  to  be 
■uppressed  wltbln  ten  years,  and  many  were 
at  oDce  closed      Primary  Education  Is 


School   of   Forej 
tberi 


In   «_ 

?   Unlve 


Hies  n 


I  UuTverslty, 


gers,  Bordeani,  Caen.  Clermont,  DijoD.  Oro- 
Doble.  Lille,  LyoD,  MarKlUes.  UonUuban, 
Uontpeller,  Nancy,  Naalea,  Poitiers,  Bennes, 

Produclion  and  Induttrv. — Of  tbe  total 
area  n32.38{).000  screa)  there  were  in  1810 
80.39S.6TT   acres  Under   crops  BDd   grass, 

Tbe  eoBBts  aupport  a  large  QshlQg  popula- 
tloD,  over  159.89B  persons  being  directly 
employed.  The  principal  forestB.  Ardennes, 
CODipffigne.  Pontalaebteau  and  Orleans,  con- 
■iBtlDg  cbleflr  of  oak,  blrcb,  pine,  beecb, 
elm.  cbestDut.  aad  tbe  cork-tree  In  the 
Boutb.     PtuU  trees  abound  and  are  prodnc 


antimony,  and  salt  are  also  produced. 

Tbe  most  Important  InduxtrleB  are  metals, 
watches.  Jewelry,  cabinet  work,  carving  pot- 
tery, glass,  chemlcalB,  dyeing,  paper  maUnf^ 
wooleDB,  carpets,  linen,  silk,  and  lace,  and 
leather  work.   ■"-     -    '"  

OOO.OOO  bauds. 

Ftnanee, — The  revenue.  Inclusive  of  loan*, 
lo  1913  amounted  to  4.73S.882.4S9  franca 
and  (be  eipendlluree  nearly  as  much.  The 
national  debt  is  Ihe  heaviest  locarred  by 
any  nation  and  was  staled  In  1B11  as  more 
than   rhlrty-Ibree   billion    francs,  carried  at 


as  B  ponnla- 

,- e  some  forty 

b  population  in  excess  ot  EO.C"" 


rrode  Kith  tHe  UniU 


.  .  .  The  valaa 
d  into  Fraoce  from 
the  year  1B13  was 


il4fl.  100.201,  and  goodt  _. — 
136.87T.0B0  were  sent  thilher— a  balance 
of  t9.S22.211  In  favor  at  tbe  United  Btatea. 
FRE\Cn  COLOW/ES.— The  Colonial  pos- 
lesalons  of  the  French  Republic  have  a  total 
area  of  J0.B80.778  square  kilometres  («.- 
084.403  square  mites).  Including  Algeria 
(which  Is  an  Integtal  part  ot  France)  aod 


France 

Uorocco.  In  which  eonntry  French  InllacDce 
Is  predominant-  The  following  Table  ei- 
hlblts  the  aren  and  population  of  ITrencb 
territory  outside  of  Europe  ; 

Am       Eatimmted 
Continent  Bqusn    PopulsUoD 

Aiw—  Mitea  1011 

nensb  India ZOO  £82.472 

Freucb  Indo-CUOB 310.000      18,990.229 

Total  Asia 310,200      17,272,701 

Alfslia 221.947  5.503.828 

Morocco 193,000  £.000,000 

Tuni. 48300  1.968,782 

FiecchSahan 923,892  46U.OOO 

French  Weat  Africa I,ft0g.733  11,344,078 

French  Equatorial  Allies. .  5811.913  9,000.000 

Frenoh  E»t  Atriea 48.296  20S.r81 

MadsgaKor,  etc 226,615  3,247,895 

MayottaanaComonlilanda         838  

Biunion 928  177,877 

Total  Africa 3.729,158      30,MS.209 

laloDda  o!  KargUElan,  St. 

Paul  and  Amsterdam. . .  1.35S  

Bt-FiensandMiquelon...  93  4.209 

GuhUIoup*,  ate 887  190.2T3 

Uartinique 380  185,385 

FTenehGuiana 34.159  49.009 

Total  Amsrioa 35,319  428.878 

New  Caledonia,  sto 7,198  50.500 

Society  IiUnd,  ete. 1.182  30.683 

TotalOooani* S.S7B  81,083 

QnndTotal 4,084.410      54,730.039 

AUSRICAS  POaaEBBIOHa—FTtmce  jn- 
sesaes  two  small  groups  of  IslnudB  off 
the  Boulheast  coast  of  Newfoundland,  of 
which  Bt  Pierre  and  Mlguelou  are  the 
largest  respectively  :  their  comiilned  area  Is 
atioat  B5  square  mllea.  with  a  total  popu- 
lation In  IdOT  of  4.7Q8.  aod  they  form  an 
eicellent  basis  for  the  French  cod  Ssbery. 
In  the  West  Indies  two  of  tbe  most  fer- 
tile of  the  Lesser  Autlllcs  twloni  to  Prance, 
viz..  Martinique  (capital  Port  de  Francel, 
area  about  380  aquare  miles :  population  In 
1910  of  164.004 :  and  Guadeloupe  and  Baase 
Terre  (capital  Polute-a-Pitre),  area  88T 
square  miiea,  population  I90.2T3  In  1008. 

In  Boutb  America,  Cayenne  or  French 
Guiana  has  an  area  of  33.880  square  miles. 
and  an  estimated  population  of  about  3S,- 
IIT  in  1906 

7'rade  iHth  th«  United  Stales.— The  Vtlne 
of  merchandise  Imported  Into  the  French 
West  Indies  from  the  United  States  for 
the  year  1B13  was  11,723.124,  and  goods 
to  tbe  value  of  (79,736  were  sent  UiltEer — 
a  balance  of  |1.643,3SS  In  favor  ot  the 
United  States. 

The  value  of  merchandise  Imported  into 
French  Guiana  from  the  United  States  for 
tbe  yenr  1913  was  f337.7H.  and  Kooda  to 
the  value  o(  (88,386.  were  sent  thltber~a 
balance  ot  1261,828  In  favor  ot  the  United 
Slatea. 

TiaaC9  (see  also  Arcachon;  Parii): 
American  citizene  in — 

IinpreBBed  into  militair  service  of. 

(Elee  Naturalized  Citizens.) 
Outrages  committed  on,  490. 
Pasaporta     used    b^,    referred    to, 

3902. 
Presented  at  court  of,  3285. 
Amitj    and   friendsliip    eipresBed   in 
addreBB  to  the  people  of  the  United 
States,  181. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


France 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Fnac« — Cor  IIrwA 

Arbitration,  Teaolntion  of  Frencli 
Chambers  favoiiD^  troAtj  of,  re- 
ferred to,  6oeo. 

A:nay  of  penone  to  eerve  in,  mnit 
b«  citizens  of,  3171. 

AttemptH  to  dtaw  United  States  into 
ite  contest  with  Great  Britain,  437. 

Claim  of  W.  E.  Frear  against,  6198. 

Claims  of — 
Against  United  States,   406,  S68, 

S91,  ege,  ssss,  2b»5,  3399, 

«29I. 

ipTopriatioD  for,  lecommended. 


Appi 

471 


[799. 
Convention  regarding,  4534,  4559, 

4713. 
Parment  of,  4916. 
Beqnested,  144,  6345. 
Against  Venezuela,  4781. 
Qrowing  out  of  wu  between  the 

States  paid,  4916. 
To   persons   in   United   States   for 
militarr  Berviee,  3715. 
Claimi  of  United  States  against,  and 
relations  with  (see  alB6  Vessels, 
United  States,  seized) — 
Act— 
Uaking       appropriations        for 
French    spoliation    claims    ve- 
toed, 0115. 
Providing  for  aBcertsinment  and 
satisfaction   of  French   spolia- 
tion claims  vetoed,  2316. 
Providing  for  ascertainment  of 
French    spoliation    claims    ve. 
toed,  2840. 
Admitted  but  not  paid,  1320,  1371. 
Amicable  settlement  of,  1446,  1S92. 
AppropriatioDfl  for,  discnssed,  1322, 

1371. 
Awuds  of  commissioners  referred 

to,    4D60. 
Commission    for    adjudication    of, 
4743,  4757,  4807,  4852,  4864,  4865. 
Convention  regarding,  4534,  4559, 

4743. 
Correspondence  regarding,  273,  834, 
1348,  1S54,  1397,  141S. 
Beferred  to,  1407. 
DiscuBsed  by  President^ 
Adams,    John,    and    replies    of 
House   and   Senate,    2S4,   230, 
232,    233,    234,    240,    246,    247, 
2S2,    254,    255,    256,    260,    262, 
266,    267,    268,    270,    271,    272, 
274,   280,    283,  284,    287,    S96, 
304. 
Adams,  3.  Q.,  867,  013,  940,  074. 
Jaehson,   1007,   1069,   1111,  1195, 
1239,    1319,   1371,    1407,   1446. 
Johnson,  3654. 
Madison,  47B. 
Monroe,  778,  818. 
Tan  Bnren,  1592. 


Washington,     and     replies     of 
HoQse    and   Senate,    137,    168, 
195,  198,  199,  201,  202. 
Errors  in  report  of,  referred  to, 

1443. 
First  installment  of,  not  paid,  1240. 
List    of    papers    touching    nnpaid 

spoliation     claims     transmitted, 

4972. 
Uediation   offered   by   Qreat   Brit- 
ain for  adjnstment   of  dispute 
regarding,   1432,  1434. 

Accepted  by  United  States,  1432. 

Correspondence   regarding,    I436l 

Bendered  unnecessary,   1435. 
Minister  of  France  recalled,  1375. 
Minister    of   United    States   given 

passports,  1375,  1416 
Minister  of  United  States  iDBtmet- 

ed  to  quit  France  if  not  settled, 

1354. 
Payment  of,  1446: 
Pledges  made  by,  for  payment  of, 

not  redeemed,  1321,  1323. 
Beferred  to,  271,  4807,  485L 
Beferenee    to    convention,   regard- 
ing, 4743. 
Beport    on    spoliation    claims    re- 
ferred to,  4S16,  4965,  4972,  4982, 

5199,  6290,  6291. 
Settlement     of,    France     expresses 

readiness  to  make,  1440. 
Treaty  for  settlement  of,  303,  305, 

1111,   1239. 
Treaty  in  regard  to,  must  be  exe- 

eoted  by  France,  1411. 
Unless    paid,    reprisals    should    be 

anthoTized  by  Congress,  1325. 
Colony    to    be    established   by,    from 

coast  of  Africa,  3015. 
Colors  of,  presented  to  United  States 
through  minister  of,  on  the  oeea- 
eion  of  the  presentation  of  an  ad- 
dress by  the  Committee  of  Public 
Safety  to  the  United  States,  181. 
Commerce  and  free  trade,  letter  from 
Emperor  of,  regarding,  referred  to, 
3112, 
Commerce  of  United  States,  Berlin 

and     Milan      decrees     aiffoeting^ 

discussed  by  President — 
Jefferson,  409,  415,  430,  432,  434, 

441,  446. 
Madison,  467,  474,  476,  503,  S13, 
522,     6260,    6267,    6270,    6271, 
6346. 

Proclamations     regarding,     457, 
466. 
Commercial  relations  with,  170,   346, 

400,  460,  467,  645.  669,  917,  061, 

1069,  1911,  2976,  6330. 
Beciprocal    modifications    in    tariff 

on  certain  commodities  specified 

and  announced  by  proelanuttlon, 

6479. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


476,  oir. 

Compfa  ,     _ 

tween  United  SUtea  and  B&n  Do- 
mingo, 379. 
Coufederatfl  envoya  sent  to.       (See 

lilason  and  Slidell.) 
Congratul&tions  of  tlie  people  of  the 
United  Btatea  to,  on  the  establish- 
ment of  a  republicaa  form  of  gov- 
ernment, S45S. 
CoDBtitBtion  of,  accepted  br  King  of, 

10ft. 
CoDjnlar  convention  with,  49,  272S. 

Beferred  to,  75. 
Consnla  of,  to  United  States — 
Compnlsory     attendance     of,     in 
eonrt,  complainta  regarding,  dis- 
enSMd,  2811,  2835. 
Diffienltiee  between  anthoritiea  in 
California   and,   2835. 
Batisfactorilj  settled,  2868. 
Exequaturs  to,  revoked,  200. 
Conenls  of  United  States  in,  165,  170, 

350. 
ConvenUon  with,  75fi,  764,  818,  867, 
1127,  3012. 
Aileged    violation    of,   by    United 
States    regarding    the    Paetole, 
1172. 
Copy  of  correspondence  from  the 
Uinister  of,  to  the  United  States 
referred  to,  2436. 
Batifleation  of,  772,  4698. 
Copyright     privilege    extended,    by 
proclamation,  6S82. 
Beferred  to,  5625. 
Correspondence  with,  concerning  in- 
jnries  enstained  by  American  citi- 


IHlTeTenees  of  Belginm  and,  with 
Venezuela  discnssed,  6070. 

Differences  of,  witb  Eawaiian  Isl- 
ands, 26S6. 

SifferencM  with,  oorrespondenee  re- 
garding.      (See     daims    against, 

Diplomatle  intercourse  with,  suspen- 
sion of,  1375,  1410. 
Beemned,  1455,  2548. 
Faure,  President,  death  of,  referred 

to  by  President  McEinley,  6367. 
Fisheries  at,  referred  to,  1127. 
Fugitive  erijninala,  convention  with, 
for  euzreodar  of,  81W)  SlflS,  ttl9, 
3012. 
Beferred  to,  6869. 
Qieytown  bombardment  and  claims 
arising  ont   otf.      (Sw   Kiraytiayftt, 


France 

Hostile  disposition  of,  toward  United 
States,  l88,  262,  266,  267,  E68,  476. 
Imperial  decree  of,  not  to  affect  com- 
merce of  United  States,  409. 
Importation    of    American    ptodncts 
into,     restrictions     upon,     4963, 
4798,  4789,  6194,  5545. 
Decrees    legaidlng,    referred    to, 
6517,  6100. 
Imprisonment    of   American    citizens 

by,  6060,  6098. 
Indians    should    be    restrained    by, 
from  committing  hostilities  against 
United  States,  600. 
Individuals      bearing    '  commissions 
granted   by   enemies   of,    to    be 
treated  as  pirates,  271. 
loetruction  to  Uinister,  13S4. 
International    e:^oaitions    in.      (Se* 

Arcaehon;  Pana.) 
King  of — 
Constitution  accepted  by,  109. 
Letter  from,  complimentiiig  Jeffer- 
son, 81. 
Beferred  to,  1064. 
Salute  flred  by  the  United  etatet 
in  honor  of  birthday  of,  acci- 
dent caueed  by,  1273. 
Compensation  to  injured  recom- 
mended, 1273. 
Lands  purchased   by  United  States 
from,   956.      (Bee  also  Louisiana, 
post.) 
Letter  of  Emperor  of,  regarding  com- 
merce and  tree  trade  referred  to, 
3112. 
Louisiana,  cession  of — 
To,  referred  to,  331,  338. 
To  United  States  discuased  and  re- 
ferred   to,   346,   348,   350,   669, 
853,  929,  325S,  6346. 
Effect  of,  discussed,  2878. 
Uexican  ports  blockaded  by.     (Bee 

Bloclcades.) 
Minister  of,  to  United  States— 
Anpointment  of,  discnssed,  138. 
Claim  of  Capt.  Beziers  presented 

by,  1647. 
Claim  of  Lafitte  &  Co.,  memorial 

relating  to,  presented  bv,  1648. 
Oorrespondence  with,  referred  to. 

Letter  of,  covering  addreea  from 
Committee  of  Public  Safety 
transmitted  on  the  occasion  of 
presentation  of  colors  to,  181. 

Passports  requested   by,  1420. 

Becall  of,  1376. 
Beqnested,  142. 

Beceived,  4718. 

Title     of     ambassador     costfaired 
upon,  S874. 
Uinister   of    United    States   to,    60, 
107,  147,  148,  E24,  S36,  872,  274, 
29B,  sag,  420,  446. 

ObWTi  krt,  I'flftnWl  ti),  618. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


France 

Fnncfl — coNfiRHAf. 

InBtrnctions  to,  to   qnit  France  if 

clainiB     of    the     United    States 

againit  France  are  not  settled, 

1364. 

Intercoorse  suspended,   1375,   1410. 

PasBportH   given,  1375,   1416. 

Protection  of,  for  North  Germans 

in  France,  revoked,  4050, 
Becall  of,  leqneeted,  147. 
Befnsed,  224,  266. 
BelatioDB    with.       (Se«    CUims 
against.) 
Sent  to  press  pavment  of  claims, 

1241. 
Title     of     ambassador     conferred 

npon,  5S74. 
To  be  commissioned  when  France 
appoints      minister      to      United 
States,  144S. 
Will  not  be  sent  unless  respected, 
256,  269. 
Minister  of  United   States  to   Spain 
denied  passage  through,  discussed, 
2811. 
National  Assembly  of — 
Decree  of — 

Making  enemy's  goods  in  friend- 
ly vessels  lawful  prize,  138. 
Responding  to  resolution  of  Con- 
gress     tendering      congratula- 
tions to  France,  2455. 
Letter  of  President  of,  and  decree 
of,  respt 
Pranklii ,      , 
Neutral  vessels — 
Deemed  lawfnl  prize  by,  432. 
Laden    with    English    merchandise 
declared    lawful    prize    by,  253, 
6345. 
Neutrality  of  United   States  in  war 

Germany,  7969. 
Austria-Hungary,  7977. 
Ocean   cables,   convention  with,  for 
protection  of.    (See  Ocean  Cables.) 
Orders  and  decrees  of,  violating  com- 
merce and  neutral  rights  of  United 
States,  474. 
Owners  of  vessels,  relief  of,  645. 
Peace     convent  ion    with,    regarding, 
303,  305,  320. 
Expenses  of,  322. 
Political  affairs  of,  referred  to,  2879. 
Postal  convention  with,  4250. 
President  of — 

Arbiter    in    case    of   the    Oenerat 
Armatvong,   2655. 
Award  of  Emperor,  2722. 
AESassinatton  of,  5910. 
Besolutions  of  Senate  and  House 
on,  transmitted  to  widow  of, 
6957. 
Privateers    of,    must    not    interfere 
with  .  vessels     within    waters     of 
Unitsd-St&tes,  232,  400. 


Proclamation    suspending    duties    on 
vessels,  752,  2371,  3711,  3968,  3973, 
4182. 
Protectorate  over  districts  in  Africa 
proclaimed  by,  and  action  of  Unit- 
ed States  discussed,  5751,  6862. 
Belationa  of,  with  Panama,  6803. 
Belations    of,    witb    Venezuela   dis- 

euseed,  4629. 
Belations  with.    (See  Claims  against, 

ante.) 
Bepnblican  form  of  government  es- 
tablished in,  2429. 
Congratulations  of  American  people 

on,  responded  to,  2455. 
President   Polk's   message   regard- 
ing, 2429. 
Beestablishment  of,  discussed,  4050. 
Beferred  to,  2436,  24S0. 
Bevolotion   in,  referred  to,   2737. 
Spoliations    committed   on   commerce 
of  United    States    by    vessels    of. 
(See  Claims  against,  ante.) 
Statue   of  Liberty   Enlightening   the 
World  presented  to  United  States 
by  citizens  of.      (See  Liberty  En- 
lightening the  'World.) 
Steamship   line   between    Havre    and 
New  York  referred  to,  2011,  2173. 
Trademarks,  treaty  with,  regarding, 

3967. 
Treaty  of,  with — 
Allied  powers,  185. 
Nicaragna,  3121. 
Treaty   with,    transmitted    and   dis- 
cussed  by  President — 
Adams,  John,  241,  245,  247,  262, 
266,    288,    272,    280,    284,    303, 
305. 
Buchanan,  3012. 
Grant,   3967. 
Jackson,  nil,  1121,  1125,  11S7, 

1320,  1345,  1442. 
Jefferson,  320,  434. 
Johnson,  3722. 
Monroe,  645,  755,  764,  818. 
TVler,  2125,  216«,  2219. 
Washington,  198,  199. 
Decree  of  France  contravening,  226. 
Disregarded,  266,  268. 
Execution  of,  refusal  of,  to  make 
provision  for,  1345. 
Letter  of  John  Forsyth  regard- 
ing, 1346. 
Batiflcation  of,  772. 
Beferred  to,  5869. 
Troops  of,  in  Mexico.    (See  Mexico.) 
Vessels  of — 
Collision      with      United      States 

steamer,  3343. 
Discriminating  duties   on — 

Hodiflcation    in    law    regarding, 

racommMided,  2135. 
Bepresentation   of   charg6  d'af- 
faires regarding,  81. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


TrmafM — Conlbuied. 

Bnapended  b7  pToelamKtion,  752, 
2371,  3711,  3969,  3973,  4182. 
Beferied  to,  755,  1508. 
BuspensioD  terminated  bj  proo- 
lamation,  4132. 
Embargo  on,  le moved,  466. 

DiBCDBSed,  468. 
Entitled  to  ssme  rights  u  moat 

favored   Dationg,    S69. 
Entry  of,  to  ports  of  United  Statei 

should  bo  prohibited,  1411. 
Interfered  with  by  United  States. 

(See  La  Uaneke,  The.) 
Owners  igoorant  of  dnties  on,  re- 
lieved, 645. 
Bepayment    of   datios   on,  recom- 
mended, 1776. 
V«sBel8,  nsntral; 
Doomed  lawfnl  prize,  138. 
Laden   with    English   merchandise 
declared  lawful  prize  bj,  253. 
VcbhIs  of  United  States — 

Beized  or  interfered  with  by  vessels 
of,  138,  243,  252,  387,  490.    (See 
also  Claims  against,  ante.) 
War    of    Great    Biitain    and,    with 
China,  neutrality  of  United  States 
in,  3037,  3089,  3174. 
War  with,  preparation  for,  by  United 
States  recommended,  262,  268,  270, 
1411. 
War  with — 
China,  4823. 
Germany — 

CorrespoDdenee  regarding,  4068, 

4434. 
'iploma 

ferred  to,  4008. 
Neutrality  of  United   States  in, 
4050. 
Proclaimed,  4040,  4043,  4045. 
Suspension   of  hostilities  recom- 
mended   by    President    Grant, 
4055. 
Great  Britain,  etc.,  neutrality  of 
United  States  in,  proclaimed,  14S. 
Santo  Domingo  and  United  States, 
commerce     between,     complaints 
about,  379. 
War  with  Spain — 

Privateers,  commissions  not  grant- 
ed to,   779. 
Beferred  to,  821. 
Wines,  duty  on,  imported   into  the 
United  States,  modified  by  recipro- 
cal   trade    relations,    proclamation 
concerning,  6479. 
Wines  imported  into  United  States, 
treaty  regarding  duty  on,  1321. 
France,    Treaties   irttlL — ^rue   baeis   o( 
dtpromatic   relatlana   of   the   Dnlt^   Btates 
with  Prance  wts  the   treat;  of  amity  and 
commerce  of  17T8,   abrogated  bj  ConcrcM 
on  JoIt  T.   1T98.     In  tbis  abrosatlan  waa 
also  Inclnded   tba  treatj   of  alliance  with 


France  to .   „„   , 

ain.     In   1782  an  agi. 
'^'?'.J?«XS*.'.'_^  equal 


war  with  Great  Brlt- 


ibrogaCed  bj  Ibe  act  of  1798.  Tbe  Ireatv 
of  amltr,  peace  ana  commerce,  of  1800.  ez- 
plred  by   Ita   own   llmltatloDS   In    1809. 

The  trealf  of  1803  ceded  Loalslana 
to  tbe  Doited  Sutea  In  wbat  la  oow  known 
aa  tbe  Louisiana  Purcbaae.  and  la  of  bls- 
torleal  Importance  ae  deflnlnic  the  eiteat 
of  tbe  eeseloD.  Tbe  conTeotJou  of  1803 
proTlded  for  tbe  purcbsse  money  of  LouIbI- 
ana  out  of  |1I,3BO,000  six  pet  cent  stock 
In  annual  payments  o(  not  less  IIibd  (3,000,. 
00ft  to  commeace  after  Bfteeo  years  from 
tbe  date  of   ratlflcatton  of  Ibe  treaty      A 


invention  of  1803  pro  Tided  for 


Tbe  cooTentton  of  nsTlitatlon  and  com- 
merce of  1822  proTlded  IbaC  United  Blates 
BOodH  Imported  into  France  In  American 
bottoms  sbould  pay  twenty  per  cent  more 
doty  tbflo  wbeu  carried  In  Frencb  bot- 
toma.  Goods  of  Frencb  maDUfactare.  prod- 
nee.  or  growth.  Imported  Into  (be  United 
States  should  psy  an  eicess  duty  not  to 
exceed  |3.7B  per  Ion  of  mercbandtac  over 
that  charged  upon  almllsr  goods  when  car- 
ried Id  American  botloms.  These  eiceas  dn- 
ties shall  not  apply  Co  goods  of  either  cono- 
try  Imported  for  the  ei press  purpose  of 
re-ezportatloQ,  however  carried.  To  facil- 
itate the  estlmstian  of  a  too  of  mercban- 
dlse  not  naually  bo  computed,  quantities  of 
certain  classes  of  goods  are  sped  lied  as 
Disking  a  tan.  Other  excess  charges  than 
those  already  speclBcd  shall  never  exceed, 
on  United  Stales  vcssela  In  France,  flve 
frsncB  per  toQ,  computed  on  lis  American 
register,  and  for  French  vessels  In  the 
United  HtHles,  nlnetj-tour  cents  per  ton, 
computed  on  tbe  vessel's  French  passport. 
Provision  Is  made  for  tbe  arrest,  transport, 
and  paalsbment  of  deaertlug  or  mntlnons 
sailors  wbeo  In  tbe  country  of  tbe  other. 
Tbe  life  of  tbe  treaty  oaa  specified  as  two 
years,  and  falling  notice  of  Inteotlon  to  ter- 
minate by  either  party  at  the  expiration  of 
that  date,  to  contloue  In  force  until  socb 
notice  sbould  be  given.  If  no  such  notice 
be  given  wltbln  tbe  period.  It  was  agreed 
that  tbe  ezccsa  dutlea  provided  for  In  the 
first  sections  of  tbe  treaty  sbonld  diminish 
by  one-fonrtb  of  ttielr  whole  amonnt  year 
by  year  until  eitlngnlsbed.  (For  the  ex- 
tradition treaty  of  1813,  see  Extradition 
Treatlea.  For  tbe  consolar  convention  of 
1893,  see  Consular  Conventions.  For  the 
trade-mark  convention  of  18BB,  see  Trade- 
Mark  Convenllona-l 

A  reciprocal  agreement  of  ISSS  apedlled 
that  mutual  concenslons  on  the  rates  of 
duties  on  certain  classes  of  goods  be  made 
by  each  country  to  be  continued  during  tbe 

Sleasure  of  the  two  contracllng  parties. 
.y  an  amendment,  made  In  1902.  It  was 
agreed  that  the  provisions  of  this  agree- 
ment extend  to  Algeria  and   Porto  Rico. 

1Q  1004  the  United  States  renounced  the 
right  of  Invoking  In  Tunis  tbe  atlpulatlona 
of  the  treaties  made  between  tbe  United 
States  and  the  Bey  of  Tnnls  la  August 
1797,  snd  Febroary.  1884,  In  return  for 
which  the  French  government  assured  to  tbe 
consuls  and  citizens  of  tbe  United  States 
In  Tunis  tbe  same  rights  accorded  tbem  In 
France.  Uutusi  protection  of  trade-marfca 
In  Cblna  was  agreed  to  In  190S.    Tba  i^ 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Fnacs,  TiuOos  with— OMMntwd: 


arbllrailoa  airecment  In  accordance 

wltli  the  provision*  of  Tbe  Uuue  coDTen- 
tioD  uf  1^  wu  alsned  Feb.  1^  1BU6,  and 
renewed  In  1909. 

RanehlMi  of  street  railwaj  and  siini- 
iai    corporstioDfl,    tax    opon,    recom- 
mended, 7042. 
Fnncla  iiid  BUzs,  Tbe,  indemnlflemtion 

maked  for  by  ovners  of,  1258. 
Fituico-Pniulaii  Ww.  (See  Wan,  For- 
eign.) 
Fxanltfoid,  Fft.,  Knenal  at,  referred  to, 

4«61. 
Aaakfort,  oxeqnatiir  iasoed  coiunl  of, 

nvoked,  3708. 
FruklllS  Privilege.— A  right  enjored  bf 
GoTemment  oBclala  of  Hndlnc  letters  and 

packsKes  free  hj  malL    It " ' 

edbj-  ■     ■ 

•oldlei ..--_._- 

nallr  extended  to  the  President,  Vl?e-n«l- 
dent.  Cabinet  offlcers.  menibers  of  CoDBress, 
bureiu  ondala.  poBtnuatsrs.  etc  Tbe 
franklnf    prltller" '     '"' —      — — - 


Tbis 


for  tbe  state  bad  aobjecteit  th«n  to  Um 
payment  of  taiei  to  the  Colted  States  Got- 
emment.  Daring  this  period  of  uncerialntj 
the  Indiana  were  committing  frequent  d^i- 
redatloni,  which  added  to  the  discontent 
among  the  settlers.  Under  these  clrcam- 
sCancea  a  majorlt;  of  tbe  people  within  the 

terrltorj  concluded  to  adopt  a  c •'•■-" — 

and  orgsnlK  a  state  of  Ibelr  o .. 
the;  proceeded  to  do,  and  called  a 
tloD,  which  met  at  Jonesboro  Ang.  23, 
1T84.  Delegates  assembled  from  portions 
of  the  territory  and  appointed  a  committee 
to  consider  their  condition.  The  conven- 
tion adjourned  after  '— "'"t  an  address  to 
the   people. 

In    the    following    Norember    the    dele- 

Etes  again  assembled  at  Jonesboro.  The; 
1  not  adopt  a  conslltatlon,  but  broke  np 
In  confusion  because  of  the  fact  that  In 
October  of  that  jear  North  Carolina  re- 
pealed the  act  of  ceaalon.  Dec.  14,  1T84. 
another  conTentlon  assembled  at  Jonesboro 
end  adopied  a  consUtDtlon  which  was  to 
be  ratlBed  or  rejected  bi  a  convention 
called  to  meet  at  Oieenvlll^  Nor.  14,  1789. 
In  the  meantime  a  general  sasemblj'  was 
elected,   which  met  at  Greenville  earlr  In 

■"■""   — ■*   -' John   Bevler  for  goremar 

'^t  new  state  whldi 

.   r ~  create  was  named 

honor    of    Benjamin    Franklin,    and   la 


1786  and   

and  other  olDcers,     The 
ther  attempted  thss  ' 


estimated  that  the  franked  mt 
paid  for,  would  yield  a  revenue  of  13,- 
B00,000.  Jan.  81,  187S,  Caugreai  passed 
sn  act  entirely  abollBblng  the  prlrllege. 
Certain  teataRI  have  Blnce  been  restored. 
By  acts  passed  June  23.  181T.  sod  Marrh  3, 
187S,  those  docnmeota  ordered  printed  for 


abases    grew    up       therefore  properly  called  Fnnklln  and  not 

J    D— . .„.  .n._        c — •-•-a±     It  Is  not  perfectly  clear  tbat 

these    people    Intended    the    new 

.  fc »  -f  jiij  Union.     One 

r  proposed  form  of 
lelnh-*""--* '•'■ 


r  official  corrcapondence.  By  special 
s  tbe  privilege  has  been  eilendcd  to  wid- 
>  of   Presidents.     The   act  of   Jan.   12, 


eight   on  oncial   and   departmental   bnal- 

RsnUiig  PrlTllego: 
Abolition  of — 
Proposed  and  discussed,  2560,  2M3. 
Becotnroended,  3994,  4063,  41S2. 
Abuses  of,  referred  to,  1335,  2133, 
Expanses  for  transportation  of  mat- 
ter before  abolition  of,  referred  to, 
4216. 
Be  commendations  regarding,  referred 

to,  2626,  406,1. 
Sntwtitute  for,  recommended,  3056. 
FnmkUn  or  Frankland.— The  first  con- 
stitution of  Nortb  Carolina  made  provl- 
•lona  for  K  fntnre  state  wltbln  her  limits 
on  tbe  western  side  of  lbs  Allegbsny 
Uonntalua.  In  May,  1T94,  North  Carolina 
ceded  to  Ihs  United  States  her  territory 
f  the  AllegbiDiea.  provided  Congress 
.    ..    _..t,_    . — ^jjg 

juld 


of  the  provisions  I: 

Id  the  Umlta  of  the  proposed  stale  agree 
with  eacb  odier  to  form  themselves  Inio  a 
free,  soverelgo,  and  Independent  body  politic 

, -.,       or  stale  by  the  name  of  the  Commonwealth 

idmltted  for  tree       of  Frankito."      I.Bter   they   coocluded   they 
—       would   seek  admlatlon   to   the  Union,   r 

dingly    tbey    mr'- ■    "-    ' 

ilse  t 


t   be^Bccepted   by   Congress,   and    in   tbis 

'    tbe    protectlor 


rears^  no  _    _.  ..._    .__    

the  Government  of  the  United  States  „„. 

of  the  State  of  North  Carolina,  they  could      . 

not  receive  support  from  abroad  and  could      Bevler 


ronsreas  recognise  the   new  state. 

The  boundary  lines  of  the  proposed  stste 
show  that  it  Included  what  are  now  fifteen 
coanties  of  Virginia,  six  of  West  Tirgtula, 
one-third  of  Kentucky,  one-half  o(  Tennes- 
see, two-thlrda  of  Alabama,  snd  at  least 
one-fourth  of  Georela.  This  territory  Is 
rich  In  mineral  ireaTth,  There  Is  probably 
more  Iron  and  coal  In  It  than  can  be  foand 
In  the  same  area  elsewhere  In  the  United 
States.  The  conventlou  met  In  Greenville 
In  November.  ITSS,  to  adopt  a  constitu- 
tion, but  when  Ibe  coDslitutlon  proposed 
waa  Bubmltted  It  was  rejected  and  In  lien 
thereof  the  constllntlon  of  North  Carolina 
was  adopted. 

This  waa  tbe  beginning  of  the  trouble 
which  ended  In  tbe  overthrow  of  the  slate. 
Tbe  essemblr  or  iegisiature  of  the  state 
continued  to  meet  for  several  years,  dur- 
ing which  time  dual  governments  existed 
In  the  territory.  Conrts  were  held  In  the 
same  counties,  one  under  tbe  Frankiin  and 
the  other  under  the  North  Caroilua  gov- 
ernment :  the  Eime  militia  was  called  ont 
by  oDeers  appointed  by  each  government ; 
laws  were  passrd  by  SBsembtlee  of  both 
stales  1  taxes  were  laid  by  authority  of  both 
states.    bnC    as   tbe   people   said   they   did 

solution  of  pe, ._, 

of  the  territory  t    .    _      _ 

hcrlQg  to  Governor  Sevier,  while  other* 
yielded  (□  (be  antborlly  of  North  Caroline. 

Early  against  the  other,  Ibe  provocation  on 
be  one  side  being  surpassed  in  the  wsy 
of  retaliation  by  a  atll]  greater  provoca- 
tion on  the  other.  In  October,  1T88, 
"    '  arrested  snd  carried  to  North 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Frm  Negroes 


,  .  .  _ . .  1  •(ter  bla  >rre*t  the  ko*ei 
ment  of  Franklin  collapied  >ad  Nortb 
Carolina  passed  an  act  of  ''psrdnn  snii 
oblliloD."  reeuinlns  her  aatoo 
tb«se  people.  Ldt«r  North  Carolli 
a  aecond  act  cedlni  the  terrllorr  lo  cn« 
United  States,  Knd  Aug.  T,  ITSO,  Presi- 
dent WMblugton  appointed  William  Blount 
Krernor  of  tlie  terrlcorf.  lbs  tttate  of 
DDessee  ivsa  soon  theraafter  orxanliMl 
ont  of  this  teiTltorj. 
RankUn  (Tom.),  Bftttl«  of,— with  the 
porpoM  of  dnwlnc  Sherman's  mrmj  out  of 
a«argta.  Oca.  Hood  evieoatad  AtUnta  eailj 
In  September,  1664,  and  marched  porth. 
tlireateiilnf  Sherman's  communlcAUon 
bta  b       ^  -  ■ 


tfiorilj 


«BC«  with  abont  86,000  Intantrr  and  10.000 
Ckvaln,  (He  stated  bis  eSectlte  force  at 
<0;000,  Sept.  24X.)  Ula  army  was  formed  Id 
8  eotvw,  nndsr  Cbefttbam.  Stewart,  and  B.  D, 
Lm  ;  the  cavaliT  under  trortesL     Sherman 


L  Gen.  Bcbo&eld  with  the 
most  of  \^' II ion's  ear- 
tatlDK,  aecordlns  to  Fed- 
Bni  accouDu.  ti.vM  men.  SchoSeld  was  In 
connund  of  the  fleld,  and  apon  Hood's  ad- 
vance he  fell  back  toward  KashTlUe.  Br 
Not.  30  ScbofleLd's  armr  bad  reacbed  Prank- 
lln.  on  the  soDtb  bank  of  the  Harj(ieth  Blver^ 


bad  been  poste ,   

works.  1110  Union  troops  lost  1,000  i 
tn  the  attadc.  SchoDcld's  line  was  broken 
and  defeat  seemed  Imminent,  when  Oen. 
Opdjcke,  commandlns  one  of  Wagiier's  brl- 
lades,  made  a  brilliant  charge  and  MTcd 
!  day.     The   Confederates   made   several 


r  Harpetb  Slver  In 
_bt  he  was  well  on 
The   Federal   statement 


tloK  his  troops  0 
rreat   ~'  —  '— 

<7fo«^~ln~thrs  battleTs  i , 

180  killed,  1,088  wonnded.  and  1.104  mlss- 
InfF,  a  total  of  3.320;  Confederates.  1,760 
killed.  S.800  woimded,  and  T03  prUHmers,  a 
total  of  6.2G2. 

Fruer,  Tnuholat  Oo.,  agents  of  Con- 
federate Oovemment,  anita  institntod 
in  English  courts  ag&inst,  8661. 
Floor's  Farm  (Ta.),  Battle  of.-^One 
of  the  Seven  Daja'  Battles  before  Etcbmond. 
Jane  80,  1S32,  Longstreet  and  A.  P.  HUl 
cTDBsed  tbe  Cblekahomlur  In  pnranlt  of 
UeCIellan's  retreatlog  arm;.  Haser  and 
Uagmder  marched  aroand  the  White  Oak 
Swamp  to  operate  on  bla  flank  and  a  brl- 


afteniooD  Longstrect  and  Bill  made  the  at- 
tack.  Huger  and  Masrader  failed  to  arrive. 
The  DchtinK  was  fortoas  and  tbe  adTantaire 
with  the  CoDfederatea  Kear1>  one-fourth 
of  HcTaTl's  division,  npon  whom  tbe  attack 


reported  the  Fourleentit 
sari;  annihilated.  Of 
whom  he  crossed  tbe 


LoDgstrMt's  corps,  reporte 
AlaMua  BeglnMni  nearl; 
the  1,400  men  witb  whon 
Chkkaboiiij]  '  —  "' 
dp  to  this 

rnAaixikMbiag  (Va,),  Battia  of,— Af- 
ter the  battle  of  Antletam  (or  Sbarpibarg) 
UeClellan  oecnpied  Harpers  Ferry  Sept  32, 


1662.  Nov.  7  be  was  relieved  of  his  eom- 
rnaod  by  Gen.  Dumelde.  Lee's  army  was  at 
I?"'n^'"*„?S  l^u'pepe'  «nd  westward  of 
tbe  Blue  Ridge  MuumBlos,  Buruslde  di- 
vided tbe  arm;,  now  numbering  atMjut 
110,000  men.  Into  three  grand  dlvlaloiis  of 
two  corps  eaclL  By  Nov.  17  be  had  moved 
this  army  down  the  left  bank  of  tbe  fiappa- 
bannock  to  Falmouth,  opposite  Fredericks- 
burg. Here  tbe  advance  was  delayed,  await* 
Ing  tbe  pontoon  train  from  Washington. 
In  the  meantime  Lee  bad  conceolrated  the 
Confederate  army  of  aboat  80,000  In  the 
bills  behind  Fredericksburg.  Dec,  11,  1863, 
lotoons  were  laid,   and   on   tbe  12th 


forces  were  formed   with' "Franklin 
"vIsIOD   In   tbe 


crossed.      Tbe    Union 


3nllDued  In  a  series  o 


left.    Hookers    _ _ . 

Bomner's   on    the    rlgbt.      The   battle   i 

opened  by  Frsoklln  o-  "■ ■ 

iSib,  and  f    ■■ 

Confederate  worts  unili~iiIght.~On  the  14th 
and  lOtb  a  trace  was  obtained  by  tbe  Fed- 
erals for  borylng  their  dead.  On  tbe  even- 
ing of  the  latter  day  they  retired  across  the 
river  and  the  Confederates  again  oecnpied 
pTederlcksburg.  The  Federaf  losses  were 
1,284  killed   SiSOO  wonnded^ and  1.7S9  mlss- 


1868.  Bumaide  was  relieved  of  (he  ci .. 

at  his  own  request,  Oen.  Bnrnalde  testlfled 
before  the  Committee  on  tbe  Conduct  of  (h* 
War  that  he  had  lOO.OOO  men  In  action 
at  the  battle  of  Frederlcksbnrg.  Col.  Wal- 
ter H.  Taylor,  late  adlutant-general  of  the 
Arm*  of  Kortbem  Virginia,  stated  that  Oen. 
Lee  had  actively  engaged  In  tbe  battle  leaa 
than  20,000  men. 
FradnlcfcBlrarg,    Va,    battle    of,    dls- 

euBsed,  S3 60, 
Ptm  Bankliig  Syrtem.— April  11.  18U. 
the  New  York  leglslatDre  passed  the  frea- 
bank  set,  onder  the  provisions  of  which 
any  person  or  persoos  mlRht  eatnbtlsb  a 
bank  by  deposit  log  stocks,  hoods,  and  mort- 
gSKes  as  security  for  Its  clrcalatlng  notes. 
ThiB  law  was  afterwards  amended,  reqalr- 
Ing  St  least  half  of  the  secnrltles  to  be 
New  York  State  stocks.  PreTloos  to  the 
passsge  of  the  free  banblog  lew  of  New 
York  charters  were  granted  by  special  act 
of  tbe  leglalstcres  of  varioos  stRtes,  and 
their  circulating  medium  was  often  far  tn 


New  York  legislature  wss  followed  br  tbat 

of   many    other   slates   and    was   msde   the 

basis  of  tbe  national  banking  act  of  IBftS. 

Free  OolnaEe  of  SOtot.     (See  Silver 

Coinage,  nnder  Coins  and  Coinage.) 

Itee-DellTnr  System  (see  Post-Offiee, 

Department,  of): 

Disenssed  and   reeommendatlons  r»- 

garding,    4204,    4769,    4838,    4987, 

6102,  5376,  5758,  6881,  5971. 

Elstension  gf,  to  towns  of  6,000  popnr 

latioB  recommended,  5S33. 
Inadeqaate  facilities  extended  niral 
districts,  6S33,  6451. 
ma  List    (See  Import  Dntlea.) 
Free  NeKloeB.— Tbe  flrst  census  taken  in 
tbe   United   Btatea    ahowed   nearly   60.000 
tree   colored   popaUtlon.    Of   this    number 
sboDt   halt   were   In   the   sonthem   atates. 
The  fact  that  they  were  considered  a  dao- 
geivaa  elemant  by  many  persona  led  to  a 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Free  N^roes     Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Tne  NegroeB— CoiKinuFd. 
moTemeaC   for  coIodIxIqb  them   in  Liberia, 
and  itatr  were  put  UDder  certain  dlsabllltlra, 
Mpei^lallr    In   tbe   Bouchera   Btalea.      In   the 
Dnd  Scott  declBlOD   It   waa  held  tbat  tbey 
were  not  dlliens  of  tbe  Ualted  Btatei. 
FrM  NegiOM.  (See  Negroes.)' 
Free   Ships,   Prw   Ooods.— The    D°clara- 
tlon  of  Paris   (1856)   holds  thtt   "nentral 
goods  In  enemies'  iblpa  and  enemlei'  gooda 
Id  neutral  sblps,  except  contrabsad  of  war 


StHti 


r  Ibe 


•  Unite*! 
■■>ge  of 
a  this 


riYllei 


.. „.  ._   __(  subscribe 

aelaratlOD  of  the  lesdlng  aatlons  aa  ine 
onduct  o(  war.  The  United  States  GOTern- 
~  '  '  ~  ~  IwajB  held  to  the  doctrine  Ctiat 
all  gooda,  whether  belong- 
ing lu  neuiriis  or  to  bemeerenta,  are.  If 
carried  In  neutml  TeBBels.  thereby  exempt- 
ed from  capture  aaless  the;  are  b;  nature 
eontrabacid  of  war.  During  the  war  be- 
tween England  and  France  In  1793-181S  the 
UulTed  States  contended  for  tbe  recogal- 
tton  of  this  principle.  CDgland.  on  tbe  other 
baud,  always  maintained  that  the  owner- 
ship of  tbe  property  itself  should  deter- 
mine the  question  of  seliure.  This  was 
a  contributory  cause  of  the  War  of  1813. 
The  treaty  of  Ohent  did  not  settle  tbe 
Question.  The  motive  tor  privateering  which 
once  existed  has  been  obviated  by  tne  addi- 
tion of  numeroDs  cruisers  to  the  Nary. 
FW^BOU  PKty.-The  eoathem  leaders  of 
the  Democratic  party  determined  to  pre- 
Tent  tbe  nomination  of  Martin  Van  Bnren 
lor  the  presidency  In  the  convention  of 
1844.     Thla  was  aceompUahed  by  declaring 

tbe    vote   of    two-tblrda   of    the    i •' — 

necessary 


_._. __jiventlon  In   1848 

Van  Buren'a  followers  Joined  the  remnants 
of  the  Liberal  party  and  formed  tbe  Pree- 
Sotl  party,  which  nomlaated  Van  Bnren 
and   Charlea  Francis  Adsma. 

The  platform  was  a  strong  protest 
against  tbe  extension  of  Blavery,  and  con- 
tained the  epigrammatic  declarations :  "A 
free    soil    tor    a    free    people."    and    "Con- 


1   make  a   king." 


1.21S.Q62:  Taylor  (Whig!.  1.380,752.  Van 
Buren  recelyed  tio  electoral  votes.  Again 
in  1852  tbe  party  nominated  a  presiden- 
tial ticket  led  by  John  P.  Hale  and  George 
W.  Julian,  but  obtained  no  electoral  voles 
s  popular " 


gress.  among  them  Charles  Sumner,  Salmon 
P.  Chnae  and  David  Wllmot.  It  opposed 
the  Kansas- Nebraska  bill.  It  flbany  be- 
came part  of  the  RepabilCBD  party. 
Free-SoUera. — That  one  of  tbe  anti-slavery 
palillcal  parties  which  came  Into  eilateoce 
In  I84S.     It  was  composed  of  the  Liberty 

?irty,  tbe  Barnburner  Democrala  of  New 
ork.  and  a  number  of  northern  Whlas. 
who  taTored  tbe  Wllmot  Proviso  to  tlie 
appropriation  bill  to  conclude  tbe  treaty  of 
peace  with   Mexico.      Wllmot'a  amendment 

Erovlded   that  there   should   be   no  slavery 
1  the  territory  acquired  under  the  appro- 
prlEtlon.      It    passed    Ibe    House,    —■*    — 
defeated  In   tbe  Senate.     In  tbe 
slon  It  tailed  to  paaa  either  Houa 
lutlons  of  the  same  Import  as  tb 


but    1 


Proviso  were  Introdnced  In  tbe  Whig  and 
Democratic  conventions  of  184B,  but  were 
rejected.  Upon  this  many  prominent  men 
of  New  Xork,  Masnachusetts.  and  Ohio 
withdrew  and  formed  tbe  Free-Soil  party. 
At  Balfalo  In  1848  they  nomlusted  Hartta 
Van  Buren  and  Charles  Francis  Adams  for 
President  and  Vice-President.  These  can- 
didates received  no  electoral  cotes  and 
only  291.203  popular  votes.  At  Pittsburg 
in  1852  they  nominated  John  P.  Hale  and 
George  W.  Julian,  but  their  vote  only- 
reached  156J4S.  In  1856  tbe  Free-Sollera 
Joined  tbe  Sepubllcan  party. 
Free  Trade.— in  polttli-a  this  term  ts  nsed 
to  algDlfy  an  exchange  of  merchandise  be- 
tween the  people  of  different  conntrlea 
without  the  Imposition  of  any  tax  by  the 
government  A  tarlS  tax  Imposed  by  the 
government  for  the  pTotectlou  ol  home  man- 
ntacturea  la  held  by  the  advocates  of  free 
trade  to  be  contrary  to  sound  principles  o( 
political  economy  and  unjust  to  the  con- 
anmen  of   the  articles  so   taxed. 

Free  Zod«.     (See  Zona  Libre.} 
FrMdmui'ii  Savings  and  Trnst  Oo„  al- 
fftirs  of,  discussed  a,nd  recommends,- 
tiona  regarding,  5113. 
Fnedmen  (see  also  Civil  Bights): 
Act  to  protect  all  parsons  in  United 
States  in  their  civil   rigfata   and 
fnrnish  means  of  vindication  ve- 
toed   3603. 
Violations  of  act  referred  to,  3666. 
Appropriations  for  settlement  nnder 
treaties  of,   and   descendants  upon 
lauds  in  Oklahoma  recommended, 
4785. 
Colonization  of.    (See  Negroes.) 
Condition  of,  disenssed,  G490. 
Edncation    of,    recommendations    re- 
garding,  3995,   54S9. 
Elective    franchise    to,   diacossed   hy 
President — 
Garfield,  4598. 
Ha^s,  4445,  4553. 
Johnaon,  3557. 
Emigration    of.      (See    Negroes.) 
Free  exercise  of  right  of  suffrage  bf, 
discussed  and  recomtnendations  ro- 
garding,  5490,  5561!,  5643. 
Memorial   from,  in   Alabama   asking 

for  rights  of  citizenship,   4,258. 
Protection  of  rights  and  priTOeges  of, 

discussed,  4395,  4412,  5490. 
Provisions   in  amended   constitntions 
of  Sotithern  States  rsgarding,  re- 
ferred to,  3586. 
I^eedmen'a     Aid    Societies,    letter    to 

President   from,   referred   to,  3395. 
Fr«edmen*s  Bareau: 

Abandoned  lands,  etc.,  to  be  turned 
over    to,    order    regarding,    3S3S, 
354T. 
Act— 
For  disc  on  tin  nance  of,  vetoed,  3852. 
To  continue,  and  to  amend  act  to 

establish,  vetoed,  3620. 

To  establish,  vetoed,  3596. 

Continnation  of,  vetoed,  3620. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encycbpedic  Index 


r  of — 


lint  CoagTeaa  pined 


Ordered  tc  Bettle  qamtionB  arising 

from  l&nda  wt  apart  for  benefit 

of  refugee*  and  freedman,  3S49. 

SepoTt  of,  referred  to,  3569,  3571. 

Establishmsnt  of,  3S38. 

Xianda    abandoBsd,    ordered    to    be 

tamed  OTer  to,  3538,  354T. 
Operations  of,  referred  to,  3586. 
PToperty   in    AIsbaniA   to   be    tnuia- 

ferred  to,  order  regarding,  3550. 
BeportB    of   asaiBtant    commteBionera 

of,  referred  to,  3ST7. 
Transfer  of.  War  Department,  4117. 
Transportation  required  bjr,  order  re- 
garding provieion  for,  3547. 
Fn^oldera,  number  of  taxable  inhabi- 
tants who  are  not,  referred  to,  988, 
MO. 
Frsncli  OaUe  Oo.,  fltipnlatioDB  with,  re- 
ferred to,  4738,  4744. 
Troach  IlxMblt  and  Bepr«mntAtlou  at 
tha  World's  Fair,  Chicago,  in   1893, 
a  reason  for  the  United  States  par- 
ticipating largely  at  Paris,  6276. 
Frendi  Berolntlon,    elaims  of   United 
States  against  France  growing  ont 
of  (see  also  France,  Claims  against) : 
Beferrad  to,  280a 
Froncb  Spoliation  Olalnu.— in  Jnir.  17M, 
the  Director;  of  the  Republic  of  France  an- 
UDiinced  to  the  world  tbst  French  cmlserB 
■nil   priTBteen   bad    been    ordered   to   treat 
Teuela  of  QFuCrBl  and  sMled  powers,  either 
as   to   aearcb.    eeliure,   or   conBscatlon,    In 
tha    same    manner    as    the;     (the    oeatral 
«r  silled,  powers)   ahonld  suiTer  the  EngUah 
to   treat   tbem.      It   was   olalm^   that  tha 
United  States  did  not  eiercise  close  eDousb 


Tisllanca    over    the    brllltccrent    rights    and 

* — 'y  BtlpulatloDB  between  themaelTea  and 

rring    Earopean   powers.      Basland 


the  warring  Earopean  powers.  Basland 
claimed  the  right  to  selsesoods  coDlnihaDd 
of  war  aader  an;  Hag.    Tbongb  the  United 


1  not  feel  JastlSed  Id  going  to  _.  ._ 
treme  lengths  deairsd  b;  the  I>^nch  Qot. 
ernment  to  enlorcr  their  protesta.  Amer- 
ican cominerce  therenpon  t>ieceme  a  pre;  to 
French  Fi-ulaers.  B;  a  convention  between 
the  United  Btatea  and  France  ratifled  In 
1801  tha  dllTerencea  were  adjnated,  and 
the  United  Stales  nrged  the  claims  of  their 
dliieni  for  damageB  anstalQEd,  amountlDg 
to  120.000.000.  France  made  a  coanter- 
olalm  man;  times  as  great  for  damages 
snstalaed  b;  her  cit liens  resaltlng  from 
failure  of  tbe  United  States  to  keep  their 
treat;  obllgationa.  Tbe  reault  of  this  cod- 
TfDtlon  wss  a  mntnal  sartender  of  these 
claims.  Tbe  United  States  Gocemment.  It 
Is  claimed,  became  responsible  to  Us  cltl- 
lens  for  Indemnlflcatlon.  The  clnlma  were 
repestedl;  pressed  apon  Congreea,  and  the 
snhjept  has  engaged  the  attention  of  some 
of  our  ablest  lawyers  and  statesmen.  Bills 
for  their  pnTmeal  were  vetoed  bj  President 
"-■ -    ■-    •"■-    -"318).    and    b;    ~      "" 


ablest  lawyers  and  statecn 
neat  were  vett    ■  ■ 
9    <!3I0).    an< 

B  (2840).     JBB .__ 

iBBsed  no  act  aathorlalDK  the  clalm- 

1  appi;  to  the  Court  of  Claims  for 

ration  of  tbelt  claims.     This  act  was 

,---ed  b;  Prealdent  Artbnr.     The  cnm^ 

■   reported  to  Congress   fsTorabl; 


I  an  act  ■pproprlatlM 
11.000,000  fa  pa;  anS 


and  the  British 


payment    was    Tetoed    b;    {^resident 

Cleveland  June  0.   ISSS   (SllC).      Match  S, 
ISOS,  President  McKlnle;  approTed  an  act 
to  pay  over  »l,000,0O0  of  these  claims. 
French    Spoliation    Olaima    (see    also 
France,   Claims  against) ; 
Act  making  appropriations  for,  va> 

toed,  6115. 
Aet  proyiding  for — 
Aseertainment  and  satisfaction  of, 

Totoed,  2316. 

Ascertainment  of,  vetoed,  2840. 

BeportB  on,  transmitted,  4916,  49S6, 

4972,  4982,  5199. 

Fzenclitoini    (Mich.),    Battio  of.— Gen. 

Harrison  bavtng  succeeded  Hull  in  command 

of   the   Arm;   of   the   Norlhweai    resolved 

to  regain  what  that  nnfortonate  commander 

bad  lost.     Be  dispatched  Qen.   Winchester 

with  2,000  men  tu  Detroit,  with  orders  to 

cross   the   river   If  oppaitDnlly  offered  and 

take   Fort   Madden.      From   his   camp    (at 

Presque  lie)    Wlnchealer  on   Jan.   17,   1813, 

detailed  CoL  Lewis  witb  660  men  to  advance 

.-  „ . —  1i.(,  on  the 

the  IStb, 

„_ ,  ng  of  200 

Canadian    mlutla   and    400    Indiana,    were 
Into  the  woods.    Tbe  Americans  lost 


In  Uw  forest 

Friars'   Iianda    In   FhH^ipln*  T|t1^^.n^^||l^ 

disposition  of,  1089. 
Filendlr  Islands.    (See  Tonga  Islands.) 
Friends,  Society  of.     (See  Society  of 

Friends.) 
Frigates.    (See  TesBels.) 
i^ollc,  Tba,  engagement  with  the  Waip, 

G06. 
Frontiers   (see  also  Indians;  IfUitla); 

Aflairs  on  sontheastern  frontier,  2Q09. 

Posts  shonld  be  established  for  pro- 
tection of,  614. 

Protection  of — 
Necessity  of,  76,  8«,  87,  66,  101, 

133,  186,  551,  1817,  2819,  8*47. 
Snfficient,  648. 

Beferred  to,  165,  398,  824. 
Fn:lt  Qrowlng  and  PieMrrlng.— Hortl- 
cnltnre  as  a  distinct  brancli  of  tarmlag  la 
of  recent  growth  la  the  United  Btales.  The 
earl;  settlers  found  growing  wild  In  Amer- 
ica many  of  the  common  (rnlts  familiar 
to  them  In  Europe.  Besides  caltlvating 
these,  they  Imported  other  varieties  ana 
grafts  from  their  former  homes.  The  earl; 
efforts  of  the  colonists  were  limited  to 
ralHing  eDongh  fralt  for  the  famll;.  with 
lime  Ihonffhl  of  commerce,  thongh  an  or- 
chard of  2^00  apple  trees  Is  aald  to  bavs 
existed  In  VlrElnla  In  IGSO.  In  New  Bng- 
Innd,  too,  large  apple  orchards  were  not 
uncommon,  hnt  their  prodncla  were  mostly 
oned    for    making   cider.      '"'■ — *— "* 


large  number  of  these  claims.     The  FUty-      of  tbe  north  to  the  llga,  oranges,  lemons  and 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  PrestdetOs 


Frrdt  Orowliig  and 

other  tropical  trnlta  ol 
nlB.      They   —   -' — " 


(raltB,   ■mall   fralta 

and  bprtiB.  With  the  Improvements  In 
trHDaportxlOD  and  packing  came  the  ahlp- 
ment  of  tropical  fruits  to  nortbern  mar- 
kets. 

llDs  and  CTOBa-brcedlna  of 
■  developpd  aome  distinct 

__.  ._   .o  tbe  reqnlrementa  of  the 

markets,      rioneers  In   tbls  lloe  were  Idun- 

Bon   of  Tens,    Burbnnk   of  Cnlltornla,    and 

Webber  of  the  Departmeal  of  AgiiculCDre. 

From  1800  to  1830  slM>Dt  tb?  0DI7  tnilt 


-_   the   Amerlcnn   marketa,   dnrlag 

whlcb  lime  macb  spemlatlon  was  Indulged 
In  and  the  aoctlon  ajstem  of  marketlns  was 
— -" '      '  —  -  of  the  elrl7  dealers  were 


DeTllD  A  Rose 

James   Roblnsc.   _    

Co.,  of  New  York  :  Danli 


[.awrence.   Giles  jk 

,  _.  Draper  A  Co.,  and 

Consnt  *  Co.,  Boston  ;  DIx  t  WUklni,  Bal- 


tlmor 


csltere. 


_..,   Pblladelphia. 

The  first  green  fruit  shipped  acroaa  the 

. . California  arrlTed  In  New 

Tbis   shtpmeot   proved 

Tt    »o«i-    nno    mir    of    TokST 

-_ „— -  .-_-.  -    _;-  New  Torkj 


coDtToent  from 

York    la    18«T.      , . 

"at   neit   year  one   ear  of  Tokai 

d  three  cars  of  pears  ' ' 

isljtned  to  N.   R.  Doe,  »-irw    »ui., 
1   good  order  and   brought   S3.B0 

.-  , wi  tor  Ibe  pears  and  |I0  to  (15 

per  40.pouDd  crate  for  the  grapea.  Thou- 
aands  of  carloads  of  frnlt  are  now  Shipped 
ererj  year,  the  refrigerator-car  serrlce  of 
tbe  railroads  facilitating  the  transpocta- 
tlon.  Tbe  frplgbt  rate  acroe*  tbe  continent 
haa  been  red  Deed.  Id  same  InstanceB,  as 
mnpb  as  Bitr  per  cent,  In  tbe  last  thlrty- 
Bve  yearn.  The  ItHllan  fruit  grower  can 
land  frtilt  In  New  York  after  paying  a  duty, 
and  sell  cheiippr  than  the  growers  in  Cali- 
fornia and  Florida,  yet  Ibe  domestic  prod, 
nets  seem  to  hold  their  own.  Florida  and 
Callfamls  ship  abont  S.OOO.OOO  boies  of 
oranges  a  yenr  and  Florida  adds  to  tbit 
10.000,000  pineapples  and  (250,000  worth 
of  limes.  Our  frnlt  export  trade  conalsti 
largely  of  appl"*,  wbtcfi  are  sent  to  Lon- 
don. Olosgow.  Llrerpool  and  Berlin. 

Camnina  and  Prttfrotnf.—'then  are  2,TB9 
cstabllsumenta  In  the  United  States  en. 
gaged  Id  canning  and  preserrlng  fralta  and 
TegetBb.es.  They  are  collecttvety  capttsV 
lied  at  167.313.423,  and  employ  4T.448 
persons.  Including  firm  membera;  wage- 
esrnera  and  salaried  sttendants.  Tbe  Tarne 
of  the  antpttt  Is  dgnred  at  $91,480,101.  of 
which  tZ8.SS5.[>39ls  added  In  the  process 
of  pecklnR  and  preserving. 

Csllfomla  la  by  far  the  most  Important 
■tale  In  the  canning  snd  preserving  In- 
dustry, largely  on  account  of  fta  fralts.  The 
estshllsbmenla  In  California  are  on  tha 
average  mnch  larger  than  those  of  most 
other  ststes,  tut  sbow  relatively  fewer 
wage^arners  than  the  others.  This  doubt- 
leas  Is  due  to  the  growing  nae  of  Improved 
mscblnery  and  appllancea.  Tbe  nnmber  of 
wage-earnera  decreased  6.4  per  cent  dur- 
ing the  decade  ending  with  1000,  bnt  tbe 
value  of  tbe  onlpnt  Increased  120,8  per 
cent.  New  York  ranked  second  and  Uarr- 
Isnd   third. 

In  tbe  prodnctlon  of  canned  tomatoes, 
the  most  importsDt  of  vegelables,  UaryJsnd 
has  led  all  other  states  for  the  last  thirty 
years,  reporting  40.9  per  cent  of  the  total 
Id  1900.  Sbt  states:  Maryland,  Delaware, 
New    Jersey,    Indiana,    Virginia    and    Call- 


fomta— ea«b  reported  more  tban  a  million 
dollars'  worth  of  canned  tomatoes  In  19O0. 
(jallfomla  puts  up  eighty  per  cent  of  Ibe 
canned  peaches  pears  and  aprlcota  aa  well 
as  dried  frulta. 
Tmlta^  Amortcai^  restrictioM  upon  im- 

rDftation     of,     into     Qernutny     and 
(ritserland,  6331. 
FngltlTe  Orlmlnalt.    (Bm  Extradition.) 
Laws  regarding,  amendment  of,  roe- 

ommended,  5090,  0334. 
Opinion  of  Attorney-General  regarS- 
ing    right    of    EzecctiTe    to    sor- 
render,   when    crime   is   committed 
otit  of  United  States,  1S08. 
Beporta    of    International    American 
Conference  on  enbject  of,  referred 
to,  S614. 
Bnrrender  of — 
Ashbarton    treatjr    regarding,    dia- 

enseed,  2018. 
Bj  Costa  Biea,  SSfiS. 
Convention  regarding,  with — 
Austria,  2911. 
Baden,  £S98. 
BaTtna,  2760. 
fielgiom,  2TE4,  4129,  4216,  4247, 

4696,   4715. 
Central  America,  4055. 
Chile,  2912. 
Colnmbia,  4687,  GEOO. 
Denmark,    failure    to    negotiate, 

4661, 
Eenador,  4160,   4247. 
France,   21E5,  2166,   2219,  3012. 

Beferred  to,  5S69. 
Germany,  E6B9, 

DiBcuued,  4824, 
Great  BriUin,   2016,  4989,   64T0. 
Demands    made    under,    8131, 

E213. 
DiaeuBBod,  4917. 
Queetiona  arising  tinder,  4419, 
Beferred  to,  4602,  5545. 
Befnsal  of,  to  comply  with,  dis- 
enssed,  4321,  43E4,  43SS. 
Guatemala,     4067,     5123,     6179, 

5199. 
Haiti,  3459. 
Hanover,   £834. 
Hondnras,  4161,  4210. 
Italy,  3828,  3888,  3896,  4806. 

Beferred  to,  5546,  6059. 
Japan,  4987,  6086. 
Loxemberg,  47  8  E. 
Mexico,   2602,  3S64,  4867. 
Demands  made  nnder,  479L 
Extension  of  time  of  ratifica- 
tion of,  recommended,  3274. 
QneBtioDB  arising  nnder,  5000, 

6333. 
Beport  of  Secretary  of  State 
regarding,  E690. 
Netherlands.     2910,    2952,     2994, 
4642,  4562,  5I7S,  5397. 
Withdrawn  from  Senate,  2916. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


FOgltlTS  ni4w4M.1«— rtrmitiMwrt 

Nicuagna,  4087.  4100. 

Peru,  4068,  4247,  6434. 

Tennination    of,    referred    to, 
4919. 

Fmwia,  2207,  20S9,  2719. 

B&ttfieation  of,  refused,  2460, 

Bnssia,  5398,  S871. 

S&lTftdor,   4033j  4212,  4247. 
QueetioiiB  ansing  under,  5901. 

Santo  Domingo,  3669. 

Sicily,  2870. 

Spain,  4376,  46ft9,  479S. 
Beferred  to,  4757. 

Sweden  and  Norway,  3114,  G871. 

Swiss   Confederation,  2356. 

Tnrkey,  4258,  42^0. 

Venezaela,  2917,  3185. 
IMacnssed,  5962. 
Conventfona  regarding,  recom- 
mended, 6868. 
Fngltlve-SlaTe  Laws.— Article  IV.,  section 
2.  of  the  CoQHtttutlon  proTldes :  "No 
person  held  to  aervliw  or  labor  la  one  stats, 
under  the  laws  thereof.  escaplUE  Into  *d. 
other,  shall,  la  coosequence  of  any  Isw  or 
rSBolatlou  tQereln,  b«  dlachirged  from  sach 
serrlre  or  labor,  hot  shall  be  dellTersd  up 
OD  claim  of  the  party  to  irhom  such  serT- 
Ice  or  labor  may  be  dee."  In  pnrauaace 
of  this  provision  CongreBB  In  17^3  passed 
the  first  fngltlTe-alaTe  taw,  orovldlOK  that 
ou  the  owner's  glvlDE  pTooi  of  ownership 
befoie  n  magistrate  ot  the  locality  wtiere 
the  slave  was  foand  the  maElsimte  sbould 
order    the    slave    -       ■        .  h    .      .    ._     .._ 


la  1S50.  as 
a  pan  or  ine  compromise  messares  of  that 
yea^  a  law  was  passed  proTldlng  tor  Unit- 
ed States  commlaslontrs  to  aid  In  the  more 
strict  eoforcement  of  the  Ian.  Proof  of 
Identity  and  two  witnesses  to  the  tact  of 
eacape  were  all  that  were  reqolred  In  erl- 
dence.  The  negro  conld  neither  testify  nor 
hava  Jary  trial.  In  all  the  Colonies  laws 
bad  been  passed  providing  for  the  retntn 
Of  fOKltlre  slaves.  The  New  Eocland  Con- 
federation of  1643  had  provided  for  mutual 
extradition  of  Blavea.  Extradition  from 
BHIMi  territory  had  been  d-'^i-n  In  thn 
decision  of  the   Bommersett  <: 


eiecatlon  of  the  law  of  1TS3  devolved  upon 
Federal  authorities  alone :  that  state  au- 
tborliles  could  not  be  forced  to  set.  Bev- 
eral  states  thereupon  forbade  action  by 
their  officiate.  Tbe  act  of  ISBO  aronsed 
much  bitter  feeling  In  the  Qortb.  and  "per- 
■onsl  liberty"  lavs  were  passed  In  many 
of  tbe  states,  some  of  them  confllctlog  with 
Federal  laws  and  some  even  with  the 
Constitution  Itself.  The  CWIl  War  ended 
tbe  whole  matter,   and   tbe  laws  were  re- 

FogltlTe  Slavas: 
Acta  passed  to  defeat  lairs  regarding, 

discussed,  3160. 
ExeentioD    of    laws    for   return    of, 
forcibly  resisted  at  Boston,  2637, 
2673. 
ProclamstfoQ  regarding,  264S. 


Negotiations  with  Gmat  Britain  re- 
garding sarreuder  of,  9SS,  2131. 

Btata  laws  regarding,  discnsMd,  2874, 
2933. 

Surrender  of,  referred  to,  B88. 
Fundamental  OonstltntlenB  of  Oanlin*. 
— In  1689  John  Locke,  the  celebrated  Eng- 
Ilab  philosopher,  drew  Dp  an  elaborate  con- 
Stltntlon  for  the  Colony  of  Carolina,  pro- 
viding for  several  orders  ot  ooblllty.  At 
tbe  present  day  It  Is  of  Interest  only  as  a 
sample  of  early  cooatltutlona  and  an  at- 
tempt to  eatablfsh  an  American  aristocracy. 
The  Bcbeme  comprehended  a  grand  court  of 
proprietors  and  a  parllameot  ot  landgrayel 
and  caciques  havlog  entailed  estates. 
Ftmltnre  Manufacture.— Colonial  fnmi- 
ture,  oa  the  term  Is  uoderstood  today,  was 
nnknowD  to  tbe  American  colonists.  In 
the  early  atmnlea  for  existence  little  at- 
tempt was  mode  to  evolve  a  dlstlnctlvo 
style  of  fnmlture.  Tbe  New  Englanders 
copied  tbe  designs  of  the  pieces  bronjrht 
over  with  them  or  reproduced  from  memory 
as  nearly  as  tbey  were  able  wltb  the  mde 
tools  at  hand  aud  tbeir  productions  were 
ot  heavy  wood  with  severe  lines  and  little 
carving.  The  southern  planters  Imported 
richly  carved  pieces  from  England  and 
Fraoce  In  tbe  style  of  EUsabethan  and 
Jacobean  periods  In  England  and  the  Re- 
naissance In  France,  while  tbe  Dutch  set- 
tlers ot  New  York  brought  their  styles  from 
Holland  and  the  Orient. 

Id  1TT6  the  home  of  a  well-to-do  Ameri- 
"'   '      I  In  about  the  same  style 


nd  IlnanclaT  standing  Chippendale 
HUH  Lde  vogne,  wltb  pieces  In  tbe  modified 
Greek  style  of  Adam.  From  tbe  Frencb 
Umpire  came  the  masalre  mahogany  wltb 
rope-carved  pillars  and  llon-clnw  feet. 

Tbe  early  cabinet  shops  were  like  the 
secondhand  repair  shops  to  be  found  Id 
all  the  large  dtlea  today.  Tbe  cabinet- 
makers continued  to  reproduce  the  atylea 
Imported  from  Europe  and  these  long  con- 
tinued on  tbe  simple  Chippendale  lines. 
Oradually  the  Empire  faahiona.  which  were 


making    themselves    felt    all    < 


erica 


1  the  shape 


r ,  -.ahogany  be- 
almost  eiclnalvely.  Beads  ot  anl- 
-e  ased.  and  claw  feet  became  a  gen 


;  training  of  Amerloau   cablnct-mak- 


lladelphla.  Introduced  the  circumr  mw, 
and  Taylor.  Rich  &  Co.  erected  the  flrst 
mahogany  mill  In  America,  nnlng  a  number 
ot  these  sawn.  Ordinary  faruitnre.  whlcb 
natll  now  had  been  quite  plain,  began  to 
take  on  endless  acrallwork,  moldinis  and 
ornaments,  no  eaelly  produced  b 
machines.  Tbe  value  of  the  turn 
was  estimated  at  a 


jyGooi^lc 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Farnltura  Mannf&ctnro— OoiKitwed. 

Cp  to  this  time  tbe  (umltare  Indiutr; 
had  been  conflned  *'  "•-  " — * —  d.-.— 
princlp»llj 


>    EBHtem   BtHtes, 


iund    Bo ,    ._.    _ 

if   racTtorlee   were   now   started   In 
lea,   equipped 


have  been  little 

■wered  the  purposes 

Ing  population  of  the  newly  developing  . 
rltor;.  Trade  kept  IncreaslDg  with  Che 
general  wealth,  and  bv  18Q0  Ihe  produc 
ttoD  had  reached  faS.sAo.OOO,  but  tbe  num- 
ber ol  working  men  emoloTed  In  the  In- 
duBtrr,  owing  to  Impiovementa  in  machin- 
ery, bad  declined  to  2S.000.  The  popu- 
lation bad  tben  reached  almost  31,S0O.0OO. 
At  tbis  time  all  tndustr;  received  a  aerlooa 
blow  br  tbe  cItII  war. 

After  the  war  came  a  moTement  Id  faTor 
of  more  perfect  construction,  end  the  ase 
of  straight  lines  eicluslvely  became  general, 
the  etlff  appa ranee  being  relleTed  b;  an 
abundant  use  of  arcbea.  spindles,  turolUBH, 
etc.  This  Btfle  allowed  tbe  maoufacturcr 
to  do  the  greater  part  o(  tbe  work  tiy  ma- 
chinery, tor  which  It  seemed  specially 
-'-    ■  —        iwakened  public   Interest  In 


I  IssQed  Id  lS3a  The 
uuji  um,  lu  luE  siiape  of  a  tola  with  a 
seat  for  bedding,  has  been  ased  In 
r,un>pe  for  over  a  huadred  years,  but 
America  can  claim  the  folding  bed  lu  other 
forma,  auch  as  tbe  wardrobe,  cabinet,  man' 
tel  and  eambloation :  some  of  these  date 
back  to  1S4T,  and  have  passed  the  climax 
'   their  popularity  and  are  now   showing 


5,800,    ( 


.   papula  tlo 


I    ot    i 


6TO,000. 

Aside  from  the  Snanclal  depression  of 
1873  the  btinlncss  showed  eubstantlal  gains 
between  1870  and  1880.  In  the  latter  year 
the  value  of  the  output  was  $TT.S45,0<KI. 
*hnnf  thiq  Hrr»  Mr.  H.  H.  Hlchardson 
1    orlgloal    and    striking 


sss, 


ral    desl] 


!BlgnB    ot    cl 
;ral  admiral 


He  r 


tlon,  adapted   to   modern  Ideas  and  modern 
needs.     Soon  the  Romanesque  aud  ByzBUtlae 

Erevalled  everywhere — In  houseH,  furniture, 
KblewBrc,   jewelry,    and   It   bid   fa'-   --    ■- 


nation 


style. 


ened,  however,  and  worked  to  death,     

universal     aeon  tb  us      leaf,     rudely     carved, 
palled  upon  tbe  public  taste. 

liany  of  the  articles  cow  manufactured 
■re  distinctively  American.  The  barean  Is 
a  combination  of  the  old  chest  of  drawers 
and  the  dressing  table,  baving  ttie  drawer 
room  ot  tbt  one  and  the  swIntjinK  lulrror 
and  table  top  ot  the  other.  Tbis  has  been 
Imitated  En  Rurope  to  a  limited  extent,  In 
the  prodnctlon  of  what  Is  known  as  the 
English  dressing  table.  As  made  here  tbe 
bureau  Is  one  of  the  most  praetlcal  nieces 
of  furniture.  The  rocking  chair,  ilmost 
entirely  unknown  In  Kurope,  Is  found  la 
every  AmeHran  borne,  yet  Its  orUln  Is  veiled 
In  mystery.  No  meutlOD  of  It  Is  made  In  de- 
BcrlptlOD  of  furniture  In  tbe  last  century. 
Tba  earliest  patent  for  an  Improvement  In 


t  ot  business  done  In  1860  was 

□ot  equal  to  the  Increase  lu  population.  The 
value  of  tbe  output  for  that  year  was 
180,362,085,  an  Increae  of  eleven  per  cent, 
over  1880.  but  the  amount  per  capita  ot 
population  dropped  to  $1.38  as  compared 
with   tl.OS   in   1880,   and   tl.TT   In   1870. 

The  woods  used  In  furniture  are  subject 
to  frequent  changes.  ICarly  In  Che  19th 
century  mahogaoy,  maple,  and  black  wal- 
nut were  Id  favor ;  then  cherry  and  asb 
became  fashionable;  toward  1880.  oak.  so 
long  forgotten,  took  a  prominent  place. 
At  the  end  of  tbe  century  we  Snd  blai* 
walnut  almost  out  of  use.  Oak  has  keyt 
Its  Togue  for  the  hall,  the  library  and  the 
dining   room.      Mahogany,    curly    birch,   i     ~ 


I  for   t 


B     dlOL] 


_.., jud  radical  than  those 

In  the  woods.     Haircloth  and  other  cover- 
. —  ._  .._p  pfjy  ygajj  ggQ  da,-- - 


the  shifting 


The    1 


tbe     furnltore      Indust..,      — .,       — 

exception,  tbe  largest  cities,  which,  witb 
their  dense  population  and  rich  sub- 
urbs, otTer  large  markeu.  New  Ynrk 
and  Chicago  bead  the  list.  Qrand  Rapids, 
HIcb..  occupies  a  unique  position  In  the 
furniture  buiilnesB.  It  has  growD  to  be  the 
chief  producing  center,  and  exblblllons  and 
trade  sales  are  held  In  January  and  July 
each  year.  These  are  attended  by  dealers 
and  makers  from  all  over  the  country. 

Tbe  furniture  induntry  of  the  United 
States  has  reached  a  majniltude  unknown 
elsewhere,  and  tbe  perfect  eoulpment  and 
oi^ranlsatlon  of  our  mammoth  factoiics. 
capable  of  an  enormous  production,  make 
It  imperative  that  some  outlet  should  be 
found  for  It  outside  the  borne  demand. 
Intelligent  efforts  are  being  made  In  this 
dlrecCIon  by  a  number  of  manufacturers, 
and  there  is  every  prospect  of  our  being 
able   eventually   to   secure   a   large   foreign 

Fur  Seala.    (Bee  Bering  Sea.) 

rnr  8e«l  Treatf  (North  Pacific)  c«n- 

eluded  with  Great  Britain,  Japan  &nd 

Busaia,  7670. 
Fur   Trade,  persons   killed   whUe   es* 

gaged  in,  referred  to,  112B. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Ettcychpedic  'Index 


pUed  to  «  tract  of  IiBd  coiitl*tlns  ot  49,- 
BSS  fQaare  mllei  In  Arizona  and  New  Mex- 
leok  ezteiidlDx  Irom  the  Qlla  Blrer  to  cha 
Uexican  boandar;.  It  wa*  acquired  from 
Uexlco  bl  a  treat;  negoilated  b;  Jamea 
Gadwlen,  Dec.  SO.  18S3.     The  United  Stales 

Kd  Mexico  flU.tHW.IMO  for  tbe  land,  but 
ilco  reUDiuUhed  claim  b  an  In  si  tbe 
Vnlted  8t«tca  lor  damageB  lor  TDdlaD  dep- 
redations amounting  10  from  tlS.OOO.UOO 
to  S30,OM>,OOU.  For  tbli  transaction  Santa 
Anoa,  President  ot  Mexico,  waa  baulabed  as 

Oididui  Pturclusa.  tteaty  with  Uezico 

reapectiug,  2702. 
O^  Enla.— Mar  28,  1836,  Consreu  paaaed 

a  resolution  proTldlng  that  thencefotth  all 
petitions,  memorials,  resolnllons,  proposi- 
tions, or  papers  relating  Id  an;  wa;  to 
the  subject  of  slavery  or  the  abolition  ot 
■larerj  should  lie  upon  the  table  without 
belDS  printed  or  referred.  John  Qulnc; 
Adams  led  a  Btrong  snd  bitter  opposition 
to  this  Infringement  apon  the  right  ot  petl- 
Uoa  The  crj  of  "gag  rule"  was  raised 
Id  the  north  nnd  served  to  Increase  (he 
spirit  of  petition  In  that  section,  Dec.  3, 
1644,  the  rule  wss  abolished. 
OftliiM  Uin  (Vft.),  BftUl«  of.— One  of 
the  series  of  engagements  wblcb  took  pUce 
June  2S  to  Julr  I,  I8Q2,  before  Blcbmond. 
commonlr  known  as  the  SeTen  Dty'  Bat- 
tles. June  27,  the  day  after  the  battle  of 
MechanlcsTllle.  Fits- John  Porter  retired  to 


OaifleM 

Ouden     Oltj     Fontt    BaMira,     pro- 

el&imed,  T28B. 
Gterfleld,  Jkbkm  A^-BImcIl  4,  IBSl-^ept. 

IB,  ISBJ. 
TweotT-tourtb    Admlnlstra  tlon — Republican. 

Vlce-iTeiMeR  I— Chester  A    Arthur, 
Beorttary  of  etatt- 


hls  former  poi 
shortly   after  um 
Slocum'B  diTlslOD 


by  J 


e  he  was  attacked 


(   e.B8T       He 


.    Blaine 


WllIK 


Score  tary  of  Wai — 


Wayne  MacVeagh. 
WomliHittan UsrBcld'a  nomination  at  the 

Rppubllcsn  Conrenilon,  at  Chicago.  June 
2-3.  1S80.  baa  been  cbaraclerlsed  as  one  of 
the  greatest  polltlesl  Btrngglea  erer  known 
In  American  history.  He  was  accepted  as 
the  compromise  candidate  between  the 
Grant  and  Blaine  tactions  on  tbe  thirty. 
Blilb  ballot. 

Ptatform.—'Thc    Repobllcan    platform    Ot 


sent  to  reenforce  Por- 
_. rmy  to  85,000.  Dur- 
ing the  afternoon  Jaekaon  Joined  Hilt  and 
Longstreet,  awellin*  the  Confederate  forcea 
to  about  90,000  8e»ere  fighting  waa  con- 
tinued nntll  dark.  Porter  succeeded  In  de- 
fending tbe  brtdgea  across  the  Chlckabom. 
toy  auowlng  the  heavy  guns  and  wagon 
train  to  pass  In  safety  on  their  wav  to  thj 
Jsmes.  During  the  night  be  himself  crossed 
OTer.  destroying  the  Bridges.  The  loss  of 
tbe    Confederates    was    reported    at    3,S84. 

^rter  lost  894  men  kllledTs-lOT  i- •■-■ 

and  2.836  missing,  a 
allD  loat  22  cannon. 
OalnoiTlUe,  BIcAlaat«r  and  SL  LonlB 

BftUwKy  Co.,  act  regarding  grant  of 

riRht  of  way  to,  through  Indian  Ter- 
ritory returned,  6099. 
OatUtntry,  instances  of,  rewarded: 

Bertholf,  Ellsworth  P.,  6362. 

CaU,  Dr.  Samnel  J.,  6362. 

Dewey,  Qeorge,  6S99. 

Farragat,  David  O.,  3440. 

Grant,  UItbscb  S.,  330S. 

BobBon,  Richmond  P.,  S306L 

JarvlB,  David  H.,  6352, 

Merritt,  Wesley,  6491. 

Sampson,  William  T.,  6673. 
OalveBton,  Tax.; 

Equipment  of  priTatoeTB  at,  mart  ba 
Bappreesed,  o83. 

niicit  introdoetion  of  slaves  thiongh, 
must  be  gappreRsed,  S63. 

Beferred  to,  590,  59£. 
Oaata^  Big,  preaeiratloB  of,  8761,  TIH, 

730B.  ■      .  -  - 


....  thonsand  miles  Id 

I860,    to    more    than    eighty-two    thoosaad 
miles  In  1879 ;  Increased  foreign  trade,   r*- 


t  of  tbe 

^„,....^-„>,-.   ■,.,>,^.„l   imtlnnm   n 

of  popnltlr  edacation  ;  i 
lanlam :  repeated  lis  < 
enne  for  tariff  and  for  protection ;  nrged 
restriction  at  Chinese  Immigration  :  endorsed 
the  administration  of  President  Hayes :  ar- 
raigned the  Democratic  party  :  and  afflrmed 
the  restoration  ot  harmony  to  the  Union. 

Oppoitllon.— Tbe  Democratic  Nstlonal 
CoDventlOQ,  at  Cincinnati.  June  Z2-S4,  1880, 
nominated  General  Hancock.  The  National 
Greenback    party,    at    Chicago.    Jtme    9-11. 


by  thirty- 
eight  States  gave  Garlleld  4.4B4.410 :  Han- 
cock. 4,444.952  :  Weaver,  308.ET8  :  with  10.- 
805  scattering.  The  electoral  vote,  counted 
on  Feb.  8.  1881,  gave  aarfleld  214,  and 
Hancock.  165- 

Party  Afftliatlon. — Qarfleld  seems  ueTsr 
to  have  Toted  before  185B.  when  be  cast 
Ilia  ballot  for  Fremont,  the  first  candidate 
of  the  Bepnbllcati  party  The  leading  part 
that  be  played  In  Congress  tor  twenty 
years  as  clialrman  ot  most  Important  com- 
mittees, saw  the  rendering  ot  ftillbtal  and 
brilliant  service  to  Republican  Interesta. 
From  March,  1866,  he  continued  bis  aggres' 
sire  policy  of  promoting  tbe  resumption  ot 
specie  payment.  He  was  tbe  representattve 
to  Congress  ot  the  "Sound  Money"  prlnd- 

fle.  In  reconstruction  times,  he  opposed 
he  poller  ot  President  Johnson.  In  th« 
Potty-fiftn  Congress,  as  leader  of  the  oppo- 
sition In  the  ^use.  be  contrlbnted  greatlr 
to  eompelllBg  tbe  Democratltt  majority  to 
make  the  approprla lions  which  they  wera 
wlthholdlag-  His  report  ot  the  tariff  com- 
mlssloB  In  April.  1880,  conDrmed  him  as  a 
arm  believer  In  the  poller  ot  protectloik. 

One  of  tbe  first  acts  of  QarSeld  was  the 
cemonl  ot  Oat.  Edwto  A.  Merritt  from  1h» 


:„Goo<i^\c 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Oufleld,  JuuM  A.— OonMmKJ. 

posllion  or  Collector  ol  the   Port  of  New 

York  and  the  mppolntnent  of  llr.  RotMrtsoii 


',   at  78  mcmlH-n,   wsB  coinposed  of  37 

Demucrats,  3T  Rppubllcsna.  I  AniericBD. 
and  1  Readjuster;  and  tbe  Hodsp,  of  393 
mcmtierB.  was  mBde  up  of  ISO  DemoFrsts, 
152  KepubltcUiB,  S  NKlianals,  knd  2  Read- 
JasterR.  Id  the  FortT-elehCh  Coogreu 
(1883-188B)  the  Senate,  of  76  membtra, 
was  made  Dp  of  36  Democratg  and  40 
Republlcsni:  and  tbe  Eonae,  of  22S  mem- 
bcra,  waa  made  np  of  £00  Democrats,  119 
Republicans,   4   Independenta,   and   2   Na- 

Ctvil  BeriHee. — In  hla  Inaovnral  Addreal 
(pase  4601)  PreHdent  Qarfleld  aald ;  "Tbn 
ciTn_BerTlce   can   never    be    placed   npoo 


aatlafacCorj  baalB  DDtli  It  la  regulated  bj 
law.  For  the  good  of  the  service  Itaclt, 
tor  the  protection  ol  those  who  are  enlruat- 
ed  with  Ihe  appointing  power  agalnat  the 
waate  ol  time  and  the  obBtnietlOD  to  tbe 
pnbllc  buBlaeia  caused  hj  the  Inordinate 
pressure  tor  place,  aod  (or  the  protection 
of  iQcumbente  afloat  InlrlRue  and  wrong, 
I  sball  at  the  proper  time  aak  Congress  to 
fli  the  tenure  of  tbe  minor  offices  of  the 
aereral  Executive  EtenanmentB  and  preacrlbe 
tbe  grounds  upon  wblcb  reniovala  shall  b« 
made  during  tbe  terma  for  which  the  1n- 
CnmbeDts  have  been  appointed."  It  waa  Id 
connection   with   the   civil   aervlce  and   tbe 


tbe  patronage  of  New  York 
>n:vurii:u.  •miih  resulted  In  the  resignation 
of  Henators  Conkllng  and  Piatt. 

Finartce. — In  hla  iDangural  Addreaa  (page 
4S00)   President  Garfield  aald :  "By  the  ei- 


as   been    fonnd    that   nild   and 
d  tbe  only  safe  foundation  for  a 


Oaifleld,  JimH  A.: 
Biopaphical  eketch  of,  4593. 
Civil  terriee  disenssed  bj.  (See  also 

Civil  Service.)    4601. 
Bwth  of-^ 

Action  of  Congnas  on,  4S16. 
Action  of  Ben&tora  and  Bepreaen- 

tatives  in  Waahin^on  on,  4608. 
Announcement  of,  to  Vice-Preaident 

and  replf  to,  4804. 
AnnooncementB  of,  and   Iiouotb   to 

be  paid  memorv  of,  4003,  4S04, 

4605,  4606,  4607. 
Condolence  on,  oi-— 

Goatemala,  46S7. 

Bnsala,  4626. 
Da^  of  btuniliatloii  «nd  mourning 

m  memory  of,  appointed,  4631. 
DlecnBBed,  4620,  4624. 
Offid»l    bullatut    ot    avtopar    «a 


Finances  disenued  by,  4600. 
FnnerAl  of — 
AnnooDcenieDt    of,    and    anang*- 

menta  for,  4610. 
Orders  of  heads  of  Executive  De- 
partments relating  to,  4608. 
Inangnral   address  of,   4596. 
Portrait  of,  45Q3. 

Statue  of,  to  be  erected  in  Washing- 
ton, appropriation  for,  recom- 
mended, 4795. 
UnTeiling  eeremoniea,  order  regard- 
ing, 5162. 
Oarland  Case. — In  i860  Angnstas  H,  Gar- 
land was  admitted  to  practice  In  the  Cnltsd 
States  Sapreme  Court.  Not  Terj'  long  after 
the  State  of  Arkansas  bad  seceded  fnim 
tbe  Union  In  1861  he  waa  sent  to  the  Con- 
federate Congress,  where  be  a^rred  until 
th«  aurrender  of  Qen.  Lee  In  1865.  Ha 
waa  Included  In  tbe  geDenl  amnesty  ei- 
tended  to  cltliens  of  the  Bouthem  atatea. 
JulT  2,  18S2.  Congress  enacted  a  law  re- 
qoirlng  all  candidates  for  oOlce  to  take  an 
oath  that  thev  had  never  engaged  In  hos- 
tilities BgalDst  the  United  S&tea,  and  on 
Jan.  24,  1869,  this  oath  waa  required  of 
personB  admitted  to  the  bar  of  anr  drcnlt 
or  district  court  of  the  United  States  or 
Court  of  Claims.  Garland  refnaed  to  take 
tbe  prescribed  oath  oa  the  groun  " 

.-,      __    that    If   U"i.,-- 

fiaIdoQ  releaaed  him  from 
.     The   court   aDstalDed 

.   ,.   ,., »._.. t,^  ground  that 

1.    Justice  Field. 
"It  ts  not  wllb- 


s  uDConEtltntlonal 


B  atCectlDC 


bim  In  hla  contentli 
ths  law  was  ei  poal 
lallveHng  tbe  opinloi 


Chase  and  JusUcea  1 
Davis  dissented. 
Om,  ninmlnalJng  and  Hmtlns.— The 
hlatorr  at  the  gas  Industry,  not  only  of  the 
United  States  but  of  the  world,  covers  Ullle 
more  than  a  century.  The  possibility  of 
making  gaa  for  lighting  purposes  was  Inves- 
tigated almnltaneoualy  In  France  and  Eng- 
land In  tbe  latter  part  of  the  etgbteenth 
century— In  England  by  William  Hordock 
and  In  France  by  Philippe  Le  Bon — and  It 
la  an  open  question  as  to  whlcb  of  the  two 
couDlrles  is  entitled  to  tbe  credit  ol  dl»- 

Tbe   atory   of  the   manufactuie   of  coal 


bis  premlsea  with  gaa.  which  be  made 
thereon.  Tbls  was  nine  years  after  Mui^ 
dock'B  experlmenta.  Melville  patented  bis 
process  in  1818,  and  shortly  thereaft«r 
cotton  mills  were  llgbted  by  coal  gas,  sad 
in  1817  it  was  nsea  in  a  Ugbtboase.  In 
1816  s  company  was  chartered  in  Balti- 
more, Ud.,  followed  by  the  estsbllsbment 
of  plants  In  Boston  In  182%  N«w  York.  In 
18^  Brooklyn,^  N.  T..  and  Brlntol,  B.  L, 
In  1830.   and  New  Orleans  in  1^. 

The  Lowe  process  of  making  water  ns 
— \  catabllBhed   at    Pboenlivflle,    Pa.,   In 


1878.     By  this  process  hydrogen  a 
oxide*  of  carbon,   prodncad  by  ths  oconi 
af  ateam  upon  oarbon  at  a  high  tempera- 


irburated  gas**;  nnally  from  m- 

thns  prodnelDK  the  power  of  IIId- 

minstlon.    At  present  the  amount  of  watw 
na  .Is  s^nt  TBper  oaol  mt  tbe  tMtn  qoso- 


jyGooi^lc 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Ou,  UhnnUutliig  and  SnMng—o<mt± 
Setnnia  wei«  rKclved  bj  tlw  Dsput- 
m«Dt  of  Commerce  from  1^84  eiubllab- 
menta  Id  1914,  the  toul  productB  of  wblch 
tor  Um  year  were  valued  at  1220,387,781. 
Of  tbew  1,264  eitBblliluneiit*,  437  prodnced 
carbnceted   water   m;   214.   Mral«lit   coal 


Chmgeia.  (See  Weighers  Mid  Oftugera.) 
Chkyhflftd,  Uaas^  land  deaigiuted  at,  (or 

lifCbthotise,  1221. 
G«aiy    IiAw,    BoBt&iiiAd    b^    Supremo 

Court,  diseaiaed,  5S6&. 
EhnxermL — Formerli'  blgbeEt  rank  In  the 
United  Btatea  Armr.  canferreil  In  recopil- 
tloD  of  dlHtlnsulah^  mllltarj  aerrlces.  It 
was  OrBt  created  bj  act  ot  Consreaa  Harch 
2,  17D9,  and  coDferred  apon  Oeorxe  WHab- 
InstOD;  waa  abotlsbed  In  1802,  but  waa  re- 
vived Jnlf  2S,  ises.  for  Ulyaaea  B.  Oraot. 
WllUam  T.  Sbermao  auccceded  to  the  rank. 
Marcb  4.  1869,  OniDt  bsvlng  become  Prcal- 
dent,  aod  held  It  until  lili  retirement.  Peb. 
8,  1884.  Tbe  grade  wbb  revived  Jane  1, 
1S8S.  for  Phli^  H.  Sheridan,  vbo  held 
It  until  his  death.  Aag.  S  ol  that  rear,  wben 
It  ceased  to  eiiet.  Tbe  rant  ol  Oenaral 
iraa  alao  hicheat  In  the  Confederate  Annj. 
(Bee  Annr.) 

a«n«nl  AUatmut  Act,  mentioned,  6674. 
Oeneral  Armatronib  TIm: 

Claims  of  owners  of,  against  Porta- 
gal.  E268,  87Se. 

Distnbntion  of  fund  appropriated  for 
relief  of  owners  and  crew  of,  re- 
ferred to,  4987- 

Prosident  of  France  eeleeted  se  ar- 
biter in  case  of,  8655. 
Award  of  Emperor  of  Prance,  2722. 
Qeneral  Orast  National  Park.      (See 

Parks,  NationaL) 
Oeneial  Land  Offlce.    (See  Interior,  De- 
partment of.) 
Qeneral  Land  OfDca: 

Appropriations  for — 
Estimates  of,  submitted,  4677. 
Beeommended,  14S3. 


BnsinesB    of,    enspensioi: 

mended,  1433. 
Creation    of   new   offlcei 


Increase  in  clerical  forco  of,  recom- 
mended, 4663. 

Improvements  in,  recommended,  13S1. 

Snrvejror-general 's  district  for  Mis- 
son^,  Illinois,  and  Arkansas  ebonld 
be  divided,  1131, 

Work  of,  6666. 
General  Lud  Offlce,  Oommlsaloner  of: 

Bill  to  increase  ealarj  of,  4698. 

Heporta  of,  986,  1098,  2130. 
General  Snpply  Oommittee.— Tbe  Gen- 
eral 8opplf  Committee  was  created  In  Ilea 
of  tbe  board  (Board  of  Awards)  provided 
for  In  aectioD  3709  of  tbe  HevlBed  Stat- 
Qtea  aa  amended,  and  Ib  composed  of  offl- 
cera,  one  from  aach  ot  the  executive  de- 
partments, designated  by  the  head  tbere- 
of.  Its  duUeB  are  to  make  an  anooal 
schedule  of  reqnlred  mlHcellBneous  supplies 
for  tbe  Dse  of  eacb  of  said  departments  and 
other  Oovemnent  eatabtlshmeDts  Id  Wash- 
ington, to  standardise  sach  aopplles,  elimi- 
nating all  annecessarv  grades  and  varieties, 
---■  >a  solicit  bids  based  upon  formnlaB  and 


e  ma;  see  St  ti 


call  I 


auLlable  t> 


Svery   pur- 


a  shall 

ira.    rroTiaeo,  -' ---  "--  --"  — 
--   be  purchased 

ordinarr   needs  o 

partmenti  or   eBtsmiBuiuiruia. 

chaae  or  drawlbK  of  such  supplli  

contractor  la  immediately  reported  to  said 
committee.  No  dlsbriTBlng  omcer  may  be  a 
member  of  the  committee. 
General  Urrea,  Tbe,  eaptnre  off  the 
coast  of  Texas  of,  by  tne  Natcheg  and 
restoration  of,  referred  to,  1617. 
Qaiera  Convention.— An  agreement  en- 
tered Into  at  GeneTB,  Bwltaerland,  Aug.  22, 
18S4,    br    represeatBtives    ot    Fmnce,    Bel- 

Slnm,  Swttierland,  Portugal,  Holland,  Italy, 
pain,  Denmark.  Baden,  and  PruBsls.  It 
h>B  since  been  agreed  to  by  all  (be  military 
powers  of  Europe  and  of  America,  except 
Braill.  Of  Asiatic  countries  Persia  baa 
also  congeated  to  be  sOTerned  by  Its  pro- 
visions.  The  convention  provides  for  the 
DeutralltT  ot  ambulances,  no  distinction  of 
natlouBllty  to  be  made  In  caring  tar  the 
sick  snd  wounded.  Natives  of  an  invaded 
couDtTT  who  brlog  aid  to  stck  and  wounded 
shall  be  free  ana  respected.  It  they  re- 
ceive the  wounded  Into  their  houses,  tbey 
ahali  be  exempt  from  military  contribu- 
tions and  qnarterlng  ot  troops.  Hospitals 
and  Ibeir  attacbCa.  anless  defended  by  a 
mliitary  force,  aball  be  recognised  as  neu- 
tral. Nurses.  aurgeaoB,  pbyslclnns.  and 
those  In  charee  of  ndmlalstratlon  nod  trans- 

tnrtation  aball  be  marlied  by  a  dlatlnOlTC 
ag  or  arm  badge,  consIslInK  ot  a  red  cross 
on  a  white  ground.  Tbe  eick  and  wounded 
who  tall  into  the  bands  of  tbe  enemy  abali. 
when  cured,  be  returned  to  tbeir  own 
country.  If  Incapable  of  service ;  otberwise 
they  shall  be  paroled. 

In  1868  •  second  convention  at  Oeneva 
extended  the  operations  of  the  system  to 


jyGooi^lc 


Messages  and  Papers  of  Ote  PresidaOs 


aiMiij  Bed  CroM  locletlea  tun  been  orB>i>- 
lial  b^  humane  clTlllaiu,  whose  work  has 
done  much  to  allSTlate  the  horron  of  wmr. 
The  cretft  ot  orlglnatbic  the  Idea  of  dcq- 
traUaloE  tbe  lick  and  woanded  li  due  to 
two  8wlaa  feDtlemen.  Belarlcb  Dnmont,  a 
pbritclan,  aod  hla  frleod,  OoaUTe  Uojufer, 
dulTHUD  ot  the  Sodety  ot  Pabltc  Utilitr. 
OMMTft  OouTenUon,  for  relief  of 
wounded  in  war  referred  to,  4631, 
4653,  4670. 
OoWTft  TinnmaL— The  aetttement  of  the 
Alabama  Clalina  waa  referred  \>j  the  Treatr 
of  WaahlDCtOD  to  Atf  irbltntora.  to  be 
appolDted  br  the  Prealdent  of  the  Unlled 
States,  the  Qneea  of  Great  Britain,  the 
Klnc  ot  Italr.  the  President  ot  the  Swlsa 
ConCederatlou  and  the  Emperar  of  Bnal[. 
These  miera.  la  tbe  above  order,  named  as 
arbitrators  Charles  Prands  Adama.  Lord 
Chief  Justice  81r  Alexander  Cockbnm, 
CouDt  Federln  Sdopls.  Ur.  Jaqne* 
Staemplll  and  Baron  Itajaba.  J.  C.  Ban- 
eroft  Davla  and  Lord  Tenterdea.  respec- 
tlTcl;,  represented  as  agents  the  United 
SUtea  and  Qr«st  Brlta&  The  tribunal 
met  at  Genera.  Switzerland,  on  Dec.  15. 
18T1.  and  CoDDt  Sdopla  was  made  presi- 
dent. Each  sorernment  aobmltted  Its 
f roots  and  arcumenu.  which  were  eare- 
iillr  considered  bj'  tbe  arbitrators.  Tbe 
TaitPd  States  claimed  damages  both  tor 
direct  aod  for  Indirect  lasses,  and  tor  In- 
juries occasioned  by  thirteen  Teuels.  The 
trlbonal  decided  to  allow  onlf  direct  losses 


md     bT    1 


Varlou 


--    -—    „ ..    .._J   decided    that 

the  eipeoBeB  Incurred  In  pursuing  the  cruis- 
ers and  the  prospective  earninn  of  the 
destroyed  merchant  Teasels  Hhould  not  be 
Included  In  the  award ;  that  net,  and  not 
gross,  freights  should  be  allowed,  and  that 
reasonsble  Interest  should  be  Included.  Fl- 
DSllr,  on  Sepl.  14,  1872.  the  tribunal 
■'swarded  to  the  United  States  a  sum  of 
IIS.SOO.OOO  In  gold  as  the  Indemnity  to  be 
paid  bj  Great  Britain  to  Ibe  United  States 
OS  the  setlafactloQ  ot  all  tbe  claims  referred 
to  the  eouBlderatloD  of  the  tribunal."  The 
English  repcesentatlTes  cast  the  oalj  dis- 
aenllng  vote,  but  Great  Britain  accepted 
the  decision  aod  paid  the  award  within  a 
rear.     {Bee  also  Alabama  Claims.) 

Ovnera    Tribunal    (see    also    HalifAx, 
NoTa  Seotfa): 
For  iettlement  of  qnesticnt  pending 
Iwtween  United  Stntes  and  Qreat 
Britain,  disciused,  4097,  4138. 
Award  of,  4138. 
CommiBsioDera  to  report  on  dis- 
tribntion  of,  appointment  of, 
recommended,  4139,  4190. 
Payment  of,  4190. 
Case  of  United  States  and  counter 
caie  referred  to,  4115,4118,4119. 
PifferenceB    of    opinion    regarding 

powers  of,  4120,  4122. 
Legislation     in     connection     witfa, 

nrged,  4164. 
deferred  to,  4161. 
Oftodetlc  Assoclatloii,  IntamatlonBl,  in- 
vitation to  United  States  to  become 
ft  party  to,  E192. 


OtoganibBt   at   mdtad   Mfttoa.— B;   aa 
act  passed  Haj  20.  1TS5,  Concreaa  created 


a  QBtlonal  fcostapher. 


0«acrvUe  Board.— Br  an  Execntlve  Or- 
der of  AoE,  10.  IBOe,  the  offlctal  titk  of 
the  United  SUtea  Board  on  G«ac>apUc 
^""Ff  "■  changed  to  United  Stales  Oeo- 
paphle  Board,  and  Its  doties  enlarged.  The 
Board  paasea  on  aU  uoaetiled  qoesdons 
conanUnc  ceogrspble  names  which  arise 
In  the  departments,  aa  well  aa  delermlolnz. 
chanatng,  and  lUInj  place  names  wlthb 
the  Lnlted  8utes  amf  Ita  luolar  nons- 
alona,  and  all  oamea  hereafter  snnened^ 
anr  oOcer  of  tbe  Govemment^iGll  ™  il 
rerred  to  the  Board  before  publication, 
cepted  br  all  departments  of  the  Gorcni- 
ment  aa  standard  authoritr-  Advlamr 
powers  were  grsnted  the  Board  concemlu 
the  preparallon  ot  nupa  compiled,  or  tobe 
compiled.  In  tbe  variooa  oOees  and  bn- 
reaoB  of  the  GoTcmmeat.  with  a  special 
^  ?««"*  '^/  "'■oldance  ot  anneceMaSta: 
plication  of  work;  and  tor  the  nDlUcatkm 
and  Improvement  ot  tbe  acalea  ot  maps. 
^tJ^  ''^'"A,,""'  contentions  osed  sp^ 
—S^J  '??  **'  *^^  methods  ot  representCg 
relief.  Hereafter,  all  such  projeeta  as  IS 
of  Importance  ahall  be  anbmltted  to  thla 
n2.™^t.'w''*  '•'S,"  '*'''"  """lettaken. 
(MograpUc  Names,  Board  on,  EzecaUva 

order  constitnting,  5647,  6461. 
Gflographlcal  Oongma  of  Venice  46201 
a«>gr»plilcal  Surrey,  practicability  of 
conaolidating  with  Qeologieal  Snr- 
vey  diacnsBed,  4218, 
G«oIOBli»l  BxploraUons,  diBcnased,  43OT. 
Owtloglcal  Survey.— Expeditions  tor  the 
special  porpoae  of  making  geological  Id- 
qnlrr  have  been  provided  tor  br  the  Gen- 
eral Oavernmeot  and  br  nearlr  all  tbe 
■tatea,  begin  alng  with  North  Carolina, 
whose  legislature  aothorlaed  a  sarver  ot 
the  state  In  182S.  Such  work  carried  on 
br  the  Federal  OovemmeDt  la  nnder  tbe 
Bupervlalon  of  the  Department  of  the  Inte- 
rior, The  United  Stntea  at  Orst  attached 
geologlgta  to  exploring  parties,  bnt  In  IS34 
Rent   out  a   special  geological   anrrey   under 

n-»„K„_..„^..._,,         . eipidltlon. 

—  '    1848. 


I^eathflrB 


Harden  ... 
sarvej  NeliraBka,  extending  bis  work  tater 
Into  other  territories.  In  1871  J.  W.  Pow- 
try  bordering  upon  the  Colorado  RIverrand 
G.  M.  Wheeler  was  put  In  charge  of  a  lopo- 
grsphlcal  survey. 

In  March,  IBTO,  the  United  States  Geo- 
logical Survey  was  established,  and  the 
Haydsn.  Powell,  and  Wheeler  surveya  eon- 
splldated  with  It  The  Ave  branches  ot  the 
Snrver  are:  (1)  Administrative:  (2)  Geo- 
logic.  Including  tbe  mnklug  of  the  geologic 


0  which  has  b 


the  basic  topograohlcal  i 

•xtcnded   over  31    per  cent   of  the 

"■*   "-"-••    "— ?s:    (*1    Hydrographic. 


of    rivers ;    (5)    PuhircHiion    Branchr'    tK 

rectors   of   the   Geologlcsl    Snrvev   have 

;n   Clarence    King.    1878-1881  :    Sfajor   J. 

Powell,    1881-18B4;    Charles    D.    Wol- 

t,   1894-1896:  George  Otla  Smith.     The 

•""-oprlatlon   for   the   work    (ISTS) 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Georgit 


a«ologlcal  Bitmy.  (See  kUo  under  In- 
terior Department) 
PracticabiJity   of  consolidBtiiiK  with 
Oeographic  Surrey  diBCuuod\  4218. 
Sepoit  of  Director  of,  dlsenued,  4S77, 
6656. 
GoOTgM  Shoals,  anrvey  of,  completed, 

1610. 
Ofto^otown,  D,  0.; 

Act  transfeiTinK  duties  of  trustees  of 
colored  Bchools  in  Washington  and, 
vetoed,  3903. 
Water  aupplj*  for,  referred  to,  26E)8, 
2725,  E750. 
OMtglA. — One    of    the    thirteen    ortgliul 
Ktates;    nickname,    "The    Empire   Btate   ot 
the  SoDth" ;  motto,  "WUdom,  Jnatlce,  Mod- 
eration."     It  Ilea  between  lat.  30°   20"  and 
35°    north   and  long.   80°    40*  and  80°   S8' 
weat,  an  area  of  S9,266  square  mllea.    It  Is 
boanded    on    the    north    b;    Tennessee    and 
North  CarDllDB,  oa  the  east  br  Bouth  Caro- 
lina    (separated    br    the    Savannah    Rlveri 
and    the    AtlHntt<^  Oi^ean,   on    the   south   b; 
-■    ■■        -    ■       ■     -•■      west    by    Alabama 
■  ■    Ohflttaboocbee 

3    Id 


Florida,     and 


rolling  In  the  ceDter.  and  m 
the  north.  Geoirla  wbb  setlleu  uj  uLiano" 
colonists  under  Oglethorpe  In  1T33.  It  Is 
one  of  the  leading  Statei  In  the  prodnc- 
ttoti  of  cotton.  Lamber,  rloe.  gold.  Iron, 
and  coal  are  alao  produced.  The  maoafac- 
tnre   of  cotton  and   woolen   goods  and    the 

Erodactlon  of  Iron  are  IndnBtrles  wlilch 
ave  rapldl7  developed  In  recent  jeare. 

Btallltlet  of  Bgrlcnlture  collected  for  the 
last  Federal  Census,  place  the  namber  of 
fanna  In  the  State  at  20,027.  comprlBlDg 
2e.0SS.418  acres,  valued  with  stock  and 
Imprafemcota  at  (580,646,881.  The  aver- 
age TBiue  ot  land  per  acre  was  (13.74 
against  gC.2fi  In  19O0.  The  value  of  domestic 
anlmala.  poaltr;,  etc.,  was  tS0,39S,B93. 

OeontU  marble  baa  a  high  reputation 
throngnont    the    count  rj. 

The  bvnded  debt  amounted  to  17.034,202 
In  1909.  The  assessed  valnallaa  of  prop- 
ertr  was  t72S,018.ieT.  The  prlndpal  port 
ta  Savannah,  which  has  latel;  been  deep- 
ened and  Improved  b;  the  government. 

Oeorgla  passed  an  ordinance  of  secession 
Jan.  19.  1861.  It  ivaa  restored  to  the 
UnloD    b7   act   of  CoDgress   June   25.    1868. 

Population     (1910),    2,009.121. 

The  number  of  manufacturing  eslabllih- 
menla  In  Qeorgla  having  an  anoual  output 
valued  at  1500  or  more  at  the  beginnlDg  of 
1915  was  4,039.  The  unaQnt  of  capital  In- 
vested was  (258,849,000,  giving  employ- 
ment to  118,574  peraona,  nalng  material 
valned  at  S1S0.19B.000,  and  turning  ont 
Bnlahed  goods  worth  (258,820.000.  BalaHes 
and  wagei  paid  amounted  to  149,002,000. 
OwngU  (see  also  Atlanta;  Angosta; 
Conf»derate  Statea); 

Aet  of  legialatnre  ratifying  resolution 
of  ConsresB,  referred  to,  168. 

Africans  landed  on  coast  of,  referred 
to,  30es,  306B,  3086. 

Araonal  in.     (See  Angnsta.) 

Artielea    of   agreement    and    cession 
with  United  States  referred  to,  B92. 

Boundary  line  between — 
Florida  and,  895,  S61,  1184,  1260. 
United  States,  and,  329. 


Branch  mint  in,  referred  to,  1383, 
149G. 

Campaign  in,  dlacnsaed.  (See  Civil 
War.) 

Citizens  of,  must  not  trespasB  upon 
Indian   lands,  936. 

Claims  of,  against  Creek  Indians,  652. 

Colored  members  in  legielatDTe  of,  un- 
seated, discDBsed,  3982. 

CoQBtitution  of,  referred  to,  3S32. 

DepoBitB  of  provisions  at  posts  in, 
contracts  regarding,  59S. 

Fonrteenth  amendment  to  Constitu- 
tion ratified  hy,  proclamation  an- 
nouncing, 3858. 

Indian  depredations  La,  1645. 

Indian  titles  in,  eztinguishment  of, 
referred  to,  treaty  for,  recom- 
mended, 637. 

Indians  attempt  to  establish  govern- 
ment in,  1020. 

Internal -revenne  tax  doe  from,  sus- 
pension of  collection  of  requested. 


Compact  with  United  States  regard- 
ing, 803,  8S0,  936,   lOSS. 
ConSicting  claims   regarding,   of — 
IndUns  and  State,  936,  939,  941, 

990,  991. 
United  StatsB  and  State,  290. 
Extinguishment  of  Indian  title  to, 
769,  771, 
Beeommended,  637. 
Treaty  for,  referred  to,  684. 
Sale  of,  aet  for,  187. 
Uilitary   authorities   in,  not  vested 
with    authority   to    interfere    with 
contracts  between  individuals,   or- 
der regarding,   3548. 
Payment  of  amonnt  due  citizens  of, 
under  treaty  with  Creeks  referred 
to,  968. 
Foment  of  amonnt  doe,  from  United 

States  recommended,  568. 
Political  and  civil  condition  of,  re- 
ferred to,  3998. 
Property  owners  in,  should  be  com- 
pensated for  losses  sustained,  1474. 
Provisional  governor  for,  appointed, 
and  restoration  of  into  Union,  dis- 
cuBsed,  3S16. 
Beeonstmction  of,  referred  to,  4002. 
Oeorgla,     The.— A     Confederate     cruiser 
built  at  Glasgow,   Scotland,   and  sent   out 
to  ptey  upon  the  commerce  of  the  United 
States  during  the  Civil  War.     The  Oeorgia 
sailed  from  Qlasgow  in  April.  1863.  nnder 
the  name   of   the  Japan,  and   destrored   a 
number  of  Federal  merchant  vpssels  off  the 
coast  of   E'rance.     Ang.  19,  1863.  she  was 
seised    bj    the    U.    8.    8.    maoara,    Capt 
Craven,  and  taken  to  Bntfand. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


OeoKsUuui 


Messages  mid  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


OttnglajiA,  Tbs,  aeleore  of,  hy  Spuiith 
or  Cnb&n  authorities,  raernd  to, 
2679. 
Claimi    arising    out   of,   lef erred   to, 

2721,  2900. 
Conveation     with     Peru     regardisK 
claims  arising  out  of  capture  of, 
3363. 
awmaiilc  AmoeiMXloa  of  Otutonu  and 


pock    Creeli.    SO    i 


Establishment    and    growth    of,    ro> 
ferred  to.  2113. 

Treaty  with,  regarding  duty  OH  agri- 
enltunl  prodocta,  2167. 
Oannuitown  (Ft.),  Battle  of.— Afur 
tbe  American  deleat  at  BraDdrwliie  Creek 
and  Che  Brltiib  oecnpatlan  ol  PhUadelphla, 
WasblngCon  delcrmlned  lo  attack  the  maOi 
body  Dl  Mowe'B  army,  which  waj  quartered 
In  UermantowD.  &  suburb  of  Philadelphia. 
Tbe  American  army  wai  encamped  at  akip- 

— -■-    '-      20    mile«    from    rblladelphla, 

of  about   10.000  men.   Alwut 

these,  under  Uenertis  BDlllTan 

and  Wayne,  aiatted  tor  Oeimanlown  on  the 
evening  of  Oct,  3,  1777.  Washington  ac- 
companied SnIllTan'i  division.  The  battle 
opened  about  T  a.  tt,  on  the  4th.  The  at- 
tack failed  on  account  of  fog  and  a  mla- 
onden  tan  ding  amoDs  the  omccrs.  After 
3  boars  of  severe  Oghtiug  tbe  Americans 
were  obliged  to  rrtryat  iltb  a  loss  of  673 
killed  and  wounded  and  some  400  prisoners. 
The  BrllUb  loss  was  reported  at  536,  In- 
ciudlns  Gen.  Agnew  and  Lleat.-Col.  Bird, 
though  SOO  Is  claimed  Co  be  a  more  approxi- 
mate flgui-e,  WaahlngtoD  retired  to  his 
former  camp  and  Clen,  Bove  returned  to 
Philadelphia. 

0«nilail7.~~The  aermsn  Empire  Is  •  Fed- 
eration of  Central  European  Stutes,  ez- 
tcndlDg  from  the  Alps  on  the  tonth  to  the 
Baltic  on  the  north.  The  Empire  lies  be- 
tween  4T*  la'-SQ*  S4'  North  latitude  and 
S"  i2'-22'  fiS'  Enst  longitude,  and  Is  lioiinil- 
•d  on  Che  eant  by  Biissla,  on  the  Bnolh  by 
Austria.  I.iecbtenBteln,  and  Sffltserlnnd,  oa 
the  west  by  France,  Luiemburg.  Relelam, 
and  the  Netherlands,  and  on  Che  nortti  bv 
Denmark  and  the  North  nnd  Bnltlc  Sens. 

PhuHrat  Fraturet.~Tbe  Vosges  or  Was- 
gau  MoiinUlna  {AIbbcO,  the  Hardt  Moun- 
tains (Rhine  Palatinate),  the  Hcbwanwald 
or  Black  Forest  (Baden  and  Wdrltembergl, 
the  SchvablBcher  Jura   IWdrttembeTg),  the 


Bateau.  In  the  northern  division  are  tbe 
art!  Mountains  (Central  Pmssla),  with 
the  Brocken  O.TSO  feet)  and  the  Taiiuus 
(Sonthirn    Prunela). 

The  principal  rivers  of  Northern  Qermany 
are  the  Memel  or  Nlemen,  Pregel,  Vistula 
and   Oder,   and   tbe   Elbe.   Weser  and    Ems. 

The  grest  rivers  of  Sonthem  Oermnny  are 
thf  Rhine  and  tbe  nanube.  The  Rhine  fROO 
-■'--•    ■ LAke  Constance  to  Basel    (120 


1   forn 


It  b   _.. 
In  the  f 


The    Dan 


8.10  miles  of  Its  course  Is  In  fieri   .. 

tory.   and  It  Is  nnvlgnble  for  220   miles   to 

Ulm  (WOrttemhergl. 

Owing  to  tbe  extent  and  diversity  of 
the  land  onrface  there  In  a  great  variety 
In  the  climatic  conditions.  The  Elbe  la 
closed  (or  navigation  for  a  sbnrt  time  Id 
e  winters,  and  the  Vlstnla  Is  generally 


iM-bonnd  for  s 


)  months  every  year. 


ABBA   AKD  r0Ptlt.U1OK 

SWv Slid  Csidlals         Engliih         Ctam" 

Bavana  (Munich) 2t^at  e,SST.391 

FTuisia  IBttaa) IM.fliO  40,161.319 

Buooy  iDnsdan) a.7SV  4.80S,ML 

Wactumbets(8tullgsrt)...  7,634  2,437,1)74 

Ormd  Dvckia — 

BHln  (Karlsnih«) 8383  3,I4%S33 

BawtDsUMIwiU 2.ges  1^82fi5l 

Usokleiitwrc.Bohwerin 

(Bebwerin) E.06B  eSB-OSS 

Ueiiklaaba.^tnlits   (NoB-  ^ 

BBsUts) I,1S1  100,448 

Oldanbuig  (Oldsnbulg) 2,482  483.011 

8>»-Wdmai  (Wobnar) 1,3B7  417,149 

Anhslt  (DeMUi) SBS  331,138 

Brunswick  (Brunnriok) ... .  1,418  SMJSt 

Ssia-Altenbuii:  (AltoDburg)  Sll  2UL128 
eaxs-Cobuig-Ootha  (Coburg 

ud  Goths) 76*  237,177 

eue.Meitiingai  (UoningeD.)  S&3  378,762 

Prittcip^ilUa — 

Uppe  (Datmidd} 4BB  1U,B37 

Rauis — E.der  ling  (Oraii)..  122  72,769 

RsuSi — Youiuar  Una  (Ogra)  819  U%7G1 
Bcbsumbur^EipiM  (5Qolc4- 

burg) 131  46,09 

aehwsnburg-Rudolstsdt 

(Rudolst«ltl 863  lOhTOl 

8chvsnbuig-gopder«lisusea 

(aondoTshauMof 833  89,917 

Wsldaek  {Arolsini 433  81,707 

i/uwrMHU— 

B™™ 90  109,630 

Bsmbuig 100  1,014,56* 

"lb«!k 116  110,699 

fi«KAWan(t~ 
AlsBH-LarmiBe  (Staaidiurg)     6,604  1^74,014 

Total 308,730        04,935,993 

XlXaDOMB  or  aBRUAJfT—Pramit 
comprises  the  larger  portion  of  Germany. 
and  consists  of  thirteen  provinces.  The 
government  Is  that  of  a  constitutional  man- 
arcby.  the  Crovu  being  hereditary  In  the 
mole  lluc.  Tbe  executive  Is  vested  In  the 
King,  aided  by  a  Couucll  of  MInliCera. 
King,  William  II.,  German  Emperor.  Cap- 
ital. Berlin.  Tbe  Parliament  (Landtag)  con- 
slsta  of  the  Herrenhaus  of  Princes,  beads 
of  noble  families,  elected  peers,  appointed 
lite  members,  and  repreaeuUtlTea  of  uni- 
versities and  towns :  and  the  Abgeordneten- 
haua.  or  Chamber  of  Deputies,  of  433  mem- 
bers elected  Indirectly  for  a  maximum  of 
five  years. 

Bavaria. — The  second  Kingdom  In  else 
and  population  of  the  Empire. 

The  Crown  Is  hereditary  In  tbe  male 
line ;  the  eiecutlre  power  Is  In  tbe  Sover- 
eign, who  acts  throuKh  a  responsible  minis- 
try or  Btaatsrat.  KlDg.  Ladwig  III.,  b. 
Jan.  T,  1S45.  proclaimed  ^Ing  Nov.  9,  1913. 
Capital  Hunlcb,  There  la  a  Parliament 
of  two  houses,  the  Chamtwr  of  Relchsrlte— 
Prlnpes.  and  hereditary  nobles  aud  members 
appointed  for  life,  or  by  vlrtne  of  tbelr  oOce, 
and  tbe  Chamber  of  Abgpordneten  (Repre- 
sentatives), elected  directly  tor  six  years. 

Siuw nil. —Third  Id  Importance  and  popn- 
latlon  of  (he  German  kingdoms.  Tbe  Crown 
Is  hereditary  ip  the  male  (and  eventually 
the  (emalel  line.  The  Eiecntlvp  Is  vested  In 
the  King,  elded  by  a  Ministry  of  State.  King. 
Frederic  Augustus  III.,  b  May  25.  ISSS, 
eucreedixl  Oct.  IH.  1B04.  Capital,  Dresden. 
The  leelsiature  (Htlndeveniammlnng)  con- 
sists of  two  co-ordinate  houses,  of  which 
the    first    Is    made    ud    of    Princes,    landed 

Koprietors  and  ofBrlal  and  appolnled  mem- 
rs  :  and  tbe  second  of  91  members,  elected 
directly  by  tbe  people  for  six  rears. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encycbpedic  Indgx 


Gemumjr 


vrtrttemberg  Is  ■  Eincdom  of  Soutli  Oer- 
mrnar  malaJj  betwetn  BaT&rlt  tnd  Beden. 
The  CrowD  is  heredllmrr  and  Cbe  moDorchj 

-  -     ■■    ■■      -■      -"       eiecutlve    bflag    Muted 
King  WuTlaiD  II 

_, __. , jeded   Oct.    0.    189., 

Capital,  Stuttgart.  Tbere  Is  a  ^ndstlaile 
of  two  estalea,  Che  flrsl  chamber  (^taDdes- 
herreni  being  of  prlncelj.  noble  or  terri- 
torial rank,   with  certain  official  and  Doml- 

—  -  ■-  t;  the  secoDd   (Abgeordni  — 


jerman   Empire,   ailuate   Id   the  aouth- 
>ni  part.     The  Hblne  torma  Its  MUtb- 


UecUenburg-StTelitt. — Consists  of  two  de- 
tBcbed  parts  (Strellli  snd  RatzcburE),  scp- 
araird  br  Mecliknhurg-Schwerln.  There  la  ■ 
•  diet  of  two  estsrea,  the  Btttrnscbaft  and 
Landscbatt.  Grand  Dukp.  Adolnbua  Krli'd- 
plcb,  b.  July  22,  1848.  Capital.  Neu-Strcllla.  i 

Welfflor     Btaenach.  —  The      Orand 

iniiUtB   of   tbrce   detsehed   dlBtrlrlB 
iltered   enclarea,    the   population 


.     ther, 

t  the  capital.     Then 


being  marDlr'LuHii 
■Qd  American  ^""" 

"   p  mibiHtrv  a^^  ..  «... 
,.   -.   __    .   elected   _-. 

Jears.  Qrond  Dnke,  William  Era  eat  h. 
uoe  10,  187(1:  succeeded  Jan.  S,  IBOl. 
Capital,  Weimar, 

OUentmrg  is  situate  on  the  Nortb  Ses 
■nd  tbe  Weser,  t»etweeD  the  sea  and  Han- 
over, with  the  detached  Principalities. 
Uore  tban  SO  per  cent,  of  tbe  lahabltanu 

mlnlstr;  and  a  single  chamber  (Landtag)  of 
15  members.  Grand  Dnke,  Frpderlc  Augna. 
tna,  b.  Nor.  Ifl.  18B2:  socccdcd  Jure  1.1, 
1900.  Capital,  Oldenburg.  Topula  I  Ion,  28,  COS, 

DnoaiBB.—Anhelt. — A  Dacby  of  Centra! 
Oermany,  la  two  principal  portions,  mir- 
ronnded  br  Pruaalan  Baxony.  containing 
906  aqnare  miles  and  a  population  o(  H31.- 
128.  Single  chamber  diet  of  46  members, 
elected  for  sli  yeari.  Duke,  Frledrlch  11..  b. 
Aug,  19,  leSO:  sncceeded  Jan.  24,  1904, 
Capital.   Deaaau. 

Brufiotck. — A  State  of  Northern  Ger- 
iniinT  rvmnlBtlng  cblefl^  of  three  detacbpd 
',  Tamest  Augustus,  b.  No 


.-led  dsnghirr  of  the  Oermsn 

Eror ;    proclaimed^  Nor,    *     -'■-"      " 
'1lI]Swfc^ 


,   a,   1913.    Capital, 


Saze-Altnihar0.— Duke,  Em  est,  b.  Ang. 
31.  mil:  sucoeeded  Feb.  7,  1B09.  CaplUl, 
Altenburg. 

Bare  -  cotmru  -  Oolha. — A  State  ronslatlng 
of  two  priDcltial  and  sereral  smaller  df- 
tacbed  portloDs.  Coburg  haa  a  dl"t  of  11 
and  Gotha  of  IB  members.  The  diet  meet 
Id  Joint  session  foe  common  affalra.    Dnke, 


Siwe-ir«iiti<ip«H^ — The     alnglo 

diet  has  24  members,  elsctedlor 

Duke,  Georss  II.,  h.  April  2,  1820;  anccved- 
ed   Sept.    20,    1806.      Capital,    MelDlngen. 

The  Princi  pa  titles  are: 

lAppt. — I'rlnee,   Leopold. 

«««••      (Jflder     i/fna  J. —prince.      Heniy 

Suliaumburo-Lippt. — Kelgnlng  Prince. 
Henrj  XXVll.  *    ^ 

Schaumlmrg-IApiM. — Belgnlng     Prince, 

BclMoarttbmv-Rtidolttadt. — Prince,      Qnn. 

Bchmmburif  -  8omttnhtt»*en.  —  Prince 

Waldeek.—Prlnct,  Frederick,  Prince  of 
Waldeok-l>yrmDnt.  Count  of  Bappolsteln, 
Seigneur  of  [Ioheua,ck  and  Geroldaeck  Waa- 
■legen,  etc 

BAK8B  TOWNB.—TiiB  Free  Hanse  Towns 
comprise  tbe  three  cities  of  LQbeck, 
Bremen,  and  Hamburg,  each  wllb  a  siuall 
rural  terrltorr  retaining  their  aoverelgntj 
and  iDCul  self-go  rem  me  ot,  like  tbe  other 
Stales  of  the  Kmplre ;  they  are  situated 
Id  the  North  of  Qermanj,  on  tbe  Trave, 
Weser,  nnd  Kibe  respectively.  LUbeck 
It  situate  near  tbe  Baltic,  and  la  cou- 
Dected  with  (be  Kibe  by  the  Rlbe-Trare 
Canal:  Its  commerce  Ii  principally  with 
Denmark,  Norwaj",  Sweden,  and  Rnsala. 
Bremi'n  Is  much  smaller,  hut  rerj  proaper- 
OUB,  and  only  second  In  commercial  Import- 
ance to  Hamburg.  It  la  connected  by  rail, 
way  with  the  outport  of  BremerhareD, 
Iblrty-Sve  miles  dlataat.  aDd  carries  on  a 
rery  eilenalre  American  trade.  Hamburg 
Is  tbe  great  emporlam  of  Germany,  and  Is 
sUty-flTe  miles  from  CuihaTcn,  to  which 
port   it  la  connected   by   railway. 

"«  B/CHS  L  A  VD."— Alsace- Lorraine  (El- 
ssss-Lothrlngen),  which  was  annexed  by 
France  from  Ihe  old  German  Empire  between 
1(148  and  1U9T,  sad  restored  to  Germany  in 
1ST],  embraces  the  fertile  plain  between  the 
Rhine  and  (he  Voagen,  and  Btrelchea  beyond 
these  mouDtalnsas  far  as  Luxemburg,  wine, 
tobaiM^,  snd  hons.  Iron  and  coal  are  among 
Its  leading  productlona.  and  the  cotton  !d- 
duetry  Is  most  flourlshlnR.  Tbere  Is  a 
Landtag  of  two  chambers,  of  which  the 
first  COD  si  B  Is  of  rep  resen  la  lives  ot  the 
cburehea,  uulrerslty  towns  and  jprofesBlonal 
clasBen,  and  tbe  second  of  00  membera, 
elected  by  secret  ballot 

principal  towns.  Strassbnrg,  HUblhanaen, 
Heta.  and   Kolmar. 

OBRUAS  C0LOiriBS.—Ant  and  popula- 
tion. 

ArsslD    EKtimated 
CdIooj  Eagliih      PopuU- 

Wio*-  S^rilile.        tion 

EaitAlricm 384,076    7,IH(>,000 

Soulh-weat  Atrloa. 3ZZ.34S        120,000 

Cameroon 205,000    3,BOO.(»0 

Togoluid. 33.e»    1.000.000 

Total,  Aftioa. l,03S,08a  12,206,000 

NawO^nei 90,000       403,300 

Solomon  [sluids. 4,200         33,000 

Msnhsll  Islands ISO         10.SB0 

wSEScim^,-:::::::}     «»    «>■«» 

Bamoan  Islandi l.OSO         34,600 

Total,  PadSo 90,310       <I19,»60 

RlsoChBO 193       190,000 

^)ben  of  Intanat 2,760         84,000 

Total,  A^Iio 2.043       274.000 

OtaodTotU 1484.33S  11,158,990 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Gemuu^ 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Omiunj — ConUMtti, 

Lanpuagt  and  Religion. — While  the  TEit 
mijorrtr  ot  the  Emperor's  rabjecti  are  Qti- 


e  Domber  adhere  to  the  Ternacu- 

lar  of  Ibeir  orlelnal  (OTerelKnlj.  A  recent 
lausnage  rensaa  sivea  the  toTlawlDc  llcnrei : 
GermaD,  61,883.131 ;  Pollib,  3,828,761 ; 
French.  233. S51 :  Dinlih.  141,081  i  CMCh, 
107,398  1  Utbaaotana,  106,800  ;  Othen,  224,- 

Tbe  eenerallj  accepted  rellsloa  of  the 
people  li  Lutheran,  but  tbere  are  lusiir 
roDgresatlona  or  Catbolin  and  othera.  The 
ceDBui  of  1910  abowed:  Protratanu,  SB,- 
001.421,'  Cathollcfi,  23,821,463:  Other 
Chrlitlana,  283.946:  Jens,  616,021:  Otben 
<or  ot  onknoBii   rellKlonii),  214.162. 

SUtorv.—The  GermaDS,  ar  Tentoni,  are 
an  Aryan  race,  Urit  mentioned  In  blitorr 
Id  tbe  fourtb  cenlurj  B.  c  The  German  Ko- 
m«n  Empire  was  foanded  bj  Chirlemanie 
A.  D.  800.  and  this  drnaetj  was  eitlnffalsbed 
•bant  911  A.D.  Tbe  reign  ot  Otto,  which 
followed  ibortlj  (036-977  1.  D  ),  wai  tbe 
moat  Bucceufut  of  the  Middle  Area.  Tbli 
wai  followed  by  tbe  tucretislon  of  tbe  Ho- 
henslaufen  djnasly  (1138-12B8  jk.  P.).  The 
Imperial  power   waa   reBtrlrted  b;  tbe  elee- 


man  taereantlle  marine :  the  Preai :  every- 
thins  relatlnK  to  tbe  right  ot  lormJoK  cor- 
poraliona  ;  police  :  unltatlon  :  colonliatlaii- 
&  majorltf  ot  the  Fedeial  Cooaell  and 
aelchslas  la  neceaeary,  and  also  anfflclent. 
for  tbe  TBlldltT  of  a  law.  The  lawa  ot 
the  Empire  take  precedence  of  the  lawa 
ot  the  Federated  Btatea  within  the  acop« 
Ot  the  Conitltntlan  of  the  Empire ;  tber 
■~  eompnlaoiT  on  all  Gotb ■ — •  "— 


Empire. 

Kuler,  His  Imnerial  Ualeilr  William  II.. 
GeTmaa  Emperor,  King  of  Fmaala,  bom  at 
Berlin    Jan.    27,    1860. 

Tbe  leglalallTa  power  of  tbe  Empire  la 
ezeretaed  within  eertalu  prcKrlbed  limits  by 
tbe  Bundearat  (or  Federal  Council)  and  the 
Belcbstag.  The  Bundearat  Is  composed  of 
61  plenlpotentlariea  nominated  br  tbe  gar- 
crnments  ot  the  States  which  form  tbe  Em- 
pire, Tia. :— Prussia  (17),  Bsvarla  (8).Sax- 


12T3    J 


1806.      Napoleon 


'    the    confederation 


alliance  made  with  Aumria  In  181G,  and  tbe 
Norlh  Germaa  confederation  was  formed 
In  1800.  Prussia  was  tbe  leading  factor 
In  the  Franco-I'ruaBlan   war  of  18T0-71,   In 

_.     _  j^  Joined  bj  flootbem  Germany. 

King   -•    *— '—-■ 

fill iiiirl"T«"oT all  the~refKnIog~G 
In  1871. 
Aug.  1 

■atlon  ol  iiuuu"  '"  nuBBiB . , 

wblcb  was  then  at  war  with  Serrla,  Ger- 
many declared  war  against  R oasis,  and  npon 
the  beginning  of  hostilities  between  the 
two  countries  France  began  to  prepare  for 
tbe  Inevitable  Inyaslon  of  her  territory  witti- 

Blarted  for  tbe  FreDcb  border  by  wsy  of 
Liege  Belgium.  Belgium  piotealed  against 
the  Tlolallon  of  her  territory  and  appealed 
to  Great  Britain  for  protection.  Kngland 
was  pledged  to  both  tbe  protection  ot 
France  and  the  neutrality  of  Belgium,  and 
wliea  on  Aug.  4,  1014.  Germany  declared 
war  on  Belgium,  Great  Britain  replied  with 
a  declaration  ot  war  upon  Germany. 

Ooremment. — Tbe  Empire,  according  to 
tbe  Constitution  of  April  io,  1871,  la  a 
Confederate  League,  bearing  the  name  Ger- 
man Kmplre— I»put8chea  Reich— under  the 
hereditary  presldentablp  of  the  Elug  of 
Pmsala.  wbo  holds  the  title  ot  German 
Emperor — Deutscber  Kalner — and  whoae  eld- 
est son  la  alyled  nia  Imperial  and  Royal 
Hlgbncaa.  Tbe  Emperor  aa  such  represeuta 
tbe  Empire  In  all  nuttera  affecting  tntema- 
llonal  law :  In  tbe  name  of  tbe  Empire  he 
declare!  war  and  makes  peace,  concludes  al- 
liances and  trestles  wllb  foreign  States, 
and  accredits  snd  recelye*  Ambassadors. 
Except  to  repel  an  attack  on  the  territory 
or  the  coasts  of  the  League,  the  Emperor 
cannot  declsre  war  without  tbe  consent  of 
the  Federal  Council,  Bundearat  wblcb  rep- 
resents tbe  soTerelgntj  ot  tbe  Federsted 
States  of  tbe  Empire.  The  Bundearat,  with 
tbe  Emperor's  eonaent,  has  tbe  power  to  dla- 
■olTe  tbe  Reichstag.  Amougst  tbe  matters 
belonging  to  the  competence  of  the  Empire 
are  sll  tbose  that  refer  to  the  srmy  snd 
navy :  the  common,  ctvU  and  penal  law  of 
tbe  Fmotce ;  po*ta  and  telegraphs  (eiclnd- 
'  I  Bavaria)  ;  Inland  navlgallon;  cnatoms; 
I  and   measures:   coinage;   banking; 


(2).    tbe    I „ 

Hanae  Towns  (1  eacb),aDd  Alsace-L 
3  delegates  (with  limited  Tottog  powers). 
The  Reichstag  Is  composed  ot  397  Depotles. 
elected  by  unlTersal  anffrage  for  a  mail- 
mam  ot  Ave  yeara.  Tbe  Federal  Council 
and  Relcbstag  must  he  summoned  to  meet 


In  1813  and  an  The  Supreme  Court  of  the  Empire  Is  the 
\^  iStS- ?°5  .t^  Relchigerfcht  witb  a  President  and  100 
Judges,  appointed  M>  tbe  Emperor,  wllb  the 
adTlce  of  the  BundesrsL  This  la  a  Court 
of  Appeal  from  tbe  remaining  courts,  which 
..>    tf,...    . 1_*^    —J    — ,_..i.,p^    ^g 


legal  system  being  IdeDtlcal  li.   

'.rmi*    and    ilTatitf.— The    Emperor   Is    the 
"■—*-'"■ —     —    Federal   Commander- In- 


eBfel(Nierr,   < 


Chief  of  [he  wkole  German  Army.  In  time 
of  war  he  holds  supreme  command  :  In  time 
.  of  peace  the  Kings  ot  Bararia,  Baiony,  and 
Wtfrttemt>erg  retain  their  sovereign  rights 
as  heads  of  their  respective  armies.  On  the 
otber  band,  tbe  German  Nary  Is  Imperial 
(kalaertlch).  snd  tbe  Emperor  as  such  la 
the  supreme  Admlrsl-lo-Cammand  of  the  Im- 
perial German  Navy  In  peace  as  well  as  war. 
Service  In  the  Army  fa  universal  and  com- 

fulsory  on  ell  German  subjects  between 
be  agea  of  IT  and  4B,  aervlce  commenclns 
at  the  age  of  £0.      (For  tbe  army  establlsh- 


It   B 


B  remarkable  for 


w^^ 


SSJS 


pEcy  la  best  eiempllfled  by 
lue  auiiuBi  military  recruiting  stalls  ties, 
wblcb  In  1907  disclosed  a  proportion  of 
only  .02  per  cent,  of  Illiterate  recruits.  It 
Is,  moreover,  practically  homogeneons  In  all 
branches  tbtongbont  the  Empire.  The  Pm«- 
slsn  administration  may  be  died  aa  frplcat, 
comprising  a  general  control  by  tbe  Minister 
of  Public  Instruction  over  a^l  educational 
eatabllahmeDta.  public  or  private,  a  pro- 
vincial organliellOD  charged  wllb  mansfe- 
ment  of  public  elemenlary  schools,  and  Spe- 
cial PravlDCIal  Boards  charged  with  fbe 
management  of  Secondary  end  Normal 
Bcbools,  their  curricula,  appointment  of 
teachers,  and  leaving  examlnatlona  Pri- 
mary la  ComDal!<ory  and  free,  ajre  6-14. 
Average  attendance,  9H  per  cent  Evening 
_.lon  acboolB  for  cblldrrn  of  worklns 
(partly  compulsory)  ;  city  IntermedT 
scbools  In  two  grades ;  gymnasia  preiMlr- 

„,„.._l   B."     — 

igbout  the  Empire,   _,.. 

rial  attention  being  devoted  to  agriculture, 
commerce,  mining,  foreatry  and  music.  Uni- 
versities, State-malntalDed  and  administered, 
are :  Berlin,  Bonn.  Brealau,  Erjangen.  Frei- 
burg, aiessen,  GSttlngen,  (Jrelfwali^  Hsll^ 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Oemuuiy 


Heidelberg,  Jena,  Kiel.  EBnlggberg,  Lalpilc, 
UmTbnrK.  Uanchen,  MQiiMer,  BosEodi, 
fitnnbarK.  TOblnsen  uid  WUrUbars. 
"Finnnee. — Tbe  ReTeotie  of  the  Emclra  li 
derived  oibIdIj  from  Cnatoms  and  Kzdae. 
■tamps,  posu  and  C«lwraph>.  rsllwara,  and 
contrlbatlon  In  lien  at  Coatoms  and  Biclee 
dntlea  from  rertaln  statea  wllb  matrlcDlar 
lerles  on  tbe  nnutltneiit  Statea  of  tbe  Em- 
pire, and  (alDce  1913)  a  dirMt  Froiwrtr 
Tai.  The  retenoo  for  1918  was  8,686,03S,- 
200  marks,  and  tbe  eipeDdltara  waa  the 
aame  amount.  Tbe  debt  at  the  besIonlnK 
of  tbe  Tear  19t3  was  4,922,242,000  marks. 
For  ordinary  eomputatlans  Qve  marks  are 
reckoned  aa  equal  to  one  dollar  of  United 
Stales  tBtyaej. 

Tbe  Imperial  War  Treasara  stored  In  the 
Inllna  Tower  at  Spandaa  amounted.  March 
31.  lUl.  to  120,000,000  marks  (124.000.- 
000).  Under  tbe  law  of  1913,  tbla  amouat 
Is  to  be  doubled,  and  In  addition  a  sliver 
reserve  created  amouDttns  to  an  additional 
120.000.000  mark!. 

Pnulona. — The  German  acbeme  of  social 
leglalatlon  slTea  all  subordinate  bread-wiu- 
aera  In  the  Empire  a  legal  right  to  pe- 
cuniary aubTenlloD  wbpn  unfitted  for  work 
throngh  alckneaa,  accident,  premature  In- 
Ormlty.  or  old  age  iDBurance  la  rompul- 
aory.  The  National  Inaurance  Is  baaed  on 
mutual  inaurance  and  aelf-adm In ist ration. 
The  Inflnnlt;  Inaurance  Act  came  into 
force  Jan.  1.  1900.  Tbe  Inaured  include  all 
persons  working  for  wages  or  aalarj  as 
workpeople.  In  ao  far  aa  tbe  Incomes  do  not 
eieeed  Mk.  2.000— Including  foreigners  work- 
ing In  Oermanr  under  theae  categories. 
PenaloDS  tor  premature  Inflrmltr  are  given 
to  Insured  persons  wben  nnflt  for  work ;  old 
age  penalona  to  all  Insured  persona  on  at- 
talnlnr  tiie  age  of  70,  though  atlll  capable 

FrodwstUM  and  /tufasfry.—In  1907.  82.6 

{er  cent,  of  the  population  were  anpported 
y  aKrlcnltnre,  37  j>er  cent  by  luduatrles 
and  mining,  and  ll.S  per  cent,  by  trade  and 
trafflc  Tbe  approximate  number  o(  peraons 
engaged  In  agricultural  and  paa Coral  pur- 
■uils  (eiclusiTe  of  their  dependents)  In 
1007  waa  8,750,000;  In  mlnlug  and  Indus- 
tries, 11.230.000:  In  trade  an^  commerce, 
S,S00,O0O:  and  In  domestic  and  other  ser- 
vice, 1.7(10,00a 

Of  tb«  total  area  In  190T,  78,883,189 
acrea  were  cultivated  (Including  80.347,914 
acres  arable)  and  8<272,141  acre*  ware 
woods  and  loresta. 

PruBsln  contains  tbe  principal  mining  dis- 
tricts (In  Silesia  BhIneland  and  Baxony). 
coal,  lignite,  and  Iron  ore  being  largely  pro- 
duced :  tbe  Relchalaud  also  confafna  valuable 
coal  and  Iron  ore,  aud  tbe  HarCa  monn- 
talna  yield   copper  and  allver. 

Qermany  ta  becoming  more  aud  mora  a 
manufacturing  country,  tbe  Industries  cen- 
lerlug  rouDd  tbe  coal  and  Iron  flelds.  partle- 
ularlv  tQ  Pmstfa.  tbe  Relcbslsud.  Bavaria, 
tad  aaiony.  In  Prussia  (Iron^  llneua,  glasa, 
etc.)  tbe  principal  Indnatrlal  centre!  are 
Berlin,  Brealau,  Cologne.  AIi,  Dllsseldorf, 
Dortmund,  Magdeburg,  and  Caasel.  wblle 
-  -^  -  -   \n  tb(   --• ■"- 

m^lDpry  of  Zwickan, 


Joilngen  and  Eaatn  are  tbe  centres  of  tbe 
Bteel  Industry.  In  Bazan*  the  woolen  ludua- 
try  of  Cbemnlts.  tbe  n  ^  '  --..-- 


and  tbe  book  trade  of  Leipilg  vie  with  the 
"Dresden  chlua"  Industty  of  Melsaen.  In 
Bavaria   and   tbe   Relchdand.    rottona  ■ 


aally  In   Importance  and 

nnire  in  Creteld,   Elberteld-Bannni.  UOhl- 
bausen.    Cbemnita,   and    tbe    provunea    or 


Bea  flah  to  tbe  valoe  of  nearly  TG.OOO,- 
000  marka  were  consumed  In  1912,  the 
amount  Imported  being  valued  at  40,000,(100 
marks.    About  80,000  peraons  were  employed 

Rallwavt,   elc—In   1912  there  were  68,- 


tered  aulomobllea  and  motor  cyclea  o 
Jan.,  1913,  was  77.780. 

In  addition  to  aome  6,000  miles  of  nav- 
igable rivers  there  are  over  1,GOO  miles  at 
canals  and  l.flOO  mllpa  of  ahip  caimla. 
Lengtb  o(  telegraph  lines,  228.600  kllo- 
— ' —     (length    r^ -•---      •'■'-'■—■    ■■■ 


call' eta tlona,  37.970.  The  num:.  _  __ 
employ^  in  the  service  of  posts,  telegrapha 
and  lelepboaeB  wsa  310.303. 

SMpnine. — On  Jan.  1,  1B13,  the  Mercan- 
tile Marine  consisted  of  2,mi  aea-going 
steamera  of  17.66  register  tons  and  up- 
warda  (4,380.348  tona  gross  register),  and 
of  2,420  sailing  vesaels  (447,870  tons  groaa 
register)  :  number  of  aeamen,  77,746.  Ger- 
many now  ranks  second  In  the  Hat  o(  mari- 
time countrlea.  There  were  completed  \a 
1G12  at  German  yarda  for  German  flrma, 
6S9  aea-goIng  sblps  of  8S3.090  tona  groaa, 
and  at  German  yarda  for  foreign  Arms,  124 
sea-going  ships   of  31,238   tons  groaa. 

To vns.— Capital  of  tbe  German  Empire, 
Berlin.  There  were  48  towns  at  the  Census 
of  December.  1010,  wltb  a  population  ex- 
ceeding loo.ooa 

The  unit  o(  value  la  tbe  mark  of  100 
pfennlge.  One  mark  Is  equal  to  fO.238 
united  Statea  money.  One  dollar  Cnlled 
Statea  money  la  equal  to  4  marka  81  pfen- 
nlge. 

Trade  wftb  tie  nntitd  Btatet. —  The  valus 
of  merchandise  Imported  Into  Oermauy  from 
tbe   United  SUtes  for   the  year  1013  waa 

i 33 1.684.2 12,  and  goods  to  the  value  of 
188.9n:t.071  were  sent  thither— a  balance 
of  1142,721,141  In  favor  of  the  United 
Statea. 

Oarmany  (see  also  Berlin;  Hamburg:): 
Caroline  lalandH,  diapnte  vritb  Spain 

regardiQK,  4916,   6370. 
Commereial  relations  with,  5617, 6061, 


Compulsory  insuTance  of  vrorkingmen 

in,  Teferrsd  to,  S782. 
Concessions  of  land  in  Colnmbia,  6S02. 
Consular  convention  with,  4114,  4142. 
CopTtight     privile^ce     extended,     bj 
proclamation,  5713. 
Beferred  to,  5752. 
Diplomatie  relations  with,  disenssed, 

£549. 
Emperor  of-^ 
Arbitrator  in  northwestern  bound- 
ary dispnte,  4097. 
Award   of,  4139. 
Thanks   of   United    Btates    ten- 
dered, 4140. 
Death  of,  6367. 
Empress  Frederick,  death  of,  6678, 
Expulsion  of  Jolins  Banmer  from,  re- 
ferred to,  4460. 
Emits,   American,    restrictions  upon 
tation    of,     into,    diaenased. 


impbrUtii 
«381. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Oemuny 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


QmnBOT — Oonthuied. 

Fagitive   eriminalH,  eoDTentioii  with, 
for  inrreader  of,  2889. 
Biseossed,  4824. 
Qovemineiit     of     United     StatM    of 
North  aerman7  refeired  to,  3780. 
BnniigTfttioii  treaty  with,  4419. 
Iffiportiition    of    American    prodnets 
into,  reatrictioDS  upon,  disenued, 
4758,  4788,  4016,  5957,  6061,  6328, 
6429. 
Decree  regarding,  6100. 
lusnranee  companies,  American,  ex- 

cinded  from    6061,  6099,  6183. 
Uinister    of    Hamburg,   received    in 

United   States,   949. 
Minister  of,  to  United  States,  title  of 

ambassador  conferred  upon,  58T4. 
MiniBter  of  United  States  to — 
Becalled,  2549. 

Salary     of,     increase    in,    recom- 
mended, 4074. 
Title  of  ambassador  conferred  npon, 
5874. 
NatnralixatioQ    treaty    with,     3828, 
3829,  3830,  3888. 
Qnestions    arising    under,   referred 
to,  4419,  4520,  4625,  4916,   5084, 
5471,  5869. 
Neutrality  of  United  States  in  war 
with— 
BuBsia,  T960. 
France,  7969. 
Great  Britain,  7974. 
Belgium,  7976. 
Italy,  8142. 
Japan,  7976. 
Bonmania,  8142. 
Portugal,  8141. 
Politieal  queetionB  in,  4017. 
Postal   convention  with,  377S,  3783, 

4203. 
Presentation  of  replica  of  Von  Steu- 
ben to,  8049. 
Samoan  affairs  discussed.     (See  Sa- 

moan  Islanda) 
Shipping  interests  of,  report  of  co: 
flul-general  on,  referred  to,  4973. 
TarifC   laws  of,   evidence   of,   modi: 
cations  of,  proclaimed,  5693. 
Discussed,  5747. 
Tariff  laws  of  United  States,  protest 
against  provisions  of,  imposing  dis- 
criminating  duty  on  sugar,  S957. 
Tobacco  imported  into  (see  also  Agri- 
cnltnrai  Products) — 
Duties  on,  referred  to,  2909. 
Treaty  regarding,  2167. 
Trade-marlcs,  tcett^  with,  regarding, 

4114,  4142. 
Treaty  of  United  State*  witk— 
Bambnig,   988,  991,  26S6. 
States    composing   the   ZollTcrela, 
2168,  2169,  2206.  ^ 

Neffotiations  regajdlng,  and  n- 
jeeOxm  of,  disensMi^  SlBS. 


Transmitted   and    diseuwed,    2689, 
4824. 
Union  of  Statea  of,  dieeuased,  4074. 
Tessels  of — 

Claims  of,  to  interest  on  dues  ille- 
gally exacted,  S084,  5367. 
Destroyed  at  Eiamoan  Islands,  5479. 
Duties  on,  suspended  by  proclama- 
tion, 5326. 
Proclamation  revohing,  6129. 
Vessels  of  Hamburg,  application  for 


(nties     on,     euft- 


rights  regarding,  €21. 
Discriminating      di   ' 


pended,  607. 


War  with  Kar 

Correspondence     regarding,     4068, 

4434. 
Diplomatic    relations   resumed,   re- 
ferred to,  4098. 
Neutrality   of    United    States    in, 
4050. 
Proclaimed,  4040,  4043,  4046. 
Suspension    of    hostilities    recom- 
mended by  President  Grant,  4055. 
Oermaa  Emplie,  Traatlas  wltb. — When 
the   German  Empire   was  formed  In   18T1. 
certain  treaties  In  force  witli  the  IndlTldnal 
component   States   were   abroEnted ;    mior. 

«r?a.  ] 


certain  concesBJons  of  import  dutli 
specified  clasBea  of  Kooda  coming  Irum  uci- 
mBQf :  aad  Germaa;  makes  compeosallDg 
coocesslooB  upon  classes  of  goods  koIde  Into 
Qermaa;  This  agrecnient  was  made 
subject  fa  three  monibS'  notice  of  Inten- 
(ioQ   to   lei     ■  "  ■  ■   " 

atrmsny    ( 
Agrcemeols  were 

of  notes    for    tbe    —   , —    .- 

Irade-marks  In  Morocco  In  ISOl  and  In 
rhina  In  1005.  A  reciprocal  trade  agree- 
ment vas  entered  Into  In  1906,  and  soper- 
■eded  bT  anolber  In  1907.  and  Ibis  vaf 
bj-  the  United 


«T  * 


of 

..._.,  t    1909   Is 

still   In  force. 

Bamoan  Itlandt — In  1SS9  a  Keneral  act 
providing  for  the  neotralltT  and  antooo- 
mo  us  goTemmenC  of  the  Samoan  Islands 
vas  concluded  between  the  United  States. 
German;  and  Orest  Biiuln.  This  pro- 
vided for  the  establishment  of  a  supreme 
coort  for  the  Islands,  aod  confirmed  titles 
to  lands.  iDlcrferenee  in  political  strng- 
gles  In  the  Islands  In  1899  by  commanders 
of  Brillsb  aod  American  warsblp*  revolt- 
ed In  the  appolotment  of  a  court  of  claims. 
Kins  Oscar  of  Sweden  was  agreed  npon 
as  arbitrator.  Rls  decision  held  tbe  rnlted 
States  and  Great  Britain  responstble  for  all 
dsmiigeB  caused  b;  unwarranted  ndlltary 
operailans  In  the  Islands.  By  a  conventton 
of  Dec.  2.  1899,  the  general  act  and  treaties 

relating  to  Samoa  wer '"  ■       ■      -- 

article  was  signed  by  ,_,.  —  ..  ,- 

nblcb  Germany  and  Great  Britain  v 

in  favor  of  tbe  United  States  all  their 
claims  to  Totolla  and  all  otber  Islands 
of  tbe  Samoan  groDp.  while  tbe  Tlnlted 
States  renounced  to  Gennany  ail  claims  tr 
tbe    Islanda    of    TJpo'       ~  "  " 


iln.    SavBll   and    otber 


f    TJpoln.    S 


jyGooi^lc 


Encyclopedic  Index 


—Ad  arbltniT  amnt«ineiit 
of  Ihe  leglalatlve  or  ConsKsalonBl  dis- 
tricts of  a  state  resBrdleaa  of  ceographlcal 
coDtlsclt?  and  compactness,  nhereb;  a 
ralnorltj  of  the  TOtera  of  one  partj  mar 
b«  so  sroDpcd  as  to  elect  all  or  a  majorltr 
of  the  represeDtetlTH  In  Congreu  or  a 
atate  leglslatare.  Tbe  nord  was  coined 
Id  1611  from  tbe  name  ol  Blbrldse  Gerr; 
who  aa  soTernor  of  MaaBachnsettB  algaed 
a  bill  p*Hed  b;  tbe  Democratic  majorltj 
of  tbe  leglalature  gcouplog  tbe  sectlooa 
whicb  gave  tbe  FederallaUi  majorltiea  Into 
one  district,  wltb  a  fancied  resemblance  to 
A  salamander. 

Oenrnundor,  diacuBsed,  6043. 
0«UTBl><irs  (Psl.),  BatUs  of.— After  tb» 

remarkable  aoccess  Of  tbe  CoDlederate  arms 
at  Chan  eel  lorarl  lie,  and  in  response  to  a 
general  demand  of  the  people  of  the  Con- 
fcderacT,  Gen.  Lee  detenalned  upon  an  In- 
vasion of  the  Kortbcrn  States.  In  )be  eariT 
dajB  ol  June,  l)tu;j,  he  started  bis  • 
the   northward  ...... 


Hill,  Bonth  of  tbe  town.  Inflicting  upon 
them  a  loss  of  nearl;  10,000  men  afid  IS 
suns.  Cen.  Lee  ordered  Enrell  to  press  tor- 
ward  and  take   tbe  hill.     Eweli   failed   to 

push  on.    On  the  r-"-' *  " •■   ■•—-■- 

moved  hEs  whole  a 

occupied    Cemelery    I 

posted  along  8emlna>>  musv,  nvsi.  ui  um 
town.  Jal7  2  the  figbllnB  of  both  armies 
was  directed  toward  seenrlnggood  poalliona, 
the   Confederates  gaining  i~   ' —  ~-  •' — ' 


1   he 


mac  at  Will  lam  sport  and  Sbepardstown, 
attiTing  In  Usserstown,  Hd..  with  a  force 
of  08,3B2  elFectives,  according  to  Contedei^ 
ale  Bccounta,  or  97^0  men  and  ZSO  guns, 
according  to  some  Federal  accounts.  Uook- 
er'B  army  numbered  almost  SO.OOO.  B;  June 
27,  Lee  had  rescbed  Chambersburg,  I>a., 
wltb  LongBlreet'a  and  Hill's  corps.  Ewell 
having  pushed  c"   "~  ""~  —   " — ""' 


Hooker  marched  along  the  east  side,  1 
ing  always  between  bis  adTersarr  i~'  " 

Ington,    The  movement  of  the  Co: 

toward  tbe  east  tbroagh  Chambeiaburg 
threatened  Harrlsbarg  and  Colambla,  and 
eventnallj'  Baltimore.  Hooker  asked  to  be 
relieved  of  command,  which  request  waa 
immediate Ij  granted,  and  he  was  saeCeedea 
br  Oen,  deorge  Q.  Meade,  who  assnmed 
command  June  28.  Ueade  was  Dow  re- 
enforced  by  16,000  men  from  Washington 
and  S.100  from  tbe  Middle  Department  and 
granted  tbe  privilege  ot  calling  upon  the 
11,000  at  Harpers  Ferry,  making  the  two 
armies  tbns  advancing  to  battle  on  North- 
ern soil  numerically  equal,  according  to 
Northern  stalements. 

Lee,  learning  on  Ji]nc,28  tha,t  Meade _i — 


Reynoldi 


prisoners.      The 


capturing  sc 
he  attacE  oi 


______       r  aa  Carlisle  and 

Vork.      While   tbe   Confederates   moved   qd 
the  westsMe^of  the  Blue  Bidge  Uoi 

_    _    _  _  _      _  and'wast 

Ington     The  movement  of  tho^ConfederatM 


Ueade  surmised  tbat  Lee  nould  attempt  a 
movement  soulh  on  tbe  cast  side  of  the 
Sonth  Mountain,  and  prepared  lo  meet  him 
and  give  t>attle  at  ripe  creek,  near  Taney- 
• "■•..  16  m ilea  sou the«_Bt  of  Gettyaburg. 

,    VnT'ThlMI 

corps,  was  sent  forward  to  Qettyiburg  to 
mask  the  Pipe  Creek  movement. 

On  tbe  tnomlng  of  July  1,  1803.  Buford's 
caralry.  which  had  moved  west  of  Qettys- 
bnrg  on  Ibe  Chambersburg  road,  encountered 
the  Confederate  advance  under  Hlli  and 
Heth  and  were  driven  liack  to  Seminary 
BIdge.  Wert  of  the  town.  The  corps  were 
Ai^srcelv  olaced  Irt  line  of  t>att1e  wben  Gen. 

.     _ortally    wounded    and    the 

I  of  the  fleld  devolved  npon  How- 
ard. He  was  later  in  tbe  day  superseded 
^  (ten.  Bancock.  During  the  atterDoon 
Bwell'a  corps  and  two-tbirds  of  Hill's 


tsry  Hill,  while  nearly  aucceBafal.  was  dis- 
jointed, llie  Confederates  retiring  wtlb  their 
prisoners.  Tbe  Union  loss  the  second  day 
was  10,000,  Sickles  losing  half  of  bis  men. 
The  Confederate  losses  were  also  great 
July  8.  tbe  day  of  the  decisive  action, 
opened  with  allgbt  skirmishing.  After  noon 
a  heavy  eaunonade  was  kept  np  between  the 
two  armies  for  2  bonrs.  About  3  o'clock  In 
the  afternoon  tbe  Confederales,  under  Pick- 
ett, made  a  grand  assault.  Tbey  went  for- 
ward in  the  face  ot  a  terrible  flre  and 
met  with  almost  complete  destruetktD. 
Hay's  diviBioD  took  2,000  prisoners  and  15 
colors :  Gibbon's  division  took  2,900  prison- 
era  and  12  colors.  Tbe  charge  on  tbe  left 
was  under  Pettlgrew,  and  was  made  with 
tbe  same  desperate  valor.  Tbe  enlire  Fed- 
eral losses  at  Gettysburg  were  8.1G6  killed, 
14.629  wonuded,  and  S.3{I6  mlBSing— a  total 
of  23,040.  The  Confederate  losses  footed 
np.  according  to  official  reports,  a  total  ot 
25,4S1  at  wliom  S.692  were  killed.  I2J0» 
wounded,  and  G,1B0  taken  prisoners.  'Thia 
report  does  not  Inclnde  the  artillery  1 


Q«U7Blnirg  B«Ulsfleld,  work  of  locat- 
ing and  preaerviitg  lines  of  battle  at, 
68T9. 
CHiant,    Treaty    of,    between    United 
States  and  Oreat  Britain,  687,  810, 
Qommi  saionerB — 
Cop7   of  joomal  of,   tTansmitted, 

1026. 
Disagree  in  opinions  on,  777,  819. 
Expenses  of,  referred  to,  650. 
To  conclude,  communications  from 

and   inatrnctions   to,   636,   637. 
To    make    international    bontrdaT^ 
in  Passainaquodd7  Baj  according 
to  description  of,  6063. 
Construction  of,  referred  to  Emperor 
of    Bussia    for   arbitration   and 
interpretation  of,  645,  672. 
Decision  of,  758. 
Opinion    of    Attorn ej-Oeneral    on, 

&6S. 
BatiflcatioD  of,  767. 
Convention  for  pajment  of  claimanta 

under,  SG0. 
Cop7    of    jonmalB    of    the    United 
tstates     Commission  an    to,     trans- 
mitted, 1026. 
Expressee  incnrred  nnder,  referred  to. 


L  violation  a 
Proclaimed,   645. 
Beferred  to,  581,  591,  697,  629,  672, 

756,  776,  813,  8S8,  896,  945,  996, 

1006. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


I  natlonB,  both   I 


Settlement  of  boundaries  nnder  Ar- 
ticle IV.  of,  referred  to,  581,  697. 

aibbOtUI  va.  Ogdan.— An  important  Bu- 
preme  Court  esse  deujlng  the  right  o(  & 
Slale  to  gnat  the  eicJuBlTe  prlrllege  ot  dbt- 
Isatlns  the  wsteis  ul  the  Stale  eiteudlng  to 
the  coutwlse  traffic  of  auortaer  State.  Aaroa 
Osdeu  had  obtained  through  BUlgameut  the 
eieltutve  rlsbt  to  navlgtitc  tor  thirty  yean. 
with  boat*  propelled  by  Ore  or  Bteam.  tbe 
water*  trlthb  the  Jarisdlctloo  ot  the  State 
of  New  York.  In  1808  the  New  York  court 
of  chancer;  gmnted  an  lojunetioo  forbld- 
dinB  Thomas  Oibbons  from  running  ateam- 
boats  belweea  Kew  York.  Elliabethlown,  and 
other  places  In  N«w  Jersey.  Gibbons  ap- 
pealed and  the  New  York  court  of  errors 
hayln|[  saalalned  the  chaneery  court,  the 
Bnpreme  Court  rendered  Judument  for  the 
appellant  Olbbona  on  Ihe  ground  that  tbe 
granting  ot  eicluslve  naTlgstlon  ot  waters 
within  the  Slate  of  New  York  by  the  State's 
legialature.  eitendlng  to  coastwlge  '— ■»- 
wRh   another  State,    war   ■ 


Statei 


'lilnit 


»  repui 


agnant  to  tl 
.f  the   Uoltt 


dlsmlaeed,  the  decree  or  the  two  New  York 
cnurts  bavlug  been  annulled.  The  caas  oc- 
cupies 240  pages  of  a  large  Tolume  ot  the 

" "-art    Rcpi     ■  ---—-■ 

.,...._        ■   Ihe  ap. ^ 

JnrBbHll  delivered  the  opinion. 

OUft  Bend  BMerratlon,  Azli.,  removal 
of  Indians  on,  bill  for,  transmitted, 
5499. 
Olla  Valler,  Qlobtt  and  Nortliflm  Ball- 
waj,  act  Kranting  right  of  wa^  to, 
through  San  Carlos  Beservation, 
AriE.,  vetoed,  6003. 
Ollsonlte,  disposition  of  lands  in  Utah 

containing,  diacnssed,  8168. 
fflacier    National    Purk.     (See  Parks, 

National.) 
Olen,  Tbe,  appropriation  for  illegal  cap- 
ture of,  recommended,  3396. 
(Uobe,    Oongrawiotial.      (See    Congres- 
sional Olobe.) 
Olonceatet,  Tbe,  mentioned,  6318. 
Ood  Beigna   and   the    Qovemmant    at 
Wulllllgtoit  Still  Uvea.— These  were  the 
closing  words  of  a  brief  addrass  made  by 
James   A.    Oarfleld.   then   a   represents tlve 
In  Congress,  to  a  large  asHemblage  In  Wall 
Street.   New  York,  on  April   IS.   ISSa.  tbe 
■  morning  after  the  assassination  of  LIticoln. 
The  crowd   was  Hbout   " 


tack  o 


Oarfleld's   voice   was   heard    „ 

pssslons.  He  spoke  briefly  as  tallows ; 
'■Fellow-cltliens!  Clouds  and  darkness  are 
round  about  Him.  HIb  paTlllon  Is  dark 
waters  and  thick  clouds  or  the  skies.  Jus- 
tice snd  Judgment  nrs  the  establishment 
ot  His  throne.  Mercy  and  truth  shall  go 
before  His  face.  Fellow -citizen  si  6od 
e  goTemment  at  Wsshlngton 


sni,t 


Sold  and  Silver  Xoaay,  fixed  ratio  for 
Mexico  and  China,  6735,  6787,  6825, 
6941. 

Oold  Standard,  effect  of,  on  public 
credit,  6654. 


tS"  S^lnt 


the  Pe 
was  used  to  tbe  same 
Greeks,  they  obtained  ..  . 
course  with  the  Pbenlciang  t  _ 
gators  and  merchants  of  the 
nean.  and  adorned  their  temples  m 
ornaments  for  their  wealthier  claa 
It.  Neither  was  gold  lb  rommoo  um  n 
an  early  day  In  Some.  Gold  as  money 
was  not  coined  so  early  as  silver.  The 
Lydlans  made  coins  of  the  metal  860  B.  C. 
but  II  had  been  In  earlier  use  la  the  shape 
of   rings,   rods,    etc..   In   the   dtles   of   the 

tbe  Egyptlaaa.  The  metal  haa  been  found 
moet  abundantly  In  South  America,  South 
Africa,  and  North  America.  Ancient  gold 
mines  of  Russia  were  reopened  Ir  •""'■  ---* 
those  ot  tbe  Ural  Mountains  ' 
richly  prodactlve 


Although  U  n 

extent  among   Ihe 

by   their   Inter- 

iedl  terra - 

■nd  mada 

a  with 


1  1699  and 


nas.  In  Ceylon  in  1800.  In  New  ZeaUnd 
In  1842.  In  Callforala  In  184S.  In  Anetralia 
In  ISGl,  In  British  Columbia  In  18S6,  Id 
Nora  Ecotla  In  18<J1,  in  the  Transraal  In 
1868,  In  the  Bendlgo  gold  fields.  Western 
Australia,  In  ISTO,  and  In  the  Klondike 
region  of  the  Yukon  in  18B6. 

The  production  of  gold  has  been  steadily 
Increaslag  In  recent  years  by  resaoa  not 
only  of  new  discoTeriea  bat  of  the  Im- 
proved  sclent IBc  methods  of  mining  and  ot 
extracting  tbe  pure  metal  from  the  ore. 
The  estimated  value  of  all  the  gold  In  tha 
world  lb  1848  was  12.600,000,000.  In  1875 
tbe  emonnt  had   probalily   doubled.      There 


1   large   Increase  In   the 


torld'B 


_,   ._.,  the  United 

Hlates,    the    TransTnal.    Australia.    Rnaala 
(Siberia),  British  India,  Canada,  and  Mes- 


S<U«ud 

oSi 

Vsloe 

m.tsi 

■i 

AruoDS 

gj".:::::::::;;;;:;::: 

S3,fi30300 

it£oa 

g^r 

U^EE-E::. 

«i.too 

Tolal 

4.887,801 

iioi.03s.m 

jyGooi^lc 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Goremment 


aolA—Oontinued. 

Bank  of  EDSland  nndrr  a  law  passed  In 
1866  la  bound  to  buf  all  the  gold  offered 
to  It  at  the  rate  of  tl9.0a  per  ounce  of 
■tnadard  OneneaB,  pure  gold  being  credited 


i:  1TS2  TO  IBIS 


(Fran 

lUpora   of    Uia    Diiector   of   tl«    Mini, 
T«Mmy  DepartmMit,) 

CUendar  Yui 

nneounoM 

<i"y} 

Value 

^-Trii? 

17B2Julr  31. 

677.250 

lii'H 

8.226.350 

■  -.28 

5 

■63 

■52 

182 
'60 

88 

33 
63 

i 
1 

1  i 

1         a 

\     1 
tSft 

4,271.562 

114  000.000 

'« 

1S34-D«.  31 

46.000^00 

101.088.700 

Gold  and  sav«t: 
Adoption   of,  as  sUadBid   of  vain* 

dUcnaaed,  I4fl5. 
Coinage  of.  (See  Coina  and  Coinage.) 
Depreciation   in   price   of   silver  dia- 

GUBsed,  5648,  562S. 
Diicoveiy  of — 
Gold  disenued,  2486,  84S1,  4855. 
Silver  diacueeed,  34S1. 
Eipoit    of,    discaised,    5875,     5964, 

61S6. 
Importa  of,  diaensaed,  5964. 
International   action   for   reatoration 
of  eilver  to  full  use  as  monej  re- 
ferred  to,  4587. 
International  agreement  for  free  nee 
of  ailver  as  a  coin  metal  diacnaaed, 
554S. 
International  conference  at  Bruasela, 
Belgium,  in  1892  to  consider  en- 
larged nae  of  silver,  5752. 
Poatponement  of,  discussed,  5876. 
Beport  of,  transmitted,  5784, 
International  conference  for  adopting 
ratio   between,    discnsaed,    4447, 
4464,  4474,  4510. 
Appropriation    lot,    recommended, 
4438. 
International  conference  to  con  aider 
free  coinage  of  ailver,  information 
regarding,  refuaed,  5673. 
International  ratio  of,  eatabliabment 

of,  referred  to,  4929,  4955. 
Price  of  silver,  depreciation  of,  dia- 

eosaed,  6548,  5628. 
Frodnction  of,  discussed,  3771,  3879, 

SS76,  5965,  6156. 
Production  of  gold  in  California  dis- 
cussed, 2660. 
SilTer-porcbase  clause  of  act  of  1690, 
repeal  of,  discuaaed,  5675,  6073. 
He  commended,  5833. 
ITse  of,  as  medium  of  exchange.    (See 

Medium   of   Exchange.) 

Value  of  gold  compared  with  national 

currencr  diacuased,   4061,   4102. 

Gold  OertUcates.  (See  Currency  Laws.) 

Gold  CertUlcatM,  recommendations  re. 

garding  issue  of,  4633. 
Gold  Minos.    (See  Mines.) 
Gold  Beserra  diacnsaed,  and  recommen- 
dationa   regarding,  5S35,   5985,   5993, 
5999,   6075,   6091. 
Good  B«tnin,  Tbo: 

Protocol  relative  to  claim  on  Chile  in 

eaae  of,  tranamitted,  4214. 
Beparation  made  ttj  Chile  in  eaae  of, 
4289. 
Gordon,  Iroturidea  and  Fares  Company, 

reimbaraement  of,  6857. 
Qflsport,  Vo^  site  for  docka  at,  934. 
GoTommenl      (See  United  Statea.) 
GoTemmont  Bonda.    (Bee  Bonda;  Debt, 

Public.) 
GoTflmnunt     Oonlxacta,     recommenda- 
tions regarding^  318(k 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Govenunent        Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


OoTanUnent  Oredlton,  payment  of,  in 

depreciated     eurrener     referred     to, 

1777,  1806,  1807,  1808,  1810. 

OOTOmnieiit   Di&fts,   sole    or   exchange 

of,  for  back   notes  and  paTment   of 

Qovemment  creditor!  in  depreciated 

currency,  1777,  1806, 1807, 1808,  1810. 

OoTemment  Braployeea.    (See  also  OfB- 

cers,  Pnblic): 

Compensation   for   when    injnred    in 

aervice  recommended,  7506. 
Compensation    for    when    injured    on 

Panama  Canal  recommended,  TSOS.  ' 
Official     conduct    of,    complimented, 

2714. 
Order  permitting,  to — 

Participate  in  pnblic  exercisea,  and 
ceremonies,  487S,  6690,  0595, 6611. 
Participate  in  dedication  of  Wash- 
ington Uonnment,  4879. 
Witness  inanguration  of  President 
Cleveland,  4881. 
Ordered   to   OTganiEe  into   companies 
for   defense   of  Washington,   3323. 
Partisan  interference  in  dectious  by. 

(See   Electiona) 
Beadering  honors  to  rebel  living  or 

dead  inquired   into,   3501. 
Wages  of,  not  to  be  affected  by  re- 
daction   in    bonrs    of   labor,    3969, 
4131. 
aovoimnent  Hospital  for  Insane : 
Appropriation   for,  2708. 
Constmction  of,  discussed,  27S0. 
Erection  of,  recommended,  1621,2204. 
Estimate    for    deficiency    appropria- 
tion  for,   4677. 
OoTemment,  local.    (See  Local  Qovem- 

Oovemment  Notes,  may  become  oeeei- 
sary  to  issue,  as  medium  of  exchange, 
651. 

OoTenunent  FenltentlailM.    (See  Poni- 

teatiaries.) 
Ooremment  Printing  Office.— The  Pub- 
lic Printer  has  charge  of  all  bnglnew  re- 
in ting  to  the  public  printing  anil  binding. 
He  appoints  tbe  oSlcers  and  employees  of 
-         -    -      -    Printing    — 


CbHS 


The 


,     jiBChlns.^ 

nun  of  printing  bas  charic 


grintlDg  bas  charge 
I  be  printed.      His 
'     ent   eonslsia  of  tbe   following  dlvl- 

.    tbe    document,    Job,    apeelflcatlon. 

presa,  foldlne,  grereotype,  eod  Congres- 
nlonal    Rpcord   rooma    as   well   ns  the   Turl- 

Doonmenta  bns  general  aupervlslon  of  the 
alatrltiutlon  of  all  public  docamenta,  except- 
ing tbose  printed  for  the  nae  of  tbe  two 
Hoasps  of  Congresa  and  the  EiecntlTe  I)e- 
partmenta.  He  la  required  to  prepare  a 
comprehe naive  Index  of  pTibllc  docnmeata 
and  consolidated  Index  of  Congreaalonal 
documenta.  and  la  aiitborlted  to  aell  at 
coat  any  pnblic  docnineat  In  hla  charge, 
the  dUtrlbulIoD  of  whlrh  la  not  apeclflcally 
directed.  The  following  are  Ihe  official 
bends  of  the  aerenil  departmenls:  Public 
Printer,  CornelluB  Ford  ;  Secretarj  to  the 
Pnblic  Printer,  Joaepb  P.  O'Lone ;  Depntr 
Pnblic  Printer,  Henr;  T.  Btlto;  Congru- 


aloDBl  Record  Clerk,  William  A.  Smltb ; 
auperlblendent  of  Work,  D.  V.  Chlaholm : 
Suoerlntendent   of    Docameats,    Joalah   B. 

OoTemment  Printing  Office: 

Civil    service    extended    over,    6046, 

6055. 
Order  permitting  employees  of,   to — 

Participate  in  decoration  of  graves 
of  soldiers,  4753,  4818,  489B,  5078, 
5350,  6463,  5540,  5609,  5832,  5949, 
6046. 

Participate  in  dedication  of  Wash- 
ington Monnment,  4  879. 

Transfer  to  Department  of  Com- 
merce and  Labor  recommendod, 
7229. 

Witneaa  inauguration  of  President 
Cleveland,  4881. 
Overproduction  of,  6728,  6914. 
OOTOmment  Service: 

Abolition  of  local  ofSees,  7703. 
Accounting  and  reporting,  7711. 
Auditing  ofBces.  consolidation  of,  roe- 

ommeuded,  7441, 
Budget     (the)    as    an    annual    pro- 
gramme, 7714. 
Business  methods  in,  7706. 
Character  of  accounts  required,  7712. 
Citizens'     interest    in    expenditores, 

7715. 
Classification  of  local  officers,  7704. 
Constructive  results  obtained  by  in- 
vestigation, 7713. 
Documents,  distribution  of,  7744. 
Economy  and  efficiency  in,  7608,  7736. 
Efficiency  of  personnel,  7706. 
Excessive  cost  of  travel,  7710. 
First    complete    investigation    into, 

7700. 
General  technical  services,  7703. 
Lael£  of  specifications,  7709. 
Lighthouse   and    lifeaaving   servieea, 

consolidation      of,       recommended, 

7739. 
Local  postoffices,  should  be  included 

in   classified   service,   7739. 
Uagnitude  of  inquiry  into,  7699. 
Merit   BVBtem,   legislation   needed   to 

establiBb,  7739. 
Methods  of  purchasing,  7711. 
Uodifications  recommended,  7713. 
Need  for  labor  saving  devices,  7708. 
Outlines  of  organization,  7701. 
Pension  agencies,  should  be  included 

in  classified  service,  7738, 
Plan  of  investigation  of,  7700. 
Plan  for  inquiry,  7702. 
Prosecution  of  inquiry  into,  7717, 
Public  welfare  questions,  7716. 
Beasons  for  inquiry  into,  7699. 
Beports  on  particular  services,  7708. 
Beports  required  by  Congress,  7713. 
Bevenue  Cutter  Service,  abolition  of 

recommended,  7740. 
Subsistence,  storage,   communication, 

etc.,  expenses,  7711, 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Etuychpedic  Index 


Ofind  Jtti7 


aoTammBnt  Service — CoRlbMMdL 
SuperannnatioTi,  7706. 
Unifonnitj'      in      elasBiflcation      uid 

methods,  77  IS. 
XTniieeessary   cost   of  in.  copy  work, 
7708. 
Handling  and  fllinr  eorreapondenee, 

7707. 
InBuranee,  7709. 
Waste   in   the   distribation   of  pnblie 

docnments,  7708. 
Wastefu)  nre  of  propertiea  knd  equip- 
ment, 7709.  ) 
GOTSmor. — Tlie  ezKutlTe  head  of  each 
of  tbe  statee  of  the  Union.  Wben  the 
flrat  aettlementi  were  made  In  America  tbe 
term  (OTemor  waa  used  In  England  to 
dealgnate  the  bead  or  large  trading  cor- 
pora Hon*  lite  the  Eaat  India  Companf, 
MaasacbuBetta  Baj  Companf,  ett.  In  the 
Colon  tea,  I  here  tore,  which  operated  under 
chaiteTB  almllar  to  (he  trading  companies 
the  eiecDtlTc  hpad  became  knoTrn  aa  tbe 
governor.     In   the   royal    '         '"   ""      


tbe  KOTeroora 


to  four  feara,  and  (be  aalfirles  from  tl.ODO 
to  110,000.  To  Ibem  Is  Intrusted  the  ez- 
ecntlon  of  tbe  lawa,  and  tber  are  oaDslty 
InTceted  with  the  veto  and  pardonlnB  pow- 
ers. In  our  earlr  hlstor;  tbe  gOTernora  of 
mnoy  of  the  atates  were  chosen  h;  tbe 
leglBlaturea  thereof.  At  present  the  uni- 
form practice  Is  to  elect  the  goTemor  hj 
popalar  vote. 

OOTeraon  Ziluid,  N.  T.,  appropriation 
for  sea  wall  on,  Tecommended,  4744. 
Oovernora,    PnniBlonaL     (Elee    Provi- 
sional  OoveTQOIB.) 

Gndnated     InHeiltatua    Tax,     recom- 

mesded,  7370,  7390. 
Oialn  BtatlBtlea.— The  Bureaa  of  Blstls- 
tlca  of  the  Department  of  Axrtcaltcre  makes 
a  csrefal  estimate  of  the  amount  of  grain 
sown  each  year  and  reports  ths  condition 
of  tbe  crops  montbtj  aolll  turreat,  and 
then  pnbllghes  a  bulletin  of  the  Tteld  and 
tbe  average  price  received  In  leadlDg  mar- 
kets. (See  Agrlmltursl  Products.) 
Oranada,  Tbe,  seizore  of,  br  Canadian 

Tovenne  cntt«r  at  Port  Hood,  Nova 

Scotia,  4070. 
Oitnadlati    Oonf  edentton,    eonvention 

with,  referred  to,  3268. 
QnUby  Token. — An  anthorlied  coin  !•- 
■ned  b;  John  Btgle;,  of  Or«nJ>j,  Conn., 
In  1T87.  It  waa  made  of  copper  and  on 
tlw  obverse  bore  a  deer  with  tbe  woida, 
"Valne  me  as  joo  please."  tbe  Roman  nu- 
merala  HI,  and  a  crescent.  The  design  on 
the  reveraa  conalated  of  three  hammera.  on 
a  triangular  field,  each  bearing  a  crown. 
Tbe  tefeiid  was,  "I  em  good  oopper." 
Onnd  Arm;  of  BepnbUc.— A  fraternal, 
charitable,  and  patriotic  organlsatloa  com- 
posed ezcloalTelr  of  ex-soldlers  and  ex* 
aellors'Ot  tbe  Colon  ArD7>  Navr,  and  Va- 
rtDB   OAVs   Who     ••   "    ^^ —  **~   ""-^ 


was  planned  by  Dr.  B.  f.  Btepbenaon,  l- 
surgeon  of  tbe  Founeentb  Illlnola  Infaatry, 
Tbe  Drst  post  was  organized  at  Decatur, 
111.,  April  e,  ises,  and  tbe  first  regnlar 
convention  was  held  at  Indianapolis,  Ind., 
Nov.  20,  18S6.  Forlj  poata  were  represent- 
ed, soil  Gen.  8.  A.  Hurlbat,  of  Illinois, 
waa  chosen  com  ma  nder-ln -chief.  Tbe  or- 
ganisation now  has  brnDches  in  all  parte 
of  the  Union.  Its  objects  are  to  bring  to- 
>Irlt  of  frleodahlp  all  former 
lallora   In    the    Civil    War,  to 

... .•Idows  and  orphans  of  their 

deceased  comrades,  to  cultivate  a  spirit  of 
devotion  to  the  Union,  and  lo  perpetnate 
the  memor;  of  their  dead.  There  are  tortr- 
faur  departments,  and  the  Commander-in- 
Chief    Is    WashlDston     Gardiner,     Albloi 


with 


^IS 


Iber 


% 


'   death    tbe   prevlb 


180,208. 


Inrv    lo   l^e   Grand    Army  Is 
the  Women's  Relief  Corps,  f~   ' — '"~ 


Anilllnr 


9Tlng  the 


organisation 

'leetB  aa  "■- 

imberiog  140,628  n 


Grand  Army 

Grand  Aimj  of  Bepabllc: 

Addresses  to,  8073,  S075. 
Appropriation  for  reception  and  en- 
tertainment of,  in  Waahington  rec- 
ommended, 5672. 
Appropriation    for   memorial    at   Ar- 
lington  recommended,   74 2 S. 
Decoration  of  CTSvea  by,  4137,  4184. 
Parade  of,  in  Waahington  discusaed, 
5763. 
Order    permitting     members     em- 
ployed in  public  aervice  to  par- 
ticipate in,  5740. 
Grand  Canyon   of  tbe   Colorado,  pro- 
poned as  National  Park,  7393. 
Grand  Canyon  Forest  Beaeire,  bound- 
aries of,  1104. 
Grand  Jury,— a  jury   whose  duty  It   is 
to  Inquire  Into  chsrges  for  offenses  and  to 
determine    whether    Indictments    ahall    be 
brought   against   alleged   crlmlnala   Id  any 
court.    Provisions  of  tbe  Federal  and  atats 
constllntlonB    prahltilt    the    criminal    proae- 

cntlon  of  an, 

ment   or   lud' 
any  except  t 


libei 


illltary 

npulonsly  guarded  aa  i 
■rty    fll---    "■-    •' — 


and  has  been 


aafeeiiBrd  of  c 


rll 


Anglo-8flion  king  of  the  ninth  centnry. 
At  common  law  (and  uaoally  by  slatnte) 
the  grand  Jury  conBlsts  of  not  Icbb  than 
twelve  Dor  more  than  Iwenty-lhrce  mem- 
bers, and  the  concurrence  of  twelve  la  oeo- 
essary  to  the  finding  of  an  Indictment. 
They  alt  In  ntinolnle  secrecy,  and  may  either 

fiaas  upon  bills  presented  by  the  proaecut- 
ug   offlcer  of  the  state  or  upon   preseot- 
oients  made  by  one  of  their  own  number, 
upon  evidence  laid  before  them  of  any 

.i-.i .  I —     ™-i.  proceedings  are  en- 

eaaei  for  the  prose- 


acensaUoD,  tbe  forei     _   „    __  

writea  on  Ibe  back  of  the  Indictment  tli« 
worda  "A  troe  bill,"  signs  his  name  as 
""'"  ™"r  foreman,  and  adda  tbe  data  of  the  finding: 
ana  ex*  bat  tf  the  evidence  Is  nnsatlafaclory  tbe 
,  and  VSr  endoraement  Is  "Not  stme  bill."  After  all 
ttw  Olva      tM  touOMNa*!  hen  hwa  etmautm  tM 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Orand  Jniy         Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Gnnd  Jorr — OonUmud. 

work  of  tbe  graai  Jurj  Ib  ended  and  tbe 

cuea  are  turned  over  to  tbe  court  and  petit 

Orando  Bonda  B«Mnratloiu,  Orsg^  re- 
lief of  Indians  on,  bill  for,  47S0. 
GranceiS-^A  cominon  nnme  for  tbe  pi- 
trona  o(  Hnsbandc;.  a  aecret  aiBoclatloD 
for  tbe  promotion  of  agrlcnliDral  Incereita. 
The  sodetT  bad  Its  origin  In  the  depreaaed 
coDilUluD  of  BS^ kill t lire  ImmeUlatetj  euc- 
ceedluB  tbe  avll  War      " "  " — 


Jarob  D.  Coi, 

CotumbnH   Delano. 
PotPmaiter-Gaieral — 

gobn  A.  J.  CreaweU. 
Atton%«u-etneral— 

B.  Bockwood  Hoar. 

Amoa  T.  Ackerman. 

Georce  H.  Williams. 
Vontiwilioit. — Orant  waa  elected  by  tbe 
Bapnbllcan  partr.  Not.  S.  1BB8.  He  waa 
nominated  at  tbe  National  ComenllnD.  at 
Cblcago,  Mar  SO-Sl.  1808,  br  a  DnaolmoDa 
vote  of  tbe  650  delegatea. 

Plafform.— The  platform  of  the  Repnbll- 
can  partr  endoraed  tbe  reconat ruction  pol- 
icy of  Congreaa;  eqnal  BaffraRe:  denouDced 
repadlation  ;  rccnmmend^  equn  Hint  Ion  of 
taxation :  advised  tbe  eiC^nalon  of  tbe 
time  of  pafmcut  of  tbe  pobllo  debt  to 
a  fair  and  rpaaonnble  period ;  advocatpd 
economical  admlotstrollon :  deplored  the 
denth  of  Lincoln  and  dcnonncpd  Prenldent 
Jobnaon'a  admlnlatratlon ;  placed  nnlurnl- 
laed  cltlaena  on  a  lerel  of  ennalit;  with  tbe 
natlTe-horn ;  npbeld  the  aaltnnt  condnct  ot 
aoldlera  and  sallora  In  the  Civil  War:  «n- 
conrafed  Immlaratlon ;  and  commended  th« 
iplrit  of  tbe  Sonthem  people  In  their  aa- 
alataace  Id  recoDstrDctlon. 

OppofltloH. — The  Pemoeratle  National 
CoDvebtlon.  held  la  New  York,  Jniy  4-11, 


Vole. — The  popular  iota  of  thlrtj-fonr 
Btatea,  tnclpdJaK  that  of  Oeooria.  miTc 
want  B,Ol«,OTli  and  Wtjmovt.  8,710,018. 


connted  Feb.  10,  JB«S. 


t  214  and  Uermoar  80; 


IftHomtnaUon. — In  1872,  President  Grant 
waa  renominated  enthoalaBtlcallr  by  accta- 
mutlon    at    the    RcpuuUcan    National    L'on- 
Tentloii,  at  rhlladi'lphla,  June  6-S. 
(BkcoHO  TKBU.   I8T3-1877.) 
Twenty- second  Admlniatrailon — RepoMlean. 

Vice-fittldeni—Uearj  Wilson. 
Secretary    of    stale — 

llamlllon  Klah   (coatlnaed). 
Secretary   of   the   Treamrg — 
Wlirtam  A.  BlehardBon. 
BcQjainlD    a.  Brlstow. 
Lot  U.  Uorrlll. 
Sacrctury  of  tj"      *   ' 


InKtoQ,  Dec.  i,  l 
Department  of  Al 
ISBued  In  1ST4  tbe  objects  of  the  Grangers 
are  declared  to  Im  "to  develop  a  better 
and  higher  manhood  and  womanhood ;  to 
enhance  tbe  conifortB  of  our  bonipi ;  to 
buy  leaa  and  produce  more ;  to  dlscounte- 
Dance  the  credit  aystem,  tbe  fashion  ays- 
tern,  and  every  other  ayatem  that  tends  to 
prodigality  and  baukmptcy."  Thongh  non- 
political,  tbe  order  baa  exerted  a  strong  In- 
Buence  In  Tarloua  atate  leglslatnres  sad  in 
clectlona. 
Onnt,  Ulrasu  8.-1869-1877. 

(iTBaT  TIBU,   ISeS-lBTS.) 
Twenrt-flrst  AdnitnlBtratlOD—Bepiiblleao. 
Vfee-PraiMent— SChu;ler   Coltas. 
Bceretary  ot  State— 

Rllbn    B.    Wasbbum. 
Bamllton  Fish. 
B^eretary  oj  the  rreorary — 

George  B.   BontweU. 
Sooretary  of  War- 
John   A.   Rawlins. 
William  T.   Sherman. 
William    W.    Belknap. 


Alphonso  Taft 


Belknap   (eontItitied>. 


]  A.  J.   CreaweU   (conttnned). 


Marahall  JewelL 
James  N.  Tyner. 
A  ttornev-aencral— 

George  H.  Williams. 

Edwards    Plerrepont. 
Alphonao    Taft. 


nominated  Horace  Greeley.  'The  iSemo- 
cratlc JStralgbc  Out)  ConTcntlon,  at  LodIb- 
Tllle,  Ky,  Sept.  3,  1872,  nominated  Charles 
OConor  of  New  York.  Tbe  Labor  Re- 
form ConTentloQ,  at  Columbus,  Oblo. 
Feb.  21-22,  18T2.  nominated  David  Darts. 
The  rrohltiltlon  Convention,  at  Columbna, 
Ohio.  Feb.  22,  1ST  2,  nominated  James 
Blnck. 

Vole.— The  popular  vote  of   tblrty-aeven 
HtBte  caat  In  November  gove  Grant  S.D87,. 
Greeley,    2,834,070:  O'Conor.    2S.4SS : 

a       Tbe    electoral     vote. 

2,  1873.  j^ve  Grant  288; 


and    Blnck, 
connted  on  fen. 
Hendrlcka,    42 ; 


of  Horace  Greeley  on  Nov.  E8.  1872.  canaed 
tbe  Democratic  nnd  Liberal  RepnbllcaD 
eleclora   to   cast  their  votes   for  others. 

Party  4flII(ai<OB.— General  Grant,  thonrt 
nominated  unonlmoasly  by  the  Republican 
party,  never  cant  a  Republlcnn  vote  nntll 
after  hts  term  of  office  eiplred.  He  had 
never  taken  an  active  part  In  polltica, 
and  voted  but  once  for  a  President,  Jame« 
Bitchaaan,  tbe  Democratic  candidate  in 
1866.  though  biB  earlier  aasoclatlons  had 
been  with  the  Whig  party.  Though  ap- 
proached at  thiB  erection  by  Democratic 
poimclanB^nnd   urged   to  accept  the  Demo- 


ntlc 


imluntlon,    be    ( 
--t  he  *  -      - 


than  anything  else, 
banking  STBiem.  a 
Improver 


He  fnvored  B  nallonsl 
protective    tarlll,    In- 

rrovementa,  and  equity  ot  laws. 
Comtilraion  of  Connrttt.— In  tbe 
Forty-llnit  OonervBB  (1860-1871)  the  Ben- 
ate,  of  74  memtiera,  wna  comnoaed  ot  II 
Demncrota.  fll  BenuhllcanB.  with  2  va- 
cancles :  and  tbe  House,  of  243  members, 
was  mads  up  of  73  Democrata  and  1TO 
Repnb Henna.       In    the    Forty-second    Con- 

Kesa  n871-187.<!l  tbe  Benate  of  74  mem- 
ra  waa  comnoBed  of  17  Democrats  and 
B7  Republicans;  and  the  Honse,  ot  24S 
members,  was  made  op  of  IM  Democrata 
and  ISO  HenuMlmna.  In  the  Forty-third 
i    (1878-1 8TB)    the   Senata.    of   74 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


88  DemocTBls,  20S  Hepnbllcai-. 
vacancr.  In  tbe  FoTli-fourtli  Cougrees 
(IBTS-ieTT)  the  Beoate,  or  T6  mcniTiera, 
waa  eompoMd  ol  ZB  Democrats.  46  Re- 
publicans, wltb  1  Tscancj ;  bdiI  the  Uoaie, 
of  ICOA  members,  was  mnde  np  ol  181 
Democrats,  107  BepubllcaDa,  S  Independ- 
anta,  wltb  2  vacanclea. 

IMriff.— The  larftC  act  of  JuIt  14,  1870, 
"to  redDce  Internal  taxes,  a  ad  for  other 
parposes,"  reduced  the  duties  on  several 
arCfclea  named  and  also  IncreaKed  tbe 
tree  list.  B7  the  act  ot  Ma;  1,  1872,  the 
datr  on  tea  and  coSee  was  repealed. 
Taxes  on  Imports  were  bCUI  tort  her  re- 
duced by  the  act  ot  June  6.  1872.  and  this 
latter  act  was  amended  by  the  tariff  act 
ot  March  B,  1878.  Two  ameadlng  acts 
were  passed  In  18TG,  that  ot  March  8 
increased  tbe  datlea  on  Imported  motaHes, 
sugar,   and  other  artlcleg.      In  hta  SccoDd 


Puitte  Debt—Tbe  pablle  debt  ot  tbe 
United  States  dnrlng  the  admlnlBtratlon 
of  President  Orant  stood  as  toUows:  Jul; 
1.  ISee.  |2.4S2.7T],873.0» :  1810,  (2,831.- 
iee,96a.21;  1871.  1 2. 248.01)4.088. 67  ;  1872, 
t2.14B,TS0.G30.3S;  1873,  t2.10G.46Z.0fl0.7S  ; 
18T4,  t2,l(M.14».lS3.8»:  18TS,  12,090,041.- 
170.13  1  1876,  12.080, 9  2G.  340.4  G. 

In  his  First  Annual  MeBiage  (page  8SS3) 
President  Urant  said :  "The  vast  resources 
of  the  nation,  both  devBloped  and  unde- 
veloped, ouKbt  to  make  our  credit  the  beat 
oD  earth.  WI(b  a  leas  burden  of  taxation 
than  the  cltlsen  baa  podured  tor  six  year 
public  ■'-'•■   — '-*   '•-   — ' 


Soo?ooo 


eadlae 


■   than  t8U,- 


, la  no  reason   why  In 

a  tew  short  years  the  national  tai-gnth- 
erer  nay  not  dlaappear  from  the  door  of 
the  cftlien  almost  entirely.  With  the  rere- 
Dne  stamp  dlapeoaed  by  postmastera  In 
cverr  community,  tax  upon  llgnora  ot  all 
sorts,  and  tobaceo  In  all  Its  forms,  and 
bj  a  wlae  adjustment  of  the   tarltC,   which 


will   I 


artlcli 


iQinrle^  and  ■ ..-  — 

ot  than  we  produce,  revenue  enough  may 
be  raised  after  a  tew  jenra  of  peace  and 
consequent  reduction  of  Indebtedness,  to 
tnlBil  all  oar  obllgntloDS.  A  further  re- 
daction of  expenses.  In  addition  to  a  turtber 


actic 


I  of  Interest  seconnt.  may  be  i 


Itm 


>  this 


Filteenth  Amendment.— Ttie  Fifteenth 
Amendment  to  the  Constitution  was  adopt- 
ed  Feb.  26,   J86B.   ratlOpd  by  "- "-''- 


three- fourths    ot    tbe    Btat 


__ i   declared 

In    force    on    March    30.    1870.      President 
Grant  had   recommended  this 


which  he  snld  that  this  ''la  Indeed  _ 
measure  of  grnnclpr  Importance  than  any 
other  one  net  of  the  bind  from  (be  founda- 
tion of  our  free  Govemment  to  the  present 
day."  Agsln  he  snya  that  "tbp  adnpilno 
Ot  the  Flfternth  Amendment  to  the  Consti- 
tution completes  the  greatest  civil  change 
and  constitutes  the  moat  ImporlnnC  event 
that  has  occurred  since  the  nation  came 
Into   life." 

Civil  Sereict. — In  bis  Second  Annnal  Mes- 
aage  (page  4062)  PreiiMent  Grant  advo- 
cates reform  In  the  civil  servlcs  of  the 
country.  I  would  have  It  go  beyond  the 
mere  flilng  of  the  tenure  of  otBce  of  clerks 
and  employees.  ...  I  would  have  It  gov- 
ern, not  the  tenure,  bat  the  manner  of 
making  all  appointments.  .  .  .  The  pres- 
ent sjatem  does  not  xpcnre  Ihp  he*t  men. 
The  elevation  and  pnrlllcntlon  ot  the  nivll 
service  of  the  Dovemmpnt  will  be  hailed 
wllh  approval  by  the  whole  people  ot  Iha 
Cnlted  States."  In  his  Third  Annual  Mes- 
aage    (psg 


iir*ci 


recognlUoD  ot  tb*  miM  lotmnlated  l>y  It. 


tost,  tbe  e .  .  _  _. .  _  _ .  
Q  ten  years.  But  It  Is  not  desirable  that 
the  people  should  be  taxed  to  pay  It  In  that 
time.  Year  by  year  the  ablllly  to  pay  In- 
creases In  a  rapid  ratio."  The  President 
advocates  the  payment  of  tbe  Interest  and 
the  tnadlng  of  the  public  debt.  On  page 
SOei.  the  President  highly  commends  the 
action  ot  Conerpae  lu  pasalog  the  Joint 
resolution  providing  that  the  debt  be  paid, 
both  principal   end  Interest  In  coin. 


growing    out   of    the    rebellion. 
vet    referred    to,    la    that    ot    an 

-•  currency.     It  Is  an  evil   that 

1  hope  will  receive  your  earnest  atten- 
tion. It  is  a  duty  and  one  of  the  highest 
dntles  ot  Qovenmient  to  sccnre  to  the 
clUEen  a  medium  of  exchange  of  fixed,  nn- 
varylng  value.  Tbis  Implies  s  return  to  a 
specie  basis  and  no  anbstltate  for  It  can 
be  devised.  I  earnestly  recommend  to 
yon  then  anch  legislation  as  will  secora 
the  gradual  retnrn  to  apede  payments,  and 
pnt  an  Immediate  stop  to  ducInatloDs  In 
the  value  ot  currency."  When,  In  1874, 
Congress  passed  the  "Inflation  Bill"  In- 
creasing tbe  paper  currency  ot  the  coun- 
try tlOO.OI)0,OUO.  the  President  vetoed  It 
(pnge  4223)  and  stated  that  tbe  opin- 
ions formprty  expressed  by  him  had  an- 
dergoue  no  chauRe.  The  bill  was  not 
passed  over  bis  veto  and  tbe  whole  coun- 
try sustained  his  action.  Writing  on  June 
4.  1874.  Prpsldent  Grant  Bald;  "l  belleva 
It  a  high  and  plain  duty  to  return  to  a 
specie  basis  at  the  earliest  practical  day. 
....  ,_.-  ._ ,. ...,  leelr--*-    -    --■ 


"Rennmptlon  Act"  In  1875.  The  flnaoclai 
rpsults  ot  President  Oranfa  admlnlatra- 
tlona  may  be  summed  op  thus:  There  had 

been   a    redupllnn    of   ov        "   ■ 

the  tax,.,. ._  ., 

debt,  over  *eO,000,nOO  In  the  Intpi 
•  change   from  S130.000.000  of  bmunce  01 
trade  against  ths  country  to  that  amount 
In  Its  tavor. 

Oisnt,  UlTBMB  B.: 

AdYSDcemeDt  and  progreu  mnde  hj 
United  States  disCDHed  hy,  4286. 

Annezation  of  Santo  DomiuKO  dis- 
eoBsed  hj.     (8«e  Santo  Domingo.) 

Annnal  mess&ges  of,  3981,  4050,  4096, 
4138,  4J89,  4238,  42S6,  4353. 

Biographical   sltetch   of,   3B57. 

Brigadier-general,  thanks  of  Presi- 
dent  tendered,   3305. 

Captain-general  of  ArmT,  appoint- 
ment of,  as,  reeommended,  4S72. 

Civil  Serrice  discussed  by,  4083,4108, 
4159,  4177,  4208,  4S17.  (Sw  also 
Civil  Service.)    42S4. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Qnut,  myaaei  a— co»«»»«a 

CoDsreBS  requested  hy,  to  postpona 

aajonmineiit,  4034. 
Comtitntiona]     amendment     regard- 
ing— 
Approval  of  aeparate  iteme  of  bill 
and  veto  of  others  recommended 
b7,  41B6. 
Election    of    President    and    Vice- 
President   referred   to   by,   41S6. 
Xjerislation  during  last  24  boars  of 
Congress  recommended  by,  4196. 
Legislation  in  extra  sesBion  of  Con- 
gress recommended  bj,  41S6. 
Caban     insurrection    and    policy    of 
United     States     regarding,     dis- 
cnssed  by,  3S8S,  4018,  40S1,  4101, 
4143,  4245,  4290. 
Bef  erred  to  by  President  UcEinley, 
6£99,  62Se,  6291. 
Deatii  of,  announced  and  honors  to 
be  paid  memory  of,  4SB3, 4M0, 4901, 
4902. 
Executive  acts  performed  during  ab- 
sence  of  President  from  seat  of 
Ooverament  disenssed  by,  3669. 
Exequatur  issued  vice-consul  of  Por- 

tngal  revoked  by,  4038. 
Finances    discussed    by,    3983,    3991, 
4061,  4101,  4140,  4197,   4238,  4247, 
426S,   4301,   43.^4,   4379. 
First  lieutenant  by   brevet,   nomina- 
tion of  and  reaRons  therefor,  2.520. 
Foreign    policy    discussed    by,    3985, 
4006,  4016,  4018,  40BO,  40S3,  4082, 
4101,  4143,  4176,  4192,  4245,  4290, 
4306. 
General  of  United  States  Army— 
Nomination  of,  3595. 
Nomination   of,  upon  retired  list, 
4867. 
Becommended,  4858, 
Be  quested  to   proceed   to   Uerican 
frontier  and  communicate  with 
Amerit^an  minister,  3641. 
Believed   from   doty,   3641. 
Babras  cnrpHU,  writ  of,  suspended  in 
South   Carolina  by,  4090,  40S3. 
Bevoked  as  to  Marion  County,  4092. 
Inaugural    address    of — 

First,  3960;  Second,  4175. 
Legislation   in  last  24  hours  of  Con- 
gress, 4829. 
Lieutenant,  first,  by  brevet,  nomina- 
tion of,  and  reasons  therefor,  2520. 
Lieutenan  t-general — 
Commander  of  armies  of  United 

States  assigned  to,  3435. 
Negotiations   for   and   correspond- 
ence   regarding    restoration    of 
peace,  3461. 
Nomination  of,  3400. 
Report  of,  referred  to,  3471. 
Major-general,    thanks    of    Congress 
tendered,  and  gold  medal  piesentod 
to,  3432. 


Uonroe  doctrine  reasserted  by,  4015, 

4064,  4083. 
Official  and  civil  oareer  of,  discuased 

by,  4353. 
Pension  to,  recommended,  4840. 
Pocket  veto  of,  4274. 
Portrait  of,  3957. 
Powers   of   Federal   and   State    Qov- 

emments  discussed  by,  3992,  4126, 

4170,  4196,  4259. 
Proclamation  of — 

Admission  of  Colorado,  434flL 


American  citizens  in  Ottoman  do- 
minions, rights  of,  4231,  4344. 

Centennial  Exposition  at  Philadel- 
phia, 4161. 

Consular  jurisdiction  over  crews  of 
foreign  vessels  in  American 
waters,  403S,  4129. 

Day  for  submitting  constitntion  to 
voters  of — 
UisaiBsippi,  3970. 
Texas,  3971. 
Virginia,  3967. 

Directing  discontinoance  of  pro- 
ceedings to  remove  persons  from 
office,  4130, 

'*'  jcriminatii 
vessels   c 
France,  3969,  3973,  4182. 

Revoked,  4132. 
Japan,   4131. 
Portngal,  4080. 
Spain,  4128. 

Enforcement  of  fourteenth  amend- 
ment, 4088. 

Exeqnatur  of  vice-consul  of  Portu- 
gal revoked,  4038. 

Extraordinary  session  of  Senate, 
3968,  4087,  4171,  4278,  4390. 

Militaiy  expedition  to  Canada,  4039. 

Neutrality  in  Franco-Qerman  War, 
4040,  4043,  4045. 

Recommending  filing  of  historical 
sketches  of  counties  and  towns, 
4345. 

Reduction  In  hours  of  labor  not  to 
affect  wages  of  Government  em- 
ployees, 396S,  4129. 

ThaultBgiving,  3972,  404(1,  4092, 
4132,  4182,  4231,  4279,  4346,  4351. 

Treaty  with— 

Great  Britain,  acta  to  give  effect 

to,   4179,   4227. 
Hawaiian  Islands,  434S. 

Unlawful  eomhinations  in— 
Arkansas,  4226. 
Louisiana,  4177,  4230. 
MiasiBsippi,   4276. 
South  Carolina,  4086,  4089,  4350. 
Habettn  corput  suspended,  4090, 
4093. 
Revoked  as  to  ICarion  Coun- 
ty, 4098. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encychpedie  Index 


Onnt,  OljniBu  8.— <><>«t<in>«il 

Beconatruetion    of    SoDthem    St&tea 

discnsHd  b^,  3982,  4060. 
BecommeDdBtionR   reg&nliiig,   3SS6. 
Beferred  to,  4354. 
Bemov&Is  from   office   discussed  bv, 

3962. 
Beport  of,  -on  eoDdltioii  of  Bontbcrn 

Statesj  3571. 
Bestoratioa  of  Southern  States  reeom- 

mended  by,  3SeS. 
SeeietSTj  of  War,  Knthorized  to  aet 

u,  ad  interim,  3754,  37S1. 
CoTTespoii  dance      with      President 

Johnson    mgoiding   vacation    of 

office  of,  3800. 
State  of  the  Union  discnssed  by,  39S1, 
4050,  4107,  4138,  423S,  4259,  4286, 
4353. 
Swordi  and  testimonials  of,  offered  to 

govemnient  by  Mtb.  Qraut,  rec- 
ommendation regarding,  4857. 
Sebedula  of,  48S9. 
Tariff  diacnssed  by,  3984,  4061,  4102, 

4201,  4247,  4303. 
Tsrmination  of  official  career  of,  re- 
ferred to,  4367, 
Thanksgiving  proelamationB  of,  3072, 
4046,  4092,  4132,  4182,   4231,  4279, 
4346,  4351. 
Veto  mesHages  of — 
AboliBhing  police  board  in  District 

of  Colnnibia,  4364. 
Advertising  of  Executive  Depart- 
ments, 438S. 
Amendment  to  act  for  improvement 

of  Fox  and  Wiaeonsin  nvers,  4336. 
CongTBtuIations     from     Argentine 

Bepablic  and  Pretoria,  4384. 
Equalizing  bounties  of  soldiers  in 

war,  reasons  for  applying  packet 

veto,  4274. 
Fixing  salary  of  President,  4334. 
Homestead    entries,   4383. 
Indian  trust  funds,  4332. 
New  trials  in  Court  of  Claims,  4168. 
Paving  PennBylvania  avenue,  4341. 
Pension  to — 

Blnmer,  Eliza  Jane,  4338. 

Crawford,  Bichard  B.,  4126. 

Hinely,  Lewis    4274. 

Montgomery,  Mary  Ann,  4126. 

Byan,  Abigail,  4126. 
Placing  Baniel  H.  Kell}''B  name  on 

mnstei  roll,  4386. 
Post-office  statutes,  4336. 
Beeording  conveyances  in  District 

of  Colombia,  4335. 
Belief  of— 

Best,  J.  Ullton,  4126. 

Brock,  Michael,  4339. 

Bnrtch,  Alexander,  4273. 

Children  of  John  M.  Baker,  4125. 

Contractors  for  war  vessels,  4079. 

Ceoper,  Charles,  and  other  signers 
of  bond,  4078. 


Grett  Britain 

Dennieton,  William  H.,  4222. 
East  TeunesBoe  University,  4160. 
Hanks,  John  F.,  estate  of,  4184. 
Hile,  James  A.,  4333. 
Johnston,  James  T.,  4129. 
Jussen,  Edmund,  4168, 
Leland,  Edward  A.,  4389. 
MeCullab,   James    A.,    4170. 
Owners  of  salt  works,  4170. 
Spencer  and   Uead,  4225. 
Tiffany,  Nelson,  4337. 
Turner,   Junius  T.,   4348. 
Objections  to  bill  withdrawn, 
4343. 


Wallace,  Thomas  B.,  4127. 
White,  Bollin,  4034. 
Willman,   Henry,  4070. 
Bemoval    of   charge    of    desertion 
from  record  of  Alfred  Bonland, 
43S7. 
Bestoration  of  Edward  8.  Meyer's 

name  to  army  list,  4339. 
Sale  of  Indian  lands,  4341. 
President   requests  that  bill  be 
returned  for  approval,  4342. 
Beqnest  denied,  4342. 
Union  troops  iu  Alabama  and  Flor- 
ida, fixing  status  of,  403S. 
United   States   notes   and  national 
bank  circulation,  4222. 
arapboplum*.     (See  Phonograph.) 
Great  Britain.     (See  British  Empire  for 

History  and  Description.) 
Great  Britain  (see  also  British  Empire, 
Canara,  Dominion  of;  London) : 
Action  of  United  States  in  Boer  War 
to  preserve  nentrality  and  to  pro- 
duce "ence,  6371. 
Aid  to  American  interests  in  Spanish 
jurisdictions    rendered   by   consuls 
of,  633L 
American  citixene — 
Attacked  by  force  from,  discussed, 
1618. 
Militia   called  forth  to  protect, 
1620. 
Claims  of,  agunst,  6858. 
UlegaUy  taken  by,  485. 
Prisoners  of  war  in,  6683. 
Treatment  of,  referred  to,  3718. 
Unlawfully  put  to  death  in,  and 
retaliatory     meaenres    discussed, 
622. 
American  interests  In  Spanish  juris- 
diction confided  to  consuls  of,  0331. 
Arbitration,  negotiations  with  United 

States  for.  (See  Arbitration.) 
Attempted  occupation  of  portion  of 
Alaska  by  Canada  and,  referred  to, 
6007. 
Attempts  of  Canada  and,  to  establish 
post  routes  in  Alaska  referred  to, 
550L 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Greet  Britain      Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Onat  Britlln — ConHmttd. 

Att«mpta  of,  to  dnw  TMmits  from 
States  during  ■wax  with  Bnasim  dis- 
eiuaed,  S864. 


e  of  adequate  I 
Banudary   dispute   of,   with   Liberia, 

4716,  4T6Z. 
BoundaiT  dispute  of,  with  Venezuela 
reEarding  Britieh  Quiaua,  5204, 
S4?l,  6fiia,  5873,  CB68,  6064,  6087, 
S154,  63S0. 
Arbitration  of — 
DiscosBed,  6337. 
Becommended       b;       President 

Cleveland,      6064. 
Treatj  regarding,   8151, 
Uonroe  doe^ine  reasserted  and  at- 
titude of  United  States  respect- 
ing, discussed  bv  President  Cleve- 
land, a064,  6087. 
Boundary  line  with  (see  also  Alaska; 
Ohent,  Treatj'  of;  Northeastern 
Bonndarj;  NoTthwestern  Bound- 
ary)— 
Commission   for    determining,    dis- 
solved,  3SS9. 
CommiseioQ  to  settle,  reeominended, 

4058,  4141. 
Commiision    selected    referred    to, 

4101. 
ExpeDBCi   of   commission  referred 

to,  3899. 
Beferred  to,  865,  3112,  3117,  4098, 

4191. 
Settlement  of,  4I3B,  4357. 
Treaty  regarding,  referred  to,  3894, 
3956. 
Canal  navigation  in  Canada  discossed. 

(See  Canada,  Dominion  of.) 
Central    America,   relations    between 
United  States  and,  regarding.  (See 
Central  Americsk) 
Cession  of  keys  on  Bahama  Banks  to 
United  States,  negotiations  regard- 
ing, 913. 
Claims  of,  against  United  States,  S42, 
621,  1125,  1258,  2995.  3247,  3580, 
4191,  4243,  4975,  5S62.    (See  also 
Lord  HeUon,  The.) 
Agreement  to  discharge,  329. 
Award  of  commission,  4191. 

Payment  of,  4243. 
Commission  for  adjustment  of,  S74I. 
Convention   regarding,   2726,   3894, 
6097. 
Claims  of,  growing  out  of  War  be- 
tween the  States,  4191. 
Claims  of  United  States  against  (see 
also  Alabama  Claims;  Fisheries; 
Fortune  Bay  Outrages;  Vewels, 
United  States,  seized)— 


Arising  from  injuries  to  United 
States  during  War  between  the 
States.     (See  Alabama  Claims.) 

Commission     for     adjustment     of, 
2741,   2917. 
Be  commended,  4056. 

Convention  regarding,  932,  935, 
2726,  3S94,  3956. 

Correspondence  regarding,  3999. 

Discussed  and  referred  to  by  Pres- 

Adams,  John,  242,  253. 

Adams,  J.  Q.,  869,  895,  019,  932. 

Grant,   3964,  3965,   3987,  419L 

Jackson,  1109,  1268. 

JefFerson,  383,  411,  433. 

Johnson,  3565,  3655,  3777,  3890. 

Madison,  458. 

Tyler,  2111,  2112,  2191,  2219. 

Van  Buren,   1732,    1784. 

Washington,  88,  S9,  145,  146,  192. 
Indemniflcation  to  be  allowed,  2111. 
Letter  from  minister  regarding  it. 

Payment  of,  242,  935,  945,  986, 4625. 
Treaty  regarding,  rejected  by  Sen- 
ate, 3987. 
Colonial  trade  of  United  States  with — 
Prohibited    by    proclamation,    941, 

947. 
Proposition  made  to  Great  Britain 
in   regard    to,   1043,    1064,   1134, 
1135. 
Referred   to,   920,   932,  I09S,  1109, 
4122,  4123. 
Commerce  of  United  States — 

Decrees  affecting.   (See  Berlin  and 

Milan   Decrees.) 
Bestrictions  placed  open  by,  during 

South  African  War,  6429. 
Spoliations     committed    on.      (See 
Claims  against,  ante.) 
Commercial     reciprocal     conventions 
concluded  with,  on  behalf  of  colo- 
nies,   6381,   6757,   6776. 
Commercial  relations  of  United  States 
with     colonies    of.      (See    British 
Colonies.) 
Commercial  relations  with,  and  ques- 
tions regarding — 
Convention  in  regard  to,  648,  554, 
60S,   628,   764,   946. 
Proclamation    regarding,    trans- 
mitted, 555. 
BiseuBsed,  by  President — 
Adams,  John,  251. 
Adama,  J.  Q.,  919,  933,  941,  967, 

97t 
Jackson,   1043,   1064,   1115. 
Madison,  459,  467,  476. 
Monroe,  608,  628,  645,  669,  818. 
Polk,  S428. 
Taylor,  2548. 

Washington.  88.    114,    138,    175, 
184,  190,  191,  458,  476,  941, 948. 
Renewal  of,  433,  457. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encychpedtc  Index 


Great  Britain 


Onw-t  Britain— OoMtfmtcA 

Sne^ension  of,  468,  47S,  9il,  948. 
CommisBioneTs '   award  in  the  cl&imti 

of  United   Bt&tea   a^inet,   6E76. 
Oosduet  of,  toward  United  States  be- 
fore War  of  I81E,  diBCDSBOd,  484. 
Confadeiate  envoys  sent  to.  (See  Ha- 

■on  and  Slidell.) 
Confederate  States,  aid  f nmiBhed  to, 
by,  and  claims  of  United  States 
arising    ont    of.       (See    Alabama 
aaimi.) 
Consuls  of,  to  United  States,  exeqna- 

tnrs   to,  revoked,  2S24,   2SES. 
Convention  with — 
Proposition  to  refer  differences  re- 

^rding,  to  arbitration,  2SS6. 
Seferred  to,  771,  935, 95S,  969,  S763, 
2776,  2908,  2917. 
Conventional  regulations  of  passage 
of   Chinese   laborers   across  Ameri- 
can frontier  proposed  to,  S544. 
Copjright     privilege     extended,     by 
proclamation,  §582. 
Beferred  to,  S625. 
Distressed  operative!  of  Blackburn, 

Seferred  to,  33G8. 
Dttties — 

Claims  of,  for  return  of,  settled, 

2296. 
Bemitted     to  citizens     of    United 
States   by    recommendations    re- 
garding, 568. 
Edicts  of,   unjust,  487. 
Export  duties,  return  of,  to  American 
merchants  demanded,  2112. 
Claims  regarding   settled,  229S. 
Financial  policy  of,  discussed,   2504. 
Fisheries,    controversy  with    United 
States  regarding.    (See  Bering  Sea 
Pisheries.) 
E^heries  of,  referred  to,  1127. 
Flag  of,  order  directing  salute  to,  by 
Army  and  Navy  forces  at  York- 
town,  4624. 
Beferred  to,  4625. 
Fortifications  of,  on  northern  frontier 
of  United  States,  1803, 181S,  1817. 
Oen.    Macomb 's   letter   regarding, 

1816. 
Oen.  Scott's  letter  regarding,  1804. 
Fagitive   criminals,  conventiou  with, 
for  surrender  of,  2010, 4989,  5470. 
Demands  made  under,  2131,  2213. 
Discussed,   4S17. 
Questions  arising  under,  4419. 
Beferred  to,  4802,  5546. 
Refusal  of,   to  comply  with,  4321. 
4324,  4368. 
Fugitive  slaves  In.       (Bee  Fugitive 

Slaves.) 
Greytown   bombardment  and  claims 
arising   out    of.      (See    Qreytown, 
Nicaragua.) 
Hostile  dispMition  of,  toward  United 
States,  476,  479,  483,  484. 


Import  duties  collected  In  contraven- 
tion of  treaty  between  United 
States  and,  696,  2274,  2296. 

Importation  of  American  products  to, 
restrictions  upon,  discussed,  4619, 
6764,  6178. 

Importations  of,  suspension  of  act 
prohibiting    recommended,    399. 

Imposition  of  commercial  restrictions 
upon  the  products  and  manufac- 
tures of  the  United  States  sought 
to  be  introduced  into,  4519,  5764, 
6178. 

Imprisonment  of  American  citizens 
by  authorities  of,  963,  969,  990, 
1123,  1575,  1622,  1687,  1909,  1928, 
2521,  3718,  3827,  3S97,  4005,  4602, 
4674,  6101. 
Correspondence     regarding.       (See 

Oreely,  Ebenezer  B.) 
Beleased,  1110. 

Trial  and  conviction  of,  3800, 3827, 
3833,  3834,  4782. 

Imprisonment     of     citizens     of,     by 
United  States,  1840. 
Beferred  to,  1894, 1927,  2286,  2303. 

Improper  publication  regarding  prop- 
osition to  adjust  claims  discussed, 
2691. 

Id  state  of  war  with  United  States 
while  latter  remains  in  state  of 
peace,  489. 

Interference  with  cargoes  in  neutral 
bottoms  during  Boer  War  by,  6429. 

Invasion  of  northern  frontier  of 
United  States  by  troops  of,  dis- 
cussed, 1618,  1676,  1695,  1840,  1929. 

Island  of  Tigre,  forcible  seizure  and 
occupancy  of,  by,  referred  to,  2570, 
2601. 

Iiease  of  station  by  Hawaii  to,  for 
submarine  telegraph  cable,  recom- 
mendations   regarding,    5991. 

Licenses  of,  acceptance  of,  prohibited, 
(See  Licenses.) 

Light-house  dues  of,  referred  to,  4117. 

Long-standing  differences  with,  set- 
tled, 6048. 


1432,  1434. 
Accepted  by  United  States,  1432. 
Correspondence  in  regard  to,  143& 
Rendered  unnecessary,  1436. 
Hiiitary  operations  of,  against  China 

terminated  by  treaty,  2066. 
Military  preparations  of,  referred  to, 

1803,  1815,  1817. 
Minister  of,  to  United  States — 
Intercourse    with,    terminated    by 
President  Pierce,  2908. 
Besomed,  2972. 
Interference  of,  in  political  affairs 
of  United   States  and  action  of 
President    Cleveland    regarding. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Great  Britain      Messages  and  Paptrs  of  the  Presidents 


Orwt  Brltftln— Con  HHitad 

Becalled,   439. 

Beceived,  2S72. 

Title     of     ambass&ior    conferred 
upon,  5874. 
Uinigter  of  United  States  to — 

Correspondenoe  of,  traosmitted,  463. 

Letter  of,  tTaDsmitted,  6254. 

Nomination  of,  146. 

Pretoria  protects  Britieli  and  other 
intereata,  6371. 

Becall  of,  referred  to,  4070, 

Title  of  UDbauador  conferred  upon, 
5S74. 
Ifonetarj'   diHtnrbances   in,  referred 

to,  C649,  5S56. 
Naturalization     treaty     with,     3894, 

39S6,  4014,  40S6,  4077. 
Naval    force    on    Ldikes,    agreement 
with,   refrardine,    5S1,   602,   605, 
IBOB,   1817,   5788. 

Desire  of  Oieat  Britain  to   annul, 
1S18. 

Proclamation  regarding,  605. 
NsTigation    acta   of,   alteratione   in, 

referred  to,  2548. 
Navigation   with,   referred    to,   331, 

659,  960,  2548. 
Negotiations  with,  843,  913. 

^mnsniiHsion    of    information    re- 
garding, refused,  2690. 
Neutral  rights  of  United  Btatee  dis- 
regarded by,  480. 
Neutral     trade     between     ports     un- 
friendly  to,    interdicted    by,   415. 
Nentrality,  alleged   violation   of,  by, 

referred  to,  1738. 
Neutrality  of  United  States  in  war 
with— 

Austria-Hungary,  797S. 

Germany,  7974. 

Turkey,  8014. 
Nicaragua,  authority  and  aggressiona 

of,   in,   diecuased,   2571. 
Northeastern     boundary     line     with 

United  Btatea.    (See  Northeastpm 

Boundary.) 
Northwestern    boundarv    lino    with 

United  State*.    (See  Northwestern 

Boundary.) 
Officers    of,   mbbehavior   of,    toward 

American  vessels  of  war,  271. 
Operations  against  China  termlnatod 

by  treaty,  2066. 
Oregon  Territory  dispute  with  United 

States     regarding     boundary     of- 

(See  NorthwesterD  Boundary.) 
Payment  of  duties  due,  568. 
Postal    arrangements    to    be    made 
with,  2413. 

Iteferred  to,  217G,  2428. 
Postal   convention   with.   2.'528.  2560, 

2724,  3850,  3775,  3833,  3883. 
Bamsden,   Fred   W.,   Consul   at   San- 
tiago de  Cuba,  death  of,  referred 

to,  6331. 


Befnsal   of,  to  abide  by  action   of 

minister  to  United  Sutea,  458. 
Belations  with,  discussed,  147,  251, 

327,  328,  329,  434,   437,   778,  1617, 

2690,   2691,   4024. 
Bestrictions  upon  products,  4S19. 
Ben  ounces     rights     under      Clayton- 

Bulwer  treaty,  6849. 
Buatan  Island,  convention  with  Hon- 
duras  regarding,    2955. 
Salvador,  differences  with,  2643. 
Samoan  aifairs  discussed.       (See  Sa- 

moan  Islands.) 
Sau   Juan   Island,    elalm    of    United 

Statea  and,  to.       (See  San  Joan 

laUnd.) 
Satisfaction  demanded  frouL  for  out- 
rages committed  by  veaseu  of,  414. 
Seamen   of   United   States  impresaed 
by,  referred  to,  383,  430. 

Account  of  J.  B.  Cutting  for  ex- 
penses in  liberating,  108. 

Search,  right   to,   claimed  by,  but 

denied   by  the   United  States, 

484,  1930,  2048,  2082. 

Kutual  right  to,  discussed,  1943. 

Secret  agent  emptied  by,  to  foment 

disaffection  in  United  States^  4S3, 

488. 
Sioux    Indiana,    pursuit    of    hostile 

bands  of,  referred  to,   3399. 
Slave    trade,    convention    with,     for 

auppreaaion  of.   (See  African  Slave 

Trade.) 
Slaves  exported  by,  in  contravention 

of  treaty  of  Qhent,   629,   6280. 
Soldiers  enlisted  within  United  Statea 

by,     discussed,    2864,    2895,    2908, 

2943. 
Spoliationa  committed  on  eommerea 

of  United  States  by.     (Bee  Claims 

again  at,  ante.) 
Tariff  on  productions  of,  referred  to, 

2571. 
Tariff  system  of,  discussed,  2350. 
Territorial    relations    with,    referred 

to,  1732,   1738. 
Trade -marks,  treaty  with  regarding, 

440S,  4419. 
Treaty  and  negotiations  with,  regard- 


Lcpnc,  Tathmus  of.) 
Treaty  of  peace  with.  Cor 
were  Albert  Gallatin,  John  Quincy 
Adams  and   James  A,   Bayard. 

Appointed   in    Hay,   1813. 
Proclamation   regarding,   645. 
Transmitted,  537. 
Treaty  of,   with— 

HoudnrsH,  referred  to,  3170. 
Nicjiragua,  3168. 
Treaty    with,    transmitted    and    dis- 
cnsaed  by  President — 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Eticychpedic  Index 


Great  Britain 


Omat  Biiuiit— OmMmwA 

AduDB,  John,  251,  £80,  888,  88G, 
>         £96. 

AduDB,  John  Q.,  932,  9SG. 

Cleveland,  4917,  4989. 

Fillmoie,  2602,  2617. 

Qntnt,  4065,  4086,  4097,  4161. 

HaiiTiBou,  Benj.,  0470. 

Jeffenon,  327,  329,  409,  433. 

Johoaoii,  3722. 

Lineola,  3272,  3281,  33SS,  340L 

MadiEOa,  C37,  MS,  548,  554. 

Monroe,  600,  618,  619,  707,  704, 

777,  810. 
Fierce,  2775,  2780,  2810,  2951. 
Polk,  2246,  2528. 
T«Tlor,   2560. 
Trier,    2016,    2047,    2068,    2082, 

2110. 
Wuhinrton,   88,   143,    144,   170, 

175,  184,  186,  IBO,  192,  197. 
(See    also    Aahburton    Treaty; 
Clayton -Bill  we  r  Tieatyj   Gene- 
va Tribanal;  Qhant,  Treaty  of, 
and    Hay-Panncefoto   Treaty.) 
Acts  to  nve  efCect  to,  paauge  of, 
proefaimed,   4179,   4227. 
Referred  to,  4243. 
Ashbarton.  (See  Ashbnrton  Treaty.) 
CommiBaionerB  to  conclnde — 

Commaaications    from     and    in- 
stmetions  to,  636,  537. 
Communications    received    in    to- 

gard  to,  536,  537,  2583. 
Conttroction    of,    diienaaed.      (Soo 
Clayton-Bolwer    Treaty;    Ghent, 
Treaty  of.) 
r  ot  Bm 


672, 


756. 


V  eonatmea,  645, 


Proclamation  regaidinp.  by  Presi- 

Arthnr,  4867. 
Uadiaon,  045. 
Pierce,  2858,  2922. 

Ratification  of,  767. 

Referred  to,  940,  946,  2760,  2943, 
E944,  2952,  5196. 

BeBarding — 
British  North  American  fisheriee. 

(See  Fisheries.) 
Dominion  over  Central  America. 

(See  Central  America.) 
Property  and  slaves  talten  in  vio- 
lation of  treaty  of  Ghent,  932. 
Trade  with  Canada,  4220. 

Bfljeeted  by  Benato,  8082. 

Sened    at    Ghent.      (8«e    Ghent, 
Treaty  of-) 

Termination  of,  proclaimed,  4867. 

Tiibnnal  at  Geneva  to  settle  ques- 
tions  pending    between    United 
States   and.     (See  Oeneva  Tri- 
bunal.) 
^oopi  of — 

Abont  to  encroach  npon  territory 
of  United  Blata^  147. 


Landed  in  NicaraKua  referred  to, 
5908. 
Vessels  of — 

Committing  depredations  shall  not 
reenter  waters  of  United  States, 
390,  410,  41B. 

Contraband  on,  for  use  of  Ameri- 
can insorgents  discnssed,  3362. 


Imposed,  458. 
Referred,  468,  476. 
Bemoved,  457. 
Znterconrae  with,  forbidden,  410. 


Perlftsftire,  The;  Sibyl,  The.) 
Ports  of  United  States  opened  to, 

by  proclamation,  753,  1060. 
Referred  to,  765. 
Presented  to  United  States.     (See 

Lady  Franklin  Bay  ETpedltion.) 
Bestrietions  on,  removed,  603,  60S. 
Seized  in  Oregon,  2636. 
To  be  restored  to,  29S3,  4856. 
Violate   American  flag,  485. 
Vessels  of  United  States^ 

In  Great  Lakes   granted  facilities 

for  letnmlQg,   6331. 
Hntnal  right  to  search,  discussed, 

1943. 


Restricted  in  Booth  Africa,  6429. 
Bight  to  search,  claimed  by,  denied 

by    United    SUtes,    484,    1930, 

2048,  2082. 
Referred  to,  2286,  2297. 
Seized  or  interfered  with   by,  dis- 


Bnchanan,  3062. 
Cleveland,   4990,  5198. 
Fillmore,  2603,  2675,  2680. 
Grant,  4068,  4070,  4114. 
JefFeraon,  410,  414,  420,  433,  441. 
Uadison,  454,  478,  481. 
Polk,  2286,  2297. 
Tyler,    1909,    1920,    1920,    2016, 

2076,  2111,  2215,  2210. 
Van    Bnren,     1670,     1693,     1695, 
1732,    1784,    1806,   1839,    1840, 
1857. 
Washington,  118. 
(See  also  Ctieaapnke,  The;  War 
of  1812  discussed.) 
War    of    IVance    and,    with    China, 
neutrality    of    United    States    in, 
3037,  3089,  3171 
War    with    France,    neutrality     of 
United  States  in,  proelaimed,  148. 
War  with  Bnssia— • 

Attempts  of  Great  Britain  to  draw 
recruits     from     United     States, 
2864. 
Kectrali^    of    United    States    in, 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Great  Britain     Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Qrut  Brltftln— ConiiKMd. 

Wars  with  Uaited  States.     (See  Kev- 

olutionar^  War;  War  of  1S12.) 
Welland    Canal,  navigation    of,   and 

queitioni    growing   out    of.      (Bee 

%VeUaiid  Canal.) 
Workingmeu    in,    eorretpandence    of 

Preaident  Lincoln   with,   tianeinit- 

ted,  335S. 
fireat  Britain,  Treatiea  with. — Uan;  o( 
tbe  ireaties  made  between  Ibe  United  States 
and  Great  Britain  hare  been  elUier  abro- 
gated b7  wan  or  hare  t>epn  anperaedcd  b; 
later  tre«tlei.  All  are,  however,  of  great 
blslorlc  Importance  on  anvant  of  tbe  part 
thej  plajfd  In  eatsbllablnK  tbe  bonndarlei 
and  determlniOK  the  relaUanB  ol  the  two 
couDtrlet. 

Protocol  Endtng  BtcoluUom.—Tbe  proTl- 
■lonal  treatT  of  peace  ot  1T82  was  concloded 
at  Parlt,  >.'oT.  SO,  178:2.  By  It.  Qreat 
Brlrain  a rknow legged  tbe  Independence  ot 
the  United  States,  rellnqnlBhed  all  claims, 
and  BpeclQed  Ibe  boundaries  between  the 
L'nlled  States  and  Canada.  It  vaa  tbe 
TBsuCDeiw  ot  tbe  bouQdari'  description  ot 
tbe  east  (Hat  led  to  the  difflcalllea  with 
Canada,  settled  bj  the  Webster- A sb barton 
treat;.  Flsber;  rights  were  eooferred  npon, 
BDd  confirmed  to  the  United  States  In  all 
parts  In  which  Its  people  bad  been  accos- 
iomed  to  llsb.  The  collection  of  debts 
was  facllltBted  :  recommeDdatloni  were  made  ~ 
for  tbe  restitution  of  coaQarBted  estates; 
conflscatlona  and  persecutloaa  were  to 
cease ;  prisoners  ol  war  on  botb  aides  were 
to  be  irberated  :  and  Great  Rrltaln  was  to 
withdraw  all  forces,  and  to  reatore  all 
State  records,  archives,  deeds,  and  papers, 
which  bad  fallen  Into  tbe  bands  of  an; 
British  oOlcerB.  The  naTlgatloD  of  the  MlB- 
sIsBlppt  was  to  be  open  to  the  citlxeaa  tmth 
of  the  United   Btatcs  and  Great   Britain. 

Armistice. — There  was  algocd  at  Ver- 
sailles on  Jan.  20.  1T83,  an  armistice  de- 
claring a  cessation  of  hostilities,  npon  which 
the  several  provisions  of  the  preceding 
treat;  went  Into  effect. 

" 1. — The    deOnltlTe     itt? 

„ "i.'Ti^TIt 

was  In  effect  a  reiteration  of  the  terms  and 
conditions   of    the    protocoL 

A^miti/  Contneree  and  l/aiAnation  IJojl 
Treatyt. — Tbe  treatv  of  amlly.  commerce, 
and  navigation  of  1794  Is  known  as  the  Jar 
treatj.    A  part  of  It  expired  by  v— '•-•' — 


t  was   anno  lied 


-  .0  countries,  provldi-d  for  Mie  restora- 
tion of  terrllor;  and  of  archlTes:  proclaimed 
a  ceaaatlon  of  bostllltlcB :  and  Ordered  tbe 
releaBe  of  prisoners  on  both  aides.  Tbe 
north  eastern  bonadar;  was  determined  and 
laid  down,  the  northern  bonndar;  from  tbe 
St.  Oroli  to  the  Bt.  Lawrence,  and  tbe 
northern  boundary  from  the  St.  Lanrenee  to 
Lake  Superior,  and  thence  from  Lake  Hu- 
ron fo  the  t.ake  of  tbe  Woods,  were  He- 
flned.  It  deflned  tbepowere  of  tbe  boundary 
commlaslon.  Tiie  United  Slates  obligated 
llaelf  to  put  an  end  tn  bosttlltles  of  the 
Indians :  and  slave  trade  was  abollsbed.  To 
tbiB  treaty  were  appended  many  annotattons 
and  explanations  of  the  bonndarlei  betweea 
the  VultM  Btartea  and  Cuana. 


by  tbe  treaties  of  1816  and  1»18,  s 
dcOnltely    extended    by    tbe    col 

1827-      It   agreed   to  freedom   o, 

and  oavlgatloD  Ibrougbout  tbe  dumlnioos  of 
both  powen ;  provided  for  tbe  equitable 
levying  of  Imparts,  taxes,  and  tolla  It 
was  itlpnlated  that  trade  witb  tbe  Brltlsb 
West  IndlcB  and  with  Brltlsb  America 
shoQld  not  In  any  d^re«  be  affected  by 
this  treaty.  Trade  wixh  these  parts  of  the 
British  If^mplre  was  opened  by  tbe  procla- 
mation of  President  Jackson,  on  OcL  S. 
183a  (l-age  liWO.)  The  trade  of  the  prin- 
cipal BrlllBh  porta  ot  the  Hist   Indies  was 

limited  to  direct  trade  from  a  Brldsh  to  an 
*  ~iierlcaD   port.     Coastwise   Ijsile   was   (~ 


clnded  fro; 


Dvtslona     Bo  I 


their  commercial  later 


..  ___  eicladed  thervfrooi. 

Kacal  forces  on  (fte  Orcat  Lakt: — In 
1617  an  arrangement  was  eire<-ted  between 
tbe  two  coantrles  whicb  limited  and  pre- 
scribed the  armed  force  that  each  coantrj 
sboald  malataln  on  Ibe  Great  Lakea.  (See 
Proclamailon  page  605). 

Fithariei  Soaiulary  and  tAs  Aeslorallon 
of  aioces.— Tbe  convention  of  1818  respect- 
ing Oeherles.  boaodarlcB,  and  the  restora- 
tion of  BlSTcs,  conferred  upon  Ibe  United 
SUtes  Ibe  privilege  of  taking  flsb  on  the 
.,.. —     ._j .. —    ^  dj 

Tbe  'United    Slates    relln- 


porta,  creeks,  barbora,  t 
part  only  for  the  paruu^e  ui  iirucunuB 
water,  focfd,  or  tor  repairs,  and  ppotecllon 
from  stress  of  weather.  The  boundary  of 
tbe  regie  as  from  Lake  of  Ibe  Woods  to 
*■■-  " "latalns  and  thence  west  of  the 


r  the  r. 

provided   for. 


1  of  ■ 


/RdVnn^^catloa  for  Slaces.— In  1822  a 
claims  convention  was  agreed  to  for  elfeft- 
Ing  the  compensalloa  lor  such  slavca  as 
had  been  carried  avay  by  Brltlsb  troops. 
Indemnity  to  (he  amount  of  tl,2O4.900  was 
awarded  for  this  purpose  by  the  conven- 
Uon  of  1626. 

Boundarlet  Bupiratlon  of  Slans  Tnuls 
and  fijifrodltfon  (Webtter-Athburtont.—Tbt 
convention  of  184:!  as  to  boundaries,  anp- 
presslon  of  slave  trade,  and  extradition,  de- 
fined tbe  nortbeastern  boundary,  tbe  north- 
er a  boundary  from  l.ake  Huron  (o  Lake  ot 
ttie  Woods,  and  opened  the  rtver  St.  John. 
In  New  Bninswlrk.  to  both  parilea.  Prior 
grants  of  land  wDhln  the  disputed  territory 
were  conflrroed :  the  "Disputed  Territory 
Fund"  was  provided  to  defrsy  expenses  and 
to  pay  claims  arising  from  the  dlsp-' 


Chann 


la  Ibe  Bt.  Lawrence.  Detroit,  and 
.  rivers  were  declared  onoa  to  nav- 
by  both  parties.    For  the  supprea- 


idoa  of  the  alave  trade  __  ..._  . 
Africa.  It  was  agreed  to  eanport 
force  of  BufBcieat  strength.     ~ 

with   other   powera 

lielp   anppress   the 

vision  was  made  ft.  ,„  

tlve  criminals  chargt^  witb  Um 


BemobstraDcet 
I   trade   la   slaves.      Pro- 


jyGooi^lc 


Bticyclopedic  Index 


OnM  BrtUllI,  TmMm  Ulth-OenUmmea. 

Korthaetl  Aoosdary.— Tbe  boandBrr  of 
the  tuUDliT  WHt  of  the  Bock;  UuuncalDB 
wu  Miiablfabi-d  bj  Ui«  ifemty  ol  1840.  Tho 
DftTigatluD  ul  tbe  Columbia  Hirer  wai  tree 
and  uifv"  <o  boih  partim  and  ttie  Paget 
buuad  AKrti'UltuiBl  CDmpiuir  waa  eonflrmed 
In    Ita    ptwBowloiia. 

Itthmlan  C'unul  (Clai/ton-Bulwer) . — Tha 
coDveniloD  ot  lUSO.  kuuwa  aa  tbe  ClartoD- 
Bulwer  trealf.  dealt  with  Iha  atalp  <-ui«l 
cunnL-ctlDK  the  Atlamlc  and  tbe  PaelOe 
ocvana.  It  waa  Ruoeraeded  b*  Uw  cooTeo- 
Uon  of  leoi^ 

CciUng  BoTMt-Bhae  Rtef. — EIone-Bhoe 
Beef  In  the  Niagara  Hirer  wa«  nd»t  to  (be 
L'nlti'd  Ktstei  bj  protocol  of  Der.  B.  ISSO. 

JUdprocitu  a*  io  fljhtrlM.  DitlfM  ani 
Savliiattom A  TeclprwlUr  trpat;  was  con- 
cluded tn  18S4  to  aeltle  b;  comtniHloD  the 
Seatlon  of  Bsbcrles,  dntlea  and  navigation 
Brldsb  North  America.  The  work  of  the 
eommlsaluQ  naa  nearly  concluded  wbpn  In 
ISUO  the   UnliPd  SUilea  eierclaed  lU  ilcht 


mlnate  the  ti 


aty. 


.._B  concluded  In  ItllU,  b;  which  wai 
•ela  were  empowered  to  acarch  for  ilaTea 
on  luaperled  shlpa  alhrr  than  thoae  of  ttie 
.  — .  ....  . —  — ulractlng  powprs.    Thla 


dialance   ot   t 
tot  i-  ■ 


In  c 


and  wroDntul  detention,  the  BOTcrnmcnC  of 
tbe  CDuntrr  whoa«  Teuel  was  at  fault  abail 
be  rcBpooalble  for  tbe  payment  ot  propec 
indemnity.  Coort*  were  Fatablishcd  at 
Sierra  Leone.  Cape  ot  Good  Dope,  and  New 
York,  for  tbe  conTeuIeat  trial  and  aettle- 
ment  of  caaea.  Condltlona,  apparatus,  and 
anppllea,  which  may  be  regarded  aa  evi- 
dence of  guilt,  are  apecllled  in  the  treatv, 
and    their   pretence   on   board   a    iblp   ■ball 

Inatlfy  tta  detention  or  capture,  and  no 
Ddemnllr  mar  be  eollccted  hy  tbe  owners 
of  aucb  veaael  Vessels  eufragpd  In  auch 
tralBc  sball  be  deatroyed  sod  the  parts  sold. 
or  tbe  vessel  may  be  purchau^  by  either 
of  tlie  conltacting  powers.  The  oOlcerB  and 
crew    of    SQch    condemned    vessel    ■ball    be 

Knlahed  In  aceordance  with  tbe  Iswa  of 
Fir  native  country  or  tbat  to  which  the 
vessel  belongs.  Blaves  taken  from  such  ves- 
sels are  to  be  set  at  liberty  and  thelc 
freedom  gnsranleed  by  tbe  country  making 
tbe  capture.  The  treaty  was  fnrtber  sup- 
plemented by  en  SBrecmont  of  1803,  nnd 
another  In  18T0,  when  mixed  courts  wers 
aboil  abed  sod  the  mai^lnerr  of  tbe  or- 
dlikary  courts  of  couulries  submitted  there- 

Alabama   Clalma,   FlsftAry   BfghU,   Savt- 

Ktie*  and  Bounitarii- — The  treaty  ot  18T1. 
own  as  tbe  Treaty  of   Washington,  waa 


1   np  for  the  settl 


t  ot  all  c 


of  difference  between  tbe  two  conutriea. 
The  articles  which  referred  to  the  Alabama 
claims,  the  Civil  War  claims  commission, 
and  the  BRhcries,  are  no  longer  effective. 
The  River  Bt  Lawrence  la  that  part  wholly 
within  tbe  Dominion  of  Canada  Is  open 
to  free  navigation :  tha  Tukon.  Torcupbe, 
and  ftliklne  rivers  are  also  open  to  free 
navigation  by  both  parties.  Reciprocal  nae 
of  the  Welland.  BC.  Lawrence,  and  other 
canals  of  Canada,  and  of  the  Blate  caaala 
in   tbe   ItnKed   Ktates.   is  urged    upon   both 

Bvemmcnts.     Lumber  cut  In  tbe  P'~'-  -' 
sine  upon  the  head  waters   of  tb< 
Bt    John,    may   be    Hoated    down    tbe 
to  Ita  monlb.  and  there  shipped  troe  of 


River 


noribwestern  bonndarT  waa  i 
tabliahcd. 

Fur  sealt   t»   Berfnp    fieo.— The    i 


tribunal  of  arblira- 


nauied  by  the  United  Blatee,  two'byOreat 
Brltam,  one  each  by  the  president  of 
France,  the  klag  of  Italy,  and  the  king 
of  Sweden  and  Norway.  All  details  for 
the  meeting  and  conduct  of  the  tribunal 
were  laid  down,  their  duticB,  tbe  polnta 
for  their  decision,  and  the  matter  of  tbe 
adjustment  of  the  eipenses  were  all  clearly 
•et  forth.  Tbe  sward  ot  the  tribunal  waa 
made  on  Aug.  IB.  IHVH.  Wlille  the  decision 
of  the  tribunal  waa  pending  a  mods*  ul- 
cendt  declared  that  all  clllieuH  ot  tbe  United 
BtaCes  atid  all  subjects  of  Uteat  Britain 
were  prohibited  from  killing  fur-seals  in 
tbe  eastern  part  of  Bering  Sea.  The  tri- 
bunal recommended  tbat  both  governmenti 
problbit  the  killing  of  tur-Beals  witbin  a 
limit  of  alrty  geographic  miles  of  Prlbllov 
IsIandB,  or,  during  the  season  from  Uay 
1st  Co  July  81st  In  each  year  anywhere 
north  of  the  SSrb  degree  of  north  Istliude, 
sod  east  of  the  iSOCb  meridian  of  longitude 
Sailing  vessels  are  sllowed  to  take  part  In 
seal  Bahlng  and  these  must  bear  a  certlflcata 
from  their  home  government  and  carry  a 
distinguishing  flag  of  their  nation.  Tbe  re- 
ault  aa  to  number  and  aei  ot  the  catch, 
and  the  locality  flsbed  in  during  each  day. 
must  be  entered  In  the  veaeel's  log.  Nets, 
flrearms,  or  explosives  must  not  be  used. 
Men  engaged  la  aeal  Qshlng  mast  give  to 
their  reapectivs  governments  evidence  of 
their  alilll  in  the  use  ot  weapons.  The 
regulations  do  not  apply  to  Indiana  dwell- 
IP*,.?"  ^'  coasts  who  a<b  for  food  and 
livelihood  by  the  cuatomsry  meana.  Ths 
regutalloaa  to  remain  In  force  nnt" 
seded  by  a  aatisfactory  agreement 


tbe 


For  the  extradition  treaty  of  1SS9,  aee 
Extradition    Treaties. 

f>nerlts,7  fieamen.— By  a  treat*  of  1892, 
deserting  seamen  may  be  arreated  In  ports 
by  tbe  consul  of  tbe  country  from  whose 
vessels  they  have  deeertpd,  eicept  auch  de- 
serting seamen  be  citlsens  or  subjecta  of  the 
country  In  which  be  deserts. 
■.„^'"*'"*  Boitndary.—By  a  convention  of 
ISez,  provision  was  made  for  the  appoint- 
ment of  a  commission  to  conduct  tbe  sur- 
vey for  the  determination  of  the  Alaskan 
boondary  between  Canada  and  tbe  United 
Blates.  Also  for  a  commission  to  mark 
tbe  boundary  In  rassamaquoddy  Bay  By 
a  convention  of  1894  the  term  of  the  Alas- 
kan commission  was  extended  until  189S 
by  reason  ot  the  dllBcnlty  of  the  task. 
In  accordance  with  the  decision  ot  the  tri- 
bunal.  losses  suatalned  by  tbe  selsurc  of 
British  vessels  by  the  United  States  In  con- 
nection   with    the    seal    Qaberles    were   paid 

The  a „ 

the   United   Btstes. 

DitpotiUon  of  Property  of  Deneiued  Per. 
sons,— A  treaty  of  1888  provides  tor  tbe 
disposition  of  the  real  and  personal  prop- 
erty of  citlscna  of  one  counfry  within  the 
dominions  of  the  other,  both  as  to  tbe  hold- 

L°li  "!  ' 


e  ad  minis  trail  on 


heritanc.  - _.  ,_. 

the  affaire  of  deceased   ownen 

Bular  oDrera  may  personally,  or  by  deleea- 

M„-    .„  ->rt.™    ao,  tor  helra  until   they   -- 

rhla    treaty    was    opcnc' 
-     .      .       ,    -ilonlsli  of  Great  BHtain,  ,:.- 
eept  Canada,  and  nearly  all  acceded  to  Its 

Alaikan     Boundanf. — A    noiua    vftwndl 

'■*  -  " ry  bouDdaiT  between  Alask 

ISM,  wttbont  prejndlet  t 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Great  Kit^      Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


ItthnUtn    Canal    (iJaii-i*aHiiix/oI 

-tr  o(  1901,   kuowD  am  Che  Ha; 

Treiitr,  wu  coDcluded  to  fael 


i  tbe 


uclioii    of    K    ablp    ransL       It    luper- 

Beded  tbe  old  treatT  or  1S50.  oc  CIbtioii- 
Bulwer  Treali.  The  constnicilon  o(  the 
canal  la  nrovlded  for  under  the  ausplc«a 
Of  the  Unllal  States  GoreniineDt  The 
canal  la  to  be  frep  and  opea  to  Teasela  of 
commerce  and  war  of  all  natioaa.  oa  equita- 
ble condltlona  and  charges  for  IraOlc  It  aball 
Deier  he  blockaded,  nor  sball  anj  act  of 
war  or  hoBlllltr  occnr  <rl<bln  U.  A  belllg- 
erenl  mar  hot  revfctDal  or  take  on  other 
than  strlctlT  aeceuar;  atores  wlihln  lh« 
canal,  nor  atiall  tbe  passage  of  sncb  Teasels 
thronih  tbe  canal  be  unneceBBarlJr  delB^ed. 


Prliei  abill  <• 


do  tbe 


Tesaela  of  (tie  belli^ient  poweF.  Troo 
mai  not  be  embarked  or  disembarked,  n 
■tUJl   mnnllioDS  of   war   be   loaded   or   u 


1  be- 
_    __   dls- 

^..ent  power 

within   tbe  raual   lander 

than  twenir-four  bours,  and  a  lesstl  of 
war  of  one  belllgeteot  ahall  not  depart 
wllhin  twenlj-four  hours  of  Ihe  departure 
of  a  vessel  of  war  of  anotber.  At)  tbe 
bnlldlngi,  plant,  and  equipment  of  the 


thereof     i 


1    Immunl^-    from    fnjurr 


all  tlm> 


,  Lii/ht  and  Harbor  Quel 
ui  Aufo^iinir.— 4.  Ireai;  ot  1602  Bled  tha 
Import  duties  at  tbe  port  of  Zanzibar  at  a 
sum  not  lo  exceed  ten  per  cent  of  Ihe  Talne 
of   tbe   goods   at    tbe   ~     "      '    ' 


II  ot 
States 


t^t^e" 


.._._.■   tbe   foiled 
I    tbe    conduct    of    trade    wllb    tbe 

Firoteciorate.  A  trraCy  of  1903  Bled  tbe 
Igbt  and  barbor  dues  at  Zanslbar  at  one 
anna  per  registered  ton  for  light  and  one 
anna  per  reglslered  ton  for  harbor  dm-a 
on  all  vessels  of  tlie  TJnited  States  entering 

Krts  on  the  Islands  of  Zsnilbar  and  Temba. 
le   payment   of   these   dues    is   coDdltlohal 
opon   "- ''•—    ~*  -■■ •■— ' 


llsbmen^  of  a  tribunal  of  three  members 
appointed  by  tbe  President  of  tbe  United 
Slates  and  three  by  tbe  king  ot  England. 
The  details  of  procedure,  tbe  list  of  qoes- 
tions  to  be  decided,  tbe  time  ot  meeting, 
■nd  tbe  rendering  of  tbe  decision,  were  all 
provided  tor  tn  tbe  conyeDtion.  The  de- 
cision waa  rendered  Oct.  20.  1B03.  It  was 
signed  by  Baron  Alverstone  for  Fnglaod 
(tbe  two  Canadlsn  members  nol  fully  con- 
curring in  ell  of  tbe  declsioos  and  answers), 
and    by    Ellbu    Boot,    Henry    rabot    Lodge, 


treaty  was  concluded  providing  for  tbe  i 
poihtment  of  commissioners  to  define  t 
entire  bonndery  line  between  rannda  a 
..     -....-..      .     ^  Paaaamaquoddy  B 

. ..  t  rirendt  hetwee 

United  States  and  Great  Britain  was  t 

ed  lp  September,  1907,  tn  regard  to  Inshore 
flsberles  on  tbe  treety  coast  of  Newfound- 
land. RigblB  of  coast  flsbermen  fnrraed  the 
anbject  of  treaties  of  190S  and  1909. 

^rMtro  Hob  .—Differences  of  a  legal  natnre 
ot  as  to  the  Interpretation  at  treaties  Im- 
pOMlbla  of  lettlement  b;  diplomacy  are  to 


Washing  ton.^pm  4. 
e  whole  oiaiter  of  tha 


and    aa   agreement   was   effected    Sept,   8, 

further  sUpnlfttlons  for  the  anbrnlsekiD 
of  dlfferencea  to  arbitration  are  contained 
Id  the  following  treaty,  wbli^  Is  Etrcn 
almost  eotlre  for  Ibe  reasoB  that  It  foTlowa 
tbe  general  terms  and  form  ot  all  arblln' 
tlon  treaties  growing  out  ol  the  Hague 
Coaterence : 

Aog.  3.  1011,  a  general  arbitration  treaty. 
In  tbe  Interest  ot  peace,  between  (be  United 
States  and  Great  Britain,  was  signed  at 
Washington  by  Philander  C.  Knox,  Secre- 
tary of  State,  on  behalf  ot  the  United 
States,  and  James  Bi-yce.  the  British  Am- 
tiassador,  on  bebalf  of  Great  BritaiiL 

On  (be  same  day  a  treaty  ot  the  aame 
Import  between  the  I'niled  States  and 
France  waa  algned  in  Wasblngton  by  Phil- 
ander C,  Knoi,  Secretary  ot  Slate,  do  be- 
balf of  the  United  States,  and  In  Paris  by 
Jean  Julea  Jusserand.  French  Ambassador, 
on  bebalf  ot  France. 

Tbe  two  tieatles  are  alike  except  as  ta 
the  necessary  differences  In  phraaealogy 
pertaining  to  tbe  respeclive  names  of  the 
two  countries  and  tbe  peraons  who  are 
parties   to   tbe   agreements. 

Tbe  following  (a  (be  leit  of  the  British 
treaty: 

The  United  Btatea  of  America  and  hia 
Uajeaty  (he  King  ot  tbe  United  Kingdom 
of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  and  of  lbs 
British  Dominions  Beyond  the  Seas.  Em- 
peror of  India,  being  equally  desirous  of 
perpetuating  the  peace,  which  bas  hnppUy 
eitsted  between  tbe  two  nations,  as  esiat^ 
lisbed  in  1814  tir  tbe  Treaty  ot  Ghent, 
and  bas  never  since  been  Interrupted  by 
an  appeal  to  arms,  and  which  bas  been 
conQrmed  and  strengthened  In  recent  years 
by  a  number  of  treatiea  whereby  pending 
controversies  have  been  adjusted  by  agree- 
ment or  settled  by  arbitration  or  otherwiae 
provided  far,  so  that  now  for  tte  flrst  time 
there  are  no  important  questions  of  differ- 
ence outstanding  between  them,  and  being 
resolved  (bat  no  future  differences  ihail 
be  a  cause  of  bostUUIes  between  tbem  or 
Interrnpt  their  good  relations  and  frleiul- 
ahip; 

The  high  contracting  parties  have,  there- 
fore, determined,  tn  furlberance  of  these 
ends,  to  conclude  a  treaty  extending  the 
scope  nnd  obligations  of  the  policy  at  ar- 
bitration adopted  In  their  present  arbitra- 
tion tresty  ot  April  4,  1B08.  so  as  to  ex- 
clude certain  exceptions  contained  la  that 
treaty  and  to  provide  means  for  tbe  peace- 
ful solution  of  all  questions  of  difference 
which  it  shall  be  fonnd  Impossible  in  future 
to  settle  by  dlnlomacy. 

Ail  differences  hereafter  arising  between 
tbe  high  contracting  parties,  which  it  has 
not  been  possible  to  adjust  by  dlpIomacT. 
relating  to  International  matters  In  which 
the  blgh  ronlracllng  parties  are  concerned 
by  virtue  ot  a  claim  of  right  made  by  one 
apalnst  tbe  orber,  onder  treaty  or  other- 
wise, and  which  are  jusIlBable  In  their  na- 
»nfe  hy  reason  of  being  susceptible  of  de- 
by  tbe   sppllcatloo  of  tbe   principles 


of  law 


3   the 


,. abiii'ipd 

_,  The  Hague  by  the  conv»Dtion  of  October 
18,  laOT,  or  to  BOcae  other  arbitral  tri- 
bunsl,  as  msv  be  decided  to  each  case  by 
special  agreement,  which  special  agreement 
■!_   .._  jjjg  organisation  ot  soch 


jyGooi^lc 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Greece 


t  lasue,  and  wttle  tlie  terma 


iDclualie.  of  the  canventlon  for  tbe  paclSe 
■ettlement  of  InteroBtlonal  dlapDira  con- 
cluded at  Ibe  acnuid  peace  coDference  at 
Tbe  Hazae  on  Oct.  IS,  lUUT,  so  tar  aa  ap- 
plicable, ahall  govern  I  he  a  rbll  ration  prO' 
eeedloga  to  be  takta  andcr  ibis  tccatj. 

Tbs  blsb  ooDlracilng  parties  fnclber 
uree  to  InatUiite.  as  occaalon  arises,  and 
U  herelQBfler  provided,  a  Joint  Ulgb  Com- 
mlBBlon  of  Ingnlrf,  to  vblcb  upon  tbe  re- 
quest of  eltber  part;,  aball  be  referred  for 
Impartial  and  coDsclentloua  InTCBtlgHtioD 
■n;  controieriy  between  tbe  parties  wltbln 
tbe  scope  ot  Article  I,  before  such  contro- 
Teraj  has  been  aubmlttcd  to  arbltratlan.  and 
also  an;  other  eontroveraj  hereafter  »rl»- 
log  between  them,  even  if  tbe;  are  not 
■creed  tbal  It  falls  within  the  scope  ot 
Article  I :  provided,  however,  that  such 
reference  may   be  postponed   nntll   the  ex- 

Rlralloa  of  one  jear  after  the  date  of  tbe 
>rmal  request  therefor.  In  order  to  afford 
an  opportunity  for  diplomatic  discussion 
and  atAustmenC  of  tte  questions  In  contro- 
Tersj,  It  either  part;  desires  such  postpone- 

■Whenever  a  qaesllon  ot  matter  of  differ- 
ence Is  referred  to  the  Joint  High  Commis- 
sion of  Inquiry,  ss  herein  pmvldcd.  each 
ot  tbe  bigb  contractlDK  parties  shall  deslg- 

bers  of  (be  Commission  of  Inquiry  for  the 
purpose  of  such  reference ;  or  the  commis- 
sion may  be  otherwise  constituted  In  any 
particular  case  by  the  terms  ot  reference, 
the  membership  of  the  commission  and  the 
terms  of  reference  to  be  determined  In  each 
case  by  an  eicbange  of  notes. 

The  Joint  IHgb  Commission  ot  Inquiry 
Is  anthorlied  to  eiamlue  Into  and  report 
upon  the  partlotiEar  questions  or  matters 
referred  to  it  for  the  purpose  of  facllltal- 
Init  the  solution  of  disputes  by  eladdatlng 
tbe  farts,  and  to  define  the  Issues  presented 
by  «ncb  question,  and  also  to  Include  In  Its 
report    such    recommendations    and    conclti- 

Fu.    .    _  _    . 

for  tbe  preaemllon  of  tur  .^ ,.- = — 

Jnly  7,  1911.  by  renresen  tat  Ives  of  t'nlted 
Btates.  Great  Britain,  Russia  and  Japan. 

TTmHng,  Solrooe  oneI  the  Cottregatioe 
of  Prisoner*.— Reel  procsl  riftbts  Id  tbe 


nveyance  ot  piisoi 


Wage  tor  tbe  ITolted  States  and 
(.anaoa  were  proyldcd  for  ta  a  treaty  con- 
daded   May    18,    1008. 
Onat  Falls  Land  Osm,  opinion  of  Judge 

Brewer  in,  referred  to,  307S. 
OieKt  IikkeB.— Ftre  large  bodies  of  freth 
water  on  tbe  northeri)  Una  ot  the  Doited 
States.  They  are  Superior,  Michigan.  Ba- 
ron, Erie,  and  OdibtIo.  Lake  Superior  Is 
tbe  larRest  sheet  ot  fresh  wster  tn  the 
world:  eleratlon  shore  sen  level,  about  600 
#Aai  .  idncrrh  «ivtnr  R70  mllcai  aren.  about 
Lflke  Ulchlfnin  Is 
-    ■   ---  a  depth  of 

„.„    _ level,    BS2 

feet:  area,  over  Z3.00U  sqr'sre  miles.  Lake 
Horon  has  a  lenittb  of  270  miles:  depth, 
from  3f>0  to  1.800  feel;  elevation  nbove  sea 
level,  B81  feel :  area,  shout  23,800  square 
mllea.  Lake  Erie  Is  the  sonlhernmost  and 
shnllowest  ot  the  Inlces.  stid  Is  abont  2&0 
miles  long :  elevation  above  aea  level.  &TS 
feet;  area.  B,6O0  square  niltes.  Lske  On- 
tario Is  the  smaDcii  and  enstemmost  of 
tbe  lakes,  and  la  190  miles  long:  eleratlon 
above  sea  IcTel.  234  feet;  area,  aboot  7.600 


82,000    square    miles.       Lske    Ul 
about  810  miles  long  and  hns  a 


Orrat    IiikM    (see    alao    the    HTeral 

lakes): 
Canal  from,  to  Atlantis  Ocean,  com- 
mission to  eonsidei  Gonstruetion  of, 
617S. 
Fortifleationa  of,  referred  to,  826L 
Jurisdiettons  of   United  States  and 

Canada  in,  diecussed,  60H. 
Naval  force  on — 

Agreements  with  Great  Britain  re- 
garding, S81,  602,  1805,  1817, 
fi768. 
Desire  of  Qrest  Britain  to  onutil, 

1818. 
Proclamation   reading,  600. 
Arrangement  limiting,  referred  to, 

3459. 
NeceasitT  for  increasing,  dlaeosaed, 

3447. 
Begnlations  with  regard  to  reseae 
and  savings  of  life  and  property 
on,  referred  to,  4519,  S36S. 
Vessels  of  United  States  in,  granted 
facilities  for  retorning,  0331. 
Oreat  Miami  SlTer,  lands  pnrchased  on, 

105. 
Great    Osaga    rmUam.      (Bee    Indian 

Tribes. } 
Oreat  Slonx  BsBervaUon.     (See  Sionz 

Seservation.) 
flreater  Bepnhllc  of  Central  Ameilea, 
establishment  of,  discnssed,  SS64, 
632S. 
Greece. — Ocecce  !■  a  maritime  kingdom 
of  Boulheestem  Europe,  the  mainland  and 
Eobcea  lying  between  86'  eo*-*!*  N.  laL 
and  19'  aC-ao"  16'  E.  long.,  and  occu- 
pying tbe  southern  portion  ot  the  Balkan 
Peninsula,  wltHi  certain  Islands  In  tbe  sai^ 
rounding  seas.  In  1912-ia  Greece  took  part 
In  a  successful  war  of  the  Balkan  League 
(Greece.  Bulgaria,  Bervia  and  Uontenegrol 
aninst  Turkey,  gained  a  great  eitenalan 
of  territory  northw&rd,  and  seised  many  ot 

.1,.      •.- ..,..*.  jn     j„]y       ,a„ 

"eece   and 

and  against  tbe  laat  named  Rumania  threw 
In  tbe  weight  of  an  unexhausted  srmy.  By 
tbe  treaty  ot  Bucharest  the  Qreco-Bulgarlan 
frontier  was  died  to  start  from  tbe  new 
SerbO' Bulgarian  frontier,  on  tbe  east  of 
tbe  Belasbltia  Range,  to  terminate  at  tbe 
mont*  of  tbe  river  Mesta.  on  tbe  «gean, 
leaving  Berres.  Drama  and  Caralla  to 
Oreece,  who  (bus  Increased  ber  acqulsltloas 
at  the  eipeuae  of  Bulgaria.  An  Irregular 
land  frontier  on  Ibe  north  separates  tbe 
kingdom  from  Albania.  Servla  and  Bulgaria, 


-Jd   on    the   treat,    south   and   e-„. 

Adrlntlc  and  lonlsn,  the  Uedlterranesn  and 
■he  MfsftB  Seas.  The  malnlsnd  comprises 
the  Peloponnesus  (Moreal.  Joined  by  the 
nsrrow    Istbrnus    of    Corinth    to    a    larger 


in    the    Mediterranean    are    Crete. 

Cerlgo  and  Cerltroto  :  and  In  tbe  jEgran  Ibe 
FCorihem    Sporades,    tbe   Cyrlades,   and   the 


Islands     at 


from  the  Turka  In  IBIS-18. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


wbere  moDDtalDous.  Tbe  prTnclpal  plalni 
•re  tboTC  ol  Thewalj,  EdIhpb,  HeHeala, 
ArgoB,  Ella,  and  Maralboii.  (be  last  named 

Iln  AltlO)  being  the  alte  of  battle  ot  B.  C. 
eo.  In  wblch  the  Atbenlang  and  Ptatatani 
diFealed  Ibe  armies  ot  Persia.  MacedODla 
extends  three  promontorlea  eouttiirards  Into 
the  jGgean,  and  tbe  eastenimost  at  thesii 
pen  las  u  lag  is  Iiddwq  sa  Haunt  Atboa. 
Haunt    Alhoa   Is  a  _vml- Independent   trlbu- 

ruted    b3    i 
lembers.  »_. 

.    Tbe   populBtli.-    „ 

00.  of  wbam   3.000  are  monk* 
salader  lar   brotbers. 


la  (Nomoi)  tuA  Euliih 

Cultkb  SqTMilaa         1007 

ia  and  ABlioUa  CUto- 

■dooilii) 3,007  Ml,405 

Aehsa  (PatiU) I.IW  ISO.MS 

Arcadia  or  MoreaCTr^xiUtn)  1,SS3  1S23M 

Arcolu  (Nau[du) MS           S1,M3 

Arta(ArU) S31            il.280 

Attiu  <Athaiu) 1.207  841.247 

Bootia  (Lividu) I.IW           6S,S1S 

CephmlDDii  (Aisostoli) 290           71.235 

Corfu  (Corfu).. arO           99.571 

Corinth  (CoiiaCh BH           T1.22» 

Cyclule*  (MecmopoUa) 1,042  130.37S 

Elii  (Pyrgoa) TT5  103,810 

Eubcea  {Cbaloia) 1,505  116,003 

Euriunia  (KaiwaW) SS7           47,103 

Kardiua  (Kanfila) 1.022           e2,Ml 

LacedemoB  CSparta) l.SOO           87.100 

Lieonia  IGythium) 403            81.522 

Lariaaa  (UrisBj 1,500           K.OM 

Leucuand  Ithmoa  (Leuaaa) . .  1T7           11.1SS 

MacoHia  {MKrinltaa) 7SE  102,74a 

Manenia  (MHnni} 046  127,M1 

Pbocig  (Saluna) 810           S3.24B 

Phtbiotu  (Larnia) 1.77&  112,328 

Ttlkkala  (Trikkala) 1,178           60.548 

TriphyUa  (Kyparina) 017           00,523 

Zaola  (Zanic) 1«0  42.503 

24323  3.031,053 
Aoitulrad    Tatiltorr,     Main- 
land       14,300  1,400.000 

Aoqiilnd  T<nito<y.  Maoda. .       4,500  000,000 

Totaliaieia 43,333      5,000,000 

Kthnograpliii. — Tbe    principal    racet    ar« 

Che  Hellpnen.  the  Albanian*  and  the  Vlarhs, 
with  a  foreign  element  In  which  Turks  pre- 
ponderate. The  HtlleDes  are  the  modem 
repreflentatlves  ot  the  ancient  Greeks,  the 
Albanians  are  descended  from  fourteenth 
century  ImmlEranta  Cram  the  north:  the 
VlBchs  are  belleTcd  to  be  descrndanla  oC 
tbe  Roman  colonists  and  owe  their  name 
to  their  rustlcitr  (  Sl^ai  =n  hleaterl.  The 
Ortbodoi  Church  la  the  oflclal  religion  of 
tbe  kln^oin. 

Htsloru.— Oreeca  formed  part  of  the  Ot- 
toman Kmplre  tram  the  middle  of  tbe  flf- 
teentb  centurr  until  the  awakening  of  tbe 
national  spirit  led  to  ■  Greek  War  ot 
Independence.  1831-1820.  vhlcb  culminated 
Id  the  Treaty  of  AOrlaoonle  (Bept.  12, 
1820).  whereby  an  Independent  Monarchy 
was  constituted.  Tbe  Independence  was 
eon  Armed  bj  the  Con  vent  Ion  of  London 
(May  T.  18.13).  and  a  Bavarian  prince 
reigned  frim  18.12-18(12  as  King  Otto  I. 
A  constitution  wrb  sranted  In  1844. 

Id  1882  s  rcToliiCron  drove  Otto  from  the 
tbrone.  and  by  Ibe  Treaty  of  London  (July 
13,  18031  a  new  dynasty  waa  Inaugurated, 
the  throne  being  accepted  by  Prince  William 
Oaoige    of    Sell  lea  wlg-Holstela-SonderburK- 


Commonwealtb  waa  transferred  t 
gOTemmeot.  Succeaaful  wars  In  1012-13 
against  Turkey  and  Bulgaria  increased  the 
Hellenic  domlniona  both  on  tlie  malnlaod 
and  In  the  £gean. 

aoeernmtnt. — Ths  eonsHtutioD  rests  upon 
tbe  fundamental  law  of  Kot.  28,  1804,  the 

U-.         hereditary   in   the   male    (and 

Id     tbe    female)     line    of    KIuk 


His  Majesty  Con 

July    2t    (Aug. 


King  ot  the  Hellenes  : 


aasalnatian  of  his  father.  King  George) 
Hatch  18,  1B13. 

The  Eiecallve  aniborlty  la  vested  in  tbe 
•oTerelgn.  who  governs  through  a  Council 
of  Hlnlsters,  appointed  by  lilmselC,  but  re- 
sponsible to  tbe  Chamber. 

There  la  a  alngle-cbamber  legislature  of 
177   deputies,   elected   for   1  years    by    the 


orlty   of    tbe    House 


ane-tblrd  of  the  t 


ylth  2S  c< 


1   DO  Sitting   is 


recHonai 


Peace 

It  Ins 


In 


6  Courts  of  Appeal  and  a  Court  of  Cassa- 

The  land  and  sea  forces  are  In  process 
of  reorganiaallon.  (For  the  details  aee 
Armies  of  tbe  World  and  Navies  ot  tbe 
World.) 

Productloit  and  /ndiutrv.— 'Agricalture 
eondacied  by  prtmlllve  methods  Is  Che  prin- 
cipal Industry  of  tbe  kingdom,  and  employa 
about  half  the  population.  About  1^.000 
persons  are  employed  In  Ibe  various  minea 
and  quarriea.  The  iDduatriat  population 
doea  not  exceed  30,000  hands 

Ftnancti, — TTie  revenoe  Is  chleBy  derived 

;  one  quarter  of  t 
...  _  is  (or  debt  servlct. 

January  1,  1013,  the  public  Gold  Debt 
ot  Greece  amounted  to  1170.303.400,  and 
the  Currency  Debt  to  (32.790,700.  Tke 
total  debt  charges  in  1013  were  estimated 
at  IT.eeT.SOO.  In  1808  the  administration 
of  the  debt  was  intrusled  to  an  Interna- 
tional Commlssian.  sllUug  a 

slstlng    ot    rei --•' —    - 

---'-  of  Gre 


of    the    fiovem- 


Bhippini/. — The      mercantile 

Greece   In    1912   consisted   of   2I_    

and  110  sailing  vessels.  sU  vessela  of  100 

sela.  Uucb  of  the  trade  of  the  Oltomnn 
Empire  la  carried  In  Greek  vessels.  A  Ship 
Canal  through  the  latbmus  of  Corlntb 
was  opened  for  trafflc  In  1803,  but  Ita 
use  Is  mainly  conflned  to  Greek  vessels, 
owing  to  the  higher  rate  of  dues  on 
foreign  shlpning.  The  principal  harbors  of 
Greece  are  tbe  rircus  (the  pore  of  Athena), 
Byra.    Patras.    Volo    and    Corfu. 

CiMe".— Capital.  Athens.  In  the  sontheart 


of   A 


B'^lta 


n.vlns 


itv.  There  were.  In  1913, 
2C  towns  with  a  THinuIatlon  exceeding  10.- 
000.  The  nnit  of  value  Is  the  gold  dracbmK 
equal   to   (0.19,3    United    SMtes    mnne- 


!  1.210 
79.81 _. 

(1,963,810   in    favo 


ovGoo»:^Ic 


EtKyclopedic  Index 


Commercial  relations  with,  1047. 
Condition    of    Qreeks    referred    to, 

790. 
Currants  from,  duties  imposed  npon, 

discussed,  S4I0. 
DifFerenees    with,   amieabl;    settled, 

2S68. 
Biplomatio    relations    with,    reeom- 

mendstions  regarding,  3656,  45S0, 

4630,  4718. 
Expulsion  of  Greeks  from— 

Constantinople,  2774. 

^KTPt.  2&28. 
Independence  of,  hope  for,  manifested 

by  United  States,    762,   786,  785, 

950. 
Bnssia  famished  aid  to,  950. 
Sympathy   of  American  people  for, 

acknowledged    bj,    in    letters    of 

thanks,  09). 
Treaty  with,  1647,  1706. 
Vessels  of,  diacriminating  dnties  on, 

repealed   bv  proclamation,    1539. 
War   with    Turkey,    hope    for   inde- 

Kndenco  of  Greece  manifested  by 
lited  States,  762,  786,  828,  875, 
950. 
GrMce^  Treaties  with. — A  treatr  of  com- 
merce and  aavlgBtlon  wss  concladed  Dec 
S2,  183T.  whlcb  conferred  freedom  of  com- 
merce, with  attendant  righti.  prlTllelea, 
protectEoa.  and  aecurll;  In  all  rlrers,  ports, 
and  plac«j<  wbere  forclffo  comnicrce  la  per- 


DTldes 


>r  the   c 


qnal 


In  veBSels  □(  ellber 

coBBIiriie   trade   Is   <: 

from  one  port  [a  the 


ot'tbe  other 'nation',  and  it  ft 

able    to    breBit    cargo,    may    prt __    .__ 

Torage  without  Incurrlnj;  aay  cbargeg  olbei' 
tban  those  o'  jpi]otag«,  wharfage,  and  light. 
BO  long  aa  ail  regulRtlons  are  canfarmed 
to.  If  onlf  a  part  of  a  cargo  be  anloaded 
at  a  port,  the  cbargea  to  lie  levied  at  that 
aha  11  be  pro  rato  for  that  port  only. 


<t  desli 


I  Its 


Ctorg 


,rge>  due 

not  again   at  another  port   TlBlted. 

No  cjnaraotlnc  iihall  be  Impospd  on  les- 
■ela  coming  directly  (o  a  port  from  a  port 
with  la  Ita  own  dumlnlona  and  powteaslDg 
S  dean  bill  of  bealth,  ao  long  aa  there  la 
DO  malignant  disease  on  the  Tcuel,  nor  ahsll 
tiare  been  Rince  leaving  the  borne  port. 
Should  a  port  be  blockaded  within  elttier 
of  the  countries,  no  merchant  veBsel  shall 
be  subject  to  capture  for  making  a  flrat 
attempt  to  enter  a  port,  but  may  be  bo 
it.  after  one  warulng,  the  attempt  be  re- 
peated. The  treaty  was  tsade  to  run  ten 
[ears  from  date,  with  a  year's  notice  of 
ntentlDn  to  terminate.  Jan.  30.  1890,  a 
[irotocol  waa  algned  explaining  and  clarlfy- 
ng  certain  claaaei  of  the  treaty  of  1S37. 
(9n  also  ronmlar  ronventlnns.  1  There 
are  no  extradition  trealles  with  Qreece. 
OfMn  Bay,  eesaion  of  lands  at,  for 
benefit  of  New  York  Indians,  1127. 


Greanliaek  Party,— Opposition  to  the   re- 

samptlon  Of  specie  paymenta  cauaed  a  po- 
Utlcal  party  to  be  orgnniied  at  ludlanapo- 
lls,  Ind.,  KoT.  S5,  18T4,  called  tbe  Qreen- 
back  piirly.  Tbe  platform  adopted  advo- 
cated (he  withdrawal  of  all  national  and 
State  bunk  currency  and  tbe  substitution 
therefor  of  paper  currency,  or  greenbacks. 
Which  ibonld  lie  exchangeable  lor  Intercou- 
vertlble  bonds  bearing  Tnlerest  aufflclenlly 
high  lo  keep  them  at  par  with  gold,  and 
that  coin  should  only  lie  used  in  payment 
of  Interest  on  tbe  nalioaal  debt 

In  1)178  the  UieeuUack  party  nominated 
Feler  Cooper,  of  New  York,  for  President. 
He  received  81,740  votes,  mostly  from  the 
Western   States.      In   1878   (he  Greenback 

8 arty  united  wltb  tbe  Labor  Reform  party. 
He  two  forming  the  dree  aback-Labor 
party.  The  new  party,  la  their  platform 
adopted  at  Toledo,  Feb.  £Z.  1878,  reiterated 
the  demands  of  the  original  Oreenbick 
parly,  and  In  addition  declared  for  an 
eight-hour  law,  prohlUliion  of  Chlaeac  im- 
mTgrelion.  auftnge  without  regard  to  >ei, 

apeclal  gmn^  to  corpora  t loos.  Fourteen 
members  of  CoogrcBB  were  elected  on  this 
platform.  June  9.  ie»0,  at  their  natluaal 
convention  held  at  Chicago,  they  noml- 
OHted  Oen,  Jamea  B.  Weaver,  of  Iowa,  (or 
'    B.  J,   CbHmbers.  of   Texas, 


Greenhacks.— The  common  name  for  the 
legal- lender  Treasury  notes,  printed  on 
one  side  In  green  Ink,  Issued  by  tbe  Gov- 
ernment during  tbe  Civil  War.  The  right 
of  the  Government  to  Issue  bills  of  credit 
was  disputed  by  many  statcRmen  and  dnnn- 
clerH,  but  the  exlgeacies  of  the  time  seemed 


the  Supreme  Court  finnlly  estnl.llBbed 
validity.  Issues  of  t15O.O00.0O0  t  ' 
authorised  by  tbe  lan-a  of  Feb.  26 


I   that 


held  a 


1883.      The  r 


,  1884,  ( 

EBiS.  and  did  not  again  touch  par  wll 
backs  till  Dec.  17,  1878,  nearly  si 
years  after  (he  lest  precious  sale 
at  par.  B.v  the  specie  resumption 
Jan.  14,  1875,  It  was  ordered  Ibnt 
after    '-     ■      - 


July 


should    be    redeemed    1_    

"greenback"    bas    been    applied    to    other 
forms  of   United   Slates   securities   printed 
In  green  ink.     (See  Currency.) 
OreenbackB: 
Discussed,  6073. 

Bstirement  of,    recommended,    607S, 
6175. 
Oieenwli^  Meridian  of,  starting  point 

for   compotiog  longitude,  4827. 
Oreer  County: 

Boundary    dispute    regarding,    4902, 

4904. 
Proclamation    against   selling    lands 

involved   in,   5325. 
Proclamation   declaring  lands   in,   in 
state  of  reservation,  6122. 
Oranada,  Island  of,  duties  on   vessels 
from,     sospended     by    proclamation, 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Orc^town 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Onytown,  mcangnft  (see  kIso  CentnJ 
America  and  NicarBgns) : 
BombBrdment  of,  and  reaaoiu  there- 
for, 2814. 
culms  ariung  ont  of,  S995,  3049. 
Complaints   of   foreign  powein   re- 
garding, 2817. 
Vesaels  from,  dntien  on,  soepended  by 
proelunation,  4872. 
Grlenon'B  B&ld.— In  the  iprtng  o(  isas 
Oen.  lluclburt,   vltb  the  approTal  ot  Qeo. 
Qrant,  ordered  Col.  B.  H.  arlvrton  to  pro- 
ceed from  La  GraDge.  Tran.,  witb  the  Blzth 
{hlB    own    rFglment),    the    SeTcntfa 

— J   •■._   □ J   Iowa,  by  way  ot 

.„ _    J   part  ot  MlBSls- 

■Ipiil.  lo  Baton  Rouge.  La.,  catting  tba 
■outbem  railroads  ana  destrojlng  brldgea 
OD  the  waj.  April  17.  16U3,  tbe  eip«dlUon 
Started  and  on  tbe  lOtb  the  Second  Iowa 
wii  detached  below  Poalotoc  and  the  two 
Illinois  regiments  proceeded  to  Baton  Rouge, 
where  the?  entered  the  Union  lines  Maj  2. 
The  reBuftB  ot  the  expedition  an>  thua 
■umnied  up  la  Orleraon's  report ; 

"'""^SS 


llllDols,   and   the 


..__   of 


sod    paroled  ;   betweec    SO  and   SO 

railroad  and  telegraph  destroyed ;  t 

8.000  slaad  ot  arms  and  other  stum  i.-k|i- 

tured  and   destroyed,   and  1,000  horses  and 

males    seized.       Federal    loss,    8    killed.    7 

woDDded,  B   left  sick  on  tbe  route,  and  9 

missing. 

arUon,  Tbe,  seirore  of,  bj  Brazillsii 

snthoTitiea,  2779. 
Oroa     Ventre     TniHani;-     (Bee  Indian 

Tribes.) 
Oroveton  <Vft.),  Bsttl*  of,  or  Second 
Battle  of  ManasBa8.~After  eluding 
Pope's  army  and  dGBtrorlng  tbe  military 
■tores  at  Brlitow  Btatlon  and  'Uanassas, 
Stonewall  JacksoD  retired  across  the  bat- 
lleBeld  of  Bull  Run  and  awaited  reenforce- 
ments.  Longstreet  arrived  aa  Aue.  29. 
swelling   •■■-    — ■ 

about  

Kearn;    bad   di . . . 

Bure  ol   crusblnfi   Longsi _ 

ordered  Sn   ittai'k   to   be  made 
next  mo  CD  lug.     Blgul  begsi    " 
soon  became  general.     Mcliuwku  •  •-■viun  ■ 
rived  upon  toe  scene  ol  battle  late  m  t 
■ttemooiL      Flti-Jobn    Portei    never   cai 
Into  aelloo.   though    ordered   up   by   Pot,. 
For  allecvd   disobedience   ot  orders   la   this 
connection    charge*    were    preferred    afialDSt 
Porter    hy    Poj)e._    At^  nigbt  JWth '" 


ested  o 


the  b 
Ing 


the 


'ield. 


Tbe  next  day,  Aug.  SO, 


HUIJ  nun  naa  ueen  iuukui  julj<  ^i.  xodi.. 
The  result  was  a  victory  tor  tbe  Confed- 
erates under  Lee  and  the  deteat  of  Pope's 
army.  Tbe  loss  ol  the  Federals  was  about 
18,000,  that  ot  tbe  Contederates  abnut 
8.400.  This  hiltle  Is  also  called  tbe  Sec- 
ond Battle  ot  Hanassas. 
Onadalnpe  Hidalgo,  Treatj  of. — Named 
from  the  Meilcan  village  where  Nicholas 
P.  Trist,  on  behalf  ot  tbe  United  States, 
Feb.  2.  1848,  signed  the  treaty  with  Mex- 
ico (2423).  terminstlnir  the  war  and  ced- 
ing territory  now  comprising  Nevada.  Utah, 
most  of  Arizona,  a  large  part  of  New  Mei- 
Ico,  parts  of  Colorado  and  Wyoming,  and 
...    ..   .,    —    TIntted    Butes, 


and  aeceptlnc  the  Rio  Grande  as  tbe  bound- 
ary between  Mexico  and  Texas.  The  United 
States  agreed  to  pay  Mexico  (IS, 000. 000 
(page  2437)  and  to  asiume  the  claims  of 
Its  clclsens  sgalnst  Mexico  arising  before 
the  treaty.  Ueilcans  !□  itie  ceded  territory 
were  allowed  to  remain  at  Ibeir  option 
and  were  assured  protection  as  cltUena. 
(See   also   Mexico,   Treaties   with.) 

Ottadalnpe  Hidalgo,  Treaty  of; 

Abrogation  of  eleventh  article  of,  re- 
ferred to,  2771. 
Amendments  to,  discussed,  2529. 
Claims  arising  out  of,  S63S,  3771. 
BUcnssed,  2423,  2437,  2529. 
Fraudulent  claims  arising  under,  2683, 
Proclamation  regarding,  2477. 
Batifications  of,  exchanged  at  Qnere- 

taro,  £437. 
Beferred   to,   2545,   SS51,   2565,  2588, 
258D,  2623,  2S36,  2665,  2705,  274^ 
276S,  2B03,  2926. 
Chiadelonpe: 
EstraordinsTj  commission  of,  tppi; 

to  Congress  for  aid,  143. 
Tonnage  on  American  vessels  Kt,  re- 

fened  to,  1123. 
Vessels  of,  duties  on,  suspended  hy 
proclamation,  5327. 
Qnam. — The  island  ot  Gusm,  tbe  laicest 
of  the  Mariana  Archipelago,  was  ceded  br 
Spain  to  the  United  States  by  Article  II 
of  the  Treaty  of  Peace,  concluded  at  Paris 
Dec.  la  j8B8.  It  lie*  In  a  direct  tine  from 
Sao  Francisco  to  the  soutbern  part  of  tbe 
Phlllpplaes,  and  Is  0,044  miles  from  San 
Francisco  and  l.COB  miles  from  Manila.  It 
Is  about  80  miles  long  and  100  miles  In 
cirru inference,  and  has  a  population  ot 
18,517.     The  Inhsbltants  are  mostly  Imml- 

Sants  or  descendants  of  ImmlgrsDls  front 
e  l>hllliiplnes,  the  orlslual  race  ot  the 
Uarlana  ulands  being  nearl;  extinct.  Ths 
prevailing  language  Is  ragllab.  Spaclsb 
and  Cbamotro  are  alao  spoken.  Nlne>lenths 
of  the  Islanders  can  read  and  write.  Tbe 
Island  Is  thickly  wooded,  well  walered.  and 


'.  and  Pope,  feeling 
--eet  and   Jackson. 

e  at  daylight 

attack,  whleb 


of   California,    to    tbe    Unite 


rice,  corn,  to^cco,  and  sogar  cane.  Tbe 
Island  of  Guam  was  discovered  hy  Hemaode 
de  Magsllanea  on  Marcb  fl.  1921. 

The  Island  was  captured  by  tbe  U.  8.  8. 
Cbsrleston,  Ceplalu  Heary  Glass  command- 
ing, June  21.  1898,  (he  American  flag  raised 
over  Fort  Santa  Crua.  and  a  salute  flred. 
Later  the  [Bland  was  made  a  naval  station, 
and  Commander  E.  D.  TaiisBlg.  o(  tbe  D. 
8,  8.  Bmnini/ton.  took  possession  Feb.  1, 
1S99.  The  Uovemor  is  a  naval  officer,  and 
tbe  Island  bas  a  marine  garrison  as  welt 
as  a  Blallon  ship. 

During  (be  year  ending  Jane  SO,  1911. 
tbe  Imports,  geaeral  carco.  were  as  follows: 
From  Dnltrd  States,  J2fllf.2.BB:  Hawaiian 
Islands,  tlT.4nn.in:  rblllnplnes,  tSlS.Tl  ; 
Jafsn,  »8S.4(1B.07:  falpsn.  |.l.lln.7«: 
Great  Brltsln.  tl.088.SB :  aermsny.  1197.- 
S3 ;  tolsl  Imports.  tl40,.12n.08.  Exports, 
all   copra   to   Japan,    tSl.OOS.Sa 

Onam,  Island  of,  cable  eommanicatioa 
with,  recommended,  6354. 
Release  of  prisoners  on,  6735. 

Claim   of  American   citizens  to,   on 

Alta  Yela  Island,  3827. 
Deposita  of,  on  Areas  Ca^,  S679. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Ettcyclopedic  Index 


QOIUO— CmMmmA 

Discover;  of,  in  Jftrris  and  Bskei 
laUndB,  refsTTed  to,  3017. 

Importation   of,   from   Pern — 
Desired,  2619,  2745,  2704. 
NegotiationB  regarding,  2764. 

Referred  to,  3018,  306S. 
OaanUnamo  (Onba),  Battlo  of.— As  a 
prelimlaarr  atep  lo  the  captnre  ol  BanU- 
•(D,  Jane  10.  ISeB,  a  Carce  oC  000  Anieii- 
can  maFlnea.  nnder  the  pralecclng  Ore  at 
the  Oregon,  Marblehtad,  DolpMH,  Yonites, 
raiemfle.  Porter,  aad  Vixen,  was  landrd  at 
O  HSU  can  a  mo  Baj,  on  the  aoutb  coaat  of 
Cuba.  S5  milea  east  of  Bantlago,  where  It 
bad  been  dpdded  to  ealBbllih  a  naval  sta- 
tloQ.  This  Important  point  waa  lakeD  after 
a  aevere  Doiutiardment.  and  the  poaltlou  ao 
won  was  held  by  tbe  marines,  aaalstcd  b; 
SO  Cuban  alliea,  despite  deiperate  attempts 
to  dislodge  them,  Bereo  Americans  (Inclad- 
tnx  SurR.  Jobn  B.  Qlbbs)  were  killed  and 
8  woanded.  and  2  CubaDS  were  killed  aod  4 
wounded  wblle  boldlns  Guantanamo  prior 
to  Ihe  arrlral  at  Oeo.  Bhafter'a  army.  The 
enemy's  lou  was  mucb  greater.  40  of  their 
dead    being    left    on    the    Held.      BeTenteen 

Srlsoneri  were   lakea.     After  seyeral   naval 

and  Porto  Rico  It  became  erldeat  that  well- 
ordered  land  operations  were  Indlapeniabla 
to  tbe  redurtlon  of  tbe  forts.  Acrvrdlntly 
a  land  farire  of  1S,T38  men.  under  Oen. 
W.  R,  SbufCer,  sailed  from  Tampa.  Pla., 
Jane  14,  and  by  Ihe  24tb  had  landed  at 
Daiquiri,  near  OuaQtaaamo.  The  laadlng 
was  assUIed  by  Cubans  under  Gen.  Garcia. 
Little  reslalanee  was  encountered  from  tbe 
Spaniards. 

Onantaniuno  Bkt<  Onba,  landing  of 
Ameriean  marines  and  sulisequent 
fighting  at,  discnaaed,  6317. 
Gnatemala. — The  BepubUc  la  tbe  moat 
northerly  of  tbe  Central  American  Statea, 
and  la  altuated  between  13*  4S'-1T°  4B'  N. 
lat.  and  88°  10'-B2''  80'  W.  long.  It  la 
bounded  on  tbe  west  and  north  by  Meilco. 
on  tbe  northeast  by  British  Hondurai,  east 
by  the  Republic  of  Hondaras,  and  soutti- 
eaat  by  the  Republic  oC  Salvador,  with  a 
coast  line  washed  on  the  east  by  tbe  Gulf 
ot  ilonduraa  tAtlanllct  and  on  the  west 
and  aoutb  by  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

Phyaical     Pealvret.—The     Sierra     Madre 
—      -          *■                try   fro  "    -        "   ' 

a  precipf 

resV"of  The   

coDtalnR  several  volcanic  peaks,  and  earth- 
quakea  are  frequent,  Tbe  hlnhest  aummita 
are  Tacana  (14,000).  Acatenaogo,  TaJa- 
mulro,  Fuego.  Santa  Maria.  Agua,  Atlttfin, 
and  Pacaya.  all  eicept  tbe  Drat  named  being 


Guatemala.  ~  In     addltli 
flowing  from  tbe  81  en 


are   are  blgh- 

In  Sonthem 
to    the    (orrenta 

, Madre  to  the  Pa- 

The    Rio   Grande   or  Molagua   has  a 

total  length  of  SfiO  miTe!>  from  Us  aonree 
In  the  Atlantic  to  Its  outflow  Into  Ihe  Onlf 
of    Ilonduraa. 

A  northern  extension  o(  tbe  renubllc  from 
the  Sierra  de  Chama  to  7°  46'  N.  lat,  and 
bptwe.n  Meilro  and  British  Houduraa.  con- 
■Ista  of  tbe  great  Plain  of  Peten.  with  a 
total  area  of  nearly  111,000  square  mllei. 

FUtorv.— Guatemala  was  eontiuered  by 
the  Spaniards  under  Pedro  de  Alvarado 
early  in  the  aliteenth  century,  and  formed 
part  of  the  Spanish  colonial  dominlooa  until 


Indiana,    with   a  proportion 


1821,  when  tbe  Captalncy-Oeneral,  in  whl>4i 
It  waa  Included,  revolted  and  eatabilsbed  Its 
Independence.     In  1823  the  country  formed 

Krt  of  a  larger  republic  of  Central  Amer- 
..  from  which  It  seceded  In  1847,  and  since 
that  year  It  has  been  an  Independent  re- 
public. 

A'thHOoraphV, — Guatemala  haa  an  area  of 
47.424  Kugllah  aqoare  mllea,  with  an  eatl- 
mated  papulBIIOD  ol  2,000.000,  Of  the  peo- 
ple more  than  half  are  pure-blooded  Indiana, 
mainly  ot  the  Maya  and  Qulcht  atock,  the 
remainder  being  largely  neitiaoa,  c-  ■— " 
caace    Snanlah    Indiana,    with    a    — 

of   Spaniards,  deacendanta  of   t__    

of  Ihe  alx teen th -nineteenth  centnrlea.  The 
foreign  element,  eatlmated  at  12,000,  In- 
cludea  Itallana,  Germaoa  and  other  Baro- 
peans,  and  many  Jewlah  Immigrants  from 
tbe  united  Statea,  The  language  of  the 
country  Is  Bpanlah,  and  the  majority  of  the 
Inhabitants  are  Koman  Cathollca. 

Oocentmejif.— The  government  la  that  of 
a  centialUed  republic,  with  a  constitution 
flied  In  the  year  1879.  and  amended  In 
ltt87  and  ISST.  The  President  Is  elected 
by  direct  vole  of  tbe  nation  tor  sli  years. 
President  of  the  Republic  (March  IS,  1911- 
10171,  Manuel  Eatrada  Cabrera,  born  Nov. 
SI,  1857,  elected  Oct,  2,  1808,  reelected  1004 
and   1010. 

The  President  ia  assisted  by  a  cabinet 
of  all  Secretaries  of  SUte, 

Congreas  conslala  of  a  Council  of  State 
aad  of  a  National  Assembly.  Tbe  Council 
o[  State  coutalUB  IS  members,  partly  elect- 
ed by  tbe  Aaaembly  and  partly  nomloBtad 
by  tbe  President.  The  National  Asaembly 
consleta  of  09  members  elected  for  4  years 
by    un  I  versa  I    adult    male   aulTrage, 

Tbe  Republic  Is  divided  Into  twenty-three 
Departments,  each  under  a  fef  poHllee, 
and  anbdlvlded  into  districts  and  munici- 
palities. There  are  municipal  councils  nn- 
der tbe  prealdency  of  an  alcalde  (mayor), 
elected    by    direct   vote   o*  ""- "    

"  SI, 


Service    In 


of  tbe   Inhabltanla. 
'n    the 


I   the 


i  of  2 


ot  the  a: 

30,0(H).     Tbe  permanent  force  numbera  about 
7,000  In    regular   aery' 


_.„ „,  , ..Jipelled  to 

frovlde   elementary    school    accommodation 
ir  (heir  employes    children  fi'ee  ot  coat  to 
tbe  public, 
"-iiluclfc 

.   Indigo,   rubber,    vanilla,  grain,   i 

potatoes  and  beans  are  alao  grown.  Tbe 
workers  on  the  plantations  are  mainly  In- 
dians, and  many  of  them  are  attached  to 
the    HoU    by    tbe    burden    of   undlscbarged 


debts,  due 


>  paid  In  a 


r  Im 


■ovlden 


The 


t   1b  mostly 


dnced  (over  70,000.000  It 

finest  quality,   and    tbe    __    _.    ., 

In  the  lianda  of  German  settlers.  The  For- 
est produce  Includes  cedar,  mihonny,  and 
Other  cabinet  woods,  rubber  and  dye  woods. 

Gold  and  allver  are  found,  and  have 
been  worked  for  many  centnrlea.  There  are 
Indlcallona  of  lead,  tin.  coptier,  mercury, 
antimony,  coal,  salt  and  sulphur,  but  the 
extent  and  value  of  t^e  deposits  are  un- 
known. Two  Btrong  mining  camoanlea  have 
commenced  ooeratlonB  lu  tbe  Departmenta 
of  Huehuetenaugo  and  Chlqulmula. 

Rallicaii: — In  1911  there  were  480  mllea 
of  railway  la  operation,  tbe  tinea  crosaing 
tbe  country  from  Atlantic  (Puerto  Barrios) 
to  Peclflc  (San  Joa«)  via  the  capital,  ani 
eitenClng  alooK  the  Pacific  coaat  baCwaen 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


dnfttemalB 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Onatuaftlft — CdmHuiumI. 
tbe  ports  of  Ssa  Jos£  and  Chtmpertcn.  The 
eipor»  tor  1DI2  aniountrd  to  l;l,tSe.S38 
pesoa,  more  tban  four-firihi  belnjc  coEtee. 
^exlllpB.  manutsrtured  mptalB,  Baa  provl- 
■loDS  were  Imported — 5D  per  cent  Irom  the 
United  Sifttes  liDd  25  per  cent  from  Qer- 

Cities.— CRpttBl.  GuBtpmalB  (Guatemala) 
populatlDQ  (1S12)  about  90,000.  Other 
towaa  are  :  Queaaltenaago,  Totoolcapam,  Co- 

The  unit  of  ralue  In  the  peso  of  100 
Mntaros  of  the  oomlnal  value  of  about 
(O.ST  United  States  mone;,  bnt  the  cur- 
rencT  la  In  paper  pesos  varflng  In  value 
Irom   TOc.   to   90c.    Onlled   States   money. 

Finance. — The  revenue  and  expenditure 
for  tbe  five  rears  I90S-9  to  1912  13  are 
slated  In  paper  pesos  (lor  tbe  value  of 
which  see  "Currency"  at  end  of  article)  aa 

Year  RevenuB     Erponditure 

IBOB-  B 37.33S.000      44.930,000 

lOO^-lD 49.233,000      TO.SH,OaO 

1910-11 61,571.000     4a.go9,ooo 

1911-12 82,M7.00a      69,182,000 

1913-ta T1,014,7I«      44,970,483 

Tbe  revenae  Is  mainly  derived  from  cus- 
toms and  excise ;  the  service  of  the  debt 
accounts   for   more   than    lialf   of   the   ex- 

The  amount  of  outstandlns  Indebtedness 
on  Jan.  1,  1013,  was  stated  to  be ; 

4%  EiCamalDsbt (7^14,000 

4%    Gold    Debt    (13.700,000    sold 

pesoa)— 13,000,000 

Aman  of  Interst 4,6£S.D00 

iDUrasl  Ddit 

(M.TSejnO  psper  peao^— about .  0,000,000 
repregeulluE  a  total  Indebtedaesa  of  close 
OD  (30,0001)00.  By  an  arraneement  con- 
cluded with  the  forefgD  boodbolders  In  May, 
lei3.  Ibe  government  paid  to  them  the 
Furreut  loterest  due  on  the  loon  for  the 
flseal  year  July  1,  1913~JuDe  80.  1914.  dur- 
ing rhe  month  o(  July.  These  payments  are 
to  be  made  annually. 

Trade  Kith  the  Untltd  Slate*.— The  value 
of  merchandise  Imported  Into  Guatemala 
from  tbe  United  Slates  for  tbe  year  1013 
was  t3.HSg.G8T,  and  Koods  to  tbe  value  of 

! 3.100.081   were  sent  tbither— «  balance  of 
SOI.eOO  In  favor  of  tlie  United  States. 
OtutemalK: 
Boond&rj  dispate  with  Mexico,  4627, 
4718,  4802. 
Arbitration  of,  aubmitted  to  United 
BtKtes    minister,   6066,    6265. 
Diplomatic   relations   with,   4562. 
Fugitive   crimiQals,   convention  with, 
for  surrender  of,  4067,  5123,  6179, 
6190. 
Minister  of  TTnited  States  to,  Bction 
of,    regarding    seiiure     of    Qsn. 
Barrundia   on   the   Acapulco   and 
anbseqnent  recall  of,   diseasaed, 
6544. 
Papers      regarding,      transmitted 
5565. 
Political  affairs  of,  referred  to,  6870. 
BelstioQS  with,  4667. 
Tariff  laws  of,  evidence  of  modiltca- 
tions  of,  proclaimed,  5716. 
DiscuBHcd,  5747. 
Treaty    with,    transmitted    and    dis- 
cussed,   2572,    4067,    6123,    5179, 
6199. 


Extension  of  time  for  ratiflemtioB 
of,  recommended,  2666. 
War  in  Central  America  caused  by, 

discussed,  4911. 
War  with  Salvador,  6543. 
OnatemaU,  Treaties  with. — A  treaty  ot 
peace,  frleadahlp,  commerce,  and  naviga- 
tion was  slgtied  March  3.  184S ;  two  claims 
conventions  were  signed  In  1900,  and  a 
trade-mark  agreement  in  1901.  A  conven- 
tion or  1601  provides  for  the  tenure  and 
dlsposltloD  or  pereoDBl  and  real  property. 
A  period  of  three  years,  reasonably  ex- 
tended It  necessary.  Is  given  to  those  wbo 
'      "      '  of  the  country  dlsquall- 

„  Inherited  property  with'" 

either   country,   to  disuse  of   the  prope 


fled  from  holding  Inherited  propert; 
-'tber   country,   tO  dispose  of   the  propert; 
advantage  and  to  close  up  their  allair*. 


of  one  country  within  the  dominions 
'erms  Identical  with  those 
L  The  consular  offlce  Is 
either  directly  or  by  dele- 


empowered  tc 
gallon  for  dlf  — 
until    fbey    may 


1  RitradtiloD  Treaties,  and  Trade- 

Qaatemala  also  became  a  party  to  tbe 
convention  between  the  United  States  and 
tbe  several  republics  of  Soath  and  Central 
America  for  ihe  arbitration  of  pecuniary 
claims  and  tbe  protection  of  loveDtlons.  etc., 
which  WBs  signed  In  Boenos  Aires  In  1010 
and  proclaimed  In  Wssblngton.  July  2S. 
^914.  (Bee  South  and  Central  America, 
Treaties  with.) 

OueirUrfl,  Tlu,  capture  and  destruction 

of,  by  the  Contlitulion,  602. 
Guiana,  Brltlab.    (See  British  Guiana.) 
Oulf  of  Haxlca.  (See  Mexico,  Onlf  of.) 
Guilford  Ocmrt-Honse   (N.   0.),   Battle 

of.— The    Amerlesn    army,    when   arranged 
tor  battle  at  OulKord  Conrt-Houae.  N.  C, 
Uarch    IS,    17S1.    consisted    of   4,404    men. 
including   1,400   regular   infantry   and   181 
cavalrymen,  aoder  command  of  Gen.  Greene. 
Tbe    remainder    were    raw    mllUls.      Com- 
wallls's    army    was    not    more    than    2,200 
strong.      The  coaSlct  lasted  two  hours,  and 
the   Americans    were   repulsed   after   having 
killed  or   wounded   nearly   one-third   of    Ihe 
BrIUsh  army.     Comwallls  and  Leslie  were 
tbe  only  British  general  officers  not  wound- 
ed.    Tbe   exact   number   of   British   killed 
and  wounded  was  offlctally  reported  at  644- 
The  total  American  casualties  were  reported 
as   1.311.      Lord   Comwsllls   retreated  after 
the  battle  to  tbe  coast     Pitt  and  other  great 
leaders  In   Great   Britain   regarded   this  en- 
gagement OS  tbe  precursor  of  mln  to  Brlt- 
leb  supremacy  in  the  South. 
Oun  Factory  for  Army,   establiahment 
of,  at  Watervliet  Arsenal,  N.  Y.,  dis- 
cussed, 6374. 
Oun-Foimdry  Board: 
Appointed  in  18S0,  report  of,  trans- 
mitted, 5S65. 
Discussed,  4707,  4833. 
deferred  to,  4708,  4S49. 
Oun  Mannfatrtory,  erection  of,  recom- 
mended, 1608,  1714. 
Onnboati.  (See  Vessels,  United  States.) 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Etuyclopedic  Index 


Hagn? 


HalMU  OtnpnB.— Ill  law  a  writ  Iwaed  by 
m  Jadge  or  conrt  requlrlog  tbe  body  ot  ■ 
person  restralaed  at  llbert;  to  ba  brousbt 
betore  the  Judge  or  Into  tbe  coart,  tnat 
the  lawfulneas  of  the  restraint  mar  t>e  In- 
Testlgated  and  determined.  The  writ  of 
habeas  corpus  Is  aoe  of  tbe  cMef  bulwncks 
of  dTll  Ubertr.  being  perhaps  the  l>eit  Be- 
carlty  against  the  grosser  furms  ol  (jrano]' 
CTer  davlaed.  Its  fauodatloD  la  Id  the 
Magna  Charts  of  England.     The  power  Co 


grovi 


ally    a    subjec_    . 
Tbe    CoDstltutii 


ot 


England, 
land   by 


July  G.  1861,  Actorney-Oeneral 
Bates  ga\e  ■□  opinion  in  taror  of  the 
President's  power  to  suspend  the  writ. 
March  3,  1863,  Congress  approved  this  opin- 


io tbe  case  of  Uiuigan,  aii>ra<t^u  m  muiaua 
In  1864.  and  senlenceil  to  desth  by  a  mili- 
tary tribunal,  tbe  Supreme  Court,  having 
ealed  to.  decided  that  the  prlvl- 
pended  in 


lege  of  the  writ  could  not  be  suspen 
districts  where  tbe  action  of  the  elvll  couns 
was  not   iDterrupted.  eieept   that   mllltnry 

.. .^^(   ^   ^^^^  Jurisdiction 

rebellious  r*-  -    - 


commission  em   tnlght   tte   K 
to  try  residents  of  rehelllo'.-    ._. 
era  ot  war.  and  persons  In  the  n 
vices.      Mllllgi        ■    ■ 

conld  oaly  be  tried  by  e 
Merryman  case;   MUllgan  i^niie,; 
Habeia  Corpus; 

Authority   given   by   Preaident   Lin- 
coln   to    suspend   writ   of,    3217, 
3218,     3219,     3220,     3240,     3300, 
3313,  332S. 
Beferred  to,  3225. 
Saapension    of    writ,    by    President 
Lincoln,   3299,   3371,  3420. 
Bevoked   ks   to   certain   States   by 
President  Johnson,  3529,  3531. 
Saepeusion  of  writ,  in  Sonth  Carolina 
by  President  Grant,  4090,  4093. 
Bevoked    as    to    Marion    County, 
4092. 
Hague  Peace  Ooaferenea.— Hey  18,  1899, 

there  SHBembled  at  The  Hague  an  interna- 
tional confcreDce  of  delesates  Irum  the  prin- 
cipal countries  of  the  dvlUaed  world.  These 
repreaentatlvea  met  In  response  to  an  In- 
vitation ot  the  Ciar  ot  Rossis,  and  tbeir 
objects  were  to  secure  concerted  action  tor 
the  maintenance  ot  a  general  peace  be- 
tween nations  and  the  amelloratroQ  ot  the 
bardsblps  of  wnr.  as  welt  aa  the  redaction 
of  the  naval  aud  military  armaments  of 
the    world.      One    hnndred    delegates    were 

S resent  representing  tbe  Onited  Btatea, 
[eilco,  China.  Japan.  Perala.  8 lam  and 
twenty-one  European  powers.  No  delegates 
from  Bonth  or  Central  America  attended. 
The  sessions  were  presided  over  by  Baron 
de  Btaal,  of  Hnasla,  and  continued  from 
May  18  to  July  29. 

To  facilitate  the  work  of  the  confersncB 
three  grand  committees  were  formed  deal- 
ing respectively  with  the  thrve  snt^ects  of 
dlsensalon,    via. :    ArmsBMstB   hM    —nt'"* 


of  deatmctlon ;  fanmane  regulatlona  In  war- 
fare :  and  mediation  and  arbitration.  Eacb 
of  the  powers  waa  represented  on  each 
committee  and  each  bad  one  vote  on  every 
proposal  submitted  Co  the  conference,  Tbe 
codcIubIdds  ot  the  conference  were  embod- 
ied In  a  final  act  algned  July  29  by  ail  tbe 
states  represented.  This  act  conslsta  of 
three  conventions.    (-■■■■ 


lutlon 


cenllonB 


:  to 


the  pnciflc  adjustment  of  Intcmntlonnt  dis- 
putes, and  with  the  laws  and  usages  of  war 
on  isnd,  and  provide  for  the  adaptation 
ot    the    rules   of   maritime    warfare    to    tbe 

trlnclplee  ot  the  Qeneva  Cooventlon  of 
B64  (q.  TO  The  three  declarations  pro- 
hibit the  use  ot  projectiles  or  explosives  from 
balloona  for  a  period  of  five  years  (adopted 
unanimously)  ;  the  employment  of  projec- 
tiles which  dllTuse  aspbyxlallna  or  other 
deleterious  gases  (not  accepted  By  England 
and  the  United  States)  ;  and  the  use  of 
bullets  which  expand  or  Qatten  easily  In 
tbe  human  body.  In  the  sli  resolutions  tbe 
conference  eipreasea  the  opinion  that  the 
military  burdens  which  now  weigh  bo  heav. 
liy  OD  tbe  world  may  be  llgbtened.  In  Che 
loterest  of  tbe  moral  and  materia)  well  be- 
ing of  humanity  (nnanlmonely  agreed  to)  ; 
that  the  duties  of  neutrals,  tbe  Inviola- 
bility of  private  p'^perly  In  maritime  war- 
tare,  and  the  question  at  the  bombardment 
ot  towns  should  be  referred  to  a  future 
conference,  and  that  the  questions  of  the 
types  and  calibers  of  marine  artillery  and 
small  arms  and  the  else  of  naval  and  mili- 
tary budgets  should  be  studied  with  a  view 
to  establiahlnK  uniformity  In  the  former 
and  a  reduction  of  tbe  latter. 

Tbe  first  convention,  which  relates  to 
the  pacific  adjustment  of  International  dla- 
pates,  proved  the  most  Important  work  of 
the  conference.  According  to  this  conven- 
tion the  signatory  powers  agree  to  resort 
to  mediation  In  cases  of  serious  Inlenia- 
tlonal  disputea,  and  agree  that  mediatory 
advances  by  a  third  party  shall  not  be 
considered  by  the  dlaputante  as  an  nn- 
friendly  act :  where  neither  honor  nor  es- 
sential Interests  are  concerned  a  comnJs- 
alon  of  Inquiry  Is  provided  for. 

IntemationaE  Court  of  Arhitrotioii. — With 
a    view   to    tbe   settlement   ot    disputes   be- 
^y  ...—  ., ^ 


nominated  by  the  signatory  powers.     Eacb 
power  Is  allowed  to  nominate  tour  members 

Tbe  Permanent  Court  of  Arbitration  was 
establlahed  under  the  act  of  July  2B,  1889, 
signed  (and  aubBeguently  ratified)  by  tweO' 
ty-four  nations.  Under  the  protoco!  of  Jnne 
14,  190T,  for  the  accession  of  non-slgua- 
the  nnmher      ' 


sa°! 


The 


s  arbi- 


tration for  iQtemotlonal  dlBpnles  which  It 
has  been  Imposolble  to  settle  by  diplomacy. 
The  court  la  competent  to  hear  all  arbitra- 
tion cases,  unless  tbe  parties  agree  to  con- 
slltute  a  special  tribunal,  and  its  Jurisdic- 
tion may  be  extended  to  disputea  to  which 
one  ot  both  of  the  parties  are  non-signa- 
tory powers.  If  the  parties  so  agree.  When 
tbe  signatory  powers  desire  to  have  re- 
course  to  the  conrt  for  the  settlement  of  a 
dispute  the  arbitrators  called  upon  to  form 
tbe  competent  trlbnnal  for  the  purpose 
must  be  chosen  from  the  general  list  of 
members  of  tbe  court.  If  the  parlies  dis- 
agree on  the  composition  of  this  trlbnnal. 
Its  members  must  be  appointed  In  accord- 
ance with  theconrse  pnwcrtbed  Id  the  tu' 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Hafue 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


__j  accredited  la  Tbe  Hagnc,  bdiI  or  tbe 
NctberlUidB  nlnitter  tor  rareiKH  allnlr^ 
WbO  KCU  »a  pFMldeot.  The  Bri^retBrr- 
GeDcral  U  BAron  Mlcblels  Vbd  Terduyaeu. 
Tbe  fliat  KcrelaFT  !■  Jonkheer  W.  ftoelL 
The  ptrcuneDt  court  consUtn  of  pcnoni  of 
known  competeDcr  Id  qnestlona  of  latar- 
natioul  law,  of  wnom  tonr  at  tbe  moat  ace 
Mlected  bj  cacb  of  tbe  algnaCorj  iMvers. 
Eacb  aDpoiDtmeDt  ta  tor  alz  reara.  and  mar 

Tbe  toUoirlaa  powera  are  members  of  tbe 
court:  ArnalToe  Republic,  Auatrla-Bna- 
■arr.  Belvlnm,  BoIlTta,  Braall,  Bulgaria, 
Chill,  Cblua,  Colombia,  Cuba,  Denmark, 
DomloIcBD  Republic.  Ecuador,  Prance,  Ger- 
man Empire,  Great  Britain,  Gwece,  Quate- 
mala.  Haiti,  Italy,  Japan.  Luiembtire.  Mex- 
ico, UoDleDeKro.  Netberlands.  NlrarniriB, 
Norwar.  Panama,  Perala,  Peru,  Portugal, 
Rutnanla,   Rnaala,   "  '      "        ~  —.- 


fourtba  of  one  pei  cent  of  tbe  amount 
claimed  and  the  United  Bute*  bad  oKd 
nineteen  wanblpa  and  apent  nearly  MiiiuVf' 
000  to  collect  a  debt  of  leaa  than  tlOO.OOO. 

r~         wer»  asreed  "to  take  no  mliitarr  o" 
u^,_-    ..    —      ■    .. 


navaf  actloQ 


I,  Dragnay  and  Veneiaela. 
i.i>.rt  of  Arbttration. — Oct.  21,  j.b<™,  u>v 
United  Btatei  proposed  a  second  Peace  Con- 
ference tor  the  pucpoae  of  Krantlng  Jurisdic- 
tion to  The  Hague  Trlbnnar  throuBb  treatlea 
of  arbitration,  and  tor  other  purpoaes.  Thl« 
aecond  conference  conrrned  In  tbe  Hall  of 
Knlgbta.    Tbe    Hague,  June    IB, _ie07;      "' 


It  of  Bftean  Judgea.  elgbt  of 
be  appointed  b;  tbe  all  great  European 
nations,  Japan  and  the  Uarted  States,  tbe 
other  seven  to  be  appointed  by  tbe  minor 
powers  and  to  alt  In  rotation,  according  to 
tbe  maritime  Importance  of  the  counCrlea 
tbe;  repreoent.     Other  qnestloaa   " 


n  nntll  a  formal 


from  leading  South 
that  tbe  "Drago  Do- 
dlacnsslon  and  the  poi 


r  of  1 


Pan-A 


lean  alliance  was  disclosed  to  tbe  world. 
Dr.  CalTO,  Argentine  rep  resent  atlre  tn  Eu- 
ropean capltau.  maintained  that  It  Euro- 
pean otatsB  do  not  make  war  npon  each 
other  for  tbe  sake  of  bondholders,  they 
ODRbt  not  to  make  war  to  collect  debts, 
good  or  bad.  In  the  case  of  Boutb  Ameri- 
can nations.  Tbla  doctrine  was  taken  np 
br  Dr.  Drago,  Argentine  mlnlater  of  for- 
eign altalrs.  and  bus  since  l>eea  known 
as  the  Drago  Doctrine,  and  has  been 
called  tbs  "Monroe  Doctrine  of  tbe  Moner 
Market" 

The  toretble  collection  by  a  foreign  power 
of  debts  due  Its  sablects  by  other  goTSm- 
ments  waa  opposed  br  Gensril  Porter,  of 
the  United  Btates.  He  proposed  that  tha 
Peace  Conference  permit  the  employment 
of  force   for   the  collection  of  debts  only. 


dared  that  speculHtors  and  adi 
ten  dragged  their  goTemments  mm 
expeditions    for    tbe    collection    of 

snnis,  and  Instanced  a  case  where 

tuai   debt  turned   ont   to  t«  only'  tbrM' 


>mpel    the   pay_ 

.„_  „ „  ,„...  __  orfer  of  arbitration  baa 

been  made  by  the  creditor  and  refnaed  or 
left  unanswered  by  the  debtor,  or  until 
arbitration  has  taken  place  and  the  debtor 
state  has  failed  to  conform  to  the  decision 

No  declalon  was  arrived  at  on  the  great 
question  of  tbe  disarmament  of  nations. 

The  a  etna  1  accomplishments  of  Tbe 
Hague  Conference  are  as  follows:  It  es- 
tablished the  InTloIablllty  of  neutTal  ter- 
ritory and  the  right  of  asylum  In  that  tep> 
rllory  for  prisoners  of  war :  prohibited 
belligerents  from  establishing  wireless  tele- 

Eapb  stations  In  neutral  territory ;  forbade 
lllgcrent  eblps  of  war  to  Uke  on  fuel 
or  revlcuial  In  neutral  ports ;  proTtded 
(hat  hostlllllei  shall  not  begin  wlthoot  a. 
prevloua  declaration  of  war;  ordered  that 
neutral  powers  be  notified  of  a  state  of 
war;  rcTlved  the  declarations  which  had 
lapsed  In  1904.  tIe.  ;  prohibition  to  drop 
projectiles  from  balloons,  to  diffuse  deadly 
_- w...,.,.   „. nnsuaUj 

.._tT  provided  •  definite  'period  of  grace 
allowance  to  belligerent  merchantmen  In 
the  enemy's  harbors  at  tbe  beginning  of 
hoBtlUtiea;  prohibited  tbe  uae  of  submarine 
aochored  torpedoes  for  the  purpose  of  re- 
stricting commercial  nsTlgatlon ;  and  the 
use  of  floating  mines,  uoleaa  they  be  made 
so  as  to  become  harmless  within  an  hour 
after  having  passed  beyond  human  con- 
trol, and  also  the  nse  of  anchored  minea 
which  do  not  become  barmlesa  after  they 
have  broken  their  moorings ;  prohibited  the 
bombardment  of  nndefended  places :  Insist- 
ed on  the  Inviolability  Of  Bablng  boats  and 
of  the  postal  aervice :  ratified  the  hnmsol- 
tarian  recommendatlona  of  tbe  Geneva  Red 
Croas  Convention  of  1906;  established  tbe 
Intematlonal  priae  court;  agreed  to  the 
American  adaptation  of  tbe  Drago  Doc- 
trine, namely,  that  one  nation  shall  not 
attempt  to  collect  by  force  debts  claimed 
by  Its  cltliens  from  tbe  government  of  an- 
other nation  unleaa  tha  qneatlon  of  Indebt- 
edneas  be  first  submitted  to  arbltmllon- 

Raervatlon  bv  ViUled  Btatea. — Botb 
Hague  conrentionB  were  signed  by  the  pleni- 
potentiaries of  the  United  Stst^  under 
reservation  of  the  following  declaration : 
"Nothing  contained  fn  this  convention  ahaU 
be  BO  construed  as  to  require  the  United 
Btates  of  America  to  depart  from  Its  tradi- 
tional policy  of  not  Intruding  npon,  interfer- 
lOK  With,  or  entangUng  Itself  in  the  political 
qneatlona  of  policy  or  Internal  administra- 
tion of  any  foreign  state :  nor  ahall  auy- 
thing  contained  in  the  aaid  convention  be 
construed  to  Imply  a  relinquishment  by  the 
United  States  of  America  of  its  traditional 
attitude  toward  purely  American  questions." 

In  ratifying  and  imlfylng  American  ad- 


Benate    expressly    eida^ 


L.0,  tbe 

_, „    XXIII 

.-eof  concerning  tbe  right*  and  dntiee  of 

neutral  powers  In  naval  war,  which  la  in 
the  following  words:  "Article  XXIII.— A 
neutral  power  may  allow  prlxea  to  enter  Its 
porta  and  roadsteada,  wheuu 


other  of  its  porta.    If  the  prlie  Is  coDToyed 

by  a  .war  snip,  the  prise  crew  may  go  on 

paltry      board  tbe  convoying  ship.     If  the  prise  Is 

:be  ac- .     not  nndsr  convoy,  the  prise  o^w  an  left  at 


:„Goo<i^\c 


Encychpedie  Index  . 


clauie  of  Article  III  Implies  tbe  duty  of 
neutral  povei  to  make  tbe  demand  tbereln 
m«Dt]oned  (or  tbe  retnni  at  a  sblp  captnred 
wlttalQ    tbe    neutral    Jurlsdlctlan    and    no 
longer  irltbln  that  Inrladlctlon,"     "Article 
III. — Wben  a  ablp  baa  been  captured  In  tbe 
territorial  waters  of  a  aeattal  power,  thU 
power   most   emploj.   If   the  piiw   ia   atlU 
wltbln  Ita  JarlHdIctlaa,  the  mEans  at  It*  dis- 
posal to  release  tbe  prise  with  Its  offlcera 
and  crew,  and  to  Intern  the  prlie  crew.    It 
the  prlie  la  not  In  the  Jariadlctlon  of  the 
Dentral   power,   the   captor  government,   on 
tbe  demand  o(  that  poirer,  must  liberate  tbe 
prise  with  Ita  offlcera  ajid  crew." 
Stgat  Confetttnu,  first  peace  cDiifer- 
ence,  6604. 
Advancement  made,  7118. 
GoUectioa   bj  goTemmentB   of   debU 
doe  their  citizens,  from  other  conn- 
tries,  bjr  force  of  aims,  referred  to, 
7060. 
Instrumental    in   maintaining    peace 

between  nations,  7060. 
Proposal  for  convening  a  second  con- 
ference, 0923,  6991. 
TTaenti    The,  International    Bt&tistieal 

Congress  at,  referred  to,  4082. 
Hagna   Tribunal,    Arbitration   of   Ven- 
ezuelan cases  before,  6941. 
Uexican  diapntes  referred  to,  671S. 
vt^n  Oolmnbla. — A  popular  national  book 
wrlten    by    Jadfe    Joseph    nopklnsou,    of 
Philadelphia,    In    1798,    when    war    with 
France  seemed  Imminent.     The  air  to  whldi 
Mr.   Hopfclnson's  words  are  anng,   and  In- 
deed tor  which  tber  were  vxpreSBlr  written, 
was  flret  known  as  "Qeneral  Waahlnnon's 
llarch"    and    latter    as    "The    President's 
March."     It    wss    composed    b;    Processor 
ITeyles,  leader  ol  the  orchestra  of  tbe  John 
Street   Theater,    New   Xork.    In   1169,   and 


Halt.!.— Haiti  (or  Ban  Domlnso.  or  Bis- 
nanlola)  Is  tbe  second  largest  ol  tbe  Greater 
Antilles,  In  the  "Weat  India"  Islands,  aod 
I   between   17*^7'-.20'    10^  N.   lat 


68*    20'-74°    28'    W.    long.      Two-thJrdg    of 

t\..L  faiHTiA  rnrin  the  DomfnlcaD  Repnbllc  (a. 

1  third,  between  18''-20*   1ft 


N.  'laL  and  70*   40'-7*-  38'  W.  long.,  beInK 
tlie  Bepnbllc  of  BaltL 

lfi*(of¥.— The  Kland  was  visited  In  Dec 
«,  HB2,  by  Chrlatopher  Colnmbus,  Who 
named  It  Rspa^nola,  the  naClve  name  beinc 
HaTti  (moaatalDous)  or  QulMjuIca  (vast). 
The    Spaniards    *    "-    '— "^    -"'' 


:   extermlnsted   I 


■    2,000.000    1 


5  western  portion  ^.  — -  — 

ea  to  France,  and  In  1803  the  territory  ' — _ 
abandoned  by  the  French,  and  S  repnbllc 
was  proclaimed  under  tbe  aboriginal  name 
of  HalU.  .    . 

During  Its  eilsteace  the  ao-called  repnbllc 
has  haif  twenty-four  rulers,  the  majority 
of  whom  have  died  r-  *••-  *--"-  -*  "-'- 


e  ^nds  of  their 


enemies  before  the  expiration  of  the  t 
for  which  tbey  were  elec' 
PKatdent  Clndnni 


Indians,  wbom  they  replaced  with  African  good) 
Degroes.  By  the  Treaty  of  Ryswick  (1S8T)  decls 
the  western  portion  of  the  Island  wss  ced-       tlon 


an  erploslon  which  deatmyed  the  national 
arsenal  at   Port   au   Prince,  and  Tancrede 
Anguste  succeeded  him.     Be  waa  succeeded 
Hay   4,    1013,   by  Htcbel   Oreate.      In  July, 
I91D,  Presldeat  Oallaume  was  murdered  by 
a  mob,   and,   amid   the   disorder   following 
United  States  marines  were  landed  by  Ad- 
miral Caperton,  Jnly  29.     Under  American 
protection   Qen.    DartlgueiiBTe   was   elected 
President  Aug.   12.   and  the  United   State* 
aaamned  a  protectorate  over  tbe  republic 
Haiti: 
Claims    of    United    States    against, 
iaS7,     2067,     2760,     4665,     4718, 
491S,  E120,  S369,  6099,  6100. 
Award  referred  to,  6123, 
Settlement  of,  S332. 
Correspondence     with,     transmitted, 

690?. 
Diplomatic   Intercourse    with,    provi- 
sion for,  recommended,  4716. 


Dnties  imposed  upon  American  prod- 
oets  bj,  retaliatory  measures  pro- 
claimed, fi702. 
Fngitive   criminals,  convention  VTith, 

for  Hurrender  of,  3459. 
Imprisonment   of  American    citizens 
bv,   3829,    4665,  4918,   5020,  5123, 
G369,  5869,  6099. 
Independence   of,   recognition  of,  by 
United  Btstes  recommended,  3248. 
Instmctions  to  naval  officers  in  com- 
mand   on    coast    of,    referred    to, 
4023. 
lusnrreetionfl     in,     discussed,     4S24, 

4918,  5368,  6471. 
Uisaion  to,  elevation  of,  recommend- 
ed, 6468. 
Naval  force  at,  referred  to,  3832. 
Beeognition  of,  by  United  States  re- 
ferred to,  S47L 
Belationa   with,    discussed,    3885. 
Social  condition  of,  discii:sed,  388S. 
Treaty   with,    transmitted    and    dls- 

cnssed,  3329,  3459. 
Vessels  of  United   States  seized   or 
interfered    vrith     by,     2680,     5368, 
6390. 
Vessels    refused    clearance   by,    dis- 
cussed, 5869. 
HAltl,   Treatlea   with.— A   treaty   of   am- 
ity,  commerce,   navigation,  and  eitradltloa 
was  concluded  Nov.  3,   1864,  and  provldos 
for    most    favored    nation    treatment,    Im- 
mnnliy  of  the  cltlsens  of  the  one  country 
In  the  dominions  of  the  other  In  time  of 
war  between  the  two  countries  and  of  their 
___._    .__    _    pgr[^    of   gjj    months   after 
war,    together    with   eiemp- 

ure  of  money  debts  or  shares. 

The  citizens  of  tbe  one  country  shall  be  ex- 
empt from  military  service  and  farced  loans 


-.  .zens  of  the  other  country.  Perfect 
freedom  In  tbe  conduct  of  trade  Is  accorded 
to  all  in  whatever  direction  tbey  may  le- 
gally elect  Tbe  booke.  papers,  or  accounts 
'*  dtliens  of  either  country  residing  within 
otiwr,  may  b*  «- 


the  JurUdlctlOD  of  tbe  e 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Messages^  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Judicial  •nlborltr.  Llbertr  of  rougdetice 
and  protrcUon  of  the  dead  Is  Kcured.  I'loi^ 
crl7  mar  be  diapoaed  ot  by  rale,  testament, 
or  gift,  wlib  full  UtwrtT  and  without  em- 
barrasBmeDt. 

ImportatloD  and  exportation  of  goods 
ma;  be  coQdueti>d  with  pqual  orlillegei,  re- 
sardlesa  of  the  oatlouallt;  of  the  veasela 
•o  eneased.  The  coaitlng  trads  Is  not  In- 
I   tblB  agreemeat.      The  Imposition 


try  Into  the  othor  shall  be  tnide.  ProTlBlon 
Is  made  for  extension  of  humane  trpalment 
to  the  shtpwreeked  on  the  shores  ot  both 
cauatrles.  Vessels  ot  either  uallonalItT  at- 
temptlDK  to  enier  a  blorkadi>d  port  of  tlie 
other  Bbsll  not  be  cBptored  ou  the  first 
.-----   -J   If  rt|e   -■* ■ 

„  ,-j  "is  recognlied 
py  PoiQ  parlies,  and  that  the  property  of 
neutrals  on  an  enemj^a  Teasel  la  not  sub- 
ject to  couBscatlon  unleaa  coDtrabaad. 
Arms,  munitions  of  war.  sod  mlllury  equip- 
ment of  all  kinds  form  a  elaas  of  contra- 
band of  war.  I'roTlelon  Is  made  to  facili- 
tate the  eiamlnatlon  of  ehlps'  papers  and 
the  searcb  daring  war  as  well  as  the  dis- 
position of  eaplured  vessels  and  goods.  The 
customary  proTlxlOD  Is  made  tor  the  es- 
tabllHhment  of  consular  offlica  on  terma  nsu- 
ally  described  In  consular  convenUons.  The 
terms  of  extradition  recited  In  the  treaty 
are  to  l>e  louod  nnder  Extradition  Treaties. 
The  term  of  the  treaty  waa  originally  for 
eight  years,  with  renewal,  aubject  to  one 
Tear's  notlre  of  Intpatloa  to  terminate. 
(See  also  Natatvtlzalloo.) 

SeTpral  claims  conventions  were  signed 
between  1884  and  lOOa  A  naturalliatlon 
treaty  waa  concluded  In  IBOZ,  and  snnple- 
mented  Uie  following  jear.  An  eitradlllon 
treaty  was  signed  In  1B04  (see  Kitradl- 
tlon).  and  an  International  arbitration 
agreement   In    1B09. 

Haiti  aleo  became  a  party  to  the  conven- 
tion between  the  United  States  and  the  sev- 
eral repubtlre  of  South  and  Ten 

„._ _    _.    __.BntloD8,'  sic.    which 

was  signed  In  Buenos  Aires  In  1910  and 
proclaimed  In  Wasblnglon,  July  29,  1914. 
(See  South  and  Central  America,  Treaties 


Halifax  Oommladon, — A 

BlBtlng  of  represent  at  Ivea  of  the  Hnlted 
States  and  Great  Britain  which  met  In 
1S7T  at  the  city  of  Hsllfai.  Nova  Scotia, 
to  decide  what  amoont  sbould  he  paid  by 
tbe  former  country  for  the  QshlDg  prlvileK^s 
granted  its  cltlsena  by  the  treaty  of  ISTl. 
Qrest  Britain  and  tbe  United  Slates  each 
named  one  of  the  commissioners  snd  the 
third  was  named  by  Austria.  The  Cana- 
dians insisted  that  tbe  concessions  granted 
to  the  eltliens  of  the  United  States  by  that 


ivIleR 


ad  tlirea  years  later  a  new  treaty 
«oliated   bnt   was   rejected   by   the 
11,..—    H.„...    ._    Aug     21,    1888. 
IS  been  in  abey- 


treaty    relating    to    Biberles    onght 
termlaated  at  tbe  earliest  period  con 
with   other  provisions  of  the   same  treaty. 
Theae  artlclea  were  terminated  on  July  I, 


lerlod  consistent 


United  BtaL-    , 

Since  then  the  question 
ance  under  a  wiodtu  t>< 
HAllf  ax.  Van.  ScotU: 

American  prisonerB  of  war  in,  507, 
Fishery    CommisBion    held   at,   nnder 
treaty   of   Washb^ton    referred 
to,  4419,  4435,  4437,  443& 
Anud   of  commiBsiDn   and   appro- 
priation    for,      diacnsaed,     444S. 
(8«e  alao  QeneTft  Tribnnal.) 
Han  of  Fame.— March  G,  1900,  the  Coan- 
cll  of  New  Sork  DnlTeraity  accepted  a  gift 
of  1100,000,  afterward  inereased  to  J250,- 
000,  from  a  donor,  whose  name  was  with- 
held, for  the  erection  on  Unlvenlty  Uelghts, 
New  York  City,  of  a  building  to  be  calleH 
■The  Hall  of  Fame  for  Great  Americans" 
A   atructure   waa  bnllt   In  the   form   of  a 
semi-circle,   170  feet,   conoecllng  the   Uni- 
versity Hall   of  fhltosopby   with    tbe   Hall 
of   Languagea     On   tbe  ground   floor  la  • 
museum  200  feet  long  by  40  (eet  wide,  con- 
sisting of  a  corridor  and  six  halls  to  con- 
tain mementoa  of  the  namea  that   are  in- 
Hcrlbed  above.     The  colonnade  over  Ibis  Is 
400  feet  long  with  provisJoo  for  150  panels. 
each  about  2  feet  ty  6  feet   each  to  bear 
tbe  name  of  a  tatnoua  American. 

Only  peraons  who  shall  have  been  dead 
ten  or  more  years  are  eligible  to  be  choaen. 
Fifteen  clssaea  of  citliens  were  recom- 
mended for  consideration  to  wit :  Authors 
and  editors,  business  men.  educators.  In- 
ventors. nilBsioQarlcB  and  explorers,  phllan- 
th  rap  lets  and  reformers,  preachers  snd 
theologians,  aclenCists.  englDeers  and  archi- 
tect B,  lawyera  and  Judgea  musicians, 
painters  and  icalptors,  pbyalclana  and 
surgeons,  mlera  and  Btateamen,  aoidlerB  and 
sailors,  dlslinEulshed  men  snd  women  out- 
Bide  the  above  classes.  Fifty  names  were 
to  be   Inscribed  on  tbe  tableta  at  the  be- 

8 Inning,  ar.d  Ore  additional  names  every 
flh  yesr  thereafter,  nntil  tbe  year  2,000, 
vben  the  150  Inscriptions  will  be  com- 
pleted, in  rase  of  failure  to  flil  all  the 
SnuelB  allotted,  tbe  vacanclea  are  to  be 
lied  In  a  following  year. 
Every  nomination  Beconded  by  a  member 
of  tbe  unlverfllly  aenate  Is  submitted  to  an 
electorate  of  one  hnndred  eminent  dtlieni 
selected  by  tbe  UnlTersItr  councIL  Tbe 
number  of  names  submitted  to  the  eleclor- 
Bte  for  Brat  ballot  was  252.  Of  these  each 
Judge  relumed  a  vole  for  fifty.  The  rule 
required  thst  no  candidate  receiving  less 
than  flfty-one  votes  could  be  accepted.  The 
returns  showed  that  but  twenty-nine  candi- 
dates received  the  required  number  and  were 
chosen.  These  were  aa  follows;  George 
Washington,  Abraham  Lincoln,  Daniel  Web- 
Bter,  Benjamin  Franklin,  Dlysaea  S.  Grant. 
John  MBTshall.  Tbomas  Jefferson.  Rslnh 
Waldo  Emerson,  Benrr  W.  Longfellow.  Rob- 
ert Fulton,  WaBhlngton  Irving,  Jonsthan 
Edwards.  Samuel  FT  B.  Morse,  David  G. 
Farragut,  Henry  Clay.  Nathsniel  Haw- 
thorne, George  Pealwdy,  Robert  B.  t«e, 
reter  Cooper,  Ell  Whitney,  J-^hn  J.  Audu- 
bon, Horaco  Maan.  Henry  Ward  Beecher, 
James  Kent,  Joseph  Btoir.  John  Adama 
William  B.  Channlng,  Gilbert  Stnart,  Asa 

In  October,  1905.  nnder  the  ruleB  named 
above,  the  aenste  received  the  ballots  of  65 
electors  ont  of  101  appointed,  of  whom  only 
8S  nndertook  to  consider  tbe  names  of 
women.  A  msjorlty  of  51  was  demanded, 
but  In  tbe  case  of  the  names  of  women, 
a  majority  of  only  4T.  Tlie  following  oer- 
aons  were  found  to  be  duly   chosen :  John 


jyGooi^lc 


Bneyehpedic  Index 


Qulnn  AdBiDi,  69;  Jame*  BaMell  Lowell, 
SS ;  WllUani  Tecumuh  Sherouui,  58 ;  Juosi 
Madlnn.  DO;  John  QreeDleaf  Wblttler,  SS ; 
Aleiuider  Hamilton,  SB  ;  Louis  AnuU,  83 ; 
Jobn  Paal  Jooei,  54 ;  Marj  Ljoo,  58 ; 
Emma  Wlllard.  50;  Uaria  uncheM.ls. 

Tbe  hall  was  dedicated  May  SO,  IMl. 
nben  twentr-flve  or  more  national  asaoda- 
tlona  each  onTclIed  one  nt  the  bronie  tab- 
leta  Id  the  colonnade,  and  on  Ua;  SO,  IMT. 
the  eleven  new  tablets  were  uDTellM,  orn- 
(lona  helne  given  bj  the  gofernoti  of  New 
v^.b   "Id  liaHsnfh — "' 


the  rait  tit  e  lee  Con  baa  been 
r.  Mr.  Andrew  Car- 
ilUnd,   Bocceedlog    ' 


ided  In  . 

'FreiTdent  Qt'oTer  CleeTland^ 


the  p1i.._ 
deceased. 

Id  October,  1910,  the  next  ballot  naa 
taken,  Ibe  number  caat  being  97  and  the 
number  reqnlred  tor  a  choloe  belns  Dl.  The 
following  peraons  had  the  requlalte  nnmber 
of  TDtea  :  Harriet  Ileerber  fitowe.  74  ;  Oliver 
Wendell  Holmes,  eo ;  Kdgar  Allen  Poe.  89,- 
Roger  Williams,  64;  Jamea  Fenlmore  Coop- 
er, 62 ;  PhllllDB  BrookfeO:  WlUUin  Cnllen 
Brjant.  59 ;  Trances  B.  Wlllard.  56 ;  An- 
drew JarksoD,  K\:  George  Bancroft,  GS; 
JobD  Lothrop  Uotlej,  61.  There  wen  211 
nomlneea. 
XUmbnig  (sea  alao  Oermsny); 

InteruAtioiiBl  Agricultural  ExhiblUon 
to   b«   held   in,   referred   to,   834B, 


who  had  bten  an  officer  tn  tbe  United 
States  NSTf.  The  aloop  of  war  EumhertanS, 
24  gnuB  and  STS  men,  stood  athwart  her 
conrw)  and  oprni-d  Ore.  Tbe  projectiles  of 
tbe  Omnburlaiul  from  tbirteen  0  and  10-bich 
struck    tbe    oncoming    r  ~  "  ~    "~" 


lE  Of  Iron  rammed  b 


Bidet,  tbe  maaalTe  h — 

prow  Into  the  Oitmberlanif  Just  forward  of 
the  main  cbalni  and  iDslantl;  opened  Are 
from  everr  gun  that  coold  be  brougbt  to 
bear.  The  CumAerlaml  aank  In  D4  feet  of 
water,  her  flag  fljilng.  and  guns  Orins  as  Bbe 
went  down,  taking  with  her  over  loO  dead, 
sick,  and  woanded  of  the  crew.  The  Merri- 
laao  (Vtrtrltila)  then  turned  her  alteaclan 
to  the  Congrew.  One  shot  hilled  IT  men  at 
one  of  the  lalCer's  guns.  TVbrn  the  flag  of 
•Drrender  was  run  np  only  21S  surrlTed  of 
a  crew  of  434  men.  At  7  o'clock  la  the 
eventng  the  Iron-clad  retired  behind  Sewells 
Point.  Next  moralOK  (BandsT,  March  B) 
■be  approached  tbe  Ifln aetata,  wblch  bad 
grounded  on  a  bar.  Before  getting  neat 
enongb  to  administer  a  shot  a  etrange-look- 
ing  vessel,  called  the  Monitor',  commanded 
by  Llent.  John  I,.  Worden,  stood  aerosa  her 
path.  The  VnTimoo  proceeded  and  sent  a 
shell  toward  tbe  Vlnnetota.  The  anewer 
was  2  shots  from  the  ll-lncfa  gnas  In  the 
rerolTlng  "cheeee-tmz,"  which  the  tnrret  of 
tbe  MoiMOT  resembled.  Tbe  etCeet  of  these 
waa  to  attract  the  ondlTjded  attention  of 
tbe  Uerrimao.  Rising  only  10  feet  out  of 
the  water,  the  ifoaHor  was  not  a  tempting 
mark,  and  the  shot  that  did  strike  glanced 
off  harmlessly.  For  the  moat  part  tbe  shot 
flew  over  the  low  deck.  Five  times  the 
Uerrtmae  tried  to  mo  down  the  Vanllor, 
and  at  eacb  attempt  received  the  Dre  of 
her  ll-lncb  guns  at  close  qoarters.  After 
hsTlng  been  twice  agronnd  and  receiving  2 


Hinister     of,     reuived    fn     TTnitBd 
Btatea,  S49. 

Treaty  with,  988,  SSI,  2680. 

Vewels  of — 
Applleation   for  rights  reomrding, 

681. 
DiBcriminatinK  dnties  on,  Bospend- 
ed,  607, 
Hamlnirg,  B.  0,,  alanghter  of  American 

eitizeuB  In,  referred  to,  4329. 
Rampton   Komul   Agrlcnltnral   Instl- 

tote.       Indiana  to  be   educated  at, 

445S. 
Hampton  Beads  (Ta.),  Battle  of.— One 
of  the  most  celebrated  tnarltlme  eonSlcta 
known  to  history.  Aside  from  ttas  dramatic 
Interest  that  snrronnds  the  battle  of  Hamp- 
ton Roads,  It  Is  Important  from  tbe  fact 
that  It  marks  the  trannlllon  from  (he  old 
to  tbe  new  style  of  naval  warfare,  tbe  pass- 
ing of  the  ancient  wooden  trlnts  and  tbe 
advent  of  tbe  modero  navy.  When  the  navy- 
yard  at  Norfolk  was  seised  by  the  Confed- 
erates Id  April,  1841.  tbey  found  tbe  stesn 
frigate  jrerrlnoa  <40  guns)  sctlttled  and 
■nnk.  She  was  atterwsrds  raised  and  her 
deck  covered  with  a  Blaming  roof  made  of 
3    layers   ot   Iroi^  /acb    l"i  .Inches   ttl*; 


withdrew  from  the  conflict  tiadly  dla- 


Utrrimae,  The;  UoiMor,  The.) 
Hampton  Boada,  Ta.: 

Conference  at,  diseossed  and  eorre- 
epondenee  regarding  restoration  of 
peace,  3461. 
Mimitor-MerTimaa  naval  engagement 

in,  3313. 
Tereentonarr  of  settlement  at  James- 
town,   to  be   celebrated    at,    8913, 
68S2,  7006. 
HTh«ff<"g  BoA  (8.  O.),  Battle  of.— On 

the  evening  of  Aog.  6,  17S0,  Col.  Samler, 
with  a  force  of  IGO  men,  attacked  the  Brit- 
ish poet  at  Hanging  Rock,  a  large  bowlder 
Jutting  oat  from  tha  blgh  bank  ot  the 
Catawba  River,  la  Bontb  Carolina,  11  miles 
from  Rocky  Uonnt.  A  body  of  North  Caro- 
lina refugees  under  Col.  Bryan  fled  upon 
the  atiproach  ot  Bumier.  but  the  Prmce 
of  Wales  Regiment  defended  the  post  for 
4  boars  and  was  almost  aDnlhllated,  tbe 
— ■"  -  '—  --m-egatlng  2B9.  The  Ame"' 
llled  and  41  woanded. 


irliila.      About   I ~, , 

came  down  tbe  Rlliabetb  Blver  ander  c 
niBDd   of   Commodore   Franklla    Buchanan, 


Exennatnr  laaned  eonsnl  of,  revoked, 

8709. 
Fugitive  criminals,  convention  with, 

for  anrrender  of,  SS34. 
State  dues,  treaty  with,  for  abolition 
of,  3260,  3265. 

Beferred  to,  332B. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


-Continued, 
Treaty    with,    transmitted    mud    dia- 
eussed,    ISll,    2303,   247t>     2834, 
3280,  3265. 

Heferred  to,  1821,  3328. 

VesBsis  of,  discriminatiag  duties  on, 
saspeaded  by  proclunation,  970. 
Hanover  Oonrt-Hoi»a  (Ta.),  Battle  of, 
— Mar  S4,  1862,  while  UcClellBn'a  armr 
was  advanclDK  up  the  peniBaala  taward 
RlchmoDd,  Geo.  Fltz-JatiD  Porter  was  seat 
wllb  I'^.WKI  men  la  UuiOTer  Courl-Hoiue. 
IT  miles  uorLb  of  RIcbmoDd.  to  rnCRt  and 
faclUtale  the  adraace  of  UcDoweLl'a  forps, 
which  was  to  loin  McClellan  bj  waj  ot 
Fredericksburg  Here.  May  2T.  Porter  met 
and  defeated  the  Confederates  under  Gen. 
Brancb.  Tbe  Federal  loss  waa  3ST.  that 
of  the  Confederates  between  1100  and  300 
killed  and  T30  lakeo  prisoners.  McDowell 
wat  recalled  and  Porter  returned  to  bis 
tormer  camp  at  Gaines  Uill. 
Hana,  The,  appropriation  to  owners  for 

detention     of,    recommended,     6298, 

6336,  6157. 
Hanseatic  BepnbllcB,  Treaties  witlL — 

These  comprise  Bcemea,  Hamburg,  and 
LQbeek,  and  were  Incorporated  Into  the 
Korlh  German  Union  on  July  1,  180T.  The 
treaty  ot  lB'i7  on  friendship,  commerce,  and 
'  —  ■'-- "--   ---  equality  ot  dnlles. 


Bupon  Fart.  Tftv  iuntrteetion  ai,  dia- 

cnsaed,  3084. 
StxiUtmtE  Omi'Teotloo.— Tbe  hl^i-tarur 
woolen  bill  ot  182T  paaaed  tba  Honae  of 
BepreaentatlTea,  but  waa  rejected  In  tbe 
Senate  b;  tbe  eaatlnE  Tote  of  the  Vlce- 
Ptes.denc.  Tbe  protectionists  thereupon 
calle*]  a  conTention  to  meet  at  Harrlsburg, 
Pa.,  the  foilowloE  year.  Thla  body  wai 
made  up  mainly  or  delegatei  from  tbe  Kew 
England  and  Middle  States.  It  preaeuted 
.!.„  ij...  ~»  — >~„>igQ  (o  t]]g  people  and 
a  Increased  duty  upon 


Import  and  e 


condlili 


arlslni 


towns  possess,  and  the  three  towns  are  con- 
sidered BD  enllrv  In  thi>  clesrance  of  ahlOB. 

have   ^if 

and  aCalr. ->-. 

(See  also  Germany.  Treaties  with.) 
Harbor  Island,  referred  to,  6701. 
Harbors,    (See  Bivers  and  Harbors.) 
Harlem  Heights  (N.  T.),  Battle  of.— 

After  Washington  had  auccessfuily  with- 
drawn the  American  troops  from  Lone 
Island  he  proceeded  to  strengthen  and 
forllfy  his  Hues  at  KIuke  Bridge,  on  Harlem 
UelKbts.  Sent,  15,  ITTe.  the  BrItUb  sblpa 
In  Che  I^ast  River  landed  a  small  force  at 
Klpa  Bay,  and  on  the  IGtti  Gen.  Howe  sent 
a  regiment  and  two  battalions  of  Infantry 
to  dislodge  the  Americans.  The  British  were 
driven  back  wlih  a  loss  of  nearly  200  In 
killed  and  wounded, 

Harlem  Blver,  H.  Y.,  navigation  of,  re- 

Eort  of  coast  snTvey  on  the  posst- 
ility  and  expense  of  rendering  navi- 
gable for  commercial  purposes,  3120. 
Hupers  Ferry  (Va.),  Captnre  of. — 
After  Stonewall  Jackson  was  detached  from 
Lee's  army  In  Maryland  he  recroased  the 
Potomac  at  Wllllamsport  Sept.  12,  1882. 
and  proceeded   down   tbe  Virginia   side     * 


tbe 


)    Harpers    Ferry. 


.    13   t 


uilioli^Bld 

federates  sustained  n 


wounded,  sut 

,  13,000  smal 

.,  aad  large  quantities  o 


this 


entlOD   and   t 


law  of  1828.   which   Ha  e 
'The  bin  of  abominations." 
Harrison,  Benjunlu.— 18S9-1B9S. 
Twenty-sixth    Ad  ml  nisCratlon— Repnbl  lean. 

F Ice-President — Levi  F.  UortOB. 
Eeeretari/  of  Uiatf— 

James  G.  Blaine. 

John   W.    Foster, 
Beereiaru  oj  t\e  Treosunf— 

William   WIndom. 

Charles  Foster. 

Red  del  d  Proctor, 

Stephen  B.  Elklna. 
Altoraeu-  Otntnsl — 

wmiom  H.  H.  Ulller. 
Poslmoiter-Oenerol — 

Jobn  Wanamaker. 
Beorttary  at  the  t/avn — 

Benlamin  F.  Tracy, 
Btaretari/  at  lAe  /itlertor— 

Jobn   W,  Koble. 
jSeoretarv   of  Aariculture — 

Jeremiah  M.  Rusk. 
KomlnaKon. — Harrison  waa  elected  by 
tbe  Republican  party  at  the  election  of 
IS88.  The  convention  met  at  Chlcaeo  on 
the  ISth  of  June.  For  some  time  the 
work  of  tbe  convention  was  delayed  await- 
ing word  from  Blaine,  wbo  was  In  En- 
rupe,  as  to  bis  possible  candidacy.  On  the 
withdrawal  of  bis  name,  tbe  leading  candi- 
dates were  Sherman,  Gaesham,  Alger,  and 
Harrison.  Sherman  led  for  tbe  Irst  sli 
ballots  bat  on  the  seventh  the  nomination 
went  to   Harrison. 

Plal/orm.— The  platform  of  1888  paid 
tributes  to  the  memories  of  the  great 
leaders  of  the  party  of  the  past :  reaf- 
firmed support  of  tbe  Constitution :  com- 
mitted tbe  party  uncompromisingly  to  tbe 
iioUcy  of  prolecllon  ;  opposed  foreign  cheap 
abor    and    Cblnese    Immigration;    opposed 

-— —    „ ;nt   by    the    

ries :  condemned  Mormonlam  :  supported  b 
metnlllsm :  favored  postage  reduction:  en- 
dorsed free  schools :  urged  the  rehabilita- 
tion of  tbe  merchant-marine:  favored  In- 
of    tbe    navy  : 


, Loudon    Helghta.     „     

but  little  onposltlon,  I>n  tbe  nlgbt  of  the 
14Ib  Col.  Davis  with  2,000  cavafry  crossed 
the  river  between  tbe  Confederate  forces 
and  escaped.  Jackson  opened  Are  on  tbe 
garrUon  on  the  evening  of  Ibe  14ih  and  con- 


Oppo»(llon. — The     Democratic     party    In 


d  Labor  party  put  forward  Bobert 

'uiV^'ote 

1,   gavs     _..    . 

440,708;      attestor,      146,SI 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


EtKyclope^  Index 


IStardMoa,  JUnJimilii — fliwHMnna. 

CUntoa  B.   Flak   <  ProhlbltlonW),   14e,S7«. 

The   aleetonil   vote,   coooted   on    Feb.    18, 

1889,  nve  HaiTiMm  2S8  and  Clerelaad  1C3. 

"»~^     igUUaUm. — BcnJanllD     Harrison's 


I     ClTlI 


.   wdii   compoBed   of  S 


L889,  ni 
Pmiii     _,.         .        _.,..__. 

Etlcal  career  bcfui  wlcn  the  binh  of  tbe 
nbUcaa  partr.  In  lueo  he  becsnie  con- 
noas  In  indfana  by  a  tborough  cuDTasB 
ol  th«  State  when  a  candidate  for  the 
olBce  o(  reporter  of  the  SupremB  ConrC 
B7  OTeralgbt  of  the  respectlTe  mmpnlgn 
committees  he  and  Governor  Hendricks 
were  cast  to  Bpeak  at  RoctTlUe  on  the 
■ame  dar.  and  07  agreement  divided  the 
time  between  them.  Harrison  acqaltted 
talmtelt  In  debate  In  an  amailnglv  credit- 
able way.  From  that  time,  Harrison  wbb 
active  fn  every  campaign  In  the  ~' 
except  for  the  Interrupt  Ion  by  '■'- 
War  career.      For  bis  support  In 

BLlxn  of  1880,  President  GarSela  onereo 
arrlsoQ  a  CabLoet  position.  In  the  Ben. 
■te  he  was  a  stronjr  partisan  against  the 
■dmlnlst ration  of  Cleveland.  Hia  accept- 
ability to  IT  hat  were  regarded  as  donbtinl 
States  decided  his  nomlDstioii  for  Presi- 
dent  In  loao  ^ 

PotfHca     _. 
Flfty-flrst    Con„.,„. 

ate,    of  84   member.. 

Democreis   and   4T    Republics ... 

Hoaae.  of  ESQ  members,  was  made  up  c. 
ISe  Democrnts.  ITS  Renubllcans,  and  1  In- 
dependent. In  the  Fifty-second  Conneaa 
(iSei-lSaS)  the  aenate.  of  88  members, 
was  composed  of  39  Democrats,  47  Repnb- 
Ucana,  and  2  Alliance ;  and  the  House,  of 
332  members,  was  made  up  of  235  Demo- 
crats, 88  Republicans,  and  9  Alliance. 

Publie  De&t.— The  public  debt  of  the 
United  States  during  the  administration 
of  President  Harrison  stood  aa  follows : 
July  1,  1889,  197^,939.709.32:  1890,  fSOO,- 
TSiT.STO.SS :  1891,  1861,912,751.78 ;  1892, 
t841.S26.4e3.S0. 

In  bis  Second  Annual  Message  (page 
BS49)  President  Harrison  attributes  the 
great  reduction  of  the  public  debt  to  "the 
efforts  of  the  Secretary  to  Increase  the 
value  of  money  In  circulation  bv  keeping 
down  the  Treasury  surplus  to  the  lowest 
possible  limit.  That  this  substantial  and 
needed  aid  given  to  commerce  resulted  In 
an  enormous  reducilon  of  the  public  debt 
snd  of  the  annual  Interest  charge  Is  a  mat- 
ter of  Increased  satisfaction.  There  has 
tieen  purchased  and  redeemed  since  March 
4,  IB89,  4  and  ii  per  cent,  bonds  to  the 
amount  of  1211,832.450  at  a  cost  of  (24fl,- 
620.741,  resulting  In  the  redtictlon  of  the 
annual  Interest  charge  of  118.(167.609  and 
■  total  saving  of  Interest  of  $51,576,706." 

fortlgit  Pollef. — In  his  Third  Annual 
Message  (page  CSIT)  the  President  makes 
snggeitlons  regarding  the  rights  of  aliens 
domiciled  In  the  United  States  as  a  deduc- 
tion from  the  lynching  In  Hew  Orleans  of 
several  Italian  subjects.  In  the  alfalr  with 
the  government  of  Chile  the  President  was 
earnest  and  Insistent  In  his  demands,  which 
after  a  display  of  great  patience,  became 
peremptory  and  were  satisfactorily  com- 
piled   with.      The   c *  — -    •— '--   "-- 

adjustment  was  tht 
by   the    Illness   of 


;,;c 


the  conntry  with  the  fiict  that  the  book 
of  ellglbiM  In  the  bands  of  the  Commls- 
alan  fi  now  open  for  inspection  and  no 
kmsw    weret.      "Thla    secrccj    wa«    th« 


at  favoritism  ii 
law." 

farlff.— President  Harrison  was  an  on^ 
and-ont  protectionist.  In  his  First  An- 
nua] Message  (pnge  5473)  he  said  :  "I  rec- 
ommend a  revision  of  our  tariff  law  both 
In  Us  admlnlBtrallve  fentnies  and  In  the 
schedules.  ,  .  .  The  Inequalities  In  the 
law  bbould  be  adjusted,  but  the  protec- 
tive principle  should  be  malntalaed  and 
fairly  applfed  to  the  producis  of  our  farms 
aa  well  ai  of  our  shops.  .  .  .  The  free 
list  can  very  safely  be  extended  by  placing 
thereon  articles  thnt  do  not  olTer  Injurt- 
ons  competition  to  such  domestic  prtKfucf 


provlsloD  a 


t  frand 


e  devised,  the 

:   upon   spirits   used    In 


fee  an  unobjectionable  method  of  redoclng 
the  stirplns.''  In  speaking  ot  the  McKln- 
ley  tariff  act  of  I8BO.  In  his  Second  An- 
nnal  Message  (page  5S5BI  the  president 
said  while  tbe  act  had  been  In  force  at  the 
time  ol  speaking  only  alily  days,  "it  Is 
curious  to  note  that   advance    In  prices  of 

artloles  wholly  unnffected  by  the  '■ ' 

was  by  mo-- 

■•No  bill  >  .._ 
In  all  of  Its 
the  full   appr 


Message   (page  66! 
■■I  thlr"  -^ ■ 


the 


±t^, 


■pllon."     In  his  Third  Annul 


)    the    Preslden 
'a  ted    s 


said: 


sand  Amerlcai 


Industries,  which  will   wltbln   ..  ..      

-" —  employment  to   several  hundred  thon- 
American  working  men  and   women." 

Fourth  Annual  Mesange  (page  5744) 

the  Prealdent  anid;  -I  believe  the  protec- 
tive system,  whicb  has  now  for  something 

vailed  In  our  legiBlatlon,  has  been  a  mlglity 
instrumeat  for  the  development  of  our  ns' 
tlonal  wealth  and  a  moet  powerful  agency 
In  protecting  the  homes  of  our  workln^- 
meu  from  tne  Invasion  of  want.  I  have 
felt  a  moat  solicitous  Interest  to  preserve 
to  our  working  people  rates  "'  woitpb  thnt 
would  not  only  give  dally  b 

ply  a  comfortable '-   • 

attractionB    and    fi _. 

Joytnents  without  which  life  Is  1  .  ._. 
comfortable  nor  sweet."     He  expressed  re- 

Ket  that  the  results  of  the  recent  dee- 
ms iadlcnte  a  change  of  tariff  policy 
and  the  accompanying  disntptlon  of  trade 
conditlona  which  nncertainty  In  tariff  leg- 
islation Invariably  brings. 
Harrlaon,  Benjamin; 

Anaaal  mesaAseB  of,  5467,  5542,  5615, 

5741. 
Arbitrator  in   botindary   dispute   be- 
tween Argentine  Tiepnblic  and  Bra- 
zil.    (See  Clevsland,  Orover,  arbi- 
trator.) 
Biographical  sketcli  of,  5438. 
Sland- Allison  Act  discusBed  hj,  5475. 
Civil     Service     discnssed     by,     5487, 
5555,   6642,  5766.      (See   also   Civil 
ppTvice.) 
Centennial    celebration    of   Washings- 
ton's  inauguration,  5371. 
Commercial  and   iDdustrial  Interests 
of    United    States    ducussed    by, 
5741. 
Constitutional  amendment  regarding 
selection    of   Presidential   electors 
raeommendcd  by,  5644. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Finances    diacnsBed  bv,    S472,   5548, 

5628,  5753. 
FoieiKn  poliej   diBcnased   by,    5445, 

5618,  5750,  5783. 
In&Dgural  addreu  of,  6440. 
luteroce&nio  c&Dal  conBtruction  begun 

by  an  Amereian  company,  5470. 
Uember    of    MiuiBaippi    Rivet    Im- 
provement CommiaBion,  lesignation 
of,  referred  to,  458B. 
PortTait   of,   5438. 

PoweTH  of  Federal  and  State  Gov- 
ernmeuta,  diBcnssed  by,  5489,  6562, 
5761 
ProelamationB  of — 
Admiasion  of — 
Montana,  5459. 
North  DakoU,  6455. 
South  Dakota,  5457. 
Washington,  5460. 
Agreement  with  Great  Britain  for 
modva  vltmdt  in  relation  to  Ber- 
ing 8ea  fisheries,  5581. 
Anniverxary  of  discoTeiy  of  Amer- 
ica, S7S4. 
Centennial  celebration  of  tnaagnra- 

tion   of  Washington,   5453. 
Collisions  at  eea,  5537. 
ContraetB  for  grazing  on  ChcTokee 
Outlet  declared   void,  5532, 
Time  for  removing  stock  extend- 
ed, 5S34. 
Copyriglit  privilege  to — 
Belgium,  France,  Great  Britain, 

and  Switzerland,  5582. 
Germany,  5713. 
Italy,  5736. 
Division  of  portion  of  Sioux  Beser- 

vation,  6529. 
Duties  on  vessels  from  Tobago  bus- 

pended,  65S8. 
Duties  upon  imports  from — 
Colombia,  5700. 
Haiti,  5702. 
Veuezuela,  6703. 
Extraordinary    Beasion    of    Senate, 

5817. 
Indian  titles  to  lands  in  Nebraska 

eztiuguiBhed,  5535. 
InsnrrectioB  in  Idaho,  6723. 

Opened  to  settlement,  5450,  6579, 

6591,  5707,  5710,  57S7. 
Set  apart  as  public  reservation, 
6577,    5590,    5595,   5686,    5695, 
6705,    5719,   5722,    5786,  5792, 
6795,    6797,    5804,   5810,    5811, 
5814,  SS15. 
Pardons  to  polygamists,  6S03. 
Prevent  extermination  of  seals  in 
Bering    Bea,    5449,    5533,    5578, 
5581,  5697. 
Tariff  laws  of — 
Aaatria-Hungary,  5718. 
Braul,  6676. 


British  West  Indies,  66S8. 

Cuba  and  Puerto  Bico,  5583. 

Dominican  Bepnblie,  5588. 

Germany,  6693. 

Guatemala,  5716. 

Honduras,   5714. 

Nicaragua,  5698. 
Thanksgiving,     5454,     5536,     5597, 

5736. 
Tolls  upon  Canadian  Tessels,  57S5. 

B evoked,  5812. 
UnlKwfnl  combinations  in — 

Idaho,  5723. 

Wyoming^  5725. 
World  'b      Columbian     Exposition, 

5575. 
Samoan  Islands,  treaty  with^  Germany 

eoneeming,  5469. 
Sherman  Act  discussed  b^,  6548,  5628. 
State    of    the    Union    discuBsed    by, 

5467,  5642,  6741. 
Tariff  discussed  by,  5473,  555S,  5626, 

6744. 
Thanksgiving  proclamationa  of,  5454, 

5536,  5597,  6736. 
Veto  metsagea  of — 
Authorizing   Ogden,   Utah,  to  as- 
sume    increased     indebtedness, 

6518. 
Authorizing  Oklahoma   Cit^  to  is- 
sue bonds   to   provide   nght  of 

way  for  railroad,  5571. 
Bookmaking     and     poolselliog    in 
District  of  Columbia,  6528. 

Beferred  to,  6551. 
Changing    boundaries    of    Uncom- 

pahgre  Beservation,  6522. 
Declaring  retirement  of  C.  B.  Sti- 
vers nom  Army  legal,  6526. 
Establishing   cireuit  courts   of  ap- 
peals and  regulating  jurisdiction 

of  United  States  courts,  5679. 
EstablishioK    Becord    and    Pension 

OflBce  of  War  Department,  5573. 
Extending   time    to    purchasers   of 

Indian  lands  in  Nebraska,  5525. 
Issuance  of  railroad  bonds  by  Mar- 
icopa County,  Ariz.,  5523. 
Nomber   of  district  attorneys  and 

marshals  in  Alabama,  5785. 
Public   building  at — 

Bar  Harbor,  He.,  5571. 

Dallas,  Te.-.,  651B. 

Hudson,   N.   Y.,  6621. 

Tuscaloosa,   Ala.,   5521. 
Belief  of— 

Administratrix    of   estate    of   Q. 
W.  Lawrence,  5574. 

Charles  P.  Choteau,  552S,  6115. 

Portland  (Me.)   Compa.y,  5527. 
Submitting  claim  of   William  Me- 

Oarrahan    to    Court    of   Private 

Land   Claims,   5680. 
Suits  against  United  States,  6682. 
Washington 's    Inauguration,    eelebra- 
tion  of  centennial  of,  5371. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


BairlMD,    WUIlftm    Henry.— ICudi    4, 
IHl-Apm  4,  1841. 
FoDrteentb  AdmlDlatrQClDn — Wbtg. 
Vice-PTttident—loim  Tjlec. 
Secretary  o/  Slate — 
Daniel  We  Lister. 
Bteretaty    of    tfu    Trtattirv — 

TbomsB  Ewing. 
Seerttarv  of  War — 


Poitmatler-Oeneral — 

A I  i  omtD-  Qcneral — 

John  J.  Crittenden. 

HomlaaUoH.—'WHllam  Henr;  Harrison 
was  elected  by  Ibe  Whig  party  In  tbe  elec- 
tion ot  IS40.  He  wni  noailnated  at  tbe 
National  Whig  CaQTeQIloD  tbat  met  at  Bar- 
rlaburg,  Pa.,  Dec.  4-7,  1839.  to  consider 
tbe  claims  of  aeveral  rlT«lg  tor  tbe  noml- 
nallon,  especially  Harrison.  Clay,  and  Scott. 
No  plBtrorm  was  adopted  by  tbe  WhlgB. 

Oppotition. — Ttie   Democrats "-   — 

ttOD,    bu 
didnte. 

Platform, — For  the  first  time  In  eleclloa 
history,  a  national  part?  platform  was 
adopted.  It  sot  forth  strict  constrnctlon. 
opi>osed  federal  assamptloa  ol  Btale  debts ; 
opposed  Federal  fostering  of  one  Industry 
to  the  exclusion  or  neglect  of  another :  and 
national  banks ;  strongly  asserted  State 
rights;    separatloQ    of    ' 


I    Vice-President  Ifl]    can- 


Srom'  baSk^l 


the 


of    JeB 


lb  the  Declaration  at  Independence.  Tba 
Liberty  party  met  In  conveDtlon  at  War- 
•aw,  N.  Y.,  and,  later,  at  Albaoy,  N.  Y., 
on  April  I.  1840,  and  nominated  James  Q. 
Blmey  on  a  pUtlorm  ot  abollllon  of 
siaTery.  The  party  thus  formed  was  the 
beginning  of  the  moderb  Repnbllcan  party. 
The  campaign  of  1840  was  one  of  tbe 
most  remarlcnble  In  the  political  history  ot 
tbe  United  States.  It  woa  tbe  flrsi  In 
vhich  all  of  the  people  manifested  Intense 
Interest  and  excitement.  The  attempts  to 
belittle  Harrison  on  account  of  his  humble 
origin  were  taken  up  as  catch-nords,  and 
the  "Hard  Cider  and  Loi-Cabin"  cam- 
became  the   "polltlcaT  hnrrlcane  of 


Popular  Fote. — The  popalar  Tote  cast  at 
tbe  election  of  Not.  S  by  twenty-six  States 
Mood:  Harrison,  1.2T6,01T:  Van  Bareo, 
1,128,702;  and  BIrney,  7,0S9.  Tbe  elec- 
toral »ote,  counted  Feb.  JO,  )84J,  gave 
Harrison  234  votes,  and  Van  Bnren,  60. 

Party  AflWaiion. — The  great  serTlces  that 
made  Earrlson  so  poptilar  were  mllltarr 
rather  than  political.  Bis  flrst  nomina- 
tion for  tbe  Presidency  was  In  1885  by  a 
Whig  convention.  Tbe  second  nomlDatlon, 
Id  1839,  was  by  a  conTcotlon  composed  of 
Whigs,  National  Repnbllcana,  and  Antl- 
Haions.  His  fallnre  of  election  In  1835 
was  largely  due  to  the  (act  that  tbe  oppo- 
nents of  Van  Bnren  and  jackaon  did  not 
concentrate  upon  Harrison  as  they  did  in 
1840.    President  Harrison  was  not  a  stronf 

fartr  man.  Id  his  loangnral  Address 
page  1847)  he  deprecates  party  Influence, 
'"If  pactlea  In  a  repabllc  are  necessary  to 
secure  a  degree  of  vigilance  snfflclenl  to 
keep  tbe  public  fnncllonarlea  within  the 
bonnda  of  law  and  doty,  at  that  point 
their  DsetulnesB  ebds."  And  again:  "To 
me  It  seems  perfectly  clear  that  the  Inter- 
est of  the  conntry  requires  tbat  the  vio- 
lence of  the  spirit  by  which  these  [iBrtles 
■re  at  this  time  goremed  mnst  be  greatlr 
■tttritM,  If  DM  ndtalr  ntlnfoiiiMik  or 


consequences  will 


Twenty- seven  lb'  ConKress  TlSi,  ,„,„,    .„,; 
° — --     of   02   members,    was   made   dd    of 
""     Whlga,    and    2     fnde- 


22     Den 


242    I 


was  composed  of  1^3  Democ 
Whlga,  a  Independents,  and  I  vacancy. 
In  _the  Twenty-eighth  Congress  (1843- 
1845)  the  Senate,  of  52  members,  was  made 
DP  Of  23  Democrats  and  29  Wblga :  and 
the  Houae,  of  223  members,  was  com- 
posed  of   1+2   Democrats  and   81    Whlga. 

Foreign    Paltry. —In    his     Inaugural     Ad- 
dress   (page   1874)   tbe   President   o"'""" 
his  policy  In   these  worda :   "Long  t 
fonder  of  my  count_ry;s  rights  ir   -■-■ 


e  In  n 


:    that 


fello- 


s  Held. 


will    1 


tlth  foreign  powers  any  Indication 
>hclr  rights  will  ever  be  aacrlHced  or  tne 
honor  of  the  nadon  tarnished  by  any  omis- 
sion on  the  pnrt  of  their  Chief  Magistrate 
nnworthy  of  their  former  glory." 

Hanbon,  WlUlam  Henrr: 
Biographical  sketch  of,  185S. 
Death  ot— 

Announcements  of,  1S77. 

Certificate  of,  1885. 

Day  of  fasting  and  prayer  recom- 
mended in  consequencH  of,  1887. 

Honors  to  be  paid  memory  of,  1879. 

Report  of  physicianB   on,  1888. 

Besolution  of  CongreBs  on,  1908. 
Foreign  policy  discusBed  by,  1873. 
Governor   of  Indiana  Tarritory,   snc- 

cess  of  troops  under  eommaiid  of, 

481. 
Inangural  address  of,  1880. 
Uajor-general,    military    talents    of, 

commented  on,  520. 
Nominations    of,    nnacted    on,   witlt- 


Proclamation  of,   convening  extraor- 
dinary session  of  Congress,  1876. 
ProvisiDDB    for    family    of,    for    ex- 
pense*   incurred    in    removing    to 
Washington  recommended,  1893. 
Bemains   of,   removal  of,   to  North 
Bend,  Ohio,  for  interment,  1907. 
Correspondence   regarding,   1906. 
Baitford   GonTentioit.~Hartford,    Conn., 
has  been  tbe  scene  of  two  historic  conven- 
tions   with    almost    opposite    purposes.     In 
tbe  autumn  of  17S0  delegates  from  all  tbe 

tem  of 


of  the 
ted   of 


ment   In  drafting  r 
''manded  reforma  it 

■bts.     Having  beei ^, 

disrupt  the  union,  the  tonTentlon  denied 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Hertford  Oonroitlan— ConriDttcd. 

Union."  but  admiltpd  that  "II  &  dlMolntion 
■bould  bfi'omt  Dei^miirj  by  reason  of  tbe 
mulllplied  abiiim  ot  bud  nilmliilitratloD  It 
■bould.  If  poKilblF,  be  tbe  work  of  pt^irmitile 
tlmM  and  deliberate  ronaeot."  It  laid  diiwo 
the  senpral  prlnrlple  Ihnt  "It  la  sa  tniirb  tbe 
duty  of  (be  Btale  aufhorjtli*  to  < 


riithta 


a  uf  II 


'  Hal 


e  tbe  pawerB  tbat  are  delegated." 

doraed    by    [be    leglBlntiirpa   of    ronaerllrut 
— ' ■■ ■ id  pnaaed  tipon  by  Con- 


iBtorr.     Tbe 
irly    In    tbe 

.   .    nttrat.   betcan 

to  iraoe  after  tbe  holding  nf  this  coDveTtllon. 

BKtcDen   Bon    (Va.)>   Battle   of.— Oct. 

87,  18(14.  In  sn  atlcmpt  to  eelie  ibc  Soulb 
Side  Railroad  and  get  nearer  Rlrbmond.  the 
Srrond  Army  Torpn.  under  llnneoclt.  and  two 
dlTlaiona  of  [he  Fifth   Corpa   forced  B  pas- 


■    worm 


I    tbe    rlRbl.    I 


Kide   of   It    1 


..     tbe 


point  where  the  ran  la  rroaned  by 

ton  plank   road.      In    mipport   of  1 

meut  Ilii[ler  made  a  demnnatratloD  on  the 
Dorth  aide  of  the  Jamea  Hlver  and  alla<-ked 
the  Con fr^l" rales  on  bnlh  Ihe  Wllllamnbiirg 
and  York  IHver  rallroada.  Tbe  ronfedermleB 
moved    arroaa    [lafbem    Run    and    made    a 


Run.      Tbe 


rd  o(  (be  p-edera 


and  about  1.000  on  Ihe  Confederate  aide. 
HKtteiu  Ezpedltloii.--Auit.  SB.  ISQI. 
an  eipedlCloD  BKnlDat  ForlB  Halleraa  and 
Clark  »aa  FienC  out  from  Fortreaa  Uonroe 
under  Commodnre  iltrliiibam  and  (len.  But- 
ler. The  ubtbI  forrf  eonitlated  of  tbe  MIn- 
veRdcla  and  trknaports 
boat  900  men.     Fo-* 

,, no    the    27tb    wKbo 

a  oppoMllon.     On  tbe  morolng  ot  i: 

0  n'rloek.  tl 

_     ._.      _ riTpled    Ihe       .  ... 

trilb  bla  land  forrea.  Cant.  ItarroD  and 
815  prlnonerB  were  sent  north  on  (he  flng. 
ahin  Uinne'ola.  Twenly-flve  pleeea  of  ar- 
tfllery.  I.OOO  ■landa  of  arms,  and  a  large 

8uanllty  of  ordnanee  store",  provlaiona,  etc., 
''II  Into  tbe  handH  of  tbe  rlctors. 
Hatters'  Oaae.    (See  Loewe  v.  Lavlor.) 
Havana,  Onba  (see  alpo  Cubs) : 
DeatmetioQ  of  the  Maine  in  IiwrboT 
of,  8277,  6290,  6305. 
Findinga  of  court  of  inqalry  dii- 

tmsMd,  6277,  6290. 

Number  of  lives  lost  in,  6206. 

PropoflltioQ  of  Spain  to  inveatigate 

caoBBa  of,  referred  to,  6200. 

Hawaii.— A    dependent    territory    of    the 

Cnlted    Btaies    conslitlng    of   a    group    of 

tweNe    lalnndi    (fonr   of    nhlcb   are   nntn- 

hablled)  lylUR  near  the  middle  of  the  Pnelflc 

OeeiiE.    helween    18"    04'__  a^nrt   22'    2'^  norib 

Ipnylturte.  Krom  Honohaii,  espltal  of  Onbii, 
ffl  Ban  FranelBcf.  the  distance  la  2.100  mllpa ; 
Ut  TWnflnma,  9,4*1  mHM ;  to  Bmg  Btfng, 


4,8113  mile*.    Tbe  group  w 

Cook,    Ibeir    dlarnverer.    I . 

Id  honor  nf  the  Karl  of  Sandwieb 
of  the  Brhlah  nduilmlly  at  [be  [li 

„ ..._■   .... ..  .^    i^iij    term  "la"  now 

The    elebt    principal 
"     il,    Oahii,     Kauiil, 


.._•  named  by  Capt 
.  Sandwleh  lalanda, 
-n.t  tort 

of  (heir 


offldally    rec 

labiDdB    are    ijimun,    m„.„,    .. 

Lnnnl,      Knhnl:iit[.      Molokal, 

They   are   uiniiuliilnouH  nnil   yolennlo.      Tbe 

total  area  ot  Ihe  group  Is  (1.440  anuare  miles, 

of  which  4,IKHI  la  Ihe  iKlamLof  Hawaii. 

/ftffory.— During  tbe  grenler  pnrt  o(  the 
ninelerulb  eenliiry  the  Inlnnda  formed  an 
[nileiiendent  kingdom.  Jan.  IT.  1Ri>:i.  (jueen 
Lllluokiilnnl  wna  deposed  and  a  provisional 

Kvemment  was  formed,  wllb  SHnforU  B. 
lie  at  Ihe  bead:  auJ  anneinllon  to  tbe 
Unlled  etalea  asked.  A  treaty  of  annpia- 
tlon  wna  eoncludeit  with  President  Harrlaon. 
..„.  „_.___  ..  .        lUttt^  by  tbe  Renale 


I'reslrlen 


CleT 


I    withdrew    It    i 
"I  apef-lsl  eomtniiwioner   lo   inre 

affulrs  nf  the   Isliinda.      The   i 
3t  (be  Queen    wna  nllonip(ed,   I 


f^rndon 

foiled,  1       _ 

an  HmnrxiT.     On  July  4,    imi4.  a  Republle 

wna  proelnlined  wllb  Mr.  Dole  as  Ka  pml- 

dent.       During    l-resldeut    MeKlnley'a    Brat 


Dslon  to 
,  je  losses 
:■   Federal 


yenr.  The  Islnnds  were  o 
Tllory  of  IMwnll  In  June, 
of  April  SO  nf  Ihe  same  - 
tbe  ITnKed  aisles  wna  t 
liens  of  tbe  former  R( 
(errllorla!  fmnrblse  has 


1  by  set 
lablp  ot 


'puUIl 


lie  of    Hawaii; 


a  aennle  of  Dflee 

■■  of  (hirly  n 

«).     Tbe  gov 
,-,..  .nted  for  fou.  ^ 
r  the   ITnKed   Rtntea.       _.,.     „. 
'presenled  In  tbe  United  Rtate* 
ItepreaentallTea    by    a    delegate 

ITnlled    8ta(ea    eensua   of   tbe 
1  taken  In  IIWO  wKb  tbe  follow- 
ing remit;     Hawaii  Island.   40,84.1;  Ksoal 
-     ••—         ■  Innd.    172:    ManI 


lalni 


10.5Ba : 


Island,  25.410:  Uoloknl  Island  and  1  __ 
Island,  2,n04:  Oabu  Islnnd,  nx.SCM.  Total 
of  Ihe  Territory,  154.001.  The  popautlon 
of  the  oily  of  Honolulu  wss  3n,30B.  Tha 
populntlon  of  FInwnll  arenrdlng  to  (be  1D10 
eensuH,  made  by  the  United  Slatea  (7eniDi 
Bureau,   was    11)1. IHK),    Honolulu   City  bar* 

— Theeiporti 


Tallied  n't  (41.i8n,lffrl."~Tbe  import! 
Hawaii  from  the  UnKed  RUtt*  for  (be  bhoie 
period  were  Tnluod  at  fil.077,2I.'l.  Tba 
Import*  from  foreign  eountrles  for  tbe  saoM 
period  were  |S.1 1)0,440,  eipor(a  1730.842. 

Sugar  and  riee  are  the  alnple  nroducta. 

■*  — "--    •-■''-   sisal,  bansDHa,  plneapplea 


but  eoiTee.  bidi 
and  wool  are  i, 
11)08  amounted 

iear  ended  June 
orelsn  eonntrlea 
and  the  eiporia  I 
"'"     The  ahlpm[ 


■mounted 

B&vwal 


eonntrlea,  |,TO7,- 
meHlle  merehin- 

..     „.a(ea    to    Hawaii 

fl  n,Rn.%ll2.-(,  and  (bone  from 
the  United  Rtatea  to  141,640,819. 
Ddm  ot  UMuRn  rna   t^gatuij 


:„Gooq^\c 


Etuyclopedk  Index 


Hawaiian 


b«twpps  Hawaii  and  the  United  aiatea, 
Canada.  AuBlrnlla,  the  I'hlUpiilui^a,  Ohlna, 
■Dd  Japan.  There  arp  aeveuipi'ii  Ktnimera 
pljiDg  between  iKland  porta.  There  nn*  IflO 
ID  Ilea  of  mllwHj  and  AtH)  mlli'ii  nf  Iclephoac 
IIdp.  The  dt;  of  HoDoliilii  hHB  electric 
llghtB  and  elet-lrlc  atreel  nillwnyH. 

The   Intal    populnllon   wnH   found   bj   tlie 
cenauB  of  1010  to  be  1Q1,009. 

Sftv&il&n  Isluids! 

American  poliej  \n,  6660,  67BB,  6921, 

7018,  7051,  7231. 
Annexation     of,     to    United    States, 
6332,    6399.      (See    also    Control 
over,  pMt.) 
Action    of    American   miniBter   re- 
garding,  discussed   hj  President 
Cleveland,  5S73,  G892. 
Discussed  by  President — 
Harriaon,  Benj.,  5783. 
McKinley,  6332. 
Dispatrlk  of  Ileiir;  A.  Pierce  re- 
garding, 4085. 
Information      regarding,      refused, 

2691,  26P5. 
Pearl     Farhor,     improvement     of, 

urged,  7232. 
Shipping  intereata  between  Paeilta 

nunnland  and,  dieeuesed,  7232. 
Treaty  for,  transmitted  by  Presi- 
dent Benj.  Harrison,  5783. 
Withdrawn  by  President  Oere- 

land.  5825. 
Discussed,  S873,  C892. 
Cable    eommuni cation    with,    recom- 
mended,  456S.   5086.   G368,   S761, 
6354,  6449,  6661,  6719. 
Surveys    for.    In    progreae,    5623, 
5663,  5679. 
CommiMion  to  report  npon  legislation 

concerning,  6333. 
Control  over — 

Most  not  pass  to  foreign  powera, 

2064,  2555,  2650,  3887,  5783. 
Not  BOQght  by  United  Statea,  2064. 
Costoms  rclationa  with  foreign  pow- 
era after  anneTation  to  the  United 
Statea  discussed,  6333. 
Dllferencee  of,  with  France  referred 

to,  2666. 
DisRnased  hy  President — 
Cleveland,  508S,  5873,   5SB2. 
Fillmore,  2656,  26!)1.  26B5. 
Harrison,  Bonj.,  6783. 
Johnson,  3887. 
MeKinley.  6399,  6463. 
Taylor,  255B. 
Tyler,  2064. 
Duties  wrongfully  levied,  6545. 
Efforts   of,  to  seek   roplcniflbment  of 

population  diftcnssed,  4630. 
FortiS cation  of,  proposed,  7398. 
Qovemmont  of — 
Change    in,    and     interference    of 
Ameri<^Bn  minister  in,  discussed, 
5873,  6892. 


Proposed  change  referred  to,  5181. 
Troops  landed  nndor  direction  of 
American      minister      In,      dis* 
enssed,  5873,  58S2. 
BecogniUon  of,  by  United  States, 
6958. 
Independence  of — 
'Desired    by    United    SUtes,    2064, 

2.'S.'S5,  26.'56,  3887. 
First  recognized  by  United  States, 
2656. 
Inatruetions  to  diplomatic  and  naval 
repreaentativrs  of  United  States  in, 
transmitted,   5004, 
Insurrection  in — 

Beport  on,  transmitted,  5998. 
Treatment    of    American    citixens 
and  action  of  United  States  Oov- 
ernment  discussed,  6065. 
Invitation  to,  to  attend  international 
conference  at  Washington,  exten- 
sion of  recommended,  5468. 
King  of — 

Coronation  of,  discussed,   4701. 

Death  of,  in  United  States,  S6Z3. 

Visit  of,  to  United  States,  4630. 

Ijease  of  station  to  Great  Britain  by, 

for  submarine  telegraph  cable,  rec- 

ommendation  regarding,  5991. 

Lighthouse  establishment  in,  0497. 

Minister  of,  to  United  States,  recall 

of.  discussed,  6065. 
Minister  of  United  States  to — 

Instructions    to,     and     correspond- 
ence    with,    referred     to,     5905, 
6S06,     5907,     5908,     6909,     5010, 
5911,  6000. 
Letter  of  Sanford  B.   Dole  to,  re- 
ferred to,  5908,  6007. 
Proviaional  Ooverntnent  recognized 
by,  discussed  by  President  Cleve- 
land, 6873,  5892. 
Mission  to,  elevatioii  of,  recommend- 
ed, 5468. 
Qncen  of — 

Bof erred  to,  5623. 
BestoratioD     of,     to    throne     dis- 
cussed, 6783. 
Surrender  of  sovereignty  by,  dis- 
fussed,  6903. 
Qneations   between   Japan  and,  set- 
tled, 6333. 
Bolations  with,  referred  to,  5784. 
Special  coimnisaioner  sent  to,  report 
of,   discussed   by   President   Cleve- 
land, 5873,  6892. 
Transfer  of,  to  United  States,  6264, 

6332. 
Treaty  with,  transmitted  and  dis- 
cussed, 2563,  2619,  2870,  2884, 
3399,  3664,  3721,  3801.  3996, 
4272,  428fl,  4296,  4358,  4842,  5783. 
Extension  of,  recommended,  6058. 
Proposition  regarding,  4805,  4824. 
Beferred  to,  6368. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Hawaiian 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


BMnlUn  Ztlanda — OonKnved. 

Modification  of,  4716,  4761. 

Proclaimed,  43 4 S. 

Becomme tided,   3SS2. 

Befcrred  to,  5121,  5782. 

Withdniwn,  5825. 
DiBcussed,  G873,  5S92. 
TeraelB  of,  diseriminkting  duties  on, 

■nBpended  b^  proclamation,  3713. 
Hay. — The  hnr  crop  of  tb«  Cnlted  Bt&tea 
!■  Important  and  profltable,  Its  aniiQal  valae 
anxmatlng  In  1916  to  more  than  900  mllltoD 
dollara.  Tlie  yield  ia  aomethlns  leaa  than 
two  tone  per  acre,  and  tbe  price  advanced 
Id  ten  years  from  tS  per  ton  to  flS  per  ton. 


Har-Eemn    Treaty,    lerma    of,    6902, 

6M3.  (See    Colombia,  Treaties  vnth, 

nndsr  Ship  Canal.) 

Har-Fansc«fota  Iren^,  terms  of,'6002. 

Invoked  in  oppoaition  to  control  of 

Panama  Canal,  8138. 
(Bee  Great  Britain,  Treaties  with,  un- 
der lathmian  Canal.) 
Haya^  Bntbnrford  B.— 1877-1881. 
Twentr-thlrd  Admlnlitration — Republican. 
Fic«-J>re*ident— WUllam  A,  Whealer. 
1  ot  State— 


e  In  391 


n  ad- 


Tear 


FmaVibH 


i.Eii,ooa 

6,?«a.D0O 
K.tHJXO 

IBilS.OOO 


tmsM 
B.m.m 


Wiman 


r  the  Trtaturv- 


vance  again  In  IBIQ. 

Ttae  eatlmsted  acreai«,  producUon,  and 
value  of  the  ha;  crap,  IBOS  to  1914.  and  In 
191S  br  itates  la  BhowQ  In  tbe  table  here- 
with :  (Source:  Beporta  of  the  Deportment 
of  Agriculture.) 


Secretory  of  War — 


RIchar 


sn  OolT  Jr. 
-_.,  of  f*e  interior 
Carl  Schnra. 
Pottmatttr-aenarat — 
DaTtd  HcK.  Kejr. 
Horace  Haruard. 
Attornev-O^nerat— 
Charlea  DeTena. 

ffoMlnatloK.— Harea    ■ _, 

the  Republican  National  CoDTentlon  at  Cln- 
clonatl,  June  14-16,  1ST6,  on  the  aevcath 
bailor    '   — •■ 


Reoubl 

.'afte7". 
i   Q.    BIbIi 


I    nominated    br 

iDTentlon  at  Cln- 

II,   loiD,  on  the  aevcnth 

oat  eicltlDg  con  teat  wltb 

epaMlcBD    plHtform_  i 


Platform — Tbe    R 
1878    pledged    the    u 

EaclflcBtloD  of  the  %uth  and  the  protec- 
.ou  of  Its  people  ;  demanded  specie  pay- 
ment ;  aousht  Improvemeat  <□  the  clTll 
aerrlce ;  reoommended  non-aeetarian 
■choola :  advocated  tariff  for  revenue  and 
equallied  protection;  oppoaed  grants  of 
pobtlc  landa  to  corporatfona  and  monop- 
oHea ;  adrocated  aaturallcatlon  treaties 
wJth  forelsn  powers;  oueatloned  the  moral 
and  material  effect  of  Chinese  Immigration: 
BTmpstblxed  wltb  equal  rights  for  women  i 
J   __. .   renewed   pledges   t 


feeling ;   and  severely   criticised  the   Demo- 
cratic party  and    Ita  admlolBtTntlona. 

OfipoiitloiU—Tbe      Democfallc      National 
CouTentlon  at  St.  Loots,  Jnne  27-29,  1876, 
-        ■laled    Samuel   J.   Tllden.      The  Greea- 
~  :    Indianapolis.    May    IT, 


back  Convention 

18T6,  D 

form   opposlog  specie 

bibltlon  Convention  a. ,    _ 

1878.   nominated    Qreen  Clay    Bmlth.      Tb« 
' ' —     party     nominated     James      " 


I   payment. 


.  May  1 


American 
Walker. 

Popular  Fofa.—Tbe  popalar  vote  of  thir- 
ty-seven States  on  the  election  on  Nov.  7. 
1876,  gave  Tllden  4.284,757  ;  Hnyea.  4,03S.- 
950;  Cooper.  B1,740:  and  Green  Clar 
Smith.  9.522.  Tbe  popular  vote  In  Flor- 
ida and  Louisiana  was  In  dlnpnle  between 
the  two  parties ;  and  Congreaa  naased  bd 
act  creating  an  Electoral  Commlaslon  as 
—  -'  '^- -   -         -■■e  the  dlsput 


Btand    185  for   Hayes  and   184 

Party    Alimattim.—lB    hta    et 

" -• voted  wllh  the  ' 


'.fi'.?.  P."»«S- 


TaMint tamfioa 


tnsMhm    ciDoati: 


ind  Scott  tn  18."i2.  From  Inng-cherlHhed 
intl-elavery  feellnga.  he  Joined  the  Ee- 
,111  hi  lean  party  on  Its  OTEanlanllon  and 
supported  Fremont  la  18SS,  and  Lincoln 
In  ISeo.  General  Hnyes  was  la  tbe  field 
iTben  be  waa  nominated  for  Congivaa  In 
1884  by  a  Bepubhcao  convention  at  Clm- 
"■ — "      ""-  -   friend  wbo  nmestea  that 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Hayes 


Haras,  Bntlierfoid  B. — 1877-18S1— Con. 


•Dted  agnlQBt 

Pres"u"nt  "ioh'QS™Q  I'^adTocatea  Civil  Serv- 
ice reform.  In  his  career  as  tbree  times 
GoverDor   of   his    BtaCe.    he    iitroQ([ly   adro- 


a  alQcle  metsi  as  the  sole  legal  Btaudsrd 
or  vuHie  Id  clrcDlalluD.  and  this  a  Htundard 
or  less  value  thitn  It  purport*  to  be  worth 
1q  the  reooBolzed  mom-y  ol  the  world." 
He  urges  that  the  colaage  of  sllTcr  dol- 
Inrs  eoutalalDg  oal7  411ii  gralaa  or  silver 
l>e     slopped    aod    tbat     -" —     ■*-" —     ■-- 

.  _JHo    _ _.     .. 

tiDited  States  duriQg  the  aduilntstradoa 
o(  I'n-Bliient  Hajcti  Hlood  aa  rollowB :  Jul* 
1,  1877,  $2,011»,yT.'S,4.'il.a7:  1878.  |1.1>09,- 
383.280.45:  1870.  tl,0I>ii,4I4,»0S.03  :  1880, 
tl  l)li).3:.S.747.75. 


rency.  aud  pn  cm  cut  Ion  of  the  South. 


,  of  78   membcTB,   was  compoaed  of 

Democrats  39  UepubllcaDS.  aud  '  ' 
pendent,  and  the  House,  or  £03  uiemuei-B. 
was  mode  up  or  IKS  Democrats  and  137 
RepiililteuDH.  ]D  the  Forty-glith  Crinerciu 
(1679-1881)  the  Beuate,  or  76  memliera, 
was  comiwBcd  of  43  Democrats  end  33 
RepabllcaDs;  and  the  House,  of  203  mem- 
bers, was  made  up  of  ISO  Detuocrata.  1:^8 
Bepubllcnna,  14  KatloDUls,  and  1  vacaney. 
VicU  SerpJM.—ln  hU  letter  of  accepliincc, 
General  Bares  said  "tbat  public  officers 
should  owe  their  whole  serTlee  to  the 
GOTerameut  and  to  the  people,"  and  that 
"the  officer  should  lie  secure  In  his  tenure 
BO  Ions  as  his  personal  character  remained 
untarnlBhcd.  aud  the  perrormnnce  or  bis 
duties  satis  factory."  In  his  loaiiKural  Ad- 
dress (page  430R)  ho  asked  for  ■'a.  reform 
Ihnt  abiiir  be  tborouxti,  radical,  and  com- 
plete," Be  points  out  that  reform  was 
adTocaled    by    both   great    political    parties 

Rrlor  to  the  eloctloo.  a  deraonBlratlon  of 
g  DecesBlty.  In  hla  Plrst  Annual  Address 
(page  4418)  he  suys ;  "1  have  endeavored 
to  reduce  the  Dumber  of  ebannes  In  sub- 
ordlQate  places  usiiallr  made  upon  change 

most  beartlly  cooperate  with  CongreBs  In 
the  better  systemntlzlnz  or  such  methods 
and  mtes  of  admlBslon  to  the  public  serv- 
ice sad  of  protDOtlOD  within  It  as  may 
promise  to  be  moat  sueceRsrul  In  making 
thoroneh  competencf,  efflclercr,  and  char- 
acter the  decisive  tests  In  these  mntterR," 
The  recommendations  or  tlie  President 
were  not  acted  upon  by  Congreaa  and  no 
appropriation  was  made  for  the  Civil 
Service  Commission.  Repnbllcan  senators 
and  congresamen  were  dlssatlsfled  with  the 
efforts  of  the  President  in  tbls  direction 
and  great  opnnaltion 


nde-       change  for  t 


Ffimticea.— The     r  resident 
-    sllvp- 


inly    in    : 


the 


strongly    urge    npnn    Congress    the 

Treasury  to  suspend  the  coinage  of  silver 
dollars  upon  the  present  legal  ratio.  Ths 
market  value  of  the  silver  dollar  being 
nniformiT  and  largely  leiia  than  the 
value  of  the  gold  dollar.  It  is 
Impracticable  to  maintain  them  at 

limit"  In  bis  Fonrlh  Annual  Message 
(nnge  45l»)  the  Preqldcnt  snid ;  "It  Is 
ohvIonR  (hat  Ibe  leglsladnn  of  the  last 
CongmiB  In  regard  to  silver,  so  far  as 
It  was  hased  on  an  anticipated  rise  in  the 
value  or  sliver  as  a  result  of  tbnt  li-Rlsla- 
tfon.  has  failed  to  prodree  the  effect  then 
predicted.  The  longer  the  law  remains  In 
force,  requiring  as  It  does  the  coinage  of 
a  Dnmlnal  dollar  which  In  realltv  Is  not  a 
dollar,  the  greater  becomes  the  danger 
that  thla  country  will  be  forced  to  accept 
13 


iment  li 


was  the  sold  dol- 
.  .  .iiibllc  creators  to 
take  In  repayment  any  doUnr  or  less  com- 
mercial value  would  be  regarded  bv  them 
as  a  repudiation  or  the  full  obligation 
asaiimed.  It  la  far  better  to  pay  these 
bonds  In  that  cola  Ihnn  to  seem  to  take 
advantage  of  the  iinroreaeen  rail  In  stiver 
.....^  gf  gl,^ 


hnlUon  t> 
tbiia 


ande  s 


erit,"  he'siild,    ■ 


enlnj 


>r  the 


It  V 


)uhllc 


bonded  debt   I 

Earea,  Bntlierford.  B.: 

Annual  mesBagcs  of,  4410,  4444,  4509, 
4553. 

Arbitrator  in  bonndary  question  be- 
tween Arfrentina  Hepnbljc  and  Par- 
aguay, 4449. 

Biojfraphical   sketch   of,  439L 

Eland-Allison  Act— 

Discussed  by,  4511,  4588. 
Vetoed  by,  4438. 

Civil  service  discnsscd  by,  4396,  4417, 
4501,  4502,  4507,  4513,  4555.  (See 
also  Civil  Service.) 

Constitutional  amendment  regarding 
election  of  President  recommeuded 
by,  4397. 

(Taban  insurrection  and  policy  of 
United  States  regarding,  discussed 
by,  4438,  4448. 

Death  of,  announced  and  honors  to  be 
paid  memory  of,  5818. 

Election  of,  discussed  by,  4398. 

Finances  discussed  by,  43^7,  4413, 
4422,  4450,  4509,  4523,  4506. 

Foreign  policy  diBcassed  by,  4418, 
4420. 

Inaugural  address  of,  4394. 

Portrait  of,  4391. 

Powers  of  Federal  and  State  Govern- 
ments discussed  by,  4445,  4466, 
4475,  4484,  4488,  4493,  4497,  4512, 
4543,  4544,  4553. 

Proclamations    of-~ 
Diseriminating  duties  on  vessels  of 

China  suspended,  455S, 
Extraordinary   session   of — 
Congress,  4399,  4472. 
Senate,  4591. 


ovGoo»:^Ic 


Bl^8 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


H«7«B,  RntlLsrf ord  ^.—Contimtrd. 

TbankBgiviDg,    4409,    4442,    4500, 

4551. 
tJuantboriied  occnpuicj  of  Indisti 

Territory,   4499,  4550, 
Unlawful  combinatioiiB  In-~ 
Uaryland,   4400. 
Nev  Mexico,  4441. 
Penn  sylvan  ia,  4401. 
West  Virginift,  4309. 
BMODBtmction    of    Boutben    States 

diicnaaed  by,  4364,  4410,  4446. 
Special    Mseiou    mewagea    of,    4404, 

4472. 
State  of  the  Union  dUcnswd  by,  4410, 

4444,  4509,  4553. 
Tariff  discussed  by,  4422,  4511. 
Thankigiving  proclamations  of,  UOO, 

4442,  4500,  45S1. 
Veto  messages  of — 
Approfiriation  s — 
Tor  judicial  expenses,  4493. 
For    legislative,    executive,    and 

judicial  expenses,  4488. 
For  support  of  Army,  etc.,  4475. 
To  pay  fees   of  marshals,  etc., 

4497. 
To  supply  deflciencies,  etc.,  4643. 
Coinage  of  standard  silver  dollars, 

4433. 
Military  interference  at  elections, 

44S4. 
Mississtppi   courts,   4440. 
Refunding  national  debt,  4589. 
Begulations    of    pay   and    appoint- 
ments of  deputy  marshals,  4544. 
Belief  of  Joseph  B.  Collins,  449fl. 
Bestrieting     Chinese    imm  igrati  on, 
4460. 
SftTnarket  Slot. — A  riot  which  took  place 
at    HRTmsrket    Sqnsie,    Chtngo,    Har    4, 
1886,  iDTolTlng  the  police  sad  a  nntnlwr  of 
•nirchlsta.     An  open->[r  mretlns.  In  which 
Tcrtsln  labor  troobleH  were  under  dlirunlon. 
WIS  In  prosreis     The  police  attempted  to 
bretk  np  the   meetlns  ttecanse   of   the  In- 
flimmitory    ntte ranees    of    some    of    the 
■peskeri.     Id    the    fight    whlrb    ensaed    a 
bomb   was   thrown   and  7   pollremen   were 
killed  and  SO  wounded.     Albert  R.  Paraons, 
Anaust  SdIh.  Adolph  Fischer.  George  BukbI, 
Ulrbael      Scbwab,      Lonis     Ungft.     Samaet 
Fleldm  and  Oscar  W.  Neebe,  promlpent  — 


■nd    Rchwab 


ilDg  snlddp  in  priaon. 

and  Neebp  for  IB  T''»*r»^'"Thejr 

were  pardoned  by  Governor  Aitgeld  Id  1893. 

Hayti      (See   Haiti.) 

HaTtlen  BepnbUc,  Tito,  seizure  and  de- 
livery of,  referred  to,  5390. 

Esoltli,  Board  ot.  (See  National  Board 
of   Health.) 

Hsaltb,  Public  (See  Quarantine  Bagn- 
latlons.) 

Hnlth  Berrioe.— Tha  united  state*  Pub- 


lic Health  Service  is  a  barean  of  the  Treas- 
urr  DeparlmeDt.  The  bead  ol  the  bDieau  Is 
Bnpert  Blue,  a  commissioned  medical  offlcer, 
with  the  title  ot  SurgeoD-Oeneral.  Tlie 
work  ol  the  Service  la  admin iatered,  under 
dlractlon  or  the  SurgeoD-Qeoeral,  l>7  aeves 
iHireaD  dlvlslona — Personliel  and  AccoDBts. 
Scientific  Beiearch,  Forelri  aod  Insular 
Qunrantiae,  Domestic  Quarantine.  Sanltar; 
Keporta  and  Statistics,  Marine  Bospltsla  and 
Belief  and  Uiacella  neons. 

Appoiatmenta  In  the  corps  a~"  — ''  '' 
"■-  — --   --  Aaalatant  Surceon 

iBtloo.     Qaalincat: 

gradnatton  (ram  a  reputable 

medical  college,  one  rear's  boapital  experi- 
ence or  two  rears'  professional  work  after 
graduation,  and  testimonials  from  re^Mmsl- 
hle  persons  as  to  professional  and  moial 
character.  Applicants  for  examination  most 
he  between   the  ages  ol  23  and  82  rears. 

The  I-ubllc  Healtb  Service  maintains 
twentr-two  marine  hospitals  and  12S  otber 
relief  stations  througboat  the  count  rj. 
Fifty-one  qaarantlne  atatlona  In  the  Onlted 
Statea  and  twenty-five  statlona  In  Its  In- 
aulsr  poBBenlona  are  alao  operated,  and 
elghtr-one  statlona  for  the  medical  iuspec- 
tloD  of  Immlgranta  Blghteen  olBeera  Ira 
atatloned  at  Amerlcao  conaulatea  abroad 
to  aaalst  In  the  administration  ot  quaran- 
tine snd  tbe  inspection  ot  immlgranta. 

At  tlie  Hrglenlc  Laboratorr.  located  In 
tbe  dtr  of  Washington,  researcb  work  to 
connection  witb  Invest lg«t Ions  of  disease, 
sanitation  and  water  pollution  is  carried  on, 
sad  testa  are  made  of  the  purity  aud  w^ 
tencj  of  viruaes,  serums  and  loiiDS.  with 
tbe  snperflslon  of  the  manufacture  and  sale 
of  wblch  the  Public  Healtb  Service  la 
charged  bj  law. 

Tbe  Public  Health  Service  co-operates 
with  state  and  local  boards  of  Health  In 
the  eradication  of  epidemic  dlseaaes,  snch  aa 
plague,  cholera,  rellow  fever,  (ypbua  fever, 
amallpoz  and  leproar.  Deialla  of  ofllcers 
are  also  made,  on  requeat  from  state  and 
municipal  healtb  authorities,  to  assist  In 
the  suppression  of  typhoid  fever.  Infantile 
nsralTslB.  cerebro-aolnal  neolniltis.  snil 
otber  diseases,  Tbe  Public  Health  Service 
has  aupervlalon  of  measures  for  the  pr^ 
ventfon  of  the  spread  of  Infections  and 
contagious  diseases  In  Interstate  traflic ;  tbs 
administration  of  matters  In  relation  to  the 
Interstate  Quarantine  Begulatloos  regarding 
'stion  of  tbe  use  of  the  common 
ID  drinking  rnp  on  vehicles 
log  In  Interstate  traffic  and 
tbe  certiflca'tion  orwater  and  Ice  furnished 

K  common  carriers  for  pasaengeis  In  Inter- 
Ite  traBlc.  Among  the  signal  achieve- 
ments of  tbe  ServlreHn  recent  rears  in  the 
field  of  public  bealth  work  bavo  been  tbe 
eradication  of  bubonic  plague  In  Csllfomla 
and  Porto  Blco.  ard  the  sopprcaalon  of 
yellow  fever  in  the  South.  ,  ,  ^  .,  , 
In  addition  to  the  commissioned  medical 
corps,  the  services  of  241  Acting  Assistant 
Burgeons  (pbTalclsns  apnolnted  locally  and 
not  subject  to  cbange  ot  station)  were  r*- 
oulred  to  conduct  the  operations  of  tbs 
Service  during  tbe  Dacal  year  ending  June 
SO,  181S.  During  this  year  00,604  patients 
were  treated— 1 4|b9T  In  hoapitala  and  SS.- 
607  at  dlMprnaarlpa.  '*  ——"•" 
tloua   7.821  V '-    — 

.^iS       dlslnic  ,r»,.         ...- B .-i        — i 

uuuiber  of  1.674,871  were  Inspected  and 
38.GBS  cerllHed  for  rejection  on  account  Of 
pbyslcsi  and  mental  deferta     At  the  Immi- 

Ssnt  boapltals  at  Ellis  Island.  W.  T.,  com- 
cted  by  Service  ofllcers  under  the  aopep- 
vision  of  Commlialoner  of  Immigration, 
lO.ieS  patients  were  admitted  to  treatment . 


tba  prevei 
towel  and 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Bickey  Plot 


Traiiflf«rriii2   De&dmui'i    Iiland-  ta, 
TVn. 

«t  TkrloDi  time*  b«tw«en  18SB  »nd  1640, 
bj  tha  Aatl-Benten  of  Albany,  Beouelaer, 
Colombia,  Oreene,  Delaware,  Schoharie,  &nd 
Oueso  coantlei,  N.  Y.,  and  the  effort!  of 
the  State  (OTernment  to  anpprew  them, 
hmimt  tracta  of  land  In  tbese  conntiei  had 
been  ET*nted  br  the  OoTernmeut  of  Holland 
to  tba  earl;  Dntch  icttlera  or  patnwna.  The 
patroona  lablat  the  land  In  perpetaltr  to 
tenant!  who  acraed  to  par  the  rant  In 
prodDce.  On  the  death  of  Stephen  Tan 
Benaaelaer  In  1830  hla  tenants,  who  had 
lont  been  dlnatlafled,  tefnaed  to  par  bl> 
mecenoc  the  rent.  Hen  dlarilsed^  ae  In- 
diana tenoTlaed  tha  ration.     A  abertE 


mLiie,  m  ±09*  uiere  waa  ajialn  armed 
oppoaltloo  to  the  payment  of  rent.  Id  ISta 
•n  oBIeer  named  Steele  waa  abot  while  trj- 
Ins  to  collect  cent  in  Delaware  Conob. 
Oorernor  Wright  proclaimed  the  coimtf  In 
a  atate  of  InanrrectioD.  Two  peraona  were 
eouTlcted  and  aentenced  to  death  tor  thia 
mnrder,  bat  tber  wece  afterward  pardoned. 
The  coort  of  appeals  In  18iS3  rendered  a 
dedalon  wblcta  Id  the  main  anatalned  the 
tenant*  aod  pmetlollj  ended  the  moiement 
If ■1—1^  (AA.),  Amnlt  OIL — To  HtreoKtb- 
«n  the  arm;  before  Vlckabntg,  Qrant  bad 
withdrawn  tfoopa  from  all  the  nelsbboTlni 
poati.  Helena,  Aik.,  waa  left  In  charge  of 
Moo  men  nnder  Oeh.  B.  M.  Prentlsa.  June 
3S  the  Confederate  Ocnerala  T.  H.  Holmea 
and  StarllnK  Price  left  Little  Rock  with 
about  8,000  men  to  surprise  and  capture 
the  place.  Jnl;  4,  JSeS.  the  day  Vlckaburg 
•orrendared,  tbej  made  an  aaaauit  on  one  at 
the  batterlea  with  8,000  men.  They  were 
repnlaed  with   -   ' —     "  '  ■■" 


aji." 


Imenta  then  attacked  a 


I.  anf  778  mtnlns— In  all.  l.SSO. 


. D  Hlndman 

were  defeated.     A   third  assaolt 

B  by  Harmadnke.  with  l.TSO  men, 

npoD  a  fort  on  the  Qorlb  side  of  the  place, 
bat   waa    Ukewlae    repnlaed    with   -    '—   -' 

oot-'-^  -■  "- ■-—     ■'■--  " 

loaa 

087 . „    

The  Federal  loaa  did  not  exceed  250  In  all. 
Hnop,  Bvnlan,  import  duties  on,  ta- 

ferred  to,  3990. 
Hmrkk,  Tba,  indemnifleatiou  for  lost 

of  cUimed,  S44,  3SS,  834. 
Hnrr  Oroiby,  TIm,  flred  upon  at  Aziw, 

Santo  Domingo,  6095. 

r  Jamei  B.  CralB, 

_.    ._    .<r  of  Britlah  North  America.  In 

January,  1809,  aeat  an  adventorer,  John 
Henry  by  name,  Into  the  New  England 
Btatea  to  report  the  feeling  of  that  section 
of  tha  country  on  tha  qoestlon  of  teeeaaloU 
from  the  Union,  and  possibly  to  Increase 
the  discontent  already  caased  among  these 
people  of  commercial  Interests  by  the  Sm- 
bargo  Act  and  the  Non-Intercourse  aystem 
of  the  goremmcnt.  Falling  of  the  reward 
he  sought  from  the  British  mlnlttir.  Henry 
■old  to  PrealdoDt  Uadlson  for  $GO,M>0  his 
correspondence  with  the  English  officials. 
and  uieae  papers  became  known  as  the 
Henry  documenta  Ifadlson  submitted  the 
letters  to  Congieaa  and  claimed  that  they 
proved  a  design  on  the  part  of  Enicland  to 
annex  the  New  England  Statea.  The  erl- 
deoee  ot  the  doenmenta  waa  not  coneloslTe. 


Hsplrani  -n.  OtlKWOld.— One  of  the  Bn- 
pteme  Court  eaaea  IniolTlng  the  conatltQ- 
ttonallty  of  tbe  lasue  of  United  Slates  legsl- 
tender  notes.  June  20.  ISOO.  Ura,  Hep- 
bam  proposed  to  pay  Ur.  Orlswold  111, SCO 
on  Feb.  ^0,  1862.  At  the  time  Kold  and 
sliver  only  were  legal  tender.  Feb.  2S,  1862, 
tbe  United  SUtes  Issued  IISO.OOO.OOO  ot 
Its  own  notes,  to  be  receUed  aa  lawful 
mone;  In  payment  of  all  debts,  public  and 
prlraie,  wltbln  the  United  SUtes.  This  was 
flie  days  after  the  note  became  due.     llrs. 


e  tbi 


irongbt,  tendered  these  notes  In  pay- 
ana  they  were  refused.  Thr  — '~ 
"-  -  '"idered  and  paid  Into  c 


LonlsTllle,    Ky.      The    LouISTllle     __ 

chancery  declared  the  debt  absolTed.  The 
Kentnchy  court  of  error*  and  appeals  re- 
Tersed  the  chancellor's  Judgment  and  the 
United  Statea  Saprene  Court  at  the  De- 
cember term.  1SS7.  afflrmed  the  Judgment  of 
the  court  of  errors  and  appeals.  This  mllng 
was  afterwards  reversed,  (See  Jnllllard  v«. 
Gn^enman.)  Chief  Justice  Chase.  In  deliv- 
ering the  opiolon  of  the  court.  Bald :  "We 
can  not  doubt  that  a  law  not  made  In  pur- 


I   of  a 


which  n 


sarlly  and  lu  Its  direct  operation  impairs 
the  obligation  of  contracts,  la  Inconststpnt 
with  the  BDint  of  the  Constitution."  "We 
are  obliged  to  conclode,"  he  conHnued, 
"that  an  act  making  mere  promises  to  pay 
dollars  In  legal  tender  In  payment  ot  debts 
previously  contracted  •  •  •  Is  Incon- 
sistent with  the  spirit  of  the  Coostltutlon, 
and  that  it  is  prohibited  by  the  Coustltn- 
tlon."  Justices  Miller,  Swayue,  and  Davla 
dissented. 

Hermitage,  Tbe,— The  name  given  by  An- 
drew Jackson  to  his  home,  situated  about 
10  miles  from  Nashville.  Tenn.,  near  the 
Cnmberland  River.  At  this  place  PregldeDt 
Jackson  died  and  Is  burled.  The  premlsea 
and  a  portion  ot  bis  farm  have  become  the 

Eroperty  ot  the  State  of  Tennessee  and 
svB  been  converted  Into  a  atate  home  for 
ageiL   Indigent  or   disabled  ez-Confederate 

Eermltege,    Tb^    tendered    to   United 
SUtes,  2eS4. 
Appropriation   for  keeping  in   repair 
aakad,  74S4. 
HermoBft,  Tho,  alavee  taken  from  wreck 

of,  and  liberated,  referred  to,  2064. 
Hen,  The,  seimre  of,  and  claims  aria- 
ing  ODt  of,  4114,  &196,  S547,  £673, 
GS73,  S962. 
Award  in  caae,  4070. 
HeaM,  coDTention  wHb,  8109,  2210. 


Contention  with,  2297. 

Treaty  of,  with  France,  185. 
BeMO,  Electorate  of,  exeqaatnr  iuned 

eoniula  of,  revoked,  3709. 
HlaU  ft  Co.,  relief  of,  draft  of  bill  for, 

transmitted,  S119. 
Hlcke7  Plot.— A  conspiracy  headed  by 
Thomas  Bickey,  one  ot  Washington's  Ufa 
Onerda.  to  assassinate  the  general  at  New 
York  In  17TQ.  The  plot  was  discovered. 
Hickey  was  hsnged  In  Jane,  IT  TO,  and 
David  Hatthewa.  mayor  of  New  York,  waa 
Imprisoned  for  his  connection  with  the  af- 
fair :  Oovemor  Tryon  was  also  loipeeted 
ot   Gompllclty, 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Hi^  License       Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 

High  lilconso.— A  term  jenerally  nsed  to 
■pedf;  a  hish  lai  on  tbe  retail  aellers  ot 
iDtoitcatlng  llquon.  The  objects  ol  hlgli 
license  are  to  Increan  the  price  ol  Dquor 
to  some  extent,  so  as  to  llmll  iCa  conaump- 
tlon  aod  place  Its  mle  on  a  more  respec- 
table bass,  and  lo  collect  lar|!e  sums  ot 
mone;  for  public  purposes.  Several  itatea 
have  paasea  bitcb-llcense  lawn,  and  some 
communKiea  hare  In  addition  placed  local 
r«alrlctiODS  on  the  traffic  In  lnCoiloanta. 
HlKbei  L»W,— William  H.  Seward,  while 
making  aa  antl-slaverj  apeech  Id  the  United 
States  Senate  March  11,  1850,  In  reterrlng 
to  tbe  moral  law.  declared :  "There  la  a 
higher  law  than  the  Constitution." 
HlfblAudBi,  Tha,  Tratch  to  be  presented 

lo   commacder   of,  by   British  privy 

eonncil  for  Bervices  rendered,  3400. 


ADd  Alaaka),  except  i 

chuaetts.     (In  Maine  a  bank  hollda;  onlr 
legally.) 


VlrBlnla,  Alabama,  Mlaalsalppl  and  Arkwi- 
Hardl-Graa. — In  tbe   parish   of  OrleuiK 

Feb.  12th,  Georgia  Day.—In  Qeorgla. 

Feb.   12th,    Lincoln's  Birthday.— In   Cali- 
fornia,    Colorado,     ConDectlcut,     Delaware, 


New  York;  North  Dakota.  Oregon,  Pennayi- 
vanla.  South  Dakota.  Utah,  WaahlDgton, 
West  Virginia  and   Wyoming. 

Feb.  22d,  Washington's  Birthdar.—Iii  all 
the  states.  Dlilrtct  of  Colambta.  Porto  Rico 


Hlgbw&TB.  (Bee  Traneeontinental  High- 
Bobkliks   HUl    (B.    0.),    Battlo    of.- 

April  ZB.  ITSl,  Lord  Rawdon,  with  about 
OSO  British,  made  a  sudden  attack  on  the 
Americans  under  GrecDe  at  liobklrks  lllll, 
two  miles  north  of  Camden,  8.  C.  The 
American  force  cDoslated  of  1.440  men. 
Greene  was  defeated,  but  botb  armies  with- 
drew from  the  fleld.  Tbe  Brlllah  lost  2Q8 
Id  killed,  wounded  and  mlaalog.  Tbe  total 
cmBoallles  on  the  American  slda  were  2T1. 

Hockaday  ft  Lagglt,  acf  for  relief  of, 

vetoed,  3201. 
Holidays,    IiBgaL — There    la    no    national 
holiday,  not  eren  the  Fourth  of  July.     Con- 
gress has  at  various  times  appointed  special 
holldajR.      In    the    scco    '  '    """ 


the  eilBlence  ot  certain  days 
for  commerclHl  purposea.  but,  n 
ceptlon  named,  therr — 


1  ho'lidiy  In  tbe  Dis- 
trict ol  Columbia  and  tbe  territories. 

Every  Satarday  after  12  o'clock  noon  Is  a 
leRBl  holiday  in  California  In  public  offices. 
Illinois  (in  citlei  of  20(1000  or  more  in- 
habitants). Maryland,  Mlcbl^on,  New  York, 


„    „_    --1    New     

La.,  and  CharieaCon,  S.  C;  in  Loulsian* 
tn  ail  citiea  exceeding  10  ooo  Inbabltanta; 
Id  Missouri  In  cities  of  lOD.OOO  or  more  In- 
habltantB :  In  Tennessee,  for  state  and 
roiinty  officers,  and  In  Colorado  during 
Juoe.  July  and  August;  in  Indiana,  Brst 
Saturday  In  June  to  laat  Baturdny  In  Octo- 
ber, Inclusive,  for  all  public  offlccs  in  cuun- 
tiea  having  a  county-seat  of  100.000  popula- 
tion or  more;  In  New  Hampshln'  iD  state 

There  are  no  statutory  holidays  In  Ulsals- 
Blppl,  but  by  common  consent  tbe  Fourth  of 
July.  ThaQkBglving  and  Christmas  are  ob- 
served.     In      New      Mexico,      Wsshington's 


March,  First  Wednesday  prior  to  Sprina 
election  at  which  Circuit  Judges  are  electeS 
and  In  counties  and  cities  where  ofliceB  are 
filled  at   Spring   election    In    Michigan. 

March  (Third  Tuesday).  PrlmBry  Etectlon 
Day,^(Every  Preaidenllal  year)  In  Nortli 
Dakota. 

March   Sd.   Annlreraary   of  Texan   lute- 
March   4th,   luBugnratlon  Day.^In   Dis- 
trict of  Columbia  In  years  when  a  Presi- 
dent   of   tbe  United   States  is   Inangnrated, 
March  22d,  Emancipation  Day, — ni  Porto 

April  (Flrat  Monday  in  lOltl  and  every 
four  years  thereafter).  Presidential  Pri- 
mary.— IQ  Michlgnn. 

Good  Friday— In  Alabama,  Connectlcnt. 
Delaware.  Florida,  Lou  is!  ana.  Mary  I  and. 
Minnesota.  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  Porto 

I.  Halifax  Independence  Reaola- 


r  Etty. — In  Maine  and 


llabama.  Florida,   Georgia  and  Mlaala- 

May  10th,   Confederate  Memorial    Day. — 
In   North  Carolina  and   South   Carolina. 
May  {Second  Friday),  Confederate  Day. — 

May  2ntb,  Anniversary  of  the  Blgnlns  ot 
the   Mecklenburg   DeclaratiOD  of    Independ- 


Blrthday 


rstioii  Day.  Labor  Day.  Flag 


—In  Nortb  Carolina 


Rico  a 


aska)  e 


cept  Arkanaaa,  Florida, 


_...   ,    .  e  holiday! 

when  go  dealgnated  by  the  Governor.  In 
South  Csrolina,  Tharsday  of  Fair  Week  la 
a  le^cal  holiday. 

Arbor  Day  (i/.  B.)  Is  B  legal  holiday  In 
many  stateB.  although  In  aome  It  is  observed 
as  designated  by  tbe  Governor. 

Jnn.  ]Bt,  New  Year's  Day. — In  all  states 
(including  District  of  Columbia,  Porto  Rico 


„._.  _.oulBlana,  Miaslsalppi,  North  Car 

Una.  South  Carolina  and  Texas. 

June  3d.  JeSeraon  Davis's  Birthday. — In 
Florida,  Georgia,  Alabama.  MleslsslppU 
Texas,  Arkansas  and  South  Carolina.  In 
I.ouialana,  known  aa  "Confederate  Memorial 
Day."     In    Virginia,    in    public    acboois. 

June  lltb,  Kamehameha  Day. — In  Ha- 
waii. 

15th.  Pioneer  Day.— In  Idaho. 


[Columbia,    rocto 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


tlon  Day.^In  Teias. 

Aiuuit.  Prlmiirr  Election  Day. — In  Ml«- 
■ourl.  In  Mlcttlgan  {last  Tuesday  In  Au- 
wunt  preceding  eiery  general  November  elac- 
tlon). 

Aug.  Irt,  Colora<lo  Day.— In  Colorado, 

Ang.  16th,  Bennington  Battle  Day- — 
In  Vermont. 

Sept  (Flrit  Jlonaay),  Labor  Day.— 
In  all  the  atatea  (and  Dlattlct  of  Columbia 
and  Alsakn).  In  Louisiana,  obaerved  In 
Orleana  Pariah.  _ 

Bent..  Primary  Election  Day.- In  Wlacon- 
■Id,  Flrrt  Tues^y.     In  Oregon,  even  yeara. 

Bept.  (Third  Saturday),  Regatta  Day.- 
In  'firrltorj  of  Hawaii. 

Sept.  9th.  Admlulon  Day.— In  California. 

Bept.  12th,  "Old  Delendera*  Day."— In 
Baltimore,  Md. 

Sept.  (Second  Monday),  Bleetion  Day. — 
In  Arkanaaa.  Maine. 

Ort.  12th.  Colnmhoa  Day. — In 
Arkanna,  CalKomla,  Colorado.  Coi 
Delaware,  Idaho,  IlUnota,  Indiana,  .^^^~=, 
Kentncky.  Maine,  Maryland,  MasaachBaeCta, 
Michigan,  Missouri,  Montana,  Nebraaka, 
Nevada.  New  Hampshire,  New  Jersey,  New 
Mexico,  New  York,  Ohio,  Oklahoma,  Penn- 
■ylxanla,  HhodO  Island,  Vermont,  Wasblng- 


nuf,  8d,  Oeneral  Election  Day.— In  Ala- 
bama. Alaska,  ArliooB,  California,  Colorado, 
Delaware,  Florida,  Idaho,  Illlnola.  Indiana, 
Iowa,  Loolalana.  Maine.  Maryland,  Michi- 
gan. Ulnneaota,  Mlesourl,  Montann,  Neyada, 
New  Hampahlre.  New  Jer«y,  New  Meilco. 
New  York,  ""*'■  ' ""    •" 


Honduras 


Homo  Squadron,  proposed  extension  of 

duties  of,  referred  to,  2129. 
HameBtead-ExempUon  Laws.  —  LegiaiB- 
tloD  enacted  by  must  of  the  atacea  to  secure 
a  home  and  belter  for  a  family  or  Indi- 
vidual by  exempting,  under  certain  condi- 
tions, the  residence  occupied  by  the  family 
or  indlTldaal  tram  liability  to  be  sold  for 
the  debts  of  Its  owner  and  by  restricting  his 
right  of  free  allettatloa.  The  purpose  ol 
the  homeatead-eiemptlon  laws  are  to  protect 
the    family,    secure    to    It   a   home,    and    to 

froTlde  against  Its  members  being  deprived 
bereof  by  misfortune,  improvidence,  or  In- 
capacity of  the  bead  of  the  family.  Theae 
lawi  eilat  In  nearly  all  the  states,  varying 
in  their  terms  and  limitations.  In  15  state! 
homestead -exempt  I  on  la  pact  of  the  consCl- 

Homestead  Lair. — A  law  enacted  by  Cod- 

gcess  May  20,  1S62.  It  provided  that  any 
citizen  might,  upon  payment  of  the  nominal 
fee  of  IS  or  $10,  enter  upon  and  bold  any 
un appropriated  quarter  section  of  the  pub- 


homa.  Oregon,  Fe'nnsylvanla.  Rhode  Island 
(biennially  In  even  years).  South  Carolina, 
Sonth  Dakota,  TenQCSsee,  Texas,  Virginia, 
Waahlnrton,  West  Virginia,  Wisconsin  and 
Wyoming  In  the  years  when  elections  are 
held  therein.  In  ini4  in  statea  holding 
■nch  elections  the  date  is  November  3d. 

Nov.  26,  IflH.  ThaDkaglving  Day  (usu- 
ally  the   laat   Thuraday^  In   November). 

let  of   L. 

Dec.  2Mh,  Chrlstmaa  Day —In  «U  the 
Btate*  and  Dlatrlct  of  Columbia,  Porto  Rico 
and  Alaska. 

Holluid.     (See  Netherlands.) 
EoUaad  0«uiipan7,  treaty  of,  witli  Sen- 

aca  Indians,  33S, 
HoQand  Patent.— a  grant  of  land  made 
In  1686  by  Governor  Dongan,  of  New  York, 
to  6  Dutch  patentees.  The  land  was  al^- 
ated  In  what  Is  now  Orange  County,  N.  T., 
and  waa  to  be  held  In  free  and  common 
socage  of  King  James  II. 
HoUteln-ScUegwlc    War    referred    to, 

2548. 
Holston,  Trut7  of,  referred  to,  118. 
Homo  Department- A  name  given  for  a 
time  to  the  offlee  of  Foreign  AfTalra  (see 
Foreign  Affairs.  Bee.  of)  which  afterward 
developed  Into  the  State  Department.  The 
term  Home  Department  was  also  given  for 
a  tlBM  to  the  Interior  Department  (q,  v.). 


In  settling  the  lands  of  the  West. 
Homaatead  Lava  (see  also  Lands,  Pub- 
lic, opened  to  settlement) : 
Aet— 

Granting  Indians  privileges  of,  rec- 
ommended,  442S,    4528. 
In    relation    to    proof   required    in 

homestead  entries  vetoed,  4383. 
To  secure  homesteads  to  settlers  on 
public  domain  vetoed,  3139, 
Amendment    of,   recommended,   5107. 
Bill   to   allow   Indiao   homestead   en- 
tries referred  to,  4783. 
Conflrmation   of  entries  in  Uichigan 

referred   to,   4665. 
DiacuBsed,  3580,  3651,   5484. 
Working  of,  in  the  West,  6725. 
Hondnias, — Conijuros  Is  the  middle  state 
of    Central    America,    between    13°    liy-ia' 
N.  lat.  and  83'  10'-88°  40'  W.  long.,  bound- 
ed on  the  aontb  by  Salvador,  on  the  east 
by  Klcaragna,  and  on   the  west  by  Guate- 

Ph'vtical  Feature*  md  CHmole.— Close  to 

the  aouthern  bonndnry  an  eastern  srin  of 
the  Sierra  Madre  troveraea  the  republic  from 
vest  to  east  with  heights  of  10,000  feet. 
and  along  the  Atlantic  coast  the  Sierra  de 
Pila  rises  to  a  considerable  height.  The 
rest  of  Ihp  country  Is  Beuerally  mountain- 
\B,  with  Intervening  plnlna.  of  which  ths 
aina  of  Comi ■- 


pUl 


considerable.      The    largest    rivers    on 

the  Atlantic  aide  are  the  Ulua.  the  Chamol- 
econ  the  Roman,  the  Negro,  and  the  Aguan. 
Into  the  PaclBc  flow  the  Goascoran.  the 
Nacomc  and  the  Choluteca.  The  wet  season 
lasta  from  May  to  November  and  the  cli- 
mate of  the  lowlands  of  the  Atlantic  coast 
Is  oppressive,  but  the  elevated  plateaus 
of  the  Interior  are  aalubrlous  and  temper- 

HlttOTv. — Christopher  Columbns  landed  at 
Ca^  Honduras  In '^l 503.  and  In  1524  the 
cnuntrv  was  settled  by  the  Snanlards.  In 
1625  Fernando  Cortes  fonnded  the  city 
of  merto  Cortes,  and  from  163B  to  isil 
the  country  formed  part  of  the  Camalncy 
General  of  Oualemsla.  The  republic  was 
part  ol  the  Confederation  of  Central  Amer- 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presklents 


la  tnim  1821  to  1839,  but  slnn  that  data 
b»  bnn  IndrpendcDt.  PoUtlcmllT  the  coUD' 
try  1*  divided  Into  aeTenteCD  deparUnrats. 
" *     ■^'•e       Constlf-— ~       

""  ,'i»07.'  *Tbo 


Tbe  Pmldeat  la  aided  tj  all  BccKUrie* 
ot  Slate. 

CoDgresa  cooalsta  of  ode  bonae  of  42 
depDilea,   elected    (or   4   Jeaca    bjr  r-' ' 


—The  a 


and  Eilmooraphy.- 
..,-..-;    IB   glren    as    *i.R 

wltb  a  populallon  of  SB3.5i 

b;  the  last  ceoBiia.  Polltlrallr  the  country 
la  divided  iDio  HeTfnteea  departinents.  Tbe 
abotiglDal  IndiaiiB  Inclade  Xlci^iieB  and 
Pojaa  Id  tbe  eaatero  dlitrlcts  and  Carlba 
la  the  mBBlal  reglona  of  tbe  north  and 
la  the  Bay  Islaods.  where  Ihey  vere  tnuia- 
ported  from  tbe  Britlah  lalnnd  of  Bt.  Vin- 
cent at  tbp  end  of  tbe  eighteenth  centnrr. 
The  most  numeroiiii  elfineiit  la  the  Spantab- 
apeoklng  half-OBEte  or  meatlao,  while  In  tha 
Mosqultla  dlstrJet  are  the  mixed  Indlan- 
neiroeB.  known  aa  Samboa. 

ProdMcUo*  and  Indtatrg. — The  priDClpal 
■grlcullural  prodacta  are  baoanas,  eoco- 
DDts.  eoffee.  Indigo  and  tobacco,  while  cere- 
als, rubber,  BUgar  and  cocoa  are  also  growD. 
The  forest  products  loclnde  mahozany  and 
other  cabinet  woods,  and  d^e  wooda.  The 
republle  contains  great  mlaeral  wealth. 
Gold  BQd  silver  are  produced,  and  platinum. 
copper,  lead,  antimony,  nickel.  Iron  and 
coal,  and  nitrate  denoalts  are  bctlcTed  to 
be  fairly  plentlfal  and  await  deTelopment. 
AlmoBt  all  the  commoD  necexrarlei  of  life 
are  Imported,  Inclndlng  provisions,  textiles 
and  melal,  and  hardware,  the  only  local 
Indnslrlea  being  the  plaiting  of  straw  hata, 
dlstllllDK.  and  brick  making, 

Bdvcalion. — Primary  education  li  free, 
aecnlar  and  rompntsory.  and  there  are 
Bchools  In  every  centre.  Ability  to  read 
and  writ"  Is  the  qnallflcallon  tor  the  fran- 
eblBe.  There  arc  Government  aeeondary 
Bchoola  and  training  eoUegea  In  each  de- 
partment, a  school  of  Jurlapmdenee  at 
Comeyagna,  and  a  central  Inatltate  and  anl- 
▼er»[ty  at  the  capital. 

FIB  on  re.— The    eiTwndltnrea    Veep    nearly 

ab^ir''"'!BcK.Oi>0  ^'m  ^MnuBRv.  *"  l^erris 
a  forelen  pnblle  debt  of  64.800,000  peaoa 
(11.820.000)  upon  which  Interest  has  not 
been  paid  since  18T3.  Tbe  peso  la  equal 
to  about  10.40  nulled  States  money. 

Most  of  tte  trade  Is  with  the  United 
Btalea.  tbe  Imports  generally  eieeedlug  the 

luts,   colTee,   bides,    mb- 


it  the  capital  conBlata 


Am  If  and  Saig. — fierrlec  In  the  Army 
la  universal  and  compniaory  between  tna 
■aea  ot  21  and  SB.  with  a  farther  [lability 
ot  5  years  in  Ihe  Reserve.  The  permanent 
force  Is  limited  to  atwat  2.000  of  all  ranks, 
the  effective  war  atrepglh  exceeding  eo,000. 

The   Navy  conalata  of  the  armed   cutter 


1  of  tbe 


Diplonuttie  relationa  with,  diMiuMd, 

5468. 
Fagitive  criminalB,  convention  with, 

for  ■nrrender  of,  4101^  421D. 
ImprisoDmeot   of  Amanean  eitisau 

by,  5835. 
Postftl  conTentioB  with,  5377. 
Befuaal    of,    to    Teeeive     American 

commareiAl  kgent,  2917. 
BepoTt   of  ThomM  C.  Bojmolda  on 
condition  knd  coniBMiea  of,  truu- 
mittad,  S116. 
Komtan   lalftnd,   eonvantiOD   of,  with 

Great  Brit&in  regarding.  2955. 
Tariff  laws  of,  evidence  of  modiflo- 
tiona   of,  proclaimed,   5714. 
Diacnaaed,  5747. 
Treaty   of,    with   Oreat   Britain  re- 
ferred to,  3170. 
Treat?    with,    trftnamitted    «nd    di*- 
cuaaed,  3116,  3458,  4161,  4210. 
BeKarding  Eondnraa   Interoeeanic 
Sailway,  3110. 
Teaaels  of  United  Sutea— 

Fired  upon  by  anthoritiea  of,  and 
diaavowal  of  act  by,  dieetuHd, 
6869. 
Seized  and  nsed  bj  inmrgantg  in, 
qneationa  regarding,  5869. 
Eondnru  and  Nlcaragna  Traatlai  pro- 
posed by  President  Taft,  7663. 
Hondnraa,  Treaties  with. — A  treaty  of 
friendship,  commerce,  and  naTlfaUoo  ol 
1864  provide*  for  freedom  of  commerce, 
except  In  the  coaadng  trade,  with  the  cus- 
tomary Immunity  from  higher,  other,  or 
d1  scrim  I  na  ling  dolles,  chargea,  gr  realrlc- 
tlons.  The  Importation  ana  export  at  Ion  of 
goods  Is  eondocted  upon  eqaal  terma  hy 
vessels  o(  either  nationality.  Cltliens  are 
protected  In  all  condKIona.  and  ander  all 
circnmscaaces  have  the  aame  rights  — ' 
privileges  as  those  of  tbe  domlnloi 
each  of  fhe  parties  at  hotne.  In  «■»:  ui 
death  of  a  cTtlien  of  one  conutry  residing 
In  the  other  the  admlnlatratlon  of  bla  eatata 
and  the  protection  of  his  property  may  be 
condncted  by  consalar  authoiitlea,  Prlv- 
llegea  In  the  nse  of  the  FIondDraa  Inter- 
oceanle  Railway  are  accorded  to  the  Dnlled 
Bla  tea   by   this   treaty. 

A  no  t>ira Illation  treaty  was  signed  la 
June.  1908,  and  *n  extradition  convention 
In  1909.  Hondnraa  also  became  a  jiarty 
to  tbe  convention  between  the  Doited  States 
BPd  the  several  repnbllea  of  South  and 
Central  America  for  the  arbitration  ot  »- 
cunlsry  claim  and  the  protection  of  In- 
Tentlons.  etc..  which  waa  signed  In  Buenoa 
Aires  In  1910  and  proclaimed  In  Wash- 
ington. July  29,  1914.  ISee  South  and 
Central  America.  Treatlea  with.) 
Hongkong,    eon  aula  ta   at,   referred   to, 

4534. 
BopB.-'The  hop  plant  can  be  grown  gen- 
erally  tbronghont  the   United   Statcai   bat 
np  to  tbe  prseent  It*  prodnetlon  In  cea- 


rlghta    and 
mlnlona    oI 


jyGooi^lc 


EncychpedU  Index 


Ho8lei7 


renn,  New  Tork  uid  WaablD^OD. 
I  bopi  Bud  rattdr  iRit  In  Sac- 
land,  wbere  the  eonniinptloii  !■  about  60,- 
000,000  poDUli  umnallr  ssaloat  a  prodae- 
tion  of  M.OOO.OOO  paoDda.  A  maeblne  bas 
b«Mi  Invented  whliai  1b  capable  of  pIckloE 
60,000  ponnda  ot  bopa  a  daj.  For  I90S, 
when  tBB  lateat  compntatloi 


^. 


60,000  ponni 

when  tBB  lateat  compnta —   _, 

tha   Department  of  Commerce   and   Labor, 


.,, a  In  hops  In  the  Unlt- 

Hl  Btatea.  The  rield  wsa  40.n8.T48  pounda, 
Talned  »t  tT.844.T4^    —  ■ '  ■>" 


le  of  93  pM 


American    rioop    of 

,_,  __ t.  eonmanded  by  CapL 

Lawrence  daring  the  War  of  1612.  Ftb.  24, 
1818,  OMir  the  numtb  of  the  Denwrara  RItct, 
abe  attacked  the  Biitiab  brif  Peooocfe,  ot  IS 
[oiu,  Tbe  PMMDfe  wai  tooD  In  a  sinking 
condltloD,  and  stmck  hei  colon.  Before  tha 
wonnded  eonld  be  remofed  Ibe  went  down, 
carrrlng  with  ber  8  BrlUtli  and  8  Amerlcao 
BennMD.  Itarcb  23,  181B,  off  the  Cape  of 
Oood  H«M,  tbe  Bonttt  captnred  and  annk 
tha  BrlOsh  brtg  Pmautit,  alao  of  18  gnna. 
Ibe  latter  losing  ber  commander  In  tbe  en> 
gagemcnt  BhorClj  alter  the  battle  tbe 
BortMt  was  chased  br  the  British  frigate 
CemiixiIIlf,  74  guns,  and  only  escaped  cap- 
tors b;  throwing  her  gone  and  heavy  atorea 
eTerboard. 
HoTMt,  Tba,  Britisli  sloop  of  war  do- 

Btrojed  by,  513, 
HOiM  Bhoo  Bond  (Al«.),  Battle  of^~ 
When  Oell.  Jackson  waa  Informed  of  the 
arrival  ef  Creek*  In  considerable  nnmben 
In  Tallapooaa  County  he  resolved  to  strike 
a  decisive  blow.  He  sent  bis  stores  down 
tbe  Cooea  Mver  from  Fort  Btrother  in  flat- 
boats  and  marched  bis  army  igalmt  tbe 
BtherlDg  Indians.  Uarch  27,  1814.  with 
MM  eOSctlve  men,  be  halted  within  a  few 
miles  of  the  breaatworki  at  the  Horse  *"- — 


and    cbtldi 

wllh  an  ample  aappl 

and  their  Indian  ani 


aaitply  of  food.     Tbe  whites 


Towneeud   In   1808.     Two   Americana, 


knlttlnB  machine.  Nottingham  and  Leices- 
ter are  ibe  cenlers  of  itae  Indastry  In 
England,  while  [n  America,  FeanHflranla, 
New  York  and  HiaaachiiKits  lead  In  pro- 
dactlon. 

n  the  United 

_Q  1860  there 

.jly  elghty-flre  entsbllshments,   irith 

a  combined  cnpltel  of  tGG4,TS4,  and  an 
aggregate  annual  ontpat  worth  |1, 028, 102. 

There  were  la  1000.  1,374  establlsbmenta 
In  which  186,130  persons  were  engaged, 
of  whom  128,275  were  wage-earaecs.  The 
amount  paid  In  salaries  and  wages  was 
tG:^431,(B0.  The  value  of  tbe  prodneta 
waa  120O,14S,B2T ;  the  coat  of  materlaU 
«110.S4].OG8,  eoDlTslent  to  B6.1  per  cent 
or  the  value  of  the  products ;  and  the  value 
added  by  manufacture  was  $110,002,474. 
Daring  tlie  preceding  ten  years  the  bnsl- 
nesB  more  than  doubled,  and  prices  mate- 
rially advanced. 

Heturns  were  received  by  tbe  Department 
of  Commerce  from  1  047  estsbllshmeDts  en- 
gaged In  the  manufacture  of  hosiery  ana 
knit  goods  In  1614  tbe  prodneta  of  which 
were  valaed  at  |zeS,92C,8SB. 

As  to  the  distribution  of  the  Industry, 
Fennajlvanla  led  with  484  establlsbmenta, 
emnloylng    an    average    of    S8,20S    wage- 


Ubll 


ners,  and  making  gooda  to  the 
■4B,e5T,a06:  New  York,  with  Si 
llsh meats  and  S6,0B0  employ eea,  tu 

___^_  ._  .^_  __,^ |67,lo«,- 

02S  worth 


[""S^Al 


and  la  the  evening  B57  Creek  warriors  were 
dead  In  the  IKtle  peoloaula  and  some  200 
more  ware  killed  while  trying  to  escape. 
Tbe  loaa  to  the  whites  was  S2  killed  and 
09  wounded.  The  Cberokees  lost  18  kilted 
and  SO  wonnded.  Some  300  women  and 
cblldnm  were  taken  prisoners.  The  spirit  of 
tbe  Indiana  was  broken  by  this  battle. 
Weatheraford,  tbe  cbtef,  appeared  persoaally 
before  Gen.  Jackson  and  offered  to  sur- 
render. He  waa  permitted  to  go  free  and 
eonnael  iieaea  among  hia  dejected  followers. 
HMloy  and  Kilt  Ooodg.— The  art  of 
knitting  la  said  to  have  been  invented  la 
Scotland  In  tbe  atteenth  eentnry  and  to 
have  foDDd  Ita  way  from  there  to  Prabce 
where  It  became  a  recognlied  Indnstry.  la 
1580  William  Lee,  ot  Nottlagbam.  Englnud. 
Invented  a  knitting  frame,  which  entirely 
altered  tbe  knitting  trade,  lod  deieloped 
a  hnalnea*  which  has  ever  since  be^n  an 
important  feeder  to  the  commerce  of  Great 
Britain.  An  ippiratDS  for  rlbblntt  was  In- 
vented by  Jededlah  Btrutt  In  17S8.  The 
circular  knitting  machine  was  Id  vested  In 
181&  but  It  did  not  meet  with  much  auc- 
ceas   nntll   1B47,   since  which  tlm     -   -    - 


.    .  flnlsbed  g 

206;  Uaaaach 

ot  goods  In  SB  factories  with  tbe  old  of 
leas  than  10,000  employees.  No  other  state 
comes  anywhere  near  these  In  tbe  valne  of 
output  Of  the  total  numbera  given,  30  e*- 
tsbllibmeDts  Id  1914,  with  products  valned 
at  tS,042,85a,  were  eDgSBcd  primarily  Id  the 
manafactnre  of  other  prodocts.  aucb  as  cot- 
ton, silk,  or  woolen  goods,  men's  clothing. 
etc,  and  made  hosiery  and  knit  goods  only 
aa  subsidiary  ptodaets. 

Id  tbe  nnderwear  Industry  the  United 
Btates  eiccla  tbe  world.  More  machine 
made  knitted  goods  are  turned  oat  annn- 
Blly  here  than  In  all  other  count rlea  com- 
bined. Onr  people  wear  more  nnderwear 
than  other  people.  They  are  not  only 
obliged  to  wear  more  for  climatic  reasons, 
but  they  can  afford  to  wear  more,  and  the 

SDeial  desire  for  pernonal  comfort  In  wear- 
E  apparel  results  In  an  enormoaa  dlstrl- 
botloD  of  tbe  products  ot  these  mills.  The 
beginnings  of  the  ladaatry  are  well  within 
the  lifetime  of  many  manufacturers  atlll 
living.  Tbe  total  value  of  underwear  mana- 
factnred  In  1914  was  t03.153,3IB. 

UnUI  1832  the  knitting  of  socks  and 
stockings  remained  mostly  a  household  In- 
dustry— tbe  only  form  of  tEiIlle  work  which 


■M  made  fl4, 730.023 


Ibe    i 


'    bad 


the 


ttag  by  power  st  Coboes,  N.  f .  .... 
chine  was  simply  the  square  stocking  frame 
of  William  l,ec  adapted  to  power.  From 
that  adaptation  dates  a  revolution  Id  dd- 
derwear,  wblch  had  prevloualy  consisted 
wholly  of  flannel,  fashloupd  and  sewed  at 
home,  according  to  the  Individual  needs. 
The  revolutloD  gathered  momentam  grada- 
ally,  aa  Invention  after  Invention—almost 
all  of  American  origin— perfected  the  knit- 
ting machine :  but  once  tbe  new  Industry 
was  fairly  and  flrmly  establlebed  It  spread 
with  amaslng  rapidity.  In  tbe  decade  be- 
tween 1880  and  IHM  the  number  of  knit 
gooda  mllla  doubled,  and  the  value  of  tbe 
anonat  product  Jumped  from  |20,167^2T 
to  fGT,S41,013. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Hosiery 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presid'mts 


HOBlery^Con  «nu«d. 

Tbe  praductloii  ot  boslery  In  1B14 
■mounted  to  75.221,1(H  doieii  pairs,  valued 
at  (98,136.263.  The  output  of  sweaters  In- 
created  from  2.221.410,  valued  at  t-2\i,4SQ.- 
81T,  la  ie09.  Co  2.249.142.  valued  at 
126,190.002,  tc  1914.  Ot  hoods,  scarfs,  etc.. 
tbe  productlou  Id  1914  smounted  to  987,178 
doien.  valued  at  (3,436,326. 

The  gre^t  vsriet;  of  goods  made  (aclll- 
tates  tne  teudenc;,  peculiar  to  thla  Id- 
dUBtrr.  toward  tbe  buUdIng  of  compara- 
tlvelr  small  mills,  requiring  but  moderate 
capital ;  and  It  happens  In  consequence  tbat 
these  mills  sprlns  up  all  over  the  conutr]', 
and  can  now  be  louDd  In  tblrty-elgbt  ot  tbe 
fortr-elKbt  states.      Many    of  tbem    emploT 

eblefly  wool ;  and  still  atbera  manufacture 
wbat  are  known  ss  merino  knit  or  mixed 
KOOdB— cotton  mixed  with  wool  In  propor- 
tions varying  from  fltly  to  seveniy-flve  and 
-  ««..  «««»    ^r  ^nt-*^^    ^"-"rdmg  to  tbe 

..      tendency  to 

1  In  tbeae  goods  Is 
perceptltle      not      neceaBsrlly      berause      of 

freaier  cbeapueBs  or  a  deaire  to  adulterate, 
ut  because  of  the  liability  of  wool  to 
shrink,  and  Its  exceaslve  warmth,  lead 
many  to  prefer  undergarments  lu  which  cot- 
ton IB  aD  equal  or  predominating  material. 
Id  ISSS  E.  E.  Kilboume  invented  a  ma- 
chine for  aatomatlcBlly  knltclDK  full  faab- 
loned  onderwear,  and  thiB  machine  bus 
gradually  wrought  a  aecond  revtilutlon  In 
the  Industry.  The  amount  of  band  labor 
now  done  Is  reduced  to  the  mlnlmum-^-to 
— g  sewing  on  of  bottooa,  ao  to  apeak. 


:   of  e 


cbli  . 


Id  1909  tbe  total  number  ot  knlttlog  a 

:nes  reported  by  establiahments  In  the 

was   115,019  ■     ■ 


119,  as  against  09.047  In 
!  of  46.972.  or  CB.O  per 
cem-  uver  m  per  cent,  of  all  tbe  knitting 
macblDes  In  1909  were  power  ma  chine  a. 
There  was  an  Increase  of  9,107,  or  21.8 
per  cent.  In  the  number  of  spring  beard 
needle  machines  between  1890  and  1909. 
Latcb  needle  machines  constituted  84.0  per 
cent  of  the  total  nnmber  of  macbinea  In 
1909.  Circular  hosiery  automatic  macbinea 
r J    unT .    ..  .w.   jgyii  number 


formed  80.7  per  cent,   of  t 


establishment 


reported  for  1914    1,323,  or 


__.:atedlQ  ttc 'i 

of  Pennsylvania,   New  York,  Masaachnaetta, 

V--...,.  „„..,_-    „T. ._    i.._  jgrapy,  and 

.._   named.      Id 
1,112  estnbllBb- 


1  1914   Fen 


Condition,  oeenpsncj,  and  ue*  of,  re- 
ferred to,  3tJ6S. 
Pajment  of  damages  to  peraona  in, 

recommended,  46(98. 
ingh,  Judge,   opinioi 
trust  decision,  7131. 
HoniB  Of  Labor: 
Beferred  to,  6343. 
Uniform    course    regarding,    recoiB- 

mended,  1S19. 
Wages  of  Government  emplofOM  not 
to  be  affected  bj  reduction  In,  pro- 
claimed, 396B,  4129. 
House  of  BepresentatlTM.— The  lower 
house  of  the  Congress  ot  the  United  States. 
Tbe  Constitution  provides  (Article  I.,  sec- 
tloDB  1  and  2)  that  "all  legislative  powsi* 
herein  granted  shell  be  vested  in  a  Con- 
gress ot  the  United  States,  which  sball 
consist  ot  a  Senate  and  Honss  of  Bepre- 
■entntlves.  The  House  o(  Representatives 
shall  be  composed  of  members  chosen  ever> 
second  year  by  tbe  people  of  tbe  several 
states.  ■  ■  *  No  person  shall  be  a  repreaen- 
tatlve  who  shail  not  have  attained  to  the 
^e  of  twenty-flve  years  and  tieen  seven 
years  a  citlsen  of  the  United  Btaiea.  and 
who  shall  not.  when  elected,  be  an  Inhabi- 
tant of  thHt  male  In  which  he  aball  be 
>crB  of  the  Uouse  of  Rapic- 
apportloned  among  the  sev- 
-dlng  to  population  as  shown 
lal  censuB,  and  are  elected 
e  of  the  people  In  Congres- 
"-ed    by    state  Jjiw._  The 


jrlglasl    proportti 


._      , _     _       t    30,000 

_;nt  It  Is  1  to  212,407.     Each 
rritory ' 


Tnthe 


the  n ._ .__, 

6  states   to  39   In   Ohio, 

vania  and  New  York  togeiner  reporieu  VBV 

eBtabllshmenta,    aa    compared    with    837    la 

1809.     Ot  the  152  new  factories  shown  for 

the  later  year,   123   were  located   Id  New 

York. 

Hospitals.    (Bee  Marine  Hospitals.) 
Hot  Springs,  exploration  partj  ascends 

Washita  Biver,  387. 
Hot     Sprlnga     Conunlsslon     diecnssed, 

4456. 
Hot  Springs   Beservation,    Ark.      (see 
also  Parks,  National) : 
Appropriation    for    improvement    of, 

recommended,   4661. 
Bath  houses  and  bath-hoose  sites  at, 
granting    leases    of,    referred    to, 
4787. 


House  ot  Representatives.  Defegatea  may 
participate  In  debate,  but  may  not  vote. 
The  sole  power  of  Impeachment  Is  given  to 
the  House  ot  Representatives,  and  In  tbiB 
House  must  originate  all  general  appropria- 
tion bills  and  bills  for  raising  rvvenoe. 
Memtiers  ot  tbe  House  receive  a  salary  ot 
¥7.500  a  year,  besides  mileage.  They  are 
privileged  trom  arrest  during  attendance  at 
the  sessions  of  tbe  House  and  in  going  to 
and  returning  from  the  ssme,  and  may  not 
be  queationed  in  any  other  place  tor  any 
■peecb  or  debate  In  the  House.  The  mem- 
bership  at  present    (1916)    coDSlsta   ot  43^1 


House  of  Bepreaentatlvea.     (See  Con- 


88.) 

Houston,  James,  district  judge,  nomina- 
tion of,  390. 
Huamantla  (Mexico),  Battle  of. — den. 
LAue  set  out  from  Vera  Cms  about  the  1st 
of  October,  1847,  witb  2.000  men  to  re- 
enforce  the  garrisona  between  there  and  tbe 
City  of  Ueilco.  Santa  Anna,  learning  of 
Lane's  approach  to  Puebla.  set  out  to  Inter- 
cept bim  witb  4,000  men  and  six  pieces  of 
artillery.  On  tbe  night  ot  Oct.  8.  1847, 
tbe  Mexicans  were  encamped  In  tbe  city  ot 
Uuamantia  and  Capt.  Walker  was  Bent  to> 
—  i-d  with  a  company  ot  cavalry  to  give 
—  .f.__. ^,|pj  (ooght  3m. 


perately  In  tbe  face  ot  superior  nambers 
until  the  arrival  ot  tbe  iDtantry  pat  the 
lICKlrana  to  flight,  with  a  loss  ot  ISO.  Capt 
Walker  was  killed  in  the  Bght  and  ot  bis 
company  of  TB  men  oiOy  17  were  able  to 
keep  the  saddle  at  tbe  close  pt  the  enga^ 


jyGooi^lc 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Bjl^m 


Hnbbardton    (Vt),    Battle    of.— Vpon 

Bargorne'B  advaQce  toward  Albaay,  July  6, 
ITTT,  Qen.  Bt.  Clair,  whom  Scha;leT  had 
left  Id  eommaDd  at  Tlconderoga.  being  hard 
preased  br  the  enemr  under  the  Heisian 
Ueneral  RIedewl,  began  a  retreat  toward 
Sntland.  The  left  wiJtg  of  the  British  army, 
nnder  Qen.  f  raser.  pursaed  the  Americans, 
fmd  In  the  altemooa  of  the  Tth  came  upoii 
Calonela  Warner,  Francis,  and  Hale,  with 
about  900  effectlTe  men,  at  Hubbardton,  Vt. 
The  BrltUli  (orce  was  offlclallf  reported  as 
85S.  The  American  B  maintained  their 
groand  with  reulutlon  aod  braverj,  but  the 
arrival  of  Riedesel  forced  tbem  to  retire. 
CoL  FrancU  was  killed  and  Col.  Warner 
lied  toward  Rutland.  The  American  caaaal- 
tlea  were  about  360.  The  British  loss 
amounted  to  183,  IncIndlnK  Ma].  Grant. 
Hudson,  Tbe: 

Seizure  of,  by  British  antborities  re- 
ferred to,  4114. 
Thanba   of   CongreHs   to   ofieers   and 
men  of,  for  rescuing  the  Win»lou>  at 
Cardenas,  Cuba,  recommended,  6302. 
EndBon,  N.  T^  bill  for  erection  of  pub- 
lic building   at,   vetoed,   5521. 
Hudson  Blrer,   act  to  authorize  New 
York  and  New  Jersey  Bridge   Com- 
pauiea  to  construct  bridge  acroaa,  at 
New  Tork,  vetoed,  5912. 
Hndaons  Bay  Company.— a  trading  cor- 
poration chartered   by   Charles   II.  In  1670 
to   Prince    Rupert    and   other  noblemen,    to 
dlBCOTer   a  new  passage   to   the   South    Sea 
and    to    trade    In    the    products   ol    British 
North    America.     The    original    charter    se- 
niTed  to  Prince  Rupert  and  ble  eaaociatea 
tbt  absolute  proprietorship,  subordloete  bot- 


tbe  On 
northwestern  poriioD  or  Amerjca.  notwiLn- 
Wandlng  the  tact  that  the  treaty  of  1783 
TeBted  the  riKbt  to  certain  terrltorj  In  tbe 
United   States,  the  Hudsone  Bay  Company 

SrslBted  In  making  settlements  therein  and 
icooraglng  American  colonists.  Their  ef- 
forts to  hold  Oregon  by  force  almost  re- 
BQlted  In  a  war  with  England,  but  the 
boundary    was    finally    settled    In    1846. 


Award  of  commission  referred  to 
and  appropriation  for,  recom- 
mended, 3989. 

EncToaehmentB  of  agenta  of,  npon 
trade  and  territory  of  Alaska,  3S9S. 

Eitinguishment  of  rights  of,  in  Ore- 
gon Territory,  referred  to,  2453. 

Fur  trade  of,  referred  to,  1097, 

Lands  in  Oregon  Territory  granted 
to,  by  British  Government,  2073. 

Location  of,  4096. 

Sights  of,  m  Oregon,  2633. 

Bights  of,  to  navigation  of  Colnmbia 
Biver,  2811. 

Treaty  with  Oreat  Britain  regarding, 
3395,  3401. 


Commissioners     appointed     nnder, 
3447. 
Value    of    posse Bsory    rights    of,    re- 
ferred  to,   2866. 
Hngh  HcOulloch,  Tbe: 
Mentioned,  6297. 

Becoguition  of  services  of  command' 
er   of,   in    battle    of   Manila   Bay, 
Philippine     Islanda,     recommenda- 
tions regarding,  6305. 
Hngaenot  Society  of  America.— This  So- 
ciety was  organized  April  13,  1883.  and  haB 
Ita   offlce    In    New   York    at    No.    lOG    East 
Twenty-second  Street,    Descent  from  Hugue- 
not ancestors  la  the  quallBcatlon  necessary 
for  membcrBhlp. 

Himdred.^An  ancient  EngUsh  subdtTlBlon 
of  a  county.  It  was  used  to  a  limited  ex- 
tent In  tbe  American  colon  lea,  notably 
Delaware,  Maryland  and  Virginia.  The 
chief  officer  of  the  hundred  waa  the  con- 
stable. It  correapondB  roughly  to  the  pres- 
ent township. 

Hnngary    (see   also   Anatiia-Hungary) : 
Agent  of  United  States  sent  to,  dur- 
ing war  with  Austria,  referred  to, 
2550,  2579,  2632. 
Exiles  from,  report  on,  2612. 
Kossuth    liberated.      (See    Kossnth, 

War  of,  with  Aastria,  sympathy  of 
American  Government  with  Hun- 
gary, 2550,  2579. 
Hunkers, — A  name  applied  to  a  faction 
of  tbe  Democratic  party  of  New  York  and 
later  to  the  conservative  element  of  that 
party  In  other  states.  The  name  came  Into 
use  In  1844.  The  Hunkers  In  New  York 
opposed  the  Locofocos,  the  BarnbumerB  and 
the  KadlcalB.  (Bee  Bainburnera.) 
Hnnkpapa  Indians.  (See  Indian  Tribes.) 
Hyde  vs.  Oontluental  Tnut  Oo.    (See 

Income   Tax   Cases,  also   Pollock  vs. 

Farmers'  Loan  and  Trust  Co.) 
Hydrographlc  Oonunlsslon  of  tbe  Ama- 

lon,  claims  of  members  of,  against 

Panama,  6DQB. 
Hydrographlc    OlDce,    transfer    of,    to 

Navy      Department      recommended, 

5973. 
Hygienic  Oongress  at  Turin,  4626. 
Hylton  TS.  ITnlted  States.— This  wag  a 
case  Qrst  coming  before  tbe  United  States 
Supreme  Court  in  the  May  term,  17S5,  In- 
volving the  question  of  direct  or  Indirect 
taxes.  Hylton  was  Indicted  before  tbe  dr-  , 
cult  court  for  the  district  of  Virginia  for 
refusing  to  pay  duty  upon  certain  carriages 
which  he  claimed  were  kept  for  his  own 
private  use,  Tbe  decree  was  against  the 
defendant,  When  tbe  case  came  before  the 
Supreme  Court  the  argument  turned  upon 
the  question  of  the  tai  being  direct  or  In- 
direct. The  JuntlccB  read  their  opinions 
teriaUm.  JudKment  was  affirmed  for  de- 
fendant Justice  Wilson  brledy  stated  that 
be  unheld  the  conalltutlonallty  of  the  law 
of  1T84,  under  wblch  the  case  arose.  The 
other  Justices  dllfered  In  their  treatment  of 
the  law,  whether  to  deny  Its  constitution-- 
allty  In  ezpress  terms  or  not.     (See  Income 


jyGooi^lc 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Idaho 


Idaho,— One  of  tbe  westeni  (roap  of  >Uiea ; 
■notio,  "Bito  perpetu"  ("Ma/  It  but  for- 
»m"i.  It  Ilea  between  lac  iS"  and  «• 
Dottli,  uid  lDD«.  111°  and  117<>  10*  weat 
Tbe  area  la  63,883  aqnaTe  milea.  It  la 
boanded  on  tbe  north  by  Britiab  Colonibla 
and  Montana,  on  tbe  east  bj  Montana  and 


contain!  tbe  Salmon  BlTerHoantalnL  ._ 
waa  a  part  ol  tbe  IdDlalana  Porchaae. 
Later  U  tonned  part  ol  Oregon  Territory 
— J .i._  ..  __,  ([mg  pj,,  ^,   Wash- 


Tbe  state  has  conatruoted  3 

Irrintlnf  ditches  to  reclaim  tbe  arid  lands 
—     tbe  federal  gOTernmenl  has  sapplement- 


•nJuifl  ft._. 

ed  tbis  worl 
3,84«,3Se  a 


rendered  produi- 


mora  I*  ODder  war.  Wbeat  la  tbe  most  Im- 
portant crop,  232.000  acres  being  sown  to 
thia   areal   In   IOCS,   the   field    amonnllng 


boabela  of  Mrle;, 

Borne  20,000  tons    .        ...       „ 

lactnred.     Uve  stock  Is  extenalvel;  raised. 

In  lfM>8  tbe  n amber  of  abeep  reported  wsa 

S,a7a,00a   from  which  S,fl02.000  pounds  of 

Monred   wool   was   clipped,   valned  at  tS,- 

767.000. 

Tbe  State  baa  aboat  20,000.000  acres  ot 
timber  landa,  wblcb  anpply  the  raw  ma- 
terial tor  260  lumtter  mlUs.  one  of  these,  at 
Potlatcb,  haTing  a  capacltf  Df'7S0.DOO  feet 
dally,  tbe  largest  In  tbe  world. 

Statistics  ot  aKclcnltnre  collected  for  tbe 


I'ae    of  Tdaho's   slln 


The  total  Talae  of  tbe  mineral 

Sroducta  of  Idaho  Increased  from  (21,816,- 
90.  Id  1012.  to  (24,605.826.  In  1913. 
In    1B13   the   recoTerable   lead   content  of 
■      "   In  Idaho  amoanted  to  158.- 
>,     valned     at     (13,986.360, 


936 


66.     In     1912.       Idaho     . 

amons  tbe  atates  Id  tbe  production  of  lead 
ores.  Its  onlput  of  tbls  prodact  being  ex- 
ceeded by  that  ot  Mlsaoarl.  The  recover- 
able silver  content  of  the  ores  mined  In 
Idabo    In    1»13    waa    TRlued    at    (6.033. 4T3. 

XlQBt  (6,101,288.  In  1B12.  Copper.gold  and 
:  are  also  produced  In  slKnlflcant  qnantl- 
.1..  i_  Tj.v,    .V. t^jt  q(  jjjj,  Having  - 


one  tbe  mnnnfacturlng  at 
luatrlea  are  Blangbterfng, 
"lllng.    Iron -founding,  and   uw   man 

•^ucu  lu  luauu  lu  loio  nos  (fi.iuo.oaa,  ut       luce  Ot  general  and  agnenttoral  macblaan. 

W  per  cent  of  tbe  total  tnlneral  prodnctlon.       It  la  tbe  aecoDd  State  In  the  Union  ta  IM 


The  total  value  of  tbe  nonmetallle  prod- 
nets— coal  < lignite),  gem  naterlala.  cliys. 
Itme,  mica,  phoapbate  rock,  aalt  aud  and 
ftarel,  aandlllne  brick,  and  Btaue— wai 
1397.487.  Small  qtumUtiea  of  Iron  and 
tnngaten  ore*  are  aleo  prodoced  In  tbe  atate. 
The  nonmetallle  rsaonrce  ot  greatest  prom- 
ise la  phosphate  rock,  ertenaive  depoJu  of 
which  lie  In  the  sontbeastem  part  of  the 
atate  and  extend  Into  norlbeaatem  Utab 
and  eonthweetern  Wvomliig,  Aa  tbe  agrleal- 
tDial  Induatrle*  ot  tbe  western  statea  are 
developed  Itila  neceasarj  plant  food,  which  Is 
abundant  In  thla  region,  shoald  become  one 
of  the  moat  Important  Items  In  the  nltietal 
production  ot  Idabo. 
Idalio: 

Admiasion  of,  into  Dnion  diaetmed. 

5553.  ^^ 

OoYemor  of,  removal  of,  referredl  to, 

iTOi. 
XztBurrection  in,  proclunal 

5723. 
Landa  in — 
Opened  to  Mttlement,  e02S. 
Set   apart    aa    poblie   reaervation, 
6218,  6218,  6687. 
Partial  organization  of,  rof arred  to. 
3451.  ^ 

Town  sites  reserved  in,  9874. 
Unlawful  eombinatioos  in,  prodama- 
tiouB  against,  5723,  5932. 
lUalma  Uand,  Japan,  Japanese  rab- 
jects  in,   injured  b^   target   praetiee 
of  American  vesael,  recommendations 
regarding,  B367,  5386. 
niagal  Oomblnatlotu  (aee  also  Amelia 
Island;    Arizona;    Arkansas;    Bos- 
ton; Bnrr,  Aaron;  California;  Col- 
orado;   Dorr's    Bebellion;    Expedi- 
tious Against  Foreign  Powers;  aar- 
pers   Per^,    Va.;   Idaho:    HKnois; 
Kansas;  Kn-Eluz-Rlan;  Looiaiana; 
Maryland;    Mississippi;    Montana; 
New    Mexico;    New    York,    North 
Dakota;  Pennajlvania;  Bifle  Clubs; 
Secret    liodgea;    South    Carolina; 
Utah;  Washington;  West  Virginia; 
White  Leagues;  Wyoming): 
Biscnased,  424,  4153. 
Legislation  for  snppreMion  of,  ree- 

omm  ended,  4640. 
Proclamation  against,  438. 
nUnolB, — One  of  the  middle  western  grtrup 
of  states :  nickname,  "Prairie  States"  or 
"Sueker  SUte" ;  motto,  "National  Dnlon: 
Slate  Sovereignty."  It  to  bounded  on  tbe 
north  by  Wisconsin  snd  Lake  HIchInn,  on 
the  east  by  Lake  Michigan  and  Indiana,  on 
Ihe  south  by  Kentucky  (separated  by  tbe 
Ohio  River),  and  on  the  west  b*  Mlsaourj 
and  Iowa  (separated  by  the  Utsalnlppl 
River).  It  has  an  area  of  60.860  sqoaie 
mltee-  The  sarface  Is  Keoerally  level.  It  Is 
one  of  tbe  leading  states  In  tbe  prodnctlon 
of  wheat  corn  and  oats.  Though  It  la 
mainly  an  agricultural  state.  It  haa  many 
flourlBhhig  manutacturea,  taking  tbird  rank 
LBnnfacturlng  atates.     Its  eblel 

_.e  BlangbterTnc,   meat  packing, 

distilling.   Iron -founding,  and  the  (unDtac- 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


bT    the    French   In 

1683 :  WM  cedMl  to  Great  BriUln  In  1763 
and  to  tbe  United  Statea  In  1TS8.  It  be- 
came part  of  tile  Nartbveit  Terrlton  In 
178T  and  part  ol  Indiana  Terrltorr  in  ISOO. 
It  waa  made  a  wparate  Terrltorr  In  1809 
and  tldmltted  Into  the  Dnion  In  181S. 

BtatlatiM  of  axrlcDltnre  collected  for  the 
laat  Federal  ceuini  place  the  number  o( 
(arm*  In  the  Stale  at  2B1,BT3,  a  decreMe 
of  4.B  per  cent,  compared  with  1900,  and 
conprlalns  82,522,987  acrea.  ralued,  with 
■tock  aod^lmpTOTcmenta.  at  l8,S{e,8il,070, 
an  InervaM  of  11.901,004,178.  The  aver- 
as*  Talne  of  land  per  acre  was  (90.02.  The 
Talne   of    domeatic   animal*,    poultr;,   etc, 

-         1308.804.431,      IncladlDg       2.440.C7T 


cattle; 


lined    I 


t7S41 


:     1.4S^SS7 


0B«.g46  iheep,   (4.843,736.      In   lail.  334, 
AuiAAA   >._.>..• . ^„   produced  on 

I  valaed  at  (184,- 


tSOjOOO  bnaheli  of  t 


222,00i>;  131,SS6,0D0 _._. 

O4D,00ai  on  4,230,000  acreei  42.000.000 
boaheli  of  wheat,  tS7,S80.00ft  on  2.62S,- 
000  acre* ;  6.900,000  bnshela  of  potatoei, 
(8.210,000,  on  138.000  acres:  1.94^000 
tona    of    har,    (38,116,000,    on    2.376,000 

The  mineral  prodncla,  conaletlnB  of  coal 
and  petroleum  In  1910.  were  valued  at  (141. 
"8,l2'    -  ' '—  "- * 


809,121,  a  decrease  from  the  previous  year. 
The  prodaetlon  of  coeJ  In  the  Slate  In  1910 
waa   42,900,246   short   tone,   as   valued   at 

!(»2.40(L897.  a>  acalnat  DO.904.990  tons  In 
90a  Tie  State  was  the  scene  of  a  strike 
of  the  mine  workers  which  began  Apiil  I, 
J910,  and  tied  up  the  Indoetrj'  In  moat  of 
the  raining  dlitrlcti  for  nearly  six  months. 
Aa  a  result  of  the  strike  Illloois  lost  lo 
Weat  Tlrclnla  second  place  nt  a  producer 
of  co*I.  Dnrtojr  the  Tear  07,218  men  ont 
of  a  total  of  n,264  mine  operators  were 
Idle  an  average  of  13S  da^s. 

For  the  biennial  period  ending  Sept  30, 
19111  the  state  treasurer  reported  receipts 
of  (21.611,919,  and  disbursements.  (21,046.- 
S7S,  balanee  In  treasDr;.  (4.424.610.  Tbe 
bonded  debt  of  tlie  SUte  outstandlns  Oct 
1,  1910,  waa  (17.500.  consisting  of  bonds 
which  have  been  called  in  by  tbe  governor 
•nd  have  ceased  to  draw  Interest,  but  have 
Dot  been  aarrenderrd.  The  tax  lev;  for 
1909  waa  (83,269.860. 

Chicago,  neit  to  Kew  York,  the  largest 
clt7  In  the  Cnlted  States,  and  one  of  the 
areateat  Id  tbe  world,  Is  a  port  on  Lake 
Ulchtgan,  and  has  an  tmmenae  trade 
through  the  great  lakes. 

The  popnlatlon.  by  the  offlclal  Doited 
Statea  census  of  1910,  was  6.638.591. 

The  number  of  manufacturing  estaUlah- 
menta  in  Illinois  having  an  annual  output 
rained  at  $BO0  or  more  at  tbe  beginning  of 
1915  waa  18,388.  The  amonot  of  capital 
Inveated  waa  (1.943,836.000.  giving  em- 
plornent  to  OS.iao  persons,  using  mate- 
rial valued  at  (1,840.183.000.  and  tarolng 
ont  Bnlahed  goods  worth  (2.247.828.000. 
Balarlea    and    wage*    paid    amonnted    to 

(«eo388,ooa 

nUaolg  (see  also  ChlcftBO): 

Admisaion  of,  into  Union,  61S. 

Bill  relating  to  division  of,  into  jndi- 
eiAl  distnets,  ate.,  returned,  S1Z3. 

Canal  in,  reeommendationB  regarding. 


Defalcation  of  offieera  in,  041. 
niinoij  and  Uichigan  Canal  tendered 

United  States  by,  4783. 
lAnds  in,  ceded  to  United  Statea  by 

Indiana,  I2S7. 
Mineral  lands  In,  referred  to,  2218. 
Unlawful  combinations  in — 

Discussed,  4424. 

Proclamation    against,    6931. 
Volanteers  from,  uianka  of  President 

tendered,  3442. 
nUnols  uid  SUcblgan  Canal  tendered 

United  States  by  Dlinoia,  4783. 
niinoU  Central  Railroad,  transportation 

of  mails  over,  referred  to,  2896. 
miiialB  IndUna,  treaty  with,  127. 

Twnntffra.Hmi  ^-fln    offlcll]    StStlstlCa    Of    lm> 

migration  were  kept  previous  to  1820.  Bj 
the  act  of  Congress  of  March  2.  1810,  col- 
lectors of  cuBtoma  were  required  to  keep 
a  record  and  make  a  rctoru  to  tbe  Treaanrr 
Department  ot  all  paBBengera  arriving  In 
their  respective  districts  from  foreign  porta. 
As  earl;  bb  1700  large  DUmbera  of^Oer- 
maus  from  tbe  districts  along  tbe  Rhlns 
emlgraled  to  America,  moat  of  them  settling 
in  Pennaylvanla.  Some  G.OOO  are  said  to 
have  arrived  In  PennajlvanlB  from  Ger- 
many In  1729. 

The  outbreak  of  tbe  BevoIotloD  of  course 
retarded'  Immigration  tor  a  time.  Then  the 
breaking  out  of  tbe  Earopean  wars  and 
their  continuance  until  1816  absorbed  near- 
ly all  the  surplus  population  for  about  tortT 

Various  ei 
number  of  In 
States  prior 

estimates  on 
time.     Dr. 


(ollowlni  ft 
up  to  185^ 
853.     Almosu  ,. 


the   number   i 


ilgra- 
id  la 


i%e?T 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


'ation        Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


il.OOO   One   aaoo    the  per..-    ,_ 

iDc  muA  lmmlin«t  and  (500  upon  tbe  r»p- 
t'lD  of  A  TMMel  wlio  knowlDgl;  trmaifwrta 


(he  Bumbrr  ■■  wt\]  ■ 


I    h«Te  (Frrfd   to    reduce 
npniTe  the  flaw 
I    and    1»01    the 
HOC  oi  iiomiicraiiin   asajD  rao   lov,  falllnr 
b«law  the  half  mllllan  mark.     In  1905  more 

tbJa  Bomber  hu   been   freqoentiT    exceeded 

The   problem    ol    ImmlicratlOD    ia   one   of 


Kooaevelt 

of  the 


a  in  IBll.  and  n5.S37  In  IBIO. 


cd  158.721  In  itfll.  Aratrta  a^  Hangarr 
each  aTeragnl  Bore  than  100.000  a  Jfx  'or 
the  two  jean.  Aninla  o(  Jen  are  not 
reported  a*  nch.  bat  arc  endited  to  the 
cDDDtrr  whence  thnrem." — "-   '—    ' '" 


r  or  5.101  arUTcd  la 


ISll,  and  4.2S2  Japaiwae.  DdtIih  the  flaeal 
r«ar  119.T53  peraooa  left  the  United  States 
for  Canada,  wblle  105Jil2  emlststcd  fton 


Canada  to  the  Cnited  Slatea. 

-^-  ■    r  of  Immlcranta  In 

SO.  isis.  wa- 

I  dlatrlet  of 


the  flaal  rear  endinc  Jane  SO.  ; 
953  came  throoidi  the  r 
New  Tort.  32.f^  r  -- 


jnblic 

papnialtou  of  minf 

.n    iphe    of    exIatLng 

reatrlctlnf  laira.      Id  hJs  fonnb  annoal 

use    1D<T.    6.    1901).    Prealdi 
made  •  p1»a  tor  the  better  rrv 

■errlce.     While  there  la  do  dan      . 

too  maoT  imailjiratila  ol  Ibe  rieht  kind,  hi 

of    men     Btinie     itindarda    of     liilng    and 

■bould  not  admit  anj  man  of  an  Dnwortbr 

nj  that  be  will  himself  be  a  bud  clllaen. 
or  that  hli  children  and  graadi'lilldreD  will 
detract  from  inatead  ol  add  to  the  anm  of 
the  good  dtlzeoabip  of  ttic  coantrj." 
IPaxe  «Oie.) 

AaMriaAn^T IlHl 

Bd^m. Sjm 

TniKf,  iadadiBi  Condea 4.811 

OcnoaaBaiin* T.7W 

Grmt.  nSVt 

lUj^nJofeitBitiiTMdBawBala «.«88 

Nteaw...''''^"!"!! !!''!'!!!!!!!!!  I!!"      jiss* 

Portac^ndndiacCvaVadaaailAMRbkiKb       1907 

RdVBaBia 4«1 

nana  Enpin  and  Tlaku] 31.187 

StM.JndnJiacCaaTaiMlBiifieMaBifa..-  I.TIQ 

|™>™.-  i  <J85 

ilinticriaDd  1.74i 

TuAeriaEiaiip* 1,411 

Y-"^^ SliM 

l™™. KIBS 

ftinUiiid 4.SM 

W«ka l.tW7 

TotalZvgpa 1B7.9IB 

CUaa l.H) 

ladia 101 

Ja;™ 8.B13 

TnHurinAaia i     iS*3 

OUwAm..,., m 

Total  A^ Itjll 

'  S22ii 

c^S'a^ 

WstlBdi 

TotilAovMa llljoa 

TotalOswiia '    i^n 

Total  Afrka SH 

AUtftkBonnttia W 

Total  ivdinata 320.700 

ImmlKrantB  arriTlDii  In  the  tTnited  Btatea 
In  1910  nambered  1.041.670.  Bepotta  sbow 
Ital;  to  hare  b>i>n  the  prevlona  home  of 
tbe  majorlti'.  182.8S2  arrlvioE  from  that 
1»nntrT  and  tbe  adlacent  lalsndl  of  Slcllf 


Baltliwin^M. 

740  throosb  BoffOB.  50.400  thind  Phlla 
deipbia.   5.554   tbrongh  San   E'ranosco   an 


reported  oerraiatloDi  of  ImmlgranU 
■rriTiar  dartnc  the  BsaU  rear  1913  were  aa 
foUova:   labonn.   220.992:   aer 


!i.57. 

11 

"^e 
Hon  *n 

cierkT  and 
■%.  4.B70:  min 

''nnak'uiedi.    : 
o  the   Cnlted 

7:0i: 

4.398:    DO   ompatlM 
Statea  tram  ia2f^ta 

IS::::::      "" 

::      MMJOO 

827... 

"l^ 

1B74 

■'     mSo 

g|g 

[^ 

'■    mS 

635.'.'. 

g?::: 

S38. .. 

SIS 

1881 

ii;;;;;: 
ill;; 

::  ffig 
::  SS 

395J4fl 

I!i;:: 

52.49« 

444.417 

IS:::::: 
1894!;:!!! 
IE::::: 

SS::: 

....      1H.37I 

503.917 

IJ8. .. 

22afi27 

..      27B.94S 
-.      343.207 

B52. .. 

379,400 

371.003 

....      308.048 

!S 

339 jeo 

ffi::::: 

1:1 

850... 
8ST. .. 

xnxrr 

....      195367 
240,945 

:;   g 

'.'.  1/»7.421 

864... 

■  ■  ■  -  ^in 

878JS7 

860... 
laralTS 

913 

1914 

::  I.W^n 
..    1.318.480 

8oe;:: 

:::::  SS 

Totj... 

..3a.3Sl.UI 

jyGooi^lc 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Inunlgraticpn 


Immlgntloii — CoMilHunl. 

AUeni  debarred  asd  deported  1903-lOlS  : 
Yau  Ended  ToIaI  Da-  D»- 


12.433 

676 

915 

3.664 

ding    to    FL _ _„    

—  — aunt  ot  moaer  brougbt  by  Imiiil- 
KrantB.  and  the  number  debarred  in  the  fla- 
cal  year  1914 :  Amounl  t,.i. 


:;   : 

1.375 

!£;;;:::;:::: 

6.74S 

ChlneK  'iifekibB 
States  for  the  jea 

. .     3,043.320              414 

..     1,629327              668 

ended  Jane  30,  1914 : 

SUtsa 

SSTSZS-^ 

30 

T2£i::::::::: 

39 

December   IB.    1 
than  two   to   one 

iBmlKTBHoti   bill. 

advocates  of  aabo 
literal?    teat,   req 
write  one  languag 

Tear  ended 

Jdm30 

'';Ttb"IS'*l?rl^, 

Ali™     "^Al'^n. 
395,073     319,755 

295:666     mliM 
308!  190     3031731 

Sarnett 

ded. 
TBa, 

Total 

380,418 

Immigiattm: 
Act  to  amend  ]awB,  vetoed,  6189. 
Ameudmeutt  recommeoded,  7006. 
Chinese — 
Aet  to  execute  certain  treaty  stip- 

alationi,  5215. 
Acta  ref^arding,  vetoed,  4466,  4699. 
Conventional  regnlation  of  paaaage 
of  laborers  across  borders  pro- 


posed to  Mexico  and  Great  Brit- 
ain, S544. 
Diacuased  by  President — 
Arthur,  4716. 
Cleveland,  4914,  4968,  4975,  50S3, 

5194,  6215,  5S6S. 
Grant,  4242,  4309. 
Harrison,  Benj.,  5489,  5476,  5632. 
Hayes,  4521,  4540. 
Mckinley,  6240. 

Koosevelt,  6644,  6651,  6916,  7006. 
Taft,  7372,  7543. 
Wilson,  8043. 


entering  Canada,  5476,  5632. 
Registration    of    Chinese    laborers 

required — 
Ext  en  si  on    of    time    for,    5838, 

5868. 
Law  regarding,  snatained  by  Su- 
preme Court,  5S68. 
Beports  on,  referred  to,  4973,  4975. 
Through   Canada   and   Mexico  dis- 

cuBEed,   5476,    5632. 
Treaty  regarding,  4561,  4581,  5195, 
6908,  5956. 
DiBcusaed,  4629,  4823,  5194,  5386. 
Beferred  to,  4691,  S212,  5215. 
Bejected     by     China,     discussed, 
5367,  5386,  5387,  S469. 
Violation   of  laws   reatiicting,   dis- 
cussed and  recommendations  re- 
garding, 4762,  S632. 
Consular  reports  on   emigration  and, 

referred  to,  5121. 
Convention    for    protection    of    emi- 
grant passengers  proposed,  3990. 
Discuaaed   by  President — 
Cleveland,  5370,  5877,  6157. 
Lincoln,  3383,  3447. 
EooBevelt,  6755,  6862,  7045,  7345. 
Inland  passage  tickets  for  emigrants 

referred  to,  3001. 
Involnntary  deportation  of  convicts, 
idiota,  and  paupers  to  United  States 
discussed,  4219,  45S8. 
Laws,   amendment   of,  recommended, 
6649,  6862,  7045,  7046,   7386,  7387. 
Legislation   for   protection   of   immi- 
grants   le commended,    4108,    4120, 
4650. 
Measures  for  health   and  safety  of 

iramigranta,  2772,  2775,  4120. 
Of  citizens  of  United  States  into  Tur- 
key referred  to,  3661. 
Dissatisfied      citizens     of      United 
States  into  Mexico,  3571. 
Laborers    and    padroni    system    dis- 

eussed,  6055. 
Mormons,  laws  to  prevent,  4947, 
Pardons   granted   foreigners   on   con- 
dition   of    emigration    to    United 
States  discussed,  3653. 
Panpers     introdnced     into      United 
States  diaenssed,  1686,  2368. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Immignitioii  Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Legiilfttion  r«apeeting;  reeom 


•d,  4767. 

SeqQBBt  of  President  to  wltlidrmw 
article*  regaJding,  from  eonsider- 
•tion  of  Ho  DM,  1692. 
Qoeationa    witb    Bwitzerbuid   regud- 

inx,  4S20,  4627. 
To  SoDtheni  BUtea  oncoonged,  7007. 
Treaties    regardiQg,    infomutioQ    re- 
specting   eonflict    of    Senat«    bill 
with,  transmitted,  5768. 
Treaty  reg&rding,  with — 
Bavarik,  3834. 

China.     (See  Chinese,  ante.) 
Germanj  and  claima  ariaing  under, 

disetiiced,  4419. 
PniBBia,  3827. 
Veto  of  biU  to  regulate,  8043. 

' ' — "~   8np«rlnt«iidant  of,  report 

»d,  5877. 

i, — The  eiblbltloQ  of  ChargM 

filtration  Bcainit  s  civil  offleer 

b«for*  «.  conrfietent  tribanal.  In  tbe  United 
8tBtea  the  Uouae  of  RepnaentatlTc*  baa  the 
•ole  power  of  Impeacbmeat  of  the  president, 
Tlce-preMdent  s^d  all  cItII  offlnn  of  the 
United  Btatea.  The  Seoate  bai  the  sola 
power  to  try  all  im peach menla.  The  Chief 
Jnatln  presides  at  Che  trial  ol  a  president. 

Uoat  states  hare  similar  regulaDons  renrd- 
Ine  Impeachment.  This  mode  of  trial  of 
public  offlrlals  comes  to  us  from  EoEtand, 
Where  Impeachmenta  are  made  bj  the  House 
of   Commona   and   tried    bj'   the   Uousa   of 

The  ConitltutloD  of  the  United  States, 
Article  II.,  Section  IV..  prOTldea  that  civil 
oDcers  or  the  United  States  ma;  be  removed 
from  oSlce  on  impeachment  and  conviction 
of  treason,  briber;  or  other  hljh  crimes  and 
Dlsdemeanora :  that  the  Bouse  of  Hepreaen- 
tatlvea  baa  the  sole  power  of  Impeacbment, 
and  the  Senate  the  aole  power  to  trj  Im- 
peaehmenta :  that  the  Tlce-Preaident  ahall 
preside  at  Impeacbmenta  except  when  the 

S resident  Is  tried,  when  the  Chief  lustlce  of 
fee  Supreme  Court  shall  preside:  and  that 
two-thirds  ot  the  member*  present  must 
vote  tor  conviction  before  a  person  Im- 
peached shall  be  deemed  (oiltf.  Only  nine 
persons  have  been  Impeached  and  tried  be- 
tore  the  Senate,  and  onlj  three  of  them 
have  been  convicted.  The  record  Is  as  fol- 
lowi 


Impeached  Julv  T,  IT 
WBse  war  with  Spali 
BrTlalD.     to    eiclte     tl 


■mons  the  Indians  toward  the  United 
Slates;  trial  December  IT.  ITSS.  to  Janu- 
ary 14.  1799 :  vote,  11  gnlltj,  14  not  guilty ; 
verdict,  acquittal. 

John    PIcliertnr, 

Court  of  the  Unite 

Of  New  Hampshire ;  Impeached  1803  for 
drunkenness  and  dlaregard  ot  the  terma  of 
the  statutes:  trial.  March  8  to  Uarch  13, 
ISOBi  vote.  19  Ktillty.  7  not  Bnllty;  verdict, 
Knllty ;  pnnlahment.  removal  from  office. 

Samuel  Chase,  Assoc  late- Justice  of  the 
Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States  i  Im- 
peached 1804  for  misconduct  at  trials  of 
persons  chsrsed  with  breach  ot  the  Sedition 
Law :  trial.  Ifovember  BO.  1804.  to  Uarch 
1,  1806:  vote.  9  pillty,  30  not  gnlltj.  and 


Mlssonrt;  Impeached  for  tyraniialia  tnU- 
meat  ot  counsel,  IS30i  trUl.  Hay  11  to 
Hay  30.  1830.  and  from  December  18.  1830, 
to  January  81,  1831 :  vote.  21  nllty,  a 
Dot  guilty  ;  verillc^  acqnittaL 

Vi^at  B.  HumnbreTS,  Judfs  of  the  Dts- 
trtet  Court  «f  the  United  States  for  the 
District  of  Tennessee:  Impeached  1883  for 


■upportioK  the 

IswTully  BCtini  as  Judn 
District  Court:  trial  Hi 


_.  .t  the  ConfederaU 
llsy  22  to  Jane  2£ 
r.    t  not   snlity,   and 


Andrew  Johnson,  President  of  the  United 


J  May  sn. 


Haridi%l  tl, , 

1B68:  vote.   3S  sullty.   19   not  Bullty ; 
dirt,  acquittal.      (FaEe  8B0T.) 

William  W.  Belknap,  Secretary  of  War  of 
the  United  States :  Impeached  for  ncceptlnc 
bribes:  trial,  April  B  to  Angnat  1,  1876: 
vote,  B  snllty,  2S  not  guilty ;  verdict,  neqidt- 

Charlea  Swayne,  Jndn  ot  the  Dtatrlel 
Court  of  the  United  States  for  the  tHatrlet 
of  Florida :  Impeached  190F  for  ■nlacoDdud 
In  office:  trial. Veb.  S  to  Ftb.  T.  1005:  vote; 
SB  Bullty,  ST  not  kuIIIt  ;  verdict  acqnlttaL 
Rolwrt  W.  Arehbald.  AaaocUte  Jtuln  of 
United  States  Commerce  Court,  was  Im- 
peached July  11,  1912.  on  thirteen  attlclsa 
charBlag  him  with  corrupt  collusion  with 
coal  mine  owners  and  railroad  oOeiala  while 
in  office.  The  Senate  began  his  trial  De- 
cember S,  1013.  and  ended  January  IS, 
lOIS.  Verdict  sniity;  removed  from  office. 
Following  sre  the  Oovemora  of  states 
who  have  faced  Impeachment  pmcsedlBis 
In  the  just,  with  the  results  that  followed: 
Seth    Sotbell.    Colony    of    North    Carolina, 

1089,  removed. 
Charles  Boblnson,  Kansas,  18S3.  acquitted. 
HarrlBon     Beed,    Florida,     1808,     fbiurgea 

dropped. 
William  W.  Holden.  North  Caraltna.  1870, 

removed. 
Powell    Clayton,    Arkanaaa,    ISTl,    eharges 

dropped. 
Davl^Bntler,   NebrMka,  IBTI.  Rmored. 
Henry  C.   Tarmoth,  Lonlaiana.  1872,  term 

ezplied  and  proceeding*  drofiped. 
Adelbert  Ames.  Mlssls^pl,  Tine,  resigned. 
William  Sniaer,  New  toA.  U13,  tcMived. 
bupAMhrnatit  of  Pia>ld«nt  ToIm«n: 
Articles  of,   exhibited  b^  Bonse  «f 
Represeutativee,   3007. 
Answer  of  President,  3026. 
Beplication  of  Eonie  ot  B«pre- 
■entatiTe*.  3051. 
Lett«r    of    Chief    JnAiee    Chaae    re- 
specting proper  mode  of  procednro, 
3016. 
Proceeding*    of    Senate    sitting    for 

trial  of,  391S. 
Verdict  of  acquittal,  3055. 
UnperlAl  Hozlcan  Tiiiiiiw  Co.,  orgaai- 

zation  of,  referred  to,  3575. 
DnpetlaUsm.      (Bee   Ezpansioii,   Tori- 

toHsl.) 
Import  Dottw  (seo  alao  Tariff;  Bevrane, 
Public): 
Act— 
In  relation  to  immediate  tranapot- 
tatioQ     of    dutiable     gooda    re- 
turned, 5502. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


loqwrt  Duties 


Bflgalating   duties   on   comer,  ve- 
toed 3m. 
To  extend  fgr  limited  period  pres- 
ent laws  for  I&Ting  and  coUeet- 
Isg,  vetoed,  2033. 
To  provide  revenue  from  importB 
etc.,  vetoed,  2036. 
Frat«Bt      of      President      Tyler 
aninit    action    of    Hodho    in 
aaopting    report    asBaillng    his 
eODdnct  regarding,  2043. 
Ad  valorem  dDties — 

Offer  atfong  temptations  to  fraud, 

2620,  2662,  2706. 
Beeommeiided,   620     667,   757    870, 
923,  9SE,  977. 
Amount  of,  and  statement  Is  regard 

to,  1159,  1246,  1896,  4633. 
Change  of  rate  of,  cause  halt  In  traai- 

ness,  7369. 
Collected     by    Great    Briton     and 
United  States   in  contravention  of 
treaty  dUenssed,  S96,  2274,  2296. 
Commereial    tarill    should   be    regu- 
lated, 470. 
Commission  to  revise,  recommended, 

4636,  47SS. 
Conplaiuts   of   Spain   and    Portugal 
againat  operations  of  revenue  act, 
ISffS. 
Compromise   act,   dimluntioii  of  du- 
ties under,  referred  to.  1955. 
Constitutionality  of  tariff  questioned, 

1086. 
Coirespondenee  with  foreign  govern- 
ments regarding  Isws  of,  8086. 
Discussed  tiy  President- 
Adams,  J.  Q.,  079. 
Arthur,  4636,  4721,  4839. 
Buchanan,  2964,  3052,  3181. 
Cleveland,  492Q,  S093,  5169,  5359, 

6890,  6984,  6173. 
mimoro,  2619,  2659,  2661,  2705. 
Grant,  3984,  4061,  4108,  4201,  4247, 

4803. 
Harrison,  Benj.,  S47S,  SS56,  6626, 

6744. 
HajM,  4422, 4511. 
Jaclwon,    1012,    1066,    1119,    1160, 

1247,  1380,  1470. 
Jefferson,  897. 
Johnson,  3773. 

If  eKisIey,  6238,  6246,  6139,  646R. 
Uadison,  470,  552. 
Uonroe,  675,  760,  784. 
Fierce,  2747,  2871,  2941. 
Polk,  2263,  2301,  2348,  2366,  2408, 

2407,  2506. 
Booaevelt,   7463. 
Taft,  7663. 
Taylor,  25S6. 
Tyler,  1984,  1956,  1961,  2033,  2096, 

2053,  2119. 
Van  Buren,  17S2. 
mismi,  8261,  8252,  8S68. 


Effect  of,   on  treaUea   with   foreign 

powers,  2086. 
Frauds  in  importation  of  foreign  mar. 

chandise,  diseowed,  989,  4797. 
Free  List — 
Increase    in,    recommended,    4102, 

4247,  4723,  6474. 
Sugar  placed  on,  discussed,  5626. 
Imposition  of,  as  war  measure,  pro- 
posed, 2352,  2366. 
Increase  in,  recommended,  760,  1961. 
Laws  levying,  repealed.  (See  Vessels, 

Foreign,  tonnage  on.) 
Moderate  schedule  of,  recommended, 

2054,  2620,  2662. 
On— 
American   veBsela.       (See    Vessels, 

United  States.) 
British  vessels  returned.  (See  Great 

Britain.) 
Cotton  from  British  North  Ameri- 
can colonies,  996. 
Distilled    spirits.      (See    Distilled 

Spirits.) 
Plour,  1115. 
Foreign  mail  matter,  recommended, 

4G27. 
French  vessels.    (See  France.) 
Hawaiian   commodities  wrongfully 

levied,  discnseed,  6545. 
Luxuries  discussed,  397. 
Bice    discussed,    1243,    1931,   2118, 

2181,  2274. 
BuBsiaa    Hemp,    and    treaty    obli- 
gations regarding,  3990. 
S^t  discussed,  397,  1470. 
Tea  and  coffee — 
Becommended  by  President^ 
Grant,  4303. 


Bepeal  of,  recommended,  4062. 
Tonnase     repealed.    (See  Vessels, 

Foreign.) 
Wines,  1131,  1321,  2127,  2250. 
Wools  discaseed,  1247,  4247. 
Works  of  foreign  artists  discussed, 

4794,  4824,  4924,  5091. 
Payment  of  amount  due  Great  Brit- 
ain, reeonunended,  568. 
Protest  of  Germany  against  discrim- 
inating duty  on  sngar,  recommen- 
dations regarding,  5957. 
Eeduotlon  in,  1707,  17S2,  2349,  2497, 

476S. 
Becommended  by  President — 

Cleveland,  4926,  S093,  5165,  6369, 
C374,  S890,  5984. 

Grant,   4102,  4247. 

Harrison,  BenJ.,  647S. 

Jackson,  1018,  1119. 

Johnson,  3773. 

Pieree,  2747,  2871,  2941. 

Polk,  2253,  £301. 

Taft,  7369,  7393,  7396,  7390,  740D, 
7488,  7601,  7618. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Import  Duties  Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Import  DntlM— Canttniwd. 

Kevbion     of     Dingley    act    Tscom- 
m  ended,  7369. 

Salt,    rice    and   luxuriea    on,    consid- 
ered and  diecaBBCd,  3S7. 

Specific    duties    lecommeaded,    2556, 
2620,  2861,   S70fl,  3QS2,  3181,  44g2. 

Tariff  diBcnHsed — 
Of  1816,  760. 
1842,  2254,  2301,  2349,  2402,  2497. 

1846,  2402,  2497,  3051. 
1890,  5558,  5626. 
1894,  5984.  5998. 

1909,  7393,  7403,  7625,  7631. 
Tariff  anutisfactoiy,  980,  1013,  IMl, 

2253,  2.101. 
WarehoDBing  Bjatem  discnsBed,  1015, 

2053,  2119,  2405. 
Import  Dutiea,  Foreign.     (See  Foreign 

Import  Datiee.) 
Imported  Qoodi^  misbranding  of,  7228. 
Importi: 

Duties  on.    (See  Import  Duties;  Ves- 

b«1b,  Foreign,  toDoage  on.) 
From  Prance  referred  to,  768. 
Incre&Be  in,  1J55. 

Into   Cuba,   modification  of  laws  re- 
garding,  2869. 

Indemnity  for,  diBcnssed,  8869. 
Prohibition  on — 

Proclamation  removing,  6029. 

BecommendatiouB    regarding,    399, 
527. 
Seduction  in,  1707. 
Restrictions  upon.    (See  Animals  and 

Animal  Products.) 
Value  of,  for  year  ending  Jnne — 

1845,  2252.  1885,  4925. 

1S46,  2346.  1886,  5092. 

1847,  2401.  1891,  5626. 

1848,  2496.  1892,  5743. 

1851,  2658.  1893,  5875. 

1852,  2705.  1894,  SB64. 
1877,  4422.  1896,  6155. 
1881,  4633.  1899,  6357. 
1884,  4830.                  1900,  6439. 

Impresament. — Thp  act  of  rompplllnR  per- 
BODB  to  enter  tbe  public  service,  usuallr 
applied  to  the  seizure  of  sallarH  for  servlre 
nil  naval  veaMls.  Great  Tlrltsln  baa  slwara 
rlatmed  the  rIfthC  to  levy  tsud  and  nival 
forrei  Id  time  of  war  br  compiilsorf  praceas. 
TbtB   method  has  beec   limited   In   tbe  case 

but  that  country  still   rlalma  the  rlichl  lo 

ever  they  ma;  be  found.  Tbe  eierrlae  of 
thla  dalm  wii  amooK  the  rauBpa  that  led 
to  tbe  War  of  1812.  Great  Britain  refused 
to  allow  the  rljht  of  her  aeanien  to  change 
their  allegiance  b;  naturallsatloD  and 
claimed  tbe  rlRht  to  search  neutral  vessels 
snd  decide  bj  her  vtsKIng  offlcers  who 
among  the  crew  of  aurh  neutral  vesaels 
were  British  aiibjects.  Many  Amerlcaa 
sailors   were   In    this   way   wrongfutlv   Im- 

Eresaed  Into  the  Itrltlab  navj.  Althousb 
J  tbe  treaty  of  Ohpnt  Great  Britain  did 
Fot  rellnqulan  this  claim,  it  baa  been  aban- 


Impresament.       (See   Naturalized   Citi- 
zens; Seamen,  American.) 
Imprlsonfflenti 
Citizens  of  United  States  and  elaima 
arising  out  of,  in — 
Algiers,  80,  90,  115,  140,  169,  192, 

197,  199,  539. 
Argentine  Republic,  632. 
Austria,  2742,  2889. 
Brazil   970,  2779. 
Colombia,  4798. 

Cuba,   329,  2538,  2676,  2677,   2765, 

3115,    4023,'  5516,    6068,    6100, 

6181,   6182,   6184,   6345.      (See 

also  Spain.) 

Persona  claiming  to  be  Aoericau 

citizens,  6180,  6183. 
Beleaaed,  6367. 
Ecuador,  4866. 
Peleased,  4915,  4990. 
Treaty  to  settle  claim  regarding, 
5369. 
France,  6060. 

Oreat  Britain,  963,  969,  990,  1123, 
1575,  1622,  1687,  1909,  1928, 
2521,  3590,  3718,  3827,  3897, 
4005,  4602,  4674,  4678,  4679, 
4693,  4699,  6101. 
Colonies   of.      (See  tbe  separat« 

British  Colonies.) 
Correspondence  regarding.      (See 

Oreely,  Ebenezer  S.) 
Beleaaed,  1110. 

Trial  and  cooviction  of,  referred 

to,  3800,  3827,  3833,  3834,  4782. 

Balti,  3829,  4665,  4918,  5120,  5123, 

5369,  5869,  6099. 
Honduras,  5825. 

Ireland,    2521,    3590,    4678,    4670, 
4693,  4699. 
Released,  3902,  4713. 
Trial  and  conviction  of,  referred 
to,  3800,  3827,  3833. 
Mexico,     2720,     2834,    2837,     4376, 
4672,     46^8,     4692,     4696,     4852, 
4991,  5086. 
New  Brunswick,  963,  969, 990,  1575, 

1622,  1687. 
Paraguay,  3884,  3898. 
Peru,  5988,  6092,  6335. 
Portugal,  3884. 
Prussia,  1136. 
Russia,  4162,  4789,  4793. 
Santo  Domingo,  4004,  4013. 
Spain,  594,  2643,  4116,  590S.      (See 
also  Cuba.) 
Pardon  of,  diseuased,  2689,  2692. 
Release,  6367. 
Tripoli,  liberated,  373. 
Venezuela,  4789,  4803,  6198. 
For  debt.       (See  Imprisonment  for 
Debt.) 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


ZmprlMBBiatt— OontfMitnl. 

JailH,     use    of,    granted    to     United 
StatM,  103. 

Of  lojal  citizens  ty  forces  in  rebel- 
lion, 3235. 

PrUonera — 
Duties  of  sherifFs  regaiding,  67. 
Provision  for,  recommended,  183. 
Imprlgonment  for  Debt: 

Abolition  of,  except  in  ease  of  frsnd, 
recommended,   1017,   1119. 

Beferred  to,  251. 
ZmproTements,  Internal.    (See  Internal 

ImpTOTementa.) 
Inangnral  AddieasBB  of  President — 

Adams,  John,  218. 

Adams,  J.  Q.,  8S0. 

Arthur,  4620. 

Buchanan,  2981, 

Cleveland,  4684,  5881. 

GarEeld,   4596. 

Grant,  3960,  4175. 

Harrison,  Benj.,  5440. 

Harrison,  W.  H.,  1860. 

Hajes,  4396. 

Jackeon,  999,  1222. 
'   Jefferson,  309,  366. 

Johnson,  3503. 

Lincoln,  3206,  3477. 

McRinley,  6236,  6465. 

Madison,   451,  509. 

Monroe,  573,  655. 

Pierce,  2730. 

Polk,  2223. 

Roosevelt,  6930. 

TaJt,  7368. 

Tsvlor,  2542. 

Tyler,  1889. 

Van  Buren,  1530. 

Washington,  43,  130. 

-Wilson,  7868. 
£lMlSimtl<ni  Dky.— After  the  ratlflcntlon 
ot  the  Constitntion  b;  the  several  states 
the  ConKresB  ot  the  old  Confederation  Qxed 
npon  tbe  flrst  Weflnesday  la  January.  1T89, 
(or  tbe  clioEce  ot  electors,  the  flrat  WedncB- 
daj  In  February  for  tbe  votlnE  of  the  elec- 
tors, and  the  flrst  Wedneaday  In  March  lor 
the  In  au  Karat  Ion  of  the  preeldcut.  The  lat- 
ter day  tell  on  tbe  4th  In  tbac  year,  and 
tbe  tveirth  amendment  to  the  Conatltotlon 
•Fttled  upon  this  as  the  legal  date.  Bllla 
have  been  trfqueotly  Introduced  In  both 
Bousea  oC  Conf^'eas  <o  change  Inausuratlon 
Day  from  March  4lh  to  various  dates,  some 
as  Iste  BB  April  BOth.  There  hsB  also  been 
aome  agitation  to  make  the  date  of  loaugu- 
ratloD  coDBlderably  earlier,  the  advocates 
ot  this  proimsltlon  claiming  that  tbe  Inter- 
val between  election  and  InaDKuratlon  Is 
dBDBeransly  long. 
Incendlarr  SpMchM  and  mob  violence 

discussed    by    President    Roosevelt, 

7412. 
Income  Tax.— A  form  of  direct  tax  upon 

annual  Incoiaes  In  eiccsa  of  a  spectfled  sum. 
According  to  the  doctrine  of  Adam  Bmltb. 
"the  subjects  of  every  atste  ought  to  con- 
tribute to  the  support  of  the  goveroment 
as  nearly  as  poasible  In  proportion  to  tbclr 
respective  abilities— that  la,   In  proportion 


to  the  revenue*  which  they  respertlvelT 
en]oy  ander  tbe  protection  of  Ibe  state.'' 
Id  pursuBUre  of  this  principle  all  Incomes 
Bbould  be  taxed,  but  It  1b  generally  con- 
ceded among  tbe  advocatea  ot  such  a  (a( 
that  Incomea  below  a  certain  amount  should 

Aug.  5.  1881,  Congress,  to  Secure  funda 
to  aupprcBs  tbe  rebellion,  anthorlzed  a  tax 
of  8  per  ceot.  on  all  Incomes  over  (800 
per  annnm.  July  1,  1862,  an  act  was 
passed  tDilug  air  Incomes  ander  15.000  5 

Eer  cent.,  vllb  an  eiemptlon  of  feOO  and 
ouse  rent  actQHllv  paid.  Incomes  of  more 
tbsn  IS.OOO  and  less  than  (10,000  were 
taxed  2i  per  cent,  additional,  aod  on  In- 
comes of  more  than  (10,000  0  per  cent. 
additional  with  no  exemptions.  A  tsi  of 
S  per  cent,  on  incomes  of  Americans  living 
abroad  and  of  1]  per  cent,  on  Incomes  from 
United  States  securities  was  levied,  expir- 
ing In  I86S.  m  18S4  a  apeclal  tax  of  D 
per  cent,  was  Imposed  on  all  Incomes  be- 
tween (800  and  (6,000  and  10  per  cent. 
on  Incomes  of  more  than  (5,000.  ^hls  law 
waa  repealed  In  18TS,  Tbe  amount  collected 
under  It  was  1346.911.760,48,  In  August, 
1804,  the  Wllaon  tariff  law  Imposed  a  tax 
of  2  per  cent,  on  all  Incomea  In  eiceaa  of 
H.Oofi,  The  Supreme  Court  In  ISDS  de- 
clared Ihla  law  unconstitutional,  (See  lo- 
in come  taiCB  have  been  collected  In  Eng- 
land since  JT09.  when  Mr.  Pitt  carried  a 
propoBlllon  through  Parliament  for  a  grad. 
Dated  tax  on  all  Incomes  In  excess  of  £60 

rr  annum.  In  1803  Ibe  rate  waa  Oied  at 
per  cent,  on  all  Incnmcs  above  £1G0,  Sir 
Roliert  Peel's  bill,  paBsed  In  1842,  Imposed 
a  tax  of  Td.  per  pound  on  anouel  Incomes 
of  £160  and  opward,  for  three  years.  This 
law  has  aince  been  extended  at  each  period 
of  Its  expiration,  and  tbe  rate  end  eiemp- 
tlons  frequently  changed,  but  the  law  re- 
mains essentially  tbe  same  In  nrlnctpte  to- 
day aa  paBSed  !□  the  early  forlles.  Tbo 
rate  bes  varied  from  4d  tbe  pound  (In 
186S-6T-70)    to    la.    the   pound    (In    1904); 


£31,800,000    In 

ncct  of  Sir  Robsrt 

_  .     -auBo  the  repeal  it 

about  £12.000.000  ot  direct  tsxes. 

Hr.  Roosevelt.  In  his  sKlh  annual  mes- 
sage, Dec.  3,  1906  (pe.  7044),  questioned 
the  cooBtltutlonallty  of  an  Income  tax,  sod 
the  next  year  (pg.  7083)  hoped  one  migbt 
be  devised  whlcb  tlie  Supreme  Court  would 
declare  constitutional.  In  n  Boeclal  mesaaee 
of  June  16,  1»0B  (] 


10)  Mr,  Taft  recom- 

..  to  the  Constitution 

wblch  Bbould  permit  the  federal  government 
to  levy  and  collect   an   Income  tax  without 

-mjiig  the  states   according 

b'eb,  25,  1013.  three-fourths 
'Ing  approved  aucb  a  propo- 
uiioD,     11    WHB    cert  I  fled    as    part    of    the 
Constitution.      (See  Ameodmenta) 
By    virtue    of    the    power    granted   under 


lendmi 


eenth    i 

I    Slxty-tbln 


law  ot  1913,      This  p 


>   tbe 


of   the   tarll 


of    *3,nOO    for    unm 

>a,  and  In  excess  ot  f  4,000  up  to 
for  married  i>er8ons  yvlng^^togethi 


(20.- 


h  tbi 


Tcome  of  man  snd  wife  living 
la  exempted.  An  additional  one 
la  assessed  upon  tbe  smount  by 
__  total  net  Income  exceeds  (20.000 
t.lO.OOO :  two  per  cent,  upnn  the 
of  (56.000  np  to  t7S.OO0  ; 
---    -'-    1   Id   


'6,000  up  to  (100,000;  four  per  « 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Income  Tax        Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


pon  the  amount  Id  excen  of  1100,000  up 

D  (300,000;  fl»e  per   ---      -    "■  -   ' 

J  •"10,000 


tsoi^ 


)  ap  to  tSOO.OOO,  and 


■onal  Mr*In  or  fron  vnttmima,  tndt. 
commerce  or  Mlei  or  deallDt*  In  R*l  eatata 
r  perioDal  propertf,  Interett.  NBC  Ascept- 


Barlj   In    IBIT   tbe  Dormal 

wai  rmwed  to  2  per  cent  and  tbe  mr-ti 

on  lartc  Incomes  were  heaTlI;  iDcreaied, 

Income  1*  deBned  ai  all  profltr  —  *" 

from  aalarlea,  wacea.  compenutla 

Tha  (ollowlng  table,  from  a  report  of  tbe 
TreaiDtT  Department,  abowi  the  peraona'  --•■  '-"" 
Income  In  eiceaa  of  »B.OO"  -—  "■ 


jnimenta  fn^ 
Beitdea  the  $L- 

rs 


»lna       pi 


I  OK  annul!;  o. 

llte  IniuraDce  c , 

GOO  and  (4.000  a&>Te 

exempt    from    taiatloit    lun    uw^^mmanj    b&- 

penwn  of  carrylni  on  bnalneaa;  all  InterMt 

D  IndebtednesB.  all  taiea.  bad  debtat 

bj  Are  or  atorm  not  coTcred  br  In- 


ii 

ill 

)  £  a 

Hi, 

SSI! 


a.TU    l.TM      T»    t 


iM3      Mt       K7    1 


1(      II        ■       11 
SJI      K      SO      U     < 


»      K      11      11     1 


1  II.IU    I.tTI    m 


«e  iu  3Si  m   ui 


ISE      87      «I      4C      11      It      »     , 

m  vt  tu  m  nt  r^  -^  ■ 


SM   in   lu 


m    a    n    u 


II     1(      ic       1 


mo     101 


17    11      e|     i|... 

i»   ui 
J      I,., 

1,017 1.IK    i 


EW    ITI  181     1 

-1      il  » 

S7  IS 

ua  117   i 


Boulh  Diliota. . 
Teim..... 


W^duloa.!! 
WntVnnua. 


[^  ICf   lj   l|  I    <  u,in 

ioi  n.MB 

1     IJOl 


H  MJUl  ii7,ue  n.u 


it.TH  i.m  i,t«i  ifla  i.isE  i,«c  ijoi 


I.ISI  MX  B9  LIQ  U7  N  IK  »7.SU 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Bneyelopedic  Index 


India 


■nrmnce,  waA  an  allownnce  tot  dcprt«lKtioD 
In  Tiloa.  iDtcKit  upon  obllgatloai  of  m 
■tale  OT  political  lutKllTliloo  thereot  and 
npon  obllntloii*  of  tb«  United  Btatw  or 
Ita  pooeadoni  la  alao  exempt  tram  taiatlon. 
Id   tke   caaa   ot   corporatlona    tbe    omc 

Domal  t«i  i*  DBTable  upoD  tbe  e-'  ' 

•o  b«  computed  ap  *-  "■ ■*  -• 

BtS  Oi 


DP  to  the  eDd  of  anr  calen- 


dar BODtC  the  corporation  mar  dealfnate, 
the  retDm  to  be  made  wltblo  ilit;  daji 
after  the  clole  of  Urn  flecal  rear.  Tbe  net 
Income  la  aseertalDed  bj  dednctlos  from  tbe 
tacelpta  of  corporations  all  the  neceraar; 
aapenaea  ot  operation,  Indndlni  reotale : 
air  loaaea  b;  Are  and  storm  not  covered  by 
tnanranoe;  depreciation  (in  tbe  case  ot 
minea  not  to  exceed  flre  per  cent,  of  the 
Talne  al  gtan  ootpnt) ;  tbe  amonnt  of  Inter- 
est Bccmed  and  paid  witbin  the  jear  upon 
bono*  or  other  Indebtednesa :  Id  tbe  ease 
of  banka.  Interest  paid  dnrlns  tbe  year  to 


and  eecated  I 


Interest-bearlns 


compsDles.  ssri cultural,  labor  and  bene- 
flclan  aDcletlea,  educational,  rellglaus  and 
actentlfle    asaodatlona    not    conducted    for 

Persons,    Arms,    companlea,   etc.,   haTlng 
the   paroieDt   of   flied   annual   or   periodic 

Income    '-    "'■'' — — *■' — '    '"    * — 

shall  1 


It  eqaal  to  tbe  normal  Income  ti 


dresa  of  aach   peri — 

BetDma  of  taxable  Income  are  to  be  made 

KUarch  1,  and  payment  la  to  be  made  by 
ne  8Dth  each  rear  subject  to  a  penalt* 
of  flTe  per  cent,  and  one  per  cent,  a  month 
on  dellnqnenta 
Dicome  Tax: 
Constitutional  amendment  proposed, 

73S0,  7391. 
Doubtful  eonatltatlonalitT  of,  7390. 
Power   to   levy   songht    oj   conatitn- 

tional  amendment,  7390,  7391. 
Beeonunended  by — 
Grant,  39S4. 
Boosevelt,  7044,  7083. 
Taft,  7390. 
Upon  certain  corporate  InTestments 

disenued,  S892. 
TJpon  eonaols  to  United  States  dis- 

tusaed.  3383. 
Upon 


eorporationi,  7082. 

Inc  the  Income-tax  i 
lavs  ot  Ang.  28,  ^1§ 


1   of  tbe  tariff 

„ Oct.   6.    1913. 

D  u...  _  ^„u.e  before  tbe  Bupreme  Court 

■  that  of  Pollock  vs.  Farmers'  Loan  and 

Traat  Co..  on  appeal  from  th»  fimiit  conrt 
ot  the  United  States  tor  the 
trlct  ot  New  Tork.  April  " 
decided  that  so  mncb  —  ' 
proflded  tor  terrlng  Him  uimu  icuw  <ir 
fneomea  derlTsd  from  real  estate  or  from 
latcrest  on  manlelpat  bonds  was  repnenant 
to  the  OonstitDtlon  and  therefore  Inralld. 
(See  Hylton  v«.  United  SUtes.) 

DpboldlQK  the  conaHtutkiBalltj  of  the  In- 
cone  tax  Uir,  tbe  Supreme  Court  ot  the 
United  States  rendered  a  decision.  Isd.  24, 
in  the  case  ot  Prank  R.  Bmsbaber  aialnat 
tbe    Union    PaelDc    Railroad.      Bmsbaber 


li  of  the  a 


[nitbem  dla- 
895.  It  was 


tntlonal.  Tbe  basic  error  of  those  wbo 
attacked  tbe  constltntlonalitr  of  tbe  tax. 
Chief  Jostlce  White  held.  In  tbe  opinion 
banded  down,  waa  In  resardlnjt  tbe  Six- 
teenth Amendment  as  empowering  tbe 
United  States  to  levy  a  direct  tax  without 
apportionment  amone  tbe  States  according 
to  popnladon.  In  snbatance,  tbe  court  held 
that  the  Sixteenth  AmeDdment  did  not  em- 
power tbe   Federal   OoTemmeut   to   le*;   ■ 


lendmeat  was  to  relieve  all  Income  taxes 
consideration  of  the  aonroe  whence 
'-■--"■    Tbe  eonrt  Btated 


Btltutlon  for  Federal  taxes.  Is  s! 
srapblcal  anltormln.    At  tt  ' 
court  stated  tbat  tae  Siito 
impliedly   aDstalned   the   court's   rullnr   li 
famous   Pollock    case,    tlut   the   term 
"^  ■'"""  meant  something  broader  than 


"direct  t 


iiteentb  Amendment 


Bonsht  to  restrain  tbe  Union  Padflc  fram 
puuiK  the  Income  tax  at  the  source  as  prt 
Tided  tor  under  tbe  law  and  declared  tha 
the  tax  law  ol  Oct  8,  1618,  i 


lona'l  taxes  must  be"apportloned  acconUos 
ia  population. 

Incoiporatloii    Act,    National,    recom- 
mended bj  President  Booaeveit,  7074, 
Ibd^Mndeoca  Day,  order  regarding  cele- 
bration of,  SO  79. 
Indepondmce,    Decluatlon    of.      (8«e 

Declaration  of  Independenca.) 
Independent  SUte   of  C<»igo.        (See 

Congo  Free  State.) 
Indepradent  Telegrapli  Oo„  ran  between 
Pbiladelphia  and  Boston,  and  in  1SS3 
military  posiesiion  of  it  waa  taken  aa 
a  precaution. 
Ind^endont  Truanrjr,     (See  Snbtreaa- 

nry  System.) 
^ldl4, — The  Indian  Empire  extends  over  a 
territory  larfer  than  the  Continent  of  Bn- 
rops  without  BusslB.    It  Is  offlclBll]>  known 
aa  British  India. 

The  Indian  Empire  adjoins  Persia  tram 
the  Onit  ot  Oman  to  near  Ziilflkar  on  tbe 
Harrtrud ;  then  the  Snsslsn  Bmpire  slong 
the  trantler  laid  down  by  agreement  Id 
188S  as  fsr  as  tlio  Oxus  af  KhamUb; 
thence  along  tbe  Oiut  up  to  tbe  Victoria 
Lake,  and  from  the  eaat  end  of  that  lake 
by  the  line  demarcated  In  1895  up  to 
Poralo  ScbTeikoiskl,  where  three  empires 
—tbe  Brillsb,  Russian,  aad  ChlDcse — oieet. 
From  this  point  tbe  frontier — In  many 
parts  not  jet  clearly  denned— toDcbea  the 
Cblneae  Empire,  mainly  alone  tbe  crests  ot 
the  Mastagh  range  sud  the  Hlmalsyas.  till 
tbe  limits  of  French  Indo-Cblna  are  reached 
ou  tbe  Upper  MekoDB.  Tbe  Indian  fron- 
tier, on  leaving  tbe  Mekong,  ndlolns  Slam 
till  It  ceacbes  tbe  sea  at  Victoria  Point, 
halfway  down  the  Ualay  peninsula.  Be- 
yond the  sea  the  Indian  Empire  Includes 
the  Andaman  and  NIcobar  Islands,  the  Lac- 
cadlve  Islands,  Aden  sod  Perlm.  besides 
prolectoratea  over  Socotra.  Bahrein,  and 
various  cblef ships  alone  the  coast  from 
Aden  to  tbe  Perslsn  GuR.  Continental  In- 
dia. Including  Balncblstan.  reaches  from 
8*  to  3T°  N.  latitude,  and  from  61'  to  101* 
E.   lonritnde. 

7A«  aimaloiKu. — The  Himalayas  (which 
lie  partly  beyond  tbe  frontier),  form  tbe 
natural  northern  boundary  of  India.  The 
Himalayan  range  runs  for  1,600  miles  tram 
nortbweat  to  lODtbwest,  wUb  a  varvlng 
breadth  of  IDO  to  200  mllea,  and  attalna 
a  general  height  ot  20.000  teet  above  the 
plain,  culminating  In  tbe  loftiest  peaks  yet 
measured  on  tbe  globe — Uonnt  Everest,  29,- 
141  feet;  Knncblnjnnga,  28,148  feet,  and 
DbaDlagltl,  20,820  leet,  near  the  cental 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


!   tbe  rlcb 


IndUi— ^ON  Havrd. 

af  Ih«  nns«;   and   Moanl   Oodwta   Aait' 

28.250    fm,    Dvar    lis    JuncIloD     with    I 

dodeaSrOD.  barley.  'oa[B.  and  uiIIIpi!'  Tbe 
fBDiu  li  ■■  Tsrled  aa  tbe  Bora,  and  loeludes 
the  blBOD.  moBk-deiT.  jak.  wlid  sbpep  and 
gam,  b*«r,  elephani,  loonlieT,  and  tiger, 
wilh  eaglea,  birirltJgeB,  and  pbessams. 
Between   the  HlmnUyas  and  the  plair-  •- 

-.     ,-aKle. 

ered  and  full  of  big  ga 

The   northern    rlTer-plalns,    lying 

fool   of  the   Qlmalajas.   romprlae   t__ 

■lltiTlal  plains  watered  b;  the  iDdua.  the 
GangeiL  the  Lower  Brahmapnlra.  At  aa 
great  dlstanoe  fram  one  anolber.  tour  rlT- 
en  lake  their  rise  In  Ihe  HlmalaTaa. 

1A«  Dtecan, — Juit  as  the  UimalayaB  on 
the  north  and  ihe  Hindu  Knah  aad  Sulei- 
man HoDDtalna  on  tbe  Dortbwest  fona  nat- 
ural barrier*  of  defenae  for  Hindustan,  so 
do  Ihe  Vindhya  Moanlalna,  ranalng  almoat 
due  east  from  the  bead  of  Ihe  Gulf  ol 
Cambar,  nonb  of  the  Nerbudda  Rlrer, 
foim  a  nnn  soolbero  boundary  lo  tbe  Hrer- 
plHlnl  of  N'artbern  India.  Sau[hern  India, 
or  the  Decesn,  la  a  plateau  of  trlaugular 
Aape  and  very  old  gpoloclenl  formnilan. 
bounded  on  two  sides  by  tbe  Malabar  and 
Coromandel  njaala.  whleh  ranverge  at  Cape 
ComoriD,  and  on  [be  [bird  bs  [be  Vlnd- 
-'     -    -  •  "■    - —  '■'• all 


In 

e  VIndhfas.  and 


ras.   and  parallel 
Wp.ilern  ftbiiuIB, 


plane  up 

[  ]it12   were  about   8^4.000 
India    BS    a    ivhole.      About    23,000 


The  reported  death!  from  plaj 


^^"i 


lually  killed  by  snalies. '  ArcordiDg 
(reuauB  of  1911  there  were  110,000 

lOfrrrTpAy.— Beatdea    English 


3  IJtndl.  Bihar 


iBllsh 
Eastr—  ■- 


1  Blndl,  Te- 


Sonthem    India    has    shaped    Ita    . 

the  Boutbweat  eoast,  shut  In  by  mountains, 

BODtheast,  open  sod  easy  of  access  by  aea 
and  toward  the  Interior,  has  made  great 
progress.  The  mountain  slopca  of  thta  re- 
gloD.  eapeclallj'  tbose  of  the  Western 
Gbaatl.  Which  rise  to  S.OOO  feet  In  rhe 
Nllglrls.  are  atlEI  covered  with  tbe  Bplen- 
did  Tegelatlon  of  primeval  forests.  Teak, 
ebony,  aatlnwood,  tmndaln-ood,  palm,  and 
bamboo  abound.  The  jungles  In  tbe  east 
are  verr  deadly.  The  [Iger,  bison,  leopard, 
deer,  and  various  smaller  game  alford  sport. 
Bnakea  are  fonnd  erervwhere.  In  [he  val- 
leys and  higher  plains  mnnv  valuable  crops 
are  ralaed.  chiefly  rli-p.  mfllet.  (vKon.  oll- 
■eeda.  cofTee,  tea.  Indigo,  tobacco,  and  chln- 
Chona.  The  black  cotton  aoll  Is  very  fer- 
tile. There  Is  Irrigation  hj  dama,  nell*, 
tanks,  and  canals. 


'pun}abl'  Tamil.  BaJastltBiil. 
ntiuuiT-pv,  uujarathl,  Orija,  ^nrmese,  and 
Ma  lay  a  lam.  Tbe  religions  professed,  is 
tbe  order  of  their  numerical  Important^ 
are  Qlndns.  Mnhammadana,  Baddhlata, 
AnImlBis,  Chriallans,  Sikhs.  Jalna,   Farala, 


aajealy'a  Secretary  t 

..- ..  .-e  bead  of  Ibe  ludfan  Admln- 

Istrailon  In  iHngland.  In  all  matters  tbe 
SeerelaiT  of  Sinte  can  Impoae  hia  ardeta 
on  tbe  Government  of  India.  Ko  expendi- 
ture from  Ibe  revenue  of  India  la  legal  un- 
less sanetlDned  by  bim  and  a  majority  of 
his  Council.  Tbe  King-Emperor  la  George 
v.,  who  succeeded  lo  the  Tbroue  of  Eng- 
land Id  11)10.  proclaimed  Emperor  of  Inda 
at  Delhi  In  11)11.  The  supreme  authority 
la  India  la  vested  In  the  Governor-General 
In  CdudcII.  subject  to  the  control  of  the 
Secretary  of  Siaie  In  England.  The  Got- 
ernor-ljpoerara  Council  consists  of  seveii 
memlters.  and.  since  March.  11)09,  one  of 
these  bas  been   a  native   of   India. 

British  India  Is  panltloned  Into  pror- 
luces,  enjoying  various  degrees  of  Inde- 
pendence. Tbe  Preside  Qclea  of  Madras 
Bombay  and  Bengal  are  eacb  admlnlatered 
by  a  governor  appointed  direct  from  Eng- 

The  dlstricls  (of  which  there  are  over 
ni^n  ,_  T._,., ...  ™.___, —  jiig  admluls- 


es  of  Madras.  Bombay  and 
1   tbe    Xonhwesiern    Prov- 


FoHtioal  Divinons  EnkliiJi  IBII 

SqTMilea  Ceosua 

Madiu  Pnodencr Ul.TSB  41,405.404 

Bombay  Pmideacy 123.059  IB.6T2,M2 

BengalPr^ddency 7i6efl  45,483,077 

AinuidOudh 107.1M  47.182,044 

Aimer  Menrar* 2,711  601,395 

Andamana  and  Nioobara.. . .  3,143  2B,45a 

Anm. G3,0ia  0.713,635 

Baluchiitan 54,228  414,412 

Bihar  Bud  Oiim 83,181  34,490,084 

Burma 230,830  12,115,217 

CentralProrinceondBenir.  {K>,323  13.916,303 

Coora 1,582  174,978 

Dclht. 657  391,828 

N.  W,  Frontiar  Province...  13.418  2,100,933 

Punjab 09.222  19,974,958 

Total  Britiih  Territory,  1,093,074  244,267,642 

Native  Stales  and  Ageooia.  709,118  70.864.995 

Total  Indian  Empira,, .  1,802,192  316.132,537 


tratlve  unl 
Tbe  Pref 
Bengal,  an 
incps,  hav. 
both   In    civil    ( 

o((on.— A 

Is^belnR^g!"?  1* 
technical   educa 


of  Bililsh  troops,  about  7 S.OOO ;  and.  sec- 
ondly, of  nailve  troops  (largely  Uuham- 
madanai,  about  160,000.  In  addition,  (he 
native  Army  Heaerves  number  34.600  men^ 
■nd  Ibe  Imperial  Service  iroops  furnished 
by  nallve  siaies  contribute  22.350,  Includ- 
ing cavalrv.  transport  corps,  and  suppers. 
Further,  there  ere  39.000  European  and 
Eoraalan   volunteers    {efflclenisl. 

ProclMf  if  on      and     Inauttrg. — A  boot     two- 


There 

is    Ihe 

the  rent  a 
— ,  ._  1011-1912, 
-opped,   of   which 


vll  or  mllliapj-.  The 
lunt  landlord  In  India, 
e  Is  Ihe  State's  share  I 
I.     In  British  territory 


-.    ,--    „--    wheat,  3t 

per  cent   under  rice,  and  37   per  cent  un- 
der  other   food-grains    and    pulses.    7   per 

.....        ....    ._^  g^j  ^  pgj  ^.p^j  under 

>lher   flbers.^     Owing   to 


inder  oilseeds,  and   T   per  c 

■   ■       and   other   -'- — 

I  tForld  d 


Poppy  may  be  grown  only  In  parts  at 
Bengnl  and  the  milted  Provinces  and  In 
the  Central  Indian  native  State*.     Except 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


TflJI* — ConUmied. 

In  tbeae  Statei  the  manufaetnre  li  a  Qot- 
ernmeiit  moaopolr.  In  ISll-lBlZ  26,B80 
cbeslH  of  BengHl  opium  were  sold  for  ei- 
port.  The  monthly  auctloo  aalee  at  Cal- 
catta  reailied  £4,Beo,9S2,  and  ihp  eipeDB^s 
of  prodncMon,  etc.,  were  £728,432.  Most 
ot  the  oplam  produoed  IH  exported  to 
China  anJ  Ihe  BtrallB  SeiUemenls.  The 
culllTBtlon  of  op[um  in  India  is  beInK  -^ 
Btiicttd  aa  the  eiportatlor  ''  ""■' 
been  cloeed, 

Tbe  total  capita!  outlnr 

tlon    works    up    to    March    ^.,    ,     - 

£41,B10,(HI0,   wlilch,   sport    from   ib«  odvi 
iBKes  ID  en  It  [valors  nnd  protection  agali 
famine,    yielded    a    pre"-    ■-    "■-    =— ■" 
■bout  fl.*0e.0O0,     Thi 
about  23   mlllloD  acre: 

■    e  of   the  crops  ra 


I   Cbtna   has 


bidian  AfFairs 

dencTi  noder  ■  GoTemor.  !n  1911.  Tbft 
old  Bensal  PresldeDcy  tDcinded  practically 
all  NortberD  aod  Central  India,  bat  Ibe 
present  admiQlslratlOD  com  prises  only  a 
pari  of  Ita  former  limits. 

Agra  and  Oudh,  called  "Northwestern 
Provinces  and  Oudb"  antli  1902,  form  the 
upper  part  of  (he  frreal  Gonges  plain  to 
the  west  of  Bengal,  lying  Detween  ttie 
Hlmalayaa  and  tbe  hill;  border  of  tbe  ceD- 
tcaL  p'— ~— 


?.'"1K?: 


■^.  lOpP 


'6,000  Bfiuar 


caplli 


miles 


Panlab  Prorlnee  ocraplea  the  nortbweat- 
ern  angle  of  Ibe  great  nortbem  plain  of 
India,  and  derives  Its  oame  from  tbe  "Five 
Rlrers"  which,  descending  from  the  BIma- 
Inyas;  traverse  the  plain  and  unite  ID  the 

frrieated   was  Burma  Is  the  lapgest  province  of  tbe  In- 

|p   ihp    annual        dian     Empire.        Many     Immigrants     come 

'  ...y™„;"r  .;        from    Bengnl.    Madras,    and    Alna.      It    la 

thinly  peopled  :  but,  owing  to  remarfcable 


lulla;. 


aides  ar«  under  Stale  control.  They  pro- 
duced In  ISlO-lBll  a  net  revenue  of  £1.- 
623,000.       A    third    of    the 


from  Barma. 


Tbe  output  of 


_      _  1911  was  12.716,- 

Qlce-tenthB  of  the  total  coming 

production    of    crude 


petroleum  Tq  India  Ichieflj  E — 

creased  from  19,000,000  gallons  In  ISt 
226,000.000  IQ   IBll.      ■"■■ — "  -' 


630.000   ions.      Aboal    15,oA> 
--'--     -e  produced  onnually 


t  years  has  been  much 


The  y 


The  a 


iS.OOO  0 


Billl  a 


_     opetnion'of     machine-made 

(obda.  CottoD-weaTlng  Is  by  far  the  most 
[mportant  hand  Industry.  Power  mills 
bHve  grown  up  under  European  auspices, 
but  are  now  largely  owned  liy  natives. 
The  258  cotton  mills  at  work  In  India  in 
lBll-1012,    mostly   In    Bombay    "-  — 

•  ■     ■      alned    6,4"' """    - 


87, 


0  loon 


:T,000    sphidles    I 


RaliKO in.— Nearly  ail  the  railways  Itt 
India  are  owned  by  the  Slate  and  adminis- 
tered by  a  Railway  Board,  Ibounb  many 
ace  leased  lo  snd  worked  by  companies. 
The  mileage  open  for  traffic  on  December 
81.   1B12,  was  33.484. 

Bkippina.—ln  1B12-IS13  the  nnmber  01 
Tessels  which  entered  from  and  cleared  to 
foreign  coonirles  rose  to  8.737,      *"    "   "" 


e  of  1 

approilmately   61    ] 


Of  this  t< 


t   the   Census  of   1911 


ot  Bengal. 

Bpmbow.— The  Island  of  Bombay  was  part 
of  the   dowry  of  the  Infanta  of   Portugal 


y   peopled: .    a   — 

lerliy,    Ibe    populalion   has   increased 
nearly  IB  per  cent.  In  ten  years, 

Bihar  and  Ori»ia  ProiHnce  was  formed 
on  Aorll  1,  1912.  Tbe  great  bulk  of  the 
l>eop1e  are  Hindus,  and  the  great  temple 
of  JuggemHnt  (Purl)   Is  in  OriBSa. 

Satire  or  Ffudaloru  Stale*,  whose  chiefs 
are  In  subordinate  alliance  with,  or  under 
tbe  suzerolniy  of,  the  Klng-Rmperor.  com- 
prise about  two-Qftbs  of  the  area,  but  only 
iwo-nlnihs  of  the  ponulatlon  of  India. 
Their  admlnlstrallon,  with  a  few  unimpor- 
tant exceptions.  Is  not  under  tbe  direct 
control  of  British  officials,  but  It  Is  sublcct. 
In  varying  degrees,  to  the  Supreme   Oor- 

DidliL,   coined  silver  and  prodaets  of, 

leferred  to,  5908, 
Indian  Affairs.     (See  Interior,  Bepart- 

m.ent  of.) 
Indian  Affaln,  Bmun  of: 

AppTopriations      for,     reeommended, 
2832,  4656,  4777. 
deferred  to,  164S,  35S0,  5104,  5885, 
5977. 

Commission  to  cooperate  with,  ap- 
pointed and  regulations  for,  3977. 

Contracts,  pnrchaseB,  etc,  for,  re- 
ferred to,  4214. 

Creation  of  new  office  in,  recom- 
mended, 46S9. 

Discuaaed  by  President — 
Arthur,  4«41. 
Cleveland,  6103,  5977. 
Harrison,  Benj.,  576L 

Employees  in  Indian  service  referred 
to    4311,  4314. 

Employment  of  phyraeiani  by,  6893. 

Expenditures  ot,  referred  to,  650,  682, 
4214,  4942. 

Irregularities  in,  referred  to,  1001. 

Medical  inspector  for  Indian  service, 
bill  creating  office  of,  referred  to, 
4656. 

Salaries  of  employees,  increase  rec- 
ommended, 6912, 

System  of,  recommendatioDS  regard- 
ing, 3333,   33S8,   4841,  4942. 
Indian  Aflalrs,  Oommlssloner  of: 

Appointment  of,  6912. 

Bill  to  increase  salary  of,  referred  to, 
4659. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Indian  Attuxa     Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Tii^<«ii.  Aflftln,  Ootnmlarioim  of — Oimfd. 
Commiuion  to  perfonn  duties  of  As- 

BiBtaDt    Commissionei   and,  reeom- 

msnded,   6168. 
Letter    from,     regarding    mlEZf    of 

□ffiecTB  referred  to,  1807. 


Appointment  and  trsnifer  of,  £557. 
Buildings  for  MeicaleTo  Agenej,  N. 

Uex.,  rscommeDded,  4692. 
Deficieiacies  in  Buppliea  at  Bed  Cloud 

Agency,  Nebr.,  4312,  4313. 
Bemoval  of,  from  Port  Wajne,  Ind., 

referred  to,  967. 

Tnillftw    AgftQtl! 

Appropriation  for,  reeommended,  2840. 

Detail  of  armr   officers  for,  recom- 
mended, 5976. 

Influence     and    dispositiOD    of,    dis- 
cuBBed,  4941. 

Term  of  office  of,  referred  to,  4677. 
IndUn  ApproprUtton  BID,  necessity  of 

passing,  discnssed,  4033,  6272. 
TffSiffii  Oommlasloii  to  perform  dtities 

of  Assistant  CommisaoDor  and  Com- 

missioner  of  Indian  Affairs,  recom- 
mended, 6168. 
Indian  Oonunlmloners,  appointment  of 

6  recommended,  4942,  S105. 
Indian  OotmnlMlooan,  Board  of: 

Appropriation  for  defraying  expenses 
of,  recommended,  46S6. 

Beport   of,   referred   to,   4076,    4314, 
4666,  4743,  4972. 
Indian    OommlBsioner.     (See    Commis- 

Tniltsn   Com,  introduction   of  products 

of,  into  Europe,  discussed,  5764. 
Indian  Depredations   (see  ajso  Indian 
Wars): 
Abuses  in  proseeution  of  claims  for, 

5885. 
Beferred  to,  74,  87,  M,  118,  122,  163, 
1645,  2410. 
Indian  EostmtlM.    (See  Indian  Wars.) 
Tn*^**"  Inspectors,  term  of  office  of,  re- 
ferred to,  4677. 
Xmn*.!!  liands.    (See  Lands,  Indian.) 
Indian  Beaerratlons: 
Allotment  of  lands  in  severaltT  to 

Act  providing  for,  etc,  6498. 
Discussed,  5381,  5480,  6552,  6637, 

6761,  6976. 
Becommended,  561,  4528,  4ST6, 4643, 

4730,  4779,  4783,  4955,  5106. 
Eemonetrations  against,  4689. 
Bnrvey  necessary  for,  4943. 
Cbehalis,  allotment   of  lands  in  sev- 
eralty to  Indians  on,  referred  to, 
4779. 
Cheyenne  and  Arapaho— 
<>Deuecl  to  settlement  by  proclama- 
tion, 6710. 
Appr^Iation  for,  recommended, 


Unanthorized  oeenpaney  of,  procla- 
mation againat,  4892. 
Chippewa,  disposition  of  timber  va, 

referred  to.  5666. 
Choctaw,  right  of  way  for  nilroadi 

throngfa,  4653,  465S. 
Colville,   agreement    for    eeaaion  el 

lauds  on,  5648. 
Crimes  committed  on  atatute  for  pnn- 

ishment  of,  recommended,  483^ 
Crow,  opened  to  settlement  by  ptoe* 

lamation,  5727. 
Crow  Creek.     ^See  Sievz.) 
Devils  lake,  right  of  way  for  rail- 

—  ^-  "^Tough, '^■"  *-- 

of    d 

referred  to,  4863. 
EstablishmeDt  of,  opposed,  S483. 
Port  Berthold — 

Agreements  for  ceasion  of  poition 
of,  5018. 

Allotment  of  laodi  in  severalty  to 
Indians  on,  referred  to,  4783. 

Portion    of,   opened   to    eettlemeat 
by  proclamation,   5579. 
Fort  Hall,  agreement  for  disposal  of 
lands  on,  4655,  5187. 

Compensation  not  paid  by  railroad, 
4963. 
Gila  Bend,  removal  of  Indians  on, 

biU  for,  6499. 
Grande  Bonde,  bin  for  relief  of  In- 
dians on,  4780. 
Iowa,     bill     providing    for    sale    of 

4959. 
Improvement  of  condition  of  Indians 

on,  referred  to,  4656. 
Jicarilla    Apache,    payment    for    im- 
provements at,  recommencled,  4696. 
Lake  Traverse — 

Agreement  with  Sionx  for  pnrehaae 
of  lands  on,  discussed,  6498. 

Opened  to  settlement  by  proelanu- 
tion,  5707. 

Sight  of  way  for  nulroad  through, 

referred  to,  4788,  4954,  5178. 

Lemhi,  agreement  for  sale  of  lands 

on,  4779. 
Malheur,  referred  to,  4669. 
Menominee,  tale  ei  timber   on,   re- 
ferred to,  4659. 
Mesealero,  payment   to   settlers  for 

improvements     on,     recommended, 

4082. 
Old   Winnebago,    restoration    of,   to 
public  domain,  order  regarding 
deciaring  void,  4890. 

Discussed,  4943. 
Otoe  and  Missooria — 

Bight  of  way  for  railroad  throngb, 
referred  to,  4681. 

Baie  of,  bill  for,  referred  to,  4656. 
Pawnee,    enlargement    of,    bill    for, 

4695. 
Proceeds  of,  bill  providing  for  use 

of,  for  Indians,  497S. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


btditn  Tribes 


Pyrunid  Lake,  agreement  for  eaaslon 

of  portion  of,  6M9. 
BeductioQ  of — 
Bill  providing  for,  diBeoaoed,  S18D. 
DiBCDwed,  SGS2,  6637. 
NegotiMiona  regarding,  6180. 
Bertoration  of,  to  pablie  domain,  or- 
der   regarding^    declared     void, 
4890. 
DiBeuMd,  4MS. 
Bioht  of  way  for  railroads  tbrongh — 
Acts  regarding,  vetoed,  60S7,  6278, 

6003,  COOS,  6012,  6014. 
CompenMtios  to  be  paid  for,  re- 
ferred to,  5178. 
Beferred  to,  6368. 
Timber  depredationa   on,  re/erred 

to,  4666,  4775. 
Unantborised  ocenpaney  of,  procla- 
mation against,  4S62. 
Bonnd  Vallejr — 

Allotments   of  lands  in  seventltj 

to  Indians  on,  bill  for,  4955. 
Payment  f  oi  improvements  on,  rec- 
ommended, 4692. 
Beduction  of,  bill  for,   dieciused, 
6178,  64S4 
Sac  and  Fox — 
BUI  providing  for  sale  of,  49SS. 
Cession   of   portion   of,   to   United 

Btat«a  proclaimed,  6691. 
Befened  to,  4972. 
Ban  Carlos,  coal  lauds  on,  referred 

to,  4683. 
Shodione,  agreement  for  «eHion  of 

portion  of,  5649. 
Bionx — 
Division  of  portion  of,  Into  sepa- 
rate   reservations,    ete.,    pro- 
claimed, 6629. 
npensatioi 
_^ned  in,  . 
Purchase    of   lands    from,    recom- 
mended, 4S37. 
BestoratioD   of,  to  public   douain, 
deelared  void,  4890. 
DiBCDSsed,  4943. 
Bight  of  way  through,  4775. 
Standing  Bock,  opened  to  aettlement, 

8047. 
Tncompabgre,  act  to  change  bonnd- 

aries  of,  vetoed,  6622. 
Walker  Hiver,  right  of  way  for  rail- 
road   tbrongh,    4736,    4776,    4953, 
517S. 
Takima,  lands,   on,   to   be  nsed  by 
NoTtbem    Pacific    Bailway,    4864, 
4954,  6178. 
Indian   Scouts  employed  in  pnraning, 

h'oBtile  Indians,  6501, 
Vidian  Tenttory  (tee  alBo  Oklahoma.) 
Acts  of  United  States  marshals,  etc., 

in,  referred  to,  4122. 
Affray  at  conrt-honse  in  Going  Snake 
district,  referred  to,  4110. 


Boundary  line  with  Texas,  commis- 
sion to  mark,  4902,  4904. 
Proclamation  agaiast  selling  lands 
in  dispnte,  S32S. 
Constitution   adopted   by   tribes   in, 
and  government  of,  discuBaed,  4073. 
Departmental  abases  in,  6938. 
Education    in,    recommendations   re- 
garding, 6346. 
Extension  of  laws  of  Arkansas  over, 

recommended,  4643. 
Federal     court     for,     recommended, 

5969. 
Government  of,  discussed  and  recom- 

mendations  regarding,  6482,  6346. 
Homestead   laws   for,  recommended, 

4254. 
Indian  bostiliUes  in,  discussed,  4933, 

4943. 
Judicial  district  within,  recommend- 
ed, 4119. 
Lands  in — 
Acquired  by   treaty  of   1866,  re- 
ferred to,  4474,  4863. 
luuBnce  of  patents  for,  referred  to, 

477S. 
Negotiations  regarding  eession  of 

Indian,  5506. 
Opened  to  settlement — 

Action  of  Creeks  regarding,  4866. 
Discussed,  4659,  5392,  6482. 
Proclaimed,  54G0. 
Qnestions  regarding,  4863. 
Survey  of,  referred  to,  4436. 
Population  of,  S482. 
Proposed    admission    to    Statehood, 

7020. 
Bight  of  way  for  railroads  through, 
referred  to,  4663,  4986. 
Bill  granting,  referred  to,  4656. 
Territorial    government    for,    recom- 
mended,   4073,     4106,    415^    4206, 
4254. 
Unauthorized   occupancy  or  Invasion 
of,  referred  to,  4214,  4473,  4629, 
4832,  4933. 
Penalty  for,  recommended,  4742. 
Proclamations  against,  449B,  4660, 
4811,  48S8. 
Indian  TreatisaL  (See  Indians,  treaties 

with.) 
Indian  Trlbea: 

AbHaU  or  Tarrateen — A  rontederacr  of 
tribes  o(  the  Alsonqalan  stock  of  Indian*, 
who  orltlnallr  lubabitMl  tbe  nortbeastera 
part   ot   tbe   United   States.    Including  tbe 

Kreacnt  State  of  Ualne  and  parta  of  adjoln- 
18  states,  and  a  portion  of  Canada.  Tbe 
Abnakl  Includpd  the  PenobBCot,  tbe  Passa- 
maqooddy.  and  the  Amallclte  tribes.  Tber 
agslBted  the  Preneh  In  their  wan  witb  the 
Fngllsb  and  were  expatriated  by  the  tatter. 
The  name  Is  Interoreted  aa  meanlDc  "(be 
wtiltenlntf  akj  at  daybreak,"  1.  e.,  E^atcm 

Absentee    Shawnee,    agreement    be- 
tween Cherokee  CommiMion  and, 
5914. 
Proclaimed,  GS91. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Indian  Tribes      Messages  and  Papers  of  Ike  Prcsidenis 


&idlaa  Trlb«ft— continuFii 

Alabama,  encourased  to  rednee  them- 
aelvsB  to  fixed  habitation,  446. 

AlgangMn — A  tribe  of  the  Algonqnlan  stock 
ot  IndluiB.  At  tbe  time  ot  the  advent  ot 
white  uttlcrs  Into  Ameiln  the  AlKanqulan 
Ungulailc  dlvUlon  Dcc:upk'i]  by  Ur  the  lat'K- 
— -•  — -  of  the  Wlan  — -—      ->•- 


e  rlTer' 


□eima      those   c 


rive 


St.  Law  J 


i    of 


HadBon  Bi;  to  l^mllco  Sound,    TbouK- 

territory    was    Qot    eiclualrelr    peopled    br 

" -     '->■■"—     Bome    of    their    trlDM 

h  through 


Alfiouqulan    Indlang, 

had  waoilered  to  the =_ 

hoBtlle  natloDs   and  cBtebllKhrd  their  fam- 


The  Cheren 


Into 


orado. 


the    Blai^h 
1  the 


II  ilia 


lallj 


dlaoi  Into  tribes  aod  confederacies,  the  prln- 
rlpal  of  wtaleh  were  tbe  Algonquin  tribes. 
The  latter  tribe,  from  wbirb  the  sloek  takes 
Its  name,  occupied  the  bHHln  of  the  St  Lavr- 


]  its  □ 


1  tril 


da.     Tbcy  allied  themselves  with  the  Frencli 
la  the  early  wars. 

Apacht — A  confederation  of  the  Athapas- 

slstlna  of  a  dozen  or  more  tribes,  la'  ISSS 
they  Inhabited  northwcsten 
and  later  spread  oter  the 
Olla  KIrer.  By  1800  tbeir 
from  the  Colorado  Itlver  eastwara  to  central 
Teias,  and  later  they  made  Incnralons  Into 
Mexico  as  far  south  as  Duraneo.  They  were 
the  terror  of  the  early  SpanlnTi  settlers,  and 


,  Mangus, 
etllcrs  op 
the     Covernment     to 
D  In  New 


Ueili 


of  t 


Appropriation     to,     recommended, 

5761. 
DiaarmJng  of,  diacuesed,  4S49. 
I^ands   set    apart   for,   referred   to, 

4QS0,  4778. 
Treaty  with,  3234,  3573,  3796,  3835. 
Arickaree,  allotment  of  lands  in  eov- 

eralt;  to,  referred  to,  4783. 
Attecag  or  Atlera — A  branch  of  the 
Nahuati  slock  of  Indians,  supposed  to  be 
the  original  Inhsbltants  of  Ueilco.  Tber 
appeared  In  the  valley  ot  Meilco  about  the 
middle  of  the  thirteenth  c 
said  to  have  ' 
600  yuars. 

tei  In  laia 

tnds"  Yi 


1  Aztecas.  Tezacau*. 
From    analogy    of 

the"raT>iflc_"Ooea'^"b:;"the  way  of  the  Alen- 

thelr    orlfcln. 


Fort  On 

Agreement  between  Cherokee  Com' 

miaaion   and,  5768. 
Appropriation  for  support  of,  etc., 

recommended,  4692. 

Imprisonment   of,   by  Oovernment 

diBcnased    and    recommend  at  ions 

regarding,  5374,  54S5,  5501,  5968. 

Soppression   of   hostilitiee   among, 

diacuBsed,  4524,  4637,  4943,  6099, 

B374. 

Treaty  with,  2727,  2762,  3394,  3573, 

3796. 

War  with.    fSee  Indian  Wars.) 

Apalachicola,  treaty  with,  1256. 

ArapahO — A  Irlbe  of  the  AlEooqulan  stock 

of  Indians  Ilvlna  on  the  headwaters  of  the 

rialte    and    Arhannas    rivers,    alno    ranging 

from    ttie    Yellowstone    In    the    Rio    Graode. 

The  name  la  said  to  signify  "tsltooed  peo. 

Pie,"     They  are  at  preappt  divided  between 

dian    Territory,    and    the    other    (the    Sho- 
•bone)     In    Wyoming. 

Arapaho — 
Agreement  between  Cherokee  Com- 
mission and,  5565. 
I^ands  aiiqnired  nnder,  opened  to 
settlement,  6710. 


Tbey  fouodcd   Tenoc 

site  of  the  City  of  jueui-u  m  ±*>AJ.  auu 
ruled  an  empire  of  30,000,000  people.  They 
were  well  advanced  In  the  arts  and  sci- 
ences, as  Is  cvldi-nced  by  the  remains  ot 
their  temples,  roads  and  waterways.  Only 
aboot  2,000.000  pure-blooded  Aztecaa  are 
left  In  (be  mountains  of  Mexico.  Id  statnre 
tbey  arc  small  and  somewhat  reaemble  the 
Egyptians. 

Bannock — 

Affreeraent    with,    for    disposal    of 
lands  for  use  of  railroads,  4656, 
4779. 
Treaty  with,  3898. 
War  with.    (Sao  Indian  Wars.) 
Belantse-Etoa.     (See  Minnetaree.) 
Blaekjcet—K  savage  and  warlike  tribe  ot 
the  Slkslka  CoafederDtlon  of  the  Algonqulan 
stock  of  Indians,     When  pnt  aghting  amone 
themselves  tbey  arc  generally  at  war  wltE 
their  nelghliors.    They  formerly  belonged  to 
the    Kena    tribe,    but   separated    from    them 
and  wandered  <ip  the  Missouri  Blver.     The 
Slbasapa,    an   Independent   tribe,    under   tbe 
leadcrshlo  of  John  Grass,  was  also  known 
as    the    BlackCoot    or    Blackfeet    Indiana. 
Blachfeet,  treaty  with,  2895,  3898. 
Caddo— 
Memorial  from,  regarding  claima  to 

lands  in  Oklahoma,  56tL 
Treaty  with,  1407. 
Cahokia,  treaty  with,  616. 
Calapona,  treaty  with,  SS36. 

CoHb— A    powerful   anS   warlike   tribe  ot 
"    '■  '      .     -  .  J  .,  pjinriiipn]  pgrt  of 


erica  and  tbe  Windward  o 


Cart- 


r  "A^ui""! 


In   1403.      After   c 


.. .._ cendanta,     the 

ilaek   Carlbs,   now    live. 
Carmanchee,  treaty  with,  1407. 

lali    tribe    ot    the    IroquolB 
ndisiiH  (also  called  the  Hlx 

.„ -...  originally  inhabited  tbe*dls- 

In  tbe  vicinity  of  Cayoga  Lake.  N.  T. 

During  the  RpTOlutlon  they  Joined  the  Brit- 
ish In  making  war  on  the  colonists.  They 
annoyed  Gen.  CIlDtoo  on  his  march  to  Join 
Bnlllvan  In  1TT9  and  their  villages  were 
destroved.  After  the  war  they  ceded  moat 
ol  their  lands  to  the  Sute  of  New  York 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


bidian  Tribes 


CWii«i1>     Tbelr  number  i> 

Cmjme,   treat;  with,   Z9li. 

ChuUi.treat;  with,  2836. 

ChBfenne.     (S«e  Chejenue.) 

Clitrotee — An  ImportaDt  trllie  of  tbe  Ira- 
qulau  stock  o(  Intflana.  Tbe  aamu  mMna 
"uplaod  Held."  Wben  flrst  known  to  Ku- 
mpcuit  tber  occupied  tbe  mouDlalos  ol 
■oullicni  VlrslDlL  Karib  and  Huutb  Caro- 
llna,  Goorcla.  Alabama,  and  TenneiHce.  In 
1750    tbej    cfdPd    lands ,  lo   Governor  pita 

dliipd   Dp   wltb    wbitt-*    Ibrr    made    repeated 


tbelr  tcrrltQrr.    As  the  i* 


\  of  Ihplr  lerrltury  untlE  b' 
*tj  at  1B30  (bej  sold  all  tbe  romi 
tbelr    lands    and    i 


Imparl  an  I  aervlw  to  Jark» 

War  of  ISlli.     Tbe;  are  Dow  me  mosi  im- 

nortant  and  blgblj  cltUlaed  tribe  In  OUa- 

Cherokee— 

Act  ditecting  pajmeat  of  eertifl- 
CKte*  of,  reasons  for  applying 
poekst  veto  to,  2182. 

Agreement  with,  for  cemloD  of 
landB,  6671. 

Bill  for  pajment  of  money  claimed 
by  Eaatern,  4971. 

Bill  floCQTing  to,  propoTtion  of  pro- 
ceed* of  public  laoda,  4B71. 

Boundary  IfDe  with  United  States, 
1037. 

Canftl  throDgh  coDDtTT  of,  referred 
to,  987. 

Citizenship  solicited  by,  442. 

Commission  to  negotiate  with,  re- 
garding claims  to  lands.  (See 
Cherokee  Commisaioa.} 

Commissioners'  negotiations  with. 
In  the  Tndian  Territory,  6271. 

Conflict  between  Federal  and  Cher- 
okee roarts,  2909. 

Convention  with,  referred  to,  656, 
834. 

Difltenlties  among,  2262,  227B,  2308, 
4743,  4744. 

Enforcement  of  payment  of  taxes 
on  products  of,  referreil  to,  4005. 


Lana*— 

Containing  iron  ore  relinqaished 
to  United  States,  431, 

Granted  to,  1716. 

Belinqnished    to   United    States, 
108,   375,    384,    436,   S08,    887, 
1274,  1718, 
Legal  services  rendered,  payment 

of,  roe omm ended,  46S4. 
Nentral    lands,    treaty    regarding, 

8717, 
New  govemment  to  be  formed  by, 

965, 
Payment  of — 

Interest  dne,  referred  to,  2832, 


Money  to,  1716,  1823, 
For    lands    ceded    to    United 
States,  requested    by,   4670, 
4739. 
Beferred  to,  1039,  4743,  4781. 
Bemoval  of,  referred  to,  1692, 1714, 

4S71. 
Town   of,   destroyed,   proclamation 

regarding,  129. 
Treaty  with,  71,  98,  103,  118,  167, 
2S0,  271,  .H20,  378,  385,  389,  556, 
566,  567,  589,  616,  811,  834,  S68, 
BB2,  1258,  1274,  1444,  1445, 
1449,  1475,  1823,  2307,  3592, 
3717. 
Appropriation   for,   referred  to, 

2434, 
Claims  arising  under,  2073,  2410, 
Communication    and     agreement 

with  Comanche,  6768. 
Hodiflcation  of,  referred  to,  1604, 
Proclamation  regarding,  72. 
TreBpasses  upon  lands  of,  by  citi- 

Eens  of  Georgia,  1039. 
Troubles    apprehended    from,    pre- 
vented,  1473. 
War  with.   (See  Indian  Wars.) 
Cheyniae — A    tribe    of    tbe    AJRODiiulan 
■lock   of   Indians       The    word   means   "eae- 
-'  -"     About  1800  tber  IbhablCed  a  regluD 


separaled.    and    wblle    the 

Dortbern  band  located  on  tbe  Tongue  River 
KtierTBllDD,  In  eastern  Honlans,  and  re- 
mained peaceable,   aameroua  e ~    ~~ 


„  „ ,  biit  tbe  Dob  Bo131l._, 

whose  vlllaire  was  bumed  bj  Oen.  Hancock 
Id  1A(I7.  kept  up  the  warfare  onUl  defeated 
bT  Gen.  Cuater  at  Walhlta. 
Cheyenne — 
Agreement  between  Cherokee  Com- 
mission and,  5565. 
Lands  acquired  nnder,  opened  to 
settlement,  5710. 
Appropriation     to,      recommended, 

6761. 
Anthority  to  use  certain  funds  for 
subsistence      of,      recommended, 
4089. 
Condition    of,    referred    to,    49SI, 

5503. 
Sttarming  of,  discussed,  4840. 
Disorderly   conduct   of,    discnased, 

4943. 
Lands  set  apart  for,  referced  to, 
4680. 
Title  to,  referred  to,  4778. 
Treaty  vrith,  887,  012,  3234,  3673, 

3796,  3S35. 
War  with,     (See  Iudi»n  Wars.) 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Vidian  Tribes     Messages  and  Papers  of  the  PresvdenU 

Zndlu  Trlbn— CoNHriMd. 

ChiekaniEinga,  depredatioiiB  commit- 
tad  by,  118. 

CnicfcosotK— A  tribe  of  the  Maakboieaa 
■tock  of  iDdlaDB.  orlglDally  tnbabltlns  the 
eoalbent  ponlon  ot  the  Uolted  States,  rooat- 
Ij  Id  tha  preaent  Statea  of  Mlaalutppl  and 
Tepneiwc.  In  the  eltchteentb  century  their 
Tltlagei  were  about  Pontotoc  County,  Mtaa., 
■nd  their  principal  landing  plate  Memphla. 
•the  treatj  of  1786  flieJ  their  northern 
bODodarr  at  the  Ohio  —  • 


—--—--  -Ji  the  early  colonial  Vom  tuc, 
tooli  the  part  of  tbe  Ftegllsh  against  the 
French,  ahd  In  1739  entered  Into  friendly 
relations    with    Gen.    Oglethorpe.      In    1768 


:  the  ChoclawB  ■ 


endly  trade  rela- 
DarlQi  (he  Indian  ware  generally 
tbey  mntlnued  peacetui,  aiding  the  whltea 
B|a^nal  the  Creeks  In  17»3.  By  treaties  o( 
iBOB,  1816.  and  1819  they  ceded  all  tlieir 
l"„^4*  *!"  "'  "^  MlBBlBilpol.  In  1832  and 
183«  they  eedefl  the  remainder  of  their 
lands  and  went  to  live  with  the  Choctnwa, 
with  whom  they  dwelt  barmonloaaly  nntll 
185D,  when  they  were  separated.  DdHdc 
the  early  days  of  the  Cltll  War  they  aided 
witb  the  BoaUi. 
ChickasBw— 

Agreement  with  ChoetawR  referred 

to,  2835. 
Appropriation  to  pay  claim  of,  for 
landii  ceded,  Teeommendatioua  re- 
garding, 5637,   5664,  6761. 
Boundary  line  with  Choctaws,  2B3S. 
Claims  of,  referred  to,  2286,  2287. 
Commi  Mi  oners   to   treat   with,   for 
cesaion  of  lands,  discussed,  6271. 
Deed  for  release  by,  of  lands,  dis' 

cussed,  S637,  5664,  5761. 
Fnnds  of,    to    be    invested.    1406, 
2719,  2726,  2736,  280S,  2S2S,  2893. 
Lands  ceded  to,  lOS. 
Lands  ceded  to  United  States  by, 

37S. 
Lands  of,  sold,  1810. 
Removal  of,  1715. 
Stock  of,  to  be  transferred  to  Ghoe- 

taws,  referred  to,  1837,  2271, 
Subsistence  to  be  granted,  1725. 
Treaty  with,  320,  378,  385.  666, 667, 
614,  616,  1170,  1172,  1271,  1499, 
2692,  2S85,  3683. 
Proclamation  regarding,  72. 

Chlvpetca — A  tribe  of  the  Algonqntan 
Stock  of  Indians,  also  known  as  the  Ollbwa. 
They  lived  on  the  shorea  of  Lakes  Huron 
sod  Superior  and  extended  westward  to 
North  Dakota.  Thev  allied  tbemselTea  with 
tbe  Brltlsb  during  the  Revolution,  but  made 
peaoe  In  1760  and  1789.  The  confederacy 
tonued  by  the  OJIbwaa.  the  Ollawaa.  and 
Potlawottoinia  was  called  the  Three  Fires. 
Having  joined  In  the  Miami  uprising  and 
been  suhlugated  by  Gen.  Wayne,  they  again 
made  peace  In  1795.  They  renewed  hos- 
tilities In  1812.  but  again  came  to  terms  In 
1818,  relinquishing  all  their  lands  In  Ohio. 
Other  treaties  ceding  lands  were  made,  and 
by  18H1  most  of  the  tribe  had  moved  beyond 
tbe  Hlaalaslppl  Blver. 

Chippewa — 
Agreement    with,    for  eessign    of 
Itnda,  6781, 


Agreements  with,  referred  t<kS123. 
AUotment  of  lands  in  ■everiutr  to, 

bill   for,  4776. 
Commiasion  to  negotiate  with,  5500. 
Bispoaition  of  bonds  and  fntida  of, 

referred  to,  4660. 
Negotiations  with,  for  intprovement 

of  condition  of,  4956. 
Outbreak  among,  6346. 
Belinqaiahmeut  of  agreement  with 

Ottawas,  referred  to,  3900. 
Bemoval  of,  1715. 
Treaty  with,  378,  422,  554,  566,  567, 
690, 616,  635,  650,  913,  931,  940, 
961,  963,  989,  996,  1027,  1029, 
1257,    1345,    1444,    1447,    1496, 
1612,    1622,    1646,    1733,    2063, 
2304,    2414,    2829,    283S,   2838, 
2884,    2S54,   3110,    3363,   3397, 
3400,    3403,    3411,    3460,   3581, 
371B,  3S35,  3900,  6286. 
Instructions  to  eommissionen  ne- 
gotiating, 6271. 
Transmitted  for  exercise  ot  pow- 
ers  for  fulfilling,  6271. 
Chlppeway.     (Bee  Chippewa.) 
Cho-bah-&h-bish,  treaty  witb,  2012. 
Ohoctoie— A    tribe    of    tbe    HaaUiosFaii 
atock  of  Indians,  originally  ocmpylDK  lands 
alona  tbe  Gulf  ot  Mexico.     They  wm  gen- 
erally   considered    a    friendly    tribe,   having 
acknowledged  the  sovereignty  of  the  Tinlted 
State*  aa  early  aa  1786.     They  serred   tn 
the  war  against  England  and  In  tbe  Creek 


Qeorjrla  asi 

!.v;Sii „ 

descendants  now  live  In  Oklahoma. 
Choctaw — 

Agreement  with  Chickasaws  ro- 
ferred  to.  S83S. 

Appropriation  to  pay  claim  of,  for 
lands  ceded,  recommendations  re- 
garding, 6637,  6684,  5761. 

Balance  remaining  from  sales  of 
orphan  reservations  of,  2010. 

Boundary  line  with — 
Chickasaws,   2838. 
United  States,  331,  33B. 

Claim  of,  to   Qreer  Connty,  6122. 

Claims  of,  referred  to,  1348,  1353, 
1613,  2286,  4463. 
Opinion  of  Attomey-Qeneral  re- 
garding, referred  to,  2433. 

CommisBionere  to  treat  with,  for 
cession  of  lands,  discussed,  6271. 

Deed  for  release  by,  of  lands,  dis- 
cussed, 5637,  5664,  5761. 


Uemorial  from,  regarding  alleged 
violation  of  treaty  by  United 
Btates,  2003. 

Proceedings  of  conuniaBion  referred 
to,  2189, 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


IBlHim  Tllbet — Oonnmiei. 

Proceeds  of  tales  of  Iftnds  to  be  in- 
vested for,  1406. 
Befeired  to,  1189. 
BemoTal  of,  1715. 
Stock  of  CbickasBWB  to  be  trans- 
ferred to,  referred  to,  1837,  2271. 
Treat;   with,    326,    3S1,    426,    448, 
S66,   667,    650,    770,    8S2,    856, 
938,  9S9,  1092,  1096,  1105,  14»9, 
2S8G,  3583. 
Advice     of     Senate     regarding 
treaty  for  eesHion  of  lands  east 
of  Miseiuippi,  reqaested,  1041. 
President    declines    to    appoint 

GOQunisBion  to  conclude,  9S9, 
Proclamation  regarding,   72. 
Beferred  to,  10B3. 
TraiiBmitted  for  exercise  of  pow- 
ers for  fulfilling,  6271. 
Christian — 
Claims  of,  against  United  States, 

1081. 
Treat;  with,  £953,  3110,  3400,  3835. 
Oxur    ^  AUKS— A     snwll     tribe    of     the 
BlIIWEUiJitock  ot  IndUUB  now  llTing  Id  "' 


—    ---     subjugated 

and  became  peacetul.  In  1867  a  reaervstlou 
was  set  apart  lor  tboM  Id  Idabo,  and  lu 
1872  a  band  In  Paradise  Valler  was  re- 
moved to  a  leienrailoD  between  the  Oklna- 
nn  and  Columbia  Rivera.  The;  numbered 
onl/  about  437  In  1802. 

Ceenr  d'AlSne,  commission  to  nego- 
tiate with,  for  purchase  of  Unds, 
6499. 
Cohnawaga,  treatj  with,  referred  to, 

189. 

Oomoaefte— A  Mvan  tribe  o(  the  Bbosh- 

noean   stock   of   Indians,    wbo    nera   early 

eniand  In  dliastrou*  wars  wllb  the  Stiaa- 

Isli  aettlera.     In  1T24  the;  were  on  the  Up- 

Sr  Kanaaa  Blver  and  later  were  aoath  oi 
t  Bed  River.  In  Teiaa.     Their  recent  ter- 
ritory  was  the   eztensive   plains   from   the 


eonntr;  trom  Kansaa  soi .— 

Durango,  Heiloo.  They  were  expelled  from 
Texas  and  became  bitter  enemies  ol  that 
Stale.  After  barasaInK  the  setllen  of  the 
Bonthwest  for  some  time  thej  were  Snail; 
located  in  the  western  psrt  of  Oklsboma. 
In  1868  the;  nnmbered  about  2,SO0. 

Comanche — 
Agreement  between  Cherokee  Com- 
mission and,  5768. 
Claim  of,  discnued,  6762. 
Treaty  with,  2304,  2762,  3394,  3573, 
3796. 

Ortek — A  powerful  eonfedeiacr  of  the 
Uuskbogean  stock  of  Indiana,  which  in  the 
earlT  da;s  of  American  hlstor;  Inhabited 
AlaMuia.  Oeorsla.  and  part  of  Florida.  At 
the  Inatlntloa  of  Spanlarda  the  Vsmail 
tribe  made  aeveral  attacks  upon  the  settlers 
durlDS  the  elKhteenth  nntnry.  They  sided 
the  British  In  the  War  of  the  Bevalnlion, 
altacUnf  Oen.  Wa;ne  In  1182.  Id  ITM 
the;  atjiied  a  treat;  of  trIendBblp,  but 
brofce  it  two  jeara  later.  In  1802  and  1806 
tber   MAed  lands  to   tha   white*.     They 


joined  the  Brlttah  In  the  War  ol  1812.  and 


. .-itlou  Iwlwcen  the  Canadian  and 

_rkansaa  RiTers.  In  1860  the]  ceded  a 
larse  tract  of  land  to  the  Ooremment. 
Tbe  Creeks  now  occup;  landi  lu  Oklahoma, 
are  welt  organised,  and  have  a  poonlatloik, 
iDclndlng  mixed  bloods,  of  18,70a 
Creek- 
Charges     against    Untted     States 

agent  for,  referred  to,  96S. 
Commerce  with,  69. 
Comroissioners  to   treat  with,  for 
cession  of  lands,  discnssed,  6271. 
Conflicting  claims  of  Georgia  and, 

to  lands.      (See  QeorgiaO 
Convention  with,  37S. 
Court  of  inquirj  relative  to   cam- 
paign AKainat,  1608. 
Opinion  of,  duapproved,  160S. 
Proceedings  of,  transmitted  for 
action  thereon,  1610. 
Difficulties  of,  with  Seminolee,  2828, 

2897, 
DiffleoltieB  with,  143. 
Frauds    practiced    npon,    in    land 

sales,  1622,  1697, 
Hostilities  of,    ended,    1472,  1478. 

Seferred  to,  1499. 
Lands- 
Ceded  to  United  States  b;,  331, 
362.  375,  960,  5450. 
Amount  of  cession,  S4B1. 
Proposition     regarding,    4659, 

sags. 

opened  to  settlement  b;  procla- 
mation, S460. 
Purchased    for    Beminoles  from, 
4786. 
Additional  proposition  regard- 
ing, 5505. 
Porch  ased    from,    title    to,    dis- 
cussed, 4663. 
Uurdered  bj  outlaws,  143. 
Proposition  of,  to  eedelands  in  In- 


936. 
Bemoval  of,  referred  to,  12T4, 1332, 

1715. 
Sales  of  reservations  of  deeeaaed, 

1733. 
Treatv  with,  transmitted  and  dis- 
cussed, 62,  68,  70,  71,  103.  159, 
167,  191,  202,  385,  539,  654,  866, 
872,  890,  90(t,  911,  036,  960,  964, 
965,  968,  1072,  1132,  125Q,  1733, 
2214,  2775,  2916,  3394,  3591, 
3900,  C392. 
Correapondansa  regarding,  SSflL 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


lodian  Tribes      Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


nHUan  TcUtM—conibuitd. 

ProrUmation   regarding,   72. 
ItAtified  b;  proclamatioa,  669S. 
Bights  of,  under,  936. 
War  with.    (See  Indian  Wkn.) 
Crow- 


part  In  rbp  Blark  Hawk  War  (q.  T.)  wen 
comppllpd  to  rpde  more  of  Ihelr  (eirllorr 
bj   ■    treatf    madp  «Itb   Gen.    Scott.      Tber 


Agreement  with — 
For  Bale  of  railroads,  46-'>7. 
Begarding  individual  allotment*, 
4B!!7. 
Appropriation  for  snppliea  for,  rec- 
ommended, 47S1. 
Treaty  with,  913,  3835. 
Crow  Creek.      (See  UmpquB.) 
Dakota.     (Bee  Sions.) 
Dttaieare — A   ronCodcrae;  of  the  AlKon- 
qnlan  ulnrk  at  Indiana.     ThpT  called  them- 
aefTpa  rbr  LeDDl-I..eaape  ("original  men"  or 
"preeminent   nion"!    and    tbe   Frentb   called 
tDem  LoupB  (wdItm).     William  renn  found 
tbom  dwrllins  peaceably   In   the   Taller   of 
the  Delaware.     He  cuLliiati^d   frlendl;   re- 
la  tloDi  wltb   them  and   purrbaaod   much  of 
their  land     Thetr  chief  rouacll  Rrca  blazed 
on    the   Bite   at   the    prcBent    cltr    of    I'blla- 
delphla.      In  1720  Ibo;   refuned  to  Join  the 
IroquolB  In  a  war  a^alnBt  the   EnRllsh  and 
were  allKmBtlipd  as  "women."      Later  thej 
became  quite  warlike,    but  were  driTpn   be- 
yond   the    AIlPEhaDlm.      Near    the    rloio   o( 
Ibe    RpTOliitlon    a    large    Dumber    of    Chrla- 
tlan  DelBwarea   were  masiiacred  br   Ameri- 
cans.     The    remnsnts    o[    the    Irlbe    dwelt 
temporarllT  in  Ohio,  and  In  1818  mlsnled 
lo    UlMOurl.    Id    1RS9,    to    Kbubsb.    and    In 
1868    lo    Ibe    Indian    Territory     (now    Ok- 
lahoma}, where  they  tlve  amoag  the  (%ero- 
kcea   and   are   well   clTlliied. 
Delaware — 

LandB  ceded  to  TTnlted  States  by, 

360,  362,  1693. 
Land*  to   be  eoDveyed  to   VTjtta- 

dottes,  2129. 
Pajrment  of  amonnt  of  trust  fund 

to,  recommended,  9117. 
Treaty  with,  351,  361.  365,  378,  385, 
463,   464,    539,    554,    5B0,    616, 
1027,    1028,    1029,    1173,    2773, 
3127,  32.13,   3413,  35i)2. 
Agreement  with,  for  sbrogBtion 
of  article  of,  3199. 
Dw&mish,  treaty  with,  2912. 
Eel  River— 

Payment  to,  in  Ilea  of  annoities, 

5115. 
Treaty    with,  3S1,   378,   385,   463, 
464. 
Five  civilized  tribes — 
DiBCUBsed,  6270,   6346. 
Belation  of,  to  United  States  dia- 

ccBBBd,  5637,  6167. 
Hepresentation  in  Congress  recom- 
mended, 5637. 
Flathead— 

Agreement  with,  for  sale  of  lands, 

4740,  4779. 

Treaty  wltb,  2913. 

fox— A    tribe    of    the    Alfonqtilan    ntock 

of  Indians.      Thej  followed  the  eiamnle  of 

many  other   red   men   In   Joining  wllb   the 

"-'■'-■-     ■ "iiring     the     Reyolutlonary 


tbe    remainder    of 

._.    now    occuplea   a   small   part   «( 

Oklahoma.     They  were  Incorporated  at  an 
early  date  with  the  Bac  tribe. 
Pox— 
Agreement  between  Cherokee  Com- 
mission and,  5510. 
Proclaimed,  5591. 
Hostile  aggTessioQ  of,  1251. 
Treaty  with,  363,  365,  664,  752,  888, 
013,    1105,    1170,    1484,    1498, 
1812,    2063,    2773,    3109,    3274, 
3264,  3395,  3668,  3900. 
Withdrawn,  4001. 
War  with.    (See  Indian  War*.) 
F'peekskin,  treaty  with,  2836l 
Great  Osage.     (See  Osage.} 
Oroi     Vmtire — Two     separate    tribes    of 
wander! QK    Indians.      Tbe   Gros   Ventres   of 
the   prairie   claim   to    have   separated    from 
the  Arapahoea.     After  their  separation  Ibey 
joined    QrsC   one    tribe   and   then    anotber. 
and    because    of     their     Infidelity     sufTered 

-  '     ■■'e  attacks  from  their  netghbora. 

cy   settled  with   tbe   Blachfeet. 

.„,   _llk  Hirer.      Their  Breateat  cblef 

was    Bttdng    Squhw.      Treatlei — '- 


my  h 

.    i82. 


ration  In  Uontana 
QroB  Tentre— 

Allotment  of  lands  in  Beveralty  to, 
referred  to,  4783, 
Treaty  with,  3898. 
Hunkpapa,  treaty  with,  referred  to, 

niinois,  treaty  with,  127. 

Agreement  between  Cherokee  Coan- 
misBion  and,  6511. 
Proclaimed,  5591, 
Treaty  with,  913,  1484,  1612,  1T29, 
1733,  2773,  3274,  3000. 
Withdrawn,  4001. 


railed    the    Lont 

and    later    the    _—    .  .    . 

many  tribes  speaking  lansuages 


the   Fire   Katlona 


ill  NatlonsS,  Vompoaed'of 
speaking  lansuages  of  ■  n>m- 
UoBt  of  tbe  InxjuolB  Irlbe* 
ly  roloDlal  days  Id  the  recion 
I.akcs.  In  what  are  now  the 
iTlncea  of  Ontario  and  Qaebec 
and  toe  Btatei  of  New  York  and  PeUQ- 
BTlTBUla.  A  small  group  of  them  (the 
Tusraroras.  etc.)  occupied  the  Teaien  atraat 
Ibe  head  waters  of  the  Roanoke.  Nease, 
and  brancbes  of  tbe  Capo  Fear  RlTcrs.  In 
Norib  ramlina  and  Virginia.  Intellecln- 
ally  and  physically  they  were  the  foremost 
of  Amprlcan  Indiana.  They  were  a  1  moat 
conilantly  at  war  with  thefr  neighbors  or 
the  whites.  In  the  atmgglB  for  American 
Indenendence  nearly  all  of  tbe  IroqnolB 
Hided  with  Great  Britain.  They  now  have 
rPRerratloDB  In  tbe  Dominion  of  Canada. 
The  oneldaa  and  Tuacaroraa  are  now  set- 
tled on  reBcrvations  In  New  Torli,  Fennayl- 
rauia,   and   "■ — 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Eticyclopedie  Index 


X&diUl  TcUMt—Oontlautd. 

LandB  of,  accounts  for  advertising 

BBle  of,  4604. 
Trentr   with,  ^3,    8S9,   912,   1040, 
2273,    310B,    327T,    3413,    3717, 
396S. 
Withdrawn,  4001. 
Easkaskia — 
Lands  ceded  to,  G35. 
Lands  ceded  to  United  States  b^, 

347,  351. 
Treaty  with,    347,    351,   353,    616, 
2776,  3270,  3716. 
Ka-ta-ka,  treaty  witli,  1612. 
K&w.     (Bee  Kansas.) 
Kfeiapoo—A    tribe    of    the    Alionoalan 
Btork   or   iDdluit.   who  Orl?   Inhabited  the 
Tallfyi    of   the    nblo   and    Illlnoli    RlTera. 
The  name  wu  u*ed   by   Ihe   ladlaoB  to  de- 
scribe smooth  ruonlDjE  rlTera  without  r«p- 
ld&      lo    17TG   tbey   allied  tliemivlTei   with 
the    Amerleana    SKalnst    the    Rrltlih.    but 
later    turned    and    fougtat   (be 


ment  until  the;  were  eabliinted  b;  Wayne 
'-    ■■"""      — ■-—    "---    cedef  p»rt    of    f"'- 
■-    ■802.    1803, 


Id    17BS,    when    they   i 


._ — .    r-.l   of   tbeh 

land*  to  the  whites.     In   I"'*"    ' 

1804  tbe  Ktckapooa  ceded  more  lernmry. 
They  Joined  Temmieh  and  fousbt  agalnnc 
the  whites  at  TI|>pe<«noe  In  1811.  They 
DUlted  with  the  Brttlah  In  the  War  of 
1812.  but  wen  badly  dpfested.  By  treat- 
lea  madp  In  181D.  181R,  and  1819  they 
e»^ed    atlll    more    of    their    territory. 


nving 


of    them    were    removed    „    

atterwarda  a  portion  of  the  tribe  mlgrsled 
to  Meilro.  whence  about  400  were  la  1NT3 
returned  by  the  OoTemment  and  plared 
upon  a  reaervatlon  la  the  Indian  Terrllory. 
In  1SB4  tbeir  number  In  the  United  Blatea 
and  Ueiico  was  eatlmated  at  T6S. 
Eickapoo — 

Agreement  between  Cherokee  Com- 
mission and,  56.'1S,  6640. 
Bettiement  of  estates  of  deceased, 

referred  to,  4657,  4776,  49S3. 
TreatT    with,    351,    464,    664,    566, 
667,    635,    650,   664,    1173,    S773, 
3284,  3716. 
Eik-i-illns,  treaty  with,  2012. 

Agreement  between  Cherokee  Com- 
mission and,  5768. 
Qaim  of,  discnseed,  ■'^762. 
Treaty  with,  1612,  2762,  3394,  3796. 


._  ._e  Klamath  Renervatlou,  In  Ore- 
gon. TheT  formerly  Ofninlcd  a  part  of 
rallfamlB.  hut  the  Influx  of  wbltea  led  to 
trouble  Id  1891.  Peace  wss  soon  restored. 
In  1864  they  ceded  lama  tracta  of  land 
to  the  OoTemment  and  settled  on  a  Kser* 

Klatnath,  treaty  with,  3470. 
Eootenay — 
Agreement  with,  for  tale  of  Isnda, 
4740,  4779. 
Treaty  with,  2913. 
Little  Osage.     (See  Osage.) 
Lower  BrnI6,  selling  and  fading  of 
umnlty  goods  by,  4671. 


Uaha,  treaty  with,  6C0,  888,  013. 

Ifafifcaii-^A  tribe  of  the  Algonqulao  fam- 
ily of  Indiana.  The  name  Ta  Interpreted 
both  aa  "wolf"  and  "aeaslde  people."  When 
Brat  known  to  the  whites  they  occo- 
pled  both  banka  of  the  IlndRon  River, 
extending  from  near  Albany  to  Lake  Cham- 
n.aln.  They  were  a  distinct  tribe  from  the 
Moheftans  of  the  fonneotlcut  River.  The 
two  tribes  are  generally  contoiiDded  ni 
(he  name  nl  River  IndlaiiB.  The  Mahli 
were  friendly  to  tbe  Rngtlah  during  ine 
French  Btid  Brillah  stmgglea  for  suprem- 
acy In  AmerJoa.  They  aulated  the  colo- 
nlsta  during  the  Revolution.  Afterward* 
Bome  of  tbem  became  cltliena 

Kakah,  treaty  with,  2913. 

IfaiuSan — A  tribe  of  the  Blonan  family 
or  ladlans.  Ttapy  were  almoat  exterminat- 
ed by  Bmallpox  In  1837.  The  KurvlTora  eon- 
Bolldated,  and  now  occupv  villages  In  com- 
mon with  Uie  Hidatsa  and  Arlkara.  on  tbe 
Kort  Berthoia  Reservation,  [d  North  Da- 
kota.   They  are  of  a  light  complezlon. 

Ifandan — 

Allotment  of  land  in  severalty  to, 

referred  to,  4783. 
Treaty  with,  888,  913. 

IfoafacAiiaat— A  tribe  of  tbe  Algonqnlan 
stock  of  Indians  formerly  Inhabiting  the 
eastern  portion  of  the  present  State  of 
Uassachusetls  and  the  basins  of  the  Ne- 
poneet  and  Charles  Rivera.  In  ISIT  they 
were    much    reduced    by    i>eBtIleuce,      The 

ManaacbUhet     InrllnnR     In     1Ano     wap»i     v«th- 

erpd    1_..    ._ 

dlana  and  lost  their  ..  _...   

were  always   friendly  to  the  whiles. 

Vmamfnee — A  tribe  of  tbe  Algonqulan 
family  of  Itidlans.  which  since  It  flmt  )>e- 
rame  known  to  (be  white*  has  occupied 
lands  In  WUconnln  and  upper  Michigan, 
chieBy  along  tbe  Menominee  River  and  the 

side    of    Oreen    Bay,    and    extending 

..   ....   T...   D,..-  -... .   .,   the 

ne    name    means    "wiin    rico 

.      _etr  principal   article  of  food. 

The  Frencb  tranalated  Ihe  name  Into 
"Follcs  A  vol  Pes."  by  which  the  Heaom- 
Rometlmen  known      In  the  early 


Lands  ceded  to  United  Btatoa  by, 

2501. 
Bef  erred  to,  2838, 
Sale  of  timber  m  reservation  of, 

referred  to,  4669. 
Treaty   with,   589,    913,   963,   BB6, 
1104,     1198,     1491,     2501,     2S21, 
2773,  2806. 
Ue-see-qua-guileb,  treaty  with,  2912. 
Hiami — 

Distribution  of  money  to  western 

band  of,  4660. 
PnndB  of — 
Bill  anthoriiing  application  of, 
to  relieve  necessities  of,  4958. 
Consolidation  of,  4661. 
Payment  to,  in  lien  of  anniiities 

rer-ommended,  5115. 
Treaty  with,  351.  378,  385,  463, 464, 
6.19,    5.54,    616,    931,   940,   964, 
970,     1588,     1724,    1841,    2775, 
3718. 
Correspondence  regarding,  1841. 
Uichigamia,  treaty  with,  616. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Indian  Tribei      Messages  and  Papers  of  the  PresiderUs 


XBdUn  Trlbai— OoKitawtf. 

UiDoetMM,  tnatjr  with,  913. 
Mission — 
Bill  for  relief  of,  4786,  4954. 
Commissioa  to  treat  with,  S60I. 
MiSHOuria — 
Bight  of  wa}'  of  railroad  through 

lands  of,  referred  to,  4681. 

Treatv  with,  913,  12S6,  1484,  1896, 

£763,  2S30,  3274,  3901. 

Withdrawn,  4001. 

MoiM — A  tribe  ol  the  Latnntan  famllr 

o(  Indlaas.  which,  nitb  the  tClamatha,  tor- 

merlj   occupird   the   regloD  o(  (h«  KlBOiatb 

lake!   aod    Sprone   ElTct,    Ore.,   and   ei- 

teoded   uuthwara    Into    rnUtorDla.      Ther 


tbe 


Id  18TS.  to  to  t> 
bat   ItHind  t--' 


li  RpwrTatlon, 

-,    --ongli    fortlBpd    |»- 

e  laTa  bed*  Dear  Fort  Klamatb, 

Wbpre  la  April,  1ST3,  the;  murdcri'd  tioii. 
CaDb;  and  CommlsBloDcr  TbooiBS.  wbo  had 
been  aent  to  Indnce  thpm  to  go  to  the  rei- 
erratloD.  War  rollonrd.  and  siwn  tbc  GoT- 
emmcDt  troopa  compelled  the  Indiana  to 
■urrender.  Captain  Jark,  their  leader,  and 
two  aaaoclatea  wpre  cxecutnl  and  aboul: 
elfrtitj  of  bli  folio  vers  were  removed  to 
Indian  Terrllorj.  He  remalader  rpslde  on 
tbe  Lower  Colorado  River,   In  Artiooa. 

Correspondence  during  war  with, 

referred  to,  4215. 
Treaty  with,  3470. 
IToAare — A  tribe  of  the  Tnman  Indlani. 
TbcT  lire  alons  the  Lower  Colorado  River 
In   Arlcooa.     About  a   third  of   them   are 
on  reaervatlon  ground. 

VoftoH-fc— A  tribe  of  tbe  Iroqaols  family 
of  Indiana.  Tbe  naoie  li  aald  to  be  derived 
from  the  AUonqulan  word  "maoiiB"  niwiB. 
Inf  beara.     Karlj  aettlrrs  found 


i   Rive 


•    Nation 


1   the   DelawL _.     

■  "  to  Lake  Krla, 

the     Mohawk 

wn   aa   one   of   tbe 

:    tbe    flrst   tribe  of 

Jrearms,       The    Mo- 

■  or   tbe    Kngllab   In  their 


tbe   region    1 

hawka   were  _ 

wara  with  tbe  French  and  Americana.     In 
1764,  DDder  BtsJit,   the;  retired  to  Opper 

Uobawk,  treaty  with,  255. 

yoheom — A  tribe  of  the  Alfronqnlan 
famllr  of  Indiana.  They  once  lived  ehiefly 
on  tbe  Thames  River,  In  Conneetlrnt.  The 
Moheicana  claimed  territory  eitcndlna  east- 
ward Into  MaKiMchuaetla  and  Rhode  Inland. 
Afler  tbe  deiitractlon  of  the  Feqiiota,  In 
msT.  Ihj-v  plalmefl  the  lalter's  lands.  The 
death  of  King  Fblllp.  In  16Tfl,  left  them  tbe 
only  ImtiortaDl  body  of  Indiana  In  i^onth- 
em  New  Bngland.  They  finally  became 
arsltered,  lome  Joining  the  Brotherton  In- 
diana la  New  fork.  The  Mohejiana  are 
often  confounded  wltb  the  Mahlcana  and 
called  River  Indiana 

Mo-Ial-Ia-Iaa,   treaty   with,   2914. 

Mo-Iel.     (Bee  Mo-laMa-Ias.) 

Uotqnito,  correspond  Bnee  regarding 
territon^  claimed  by,  referred  to, 
8722,  2894. 


Hnnsee,  treaty  with,  378,  S8S,  14WIL 

1646,  1683,   1773,  2896,  3716,  3835, 

3900. 

UuBcogee.     (See  Creek.) 

XarraganKi — A  tribe  of  tbe  Alnnqnlan 

family    o(   Indiana   which   orlRlnally   occo- 

pled  a  part  of  Rhode   Island.     Tbey  were 

friendly   toward    tbe  early   colonUts,   tbelr 

wan    being    waged    moatly    agalnat    outer 

tHbes.       Canon  leu  H.     tbelr    principal    chief. 

Kara  Roger  Willlama  a  large  tract  of  land 

and    otberwlK   befriended    blm.      Csnonlcan 

IIUT.    and     King    l>hlllp,    of     (he 


quota,   Induced   tbe   Narraganieta   to  Join 

~  '-  -    — '-■  —    "ie  white  lettlementa  In 

paty.      King  I'billp  and 


blm  In  a  raid  c 


ea.    having    ravaged    tbe    valley    of 


lartPPOd   and   where  auppUes  for  the  wln- 


'    had 


collected.       Tliey    were    ■ 
■    theli       ■■■ 

,.    .. diaoL  , 

Lca.     Canonebct,    tbe   last   chief 


-ned.     Many  of  Ibe  Indiana  peril 

...    ....t    Samca.      Canonebct,    tbe    last    c 

of  the  Narrapanacta.  waa  captured  and 
killed.  The  few  aurvlvlng  NamnnKcta 
Intermarried  wltb  tbe  cotonlata  and  became 
clvlllwd. 

Vavafo — An  Important  tribe  of  the  south- 
em  dlvlalon  of  tbe  Athapaacan  slock  of 
Indiana.  From  tbe  time  of  tbelr  earliest 
discovery  by  tbe  wbltea  they  have  occupied 
tbe  country  along  and  south  of  tbe  San 
Juan  River,  In  norlhem  New  Hcilro  and 
Ariiona.  and  extending  Into  Colorado  and 
Utah.  They  were  anrrounded  by  the 
Apaobe  tribea  eirept  on  tbe  north,  where 
the  Sboshonea  were  their  nelghbora.  Tbe 
Navajoa  are  at  present  conflned  to  tbe  Nava- 
jo Reaervatlona  In  Utah,  New  Uellco,  and 

Practicability  of  restraining,  with- 
in  present   reservation,   etc.,   re- 
porta   on,  5782. 
Treaty  with,  2571,  3834. 
Nesqnally,  treaty  with,  2836. 
New  York- 
Cession    of   lands  for  benelit  of, 

1127. 
Benoval  of,  discnssed,  1778. 
Treaty  with,  1496,  1684,  ITSS,  1778, 
3394,  3896,  3897. 
Withdrawn,  3667. 
St*  Perot — Tbe  leading  tribe  of  the  Bha- 
haptian   atock   of   Indians.     Tbey   are  alao 
known    as    tbe    ChopDnnlah.    NomapD,    Bb«- 
haptan.   and   Bah  apt  In.     Tbev   were   found 
by    Lewis    and    Clark    In    1804    InbabltlnK 
the    country    now    comprised    la    western 
Idaho,  northeastern  Oregon,  and  aoatheant- 
em   Waablnirton,   and   aloi^  tbe   Colambla 
and  Snake  Rivers.    They  were  good  horse- 
men, bnl  knew  nothing  of  agrlcDltnre.    Tha 
Nea  PercAs  were  alwaya  warlike.     They  de- 
rive tbelr  name  from  tbelr  custom  of  pierc- 
ing the  flesh  of  tbe  nose  for  the  reception  of 
rlnga   and   ornaments.      In    18TT   the   Nea 
Percts  went  to  war  with  the  whites  in  a 
vain   attempt    to    defend    tbeir    poeaeHlons. 
During  this  war  Chief  Joseph  and  Wblta 
Bird    gave    ordera    to    thetr    people    not    to 
mrilent  noncombalanta,  including  women  and 
children,      netofaer   1,   Joaeph   and   SOO  of 
his    followers     were     captured     by     Dnltad 
States  soldiers.    They  now  occnpy  tha  Nea 
Perc«  Reaervattoo.  In  Idaha 
Nea  Percl — 
Campaign  against,  referred  to,  MS4k 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


bidlanTzibet 


Helief  of,  biU  lor,  4737,  4780. 
Treatj  with,  2B14,  3403,  38»3. 
Wu  with.     (Bee  iDdi&n  Wart.) 


of  KTeral  trie.. 

Kill  d«yi  Matb  

ext^Ddlnc  Into  CaonM'ttrut  and  Rhode  Is- 
l>Bd.  Tbe  majoritr  of  tbe  Nlpmun  did 
not  It  Brat  lola  rhillp  in  bU  war  amlDst 
Ibe  colonials,  but  mttt  artlTC  ajdlnat  Ihe 
KulUb  daring  the  itninlc  In  CoDOectlrat 
In  IfffB.  In  ^>Dutlr7,  1(178,  Ihe  rfmnantB 
of  Philip's  tribe,  with  the  Narrannset,  tbe 
Qnabo«s.  *ai  River  Indians.  Jolnpd  the 
Nipmuii,  and  on  the  defeat  of  I'blllp  fled 
north  and  west  Elllofa  trknslatlan  ot  the 
Bible  Is  In  the  Natte  dialed  of  the  Nlpmnc 
lancti*«e.  The  word  Nlpmac  meana  "treili- 
nater  Bshlns  plaee." 

Noo-whi-hi,  treaty  with,  2912. 
Nook-we-eh&h-miBh,  treaty  with,  2912, 
Northern  Cheyenne.  (See  Cheyenne.) 
N 'Qnentl-mi-misli,  treaty  with,  2912. 
Ogallala,  treaty  with,  912. 
O^bwo  or  OMfpevia—A.  large  tribe  ot  tbe 
AlEonqulan  atork  of  Indiana  In  the  early 
falstorr  of  tbe  countrj  their  hunting  Brounds 
were  alons  the  shores  ot  L^ke  llnron  and 
Superior  and  acroaa  the  State  of  Ulnnesota 
Into  tbe  monntalns  ot  Dakota,  Their  name 
means  "A  puckering  up"  and  la  Tarlausl; 
contended  to  Teter  to  a  purkerlns  of  the 
lips  tn  a  apeaklng  or  drinking,  a  peculiar 
aeam  la  tbe  moccasin,  and  the  appraranre 
of  the  llesh  of  raaaled  Tlctlma  They  were 
known  by  Ibe  early  Prencb  explorers  as 
Saulieura  ("Ptople  at  the  ta1la''^l,  baTlng 
beea  flrat  aiet  wllb  at  Sanlt  8te.  Uarle. 
Tbey  were  connected  In  a  loose  confederacy 
with  the  Ottawaa  and  PottawstomleH  and 
known  aa  the  Three  Fires,  After  learning 
tbe  use  of  flreanns  they  greatly  extended 
their  lerrilorr  hy  ancresaful  wara  npon 
the  Slonx.  Foxes,  and  Iroquois.  They 
Joined  Paullac  and  were  allies  of  Fhiglsnd 
In  Ibe  Revolution.  They  also  partldpared 
In  the  Ulaml  uprialng.  The  Ojlbwaa  n^led 
lands  on  Lake  Rrle  In  ISOS.  They  aaaln 
broke  out  Into  hoatllltlpB  In  1S12  an<f  by 
tbe  peace  of  ISie  relinquished  all  their 
land*  Id  Ohio  and  retreated  westward  By 
ISSl  the  remainder  of  the  tribe  In  Ibe 
United  Bttlea  waa  west  ot  tbe  Mlaalsslppl 
RiTer.  They  now  number  about  BO.OOO  In 
Canada  and  the  United  States,  about  one- 
balf  In  each. 

Old  Settler.    (Bee  Cherokee.) 
OaiaJta — A  tribe  of  the  Dbegiha  division 
or  confederacy  of  the   Slonan  stock  of  In- 
diana.   Tbe  name  means  "Tboae  who  went 
"  ---■■      -      ind    182a 


Of  Oneida  Lake,  N.  T..  and  tbe  bead  watera 
of  the  Susquehanna  River  to  tbe  Boulh. 
The  name  means  "Standlnx  stone,"  or  "Peo- 
ple of  stone."  They  usually  arled  lade- 
pendently  of  the  otber  Iroquois  and  were 
not  prominent  In  the  confederacy.  The 
early  French  aettlers.  with  wbom  they  were 
Benerally  friendly,  called  them  OuelouL 
They  took  part  with  the  Colonies  In  tUa 
Revolution.  For  thla  tbe  Brlllah  destroyed 
their  Tlllagea.  By  a  treaty  In  1794  the 
Government  made  rompeneatlon  for  tbelr 
Idbbc*.  In  1780  and  1TS8  they  ceded  landa 
to  New  Tork  Bute.  In  1833  moat  of  them 
removed  to  Qreen  Bay,  Wis.,  where  they 
at  1 11  remain,  and  other*  went  to  Canada. 
They  number  about  8,000. 
Oneida — 

Lands  of,  propoaition  to  aell,  2S6, 
320. 

Treaty  with,  335,  1684. 


^«r  c 
wbftea 


1   the 


ilar  ireatlea.     ._ 

ot  tbelr  lands  and   t ..  _   ._ 

tlon  In  nortbeastem  Nebraska.    Hiey  num- 
ber  about   1,200. 
.  Omaha — 

Act  to  extend  time  of  payment  to 
ptirchaMS    of    land    of,    vetoed, 
6025. 
Claima    of,   against    WinnebaKoea, 

4851, 
Helief  of,  bill  for,  4972. 
Treaty  with,  1464,  1695,  1729,  2768, 
3674. 
OaaMa— A  tribe  ot  the  Iroquola  stock  of 
Iii<llant,    Tbcy  formerly  occupied  land*  es't 


Oaoadapo — The  leading  tribe  ot  the  Iro- 
quois stocE  ot  Indiana.  Tbelr  original  hunt- 
ing grounds  were  along  tbe  aborea  of  the 


creek  and  lake  In  New  York  whieb  bear 
tbelr  name.  They  claimed  all  Ihe  country 
between  I.ake  Onlarlo  and  tbe  Bnaquebauna 
River.  Tbe  name  Is  tramilated  to  mean 
"On  tbe  (op  of  the  mouDtsln."  In  tbe 
couDcM*  ot  (be  Iroquola  Confederacy  tbey 
"  1  hy  a  name  meaning  "They  who 


except  a   aniall    portion,    which    they   i.,^.. 

Oregon,  treaty  with,  2393,  3593. 
Otofw— A  tribe  of  the  Dhegiha  confed- 
eracy of  the  Blonaa  atock  of  Indiana.  Tbey 
are  divided  Into  the  Great  or  Highland 
OsBRC  and  Little  or  Lowland  Oiagc,  re- 
apectlvely  referring  In  the  native  tongoa 
to  those  who  camped  aC  the  top  Ot  the 
bill,  and  tbose  who  camped  at  the  foot  of 
tbe  hill,  "wacace"  in  tbe  Slouan  langnasa 
denoting  a  camp  on  a  hill.  Tbis  haa  been 
corrupted  Into  Osage.  Through  wara  with 
the  whiles  and  Indian  trlbea  of  tbelr  own 
stock  they  were  driven  southward  Into  Ar- 
kBQMB.  In  1808  they  ceded  landa  to  tbe 
Oovemment  and  msde  further  cessions  In 
181E.  1818.  1822.  1820.  and  1839.  At  the 
beginning  of  the  Civil  War  about  1,000  ot 
them  went  to  the  Indian  Terrllory.  and  In 
1860  and  1808  treaties  were  made  looking 
to  the  removal  of  Ihe  remainder  ot  the 
tribe.  The  last  of  their  lands  was  ceded 
Id  I8T0  to  tbe  Government  snd  they  went 
to  tbelr  reservation  In  Oklaboms. 
Osage^ 
Decline    to    accede    to    terms    re- 

dnring  price   of  lands,   4873. 
Lands      relinqniahed      to      United 

States  by,  1693. 
Payment  of  intereat  due,  referred 

to,  4691. 
Treaty  with,    464,    474,    554,   614, 
616,   767,   883,   889,    912,   1040, 
3393,  3578,   3833,  3S43. 
deferred   to,  3578. 
Withdrawn,  4001. 


4803. 
Otoe — 

Bight  of  way  of  railroad  through 
uuda  of,  referred  to,  4681. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Xndiail  Tribes      Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidenis 


TrsKty  with,  SSQ,  8S8,  913,  1256, 
14S4,  1695,  1729,  276S,  2830, 
3901. 
Witfadnwu,  4001. 
Ottawa — A  tribe  ol  tbc  Al^nqulan  stock 
«(  iDdlmDB.  The  Otttwas  were  flret  found 
■lone  tbe  Cpper  Ottawa  Rlrer.  Id  Ouade. 
Tbei  were  s&dfaat  allltv  ot  the  French. 
In  164(1  tbcj  anitered  delpat  at  the  bands 
•f  the  Iroquola  and  were  driTpn  wealvard 
■Ions  the  aoDlhern  abore  of  I^ke  Saperlur. 
Id  the  earl;  part  o(  the  el^leentb  ren- 
tur;  tbf  Ottawas  establlabed  tbemselTes 
about  the  site  of  Ihe  prewnt  dti  ot  Chl- 
etgo.  wbetire  tbe;  spread  In  alJ  directions. 
In  ITM  they  coinhlnf^  wllh  other  tribes 
Id  the  South  aDd  Wrnt  In  an  unauccesaful 
more  aiEnlDat  the  KofElIsh.  Durlna  the  Bero- 
lutlon  Ibe;  aided  Ibe  British.  Tbe;  >lsned 
treaties  In  1T86  aod  ITSn,  boi  }olned  In  the 
Miami  nprWng  aoon  aftervarda.  Tber 
anlo  made  prare  Id  1T95.  Niimprons  trea- 
tlea  redlDK  terrltorj  to  the  United  Stales 
tollowrd,  and  a  part  of  the  tribe  went 
aoulh  of  the  Mlsnoiirl  and  anon  lont  their 
Wentliy.  Home  ot  ihoM  llvlns  bi  Ohio  mi- 
grated to  the  Onage  roiintrr  In  183n.  In 
the  name  year  the  MIcblKan  Ottawas  ceded 
•11  their  lands  eieept  renerTatlons.  In  1870 
tbose  Id  tbp  Soutbweit  were  collected  la 
the  Indian  Territory, 
Ottawa — 

DiBpoaition  of  bonds  and  fnnda  cf, 

referred  to,  4660. 
JtelinqniBbment  of  agreement  with 

Chippewaa  referred  to,  3900. 
BemovaJ  of,  1T15. 
Treaty  with,  378,  385,  422,  427,  449, 
554,    G6Q,    567,    590,    616,    8S8, 
9S9,     991,     1027,     1029,     11S4, 
119B,    1257,    1345,    ]444,    2304, 
2884,  3283,   3716,  6271. 
lostrDCtions     to      cammisBionerB 

negotiating,  8271. 
Transmitted  for  exercise  of  pow- 
ers for   fulfllling,   6271. 
Paaaamaq  uoddj — 
Fought   for  liberty    of    American 

people,  1026. 
UemoriB,!    of,    presented    to    Con- 
greaa  in  bebalf  of,  1026. 


pnbllean    _ , 

altny  been  trlendt;  to  the  Americans.  Br 
a  treatj  In  18.13  ther  sold  their  lands  south 
Of  the  NebraakB.  Thej  were  afterward  at- 
tacked by  Ihe  Sloni  and  the  remainder  of 
their  hnntlnfc  grouodii  wae  devastated.  In 
18ST  the  I-awnees  iu>1d  more  of  rhelr  lands, 
and,  the  depredations  of  the  Sloui  con- 
tlnulnc    "■ --   "■-    " — 


and   Ibe   Skldl   or   Pawnee  I>onp. 
Pawnee — 
Agreement  between  Cherokee  Com- 

mlaeion  and,  6768. 
Aid  for,  recommended,  4314. 
Treaty  with,  616,  888,  913,  12S6, 


were  the  most  dreaded  of  all  the  aoutb- 
ern  New  Kngland  IdiIIbiik.  When  drat 
known  to  tbe  whttea  the  reqnolB  formed 
one  tribe  wllb  the  Mohefnoa  under  Sas- 
sacQs,  bat  the;  seceded  nnder  Uncaa  and 
occupied  a  narrow  atrip  of  caul  in  aoatb- 
em    Connecllnit    from    the    Nlantlc    Btver 

to  the  Rhode  Island  boundarr.     TbeT 

^_.  ...^     ._  .^.[^  thcj  entered  1 

ta  at  BoatoD,  bu.  . 

i:ipedltlona  wetv  ai 


.     _  and   msBiacn^  manj  aeltlerL. 
1637  IheT  were  sorprlscd  at  ■  tOrt  near 

£  resent  alte  of  Groton.  Codd..  and  In 
ittle  which  ensued  and  Ihe  suliBeqoenC 
e  at  Falrtlcld  Swamp  the  tribe  waa  nearlr 
Dlhllated.  Man;  of  tbem  were  aold  u 
iTes  and  the  otbera  were  acatleivd. 
Pianlieahaw— 

Lands  ceded  to  United  Stktea  by, 

362    373 
Treaty    with,  351,  862,   3«5,    389, 
544,  1173,  2775,  3270,  3716. 
Piegan,    engagement    of   CoL    Baker 

with,  referred  to,  4004. 
Pi-trte,  agreement  with,  for  right  of 
way  for  railroad,  4736,  477& 

CommiBBion  appointed  to  invoati- 

gate  condition,  etc,  of,  and  r*- 

port  of,  discussed,  4582. 

Treaty  with,  887,  912,  301S,  32S3. 

Poncarar,  treaty  with,  589. 

PoffairaloiHle— A  trit>e  of  the  Alconqnlan 

.stork  of  iDdlana.    Vben  Drst  known  (abont 

lOTOI.    thej    llTed    on    the    Nognet    lalanda. 

In    Green    Ba;,    Wis.      At   tbe   close   of    the 

HeTCDtecnth    eentuiT    the;   were   eatabllshed 

on  the  Milwaukee  BlTer,  at  Chleaco.  and  on 

tbe  Bt.  Joseph  RlTpr.    At  the  tkeslnnlng  ot 

tbe  nlnelecDth  centur;  they  posstased  tbe 

country  around  the  head  of  L^ke  Ulchlgan 

from    the    Mllwaokea    Blrer.    Wla.,    to   the 

Grand    River.    Mich.,    extending    aootb    Into 

IlllDols  BDd  In  Icd'ana  to  Ibe  Wabaab  Blrer. 

They   took    a    promlncDt    part    In    Pontlac'i 

War   and   In    the   War  of   the   Bevolullon. 

when   they   fought  on   tbe  Brltlsb    side,    as 

they   also   did    diirlng   tbe   War   of   1812. 

The  name   I-ottawatomls  slKnlllea  "Sreoiak- 

—  "   and   has   referenee  to   tbeir   aeceaaloa 

■      -■■■  ■  -    a  for  II 

ed  to  t 

.   ...JO  of  I 

_    ..    _  _...  the  Prairie  Band  con- 
tinued nnder  tbe  Indian  Departmoit. 
Pottawatoni  le — 
Agreement  between  Cherokea  Com- 
mission and,  5514. 
Proclaimed,  6591. 
Location  of  lands  ceded  to  Indiana 

by,  1098. 
Pemoval  of,  1715. 
Treaty  with,  351,  378,  3S5,  422. 
427,  448,  463,  654,  56S,  567, 
590,  616,  888,  913,  931,  940, 
961,  988,  989.  991,  996,  1027, 
1029,  1170,  1257,  1345,  1354, 
1446,  1491,  1498,  2304,  32CS, 
8356,  3680,  S717. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


LodianTrilies 


T.i^<»Ti  TlilMS— COOMlHIftl 

CompIalntB  regarding,   3263. 
iDBtnictions  to  commiBtionerB  ne- 
gotiating, 6271. 
Truumitted  for  eserciie  of  pow- 
ers for  fnlfllling,  6271. 
PmUo^A  common  oame  for  seTenl  dis- 
tinct tribes  and  nationB  of  IndlauB  occupy- 
ing western  CCew  Meiico.   Arliona,   L'hlhaa- 
bna.    Tciaa    aod    tbe    VBlltfa    of    (be    Rio 
(ipanAa   and    Colorado    Rivers.      The   Zufila 
tbe     largi^at     pueblos    or     vUlagt*. 


Tbey  are  dlBtlD<rt 

br   the   Bpaalards   ttiry  occnpled 

Ufps.  known  bb  lbp_  SeTcn  CItlpf 


_.  Cibola. 

„_  ,_.. „ it  wliloh  Btands  the  proB- 

rat  pueblo  at  ZuBl.  Tbe  Tefloaa  are  alio 
*  diBtlnct  a  dlBtlnct  Btock  of  lodlana  aod 
romprlBe  several  tribes  oC  cloBei;  allied  dia- 
lecta.  Tbe  Tusaran  IB  a  confederacy  of 
iHboa  Inhabiting  northfaafem  Arliona.  The 
Pueblo  iDdlSDB  have  alwniBB  bifn  friendly. 
The  Supreme  Court  declared  them  eitlzenB 
Id  IGSt!  Tbe  name  was  also  applied  bj 
SDantardB  to  the  earlv  colonleB  eatabilBhed 
lo  rallfomla  by  authority  ot  Philip  II. 
Pnrhlo  lands  were  vested  either  by  propri- 
etary right  In  the  Individual  or  Id  compaQles, 
reaervlDK  to  them  certain  rights  as  cltlEenB 
and  coloDlsts.  " "  -    "'— 


o  elect  theli 


The  name  Bac  Is  s 

ndian  word  "obmI."  meaa- 

ins  "People  at   the   mouth   ot   the   river," 
and  refers  to  their  early  babtttt 
Bae— 
Agreement  between  Cherokee  Com- 
mifsion  and,  5510. 
Proclaimed,    E.^91. 
Annuities  proposed  to,  303. 
Hostile  aggression  of,  ]25]. 
Treaty  with,  363,  385,  554,  566,  567, 
767,    913,    1105,    1170,    1484, 
1498,    1612,    2063,    2773,    310S, 
S871,  8284,  3395,  3S09,  SBOO. 
M 


Withdrawn,  4001. 
War  with.    (See  Indian  Wars.) 
Sasinaw,   treaty  with,  1469. 
So-heh-wamish,  treaty  with,  £836. 
Bah-kn-m6hu,  treaty  with,  B912. 
Bt.  Begis,  treaty  with,  16S4. 
8am-4hiniBh,  treaty  with,  2918. 
Scotan,  treaty  with,  2636. 
BemitioJe—A.    tribe    of    tbe    Mnskhooesn 
■tock  of  Indians.     The  tribal  nair-  '-  — ■■- 


iBted  to  mean  "reneeade"  or  "sepanUsl." 
and  refer*  to  their  havlDK  separated  from 
tbe    Creek    contnleracy    daring   the    latter 


Dvered       and  refer*  t 


.u  c.<^i  .-r..  -.-^  .^-».- =,  of  whom  the 

chief  was  the  ali^lde.  They  were  allowed 
eommoD  vn  of  tbe  pastnre  lands  reaervea 
to   the  Crown  outside  the  ppeblo  Krauts, 

Pnyallnp — 

CoromisHiou  to  treat  with,  5663. 
Treaty  with,  2836. 

Qnapaw,  treaty  with,  616,  648,  85S, 
S829,  3716. 

QDi-nat-elt,  treaty  with,   2913. 

Qoil-leh-ate,  treaty  with,  2913. 

Kicara,  treaty  with,  8SS,  913. 

Biver  Crow,  treaty  with,  3898. 

Bogne  River,  treaty  with,  2762,  2836. 

Boo — A  tribe  of  the  Aifconqnlan  stock  of 
Indians  who  formerly  Hied  near  tbe  month 
of  the  Otiawa  River  and  along  Ihe  Detroit 
Rtver.  They  were  driven  thence  by  tbe 
Iroquola  and  settled  about  Green  Bay.  Wis. 
They  allied  themselves  with  the  Fox  tribe. 
Abotit  170S  tbe  Sacs  took  possession  of 
land  on  both  sides  of  the  Uleslsslpnl,  which 
they  had  conquered  from  Ihe  Illinois.  From 
Ibis  time  their  history  Is  tbe  same  as  that 
of  the  Foies.  By  1810  they  had  over- 
nin  a  large  territory  In  Wisconsin,  Illlnola. 
Iowa,  and  UtEsonrl.  They  aided  Ponllac, 
end  dnrlDK  the  Revolution  supported  tbe 
Kngllsh.  They  foueht  against  the  Uolted 
BtatcB  In  1812.  In  1832  a  part  of  the  tribe, 
led  by  Black  Rawk.  rebelled  and  was  de- 
feated and  removed  to  tbe  Indian  Territory, 
where  moat  of  the  remainder  of  the  t — 
tribea.  stljll'         ~      ""     " 


Flt>rlda.  During  the  War  ot  1812  the  Brit- 
ish were  materially  aided  by  the  Beminolex. 
and  In  181T-1S  tbey  made  many  depreda- 
tions OD  the  actllemcnts  of  Ueorgla  and  Ala- 


ment  and  agreed  to  mnve  to  the  Indian 
Territory.  Tbeir  refoKBl  to  comply  with 
the  terms  of  this  treaty  led  to  a  long  aod 
bloody  war.  (See  Seminole  Wsrs;  CreekB.1 
The  Dumber  of  Hemlnoles  flnally  removed  la 
1843  was  offlrlatly  reported  as  3.824.  They 
became  one  of  the  Bve  clvlllied  nations  of 
the  Indian  Territory. 

Seminole — 
Authority  to  Dse  certain  foude  in 
purchase    of    lands    for,    recom- 
mended, 5197. 
Court  of   inquiry  relative  to  cam- 
paign against,   ISll. 
Difficulties  with  Creeks,  2828,  2897. 
Hostilities    of,    1447,    1448,     1472, 

1833,  2583. 
Lands — 

Purchased    for,   4786,   6450. 
Additional  proposition  regard- 
ing, 6505. 
Purchased  from — 
Opened  to  settlement  by  proc- 
lamation, 5450. 
Title  to,  disenssed,  48S3. 
To    be    lelinqnished    by,    propo- 
sition regarding,  5392,  5396. 
Cession  of,  6460,  5482. 
Removal    of,    arrangements    made 

for,   1332,  2583,  2707,  2720. 
Separation  of  from  Creeks  referred 
to,  1727. 


Treaty  with,  789,  1256,  2214,  2916, 

3591. 
War  vrith.  (See  Seminole  War.) 
8t*eca — A  tribe  of  the  Iroqnols  confed- 
eracy of  Indians.  Tbe  name  Is  foreign  to 
the  language  of  the  tribe,  and  Is  probahty 
a  eormptfon  ot  a  word  mranlag  "reS 
paint."  They  called  thcmselvra  by  a  name 
meaning  "peonle  of  the  mountain.  When 
Orst  known  Ibey  occupied  lands  In  western 
New  York  between  Seneca  I.ake  and  (lenesce 
Blver.  They  allied  themselvea  with  Pon- 
tlar.  destroyed  Venango,  attacked  Fort  Ni- 
agara, and  cut  oat  an  army  train  near 
DevllB  Hole  Id  17A3.  They  were  consplcu- 
—  weBt  of  Lake  Brie  On 
-rie  and  Neuter  tribes 
of  tbe  territory  west* 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Xndlan  Tlfbu      Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


tbe  AllgcbcoT  River  lata  PennBytTanU,  .. 
Ccl^ng  bj  adoption  tninj  ot  tht  couqaerM) 
tribe*,  wblcb  act  made  tbem  the  lanreit 
tribe  or  the  IroouolB  confederac;.  Thej 
■Ided  witb  Che  Britteb  Id  the  RevolutlonarT 
War  and  their  lerrllorr  was  deTastated  by 
the  AnericaDi.  Peace  wai  tnade  with  tbem 
In  1TS4.  In  the  War  ot  1612  the  tribe 
dlTldcd.  thoie  In  New  York  taklnc  part  with 
the  Amerlcaai  and  tbow  to  Ohio  JoInliiK 
tbe  boatlla  Western  tribes.  Theie  were  re- 
moTed  to  the  Indian  Terrltorv  In  1831,  ths 
friendly  tribes  remalnliis  In  Kew  SoA. 

CouTej^ftuee  mad»  by,  MO. 
Uemorial  from,  referred  to,  2278. 
Money  held  in  tnut  for,  lOlB. 
Portion   of,  opposed  to   tre&ty   of 

Buffalo,  17S4. 
Bemonttranee  of,  against  allotment 

of  lands  in  severalty  to,  4668. 
Treaty  witb  £03,  249,  335,  539,  S54, 
S90,  616,  1105,  1124,  1198,  2010, 
2820,  3716. 
Beven  Nations.   (Bee  CohnawaKa.) 
Shawanese,      treaty      with      United 

States,  3717. 
8Aa leiiee — a  tribe  of  the  AlKonqnlan 
stock  ot  iQdlan*.  From  their  wanderlaBi 
and  tbe  dlfflcaltles  ot  Identification  their 
leal  habitat  Is  uncenali).  They  seem  to 
bare  wandered  (archer  sontb  than  aor  otber 
ot  the  AtgoDQUlan  trlbea  and  to  bare  been 
drlren  weatirird  br  tbe  Iroquoio.  The 
name  la  translated  to  mean  "Bouthprnera." 
They  were  early  known  tn  tbe  Cumberland 
Valley,  In  Tenneiaee.  and  alone  the  Upper 
Savannah  Blrer.  In  South  CaroTlaa.  About 
the   middle^  ot^he  elRhiecnlh  century  they 

t  first 


(hey  aided  the  French    L__      .._    

by  tbe  Rnellah.  The  Shawneea  Joined  Pon- 
ttac.  and  from  time  to  time  conlloued  boa- 
tllltles  until  the  pean  ot  1786.  They  took 
part  In  tbe  Miami  uprising,  but  were  re- 
dneed  by  Gen.  Wavue  and  submitted  under 
the  treaty  ot  1705.  Id  1812.  under  the 
leadenihlp  ot  Tecumeeh.  this  tribe  Joined  tbe 
F^nsllsb  In  their  war  anlnnt  the  Americans. 

•^-— — -terra,    and    Ihe    Mlswiuri 

■      •       1   1826,  the  Ohio 


rbey    

band   ceded    

baud  In  1831.     The  main  band  ended  their 
tribal   relations  In    Kansas  In   1804. 
Shawnee— 
DiatribntloD  of  moneys  to  band  of, 

referred  to,  4069. 
Lands  of,  treaty  with,  for  pnrehaae 

of,  1797. 

Treaty  with.  351,  378.  44S,  639,  590, 

616,  883,  1124.   112S.   nS7,  1797, 

2775,  2829,  3402,  3579,  3716,  3717. 

Sheepeater — 

Agreement  with,  for  aale  of  landi, 

47T0. 
Treaty  with,  3808. 
B'Homaniah,  treaty  with,  2886. 
SbMAone — Tbe  most  northerly  confedera- 
tion  of  the   Bhoabonean    stork  of   Indiana. 
They  art  aometlmfS  known  as  Snake  Indi- 
an*.    There  are  aoDle  twenty  known  tribes 
of  Hhosbonea.     The  dlrlalon  formerly  occn- 
pled  western  Wyomliw.  part  of  central  and 
•oathem    Idaho,    part    of   eaitern    Oreton, 
waatan  and  eantial  Nayada,  and  a  strip  ot 


rtah  wert  of  the  Great  Bait  Lake.     The 


f  the  Ulaaonri  In  n 


the  plBlna,  whence   tbey  had 


been    driven    Into    tbe    Rocky 


nla     voluntee..     ,      ,_     , 

tribe.      Treaties    were    made    witb    varlona 
tribei  later.    They  are  at  Fort  Halt  Acency 
and  Lemhi  Agency,  Idabo. 
Shoshone — 
AgreemeDt   with,   for  disposal    of 

lands,  4655,  4770. 
Treaty  with,  3397,  3898. 
Sionne,  treaty  with,  912. 
SlOH*  or  Oofcolo— The  principal  dlrtaloa 
of  the  Slouan  stock  of  Indians  Tbe 
name  la  tranaUted  to  mean  "Tbe  anakellk* 
ones."  The  early  habitat  of  the  Stooan 
family  included  parts  of  British  Amerlt* 
and  the  following  States :  Uontaua,  Wy- 
oming, the  Dakotai.  Ulnneaota.  Iowa,  wla- 
coDsln,  Nebraaka.  Kansas.  Ulaaonrl.  Okla- 
homa, HIsBlSBlppl.  Kentucky,  the  Carollnaa. 
and  Virginia.  Tba  Dakotaa.  lenerally 
known  as  tbe  Skmi.  bare  always  leen  tbe 
moat  warlike  ot  the  slock.  Tbey  have  been 
hostile  not  only  to  whites  and  to  the  IndlaoB 
o(  other  stocka  but  also  to  trlbea  of  their 


family   ■ 


,   DheRlha.   Tdwer 


III,  auu  Kataha. 
The  Blouz  proper,  or  Dakotaa.  are  dl- 
Ttded  Into  aevea  council  fires,  and  tbey 
are  sometimes  known  by  an  Indian  nante 
alniirying  that  tacL  Tbey  aided  the  Bnf- 
llsh  In  1812  _  In  1837  they  ceded  all  their 


killed.  They  were  defeated  and  scattered 
by  OoTemment  troops,  and  a  treaty  was 
made  with  them  by  Oen.  Bherman  In  1868. 
Nevertheless.  Sitting  Bull  and  some  ot  tba 
other  chieftains  were  nn  reconciled.  J  one 
25.  1876,  Gen.  Caster  and  27Q  men  were 
surnrlned  bv  a  force  of  B,000  Bloux  on  tbe 
Little  Blft  Horn  River,  Montana,  and  mas- 
aacred.    (Bee  also  Cuater  Kaaxacre.)    Bitting 


Agreement  with,  for  purchase   of 
Unds,   discDssed,   S4S8. 

Proelaimed,  5707, 
Commission  to  treat  with,  for — 

Cession  of  Unds,  6480,  5496. 

Modifications  of  treaties,  5742. 
Concessions  obtained  from,  referred 

to,  4368. 
Hostile  demonstrations  of,  referred 

to,  4327. 
Lands  of — 

Opening  of,  to  settlement  refnaed 
V,  6381. 

Belinqnisbed   to   TTnited    Btates, 
S4S0. 
Ontbreak  among,  diaenssed,  6638. 
Porsnlt    of  hostile    bands   of,  into 

Hadsons  Bay  tarritorloi,  roierred 

to,  3800. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


IndlKB  Titbm-Contbmg. 
Btntavtl  of,  to — 
Indiui  TerritotT,  4S67. 
Nebraaka,  3&S7. 
Bepoit  on  condition  of,  refened  to, 

3897. 
Bight  of  wBj  for  railroad  thTongh 

reMFTBtion  of,  477S,  4780. 
Slonx  expedition,  referred  to,  2912. 
Treaty   with,    S87,    888,    913,    1481, 
1499,    1612,    1912,    2005,    2964, 
2707,   3016,   3064,    3573,   3S98, 
S901. 
Beuona  for  eonclvdiiig,  1912. 
War  with.    (See  Indian  Wara.) 
Staaeton,  treaty  with,  3688. 
etv  Satio»t—A  coDfedcntlon  ot  ting  In- 
dian  tribe*  of  ttia    Horon-trtHtioii  ftmll;. 
Ttwr    were    also    known    aa    Lonji    Houac. 
Ther  orislntllf  oeenpled  ttie  territory  now 
Ineludcdln  New  Tork   Btate  aad  aoutbera 
Canada.      Tbe    fire    orislaal    natlona    were 
tlia  UohBwka.    Seneeu,   Caitngaa.    Oneidaa, 
—  .   « J ..,  j^lj   jl,j   f ...... 


Six  Nations— 

Conterenee  with,  103,  160,  661. 
Depredations  of,  57,  60,  61,  74,  76, 

NegotUUonB  with,  326. 

Opinion      of      Senate      concerning 
trefttj   with,   requested,  64. 

Beferred  to,  147. 

Treaty  with,  54,  98,  1S9. 
Sk^t,  treaty  with,  2912. 
Bkai-wha-miih,  treaty  with,  291S. 
S'EallMDB,  treaty  with,  2S13. 
Bkope-Ahmiah,  treaty  with,  2912. 
Sttih-le-jnm,  treaty  with,  2012. 
Sk-tihl-mlsh,  treaty  with,  2912. 
Smalhamiah,  treaty  with,  2912, 
Buke,  treaty  with,  3579. 
Sno-ho-miih,  treaty  with,  201S. 
SnoqaAlmoo,  treaty  with,  2912. 
See,  treaty  with,  888, 
Sonthem — 

Conuntwionen  to,  recall,  263. 

NegotUtiona  with,  63. 

Treaty  with,  Preaident  moots  Sen- 
ate for  diaCQ«aion  of,  63. 
8<ii»wkBln,  treaty  with,  2838. 
Sqni-atU,  treaty  with,  2836. 
Bqain-ih-tnlah,  treaty  with,  2012. 
Bteli-ehass,  treaty  with,  2836. 
SteHaeoom,  treaty  with,  £836. 
St-kih-mtah,  treaty  with,  2012. 
Stoekbridn— 

Proeeedings  for  relief  of,  referred 
to,  8167. 

Treaty  with,  1496,  1640,  1083, 177S, 
2929,   2890,  a71& 
Stolnek-i^hi  miah,  treaty  with,  2B1S. 
SngBtoitob,  2012. 


8<Mf«aIMttiia  or  OMimIoim— A  trltM  of 
the  Irqguolan  alo^  of  Indiana  bow  ex- 
tinct TbeT  tormerlr  IlTcd  In  PennarlvaDla 
and  Uarjiland  along  the  fluaquehaana  Biver 


8nMea,  but  treacberoua  In  their  deallnia 
witb  the  EDxIlab.  Tbe  Bmquehannaa  trera 
OTertbrowD  by  tbe  Iroquola  In  1875.  attar 
■  deaperale  itragKle.  A  remaaQt  ot  tbe 
tribe  waa  maaaacred  bj  whllea  at  I^ncaa- 
tei,  Pa..  In  1768. 

Bwin-fi-miBh,    treaty  with,  2912. 
Tamaroia,  treaty  with,   616. 
Ta-wa-ka-ro,  treaty  with,  1012. 
Teton,  treaty  with,  912. 
Tonawanda,  treaty  witli,  SOIC 
Tonkawa,  agreement  between  Chero- 

Iwe  ComnuBsion  and,  6638,  6649. 
Turtle  Uonntaiti — 

Agreement    with,    for   eesaion    of 

lands,  578L 
Beferred  to,  S382. 
TMcaroro— A  tribe  of  the  IroqnoU  atock 
of  Indiana.     Their  name  manna  '■l'ti«lllln| 
to  be  irlth  other*."     They  early  separated 
from    tbe    parent   atock  and   emigrated    to 
tbe  Bonlh.     They  were  Drat  knowa  to  Ru- 
Topeana  on  the  Kenae  RiTer.  In  North  Caro- 
lina.   Id  1711  they  attacked  tbe  whites  and 
were    almost    annihilated.      The    sarrlTora 
returned  to  tbe  Iroqnola  In  New  Tork  and 
becsma  one  of  the  six  Natlona. 
Tnaearora,  treaty  with,  344. 
Umatilla,  treaty  with,  2914. 
TTmpqua,  treaty  with,  2702,  2836i. 
Upper  Pend  d  'Oreilie — 

Agreement  with,  for  sale  of  lands, 

4740,  4770. 
Treaty  with,  £913. 
rtah  (Dto,  Vte,  or  TodU)— A  dlvlalon 
ot  tbe  Sboabooeaa  family  of  [adlBna.  They 
formerly  occupied  tbe  central  and  weatern 
portion*  at  Colorado  and  tbe  nartheaatprn 
portlona  ot  L'tah.  The  Claha  are  dlrlded 
Into  about  fifteen  tribes  and  bare  been  gen. 
erallj  friendly  to  the  wbttea.  Some  dis- 
turbances occurred  between  them  and  tbe 
liormon*,  and  also  tbe  minera  ot  Pike** 
Peak.  In  18«6  they  ceded  larga  tracts  of 
land  to  tbe  Qorernment. 

Utah,  treaty  with,  2571,  3393,  8577, 
3663. 
Agreement  with,  referred  to,  4538, 

4552,  4576. 
Appropriation  for  Ute  Commission 

recommended,  4672. 
Negotiations    with,     referred     to, 

4404,  4465. 
Payments    to,    referred    to,    4434, 

4633. 
Bemoval  of,  4637. 
Bnppresaion    of   hostilities   among, 

4S24,  4S28. 
Treaty  with,  S82T. 
Wabash — 
Expeditions  against,  104,  107,  118, 

120,  159. 
Treaty  with,  127. 
Instmctione  to  commissioner  In 
eonclndlng  with  Indians,  6271. 
Troops    mvst    be   called   forth    to 
■nppiesa,  53,  74. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Lidian  Tribes      Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


I&dl«a  Tribes— CmaKNiMd. 

Wahpeton,  treaty  with,  3668. 

Walla  Walla,  treaty  with,  2513,  261t 

\mpanoao — A    tribe  o(   the   Algonqalui 


I,  and  Maasamilt.  the 
wsB  on   good   tprma   witb   Kogcr   miiiBmH. 
The*  reslMpd  all  HltPOiptB  to  ooDTert  them 
to  CbrlitlBDltr.      rhillp.  the  lun  of  Msasa- 
■nlt    benD    a    war    BKi[nit    the    wbltpn    la 
IflTS.  whirb,  after  great  loss  to  the  irbltea, 
resulted  la  tbe  ei  term  I  nation  of  the  tribe. 
W&Hcoe,   treaty  with,   2513. 
Woa— 
Convention  with,  463,  464. 
Treaty    with,    566,    587,   616,    650, 

2775,  3270,  3416. 
Troat  lands  of,  referred  to,  3400. 
Wichita- 
Agreement  between  Cherokee  Com- 

niSBion  and,  663S,  664S,  !)67]. 
Lands  of,  title  to,  referred  to,  4778. 

e  o(  the  eionsn  stock 


Winnebago — A  t 
Of  Indians.  The  I 
word  mrantna  "dl 
IbemselTes     Hotfa 


traaicBra,     mean  la  e    "naront 

-   -'     )f  the  Norih- 

-,- -,    — . „-««   mlirralcd 

paHtward.   but  were  torred  bark  to  the  vi- 


and the  War  of  1812.  The  Wlnspbairo'-a 
were  sdlve  In  the  Indian  war  nf  1TS3-94 
BQd  were  snbdued  b;  den.  Wayne.  A 
tri'str  of  prarp  n-as  made  with  them  In 
1S16.  In  1828  and  1R2T  treatli-a  were 
made  (lilnc  the  botindarlps  of  thpir  hnnt- 
Ing  gronndii.  In  1S29  they  redi^  Isrffe 
tracts  of  land  to  the  General  (JoTernment, 
BDd  sfter  neveral  removals  Ihej  were  Id 
1816  settled  upon  reaervatlons  In  Nebraska 
and  WIsroDslD. 
Winnebago— 

Agent  for,   recommended,  4959. 

CGaim  of  Omahas  against,  4851. 

Treaty  with,  913,  961,  963,  9SS,  991, 
996,  1027,  1029,  1170,  1612,  2771, 
2775,  2839,  3109,  3574. 
Wuatidot — A     tribe     of     the      Iro<]iio!an 
family   of    Indians.      When    first   known    to 
the  whites  (hey  oortipled  a  narrow  strip  of 
land    In    Ontario,    hut    between    iniQ    and 
inSO  (hey  were  slmnHt  exterminated  la  war 
with  nelphhorlna  tribes.     They  Joined  w1(h 
another    (rtbe    snd    soon    spread    alnnit    the 
•oiiih    snd    west   shores    nf    I^ke   l^rle   and 
arfinlred    eonsMershle    laflaenee.      The    Wy- 
andot s    sided     with     the     French     till     the 
eloM.  nf  rontlafs  War  and  sided  the  Hrlt- 
'-\ln_tbe   Wsr  of   1S12.      The  word  "Wy- 


Wyandot — 

Lands  to  be  conveyed  to,  by  DeU- 

wares,  2129. 
Treaty  with,  361,  378,  385,  422,  427, 
448,   539,   554,   590,    616,   1132, 
1445,  2010,  2662,  2834,  6271. 
Opinion  of  Senate  concerning,  re- 
quested, 54. 
Heferred  to,  2837, 
Transmitted  for  exercise  of  pow- 
ers for  fulfilling,  6271. 
Yakama,  treaty  with,  2914. 
Tancton,  treaty  with,  912. 
Tanctonie,  treaty  with,  912. 
Tp.H»»^  Wars. — From  the  earliest  years  of 
oar  biscor;  dlfflcnltles  have  been  constantly 
ocearrlnx     with     the     Indiana     wKbln    our 
borders.     Only  one  of   tbeae  haa  bad   any 
special    polKIcal    slgnlflcance,    and    but    a 
brief  reference  to  some  of  the  principal  In- 
dian wars  will  be  attempted. 

illami  Con/eilcrari/.—VTOm  ITW  to  1T05 
a  war  was  waged  with  the  Miami  CoDted- 
eracy  In  Ohio  and  nelgb boring  territory. 
The  confederacy  was  romposed  o(  tba 
Mlamlaa.  Wyandot  a.  Deta  wares.  Totawat- 
omlcs,  SbawDcca.  Cnlnpcwaa  and  Oltowaa. 
Oenerals  llarmar  and  St.  Clair  met  wItb 
rererses,  but  General  Wayne  crushed  tlie 
outhresk  In  1T&.1. 

Harriton't  Expedition. — The  Indiana  of 
the  West  formed  a  coniiplracT  some  yean 
later  iiadcr  Teeiimseb  and  Elkawatama  tbe 
prophet,  renewed  hostilities,  and  were  de- 
feated   In    1^1    at    Tippecanoe    by    aeneral 


togethor  with  [be  Brltlab.  were  defeated  at 
the  River  Thames  In  1BI3  by  Harrison,  and 
TecDmseh    was    killed. 

Creek  Inilla*  tPari.— Id  1813  atkl  1814 
Genr>nl  Andrew  Jaekson  conducted  opera- 
IloaH  aKBloKl  the  Creeks  In  tbe  aoutb.  who 
were  hrnught  to  terms  h'  vifinH™  mi 
Tallushatehlo,     Talladega    ; 


»lf   of -- 

'  (lie  manner  In  which  they  cnt  their 
They   were   cslled   "rturons"  by   the 


Alaban 


the    Hona 


ahowed  slans  of  has- 


hed 


his   enmpniEn.    thinkinx   the    Rpanlsrd 
iiced    the    Indians.    Jackso-    — 
Spanish  i 


tered  Florida.  th(_ 
snd  eap(nmj  8L  Mi 
Engllahmi        '   '    " 


He  selied  two 
AmhrlRter,  who 
chsrae  of 
Id  inill'y  »""■  ■"" 
cnled.  He  then  took  r^saesfllon  of  Pt 
snd  captured  Fort  Barrancaa  on  tlie  ODore 
of  the  bay  after  a   xllEht  resistance.      The 


In  18.10  and  18.17  there  were  minor  db- 
tnrbaneea  In  the  South  with  the  Crceki  and 
Chloopees,  cnnnected  with  tbeir  leaOTSl 
weat  of  the  Hlasl«»lppl, 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


lOdm  Wan— OsnHmmA 

From  183$  to  1S43  the  fl^mlnolef  In 
Florids,  led  br  Ocraol^  were  Id  arms,  re- 
taatm  to  TtiaoTp  to  WMlem  merialloDS, 
III  D««ml>cr,  18.10,  Major  Dade  wltb  a 
torn  of  OTer  •  linDdred  mpa  (ell  Into  an 
■mbnab  and  alt  tnit  four  of  tbe  ronimsnd 
crishcd..     Varlapa  battlea  were  rousbt.  b 


ir  BtTPD  JMi™ 


J  tbe 

.   ...    ,    ._ ._,...         Colonel 

Z*cbar7  Taylor  wai  amous  tbe  leadpra  of 
oar  troop*.  Kloallr,  after  tbp  eiprndltnre 
of  1IUUI7  DiMi  and  much  mooes  tbp  penlBtent 
Indian*  were  remoTed  to  the  West. 

Itodoo  War. — In  18T2  tbe  Uodor  Indiana 


Iaira-b«da  iiad_  c 

Si.  .vi"_; 

AboDt  the  flrat  of  Jnae,  bowpT  .  .  .  . 
Darla  fort^  tlscm  to  aarrender :  Captain 
Jark,      tbelr     leader,     and     otbera     wara 

Siaum  UprUinif.—Ia  1876  tbe  Sloni  In- 
diana EaTe  troDble  In  the  Blark  tltlla  regloa 
on  the  bordon  of  Montana  and  Wyoming. 
A  large  force  of  regular*  wai  arnt  agBlnsC 
them  under  Cenerala  Terrj.  Trook,  Cuiler 
and  Seno.  On  Jane  2S,  I8TII,  tbe  two 
Utter  altacked     '  "~ --■-—  -   ■ 


Bom   River, 
witb  2«t 


TliiaEe  ■llaated  on   fhe   Little   B^ 


General    Cui —     

of  the  Seventh   Cavalry  and 

.  wounded.      Reno    held    bla 

cronnd  till  aavrd  by  rr-enforcementa.  Ad- 
flttlonal  troop*  were  leDt  to  the  spot  and  tha 
Indian*  were  defeated  In  aevprst  enniM- 
nentB,  and  In  Ibp  iH-zlnnliiK  of  18TT  tba 
Indian    cblef,     SIttlns     Bull,     escaped    to 

Hai  Pent  nutbreot.— In  187T  trouble 
with  tbe  Nra  I'ercS  Indian*  of   Idaho,  led 

K  tbelr  rblef  Joaeph,  rame  to  a  head, 
neral  tl award  was  aent  anlnit  tbem, 
tber  were  aoon  betnuipd  Id.  and  In  October 
vent  complplely  defeated  by  Colonel  Ultes. 

UU  rniiiblM.— In  18T9  an  outbreak  of 
tbe  TIte  Indiana  eoat  tbe  lives  of  tbe  sov- 
emment  agent.  Uajor  ThomburRb.  and  a 
nomber  of  soldier*  before  It  waa  quelled. 

Apacli«  Outbraak. — In  the  autumn  of 
1878  tbe  Apaebe*  of  New  Mexico  beima  atr 
Ucka  on  wblte  aeltlera  In  tbdr  virlnlty. 
Tbey   were  driven   Into   Meiiro  by   United 

Statea  i»H" ■•  "-'-  -■-■-'  "'— — ' 

killed  and 
or  killed. 

A  band  nf  Aparbea  ander  Cblefa  Oeronlmo 
and  Nalchea  left  their  reaervallon  In  AH- 
Bona  In  the  spring  of  1882  and  kept  np  an 
Inwular  warfare  for  three  yeare.  Sept.  1, 
1886.  Gen.  Crook  raptorcd  the  lund^  but 
they  eaeaped  In  a  few  dayn.  Crook  was 
anperMded  by  flen.  Mllea.  In  the  porault 
of  the  Indian*  Capt  Crawford  was  killed 
by   Heileana   through   an   alleged   mistake, 


preda- 
whlcb    prevented 


rendered    nndi 

trial  for  mnrdt ..     .  _.. _. 

moved  to  Florida,  where  their  leader*  wera 
kept. 

Again.  In  iniH>.  the  Ettonz  began  tbelr 
war  danres  In  Etonth  Dakota,  and  were  soon 
Joined  bv  other  tribe*,  den.  Ullea  was  la 
command  In  Dakota,  and  was  Joined  by 
Own.    Brook  and   CoL  W.   P^^tj'ody    (Bntfalo 

B  Crow  Foot,  and  olSer_     

After  tbia  Chief  Red  Cloud  rounseled 
mrrender,  hat  Chief  BiK  Foot  and  B  band 
..  _.   ...   . — ..__   j_.  J  jjjg  Cheyenne 


Tber  were  met  at  Wounded  Knee  Creek. 
Dee.  2»,  by  Lieut.  Hawthorne  wllb  tbe 
Seventh  Cavalry  aud  MaJ.  Whltealde'a  ar- 
tillery. IQ  tbe  ronruspd  hand  lo  Hand  light 
the  Indian*  were  almost  eilernilnatcd,  la- 
cludlna  nome  :filO  women  and  ehlldren. 
CaoC  WallBce.  Lleulenanta  Csaey  and  Mann 
and  several  non  com  missioned  otilcera  and 
privates  were  killed. 

I'ittt  RUli/c  ll/jrMng.—OTi  tbe  last  three 
days  of  Deeembi'r,  181)0.  and  the  drst  part 
of  January.  IHIIl.  Mnjar  Kiiraytb  was  at- 
..,_,__..  ._   ^.._   .,._.  jjj^Kp  ageney  by  disaat- 


of  Ibelr  leaden 

[0    WasblDEIon    to    ronfer    wltli    President 
Harrison  and  Secretary  Noble. 
XndiijLn  Wub: 
Apache,  diBCnsaed,  4524,  5099. 
Bannock,  diaeuued,  4454. 
Cberokee,  discussed,  1453,  1472. 
Cheyenne*,    threatening   attitude   of, 

4943. 
Chippewa  outbreak  diaeussed,    6346. 
Creek— 

Diacussed,  1453,  1472. 

Probability  of,  148. 
Discussed  by  President — 

Adams,  J.   Q.,  953. 

Arthur,   4825,   4723,   4767. 

CleveUnd,  4933,  4043,  &099. 

Fillmore,   2623,   2668. 

Grant,  4360. 

Harrison,  Benj.,  5836. 

Bayea,  44S4,  4454,  4524,  4G28. 

Jackson,     1166,    1251,    14S3,    1472, 
1508,    1511. 

Johneon,  3774. 

Lincoln,  3.133,  3345. 

Madison,  4S1,  524,  B48. 

Monroe,  600,  610,  611,  617,  T81. 

Polk,  2410,  2494. 

Tyler,  1933,  1944,  2007,  2061. 

Wasbington,  53, '74,  96,  107,  126, 
132,  148,  159,  177. 

Fox— 

DiseuHed^  1166. 
Termination  of,  1251, 

Gen.  Qainea*  requisition  for  volno- 
teen  in,  not  approved  by  f^teai- 
dent,  1453. 

Instructions  to  Gen.  8t.  Clair  author- 
ized bim  in  1789  to  emplov  militia 
against  the  Wabaah  and  Illinois. 

Beferred  to,  1433,  1499,  1847,  2911, 
3355,  4004,  4215,  4433,  4435,  4436. 

Beqnisition  for  Tolunteers  in,  by  Gen. 
Oainea  not  approved,  1453. 

Statement  of  number  of  soldiers,  In- 
dians, etc.,  killed  in,  transmitted, 
4580, 

BnrreQder  of  Oetonimo  dlsenssed, 
6000. 

Surrender  of  Sitting  BuU  disenased, 
4629. 

Treachery  of  Indiana  referred  to, 
1834. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


lodiaii  Wan       Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Troops    in,   slionld  be   compens&ted, 

14S4. 
Uodoc,  eomspondenee  regnUUiis,  re- 
ferred to,  421S. 
Ne«  Perc6— 
Diacoued,  4424. 
Beferred  to,  4433. 
Northern  CheTenue,  diiduBsd,  4454. 
Piegnn,    engagement    of   CoL   BmJur 
'   with,  referred  to,  4404. 
Bic&ree,  discnsaed,  781. 
8ae— 

DiBCOsaed^  1166. 
Termination  of,  1251. 
Beminole — 
American    forces    in,    *nd    offlecra 
commanding,       diKuued,      611, 
1472,  1833. 
Appropriation   for  sappression   of, 

recommended,  1173. 
Bieret  rank  for  officers  of  ixmf 

participating  in,  2008. 
Ducnssed,  600,  611,  617,  1453,  1472, 

1608,  183S    1933^  2007,  2051. 
Haasacre  of  Ma j.  Dade 's  command, 

1S34. 
Ori^n  of,  referred  to,  1944. 
Spain  fomisbes  aid  to  enemy  in, 

611. 
Termination  of,  2051. 
Troops   In,    rations    furnished,  re- 
ferred to,  594. 
Troops  under  Gen.  Jackson  referred 
to,  611. 
SioQZ,  diseassed,  3333,  4360,  S636. 
Ute,  discussed,  4524,  4S2S. 
Wabash,  troopi  must  be  called  for  to 
suppress,   S3,  74. 
Indiana.— One  of  the  mldille  wcsterD  groap 
of  states:  nlckosaie,  "The  Booster  State." 
It  Is  bonnded  on  the  north  b;  Mlchlsan  ud 
Lake  MlebJicaB,  on  tbe  caat  by  Ohla,  on  the 
Boutb  br  Keotnckj   (separated  b7  the  Ohio 
River),  and  on  tbe  weac  br  Illinois.     The 
capital  Is  iDdianapolls. 

Indiana  wai  settled  by  tbe  French  (at 
VlDceones)  In  1T02  and  waa  ceded  to  Oreat 
BiiUin  in  1163  and  to  the  United  Stalea 
Id  IT8S.  It  became  a  part  of  tbe  Nordiwest 
Territory  In  ITST  and  was  made  a  separate 
Terrltorr  Id  1800.  and  waa  oamtltpd  to  tbe 
Union  Dec.   II    1818.  


pounds  oi  tobacco,   11,561,000,  on 

22,000  acres. 

Tbe  mineral  products,  consisting  of  eoaL 
Ibne,  cement,  stone,  day  prodacts,  and 
petroleum,  produced  In  1910  wen  ralued 
at  $De,m,303.  of  which  $20,813,000  was 
eoaL  Only  about  60  per  cent,  of  tbe  mloen 
were  affected  by  tbe  coal  atrlke  ot  IBiO. 
and  these  were  Idle  only  thirty-four  daya. 
Nearly  balf  tbe  coal  was  mined  by  ma- 
chloea.  The  avcta^  production  per  man 
(841  toDB)  waa  tbe  sreateat  of  any  of  the 
coal  producing  statea 

Tbe  popalatlon.  according  to  tbe  census 
of  1010,   was  2.700.876. 

Tbe  number  ot  manufacturing  estabUah- 
ments  In  ludUna  haying  an  annual  output 
valued  at  1500  or  more  at  the  beglnomg  of 
1915  waa  8^22.  The  amount  of  capital  lu- 
Tcsted  was  $668.868,(KKI.  gfflng  emplayment 
to  238.210  persons,  usu^  material  valued 
at  S423.8ei.000,  and  tuning  out  Onlsbed 
goods  worth  ■T30,7e6,00a  Salaries  and 
wages  paU  amooDted  to  $1BS,8S4,000. 


and  Erie  Canal  discussed,  172& 
Lands  in,  referred  to,  332. 


Location  of  lands  ceded  to,  by  Pot- 

tawattamies,  lOSS. 
Sale  of  lands  in,  suspension  of,  re- 
quested, 1434. 
Yolnnteers  from,  national  thanka  ten- 
dered,  3442. 
T»ia<«w — wben   Bnropeana   flrat   came  to 
tbls  hemisphere  they  called  tbe  natlTea  In- 


.__t  Federal  ccnans  place  the  ooalier 

of  farms  In  the  State  at  216.48G  (a  de- 
crease of  6,413  since  1900),  comprlsInK  21.- 
2SQ.S23  acres,  valued,  with  Mock  and  Im- 
provements, at  11,809,136.238.  The  aver- 
age value  of  land  per  acre  was  (02.36. 
The  valne  of  domeatlc  sQlmalB.  poultry, 
etc..  was  1173,800.101.  luclndlng  1.363.016 
cattle,  valoed  at  139,110.493:  B13.044 
horses,  *81.118.468 :  82.168  mules.  |B.e78.- 
014:  8.013.800  swine,  123,130,586:  1.330.- 
96T  sheep.  •5.908.496.  In  1911,  174.600.000 
bUBbela  o(  corn  was  produced  00  4,8S0.O0O 
acres,  and  wag  valutj  at  194.284.000 :  31.- 
364.000  bnsbels  of  wheat.  t30.07S.000.  on 
2,337.000  seres;  47.068.000  baSheU  of  oats. 
>20,289,000,  on  1.640.000  acrea :  1.000.000 
bushels  of  rye,  f  800,000.  on  13,000  acres ; 


continent,  and  there  remained  for  thon- 
sanda  of  years  seosrated  from  the  rest  of 
mankind  and  passing  through  various  stagts 
of  progress  or  retrogression.  Dr.  Robert 
Brown  rays  In  his  ^'Haces  of  Mankind": 
"Not  only  are  the  western  Indtana  In  ap- 
pearsDce  v^ry  like  (heir  nearest  neighbors. 
tbe  Dorthpastem  Asiatics,  bot  In  language 
end  tradition  It  Ib  conQdently  alBrmed  there 
Is  a  blending  of  tbe  people.    The  Eskimo  on 


the 


oerlcan 


e  Tchoketchls  c 


tormiqr  of  physical  structure  and  personal 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


tb«    globa. 

..    -UMda    differ    _    

from   tlM  waodellng  Onnmli  o 


1   in   any  other 

ThouKh    tbe    red 
*-    manj    rempecti 

— a nil  of  FmnsDBj 

mud  both  from  tiM  Ailec*  of  Mazlco.  ill 
eihlblt  •tMU  OTldeDce  ot  belon^liix  to  the 
mn«  freat  firancb  ot  tbe  hanun  family, 
BotwItSatandlnK  »•  wld>  dlreraltj  of 
laDgtMfB.  OelieiallT  tbe  phralcal  cbaraeter- 
latlci  are  a  low  btotu)  forehead :  full  face : 
back  of  bead  Oatteaed ;  powerfol  Jawa :  full 
Upai  promlDout  cheek  bonei ;  dark,  deeplj 
Kt  tja :  hair  Ions  and  waTT ;  no  beard : 
copper-colored  akin ;  erect  and  Blender  llx- 
ore :  abont  the  arerage  In  hel^t. 

In   Uexlco  and   Pern    (he  aboriginal    '- 


■  DHfliB  ui  ^ruu|iins,    ina  mail 

America  were  divided  Into  some  ilxt; 
lingiiUtlc  etocka.  Theae  stocks  were  com- 
posed of  muijr  tribes  o(  varrlnx  dialects, 
and  tribes  sometimes  united  temiKintrllj  tor 
porpoKS  of  offense  or  defense  into  confed- 
enfions.  Tbe  iDost  Important  of  these 
stocks  wars  tbe  Eskimann,  Athapascan, 
AlsonQoian,    Slovan,    Iroqnoian,    SalllBhan, 


dian  a*  fast  beeomtni  eitlnct,  Snrea  eom- 
pited  by  Ibe  Bnreao  of  Indian  Affairs  show 
an  increaee  from  the  60,000  to  SO.OOO  es- 
timated in  colonltj  times  to  more  than 
S30,000  in  1913.  This  is  dae  (o  inter- 
marriage, adoption  of  whites  and  blacks 
and  to  the  toacerlaK  care  of  tbe  federal 
gOTemmcnt  which  provides  rations,  cloth- 
ing, schools  and  other  supplies  at  a  eoic 
of  some  120.000,000  a  jear  and  sapports 
the  titles  to  nearly  40.000.000  acres  of 
l«nd,  rapidly  Increasing  In  Talae 

I;:arly   groaplngi    and    location   of   tribes 
kod  tbe  nnmbers  ac  tbe  present  lime  s 


Plman,  Sabaptiaii,  Slowan,  andTlmaqna- 
uo.  The  different  tribes  with  wblch  tbe 
United  atatss  bSTe  had  dealings  are  men- 
tioned under  aepatate  beadlnga. 

The  total  onnber  of  Indiana  In  the  United 
States,  ezcinslTe  of  Alaska,  oa  Jane  SO, 
1010,  sraa  804,980;  of  wliom  more  than  100,- 
000  are  members  ot  tbe  llTe  dvllbed  tribes 
of  Cberokees,  Chlekasaws,  Cboctaws, 
Creeks  and  Semiiioles,  llTlng  on  their  own 
lands  in  Oklahoma  and  are  practically  selt- 
•npportlng.  Aboat  one-third  the  namber 
wear  dtlxen's  dress  and  ona-fonrth  tbe  num- 
ber read,  write  and  conTerse  In  EDCllsb. 

7%e  activity  ot  tbe  Barean  of  Indian  At- 
telrs  bas  always  been  directed  toward  two 
main  ends — the  Improrement  of  the  Indian's 
lieaKb  and  bis  edneatioii  In  self-support- 
ing actlTlly.  In  twenty-two  western  reser- 
vations demonstration  farms  have  been  e>- 
tabllsbed  lor  tbs  bencBt  of  tbe  Indians,  and 
In  some  places  the  state  authorities  have  co- 
operated with  tbe  Federal  barean  In  teacb- 


wblle  others  raised  alfalfa.  Among  the  Ne- 
braska WlttDebagoes  the  valna  of  Qie  craps 
lor  IBll  WM  estimated  at  fSO.OOO.  For 
tbe  education  ot  children  the  Federal  ba- 
rean maintains  228  day  schools,  serenty- 
nlne  boarding  schools  on  reaervatlons.  and 
dilrty-BTe  Don-reaervatlou  boardlnK  acbools. 
The  enrollment  tor  1910  waa  24.500.  Car- 
lisle (Fa.>  and  Hampton  (Ta.)  Indian 
schools  are  tbe  largest. 

These  groopinga  proved  to  be  ndther  ac- 
e,_nor  permanent._as  trlbea  frequentlr 


new  ones  and  tbe  almpfe „_    __  _  . 

one  was  easily  acquired  by  tbe  recruita 
tram  anotber  branch  or  family.  Raeh  tribe 
called  Itself  by  a  name  In  Its  own  langnsge. 
wblch  often  was  metanhorlcal,  and  varied 
from  lime  to  time.  Then,  too,  Its  several 
neighbors  called  It  In  their  langnagea  by 
other  names,  which,  according  to  thplr  cz- 
iBlIng  rplatlotia,  mlRht  be  terma  of  obloquy, 
friendship   of   of   simple    toposraphlcal   de- 


—- .-  ...^-•.^.,.  vt   «u*.  uiTn<^pal 

tribes    of    the   eight    great   reinlllea    In    the 
...  .      _j-^^   Cnlted   States  east  of 


present  area  of  t 


The  namM  andloeatlorrorthe  prft 

the  UlaaTsslppi  at  UuT  tlmeT  of  ....  „_.  „... 
tlemenla  were  as  follows : 

I.  Aigan^fn    trtbtt: 

Ulcmacs— E^at  of  the  state  of  Maine. 
Etchemlna  or  Canoemen — Maine, 
AbenakU— New   Qamn^ire  and  Maine. 
Narngansetts  and   Pokanokels   or   ^am- 

Bnoags— li:aBtern     Massachusetta    and 
lode  Iilaod. 
Peouola — Central       Uaasachnsetts       and 

Bhode  lalaod. 
Hoh^ana — Weatern     UassachtlsettB     and 

Connecticut. 
Delawares  or  Leoni  Lenape — New  Jersey, 
Ue  valley,  of  tbe  Delaware  and  Schuyl- 

Nauilcokes— Esstem  shores  of  ChesapealM 

Bay. 
Fowiiatan  Confederacy— Eastern  ^Hrglnla 

and    Maryland. 
Corees— Baatem  North  Carolina. 
Shawnees— South    ot   tbe    Ohio,    western 

Kentucky,  and  Tennessee. 
Ulamls— Sonthero  Michigan,  N.  Indiana, 

and  northwestern  Ohh>. 
Illinois— Sonthem    Illinois    and    Indiana. 
Klckapooa — Northern  and  eeniral  Illinois. 
Pottawatomlea — Northern    llllnolB. 
Ottawas— Michigan. 
8acB  and  Foies— Northern  Wlsconslii. 
Henomoneea  and  Chlppewas  or  OJlbways 

— Soatbem  shore  of  lake  Superior. 

II.  Iftianilat  or  Httran-lraguoit  tribe*: 
Eries     (Huran     or     Wyandot  Iroquois) — 

Southem  shore  of  lake  I^rle. 
Andastes  (Huron  or  Wyandot- Iroquois) — 

Headwaters  of  tbe  Ohio. 
Wyandots    (Boron  or   Wyandot-Iroquois) 

— Territory   north  of  Lakes   Erie  and 

Ontario. 
Henccaa  (Iroquola  proper) — Western  New 

York,  Long  House. 
Cayugas  and  Onondagaa  (Iroquois  proper) 

-Neutral  New  York, 
Oneidaa  and  Mohawka  (Iroquola  proper)— 

Faatem  Kew  York. 
TUBcaroraa  (Iroooola  proper) — Sonthweet- 

—i  Virginia  and  North  Carolina^     Join 


the 


-..led 


lie   Iroquois  ol  New  York,   1T13. 
iwaoa,  Meberrlns  and  Nottawaya  (F 
-     wyandot-Iroqnois) — 8oath( 


Hn- 


rrench.  Dntrti  and  Spanlah  to  Imitate  the 
native  tongue  added  to  tbe  confusion,  and 
when    attempts    were    made    to    write    tbe 

■>»  further  dlserepandea  appeared.   While 

-     — ' —     refer    to    the    In- 


Virginia. 

III.  Catawabat; 

Western    North  and   South   Carolina. 

IV.  Clterokeet: 

Mountainous  regions  of  Tenneaaee,  Qeot- 
_gla,  North  and  Sooth  Carolina. 

V.  Ucheet: 

Abont  Angusta,  Ga. 
TI.  Satchet; 

Northwestern  Mtaslsslpnt. 
VII.  iroMUsi*  or  VulkOffMS.- 
Chlekasawa — Weatem       TenneMee      and 

northern  MlsslaslpDl, 
nioctawa — Eaatern  MlaslaslppI  sod  west- 
ern Alabama. 
Creeks     or     Muakhogees— Alabama     and 


ilnoie*- 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


■"Sii 


The  principal    Irlbo  west  of  th*  lllaaU- 

—'  ■■" 1  1800  and  1830  were  ; 

.Sloui) — WlicoDiln,     weat     to 

Bock;    Uoantalai. 
Anpahoca — Wjamlng,      bead-watera      ot 

PlatU. 
ChsTetme* — Wjomlog  ADd  Ncbraaka. 
Kanaai — Kansas,  west. 


Uandans — Mod  tana. 
Aislnlbolns— Honlana  ana  Dakota. 
UlDDetarlei   iOroi  Ventres) — Utmtuia. 


Comanchei — Texas  and  New  Ueilco. 
Apacbea — New  Mexico  and  Arlcosa. 
Navajoi  and  Uosquls—Arlioiia. 
Tamas — Arliona  aod  CalltomU. 
Pueblos — NeTada   and   New   Mexico. 
Plmas— ArlMDa 


■  and  Nei  PercCs- 

Flarbeads — California,    Oregon,   and   Ne- 

Tida. 
Ktamatbs — Oregon  and  northero  CRllfar- 


Bidinnorn»nTiIiHdTriba m.Ut 

itau 11,339 


HON  ST 

suns  HIS  nunoa 

,!« 

^teir 

WyoDum 

•iDdsdH  JSAdt  (nadmn  sad  ijna  inbnurrled  wUls. 
Uiuilt  Sam't  Wort  Among  tfis  JtuffiUM. — 
A  tremeodous  amount  ol  time,  mone;  and 
attention  Is  apeot  br  Uncle  Bam  upon  bis 
Indians,  The  offlelal  care  of  more  than 
.SOO.OOO  Indians  Is  Bomethlng  more  than 
.  ea^ci,j]y  wlien  It  la 
hnndieds   of  mUlloiu  t>( 


'^V 


dpllara'  worth  of  propertr  an  owned  br 
tbe  redmcD.  In  tbe  month  of  Snitembci, 
1BI6.  OTcr  17,000,000  In  oar  capita  paj- 
menta  la  being  distributed  to  the  ChocUw. 
Cblckaaaw  and  Seminole  trlbea  alone. 

During  tbe  past  tbree  years  nnder  the 
administration  of  Secretarj  Lane  more  than 
fSaT.OOO  haa  been  collected  aa  tribal  roral- 
tlea  on  coal  and  asphalt  landa  belonging  to 
tbe  Cboctaw  and  Cblckaaaw  tribes :  for  tbe 
rears  19ia,  191i  and  J91fi  restrictions  on 
allenatlDn  of  181,644  acres  ol  land  were 
remoTed,  of  which  158,000  acrea  were  told 
for  tbe  benefit  of  allottees,  the  amoant 
derived  from  the  sale  being  11.668,000. 

For  tbe  past  three  years  there  waa  col- 
lected aa  raraltles  of  Indlvldaal  Indiana 
from  oil  produced  on  restricted  allotted 
lands  the  tout  sum  of  tB,S68,O00,  the 
highest  returns  belQg  for  the  year  1814, 
Which  waa  12,113.007. 

~t  tbe  ortelnal  area  allotted  t 


Of  the  Fire  ClTlllied  Tribes,  smoootlng  t 
OTer  IS.OOO.CIOO  acres,  restrictions  on  aUeaa- 
tlon  hare  been  removed  by  operation  at  law. 
bi  tbe  Secretary  of  the  Interior,  on  over 
12.000.000  acres.  leaTlug  3,318,000  acre*  re- 
tained by  only  S2JH0  restricted  Indians  of 
a  total  nnmber  of  lOl.SSl  eorotled  mem- 
bers of  the  Plve  avIlUed  Tribe*. 

ArgresslTe  work  has  been  carried  on  dar- 
ing tbe  same  three  years  In  all  other  de- 
Brtments  ot  tbe  Indian  Offlce.  In  that 
oe  13.000  allotments  of  land  here  been 
made,  embracing  more  than  2,284.000  acre*  : 
the  Port  Peck  Reserratlon  In  Montana  baa 
been  opened  to  aettlemeut:  tbe  opening  ot 
J^  CoMUe  Seserratlon  In  the  Btat«  of 
^tUhlngton,  making  aTallable  for  bome- 
atead  entry  300,000  acres;  the  deslgsatlan 
of  TOS  banks  aa  d«>OBltarles  ot  iDdlaa 
moneys  aa  against  4B0  baoka  In  1813.  witu 
amounta  aggregating  more  than  (20,000.000- 

Tbere  has  also  been  tbe  wlUidrawal  of 
lands  in  Ariiooa  for  tbe  Papago  IndlaiM : 
the  nantlng  of  new  oil  and  gaa  leaves  In 
the  Osage  Reserratlon,  Oklahoma,  on  the 
expiration  of  the  Foster  leaae,  procnrtut 
BS  a  bonas  nlue  for  the  tribe  f 3,232.600, 
an  Inerease  In  rcvalty  from  12M  per  centum 
to  16%  per  centum  and  iO  per  centum  on 
oil.  and  an  estimated  Increase  In  royaltr 
on  gas  from  600  to  TOO  per  centnm  over  tbe 
amount  paid  on  tbe  old  form  of  lease,  which 
expired  March  16,  1816. 

Competency   commlsslonB   have   been   ap- 

Eolnted  to  paia  on  auat Ideations  of  Indiana 
1  IndlTldually  handle  tbelr  altalrs  and 
tbeae  commissions  are  at  work  In  tbe  Sonth- 
west,  tbelr  recommendationa  so  (ar  havlnE 


resulted  In  tbe  tee  pateutlu  of  oi 

■  of  Idaho.  Montana. 


acres,    tbereby   placing   i 

power   of    the    States   of   — __.   _„,.,«mu 

Oregon.  Nebraska,  North  Dakota  and  South 


•iifiisii       half  millions  of  dollsi 


Within  tbe  paa 

Wen  fee  patented ._ 

of  tbe  HlBsiaslppi  over  .MM)  000 


of  property, 
.urcv  itmni  there  have 
Indiann  in  States  weat 


ilO.OOO.OOd  worth  of  prop- 


.-S  „.&""<"'    *"    Western    Statea.    la 


pointed 

Wdge 1880 

Hiram  Price.. .1881 
I.  D.  C.  Atkins. 18SR 
JobnH.nberU.1H88 
T.  J.   Morgan..  1888 


«     „     „      pointsd 
D.    IL    Brown- 
ing    18M 

Wm.  A.  Jones.  .ISftT 
Pr.  K.  Lenpp..l0O« 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Act— 
Usldng  laws  of  BUtea  and  Terri- 
toriea  applicable  to  rMervationa 
recommended,  4643. 
To  Mtabluh  peaca  with,  Tefened 

to,  379«. 
To  transfer  esBtodjr  of  tnut  funds 
of,  vetoed,  4332. 
Action  recommended  to  enable  Iro- 
qnois,   Delaware   and   Abenaki,    in 
Canada,  to  attend  Exposition  held 
at  Omalia,  Neb.,  6304. 
Act  to  refer  claims  for  depredations 
by,    to    Court    of    Claims,   vetoed, 
0462. 
Additional  troops  for  Indian  country 

recommended,  4330. 
Agencies    appointed,      (Bee    Indian 

Agents.) 
Agents  among.     (Bee  Indian  Agents.) 
Agrionltnral        and     manufacturing 
among,  dioold  be  encouraged,  340, 
347,  1391. 
Allotment  of  lands  In  severalty  to, 
recommended.       <8oe    Lands,    In- 
dian.) 
Annual   allowances  given,   114,  347, 

363,  378,  1031,  1391. 
Annuities   given,   who   fonght    with 
Qreat  Britain  against  TTnited  States 
referred  to,  1131. 
Arms  and  ammunition  fumisbed,  or- 
ders and  proclamation  prohibiting, 
3480,  43S2,  4403. 
Attempts   to   alienate    afFeetions   of, 

diacnssed,  241,  245,  247. 
Citizens,  number  of  Indian,  6672. 
CitiEenship  of,  discussed,  7394. 
Civilization  of — 
Appropriation  for,  1334,  1391. 
Discussed  and  referred  to,  114,  177, 
347,  415,  480,  648,  682,  683,  684, 
825,  830,  1020,  IT*!?,  2052,  2991, 
4940. 
Claims  of,  against  United  States  (see 
also  the  several  tribes) — 
A^TOpriatioii    for,    teeommcDded, 

Settlement  of,  referred  to,  2410. 
Colonization  of,  recommended,  2991. 
Commerce  with,  96, 121,  133, 178,  251, 
322,  347. 
Uore  capital  should  be  employed 
In,  361. 
Commission  for  settlement  of  differ- 

encea  with,  recommended,  51. 
Condition  of — 

Bill  providing  for  improvement  of, 

referred  to,  4656. 
Discussed  by  President — 
Adams,  J.  Q.,  981. 
Arthur,  4641,  4730. 
Cleveland,  4940,  5103,  637E,  6380, 
58SS,  S976,  6167. 


Grant,  3992,  4106,  4206. 
Harrison,  Benj.,  64S0. 
Hayes,  4427,  4454,  4528,  457S. 
Jackson,  1020,  1082,  1117. 
Monroe,  648. 
Van   Buren,   1716. 
In  Florida  referred  to,  894. 
Beport  on,  transmitted,  2609. 

Control  of  dovemment  over,  must  be 
complete,   615. 

Conventions  with.  (Bee  Treaties  with, 
pott.) 

Corps  of  Indian  auxiliaries  recom- 
mended, 44S4, 

Crimes  of — 
Trial  and  punishment  tor,  referred 

to,  4955. 
Trial  in  United  States  courts  rec- 
ommended, 2279. 

Debts  due  by,  payment  of,  should  be 
limited,  1446. 

DepredationB  of,  referred  to,  74,  87, 
96,  118,  122,  163,  1645,  2410. 
Abuses    in    prosecution    of    claim, 
6885. 

Difflcnlties  with,  reports  on,  referred 
to,   4012. 

Disarming  of,  law  for,  and  compensa- 
tion to,  for  weapons  taken  recom' 
mended,  4849. 

Edncation  of  (see  also  Indian 
Schools),  6672,  6766,  7394. 

Employed  by  Great  Britain  in  war 
against  United  States,  500,  S20. 
Tribes    receiving    aaouities    after 
war  referred  to,  1131. 

Enlistment  and  organization  of,  into 
companies  discossed,  5631. 

Enslaved   in  New  Mexico,  3540. 

Exhibition  at  Omaha,  6304. 

Expeditions  among,  2398. 

Expenditures  for.  (Sea  Indian  Af- 
fairs, Bnreau  of.) 

Farm  lands  for,  recommendations  re- 
garding, 4S28. 

Frontiers  mnst  be  protected  from. 
(See  Frontiers.) 

General  allotment  Act,  6674, 

Gospel  propaganda  among,  981. 

Government  established  by,  within 
States  would  not  be  recognized, 
1020. 

Government  for,  council  at  Ocmnlgee 
for,  4073. 

History  and  condition  of,  investi- 
gated,  2809. 

Homestead  entries  for.  (Bee  Home- 
stead Laws.) 

Hostile  attitude  of  Creeks,  1472,  1473. 
Hunkpapa  treaty  with,  912. 

Hostile  disposition  of,  ISS,  143,  3774. 

Hostilities  against  United  States, 
should  be  restrained  by  France 
from  committing,  60U. 

Hostilities  of.    (See  Indian  Wara.) 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


IiHUimii — ContlMMd. 

Eostility  of,  to  United  St&tsB  due  to 
influence  of  British  Qovemment, 
489,  GOO. 

Bunting,  shonld  be  eDeonraged  to 
ftbuidon,  340. 

BnabftDdrjr,  practice  of,  intiodaced 
among,  314. 

Intermeddling  of  foreign  poweis 
with,  referred  to,  1728,   1806. 

Lands — 

Ceded  to  United  States  by.      (See 
Lands,      Indian;      the      several 
tribes.) 
Donated  to  Jackson  and  Hawkins 

bj,  as  mark  of  gratitude,  555. 
Granted  to,  by  United  States.    (See 
Indian  Beservations;  I«nds,  In- 
dian; the  several  tribes.) 

Lands  to  be  reserved  for,  3B8I,  4570. 

I^nds,  tribal,  0674,  0876. 

Laws  regarding,  modifications  in,  rec- 
ommended, 2E79. 

Legal  services  for,  rendered,  payment 
of,  recommended,  46114. 

Ijiqaors,  prohibition  of  sale  of — 
To  allottees,  recommended,  0167. 
To,  requested  by,  322. 

Uanagement  of,  committed  to  So- 
ciety of  Friends,  39S2,  4063,  4106, 
4164,  4206,  42S4,  4306. 

Military  execution,  death  hy,  pre- 
ferred to  hanging,  322. 

Military  post  among — 
Increase    in,    re  commended,    1476, 

IMO. 
To  be  established,  436. 

Militia  sent  to  snppress.  (See  Indian 
Wars.) 

Money  invested  for,  249. 

Moral  improvement  of,  981. 
Amngements   made   for,   13B1. 

Neutral  lands,  treaty  regarding,  3717. 

Kumber  of,  in  United  SUtes,  2Q91, 
4940,  6886,  0167. 

Pacific  relations  with,  desired,   1332. 

Paper  from  Society  of  Friends  on  af- 
fairs of,  referred  to,  4075. 

Peace  among,  attempt*  made  to  pre- 
serve, 2117. 

Peace  policy,  appropriation  to  carry 
oat,  recommended,  4106. 

Persons  charged  with  mnrder  con- 
victed by,  442. 

Police  force  of,  organized,  4575. 

Population  of,  2940,  2991,  5885,  0167. 
Increased  by  enlargement  of  bound- 
aries, 2623,  S664. 

Presents  to,  from  Qreat  Britain,  re- 
ferred  to,   2129. 

Proceeds  of  reservations,  bill  provid- 
ing for  use  of,  for  relief  of,  4973. 

Progress  of,  slow,  OBll,  0912. 

Public  lands  must  be  protected  from. 
(See  Frontiers.) 


Referred  to,  90,  100,  103,  107,  114, 
117,   122,  123,  127,   133,   130,  15», 
163,   17B,    179,   191,   199,   346,   300, 
374,   3S6,  395,   600,  651,  825,  1082, 
1099,  2956. 
Bemoval    of,    to    lands   lying   west- 
Army  engaged  in,  1833. 
Progress  made  In,  discnssed,  1128, 
1187,  1332,  1390,  1472,  1475,  1608, 
1714,  1833,  2261,  2355,  2410,  3388, 
3587. 
Becommended  by  President — 
Fillmore,  2710,  2720. 
Jackson,   1021,  1039,   10S2,   1104, 
1117,  1132,  1107,     lESl,  1274, 
1390. 
Monroe,  769,  849. 
Polk,  2279,  2303. 
Tyler,  2007,  2201. 
Van    Buren,     1608,    1682,    1714, 
1724,  1778. 
Bef erred  to,  4367. 
Treaty  regarding,  1251,  I4T5. 
Bights   of,   citizens  infringing,   mnit 
be    punished,    129,    177,    1&,   937, 
1099. 
Schools   provided  for.     (See  Indian 

Schools.) 
Supplies  for,  increase  of  items  for 
transportation     of,     recommended, 
4680. 
Teachers  sent  among,  5375.  (See  alse 

Indian  Schools.) 
Territorial    government    for,    recom- 
mended,   4073,    4100,    41G4,    4200, 
4254. 
Trade  with,  773,  1099. 

Act  to  regulate,  discussed,  1099. 
Trading  establishments  among,  766, 
707,  849. 
Becommended,   340,   342,   347,  436. 
Treaties   with    (see   also   the   several 
tribes),    1094,  2410,   2501,    2681, 
£687,  2694,  2SS4,  2960,  3573,  3652, 
3881,  4006. 
Appropriation    for    fulfillment    of, 
recommended  2907,  2912. 
Obligation  of  Congress  to  make, 
referred  to,  4005. 
Appropriation  made  for  eenclnding, 

872, 
Compensation  paid  persona  for  ne- 
gotiating, referred  to,  1745,  1808. 
Discussion  of,  in  exeeutivo  session 

referred  to,  4O06. 
ExclnsioD  of  reservatioas  from,  dia- 

cossed,  1724. 
Instructions  to  commissioners  nego- 
tiating within  Indian  Territory, 
6271. 
Irregularities  in,  disenesed,  1901. 
liBWS   regarding,    modiflcatlons  in, 

recommended,  2832. 
Must  be  ratified  by  GovenuBsat, 
63. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


"to  God  We  That » 


Pekce  CommiiBion  of  I88T  refemd 
to,  4006. 
Approprifttion  to  etttrj  ont  policy 
of,  rMommended,  4106. 
Penoni    Tiolating,    bIikII    be    pun- 
ished, 63,  129,  177,  1S3,  E42. 
Printed  copies  of,  referred  to,  1135. 
Kfljeeted   bv   Senate,   referred   to, 

2707. 
Trmnamitted  for  «zerciM  of  pow- 

era  for  fnUUing,  285. 
War  between  the  States,  attitude 

of  tribes  in.    (See  Civil  War.) 
Wars  with.     (Bee  Indian  Wars.) 
bidigont  Insaa*,   act  making  grant  of 
lands  to  States  for  benefit  of,  vetoed, 
2780. 
bdOBfarUI  OondiUoiu;  6045,  6647. 
ZndUBtrlal  Edneatton,  report  on,  trans- 
mitted, 5782. 
Biaeussed  bv  President — 
Boosevelt,  7044. 
Taft,  7044. 
IndntrUl   BzUblttons.      (See   Ezltibl- 

tioQS.) 
iDduftclal  Peace  Oommlttee.— Tbc  com- 
mittee of  the  Norwe(lu>  BtcrthlDS  entraited 
with  the  dlitrlbutlou  ol  tbo  Nob«l  prlie 
iDODer  In  1806  awirded  to  Preeldent  Rooee- 
Tclt  that  portion  allotted  to  tbe  pcraon 
who  ihoala  do  tbe  most  to  promote  peace 
and  frateraltr  amoni  natloni.  The  value 
of  the  priM  wia  aboat  940,000.  The  Preai- 
dent  eipreaeed  a  wieh  tbat  this  award  be 
made  tbe  uaclena  o(  a  fund  for  the  pro- 
motion of  indnatrlal  peace  at  borne,  and 
CoDfTcea  paaeed  an  act  which  he  approved 
March  2,  1007.  creating  tba  FoDUdatlon 
for  the  Promotion  of  Induitrlal  Peace. 
TblM  taw  provided  that  the  Chlgf  Joatlce  of 
the  Uhtted  Btatea,  the  Sacretarr  of  Afrl- 
eultnre,  and  the  Secretary  of  Commerce  aed 
Labor,  and  their  eueceaaorv  In  offlca.  to- 
gether with  a  repreaentatlve  of  labor  and  a 
repreaentatlve  of  capital  and  two  pereoae 
to  repreeent  the  general  pnbltc,  to  be  ap- 

Knted  bj  the  President  of  the  United 
tea.  be  created  traeteee  of  tbe  P^nnda- 
tloD  for  tbc  Promotion  of  Indnittlal  FMce. 
Tbe  plan  failed  and  the  moncr  was  retamed 
to  Ur.  Sooeevelt. 

tndnitrlal  Property,  international  con- 
vention at  Paris  for  pToteetion  of, 
4S60,  4794,  4897,  5118. 


fnqncBt  tntermpUon  of  peacetnl  relations 
between  employer*  end  w«ce-workere,  ea- 
peelallj  on  tranaportstlon  lines  and  In  tbe 
snppljr  ct  eommodltlea  tn  (eneral  nee.  with 
the  eeneaqnent  loaa  and  Bnaoraoae  to  the 
pnbllc,  has  been  the  enbject  of  prealdeotlal 
eoneem  In  recent  rtara  and  tne  attention 
of  Congreae  ha*  been  called  to  tbe  neeeaaltr 
of  tedraal  action  bv  Prealdenta  UcKlnlej', 
Rooaevelt  and  TafL  The  latter.  In  hi*  mee- 
Mn  of  IWwnuT  3,  1912  (pan  T736>.  rec- 
ommended, tbat  a  CoUmlaiilaD  be  appoint- 
ed to  Inqnfr*  Into  tbe  qneetlon  with  the 
view  of  aacertalntng  the  nnderlrlnic  caoae 
Of  sncb  dletnrbaneta.  Cnngrtaa  aecordlnaly 
paased  a  law  In  Aarnat  1012,  cicatlnx 
*nch  a  commladon,  charged  with  the  fol- 
lowlng  dotles: 


I  reanlta  of 


That  the  commleaton  ehall  Inquire  Into 
the  general  condition  of  labor  In  the  prin- 
elpar  tnduatrle*  of  the  United  State*.  In- 
clDdlng  agricaltare,  end  eepedallj  In  tboa* 
which  are  carried  on  In  coriMrste  fonni : 
Into  existing  relatlona  between  emplo;en 
and  smploreea ;  Into  the  effect  of  iDduetrial 
condition*  on  pabUc  welfare  and  Inca  the 
rtghta  and  powen  of  the  commanlt;  to 
deal  therewith ;  Into  tbe  conditions  of  sani- 
tation and  lafelj  of  employeee  and  tbe  pre- 
vlalon*  for  protecting  the  life,  limb  end 
health  of  the  emploveea;  Into  tbe  growth  of 
*aioclatlon*  of  emplojera  and  of  wage-earn- 
ers and  tbe  effect  of  inch  swodatlona 
npoD  the  relstlone  between  emplOTeie  •  ' 
emploreea;  Into  the  extent  and  reanlta 
methoog  of  collective  bargaining ;  Into  anr 
methods  which  have  been  tried  In  any  state 
or  tn  foreign  countries  for  maintaining  mn- 
tnally  satiafactorv  relations  between  em- 
ploveea and  emploreis:  Into  method*  tor 
avoiding  or  adjnatlu  labor  dlmntes  throngh 
peacefnT  and  condUatory  mediation  end  ne- 
gotiations ;  into  the  seope^  methods  and 
resonrce*  of  existing  bnrean*  of  labor  and 
Into  poaalbis  wars  of  Increadng  their  lue- 
talncBB ;  Into  tbe  question  of  smnggUng  or 
other  Illegal  entrr  of  Aslatles  Qto  the 
United  State*  or  It*  Imnlar  po*se**Iooa,  and 
of  the  methoda  bj  wbl^  such  Aelatlce  have 
gained  and  are  gaining  sacb  sdmlialon.  and 
shall  renort  to  Congress  as  speedllr  a*  poa- 
alble  with  inch  recommendation  aa  said 
commlaalan  may  think  proper  to  prevent 
such    smaggLng    and    Illegal    en* —       '*^- 


..  _..!  sitnatlon  and  report  Its  condnslons 

The  Commission  appointed  consisted  of 
Frank  P.  Walih,  Chairman,  Kanaas  City. 
Uo. :  Prof.  John  B.  Commons  of  Msdlson, 


Wis. ;  Un.  J.  Borden  Harrtman,  New  Xork 
Cltvj  Harris  Welnstock.  Sacramento,  Cal.; 
B.  Tborston  Ballard,  Lonlsvllle,  Kj.  ■  John 
B.  LennoD,  Bloomlngton.  IIL  ;  Jamea  O'Con- 
nell,  Wa^lngton,  D.  C.,  and  Anatln  B. 
Qarretson,  Cedar  Baplds.  Iowa. 
Indnstrlal   Bdlatiom,  Conunleiiona    on, 

7726. 
Znformatloii,  Intamattonal  Bnxoan  of, 
establishment  o^  at  Washington  rec- 
ommended bjr  Istematioiuu  Ameri- 
can Conference,  6506. 
"In  Ood  W«  Tnut."— "In  Ood  We 
Trust"  Drst  appeared  on  the  copper  tw»> 
cent  lasae  of  1864,  and  waa  the  Srst  ns* 
of  the  word  "Ood"  In  any  Qovernment  net. 
The  sentence  waa  Introduced  by  James  Pol- 
lock. Director  of  the  Hint,  with  the  *p- 
Sroval  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Treaanty, 
Simon  P.  Chase.  It  appeared  on  the  1866 
la*n«  of  the  doable  eagle,  esgl*.  half-eagle, 
silver  dollar,  half-dollar,  and  nickel  flve-cent 
.piece.  In  Ilea  of  the  long  existing  motto  of 
''B  Plnrlbus  Unnm."  In  the  Trade  Dollar 
Isaac  (1878)  both  mottoea  were  retained, 
"In  Ood  We  Trust"  appearing  on  the  oh- 


was   aronsed    and   Cong „^ 

18,  1008^pu*ed  tibe  following  act.  JM^ 


Ing  the  motto  t 


by  the  Senate  end  Hoose  of  Repreeentatlvee 
af  tbe  United  States  of  America  In  Congreae 
■Bsembled.   That   the   motto,    "In    Ood^  We 


heretofore  inscrftied  on  certain  de- 

nominstions  of  the  gold  and  silver  eolna 
of  the  United  States  of  America,  shall  hare- 
after  be  Inscribed  npon  all  sach  gold  and 
silver  coins  of  said  di '--" ■■ — ^- 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Inlinltanca  Tax.— A  tax  npon  the  eitite 
ot  a  deceased  p«noD  bu  atwiji  beeo  con- 
■Idered  a  proper  and  leglLlmate  larm  ol  pub- 
lic reTenoe.  Tbe  deceaeed,  bavliig  eojojed 
the  protectlOD  of  the  state  durlns  life,  aod 
d;lng  with  the  auurance  that  the  stale  will 
carry  out  hii  last  wiaheB.  Is  under  Bome 
ohllBalloD  to  tbe  oimmaQltT.  while  the  bene- 
Qclarr  will  not  feel  the  Blight  decrease  la 
Ills  legacy  lakeD  by  the  power  tbat  guaran- 
tecH  Its  legal  transfer. 

FKdtraC  jHAeriloHce  roa.— The  national 
tovernment  bai  Imposed  iQberltaare  laiea 
temporarily  on  three  different  occaBlons. 
The  first  was  In  1797.  when  war  wltb 
PraBce  threalened :  again  In  1862,  during 
the  CIrll  war,  and  the  third  lime  during 
the  BpaDlsb-Amerlcan  war  of  IBSS.  Piesl- 
dent  Boowielt  lUggeBted  It  to  CongreBB  aa 
a  permanent  soarce  of  revenue  In  hla  ilith 
annnal  inenase  Ipage  7422),  and  repeats 
bis  recommendation  in  tils  seTenth  annDal 
message  and  cites  In  support  of  his  argu- 
Dicnl  Ibe  fact  that  England.  France  and 
Germany  collect  sucb  taxes.  (Page  7464.1 
I'reBident  Taft  also  reconuaended  a  gradn- 
a  led  Inberltaace  tai  as  a  means  of  meet- 
ing a  dellclency  In  the  revenues.  (Pago 
TTB0.1 

Btate  Intntritamcv  Tos.— Most  of  tbe 
■tale*  tax  Inheritances  and  at  tbe  same 
tlnw  provide  tor  the  payment  ot  pieferred 
obllgalloDB  ot  tbe  deceased  and  tbe  prompt 
and  elllclent  settlement  of  tbe  estate. 

The  following  Is  a  BynopEls  ot  several  ot 
tbe  laws  of  tbe  various  states  attectlog  the 
administration  ot  tbe  eBtale  of  a  deceased 

""I'^Wbo  to  AdmtnlBter._(«)  It  the  de- 
ceased leaves  a  will,  the  duty  ot  admlnla- 
tratlon  falls  npon  tbe  executor.  II  no 
executor  Is  named,  or  In  the  event  of  the 
dealb  or  refnsal  of  the  executor  to  act  the 
Court  will  grant  administration  under  the 
will  to  some  BoKable  person,  generally  se- 
lected from  those  most  largely  Interested 
nnder  the  provlslonB  ot  tbe  will,  such  as 
tbe  reBlduary  legatees.  It  any,  (b)  If  Hie 
deceased  died  Intestate,   lelters  of  admlnla- 


Seeond— To  one  or  more  ot  the  next  of 
Un  entitled   to  share   Id  the  estate. 

Tbird— It  none  of  the  above  consent  to 
act.  to  one  of  Ibe  creditors  ot  the  estate, 
except  In  localities  wbcre  there  Is  provided 
by  law  a  Public  Administrator,  who  Ib  pre- 
ferred to  creditors.  In  practically  all  tbe 
■tatea  an  administrator  Is  required  to  give 
bond  for  the  leltbful  performance  ot  bis 
dntles  In  double  the  value  of  the  estate  to 


ot  the  states.  It  so  provided  by 
0  bond  Is  required  of • — 


Eromptly  to  give  public  notice  to  creditors 
]  preBeot  their  claims  to  hltn.  and  the 
creditors  are  required  so  to  present  their 
claims  supported  by  an  affidavit  that  the 
•ame  are  justly  due  and  owing  from  the 
estate,  above  aov  olTseti  or  rounler  claims, 
within  a  period  limited  generally  to  six 
months  or  a  year.  Tbe  law  of  each  state 
■hoDld   be   consulted   (or   more  tpedSc  de- 


tails. Host  ot  the  states  direct  a  Dnal 
closing  of  tbe  estate  by  the  executor  or 
admlnlsttator  wllbin  a  year  or  eighteen 
montbB  after  his  appolDtment,  tbongh  the 
time  limit  may  be  extended  by  the  Probate 
Court  If  condlllans  reqnlre  IL 

3.  AnalyslB  ot  tbe  laws  ot  the  aereial 
states,  covering  the  Inheritance  or  iiiii  1 1  a 
■Ion  tax  upoir  property  recelTed  cKber  by 
Intestate  laws,  last  will,  ot  by  gift  or 
transfer,  designed  to  take  effect  at  death, 
excepting  legacies  tor  religious,  charitable 
or  educational  pnrpaaes.  wblcb  are  tax 
. .  u,  iijg  Btjte*.    In  the  great 


ajorlty  of  I! 


.  _   _.     .       .  distinction  a_  ._ 
li   made  between  real  estate  and  pn- 


Jlabafflo.— No   Inheritance    ^ 

jtrltOHu. — To  grandfather,  grandmother, 
parents,  husband,  wife,  child,  brother,  sister, 
■on-ln-law,  or  daughter-in-law,  or  adopted 
cblld,  1  per  cent.  19,000  exempt  to  each 
benedclary  above  named,  Estates  less  than 
tlO,000  exempt.  To  uncle,  annt.  nepbew, 
niece  or  descendant  thereof,  2  per  cent : 
12,000  exempt  to  each  beneSdary  named. 
Estate  less  than  (3,000  exempt.  To  otheia, 
it  per  cent  up  to  tlO,000:  4  per  cent  from 
JlO.OOO^tp  120,006:  6  per  cent  * ""'■ 


000   .. 
1500  e] 


a  190,000  1  e  per  c 


t  above  $5a.00a 


— On  amouDta  not  exceeding  (8,- 
-  ■-  ■■  — >r  cent  to  parents,  hna- 
r  adopted  child,  brother. 
:  daughter-in-law./  To 
sn  the  same  amount  la 
3  per  cent.  13.000  passing  to  widow  or 
mloor  child  and  SI.006  passfng  to  tbe  Otber 

The  exemption  lo  others  more  remote  Is 
fGOO.  On  amoubts  In  excess  of  tS.OOO  the 
primary  raiea  (1  per  cent  and  8  per  cent 
respectively!  are  Increased  as  follows: 
From  19.000  to  |10,000,  twice  the  primary 
rates :  from  110,000  to  (30.000.  three 
times  tbe  primary  rates:  from  (30,000  to 
150,000.  tour  times:  tSO.OOO  to  tlOO.OOO. 
Ave  times ;  |IOO,000  to  (000.000.  six 
limes;  (900.000  to  tl.000.000,  seven  times; 
above  (1,000,000,  elgbt  times. 

Calllomla. — Por  (be  purpose  of  determin- 
ing the  rates  ot  tax.  benenclarles  are  divid- 
ed Into  Ave  classes :  (a)  husbaod.  wife  or 
children:  (bl  brothers,  sisters  or  tbelr  de- 
srcndaots,  also  son-lu-law  or  daogbter-ln- 
law ;  (c)  uncles  aunts  or  tbelr  descend- 
ants;  (d)  great-uncles,  greal-aunls  or  tbelr 
descendants:  (e)  others  more  remote.  Tbe 
tax  also  varies  with  the  amount  ot  the 
estate  or  legacy.  On  amounts  not  exceed- 
ing (29.000  the  ratea  tor  tbe  Dve  classes 
ot  beneSclarles  are  respectively  1  per  cent 
2  per  cent,   3  per  cent.   4  per  cent  and  S 

Eer  cent.  On  amount*  from  (26.000  to 
90.000  the  above  rales  are  muIUplled  hy 
2.  On  amounts  from  (90.000  to  1100,000 
tbe  orlgluBl  rates  are  multiplied  hy  8. 
On  amounts  from  (100,000  to  (900.000  they 
are  multiplied  by  4,  and  on  amounts  In 
excess  ut  (900,000  tbey  are  maltlplled  by  9. 

tows;  To  widow  or  minor  cblld,  |24,D00; 
to  otber  beneBctarles  tn  class  (a).  (10.000; 
to  beneaclarles  In  class  (bl.  (3.000:  to 
beneOclBrles  In  clasa  <c).  (1.600:  to  claas 
(d).  (1.000;  to  clans  (e),  1800. 

Colorado.— To  parents,  husband  or  wife. 
child,  brother  or  sister,  wife  or  widow  ot 
SOD,  husband  of  daughter,  lineal  descendant 
or  adopted  child  the  rate  Is  2  per  cent  wltb 
(IO.O06  e ~     ---'    


r&, 


:  (10.000  to  (2&000. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


BncycUpedic  Index 


OOa  3  p«r  e< 


TWlnrlttwrt  Xut^OiHitlMied. 

CMUMoMewt— To  parenU.  hniband.  wife, 

adopied    cblld    ot    dciceodant 

,cr  rant  ap  to  f  100,000  i  tlOO,- 

ftl.OOO,  3  Mr  eeat;  mbore  1300,- 

it;  Sfi,000  exempt.    To  brulhcr 

_. ,   „j-tii-uw  or  d>iishter-ln-lsw.   1 

pci  rant  ap  to  flOO.OOO ;  ibore  1100,000,  3 
per  cent;  f 3,000,  exempt.  To  olberB,  B 
per  rant  np  to  (lOO.OOO;  mbove  (lOO.OOO,  B 
p«r  cent.     tOOO  eiempc. 

Delaware. — Eieiopt  to  pnrenti.  srand- 
parcnt^  tioibaiid,  »ICt,  di^Kvnaints, 
adopted  child.  To  othen  exempt  to  (500 
and  taxable  on  excen  at  (dUuwh:  To 
brolben,  (later*  or  their  deiceiidanta.  1 
per  cent ;  to  nncles,  nnnti  or  thrlr  dMcend- 
anto,  3  per  rant ;  lo  grtat-uoi-'lee.  K^eat- 
amita  or  tfaeir  dearandanta,  3  per  cencj  to 
tboae  more  remote  In  blood.  S  per  rant. 

Dtttrlal     of     CofumMa.— No    iDberltancB 


/teko.— Tax  on  eatatei  len  tbaa  t2C.D00 
at  following  rates :  (a)  To  baitiand  or  wife, 
lineal  laane  or  anmtor,  1  per  rant ;  exempt 
to  wMow  or  minor  child,  f)0.000 :  to  otbera 
or  ClBBi  A,  exempt,  14.000.  |b)  To  brotber 
or  aliter,  or  tbelr  deicendantB.  or  wife  or 
wMow  of  ion,  or  bnsband  of  daqstiter,  1^ 
per  rant:  exempt.  (2,000.  <r)  To  undei, 
auDlB  or  deaceDdaulB,  8  per  ctnt :  eiompt, 
■l.BOO.  (dj  To  Kreat-unclea.  Breet-aants  or 
oearaDdanti.  4  per  raot :  exempt.  (1.000. 
{el  To  more  dlitant  relattvei  or  Btrangera 
In  blood,  fi  per  rant ;  exempt,  fSOO.  On 
larger  eatale*  than  (26,000  tbe  aboTe  rates 
are  multiplied  M  rollowB :  (2B.00O  to  100,- 
000.  m  Flmei  above :  (60.000  to  (100,000. 
S  times  above:  (100.000  to  (SOO.OOa  3U 
times  above;  (BOO,000  and  opward,  3  timet 

llHimU. — To  parent*,  basband,  wife,  de- 
sraudBDt.  adopied  child,  brother,  sliler. 
wife  of  son,  buaband  of  dausbter.  on 
amoants  from  (20,000  to  (100,000  tbe  rate 
Is  1  per  rant:  above  (100,000,  2  per  rant; 
exempt  below  (30.000.  To  uncTe,  aont, 
niece,  nephew  or  tbelr  descetidantB  the  rate 
U  2  per  cent  on  amount!  leas  than  (20.000; 
4  per  rant  on  amoaots  In  eircss  of  (20,- 
000 ;  exempt  below  12.000.  To  all  others 
the  rates  varv  with  amounts  as  follows ; 
"n  to  (lO.OOa  B  Pcr,f:.e.n'il\0.00gjo_(20.- 


oSo.  i  ^- 
rant:  t60A 
(100.000.  1 


B  per  ee 
t;  120,0< 
o  (l00,0( 


r  amonnts  tb«  prlmair  r.._- 

■•    —    •-" (11     from    (25..    .     . 

:    (2)    from   (50.000   1 


f  25.000    1 


band  or  wife,  lawful  lasne.  hnibabd  ot 
daugtiter.  wife  or  widow  o(  son,  lineal  de- 
BceDdanta    or    adopied    child,    whlth    are 

>   110,000    to    par- 


inrastora.   paienti.   husband. 


OOO  to  (100,000,  1V4  per  rant:  above  (10 
000,  2  per  rem ;  tlO.tMO  exempt  lo  parents, 
husband,  wile,  child  or  adopied  child.  To 
brother,  sister,  uncle,  aunt,  nephew,  niece 
□r  cousin,  the  rates  on  tbe  above  amounts 
are  4  per  cent,  4U  per  cent  and  6  per  cent: 
(500  excmpL  To  others,  rales  on  the  same 
amounts  are  5  per  rant,  6  per  cent  and  T 
per  cent ;  same  exemption. 

MarglainL — Kxempt  to  parents,  husband 
or  wife,  children,  or  lineal  deacendanla;  to 
others.  5  per  cent  above  (600. 

MastachutelU, — To  huBband.  wife,  ances- 
tor, descendant,  adopted  child  or  lis  de- 
srandants,  adopted  parent  or  Us  aaceslora, 
son-in-law.  daughter- In-law,  I  per  rant  ap 
to  (S0.000;  2  per  cent  (60.000  to  (360,- 
000:  3  per  rant  (2Ba 000  to  (1,000.000:  4 
per  cent  above  (1.000,000.  To  brother, 
sister,  nephew  or  niece,  2  per  rant  up  to 
(10.000;  B  per  rant  (lO.OOO  to  (2B.006j  S 
per  rant  (25.000  lo  160.000 :  6  per  rant  (Oa- 
000  to  (260,000:  7  per  cent  (2B0.000  to 
(1,000,000;  8  per  rant  above  (1.000,000. 
To  others,  S  per  cent  up  to  (90.000:  6 
per  cent  tSO.OOO  to  (2BO,000:  T  per  rant 
|2B0,0O0  to  (1,000.000:  8  per  rant  above 
(1,000,000.  110,000  passing  to  parent,  hns- 
bsDd  or  wife,  child,  adopted  cblld  or  adop^ 
ed  parent  Is  exempt.  To  others  the  ei- 
enpiloQ  Is  (1,000. 

Jftchf^aa.^TBi  Is  1  per  rent  to  grand- 
parents, parents,  hasband  or  wife,  child, 
brother  or   sister,   wife  or   widow  of   son. 


0  (50.00a  L   ._ 

10,000,  6  per  cent :  above 
._ ,  10  per  cent :  exempt  to  1500. 

Indiana. — On  amounts  not  excerdlnz  (2B,- 
000,  the  prlmar;  rates  are:  (1)  To  hus- 
band, wire,  ancestor,  descendant,  adopted 
dtltd,  1  per  cent.  Exempt  (10.000  to  widow 
and  (3,000  lo  other  parties  Jast  named. 
(31  To  brother,  alster  or  tbelt  desrandants, 
or  to  Bon-ln-law  or  daujhtPr-lD-lsw.  1<4 
per  rant;  eiempt  (BOO.  (31  To  uncle,  aunt 
or  their  descendants,  S  per  rant;  exempt 
(390.  (4)  To  great  unrle.  great  sunt  or 
their  dearendants,  4  per  cent ;  exempt  (100. 

(51  To  others  i ■-   " "     "- 

larger  amonnts 

tlpTlea   as   follaws: 

tl».00a   Hi   times:    ._,    

■100,000  twira:  (3)  from  (100.000  .. 
(600.000,  3M  times;  (4)  above  (500.000,  S 
ilmes. 

/owa.— Property  passInR  to  parenta.  has- 
band  or  wife,  lineal  deBcendants,  adonted 
cblld  or  Issue  thereof  Is  exempt.  To  otbera 
S  per  rant  tax  sbort  (1,000.  To  alien  non- 
residents of  the  state  tax  Is  30  per  rent  nn- 
tess  alien  la  brother  or  sitter,  when  tax  U 
10_per  ceat 

Sanaa*.— iNo  Inheritance  tax. 

Keatucfty.— Tax  of  6  per  rant  on  all 
«rtatM  ortr  (BOO  tzcept  to  p^reDt*,  bna- 


stood  lo  relation  of  parenl.  exempt  to  13.- 
000.  To  olhers,  6  per  rant  over  (100.  Bx- 
•mpllon  to  widow  Is  tS.OOO. 

Uinneaota. — Klve  clnstes  of  beoellclarles 
an  recognised;  (a)  wife,  or  lineal  desrand- 
ant ;  (bl  husband,  parents,  ancestors, 
adopted  children  or  Issue  thereof:  (c) 
brotber  or  sister  or  their  dearandants.  son- 
in-law  or  dBughter-lQ-law ;  (d)  nnrlea, 
auDta  or  their  desrandantB;  je)  others  more 

The  rr'--  ' ■ • ' 

""■}   (cl 

per  rant.  If  per  rant,  8^  per  rant,  _ 
rant  and  6  per  rant.  On  amounta  f 
(IS.OOO  to  (SO.a<n  the  primarv  rstea 
multiplied  1|  times:  from  (30,000  to  (__. 
000  twlra:  from  (GO.OOO  to  (100,000.  :tl 
times  ;  nnd  above  (100,000,  8  times.  Exemp- 
tions sre  to  clsssea  (a)  and  <b),  except 
ancestora,  (3.000:  to  class  (c)  (1,000;  to 
class  (d)  (250  and  to  cIbbb  (e)   (100. 

iflsglMfppi.— No  Inherltanra  tax. 

MlMoarl—AU  iDherltanres  taxable  at  B 
per  rant  except  to  pa  rents,  husband  or 
wife,   adopted  child  or  lineal   desrandants. 


unfa   from 


5  per  ran{  over  (BOO. 

yamilta. — Taxable  at  1  per  rant  to  par- 
enta,  husband  or  wife,  child,  brother  or 
sister,  wife  or  widow  of  aon,  husband  ot 
daughter,  adopted  child  and  lineal  dearand- 
ants In  lawful  wedlock,  eiempt  to  (10,000. 
To  nncle,  anot,  nephew  or  niece,  or  da- 
srandanta,   3  p«r  cent;   eiempt  to  (3,000. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Xslmltuca  Tsx-0o«Hmwd. 
To   otheri,   above   (GOO   ■■   folloTi:    tIKW 
'I  tB.OOO.   2  p«r   cent:   fB.OOO  to   110.000. 
-  -       --     ifo.OOO  to  IKO.OOO,  4  per  cent ; 


i  per 'rant:  1I0.( 
130,000  to  t50,0( 


00?,' 


per  <■ 


—On  * 


B  not  (iwedlng  t2S.- 


. .  ._)  To  hu^and 

«t  wJte,  tore»lor«,  decendanti  or  adopted 
elllid.  1  per  rent.  120.000  exempt  to  vldow 
or  minor  cblld  :  to  oltaen  Ju(t  named.  110,- 
000  exempt.  (2)  To  brotber.  slater,  nephew, 
Blepe  or  their  d.*«cenaHQle.  2  per  rent ;  |I0.- 
000  exempt,  (3)  To  nnclea.  aunt*  or  tbelr 
deicendanta,  S  per  cent,  15.000  exempt. 
(i)  To  great  uncJea.  great  lunlB  or  tbelr 
deacendauls,  4  per  oent  <9)  To  all  otbers, 
8  per  cent  On  larjier  amounts  Ibe  primary 
ratea  are  multiplied  aa  follow! :  S2.4.0O0  to 
-10,000,    twice   prlma^   rates :  _»00;'¥*    ' 


feo,ooo,  ^^ 

il0O,DO0.  S 
tlmei;  abo' 


cent  and  8  per  c 

north  CarolMo. — Exempt  t 


tlmei;  above  tSOO, 

}/nB    Hampikire. — Kiempt     to    pai 

husband  or  wife,  lineal  deacendaulH.  brothei. 
alater,  adopted  ebUd.  or  laaiie  tbereof.  wife 
or  widow  of  aon,  huiband  of  dBugbter.  To 
all  otbera.  G  per  oe nC. 

Hew  Jeriev. — Kxempt  to  parents,  husband 
or  wife,  eblldren,  lineal  deacenda-—  '— — — 
or  Bliter  husband  of  daugbter,  wur  or 
widow  of  aoii.  To  all  otbera,  S  per  cent; 
$G00  exempt. 

A^eu    liexUto. — No    Inherltanro    tax. 

V«M>  fori!.— To  parents,  huaband,  wife, 
cblld.  deacendanta,  brotber.  alater,  lon-ln- 
law.  dau^ler-lu-law  or  adopted  cblld.  ex- 
empt to  fll.OOO  :  on  exceaa  raifs  are  f QO.OOO. 

I  per  cent:  (GO.OOO  to  ISSO.OOO,  2  per 
cent;  (200,000  to  (1. 000.000.  S  per  ceat ; 
<  per  cent  above  |1,000,000.  To  otbera 
exempt  to  11.000  :  ratea  on  eicesa  on  above 
" Qt,  6  per  cent,  7  per 

-   ,.  .3  baaband  or 

(1)  To  lineal  auceatora.  or  dearend- 
■nts.  brotbera  or  slaters,  or  where  mutual 
relation  of  parenta  and  cblld  existed.  I  per 
cent.      12)  besoendants  of  brotber  or  slater, 

II  per  cent.  (S)  Uncles  or  sunts.  or  de- 
scendanta,  3  per  cent,  (4)  Great-nnclea. 
Kreat-santa  or  deB<^ndsnts.  4  per  cent.  IB) 
To  all  others.  (2,000  to  IB.OOO,  B  per  cent ; 
■B,000  to  (10.000.  7)  per  cent;  (10.000  to 
(25,000,  1  per  cent :  t2B,000  to  |S0,000, 
12}  per  cent:  sbove  (SO.OOO,  IS  per  cent; 
exempt  (2.000  In  all  caaes. 

North  DaHotn.—Va  husband  or  wife  <(20,- 
000  exempt),  father,  mother,  deacendanta, 
adopted  eblld  or  Its  desrendsnta,  1  per  cent 
up  to  (100,000;  2  per  cent  from  (lOO.OOO 
to  t£GO.0O0 :  2)  per  cent.  (2G0.O00  to  (GOO,- 
000;  B  per  cent  sbove  (GOO.OOO,  To 
brother  or  alater.  lon-ln-law  or  daugh- 
ter-in-law ((BOO  eiemptl,  1}  per  cent  up 
to  t2S,000i  2t  per  cent  from  S2B.0OO  to 
(Bn,Q0O ;  3  per  cent  from  (G0,00d  to  (100.- 
000;  SI  per  cent  from  (lOO.OOO  to  (SOO,- 
000  ;  41  per  cent  above  t50O,OOO.  To  uncle, 
aunt  or  their  descendanta.  3  per  cent  np 
to  KS.QWi:  41  per  cent  from  (2G.OO0  to 
(BO.OOO  ;  6  per  rent  from  (50,000  to  (100,- 
000;   71  per  cent  from   (100,000  to   (GOO.- 


OOO; 


per  cent  a 


np  t^2G,000 :  0  per 


o  otheri 


S2B.00O  to  (50.000;  .  ,_.  .... 
00  to  (100,000;  12  per  cent  from  (100,000 
to  (S00,000;  IG  per  cent  above  (GOO.OOO. 
Ohio. — ?:xempt  to  parents,  huabsad  or 
wife,  lineal  deacendants  or  adopted  child. 
To  otbera  S  per  cent  above  (GOO  exempt, 

01;  (ah  am  a.— To  widow,   (10.000  exempt; 
next  (G.OOO  taxed  at  1  per  cent ;  above  that 

rate  la  1,008  per  cent.     To  huaband, 

.....    .._  ._  „  ..,._..,  -••■■aren, 

l  per 


■on-tn-law  or  danirbter-ln-law,  |600  a 
next  (2,0<IO  tai^a  at  11  per  cent: 
taxed  at  asid  tale  plus  1-50  of  1  pe 
thereof.  To  uaclea.  aunta  or  dwcei 
(250  exempt ;  next  (2,000  taxed  at 
cent ;  eiceaa  taxed  at  aaJd  rate  plu_  .  . . 
of  1  per  cent  thereof.  To  Krest-uocleo, 
grest^unts  or  desrendants,  (160  exempt; 
next  (BOO  taxed  at  4  per  cent ;  eiceaa  taxed 


t   BSld   TL 

■     others 


^plua 


f  f*per 


(nOO  taxed  a_    _    ,__    _. 

— '-  -■■■-  '■'■-'*  --r  cent  thereoC. 

.     ,..,    —   _.f  1  per  cent  to  par- 

aband    or    wife,    child,    brother    or 

or   widow  of  aon,    baaband   Of 

looted  child.  He     '   ' 

,  (5,000  exempt 

Gitate  must  exceed  (lO.OM. 

descendanta.  (2,000  exempt  t. 

Eatate   muat    exceed   (B.O00. 

"■■ea  above  (500:  (GOO  tr   * 

t :  (10.000  to  (20,000.  i 


dBugbter.  adopted  ciblld.  I 


JU 

JbJ   Tax  of  2 

..  -J  air  other 
a  (10,000,  3  per 
•      --  cent:  (ioT- 


000  to  (G0,000,  5  per  cent ;  abov«  (60,000, 


brotber       wife,   eblldren 


rhildren,   adopted   children,   wife   or  widow 
•'.  son.     To  all  othera,  5  per  cent. 
AAods  Itlani. — No    inheritance   *'■' 
Bouth  Carotlaa.— No  Inheritance  tax. 

Boulh  Dakota On  amounts  not  eicMd- 

g  (IG.OOO   the  primary  rates  of  tax  a 


descendsDta. 

law.  8  per  cent.     (4)   to 

their  deaceadant^  i  per  ce: 

S  per  cent.    On  Increaaed 

marr  rate  la  multiplied  from  ( 
000,  t— "-   ' --"""-  .- 


I,  annta  o 


,.G,OOOto(So.- 

_   (50,000  to   (100.000.    21 

. .  above  (100,000.  3  timea.  (10.000  la 
exempt  to  husband,  wife,  laaue  or  adopted 
cblld:  (3.000  la  exempt  to  ancestor;  (1,000 
exempt  to  class  IS),  (250  to  dasa  (4)  and 
(100  to  class  15}. 

Tentietiee. — To   parenta,    husband,   wife. 

child  or  descendanta,  (5.000  er '     " 

eicesa  1  per  cent  up  to  (20, 
cent  above  (20,000.  To  other 
above  (2G0. 

TeiHu.^-Exempt  to  parents,  husband  or 
wife  or  descendants.  The  rate  of  taxation 
on  other  legacies  varies  (above  aach  sum 
aa  la  exempt)  with  the  amount  of  the 
legacy.  Six  divisions  aa  to  amount  are 
recoEnlipd;  (1)  up  to  (10,000:  (2)  (10,000 

-      (5,    (25,000   to   iGO-OOO:    (B 

.^ ...   .,« 'Miisoa- 

brothere,   alatera  or  their  deacendanta,  th« 


Xowfr  ir  per 
lien,  B  per  cent 


2J  per  cent,  8  per  cent,  SI  per  cent,  4  per 
rent  and  5  per  cent:  (2.000  being  exempt. 
To  unclea.  aunts  or  their  deacenduits  the 
ratea  are  3  per  cent,  4  per  cent,  S  per  cent 
fl  per  cent,  7  per  cent  and  8  per  cent,  (1,000 
being  eiempt.  To  othera  more  remote  the 
ratea  are  4  per  cent.  51  per  cent,  7  per 
cent,  8)  per  cent,  10  per  cent  and  13  par 
cent,  (COO  being  eiempt. 

I7t<iA.~Tai  of  D  per  nnt  on  tU  eitatea 
(lO.OOO. 


Verm  onl.— Exempt   to   parenta, 
wife,     lineal     descendsnts.     xtepel 
adopted  child,  or  lineal  descendant  thei 


stepchild. 


wife  or  widow  of  son,  husband  of  daoxbter. 
To  all  others.  G  per  cent, 

VirginUi. — Biempt  to  lineal  anceatora  or 
Ilneat  deacendanta.  hnaband  or  wife,  brother 
or  stater.     To  all  others,  6  per  cent. 

Vathtnaton. —  (a)  Tax  of  1  per  cene 
above  (10.000  to  parenta,  faaaband  or  wlf< 


e  (10.000 
J  oeaccDda 


n  wlf* 
r  Jlaed 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


bibaittaaea  Ivx—OotttbrntA. 
descendant  thereor.  <b)  To  collKteralK,  In- 
clDdlnc  tb*  tblrd  deireg  ol  relatloniblp.  8 
per  not  op  to  1110,000.  4t  per  cent  from 
BOO.OOO  to  tlOOjOOO,  and  6  per  cent  from 
(100,000  upward,  (el  To  thoK  turtber  (•■ 
moTM.  «  per  cent  np  to  (DO.OOO,  V  per 
cent  up  to  (100,000,  13  per  cent  abova 
91O0.0O0. 

Wt*t  Vtrgitita. — To  lineal  anceitor,  hni- 
bUKl.  wife,  deacendaat,  tbe  rata  la  1  per 
cent  on  amounts  np  to  t'^e.OOO :  (25,000 
to  «60,000,  U  per  cent:  (DO.OOO  to  flOO,- 
000,  2  per  cent :  1100.000  to  tSOO.OOO,  2| 
per  cent  1  abore  |600,000,  8  per  cent.  Ei' 
empt  np  to  110,000.  except  In  case  of  widow, 
where  tlS.OOO  la  exempt.  To  brotbet  or 
•later  the  rate  la  8  per  cent  np  to  125,000, 
and  for  tbe  Tarring  amounta  tcated  aboTe 
the  rates  are  4|  per  cent,  6  per  cent,  71 
per  cent  and  0  per  cent.  To  others  more 
nmote  the  rates  are  S  per  cent,  7}  per 
cent,   10   per   cent,   12)    per   cent   and   IS 


«: 


rewesebtattTe  coTeromenta. 

The  Initiative  glTea  the  people  the  power 
to  orl|;lDate  lawa.     If  a  certain  perceDtase 


■  algn  ■  petition 

btfoK  thVlesta^U^'twdr."  "  """"''  """" 
Beference  of  proposed  lawa  to  the  people 
for  their  flnal  acceptenre  or  rejection  Is 
known  as  tbe  refereadum.  The  Initiative 
Is  always  coupled  with  the  referendum. 

Thn  reran  la  a  proTlilon  far  tbe  recall 
of  an  elective  olllcer  before  the  eiplrstlon 
of  bis  term  of  oDIre  by  petition  of  a  certain 

Sroportlon  of  tboae  who  voted  for  blm  and 
emandlnc   another  election. 
The  pr^clple  of  tbe  referendum  faa*  been 
•npl07«4  IB  ftaf  Qnlt«4  Btete*  m  f*r  tuiek 


■■  1TT8,  wjbeb  the  leHilatnrt  of  Uan«chn- 

reoulrlna    a    two-thirds    majorltj  *for°''lta 
raflncatron.    This  failed  of  pasaage  at  the 


•cendanta,  wife  or  widow  of  son,  o 
of  danxhler.  It  per  cent.  <3)  To  uncles. 
annts  or  tbelr  descendaata.  a  per  cent.  (4) 
To  ETeat-uncles.  (Teat-aunts  and  their  de- 
acendants,  4  per  cent.  <G)  To  ail  others,  5 
per  cent.  When  tbe  estate  Is  above  t2S.0OO 
the  above  rates  are  mulclplied  ■■  follows: 
125.000  to  (60.000.  It  times  on  excess; 
(60.000  to  I1OO.OOO.  i  timea  on  excess: 
(100.000  to  (600,000.  2}  times  on  excess ; 
above  1600,000,  8  times  on  excess.  Exempt 
(10.000  to  widow  and  lesser  amonots  to 
other  relattvea.  down  to  (100  exemptions  to 
•trangera  In  blood. 

Wyomlflff. — Tax  of  2  per  cent  on  amount 
above  tlO.OOO  to  parenta.  husband  or  wife, 
eh  I  Id,  brother,  s  liter,  lineal  descendants, 
wife  or  widow  of  son.  husband  of  daughter, 
adopted  or  acknovled^d  child  tor  ' 


_... _,  — „.,„„„„.  iu.,  ui^posai  car- 
ried and  a  convention  was  cal^d  which 
framed  a  new  constitution  which  was  later 
submitted  to  tbe  people  sad  ratlHed.  Con- 
•Cltutlona  have  been  referred  to  the  people 
for  ratiacatlon  bv  nearlr  all  the  slates 

Tbe  broader  Idea  of  the  referendum  as 
popDlarlf  advocated  Id  the  United  States  Is 
copied  from  tba  Swiss  republic,  whence  It 
.i'^*.  PSE5  ,^°  '*'*  fourteenth  centurr. 
About  1800  Interest  In  this  form  of  law- 
making was  aroused.  Its  introduction  was 
one  of  the  demauds  of  the  Farmers'  Alll- 
•„  and  later  of  tbe  People's  partv.  It 
thought  that   In   this  waj   legislation 

d  be  token  from  the  control  of  party 

politicians. 

In  1  SOS  South  Dakota  so  amended  Its 
constitution  aa  to  require  the  submlisloa  to 
popular  vote  of  any  measure  proposed  bv 
petition  of  llTfl  per  cent  ot  the  guailQed 
voters.  UpoD  petition  of  the  same  pereen- 
t"(B_,ot_ voters  any  measure  enacted  by  the 


juld 


j''the  people,   provided   1 


icb  n 


_o  husband,  wife  or  child  resi- 
dent of  the  state  126.000  to  each  Is  exempt. 
To  othera  than  above,  tax  of  6  per  cent ; 
(600  exempt. 

Pre^nred  ONIaaflons. — In  moat  states 
tbe  preferred  obligations  are  funeral  ex- 
~tnses.  sdmlnlstratlon,  taxes,  judgmenta  In 
-js  Older  named. 

AilWTttuiM  Tut^  rMomm«nded  by  Pres- 
ident— 

BooBerelt,  7043,  70S3. 
T*ft,  7370,  7390. 
IiiltlfttlT%   Seferaidnm   and   AeeaU.'— 

Tinder  tbeaa  terms  are  comprised  several 
propositions  for  bringing  the  eullre  body 
of  voters  Into  closer  and  more  active  par- 
ticipation In  making  and  enforcing  laws. 
In  tbe  opinion  of  many  persons  of  various 
political  (alths  these  ideas  comprehend  a 
simpler  and  more  advanced  form  of  de- 
mocracy than  at  present  obtains   In 


to  have  been  the  model  a 

other  states  formed  their  Initiative  and 
referendam  laws.  It  reqnlrea  that  an  iDltl- 
■tlve  petition  mast  be  signed  i>y  elgbt  per 
cent  of  the  legal  voters  aa  sbown  itj  the 
vote  for  Buprema  Judge  at  the  last  preceding 
general  election,  and  Hied  with  the  Secre- 
tary of  Slate  four  months  before  election. 
A  referendum  petition  need  ODly  be  signed 
by  Ave  per  cent  of  the  voters  and  filed  with 
the  Secretary  of  State  ninety  days  after  the 
final  adjournment  ot  the  le^slature  passing 
the   biil   oQ   which   the   Teierendum   Is  de- 


power  of  tbe  governor  doe 
referendum  messnrcs  passe< 

vote.     It  la  also  provided  th_, , 

of  State  sbsll.  at  the  expense  of  the  state, 
msil   to   registered  voters   a   printed   pam- 

Eblet  containing  a  true  copy  of  tbe  title  and 
!Xt  of  each  measure  to  be  voted  on,  and 
the  proponents  and  opponents  are  per- 
mitted to  insert  In  the  pamphlet,  at  the 
actual  cost  to  themselves  ot  psper  and 
printing  only,  such  argumenta  on  the  snblect 
as  they  desire  to  present.  Tbe  Repubifcan 
lefflslature  of  Oregon  was  directed  by  tbe 
refereDdam  to  elect  Governor  Chamberlain, 
a  Democrat,  to  the  United  Statea  Senate. 

Tbe  Ohio  Constitutional  Convention  pro- 
posed an  amendment  to  the  Constltatlon  of 
the  State  providing  for  Initiative  and  Refer- 
endum, requiring  signatures  of  ten  per  cent 
of  the  electors  to  propose  sn  amendment  to 
the  Constitution,  and  three  per  cent  of 
tbe  electors  tor  a  Befereodum  proposing  a 
law.     The  amendment  aubmltted  to  the  peo- 

rle  for  approval,  same  to  take  effect  October 
,  1012,  was  approved  by  vote  of_people  at 
election  held  September  3,  1012.  lie  Legis- 
lature of  Ohio  In  1S13  passed  fallowing 
safety  guards  for  tbe  Initiative  and  Refer- 
endum petltiona:  Accepting  money  for  sign- 
ing, prohibited ;  applicable  to  each  plan  of 
or^nliatlon  In  municipalities:  giving 
money  or  value  for  signing,  prohibited : 
printing  and  distribution  ot  publicity 
pampbieti  relative  to  piesfoiM  nbsilttM 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


laMtMn,  Safanodnm,  Bocall— c^im- 
to  people  tbrouch  loltlatlTe   idiI  Befenn- 
duiD :  proTlslODB  for  InlllBtlve  ind  Referen- 
dum In  muDlclpal   corpormtioDi ;  ilntemeiit 
■ho  wing    piymenu    far    clrcaUtlng    peti- 

Olclabami  iria  tbe  flrat  atate  to  embodr 
the  miClatlTe  aod  refereadum  la  Iti  orlgiiul] 
conaUtiitlDD.  Tlilrleea  atatea  bive  adopted 
tbe  iDltlatJTe  and  rererendum^ArkaiiMih 
Caliroriila  (IncludlTie  tba  recall  of  Judgea), 
Colorsdo.  Idaho,  Illinois.  Ualne,  Utnonrl, 
UontaDB,  Nebraaka.  Nvvada  (referendum 
oniT),    Oklaboma.    Ori  «..-,... 

aod   Dta'       ""--   ■--- 


bakola,  Teiaa,  Washing  on  and  Wlaconsln, 
In  Wyoming  and  Hlsusslppl  tbe  required 
number  of  ballota  was  not  cast,  but  of  tbose 
TOled  tbe  majoiit;  favored  Ihe  proposllloii. 
In  theie  atatea  lawa  bave  been  enacted  far 
legulaltng  the  circulation  of  petltlona. 
~ iDd    referenilum    la    tieing: 


trancblaei,  IlQuor  tralDc,  etc.  Loa  Angelea, 
Cal.,  adopted  •  form  of  initlatlTe  and  refer- 
cndtHD  in  1B02,  and  many  otber  California 
cltlea  bave  followed  It*  example. 


Tbe  California  law  of  1913.  provides  tbat 
the  aheet  or  nampblet  contarnlDg  Conatl- 
tutlonal  amendments,  aa  well  as  any  que*- 
... ^ .  ._  -leton- 


n,  propoaltion  ' 
tntlon  to  IM  ai 


of  tbe 


lalary 


election  of  United  Sta 
Presidential  primary. 

Tbe  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  Statea 
on  February  19,  1812,  handed  down  a  derl- 
■lon  upon  the  claim  of  the  Pacific  Statea 
Telephone  and  Telesraph  Company,  that  a 
tax  upoD  It  Imposed  by  tbe  Initiative  and 
Referendum  method  In  Oregon,  was  un- 
constitutional. Tbe  Court  decided  tbat  only 
ConKTcaa  and  not  tbe  Supreme  Court  of 
the  united  States  may  object  to  tbe  Initi- 
ative and  Referendum. 

In]  nncttMM.— Judicial  writ  a  forbidding 
apeclSed  peraona  doing  certain  thlnga,  the 
commission  or  continuance  of  which  would, 
in  tbe  opinion  of  a  Jud«e,  work  Irreparable 
Injury  before  tbe  complaint  could  be  settled 
Id  a  court  of  equity  were  borrowed  by 
the  early  English  chincellars  from  Roman 
law  to  supplement  the  common  law  where 
Inadequate  to  meet  tbe  ends  of  justice. 
The  scope  and  application  of  these  wrlta. 
DOW  known  aa  Injunctions,  have  been  brand- 


r  the  tnjnitctlon  U  ^»  at 


aball  also  contain  the  corresponding  Con- 
■tltatlonal  provisions  as  then  In  force,  so 
as  to  facilitate  comparison. 

An  amendment  to  tbe  Conatltntlon  of  Col- 
orado became  effeellve  on  Jan.  22.  1013, 
providing  tbat  every  elective  public  officer 
may  be  retailed  from  oOce  ai  any  time  :  tbe 
Initiation  of  the  proceeding  being  a  petition 
algned  by  electors  equal  In  number  to 
twenty-flve  per  cent  of  the  entire  vote  cast 
at  the  last  preceding  election  for  all  caadl- 
datea  for  the  position  which  the  Incumbent 
sought  to  be  recalled  occupied.  An  smend- 
ment  to  the  Constltation  became  effective  on 
Jan.  £2,  1913.  providing  tor  the  recall  of 
judicial  decisions. 

Returns  on  the  Initiative  and  Referendum 
measures  aubmltted  to  Montana's  votera  at 
the  election  In  November.  1912.  Indicated 
that  eeveroJ  of  them  were  carried  by  heavy 
majorities.      They  provide   for  party  nom- 


ened  until  t.  _  , 

tbe    moat    widely    ased    ] 
courts  of  equity. 

Injunctions,  which  a 

Ings,   are   only   rightfully   I 

where  the  remedy  at  law  will  be  It. ,. 

to  give  a  party  who  la  wronged  the  e 
plete  rellerto  which  he  la  entitled.  F»a>- 
ular  Interest  baa  been  aronsed  in  the  aabVeet 
of  Injunctlona  by  their  employment  In  labor 
diaputes,  where  labor  nnfon  members  and 
their  friends  and  sympathlaers  have  be««> 
enjoined  from  Inducing  or  coercing  other 
working  people  to  quit  work,  thus  Indlctln* 
damaga  or  Injury  to  their  employers,  and 
tbereby  forcing  tbe  employera  to  grant  con- 
cesalous  demanded  by  the  labor  nnion  meon- 

Injunctlona  have  also  been  granted  re- 
straining labor  unions  from  advising  mem- 
beca  of  their  own  or  allied  organlaationa 
to  withdraw  tbeir  profitable  patronage  or 
services  from  employers  against  whom  tlMV 
have  a  grievance.     (See  Boycott.) 

Trade  onlona  have  openly  expreaaed  bi>«- 
tttlly  to  the  iDlunctlon  aa  applied  to  tbelr 
members,  and  bare  had  a  law  paaaad  pn>- 


--   ,-   from 

ceasing  to  patronise  or  to  employ  any  party 
to  a  labor  dispute ;  or  from  peaeefnliy  aa- 
sembllng :  or  from  doing  any  act  whli^ 
might  liintully  be  done  In  the  Bbaence  of  a, 
labor  dlapute. 

Dec.  18.  1B07,  Judge  Gould,  of  the  Bn> 
preme  Court  of  the  District  of  Colnmbl*. 
granted  a  temporary  injaaetlon  against  the 
offlcers  of  tbe  American  federation  of  L«- 
bor,  reitralnlng  (bem  from  publishing  the 
name  of  the  Buck's  Stove  and  Range  Co^ 
paper,  Tht  Amerieam  Ftdtr- 
the    beadlDf,    "Wo    DoD't 

■•Unfair  Llat"     ■■   - 

lade  permanen_ 

tbe  judge  declaring  that,   althon,, 

usls  may  refuse  to  patronise  a  flnn.  the 
Inciting  of  others  to  do  so  conatltutea  « 
conspiracy  in  reatralnt  of  trade.  It  ra- 
strained  Samuel  Gompera.  John  Uitchall 
and  Frank  Morrlsoo  from  "publiahlog  or 
otherwise  circulating,  whether  In  writing  or 
orally,  any  statement  or  notice  of  any  Elnd 
or  rbaracter  whatever  calling  the  attention 
of  the  complainant's  customers  or  of  dealer* 
or  tradesmen,  or  tbe  public,  to  any  boycott 
against  the  complain^TTt    lea  tuiHinna*  nr  Hm 

eroduct    and    from    i ,    . 
B   purchase   or   handle   the   ( , 

goods  or  by  any  other  form  of  repreaiata- 
tloQ  or  statement  Interfering  with  bis  bast- 
Bess."  This  Injunction  was  violated  and  the 
defendants  were  sentenced  by  Judge  Daniel 
Wright  to  Imprisonment  for  one  year,  nine 
monthi  and  oil  months,  respectively.  Tlie 
case  was  then  taken  to  the  Supreme  Court 
of  the  United  States.  Ueanwhlle  tbe  Feder- 
allon  and  the  Bucks  Company  had  come  to 
an  agreement.  The  court,  therefore.  In 
May,  1011.  dlBmlosed  tbe  original  Injunction 
snit  brought  by  Ihe  company :  and,  while 
declaring  the  aentenccs  In  the  contempt 
CBHe  to  tie  eicesBlre,  ruled  tbat  the  dismissal 
of  the  injunction  suit  did  not  prejudice  Um 
right  of  the  orlirtnal  court  to  pnnlsh  any 
contempt  committed.  After  InveatlgatiM 
by  a  committee  appointed  to  Inquire  wbether 
contempt  had  Deen  committed,  Joatlea 
Wright.  In  June,  IS12.  relmp<H)ed  the  sen- 
tences of  twelve,  nine  and  six  months.  The 
esse  was  then  taken  again  to  Ihe  Conrt  of 
Appenls  of  tbe  District  of  Columbia.  Oe 
May  6,  that  conri.  In  a  divided  opinion,  sos- 
talned  the  lower  court  In  flndlng  Meaara. 
Gompera,  Ultcbell  snd  Horriaon  gatlty  at 
contempt,    but    modified    the   sentence*   to 


jyGooi^lc 


Encyclopedic  Index 


tUrtr  dari  In  J*l>  'or  Oompen  BDd  |S00 
lla*  tor  well  af  tlie  ocbcra. 

In  the  latter  part  ot  Maj,  181S.  counsel 
tor  the  three  dcieudsnta  Illed  ■  pctttloD  Id 
the  Supreme  CodR  ot  the  United  atatea  for 

■•  -'  certiorari  to  obtain  a  reTlew  of  the 

' '- "Iftie  the  Sapreme 

Columbia  llled  a 


Appeals  which  reduced  the  penaltlea  Im- 
poMd.  June  16.  the  petition  for  a  lerlew 
ot  tbt  caw  tra*  granted,  and  Uar  II,  1914, 
tlM  United  Btatei  Supreioe  Court  dlsmliaad 

In    1898    the   englneera   on    the   Toledo, 
Ann  Arbor  and  MlcEtgan  Ballroad  — —  — ^ 


._    _-,    --     -ting 

lines  of  road  refused  to  handle  can  ol 
that  road.  An  Injunction  was  granted  by 
Judge  Taft  (later  President),  forbidding 
the  emplojeea  of  other  roads  to  refuse  to 
handle  the  cars  of  the  Toledo,  Ann  Arbor 
and    Ulchlgan    road.     This    was   the    flrst 

Sudldal  decision  outlining  tb«  rlehta  and 
Btlea  of  organised  labor  Id  Interstats  com- 
merce. This  opinion,  while  conceding  the 
right  of  the  engineers  and  employees  of 
the  Toledo  Companr  to  quit  work,  denied 
the  right  of  the  emplajteea  of  other  com- 
panies to  refuse  to  handle  the  cars  o(  the 
Toledo  Companr  when  offered  tbem.  such 
refusal  being  deemed  part  of  a  conspiracy 
In  restraint  ot  Interstate  commerce. 

In  IBM  the  American  Hallway  Union 
strn<±  sgalnst  the  Pullman  Car  Company. 
Uenbers  ot  afflllated  unions  od  all  ralfwaj* 
refused  to  handle  the  Pullman  cars.  The 
Cincinnati  Southern  Ballwar  Insisted  on 
It*  emplajees  hsullng  the  cars,  and  an 
olDcer  ot  the  anion  waa  sentenced  to  Jail 
for  endearoring  to  Induce  the  men  not  to 
handle  Pullman  cars  after  an  Inluoctlon  bad 
been  granted  by  Judge  Taft  forbidding  nich 
refuMl.  on  the  ground  of  Interference  with 
Interstate  trafflc. 

In  September,  1808,  Judge  Tan  Devanter, 
of  the  United  Btatee  C' "— ^    -'   °* 


I  Arkansas,  an  Injunction 
Lrkansas  State  Railroad 
enforcing  the  two-cent-a- 
law.  on  the  ground  that 
inflscatorj   aod  theretora 


bisular ' 

Injtmetloiis: 

AbuBO    of,    in    labor    disputes,    men- 
tioned, 7026,  rose,  712S,  7190,  7213. 
Defended  by  President  Taft,  7378. 
DiBCQBsing  powers  of  courts  in,  737S. 
Ailand  Watorwars,  improvements  rec- 
ommended, 7222. 
bmocnons  Dsmiottid*.— This    phrase   oc 
cors  In  a  message  of  President  CleTeland. 
March  1,  1886  (4066),  when  he  was  discus- 
sing  laws   on   the   subject   of   suBpeuiloDs 
from  olBce.     The  Senstc  had  asked  bim  (or 
his  reasons  for  suspend  log  certain  offlclals. 
Insane  Asylum.    (See  Government  Hos- 
pital for  Insane.) 
AiMUia  Fersosa,  act  making  grant  of 
lands  to  States  for  benefit  of,  vetoed, 
27S0. 
InsolTant  Dsbton,     (See  Bankruptcy; 

Debtors,  Insolvent.) 
Inspsctloii,  Sanitary.    (Bee  Animal  In- 

dastij  discussed.} 
Inflpector-asnaral   of  Aimy,   bill  rela- 
tive to  department  of,  returned,  4SS5. 
Inspector,  Bevsnna.    (See  Bevenus  In- 
spector.) 
Instltntltms  of  Iiesmlng.    (See  Educa- 
tion;   Military    Academy;    National 
University;   Naval  Academy;   Semi- 
naries  of   Learning,) 
Insnlai   PoansslonB.— According  to  a  re- 
port published  by  the  Natloaal  Oeagrsphlc 
Society   In   June,   1D14.   tbe  United   State* 
owns    exactly    8,000    Islands,    supporting   a 
population   of  10.000,000.     Tbe   report   (ur- 
Iher   shows    that    the    commerce   o(   these 
Islands  exceeds  (300.000,000.  or  more  than 
ran  Devanter,       that  of  the  United  States  In  any  year  prior 
Court,  at  St.        to  1850.     American  capital  InTeated  In  tbe 


■  operating  1 


CommlBlon  Iro: 


nnconBtltutloaal. 

In  1808  the  CL.       -  .,,., 
was  enjoined  by  tbe  Illinois 


igo  Typographical  Union 

nninols  Supreme  Court 

..     ^[|g  union  ap- 

r 1  the  practice 

complained  ot.  Tbe  violators  were  Bned  by 
the  court,  who  held  that  an  appesl  doe*  not 
Justify  the  violation  ot  an  Injunction. 

In  1808  a  New  York  City  Court  Judge 
Issued  an  Injunction  restraining  the  police 
from  Interfering  with  certain  theatrical  per- 
formances on  Sunday.  Thi*  Injunction  was 
Slsmlssed  by  the  Appellate  Division  ot  the 
tate  Supreme  Court,  on  the  ground  that  an 
offlcer  caunot  be  restrained  from  entordng 
•  valid  law. 

Tbe  Delaware.  Lackawanna  end  Western 
Railroad  Company  sought.  In  1808,  to  en- 

Ioln  It*  switchmen  from  leaving  Its  employ 
n  vlolatloD  of  an  alleged  agreement  to  work 
nndcr  certain  conditions  tor  a  gpeclfled  time. 
The  Injunction  was  refused  on  the  grounds 
that     no     violation     of     property     rlichts 


shipped  to  the 

United  States  (100,000,000  worth  of  prod- 
ucts every  year  and  they  take  In  exchange 
products  of  about  equal  value. 

Tbe  feature  of  tbe  report  Is  the  develop- 
ment ot  Porto  Rico,  Hawaii  sad  the  Philip- 
pine Islands.  It  sbowB  tbat  when  Porto  Blco 
came  under  American  rule  fifteen  years  ago 
tbere  was  but  one  school  building  on  the 
Island,  while  to-day  tbere  are  1,200.  There 
were  25,000  pupils  enrolled  In  the  Drat  year 

ot  American  a*— ■-■-•— •■-- •■- —  — 

176.000.     TbeL 
road  of  forty  t 


year:  now  It  Is  nearly  1100,000,000. 

Hawaii  ha*  tteen  extremely  prosperous 
since  It  came  permanently  under  the  Ameri- 
can flag  In  1800.  The  aseesied  value  of 
the  sugar  crop  more  than  doubled,  deposits 
In  banxs  trebled  and  in  savings  banks  quad- 
rupled. Hawaii's  Irrigation  system  la  the 
marvel  of  the  engineering  world,  and  the 
quantity  of  sugar  produced  per  acre  tar 
exceeds  that  of  any  other  spot  on  the  globe, 
Tbe  Alaskan  Islands  and  mainland  cost 
1 1?  600.000,  an  expenditure  that  many  be- 


organlsatlons  may  pearetuIlT  withdraw 
from  employment,  even  though  such  wlth- 
drswal  Involves  a  breach  ot  contract. 

Many  Interesting  points  of  law  have  been 
raised  on  the   subject  of   Injunctions,   r-* 

Uiey     bar-     ■■ —      .—.i-.t-     ai .■ 

^«BUIsnt 


■ntlre  poneaalon  cost.     (See 


jyGooi^lc 


bisolar 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


InavlAr  FonaBsloiiB,  U.  S.,  meationecl, 
7019,  7286,  7681. 
InduBtri&l  developneitt  of,  7019. 
Itunraiice  Comp&nlM,  Amarlcui: 

Exclusian  of,  from  Oennaiif,  referred 

to,   6061,  6099,  6183. 
Discussed     by    PrsBident    Boose  velt, 

6987,  7290. 
Federiu  control  of,  advocated,  6987. 
Treatmont  of,  in  Biuaia,  6961. 
Inanirftcttons.  (SeemegalCombuuttioiiB.) 
Iiit«rcoiitliieatftl  Rallroid; 
Connection  of  Hezicui  nutwa;'  bjo- 

tem    with,    discussed,   5547, 
Survey  for,  discuMed,  5622. 
To  connect  sjsteniB  of  North  Amerina 
with   those   of   southern   continent 
recommended,   5504. 
Intercoorae,  Porelsn: 

Action  recommended  on  the  publica- 
tion of  confidential  items,  S281. 
Appropriations  for,   190,  448. 
Bednction  in,  discosted,  4356, 
Unexpended,  3828. 
Contingent  expenses — 
Funds     on     deposit     with     Baring 

Brothers  A  Co.  for,  8828. 
Public  interests  demand  that  con- 
fldential  items  be  not  published, 
£281. 
Enienditures   for,   to   be   paid   from 

funds  on  deposit,  382S. 
Provision  for,  recommended,  58,  190. 
Bequests  of  House  and  Senate  for  fn- 
formation  regarding,  refused, 
186,  2281,  2416,  2452,  2690,  2601, 
2695,  6101. 
Beferred  to,  2529. 
Interest  Laws.  (See  Statutes  of  Limi- 
tations.) 
Inteilor,  Department  of  tlie. — As  exHa- 
tlve  depBitioeDt  of  tile  government  com- 
posed of  a  number  of  bureaa*  aud  oOcei 
wboK  duties  have  no  connection  wltli 
each  other,  but  relate  genersllr  to  inter- 
nal BllBlrg.  It  was  created  b;  an  act  of 
CongreSH  approvMl  Marrh  3,  1849 :  In  tbe 
orlgTiisl  law  It  was  called  tbe  Home  De- 
partment (0.  I.),  the  name  being  very  soon 
cbanged.  Sj  the  act  of  1S4S.  1{  was  given 
Jurisdiction  over  patents,  formerly  beid  br 
the  State  Department;  Indian  Affalra,  for- 
merly held  br  tbe  War  Departoient :  pen- 
sions, former]]'  held  b;  tbe  War  and  Kavy ; 
and  the  census,  tormerlT  under  the  Treas- 
or;:  irhlle  the  GcQeral  Land  Office  was 
transferred  to  It  from  tbe  TresBurj,  to- 
gether »lth  the  care  of  certain  pobllc  build- 
Higa  and  tbe  revision  of  court  acrouuts. 
Tbe  Census  Bt>reaa  was  transferred  In  1903 
to  tbe  Deparlment  of  Comtnerce  and  Labor 
(0.  v.),  while  the  reviewing  of  the  sccounta 
of  courts  and  marshals  Is  In  tbe  hands  of 
the  Department  of  Justice  (q.  v.l.  Numer- 
ous addillonB  hsve  since  been  made  to  Its 
Jurlsdidlon,  Including  edncatlon,  pablle  snr- 
Teys,  the  subsidised  rallnuds.  tbe  distribu- 
tion of  certain  public  documents :  labor  mat- 
ters now  controlled  by  the  Deoartment  of 
Labor  (q.  v.)  territories,  nalional  parks, 
sad  the  oversight  of  certain  charitable  In- 
Bfltatlons  In  the  District  of  Columbia.  Tbe 
offlce  of  Assistant  Becrelary  was  created  at 


lends  to  tbe  granting  a: 


ITBO.    Only  three  pateats  « ^ 

list    year,    tbirty-lhree    tbe    Becood.    and 
1  tbe  iblid      In  ]S3«  the  Patent  Offlce 
''"    all  tbe  records,  and  COB- 


gresa  then  'establlFhed   tbe'p _, , 

■□bstanlially    repealing    tbe  ^earlier    lawa 


tbe  Commissioner  of  Patenta  When  lb« 
Department  of  the  Interior  was  created. 
In  1849.  tbe  Patent  Offlce  was  made  a  bu- 
reau thereof.  Tbe  Commlnloner  of  Patents 
supervises  the  Issuing  of  patents  and  the 
registration  of  trade-marks.  His  declsloB 
is  final  In  ttie  Patent  Offlce  and  he  baa 
appellate  Jurisdiction  In  the  trial  of  Inter- 
terence  cases  and  quesllons  relating  to  tbe 
patentability  of  Inventions.  Tbe  Offlce  pub- 
Ilsbes  each  montb  an  Offlcial  Qawtte,  giv- 
—   -    description   of   each   patent   Issued. 


^e"p 


.-  Patenta.) 

Connfnfoflcr  oj  pmafoiis  baa  charge  of 
matters  relating  to  pensions  and  bounty 
lands.  I'nder  mm  are  two  deputy  conunla- 
slonera  and  a  chief  clerk,  eacb  In  charge  of 


tofore  conducted  by  tbe  War  Department, 
and  In  1S49  naval  pensions  also.  In  the 
same  year  the  Bureau  was  made  a  part  of 
.1.. Interior   Deparlment       (See   also 


I  msttera  relat- 


the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  acted  a> 
agent  for  the  sale  of  public  landa.  After 
the  offlce  of  Commissioner  of  tbe  Oeneral 
Land  Offlce  was  created,  tbe  Land  Offlce 
remained  a  Buresu  of  tbe  Treasury  Depart- 
ment until  It  was  made  a  part  of  the  la- 

*.rf..   Ti . .  ..   ,(,   organisation 

—   Affair*  hasjuris- 
I   of   tbe    UDltcd 


tribe.     Prevlou 

Ing  (0  the  Indians  bsd  been  transacted  b, 
tbe  clerks  of  the  War  Department.  By 
this  time,  however,  the  business  relations 
between  the  Qovcrnment  and  the  Indiana 
bsd  grown  to  such  pmporllonB  that  It  be- 
came necessary  to  estsbllsh  a  Bureau  of 
Indian   Affairs.      Accordingly   Congreaa   i" 

"   QCe, — „    „„,.  „. 

Affairs.    The  first  Commissioner 

was  appointed  July  9.  IBSS.  It  remained 
a  part  of  the  War  Department  until  1849, 
when  it  was  transferred  to  the  Department 
of  the  Interior.     (See  Indiana.) 

TJie  Bureau  of  Bdmcaiton  was  originally 
established  nnder  tbe  nsme  of  the  iJepart- 
ment  of  Edacstlon  la  18ST ;  the  sncceedlna 
year  It  wss  made  s  Bureau  of  the  Inferior 
Department    Ita  head  !■  tbe  Commlsaloner 


I   shall   aid   In   edncatlonal   prog- 


matlOn     L.     . -._     ,„     e>.u.p,,uu<ii     urvw- 

resB.    Be  also  has  charge  of  the  education 
-•  "-1  .Indians  In  Alaska,  and  admlnlstera 
""    Tnpport    of 


jyGooi^lc 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Interior,  Daputmant  of  tbe— Coofomni. 
althODBb  geoloiiail  and  toDorrapblon]  »p« 

Kb  head,  tbe  Director  of  tbe  Oeoloslcai 
Bnrver.  li  charged  wkh  the  claBBlQculloo 
of  public  lands,  tbelr  eiemlnalloa  IB  to 
gMloglc  alnicture,  mlDernl  ruoarcM  and 
pTodncta  and  tfae  preparation  of  topo- 
grapble  and  geolofclc  mapa ;  he  makea  In- 
TMllgatlooa  aa  to  the  water  aupplj  aod 
tbe  capaclllt  of  Btreama ;  and  has  cDane  of 
tbe  r«clamntlon  of  arid  laoda  (popularly 
knowD  aa  IrMtintlrin  irork>  Inclndlag  tbe 
rffahtrteatnt  of  the  rcclamattoa  fund,  ere- 
aled  br  ihe  act  of  June  17,  10U2.  from  ibe 
■ale  of  arid  laoda,  (Se«  IrTlsallOQ;  aee 
GeoloKlcml   Burre;.) 

FolTowlDff  la  a  Hat  of  Ibe  aeerelartea  of 
tbe  iDterloT  end  tbe  prealdenta  under 
wbota  they  aeired : 


Internal 

Libr&riea     ia,    con  soli  (I  at  ion    of,    re- 
ferred to,  4738. 
Separation  of  Patent  Office  from,  rec- 
ommended, 416S,  4206. 
Transfer  of — 

PeneioD  Buieau  from,  to  War  De- 
partment,  recommended,   4060. 
Territorial   affaira   from   State   De- 
partment to,  recommeDded,  4080, 
4145. 
Int«nul  ImprOTflmantS.— Tbere   being  no 
prOTlalon  tn  tbe  Conatltntlon   for  Internal 
ImproTcmenta,  tbe  matter  has  alwsrs  been 
a  anbject  of  dlspate.     Since  Aug.  7,  17S0, 
Congreaa  baa  regularly  appropriated  money 
for  ineh  ImproTemeDta  aa  lie  atrii^tly  witbin 
tbe  Federaf  Jurladlct ion— harbors.  l>eacona, 
buoTS,    Ugbtbouaea.    piera.    etc.      Marrh    39, 
1606,  Congreaa  authorised  the  prealdent  ta 
■ppolDt  three  commlaalouers  to  lu;  out  a  na- 
tional road  from  Cumberland,  on  the  Poto- 
mac, to  Ibe  Ohio  Rlrer,  and  appropriated 
fSO.OOO  for  the  eipenaes  (406).     The  road 

Datlonal  road  wis  alio  projected  through 
Oeor|[la,  with  New  Orleana  aa  Ita  propoaed 
weatera  termlnua.  March  S,  1817,  Presi- 
dent Madison  vetoed  ■  bllt  to  act  apart  the 
boDDa  and  QoTernment  dlrldenda  of  tbe 
national  bank  aa  a  fund  "for  constrtictlnK 
roada  and  rauala  and  ImproTlcg  the  navT 
gatlon  of  water  mursea,  on  the  ground 
that  CoDKress  had  do  couatltutlonsl  power 
to  extena  public  reTsnua  for  auch  purpoaea 
1969).  Uay  4.  1S22,  President  Monroe 
vetoed  an  approprladon  for  preaerTlng  and 
repairing  the  Cun-*— '--- '  — ■■    --  "■- 


of  thje  Interior  consnlt  the  Index  references 
lo  tbe  Pmldents'  Ueaaagea  and  Encrclo- 
pedlc   arlleles   under   the    following   head- 


QMloglnl  Sarrer. 


Landa,  Mineral, 

I-anda.  Pa  bile. 
LaDda,  Bwamp, 


Landa,  Indian.  Penalona. 

bitarlor,  Daputmant  of  Um: 

Additional  room  for  clerical  fore«  In, 
recommended,  4661. 

Affaira  of,  discuBaed,  6760, 

Appointment B    and  removals  tn,  re- 
ferred to,  3669. 

Establiahment  of,  referred  to,  £704. 

Fire  in,   diBcnued  and  recommenda- 
tiona  regarding,  4405,  4407. 

Fireproof    roof    for,     recommended, 
i6»0. 

Increased   number  of  law  clerks  in, 
recommended,  1079, 


_1   gfonnd   (711). 


esldent    Jar 


nal  ImproTemeDIa  11046,  10G6.  ISOI.  1837). 
March  14,  1818.  the  House  of  Bepresenta- 
tlves  paaaed  a  reaolutlon  declaring  that 
Congreis  had  the  power  to  appropriate 
money  tor  tbe  con  at  ruction  of  roads  and 
canals  and  for  tbe  ImproTement  of  water 
couraea  March  3.  1823,  tbe  flrat  appropri- 
ation for  tbe  Improvement  of  rivers  and 
barbers  paaaed  Congreaa.  In  April,  1824, 
S80.000  was  appropriated  for  tlie  aurvey 
of  Buch  roads  and  canals  as  the  president 
should  deeiD  of  national  Importance,  and 
tbe  act  of  March  8.  1825,  authorlied  the 
subscription  of  (SOO.OOO  to  tbe  stork  of  the 
Chesapeske  and  Delaware  Canal.  Since 
1861  the  queatlon  of  Internal  Improvements 
haa  ceased  to  be  a  party  one.  tioth  parties 
recognising  tbe  right  of  Congreaa  to  appro- 
priate money  for  public  Improvements. 
(See  River  and  Harbor  Bills,  Paclllc  Ball- 
roads  and  Irrigation.) 
IMemsl  ImproTements  (see  also  Bivers 
and  Harbors) : 
Acta  on  BQbjeet  of,  vetoed  by  Preai* 

Arthur,  4707. 

Diicuaaed,  4724. 
Cleveland,  6109. 
Grant,   4336. 
JackBon,    1046,    1056,    1071,    1201, 

1337. 
UadiBon,  569. 
Monroe,  711. 

Pierce,  £789,  2790,  2919,  2920,  292L 
Polk,  2310,  2460. 
Tyler,  2183. 
Aid  for,  ahonld  be  by  separate  bills, 
4725. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Internal 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


IiLt«rnBl  ImpiOTaments— COntfuiMd. 
AppiopriatioiiH  for,  1046. 

Applied,  872. 

On  the  Lakes  lefeTred  to,  SB57. 

Becommended,  955,  2627,  4648. 
Approv&l  of  bill  for,  explained,  1046. 

(See  kIso  Kivers  and  Harbors.) 
Soard  of  Engineers  for,  ezamiaation 

made  b^,  S53,  873. 
Constitutional     amendment     relative 
to,  suggested,  398,  553,  5S7,  750. 

Iteferred  to,  786, 


Arthur,  4646.  4707,  4724, 

Bacbanan,  3130. 

Cleveland,    6109. 

Fillmore,  26S6. 

Grant,  4336. 

Jaekaon,    1014,    104S,    1071,    1164, 

1201,  1337. 
Madison,  569. 
Monroe,  587,  711,  713. 
Pierce,     2751,     2789,     2790,     2919, 

2920,  2921. 
Polk,  2310,  2460,  2506. 
Roosevelt,  7602. 
Taft,   7665. 
Tyler,  2183. 
ExpenditnreB    for    public    works    Id 
States  and  Territories  referred  to, 
3S91. 
Information    regarding    eonstnictioa 

of  loads  transmitted,  594. 
Lands  granted  in  aid  of,  1029,  3651, 

4065,   4206,   S3S0. 
Keferred  to,   872,  877.  879,  909,  9S7, 

993,  1096,   1776,  2957. 
Snrveys  for,   transmitted,  1027. 
iBtonuI  S«Tmrae.— That  part  of  the  rev- 
enne  of  a  coantrT  which   Is  derived  (ritn> 
dntles  or  tarn   on  artldes   manutartDred 
or  KTO'Wa  at  hom*.  on  llcenHs.  ilamps,  In- 

levted  on  eiporlB  or  Importa.  The  laternal 
revenue  of  the  rmted  States  L>  tJerlveil 
chteflj  from  laxes  on  liquors  and  tobarro 
and  Id  eases  ot  vmergenry  upoo  commercial 
psper.  baok  clrrulatloD,  anil  upoa  iDcomes. 
The  receipts  Trom  tbese  Tarlous  sources 
ha*e  Tsrled  frooi  ll.OOO.UOU.  vhlrh  aKvre 
vaa  flraC  reacbed  In  ISO],  to  I30S.0OO.DOO. 
which  was  reached  during  the  operation  ot 
the  war  tsi  Id  ISQO.  Lster  tbe  taxes 
■ettled  down  to  a  norzail  basis  ot  soinclhlns 
like  1 150.000.000  a  jear. 

The  aouri-ea  of  Internal  reveDue  and  the 
rate  ot  taxation  are  sa  rallowi : 

SpcHoI  Taiei  and  flofM.— Recti  Hers  of 
leu  tbsn  900  barrels  a  rear,  tlOO :  recCIDers 
of  GOO  barrel!  or  more  a  rear,  f  200. 

~ flealera.    »100  r    retail 


\Vboleii 


retail   dealer 

Manufacturers    of    i 


ra.  tin 


inufacture  leaa  t 


Manufsctiirers    ot    filled    oheese.  MOO; 

wholesale  dealera  Id  tilled  cheese,  $350; 
ralsll  dealers  In  Blled  cheese.  (12. 

Uanafacturers   al    oleomargarlae,  f  600 ; 


J  of  halter,  9480; 

wholesale  dealers  In  oleomarsarlna  fre* 
from  srtlflclal  eoloratloD,  f  200 ;  Rtall 
dealera  Id  oleomaTxa''lne  --■■--■-" ' ■ 


.      manufacturers, 

packers  or  repeckers  of  mlied  Oonr,  |12. 

DIttilltd  SpiHU,  etc.— Distilled  spirits. 
per  gallon.  tl.lO:  stamps  for  dlstlll«4 
—•-•—.  Intended  for  export,  i — •■    *"  — — - 


Case  stamps  for  spirits  bottled  Id  bond, 
componnds  known   or 


Wines,  llgaora 
denominated^  ai  wl 
o(  sparkling 

made   from         . 

States,  and  (iquars  n 


made  from  znpea. 


berries  jfrown  In 

, .roduced  by  l»elna  rec- 

IlDed  or  mlied  wtfh  distilled  aptrlts  or 
by  the  InfualoD  of  any  matter  In  spirits, 

.-  u ,j ■_.    _-  .-  .,  mbstltuie  tar 

la  than 

Id' botileB.~eoDtalDlDC~more  thao  i 

piDt,  and  not  more  than  1  quart,  pet  bottle 
or  package,  20  cents  (and  at  tbe  bbbm 
rste  for  any  larger  qnantlty  of  mKt  mer- 
chandlie,  bovever  put  up  or  whataver  may 
be  the  package).  Grap*  brandy  used  la 
the  fortlBcallon  at  pure,  sweet  wine  nnder 
an  act  spprored  Jane  T.  IWM  {to  be 
aiscBsed).  per  nllon.  S  cents. 

Fermeitled  LtqMort. — Fermented  llqnon 
per  barrel,  containing  not  more  than  81 
tcaltoDB.  11  (and  at  a  proporClonats  rata 
for  halves,  thirds,  qnarters.  sixths  and 
elBhths  of  barrels)  ;  more  than  one  barrel 
of  31  gallons,  and  not  more  than  63  gal- 
lons. In  one  package.  12. 

TobQCCO.  Snuff,  (Heart  <nd  OtiMretles. — 
Tobacco,  nowever  prepared,  manufactnred 
and  sold,  or  removed  for  eonaamption  or 
sale,  per  poand,  8  cents:  snuff.  Dowerev 
prepared,  msnafartnred  and  sold,  or  re- 
moved for  eonsumptloD  or  sale,  per  poand, 
8  cents. 

Clgsrs  of  all  descriptions  made  of  tobacco, 
or  any  substitute  therefor,  end  welghlnf 
" —    ",    pounds   par   thousand,   fS ; 


cigars  of  all  descriptions  made  of  tobaceiib 
ir  any  subatltule  therefor,  and  welgblng  not 
nore  than  8  pounds  per  tboasaod,  16  cents : 
.■Igaretles  weijrhing  more  than  3  pounda  i 
tbousand.    13.60:    cigarettes   welghtng   i 
.1. —  D J .1 j_  (1.26. 


cigarettes  weijrhlng  more  than  3  pounda  per 

"- '     13.60:    cigarettes   welghlr-   --^ 

I  S  pounds  per  thousand.  (1 

Ofcomaroarfne,    ^diirferated    Butler    ( 


, Jly  c< .. 

of  any  shsde  oi  yellow,  per  pound, 
IV  vEuts :  oleomargarine,  free  from  colora- 
tion tbat  caoiea  It  to  look  like  butter,  ot 
any  shade  of  yellow,  per  poand,  1  of  on* 
cent :  oleomargarine.  Imported  from  torelgD 
countries,  per  pound,  16  cents. 

Adulterated  totter,  per  pound.  10  c~"-- 
process  or  renovated  buttr-    — 


butter,  per  pound,  | 

FVJed  Chette. — Filled  cheese,  per  pooDd. 
1  cent ;  same.  Imported,  per  poand,  B  cents. 

Opium. — Prepared  smoking  oplnm,  per 
pound,  tlO. 

Vfeed  J>'Iaur. — Hlied  Soar,  ner  barrel  ot 
IDO   poanda,   or   more   than   98  pounds,   4 


49   pouni 


I    24i  J 


cent ;  eighth  barrel  of  21|  ponn 


aunda,   1 


jyGooi^lc 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Znt«n»I  BsToinB— CoHiintiAi. 

i  ol  DQB  Mnt.      (Ulied  flour  Imported  from 
foralsn   countries,    la   addition    lo    Import 


Bamk*  ami  Banker*. — Circulation  li 


1900),  per  month. _  

ClreniattoQ   (except   national   banks)    ex- 

«««dlnt  BO  per  cent  ol  capital.  In  addition, 

per  month,  1-e  of  1  per  cent 

Bank!,  etc.,  on  amonnt  of  note*  ol  any 

peraon,  atate  bank,  or  state  banklnE  auocla- 

tlon,  oaed  (or  clrcnlatloD  and  paid  out,  10 


amount  of , , _. 

dpal  corporation  paid  oat  by  them,  10  per 


corporation,  atate 
aaaodatlDD,   on   the 
Botoa  naed  for  drcu 
tkem,  10  par  cent. 


r  atate   bankloi 


t  by 


Brerr  auch  person, , 

poratlon,  state  bank,  or  atate  banking  (.___ 
elation,  and  alio  every  oatlonal  banking  aa- 
■odatlon,  on  the  amoant  ol  notes  of  any 
peraon,  firm,  aaaoclatlon.  other  than  a  na- 
tional banking  aaaoclatlon.  or  of  aoy  cor- 
poration, atate  bonk  or  atate  banking  aaao- 
clatlon, or  of  any  town.  city,  or  nmnlclpal 
corporation,  oaed  for  circulation,  and  paid 
ont  by  them,  10  per  cent. 

Pt«»tilg  Cardt. — Ptaylnz  cards,  per  pack, 
contalDlns  not  more  than  ^4  carda,  2  centa. 

Pollowmf  Ii  a  summary  of  Internal  rey- 
enaa  reeolpt*  from  1686  to  1610,  IncInalTe; 


btemational 

Taset  Sal  Payablt  by  Btampi. — Tax  on 

■flclencles  In  production  ot  spirits— On  ei- 

'88   of   materials   used    In    (iroductlon    ot 

..ilrlts ;      on      clrculallon      of      banks      and 

bankers ;  on  notea  paid  out  by  banks  and 

others;  on  brandy  used  In  the  fortification 

of  wine.    Penalties  ot  GO  and  100  per  cent 

Corporation    Taxet. — Excise    tai    on   cor- 

poratfona,  joint   atocli   companlca.    aaaoclB- 

SO  per  cent  ^ddlllanal).  unaaseaaed  penar 
ties.  United  States  share  of  penalties  re- 
coTered  by  suits,  oilers  In  compromise.  In- 
terest, Costa,  floes,  etc,  (Includlcs  duplicate 
payments,  piyroents  In  ezcesa,  and  payments 
after  abalement).  Rate  of  tax  equivalent 
to  1  per  cent  of  net  Income  above  15,000. 
Income  Taxe*. — Tbe  Income  tax  for  the 
year  1911  yielded  teo,TlO,10T. 
Internal  B«vaiiie.  (See  Bevenna,  Pub- 
lic; T&xfttion.) 
Iiiteraftl-B«Tenii0    OoUectloii    Dlstrlcta, 

reduction  in,  4767. 
Int«mil  RflTflniifl,  OonunlaBtoner  of,  of- 
fice  of,    discussed   and   recommenda- 
tions regarding,  3985. 
Xiit«n»l-R«Teniie    Stampa    referred  to, 

3903. 
Intamal  Taxation.    (Bee  Taxation.) 
International  African  AsBoclation.  (See 

Congo  Free   State.) 
Intamatlonal  American  Bank: 

Charter   for.  recommended  by  Presi- 
dent Ben  J.  Harrison,  5560. 
Establishment    of,    recommetided    hy 
International  American    Confer- 
ence, 5605. 
Discnssed  b^,  S560. 
Intamttlonal   American   Oonferenu.— 
Oct.  2,  ISSS,  oa  the  Invitation  of  tbe  Dnlted 
States,   an  [Dternatlonal  conference  Of  rep- 
resentallves    from    the    United    SUtea    and 
seventeen     states    of     Central     and     Soulb 
America,  alsa   Including  Mexico  and   Haiti, 
aaaembled  at  Waablngton.  This  conference  la 
knovn  as  the  Pan-Aoierlcan  Congress,     Tbe 
object  waa  to  adopt   some  plan  ot  arbltra- 
•  -  -"       "tllement  of  dieputes  a~  '  """ 


s  of  c 


ot 


as  a  congresi 
toor  ot  the  I 


„jtween  the  c 

Domingo  was  the  only  state 
iQTltatloD.  Before  Bssembllag 
,  the  delegates  vere  taken  on  a 


to  n^lAMn«dD(M,  M provided  tot  in  tbs act  sf  Annat 
(,  IVM.  •Not  lodiifH  tlJM,«l7  tiaa  ohawnanM, 
tun  tna  mind  Soui,  tH.lSS  tna  sdnHmtad  tmtta, 
tSUll  fnUB  pKOH  H  nooTrltd  hottar.  tlaonu  (u, 
Jltttbti  etlai  (B  PMo  Riean  pmhuls— (luritii.  cn^n 
aad  ei9Rtte»-y«u  oded  laa*  K,  lilt,  UDIAU;  co 
i^D  sad  eivnus  tna  FUEpiiiMS,  Rl>.U)a 


knowledge  of  the _ 

various  counlriea  and  the  publlcanuu  m  .u 
extensive  aeries  of  proceedinn,  debates  and 
re  com  mend  at  I  DOS.     The      body      adjourned 
April   10,  1890.     The  Bureau  of  American 
Hepnbllca    <q.   v.)    was   estibllahed   at  tha 
suggestion  of  thla  congress. 
International  American  Oonferencfl: 
At  Washington — 
Centennial  celebration  of  diseoTerv 
of  America,  resolntion  of,  regard- 
ing, 5512. 
Discussed,  5389,  5467,  5542. 
Extradition,  reports  on  subject  of, 

adopted  by,  55H. 
Importations  and  exportations,  ree- 
onuneadations  of,  5506. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Intematicaial      Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


JateautioiaX  Am.  Ooaltxma»—0om. 
Intercontiuentftl    railroad,    varvoj 
of  route  for,   lecommendod  hj, 
550*. 
International  Ameiiean  bank,  M' 
tablishmoDt    of,   recommended 
hj,  5505. 
DiMuaaed,  5500. 
International    American   monetary 
union,  eatablishment  of,  recom- 
mended by,  SS13. 
International    arbitration,    teporta 
on,  adopted  by,  551S. 
Beferred  to,  5623,  6S74. 
International    bnraan    of   informa- 
tion   at    WaBhington,    eetabliah- 
ment  of,  recommended  by,  5S06. 
International  law,  ndoption  of  uni- 
form code  of,  recommended  by, 

&ei3. 

Latin-American  library,  eatablisb- 
ment  of,  recommended  b^  5500. 

Uemorial  tablet  in  State  Depart- 
ment to  commemorate  meeting 
of,  erectioD  of,  recommended  by, 
6514. 

Patents,    tiade-markH,    and    copy- 


Post  daes  and  consnlar  fees,  recom- 
mendationa  of,  regarding  nni- 
f orm  Bystem  of,  SS14. 
Postal  and  cable  commnQication, 
establishment  of  Improved  fa- 
cilities for,  recommended  by, 
B511. 
Public  health,  reeommendatioue  of, 

for  protection  of,  SS13. 
Bcciprocal  commercial  treaties  rec- 
ommended by,  5509. 
Statement    of    action    in    Panama 

Canal  matter,  6SST. 
Steamship  service,  establishment  of 
rapid,    recommended    by,    6491. 
(See  alao  6511.) 
Weights  and  measures,  report  of, 
on,  6513. 
At  Rio  Janeiro — 

Collection  by  government  of  debts 
due    their    citizens,    from    other 
conntrieB,  by  force  of  arms,  re- 
ferred to  Hagoe  Conference,  by 
Conference    of   South   American 
Republics,  7060. 
Effective  work  of  bureau  of  Amer- 
ican Bepublics  in,  7126. 
Intoroatlonal   Americftn   Honatair 
Union,     establishment     of,     recom- 
mended by   International  American 
Conference,  6613. 
bitematloiial  Arbitration: 
Attitude  of.  Great  Britain  and  Unit- 
ed    States    respecting,    discussed, 
5874,  0164,  6178. 
Failure   of  treaty  for,  referred  to, 


Beporta    adopted    by    Int«matioiutl 
American  Conference  regarding, 
transmitted,  6618. 
Beferred  to,  66E3,  6874. 
Besolntion  of  French  Chambers  fa- 
voring treaty  of,  referred  to,  6060, 
Treaty  with  Great  Britain  regarding, 
discussed,   6178. 
Intematloiial  Awodatloii  of  tita  Omge. 

(See  Congo  Free  State.) 
btamatloiul  Bniaau  of  EzchangOB,  «•- 
tablishment   of,   recommended,    46S1. 
(See  also  Ezehanges  for  Official  Doe- 
umeutB.) 
International  Bureau   of  Information, 


can  Conference,  5506. 
International     Cattle     Exhibition     mt 

Hamburg,  discussed,  4714. 
Intoroatlonal  Oonferenee  on  Ratio  tw- 

tweon  Gold  and  SUvex.      (Bee  Gold 

and   Silver.} 
Intematlonil  Oongnos  at  BmsseU  for 

abolition    of     African    slave    trftde, 

6471. 
International  Oongresa  of  Elactrlclau 

at  Paris,  dlBcussed,  4681,  4626,  4714. 

(See    also    National    Confereaee    of 

Electricians. ) 
International  OonTontloas: 

Discretionary     authority    of    ProN- 

To  invite  nations  to  attend,  on  sub- 
ject of  coinasa  reeommendationa 
regarding,  5877. 
To  eend  d^egates  to,  reeommenda* 
tions  regarding,  4617,  4783,  4S2T, 
6546. 
For  establishing  standards  of  meaa- 
nre  of  color,  perception,  and  acot«- 
nesB  of  vision,  recommendations  re- 
garding,  4780. 
For  protection  of  industrial  property, 

4794. 
For  suppression  of  crime,  4115. 
International  Oopyrlght  OonTentlon: 
At  Berne,  discussed,  4919,  5090. 
Negotiations  for,  referred  to,  4625. 
Intematloiial  Court  of  Arbitration.  (Sm 

Hagoe  Peace  Conference.) 
International  Bzchange,  Oommlwloii  on, 

work  of,  6941. 
International  ExUbltion  of  FIna  Azts, 
to  be  held  at  Hunich,  dbcussed,  5193. 
International  EzUbltlonB.  (Bee  Bxhibi- 

International  Ezposltton  of  Iiaboi  at 
Barcelona,  discussed.  El 77,  6399. 

International  Fisheries  ExUbitlon  at 
London,  discussed,  4688. 

International  Geodetic  Anodatlon,  In- 
vitation to  United  States  to  beeomo 


London,  diecuMed,  4827. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Jat»ma.Uoail  Idiw: 

Claim  of  Ore&t  BritBln  to  forcibly 
Tiiit  American  TesselE  on  the  aeui, 
not   Huatained  by,  3033. 
PropoBitiooB  regarding,  eubmitted  hj 

United  States,  discnased,  2945. 
Uniform  code  of  adoption  of,  recom- 
mended by  International  AJneriean 
Conference,    6613. 
Zatanuitional    Uarln«    Oonfersnca    at 
Waahington,    diaeuaBed,    5180,    5370, 
S468,  6493,  5498,  5543. 
Ditematlonal  Meridian  Oonfersnca: 
At  Waahington  discusBed,  4718,  4800, 

4827,  4S41,  6180. 
Invitation  of  Italian  Oovemment  to 
United  States  to  attend,  5646. 
Dttematlonal  UlUtary  Eucampmsat  to 
be   held  at   Chicago; 
Dnring  World's  Fair  diseoBBed,  6609. 
In    188 7,    foreign    gaeats    attending, 
not  to  pay  duties  on  baggage,  S164. 
Intsniatlonal     Monetarjr     Oonf«i»nc« 
(see  also  Coina  and  Coinage;  Qold 
and  Silver): 
At  BraaselB  in  1892,  5752. 

Postponement   of,   diseuBBed,   6876. 
BaportB  of,  transmitted,  5784. 
At  ParlB  In— 
1867,  3776,  379S. 
Beport    of    8.    B.    Baggies    on, 
4013. 
1878,  4447,  4464,  4474,  4510. 
Approprifttion  for,  recommended, 
4438. 
1881, 4625. 
1882,  4697. 
Intarnatloiul  Money  Ordna  dlscnseed, 

6881,  6971. 
bitanubtlonal    Obllgatlona    of    United 
Statea,    removal    of    casea    involving 
obBorvance   and   execution    of,   from 
State    to    Federal    judiciary    recom- 
mended, 1928,  1956. 
^tomaUonal    Ocean     Telegraph    Co., 
charges   made   by,   for   meeaageB   re- 
ferred to,  4069. 
Xnteinatlonal  Patent  Oongieis   at  Vi- 
enna, report  of  John  M.  Tbacher  on, 
referred  to,  4215. 
Qitematlonal  Peace  Gongren  at  Wash- 
ington diaeaased,  4684,  4717. 
Invitation     extended     countries     of 
North  and  Sonth  America  to  at- 
tend, 4685. 
Poatponemeat  of,  referred  to,  4717, 
bitematlonal  Penitentiary  Congreas  at 

Loudon,   referred  to,  4102. 
International  Polar  Oongreea  at  Ham- 
burg referred  to,  4636. 
Aitematloiul  Portal  Conference  at-~ 
Berne,  4SS0. 
LUbon,  4B38. 
Paris,  S887. 
New  convention  adopted  by,  4453. 


Interstate 

International  Pogtal  Union,  convention 
for  establishment  of,  4250.    (See  also 
Universal   Postal   Union.) 
International  Prison  Oongreea  (aee  also 
National  Priaon  Congreas): 
To  be  held  at — 
St  Petersburg,  5117. 
Stockholm,  4406. 

Proceedings  of,  referred  to,  4464. 
International  Sanitary  Conference  at — 
Bome,  48S8,  4918. 
Washington,  4S64,  4622,  4031, 
International  Statlatlcal  OongreaB: 
At  St  Petersburg,  4142,  4221. 

The  Hague,  4082. 
Invitation  to  hold  meeting  in  United 
States  recommended,  4142. 
Interoceanic  Oanal  Co.,  diacusssd,  6470. 
Interparliamentary    Union    invited    to 

St  Louis,  6796,  6923. 
Interstate  Oommerce.— Commercial  trans- 
actlona  and  IntercourBe  between  real  dents 
In  dlffenDt  itatea  or  carried  on  bj  lines  ot 
transport  extending  Into  more  than  one 
Btate.  Paver  to  regurate  commerce  between 
the  Btatea  Is  loTested  la  CongresB  bj  the 
Conitltutlon  (18).  IC  [■  held  that  the  power 
to  regulate  commerce  of  neresBltj  Includes 
Ihe  power  to  regulate  the  means  by  which 

It;  given  to  Congress  bj  tbii  clauiie  en- 
larges with  the  deTelopmeot  ot  the  Indus- 
tries ot  the  country  and  the  meana  o( 
commnnlcattDn.  The  Intent  ot  the  framers 
ot  the  ConatltDtlon  was  to  prohibit  legisla- 
tion by  an;  state  agalDsE  the  business 
Intereats  of  another  state  by  taxation,  dis- 
crimination or  otherwlae.  It  «■■  Intended 
check  upon  the  arbltrarr  power 


munleatlon  with  the  seaboard  marliets.  came 
the  oecessltr  (or  regnlatlDg  the  ratea  o( 
transportation  by  a  more  general  law  than 

It   was  wltbln  the  power  ot  any  state  to 

It  was  charged  an  I  net  the  railroads  that 
certain  flrms,  or  flrma  In  certain  eltlea 
made  contracts  by  which  their  goods  were 
'  —  g  dlstancea  at  fowi 

claimed    Ihat     competition     

lines  forced  tbem  to  take  the  long-distance 
trelgbt  at  nearly  the  same  rates  as  they 
received  tor  local  Freight,  where  there  waa 


I  ovet  long  distance 

sere  demanded  tor  carrying  t — 

abait     dlstaocea.       The     rsllroada 


.smpetltlon.     It  was  asserted   that  tbe 

railroads  did  not  regulate  Irelgbt   ratea  by 
coat  of  carrying,  but  by  what  tbs  buslDoss 

The  flrst  attempts  to  regulate  Interstate 
commerce  ttegan  In  18T3.  previous  to  which 
time  the  Orangecs  had  bad  stats  laws  tor 
regatatlon  of  railroad  charges  enacted  In 
Bome  ot  the  Western  Btatea  In  1BT8  John 
H.  Reagan,  ot  Texas.  Introduced  a  serlea 
ot  bllla  tn  the  House,  which  cutmloated 
Feb.  4    1S87,  after  yearly  debstea  on  these 


hippers  the  option  of  complali 


lug  of  special  rates,  etc.,  tbonch  tbe  cammlB- 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


■loDcra  ma;    nispcDd    thl«   rule    Id    fecial 
dKi:   nqalrea  railroadi  to   pabllib   ritea 
and   ■afacr«   to    them,    and    forblda    pooLlnK 
or  fralchCs  of  dlSereDt  anil  competing  ia.\T- 
rcada :   enfarcea  the   SatFt^  Appliance  Act 
of   1SS3,   and   requires   from    all    common 
earrleri    dolac    an    iDteritate    bniLnew    a 
moBtbl;  report  of  all  accldecti  both  to  paa- 
•enser*  and   emplojeea.     Tbe  cbalrmaa   of 
the    CommlMlon    Is   directed    to    anlit    tbe 
Commlvloaer  of  Labor  to  endearor  to  wttle 
■11  diaputea  between  nllwaf  companlM  and 
tbclr  employeei. 
IntentAta  Commcrea  Act; 
Disenued  by  FreBident'- 
Arthnr,  4732,  4T72. 
Johnson,  3560. 
Boosevelt,    6Q50,    6651,    6655,   6902, 

7025,  7039,  7070,  7130,  7143. 
Taft,  7368,  7432,  7441,  7452. 
ZnteTBtAto    commoTce  TAtes  reduced, 
aftar  pMUKe  of   Iaw  regnlAting, 
7419. 
New  York  CeutrAl  And  Hudson  Biver 
B.  B.  eoQTleted  under,  opinion  and 
sentence  of  Judge  Holt  quoted,  7406. 
PhTsicAl  ezAmination  of  nJlwATs  rec- 
ommended, 71 3D. 
latentAta 


loD,  Feb.  10,  IS91,  Feb.  o.  loo,  lus 
Dlklns  Act"  of  Feb.  19.  1903.  aod  tbe 
lending  act  approTed  June  29,  1906,  the 
leratate  Commerce  CommlHBlon  la  com- 
laed  o(  seven  membera.  The  regulating 
itutea  apply  to  all  common  carriers  en- 
ged  In  Che  transport  a  I  Ion  of  oil  or  other 


or  partlT  br  pipe  line  and  partly  br  . 

and  to  common  carriers  engaged  In  the 
transportation  of  paaseDgiera  or  property 
ThollV  by  railroad   <or  jiartl^   bj   railroad 


arrangement  1 


rol.   management, 


ind  do- 

jled  wholly  within  any  Territory  of  the 
United  States.  Only  tcafflc  transported 
Wholly  within  a  single  state  Is  excepted. 

The  commlssioD  has  Jurisdiction  on  com- 
plaint and  after  full  bearing  to  determine 
and  prescribe  reasonable  rates,  regulatlona. 
and  jitactlcea,   and  order  roparatio 


jurea  ahlppers  1  to  require  any  carriers  to 
cease  and  dealst  from  unjust  diacrl  ml  nation 
r  undue  or  uareaBODable  preference,   and 


to  Inslltute  and  carry 
enforcement  of  the  '-- 
may  also   inquire   inl 

Ject    '      ■ 


I  of   ail 


'  on  proceedings  .„ 
w.  The  commission 
the  managemeat  of 
mmnn  mirrlera  aub- 
regulatlng 


._     __i    PK 

es.  and  ft  i 

records,    and    m. 

kept   by    the   carrlera,   and   from    l __ 

time  Inapect  the  same.  The  carriers  must 
...    ,    „pof(j    with    the    commission, 

„ e  requ  Irel- 
and publish  all   ra _   _.     ., 

quired  by  law.  are  prohibited  from  engag- 
ing In  Interstate  transportstlon  and  pen- 
alties are  provided  In  tbe  statute  for  lall- 
nre  on  the  part  of  carrlera  or  of  abippera 
to  obaerre  tba  catea  speclBed  In  the  pnt>- 


The  following  were  the  C 

1912:  JndM>n  C.  Clementa.  of  Qcoigla. 
Chairman  i  Charles  A.  Pronty,  of  Termont: 
Charlea  C.  UcCbord.  of  KentDcky ;  Frank- 
lin K.  Lane,  of  California ;  BaJtbaaac  H. 
Heyer,  of  Wlacoluin;  Edgar  B.  Clark,  of 
Iowa ;  Jamea  8.  Harlan,  of  Illluola. 

By  amendment  of  June  18,  1910  ("Maon- 
Elklns  law"),  a  Court  of  Commerce  was 
created  <q.  t.)  wllh  Jariadlction  to  r«stnln 
or  enforce  orders  of  the  commission.  Thla 
court  Is  composed  of  Are  ]ndns  aelected 
from  the  drcnlt  court  Jndges  of  the  United 
Btatea,  and  the  ameadment  contalna  apeciflc 
proTlsloD  aa  to  JnrladlctiOD  and  procedure. 
Telegrapb,  telephony  and  cable  conpanle* 
are  made  aubject  to  the  commlaakiD.  The 
Jurisdiction  of  tile  comrulsaloD  !■  Increased 
sa  to  through  routes  and  joint  rates,  freight 
classl  Beat  Ion.  switch  connectioika.  Ions  'bd 
short  hanla,  filing  or  rejectloil  of  rata 
■cbedolea,  invest Igatlona  on  own  moUoB, 
making  reasonable  rates,  ■nspenelon  o(  pro- 
posed rates,  and  other  matCera.  An  Inwor- 
tant  aeetion  anthorliea  the  President  to  ap- 
point a  apeclal  comml  -     ' 

.  .  in  equity  brought  under  the  ■...  ._ 
regulate  commerce,  wherein  the  United 
States  la  complainant,  may  be  expedited 
■ud  given  precedence  over  other  suits,  and 
that  appeals  from  the  drcoit  court  lie  only 
to  the  Supreme  Court.  Tbe  act  of  Feb. 
19.  190S,  commonly  called  the  El  Una 
law,  Droblbits  tetuting,  allowa  proceed- 
loga  In  the  coorts  by  Inlunctiona  to  rc- 
Btraln  departures  from  published  rates,  aud 
provides  that  cases  prosecuted  under  tbe  di- 
rection of  the  Attorney-Qcneral  In  the  name 
of  the  commlaslon  ahall  be  Included  witliln 
the  expediting  act  of  Feb.  11,  1903. 

Under  the  act  of  Aug.  7,  18B8,  ail  Qot- 
emment-alded  rallroid  and  telegraph  com- 
panies are  required  to  file  certain  reporta 
and  contracts  with  Ibe  commission,  and  It 
la  the  commission's  duty  to  decide  Questions 
relating  to  the  lolerohanice  of  bastness  be- 
tween such  GoTemmeDt-alded  telerraph  com- 
pany and  any  connecting  telegrapb  company. 
The  act  provides  penallles  for  failure  to 
comply  with  the  act  or  the  orders  of  tba 

The  act  of  March  S,  1893,  known  as  tbe 
"Elafety  Appliance  Act."  provldea  tliat 
railroad  cars  used  In  interstate  commerce 
mtist  be  equipped  with  automatic  coupler^ 
and  draw-bars  of  a  standard  height  for 
freight  cars,  and  have  grab  irons  o~  *" — ' 
holds  f-  "■ -• -*  -'■■ 


3  the  ends  and  sides  of  each  c 


B  tor 


driving-wheel    brake    and 

Keratlng  the  train-brake  syi 
eels   tht ■"■ —    "-    ' 


'?e'^ 
r  lodge 


The    __.    _ _    ,_,    „    „. 

with    the   proper   district   attorneys   lofor- 

Its  knowledge,  Tbe  act  of  March  2,  1903. 
amended  tbls  act  so  as  to  make  its  pro- 
visions apply  to  territories  and  the  Dis- 
trict of  Columbia,  to  all  cases  wbeB 
couplers  of  whatever  dealan  are  brougbt 
toaether.  and  to  all  locomotives,  cars,  and 
other  enutnment  of  anv  railroad  envaiFMl  In 

_.  __:  of  April  14.  1910.  tbe  safety-ap- 
pliance acts  were  aupplemenled  bo  aa  to 
require  railroads  to  equip  their  cars  with 
sill  steps,  hand  brakes,  ladders^  running 
boards,  and  grab  Irons,  aud  the  commlsslan 
was  authorised  to  designate  the  nomlMr, 
dimensions,  location,  and  manner  of  appli- 
cation of  appllincea. 


s  In 


a  number  of  alr-hi 


jyGooi^lc 


Bncycloptdk  Index 


bmntioiui 


mimUf  OommnrM  Oommmioii— con. 


the  CommlnlODer  of  L-abor  to  use  their 
befit  effort*,  br  mrdlatloii  aDd  coDdllstlon, 
to  Mttle  controversies  twtween  railway  com- 
panleB  eongrd  in  lotenute  commerce  aad 
their  employees.  By  smeDdment  at  tblB  act 
Uarcb  4,  1811,  aojr  member  of  tbe  com- 
ndolon,  or  of  tbe  Court  of  Commerce, 
may   exerdse   the   poireni   conferred   upon 

tbe  cbairmaa  o(  t^- — — 

By  act  of  May 
dent-report ■  law  v 


of  honr«  in  a 


Tbe  act  of  March  1,  190T,  makes  It  tbe 
duty  of  tbe  Interatate  Commerce  CommiH- 
•lan  to  enforce  tbe  proTlslons  of  tbe  act 
wherein  It  Is  made  unlawfat  to  require 
or  permit  employee*  eDgaged  Id  or  con- 
nected with  the  movement  of  train  a  to 
'       -  duty  more  than  a  apedfled  number 

—  ■- twenty-four. 

ly  23,  1»08,  Ijy  aectlon  18 
n>    the    Interatate    Commerce 

limited  control  over  the  alreet 

raliroada  la  the  Dlatrlct  of  Columbia. 

The  act  of  May  SO,  1908,  directs  tbe 
Interatate  Commerce  Commtsslon  to  make 
resulatlons  for  tbe  safe  tranaportallon  of 
exploBlTes  by  common  carrlera  engaged  in 
Interatate  commerce.  A  peually  la  pro- 
Tided  tor  violations  of  auch  reguiatlona. 

The  act  of  May  SO,  1»08.  makca  It  the 
dnty  of  the  Interstate  Commerce  CommlB- 
alon  to  enforce  tbe  proTlslona  of  the  act 
wherein    It    Is   provided   that    after    a    cer- 


not  eqalpped  with  an  aali  pan  which  can 
be  emptied  without  requiring  a  man  to  go 
nnder  such  locomotive.  A  penalty  Is  pio> 
vlded  for  Tlolatioua  of  this  act. 

Public  resolntton  No.  46,  approved  June 
80.  1000.  and  the  sandry  dvll  appropria- 
tion act  of  May  2T,  1908,  direct  the  com- 
__.__.__  .^  iDveatlgate  and  report  —  •■■-- 
— A    ~. ■lances  Intel 


and   need   at   appili    . ._ 

ifety  of  rallwayoperallon. 


r   ot  March   3, 


■      1   ot 
w.~_»^<t..-B   tar    DiBtnet    or   L'oLuniBia    — 

and  electric  .._, 

The  act  of  Feb.  IT,  1011.  confers  Jurla- 
dletlon  npoD  the  commission  to  enforce  cer- 
tain provisions  compelling  railroad  com- 
panles  to  eqalp  their  locomotives  wllb  safe 
and    suitable    bailers    and    appurtenance* 

IntantKto  Oomnwicc  Oommlafllon; 
Civil  aerrice   extended  to,  6143. 
LeglBlation  for  protection   of  yard- 
tnen    ftnd   brakemen    antinat   kcci- 
detits    recommended,    5486,    S5S1, 
SMZ,  S766. 
Bailioftd     transportation     diacoased, 

8172, 

Batlroada,  piopoul   to    place  under 

JuriadietioQ    of,    6STS,    687S.    73S8, 

Work  of,  6902. 

Xiit«r>tat«  National  Omard  AaaodatloiL 

— This  assodation    Is   composed   of   repre- 

•entatlves  of  the  orgsniied  mi!""-      *  **  - 


.     .  lat    body    of 

Invnittonf.     (Bee   Patent   Office;   Pat- 
enta.) 


InvanUoaa,  American,— The  indnitriai 
progress  of  the  world  Is  marked  by  Inven- 
tions and  discoveries  which  dot  the  path 
from  bnrbarlsm  to  tbe  highest  state  of 
dvilliatlon.  While  the  first  great  Inven- 
tloaa  of  gunpowder,  printing,  the  marlner'a 
compass,  the  barometer,  thermometer, 
steam  engine,  aplnulug  jenny,  etc..  were 
brought  to  these  ahores  by  tbe  earlier  set- 
tlera,  the  world  owi^b  a  great  deal  to  Amer- 
ica for  orlglual  dlsooierlea  and  Inventions 
as    well    aa   tbe   (leveloiiinent  and   practical 

tbe  day  of  the  aetllug  up  of  the  printing 
preas  and  the  drawlnff  o(  eleetrlcHy  from 
tbe  clouda,  the  American  Inventive  faculty 
has   been   active,    niid,   encouraged   by   the 


lanclal   re  ward  a,   genius   bas  r 


Indi 


navigation  service  and  the 
The  threxblug  ma- 
il rod  need    from    Eng- 


chine    wua    acnrcely    Inlrt 

laud  than  Ell  Whitney  g ._ __ 

glu.  It  waa  an  Amerlcnn,  John  Stevens, 
who  flrst  applied  the  idea  of  twlu-acrew 
propellera    to    Bteam    navigation    and    made 

Possible  tbe  ocean  sreybound  of  to-day. 
he  breech- loading  abolgun  was  patented 
by  an  Amerlcnn  before  the  breaking  out  of 
the  War  of  1S12.  The  eccentric  lathe  for 
turning  Irregular  wooii  forms  waa  invented 
by  Thomna  Ulauchard.  an  American.  In 
1S19.  and  John  Walker  patented  friction 
maiches  In  18:;7.  Frof.  8.  F.  B.  Morse 
conceived  tbe  electric  telegraph  In  1832, 
and  In  the  same  year  Sailon  devlBed  tbe 
alectro-magnetlc  machine,  and  M.  W.  Bald- 
win built  "Old  Ironsides."  the  first  great 
locomollre  In  (he  United  Btates.  and  two 
years  later  Obed  Hussey  and  Cyj-na  Mc- 
cormick gave  us  the  reaper  and  mowing 
machine.  Bamuel  Colt  patented  the  re- 
volving chambered  Brearm  In  1836.  and 
three  rears  biter  Charles  Goodyear  dla- 
red    bow    rubber    ■ —    "■-    — ' — ' — ' 


Dr.  Morton  used  etber  for 


machine   In   opei ._ 

Dr.   Horace    wells   discovered 
Ditrons-oilde    gas    aa 
two  years  later  Dr.  i 

cylinder  printing  press  was  Immediately 
followed  by  Ellas  Howe's  sewing  machine. 
The  laying  of  the  first  Atlantic  telegraph 
cable,  which  was  conceived  and  executed 
by  CyruB  W.  Field,  gave  an  ImpetUa  to  In- 
ventive genius  along  the  Hue  of  rapid  com- 
mnnkatlon  and  trnnaparlnlloii.  and  was 
followed  by  many  Improvements  In  elec- 
trical apparatus,  car  couplers,  air  brakes, 
printing,  photography,  farm  machinery. 
etc.  Graham  Bell  bad  the  teicpbone  In 
practical  operation  In  1876.  and  the  follow- 
ing year  Ediaon  completed  the  phonoEraph. 
which  he  follnwed  Immediately  with  the 
IncandcBcent  electric  light.  An  Idea  of  the 
many  Inventions  In  the  line  ot  electrical 
appliances  may  be  obtained  from  tbe  tact 
that  Mr.  Edisou  alone,  according  to  tbe 
records  of  tbe  Patent  Office,  received  742 
patents  for  electric  devices  between  18T2 
SDd  1000.  As  an  Indication  that  Edison 
waa  not  the  on^  buar  Inventor.  It  may  be 

forty  others  received  from  one  hundred  to 
more  than  bIt  hupdred  pafenfB  each.  The 
linotype  machlae,  patented  by  Otbmnr  Her- 
genthnler  In  1RB4.  wronghl  many  changes 
and  ImproTpmeuta  in  the  printing  trade, 
and    the   lear-drlve    chain    safety    bicycle. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Messages  <aid  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


bventions 

InTBntloilS,  Awmrtrm — Cantliimed, 
wblch  before  the  adTeut  at  tbe  improred 
■Qlomoblle  held  Rwar  ■*  ■  rapid  and  eco- 
DOTDlcal  mode  of  Indlrldaal  Iransportatloa, 
waa  the  InventloQ  of  George  W:  Marble. 
Tlie  Fiiracllou  of  alamlDQiii  and  tbe  nun- 
Dfaclnre     ol     cement     are     slao    Im^rtaat 


trlbatloaa  t 


air.  » 


'  the  a 


bcUd 


ttlgatlug  tbe 

t  is  not  the  purpoie  of  this 
ueiate  all  the  great  inven- 
a  the  world  li  Indebted  to 
:   merelf   to   ahow   that   the 


the~  patent' oDce.      (See   alao   Patent 
flee.) 

InTaiitlolu    ExMbltKm,    Intenutlonsl, 
at  London  discDssed,  4SS7. 

lOWft. — One  of  the  middle  ireatern  group 
o(  atatea ;  Dlcknanie.  "The  Hawkeye  State"  ; 
motto,  "Our  Ubertlea  we  prize  and  oar 
rifbtB  we  will  mainlaln."  It  was  formed 
' ^mor,  p-- 


algnlQea 
lllnola 


(■eparated  br  tbe  UlSBlselppl  UlTe_..  __ 
tbe  BOQIh  by  Mluourl,  and  on  the  weaC  by 
Nebraika  and  South  Dakota,  and  has  an 
•re»  of  60.147  square  mile*. 

Tbe  Drat  white  seltlement  was  made  at 
Dabnqne  bj  Julian  Im  fiuque  In  1788.  la 
1834  the  territory  wa*  made  a  part  of  Mich- 
igan. Id  1836  It  waa  added  to  Wlaconsln 
Territory,  and  in  ISaS  the  Tecrltorj  of 
Iowa  waa  establlahed.  It  was  admliied  to 
atatehood  Dee.  28.  1846.  Iowa  la  almost 
eicIaalTely    an   agricultural    state. 

Statistics  at  sericulture  collected  for  the 
last  Federal  census  place  the  number 
■  or  farms  In  the  Slate  at  217.W4  (s  de- 
crease of  11,BT8.  or  9.1  per  cent,  as  com- 
pared with  1300>,  comprising  33.930.as8 
acres,  yalued.  with  stock  and  Improvemeats, 


diana.  The  general  strike  lasted  onl;  six 
weeks  In  lows,  wblle  It  lasted  sli  months 
Id  other  stales.  There  were  ia.fl66  miners 
employed  In  the  State,  who  worked  an 
average  ot  218  dajs  during  the  year  1910. 
The  State  haa  no  bondod  Indebtednpsa. 
The  asResBed  value  ot  all  property  In  1911 
was  |T5T.3.'ia.2Te,  which  la  one  fourth  of 
the  actual  value.  Tbere  was  In  the  seDeral 
Stale  revenue  fond  June  30.  1811,  «.282,- 
M9,  with  ooislandlnK  warrants  of  tlT3,T46, 
leaving  a   net   balance  ot 


cuttal  In- 

_,-— ,  „ _  jDplojBent 

to  84,919  persona,  aslng  matenal  *alDed  at 
|20a,S38.000,  and  tn— —-       "  — ■"'    ' 


a  t233.STS.000,  gli 


S.'SS^ 


HlDg  OE,  _ . 

wortb    t310.0S4.000.    ^laiiea   and    Wages 
paid  amouDted  to  tS6,2S2,D0a 
Imn  (see  also  Cedar  Bapidt): 
Acts  to  qniet  title  of  aettlen  on  Dm 
Uoines     Biver    landa    in,     vetoed, 
4996,  5412. 
Admission  of,  into  Union,  memoriAl 
from   leKisUttire  requesting,   2130. 
Boondaiy  line  with  Missouri,  dispute 
respecting,  1775,  1777,  1788. 
Appropriation  to  defray   ezpeoM 
growing  out  of,  requested,  1S53. 
Claima   of,   eonuniesionera   to   be   ap- 
pointed   to    examine,    referred    to, 
3662. 
Conatitntion  of,  appropriation  to  de- 
fray   expenses    of    convention   for 
formation  of,  requested,  1953. 
Survey    of    northern    bonndarr    of, 

2708. 
YoIunteeTB  from,  thanks  of  President 
tendered,  3442. 
lova  Indiana.    (See  Indian  Tribes.) 
Iowa  B 


States  proclaiming,  5S01. 
Bale  of,  bill  for,  4959. 
loway  Indians.   (See  Iowa  Indiuu.) 
Ireland; 

Imprisonment   of    American    eitizens 
in,  2S21,  3590,  46T8,  4«7B,  4003, 
46B9. 
Released,  3M2, 4713. 
Trial  and  conviction  of,  3800,  38ST, 
3833. 
Uilitary  expedition  to  aid  insurgent 
party  in.     (See  Fenian*.} 
Iron: 

Beport  relating  to  cost  of  production 
of,  etc.,  transmitted,  6560. 
Iron  and  StMl  IndustiT. — implement!  ot 
iron  having  been  found  with  tliose  ot  atone 
and  brooae  amid  prehistoric  mtna  aford 
conclnstfe   proof   of   the   antiquity   of   tbe 

_i.  ..  .Ki _i (^g  andenU.     A 

1  In   the   British 


400   1 


weapons  and   ornaments  800 

B.  C.      During   tbe   proBoerona   days 

"        -    "    nlre    the    —    -'    ■ — 


In'the'state  atid'oOO  miles  of  electric  line. 
The   population    ascerUlaed    tiy__t_hp_rTnlted_ 


^  -  . orsj 

Fmnlre  the  oae  of  Iron  beam* 
general  thranghout  what  vras  theii  the 
civilized  world.  When  Jnllna  Caenr  In- 
vaded Britain,  B.  C.  SB,  be  (oDBd  the  na- 
tives In  familiar  posaeaalon  of  ■A«an 
■words,  hooks  and  scrthes  of  Iran. 


□sefol   of  melals    Iron    la  seldum    foUDd   bi 

...    ...        tbe  native  stnte,  but  combined  with  axyaen 

2,231,BG3,  and      and  other  element*  It  Is  widely  dIstniMiM 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Inn  and  fltMl  Indtubry — Conunuea. 
aa  B  cooatitDeiil  of  rocka,  and  (orma  «z- 
tmalve  deposlta  In  manr  partB  of  the 
world.  Ulneral*  (rom  wnlcfi  iron  ore  I* 
fztraeted  (or  commerdal  pnrpows  are : 
Manedte,  In  whlcb  the  Icon  ocean  ai  mas- 
netle  oxide,  and  cootalns.  vben  pare.  73.40 

eec  cent  at  Iron;  Hematlu,  IneludlDg  red, 
Ine,  and  apecnlar  bematltea  and  mlcaceoua 
and  foMll  om,  mnulnliic  about  Ti>  per 
cent  of  Iron;  Llmonlte.  or  brown  bematfte, 
tnclDdluK  bog  ore>,  pipe  orei,  and  otUer  bj- 
drated  oildea.  coDlalnlns  leu  tban  SO  per 


Blderlte, 


.    blackband,    and 


United  Stales  mining  la  confined 


Incladlng    claj  '  iruumuur. 
other  ore*,  with  about  48 

In   the   united   States   ml 

to    tbe    hematlle.    Llmonlte    and    

depoalta,  which  carry  from  60  to  60  per 
cent  of  Iron.  Hematite  contrlbntea  fonr- 
'  tbe  total  production,  A  la  tee 
"-'n  ore  comes  from  the  Laie 
Ion,    where    Immenie   depoalti 


part    Of    thli    ore    comes    from 

Superior    region,    where    Immeni.    

I '■^en    found    In    metamornhosed 


]  Michigan,  ea*t  of  the  Keweei 

la.  opened  In  ISM:  the  Menominee, 

on  tbe  border  of  Wlacoaain  and  the  apper 
penlnanla  of  Michigan,  developed  In  ISTT  : 
the  Oogebee,  wholly  In  Wlsconslp,  opened 
In  IBSl;  the  TermllloD  and  Meaabl,  Blt- 
nated  northwest  of  Lake  Buperlur,  Id  MlQ- 
neaota.  first  worked  la  1884.  The  deposits 
are  found  near  the  snrface  and  are  simply 
gathired  up  by  steam  sbovels  and  dumped 
on  ears.  The  total  prodnctlon  tor  the 
rmted  States  In  191S  amoanted  to  ai,- 
B80.43T  long  tons,  taken  from  411  mines. 
One  mine  alone  on  the  Ue>abl  Range  In 
Hlnnesota  broduced  S,  4  57.008  tons  of 
hematite.      Tbe   pneral    average    price   of 


■on    ore   is   »i.lS   per   tc—      —    _. 
3proach  to  the  United  Ststes  msde  by  a 


!    Dachy   of   Luxe 


r  country  in  the  r 

uermany,   Incladlng  tb.   

burg   irilh    about    SO.OOO.OOO    

cornea  France  witb  aome  IT.OOaooo 

Tbe  Iron  ore  mined  Id  tbe  Onlted  SUtes 
In  1»10  reached  6(1.036,490  gros*  tons,  the 
greateat  ontpnt  made  In  any  Tear  except 
1910  and  lSl3.  The  ahlpments  In  lOllE, 
namely,  B6,4»8,100  gross  —-  — ' — •  -' 
S101,a%,»84,   wer-   -    '■"' 

Snantlty  mined.  —  , ,  — 
P15  was  an  Increase  of  14,000.000  toun  v<.. 
tbe  output  In  1814.  Tbe  increases  In  oaau- 
tlty  and  In  *a1oe  of  Iron  ore  shipped 
anoanted  to  about  40  and  41  per  cent  re- 


Neit 


lued   ai 


1B15   w 


t  Lake  Saperlor  dlsti 


of  70  to  75  cents  • 


iviA  were  Minnesota,  Michigan,  Alabama, 
Wlseonsln,  and  New  Tork. 

Tbe  Lake  Superior  district  mined  nearly 
86  per  cent  of  the  total  ore  In  1915.  the  Bli^ 
mingham  district  about  SJi  per  cent,  or  a 
little  more  than  one-tentb  as  much. 

To  extract  the  pure  metal  from  tbe  va- 
rious ores  of  Iron  reqalres  some  simple 
and  cheap  preliminary  treatment.  «ucb  as 
•orting  and  slilng  the  pieces  of  rock,  wash- 
ing away  what  earthy  matter  can  be  re- 
moved by  water,  cmablng  and  concenlrstlng 
by  pamhig  the  broken  rock  throujth  mague- 
tlied  drama  or  screens  to  draw  the  ore  from 
the  non-ferrous  gangne  with  which  It  la 
accompanied,  and  weathering  to  allow  the 
dMntegratloD  of  shale  and  sulphur.  The 
fllnct  or  primitive  method  of  eitractlog  tbe 


■light  modl'flcation'of  tbe'earlfesl 

forge.  Tbe  resultant  product  was  wrought 
iron  or  steel,  according  to  tbe  details  of 
^e  process. 

In  order  to  prevent  tbe  great  waste  of 
Iron    cansed    by    tbe    cambinatlon    of    the 

Sngne  with  some  of  tbe  metal  It  was 
md  necessary  to  dbo  some  satxtance  wltb 
wblcb  tbe  silica  of  the  gangne  will  readily 
unite  to  form  slag.  LImeslone  Is  tbe  most 
generally  used  (or  this  purpose.  All  such 
articles  added  are  called  Qaies,  and  tbeir 
use  constitutes  one  of  the  mast  Imnorant 
discoveries  ever  Introduced  In  the  maanfac- 
tnre  of  Iron.  Charcoal  early  bccBme  geo- 
erally  used  as  fuel  for  beating  tbe  mass. 
The  high  temperature  necessary  to  fuse 
lime  slog  requires  a  chimney -shaped  furnace 
wltb  appliances  for  forcing  a  draught  of  air 
through  the  molten  rock.  The  contrivance 
— '  '—  "-•-,  purpose  is  known  ss  the  blast 


the  fourteenth  century.  Many  Important 
changes  have  l>eea  made  In  the  blast  fur- 
nace, until  today  the  output  of  such  furnaces 
freqnently  averages  000  tons  of  pig  Iron  In 
twenty-four  hours. 

The  distribntlon  of  the   Industrv  In  the 
Onlted   States   Is   shown   by  the   followlog 


0/  rotot 
62.S7 
20.72 


81,080,487       100.00 


Ubie   for   1 

Stat« 
Ulnnesota   .... 

Michigan    

Alabama      

New   York 

Wisconsin    . .. , 

Wyoming    

Pennsylvania. 

VlrgiDia    

Tennessee  .... 
New  Jersey  . . . 
New   Mexico    . . 

Nortb   Caroiiiia 

Mlsaonrt     

rtab    

Otber   SUtea    . 

Totol     

The  production  of  pig  Iron,  Including 
ferroalloys,  according  to  Ogutea  published 
February  26,  1910.  by  tbe  American  Iron 
sod  Steel  Institute,  was  20.916,213  grO«s 
tans  Id  leiS.  compared  with  2S.3S2.244 
gross  tons  in  1014.  Tbe  pig  Iron,  exclusive 
of  fercaalloys.  sold  or  used  Ta  lOlB.  accord- 
ing to  reports  of  producers  to  tbe  United 
States  Geologlcai  Survey,  was  S0.384.4S8 
gross  tons,  valued  at  S401.4O9.Q04,  a  gain 
ol  36  per  cent  In  qnaDtlty  and  34  per  cent 
Id  value.  The  average  price  per  ton  at  fur- 
naces Id  1015  as  reported  to  the  Survey  was 
tl3.21.  compared  wltb  S13.42  In  1914.  The 
ratio  of  pig  Iron  produced  to  Iron  ore  con- 
sumed was  53, IS  per  cent  compared  with 
5T.4S  per  cent  In  1014. 

In  1866  and  1S6S  Henry  Bessemer  of 
London  obtained  patents  for  a  process  ot 
converting  molten  pig  Iron  Into  steel  by 
forcing  small  Jets  of  cold  air  tbroagh  the 
molten  Iron,  but  his  Invention  was  not  suc- 
cpnefnl  antll  modified  bv  Robert  F.  Musbet 
who  added  to  the  malten  steel,  after  the 
blast  had  been  BtoDp<^.  a  sutnclent  quantity 
of  BDlegelelsen  (an  alloy  ot  Iron  Bud  msn- 
ganese)  to  neutrallie  the  oxide  of  iron 
caused  by  blowing  and  to  give  the  steel  the 

S:^Der    degree    of    hardness    and    fluld'ty. 
either   Bessemer  nor  bis  AmericsD  rivta. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presuienls 


Inm  kBd  St«d  Indnmr — OotMimed. 


Id  commercial  quiDtitieB  vat  put  Into  mc- 
cfMfiil  oporstlon  h;  the  pFiiD>;lTaiila  Bte«l 
Companr  at  Steelton,  near  Uatrlibur^.  P«^ 
In  June,  18ST. 

Tbe  "tntlc"  open-liesrtb  proceaa  of  ateel- 
■tiaklng  WBH  Introduced  Into  tbe  Unltrd 
Blatcs  ■□   1888  bf   CarDogte.  Phlppi  &  Co., 


Btone  or  msipoilie.  Wben  p'e  Iron  contaln- 
IdE  bo  mueii  phospboma  as  to  render  It 
__..  . .„.  .^,o  g,jp,  by  any  other 


method   1 


— ,   -vmovefl   (be  objectionable 

phOBphorua  and  makeB  atecl  equal  to  that 
producMl  In  the  old  opf  a -hearth  turn  ace. 
By  tblB  procpBB  lmmenM>  depoKlU  of  Iron 
ore  BO  full  of  pbOHphoruB  as  to  De  naeleai 
fo  Rtcel  making  were  made  aTallable  tor  the 
hlgbest  kind  of  constractlTe  work.  Hleh- 
grade  Btruonral  material  aui^h  aa  holler 
and  ship  plates,  brldgp  and  lulldlne  beaiua. 
hlgh-Krade  caBtlnRa.  etc..  In  Kenerally  open- 
bpanb  steel,  tor  the  reason  that  It  IB  con- 
sidered more  uniform  In  qnality  Chao  the 
softer  steel  made  by  the  Bessemer  proceas. 
The  first  Bteel  rails  rolled  In  the  way  of 
regular  buBJneBs  were  made  by  the  Cambria 
Iron    Company    ot   Jobnstown.    Ta.,    In    Au- 

Bst.  18(17,  froin  Ingot  s  made  by  the 
□  DByiranla  Steel  Company.  The  produc- 
tion of  Beseemer  ateel  1n  188T  waa  ouly 
3.0O0  tooB,  while  In  IRI-I  It  had  grown  Co 
6.545.T06  tons.  The  rapid  and  enormooB 
dBTetopment  of  the  BesBemcr  Bteel  IndUBtrj 
Id  the  rolled  States  Ib  attributable  cbleSy 
to  (he  great  exlenBlon  of  our  rRlIroads. 
IleeBemor  steel  Is  also  ased  tor  siwl  hars. 
merchant    Bteel,    aod    for    tin    pla' 


The  stecl-waTka  and  ralllnf -mill  IndiwtTT 
Ifl  conceDtrated  largely  In  tD«  middle  At- 
lantic and  east  Donn  central  itataa,  and  la 
tliE   Panbaodle  of  West  Tlrdnla. 

Th«  sleel-works  and  TOlllng-ailll  IndnatiJ 
comprlaea  three  ciasaes  ot  eBtabliahments : 
(1)  Those  equipped  both  with  (nmaces  tor 
maklnr  ateel  and  with  hot  rolls  tor  rolling 
It;  (2)  those  equipped  with  steel  tamaces 
bnt  not  with  hot  rolls :  and  (3)  those 
eqnlpped  wllb  bot  rolls  bnt  not  with  aieel 
famacea.  Most  ot  the  largnt  eBtabliah- 
meals  belong  to  the  first  group.     All  steel 

Slants  operated  lo  conjunction  with  blast 
nmiiniw  are  equipped  hIbo  with  tQlllDK  de- 
I.  On  the  other  hand.  ao.  estab- 
*  the  second  group  have  blast 
nmaees,  out  all  buy  pig  Iron  and  scrap 
for  Bteel  making.  BBtsbllshments  of  the 
third  gronp  Include  tboae  pnrcbaslDE  their 
material  In  the  form  of  togots.  blooms. 
slabs  or  other  Bhapee,  pig  Irou  for  pud- 
dling fumaceo.  and  also  the  few  Independent 
bloomerles. 

PennBylvanU  In  1909  contrlbated  over 
half  (50.T  per  cent)  of  tbe  total  valne  o( 
products :  Ohio,  about  one-Sttb  (20.1  per 
cent)  ;  Iltlnola.  S.8  per  cent ;  New  York,  * 
per  cent,  and  Indlnna,  3.9  per  cent.  Ot 
the  leading  producing  Btates.  Indiana,  ow- 
ing to  (be  recent  great  dcTelopment  at 
Oary.  BhowB  tbe  highest  percentages  ot  In- 
crease— 6B.8  per  cent  in  number  of  wage- 
eameri,  128.4  per  cent  In  value  of  producta, 
and  108.7  per  cent  In  tbIqc  added  by  msnii- 

The  overage  number  ot  persons  engaged 
in  the  lodoatry  In  1»09  was  260.7^.  of 
whom  240,076.  or  02,1  per  cent,  were  wsge- 
earnera  :  4,286.  or  1.6  per  cent.  proprletDra 
and  omcialB,  end  16.400,  or  6.3  per  cent, 
clerks.  Individual  proprletora  and  Arm 
members  were  few  In  number,  the  Indnslry 
being  mainly  controlled  by  corporatlona. 

Ot  tbe  number  o(  wage-earners  Id  1909. 
B4.2  per  cent  were  In  eaCabllshment*  Wbete 
tbe  prevailing  hours  were  slity  per  week 
or  ten  hours  a  day  tor  sli  days  In  the 
week,    while   34.4    per  cent   were   In   estab- 

"-' ■-  -"here  the  prevailing  hours  were 

per    week,    and    21.8    i 


alxty   per 


plants    and    hot-rolling    mills.        was 


lay   li 

0.3  e 


ot    which     for     the    yet  _ 

»9IB,fi27.244.     The  rolled,  tot 

claaBlfled  Iron  and  Bteel  products  aiocregated 
2.^,58a,7l,'(   _ton8._  J?J".''^    'I  _$S02,97fl..^_16, 

"*'    T>.*ua,u.iu  tons  oi  imrtij 

rfs — hloomi.    hlllftn.    Klat^.    „_^^., „, 

J  scrap  bur — 
valued  at  f ISO. 67 4, BOO.  and  652.343  tons  ot 
nnrolled  steel  In  t^e  form  of  Ingots  and 
castlngB.  valued  at  (47.54 7. 1 36. 

Tbe  BtatlBtlcs  tor  1914  covered  a  period 
of  marked  depresBlon,  the  production  of 
rolled  Iron  and  steel  In  that  year,  as  re- 
ported by  tbe  American  Iron  and  Steel  In- 
stitute. beloR  2S.9  per  cent  lp=s  than  the 
output  In  1013.  ThiB  waa  tollowcil  by  a 
recovery  tn  IBlfi,  as  evidenced  by  the  pro- 
duction^ of^jilc  J  ron.   which,   after  dropplnc 


in   eatnbllshmen 
oura   0 


which   tbe   prevailing 

,..        ___       __    __«l^ly*'hiih"bk'liunolB! 

wiBconsIn  and   Indiana. 

Lncatlon  of  E*tabHtltmenU. — Of  tb«  es- 
-*■"-'■ — ito  reported  for  IB14,  178  were 
Pennsylvania,  87  in  Ohio,  23  In 
Illinois.  23  In  New  York,  IB  In  Indiana,  IS 
In  New  Jersey.  15  In  Weat  Virginia.  12  In 
MassacbuBcttB,  12  In  Wlacoaaln.  9  In  Utchl- 


tabllsli 


17.682.422  tons  "(of  the'seco'nd'h 

The  production  of  structural  stiapea  In 
1914  was  2.n8!>,B86  tonn.  valued  at  «57..'>61.- 
208.  rporesentlnn  a  deorense,  bb  compared 
with  100».  ot  3B.(>44___tonB,  or  1.8  per  cent 


„  n.  7  In  Cailfomla.  8  In  Alabama.  0  I- 
Kentucky.  5  In  Delaware.  4  In  Connectleat 
3  In  Maryland,  3  In  Mls-sourt.  3  In  Rbode 
Island.  2  in  Virginia,  and  1  each  tn  Colo- 
rado. District  of  Columbia,  Oeorgla.  Maln& 
Minnesota.  Oregon,  Tennessee,  Texka  and 
Washington. 

The  tendency  toward  concentration  In 
laree  establlehmentB  is  very  marked  tn  the 
steel  Industry.  There  is  no  other  IndnBtry 
tn  which  BO  many  planiB  of  great  alse  are 
found.  In  190fl,  41.7  per  cent  of  the  e«- 
Inhllsbmenta  reported  products  valued  at 
f  1,000.000  or  more  each.  This  group  of 
esrnbtlsbmcnta  In  1909  included  twenly- 
three,  with  ptodnctB  In  eieesa  of  SIO.OOO,- 
000  In  vnlue.  Tbs  value  of  the  ontpot  of 
the  eRtnhilshnnenlB  with  products  valned  at 
t1.000.000  or  over  formed  81  per  cent  of 
tbe  total  for  all  esublisbinentg  f&  1009,  and 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Inlgatloii 


iRlgfttlrai— OdkHmmA 

that  of  tbe  Mtabliahment*  «tth  prodaeta 
TBlDcd  at  tlO.000.000  or  oTec  canatltoted 
43.3  par  cent  ot  tbe  total. 

In  the  distrlbntloQ  of  the  18.276,237 
tons  of  flolahcd  rolled  prodnctt  and  fore- 
iDgi  made  by  steel  work  and  roIIIoK  mtlla 
1q  IBOO.  amoDg  the  principal  producInK 
■tatea  PennsrlTaula  prodoced  01.4  per  cent 
ot  tbe  ontpnt  of  laeee  pioductB  In  1909. 
Ohio  Increaaed  Ita  proportion  of  the  output 
to  14.1  per  e«Dt  Id  tbe  latter  year.  Indiana 
and  llllnola  ahoned  higher  percentages  of 
ontpnt  In  1909  than  In  1904;  hot  the  pro- 
portion reported  br  New  Xork  and  weat 
virilnla  remained  abont  the  aame. 

niere   haa   been   during   each   decade   ■ 
-*"1  Increaa*  '—'■■■  *-   "■-  -' — '■"-  --- 

daeed.     Bailc  c 

aa  agalnit  64.2  per  c 

Bteer  on  tbe  other  L . _- ,— 

put  Increaaed  15S.8  per  cent  during  this 
period,  conitltated  only  S9  per  cent  of  the 
prodnctlon  In  1909,  as  compared  with  86.6 
per  cent  In  ISSB. 

lion  and  Statf,  mAnnfBcturers  of,  tarifl 
on  (Bchednle  C)  vetoed,  7749. 
Tariff  rates  compared,  7760. 
brlgktlon.— The  anelent  practice  of  ID' 
creaalng  the  prodactlTeneai  of  the  aoU  by 
meana  of  an  artificial  supply  ot  water  has 
been  snceesirDlly  applied  to  the  arid  Dlalua 
of  tbe  western  part  at  tbe  United  Statea. 
Tbe  subject  became  so  eitenslTe  and  Im- 
portant tbac  In  1900  the  leading  political 
fiartles  pledged  tbsmselTes  to  enai'i'  lawn 
DOklug    to   tne   reclamation   ot  i 

Vv  to  this  time  moat  ot  the  pn 

UOB  work  was  carried  on  under  tbe  Carey 
■«t  at  1894,  which  jcranted  to  each  of  the 


c  Irrlga- 


blcb  (Tai. — 

_._00,000  acres  of  desert   land 

en  coDditlOQ  ot  U>  reclamatloD. 

Under  thla  law  public  lands  are  with- 
drawn tram  entry  on  application  of  the 
state.  The  state  may  then  enter  into  con- 
tract with  private  compaDlea  to  build  Irrl- 
fatlon  canals,  ditches,  teaervoirs,  etc.,  the 
state  agreeing  to  sell  the  land  to  settleri 
who  ha»e  contracted  with  tbe  canal  bnlld- 
era  tor  a  supply  of  water  at  prices  fixed  In 
the  contract   witb   the  state. 

June  17.  1902,  Congress  passed  the  ree- 
lanutlOQ  law,  nblch  provided  for  the  con- 
Btmctlon  of  Irrigation  works  by  tbe  United 
States  Oovemment.  The  law  set  isldf 
the  receipts  from  tbe  sale  ot  public  iandi 
In  Artsona,  California,  Colorado.  Idaho, 
Kansas.  Montana,  Nebraska,  Nerada.  New 
UexlcD,  North  Dakota,  Ohlaboma,  Oreeon, 
South  Dakota.  Ctah.  Waablngtoo,  and  wto- 
mlng,  tor  tbe  conatrnctlao  ot  Irrigation 
works,  ander  Che  direction  of  the  Secretr  — 
e(  the  Interior.  The  coat  ot  the  works  ._ 
to  t»e  repaid  by  the  settlers,  who  use  tbe 
water,  in  ten  anoiial  InatallmeDts,  and 
when  the  paymenla  hare  been  made  tor 
majority  of  tbe  lands  included  In  any  pro] 
ect  tbe  management  and  operation  ot  suci 
project  are  to  be  Corocd  over  to  the  own 
era,  to  be  maintained  at  tbeir  expense. 
The  receipts  from  tbe  sale  of  land  and  tbe 
use  of  water  are  to  form  a  perpetnal  recla. 
malloD  fund.     Public  lands  iDcluded  Id  rec- 


t  apply  to  such  landa. 

rp  to  1909  the  OOTernment  had  selected 
tor  reclanatioD  more  than  two  mi  I  Hod 
acres  at  an  estimated  cost  of  nearly  (90,- 
000.000.  Under  the  Carey  act  tbe  aUtes 
have  selected  for  reclamation  and  bad  as- 
signed to  them  Dp  to  July  1,  lOOS,  S,2SD,- 


28B  acres.  Idaho  and  WyomlDr,  each  hav- 
ing disposed  of  tbe  1.000.000  acres  allowed 
them  under  the  law,  were  granted  an 
additional  1,000,000  acres  tor  tbe  same  pur- 

Tbe  reclamatioa  service  baving,  however, 
embarked  on  various  costly  eDlerprlses  be- 
yond the  means  ot  tbe  reclamation  fund, 
CongreBB  was  required  to  paeH  a  new  Inw 
In  1910  autborlilng  the  iBSuance  ot  certlll- 
catea  ot  Indebtedaese  a  gain  at  the  recla- 
maUoD  fund  to  the  anionDt  of  (SO  000  000, 
payable  from  tuture  receipts  of  the 
The  number  ot  projects  and  tbe  t 
expended  OD  tbem  to  Jan.  1,  1913. 
•hown  In  the  following  table: 


Anrna:  8dt  lUvtt 

Ariuia^IWifiniu!  Timu 129.000  7,68IJHn 

CiUfonis:  Oriud K,3B0  783,11811 

CulindD:  Qnnd  VaUey S^.OOO  l.tSO.Mi 

Unnmnlicn  Vdhy 140  DOO  (.S2I,H1 

Idlbii:  Boiaa 2U.000  10.4SSJ21 

Minidols. m.lCO  {,B8fi,S09 

Euaw:  OardnCi^ I0.e77  !7e,Sn 

UodUu:  BiinUey SS.tSS  I.eitJHA 

MiDiRlvw tlS.»7  3,!eT,»3 

BunRivw mjM  iOtiM* 

UoDtiDi-Nertk  DiIioIb:    Lower 

YeUsoMuie (n,11B  3,MII3M 

Ngt»ik»Wy<nihii;  Ncdh  Fbtte  124.170  mMM 

Nendi:  Tnukw^tnoD 206.000  £338,113 

New  Undn:  Cvfabad lOJBl  1.0U.283 

HuhId lOJWO  M»J104 

New Usuco-Tdw:  RioOnsde...  lU.OOO  3,671,103 
Nwth  Dakota: 

Nvth  Dakota  Pumping SUll  l,0M,l<8 

OUnLoiu:  Uwuo.... 2X0  t,311 

Ort«on:  UmalUh... SSXO  2A3I,TDE 

Orwoit«>lifmia:  Klimatli 7O.T00  l.UMU 

Bouth  Dakota:  BdUoimM 100.000  I.ra4,W) 

Utah:  Btnwiwry  Valley W,l)Oa  3.i74,IOI) 

•" -■■-^-   ~-»Bn lO.OM  Ticm 

144,331  7483.007 

M 114,113  4.3*7361 

Total 2Jtgi,M7     tn,00l,206 

fTti«  amomiU  in  thia  aolunm  inchde  the  Uital.aDuimtB 

wiUKWt  dsduMbii  amoDiita  thai  have  ixm  eoUnted  fc* 
BBTviaa  rendend,  opsatun  and  iriiintenTine  jBeammIS 
Bto. 

du»  and  oiB  9,000  n^ea  o(  irriaatioa  euula  and  dilchn 
iDVDlviiu;  euavation  ul  onr  in.OWS>»i  ouUb  yaidi  of 
BUtcrUl.  Ilu  value  d  iirigit«l  iroiis  aram  on  tlia 
rsokmatioD  mqeol*  UDdtr  opaatWD  in  ISU  «M  about 
|l«,5O0,«». 

The  Elephant  Botte  dam  In  New  Ueitctk 
tbe  principal  structure  ot  the  International 
and  interstate  Bio  Grande  Irrigation  project, 
waa  complKted  by  the  ReclamatloD  Service 
on  May  13.  IBIB.  It  creates  tbe  greatest 
storage  reservoir  In  tbe  world. 

It  Is  818  teet  hiBh,  1.871  feet  long  on 
top.  and  welgbs  a  million  Cons,  and  took  Ave 
years  to  build.  It  stores  SS6  billion  sallona 
ot  water  In  a  lake  45  miles  long  with  an 
average  depth  at  OS  feet,  and  wlien  full, 
will  couUlu  enough  water  to  cover  Dela- 
ware  two  feet  deep. 

President  Wilson  sent  the  following  tele- 
gram of  congratnlatlans  to  tbe  Beciama- 
tloD  employes  Who  were  In  ebarge  ot  the 

'rrhe  completion  ot  tbe  EHepbant  Butte 
Dam  la  an  achievement  which  aronses  tbe 
patrlotlam  of  all  true  Americana.  It  shows 
what  technical  and  baslnesa  skill  and  de- 
voted energy  and  persistence  can  accomplish 


jyGooi^lc 


brigatiosi 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


InlgKtIon — OoaUiMMd. 
In  combat  with  Uie  lorcei  of  natare.  Tha 
cooDtrr  oweB  Iti  Kntltude  and  apprecia- 
tloD  to  tbe  meB  and  tbe  women  wuo  hava 
tolled  dlllseDtlT  dnrlnK  tbe  five  jeara  of 
coDHtmctlTe  effort  to  produce  a  result  of 
wbicb  the  American  Natloa  mar  well  be 
proud.  WOODKOW  WILSON." 

Tbe  reserrolr  will  feed  an  irrigation 
Brstem  tbat  will  water  1B3.000  ai^rea  at  land 
In  New  Heilco.  Texas,  and  Ueitco. 

Tbe  dam  blocks  a  canyon  ot  tbe  Rio 
Grande  1120  miles  north  at  El  Pbk>.  It 
Is  the  Bttb  of  the  flDvemment's  big  Icrlga- 
tlOQ  projects,  and  will  store  the  entire  flow 
and  flood  of  the  river.  It  provides  a  road- 
way across  the  canron  sliteen  feet  wide, 
and  at  Its  base  Is  235  feet  thick. 

The  following  table,  prepared  by  the  Cen- 
sns  Bureau,  shows  in  detail  the  statlstlca 
for  Irrigation  In  tbe  United  Statea  In  1910 : 

Numbs  of  turns  (1) 1.440.823 

Apiaoiinut*  land  area  (I),  aena. . .  l,iai,3HG,6O0 

Land  In  larnB  (1),  aorei 388,606,991 

Improved  land  ID  lanna  (1),  soes...       173,433,057 

Number  ot  lonns  Irtlaated (2)  1»<,713 

Acreace  iniaated (3)  I3.738,4SS 

Aereic"  entopilses  uran  eapabi*  o( 

UTi^tinc 19,334,997 

Asreaa*  ineloded  is  pnjeeW 31.111,143 

Number  ot  entorpriasa I>4,700 

Xoul  Imtth  of  dUdMa.  mUea 12fi,afll 

Lmcth  oTmain  dilobea.  miles 87,G29 

Laocth  of  lateral  diubH.  mllu. 38,063 

Number  of  n«rrolis 6,813 

Cvaiii^olreaaTToin,a(iR-ft»(. ...         13^1,139 

NumtKr  of  punqiiiia  plauu 13,900 

Capacity   DC   power   plants,    hoias' 

powM 343,436 

Col  ot  ini^tion  enteipruea (307,866.369 

Avoace  ixnt  pur  acre (3)  tlS.Sa 

Averace  annual   oosl   of  operation 

aiid  maiutananog  per  um (3]  11,07 

duded  in  ihe  inquiry.     1'2)  In  leos.     (3)  Baaed  on 

eapabia  ot  imcauim  ia  1910. 

The  peieeniage  ot  increase  between  1889 
and  18U9  In  the  number  of  farms  Irrlgaled 
was  more  Iban  double  that  durloB  the  sne- 
ceedlng  decade,  but  the  absolute  Increases 
daring  the  two  decades  were  approximately 
equal.  Nebraska  showed  the  largest  per- 
ceniage  ot  Incicase  during  the  former  pe- 
riod and  Texas  during  the  latter  period,  but 

Irrigated  [arms  large.  In  Nebraska  and 
Bouth  Dakota  there  were  decreases  between 
189S  and  1009.  Tbe  largest  absolute  in- 
crease In  both  decades  was  In  Calitornla. 
In  the  period  1899  to  1909  the  next  largest 
Increase  was  In  Colorado,  and  in  the  period 
1889  to  1899  in  L'tah. 

In  total  acreage  Irrigated  California 
ranked  flrst  In  1889.  Colorado  second,  and 
Montana  third.  In  both  1899  and  I90U 
Colorado  reported  tbe  largest  Irrigated 
acreage,  while  California  and  Montana  were 
aecond  and  tbird,  respectiyely.  Idaho  fol- 
lowed closely  in  1909.  From  1890  to  1000 
California  showed  the  largest  absolute  In- 
crease, followed  by  Colorado,  Idaho,  and 
Montana  in  the  order  named.  In  percent- 
age ot  Increase  for  this  decade,  however, 
l%ias  ranked  flrst,  Washington  aeCOnd, 
Idaho   third,  and   New  Mexico  fourth. 

Coit  ot  Irrioation.~Tbe  total  cost  of  Ir- 
rigation enteiprises  up  to  July  1.  1910, 
was  reported  aa  1307,866,369,  which  rep- 
resents an  increase  ot  324^,904.004  or 
8Se.8  per  cent  over  the  cost  repotted  at 
the  censQi  of  1900.  In  no  state  in  tbe  arid 
region  was  the  Increase  In  cost  for  this 
period  less  than  lOO  per  cent,  the  highest 

Eercentage  ot  Increase  being  In  North  Da- 
Dta  and   the  lowest  In   Oklahoma.     WItb 


and  Montana  fourth.     The  yt«r  1 

In  (he  midst  ot  a  period  of  great  actlvlli 

Id  the  constructioD  of  Irrigation  worta  and 


Incomplete.      The     "eetlmated 
'  reported.  3424,381.186,  is  the  aai 


e  based  on  the 


shows  for  all  crops  repor&d  as  irrtgatad 
an  average  value  per  acre  of  tZfl.08.  Tbe 
hlgbeat  average  valae  per  acre  tor  cropa 
raised  ixi  irrigated  Unf  Is  that  for  WaA- 
Ington,  t40.8£  which  la  tallowed  by  tbat 
for  Texaa,  MB.43  (exclnalve  ot  rice),  and 
that  tor  California.  S43.50.  Wyomlog 
showed  the  lowest  average  valae  per  acre, 
312.61.  Ab  Is  to  be  expected,  tbe  average 
value  per  acre  Is  higbeet  In  Uie  statea 
with  large  areas  of  trults.  vegetablea.  aad 
other  iTteclaliaed  crops  raised  ny  meana  of 
Irrigation,  wblle  In  tbooe  where  forage 
croDi  and  giaioa  predominate  tbe  trtngt 

Irrigation; 
PoIicT'  of  OoTemment  regarding,  dia- 

eaaaed,    S561,    G640,    8667,    6M0, 

6724,  7047,  70BS. 
Importance   of   forest   reaervM  to, 

6908. 
Storage  and  oae  of  waters  of  Bio 
Grande  for,  diaeosaed,  5959. 
Island  No.  10  (I«mn.),  B»tU«  of.- 
About  tbe  time  of  tbe  captnre  ot  New 
Madrid,  Uo..  Commodore  Foote  sailed  from 
Cairo,  111.,  with  a  fleet  of  seven  Ironclad 
gunboats,  one  wooden  gnnboat,  and  ten 
mortar  boats  to  assist  Pope  in  bis  attad 
on  Island  No.  10.  March  13,  1662.  Foote 
began  a  bombardment,  which  he  kept  Dp  tor 
many  days  without  effect.  Pope  in  tbe 
meanlime  had  dug  a  canal  acroaa  tbe 
swampy  land  above  New  Madrid,  an  tbat 
vessels  could  pass  through  to  (bat  plaoa 
without  passing  tbe  island.  Early  in  April 
tbree  of  the  gnnboata  ran  by  tbe  batterlM 
of  the  island  under  cover  of  night,  and 
April  T  tbe  Contedemtes  found  themaelTes 
surrounded  by  gunboat*  and  transports 
laden  with  troopa.  Nothing  remained  bnt  to 
surrender.  Tbree  eenenls,  313  fleld  and 
company  officers.  6,700  prlvatea,  123  heavy 
guns  and   SB  fleld  plecea,  ail  of  tbe  lalesrt 


I  arms,  tenta  for  12,000 


pattern.  7.000  w. 

men.  immense  quantities  of  prov 
ammunition,    hundreds    ot    noraea,    mnlea. 
wagons,  harness,  etc.,  were  captured.    Tfacra 
were  no  casualties  In  tbe  Federal  aiiay. 
Island  Pond,  Vt.,  proclamation  gruit- 

ing  privileges  of  other  porta  to,  2859. 
riilii"i1if,     (Bee  Insolar  Pnsnnnnloim    tnA 

the  saveral  islands.) 
Isthmljui  OanaL    (See  Panama  C&nal) 
Istlimlan  Canal  Oommlsilon,  irork  of, 

0718,  6S06,  6816,  6938. 
Italy. — Italy  is  a  maritime  klnfdom  of 
Southern  Europe  and  conalBta  ot  a  penla- 
Bulu  and  several  Islanua,  the  vrbole  being 
siluate  between  88°  88'  80'-46*  40'  S0~  N. 
latitude  and  8*  30'-18*  SO'  E.  longltnde. 
or  tbe  total  area  of  110.623  Bnsllab  sqoan 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Ettcychpedic  Index 


■allM,  Bl.STT  MnaM  tnllea  ara  malniBod 
and  10,Me  lilandi.  The  blnsdom  Is  bound- 
ed on  ttie  Dorita  by  the  Alpi,  oo  tbe  w««t 
and  aoutb  br  ^^e  TTTTbeDlan  Sea  (Medl- 
temaeas),  uid  on  ue  eaat  bf  tbe  Adri- 
atic Tbe  graatMt  lenfth  U  close  on  TOO 
DtllM,  and  tbe  dlatance  between  the  north- 
••Btam  aitd  northweatem  boOndarlea  ex- 
'  —  ille^  althoach  the  ^nlnanla  la 
M  than  ISO  milea  acrou. 

.  ... featmnt. — Northern  Itat;  la  en- 

cnmpaaaed  hr  the  Alpa.  which  extend,  in 
ftD  UTCftitar  aemlclrclc  from  the  Auatro- 
Hangarun  bonlec  In  the  northeast  to  the 
rnneo-Itallan  border  In  tbe  notthweat,  tlw 
Interrenlnc  iMandUT  belnc  common  to 
Swltaerlaod  and  Italj.  The  northwestern 
born  ettenda  aoathward  and  Tonns  the 
ApennlBe  Baiure,  which  stretcbea  down 
IM  center  of  the  penlnsnls  to  Cane  Spar- 
tlmanto,  In  the  aitnine  south,  west  of 
the  soniherB  Apmnlnea  1*  a  cbain  of  vol- 
eanle  belahta,  InclDdlDa  the  cone  of  Tesn- 
Tloa  (4,306  feet),  wbleh  rise*  from  tbe 
Campajpia  of  Naolee.  near  which  place 
atand  the  robiB  of  Uercalanenm,  Pompeii 
and  Btablae,  overwhelmed  bf  an  eraptlon 
of  the  Tolcaoo  In  A.U.  79.  Between  tbe 
Alpa  and  tbe  Llgnrlan-Struacan  ApeDDloes 
I*  a  areat  plain,  forming  the  basin  of  tbe 
rlT«c  Fo,  and  from  the  center  of  the  pis  In, 
at  Flacenaa,  the  Via  AmlUa  (built  early 
Id  the  aecond  eentorr  B.C.)  mna  sontb- 
eaat  to  Blmlnl  (Arlmfniam),  where  It  jolna 
the  Via  FlamlDla  wblch  leads  to  Kome. 
The  oDlr  creat  river  of  Italy  Is  tbe  Pa 
which  tuaa  Id  the  Alps  and  flows  eaatward 
Into  the  Adriatic  Tbe  Italian  Islands 
nonlMr  tlxtr-sli,  &nd  Inctnde  the  large 
lalanda  of  8lcllr  and  Sardinia,  and  the 
smallM  laland  of  Elba,  with  Caprala,  Oor- 
■ODa,  Planaaa,  Ifonte  CrUlo.  Blclly  contains 
the  nlshestof  Enropean  Tolcanoes  In  Hoant 
Etna  or  Uonglbello  (10,670  feet)  In  the 
northeaat.  The  regions  of  the  north  have 
hot  aammers  and  cold  winter^  while  cen- 
tral Italy  la  generally  snnny  and  genial, 
and  tbe  soathem  dlatdcta  almost  tropical. 

Italy  IJ  also  In  temporary  occupation  of 
a  group  of  Tnrklah  Isiaods  lying  between 
Cnte  and  Asia  Ulnor  (Bbodea,  Carpathos, 
Coa,  AatropallB,  etc.]  until  anch  time  as 
t^e  Ottoman  troqpa  have  been  lemoTed 
from  Tripoli  end  BenghaaL 

a   POFDI^TIOI) 

Ana  In  Fopolatlon 

..      11,310  tAMMS 

2,037  1,V)MB» 

g,3S6  4,786.007 

S,470  a,a3S405 

7,M7   a,«7,Gia 

»,804  a,tMAC3 

8,788  1,08B,B7G 

Dmbria. 8,748  SSUH3 

4,W3  1,»8,143 

6,380  1,427,643 

Campaoia 6,389  8,H7,B2a 

Amib... 7376  3,138,633 

BaJieata. 3,845  473,119 

CsWKia. 6,819  1,404,076 

Skily 9.l>3>  3,863,380 

SuSDia. 9,394  863,034 

Total 110.638  S4,68^683 

irisfonr, — Tbe  Kingdom  of  Italy  Is  com- 
poaed  or  the  former  ^tate  of  Bac^lnla  and 
the  two  mellla.  tba  Pontlllcal  Butea,  tbe 
Lombardo-Venetlan  proTlnces  of  the  Aos- 
Irlan  Emnlre,  the  Grand  Dnchy  of  Toa- 
cany,  asd^  the  DachWa  of  Farm*  and  Mo- 
deok  vidted  nnder  the  Bouae  of  B«Toy 
after  a  heroic  atrnggle  between  the  years 
1848  and  1870.  Italian  nnlty  waa  completed 
IB   t8M,    when   th«    Aoatnana   eracnated 


In   1672   tbe  King 

entered  Kome,  wtilc„ 

Ital  of  Italy.     Tbe  compi 


Italy 


Papal  sutea. 
L  Emmanuel  II.) 
declared  tbe  cap- 


di  Tided  Into  sliCy-nlne  provinces.  Tbe 
Inhabitants,  particularly  In  the  south,  are 
derived  from  a  mli.ure  of  racial  elemenla, 
and  there  is  eridcnce  of  the  dlveralty  of 
origin  In  the  contrast  between  the  Indus- 
trious and  stable  people  of  the  north  and 
center  and  tbe  less  liidnBtrlaua  and  more 
excitable  southerners. 

OoMTdinent.— The  government  is  that  of 

mooarcby,   founded   upon 

imentule  del  Kegiu,  grar* 
blecte  OD    March  4,    1648, 
..   Sardinia,  and  sloe 
lole  Kingdom  of  Italy. 


the  Statute  totniomtntalt  Jtl  Hegna,  grant- 
ed  to   bis   — »——   —    " — •■    '     '*A    w- 

the  King 

Is  beredltarr  In  tbe  male  line  (by 
genltDre)  of  tbe  Houae  of  Satoy,  luuuueu 
In  10S2  by  Cmbertua  I.  Present  roler;  Uls 
Majesty  Vlttorlo  Emmannele  III.,  King  of 
Italy  bom  at  Naples,  Nov.  11,  1660,  son 
of  King  Humbert,  succeeded  to  the  throne, 
July  26,  1000. 

The  Legislature  conalsts  of  two  Bouses, 
the  Senate  and  the  Ctiamt>er  of  Depotlea. 
The  Senate  is  composed  of  Princes  of  tbe 
of  full  age  and   of  members  noml- 


ty-oi>e    clasBes,    public 


sars 


being    the 


'D,  puuiJL-  ■i^rvii.-e  ueuig  uie 
qualmcatloo  i  the  total  membei^ 
ship  fo  1S12  was  370.  Tbe  Chamber  of 
Depolies  contains  608  membcn,  elected 
for  single  constltneQcies.  for  a  maxlmnm 
of  five  years,  by  the  direct  vote  of  all  male 
Italians  aged  twenty-one  yeara  wlio  are 
able  to  read  and  write  and  pay  a  small 
amount  annually  in  taxation ;  aod  all  Illit- 
erate men  above  thirty,  or  under  that  age, 
provided  they  have  served  in  the  Army 
or  Navy,  or  pay  at  least  lire  19.80  of  dl- 

The  highest  coorts  are  the  Courts  of 
Caasatlon  at  Borne,  Naples.  I>alerma,  Turin 
and  Florence,  and  twenty-foor  Conrta  of 
Appeal  throughout  tbe  kingdom.  Lower 
courts  arc  tbe  162  district  tribunals,  1,63S 
mandamentl,  sod  thirteen  municipal  conrta 
under  pretorl. 

Italy  la  a  toember  of  tbe  Triple  Alliance 
(Germany,  Auatrla-Huagary,  Italy)  noder 
a    treaty   signed   on    May   20,    1882,    wblch 

E«vldea  for  mutual  auppon  in  case  of  at- 
ck  by  any  other  ustiaD. 
Bducatlon — The    law   ot   July,    1904.   tm- 
Doslng  special  disabilities  on  the  Illiterate, 
■"-  --—■-■   1  needed  stimulus.     Prior  to 

rr  cent,   of  the  popolatlon 
twenty  were  thus  classed, 
maintained  .by  local 

State  currica- 


bas  afforded  a 
that  date  40  i 
over  tbe  aae 

Primary   educ _ 

taxation,  with  Slate  „ 

tishments   must   conform   t 


L'nive 


tanlo,   Qenoa,   Macerala.  , , 

Naples.  Padua,  Palermo,  Parma,  Pavta. 
Pisa.  Home,  Sasaarl,  Siena,  and  Turin. 
Uany  of  these  are  of  very  ancient  founda- 
tion (e.  a.),  Bologna  (A.  D.  1200),  Came- 
rlno,  Fetrara,  Perugia.  Urblno. 

ProdiKTllon  and  /mluftrii. — Of  tbe  total 
area  cultivated  In  1912  18,421125  acres 
were  under  com  crops  (wheat  11,688,000 
acres,  malie  3.063, TGO  acres),  and  ot  the 
remainder  11.186,01X1  acres  were  aDder 
vlnee,  5,781,900  acres  ander  olives,  1,eS0,< 


and  mulberry.  T&e  produce  of  the  vlnea 
was  133,672,000  cwt.  of  grapea  In  1012: 
the  olive  crop  was  12,184,<^  cwt.  In  1012. 
The   Lire   Stock   In   1008   Included   cattle, 


.u™,.  ,uat£  plgi 
bu  Ha  Iocs.     The 

(the  Sldllaa  ml . .. ,._, 

dpal   producing   centen   of  fhm    world). 


I  being  one  of  tbe  prliv- 


jyGooi^lc 


Italr 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Iron.   iMd,   »id   I 


!  qalckiliTer  sod  t 


Ite  are  quarrtrd  in  larsc  quotltlM. 


trj,  snd  tb«  capital  wai  Im 
pled.  Od  NoTember  5,  igil, 
llament  adopted  a  bill  anai 
tbe  Ktagdom  ot  Italr.  the 


tare  of  macblncr;  has'  made  K^eat  proc- 
TCIB.  The  motor-car  lodoBlrr  at  Turin 
(Fabbrica  ItBtlank  Anlomoblll  Torino)  la 
norld-famoDB.  Tcitllea  are  locreaaEng  In 
Importance,  allk,  wool,  flai  and  bemp  bS' 
fDE  produced  In  the  countrj  and  luiKirted. 
Tbo  coDdltloD  of  the  Indmtrlal  popula- 
tion la  ImproTlns  owing  to  the  sanitary 
measures  uodertaken  br  tbe  State,  but  tbe 
low  wages  (partlcularlr  In  agricultural 
districts)  drlTe  the  poorer  clasaes  to  other 
countrlea  In  aearch  ot  better  conditions. 

finance) .^Tbe  average  annDal  reienna 
of  Italf  for  five  rears  past  was  2.Bd9,000,- 
000  lire  and  tne  expenditures  averaged 
2,035.000.000  lire.  Tbe  total  debt  of  the 
countrr  In  11)13  was  sUted  at  H,2T1,60T,- 
611  lira.  The  lira,  the  standard  of  TBiae, 
la  equal  to  tO.iO.S,  United  Btates  money, 
IdentlcBt  wltii  the  franc  of  Prance. 

t«i*<«.— Capital,  Borne,  on  the  River  Ti- 
ber. Popolatloo  (1012),  BTe,2SS.  Uore 
than  a  dosen  cities  have  a  population 
ranging  between  100.000  and  700,000. 

JtaUwajw.— In  1912  there  were  10,708 
mllea  of^  railway  open,  at  which  S.SSO 
tnlles  were  State  lloes.  International  lines 
enter  Northern  Italy  from  France,  from 
flwltierland.  from  tne  Austrian  Tirol  and 


lines  which  radiate  from  Milan,  and  there 
are  lines  down  each  coast  to  tbe  extreme 
soDth,  and  a  central  line  mns  Irom  Turin, 
Milan  and  Ten  ice  to  Rome. 

Trait  uiilh  the  Vnitti  Slain. — The  value 
of  merchandise  Imported  Into  Italr  from 
the  United  Btates  lor  the  year  1S13  was 
f7e, 283,278  and  goods  to  the  value  of  tS4,- 
107.S64  were  sent  thither — a  balance  of 
S22,1T7,S14  In  favor  of  the  United  States. 

BRITRBA.—t^t  Italian  colon;,  on  the 
DorthcBHt  coast  at  Africa  from  Ras  Kasar, 
a  cape  110  milea  south  of  Buakln,  *~  ** — 


tends  Inland  to  the  borders  of  the  An^o- 
Ecfptlan  Bndan  Abyssinia  and  French  8o- 

ITALIAS  BOUi.TjIT.AVD  eitends  on  the 
northeast  coaat  ot  Africa,  from  Bandar 
ZIyada,  on  tbe  Onlf  of  Aden,  to  the  east- 
ern horn  ot  Africa  at  Cape  Onardafol  and 
thence  southward  to  the  Jnba  Blver  In  0* 
15'  B.  latitude.  The  western  boundsrles 
■re  Abyaalnla  and  British  Bomallland.  and 
tbe  loutbem  honndary  Is  British  East 
Africa.  Tbe  Italian  irartlon  Of  the  Jnba 
Vslley  alao  contains  rich  land.  Ivory,  cat- 
tle, coffee,  cotton,  myrrh,  gams  and  shins 
■re  exported ;  textiles  and  rice  are  the 
principal  exports. 

TlEyTBIfl  OOSCBSmOJf.—AtlxI  the 
Boxer  movemeot  In  Cblna  (1000)  and  the 
siege  and  relief  ot  tbe  Foreign  Legatlona, 


.-1   Italian  Oovemmeot   claimed  froi 
Chinese   a    conceRslon    of   land, 
ceorded  by   '  -   -   - 


the 


, ..   1802.     Tbe 

conceasIoD  has  a  total  area  of  twenty 
■qnare  miiea  fronting  the  river  Peiho  on 
the  left  bank,  with  a  total  populatlao  of 
about   17,000  natlvea. 

LYBIA  (TBTPOLT  AVD  OTRByATOA).— 
tn  September.  1011.  war  broke  out  between 
Italy  and  Turkey,  after  protracted  negotia- 
tions In  connection  witli  the  rights  and 
privileges   ot   Italian   aobjecta   In  TrtpolL 


mediately  o 
the  Italian  par- 
sing Tripoli  to 


Tripoli  to 
laUon  be> 


t  easterly  ot  the  Bar- 


Tripoil  la  tbe  n — .,  ,. 

bary  Btates  on  the  northern  coaat  itf  Afri- 
ca, between  11*  lO-SS*  IT  B.  longltndn, 
wiLh  a  total  ana  of  dose  on  022,000  Eng- 
lish square  miles,  and  a  popnlatlaii  eau- 
mated  at  l.OOOiOOO.  The  coast  line  Is 
about  1,100  miles,  and  the  Inland  bouodary 
Is  about  800  ndlet  trom  the  coast  Bariey, 
datea,  ollvea,  orangea,  lemons  and  VHeta- 
bles  are  produced,  and  the  nrlaclpaF  Im- 
porta  are  metaia,  Britlah  anf  other  Euro- 
pean manutactnrea,  tea,  beada,  wine  and 
■pirita.  Tripoli  had  a  population  of  about 
40,000  In  ini :  the  pan  of  Tripoli  la  now 
being  built  and  good  progress  haa  been 
made  with  the  main  breakwater,  Jettlea. 
and  qnays.  Ohadnmes  la  the  center  of  a 
conalderable  trade  In  ostrich  feathery 
skins.  Ivory  and  tea,  and  haa  a  papulation 
of  about  7,000.  Tbe  town  ot  B^haal 
haa  a  population  conristlng  of  Arabs. 
Oreehs,  Ualtese,  and  a  few  Levaullneo. 
There  are  agricultural  colonies  of  Cretan 
Moslem  refugees  In  the  neighborhood  of 
Cyrene  and  ApoIIonla.  The  ancient  ruins 
In   Cyrenaica,   4.  s.,  at  Cyrene,   Ptolemola, 


the  dty  of  Tripoli. 

TUBKOITALIAS  WAR.- 
Italy   sent   an   ultimatum   i 


lent  20,  lail. 
the  Tuiklah 


government  concerning  her  rights  In  Trt- 
poU,  stating  the  grlevancea  of  Italy  agalnat 
Turkish  misrule  In  that  province  and  char- 


acterlilng  the  course  of  the  Porte  a 

tile  to  legitimate  lUUan  activity  in  Tri- 
poli and  Cyrenaica ;  declaring  her  bellet. 
In  the  light  ot  past  experiences,  that  far- 
ther negotiation  was  uselesa,  and  demand- 
ing that  the  Porte  slve  orders  permitting 
Italian  occupation  of  Tripoli  and  Cyrena- 
ica. The  ultlmatnm  demanded  an  answer 
within  twenty-four  hours  and  the  reply  ot 
the  Porte  being  considered  ungatlafaotory, 
a  state  ot  war  benn  Sept.  29,  IBll.  On 
that  day  three  Turkish  torpedo  boata  « 


benn  Sept.   29,  IBll. 

day  three  Turkish  torpedo  boata  w 

off  Frevesa,  on  tbe  coast  ot  Epiraa, 


by  the  Italian  squadron  commanded  by  tbe 
Duke  ot  the  AbruxsL 

Sept.  IT,  there  was  fought  near  Denu, 
a  port  on  tbe  UedlUrraaean  coast.  140 
mirea  northeast  of  Bengasi,  one  ot  the 
bloodleat  battles  of  the  war.  Tbe  lullana 
lo«  aome  alxt*  killed  and  doable  that 
nnmber  wounded,  and  the  Turks  fled  In  dis- 
order, leaving  more  than  800  dead  on  the 
field ;  same  reports  aay  ■  thousand.  On  tho 
same  day  it  waa  nnoffldally  annonneed 
from  OnchT,  Siritaerland.  that  commlaalon- 
ers  trom  the  two  conntries  meeting  there 
*■-■*  '-~"*ively  agreed  to  terma  for  end- 
r.  The  stipolatlons  were  indeH- 
inceded  possession  of  tbe  Tripo). 

to  Italy.     The  outbreak  ot  the 

Balkan  States  pnt  an  end  to  negotlatloiia 
for  a  time.  The  protocol  waa  signed  Oct. 
IB,  1912.     (See  also  Turkey.)    ' 

Usy  23,  1016.  Italy  plnnged  Into  the  gen- 
eral Enropesn  coolllcl  by  declaring  war 
against  Austria.  The  Italian  offenalTe,  bow- 
ever,  proved  Indgnlflcant. 

Itllj: 
Ameriean     eitieens    impressed     into 
ierviee  of,  and  pnniatied  b7,  GS73. 
American    College  kt   Borne,  threat- 
ened eonflsention  of,  hj,  4S0L 


Ing  t1 

nite,  ' 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encydopedk  Index 


American  sailor  alleged  to  have  been 

killed  in  Genoa,  5769. 
Annexation  of  States  ot  tlie  Clinrcli 

to,  referred  to,  4098. 
Clainu  of,  against  Colombia  and  ar- 
bitration   of   President    of  United 
SUtes   in,   6328. 
Claims  of  United  States  against  Na- 
ples,   S66,   698,   867,    1109,   1112, 
1167. 
Extension   of   time   aHoved    com- 
missioners for  settlement  of,  rec- 
ommended, 1267. 
Confederate    envoTS    sent    to    Qreat 
Britain   and  France,   referred    to. 
(See  Mason  and  Slidell) 
Consnlar  convention  with,  3SO0,  4436, 
4448,  45SS,  4620. 
Expiration  of,  discnssed,  4418. 
Consniar  jorisdietion,  treaty  reapeet- 

ing,  3896. 
Consnis  of  United  States  iu,  interfer- 
ence of,  in  difBeoltjr  in,  referred 
to,  3826. 
Copyright     privilege     extended     by 
proclamation,  G736. 
Beferred  to,  0752. 
Diplomstie  relations  with,  dlscnised, 

4715. 
Fngitire  criminals,   convention  with, 
for     snrrender     of,     3828,     38S8, 
3896,  4806. 
Beferred  to,  6546,  5959. 
International    meridian     conference, 
invitation  to  United  States  to  at- 
tend, 6546. 
Uinister  of,  to  United  Statee,  title 
of    ambassador     conferred     upon, 
B874. 
Ifinister  of  United  SUtea  to  Naples, 

S6T. 
Uinister  of  United  States  to,  title  of 
ambassador  conferred  npon,  5874. 
Occupation  of  Rome  by  King  of,  re- 
ferred to,  4085. 
Postal   convention  with,   3775. 
Bevolntion  in  Papal  States  of,  2651. 
Subjects  of,  lynehed  In — 

Colorado  diseuased  and  recommen- 
dations    regarding,  6065,  6096. 
New  Orleans,  6617. 

Indemnity   for,   paid   by   United 
States,  6761,  6459,  6461. 
Trade-msrhH,  treaty  with,  regarding, 

4789. 
Treaty    with,    transmitted   and    dis- 
cnssed, 3800,  3823,  3888,  3S96,  4082, 
4098,  460S. 
Tesaels  of,  discriminating  dnties  on, 
dominions  of  the  Pope   suspended, 
942,  30EE. 
Bily,  TreatiM  with.— (For  the  extrsfll- 
tton  tiMtr  of  1808,  see  Extradition  T^a^ 
15 


Itikm 

IM.) — A  treaty  of  commerce  and  navigstlon 
of  1871  provides  for  (reedorn  of  commerce 
sad  DaflgaclaD,  liberty  to  trade  and  travel, 
and  secatea  the  rlxliti  and  prlTlleK's  o'  tlie 
citliena  of  the  one  country  within  tbe 
damlnlani  of  tbe  other.  The  Imporlallon. 
exporUtlon  sod   re-eiportatlon  of   gooda  la 

KrmlLted  «[tliln  tile  countries  upon  equal 
rma  regard  lea«  of  the  ustlonallty  ot 
the  carrrlQg  vessel  s,  end  without  the 
impoaltlon  of  dtscrlmlnallag,  higber,  or 
..1 —  ^„.i_  .1 —  •■.__,  impoBed  npo •*■— 


other  duties  than 


natlona.  Tonnaae.  ancborage.  and  clear- 
ance duties  BbalT  not  be  levied  upon :  Vea- 
sela  entering  and  leaving  a  port  In  ballast ; 
Teisela  passing  from  one  to  snotber  port  ot 
tbe  same  country  to  discharge  a  part  of 
a  cargo,  when  proof  can  be  furnished  that 

such  charges  have  already  been  paid  -■ 

of  tbe  ports :  vesaels  driven  *■ "- 


_,   „  seek  shelter 

Btresa  of  weather,  and  which  do 

dlscbarge  the  who"  -....-. 


_  ..  je  accorded 

In  cases  of  ship  wreck. 

The    princlpre   that   In   time   of  war  free 
ships  make  tree  goods.  Is  observed  "   "    ~ 


tempt  tB  persisted  In.  Articles  used  !□  war- 
fare on  land  and  sea,  mualtlDUB  ot  war, 
arms,  and  military  equipment  are  coDtra- 
band  of  war.  Provision  Is  made  for  the 
(lamination  of  ship's  papers  aad  search 
with  ns  little  detCDiloD  and  embarrassment 
as  posallile.  CltlieoB  In  tbe  domlnlouB  of 
Uie  other  have  all  rights  ot  dlapoasl  of 
property  by  sale,  testament,  gift,  or  other- 
wlae.  (For  eODBOlar  convention  of  ISTo. 
•ee    Consular    Conventions.) 

In  1900  a  reciprocal  commercial  arrange- 
ment was  made  by  which  concesBlons,  prin- 
cipally in  wines,  wine  producis,  and  works 
of  art,  were  made  In  Import  duties  bv  the 
United  States ;  and  concesslooa,  principally 
In  cottonaeed  olL  Hsb,  machinery,  elc.  were 
made  by  Italy,  fay  which  lower  Import  du- 
ties  were  Imposed  for  the  encouragement  of 
trade  In  these  articles  between  the  two 
conntriea  Mutual  protect  loo  of  trade- 
marks in  Morocco  and  China  was  agreed  to 
by  eichange  of  notes  In  leo.S  and  1B0S  re- 
spectively, (See  also  Extradition  Treaties.) 
Itata,  The,  seizure  of,  by  United  States 

for  violation  of  neotrality  laws  dis- 

cnsaed,  5018.      (See    also   Baltimore, 

The.) 
Inka  (Miss.),  Battle  of.— The  transfer 
of  Qen.  Pope  to  Virginia  and  Qen.  Halleck 
to  Washington  In  the  snmmer  of  ISez  left 
Grant  la  command  of  the  Army  of  the  Ten- 
nessee with  headooarters  at  Corinth,  Miss. 
Halleck  ordered  most  of  the  Armj  of  tha 
Tennessee  to  be  placed  under  Buell's  com- 
mand, leaving  Grant's  force  on  tbe  defensive 
and  harasBcd  by  the  Confederates  under  Van 
DoCQ  and  Price.  Sept.  13,  1862.  I'rlce  ad- 
vanced from  the  sonth  aod  seised  I  oka.  a 
village  In  northeast  Mississippi,  twenty-one 
miles  east  of  Corinth.  Van  Dom  was  then 
only  four  days  olt  to  tbe  Boutbwest.  threat- 
ening Corlntb.  Oen.  Rosecrans.  with  6.000 
men,  was  ordered  to  attack  Price  from  Che 
soatb  and  Qen.  Ord,  with  6,000.  was  to 
attack  from  the  north.  The  two  armies 
railed  to  co-operate,  and  Price  attacked 
Rosecrans  Sept  IS.  The  latter  kept  hla 
gronnd.  but  last  a  battery  of  artillery,  be- 
sides T36  men  killed  and  wounded.  Dsit- 
Das*  put  an  and  to  the  llgbt. 


jyGooi^lc 


Jackson 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


JaekMn,  Andnw.— 182S-1SS7. 

(riMT  TBBU,   1BZ9-1833). 
Elereath   Admin Istra Hod — I>emocnitl& 

Hce-iVwiitleii  I — Job: 

BteretQf])   of   aiole — 


BBCOlfD  TBOlt  —  VoU.  —  Twat7-fMr 
state*  took  part  Id  the  election,  whlcb  waa 
held  Not.  6,  1832.  Tha  popular  mte 
atood:  Jackson,  687. SOS ;  anj  Clay,  UO,- 
'""      "' — -inted  Feb.  IS, 


Louis   UcLane. 

Beerttam  of  War — 

Jobp  U.  Baton. 

fieorefurv  of  tA>  Savy— 

John  Branch. 

LcTl  Woodburr. 
A  tlomeu-aen  eral — 

John   MeP.   Berrlan. 

Roger  B.  Taoer. 
Pottniatter-Q  eneral — 

William  T.  BariT. 

VoM  I  na  lion  .—Andrew   jRckaon  WRI  cleet< 

ed   by   the   Demoorais   In   the   flection   of 

m:>8.     In  his  contest  against  John  gulncf 

Adsma  Ip   1824,  Jackson  received  the  p|U; 

.'lectloD   -,    — 

much  embittered 

1  for  his 

of  Presldiiil 'Adams.  The  candidates  were 
chosen  by  common  conneiii,  the  leztsia- 
turcB  of  the  Hlotes  bavlDg  made  a  choice 
and  endorsed  the  candidates.  Jackson's 
name  wng  presenied  bj  the  leglslatnre  of 
Tennessee,  and  Van  Biiren  brought  Craw- 
ford's friends  to  Jackson's  support.  John 
Qulnc;  Adama  waa  nominated  bj  leglsla- 
liirea  and  ma  as- meet  lags,  and  be  was  th« 
candidate  of  the  Xatlonal   Republlcana. 

Foff._Twent;-four  si  a  tea  took  part  In 
the  election,  whlcb  was  held  Not.  i.  The 
popular  vote  gave  Jackaon  a4T,:i31  TOtes, 
and  Adama  SOS.OOT.  The  electoral  role, 
counted  Keb.  11,  1829,  ■STe  Jackson  178 
TOtes.  and  Adama  83.  ^ohn  C.  Calhonn 
received  171  eleclnml  rotes  for  Vice-Pres- 
ident  Bgnlnst  83  for   Richard    Rush. 

Oppoalllon. — At    Ita    second    meeting,    at 

Baltimore,  Bept.  26,  1831,  tbs  /  — '  " '- 

parlr  was  attended  bv  112  de 

nominated  William  Wirt  for  P 

Amoa  Kllmnker  for  Vlce-Prealdeni.  'i.ds 
National  Republican  Convention  met  at 
Baltimore,  Dec.  12,  1831.  witb  1S7  dele- 
--■--    •-•'    nominated  Hear;  Claj  for  tha 


gta  repmentatlTe  to  Congreaa  from  Ten- 
OMM*  upon  Its  admission  In  17M.  As  ■ 
represenfatlTS  he  steadfast  I7  apposed 
Wasblngton's  administration  and  ths  Fed- 
eralists. He  waa  one  of  Che  twelre  who 
Toted  agalnBt  the  addresa  to  Washington 
approTlng  of  bis  admlnlstntloD ;  he  oo- 
poKd  the  Jar  treaty  with  Oreat  Britain; 
and  Hamilton's  flnandal  poller.  He  waa 
elected  aa  a  Democrat  and  this  name  waa 
ciTen  to  the  Bepnbllcan  party  In  IBZS  by 


tl-Uusonlc 


283  delegales,  who  endoraed  Jackson  1 
dldacT  unBDlmouslr  and  pomlnsted  ainr- 
tlD  Van  Bnren  tor  Vlce-Prealdent.  The 
two-thirds  rule,  whlcb  has  alwafl  ob- 
tained at  Democratic  conrentjons,  was 
adopted  at  this  conTentlon. 

(BicoKD  nan,  1SS3-1BBT), 
Twelfth   Administration — Democratic 

Ftce-Frcjident— Martin  Van  Bnren. 
Becretarv    ot    Btate — 

Louis  McLane. 

John    rorsfth. 
fiecrelarw  ot  the  Treaturj^— 

Louis  McLane. 

WllUnm   J.    DnaiM. 

Roger  B.  Taney. 

LctI  Woadbnry. 
Breretarv  of  War — 

Lewis    Cass. 
B*erelaru  of  the  Kavt^~ 

LeTl  Woodburr, 

Uablon  Dlckeraon. 
i^jtf m  aif er-Oensra  I — 

William   T.   Barrr- 

Amos  Kendall 
-  Attometf-Oentral — 

Roaer  B.  Taner. 

"     ■      ■     -.  Bntlar. 


Twentr-Drst  Congress  <18za-1831)  the  Ben- 
aie,  of  *8  members,  was  composed  ot  S8 
Democrsts  and  10  Wblgs:  and  the  Bona^ 


itiers,    waa    made    op    ot    14^ 

sa  71  Wblgs.    In  tbe  Twentj- 

aecond   Congreaa    (1831^18331    tbe    Senate, 


Democrats  and  71  Wblgs.    In  tbe  Twentr- 

aecond   Congreaa    (183:f]833l    tbe    r 

°^A?  J^V^^.T"  compoaed  Of  8B 


■cnits  and  13  Whigs;  and  tbe  Bonae,  of  213 
memberSj_WBa  made  np  of  130  c— -— — 
and  83  Whlas.      In  the  Twentr-t&lr 
ereaa   nas3-18SS)   the  Senate,  of  it 
nposed  of   SO  I>emDCra 


18   Whigs  r'anS'The  House,  ™   _.. 

berg,  was  made  np  ot  117  Democrats  and 
93  WhlEs.  In  the  Twenlr-tourtb  Concreaa 
<183B-lS3T)  the  Senate  of  62  iDcaib«r% 
was  composed  of  33  Democrats  and  IB 
Wblgs;  and  tbe  Haute,  of  242  membcrt, 
wns  mads  up  of  144  Democrata  and  M 
Whlga. 

Cii-a  Stn!ie».-~Ja  tbe  aerervl  admlnlatra- 
tlons  which  preceded  that  of  Jackson,  pub- 
lic ofllca  was  regarded  as  a  public  troat, 
and  not  a  reward  tor  political  or  par^ 
servlni.  The  total  number  at  remoTal* 
from  office  between  the  rears  1780  and 
1829  were  onir  seTentr-tonr.  From  Ifarck 
4,  182B.  to  Usrch  22,  1830,  tbe  cbauea 
In  the  dTll  serTlce  nnrntwred  about  2,000. 
This  poller  took  the  name  of  tbe  "spolla 
srstem"  from  su  ntterance  In  tbe  Senate, 
In  1831,  br  Senator  Harcr  ot  Kew  York, 
to   the  elTect  that  "to  the  Tlctors  briong 

--'"•012>   ,_ 

-.   .  ;-b  older   and   ears. 

not    establlahed    to    glre    support 

tlcnlar   men    at    the   pablle   c 

IndlTldual  wrong  la,  Iberefore. 


the   pablle   eipenae.      No 

„  la,  Iberefore.  done  br  re- 

moTal.     The   IncumtMot  became  an  oDIcer 


irltb  a  Tlew  to  public  benellta,  a...    

these  require  hi*  removal  tber  are  mrt 
to  tw  sBcrlSced  to  prlTate  Interest*.  It 
Is  the  people,  and  tber  alone,  who  bav* 
a  rlcht  to  complain  when  a  bad  ofllcet  la 
BRbstltuted  tor  a  good  one.  Be  who  la 
removed  has  tbe  same  mean*  ot  obtain- 
ing a  llTing  that  are  enjored  br  the  mll- 
IloDS  who  never  held  office."  In  the  aaina 
masasge,  tbe  President  recommenda  that 
the   tenure   of   office    be    limited   to    fonr 

Sean  In  a  greater  nnmber  ot  caaes  than 
he  law  to  that  effect  passed  In  IS20 
coTcred.  One  of  the  moat  cnrlons  ef- 
fects ot  this  srstem  was  the  struggle  far 
fatronare  between  Calhoun  and  Tan  Bnren 
hat  followed. 
rartjT. — Tbe  tarllT  of  1B28,  known  frota 
It*  unfairness  aa  tb«  "tarlDT  ot  abomina- 
tion*," wa*  modlOed  br  the  larlll  act  ot 
]8>2,  whlcb  waa  designed  to  remedr  tb« 
Injostlce  of  that  of  lb2S.  It  tailed,  boir- 
ever,  to  satlsfr  tbe  people  of  Ibe  Sontb. 
and  for  soma  time  there  was  talk  ot  nnlll- 
flcatlon.  WbDe  Jackson  wa*  on  pilndple 
cppoatd  t»  pntectlTC  tarias,  be  wu  mm! 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encychpedie  Index 


Jackion 


1  of  1828  and  18S2  Dull  Bnil  Told ; 
omcen  were  aworn  to  act  In  accordaora 
wltb  tbia  edict ;  aod  threata  were  made 
ot  aecenloD  It  the  Federal  authoiitlea 
attempted   to  jnto_rM._the  , tariff   lawa    tn 


I   be  enforced. 


SST,S1S.05;  18ST,  1836,957.68 1  1S88,  U,- 
08.ia<.07. 
In  bla  Serenth  AddubI  Heasase  (pan 
ISTO)  freaideiit  Jatrkmii  asld  :  "Slnee  1117 
laat  annual  commuDlcatlon  all  the  reniHiiia 
of  the  public  debt  bave  been  redeemed,  or 
moaer  haa  beeo  placed  In  deposit  tor  tblB 
purpoee  whenerer  tbe  credltora  chooM  to 


a*s«  (pace  IITS)  In  wblcb  be  reTlewa  at 
lenfth  tbe  whole  quest  Ion  and  cloera  a 
'orcefnl   eipoallloa   of   Federal   and 


State  Rlgbta  trltb  theee  words ;       ... 

and  I  feireatl;  praj  that  the  Great'  Holer 

ot   NatloHB   a»j   BO   guide   yonr   detlbera- 


tbe  oreaent  but 

— anly  proclaim   _ 

me  lawe  are  sopreaie  and  tbe  Union  In- 
dlswluble."  Then  followed.  Dec.  10,  1882, 
hla  eqnalir  famoDS  nulUDcatton  Proclama- 
tion Id  which  (pare  1206)  he  aaya :  "I 
Gonalder  then  tbe  power  to  anDol  a  law 
of  the  Cnlted  States  assumed  br  one 
Stat^  Incompatible  with  the  existence  of 
the  unloD,  contradicted  expressJr  by  tbe 
letter  of  the  CoDstltntloD,  nnautborlsed  by 
Ita  spirit  IncoDslstent  with  everr  pilnclpte 
npOD  which  It  Is  touDded,  and  destructlTB 
of  tbe  great  object  for  wblcb  It  was 
formed."  Honth  Carolina  deferred  action ; 
■nd  tbe  tariff  act  of  March  2,  1833. 
known  as  the  "Clay's  Compromise  Act, 
was  passed.  Itprovlded  that  Id  all  casea 
where,  tbe   tariff  on   Imported   goods   ex- 

B ,  -  B al  redactlnn 

made  of  aueb  eicesa  In  tbe  following  t. 
and  manner:  one-tenth  of  anch  excess  ni- 
ter Dtc  31,  1883;  another  tenth  after 
Dec  81.  18BB;  another  teeth  after  Dec 
81.  1S3T:  another  tenth  after  Dec.  31, 
1830 ;  one-half  the  realdne  of  such  excess 
after  Dec.  81,  1841 :  and  all  of  tbe  realdne 
of  sacb  excess  after  Dec.  31,  1842.  Speak- 
ing of  tbe  effect  of  tbla  compromise  opon 
tbe  rerenne  of  the  cO"ntrj.  the  Presldpnt, 
In  hla  Fifth  Annual  Uesaage  (page  1247), 
satd:  "The  cbaoges  made  In  our  reTcuue 
ayatem  by  the  acta  of  CaoKreas  of  1833 
and  1838,  and  more  especially  by  tbe  for- 
mer, bar*  swelled  tbe  recelpla  of  the  pres- 
ent year  far  beyond  the  amount  to  be 
expected  Id  futora  years  npoD  the  reduced 

,•..••  .*  x^,t..  I .    therefore, 

■1  the 


s  It." 

nuance. — President  Jackson  i._   _   

construct  Ion  let  was  oppoaed  to  natlODal 
banka.  In  hla  First  Annual  Message  <pag« 
102G)  he  began  hla  attack  upon  the  UDlled 
States  Bank,  and  followed  II  up  moat  per- 
sistently, evcD  to  the  length  of  Tetotng 
the  bill  renewlDg  Its  charter  of  1882.  Ha 
said:  "Both  the  eoDStitDlioDaltty  and  the 
expediency  of  the  law  creating  this  bank 
are  well  questioned  by  a  large  portion  of 
onr  fellow^cltlsens,  and  It  mnat  be  admitted 
by  ail  that  it  has  failed  In  the  great  end 
of  eatabllshlDg  a  aniform  and  BOUDd  cur- 
rency." The  matter  was  drawn  Into  poli- 
tics by  Clay  and  it  formed  an  Important 
llsne  In  f""  -'--•' •  ■■"'"'      »-  >-'-  '•■••i- 


tcriS  of  duties.  . 


I  a   strict 


a  tbe  election  ot  1882.     In  his  Fifth 


t resent  tariff  of  duties :  the  r 
xed  by  law  on  the  various  articles  wsa 
adopted  St  the  last  session  of  Contn^ss. 
as  a  natter  of  compromises,  with  unusual 
UDsnlmlty,  and  unleaa  It  la  found  to  nro- 
dnee  more  than  the  necessities  ot  tbe  (Jot- 
emment  csll  for,  there  would  seem  to  be 
no  reason  at  this  time  to  Justify  a  chauve." 
Id  bla  RIgblh  Annual  Ueaaags  (page  1406) 
Prealdent  Jackson  discusses  at  lengtb  the 
Tereone  •yaten  and  the  Tsrlons  means  of 
diapoBlnf  ot  anrpluB  revenue.  "Thn  anfeat 
and  best  mnde.''  he  anrs,  "of  obviating 
■It  of  til*  dlOcuItles  which  hare  been  men- 
tioned. Is  to  collect  only  rerenne  enough 
t«  meet  the  wanla  of  tbe  Ooverument,  and 
let   the  people  keep   the   balance   of   their 

troprrtr  In  their  own  handa  to  be  uaed 
»  tbelr  «wn  profit.'' 

PatHo  Debt.— The  public  debt  ot  lb* 
United  States  during  the  admlniatratlan 
Ot  President  Jackson  stood  as  foiiows : 
Jan.  1,  1880,  *48,GaG.40«.nO :  1831,  139.- 
108,191.88:  1833,  |24,322,28B.1B :  183B, 
•7,001,S9&8> ;    1884,    Sl,730,082.0S ;   1886, 


casts  doubts  u- , 

and  suggeets  the  appointment   of  a 

mittee    to    InveatlMte,      CoDgreos    1: 

gated  aod  reported  faTorably  to  the  baak 
aa  a  aafe  reposltarr  for  GoremmeDt  fonda. 
The  President  made  dp  his  mtnd  that  the 
deposits  should  be  withdrawn.  Secretary 
UcLane,  ot  the  Treasury,  was  unwilling 
to  give  the  order,  and  he  was  transferrea 
to  the  State  Department  and  his  place 
was  filled  by  William  J.  Daane,  wbo  waa 
•alisfl«d  tbat  the  removal  of  the  funds 
waa  neither  wise  nor  necessary,  and  re- 
fuaed  .either  to  give  the  order  or  to  re- 
algn.  Dusne  was  removed  in  September 
sud  his  place  waa  tilled  during  recess  by 
Roger  B.  Taney,  who  ordered  that  attM 
Oct  I  deposits  sboald  be  made  In  cer- 
tain State  baaks  and  not  In  tbe  Cnlted 
Slates  Bank.  A  resolution  ot  censure  ot 
the  President  was,  after  long  debate,  car- 
ried by  Clay  In  the  Senate ;  but  a  few 
weeks  hefore  Jackson's  retirement  from  ot- 
flce  the  resolution  waa  expunged.  In  the 
Prealdent's  Farewell  Address  (page  1B11) 
he  devotes  a  great  deal  of  attention  to  the 
corrency,  condemning  the  nse  of  paper 
moneT.  He  says:  "The  Conatltutlon  ot 
the  United  Ststea  unquestiDOibiy  Intended 
to  aecare  to  the  people  a  circulating  medi- 
um of  gold  and  allver.  Bat  tbe  estsbltsh- 
ment  of  a  national  bank  by  Congreaa,  with 
the  privilege  of  Issutog  paper  money  le- 
celvaule  In  the  payment  of  pabllc  dnes; 
and  the  unfortunate  course  of  legtalatlon 
'"  "■"  1  States  upon  the  s — "^ 


Fonrfb  Annual  Message  (page  1159)  la 
these  words :  "Our  beat  wishes  on  ail  oc- 
casions, oiir  good  offlces  when  required, 
will   be  afforded  to  promote  the  domestld 


tranquillity  and  forelzn  peace  of  all  na- 
tions with  whom  we  have  any  inlereonrse. 
Any   InterrentioD   In   their   affairs   tirrther 


dress    (page   12: 


)   submit  to  wro 


■  my  Bdininiatrallol) 
and  BO  happy  have 
we  are  not  only  at 


peace   with   all  tbe  wl_._   _..   __ 

cases  of  controversy,  and  these  ot  minor 
Importance  remaining  unadjoated."     Qreat 


credit  waa  (lyen  t 


tbe  Jackson  admlnls- 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Joc^Bon 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Jackson,  Andnv— coRtftmcrf. 

trallon  lor  Ihe  enforcenient  o(  the  Preneh 
apollutlon  rlslmi.   aa  accooDt  of  nblch   la 

SiTCD  Id  I  be  PreildFDt'i  ScTentb  A  a  nun  I 
leHBEc    (page    13T1).       EaropFan    natlODa 

fouDd  no  dltHcull;  Id  aeltllDg  their  claims 
■EslaBt  France  aoon  aller  the  pence  of 
l8)G:  bul  the  olalma  ot  the  Uotted  Stflles 
were  treated  wttb  superclllonB  allfncp.  A 
treaty    was    made    'rllh    Francf    In    | 


ingated   heriielf  to"pBT  (S.OOO.OOO  "l 
1  i„_._i ..    i>erfnnliig  Feo.  ? 


1833. 


A   dratl   waa  preRemed  but  perment   ' 

refused,  oDvtbe  plea  Ibat  no  appropria- 
tion bad  been  made.  President  JacksoD, 
In  a  meiisage  to  CoDKress  In  December, 
1S34.  advised  CoDKren  to  direct  thnt 
Frencb  TesHeln  Co  the  Tilue  of  the  amount 
be  ciplured.  The  French  goTprnment 
threatened  war  should  the  Prexldent  not 
■poloiclie.  Qreat  Britain  tnlprposed  and 
iTlaed    France    (o    settje    gnlckly.    which 


Tn suited    with    Imponltr- 
Jmckaon,  Andjwv: 

Annual  messages  of,  1005,  1063,  1107, 

1154,  1238,   1316,  1368,  1455. 
Bank  of  United  States  diBCUssed  fa7. 

(See  Bank  of  United  State*.) 
Biographical  sketch  of,  BBS. 
ClaimB  againBt  France  diBcussed  hj. 

{See  ]FTBDce,  claims  against.) 
Conduct  of,  when   entering  Florida 

discussed,  611. 
Constitutional  amendment  relative  to 

mode  of  election  of  President  and 

Vice-President,    reeommended    by, 

1010,   1081,  1130,   1168,   1253,  1338, 

1395,  1478. 
Death  of — 

Announced  and  bonoie  to  be  paid 
memory  of,  2233,  2234. 

Beferred  to,  2266. 
Discretionary    power    of    President 

over    nominatioQB,    removals,    and 

other  acts  discussed  by,  1355,  1S61, 

1272,   1346,   13S1. 
Ezecative  nominations — 

Authority  of  Executive  regi 
discussed  by,  1261,  1272, 
1351. 

Unacted  on  withdrawn,  1002. 
Farewell  address  of,  1511, 
Finances,   discussed  by,   1014,  1088, 

1118,  1168,  1224,  124S,  1S20,  1979, 

145& 
Fine  imposed  upon  at  New  Orleans, 

remfBHon  of,  recommended.  2062. 
Foreign  policy  discusBed  by,  1159, 1228, 

1324,  1370,  1378,  1456,  1484,  1600. 
Home  of,  tendered  Oovenunom^  SQ64 
InaugnraJ  addreia  o^— 

First,   999. 

Becond,  1222 
InBtmctions   to,    retating   to    tna^ 

with  Creek  Indians,  886. 
Internal  Improvements  discnssed  by, 

1014,  1046,  1071,  1164,  1201. 


lAfayette— 
Death  of,  announced,  1313. 
Orders  homage  to  be  paid  memory 

of,  1314. 
Tribute  paid  memory  of,  by,  1814. 
lAuds  donated  to,  by  Indians  as  mark 

of  gratitude,  5G5. 
Large  standing  army  nnnee«BSBTy  in 

time  of  peace,  1389. 
MadiEon,  Jamei — 
Death  of,  correspondenca  with  Urs. 

Madison  on,  1479. 
Writings  of,  on  constitutional  con- 
vention,     correspondence      with 
Mrs.  MadiBon  on,  1479,  1481. 
Major-general,  United  States  Army, 
521,  533,  611. 
Insults  ofFeied  Spanish  ofDeers  by, 
referred  to,  709. 
Uedal  offered,  in  commemoration  of 
delivery    of    Colombian    President 
from  assassins,  declined  by,  1029. 
Uedical   attendants   directM   to   ac- 
company, home,  1540. 
Meeting   of   Congress,   views   of,   on 

act  fixing  day  for,  1450. 
Military  achievements   of,  in  Indian 
wars,  discussed,  521,  333. 
Entrance  of,  into  Florida  diseusaed, 
611. 
Misunderstanding  with    Jndga   Fro- 

mentin,  referred  to,  682. 
Nullification   message   of,   1173. 
Nullification  proclamation  of,  1203. 
Oath    of   office,   notifies   Congreaa   of 

time  and  place  of  taking,  999. 
Our  Qovemment  supported  oy  baUot 

box,  not  mnsket,  1390. 
Pardon  granted  deserten  by,  1068. 
Pocket   vetoes   of,   1071,   1200,   1201, 

127B,  1337,  150L 
Portrait  of,  998. 

Powers  of  Federal  and  State  QD-vtm.' 
ments  discussed  by,  1014,  1024, 
1046,  1071,  1077,  1082,  1J20,  1141, 
1201,  1224,  1276,  ISSS,  1337,  1351, 
139S,  1450. 
Proclamations  of — 

Discriminating     dntiea     Boapended 
on  vessels  of — 
Anstria,  1004,1005. 
Mecklenburg-Schwviii,   1366. 
Oldenburg,  lOSSi 
Tnscany,  1458. 
Extraordinary    wanm  of  Senate^ 

1508. 
Iiands  in  Lotdsiana,  m]«  of,  IOCS. 
Nnllilleatlon,  1E03. 
forts  opened  to  vofaela  of  Oiaat 

Britais,  1060. 
tTnlawfol     posseesioii     at     poUie 
lands,  1057,  llOfi. 
Protest    of,   against,   reaolDtionB    of 
Senate,  1258. 
Additional     statMnent     regarding 
UlSl 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Japan 


Jackstm,  Andmr— «M>»MMd. 

Public  deposits  ditcussed  bj.  (Bee 
BaukB,  QUt«;  DapoBitH,  Pnblie.) 

BafuMi  to  msks  f&rthei  nomiuatiDiii 
/or  ofBces  in  MiBaisuppi,  1199. 

SemoTalB  from  office,  discusaed  bj, 
1351. 

Boveuoe  lawa  oppmed  in  South  Caro- 
lina, diacnased  bj.  (See  Sontli  Cai- 

BevcDue  aTBtem  diaenseed  bj,  1459. 
tenta  Anna,  correapondence  with,  re- 

Srding  war  between   Texas   and 
3xico,  1493. 
8t»te     banks     diacnssed     bf.     (See 

Banka,  State.) 
State   of   Union   discnaaed   by,    1005, 

lOea,  HOT,  1154,  1366,  1511. 
Bnrgeoo- General  of  Army  directed  to 

secompany,  home,  1540. 
Surplna  revenue  diacoased  by,  1015, 

1077,  1459. 
Tariff  diHCQBsed  bj,  1012,  1086,  1110, 

1180,  1247,  1380,  1470. 
Tezaa,  Telations  Trith,  diBcnased  bj, 

(See  Texaa.) 
Treaty  witb  Indians  concluded  bj, 

SS9. 
Veto  moMagea  of — 
Appointing  day  for  meeting  of  Con- 

gresB,  1450. 
Authorizing  subscription  of  stock 
in  HajsTille,  Wasnington,  Paris, 
and    Lexington    Turnpike    Boad 
Co.,  1048. 
Anthorizinff  anbacription  of  stock 
in   Washington    Turnpike    Boad 
Co.,  1056. 
Compromise  of  claims  against  Sic- 

ily,  1365. 
Desiffnatiag  and  limiting  funds  ra- 
eeivable  for  revenue,  reasons  for 


United  States,  1139. 

Improvements  of  rivers  and  har- 
bors, reasons  for  applying  pocket 
veto.  1201, 

Light-nouses,  reasons  for  applying 
pocket  veto,  1071. 

Loaisville  and  Portland  Co.,  rea- 
sons for  applying  pocket  veto, 
1071. 

Navigation  of  Wabash  Biver,  rea- 
sons for  applying  pocket  veto, 
1337. 

Proceeds  of  land  sales,  leasons  for 
applying  pocket  veto^  1275. 

Settlement  of  State  claims,  reasons 
for   applying  pocket   veto,    1200. 
War  between  Texas  and  Mexico,  dis- 
cussed by.     (See  Wars.  Foreign.) 
Warehousing    system    discuBsed    by, 

1015. 
JaekBon   (Uln.),  Battle  Df.-An«r  the 
engsfement  at  Bajmond,  Ueneraon's  col- 


nmn  proceeded  toward  Jsckion  by  way  of 
Clinton,  wbtre  It  deslrojed  ■  porllon  of  tbe 
imllroad  to  prevenl  tb»  studlQK  ot  lOpplleB 
trom  tbe  eaat  lo  Vtrksbars.  Sherman  moved 
slons  tbe  ttarmoDd  road.  Ma;  14.  1863, 
wben  within  two  miles  ot  Jackson,  both 
colamna  met  the  CoafedereteH  whom  Gen. 
Joseph  E,  Johnston  bad  been  eollectlng  In 
order  to  reentorce  Peiiibenon  al  Vkksburj. 
Tbe  mmblned  corps  ot  Sherman  and  Uc- 
Pherson  atlaehed  Che  small  force  of  John- 
Blou  and  drove  It  through  JackBon  and 
toward  Canton,  tsklns  some  prisoners.  Tbe 
Union  loss  was  800.  The  Contederale  loia 
was  846. 

JaUs.  (See  Imprisonment.) 
Jamestown  and  Northom  Ballioad  Oo., 
right  of  way  throngb  Indian  reserva- 
tion, bill  for,  4952,  5177. 
Jamestown  (Va.),  Battle  of.— Rarir  in 
1T81  Virginia  beiajue  (he  chief  theater  of 
the  operations  ot  tbe  Brlllab  and  American 
armies.  Benedict  Arnold,  baving  turned 
traitor  to  his  country,  was  sent  bv  Clinton, 
with  1,(100  men.  lo  tbe  Jamea  River  with 
orders  to  lay  waste  the  country  and  destroy 
tbe  stores  at  Richmond.  WasblQEton  or- 
dered Ijifayette.  with  1.200  light  rotantry, 
lo  rapture  Arnold.  L.afayette  arrived  at 
Rkbmoad  April  :iEI.  just  In  time  to  wltnesa 
the  hamlnK  ot  the  eitenslTe  tobacco  ware- 
houses at  Maocbester.  on  tbe  opposite  side 
ot  the  river,  hy  Oea.  Phillips,  who  had  s 


Corn 


mips  I 


2,000    I 


Bills  Bbacdoned  his  unprodtable  cam- 


ourK,     Vb.,     mhj 
8,000  men.    Lata 


unajiviie  Luruieu  a  JUDcCure  With  Steubcn 
June  18,  anamentlnB  his  force  to  abont  4.000 
men.  Eludltia  Tarlcton's  command,  be  pur- 
sued Cornwallls  back  toward  Richmond, 
which  place  the  latter  evacuati^  Jube  20, 
retiring   toward   Jamestown.      July   8   Lafa- 

SHte  attacked  Cornwallls  near  Oreen 
prings.  within  a  tew  miles  of  Jamestown. 
Latayette  dlsllngulshed  bimselt  tor  per- 
sonal bravery  !□  tbe  Bght.  but  wa>  forced 
to  retire  lo  Malvern  Hill.  Tbe  American 
caBnsltles  were  reported  as  118  killed. 
wounded  and  missing.  The  British  lost  TB. 
Jamestown,  Va.,  tercentenary  of  foun- 
dation of,  7043,  7095,  7388. 
Jamestown  BxpoBltlon,   commended  by 

President  Boosevelt,  6913,  7006. 
Japan. — "IJind  of  the  Rlslna;  Bon."  An 
empire  ot  Asia  lying  In  tbe  Pa  cine  Ocean, 
east  d(  China,  Eores.  and  Siberia.  It  tvn. 
slsts  of  fonr  prlnclnnl  IslnndH— the  main 
Island  ot  Hondo  or  Nippon,  Yeso,  Shikokn, 
Kla  Shin— and  about  4,000  smaller  Islands, 
Including  the  l.oociioo  aod  Kuille  gronpa 
and  the  Island  ot  Formosa,  which  was  ac- 
quired from_Cblna  -  •""- 


with   I 


_.™l  Peat 


— Tbe  Islands  of  Janan 
.   their  general   dlrec- 


where  are  the  sacred  snow-capped 
eone  ot  Piijl-ysina  118.870  teet),  a  vol- 
cano dormant  since  ITOT.  and  AsamB-Tsma 
18,300   feet),   also   volcanic   and   liable  to 


short  and  generally  Impetuous,  rising  In 
the  centrsl  mountains  and  Sowing  to  tb« 
nearest  point  of  the  const.     Bllgbt  esnli- 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


J«p« 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Jspui — Cm  Itnued. 

quakM  are  commoD  In  Mrtala  dtitricti  tod 
the  lilsDda  ar*  tnntirutlt  the  ceoler  of 
■tocna  or  t;pbooaa,   eipeclall;  In  Septem- 


„.     The   Portugneae  traded   aonie 

with  Japan  betwepn  16*Tt  and  1638.     With 
"--  eicpplloQ  of  a  limited  irade  wlththa 


sible  to  blm,   aod  br  a  Prlrj 


.  _r  with  Ctlna.  the 

latter  waa  complclelT  defeated  on  land 
aDd  aea.  The  war  ended  In  ISBS  wttli  th* 
payment  of  iDdenmlty  br  Cblna.  the  cea> 
alon  of  Formoaa.  and  the  Indtpendenc*  of 


kido. 


Ana  in     Population 

Euliih  IttM 

^  SqTMilai 

BoBSolceotrS!"*. Sfl.iSM  ie.(M4.4TS 

Hondo,  Nonben 30.IM  7,480.433 

Bondo,WHUrT> 20.eTS  10,929.374 

Y»o  or  Holiliaido 30.150  1,137.4U 

Klu  Shiii 13.800  7.7*8,752 

Bhikoku ISO  3.383.310 

KurilaJaUndi 8.160  4,000 

Luchu  IRiu-luu)  Uudi....  940  480,000 

OthatUanda 1.500           

i4a.i»i   M/m.79e 

DnendtiKin— 

R(»ea  (Cho-HD) 71,000  13.135.000 

Formov  (Tai-wu) 13,500  3,400,000 

Pearadorea  (Hoko^to) 85  55,000 

KwiDEIUDi 1.3B8  470.000 

Bikhfli"  (Knfuto) B,824  40.000 

05,005    17.000.000 

OcMkdTotal 335,866    87,142.798 

The  eat  I  mated  papulation  of  Japan 
proper  <1»13)  waa  1^.985,000.  The  reli- 
gion of  tbe  Japaoeae  nallon  la  Sblntolam 
■nd  Buddblam,  but  there  Is  ibaolule  re- 
HBlooa  freedom.  Chrlallunlli'  haa  not  nude 
Ten"  jreat  progresa. 

Oorefumenl.— The  go*ernmpnt  la  that  of 
a  cooatllDtional  monarcbr,  claimed  br  the 
Japaneae  to  he  heredliarT  In  direct  line 
Blni^  the  aeventh  century  before  the  Chrla- 
tlan  era.  nnd  la  Ibun  the  oldeat  coaaem- 
tlTG  goTernmeiit  In  Ine  world.  In  the  ;ear 
1867  tbe  relna  of  goremment  were  reaa- 
Bumed  bT  ibe  Emperor  aftrr  a  lopae  of 
about  600  rears  of  Imptrlnl  aecluBlon. 
dnrlDE  wbl<<h  period  the  power  had  been 
eierclaed  br  a  Sbognn.  or  GeaerallBslmo. 
who  wsH  da  facto  ruler,  although  nomlunl- 
Ir  BUblect  to  tbe  de  lure  Emperor.  Id 
1871  ine  Imperlflt  authnrltT  was  f'Tther 
atrenilhened  br  the  gradnal  abaorptlon  of 
tbe  aamural.  or  anord -bearing  warrior 
elnsa,  In  tbe  bodr  ot  the  nation.  Raler, 
Hla  Imperial  Malestr  Toahlhlto.  bom  A"ii. 
81.    1870:    succeeded    hla    father    the    Em- 

feror  Mutsnhllo  Juir  30.  1912.  Tbe  word 
llkndo  la  id  archnlc  word  seldom  beard 
In  Japan,  of  doubtful  etrmologr.  which  ap- 
penra  to  meno  '"Autuat  Onte."  and  wna 
naed  to  dealicnate  tbe  Emperor,  It  belDg 
tbouibt  dtarcapcctful  to  refer  to  bigh  per- 
■onasea  by  name.  It  la  a  common  cuatom 
In  Japan  to  mention  peraona  br  placea 
ecnaected  with  them  rattier  thao  br  name. 
Tbe  executive  power  repoaea  In  the  Em- 
peror, who  If  adTlHd  br  ■  CablMt  ratpoii- 


Dutch,  Japan 

with  the  reat  of  Ibe  world  till  an  American 
eipedltlon  unfler  Perri,  In  1853,  forced  a 
treatr  upon  her.  Thla  waa  followed  br 
treatlea  with  other  coiintrlea.  Id  ISBT-68 
a  reTolDllon  tranaferrcd  the  power  from 
the  Shogun,  the  beredliarr  commander-ln- 
chlcf  or  the  armr,  who  bad  held  It  for 
BOO  reara,  to  tbe  tllnlnr  Emperor,   the  Ml- 


erclal  r 


_     Diet     eonalata    ot     two 

nausea.  The  Cbamber  ot  Peer*  coualatB 
of  the  Imperial  Prlncea.  and  Prlncea  and 
Marqueaaea  of  twentr-flre  reara  ot  age:  oC 
elected  repreaentatlTca  of^  tbe  remaining 
ranta  of  tbe  nobllltr :  of  lite  members  ap- 


membira,    elected    for    four    jea 


. of  district  and  aub-dla- 

trlet  courta  of  Orat  Inatance  and  courta  ot 
appeal,  with  jndgea  appointed  br  tbe  Em- 
peror and  Irremovable  except  for  mlacon- 
ducc.  A  court  of  eaaaatlon  at  Tokro,  almllnr 
to  that  of  Parla,  la  tbe  final  appeal  court 
ot  tha   Empire. 

Tbe  offldal  admtnlatratlye  trnlt  la  tba 
Prefecture  (torlr-three  In  number)  under 
a  Prefect  who  la  a  civil  offlclul  appolnied 
by  the  Emperor  and  directir  reaponalble  to 
the  Home  Ulnlater. 

Prodncrion  and  /ndnafru. — Tlie  area  ot 
Japan  (eieluslve  of  the  Dependenciea)  la 
64.600,0110  acrea.  ot  which  over  B4J1  per 
cent  I*  under  foreata.  The  crops  are  rice, 
wheat  and  barter,  aor  bean,  mnlberrr  ■do 
millet. 

The  lire  atock  Inclndea  cattle,  abeep, 
goata,  plea,  and  horaea.  Gold  and  allrer 
sre  found,  and  Iron,  copper  and  manga- 
nese are  plentiful.  Coal  Fa  raised  Id  pro- 
ereaalve  quanlltlea.  17,600.000  tona  being 
won  In  1911.  Petroleum  Is  being  suc- 
cesalvel]'  eiplolted  and  sulphur  minea  are 
worked.  Iron  foundrlea  and  shlp-bnlldlng 
indugtrles  are  ot  growing  Importance. 
Teitllea   emplor   nearl>   one-lalt   a    million 

Scraona  (malnir  women),  out  of  a  tolai  of 
17,000  faciorr  operBtlves;  besides  a  llrea 
number  of  workers  who  are  engaged  In 
these  InduBlrles  in  their  own  homea.  and 
paper,  matches.  eerlheDware,  maltlnn, 
lentberwork  and  lacquer  ware  are  produced 
for  (he  home  and    forelgii  trade. 

SdHcatfon. — I'rlmarr  :  Loner  grade,  eom- 
polaorr,  and  free.     Age,  six  to  ten.     Kin- 

altended  (82  per  cent).  Some  BS  per  cent 
complete  the  higher  prlmarr  ronrae.  ag* 
ten  to  fourteen,  for  which  a  amall  montbTr 
tee  of  thlnr  to  aixty  aen  la  required. 
Special  ScboolB  ot  ■□duatrlea.  commerce, 
and  tecbnics  arc  welt  attended.  Btatv 
DnlTerelllea :  Toklo.  Kyoto.  Tohoku.  and 
KluBhlu  (Medicine  and  Enirlneerldg  onlyl. 
There  are  aome  private  Inatltutlona  of  unl- 
veralty  at  an  ding. 

The  average  expenditure  for  the  five 
rears  coding  with  1914  was  e63.BeO,T0S 
yen.  and  the  receipts  for  tha  aome  time 
avemged  649,085.010  jea.  The  budget  foe 
1914  called  for  an  expenditure  of  E8S,80T.- 
DSS  yen.  Tbe  total  debt  stated  In  191S 
WRB  2.493,970,000  ren.  or  11,246.985.000. 
Tbe  yen.  tbe  unit  of  value,  la  equal  to 
■0.49S.  United  States  moner. 

flfiHwDi/i,— The  Japanese  rallwaya  are 
BlinosI   entirely   State-owned.     At   tba  be- 

E Inning  of  1913  there  were  In  Japan  proper 
.er"  ~- -  — " "'- 


IT/! 


Soutb  Msnchurlsn  Railway  la  under  Japa- 
nese control,  tbe  Oovemment  being  a  large 
shareholder.  In  1911  the  AntUDg.Mukden 
line  WBB  opened  to  broad-nnge  trsQc,  con- 
necting the  Korean  and  Bontn  Manchnrlan 
■ratema,  and  making  It  poaalbia  to  pn- 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Japan 


e*M  from  Tokia  to  Uokow  with  onlr  clsht 

hoara'  Ma-pnange.     The  cmt  o(  i • — 

if  tbe  JapiDeie  rallwa;  ■ 


(era  and  gooda  tralBc  on  alf  llnei  la  Japna 
for  1912  was  f9.250.000.  glvlog  aversge 
net  e&rulofa  p«r  train  mile  of  la.  lO^d. 

In  1912'tbere  were  7,166  pot  otBcea 
•nd  4.997  telearapli  offlcea,  wltb  29,600 
milea  of  tlae.  Tbera  were  aUo  Z.SIT  tele- 
phone offlcea,  nllh  5.200  mIlea  of  Unr. 


ni  III  ivi>  ui.  1,981  ateameri  OTer  twentr 
tons,  and  1.817  asUIng  vesaela  over  100 
toni.  Tbe  principal  steamablp  llnea  receive 
■  Ot/TemmcDt  iiibaldir. 

Citit: — The  canlul  la  To*to  with  ■  pop- 
ulation of  Z.200.DOO  (In  ISIO)  and  some 
tblrtj  other  eitlei  with  a  populatloii  In  ez- 
cesa  of  50.000. 

Trait  wilA  tb«  VMtea  fitotei.— The  *a1n« 
of  mercbandlae  Imported  Into  Japan  from 
the  Hotted  Btetei  tor  tbe  year  101S  waa 
ie7.741.815,  and  no^'  to  tbe  value  of 
<»l,ttS8,240  were  sent  thilber— a  balance 
of  <33,^1.42B  lu  favor  of  Japan. 

CB(iSBV.—Tht  penlnanU  of  Korea,  which 
formed  tbe  bone  of  contention  In  tbe  Ja- 

Sn-Chlna  war  of   1804-1895,    waa   anireD- 
red  to  Japanew  Influence  b;  tbe  Treaty 

of  Bhiaonowkl  of  IS-*"    **•- '—  '■- 

Inc  aecnred  after  tht 


waa  ceded  to  Japan  hr  China  after  the 
war  of  1894-1805.  Tbe  name  was  then 
changed  to  Taiwan.  The  area  la  about  IS.SOO 

Sua  re  ml  lea,  with  an  eatlmated  population 
S.400.000.  Formosa  la  a  volcanic  laland, 
with  the  two  bigheat  peaks  Id  Uouat  Mor- 
rlsBon  (14.;jOO  feet),  now  culled  Nllaka- 
yama.  and  Mount  Bylvla  (12,600  feet), 
catled  8etia-Eaa.  Huimr  and  rice  are  grown 
In  large  quantities.  Very  luiportoot  la  csm- 
pbor.  a  large  proportion  of  tbe  world'! 
aupply  coming  from  tbla  Island.  Tea  la 
groivn.  and  eiporled  largelj'  to  the  United 
Blatea.  The  administration  baa  been  en- 
tirely reformed  by  Japan,  and  education 
has  been  placed  cpon  a  aclenllflc  fooling, 
rallwaya.  roads  and  olber  commaiu- 


t  ISSSj.  tbe  poeseasi 

_,  -■  the  BassoJapanea.    .  .._ 

by  tbe  treaty  of  1906  and  by  the  Anglo- 


n  the  e: 


Province   of   Russian   Siberia.     Bound   the 
t  are  many  Islands,  the  largest  being 
...part,  about   fltty   mllea   due  sooth  ol 
e  peninsula  (totsl  aren  about  6S0  square 


In   the   couDtry.      —    —   .   — 

monntalnouB,  except  In  tbe  river  valleys. 
ADOut  4.900.000  acres  are  nuder  cnltlva- 
tlon,  the  staple  agricultural  producta  being 
rice  and  other  cereala,  beans,  coltou.  tobac- 
co and  hemp ;  the  otber  natural  products 
are  chiefly  gold  and  hides.  Olnseng,  a 
medldnal  toot  much  affecled  bv  the  Chi- 
nese, la  largely  grown  nnder  Oovemment 
■upervlBlon  In  the  province  of  Pyeng-An, 
and,  beinf  a  Oovemment  monopoly,  forma 
a  rich  >oore«  of  revenae.  Qold,  copper, 
mal.  Iron  and  other  mloerala  are  dlstrlb- 
oted  throagboat  the  connlry. 

Capital,  BeouL  Popolatlon  (1909),  21T,. 
400.  Other  towns  are  Cbongju.  80,000; 
PhyonE-yang.  50,000  :  Foaau.  60,000  :  Snng- 
do  (Sal-*ong),  27.000;  Chemulpo,  25,000: 
Wonaan.   17?l>00. 

Trade  teilli  t)ie  DitHed  Btattt. — Tbe  value 
of  mercbandlae  Imported  Into  Cbo-sen  (Ko- 
rea) from  the  Called  States  for  the  year 
,„.-    — T.,I^S70^928,     ---■ ■■-    -     "•- 

_j  ■ 

SUte*. 

TAFWAH. — The  Islsnd  of  Pormou.  between 
20*  6e'-S5*  16'  N.  latitude  and  1S0--12I' 
B.    loBgltDde   In   the    Weat   Fsctflc   Ocean, 


cations  are  IJelng  developed. 

BOKOTO.—Tbe  Pescadores  (or  rlsber  la- 
'"—"-■     -illed    by    the    Japanese    Bok-ir 


group    of    fortj-elKht    Islands,    o( 
fighty-a     ' 


which  twenty-one  _ 
total    area    of    sbi 
miles  and  an  estlma.._  , 
5S.D4H1,    mainly  Chinese, 


.-.,    , group  having 

by  China  after  tbe  war  ot  1894- 

■-'--ds  are  distant  about  thirty 
Formosa    In   the   typhoon- 


1895.     The  Islor 

miles    weat   of ._ 

swept  area  of  Formosa  Strait. 

Kff.*»07'0.~At  the  conclusion  of  tbe 
Soss^Jspsnese  war  of  1904-1905  tbe  Ras- 
alau  lease  from  Chin*  of  tbe  southern  prom- 
ontory of  tbe  Llao  Tung  Peninsula  (In  the 


Japanese  agreement  ot  the  > , -- 

1910  Korea  waa  formally  annexed  by  Ja- 
pan, tbe  Emperor  was  deposed,  and  the 
name  of  the  country  was  changed  to  Cho- 
sen. It  extends  southward  from  Manchuria 
from  4S'<84*  18'  N.  lalltnde,  and  between 
124'  8e'-130°  47'  B.  longitude,  with  a  total 
length  of  abont  600  mllea.  and  an  eitrema 
bresdlh  ot  186  miles.  The  peninsula  Is 
bonndcd  on  the  east  by  tbe  Bea  of  Japan, 
on  the  weat  by  the  \e\' —  °-  — '  •'•- 
Tain   River,   on   the 


China. 

Tbe  eaatem  ahores  contain  tbe  harbors 
of  Port  Arthur.  Daluy,  and  Talleuwan, 
all  connected  by  rsllwsy  with  Klncban, 
PeklDg,  Mukden,  and  tbe  Trans-Siberian 
line,  and  all  Ice-free  ports.  Port  Arthur 
wDs  captured  by  (he  Japanese  In  lue  war 
with  China  (1B9G),  and  again  successfDily 
besieged  by  land  and  sea  tti  tbe  Russo- 
Japanese  war  of  1904-1905.  being  sur- 
rendered by  tbe  Russian  General  Btoessel, 
after  repeated  assaults,  oo  Jsn.  1,  1906. 
Capital.  Dalren   (formerly  Dalny), 

SiXHAUTf.— The  southern  portion  ot  tks 
Island  of  BakhallQ  was  occupied  by  the 
Japanese  from  about  iSOO  to  1875,  when 
I. —J.J   .-   n. — 1-        gy   ,|jg  Treaty 


f  Korea  Is  about  71,000  square       V. 


;  Russo-Japanese  war 


of  tl 


The 


9.R24 


rea  of  t. 


ulTei 


with  an  estimated  population  of  40,000. 
Sakbflllo  Is  a  long,  narrow  Islnnd  Id  the 
North  Padac.  orr  the  coast  of  Eastern  Si- 
beria (from  nblcb  Et  Is  separated  by  tbe 
Straits  of  Tartarv)  and  northwest  of  the 
Island  of  Tcso,  tbe  La  Peroiise  Straits  be- 
ing the   dividing   waters.      Capital,   Korsa- 

Advancement  of,  diBenssed,  5471, 
6SE9,  6065,  7053. 

American  citizens  in,  legislation  for 
protection  of,  4006. 

American  citizens  selected  to  serve 
in  offices  of  importance  in  Oovern- 
ment  of,  4009. 

American  hostility  to  citizens  of,  de- 
plored, 7053. 

American  interests  in,  measures  for 
protection  of,  4006. 

American     Bhipmaaters     vrarned     h? 


:„Goo<i^\c 


Japan 

Japan— Con  tfMKrdL 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


o.iupported  b^ United  BUtflB,5086. 
Cable    commusi cation    with,    recom- 

mended,  4565. 
Citixena  of,  in  China,  treatment  of, 
and  action  of  United  StatM  offleers 
lerarding,   inqaired   into,   S902. 
Civir  war   in,    neutrality    of    United 
States  in,  3SSS. 
Froi^Iaimed,  3712. 
Claima  of  United  SUtea  againat,  3M6, 
4242. 
IttdemnitlsB  received,  diaensaed  and 
leeommendations         regarding, 
3S74,    4243,    4520,   4S61,    4630, 
4692,  4716. 
Setnrued,   4762. 
l*ropriety  of  applTing  indemnity  to 
edneation  of  youths  in  Japanese 
language,  submitted,  4243. 
Commercial  relations  with,  2703,  2743, 
27Q9,  4060,  4242,  444S,  6373,  6431. 
Constitutional  government,  establish- 
ment of,  contemplated  by,  4630. 
New  constitntion  promnlmted  by, 
5471. 
CoBsalar      courts      find      jurisdiction 

thereof,  discuesed,  4072,  4630. 
Consuls  of  United  States  in,  claim  of, 
to  exercise  judicial  powers  in  cer- 
tain cases,  referred  to,  3S92. 
Difficulties  of,  with  China,  disonased, 

4242. 
Fuffitive  criminals,   convention  with, 

for  surrender  of,  4B87,  S0S6. 
I<egation  of  United  States  in,  land 
for,    offered    by,    recommendations 
regarding,  4823,  4S62,  4923. 
Lew  Chew  Islands,  controversy  be- 
tween China  and,  regarding,  4521. 
Minister    of,    to    United    Stfttes,   re- 
ceived, 4718. 
Minister  of  United  States  \fi— 

Appropriation  for  support  of  Amer- 
ican youths  to  serve  as  part  of 
official  family  of,  recommended, 
4101,  4145. 
Claim  of,  for  loss  of  house  by  Are, 

3382. 
Correspondence  with,  referred  to, 

4004. 
Fireproof  building  for  use  of  lega- 
tion recommended,    4561. 
Kaval  expedition  to,  discussed,  2703, 
2712,  2743,  2769,  2833. 
Successful  termination  of,  2812. 
Neutrality  of  United  States  in  war 
with— 
Austria-Hungary,  7977. 
Germany,  7976. 
Postal  convention  with,  4203. 
Queatlona  with,  settled,  6264,  6333. 
Referred  to,  3S32,  8836. 
Relations  with,  2685,  3382,  6959,  6065, 
6371. 


Ships  of  war  built  in  United  Slatea 
for,  referred  to,  3354. 
Orders     regarding     dearanea     at, 

3443,  3444. 
Prohibition    of    departure    of,   »- 
moved,  3539. 

Shlfi  wrecked  seamen,  eonventioil 
with,  for  relief  of,  4561, 

Shipwrecks,  convention  regarding  ex- 
penses incurred  in  couMquenca  of, 
4580. 

Special  provision  for  naturalising 
citizens  of,  in  United  States,  rec- 
ommended, 7435. 

Subjects  of,  in  Ikisima  Island  injured 
by  target  practice  of  American 
vessel,  recommendations  regarding, 
E367,  5386. 

Treaty  between  United  States,  Great 
Britain,  France,  Holland,  and,  re- 
ferred to,  3574,  3792. 


Treaty    with,    transmitted    and    dis- 
cussed by  President — 
Buchanan,  3012,  3037,  3061,  817*. 
Cleveland,  4987,  5086l 
Johnson,  3574,  3722. 
Pierce,  2776,  2812. 
Sevision  of,  discussed,  476&  4S£!^ 
S0S6,  5367,  5546. 
Convention  regarding,  4460,  4S20. 
Vessels  of,  discriminating  duties  on, 
suspended  by  proclamation,  4131. 
War  with  China- 


Agents  of  United  States  requested 
to  protect  subjects  of  eontestanta, 
S957,  6059. 
Japan  Exposition: 
Tokyo,  1912,  generous  proiWon  tvt, 
recommended,  7121. 
Postponed  to,  1917,  7234. 
Japan,  Traatlai  wltlL — Dlpiomatle  rela- 
tions wltti  Japan  began  wlcb  tbe  treaty  of 
1834.  which,  with  sereial  Ister  onen.   «aa 
■upcrsfded  by  ttie  more  compreheuBlve  con- 
ventions  now    in    force.      The    coDTeatlon 
for    relmborilng   shipwreck    expenam,    con- 
clndrd  In  1B80,  provided  that  all  enwniee 
Incurred  bj  the  BOTernment  of  the  Cnltcd 
States  In  connection  wltb  rescue,  clotblng, 

r  tbe 


the  L'Dlted  States  goveniiiieDt  shall  be  le- 
■poDslble  for  debts  and  eipenm  Incnrred 
b*  Jspan  In  reoderins  like  assistance  to 
L'aited  Ststcs  eltlieas.  Tbla  provision  ehsll 
not  extend  to  expenses  Incurred  In  tbe 
BSlvagt  at  the  tcbwU  or  cargo,  wlilcb  most 
be  a  cbsrge  sgatnsC  the  vessel  and  goods 
or  the  owners.  In  such  claims  for  rvlm- 
borsement  the  exnensei  of  soTeniDieiit.  po- 
lice, end  other  odlclals.  and  tbe  expense  of 
offldsl  correBpondeocc  U  not  to  be  Inclnded. 
(For  tbe  extradition  nrovlslons  of  188S,  see 
Eitrsdltlon   Treaties.) 

Tbe  tr«at7  of  commerce  and  navigation 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Jeannette 


Jkpaa,  TnatiM  iritb-Cimttattcd. 
of  18M  provided  for  mutual  freedom  of 
trade.  tnTel  and  resideDce ;  free  acceu  to 
tbe  conrta  In  panalt  and  deleuae  of  rlehts : 
paasenloo  and  dIspoMi  «t  well  as  the  anc- 
eeaalon  to  propertr.  and  the  eqaltable  Im- 


poalllon  ot  ti 
domlnlona  of  the  other. 


■ubject 


alleuB  tban  apon  dtliene ;  nor  ahall  mill- 
tar;,  naral  or  olber  lervlce  be  Imposed  upon 
tbem.  Importation  and  exportation  of  soodi 
■hall  be  tree  (ram  problbltorj  or  «mt>ar- 
rasalns  reatrlctlonB,  regardleu  of  tbe  place 
whence  the  goods  arrlre  or  "-  — ' — '"- 
of  tbe  Teasels  carrying  them ; 


utionalltr 
Ine  them :  but  the  nsnal 

twTie  trade  obtabi  Id  all 

Ivllegea  of   loading  and   un- 


■atlOD  which  are  eqjore 

sela  shall  be  granted  wIl ^_ 

discrimination  to  the  Tessel  o(  the  other 
eoantrr  The  prlrlteges  of  Tlaltlng  two  or 
more  porta  for  the  purpose  of  oellTerlng 
part*  «t  a  cargo  are  extended  to  Teasels,  and 
la  «ncb  cases  there  sball  be  but  one  im- 
position ot  legitimate  charges  upon  the  Tes- 
Ml.  Humane  treatment  la  to  be  extended 
to  TMsela  ot  all  aorta  In  dlstreas,  and  means 
of  asststiDce  and  alleviation  are  to  t>e 
freeir  accorded  b;  both  nations  to  the  bdF' 
fsrers  on  Teasels  of  tbe  other.  Balvage  shall 
In  all  easea  be  conducted  and  goTemed 
according  to  tbe  laws  ot  the  couatrr  In 
which  the  aalrage  Is  made.  Ooodi  and  mer- 
ctiandlsa  saved  from  a  wreck  shall  not  be 
lUble  to  CDBtoms  duties  unless  cleared  for 
coDsamptloD.  Tbe  usual  terms  ot  consular 
coDTeution  are  IniMuded  In  tbla  treaty.  Tbo 
treaty  was  to  have  eodured  for  a  period 
of  twelve  Tesra  from  date  of  couclnsloD. 
with  twelve  months'  privilege  of  notice  of 
Intention  to  terminate  (page  8040).  (For 
Trade -Mark  regulations,  see  Trade-Harks, 
ConTcatlona  ) 

A  new  treaty  of  trade  and  navigation 
between  the  L'nlted  Slates  and  Japan  waa 
nllfled  br  the  f       ■     -■     -■    


DperatlTe  nolesa  six  months'  notice  to  the 
contrary  Is  givea. 

Begardlng  Immigration  restrictions,  tbs 
following  statement  by  Y.  Uchida.  the  Jap- 
anese Ambasaador  at  washtngtOD,  while  not 
a  part  of  the  treaty,  was  made  In  connec- 


between  Japan  and  the  fnlted  States  tbe 
undersigned  Japanese  Amlussidor  lo  Wash- 
ington, duly  aulborlied  by  bis  GoTemmeut, 
•— ■  •--  ' * i  that  the  Imperial 

rwhVch'irYaB    tor 


States." 
Japan  signed  with  the  United  Blates  tbs 

feneral   International   arbitration   treaty  In 
BOS.     and     conventions     protecting    trade- 


ilog  TacldeDt  to  trad< 
ralioDs  are  dealt  witl 

irabjeci 

1  It  11 


the   right   of   eltlicL.    _.    __    . 

two  countries  to  ealer,  travel  or  reside 
the  territories  of  tbe  other,  to  carry  i 
trade,  lease  houBcs  aod  shops  and  re>ldenc._ 
and  generally  do  anythlof  Incident  to  trade- 
It  permits  Ibei ,.. 

to  the  laws  of  each   conntrv, 
stipulated  tbat  Hie  permlasloi 

anbject   to   local    laws. 

In  Acllcle  VIII  It  Is  provided  that  there 
shall  be  no  discrimination  between  the  Tea- 
sels of  the  two  countries  In  their  right 
to  carry  Imports  without  being  liable  to 
other  or  hlsber  cbarges  of  duties  than  na- 
tional TesHcls.  Tbe  same  rule  la  apnlled 
to  einortatlon  and  to  the  payment  of  ex- 
port duties,  bounties  and  drawbacks.  Ar- 
ticle XIV  promises  that  any  trade  or  naTl> 
cation  priTllege  extended  to  another  eoan- 
trr sball  be  enjoyed  bv  the  signatories  to 
this  treaty.  Article  XT  confers  protection 
for  patents,  trade-marks,  and  designs.  This 
treaty  sniwraedes  the  treaty  of  IBB 4.  and 
became  operatlye  July  IT,  ISll,  and  Is  to 
remain  In  force  twelve  years.  At  tbe  end 
ot  twelT*  yean  tbe  treaty  alto  cootlnnea 


1808.    and     

marks   In   Korea  and    China. 

An  exchange  of  notes  between  Secretary 
Root  and  BaroD  Takublra.  tbe  Japanese  Am. 
bassador,  dated  Nov.  SO.  1906,  ootllned  tbe 
common  policy  of  the  two  Kovernmenis  In 
the  Paclflc  Ocean  It  Is  declared  to  be  the 
wish  ot  both  to  encourage  free  and  peaceful 
development  ot  commerce;  tbe  maintenance 
of  the  atatUB  quo  Id  China ;  redprtM^al  re- 
spect (oT  tbe  territorial  posaesslona  of  each 
In  Cblna,  and  the  support  of  tbe  Intetrlty 
o(  Cblna  and  equal  trade  opportunities  (or 
all  nations  In  that  coontry.  Should  any 
event  occnr  Ihreatenlng  tbe  statua  quo  as 
above  described  or  tbe  principle  ot  equal 
opportunity  as  mutually  tinderBtood.  I'  ~- 

maioB  for  the  two  governmeals  * 

cate  with  each  other  In  order  to  arrive  ai  an 
trnderstanding   as   to   what   measures   they 
may  consider  It  nsefnl  to  take. 
Java,  The,  captare  &ud  deatruetion  of, 

by  the  Comtltutton,  507. 
J»y  TrMtr. — A  treaty  ot  peace  and 
friendship  between  ttie  T^nlted  States  and 
Great  Britain,  negotiated  in  1TB4  by  Joha 
Jay,  on  the  part  of  the  United  States,  and 
Lord  Oreovirie.  represcntlDg  Great  Britain. 
It  provided  tor  an  eracualTon  of  the  Brit- 
ish posts  to  tbe  United   States,   tree  com- 


Mlsslsatppi   River,  Indemnity  t 

each  country  for  damages  a' 

•     ■         of  tbe  -^--   --* 


Indies.  Tbe  last- mentioned  clause  caused 
the  treaty  to  be  very  unpopular  So  America. 
(See  Great  BrlUln,  Treaties  with.) 
JaylUWknfl.— A  name  applied  to  banda 
of  maraudera  who  kept  up  ft  guerrilla 
warfare  in  eastern  Kansas  about  the  begin- 
ning  of   tbe  Civil   War.     The   Jayhawkerl 

B  ao  called  becaaae  ""  """  -"-  —  -■  -■— 

.„.Jty  of  their  practice 
with  this  appellation. 
TeumsUfl  Polar  EzpedlUon: 

Failure  and  abandonmeut  of,  472S. 
Bemains  of  members  of,  removed  to 

United  States,  4834. 
Berriees  extended  in  Russia  to  snr- 
vivors  of,  reeommendatioDa  regard- 
inr,  4833. 
Teatimoniala  of  Cod^bbb  transmitted 
to  SuBBian  subjects  who    aided 
BurvivoTB  of,  4910,  E0S8. 
Beport  on,  C120, 
YeBsels  dispatched  for  relief  of,  4T20. 
Beeommended,  45S6. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


JeflerBon 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Jsffenon,  Tbomaa. — 1S01-1B09. 

(riKBT  TIBU,  1801-1803.) 
Fourth    AdmlulilralloD— DemocrBClc-Bcpcb- 


Beoretary  ot  Slat 


cnt—ABCOD  Burr. 


James  Bind  lion. 
Beorttary  of  th«  Trto*urv — 

S&mtiel  Dexter   (condnued). 

Albert  OsllatlD.  trom  Ha;  IS,  1801. 
Becietary  ot  Wot — 

Henrr   Dearborn. 
Btorttary  ot  the  Xacn — 

Beujamia   moddert    (conttoued). 

Robert  Smltb,  trom  Jan.  36,  1B02. 

Jkcob   CrowBlnibieid,   from   Uarcb   2, 

laos. 

A-ttomey-atnera  I — 

LCTl    LlDCOlD. 

Robert    Smith,    from    Hircb    2,    180{!. 
PmI  mailer-OeneTal— 

JoBi-ph  Hnberehain    (wnllnned). 

OldeoD  Granger,  Irom  Not.  28,  1801. 
SomlnattoH. — Tbere  were  no  couTentlons 
or  platCormi.  bat  the  candldaleR  were  aom- 
tDHted  bv  a  caucus  of  membeia  of  CaQneaa. 
The  FederallatB  renomlaated  John  Aoama, 
and  tbe  Democratlc-Beiinbllcaiis  cboaa 
Thoinaa  Jeffersoa. 

election.-- Tbe  oloae  race  for  the  Preal- 
dcDcr  which  JelTeraoii  BBTe  Adams  la  1TB6, 
marked  the  affection  ot  tbe  people  tar  the 
man  who  drew  up  tbe  Deelaratlon  of  Inde- 
pendence. Tbe  elactloD  of  Adams  Id  that 
rear  deaplte  his  nnpopular  doctrines. 
marked  tbe  esteem  and  love  wblcb  the 
people  had  for  Wathlncton — for  Washing- 
ton preferred  Adams.  Jedersoa,  while  Vice- 
President    was    not    consulted    by    Adams 


ed  Slates,  Id  1800,18  » 

sklllftil  politics  of  Hamilton  and  tbe  political 
adroitness  of  AaroD  Burr,  In  New  York. 

Tripolilan  War, — Commodore  Dale  was 
sent  vlth  three  frigates  and  a  sloop  of  irar 
to  protect  anr  commerce  OD  tbe  Barbary 
coaat.  and  It  was  lound  that  Tripoli  had  de- 
clared war  Bsalnst  the  United  States. 

When  tbe  Seventh  Congress  met  Jeffer- 
son sent  In  a  Written  messaee,  estsbllsb- 
iDg  the  custom  wblcb  was  nnbroken  UDtll 
Woodrow  Wilson  delivered  an  oral  ad- 
dress Id   1918. 

Fole, — The  electoral  vote  was  coDDted 
Feb.  II.  1801,  and  showed  Jefferson,  73: 
Burr.  73;  Adams,  65;  C.  C.  PlnckDer,  64: 
and  JobD  Jar  1.  As  Do  one  bad  received 
a  majorltj  of  the  votes,  the  Bouse,  on  tbe 
same  day,  proceeded  to  elect  a  President 
aud  a  Vlce-FresldeDt,  The  ballotlDg  conlln- 
aed  until  Taesday.  Feb.  17,  18D1.  wbea,  on 
the  tblr^-slitb  ballot.  Jefferwro  was  elect- 
ed Presfdeot,  snd  Burr,  Vice-President. 
Some  of  tb«  Federallsta.  not  Inclndlng  Ham- 
lltOD,  tried  to  elect  Burr  over  Jefferson,  and 
Bdit  did  not  discoontenance  their  action. 

(ancoHD  Tnau,  180S-1809.) 
Firtb   Administration  —  Democrat  Ic-BepnbU- 

Viee-Pretldent — Oeorge   Clinton. 
Beorelary  of  S(o(«— 

James    Madison    (continued). 
Beorelarji  oj  the  T'reMBry— 


Jarnb    Crown  Id  shield,    from    March    S, 


A 1 1  omev-Otnera  I— 

Robert  Smtrb.  from  March  S.  TSOS. 
"  ■      ■"       klnrldjre,  from  Dec.  2!l,  1806. 


SECOKD       

election  of  1604,   candidates   i 

by     Congresi  ' 

tfoDS  of  trei ,  . 

clflcally  In  order  lo  prevent  a  repetition 

the  conditions  of  1800.  when  the  ttrnnla 
tor  President  occarred  between  Jeffersoa 
— -■   "-.rr.  and  also  ot  the  ■ '—   — 


President.  Jefferson  and  George  Cllnum 
were  the  nominees  of  the  DemacTaUc-Repa*- 
" "  ' 1  appear,   r ■ 


Charles   C.    Plnckne 


CoDnecllcut. 
leffe 

-_ .JO  E     .  .    __   _, 

tailed  to  wIq  In  Connecticut.  Tbe  electoral 
vote  was  coaoted  Feb.  13,  180S,  and  wna 
condDcted  In  accordance  with  tbe  TweUtb 


lumber  of  Stati 


Itatea  partlelpatlns  to  17. 
victorious   Id  all  ot   the  i 


Jet- 

_      .   ._   __.     Uite« 

except  ConnectlcDt  and  Delaware,  and  In 
Maryland,  wtwre  tbe  vote  was  split  9  to  1. 
Parly  AAHatfon.— Prior  to  bla  naldenc* 
In  France  as  Uolted  States  minister  <1784- 
1789),  Jefferson  waa  a  Whig  of  the  RevolD- 
tlon.  On  bis  return,  he  was  a  Bepubllcsn- 
Democrat.  In  deepest  sympathy  with  tbe 
French  Revolution.  He  advocated  "the  wW 
of  the  majority  to  be  the  natural  law  of 
every  society,  and  the  only  sure  gnardlan  of 
tbe  rights  of  man."  The  ConstltDtkin  had 
been  orawn  and  adopted  Is  bis  absence, 
and  although  on  his  retom  be  eipreaaed 
hlmsett  against  It.  he  later  modltfwl  his 
views  regarding  It  and  came  to  think  mor* 
favorably  of  It.  Ills  associates  In  Waahlng- 
ton's  Cabinet,  notably  Hamilton  and  Kn«x. 
often  eipresaed  themselves  In  favor  ot  arto- 
tacratlc  or  monarchical  forms  of  jmrera- 
ment,  and  regarded  tbe  Repnblleaa  rorm  aa 
only  a  temporary  expedient.  Thla  waa  so 
baleful  to  Jefferson  that  he  vehemently 
expressed  his  grief  and  astontshinent,  ana 
ultimately  resigned  ttis  Cabinet  olBce.  Be 
found  himself  opposed  to  the  whole  Federal- 
ist policy  and,  upon  bla  retirement  from 
office  In  1796.  be  and  his  friends  took  tha 
name  of  Republicans.  Tbns  the  I>emocratle 
party  was  formed,  which  In  1800  beiam* 
the  majority  party  In  Che  TTnlted  Btatea.  It 
was  knnwn  ■■  tha  Republican  party  nnttl 

. -.  tfomplevfon  of  (7«vr«at.— Id  ttae 

Sevenib  Congress   (1801-1803)   the  Senate, 
of  32   members,  was  made  np  ot  18  FM- 


JacksoD,  In  1624,  chaoged  Its  n 
" •'-  Tiarty. 


members,  was  made  np  ot  10  Federallata 
and  24  Democrat*  ;  and  the  Honae,  of  141 
members,  was  made  up  of  88  FederBltsta  and 
103  Democrats.     " — ' —  "--   "  ■■— - 


..  Rodney,  from  Jan.  20,  1807. 


tbe  Senate,  of  S4  memt»en,  waa  maOf  np  of 
T  Federalists  and  27  Demaemta:  and  tbe 
House,  ot  141  members,  was  made  up  of 
Bl    Fedcrallata    and    110   Democrata. 

At^uMllon  ot  Tarilorv. — Dnrlnir  the  j 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Jefferum 


Uon>  with  France  to , , 

r.t  at  tha  mooth  at  the  HIbbIbbIppI. 
JanonrT,  1803,  he  sect  James  Maoroe 
to  mnca  to  act  wllb  Koberl  R.  LlTlug- 
•ton.  our  mlolmer  to  tbat  coantrj.  Na- 
poleon w*B  burdeoed  with  debt  iDif  tbreat- 
•ned  with  an  KOBllsb  war.  LItIiizbio- 
and   Uonroe  ncKOllat*-'   -    ' — '-    -'   — 

_„.-!ln«  to  pn, 

proTlnrt   m   Lonlafana.    which    comprised. 


a  ncmury  ot  life,  be  Buppreawd.  Ue  Eooka 
forward  to  tbe  aruumulatlon  of  a  anrplsB 
of  reveDDe,  If  Oftce  conilaaeB,  and  In  dla- 
cusslDS  the  adrlsabltltj  ot  further  reduc- 
tion of  tariff  la  tha  falure,  t»jt  (pbk* 
897)  :  "Shall  we  auppreaa  the  Impost  miil 
kItb  the  adTantaee  to  foreign  orer  ' — 
mauufaclurea?  On  a  few  arllclei  oi  mung 
feneral  SDd  necpssarj  use  tbe  Buppreasion 
fn  due  aeaion  wltl  doubtless  be  rlehl.  bat 
tte  great  maaa  of  the  artlrlps  on  wblcb  Im- 

eBt  1h  paid  are  torelsn  laiurlea.  pnrrbaaed 
those  oqIj  who  are   rich   enouKh  t      ~' 


kotaa,  Monlana.  IdshtL  Oregon,  i .  .. 

incton,  tbat  part  of  Mtaoesota  west  of  the 
MlMlsafppl  BlTcr,  W/omlog  and  Colorado 
«a«t  of  tba  UorkT  Honnlslni  and  north 
of  tbe  Arkansna  Hlvfr.  nnil  all  hnt  n  amnll 
■on  th  western 

narrow    north.. , 

Claims  of  American  clllieni  against  Franee 
to  tba  amount  of  IS.TSO.nOO  were  turned 
IB  on  tbs  purrhaae  and  the  balance  was 
paid  In  e  per  cent  bonds  pnyable  In  Hflcen 
rears.  The  Federolla[»  claimed  the  pur- 
chase was  unwarranted,  and  Jefferson 
thought  a  coDBlltullonBl  amendment  neces- 
Mr7.  Tbe  Bcnate,  however,  ratlDed  the 
tnatr    Oct.    IS,    1803,     end     tbe    House 

Eaaaed  a  reaolullan  to  catrf  It  Into  effect 
r  ■  Tote  ot  SO  to  2B,  tbe  Federalists 
Totinf  In  tbe  mlnorltr. 

The  Loglslana  Purrliase  Increased  the 
■Tea  of  tbe  United  Btates  to  a  total  ot 
1.909,776  square  mites.  Jefferson  was 
tnllj  sllva  to  the  Importance  of  this  addl- 
UOD.  Id  bta  Third  Annual  MeaBoge  (paga 
•46)  he  Bars:  "WbllBt  tbe  proper) r  and 
aarerelgnt;  ot  the  MIsslastppI  and  Its  wa- 
Mt*  aecUM  an  independent  outlet  for  tbe 
produce  of    the    western    -•-•—    --- •    -- 

wFth  ouier  pow- 

„. _ J "  ■'"■ 

cllmale  and  extent,  promise  ..___.. 
Important  slda  to  our  Tresaury.  and  ample 
pro*Ulon  tor  our  posts rlty,  and  ■  wide 
■pread  for  tha  blessings  of  freedom  and 
•qoal  laws."  Napoleon,  tn  apeak  log  of 
tha  sale  of  tha  territory,  aald:  "This  ac- 
eeadon  •trtngtbena  forever  tbe  power  of 
th«  Dnited  Btatea.  and  I  have  JaatslTen  to 
BDxIand  A  maritime  rival  tbat  wlir  sooner 
or  IstPr  humble  her  pride."  The  Lewis 
KDd  Clftrk  expedition,  whteh  formed  the 
basis  ot  the  rblm  ot  the  Unltrd  Siatea  to 
the  northwestern  territory,  la  described  In 
detail  br  Jefferaoa  In  a  snerlsl  tonaage 
(paga  SSS)  and  In  his  Btilh  Annusl  Hes- 
■•g«  (page  SBA)  he  Mys :  "It  Ib  but  jnallre 
to  sa*  that  Heiars  Lewla  and  Clark  and 
their  Drave  companions  have  by  this  ardu- 
OIW  serrlea  deKervrd  well  of  their  conntiT'" 
Blarsrv. — Jefferson's  senll meats  on  this 
•nblert  are  wsll  eiprraaed  in  bla  Blith  An- 
naa1  UeasMs  (page  896)  In  these  words : 
"I  eongratnlata  yon.  fellow-cltlipns.  on  the 
approach  of  the  period  at  which  yon  may 
htterpoa*  yonr  anthority  eonitllntlonally  to 
wttMraw  the  rltlaens  of  tbe  Tutted  states 
froB  all  farther  parlldpstlon  In  these  vlo. 
latlons  ot  hnmsn  rigbrs  wbleh  have  ao  long 


purposes  of  the  public  education,  roads,  riv- 
ers. eanalB,  and  auch  other  objects  ot  pub- 
lic lmproTemi?at  as  It  may  be  Ihought  proper 
to  add  to  tbe  constllutlonaJ  enumeration 
of  Federal  powers."  A  tariff  act  of  May 
13.  1800,  made  Blight  Increasea  In  some 
duties,  especially  those  upon  wines.  March 
27,  1801,  there  was  passed  an  act  "for  tm- 
no^lDg  more  apeclflr  duties  on  the  Importa,- 
n  of  certain  articles  :  and  also  for  levying 

,  ..„ — .—  ,,_^. ^^j  Q„  torelgr  -^'— 

r  purposes. 
JBcd   by   thiB .. 

6 laced  upon  the  free  list  rags  from  cot- 
in.  linen,  wool,  and  hemp  cloth,  regnlus 
ot  antimony,  □□wrought  clay,  unwrougbt 
burr  stones,  acd  the  bark  of  the  cork  tree. 
The  act  of  March  4.  1808.  allowed  free  Im- 
portation of  old  copper,  sallpeter,  and  sol- 

Internal     /mproKesienl*. — Jeffrraon     waa 
strongly  In  favor  ot  the  appllcstlon  of  rr- 


tatioD,  and  the  beat  Inleresta  of  our  country 
have  long  been  eajtrr  to  proscribe.  Ai- 
tboiHA  DO  law  yon  may  paaa  can  take  pro- 
fethltory  effect  till  the  flrst  of  Ibe  year 
1808.  yet  the  Intervening  period  la  not  too 
lonr  to  prevent  by  timely  notlee  exnedltlons 
wblrb  can  not  be  completed  bstore  that  day." 


e  surplus  to  Inter 


eota:  but 


(inlza  that  tbe  Conscttutlon 
gbt  of  making  such  upon 
e  Federal  Oovcmmenl.  In  bis  Sixth  An- 
nual Message  (page  aoS)  be  says,  In  speak- 
ing of  aucD  ImproTcmenta :  "I  suppose  an 
amendment  to  the  Conatltutlon.  by  consent 
ot  the  slates,  ceeeBSJiry,  because  the  objects 
Dnw  recommended  are  not  among  those 
aled    by    the    CooBtitutlon.    and    to 

'- "-   "-   - ley   to  ho 

_      _ Hessags 

be  says:  "Shall  It  (the  revenue 

aurplua)  He  unproduetlTe  In  tbe  Public 
vaults?  Shall  the  revenue  be  reducedl  Or 
Shalt  It  not  rather  be  appropriated  to  tha 
Improvement  ot  roads,  canals,  rivers,  educa- 

Congress     may     already     poswaa  

-• •  of  _thc_ConBt]tutlon.  as  may  b« 


tociaage      eratlona 


during  Hie  previous  admin Ist ration 

—  •■ —  against  France,  waa  redncec 

who  put  all  but  six  ot  tbe 


J^ 

._.   „   In   hTs   Fliit   Annual 

Message  (page  318)  be  explains  that  thesa 
vessels  were  laid  up  In  navy  yards  to 
reduce  expenses  "Whatever  annual  sum," 
hs  says,  "beyond  that  you  may  think  proper 
to  appropriate  to  naval  preparations  would 

Krhaps  be  better  employed  In  providing 
ose  articles  which  ma^r  be  kept  without 
waste  or  consumption,  and  be  1u  readlueaa 
when  any  exigency  calls  them  Into  use." 
In  bis  several  meaaSKea  he  lays  espeda] 
stress  upon  the  advlubllltv  of  preserving 
tbe  vessela  ot  tbe  navy  from  decay  and 
tnlnry  when  not  to  active  use.  In  a  special 
message  ot  Feb.  10.  1807  (page  407),  Je^ 
tcraon  goes  fully  Into  the  plans  for  tha 
Increase  of  the  navy  by  the  addition  of  ■ 
flotilla  of  gun  boa  (b  for  the  prntectlon  of 
the  harbors.  Two  bondred  ot  these  are  ex- 
pected  to  afford  the  desired  protection.  Ot 
which  number  he  reports  that  7S  are  built 
«r   are   building,   and    thkt   the   remaining 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


JtStSKOk, 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  PresidetUs 


J«Bmon,  ntoauw— ^oKHnanl 

13T  would  coat  from  (SOaOOO  to  1600.000. 
In  hU  Elghib  Aonual  Ueauge  (page  442) 
he  report!  that :  "Of  the  Kunboati  author- 
lied  or  the  *ct  o(  December  lant.  It  baa 
been  tbouibt  aeceaaar;  Co  build  onl;  103 
In   the  preicDt  year." 

CamMercfl.— JeSenon  did  not  belle  re  In 
Ibe  patecnal  losterlas  et  commerce  aod  In- 
dosirlei  bj  Ibe  Federal  GoTGinmenl.  In 
bla  First  Annual  Mcnaos  (page  318)  he 
•afR  :  "Agriculture,  man u [act ores,  commerce, 
and  naFlgatlon.  tbe  (oar  pltlsn  o(  oar  pros- 
perit7.  are  the  moit  tnrlvlns  when  left 
moat  free  to  Individual  enterprise.  Pro- 
tection from  caaual  embarrawimenta,  bow- 
erer.  ma;  ao me II meg  be  Beasonabt;  Inier- 
posed."  In  apeaklng  of  tbe  rapid  srowth 
ot  the  eoantrj.  he  saji  In  hla  FIr«t  Aanonl 
Hpnage  (page  3l4j  :  "l  la;  before  rau  ttie 
reault  of  the  eensua  latelj  taken  of  our 
tnhahltanli.  to  a  conformltir  with  which 
we  are  now  to  reduce  the  ensuing  rallo  of 
repreaeDtallon  and  taxation.  You  will  per- 
celTB  itiil  the  tucreaie  of  numbers  during 
the  laat  ten  rearB,  proreedlng  In  geometrlMl 
rallo.  promisee  a  duplication  In  little  more 
than  (wentT-lwo  reara."  The  number  wai 
B.30S.483  In  IBOO. 

FlMsce,— Jeltersan  outlined  the  anaDcUl 
poller  of  hla  administration  In  bis  Flrat 
Annual  MesBsp  (page  328)  In  these  words; 
"...  there  Is  reaaonable  ground  of  confl- 
dence  that  we  nuT  now  safely  dispense 
Kllb  all  the  Internal  tuea,  comprehending 
eidae.  alamps.  auctions.  llcenseB.  carriages, 
and  refined  susare  to  which  the  pontage  on 
newBpspera  msT  be  added.  1o  facilitate  tbe 
progress  of  Information  and  that  the  remnlo- 
fng  marres  of  rpTrnue  will  be  sufficient  to 


'mnlated.      n'ar.  Indeed,  t 


r  things  and  call  for 


Puttie  Debt.— Tbe  debt  of  the  United 
States  during  the  sdmlnlstrstlon  of  Jef- 
ferson stood  as  follows ;  Jan.  1,  1802,  tSfl,. 
713.032.25 :  180.1.  tTT.0S4.efl0.30 :  IN04. 
SSa.42T.120.88  ;  180S,  *82.ni2.15l)  nO  ^  1800, 
IT5.743.270.B8  :  1807,  »fiO.  21 8.308  .fl4  :  1808, 
»«S.1M.317.07:  1800.  IS 7. 02 3. 102.09. 

ForeioH  Policy.— or  the  >li  lessels  which 
Jefferson  retained  In  rnimmlsslon  be  sent 
four  to  tbe  Mediterranean  to  overawe  tbe 
Barbar7_plrnte«_  ivho    were__«ttHcklnif    the 


of    Decfltur    and    his 

thnt  npcaslon  nre  .vet  remembered  hy  tbe 
Amerlciiu  people.  In  his  First  InsHKUrnl 
Addreas  (nnge  311)  be  spenlia  of  the  roun- 
trr  sa:  "Kltnlly  separated  br  nntiire  snd  a 
wide  oeesn  from  tbe  eitermlnatlne  havoc 
of  one  dunrter  of  the  globe:  loo  bleb- 
mlnded  to  endure  tbe  degmrtatlona  of  the 
™.i,o-  ■      T„    ... *    (Up    proper   alt!- 

.    .  ._  bis  Thlrt"! , 

sage  fpace  340):  "In  the  conr«e  of  tbis 
conflict  let  It  t»  onr  endeavor,  sa  It  It 
aiir  Interest  and  onr  desire,  to  cultivate 
the  friendship  of  the  belligerent  nations 
by  everr  act  of  (natit^  nnd  of  Innocent 
kindness;  to  receive  Iheir  armed  vessels 
with  hoapltalltr  from  tbe  distresses  of  the 
■N,   ttnt  to  admlnlatet  the  mesns   of  an- 


and   order;   to  restrain   our   cltlsena 

embarking  IndlvlJuBllr  In  a  war  In  wlitch 
their  country  takes  do  part :  to  panlah 
— ?rely   those   persons,    r "   -'"  — 


with  suspicion  those  of  i 
snd  committing  ua  Into  comiuTersiei  lur 
the  redress  or  wrongs  not  our  ovn ;  to 
exact  from  every  nation  tbe  obaervsnce  to- 
ward our  vessela  and  cliliens  of  those 
prbiclples  and  practices  which  all  civilised 
people  ackn on- ledge ;  to  merit  the  character 
of  a  Juat  oallon,  and  mnlntaln  that  of  an 
Independent    one,    prefer rlnr    every    conse- 

Suence  to  Insult  and  hBlilluiil  wrODg." 
peaking  of  the  attack  of  tbp  Leoprrd  OD 
tbe  American  frigate  Cheiaptake.  JeflTereoa 

my  hand,  and  let  hnvoc  loose."  "to  protect 
tbe  United  Statea  from  similar  attacks,  lie 
laaned  tbe  embBrgo  of  1807.  which  contlD- 
ued  nntll  tbe  end  of  hla  admlolstrntloD ; 
but  tbe  conditio oa  were  too  severe  for 
American  commerce  to  observe,  and  Its  tre- 

Suent  violation  defeated  Its  purpoee.  Jef- 
iraon  alwaya  maintained  tlint  bad  ttie 
]ntrlotlsm_  of    the    people    risen    to    proper 


heighiB,    this   c 


the  1 


r  of  1812.   and  b 


u  of  n 


.„ „- - a  blm- 

jelf  Butfend  from  the  condition  of  the  em- 
bargo which  forbade  tbe  eiportstlon  of 
tobacco,  by  the  loss  of  fully  two-thirds  of 

Jeffarson,  Tbomu: 

Annaal   meiisages   of,   314,   330,    345, 

35T,  370,  393,  413,  433. 
Biographical  sketch  of,  307. 
Constttutional  amendment  suggested 
by,  regarding— 

Education,  397,  444. 

Internal  ImprovementB,  397,  444. 
Death  of,  announced  and  honors  to  ba 
paid  memory  of,  913. 

Be f erred  to,  930. 
Election  of,  notification  of,  and  reply. 

308. 
Expedition    across    continent   recom- 
mended by,  341,  SSe. 
Extraordinary    session    of    Congress 

and  of  the  Senate  proclaimed,  345, 

41S,  449. 
Foreign  policy  discussed  by,  311,  340, 

349. 
Inaugural  address  of — 

First,  309. 

Second,   368, 
Looisiana     Purehase     discussed     by, 

346,  348,  350. 
HesBage  adopted  by,  instead  of  per- 
sonal address  to   Congross,   313. 
Hilitia  for  national  defense,  317. 
Minister   to   France,  granted  permis- 
sion to  return  home,  60. 

Testimonial  of  services  from  Ring 
of   France,    81, 
Oath   of  office,  notifies   Congress   of 

time  and  place   of  taking,  309. 
Pardon  granted  deserters  from  Army 

by,  41^. 
Portrsito  of,. 306. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Johnson 


Ptoclamations  of— 

Attack  npoD  American  vesBel  b^ 

British  ship,  410. 
Collection   district  of  Mobile,  357. 
Erection  of  baildinga  in  Wuhing- 

ton,  312. 
Extraordinary  sBSBion  of — 
Congress,  345,  412. 
Senate,  449. 
Military  expedition  againat  Span- 

ish   dominions,   392. 
Pardons  to  deBerters,  413. 
Unlanful    combinations    jn    Ijake 

Champlain,  43S. 
VesselB     committing     depredations 
ia  United  States,  3S0. 
Betirement  of,  from  ofSce  mentioned 

by,  444. 
Secrst&ry  of  State,  73. 

Letters  to,  from  Ur.   Otto  regard- 
ing tonnage,   84,  85. 
Spain,  military  expedition  against, 
392. 
Standing  army  in  time  of  peace  nn- 

necessary,  317. 
State  of  the  Union  discussed  by,  316, 

334,  349,  373. 
Tariff  discussed  by,  367. 
Jefferson   Barracks,   Mo.,    eonstrnetion 
of  dining  rooms,  etc.,  at,  referred  to, 
4600,  4695. 
Jemes  Forest  Beserre,  proclaimed,  7346. 
Jlcarllla  Agency,  Jt.  Uex,  appropria-' 
tion   for   Apaches   on,   recommended, 
4992. 
Jlcarllla  Apache  Besarratlon,  N.  Max., 
appropriations    to     settlers    for    im- 
provements  on,  recommended,   4696. 
nngolam.^A  pcHtlcal  term  borroircd  from 
the  EngllHb  and  applied   to   that  style  ot 
writing     or     orator;     nsDall;     hnoira     as 
spread-eagle    or    braggadocio.      The    mild 
""""    '"h^   Jingo"    Is   a    corruption    of    "bj 


nnder      Lard 


;   and    urged    that   Turkey   be 

lell    to    herseir.       Popular    imprest    In    the 
discussion     ere  IT     to    tbe    point    when 
fODDd  __eipt '—     '-       "■-      '-      ■■ 

war   party,   and   they   proud 


_    ._      ._,      halls. 

a  derlBively  apniled  to   the 
""  T   proudly  accepled   It. 


BT^ntf 

Johanna  Island : 

Correspondence   of   Commodore   8ho- 
feldt    regarding   condition    of,    re- 
ferred  to,   453d. 
Treaty  with  King  of,  4536. 
John   Adams,    The,    operations    of,    re- 
ferred to,  2909. 
John  8.  Bryan,  Th«,  claim  of,  against 
Brazil  adjusted,  2116. 


Johnwii,  Asdmr.— Apia  16,  IseK-March 
S,  1B69. 

Twentieth  AdmlulstratloD — Repnhllcan 
(continued). 
Beeretaru  of  Slots— 

Winiam  H.  Seward  (continued). 


_Jwiu  M.  sunton  (continued). 
V.   B.   Graat. 
Lorcnao   Thomas. 
John  M.   Bcbofleld. 
Btoretary  of  the  Navy — 
Gideon  Wellea. 


JaniM  Harlan. 
O.   B.   Brownlnf. 
Attonttu-O ' 


William  M.   ETurta. 
Pottmaittr-Oeneral — 
William   DenniaOD, 


.  W.  Randall. 

a  became  President  on  the  deetb 
April  IS.  ISBD.  He  waa  Lln- 
t  for  TIce-Prealdent  In  the  lat- 
' — I,  for  Btrong  political  rea- 


Kltlon  at 
In  and 
France  If  a  candidate  were  elected  trom 
a  reorgfiniaed  rebelliona  State  (Tenneaaee) 
In  the  Deart  ot  tbe  ConCederacy. 

Party  ilJIHolion.— Johnmn'a  earlleet  po- 
litical activity  was  directed  against  the 
arlBtocratIc  goTerameut  by  the  large  land- 
boldera  of  Tenneasee ;  be  oppoaed  the  ao- 
called  "Internal  ImpronmeaC  policies,  and 
fnr  a  time  suffered  defeat  by  reason  of 
oppoaltloB.     He  waa  the  only  ardent 

_.    .,_..    _.._     ..J u^jp    jg 

[1843-18681 


. .    rter  of  Bel]  who  did  not  , 

tbe  Whig  party.     In  Congreea  (IS 

he    Bupported    Jackson,    the   annexation    oC 


Inter 


r defended  tb« 

of  the  President  and  supported 


copied  a 


ate  posit  I  on  In  poUtlca  by  holding  pro- 
nounced Union  Idena  which  slB*e-bo1dera 
did  not  appreciate,  and  by  recognlilog 
BlBTery  as  bd  Inatltutlan  gnarinteed  ny  the 
Constitution  which  made  bim  unpopular 
with  the  Republicans.  He  never  believed 
that  any  attempt  at  diaruption  of  tlie 
Union  would  be  made :  but  in  1860  he  took 
poaltlve  ground  agalnat   neceaslon   and  de- 


....red  In  hi*  speech  in  CongreL-  —  — 
Joint  reaolutlon  amending  the  Constitution 
that  be  would  stand  by  and  act  In  and 
noder  the  Coostltntlon.  In  Uarcb.  1881, 
when  apenkiog  ot  tbe  aeceasIoniatB.  he  de- 
clared: "I  would  have  them  arrested  and 
tried  for  treaaoo,  and,  If  convicted,  by  the 
eternal  God,  tbey  should  saffer  tbe  pen- 
alty of  the  law  at  the  handa  of  the  eie- 

rartff.'— The  chief    revenue   acts   In   the 

admlulntratlon  of   Prenldent  Johnaon  were 

those   of  July  28.   1866,    "to   protect   tbe 

Bnd  for    other    pnrpoaes :"     ot 


March   2.   1887,    "to   pro' 

imported   wool,   and   tor   ,_., . 

pnd  ihnt  of  Feb.  8.  1883,  "to  provide  for 


lempdon  of  cotton  from  intern 


bis  Third  Annual  Heaaags,  Prealdent  Jobn- 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


John BOH 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Ma   (Mge  8TT8)  nrgrd  ■  thorongb  ktIiIod 


•IS' 


„-•  and  ImpoBt  ajnem,"  he  said. 

"itMuId   be  10   Rdjuded  ■■   to  bene   iiKiat 
hMTllT   on  artldea   of  luxury.    teiTlng  the 


of    the    Gore 
litered."      H( 

In  the  nomlK_    __   ._    

aa   a   meaua   of   ■ImnlKTlni  and    redocInK 
the    coat    □(    reTcnue    collertloD. 

PiiMIg  Scfit.— The  pnbllc  debt  of  tbe 
nailed  Statei  during  tbe  admliilalratiaa 
of  PreitdPDt  Jahnaoa  itood  aa  follows: 
Jnir  I.  IBaS,  t2.Q3e.O3S.103.84:  1S6T.  12,- 
D08.1S1.211.e8;    1866,    S2,4S0.8B3,41S.Z3. 

Id  his  Flrat  ADDual  Heuage  (page  SSOB) 
Prealdent  Jobnwiii  bbt*  :  "Our  debt  ii 
doublT  aeeure — flrat,  Id  the  annBl  Health 
and  the  atlll  greater  ondeTelopFd  reaonrcea 
of  the  countrr,  and,  ueit.  In  The  character 
of  oar  iBitltaUoDi.  Tbe  moit  IntellUent 
obserrere  amoDg  political  ecooomlsta  have 
not  failed  to  nmark  that  tbe  public  debt  of 
a  couDtrr  li  ufe  In  proportloQ  aa  a  peo- 

Bte  are  tree ;  that  tbe  debt  of  a  repablie 
I  aafeat   of  all." 


(bat    public    oflUcea    a 
thoae    who   bold   then 


during  good  bebavlor,  but  generallT  tbej 
art  llab^  to  be  terminated  nt  the  pleanirc 
of  tbe  appolnllnK  power,  wtalcb  repreavnta 
the  collecilTe  majenty  and  apeaks  tbe  will 
of  tbe  people.  The  forced  retenllon  In 
oOce  of  a  alnjrle  dlahoneat  person  ma/ 
work  great  Injur;  to  tbe  public  iatereati."^ 
Jolmioii,  Andrew: 

Aeqviaition     of     Bt.    John     Knd    St 
TboiDEta   lalandfl   recommended   b;, 
3S8fl. 
Act   containiog  pTOTiBiona   depriving 
of  eon  m  and  of  Army,  proteat  of, 
against,  3670. 
Bepeal  of,  recommended  by,  3ST1. 
Acta  to  provide  for  iDore  efficient  gov- 
ernment of  rebel  States  discussed 
bj.      (See  Beconatruction.) 
Amneaty— 
Antboritj   for   granting  diseusaed, 

3899. 
Circular  regarding,   3S39. 
Persons   wortli   more    than   (20,000 
to  whom  pardons  issued  referred 
to,   3S83. 
Proclamations  of,  3508,  3T4S.     ' 
Beferred  to,  3659,  3669,  3722,  877B. 
Annual  messages  of,  3551,  3643,  3756, 

3870. 
BiographicBl  sketch  of,  34fl9. 
Const  itntioaal     ameudmenta     recom- 
mended by — 
Abolition   of   slavery,   3556. 
fiatification  uf,  referred  to,  3570, 
3644. 
Designating  officer  to  snceeed  Prea- 
ident  in  ease  of  vacancy,  3837, 


Election  of  United  Btfttea  Senaton, 

3840,  S8S9. 
Tenure   of    office   by   jndieiaiy    of 

United  States,  3841,  3889. 
CorreB^ndenee  with  Gen.  Qrant  rft- 

Sirding  vacation  of  War  Office  b7 
tter,   3800. 
Death  of,   annooneed  and  honors   to 

be  paid  memory  of,  4283.' 
Death     of     President     Lincoln     an- 

noaneed  to,  3485. 
Dominican    Bepoblio    disciuaed    bj. 

(See  Santo  Domingo.) 
Ezecntive  orders  of,  3S31, 3637   3749, 

3859. 
Ezeqoatnra  revoked  by.    (See  Proela- 

mationa  of,  pott.) 
Finances    discnsaed    by,    356S,    3648, 

376S,  3672. 

Foreign    policy   diactueed   by,    35<^  I 

35S1,  3777,  3866,  3888.  | 

Home  of  Jackson   tendered  Govern-  , 

ment,  eommonicatiou  of,  recardin^ 
2654.  .    -e-       ~ 

Impeachment  of — 
Articles  of,  exhibited  hj  HoBse  ot 
Bepreaentatives,  3907. 
Answer  of  President,  3926.  ' 

Beplication  of  Honae  of  Bepro- 
sentatives,  3651, 
Letter  of  Chief  Justice   Chase   re- 
specting mode  of  procedure,  39i4> 
Proceedings   of  Senate  sitting  for 

trial  of,  3618. 
Verdict  of  acquittal,  39% 
Inangural  address  of,   3503. 
Loyal  Senators  and  Bepreaentatives 
denied  seats  in  Congress,  disciua«il 
by,  3644. 
Missonri    troops    placed    on    footing 
with  others  as  to  bounties,  pocket 
veto,  3733. 
Oath  of  office  administered  to,  348(1. 
Pocket  veto  of,  3733. 
Policy  of,  toward  Confederate  States, 

referred  to,  3667. 
Portrait  of,  3499. 

Powers  of  Federal  and  State  Goven- 
ments    discussed    by,    3551,    3570, 
3593,  3596,  3603,  3611,  3620,  3B43, 
3670,  3681,   3S87,  3690,  3696,  3729, 
3734,  3756,  3766,  3781,  3820,  3837, 
3844,  3846,  3848,  3849,  3870,  3889. 
Proclamations  of — 
Admission  of  Nebraska,  8714. 
Amnesty,  3508,  3746,  3853,  390S. 
Blockade    of    Son  them    porta    r«- 

moved,   3507,  3GS3. 
Commercial  restrictions  in  Sonthera 
States  removed,  3515,  3524,  3529. 
Day    of   mooming    in   memory   of 
President  Lincoln,  8504. 
Postponed,  3504^ 
Declaring  blockade  established  bj 
Uaximilian  void,  3631. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Jmiesbwo 


StAaMon,  Andnw— CMNmKd. 

DUeiiminaUnB  dotiei  Hupended  on 

Fnnea,  3711. 
Hawaiian  Islands,  3713. 
Exeqnatnn  tevoked — 
Consnl  of — 
ChUfl,  3625. 
Frankfort,  3709. 
Hanover,  3709. 
Heue,  3709. 
Nauau,  3709. 
Oldenbnrg,  3710. 
Sweden  and  Norway,  3626. 
BevocBtion    annulled,   3630. 
Viee-eonBul  of  Sweden  and  Nor- 
way,  3627. 
Be  vocation   annulled,   3S30. 
Extraordinarr    mis  ion    of    Senate, 

3719. 
Eabeat  eorpua  pravfonaly  snspend- 

ed,  revoked,  3529,  353L 
Inanrgent  cruiBerB,  3506. 
Uartial  Uw  in  Kentucky  removed, 


Soath  Carolina,  3743. 
Batifi  cation     of     tlie     fourteenth 
amendment,     3864,    3855,    3856, 
3857,  3858. 
Beatoration  into  Union  of — 
Alabama,  3521. 
Florida,  3527. 
Georgia,  3516. 
Hissruippi,  3512. 
North  Carolina,  3510. 
Sontli  Carolina,  3524. 
TeXM,  3519. 
Bewards  for  arreat  of  instigators  of 
aasauination   of   President   Lin- 
eoln,  3505. 
Termination  of  inBurrection,  3515, 
3627,  3632. 
Correction   in   date   of,  3747. 
Thanksgiving,    353D,    3636,    374S, 
3858. 
Protest  of,  against  act  depriving,  of 
command  of  Army,  3670. 
Bepeal    of   act   recommended    by, 
3871. 
Bemovols   from  office   discussed    by, 

3690,  3767,  3820. 
Bepnblican  form  of  government  dis- 

enssed  by,   3566. 
Beatoration  policy  of,  disenssed  by, 
35S1,  3570,  3593,  3643,  3781,  3870. 
(See   also    Provisional    Oovemora; 
Beconstnietiou.) 
Bight  of  States  to  representation  in 

Congress,  dieenssed  by,  3644. 
State  of  the  Union  discussed  by,  3551, 
SS70,  8589,  3593,  3643,  3756,  3837, 
3871. 
Torifr  diaensswl  by,  37T8. 


Thanksgiving  proclamaUons  of,  8SS0, 

3636,  3748,  3858. 
Veto  messages  of — 
Admission  of — 
Arkansas,   3846. 
Certain  Bonthem  States,  3748. 
Colorado,  3611,  3681. 
Nebraska,  3687. 
Amending  judiciary  act,  3844. 
Civil-rights    bill,    3603. 
Continuation    of    Freedmen'a    Bd- 

rean,  3620. 
Dlseontinnance  of  Freedmen's  Bn- 

reao,  3S52. 
Duties  on  imported  copper  and  cop- 
per ores,  3903. 
Elective  franchise  in  District  of 

Colombia,  3670. 
Enabling  New  Tork  and  Montana 
Iron  Mining  and  Manufacturing 
Co.  to  purchase  lands,  3614. 
Establishing    Freedmen  's    Bnreaa, 

3596. 
Exclusion    of    electoral    votes    of 
States  lately  in  rebellion,  3849. 
Government  of  rebel  States,  3696, 
3743. 
Acts     supplementary     to,     3729, 
3734. 
Pocket  veto  of  Missouri  volunteer 

bounty  bill,  3733. 
Surveying     district    of     Montana, 

3624. 
Tenure  of  civil  offices,  3690. 
Tmstees  of  colored  schools  in  Wash- 
ington and  Georgetown,  3903. 
War  between  the  States,  termination 
of,  proclaimed,  3515,  3627,  3632. 
Correction  in  date  of,  3447. 
Jonatlian,  or  Brother  Joaathaa.— A  term 
nsed  to  denote  the  tjplcol  Amerltaa.     Its 
origin  bss  been  explained  la  seveial  wars, 
but  Hie  most  planslble  seems  to  be  that  It 
grew  oat  of  wasblngton'i  reference  to  bl* 
frlead    and    adviser.    Jonatban    Trumbull, 
EO*ernoi   of   Connecticut. 
Jones,  The,  sum  accruing  from  sole  of, 

to  tie  paid  owners  of,  2111. 
JoBMbOTO     (Ga.),    Battle    of.— On   tbe 

night  of  Aug.  S6,  1864.  Gen.  Bhermsn  gave 

_..  .u-  ..> — .  .1 —  (|(  iiignta  and  r- — 

of  tbe  Macon  r 
^  part  of  biB  fi 

.,    .he   Cbaitahoochi_   „ 

north  wsHt  and  otbera  pus  bed  Kuthwest. 
The  Adht  of  tbe  TenDeuee.  under  Howard, 
baring  destrored  the  road*  southwest  of 
Atlanta,  moved  east  toward  Joneiboro, 
twenti  miles  aouth  of  Atlanta.  Hood.  leam- 
InK  of  this  movement,  sent  Hardee's  corps  to 
defend  Jonesbaro.  When  Howard  reacbed 
the  town  on  tbe  evening  at  Aug.  30  be  tonod 
Hardee  In  pouessloD.  The  latter  attacked 
Howard  on  the  31st.  After  an  engagement 
of  two  hours  the  Confederates  retfred  with 
-  lose  of  1,400  killed  and  wounded     During 


t^  Oen.  Blocum  with  tbe  Twentieth  Atmj 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Joisea 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Jorfan   LomtMO,   Tha,  ipiiropriEtioiL 

for  leiEwe  of,  reeommeDded,  3£71. 
JoMphlne,  Tba,  referrod  to,  1030. 
Jonnuli  of  Oonsrraa. — The  procecdiofi 
of  ConcnM  from  1TT4  to  1T8S  wera  flnt 
pnblUhed  at  PhlUdelpbla.  Ther  comprlied 
13  octiTO  Tolnmea  «iid  were  completed  In 
1TS8.  This  fi  the  only  record  of  tbe  Con- 
llnvntel  ConKrcM  and  tb«t  ol  tbe  Confed- 
eratloD  (except  the  "Secret  JoniiuU*" } ,  bat 
eoDialDi  no  debatem  nor  law*,  that  bodr 
beinc  withoat  lefUlatlTe  povera,  althooxb 
It  adopted  DMilr  reaoladona,  ordtDkocea, 
•od  recopunendacloDs  to  the  itatea.  Thea« 
joarnala  were  reprinted  In  Waahlnrton  In 
162S  Id  4  octavo  Tolnmea.  "The  Joamal 
Acta,  and  proeeedlngi  o(  the  Convention 
Anembled  at  Pblladelpbla  wblcfa  framed 
tbp  CoQstltntloD  of  the  United  Btatea"  was 
publlabn]  at  Boaton  In  1819.  ~' 
alio  pnbl1*hMJ_  !n  " '-  ■""■ 

knd  Procpedlnga  ol .. 

meetlDS  thereof  to  the  DlsaolQtlon  of  the 
Coafederallon  by  the  adoption  of  tbe  Cod- 
■tltutlDD  or  the  United  Btatea."  Accord- 
ing: to  the  requlrementg  of  the  Conatltn- 
tlon,  the  Jonrnala  of  CongTeM  have  been 
printed  each  aeaslon  since  Ita  adoption. 
(See  AnoaU  of  Cougreaa:  Cong.,  etc) 
Jndgv-AdTOcfttM,  Oorpi  of,  raeommen- 

dation  regmrdiag,  4S70. 
JndSM,  OlTcmt: 

Incre&ae  in  ntunber  of,  recommanded, 
4453,  45S6,  4574,  4939,  5103,  5B68. 

Inequality    in    amonnt    of    l&bor    aa- 
signed  each,  diaenaaed,  1756. 
JodsBS,  datilc^  inereaie  recommended 

Number  of,  4939,  5103. 
Salaries  of,  5478,  S561,  7969. 
Judicial  Salarlw.       (See   SaUriea,  Ju- 
dicial.) 
Judicial  Integrity  diaeuaaed  b^  Prosi- 

dent  Booaevelt,  7521. 
Tudldary.— The  Federal  Jndlclarr  BTstem 
waa  modeled  after  that  of  Qieat  Britain. 
In  the  early  history  of  BUKland  and  of  the 
American  colonlea  the  leglalatlre  bodlea  bad 
Judicial  powers,  and  the  BngUsh  Parlia- 
ment Is  still  known  as  the  High  Court  of 
ParllameDt,  and  Ibe  Leglalacure  ot  Hassa- 
(ftusetts  as  tbe  General  Court.  Most  of 
these  powers,  howevsr,  were  soon  trans- 
ferred lo  mare  coiDpact  bodies  having  ei- 
clnslrely  Indldal  functions.  Almost  the 
only  Judicial  [unction  retained  by  leglsla- 
llve  bodlea  Is  the  power  of  Impeachment 
of  bish  offlcera.  The  Dnt  step  toward  a 
Federal  Judlclar;  were  the  commissions 
Which  decided  land  crscb  between  the 
alates.  Commlaaloners  of  appeal  decided 
prise  cases,  and  In  1781,  under  the  Articles 
of  Confederation,  theee  were  erected  Into  a 
court.  The  Conatltutlon  of  ITBT  provided 
for  a  Bupreme  Court  and  such  Inferior 
courts  as  Congreas  mleht  eslabllsli.  By  the 
Judiciary  act  of  1789  circuit  and  district 
courti  were  established.  In  1891  the  cir- 
cuit court  of  appeals  was  added  to  thia 
WBlem.  The  Court  of  Claims,  the  Court  of 
Private  I^nd  Claims,  and  a  system  of  Tei^ 


B  have  also  been  est 


The   Juatleea  ot   the   United    StatM   Bo- 


prema  Court  from 
(Nanie«  of  the  Chief  Jnatli 


In  ItoUea.) 


Job! /ov.  If .  T 

John  RBtledfa.  S.  C 

WilUam  CuduDE,  t/Lmm 

Jauea  WUkxu  A 

John  Blur.  Vs. 

Bobnt  a.  HsrriKHi,  Md 

Jama  IndeU,  N.  C 

Tbomaa  Johiwon.  Md. . . 
William  Paterson.  N,  J.. 

John  RulMti.  R.  C 

asmad  ChMo.  Md 

OltHT  jrUwonA.  Ct 

Bushrad  Wssluiizton,  Va 

AUnd  MomTlsrc 

Jtim  MarAail.  Va 

WiliiainJaliDK)o,S.C... 
Bmok  UvinotoD,  N.  Y.. 
Thsoua  Todd,  Ky 


Jo«ph  BtoryTMiH. 

GabrialDunl.  Md 

Bmith  Thorapwn.  N.  Y. 

Bobcn  Tiimble,  Ky, 

Jc^  McLean,  Ohio 

Henry  Baldwin.  Pa 

Janus  M,  Wayne,  Ga 

pS^  p.  Bu^iu,  Va! '. '. 

Jdu  Catron,  Tenn. 

John  McKlnlsy,  Ala. 

PM«r  V.  Daniel,  Va. 

BsmiHl  Nelsm,  N.  Y 

Lavi  Woodbuy,  N.  H.,.. 

Robert  C.  Gris-,  Pa. 

BenJ.  R.  Curtis,  Man.,., 
John  A.  Canwb^,  Ala. . . 

Nufaan  Oifford,  Me 

Noah  H.  Swavne.  Ohio. . . 
Bamnd  P.  MilleT.  Iowa. . 

David  DaviiL  HI 

BMi^en  J.  E^eld.  Cal 

S^fiun  P.  CtoM,  Ohio.... 

WUUam  Btrans.  Pa. 

Joasph  P.  Bndley,  N.  J. 

Ward  Bunt.  N.Y 

UtrtUm  R.  FaiW,  Ohio. 

John  M.  Hailao,  Ky 

Wilhsm  B.  Woods,  Ga. . . 
Stanley  MaUtwva,  Ohio, 
HoTBOfl  Gray,  Maes. .... 
Banniel  BlateUofd,  N.  Y 


Da^^  J-  Brewer.  Koa. , , 
Heniy  B.  Brown,  Mioh. 
Georie  Bhiras,  Jr..  Pa. . . 
Bowiil  E.  Jadtaao,  T«nn 
Edward  D,  White.  La. . . 
Eufiu  W,  Peokham,  N.  Y 
JoHfib  McKeanaTCsL. , 


Jsa.  C.  MeReyi><Jd*,,Tenn. 
Louis  D.  Brmndeia,  Maaa- 
lohs  H.  Clarke,  Otiio 


.  0000  .. 


JodlclaiT    BTBtom      aee    alao    Joatice, 
Department  of}: 
Act— 

Making    appropriation    for    certain 
judicial    expenaeB    vetoed,    4493. 
Begarding    judiciary    act    vetood, 
8844. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Justice 


Jndtelftrr  BjttoB— OoHHaiMA 

Constitntional  amendment  legardlng 
tenure    of    office    by    judiaiarj'    of 
Unitfld  Statea,  recommended,  3841, 
3S8g. 
Ertension    and   lerlslon    of,    recom- 
mended  hj   President — 
Adama,  Jolm,  S79,  2SS. 
Adams,  J.   q.,   8S0,  968. 
Arthor,  4729. 

Cleveland,   4939,   S103,  6679,    5S68. 
Jackson,    10E4,    1121,    1168,    1336, 

1396. 
Jefferson,  319. 
Lincoln,  3 2 SO. 
Pierce,    2750,   2765,    2825. 
Waahin^on,   119,  125,   143. 
Judicial  districts,  increase  in,  recom- 
mended, 4S63. 
Uisdemeanors,    trial  of,   by  United 
States  commissioneTB,  lecommeud- 
ed,  4939,  G879. 
Uodiflcations  in,  recommended,  32S0. 
Witnesses'  and  jurors'  fees,  referred 
to,  4730,  4770,  4636. 
JninUrd  TH  OrMn&Mll.— One  of  lerFral 
Important  lenl-Iender  cases.    Jullllan]  har- 
iag     con  traded     a     sale     of     cotton     for 

iB.lS2.go  (o  Oreenmai].  tbe  Utter  paid 
22.go  Id  coin  (wblch  was  accepied)  and 
offered  payment  ot  the  residue  In  United 
States  notes.  JulUlard  refused  to  aceepi 
the  Qotea.  demanding  sold  or  silver  Tbe 
case  came  before  tbe  circuit  court  cor  tbe 
sonlhern  district  of  Sew  Xork.  wblcb  (ontid 
a  verdict  for  Oreenman  on  the  ground  that 
d  by  the  United  Slates  are  legal 
Da;meat  ot  anv  debt.  The 
le  Court.  March  8.  1S84.  the  case  bav- 


tender    (or    Da;mi 


Ins  beea   appealed 

writ  of  error.  aOlm 

establishing    tbe    const  ICutloD  all  tv     __     —  _ 

Iccal-tender  act  ot  March  31.  1862.     Oeorge 


error.  aOlrmed  this  Jaiigment.  thus 
■'—    tbe    eonsIICutloDalT"    -•    "•- 

let  of  March  ai.  181.-.     

.    s  and   Benjamin   F.   Butler  a,. 

Cred  as  coonsel  In  this  case,  tbe  former 
plaintiff  In  error,  tbe  latter  for  defend- 
ant. Justice  Gra;,  In  dellverl 
•tated  tbat  the  prohibition 
tolloD  of  tbe  United  Btates  lo  lae  eeversi 
States  to  coin  moneT,  emit  bills  of  credit. 
or  make  anvtblng  bat  eotd  and  silver  coin 
a  legal  teDOer  (or  debu  do«s  not  deny  lo 
Congress  eltber  ot  these  powers.  These  are 
poirers  Incident  to  sovereignty,  and  tbe  Im- 
pressing npoD  Trcasarr  notes  tbe  qualltr 
of  being  legal  tender  In  payment  of  private 
debts  Is  an  appropriate  meaos.  eondoclve 
and  olalnl;  adapted  to  tbe  execution  of  tbe 
nndoabled  nowers  of  Congress,  consistent 
with  tbe  letter  and  spirit,  and 
within  tbe  meaning,  of  tbe  ~ 
The  wisdom  and  eitiedleocy  ot  sucu  ummiiB 
Is  a  political  guesrion  to  be  determined  b; 
Congress,  and  not  a  Judicial  qneiillon  to  be 
afterwards  naned  npon  by  the  marts.  Jn«- 
tlce  Field  filed  a  dissenting  opinion. 
Tnlea  et  Marie,  The,  collision  with 
United  States  Steamer  Sun  Jacinto, 
appropriation  to  former  recom- 
mended, 3343. 
Janket.~A  word  applied  to  any  feast  or 
msrry-maklng.  convlrlal  entertainment,  or 
picnic.  Politically,  any  trin.  eicnrslon.  or 
entertaloment  by  aa  ofllclal  at  public  ex- 
pense under  the  enlse  ot  pnbllc  service. 
Tbe  form  ot  a  Jnuet  la  nsnally  a  legisla- 


tive  Investigation   requiring   travel   to   va- 
rious points  and  large  hotel  bills. 
Jnrora,  fees  of,  referred  to,  4730,  4770, 

4836. 
Jur7.— A  certain  number  of  men  selected 
according  to  law  and  sworn  to  Inquire  Into 
or  to  determine  facts  concerning  a  cause  or 
an  sccDsatlon  submitted  Co  them  and  to 
declare  the  truth  according  to  tbe  evidence 
adduced.  The  custom  oc  trying  accused 
persons  before  a  lory  u  prscllced  In  this 
country  and  F:ngland  Is  tbe  ostaral  out- 
growtb  oC  rudimentary  forms  of  trials  In 
vogue  among  our  Anglo-Saxon  ancestors. 
Tbe  ancient  Romans  also  bad  a  form  of 
trial  before  a  presiding  Judge  and  a  body 
of  judtcf.  The  right  of  trial  by  Jury  Is 
gnarantced  by  tbe  Constitutlan  tu  all 
criminal  cases  and  at  common  Ian'  In  cases 
where  the  amount  la  dispute  exceeds  (20. 
A  petit  or  trial  Jory  consists  oC  12  men 
selected  by  lot  from  among  all  the  citlieDS 
residing  wllbln  tbe  lurlsdlctlon  of  tbe 
court.  Tbeir  duly  Is  to  determine  ques- 
tions of  fact  in  accordance  wllh  tbe  weight 
of  testimony  presented  and  report  their 
Inding  to   t&e "- 

jrawlng    by    L. „ .,    . 

euBed  the  right  to  dismiss  s  certain  num- 
ber witbout  reason  and  certain  olbera  tor 
good  csnse.  Each  of  the  Jurymen  must 
meet  certain  legal  requirements  as  to  ca- 
pacity In  general  and  fitness  for  the  par- 
ticular case  upon  wblcb  be  Is  to  sit.  and 
must  take  an  oarb  to  decide  wUbout  prej- 
udice and  according  to  testimony  presenied. 
A  coroner's  Jury  or  Jury  of  Inquest  Is  □*- 
UBlly  composed  of  from  seven  to  fifteen  per- 
sons summoned  to  Inquire  Into  the  cause  ot 
sudden  or  nnexplalned  deaths.  (See  also 
Grand   Jury.) 

Jury  Bystem  discussed,  319. 
Justice,  DeiUTtmeitt  of. — The  several 
eolontes,  following  tbe  custom  of  Eng- 
land, bad  tbelr  attorneys-general  from  early 
times.  Br  the  Judiciary  Act  of  Sept.  24, 
1T8B.  tbe  first  Cougress  under  the  Coostl- 
tutlon  directed  tbe  appointment  of  an  At- 
torney-Qenernl  wbo  sbould  ct  as  legnl  ad- 
viser to  tbe  President  and  heads  of  De- 
partments and  conduct  cases  In  tbe  Su- 
preme Court  In  which  the  United  States 
was  concerned.  Tbe  small  salary  of  tl.SUO 
a  year  wblch  Congress  voted  was  Died 
on  tbe  supposition  That  tbe  Attorney-Gen- 
eral would  devote  only  a  part  of  his  time 
to  bis  official  duties.  Edmund  Randolph, 
however,  tbe  first  oeconHut  of  tbe  oDce. 
devoted  his  entire  time  tr   " —  —^^-•- 


e  In 


n-ltb   t 


ot  tbe  courts  and  their  procedure.  Tbe 
aalary  was  gradually  Increased  uotlL  In 
1833.  It  was  msde  IB.OOO.  equal  to  those 
of  the  other  members  of  tbe  Cabinet.  No 
clerical  force  was  provided,  however,  and 
not  nntll  1818.  during  tbe  attomey-geper- 
alshtp  of  William  Wirt,  was  any  appropria- 
tion made  for  clerical  hire  or  oillce  ex- 
t leases.  Tbe  clerical  force  was  gradnally 
ncreased  until.  In  l&ii.  It  consisted  of  nine 
employees,  hut  tbe  Fir«t  Assistant  Alior- 
ncy-General  was  not  appointed  until 


vrben  the    •.. .. —  „ 

trol  over  tbe  virions  district  attorneys. 

Rv  an  act  ot  Coucress  of  1870  tvhnt  bad 
been  the  Attorney  General's  office  was  for- 
mslly  organised  as  tbe  Department  of  Jus- 
tice. Under  this  set  the  office  o(  Solicitor- 
General  was  created  :  two  Assistant  Altor- 
neys-Oeneml  (since  Incressed  to  eight) 
were  provided  for,  and  the  law  officeTB  ot 


:„Goo<i^\c 


Jnitlce 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


JuMlee,  Depaitmntt  of— Con  dnsrd. 
the  olher  Departmvala  we»  placed  under 
•*•-    MtorDeT-Genenl'i    ronlrol.      Since    its 
.jluiloD  tbe  work  ol   llie   DepirtmeDt 

.-  the  Dumber  ot  lis  employees  bave 
g.eidllf  Increaaed  until,  a  I  tbf  prewnt 
time,  about  two  huodred  nnd  ality  oOcera 
■Dd  employees  In  Waablngton  ind  nearlr 
thirteen  hundred  In  Tarlous  porta  □(  th« 
Unllei]  Btatea  ire  under  tba  coucrol  a(  the 
Depart  meot. 

Tbe  Attomej-aeiienl.  the  head  ot  the 
Department,  la  the  chlel  lenl  ofllcer  ot 
Ibe  couDtrj.  He  la  and  baa  Been  from  the 
beElnnlng.  a  member  oC  tbe  Prealdent'a 
Cabinet,  and  glrea  bla  advice  and  oplnlona 
when  eoonulled  b;  Ibe  Preeldent  or  heada 
of  Departments.  Be  alao  auperviaea  the 
work  ol  tbe  dialrlct  attarneya  and  United 
Btatea  marahala.  Oplnlona  on  Conatltn- 
tlonal  gnestlona  muat  rome  from  tbe  At- 
lorDer-General  hlmaelf ;  opinions  on  other 
mntteri  mar  be  glveu  bir  bla  aaalatnnta. 
Trlala  In  which  the  aoTernmeot  la  inter- 
eat  ed  mar  be  conducted  by  tbe  Attorney- 
Oeneral  or  the  Boltcllor-General,  who  aclB 
■a  his  aaalalant  and  asanmes  hla  .dutiea  In 
his  ahaence. 

Tbe  AaslBtaut  to  tbe  Attorner-Oeneral, 
an  oince  distinct  from  those  of  Assistant 
AtConieya-Ueneral,  baa  apeclal  charge  of 
matters  arising  out  of  the  antl-trnat  and 
Interstate   commerce   laws    (q.   t.i. 

Eight  Asalalant  Altomeys-OeQeral  and 
— !    Special    Asslatant    aid    the    Atlamer- 


ClHims     ,„     .., „ „         

Treoly  Claims  Commlaalon.  The  special 
Aaalatant  AitorneT-General  Is  at  the  held 
of  (be  Bureau  of  Insular  and  Territorial 
Affairs.       Special    a  Homers     mar     be    ap' 

glinted  when  neceasarj.  The  Attorney- 
eneral  also  baa  superTlaton  and  control  of 
tbe  law  officers  connected  with  the  varloua 
DeparlmcnlB,  that  Is  to  aar  tbe  Assistant 
AttomeTs-General  for  the  Interior  and 
Poac  OSce  Departments,  tbe  Sollcllora  of 
the  Departments  of  Slate  end  the  Tresa- 
nrr,  and  tbe  Solicitor  of  Iniernal  Reie- 
nue  In  the  Treasury  DeparlmeBl.  These 
■ct  aa  chief  law  ofUcera  or  Ibe  Department 
or  office  with  which  they  are  connected. 
A  General  Agent  of  tha  DepaHment  has 
charge  of  United  States  Jalla  and  prisons, 
and  an  AccounllDg  Dlrlalon  eiamluea  the 
of   United    Btatea   dlalrlct  attoi- 


.  the  Index  refereuces  to  the 
Prcaldenta'  Measages  and  Encyclopedic  ar- 
(Idea  onder  the  following  beedlnga: 
Altorney- General.        Court  of  Claims, 
Commerce  Court.  Cualoma  Court. 

Court  a.  Court  8- martial. 

Courts,  Supreme.         Jadlclary. 
Justice,  Dspmrtmont  ot  (aee  also  Jndi- 
ciary  System) : 
Act  malting  sppTopriation  for  certain 

jndicial  ezpenseB,  vetoed,  4493. 
Appropriation      for,      Teeommended, 

4474,  4525. 
Bnildin^  for,  recommended,  6343. 
DiectiBsed  by  President— 

Geveland,  493S,  557B,  S879,  S968. 

Grant,  4153. 

EuHBon,   Benj.,  5950,   6632,   5755- 


Inmranca  of  eommiaaioBs  to  tsffleiali 
by  Attomey-Oenera]  reeominended, 
4063. 

Legal  bnaineBS  of  Qoverament,  man- 
ner of  conducting,  Teferrad  to, 
2771,    2825. 

OperationB  of,  discnued,  7522. 

Becommendation  that  Attorney- Gen- 
eral be  placed  on  footing  with 
heads  of  other  Exeentive  Depart- 
ments,   562,   8S0,    1016,   BSB5. 

Beorganization  of,  7368. 

Transfer  of  Patent  Office  from  State 
Department  to.  recommended,  2SSS. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopidic  Index 


Kansas 


TfuniqHi — On*  of  tha  WMtern  croup  ot 
■tat«s:  nlcknamt,  "TIM  Oarden  StsCe," 
•■The  flnnflower  SUte,"  etc. ;  motw,  "Ad 
matr«  per  aspera"  ("To  tbe  vtars  tbronsb 
dUScnItlH").  It  U  BltoBt^  In  tbe  central 
part  ot  tbe  tinlon  and  extendi  from  lat.  37° 
to  40°  north  and  from  Ions,  04' 
B8'  to  102°  welt  Kaoaati  Ib  bounded  on 
tbe  Dorth  by  NebrHBka.  on  the  eaat  b; 
Ulwauri  (Beparated  la  part  b^  the  UIbbodfI 
Blver),  on  the  aontb  b;  Oklahoma  and  on 
the  weat  bj  Colorado,  aod  has  an  aiea  of 
82,138  square  mllea.  It  vas  a  part  ot  tbe 
LonlBlana  Parcbaae  and  was  made  a  terrl- 
tor7  In  18S4. 

Th«  Topeka  coDBtltntion.  problbltins 
•iBTeiT,  ma  framed  In  1866  and  tbe 
LecomptOD  conitltDtlon,  which  aauctloDed 
alaveiT,  In  1867.  A  cItU  war  broke  out 
between  tbe  adherentB  of  theae  two  conatl- 
tnttona.  Flnallr,  In  1869,  the  Wyandotte 
eonatltnllaa,  torblddlnz  alaver;,  waa  adopt- 
ed. Tbe  Bute  waa  admitted  to  tbe  Union 
Jan.   29.    1861. 


kanaw  hai  8.000  mllea  ot  ateam  tallwm; 
and  3«8  nltee  of  electric  llnea.  Tbe  popn- 
latlon  In  ISIO  waa  1,090,949. 

Tbe  nam  tier  of  mannfaetaring  eEUbllsh- 
menta  In  Kan «a> 'Gavins  an  anDuaroutpnt 
valned  at  1600  or  more  at  the  beginning  of 
1916  waa  8.186.  Tbe  amount  ot  capital  in- 
rested  waa  8168,790.000,  gWlug  employment 
to  BS,032  peraons,  nalDK  mateRal  valued  at 
t2ai.l4a0O0.  and  turning  out  flnlabed  gooda 
worUi  1823,234.000.  Salaries  and  wages 
paid  amounted  to  f34.983,O00. 

(See  alBO  Leeompton  ConatJtntlon ;  To- 
peka    Conatltntlon ;     Wyandotte    Conatltu- 


Act— 
For  sate  of  Indlui  reMrvBtion,  4656. 
To  provide  for  BOlo  of  Nevr  York 
Indian  landB  in,  Tetoed,  5S38. 
Admiuion  of,  into  Union  diBcnssed, 
SeSO,  3002,  3028. 
Becommended,  eSQS,  S(KI9. 


AttsirB   of,  refened  to,  2951,  S995, 

2996. 
Bonnduy  line  of,  survey  of,  recom- 
mended, 2873. 
Chief    juBtice    of,    fnnctiona   of,   re- 
ferred  to,  2958. 
Constitutional     convention     in,    dis- 

cuaeed,  3002,  3030. 
Disorders    and    revolutions    in,    dis- 
cuseed,    2873,    E885,    2915,    2937, 
2980,  3002,  3028,  3177. 
Froclam&tiou    against,   2923. 
Election   and   qnalificationB  for  elec- 
tors   discussed,    288S,    2980,    3002, 
3038,  3177. 
Expenditures  for  persons  called  into 
service   of  United  States  in,  2953, 
2954. 
Fortifications  in  Lawrence,  referred 

to,  3894. 
Qo  vemment    organization     in,     dis- 
tnrbed,   2885,    2894,    2898,    2S37, 
2980,    3002,   3028,   3177. 
Proclamation  against  unlawful  com- 
binations,  2923. 
Indian  refugees  in,  referred  to,  3410. 
Joint  resolution  aothorizing  grant  of 
lands  to,  for  beneflt  of  agnenltnre, 
etc.,   vetoed,  6308. 
Meetings     in,     interfered     with     by 

Army,   2915. 
Memorial  from  citizens  of,  regarding 
creation  of  new  territory,  ete.,  3111. 
Military  forces  of  United  States  sent 

to,  referred  to,  4013. 
Public  lands  of,  6706. 
Belief  for  suffering  people  in — 
Recommended,   3184. 
Referred   to,   4272. 
Slavery    in,     discussed,    2962,     2981, 

3002,  302S. 
Soldiers  employed  in,  to  arrest  vio- 
lators of  law,  referred  to,  2908. 
Troops  of,  treatment  of,  captured  by 

insurgents,  referred  to,  33S8. 
Wea  trust  lands  in,  referred  to,  3400. 
Kaimflff  Aid  Society. — An  organization  ta 
aid  Immigration  Into  Kansas.  Under  the 
provlalona  of  the  Kanaas-Nebraaka  Act, 
passed  by  Congress  In  May.  lBfi4,  the  quea- 
tlon  of  slavery  in  Kansas  waa  left  to  the 
resldeotfl  of  tbe  state  for  settlement  on  the 
principle  ol  local  option  or  "aqaBtter  sov- 
ereignty." An  Immigrant  aid  aBBDclatlon, 
which  bad  been  already  formed  In  Uassa- 
ehneetts  for  the  purpose,  began  sending 
antt-slavery  aettlers  Into  the  new  Territory 
to  (oreaUll  Ita  settlement  by  BlaTeUoIdera. 
BImllar  socletleB  were  organlied  to  July. 
1804.  m  New  York  and  ConnectlcuL  The 
settlers  were  provided  with  ample  rnDda 
and  meana  of  defease  against  Wie  seltlere 
from  tlie  slaveholdlng  states  of  the  South. 
Meantime  slavery  advocates  from  Missouri 
were  pSBstog  over  the  line  and  preempting 
Urge  tracts  o(  fertile  landa  For  four  years 
the  conflict  for  supremacy  raged  between 
the  two  parties,  tbe  anti-slavery  party 
flniUly  prevailing. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Mtssagts  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Kmut  mtj,  Fort  Scott  ud  OnU  Bafl- 

vay  Oo^  nei  to  cnthorize  eonitrnc- 
tioD  of  railway  through  Indiui  Ter- 
ritory by,  retura«d,  4986. 


I  that  bronzht 


Hallway  OOq  act  Buthorizing  eon- 
■tmetioii  and  operation  of  railway 
by,  thxongh  Indian  leMrrationa  ve- 
toed, eoo£ 

(Soe  Indian  Tribes.) 

Act— Bt  the  Uluoatl 
CompramlM  of  1620  ■larerr  was  proUbfted 
In  all  tbe  rtflon  Ijlng  north  of  lat  36*  30' 
vlth  the  exception  of  that  Ijlat  In  the 
Bute  of  MlwonrL  Aa  a  remit  of  the  Meil- 
can  War  the  llmlta  of  tbe  United  Statea 
were  extended  from  tbe  one  bnndredth  m»- 
rtdlan  westward  to  tlw  PaeUlc  and  iDnth- 
ward  to  lat  Si'  30"  north.  B;  the  Kan- 
■aa-Nebraika  Act,  paaaed  br  Congnam  In 
Uaj,  18B4,  Kanna  and  Nebraska  were 
•eparated  and  orBantoed  Into  two  dUtlnct 
territories,  and  the  qneatloD  of  tlaTerr 
waa  left   to  the  people  for  lettlemenL      ■- 

both  theie  alates  He  north  of  tbe  line  a 

which  ilaTer;  waa  prohibited  by  the  Ula- 
■oarl  Compromlae,  the  paaWKC  of  the  bill 
practical  It  repealed  that  measare.  The 
•tatna  of  Nebrufca  ai  a  free  itate  waa  aoon 
determined,  bat  the  itmnle  In  Kan aa*  waa 
long   and    bllter.      It    dliniDtnl    tbe    WhU 

E7  and  led  to  tbe  ealabllsbmcnt  of  the 
DbllcaQ    partT.    and    ■  -  ^     - 

In   the  cbain  oC  e* 
on  the  CiTll  War. 
Saiuas-Nsbraaka  Act: 

DUeuBa«d,  2982. 

Beterred  to,  3030. 
Kanao,   Btnlti   of,   vesaels   of   TJnit«d 

8tat«B  interfered  with  by  Britiah  ves- 

■elB  in,  referred  to,  40t)S. 
y^fffVaakift      Tt'iI'hT''         (See      Indian 

Tribes.) 
Ka-ta-ka  Indlaaa.  (See  Indian  Tribes.) 
Kaw  IndUiu.  (See  Indian  TribeB.) 
Kaanarge,  The. — A  United  Siatei  cor- 
vette built  at  Portimonth,  N.  U.,  In  ISel. 
Bbe  carried  103  oDccra  and  men.  fonr  33- 
ponnder  and  one  28-poatider  eoni,  and  two 
11-lnch  riflea.  Bhe  wai  commanded  br  CapL 
John  A.  Winalow.  Her  greateit  eervlce  was 
the  sinking  of  tbe  Confederate  cruiser  ilit- 
bamo,  off  Cherbonrg.  France,  June  IB,  1864. 
The  Alabama  had  done  mneh  damage  to 
Cnlted  Slates  commprce.  aod  tbe  Keartarge 
bad  been  sent  to  sink  her.  When  the  Kear- 
large  opened  Are  her  superlorllr  In  point  of 
management  and  ganneiT  «'■  "t  "XKX  ap- 

Erent.      One  of  her  shells  cut  off  the  .41a- 
mo'i    mliienmaat.    Snd   another   piplodi-d, 
killing   br"   ---    "-"     "    -"- 

In  tbe  Caribbean 
Clalmi.1 

Kaaraarga,  Tlu,  deatroction  of  the  Ala- 
bama by,  referred  to,  3457. 
Kenofaw  Monntaln   (Oa.),  Battle  of.— 

Between  tbe  1st  and  6th  of  June.  1864, 
Sherman  graduallj  moved  bis  arm;  lo  aa 
to  envelop  Allatooua  Paai.  This  compelled 
Johnaron  to  withdraw  bis  arm;  from  Its 
stroDglf  Intrenched  positions  at  New  Hope 
Cburch  and  Acworth.  Allaloona  Pass  was 
then  made  a  dertot  of  supplies,  and  Jane  B 
Oen.  Blalr  Joined  Bberman  with  two  dl- 
TtaloDB  of  the  Seventh  CorpB  and  ■  brigade 


!  was  wrecked  o 


(See  also  Alabama 


of  eanli;,  raUu  hli  eCeetlTa  fltiee  to  Ita 

original  atrengih  of  &8.000.  Johnston*a 
force  was  6Z,00a  Bhermaa  then  advanced 
lain.  I     - 

Confederate   Oenerai~Falk  i_ 

tbe  15th  and  ITth  of  JODe  the  Confederatea 
retired  from  Pine  MoDDtaln  and  Lost  Ham- 
taln,  and  tborooghlj  Introiched  themselrea 
on  Keneeaw  HoantaliL  June  27  two  aa- 
aaaliB  on  tbe  Confederate  position  were 
slmultaneoaalr  made,  one  bv  Tboniaa  and 
the   other    br    UcPberaon.     Both   were    ic- 

Eulaed.  Nothing  now  remained  for  Sherman 
at  to  turn  tbe  poaltlon.  July  2  the  wbola 
armr  waa  put  la  motion  toward  tbe  Chat- 
tab  oocbee.  Tbe  Confederates  Immedlatdj 
abandoned  their  position  on  tbe  tnoontaia 
and  retired  to  the  river.     Sberman'a  loss  at 


)   including  Generala  Rarh..  _ 
~~  e  ConfMlerate  loss  was  63a 
Pnrctaaae.— in  less  the  conn- 
^1    for  New    England  granted   to   WIIIIbb 
'ford  and  oHier  Pljmoath   eolonbrta   a 
.  of   terrltorr  along  the   F  ' 


__    ory  along  t 

Cobblseccontee   Hvera    for   fishing  pnrposea. 
This  waa  sold  In  1661  to  Tjug  and  othera. 


above       and  has  since  b 


<  known  as  the   I 

of  the  sonthem  gronp  of 
states;  nickname,  "The  Corn  Crader 
SUte;"  motto,   "Cnlted   we  stand,   divided 

we  falL"      The  narap   In  nid   in  mpan  In   th* 
language  of 

ground."      II        _ _       __ 

39°    6*    north   and   long.    83°    and    88*   38* 


Indiana,  and  Illlnola  (separated  b;  the  Ohio 
RlTcrl.  on  tbe  eaat  by  West  VIrgtaila  <s»> 
anted  br  the  Big  Sandr  Blver)  and  Vir- 
ginia, on  the  south  bv  Tenneuee,  and  on 
the  west  br  Missouri  (separated  b/  the 
Ulselssippl    Blver).       Ares,    40,508    sqnara 

A  vast  tract  of  land.  Including  what  la 
now  Kentnckr,  was  ceded  to  Great  Britain 
bj  tbe  Iroquois  Indians  In  1884.  EentuAj 
was  explored  b;  Daniel  Boone  In  1709,  and 
tbe  drat  seltlemenr  was  made  at  Harrods- 
bnrg  In  17T4.  It  was  made  a  conntr  ot 
Vli«lnla  In  17T6  and  admitted  to  the  Cnlon 
June  1,  1192.  IC  took  a  dlstlngulahed  part 
In  the  War  of  1812,  Che  lleilean  War.  and 
the  Civil  War.  Although  a  slave  sCala, 
Kentnekr  wlabed  to  preserve  neutralltr  In 
the  latter  war,  I£en[ueky  has  abnndant 
natoral  resoorcea  In  the  shape  of  coal  and 
Iron  mines,  hard  wood  toreats.  fertile  soil 
and  great  water  power  facilities.  Tobacco, 
com  and  wheat  are  tbe  chief  agricultural 
products,  Loolsvllle  being  the  largest  leaf 
tobacco  market  In  the  world. 

SUIlstlCB  of  agriculture  collected  tor  the 
last  Federal  censna  place  the  number  at 
farms  In  tbe  State  at  209.180,  comprlalng 
22.189.127  seres,  valued  with  Btock  and  Im- 
provemeota  at  ITTS.TBT.SSO.  The  averaga 
value  of  farm  land  waa  I21.S3.  as  compared 
with  tia.S4  In  tODO.  The  value  of  domestic 
animals.  poulCrv.  eCc,  was  ■117.486,662.  ID- 
■    -        "  —0,937  cattle  valued  at  »26,fl71,. 


en.6no.000  bnsbelB,  ■SB.B6i.000 ;  wheat, 
780.000  acrea.  9.S06.000  boshelB.  «ft.ll4.- 
000:  oata  170.000  acres.  8,128,000  bashrls. 
(1.684,000 ;  rve,  22.000  acres,  204,000 
bushels,  1243.000:  pocatoea.  H3.000  acrea, 
2,038,000  bushels,  (2,170.000:  ha;,  4SO.0O0 
acres.  428.000  tons,  (7.404,000:  tobaceok 
S4S.O00  aersi^  308,600,000  potDids,  VIS,- 
877.200. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Bncycloptdac  Indes 


EiagFbiUp 


L«   principal    nlnenl   product  ot  Sen- 

Sekr  Is  coal,  tbe  value  ot  wUcb  conitl- 
tM  ■bout  tbree-Courtha  ot  tbe  *iIim  of 
tbe  atate'i  total  mloeral  outpat.  Id  19111, 
•c«onUtls  to  tbe  Dalted  Statu  OeologlciJ 
Suiveri  tbe  total  Taloe  ol  tbe  mineral  pro- 
dDCtlOD  of  Koilnckr  waa  aboot  «2T,(»0,- 
""*  of  wblcb  tbe  coal  mlnea  cootrlbated 
eaie  of  aboDt 
mineral  pnH}> 

irtance,  cUy- 
..■.,t.,i\a  ig'"  — 
1912.    The  q 


s 


r  tbe  IlKQTes  for  1912. 

Tbe  lecoDd  Indoatrr  In  Imps .  >. 

WorkInK,  contributed  t2,B14,2T6  In  1918, 
Increase  of  t4T0,fiS6  orer  lftl2.    The  qnarr;- 
Ins  IndDBtr;  la  third  In  ImportaDce  in  the 
male,  Ita  prodncta  In  1913  i>elns  valued  at 
yijS0,20Cr  agalnat  fl,Z82.14S   In  1912. 

The  petroleum  productloa  ot  Kentucky  In- 
creased from  4S4i368  barrels  In  1912,  val- 
ned  at  *424.822,  to  C>24.5es  barrels  In  191S, 
TalDod  at  taTa,T4S.  while  tbe  raJoe  of  tbe 
natural  las  Drndaced  decreased  from  >S22,- 
4S5  to  fB09,%46. 

Kentucky  li  one  ot  the  tew  states  In  which 
flnorspar  Is  prodaced,  and  Id  1913  tbe  ont- 

fiQt  was  nearlr  doable  In  quantity  and  falne 
hat  of  1912.  Other  mineral  products  are 
asphalt,  cement,  ferro  atlors.  Iron  ore,  lead, 
lime,  mineral  water,  oIlBtonea,  aand  and 
sraTel,  sand-lime  brick,  and  alne. 

,    1911,    were    (7,678^88; 


at  the  befclnnlag  i 

'  -' "iri 

I  employ 

l^arlea   and    wacea 
rlVera  and  their 


t  finlBhed  goods 


ansit, 
]  8ST 


S30:  treaaory  balance,  t3C6,2S&.    The  L 

ed  debt  ot  the  State  at  the  end  ol  the  flical 
year    waa    12.319,627. 

Tbe  namber  of  manatactonnj  establUh- 
menta  In  Kentucky  having  an  annaa)  ootpnt 
valued  at  tSOO  or  more  at  the  befrinnlag  of 
1916  was  2.184.  The  amonnt  of  capital  In- 
Tcated  was  1193,423.000,  glTbu  employment 
to  77.666  persons,  uslna  material  valued  at 

tll4.820.0«>.  and  taming  --'  -  ■  ■    " 

worth     1230,248.000.       ^_... 
p«td  amounted  to  S4S,1BS,000. 

Tbe  Ohio  and  Mississippi    ' 

trlbBtarles  afford  natural  n. 

and  8,432  mllea  of  steam  railway  and  __. 
■Ilea  at  electric  lines  Iraverae  tbe  StKta. 
Tbs  popoUtlon  tor  1910  was  2.Z89,90S. 

SfltitiiclE7  (see  tXaa  LoniBTiUe); 
Admiation   of,   into    Unioii,   leferred 

to,  73,  76,  78, 
Amendment  to  ConBtitotion,  applie*- 
tion  to  CoogreM  to  call  eonT«ntioiL 
for  proposing,  3191. 
ArresU  in,  referred  to,  3278. 
Constitution  adopted  bj,  refomd  to, 

lEO,  123,  124. 
Oonrtitntion,  amendment  to,  applica- 
tion to  Congreaa  to  eall  conTostion 
for  proposing,  8194. 
Digest  of  deeisions  of  Bnpreme  Court 

aaked  for,  1196. 
Uartial  law  establiilied  In,  and  writ 
of   Mbem   eorput   nupoaded   b; 
proclamation,   S420, 
Proclamation  revoking,  85SS. 
Uilitia   of,    oomm  ended   for    Indlag 

■errlee,  M. 
Offieen  of,  attempt  to  bring  Aaroa 

BiuT  to  jnatiM,  403. 

Batilleation  of  amandmoDt  to  TsdenI 

Conatitntion  "bj,  referred  to,  M9, 

2S0. 

Kaatncky  Saoolntloiia.— Xln*  reaolntlou 

prepared  by  Tbomaa  letterson  and  paaeed 

hf     Um     Sentncky     ledalatnr*     in     17M. 


TbsM  and  tbe  rirglnla  Beaolutloos  were 
tbe  outgrowth  ot  a  teellng  that  tbe  Fed- 
eral party,  In  passing  tho  allon  and  sedi- 
tion laws,  waa  making  an  lllegltlmato  nae 
of  the  power  ftanted^  to  tbe  Oovemment 
by  tbe  Coostltullon.  Tbe  resolutions  de- 
ctrei-    -'- .        - 


ilared   that  the    Unl 


stitntlon 
■tatea.  and  that 


lated  t 


t  speclfli 
\  right 


In  the  compact  each  party  bad  a  .._ 

Judge  for  ftselt.  aa  well  of  Intiactloua 
of  the  mode  and  tneasare  ot  redress.  Th_. 
then  proceeded  to  set  tortb  the  uneonatlta- 
tlanallty  of  tlM  alien  and  aedltlon  laws  and 
Invited  other  slates  to  loin  In  declaring 
tbem  void.  A  tenth  resolution  was  passed 
tbe  followtog  year  declarlnc  that  nnlllflca- 
tlou  of  a  Federal  law  by  a  state  was  the 
rlghttnl  remedy  tor  Federal  usurpation  of 
authority.  Upon  these  resolution*  vrers 
based  In  part  the  doctrines  ot  nalllllcatlon 


(Va.),  Battle  of.   (See  Win- 
chester  (Va.),  Battles  of.) 
Katfle  Oroak  (Oa.),  BatUe  of,— Feb.  ]«, 

1779,  CoL  Andrew  Plekens.  of  Bontb  Caro- 
lina, and  Col.  Dooley,  of  Qeorgla,  with  80O 
men,  surprised  Col.  Bojd's  nrovlnclals  oD 
tbe  north  side  ot  Kettle  Creek,  In  Wllhea 
County.  6a.  A  ibort  sklrmlBb  ensued,  In 
which  Boyd's  torlea  were  routed  with  In- 
considerable loss  on  eltber  aide. 

KawMBaw,  Tbe.    (Bee  Baltimore,  Tbe.) 
Kar  West,  Fla.; 
Blockade  ot  port  of,  baring  been  in- 
advertentlj  included  among  thoaa 
which  were   not  to   be   opened  to 
commerce,   removed   b^   proslama- 
tiou  in  April,   1865,  3482. 
Tever  prevaleut  at,  7S2. 
Health  of  squadron  at,  referred  to, 
827. 

I.  (See  lodian  Tiibee.) 

plug  of  Aineriean  child  in  ICex- 

ico  referred  to,  3572. 

Kiel    Oanal,    encomiums    beatowed    on 

American  Teesels  at  opening  of,  6062. 

Xik-il-Iliia      Indiana.        (See      Indian 

Tribei.) 
KUbomn  vs.  Tlumipaon. — A  case  decided 
by  tbe  Saprsme  Court  In  1880  denylns 
tbe  right  ot  the  Senate  or  House  ot  Bw- 
leeentatlvee  to  punish  anyone  except  th^ 
own  iiMmbers  tor  contempt  of  tbelr  orders. 
Kllboarn  waa  aummoned  ••  a  witness  be* 
tore  tbe  Bona*  In  1876,  and  required  to 
answer  questiona  as  to  bla  prlTStc  bad- 
nea*  and  to  produce  certain  papara.  He 
rafased,  wDsreupon  BeriMnt-at-Arma 
Thompson    waa  ordered    to  Imprl 


, .-   Imprison    him 

tbe  Jail  of  the  District  of  Columbia. 
BO  remained  In  priaoa  forty-Sn  days.  Be 
was  then  released  on  a  writ  of  koteot 
eorpwa  H«  brought  solt  for  false  ImprlsOD- 
ment  against  Thompeoo  and  the  member* 
of  the  committee  who  cansed  bl«  arrcsb 
Tbe  court  dadded  that  tbe  House  might 
pnnlab  Its  own  member*  for  disorderly  con- 
dDCt.  but  that  the  Constitution  did  net  jtlva 
either  branch  of  Congrsse  general  antnor- 

Sty  to  pnnlsh  tor  contempt.  It  was  htHL 
[iMtlca  Ulller  delivering  the  opinion,  that 
neither  Honse  ot  Congreae  1e  a  part  of  any 
court  of  general  Jnrisdlctlon.  Jndgmen'' 
was  given  Kllbonm.  which  was  paid  by  a: 
appropriation  *•-  "— — — 


jyGooi^lc 


Kings 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


King  FUIlp'i  War.— Pbiilp.  ion  of 
MaMaaolt,  ucbem  of  tbe  Wamp&ooaK  In- 
dlmiu  and  ■  friend  to  the  emrlj  aeltlen  of 
Pljmontli,  determined  to  drlre  awij  or  kill 
■11  tbe  Bnropean  eeCtlers  la  bis  territory. 
Hit  omp  wai  at  Hoant  Hope.  B.  I.,  and  bii 
first  blow  waa  (truck  at  ^waniea,  Man., 
Jd17  4,  1675.  The  seltlera  took  up  anni  In 
detenu  and  dro«e  the  Indiana  to  the  more 
remote  aettlemeiila.  PhtLlp  wai  reenforced 
bjr  other  trlbea,  but  tbe  lodlani  auffered 
nunT  defesta  and  were  Una  11  j  subdued. 
Philip  waa  shot  In  a  awamp  by  a  treacherous 
Indian  and  bla  bead  wu  carried  In  trinmpb 
to  Plymouth.  Hla  aon.  tbe  laat  of  the  line, 
^aa  Bold  Into  slavery  and  lent  to  Bermuda. 
Kinci  HonnUla  (B.  0.),  B»Ulfl  of.— 
Early  In  October,  1T80,  Comwallla  seat 
Colonels  Tmrleton  and  Ferguson  from 
Charleston  to  lorade  North  Carolina,  enroll 
local  mlUtia,  and  compel  the  alleclance  of 
"-e  people.     On   the  0th  Ferguaon.  finding 

— "   ^-"j    pursued   by   "■*    * ' 

loug  position 


Qpentlvea.  Perhapa  tbe  treateat  strl 
undertaken  by  the  general  aaaembly 
order  waa  tbat  on  the  Ulasouri  Pad 


,  __.  __B  boundary .   __ 

and  BoDtb  Carolina.  Tbe  next  day  hla  army, 
about  1,500  iirong.  waa  attacked  by  about 

c  number  of  American  mllltla  under 

■    o(    Colonels    Shelby,    Campbel' 

.±  UcDowell,   Bevler.  and  Wllllamu 

After  a  desperate  struggle  lasting  '^i',°,''X- 


reached  220.000,    They  hare  ordered  manj 
strikes    among    coal    miners    and    rallroaa 
~    ■         ■■  strike  eT«t 

nbly  of  tbe 
PadBc  aya- 
— --   -•  the 

-    -  - -      alao 

failed.  The  object  of  tbe  order  la  tne 
amelioration  of  the  condition  of  woiilBg- 
men.  The  order  has  generally  been  super- 
aeded  by  the  Federation  of  Labor. 

Snow    NottilngB.      (See    AIl-AmericKn 

Party.) 
KnoxTlU*  (TaniL),  SIflga  of.— Sept.  S, 
1803.  Oen.  Bamalde,  with  tbe  Anr  of  tbe 
Ohio,  occupied  KnoEvllle,  Tenn.  Upon  hla 
Adrance  the  Confederate  Oeneral  Banner 
eracuated  eSMtera  Tennessee  and  Joined 
Bragg  at  Chattanooga.  Early  In  N«*ember 
Longstreet.  with  16.000  men,  waa  detached 
from  Branca  army  and  sent  to  regain  pos- 
o(  K&oxTUfe.    Bumslde.  with  a  force 

"*   -  ■ ■  at  Campbella  8ta- 

1  reUrded  hla  ad- 


of  12,01.  _.  _. 

tlon,  Tenn., , 

ranee  long  enough   t 

centrate  his  fore • 

then  besieged  th. 
essAilIy  s 


Clereland,  UcDowell,  Bevler.  and  Williams.       Cbattanooga.    and    Sherman,    with    26.000 

T  a  desperate  struggle  lasting  an  hour,       — '   '-   "—   — "-'   --   "— -— - 

..  .    _i~ :^_»....  .  -^g  British 


about  1,200  taken  prisoners.  The  Americans 
lost  28  men  and  80  wour-"-"  "'" —  ' — 
dred  muskets  and  other 
hands  ot  the  American!. 
Kitchen  OmWnet.— 4  name  applied  to  a 
certain  drcle  of  Intimate  friends  of  Presi- 
dent Andrew  lacksan.  These  frienda  were 
said  to  have  more  InBuence  wltb  the  Prest- 
dent  than  bis  amclal  CablneL  Tbe  princi- 
pal member  of  tbe  KKchen  Cabinet  was 
bair  Qreeu.  of  SC  Louis,  who  established 
the  newspaper,  TAe  Vnitei  Blatet  Tetv- 
nraph.  In  WaBblngtOD.  This  paper  was  the 
Prealdent's  organ  until  1831,  when  Oreen, 
aiding  with  (.TBlhoua  agaluBt  Jackaon.  lost 
the  lalter's  coaSdeoce.  TAe  Globe.  John 
C.  Klves  and  Francis  P.  Blair,  edlton^  then 
became  the  President's  organ,  and  Blair 
became  a  member  of  bis  Kitchen  Cabinet. 
Other  members  were  Wllllain  B.  Lewis,  of 
XashTllle.  who  was  appointed  Second  Au- 
ditor of  the  Treasury;  Isaac  Hill,  of  New 
Hampshire,  who  was  made  Second  Comp- 
troller at  the  Treasury,  and  Amoa  Kendall, 
of  Kentucky,  who  was  made  Fourth  Audi- 
tor of  the  Treasury  and  finally  In  183S 
joined  the  oHlclal  Cabinet  as  Postmaster- 
General.  Its  term  has  also  been  applied 
to  certain  adTlsers  of  President  John  Ty- 
ler and  of  President  Andrew  Johnson,  but 
Jackson's  Kitchen  Cabinet  l>  meant  when 
the  term  Is  used  without  qualification. 
Elttory,  Ua.,  dry  dock  &t,  2411. 
Klun&th  Indtuis.  (See  IndiAn  Tribes.) 
Knlgltts  of  Labor.— A  aecret  order  of 
worklngmen,  founded  br  Uriah  B.  Bterena 
In  Philadelphia  in  18S8.  and  formally  or- 
ganized as  a  national  body,  with  district 
and  local  asaembllea.  In  ISTl.  It  was  not 
until  1881  that  the  name  of  the  order  waa 
made  public.  At  that  time  nearly  alt  the 
trades  were  represented.  Kach  .  trade 
formed  a  district,  as  nearly  as  possible. 
The  knlghta  are  goTCrned  by  a  general 
eiocatlTe  board,  prenldcd  over  By  a  general 
nasier  workman,  which  baa  power  to  order 
•tilkes  and  boycotts.   The  memtwrship  oocc 


approach  o(  Sherman,  raised  t 


Eooteaajr  Indlaiu.  (See  Indian  TrjbM.) 
Eora«.     (Se«  JapAn,  Ctiosat.) 

Chemulpo,  agreement  respecting  for- 
eign settlement  at,  5391. 
Conaular  conrts   in,   organization   of, 
recommended,  5368,  5471,   7069- 
Begulations  for,  6675. 
Diplomatic  relations  with,  diseueeed, 

4761,  4915,  5367. 
Legation  of  United  States,  at  prem- 
ises for^  discussed,  4823. 
Uilitary  instTactors  desired  bj,  and 
recommendations    regarding,    4856, 
4915. 
Minister  and  partj  sent  to  eonelnda 
treaty    with,     treacherouslr    at- 
tacked, 4099. 
Besnlt     of     expedition     disenssed, 
4099. 
Mission  from,  received,  5367, 
Treat;  with,  4698. 

Be/erred  to,  471S,  4757,  4761. 
War  between  China  and  Japan  re- 
garding. (Bee  Wars,  Foreign.) 
Koraa,  Treatlsfl  Wltb. — &  treaty  ot  amity, 
commerce,  and  narlgatioa  was  concluded  Id 
1882.  It  provides  for  perpetual  peace  and 
friendship  between  tbe  rulera  and  dtlaena 
of  both  countries.  Consular  repreaentatl*M 
are  to  be  appointed  and  accredited  ac- 
cording to  the  regulations  conmouly  gOTcra- 
]ng  such  matters.  Humane  treatment  Is 
to  be  extended  to  all  veaaela  In  dlatresa. 
and  the  customary  proTlalons  are  toad* 
for  their  relief.  United  BUtas  naaels  otm- 
ductlng  clandestine  trade  at  a  port  not 
open  to  foreign  commerce  shall  be  conDa- 
cated.  Citlaena  are  to  be  protected  within 
the   dominions  of   the   other   countfy.     ta 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Eupreanof 


eud  of  controTeny  betvecD  cltliens  of  the 
one  country  and  ■abjects  at  the  oUier,  tlie 
trlml  ki  to  be  made  befoi«  a  Judge  of  the 
lUtlanalltT  of  Ibe  dcrendont,  and  all  fa- 
dlltlcB  Bb«U  extend  to  the  counwt  of  the 
pUluUS.  TbU  condition  shall  obtain  In 
CbowB  antll  *acb  time  sa  In  the  opinion 
...      _  ..    .  ~ ._!  ly^jitiona 

..  JasUee  li     ■    " 

try  ihall  evnform   to 

United  Btatei ;  kt  vhitu  uuc  <..».<.».  ». 
tn  United  State*  In  Korea  ahall  become 
■abject  to  the  native  authoiitlea. 

Tbe    tarlD    on    all    article*    of    dally     " 


lei   of   luxury,   as   foreign    winei   and 

tobftceo,  watches  and  clocba  aball  be  anh- 
Ject  to  an  Import  duty  not  to  exceed  thirty 
per  cent,  of  the  vklue,  and  articles  of  na- 
tlTe  prodnee,  I)t«  per  cent.,  od  valortm.  Tbe 
tonnage  dntlea  «n  ahlpa  ente-' —  '■--'■ — 
or  porta  In  Cboaen  shall  be  t 
'—   payable  once  every  lliree  i 


"The  GoTemnent  of  Japan  undertakea  to 
■ee  to  the  execution  of  the  treaties  actu- 
ally existing  between  Korea  and  other  pow- 
ers and  the  aovemment  of  Korea  engages 
not  to  conclude  hereafter  any  act  or  engage- 
ment bavlnc  an  international  character  ex- 
cept thrang£  ttie  medium  of  the  Government 
of  Japan. 

Kntw,  md.  T^  mineTs  kUled  at,  5663. 
Kn-Klux  'Ti"" — A  secret  organlsatlou  In 
several  of  the  soathem  states  soon  after 
the  Civil  War.  Its  exact  origin  was  never 
given.  U  waa  claimed  that  a  copy  of  the 
constitution  (prescript,  aa  It  was  termed) 
of  tbe  order  was  obtained,  from  which  It 
wsa  learned  that  their  lodges  were  called 
dens  ;  die  masters,  cyclops ;  tbe  members, 
gboulB.    A  count;  was  called  ?  province  ^aad 

goblins. 


'e  mace  pel 
ontha.  The 
if  buildings, 


led    tbst    tbe 


hoidtng  at  land,   __ 

while  freely  permitted  In  any  of 
open   to    foreigners.    Is    reatrfclcd 

Broperty  shall  always  be  aoder  the  lunaoic- 
on  of  the  anlhorlllea  of  Chosen,  and  (hat 
tbe  only  extraterrltorhil  rlgbts  b  connec- 
tion with  these  mstlera  shall  be  iboae  con- 
ferred by  this  treaty.  The  trade  In  Chosen 
ahall  be  restricted  to  the  open  ports  and 
coast  wise  trade  by  the  cItUens  of  the 
United  States  la  prohibited.  Trade  in  opl- 
oin  between  the  two  countries  is  absolutely 
forbidden.  In  times  of  threatened  fsmlne 
in  Chosen,  the  emperor  may,  at  discretion, 
forbid  tbe  eXDort  of  foodstuSs :  tbe  ei- 
i  and  breadstuffs  fro 


°weB  the  'empire,  gavemed 
by  ■  naad  wltard  and  ten  genii.  Tbej  ap- 
E™^3  on^  .-  -—  --'   —- 


juntrv    ^ 
pesred   only   at  oTghC  a 


descending  over   tbe 


carried  banners. 

irlng  for   the   bead, 
„-    _-]l,  boles  being   cut 

.„.    .j,„ mouth,    the    covering   being 

decorsted  in  any  startling  or  fantastic  man- 
ner. Its  object  was  to  suppress  ■'•-  -""■" 
aa  a  factor  In  politics,  by  mea 
tlmldatlon  and  terra  rlsatlon.  a  a 
time,  many  of  the  most  prom  I 
respectable  cltlions  -*  •'■-  -—■•■■ 
belonged  to  It ;  bi 
siMcteble  element  '.  — 
genlzatloD  outran  Its  original  purpose, 
many  localities  gross  dlsordtrs  and  c-'- 
were  comtnlEted  Bv  persons  In  disguise,  ,.-. 
were  either  members  of  the  Klsn  or  wB 
--'--    -■--    disguise    and    methods    ( 


i  at   in- 


-   ._e  soutbcro  states 
later    the   more    re- 


1  crimes 


the  o 


t  In 


and  bring  In  arms  and  munitions  ot  war. 

9ne  emigration  and  immigration  between       tuppress  the  order,  i 
tbe  two  countries  Is  permitted  t-  -•■■•• — •'        '---  "" """ 


of  conclusion   of   _..._      ._   .. 

I.  the  later  tresty  to  be  based  UDon 
eiperlence  o(  the  two  nations  on  eiiit- 
condltloos.      Any  privileges   which   may 


of  IMNi  provides; 


same  year  the   president   Isaned  proclams- 
tlona  on  tbe   subject,   and   soon  tbereaftsr 
the  Klana  dispersed  and  ceased  to  exist. 
En-Eliiz  SjLn   (see  also  Bifle   Clubi; 
White  Leagues): 
DiBcnised,  4104,  4117. 
ProelamatiODi    against,    4086,    40SS, 
4089,    4090,    4093. 
Kapreutof  iHlud,  r«f  erred  to,  6735. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  PresuletOs 


Lft  Aim  BllTer  Hilling  Oc^  eUim  of, 
agaiDst     Mexico,    4697,    4700,    4982, 
49S7,  5193,  G502,  6432,  6679. 
Ia    Otobm,    Wis.,   bridge    over    Uiuia- 

iippi  Biver  at,  4148. 
Xa    llJincTw,    nw,    appropriation    for 
dsiniB  Tegarding,  ncommauded,  3399. 
L«  Pbdbm^   Tlw,   judicial   proceeding! 

aMinst,  referred  to,  704. 
lit,  Plata  Blver: 
TTAneaetionB  in  region  of,  affecting 
political  relationa  with  other  pow- 
ers  referred   to,   3800,   3SS8,   3899. 
Treaties     regarding    uarigatioii    of, 
28n. 
Labor  (aee  Commerce  and  Labor,  De- 
partment of) : 
CompeDeated  plantation,  referred  to, 

3470. 
Discussed  b;  President — 

aeveland,   4979,   609S,   Sill,   5359. 
Grant.  425  S. 
Lincoln,  3258. 

Boosevelt,   6715,    6786,   6895,   6898, 
6973,  6963,  7036,  7089,  7205,  7210, 
7213. 
PrineipSe  of  arbitration  referred  to, 
6348,  708B. 
Labor,   Bureau   of,  entargement  of,  bj 
adding  power   of  arbitration   rec- 
ommended, 4979,   5111. 
Work  of,  dlscuBsed,  6898. 
Labor,    OomtDlHlon    of,    eatabliilunent 
of,  with  power  of  arbitration  recom- 
mended,  4979,   5111. 
Labor,  OotunlMloner  of: 

Annual  report  of,  transmitted,  5502, 

5Se9,  5674,  5782,  5909. 
Beports  of,  on — 
Building     and    loan    aseoeiatioiu, 

5909. 
Compnlsor^  insnranea  of  working- 
men  in  Germany,  etc.,  6782. 
Gothenburg  system    of   regulating 

liquor  traffic,  5785, 
Housing  of  working  people,  6001. 
InduBtn&I  education,   5782. 
Slums  of   cities,  5911. 
lAbor  Day.— Tbe  first  Maudar  in  Septem- 
ber ha>  been  made  a  holIdaT  bj  tblrtr-slz 
stBtea  and  b;  the  United  States  In  the  Dis- 
trict of  Columbia.     It  was  Aral  obierTed  In 
Colorado   Id    18ST,       Meellnga   for   tbe    dla- 
cuuIoD  of  labor  nneatlooH  are  beld.    There 
are   uauallr   Dnradea,   picnics,    and   danceii. 
In  Karope  Ua;   1  la   celebrated  as  a  labor 
(eallval   and    there   ate   demonstrations   by 
worklDimeD. 

Labor,  Dopartment  of.— in  mponae  to 
pel  I  lions  from  labor  eixanlcatlona  and 
trade  aoloiii  for  a  department  of  the  gor- 
emment  to  look  after  tbelr  lutereata  tbe 
Bureau  of  I-abor  vaa  established  lo  the 
"   -     ■        "  t    by    act    of    Congress 

After  an  eilslsoce  of 
.     _  can   was   rataed  to   the 

.„....,  of  a  department  Jane  IS.  1SS8.  and 
Carrol]  D.  WrlgbC  waa  placed  at  Its  bead 
as  Commissioner.  Ha  was  later  aueceeded 
b;   Charles  F.   Nelll.     When  Consress  as- 


of  June   21.    1884. 


tabllahed  the  Dcpsrtment  of  Commerce  and 
Labor  Keb.  14,  1MB,  the  aCtlTltiea  In  be- 
half of  labor  were  placed  nnder  the  Juris- 
diction of  the  new  aecretaiT'  (See  Com- 
merce,   Uepaitment  of.) 

Tbe  Slxtj-second  Consreas,  on  the  laat 
day  of  Ha  third  session.  March  4,  ISIS, 
separated  the  Department  *t  Commerce 
and  Latrar  Into  the  Department  ol  Com- 
merce and  tbe  Department  of  Labor. 

The  Bnrean  of  Labor  Btatlatlea,  the 
Children's  Barean  and  the  Bnreane  ot  Im- 
mleratlon  and  Nstarallsatlon  were  placed 
under  the  new  Secietarr,  with  directions 
to  inTcstifste  and  report  to  Concresa  a 
plan  for  the  eo-ordiuatlon  of  tbe  powers 
of  the  present  bnreaua.  commiealona  and 
depanmenta  so  tar  aa  tbej  relate  lo  labor 
and  Ita  conditions.  In  order  to  harmoniae 
and  nnlfr  them.  The  nev  Seeretarjr  was 
cbaifed  with  the  duty  of  fostering,  promot- 
ItMt.  and  develop  I  □(  the  welfare  of  the 
vage-eamera  ol  tbe  United  States.  Im- 
proTlng  their  working  conditlona,  and  ad- 
rand  ns  their  opportDDltles  for  profitable 
employment.  He  has  power  nnder  the  law 
to  act  aa  mediator  and  to  appoint  commla- 
sloners  of  ooDClUatlon  In  labor  diapntea 
wheneTer  in  bla  Judgment  the  Interesta  of 


WUIlan 


wllaon,    member    of 


acss 


_     the   Honae  Com 
made  tbe  first   Secratarr- 
Labor,  Hottn  of: 

Beferred  to, -6348,  6455. 
Uniform     conrse     regarding,     recom- 
mended, 1819. 
Wages     of     Oovemment    employees 
not  to  be  affected  hy  redaction  in, 
proclaimed,   3969,   4129. 
Labor,  Zntamatlaiial  Expoiltlon  of,  at 
Barcelona,    Spain,     discuaaed,     5177, 
6399. 
Labor,  Knigbta  of.     (Bee  Kniglita  of 

Laboi  ParUw.     (Sao  tke  aoveral  par- 

tiee.} 
Labor  QuottlMi: 
Attitude    of  leaders  toward   courts^ 

7590. 
Child-Ubor,  SS98,  6980,  S9S3,  7436. 
Discussed    by    President     Boosevelt, 

6786,  6896,  68SS,  6899,  S980,   WSS, 

7089,  7205,  7210,  7213,  7436. 
Hours   of  railroad    employees,    W8S, 

7033. 
Power  of  courts  to  grant  injnnetiona 

in  labor  disputee,  6983. 
Belations  of  National  QoT«nunent  to 

the,  6648,  6715,  6897. 
(See    also    Arbitration,    Labor,    and 

Strike  Commission.) 
Labor    StatlBtlci,    Bureana    of, — Manr 

atates  and  tbe  Dnlted  States  bave  bnreaua 
ot  labor  stsClstlcs.  The  first  offlee  ol  the 
kind  wao  eatabllBbed  In  Maaaachnaetta  br 
an  act  of  June  23.  1869.  Others  were  eatab- 
llahed  as  followi ;  In  PeDnsylTsnla  ID 
1872;  Connectlcnt  in  1873  (sbollahed  In 
1ST5  and  reettabllabed  In  1880)  :  Ohio  In 
1877  ;  >'ew  Jersey  In  J878 ;  Indlaoa.  Mis- 
souri and  IlllDoli  In  187 » :  California.  TVla- 
conaln.  New  York,  and  Mlchlnn  In  1883: 
Uarjiand  and  Iowa  In  1884.  Thirteen 
Btatea  other  than  those  named  bays  orfsn- 


jyGooi^lc 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Like 


Lkbor  StotbUes,  Bmwn  of,  ut  to  ok 
tAblish,  omiBBioDB  in,  refarred  to, 

4807. 
Compilation  of  labor  laws  of  varions 

BUtea,  recommended,  6SgS. 
Exemption   from    ant  i- trust   law,   of 

organizations  of,  71SS. 
Principle  of  arbitration  referred  to, 

7036,  7089. 
Strikes  and  loekonts,  7088. 
Laboran,  Ailen.  discussed,  6065,  6318, 

6455. 
Labonn,     Gorenunaitt,     appointment 

of,  6707,  6781,  6804. 
Xttdy  Fiankllm  Bar  Ezpodltloii,  expe- 
dition fitted  out  for  relief  of,  4835. 
Board  to  conrider  expedition  to  be 

sent,  4SI3. 
Offer  of  rewards  for  rescners  of,  dis- 

CQBsed,  4796. 
Beeommended,  4693,  4787. 
Vessel    presented    bj    Qreat    Britain 
to  United  States  to  aid  in,  4791. 
Beturn  of,  to  Oreat  Britain,  4917. 
Becommended,  4855. 
Iiafarotta,  Oftoige  W.,  Letters  from: 
Acknowledging  honors  to  father,  1344. 
Transmitting  bequest  from  fatber  to 
Congresa  of  Declaration  of  Inde- 
pendence engraved  on  copper,  1342. 
IrftfaTOtta,    luL,    act    for    erection    of 

public  buildings  at,  vetoed,  51S4. 
LaJTajrettA,  MaiqnlB  de: 

Death  of,  annonnced,  1273. 
Honors  ordered  paid  to  memory  of, 

1313, 
Besolutiona  of  CangTess  on,  1343. 
Declaration     of     Independence     en- 
graved   on    copper    bequeathed    to 
Congress  b7,  1342. 
Letters  from   son   of,  acknowledging 
honors  p^d  to,  1344. 
Lailtte  A  do.,  memorial  from  t:.-astees 

of,  presented,  1648. 
Ziaka    Borgne    (La.),    BatUe    of.— The 

Brttlah  army,  repnlapd  at  Bsltlmore.  retired 
to  (he  Island  ot  Jamaica.  Being  there  re- 
inforced bs  a  SDfflclcDt  number  to  make  a 
total  of  abore  T.OOO  men,  11  sailed  trom 
Jamaica  Not.  26,  1814.  in  Admiral  Corb- 
rane'a  sblps.  wltb  tbe  Intentlnn  o(  capturing 
Kew  Orleans,  and  thoi  secnrlDK  pauesslon 
ef  tbe  HfasliBlpnl  River  aod  the  Terrllorv 
et  Lonlslana.  Harl;  In  December  Daniel  T. 
Patteraon.  cataasandlnit  tbe  dbtiJ  station  at 
New  Orleans,  sent  LlenL  Thomaa  A,  C. 
Jones  wllb  seven  amall  vessels.  mounClnf 
23  guns  and  carrying  1S2  men,  to  Interreat 
the  Britlab  fleet.  The  British,  December 
14.  1814.  manned  bItI;  barnes  with  1,200 
Tolonteers  from  the  fleet,  under  Capt.  Lock- 
;er,  and  sent  them  out  to  destroy  tbs 
American  gunboat b.  The  battle  took  place 
on  Lake  Borgne.  and  lasted  almost  an  bour. 
Several  of  the  Brltlsb  barges  were  shattered 
and  sunk  and  about  300  mcu  tilled  and 
wonnded..    The  Amerlcaos  lost  only  r 


killed  and  SS  wounded.  The  Amerloa  icua- 
boats  were  captured,  which  gmre  tbe  British 
control  of  Lake  Bonme. 


6.  1S14,  QoTemorOeDenil  Prevoit  awaited 
the  eo-operatlon  of  tbe  British  fleet  on  the 
lake.  eepL  11  Capt  Downle'a  squadron 
rounded  Cumberland  Head.  II  consisted  of 
the  frigate  ConJtdenc«,  brig  Linnet,  bIdods 
Cliub  and  Finch,  and  tKelte  Kunboata—lu 
all.  sixteen  Teasels,  of  about  2,402  tons,  with 
037  men  and  a  total  o{  nloety-two  guns. 
throwing  a  broadside  of  1,183  pounds.  In 
Cumberland  or  Plattsburg  Bay.  awaiting  the 
attack,  lay  the  American  squadron,  under 
Capt.  Thomas  Macdooougb,  theL  only  3B 
yean  of  age.  It  consiated  of  tbe  ahip 
Saratoga,  brig  Eagle,  scbooner  Ticonderona, 
sloop  Prebls,  and  ten  gunboats — In  all,  ftnir- 
' — •-    of  2.244   tons  and  882   men. 


with  elghty^li  gnns,  tbrowlng  a  broadside 
of  1,164  pounds.  Kneellns  beside  hU  bear- 
lest  gun.  BurronDded  by  bis  men,  tbe  young 
captain  Invoked  divine  prolectloa  and  guid- 


ance.   The  flrst  ■! 


t  from  tbe  Saratoga  k 


throuEb  the  flagship  of  tbe  British  squad 
ron,  demon Bh lug  her  wheel.  The  t«ttle 
raged  two  hours  and  twenty  minutes,  when 


rack  Iff 


Both 


e  than  : 


.     lean   loss    was    110.   of 

whom  fi2  were  killed. 
Z>ake  (Hiainplalii; 

Act  to  authorize  construction  of 
bridge  across  portion  of,  vetoed, 
5060. 

Insurgents  on,  proclamation  against 
authorizing  militia  officers  to  dis- 
pel b7  force,  438. 

Victorr  of  American  squadron  od, 
534. 
Lake  E^i^  Battle  of. — In  1813  the  Amer- 
icans, under  great  difficulties,  constmcted 
a  fleet  of  war  Teasels  at  Presiioe  Isle, 
now  Erie,  Pa.,  for  serTlce  In  the  laiies. 
Aug,  12,  1813,  the  American  squadron,  con- 
Blstlng  of  the  Lawrenct,  Ulaffara,  Caledonia, 
Ariel,  Somert,  Tlgrett,  Scorpion,  Porcupine, 
Ohio,  and  Trippe,  manned  by  less  than  4IM 
oncers  and  men,  under  Capt.  Oliver  H,  . 
I'erry,  set  forth  In  search  of  Barclay's 
Btltlsh  squadron  of  six  vesnelB.  manned  oy 
more  than  SOO  men.  Bept  10  Perry's  look- 
out sighted  tbe  enemy.  At  10  o'eloclc  In  tbe 
morning  the  signal  for  action  was  run  up  tn 
the  masthead  of  the  lAiairence,  It  bore 
the  words  of  the  dying  Capt.  Lawrence,  of 
the  Clietapeahe :  "DoiTt  ElTe  up  the  ahip." 
During  the  action  the  Laicrence  was  dis- 
abled and  Perry  transferred  his  flag  to  the 
Xias/ara.  At  3  o'clock  In  the  afternoon  tbe 
flag  of  tbe  British  flagship  was  strack. 
Tbe  Bring  ceased.  It  was  the  flrst  time  an 
American  fleet  bad  met  a  Brltlsb  fleet   In 


advantage,  and  the  British  fleet  surrendered. 
Perry  sent  word  to  Gpu.  Harrison:  "We 
have  met  the  enemy  and  they  are  onrs." 
The  British  loss  In  the  action  was  lUl. 
41  of  whom  were  killed.  Tbe  L. 
lost  123,  2T  of  whoiQ  were  killed. 


Bise  of  waters  of,  referred  to,  1583. 
Victor;  of  American  squadron  on, 
519, 
Laka  UeinplirainaKag,  pntcticabilitjr  of 
connecting  Connecticut  Biver  with, 
873.      . 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Lake 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Laka  of  tli«  Woods,  boniid&ry  with 
QreBt  Britain  regarding,  referred 
to,  4141,  «91,  4243,  4358. 

Final    report    of     commiMionen    re- 
ferred  to,   4382. 
Lake   Ontario,    moTementi    of    Ameri- 
can Bqnadron  on,  G20. 
Iiake  Superior: 

Copper  mines  on  ahores  of,  784. 

Minera]    lands    on,    gale    of,    recom- 
mended, 2304. 
Lake  TraTerae  BeserTatloii: 

Agreement  with  Sionz   for  porehase 
of  lands  in,  discussed,  5498. 

Opened    to   settlement    by   proclama- 
tion, 5707. 

Bight  of  WAT  for  railroad  through, 
4788,  49S4,  5178, 
Lak«s,  OcMtt.     (See  Qreat  Lakes;  th* 

aeTeral  Lakes.) 
Land  Oranta.— B7  this  nsme  is  knoirn  the 
(Tsat  of  ISQd  to  corporallDDB  to  enconnse 
and  aid  Ihe  eonstracCion  of  rallroadi  In 
porllons  of  the  couatr;  In  which  It  would 
ocberwlse  be  unp  roll  table.  These  grsnu 
are  nsnallr  made  direct J7  to  the  companlei. 
Before  1S62  tber  were  maile  to  the  sutes 
In  order  to  enable  them  to  eitend  aid  to  cor- 
poralloDs  within  their  borders.  To  every 
state,  at  Its  admission,  ConcreBt  has  pant- 
ed flTe  per  cent  of  the  public  lands  within 
Its  llmlu  on  condition  of  the  exemption  of 
the  remainder  tram  state  taiatlon.  ^o  1S6D 
tbe  Brst  grant  lor  railroad  purposea  was 
made.  It  conalaled  ot  about  2.5O0.OOU 
acres  granted   to   the  ilate  ot  Illlnols.^aod 


1  Florida.   B 


I,  wHlle 


railroad    building.      But    the 


(See  Ijands,  Pablic.) 


Land    TltlM        (8m   Ludi,    Zndiu; 

Lands,  Poblic.) 
Lands  ceded  to  United  SUtea  by  North 

Carolina    referred   to,    S4,    105,    147. 

(See  also  Franklin.) 
LaildS^  Arid.— The  great  IfttQI  AmetlcaB 
desert  posaeues  all  the  etlmatle,  geolcwle 
and  phjalographlc  teatarei  of  the  Desert 
of  Sahara.  In  Africa,  thonch  only  aboot 
one-third  a«  large.  It  enbracca  the  TSSt 
'*""'"    '      country    lying    between    the 


the  e 


1  Neiada  Monntalni 


—  —    States,    I 

Fadflc  Ocean  and  the  Sierra  aiaarc  Honn- 
taln*.  In  Mexico,  an  area  ol  1,000,000 
«).  milea,  of  which  about  halt  Ilea  In  UeHco 

—  "■"    -"---    --iif  In    the    Dnlted   StatcSi 


all  of  Texas  west  of  the  I'ecos.  In  general 
this  desert  la  one  of  barren,  atony  mountain 
ranges,  seps  rated  by  equally  bairca 
stretches  ol  desert  pisln.  an  aggregation  of 
elongated  arid  plalna  and  lower  Donnlaln 
ranges.     The  IndlTldoal  deserta  have  aepa- 


rallroad   and   the 


lanlcal  drill  American  genlns  and  energy 
conquered  the  arid  pralns  of  the  west, 
made  them  yield  doiible  the  wealth  per 


to    encourage    railroad 

grant  of  coToBsal  aieas  _,„ — 

stroctloo  of  the  PhcIQc  Railroad  b.  The 
TJnIoD  Pacific  rccclted  2.000.000 :  the 
KauBU  Pacific  6,000,000;  the  Central  Pa- 
cific (as  successor  of  the  Western  I-aclBc) 
1,100.000.  and  on  its  Oronon  Branch  3.000,- 
000;  the  Oregon  and  Calltorala  3,500.000: 
the  Southern  Pacific  6.000.000:  and  the 
Boulbem  Pacific  branch  line  3.500,000 
acres.      Among   othera    that    received    large 

Kanls  were  the  Burlinston  Hod  Missouri 
Iver  and  tbt  HanalbaT  and  St.  Joseph. 
But  the  most  stupendous  grouts  were  those 
of  47,000,000  acres  to  the  Northern  Pacific 
and  at  4S. 000.000  acres  10  the  Atlantic  and 
Paelllc.  From  these  generous  grants  a  re- 
vulsion has  set  In,  and  at  every  sesslou  of 
Congress  bills  are  now  Introduei'd  and 
every  effort  Is  made  to  forfeit  such  por- 
tions of  the  land  as  are  not  earned  by  a 
strict    compliance    with    the    terms    ot    the 

S-snt.  thus  saving  the  land  for  settli'ment. 
Ills  revokluR  the  grant  of  lands  not  as 
yet  earned  hava  been  passpa :  smonB  the 
principal  roads  affected  are  the  Atlantic 
and  Pacific,  Texas  Pacific  and  Iron  Moun- 
talD.  and  over  S0,000,000  neres  have  thus 
been  recovered,      (See  Subsidies.) 

Land  Offlcs.  (See  Qeneral  Land  Office,) 

Land  Ofllces,  Public,  act  regarding  feea 

of  registers  and  receivers  at,  vetoed, 

6ior. 


capita  of  a 
States.     Like    b 

water.  By  the  UKVf'the' mecbanrari''<ariii 
Ihe  deep  wells  on  the  mesa  at  El  Pasit 
supply  TOO.OOO  gallons  of  water  per  daj, 
and  the  Oowlng  well  at  Benson  and  those 
of  the  Sal  Con  Desert  afford  ample  mppltes 
to  localltlea  which  were  formerly  hopelessly 
dry.  The  sterile  soil  of  the  desert  la  ap- 
parently more  fertile,  when  artlBdallj 
watered,  than  many  reglouB  where  rainfall 
Is  abundant.  In  the  desert  may  be"  sees 
some  at  the  most  skllltal  and  profltsble 
sKrlculture  In  the  world.  Striking  examples 
of  this  are  seen  In  the  whest  fields  of 
Utah  and  Sonora,  the  great  cotton  plants- 
of  Coahmia.  Mexico,  the  alfalfa  Ta^ 


r  portion  of  the  Dnltsd 
-a.  the  arid  plains  ot 
inderground    aupply    of 


Hon 


s   transfi 

atlon    Is    shown    In 


«bt   by    Irrigatlo 
illfomlo.  where 

great  wealth  and  culture  have  sprang  np 
and  where  the  Ideal  of  perfect  conditions 
ot  existence  seem  to  bsve  been  attained. 
To  the  reclamation  of  these  arid  lands  the 
attention  ot  CongrcsB  hai  been  directed  In 
recent  years,  and  Federal  appropriations  for 
IrrlgetloD  are  bringing  them  more  and  mors 
each  year  into'  a  state  of  prodoctlveneM. 
(See  IrrlgstloD.) 

Lands,  Bonntr.—'A  term  applied  to  the 
lands  In  the  Northwest  Territory  belonging 
to  the  eastern  commonwealths.  SepL  18, 
ITTS,  Congress  offered  boanty  lends  to 
volunteers  In  the  Itevolutloo.  sssesslng  the 
money  to  buy  them  sgainst  the  several 
BtBtes.  The  term  Bounty  Lands  was  also 
applied  to  the  Crown  I^nds  before  the 
Revolution.  Lord  Dun  more.  Governor  of 
VIrttlDia,  was  empowered  to  offer  bounties 
in  land  to  all  offlcera  and  soldiers  who 
served  In  the  French  and  Indian  wars — 
S.OOO  acres  to  each  field  offlcer,  8,000  to 
captains.  200  to  anbalterns  or  staff  olBcers. 


ind  CO  t 


private 


acres,  In  the  King's  domain. 


rs— up  to  SO0.OOO 


"StuS 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


lMtita,BmDtr~CoMlnued. 
drntood  bj  the  Auurlrini  to  Tcfer  to  the 
hindB  of  tbe  Northwest  TVrrlturT,  knd 
man*  at  them  Klertrd  rbolre  trarfi  weit 
of  the  AlleghBDlfB.  WashLiiBtoa  and  hia 
land  agent,  Crawford,  bad  aurveyed  70.000 
arrea  and  aerured  pateoCa  Lo  hla  own  and 
other  offleeni'  namei  far  63,000  acre*  ot 
arblrb  hla  own  abare  waa  S^OOO. 

Appropri«tioD  for  canyiag  out  IftWS 
regarding,  referred  to,  ES40. 

Frauds  in,  diflcnased  and  raeommei)- 
dations  regardiDK,  2714. 

Orant  of,  to  Mexican  Wai  Boldierg 


Qianted  i 


B«eommeiJded,  8387. 

Bef  erred  to,  1M4. 
T.«Ti4«  Oiovn.— Affet  the  treatr  of  Parla 
Id  1T63.  bT  whlrh  Oreat  Britain  acquired 
Canada  and  all  tfa«  conntry  veat  of  the 
Ulaalaalppl  Rlier.  a  royal  proclamation  waa 
laaned  aettlns  aalde  all  the  landa  west  of 
the  Foloalti  and  eitendInK  to  the  western 
llmlta  of  the  Brltlib  poaaeailona  as  Crown 
landa.  These  lands  were  reserTcd  for  lbs 
na*  of  the  lodEana  and  the  colanlata  were 
forbidden  to  makp  settlemeots  In  or  pur- 
diaac  of   Ihem   without  pertatsslon   ot   the 


Infentlon 


Crown  landa. 
l^nda^  Desert.— Uarch  s.  isn,  CoDgress 
paaaed  the  Desert  Land  law.  whlrh  It  sup- 
plemented In  1801.  b7  further  IcKlslatloa, 
to  eacoaraga  Irrigation  b^  priTate  Indl- 
tldoalB  and  auorlatloai.  It  proTldea  tbat 
aor  cltlaen  or  sni  person  who  derlB  ~~  '''" 
infer" •  ■■ ■ -    ■•- 


and  a 


of  anapproprlated  public  land  not  eiceedlac 
ISO  ai'ivs.  on  condUlon  ot  settlement.  rultH 

for  himself  tor  a  period  uf  Dve  jreart,  and 
the  pnrment  of  reitaln  moderate  fees.  Un- 
der the  proTlslon  of  tbla  law  more  than 
69.000,000  BfrfB  of  omxi-upled  lands  hare 
been  traniterred   to  bomeseeliers.      Durll 


|D(  Ills    Intent    to    Irrlfinle    within     three 

Ears,  ma;  ocrupr  dpsert  land  lo  the  et- 
□t  of  one  aertlon  (640  acres)  In  any  one 
of  a  number  of  apeciaed  western  states  and 
terrltorlea.  and  If  he  rerlalms  It  within 
that  time  may  rrrelve  a  patent  for  It  upon 
payment  of  (1  per  acre.  Re  must  sprnd 
•t  leaat  13  per  arre  In  Irrigation  or  secut^ 
IDR  water  rtgbta.  and  must  have  secured  the 
right*  before  mating  appllratlon.  Assocla- 
IJona  may  Ble  Joint  declsratlona 

tinder   a   rerrnt   amendment   the   settler 
Ma;  take  up  3S0  srres  of  arid  land  upon 

Kymeot  of  M  cenls  per  acre;  aftpr  spend- 
j  tl  PCF  JfT  I"  Improrements  far  three 
years,  and  proving  the  ownership  ot 
•nIBcleBt  water  to> Irrigate  the  entire  Irart, 
be  may  secure  foil  title  by  payment  of  11 
per  acre  to  the  government.  Laod  ao 
acquired  costs  about  tio  per  acre. 
Zdundi,  Deeert: 

Diaenned,  S380. 

Bepeal  or  modi  Seat!  on  of  laws  rfr 
garding,  recommended,  5107. 
T,n"i<a,  Homeatead.— The  Federal  Home- 
Btead  lawa  begin  with  the  act  ot  Oongreaa 
passed  In  1862,  now  sertlons  22!)n-231T, 
United  States  Revised  Ststutes.  The  ob- 
ject of  these  homestead  land  laws  Is  to  give 
portions  of  the  public  lands  to  tbnse  who 
will  settle,  cultivate,  and  make  permanent 
homes  upon  them.  Any  person  who  Is  tb« 
head  of  a  famll;  or  who  la  a  citizen  of  the 
United  fltatea.  or  who  baa  flled  his  dedara- 
tton  of  becoming  stich,  may  acqntre  a  tract 


the  Spanlsb  War  or  the  Philippine  Inaor- 
rertlon  may  be  deducted  from  the  term 
Of  rontlnuoiiH  □rcupancy  of  s  bomrstead. 

The  bomeBtend  law  gives  the  letfler  two 
options:  he  can  settle  upon,  enter  and  se- 

8 Dire  title  to  ISO  acres  of  laod  prsrtlcsll; 
ree  of  cost  by  maintaining  residence 
thereon  for  Ave  years :  or  be  may  at  the 
end  of  Fourteen  months  ot  six-b  contloaous 
residence  secure  a  patent  from  the  govern- 
ment by  paying  (1,25  per  acre. 
IiUldfl,  ludlui. — To  quiet  the  appreben- 
sloas  of  the  Indians  In  the  Ohio  reglooa 
that  their  lends  were  to  be  granted  to 
settlers,  a  roysl  proclamation  was  laaaed 
0[;t.  T,  1T6S,  forbidding  colonial  governor* 
from  making  land  grants  west  of  the 
sources  of  the  rivers  flowing  Into  the  At- 
lantic. As  the  result  ot  trestles,  purchasa 
and  war,  the  Indians  were  eventaally  trans- 
planted to  the  niuntr;  west  ot  the  Missis- 
sippi the  first  territorial  reservation  set 
apart  tor  Ihem  being  June  30,  1834.  known 
as  the  Indian  Territory,  Other  reservations 
were  subse^iaently  sctasldefor  the  exclusive 
occupation  of  the  Indians,  but  as  the  num- 
ber ot  Indians  decreased  and  tbe  covetons- 
ness  ot  (he  whites  Increased  these  reser- 
vstlons  wet^  either  bought  outright  by  the 
Qovernment  or  exchanged  tor  other  inn- 


Accounts    for    advertising 

referred  to,  46M, 
Act  for   sale   of,   vetoed,   4341, 
Presideot  reqaests  return   of  bill 
for  his  approval,  434S. 
Allotment  of,  in  BeveraltT- — 
Act  providiof;  for,  etc.,  5498. 
Discaased,   53S1,  5480,  55S2,  S637, 

5761,  5976. 
Becommended,      561,     4528,     4576, 

4643,  4730,  4779,  4783    4B55, 
Bemonstrance  against,  4669. 
Sarvej  necessary  for,  4943. 
Cession  of,  to  Il^nited  States,  agree- 
ments  for,  AZ3,  426,  5S5,  603,  803, 
931,  1257,  1729,  181S,  2501,  5450, 
5552,     5638,     5648,     5649,     S671, 
5768. 
Amotint   of   cession,  5481. 
Commission  to  negotiate  for,  6480, 
6481,   5508,    6510,    5512,    5514, 
5565,  5SS7.    (See  also  Commis- 

Beport  of,  discnssed,  5496. 
Negotiations  regarding,  5506. 
Proclajnation        regarding,       6450, 

5579,  5591,  5707. 
Proposition  regarding,  C392. 
Opened  to  settlement.    (See  Lands, 
Tnbllc.) 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Befeired  to,  167,  2S6,  331,  83S,  360, 

362,  375,  422,  425,  8B0,  ISIO,  4680. 

Bale    of,   desired   bj  certain   tribu, 

407S. 
Titles  to,  extingmshment  of,  referred 
to,    &S5,    769,    1716,    23SS,    2501, 
STSS. 
PTocIaimed,  1538    55SS. 
TreHpaBsei   upon,  diaeiuBed  and  leg- 
ialation   to   prevent,   Tecomin ended, 
937,   1099,   4637,   4676,   4742,   4775, 
4853,  4953,  5177,  5178. 
TiBTiflii,     Uineril— Amoag     the     cUmIDci- 
tloni  ot  public  iBDds  made  bj  the  General 
Lana    Office    1H    tbat    ot    Mlneial    Lands. 
Theaa  rat;  from  placer  locations,   3t  12.50 
■D   acre,   to   mlQlne   rtghtH   at   fS,   not   to 
exceed   1.5O0   tij   600   feet,    nor    leu   than 
l.GOO  bj   SO  (eet. 

Iiaadfl,   Mineral    (see   alio   California; 

New  Mexico) : 
Congressional    committees    to    visit, 

recommended,  4309. 
Befsrred  to,  1809,  2218,  2558,  2663, 

3330,  3383. 
Sale  of,  recommended,  2304,  2354. 
Separation   of,   from    farming   lands, 

recommended,  2493. 
System  of  leasing,  nnaatisfactor?, 
2260,  2623. 
Lands,  Public— By  tHe  treaty  o(  1783 
ISDelaDd  rellnquiBhed  all  her  lands  east  ol 
the  MlBiisitppI  River  north  at  31°  north 
latitude,  lio  much  o(  this  territory  u  lay 
east    ot    the     Alleghauy     Mouatalns    va* 


wllhln    their 
e  ot  It 


able  to  dlsp 


1  from  the  Alaska 


,.)   there  vet  reroeln  unreserved  and 
priated    2B0,7BB.1S3    acres    of    pub- 


QverDnient  and  a 


These  acres  are  located  tn  twentv-flve  dif- 
ferent BtateB.  eiteniilDg  rrom  California  to 
MlchlKan.  from  Florida  to  Washington.  AU 
bat  2.^0.000  acres  of  It  Is  In  the  Far  West, 
with  Nevada  cantalniag  the  highest  acreage. 


Qrdlng  to  tbe  official  figures.  Is  234,1. 
fiSn  acres.      Of  this  amount,  appnulmatfdr 
92,000,000   acres  are   unBarreyed. 

Missouri  reports  the  least  area  of  vacant 
land,  having  but  952  acres,  which  are  scat- 
tered over  16  counties.  Alabama  has 
43.eS0  acres  In  fil  counties:  Florida  135.237 
acres  In  45  counties :  MUsIsalppI  30.3T4 
acres  iD  S8  counties ;  and  Louisiana  44,804 
acres  in  57  counUea. 

'  conntles  of  Michigan  may  be  foDDd 


90.640    I 


mtles   : 


Wl* 


which  extended  to  Che  "South  Sea"  or 
Faciflc  Ocean.  These  grants  were  InileBDlte 
and  conflicting  and  the  source  of  much  con- 
tention between  the  states,  and  the  lands 
were  Onelly  {with  certain  reservations) 
ceded  to  the  Federal  government.  The  ac- 
quisition o(  more  territory  from  Spain. 
France.  Mexico  and  Qreat  liritaln  (Chrongh 
Che  determination  ot  boundaries)  added  vast 
tracts  to  the  public  domalo,  from  which 
states  were  afterward  formed,  but  with  the 
reservation  that  tbe  unoccupied  lands  there- 
in should  remain  the  property  of  the  general 
government.  Only  eighteen  states  tnua  re- 
tained   control,  of    -'■-    '— ■"        "' 


20,025.900  acres  of  vacant  land :  Oregon 
15,337,806,  and  Washington  1,132,571. 

Large  areas  of  vacant  land  are  reported 
in  the  SouthweBtem  States  as  followsi 
Arizona.  23,097.219:  Nevada,  55.375,077: 
New  Mexico.  26,338,379:  Utab.   32.968.837. 

The  lend  in  the  Dakotaa  ia  rapldiv  pass- 
tng  Into  private  ownership,  only  2,^2.588 
acres  of  vacant  land  being  reported  In 
South  Dakota,  and  861.199  seres  in  North 
Dakota. 

or  the  Northwestern  States,  Idaho  con- 
1^5^51^0^501   acres    of   vacant    land,    of 

_,_   iilth    7,420,571    on- 

d:    and    WyomloK,    2S.52S.49S    acres 

aaO.T:i2  acres  unsurveyed. 

SB'  vacant  area  Is  reported  as  SS.OIS 

while    Nebraska     contains     146.266 


which  6.6T 9.071  acre 


with  1. 
Kane 


Ave     public- land      States,     is     reported 


Lands  ivere  also  purchased  hy  the  federal 
government  from  tbe  Indlaas  at  various 
times  and  opened  to  white  settlement. 
These   acquf"'-- 

^nc'oe "remarks    Inaae  !.,...      _ 

so  to  Ibe  Indians."  But  the  red  men  often 
misunderstood  the  terms  of  the  trades,  and 
reicretled  their  borgalns.  and  some  of  the 

fiercest  of  '~" — 

the  feeling 

been  cheated. 


Al.b™ , 

H 

-.   WMB,7» 

M^i*''" 

W 

....mjMMt 

Iianda,  Public: 

Acquired  from  Kezico,  referred  to, 

1276. 
Act- 
Appropriating  proceeds  of  sales  of, 

reasons  for  applying  pocket  veto 

to,   2108. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encydoptdic  Index 


Liuid& 


U«fciiig   grant   of,    to    states    for 
benefit  of  insane  personi  vetoed, 
2780.   - 
To  authoriie  entry  of,  for  gravel 
pita  BJid  reservou  parpoBOB,  etc., 
vetoed,  6002. 
To  anthorize  leasing  of,  for  ednca- 
tional   purposea   in   Arixona,   ve- 
toed, 6102. 
Amount,  sales,  and  expenses  of,  etc., 

discussed,  1136. 
Appropriations   of  proceeds  of  sales 
of,  for  educational  purposes.    (See 
Education. ) 
Attempts  made  to  keep  down  priee 

of,  referred  to,  1744. 
Augmentation  in  valae  of,  586. 
Ceded   to   Indians,    108,    1716.      (See 
also    Indian    Tribes,    under    In- 
dians.) 
Earlj  settlement  of  ceded  lands  de- 
sired, 283  2. 
Court  for  litimted  land  cases  recom- 
mended, 6975. 
Depredations  on.    (S«e  Lands,  Tim- 
ber.) 
Desert-land  laws.     (See  Lande,  Des- 
ert) 
Discussed,     588,    S974,    6166,    6346, 

6390    6452. 
Disposition    of,    diBCUSBed    hy   Presi- 

Bucbanan,  2990. 

Cleveland,  4S44,  6106,  6379,  5974. 

Grant,  4106,  4200,  4309. 

Hayes,  4577. 

Jackson,    1103. 

McKinlev,  6345,  S346,  6452. 

Boosevelt,  6700,  6800,  7006. 

Van  Buren,  1801. 
Fences,  unlawful,  removal  of,  direct-) 

ed  bj  proclamation,  4S93. 

DiseuBBed,  6107. 
Frauds  in  parebase  of,  order  regard-, 

ing,  6329.  ) 

Fnndnlent  acquisition  of,  6790,  680(k 
Fraudulent  oecnpation  of,  discoaBed, 

6836. 
Orant«d   Canadian    volunteers,    658.  I 
Granted  persons  engaged  in  niilitaiy 

service.    (See  lAuds,  Bounty.) 
Gnuits  of — 

In  aid  of  edueatloD.  (See  Ednoft- 
tion.) 

Ii^islation  to  remove  limitation 
of  time  for  bringing  suite  to  annul 
onlawfol,  recommended,  60S& 

Bef  erred  to,  4005,  4206,  6971. 

To  railroads.  (See  Pacific  BsU- 
roads;    Ballroads.) 

To  SUtcfl,  ref«n«d  to,  4066,  4206, 
£380. 
Homestead    aete.      (Bee    Homestead 

Iawb.) 
InstmetionB  to  reeelving  or  diabnno- 


isg  officers  of  land  ofBces,  referred 
to,  1346. 
Joint  resolution  antborising  grant  of 
lands     to     Kansas,    etc.,     vetoed, 
630  S. 
Laws  regarding — 

Amendment  and   change  in,  recom- 
mended,  4944,   5362,   6790,    6800, 
6947,  7004,  7096. 
Discussed,   54S4. 

History  and  codification  of,  4581. 
Beoommendations  regarding, 
4577. 
Violations  of,  referred  to,  4743. 
Lumber  and  naval  stores  taken  from, 

referred  to,  4434. 
Mineral     land^   referred    to.       (See 

Lands,  Mineral.) 
Opened  to  settlement — 
Appropriation    for,    recommended, 

563S. 
Discussed,  5482,  5637,  5761. 
Fraudulent      occupation     of,      dis- 
cussed, 5886. 
Proclaimed,  S450,-  SS7S,  65B1,  6707, 
6710,     5727,     6838,     6018,     6018, 
6020,     6026,     6486,     6506,     6525, 
6547,     6553,     6588,     6600,     6603, 
6612,    6615,    6616,    66S7,    6673, 
6875,  6382,  6956. 
Patenting  of — 
Id  execution  of  railroad  grants  diB- 

eusaed,  6166. 
To   settlers,   discussed,   5484,   5652, 
6638,  5761. 
Payments    for,    sbonld    be    made    in 

specie,  1468. 
Planting  of  forests,  reconimendationa 

regarding,  4168. 
Preemption    laws    discussed.       (See 

Preemption  Laws.) 
Prices  of,  sbould  be  reduced,  2353, 


J    t>fU,    V^fi,    ^dCU, 

43i;  586;  603;  803,  887,  931,  957, 
1029,     1257,     1720,     1818,     2501, 
6450,     6552,     6638,     6648,     6649, 
6671,  8763. 
ProclamatioDB     regarding.        (See 

Opened  to  settlement,  anlA) 
Fropoaition  regarding,  48S2. 
Purchasers  of — 
Indulgence  to,  leeommended,  fl47, 

967,  936. 

Patent  of,  when  paid  for,  eannot 

be  withbeld  by  l^resident,  109a 

Beferred  to,   79,   SO,  100,  105,  11^ 

187,  US,  174,  6S^  fiCl.  599,  SS^ 

1136,  2706. 

Berennes    derived    from    Mle«    of. 

(See  Sale  of,  pott.) 
Bussian  e<dony  to  emigrat*  to  Halt- 
ed States  diseoseed,  4S07. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Lands 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


TiBiHf,  PaUto — CoaHmied. 
Sale  Of  ~ 
Act    regarding    Approprlfttion    of 
proceed*  of — 

BeasonB     for     applying     poekat 
veto  to,  1275. 

Vetoed,  2108. 
Discnsaed   by   Fresident — 

Adams,  J.  Q.,  871,  9SS. 

Baehansn,   29S0. 

Cleveland,  S974. 

Fillmore,  2662,  2708. 

Grant,     3995,    40S4,    4151,    4206, 
4307. 

Jackson,   1098,   1163,   1468. 

Jefferson,  317. 

JohnBon,  3651,  3774,  3S80. 

Lincoln,   3332,  3387,  3451. 

McEinley,  6345,  6346,  6452. 

Pierce,  274S,  2823,  2873,  2943. 

Polk,  2258,  2353,  2366,  2407,  2500, 
2506. 

Tyler,   2118. 

Van  Bnien,  1601. 
Porfeitures     for     non-payment     of 

pnrchaBO    money    shoiUd    be    re- 
mitted, 957. 
Frands  in,  1150. 
Proclamation  of  President — 

Jackson  regarding,  1058. 

Monroe  regarding  lands  on  San- 
dusky Siver,  580. 
Beferred  to,  040,  1136,  1268,  2003. 
BeTenne    derived    from,    discnseed 
by  President — 

Adams,  J.  Q.,  500,  086. 

Arthur,  4632,  4719,  4763. 

Fillmore,    2662. 

Orant,  3995, 4064, 4146, 4206, 4307. 

Jackson,  1089,  1246,   1381. 

Johnson,  3774,   3880. 

Lincoln,  3253,  3384,  3451. 

HcEinley,   6424. 

Pierce,  2748,  2823,  2873,  2943. 

Tyler,  1895. 
Statement  of,  1897,  E70S,  2900,6875. 
Bet   apart   as   pniilic   reservation   by 

proclamation  of  President — 
Cleveland,   5859,   5864,   6122,   6205, 

S207,     6209,     6211,     6213,     6215, 

6216,     6218,     6219,     6221,     6222, 

6225,    6227. 
HarriBon,  Benj.,  5577,  5590,  5505, 

S686,     5695,     5705,     5719,     5722, 

6786,     5792,     5795,     5707,     G804, 

5810,  5811,  5814,  6815. 
McKintey,   6475,   6477,   6482,   6487, 

6495,     6497,     6499,     8500,     6S04, 

6505,     6514,     6516,     6519,     6523, 

6536,    6541,     6546,    6549,     6551, 

6561,  6566. 
Booaevelt,  6697,  6872. 
Discussed,  6346. 
Set  apart  for  cultivation  of  vine  and 


Skonld   be   reserved  for  aetoal  Mt- 

Uers,   2990. 
Surveys     for,     recommendations     re- 
garding, 5975. 
Timber- cultnre    act      (See    Timber- 

Cnltore  Act) 
Timber  on.    (See  Lauds,  Timber.) 
Title  to,  referred  to,  1605. 
Trespasses  upon,   referred   to,    1605, 

5177,  6380. 
tTnlawfnl  inelosures  of,  proclamation 
regarding,   4893. 
Discussed,  5107. 
Unlawful    possession    of,     discnsaed, 
557,  1057,  1106,  6380. 
Proclamations  regarding,  557,  1057, 
1106. 
Lands,  Swamp.— In   1849   and   1860  Con- 
gresa    pused    resolatlons    grant  ing    larse 
tracts  of   land  to   the   vailoas   states   tor 
tbelT   disposal.     Agents   of   tbe    states   se- 
lected eucb  iRDda  aa  were  uoQt  for  cultiva- 
tion, and  title   to  tbe  aame  waa   canflnnni 
In  the  states  by  an  act  approTcd  Marcli  S. 
18ST.     At    the    time    of    tbe    grant    It    wai 
estimated    from    QoTernment    surrejs    that 
tbe  swBtnp   land   would  not  exceed  21,000,- 
000  acres.     UlUloos  of  acres,  bowever.  wen 
listed    as   swatnp    lands.     Tbla   led    to   la 
InTeatlKBlloQ,    and    srou    frauds    were    un- 
e  art  tied.     Under    tbe    TBrloni     acts     lands 
have  been   granted  to  Alabama,   Arkanaaa. 
Callforola,  Florida.  II  lino  la,  Indiana.  Iowa. 
IiOulBlana,  Michigan.  MlniiesotB,  Mlaalaslppl, 
MlHoarl,     Ohio,     Oregon     and     WlKnnsln. 
Florida   has   received   the    largest   share — 
22.tiO0.O00  acres— and  Ohio  the  least— IIT.- 
000    Hcres.      Id    manj    inalances  the    atatei 
bave  Bold  the  landa  to  railroad  companies. 
Landfl,  Bvamp,  discussed,  5974. 
Z<ands,  Timber  and  stone.— Lands  wUcb 

are  undt  for  caltivatlon.  but  are  ol  value 
for  their  standing  timber  or  stone,  maj  be 
bad    from    the    Government    br    Indlvldnala 

fZ.ao  an  acre. 
Lands,  Timber: 

Act  for  relief  of  pDrchasera  of  stone 
and,  vetoed,  5012. 

Agenta  employed  for  preservation  of, 
referred  to,  226S. 

Commission  to  formulate  plana  for 
national  forestry  system,   6167. 

Depredations  committed  on,  and  rec- 
ommendations regarding,  4428, 
1456,  4530,  4577,  4954,  5508,  S974. 

Discussed,   4309. 

Fires  upon,  carelessly  kindled,  dis- 
cussed, 5608. 

Kemoriij  regarding  preservation  of, 
referred  to,  1215,  5495. 

Opened  to  settlement.  (See  litnda. 
Public.) 

Preservation  of,  legislation  regard- 
ing,  5106,   5668,  5886,   5974. 

Timber-culture    act.      (See    Timber- 
Culture  Act.) 
Las  ausfllmai  (Onba),  BatU«  of.  (Sea 

Santiago  (Cuba),  Battle  of.) 
Latimer  Oaae.- The   first  of  a   aerlM  of 
fngltlve-slave   trials   whieb   took   place   In 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encychpedk  Index 


leaiber 


BoMon.  Georn  LatlmeT  wtti  a«lied  Id 
1S42  without  >  warrant,  and  kept  In  tbe 
ciutodT  of  tbe  dCj  iQller  awiltlng  evidence 
■galDBt  him.  A  writ  o(  \abrat  corpm  waa 
denleiL  A.  writ  of  porsouul  replevia,  asked 
for  aaa.tr  the  act  of  183T.  BecurlDg  trial 
by  Jnrr,  wai  also  deiiJed,  this  act  betng 
dMlirM  Toid.  Aa  a  consegueace  of  Ihe 
Indlgnatton  aronied  by  this  case  the  lesla- 
Inture  In  1848  pnaaed  an  act  forbidding 
State  olHcera  to  aid  In  the  capture  of  tagy 
tlT«  alaTea  and  forbidding  the  use  of  Bmte 
lalla  for  their  ImpriaoDmcnt.  The  biiid  for- 
telttd  (or  violation  waa  not  eiceedlng  |1,- 
000  or  lEnprlsonment  not  exceeding  one 
y«r. 
Lktfn-Amarlcui  Ubrtur,  establithment 

of,   at   Waahington  recommended   b; 

iDtem&tional   Sanerican    Conference, 

C506. 
Iiatln-Aniflrlcan     BtpabllcB,     diecnsBed 

by  FrMident  Roosevelt,  7S31, 
Lfttfn  mUoiL— The  name  given  the  mi)n»- 
tarT  ftlllance  of  Belgium,  France.  Ital;  and 
Bwltiarland.  formed  by  convention  Dec.  23, 
186S.  Greece  Joined  tiie  union  In  1S6S. 
The  object  was  the  maintenance  and  regu- 
lation of  a  nnlform  Interebaageable  gold 
and  allTcr  coinage  baaed  on  the  French 
franc.  Belgium  withdrew  from  the  union 
ta  1885  and  adapted  the  alngle  gold  atand- 

latlu  Union.     (8m  Monetarj  Conven- 
tion of  Latin  Union.) 
Latter-Say      Baluta.         (See   Mormon 

Church;    Polygamy.) 
LatUmer,  Fa.,  elainu  of  AngtrU-Htin- 
gary  ariaing  out  of  conflict  between 
minera  and  sheriff  at,  diBcuaaed,  6324, 
6363. 
Lawrence,  Eana^  fortiflc&tiona  at,  re- 
ferred to,  3894. 
Lam  of  United  States  (ase  also  Be- 
vised  Statates); 
Newspapers  selected  to  publish,  for 
Congress,   referred   to,  4116. 
Lead  Mines.'    (See  Mines.) 
League    Island,    Pa.    (aitnated    in    the 
Delaware    Biver,    near    the    jnnction 
with  the  Schuylkill),   bill  accepting, 
for  naval  purposes,  referred  to,  3649. 
Leander,     The.— A     Brltlab     war     ship, 
which,  while  tying  off  Sandy  Hook.  April  26, 
1800.    fired   a   shot    wblch   killed   a   aallor 
aboard   an   American  coaster.     The  clIlaeUB 
ot  New  York  la  maaa  meeting  denounced  Ihe 
oatraxe  and   called  upon    Ihe  President   for 
better  protection.    President  Jelteraon  Isaued 
a  proclamation   ordering   the   arreat   of  the 
Leander**  captain  It  found  wllbin  the  Juris- 
diction of  the  United  States  (See  page  SBO). 
Leander,  The: 

American   citizen   murdered   by   shot 

from,  390. 
Ordered   from   and   prohibited   from 
reentering  waters  of  United  States, 
390. 
Leunlng,  Institution  of.    (See  Educa- 
tion;   Military    Academy;    National 
University;    Naval  Academy;   Semi- 
narfea  of  Learning.) 


Leather  and  Shoe  Bugfnesa.— The  tir«t 
AmcrlcsQ  tannery  Is  said  to  bare  been  es- 
talillshed  In  Virginia  aa  early  aa  1B30,  but 
one  or  two  years  later  Francis  Ingalla  ea- 
Inbllahed  the  bualness  In  Bwampacott  near 
Lynn,  Mass.,  and  tbo  center  of  the  trade 
baa  hoTcred  about  thai  vlclDlty  ever  since. 
The  colonial  BUIhorltlea  euconraged  the 
buslneaa  by  forblddlog  the  exportation  ot 
hides  or  nnwrought  leather.  Before  the 
ReTolmloQ  leather  was  more  plentlini  here 
than  In  Kngland.  In  ITBO  William  Edwards 
^tabllBhed  a  tannery  In  Hampsblre,  Masa. 
J)nt  of  thla  grew  the  Hampshire  Leather 
HaBsachusetts, 


Hacnlncturlng  Company  of  Ha 
Incorporated  fn  Boaton  Id  180S 
Ital    of    |10O,OOO.       The    tanneries" 
company"--"- 


'.    this 


— , apsdty  for  handling  18,000 

hides  a  year.  Uany  other  tanneries  fol- 
lowed Immediately  on  account  of  the  cheap- 
neaa  of  bark,  and  soon  the  annual  eiports 
reached  SQO.OOO  pounda.  The  value  of  bldea 
atid  manufactured  Bklna  wns  stated  by  tbe 
cenana  of  1810  to  bnve  been  |1T.D35,477, 
though  private  authorities  claimed  aa  high 
as  *20.(H)0,000.  ^ 

The  business  Increased  steadily  until  Id 
1840  there  were  some  S.OOO  taunerles  In  the 
United  States,  employing  about  28.000 
ands  and  a  capita!  of  116.000,000.  In  IWO 
here_  were  819__estaUlli>hiiients  reported  aa 

._ „_  of  87.100  peraonB.  „^    ..^..^ 

82,202     were     wage-earners.       The    a  mono  t 

Kd  In  salaries  and  waeen  wbb  (38,848.481. 
e  value  of  prodncts  for  the  year  was 
(327.874,187.  The  processea  of  tanning, 
carrying  and  tlnlahlng  are  eomparativerjr 
simple  and  the  cost  of  the  materials  rep- 
resents the  greater  port  of  the  value  ol 
the  dnlahed  goods.  The  coat  of  materials 
In  1000  wsa  (248,278.033.  which  Is  equal 
to  Tfi.7  per  cent  of  the  total  value  of  the 

Eroducta.  The  value  added  to  the  materlala 
y  manufacture  waa,  therefore,  (70,000.254. 
Pennsylvania  la  now  the  leading  state  Id 
the  Indnstry,  followed  by  MaasachDSelts  and 
New  York. 

For  the  tiscsi  yesr  ending  Jane  SO,  1010, 
tbe  eiports  o(  leather  were  valued  at  »87.- 
414,175.  and  the  Importa,  consisting  partly 
of  skins  In  process  ot  manufaclare,  were 
17/807,023. 

There  were  tanned  In  tbe  United  States 
during  1014.  13S,S47,d02  hides  and  sklna  of 
all  kinds.  This  number  representa  a  de- 
"^S^  °'  ^-^  P^''  '™^  B8  compared  with 
1909.  Tbe  numl)er  ot  cattle  hides  tsnned 
decreSBed  from  18,813.034  In  ISOO  to 
17,778.SB8  In  1014,  or  by  4.&  per  cent  while 
their  value  Increaaed  from  (121.268,814  In 
the  earlier  year  to  (151,609.041  In  the  later, 
or  by  23  per  cent  The  number  of  calfskins 
sndklpsklns  treated  decresaed  from  18.733.. 
B48   In   1908    to   16,007,788   In   1814.   or   by 

18.6  per  cent:  but  dnring  tbe  ssme  period 
tbe  cost  of  tbeae  skins  Increased  (1,319,400, 

Tbe  falling  off  In  the  use  of  goatsklna  was 
»ery  marked. '  There  were  but  37,706,867 
■nch  sklna  treated  In  1814,  as  against 
48,193.848    In    1900.   making   s   decrease   of 

21.7  per  cent.  The  decrease  In  cost  waa 
(4.011,004,  or  14.4  per  cent 

On  the  other  band,  sbtepsklns  sod  Ismb- 
aklns  show  s  Isrge  tncresse  over  1909.  The 
number  reported  for  that  year  was  28.177- 
IS^^r^S**"  tf"*  "nsna  for  1914  showed 
4a384,926,  making  a  gain  of  04.2  per  cent 
The  cost  Increased  by  17,069,811,  or  07.6  per 

In  addition  to  tbe  foregoing,  there  were 
1,260.240  boraebldea^  l.oes,- 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidmts 


tlllKator 


elk. 


and  otber  iklni. 


tbe  total  Tttlae  of  wbicli,  ^8,414,129,  repre-  1>*K» 
■enta  aa  Increaae  of  14,011,036,  or  121.B  pei  ''"" 
ceDt,  over  the  ralue  reported  tor  1909. 

Tbe  value  of  leatber  produced  In  1914  waa 
■848.950,872,  representing  an  Increase  of 
•30,885.040,  or  11.0  per  cent,  over  the  total 
nlue,  t312.STl,)U0.  reported  for  1B09. 

Looatlan  of  littablitltmenti. — Of  the  TOT 
(■tabllshmeoti  reported  tor  1914,  130  were 
located  Id  HaMachusetta,  120  In  Fennsrl- 
vanla,  100  In  New  York,  80  In  New  Jeraej, 
30  la  IlllDOls,  2B  each  In  CallroniU  and  Wl>- 
ooniln,  26  In  Ohio,  23  la  MlchlKan,  22  In 
VirgloU,  20  each  In  Deiawue  and  North 
Carolina,  18  lu  West  TlrclDla,  13  In  Ualiw, 
11  each  Iq  Kentacky  and  Ulsiourl,  10  each 
In  Indiana  and  Uaryland,  9  In  TenneBBee, 
8  In  New  Hampabire,  T  each  in  Connectlcat 
and  Georgia,  S  la  UreRon.  4  In  Hlnneaota, 
3  eacb  in  Bhoda  Island  ani!  WagblnKton.  2 
each    In    Iowa,    Texas    and    Vermont,    and 


1,918  eatabilBhinealB  reported  bj  tbe 
•renHua  of  leiU.  These  were  capitalised  at 
(222,324,246,  gave  employment  to  215,923 
perBona,  and  produced  ir<>odH  to  the  valae 
of  tDI2,T9T,«42.  PIstabliBhmenta  engaKed 
cbleBr  Id  the  manufacture  ol  cat  stock 
formed  about  one-eighth  of  the  total  nom- 
ber,  and  the  value  of  tbeir  prodncts,  $44,- 
601,497,  repreaented  8.T  per  cent,  ot  the 
entire  Indus  try.  Boot  and  Bhoe  OtidlBg* 
tonned  more  tban  one-elith  of  tlM  above 
total.  Very  few  InduBtrJcB  have  been  more 
affected  bj  tbe  Introduction  ot  machlnerr 
than   tbe  manufacture  of  boots  and  ihoea. 


thla    fi 


be    attni 

In  the  number  of 
aaiing__the    thirty    yeara    be- 


I    Inc 


ploymcnt  to  12.950  persons,  and  paid  out 
tu,0l9.8T2  In  salaries  and  wages.  They 
made  goods  to  tbe  value  of  {23.030,598. 
ntlUilng  tl2,206,001  worth  ot  material. 
Kew  Xork  is  the  most  Important  State  In 
the  luduBtry,  doing  more  tban  BO  per  cent, 
of  tbe  total   buslneas  In   1900. 

The  manufacture  of  leather  ^ovea  and 
mittens  as  a  factory  Industry  was  first 
carried  on  In  the  United  States  In  Fnlton 
County,  N.  Y.,  and  this  locality  has  ever 
Binee  been  the  center  of  the  Industry  In 
America.  In  1809  41.4  per  cent,  of  tbe 
shoj>s  In  tbe  Industn*  In  the  United  Slates, 


MlSBi 


I   reported   from    this   county.     Ot   the 
—      "iployed    In    the    industry   48    per 
lales  and  62  per  cent,  females. 


csons   employed   1 


Shoe-Uakine. — Tbomas  Beard,  the  pio- 
neer shofmaker  ot  America,  Is  said  to  have 
arrived  on  the  Mnvrtoicer  In  1629.  and  (or 
hiB  nervlccs  received  a  salary  of  150  per 
annum  and  a  grant  ot  flfly  acres  of  land. 
Seven  years  later  Philip  Kcrtland  began  tbe 
manufacture  of  sboes  In  Lynn,  and  In  a 
tew  more  yeara  Lynn  supplied  the  Boston 

In  1608  tbe  Industry  was  carried  on 
proHtohly  In  rhiladelpbla  nnd  the  colonial 
leglBlalure  of  PennBylraDJa  In  1721  passed 
an  act  regulating  tbe  quality  and  prices  of 
the  output.  Most  of  the  shoes  worn  by  the 
Continental  ormy  were  mnde  in  Usaeachu- 
setts.  In  1T86  there  were  la  Lynn  200  mas- 
ter workmen  and  BOO  Jonmej-men,  wbo  pro- 
daced  300,000  pairs  of  Indies'  shoes,  and 
one  msnntactuter  olone  turned  out  20.000 
pairs  of  men's  shoes  In  seven  months  of 
that  year.  It  was  the  custom  of  the  manu- 
tncturer  of  the  time  to  make  weekly  trips 
to  Boston  with  horse  and  wagon,  laklnr  *"'" 

fs;; 


of     the     toUL 


trlbuted  4a322  305  pairs,  or  19.1  per  cent 
of  tbe  total.  Boys'  and  yoaths'  boots  and 
■boea  nambered  22,895,T19  palra,  repreaent- 
Ing  9.1  per  cent  of  the  total.  Fiber  Shoes, 
which  were  not  reported  separately  In  1909, 
numbered  2,351,100  pairs  and  formed  nlne- 
nths  of  1  per  cent  of  the  total  In  1914. 

lot  In- 


The  nnmt>er  of  pairs  ot  slippers,  n 

.ludlng  Infanta'  slippers  and  ailppers 

from  felt  or  other  fiber,  reported  for  1814 


>  lT,T33,ei 

In  the  extent  ot  tbs  iwot  and  shoe  bI»^ 
ness  Uaasacbusetts  easily  ranks  flrat  with 


factories,     taming    oat    (236,3' 

worth  of  gooda,  46.1  per  cent,  ot  tbe  whole, 
followed  at  aome  distance  by  Mlssonrl  with 
a  prodnction  of  9.0  of  the  wliole.  The  nnm- 
— . ._.......   ^  ^jjj  jIj^  indostty 


proportion  of  the   waKe-earn 

Exports  of  leather  boots,  snoea,  ana 
slippers  for  ae  Oscal  year  ending  Jnne 
30,  18T0,  and  tor  each  succeeding  year  to 
1910,  show  a  constant  Increase  from  >419,- 
612  In  the  former  year  to  tl2,408,9'75. 
IiOCOmpton  Oonstitntion.  —  During  the 
struggle  In  Kansaa  over  the  queatlon  of 
entering  the  Union  as  a  free  or  a  slave 
stste,  the  pro-slavery  psrty  held  a  conven- 
tion at  Lecompton  Sept,  5.  I  SET,  and 
adopted  a  constitution  sanctioning  slavery 
—  -  'rblddlng  tbe  enact         "      " 


m  to  tbe  wholesale  trade, 
not  until  1845  that  machinery 
,...u,c  ,„.u  use  In  the  sboe-mnklnK  trnde. 
li'lrst  came  the  teather-rol  ling  machine,  then 
the  leathei^plitllng  ronchlne.  peg-making, 
power-penglng  anf  the  dlelng-ont  machine 
tor  cTitMng  soles,  taps  and  heels.  In  1860 
came  the  McKay  sewing  machine,  followed 
by  the  Goodyear  tarn-shoe  machine.  In- 
ventions followed  with  such  rapidity  that 
soon  nothing  wns  left  for  the  sklUed  ar- 
tisan. Ijthor  In  shoe  fsctorles  today  con- 
sists cblefiy  In  feeding  machines  and  carry- 
ing sway  the  product ;  and  even  this  is 
sccompllsbed  by  mechanical  carriers.  This 
has  led  to  tha  adoption  ot  aboe-maklng  as 


provided  that  the  con- 


luld    I 


sub- 


Bin  very.     Free-state    advo- 


sanctioning    slsvcrr  'w 

as    adopted. 

ths    Territorial    legislal 

ure    ordered 

on   the  constitution  as 

a   whole,   a 

It  tailed   ot  adoption.     (Bee~also   Kansss~^: 
Topeka  Constitution :  Wyatidolts   Coikstltn- 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


ZfCzhigtoii 


Im^    Tlia,    demand    of    OrsAt   Britkin 
for    Horrender    of    mutineer    in,    re- 
ferred to,  1S08. 
Lagsl-Tender    Acts,    modifle&tioiu    in, 

lecommended,  4302. 
Iiegal-Imder  Oaaes.— DoHng  the  Uninclil 
cmeiseDcr  cauaed  b;  the  CItU  War  Cod- 
Srew  In  1882  lasoed  {ISO.OOO.OOO  of  Treai- 
DiT  Dote^  the  law  anthoriilog  their  luua 
miUng    them    legal   tender   for    all    private 


:   freqaentlT   disputed,    es- 

1  application  to  debCa  con- 

.    ..   Ita  pasaaBe,   and   the  Su- 

, ;   was   called   upon   In   aeTcral 

caaea  to  decide  the  queatlon.  State  courta 
xeneroll;  maintained  the  conatltntlonallty  of 
tbe  law.  The  Supreme  Court  In  ISSS  (Hep- 
bnrn   ci.   Gtlawold,  q.   t.)   maintained  the 


paaaaice.  A  year  later  this  declalon  waa 
oTermled,  and  the  conatitu  clonal  Ity  of  tbe 
law  m  Ita  application  to  pre-eilatlDg  debti 
waa  maintained.  The  court  In  the  mean- 
time bad  DDdersone  a  change  J: 


pointed 


Qrcen- 

Leg^-Tendar    Notes,     redemption    of, 
Tecomm.ended  by  President — 
Grant,   4303,   4379. 
Hsyes,  4511,  4367. 
Xiegatloii  Asylum,  actioit  of  Amerie&n 
minister  to  Chile  in  harboring  crim- 
iusla  discnased,  GS6T. 
Legations: 
Uilitar}r  and  naval  attacliia  at,  ne- 

ommended,  4923. 
OfSeial    residencee   for    ambassadorw 
and   miniaters   recommended,  6078, 
6155. 
Premises   for,   dieenaaed,   4823,   4825, 
4892,  4923. 
Appropriation     for     erection     of 
bnilaings  on,  reeommended,  54M. 
Pnblic  documents  or  libraries  in,  re- 
ferred  to,  4070. 
BecretBTles  at  large,  appointment  of, 
recommended,  4923. 
Leglslatnre. — The  bodr  of  men  tn  a  state 
or  kingdom  Invested  wltli  power  to  make 
and  repeal  lawa.     Colonial  leglalatores  were 
generallr  modeled  after  the  British  rarlla- 
ment,  the  Kloes.  Lords  and  Commons  bav- 
iDg  tbelr  counterparts  In  the  governor.  Cbs 
council    sppolnted    b;   him,   and    tbe    repre- 
aentatlTes    ol     tbe    people.     Psrllamentarr 

Srocedure    wsi  also   followed   closelr.     The 
rat    representHtlTe   leglilature    In    America 
met  at  Jamestown,  Vs..  In  1819.     Tbe  Orst 
repreaentatlvea  were  elected  by  voters  hav- 
ing a  property  qualiflcatlon.     In  1776  Vir- 
ginia  sabscltuted   a   senate   (or   ita   upper 
council,  and  other  states  followed. 
Iiembl  Beservatlon,   Idaho,   a^eement 
with  Indians  for  sale  of  lands  on, 
4779. 
Lsopard,  The,  attack  of,  on  the  Oheea- 
ptake.    (See  Cieeapeake,  The.) 


ention  of,  transmitted,  967 


Lareei  of  Blisslstlppl  Biver,  preserva- 
tion of,   recommendations  regarding, 
8652,  4682,  4797. 
Law-OhMT  UtandB! 
Compact  with,  for  secnring  certain 
privileges    to    American    veesele, 
2826. 
Good   offices  of  Uuitecl  States   ten- 
dered China  and  Japan  for  settle- 
ment    of     oontroversy     regarding, 
452L 
Xow-Oher,  Treaties  with. — A  compact  or 
friendship  and  commerce  was  concluded  by 
Commodore  Perry  for  the  United  States  In 
18S4.      Cltlicna   of  the   United  Btates,   sea- 
men, and  oibers  are  pcrmlUed  to  go  asbore 
on  tbe  iBlauds  lo  purchase  or  sell  articles ; 
ships  may  obtain  wood  and  water  on  pur- 
chase   anywhere,    but   other    articles    may 
be  bousbt  tor  them  only  at  Napa.      Sailors 
may  go  ashai-e  and  moTe  freely  about  with- 
out  molestation   or   espionage,   so   long   as 
llietr  acts  are  peaceful  and  legal ;  tor  ille- 
gal and   wrongful  acts   they  are   to   be  ar- 
rested by  the  local  authorities  and  banded 
over  to   the  captain   of  tbe   ship   to   which 
they   belong,   for    punl»hmr~'   """   ""'" 

State*    ..    _.    , 

appointed  by  the  goreromeot  of  Lew-Cbew, 
shall  conduct  vessels  In  and  out  of  Napa 
for  a  plloiage  fee  of  $5.  Wood  Is  to  be 
supplied  to  ships  at  Kapa  at  a  sellluK 
price  of  3,000  copper  cash  for  a  thousand 
catties,  and  water  at  the  rate  of  000  cop- 
per caab  Iforty-Chree  cents)  for  a  thousand 
catties  (sli  barrels  of  thirty  United  States 
gallons  each). 

Iisvls  and  Clark  Ezpodltlon.— A  party 
of  dtlaens  and  soldiers  sent  under  command 
of  CapUlna  Meriwether  Lewis  and  William 
Clsrfe,  by  order  of  President  Jeiterson,  to 
eiplore  tbe  country  from  the  Missouri 
Elver  to  the  Pacific  Ocean.  They  ascended 
the  Missouri  River  to  Its  sources,  crossed 
tbe  Rocky  Mountains,  and,  finding  tbe 
source  of  tbe  Columbia  Blvcr,  floated  down 
that  stream  to  Its  mouth.  They  explored 
nearly  all  tbe  territory  lying  soutb  of  tbe 
forty-nlntb  parallel.     This  expedition  Is  Im- 

{ortant  as  forming  the  basis  of  our  claim 
}  Oregon. 
Lewis  and  OUik  Expedition  discussed, 

386,  396. 
LewlB  and  Olark  Oentenntal  Ezpositlon 

at  Portland,  Ore.,  6798. 
Lewlston,  N.  T. — Proclamation  grant- 

ipg    privileges    of    other    por&    to, 

2319. 
Loxkigton  (UasB.),  Battle  of.— On  tbe 
night  of  April  18,  ITTB,  a  detachment  of 
800  British  soldiers  under  CoL  Smltb  left 
Boston  to  capture  or  destroy  some  military 
stores  which  the  Americans  had  collected 
and  stored  at  Coocord.  Maj.  I'ltcBlru,  who 
led  the  advance,  was  opposed  at  daybreak 
at  Leilngton  Oreen.  eleven  miles  oorlbwest 
of  Boston,  by  about  fifty  miniite-mcn  under 
Capt.  Parker,  wbo  bad  ))itd  summoned  by 
Paul  Revere  In  bis  mldnlEbt  ride.  Plt- 
calm's  men  opened  fire  and  T  Americans 
were  killed  and  9  wounded.  This  was  the 
first  blood  Ghed  In  tbe  Revolutionary  War. 
The  Americana  returned  tbe  fire  and  re- 
treated, but  rallied  and  pursued  the  British 
toward  Concord,  capturing  T  prisoners,  the 
first  taken  Id  the  war.  On  their  return  from 
Concord  the  Brltl*b  ware  reenforced  at  Lex- 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


fffTJnH*'*' 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Preadenis 


Lazlngton  (Homl),  BMtla  ot—Oo»H»uM. 

ln(tOD  bj  1^00  DUD  under  Loid  Percy.  Tbe 
AmericsDi  bad  iIki  been  reeDforced,  and 
kept  up  a  snerrllla  Are  apon  the  Brltlsb, 
Wbo  fled  to  Boaton  In  dl»rder.  Tbe  lou 
*--  "--  ' Its  American-  "■'"-• •■ 

and  2T3  Br] 

,  Battle  oL) 

Ti^^ngt^  (Ho-).  Battle  of.— s^t.  i, 
1861,  CoL  HaUlgmu.  In  mmmaiid  ol  tut 
"IHih  BTigUte,"  atatloned  at  leffenon  City, 
Uo..  waa  ordered  bj  Oeneral  Fremoat,  wbo 
had  recently  beoi  appointed  to  the  com- 
tnaud  of  the  Weiteni  Department,  to  pro- 
ceed DD  the  Hlaaonri  Hirer  to  Lexington, 
Uo..  160  miles  to  the  northwest,  and  re- 
enforce  (he  garriaon  there.  Mulllxaa'a  brl- 
cade  reached  Leilngton  Sept  9,  awelllnK  the 
■  . .-.._   —g   (^tlle   of 


I   2.T80   c 


After    the    I 


.    ^  ..^^    ^„    toward    Ite    northern 

Krt  of  the  State  with  a  cooitantlr  Increaa- 
r  force.  lie  arrived  hi  the  Tlcinltr  of 
L^lnctOD  Sept.  11  with  2B.000  men  and  13 
piece*  of  ■rUllery.  Malllgan'a  force  waa 
well  Intrendied  and  waa  conatantly  expect- 
ing reenforcementa  from  St.  Loala.  Several 
tuuucceaafol  efforts  were  made  to  dislodge 
them.  The  garrison  suffered  terrlbljr  from 
thirst  and  many  of  the  horses  and  caltla 
perlBhed,     On  the  2C«h  Price  adTsnced  his 


CprOBchcd     Mulligan's     redonbt 
(■mper —"-'- -■.t.i- 

flftj  yards  of   his 


are  mnrked  bj  ftbrtipt  hill*  from  200  to 
1.000  feet  above  >ea  level,  wttb  low-lyiiu: 
land  Intervening,  In  which  are  creeks  and 
BKSmps :  but  tbe  Interior  la  generally  blUr, 
and  the  hinterland  Is  believed  to  eontaLn 
mouutaloa  exceeding  6,000  feet  stnve  aea 

The  Cavalla  Blver.  which  forma  the  eaat- 
em  boundary  with  Preoch  territory  tor 
about  150  nines  from  Its  month,  la  navi- 
gable some  eighty  mllea  from  the  eoaat. 

Bittort. — Liberia  waa  founded  towarda 
the  end  of  the  Brat  quarter  of  the  nine- 
teenth century  by  the  toaox  of  treed  n«ro 
slaves  from  tbe  United  States,  and  Id  iS<T 
tbe  colony  declared  Its  Independence  as  the 
Bepubllc  of  Uberla.       After  prolonsed  ne- 

IoMationa  It  was  announced  In  October, 
BIO,  that  a  aeheme  for  American  Bnantdal 
control  baa  been  approved  by  tbe  United 
States,  Qermany,  Great  Briuin  and  Ft«oC«, 
whereby    the    United    Blataa    aasumed    ra- 

■Iblllty    tor    the    Internal    admlnlatra- 

-.^  of  the  country.   An  American  recelvM- 
reneral    wsa    placed    In    control    of    the 
luDcea.  aasisted  by  French,  OennaD  and 
■-■--'    advisers:   (t   frontier   police   dealg- 
~    Americana    waa    eatabllabcd    to 
e venues.     Tbe   Brat    flnanctal 
tbe  loan  of  £500,000,  aeenred 
a  Orat   lien  on  all  Import  and   export 


haVlDg'arrlved,  "Mulligan   sarrendered   nn- 
[   hundred 


condlflotiall?.  a'ftfr  a  fo^a  of  a9  k 


I  BOO  h 


srdH.  laid 


their  arma.  The  ContEderateB  lost  1,400  In 
killed  and  wounded.  Col.  UulUgan  waa 
twice  wounded. 

Ubbr  Priaoa,— A  famons  Confederate 
military  prlaon  in  Richmond,  Va.,  during 
the  war  between  the  etacea.  It  waa  orig- 
inally ft  tobacco  warehouse  and  a  ship 
chandlery  and  was  namfd  for  Ita  owner. 
It  was  taken  down  In  1888  and  carried  to 
Chicago  and  there  set  up  as  a  war  muaeum. 
Llbbr  PrlBOn,  rent  for  uso  of  build- 
ing known  as,  referred  to,  3S95, 
Liberal  Eepnbllcan  Party.— *  defection 
from  the  regolar  Republican  organiiatlon 
m  1870-18T2.  This  party  waa  opposed  to 
the  strict  measures  of  coercion  adopted  by 
"■E  Ad mlnlBt ration  to  maintain  the  newly 
ited  rtghtsjo  the  ^r_eeii°'55;_'«_'^."y,^.'iV 


sr 


1   Blat 


t  diso 


reform   of   the   tariff,    i 
nncoDBtJtutlOQal  Inwa  J 


r; 


by   A 


Brual    debt   In    1908   waa    flTS, 
The    Imports    In    1910    were    £122,300. 

porta.   £188,500 ~" 

Elhnographii, 


le.  £84,475. 

-Tbe  Inhabitants  eonalat  of 
escendnuta    of    repatriated 
lean     negroes    Included    In    an     Indlg- 
I    population    of    about    2,000.000    of 


digenous  tribes  are  civilised  and  belouK  to 
the  ProtestaDt  Chrlatlan  faith,  but  many 
of  the  native  tribes  are  Muhammadans, 
while  cannibal  rltea  are  jractleed  by  other 
tribes  in  the  Interior.  English  la  Uio  oO- 
cIbI  language  of  the  Bepablic. 

0  a  vera  tn  sat.— The  government  la  that  of 
a  centralised  Bepobnc,  with  a  Preaident 
and   Vlce-PrcBldent,  elected  tor  tour  years. 


teated. 

lilberla.— The  Negro  Repuhlte  of  Liberia 
ti  alCuBted  on  the  Went  Caait  of  Africa, 
from  French  Guinea  (8*  25'  N.  latitude) 
Boothward  to  the  coast  and  between  the 
British  Colony  of  Sierra  Leone  nnd  tbe 
French  Ivory  Coaat  Colony,  the  eaatera 
boundnry  l.efng  partly  marked  bv  the  right 
bank  of  the  cavalla  River.  The  eitreme 
Sographlcnl  limits  are  ll"  Ba'-T"  33;  W. 
fongltude  and  4'  2B'-8-  25'  M.  latitude. 
The  area  la  about  40,000  square  mllea 
PhVtloal  Feolureav^be  coaaUl   reglona 


Preaident  (Jan.  1,  1012-1918),  Daniel  Ed- 
ward Howard.  An  agreement  was  arrived 
at  in  ISll  between  Liberia  and  the  Dnited 
Btatea  (Qreet  Britain.  QermaDy,  and 
France  approTloR).  whereby  the  American 
Government  UDdcrtook  to  reorganise  the 
fluauces  and  to  develop  the  attrlcultnral 
poselbllltles  of  the  country,  while  setting 
on  foot  a  defense  force  and  negotiating 
the  various  boundary  questions.  Under 
thlB  scheme  there  Is  an  American  Flnaucfal 
Adviser  and  Receiver  General  of  Customs. 
with  British,  French,  and  German  receiv- 
ers ;  and  offlcera  of  the  United  States  are 
orgBulzlDg  a  defense  force. 

CotigresB  consists  of  two  Bousea :  a  Sen- 
ate and  a  House  of  Renreseutatlves.  Tlie 
Senate  contains  el^ht  members,  elected  tat 
■1i  years ;  the  House  of  Beprasentatlvea 
Of  fourteen  members,  elected  for  fonr 
years.  Electors  must  be  of  neg™  blood 
and  registered  owners  of  land.  There  Is 
a  Supreme  Court  at  Monrovia,  with  11  vb 
courts  of  quarter  Eeaalons,  court*  of  com. 
mou  pleas,  and  local  maglstratea. 

finance.— Public  acconnts  are  kept  ID 
United  States  dollars.  The  revenue  of 
1011-1812  was  Stated   to  be  {471,335  and 


ganlied  In  accordance  with  tbe  Bgr«en>eut 
with  the  United  States. 

ProductfoH  ani   Tradt. — The   aoil   ta  ex- 


jyGooi^lc 


BtKycIopedic  Indt* 


Ubnuy 


■boat  twantr  tnllM  twta  tb«  cowt  to  th* 
Dortbcm  boiiDdarlea.     Oceaiionil  cletirltui 

, Inclnda 

Ulnenls    ol    (re&t 

.orlMj   at«  iMiieved    to   eii—    ■— '— ■ — 
g«lil.  Iran,   copper,  aod  alQe. 
pal    aiporti    *~   ■— ••"     ~— 


mbbar   and   Mlm-oil.  .    .      . 

--  •  —    --(  iMiieved    to    eilat..    Indndlna 
Tha  prlDcT- 


I   colfM,    cocoa,    I 


nela.  palm-oll,  ItoiTi  plaaaava,  rn^er,  anid 
camwood ;  tbe  prfaclp*]  Import*  ar*  cot- 
ton*, baberdaaberr,  talt,  rice,  provl' 
■kMia,  amiB  aod  aiDmimlUon,  tobacco,  nard- 
waie,  glaas  and  eanbenware.  mm,  ela, 
tlmbeT,  and  bead*.  The  total  value  o(  tb* 
Import*  In  1911  waa  about  11,020,000,  aod 
nl  eiportr  •"■"  "^ 


Dot  I 

link    op   the   Interior 

tHtUt. — Capital,    HonroTla. 


the   naTlgabla 

, ,    Populatloa. 

e.OOO.  Tliere  are  alzteen  ports  of  entrr 
aloDK  ths  850  mllea  of  coasC  of  whicb  the 
moat  Important  an  Robertsport,  Hoarorla, 
Harsbati;  Onnd  Basvu  HItct  Ceii,  Blno, 
NanakTDo,  Saastomi,  Grand  Cesa,  and  Har- 
per. 

Trade  wMA  the  tJntted  Stotei.— The  valne 
•f  marcbaudlae  imported  Into  Liberia  from 
tba  United  States  tor  tba  Tear  1S18  wa* 


1  tarot  ol  tbe  United  Btate*. 
UlwrU: 
Boundu7  diatmtA  with  Greftt  Brit- 

nin,  4716,  4762. 
Wrench  eneroaehmenta  tipon  territory 
of,  Mtion  of  United  State*  regard- 
ing,  discnflBod,  C751,  5870. 
ludependenqe   of,   recognition   of,  by 
United  Stat^,  recommended,  3248. 
Loan    to    ameliorate    condition*    in, 
found    bT    American     eommiaaion, 
7069. 
Beferred  to,  2133. 

BemoTal    mil    negro«a    captured    on 
coast    of   Cuba   to,   reeommcuded, 
3058. 
TreatT  with,  33S9,  334S. 
'  Teaau    to,    preaentation    of,    recom- 
mended, 3445,  soae. 
Weaknea*  of.  dlaenaaad.  5086. 
Idbmitt,  Treaty  wltb. — A  treatr  of  com- 
mates   and    narintlon    waa    concluded    In 
18S2,  wbi«b  proTldea  for  freedom  of  com- 
marca  and  narlntion   In   the   niual  term* 
of   neb   convenUoDs,     Trade   la   permitted 
witbout  nnnanal  refltHctlona ;  taiea  are  to 
be  aqnllable  and  nnlfonn :  importation  and 
exportation  are   In   no   wiae   reatricted   b7 
dlacrlmloatloD  i  and   rfgardleea   of  the  na- 
tionalio   of   the   arryliia   vestel :   hamane 
treatment  of  eblp-wraeked  mariners  la  pro- 
Tided  for ;  dlapnlea  arlilnt  resarding  lal- 
Tan  are  to  be  settled  bj  arbitration ;  prlT- 
tleie*  granted  bereaftar  bT  treat*  to  other 

Kwtn  are  to  ba  accorded  to  Aie  United 
ktea;  eonaola  for  tbe  protection  of  trade 
era  to  be  appointed  to  reside  within  the 
demlnhKU  of  the  contracting  parties :  tba 
United  Btatea  la  not  to  Interfere  In  alTair* 
of  administration  Id  Liberia,  but  If  tbe  U- 
berlan  tovemment  at  an;  time  I*  onahla 
to  control  tba  aborlgliMl  inhabitants  with- 
in its  own  dominions  and  makea  reqnlsllion 
for  asstotance  from  the  United  Btatea,  that 
power  pledgee  to  render  tbe  neceaaarr  aid. 
ubOTto,  Salvatoie^  eompenaation  to, 
OTIL 


cording  to  tradition,  waa  rung  on  Jal7  4, 
)T7e.  to  annouuca  the  adoption  of  the 
Declaration  of  Independence.  It  waa  caat 
In  London  and  sent  to  Fblladelphla  In 
17S8.  Tbe  bell  was  broken  up  aod  recast 
In  April,  and  again  In  Jnne,  of  the  foUow- 
IDK  ;ear.  It  waa  cracked  Jnl7  8,  188C, 
wblle  being  tolled  In  memory  of  Chief 
jDstlee  Marshall.  The  Llbertr  bell  was 
placed  on  exhibition  at  tbe  Centennial  at 
Phlladelpbla  In  ISTO.  and  at  the  Colombia 
Exposition  In  Cblcago  In  180S.  It  beara 
the  motto,  "Proclaim  11  bertj  thronghont  the 
land  onto  all  the  Inhabitants  thereof."  It 
1*  now  In  Independence  Hall.  Philadelphia. 
Liberty.  Statue  of.— A  bronxe  image  of  a 
female  flgnre  bolding  aloft  a  lighted  torcb, 
dealgoed  by  M.  Bartholdl  for  the  Franco- 
Amerlcaa  Union  In  1874,  at  an  estlcaated 
cost  of  S250.O0O.  It  waa  paid  for  by  popn- 
lar  BubHcrlptlon  In  France  and  presented  by 
the  PTench  people  to  the  United  States  a* 
-  token  of  the  traditional  frlendablp  of  the 
vo  nations.  It  waa  mounted  upon  a  ped- 
.—,     __,,.    v_     .„    __, ._^._     f^ 

1  In 


eatal     __ ,., 

America  and  erected  on  Bedloe's 
New  York  Harbor.  In  1686,  at  i 
1350,000.     The_ljgllt   "   ' 

The  height  from  the  water  level  to  tbe 
top  of  tbe  pedeatal  is  140  feet  and  10  iocbe^ 
and  the  height  of  tbe  statue  proper  la  IDl 
feet  B  Inehn,  making  a  toU]  hdght  of  SOI 


Liberty  Enllglitenliig  tbe  World,  statue 
of,  erected  in  Ne^r  York  Harbor, 
by  citizen*  of  France,  4381,  4824, 
B0S3. 
Geremonie*     of     inauguration     dia- 
cuBBed    and    recommendatioiu    re- 
gardinp,  4982. 
To  be  placed  under  snperiatendence 
of  Light-Eonse  Board,  G080. 
Libraries.     (See  Interior  Department; 
Library     of     Congrea*;     Btate     De- 
partment.) 
Library,    Latin    American,    eatablisb- 
ment    of,    at    Washington     recom- 
mended by  Intematioul  American 
Conference,  6S06. 
Library  of  ConKre**.— When  the  seat  of 
Government  was  removed  to  Waahlngton  In 
1800,  the  Idea  of  a  Congreaalonal  Llbrarr 
was  conceived.     In   Decenibar,  1801,   John 
itaodolph  made  a  report  which  formed  tbe 
baalfl  ot  an  act  of  ConKreaa  of  1802  organ- 
lalng   the    library.     Some    3.000   book*   of 
reference  were  accnmitlated,  whan.  In  An- 
guat.   1814,   the   BHtlah   army   burned  tba 


library  of  Thomas  jefTeraon,  eonslsfliig  of 
e.TOO  Tolomea,  tor  tZS.OSO.  An  annnarap- 
proprlatlon  being  msde  for  tbe  purebaae 
of  book*,  the  Library  continued  to  grow 
nntll  In  1851  It  numbered  65.000  volnmaa. 
Dec.  24th  of  tbat  year  a  aacond  eonflagra- 
tloD  destroyed  38,000  of  these  volomea 
An  appropriation  of  (72.000  was  made  for 
repairs,  and  the  Library  grew  apace.  In 
1866.  40.000  Tolumea  were  tranaferred  from 
the  Smlthaonlan  Inetltatlon.  The  follow- 
ing year  Coogreaa  parcbased  tor  1100.000 
tba  lilttorlcar  collection   of   Peter  Toroe, 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


IflnuT 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


talD«d  nearly  60,000  books,  pampbleta  and 
naunacrlpu.  in  1864  Pre*ideut  Lincoln 
appointed  Alnaworth  B.  SpolTord  to  be 
LlSrarlao,  and  be  was  ancceeded  In  lSt>7 
bj  Jobn  BuMcIl  Yonng,  wbo  died  tn  1889. 
and  Herbert  I'ntnam  waa  appointed  bli 
■ucceuor.  One  bnndred  leu  of  GoTemment 
publlntlDoa  are  at  the  dlapoul  of  the  Li- 
brarian of  CongreBa  for  exchange,  thrODCb 
•t.  u_i.i. — 1._   ^j(j,  loreign  GoTemtDCQta, 

I   source   aie   recelted  about 

I  annual] J. 

^n  la  now  tbe  larseat  on  the 

Veetem  Uemlepbere  and  the  third  In  the 
:    comprised   at   the   end   ot    the 


The   col  lee 


•ctcletles  which  eilata  In  this  eonntr;. 

Of  the  printed  booka,  probably  one-siiUi 
•re  duplicates  not  In  uae. 

The   building   containing  the   Library   Is 


preiiWe  In  Its  linei  and  beautfful  li 
detail.  It  la  In  tba  form  of  a  quadn 
encloHlng  a  central  lotunda  aurmounte 


ncloHlng  a  cen 
.  low  glided  d 
gnn  in  1886  am 
coet  at  Se.lSO.0< 


d  by 


t  in  probably  the  moat 

1     library    bulldlnc    In 

tbe  world.  The  publlo  reading  room  oc- 
Coplei  tbe  TOtBoda.  ) :  con^lgtE  of  an  oc- 
tagonal hall  one  hnndreil  feet  In  diameter, 
■umptuoualy  built  (I  aoft-tlnted  1,'umldlaii. 
.,. ^ 


and  Tenne 


e  marble  In  varlegat 

hues.  In  the  decoration!,  some  lurty 
and  BculpCore  arc  represented — all 
a  cltlaena     The  floor  space  la  S2e,- 


Llsefat«Dgt«lIL — UecbteoKdu  !•  an  Inde- 
pendent PrlndpaJity  on  tlie  right  bank  ot 
the  Lower  Hhlne.  sontb  ot  Lake  Coutanc^ 
and  between  the  Bwtas  cantons  ot  St.  Gall 
and  OraubUoden  and  the  Voralberg  crown- 
land  of  the  Aostrlan  Empire.  The  western 
boundary  la  the  Kblne,  and  the  aoatlieni 
bODDdary  mna  along  the  snmmlta  ot  the 
Naafkopt  E^knla  and  Ulttaga-Spltic.  Is 
the  Bhltlkon  kange.  A  railway  mna  from 
Bnclis  (Bwltaerland)  to  Feldklrch  (Aoo- 
trla)  with  MBtlons  at  Schaan,  Nendein,  and 
Schoanwald  In  tbe  PrluclpaUty.  Tbe  In- 
habltantg  numbered  10,716  In  1911.  of  Ger- 
man origin  aod  almost  all  Boman  Catho- 
Ucs.  Agrlcoltore  Is  tbe  principal  Induatry, 
corn,  wine  and  turf  being  produced,  to- 
gether with  timber  from  the  toreat  alopea; 
textiles  and  embroidery  are  locally  mnnn- 
factored.  The  reTenne  In  1912  was  SOOl- 
626  Kronen,  and  the  eapeodllnie  706.038 
Kronen  (21  RrODeii  =  £l  sterling).  There 
la  no  debL  The  Principality  ^rma  pjirt 
of  the  Caetoms  Union  of  Aaatrla  and^  re- 
celTes  a  minimum  contrlbntlon  of  (iO.OOO 
Kronen  annually  (the  payments  In  1911 
exceeded  100,000  Kronen). 

Qovenuntnt.    The  government  Is  that  ot 

lug  hereditary  (aloce  lTl'9)  In  tbe  male 
line  ot  tbe  house  ot  Uechtensteln.  Bnler: 
His  Serene  Higbnesa  Prince  Johann  IL. 
Prince  of  Liechtenstein,  Duke  of  Troppan 
and  of  Jlgerndort,  born  Oct.  5,  1640;  anc- 
eeeded  his  father  Prince  Aloyalos,  Not.  12, 
18581  Member  ot  the  Herrenhans  ot  the 
A  a  stria  n   Belchsrat. 

There  Is  a  Diet  of  flfteen  members  (of 
whom  three  are  appointed  by  the  Prince 
and  twelve  elected  br  Indirect  vote),  meet- 
aally  In  October,   with  a   mailmi 


duration  o 


The  local   c 


—  >  subject  to  a  Court  of  Appeal  at  Vlemia, 
and  the  Supreme  Court  is  tlie  Oberlandea- 
gerlcbt  at  iDDsbruck. 

fltoloIT.— From  1710-1806  the  Principal- 
Ity  formed  pari  of  the  Holy  Boman  Em- 
pire and  from  1808-1815  of  the  Confedera- 
tion of  the  Rhine.  From  1815-1866  It  was 
fari  of  the  Uermanlc  Confederation  nnder 
he  hegemony  of  Austria,  but  since  1866 
the  Principality  bag  been  Independent. 
although  closely  connected  by  treaties  with 
the  Austrian  Empire, 
Llentenant-CteiieTal.— In  the  United  States 


aboat    66    miles    o( 


IOC    gg.    feet,    or    nearly   eight 
book    stacks    contain    aboat    I  _ 

shelving,     affording     space    for     

octavo  volumea  The  reading  desks  are 
arranged  In  concentric  circles  about  the 
Librarian's  desk  In  the  center,  from  which 
easy  communication  Is  bad  to  all  part* 
of  the  fireproof  Iron  book  stacks.  The 
Library  of  Congress  has  been  since  1870 
the  only  office  of  record  for  copyrights,  and 
its   accession*  from  that   aoarea  are   vary 

Ubnrr  of  OosgrBM: 

.Ajnndsl  tnanneeriptt^  wp7  of,  to  be 

placed  ia,  144S. 
Building  for,  reeoBUundod  b^  Fn»- 
ideut— 
ijrtlmr,  4Sn. 
Oleveland,  4949. 
HA7efl,  4431,  4458,  4531,  4579. 
Publieations  preoeotad  to,  refemd 
to,  8347. 
Size  oi;6676. 
cesMB  for  Vend 
In  regud  to,  480,  6 


oyGoO»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Iftdtx 


unto 


U«nt«tuat-afliunl — aonunuti. 
retirement  Juna  3,  190fi,  Uie  rank  beoma 

XiUo-Bavlng  MeJala,  soTemmeiit  gnnt 

of,  6898. 
Ufe-Savlng  Barvlce. — Tha  o«mii  ahiI  t«ka 
coutB  of  tba  CulCed  BCstes  ore  picketed 
with  the  BtBUona  of  the  LUa-EIitIdk  Berrlca 
•ttached  to  the  United  Btfttea  TreaBury  De- 
pkrtmeDt,  and  there  la  a  corpa  of  Inapectora, 
mperlnteDdiDtB,  atatloo.  keepera  and  crews, 
eztendinf  oyer  the  entire  coaat  line,  to- 
gether with  a  board  on  llfe-earlng  appll- 
ancea.  eompoeed  of  ezperta  aelected  trooi 
the  Ufe-Barlnir  Berrlce,  the  Bevenne  Cutter 
Berrlce,  and  the  United  Statea  Coaat  and 
Geodetic  Sarrej  and  the  Army. 

At  the  cloae  ot  laat  Oscal  rear  the  Ufe- 
aavlns  eatabllahment  embraced  28E  itatlout, 
203  being  on  tbe  Atlantic  and  Qulf  coaata, 
62  on  the  lakea,  19  on  the  Pactflc  coaat 
and  1  at  the  Falls  ot  tbe  Oblo,  I^nlaTllla, 
Kf.  In  the  following  table  are  tba  Impor- 
tant BtatlatlcB  ot  the  aerrlee : 


Ebdiu 


I333^3,2M 


._   _.  _  .   _  ..  .,   _i  iBuncbea.  aail- 

boata.   rowboata.  etc.,  on  which  were  S,2S4 
peraona.  ot  wbom  14  were  lose     Tbe  coat 
ot  the  malnteDance  at  tbe  aervlce  daring 
Ihe  jear  wsa   12.304.074,50.     In   Januarr, 
1915,   the    Llte-Snvlug    Service    waa    com- 
bined  with   the   Hevenne   Cutler  Sec  rice  to 
form  the  Const  Guard.    (See  Coaat  Ooaid.) 
IJfe-SaTliig  Berrice 
DiscDBsed,  4931,  61S8. 
PenaioDa  in,  7ftlS. 
Ught-HouM  Boud: 
Beferred  to,  3747. 

Statue  of   Liberty  Enlightening  tba 
World  to  be  placed  under  Superin- 
tendence of,  S08D. 
Llgbt-HoiUM: 
Abaco  Island,  negotlatlong  with  Bv 

hamaa  for  aite  on,  845. 
Act   making  appropriation   for,   ns> 
Mns  for  appijing  pocket  veto  to, 
107L 
Cession  of,  to  United  Btates  act  of 
New    EampaHiie    lagislatnro    for, 
102, 
EBUbUahment  of,  and  dtes  for,  182; 
by  an  act  approved  June  17,  1910, 
reorganized  the  aerviee  anoL  678, 
878,  9SS,  960,  1S89,  2567. 


Lands  for— 

Designated  br  proclamation,  1221, 
6701,  6702,  670S. 

Erection  of,  negotiations  for  ees- 
Bion  of,  103,  S4S. 

Purchase  of,  1733. 
On  Bahama^  1239. 
On  Sandy  Hook,  67.  80. 
Permanent   points   lor,   on   coasts   of 

Oregon,   Washington,   and   Alaska, 

3902. 
Ek>il   and  jnrisdiction   for,   complete 

cession  of,  roqnired,  142. 
System  of  improfemant  in,  16S3. 
Treaty     with     Uorocco     concerning 

maintenance  of,  on  Cape  Spartel, 

3582. 
UghVHonse  Service. — Formerlj  tbe  man- 


]aB2.      It    conalated    i 


-. ,,    ,..„ eWIUan 

member.  Hie  bead  of  tbe  department  waa 
ei-ondo  prealdent  ot  the  board,  and  the 
ranking  naval  officer  waa  chairman.  Tbere 
were  two  aecratarlea,  one  a  nayal  offlcer  and 
one  an  engineer  officer  of  the  arm>.  That 
Bjratem  InTolred  divided  reBponalbliltr.  and 
reanlted  In  mnch  friction  In  admlnlatratlon. 
CongresB,  tberetore.  br  an  act  approved 
June  17,  1910,  recognfied  tbe  aervlce  and 
abolished  tbe  board  and  created  a  Bureau 
of  Ligbt-Housea  In  the  Department  of  Com- 

1  and  Labor,  with   a  commlselonec  In 

""      ■"  ■" '    ■  J  the  Secretary 


tlDlted  States,  as  authorized  b;  ConareHa, 
and  with  tbe  direction  ot  the  offlcera.  depots 
and  tenders  required  In  tbla  work. 

Under  tbe  o\&  Bystein  tbere  were  atitean 
Itgbt -house  districts,  each  In  charKe  ef 
an  annv  or  navv  offlcer.  The  law  or  1910 
provided  that  nineteen  districts  should  be 
created,  each  In  charge  ot  a  civilian  In- 
spector, bat  the  preBldeot  Was  authorlaed 
for  a  pertod  of  three  yeara,  from  Jalj  1. 
1910.  to  aaalgti  arm;  and  nev;  offlcera  to 
act  aa  district  Inspectors. 

In  tbe  Dscal  year  1010-11  the  llgbt-houss 
eitabllabmpnt  maintained  2.200  llichted  alda 
to  naTlgatlon,  Includlag  ality-tbree  light- 
vessela.  and  abont  12,000  nnllBhled  aids  and 
post  llghta. 

For  tbe  care  and  maintenance  ot  these 
aids  tbere  were  employed  8.187  keepera 
aea'atant  keepers  and  laborers  attending 
llghta,  l.e9S  offlcerB  and  seamen  on  board 
'-,  SIS  emplojeea  for  conattuctlon  and 


lebt-bi 


■   establlibmen 


In    IBlD-ll    1 


Commissioner.      Oeone 

-          ■     ■       r,   Artht 
acting  l"""* 

Oeoiige  Warrington. 


Depnty  Commlasloner.  Arthur  V.  Conore 
Chief  Conatrnctlng  Engineer,  John  B.  Co_ 
way:  Superintendent  of  Naval  ConBtmctfon, 


LlKht-Honaa  Sarvlca,  transfer  of,  from 
Treasury  to  Navy  Department  rec- 
ommended, 4727. 

LllUa.  Tlw,  compensation  to  owners  of, 
6730,  6824. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Messages  arul  Papers  of  the  Prestdenis 


Lincoln 

Lincoln,     Abntaun^— Hudi    4,    IB61- 
April  1&,  1865. 

(FIUT  TUU,   1B61-I8as.) 
NIoeteeDth    AdminlatntloD— Stpublleaii. 
Cfce-PrudKnt— HumlbKl  HuaUiL 
Becretary  o]  Blata— 

William  H.  Seward. 
Bterttary  oj  the  Trefuory — 
Bulrnon  P.  Chaie. 
WllUam  Pitt  Feiaeaden. 
Beerttary  of  War — 


John    P.    UBher. 
Pa»  tmatter-attierel — 

Montgomery    Blair. 

WUllam  Dennlson. 
Attorney-  Qen  eral — 

Kdward  BatM. 

T.  J.  Coffey. 

James  Speed. 
nomination  oiul  BlMlion. — Lincoln  wan 
flrel  elected  by  tbe  RepubllcsD  pany  Nov. 
e,  ISSO.  I'he  BepubncaD  National  Con- 
TentloD  met  at  Chicago,  Uay  16,  1S60,  and 
on  the  third  ballot  nominated  Uncoln  over 
Seward.  Cameron,  and  Chase. 

Ploi/orm.— The  ploltorm    condemned   dli 


]8M  pledged  the  partr  ta 
Dnlon;  oppoied  any  compi — 
\  demanded  the  one 


tb« 


rebels ;  deinaiided  the  oner  aod  complMt 
extirpation  of  ilaTcry ;  cratsfiillr  ackoowl. 
edged  the  serrlcea  ot  tbeAmiTuia  the  Navy 
In  the  war:  commended  tbe  admlnlatra- 
tloa  of  Lincoln ;  advocatied  tnll  and  ample 
protection  of  the  membera  of  th«  Array 
■nd  tbe  Navy;  encouraged  Immigration: 
nrged  apeedy  conatroetiOD  a(  tlie  tranKon- 
itaf  ranroad:    urged    the   practice   of 


land  Vlay  El  and  nominated  John  C.  Frt- 
mont :  bat,  before  the  election,  Fremont 
OTBed  tbe  anpport  of  Lincoln  and  withdrew. 
The  Democratic  National  Convention  at 
Chicago.  Aug.  2S,  1864.  nominated  Qeorge 
B.  HcClellao  on  ■  platform  declaring  thai 
the  Conatltntlon  had  been  violated  dnrlag 
the  Lincoln  administration  and  orged  the 
ccasallon  of  hoatllltlea  and  the  cumpromlae 
~i  dlfflcnltles ;  condemned  the  military  In- 


.   —   whom   fotore   alil   and   reward 

'omlsed. 

—Tbe  popnlar  Tote  cait  by  twenty- 

Itatea    gave    Uncoln    2,216,067,    and 

—    •  ^°  -"'      The   electoral  Tote. 


DBlated     on     siatea~"itrghuT    de-        coanted  on  ^eb.'S,  1865,  gave  UdCoId  21S 
-.,.    .j„._.„.— ....  .       and  McClellan  21. 

Party  AlTIUatioH.— After  Lincoln's  aervlce 
In  tbe  State  leglatalnre  and  his  single 
term  In  Congreaa  (1849-1848),  he  became 
one  of  the  moat  Inflnentlal  of  the  Whig 
leaders  In  Illinois.  Tbe  repeal  of  th«  Mla- 
■nuri  Compromlae  (1804)  broaght  him 
~*~   polltica  with   Intenae   aud-Blav- 


.latratlon ; 

iJemocratlc  Q  over  n  men  t :  proclnlmed  the 
dogma  that  tbe  Congtltatlon  enrrlea  alavery 
Into  any  or  all  of  tbe  territories  to  be  a 
daogerona  heresy  :  asserted  that  the  Con- 
stitution does  not  eonnleaaaoe  slavery  nor 
should  Congresa  give  a  legnl  existence  to  It : 
InslatEd  upon  the  admlxalon  of  KananB  to 
statehood  :  recommended  tariff  for  rcvenne, 
wllh  enconragemebl  of  tbe  Induatrlca ; 
protested  against  selling  pnbUc  lauds  al- 
ready occopled  by  selllers ;  opposed  any 
change  In  the  naturalisation  laws :  declared 
river  and  harbor  appropriatlona  to  be  both 
desirable  and  constitutional :  and  demanded 
a  transcontlnentBl  railroad. 

OppoilKaa — The  Democratic  National 
Convention  met.  for  the  Qrst  time  In  the 
far  South,  at  Charleston,  S.  C.  After  many 
days  of  fniKless  balloting,  the  convention 
divided  Into  two  aectlona.  ETentnally,  th« 
Northern  halt  nominated  Douglaa  nnd  the 
Southern  bait  declared  for  Breckinridge. 
Tbe  Constllutlonnl  Union  Party  met  In 
national  convention  at  TInltlmore,  May  19, 
1880,  and  nominated  John  Bell,  on  a  plat- 
form the  basis  of  which  was  tbe  recogni- 
tion of  no  other  political  principles  than 
the  Conslltntlon,  Union,  and  the  enforce- 
uent  of  laws. 

Fo(«.— The  popnlar  vote  sa  cast  by  thlr- 
t3>-tbr«e  States  gave  Lincoln.  l.sas.SlS ; 
Breckinridge.  848,404;  Douglas,  1.374.604, 
and  BelL  601.900.  The  electoml  vole. 
coanted  Feb.  13,  1861,  gave  Lincoln.  ISO; 
Breckinridge,  72;  Belt,  SS.  and  Douglas,  12. 

{SBCOBD    TBBM,    UABCH    4,    18S5-1PR1L    IC, 
1860.) 

Twentieth  Administration— Republican. 
FIce-Preafdml — Andrew  Johnson. 

The  only  chance  In  the  cabinet  at  the 
Iwelnnlng  of  Lincoln's  second  term  was  tbe 
Riibetltntlon  of  Hugh  HcCiitlocb,  of  Indi- 
ana, for  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  to  roc- 
ceed  Mr.    Feaacnden. 

nKOOXn  TERM.— la  the  election  of 
1864.  Lincoln  was  renominated  by  tbe 
(Regular)  Repnblicau  National  Convention, 
wblcb  met   In  Baltimore  on  June  7,  1864. 

Plaf/om.— The    BtpobUcao   platform   of 


back   1 


bead  of  tbat  party  In  his  state.  Before 
the  Republican  Convention  In  1868  he  said ; 
"A    _hoase_  divided    against    itself    cannot 


_tnnd.      I   bellev-    

endure  half  slave  and  hall  fre«.  I  do 
not    eipect    the    nnlon    to    be    dissolved; 

"   *     "    '  expect  the  bonae  t     '    " 

that  It  win  cease  i 

come  all  the  one  th._„  .. 

other.  F;ither  the  opponents  of  slavery  will 
arrest  the  further  spread  of  It  and  place 
It  where  tbe  public  mind  shall  rMt  in  the 
belief  that  It  Is  in  course  of  ultimate  ei- 


HepuDHcans,  ana  i  vacancy. 

Fortlpn  Polloy.— In  speaking  of  the  attl- 
tode  of  fordga  Bttlou  towaid  Um  CB.'t«d 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopfdk  Index 


Uncob 


.1    (pag« 

S32T>  that  the  CDinincrclal  and  wwlal  con- 
dlUou  of  otber  natloiu  wltb  wham  we 
liaT*  liad  TeUtloos  bare  beea  diatnrbed  bi 
the  war,  and  adda:  "We  luiTe  attempted 
no  propfWandlaiD  and  BCkaowled^e  no  ivto- 
IntMn.  But  we  have  left  to  emy  nation 
tba  •selnslve  condnct  and  management  of 
Ita  own  allalTB.  Our  stmxKle  caa  been, 
of  conne.  eoBteinplaied  bf  lorelgn  natlona 
wltb  reference  leaa  to  Ita  own  mcrita  tban 
to  Its  auppoaed  and  often  exaggerated  ef- 
fects aod  conaegnencea  reaultlDB  to  tfaoaa 
natl«nB  tlieipaelTeB.  NeTertbefeaa, 
platnt   —    "■"   — "*   *'   ■*■'"   " — "" 


PicaMent  Uncoln  stood  aa  follows :  Julf 
1.  1861,  Se0.880,87B.72:  188a.  1684.178,- 
4I2.I8:  J8Bi.  kl,llB,iT2,l«8fl»i  IB"- 
»l,8]B.V84.3TO.0T  :  IsOS.  $2.680, 64 7.869.74. 
Tariff.— JThe  principal  tariff  cban^a  to 
President  LIneoln'a  admlnlatratlon  were 
made  br  the  act  of  Ang.  S,  18S1,  "to  pro- 
vlda  Inereaaed  rerenue  from  Importa,  to  pb7 
Intereat  on  tha  pnbUc  dabt.  and  tor  ottier 
pnrpoaea."  Tbia  lerled  a  direct  tax  on 
both  atatsi  and  terrltorlea  and  provided 
for  what  la  belleted  to  be  tbe  flrat  Income 
tax  ever  lerled  br  the  seoEral  goTeraiDent 
or  tke  Dnlted  Btatea.  Thle  fniMme  ux 
amooDtad  to  three  per 


creatlns;  tempoiarilj,  the  dotlea  on  Im- 
porta  and  for  other  pnrpoi^a.  The  act 
of  March  18.  1868,  "^^to  modlfr  eitotln* 
iBwa  Imposing  dotlea  on  Imports,  and  for 
other  pnrpoaea,"  nade  alight  iDcreaaea.  Du- 
ties were  torthei  Increased  br  tbe  act  of 
June  SO,  1864,  and  that  of  Uarch  8. 
186S. 

ShiMty.— In  hit  Inaugural  Addreaa  (page 
8208),  Prealdent  Lincoln  aonght  to  asanre 
tha  people  of  tbe  Southern  atatea  that 
Ihcy  had  nothing  to  fear  from  a  RepubU- 
can  administration.  Be  qaotex  from  one 
of  bla  farmer  Hpeeches ;  "I  haTe  no  pal- 
poae,  dIrecttT  or  Indirectly,  to  Interfere 
with  the  InatitnUon  of  alavery  In  the  atatet 
where  It  exlata.  I  believe  I  hav?  no  law- 
till  rtebt  to  do  aok  and  I  haTe  no  Inclina- 
tion to  do  BO."  Be  holds  tbe  Constltn- 
tloD  to  be  clear  on  the  question  of  sunen- 
derlng  fngltlve  slavea  and  stateg  that 
the  difference  of  oplaloa  rests  only  on 
whose  anthorlty  and  bow  tbe  anrreoder 
ahall  be  made.  He  Inalils  apon  the  In- 
tegrltr  of  the  Union :  Cbnt  no  state  hSB 
the  power  to  secede  lawfully  and  that  tbe 
Union  Is  not  broken  by  such  declarntlon 
of  aeceaslon  on  tbe  part  of  any  one  state. 
In  urging  apon  the  people  not  to  plunge 
the  country  Into  clTJl  war.  he  said :  "Ton 
can  hare  no  conflict  without  being  your- 
•elvM  the  aggreaaora.  You  have  no  oath 
reglatersd  in  Beaven  to  destroy  the  Oot- 
emmcnt,  while  I  ahall  have  the  most  sol- 
emn one  to  'preaerre,  proteirt,  and  defend 
It."  "  In  the  earlier  states  of  the  war 
the  Prealdent  waa  besought  by  both  great 
partlea  In  the  conntry  on  the  one  band  to 
adopt    radical    measures    to    stop    sIsTery 


people,  u  an  aid  for  tbe  fototlon  of  the 
great  problem,  that  he  followed  thu  tar 
a   modarate   coarse  between  the   two   ex> 

ffma»o<paHoH.— In  Auguat,  1881,  Con- 
gress passed  the  act  conflacatlng  the  rights 
of  slBve-ownera  In  Blares  employed  lu  hos- 
tile acta  against  the  Dnlon.  Fremont  fol- 
'  lowed  with  bis  order  to  emancipate  tbe 
slayes  Id  Missouri.  Lincoln  ordered  this 
declaration  to  be  modlSed  to  conform  to 
the  orders  of  CoDgreas  aod  by  So  doing 
angered  the  antl-sIaTery  advocatea  Ir  *"~ 
■  and  displeased  the  n" — 


I   on   the   other   t 


!   conserratlTe 


Bths.  It  was  well  known  that  he 
Ined  a  deep-rooted  hatred  of  domestic 
serrltnde:  bnt  ao  great  was  hli  reyerence 
for  the  law,  so  carefnl  was  he  of  ymted 
rlghta  and  Intereata,  and  ao  dealrons  of  re- 
tunlDf  the  aappert  and  coDlldence  ot  th« 


On  March  8,  1882,  the  President  sent 
special  message  to  Congress  (page  3S6t 
recommending  the  paaaage  of  a  Joint 


lutlon   bringing   about   tbe  gradual  eman- 

-'-«t1on  of  slaves  by  states,  in  retnm  fr- 

Ich  the  states  should  receive  peconlai 


clpatlon  of  slaves  by  states,  in  retnm  for 
which  the  states  should  receive  peconlarr 
Bid  from  the  (Jovemmeut.    Congress  passed 


tbe  resotntloD.  bat  pablle  opinion  In  the 
states  was  not  ready  to  grasp  this  means. 
In  April,  Congress  treed  the  slaves  In  the 
District  of  Columbia  with  compecaatlon  to 
owners — a  measore  wbkh  Lincoln  had 
yeora  before  earnestly  advocated. 

Tbe  events  of  the  war  daring  1862 
forced  apon  Lincoln  the  conclnslon  that 
emancipation  was  the  only  means  at  his 
command.  As  early  as  Jnly,  1862,  he 
began  to  prepare  the  proclamation,  and 
though   urged  by   delegations   to  taka  the 


be  poaslbli 

tbe  oroer  effective  and  eaally  oper- 
■ Tldent 


step,  be  waited  until  T 

to  make  tbe  oroer  effec ,  .,„ 

atlve.  Late  In  Angnst.  1862,  the  Prealdent 
aaid :  "My  paramount  object  is  to  save  the 
Union,  and  not  either  to  sare  or  deatroy 
slavery.  If  I  could  save  the  Union  wltboat 
freeing  any  slave,  I  would  do  It ;  If  I  conld 


ive  a  by  fleeing  all  tha  slaves,  : 
do  It;  and  If  I  could  do  It  by  freeing  ■• 
and  leaving  others  alone.  I  would  also 


opportune  time  t 


tiroclamatlon  of  emancipation,  and  h 
Imluary  proclamation  was  accordingly' 
sued  on  Sept   22,   1882    (page  8888). 


—  hta   Second   Annual   Hesaage    (Mge 

833B).  the  President  recommended  to  Con- 

reaolutlon   offei^ 


ET' 


lug  "compensated  emBudpatlon."  But 
CoogresB  axi  not  act  promptly,  and  Jan.  1, 
186S,  saw  the  Proclamation  ot  Bmaoclpa- 


.,  —   ..  Bmaoclpa- 

Issued  (page  SSG8).     There  w "■ 

-'-'Ion  aa  to  the  President's 
._   .  .  _.  slavery  convictions,  and  s 

sestlona    tbat    under    some   clrcu 

he  might  withdraw  this  pcoclamstlon.  But 
In  his  Poarth  Annual  Meaaoge  (page  3466) 
he  repeated  his  dectaratlon  of  the  previous 

Snr:  "While  I  remain  In  my  present  posl- 
on  I  shall  not  attempt  to  retract  or  mod- 
ify the  emancipation  proclsmatEoo,  nor 
ahall  I  return  to  slavery  any  person  who 
Is  free  by  the  terms  of  that  proclamation 
or  by  any  of  tbe  acts  of  Congress,"  and 
he  adds :  "If  the  people  shoatd,  by  what 
ever  mode  or  meana,  make  It  an  Biccatlve 
doty  to  reenslave  such  peraons;  another, 
and  not  I,  mast  be  their  Instrnment  to 
perform  It,"  He  conclndes  tbe  message 
mtb  tbe  terse  paragraph :  "In  atatlng  a 
single  condition  of  peace  I  mean  simply  t« 
say  that  the  war  will  cease  on  the  part  of 
the  Qoveromcnt  whenever  It  shall  have 
ceased  on  the  paK  ot  those  who  began 
It."  Congress  acted  promptly  on  tha  Presi- 
dent's  sDggestlon   and   on   Jan.   81,   186S, 


prepared  1 
Thirteenth 


seven  of  the  ttilrty-^  Btateai 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Ajaneatj  proclunation  of,  3414. 
OUcuBsed,  3390,  34S6. 
Persons  entitled  to  baneflta  of,  do- 

fiaed   hj   pTod&mation,  3419. 
Beferred  to,  3508. 
Ajinnal    meteages     of,    3S45,    3327,. 

3380,  3444. 
Assassination  of.     S«e  Biovraphj  of, 
3206;  Beath  of,  post;  MilitAr;  Com- 
misBion,  etc.,  post.) 
Biographical  sketch  of,  3S04. 
Centeonial   anniversaf;   of  birth   of, 
proclaimed    a    special    holiday    bj 
Boosevelt,  7344. 
Child    of,    death    of,   snnounced    by 

Cabinet,  3S66. 
Ckinstitutional     amendment    relative 
to  gradoaJ  emancipation  of  slaves 
recommended  by,  3337. 
Beath  of  (see  also  Jfilitary  commis- 
aioD,  etc,  poat.) — 
Action  of  Congresa  on,  3497. 
Action  of  Senators  and   Bepreeen- 
tativea  in  Washington  on,  8490. 
Annonn cement    of,    to    Vice-Presi- 
dent Johnson,  3485. 
Announcements  of,  3465. 
Condolence   of  Bey   of  Tnnla   on, 

3966. 
Day  of  hnmiliation  and  mourning 
in  memory  of,  appointed,  350£ 
Order  regarding,  3S37. 
Postponed,  3506. 
Fnner^  announcement  and  official 

aTTangementB  for,  3493,  3533. 
Guard  of  honor,  3496. 
Honors  to  be  paid  memory  of,  3487. 
Orders   regarding,  3491. 
Public  offices  to  be  closed  in  com- 
memoration  of,   3638. 
Beferred  to,  3551. 
Beport   of   George  E.    Elbarpe  on 
assassination     of,    referred     to, 
3792. 
Beward  offered  for  arrest  of  al' 
legad  instigators  of  aasasaina- 
tion  of,  3S05. 
Distribution  of,  referred  to,  3577. 
Persons   claiming,   directed   to   flle 

claims,  3551. 
Bevoked    as    to    certain    persons, 
3551. 
Emancipation    discossed    by.      (See 

Bmancipation.) 
Emancipation  proclamation  of,  3358. 
Executive  orders  of,  3218,  3239,  3300, 

3360,  3376,  3431,  3474,  3483. 
Exequatur  issued  consul  of  Belgium 

revoked  by,  3420. 

"  sting  and  prayer,  di 

by,  3237,  3365,  342&. 

Beferred  to,  3437. 

Finances   diacnssed    by, 

3350,  3384,  3447. 


Foreign   policy   disensaed    by,  3248, 

3266,  3327,  3444. 
Babeat  corpus — 

Authority  given  by,  to  sospend  writ 
of,  3217,  3218,  3219,  3220,  3240, 
3300,  3313,  3322. 
Beferred  to,  3225. 
SuspenBioD   of    writ    of,   by,   3299, 
3371,   3420. 
Bevoked  as  to  certain  States  hj 
President  Johnson,  3529,  3531. 
Inangural  addresa  of— 
First,  3206. 
Second,  3477. 
unitary  commiasion  to  try  persons 
implicated  in  assassination  of,  to 
be  appointed,  353S, 
DetaU  for  court,  3G34.  ' 

Judge-advocate  appointed,  3534. 
Order  appointing  commiasion,  3533. 
Provost-marshal  appointed,  3532. 
Sentence  of,  approved,  3546. 
Special  jndge-advocate   appointed, 
3534. 
Pardon  granted  deaerters  from  Army 
by,  3364,  3479. 
Act  authorizing,  8365. 
Pocket  veto  of,  347L 
Portrait  of,  3204. 

Powers  of  Federal  and  State  Govern- 
ments   discnsaed    by,    3206,    3221, 
3269,  3274,  3286,  3335. 
Proclamations  of — 
Absence    of    soldiera    from    dnty, 

3364. 
Admiasion  of — 
Nevada,  3430. 
West  Virginia,  3368. 
Agreement  with  Bernard  Eock  for 
emigration  of  negroes,  canceled. 

Amnesty,  3414. 
Persona  entitled  to  beueltta  of, 
3419. 

Anniversary  of  birth  of  Washing- 
ton,  3209. 

Blockade  of  Southern   porta,  3215, 
3216,   3481. 
Bemoval    of,    3S90,    3372,    3417, 
3431,  34S2. 

Declaring    proclamation    of    Gen. 
Hunter  void,  3292. 

Biacriminating  duties  on  vessels  of 
Nicaragua  suspended,  3416. 

Emancipation,  3358. 
Notice   of,  3297. 

Exequatur    issued    consul    of    Bel- 
gium revoked,  3420. 

Extraordinaiy   session  of — 
Congresa,   3214. 
Senate,  3362,  3474. 

Fasting    and    prayer,    3237,    3365, 
3422. 

Government  to  be  reeatablished  in 
Scuthem  States,  3414,  3423. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Uabeai  corpus,  vrit  of,  Buspended, 

329S,  3371,   3420. 
Power  to  BUBpend,  given,  3217. 
Liability  of  aliens  to  perform  mill- 

tw7  duty,   3369. 
Pudooa    granted    deserters,    33U, 

8479. 

DiBConrftRiiig    enlistments,    3299. 
IiL  rebeUion,  3214,  3294,  3299. 
BupplyinK    Indiana    with    muni- 
tions of  Mrar,  3480. 
Frivilegea  of  other  ports  granted^ 
Newport,  Vt.,  3428. 
8t  ilbana,  Vt,  34T3. 
StsUs  in  insurrection,  3238,  3293, 

3366. 
ThankssiTing,    3290,    3371,     3373, 

3429. 
Treatment  of  American  vessels  in 

foreign  ports,  3482. 
Tolnnteere  called  for,  3214,  3218, 
S370,  3374,  3427,  3472. 
Secession   discussed  by,  3200,  3221, 

3227. 
Slaverr    discussed    hj,    3206,    3269, 

3335. 
Special  session  message  of,  3221. 
State    of    the    Union    discussed   bj, 

3245,  32S5,  3334,  3389,  3452. 
Thanksgiving  order  of,  3439. 
Thanksgiving  proclamation  of,  3290, 
3371,  3373,  3429.     (See  also  Fast- 
ing and  PrBTSi.) 
Order    regarding    daj    appointed, 
3246. 
^MhuteB  of  nations  to,  numbers  of 

copies  of,  referred  to,  4001. 
Veto  measaees  of — 
Additionsil  medical  ofScers  of  vol- 

ODteer  service,  32 89. 
Circulating  bank  notes  in  District 

of  Columbia,  3286. 
Correction  of  clerical  errors  in  in- 
ternal-revenue   act,    reasons    for 
applj'ing  pocket  veto  to,  3471. 
War  between  the  States  discussed  by, 
3221,  3245,  32S6,  32TS,  3303,  3369, 
3452,  3478. 
U&eoln    Blgbway.      (See    Transconti- 
nental Bighwajri.) 
ZJndMfaina,  Tli^  claim  by  ownen  of, 

6934. 
Llndsar  A  Oo.  TB.  Montana  Federatton 
of  Ziabor  et  aL — lAaSmj  ft  Co.,  wholesale 
dealers  in  fruits  and  vegetsbles.  bail  been 
declared  "nnfalr"  by  the  Miners'  Uoloa 
and  the  Tradea  Assemblv.  TMs  action  wbb 
Indorsed  bf  tbe  defeudact,  the  Montfloa 
FederatioD,  nod  >  clrculor  Issued  Id  wblcb 
"alt  iDborlDg  men  and  tboBe  In  Bymiiatby 
with  orRonlied  labor  are  requeatett  not  to 
patronlie  Lindsay  &  Co,"  The  companr 
■ecnred  an  iDlUDCtlOD  forblddlne  Ibis  boT- 
cott,  bnt  the  Supreme  Conrt  of  tbe  State 
vacate  th«  inJnnetlon.  It  was  ahnwn  that 
tbe  plaintiff  canptnr'a  trade  bad  saffered 


Tbe  court  defined  t 
act  of  combination,  I 
bnslaesB   dealings 


!   tbe  right   of 

g   boycott  as    "the 

celuslnic  to   have 

another,  nnUt    be 


.      CODdltlODB     1 

— „  the  welfare  of  the 

members  of  tbe  comblQatlon,  or  some  of 
them,  or  grnnta  concessions  which  are 
deemed  to  make  for  that  pnrpose."  A 
conspiracy  wna  defined  as  "a  combination 
of  two  or  more  persons  bj  some  concerted 
action  to  BCcompllab  a  criminal  or  nn- 
lawful  purpuse,  or  to  accampllsh  a  purpose, 
DOC  In  ItBelt  criminal  or  unlawful,  by  crimi- 
nal or  onlawtul  means."  The  court  beld 
that  tbe  compaor  did  not  have  a  property 
right  In  Ihe  trade  of  any  particular  per- 
—  1  hence  any  one  person  may  rightfully 

1.J ijJj   paironoge,      Tbe   court    re- 

doctrlne    that    an    act    perfectly 
ben  done  by  one  person  becomes 
when  done   by   two   or  more   per- 
sona acting  In  concert,  and  that  this  cnn- 

ceMed  action  amounts  to  "    ' 

an  Individual  la  clothed  t 


wlthdra 


n  cansplracy. 


S  alone,  be  does  not  lose  Buch  right 
'  by  acting  with  others.     Hence,   It 
tbe  defendants  did   not   violate   any   legal 


rigbl  of  the  plaintiff  In  withdrawing  their 
patronBKe.  they  cannot  be  enjoined  from 
continuing  tbe  boycott  In  force,  so  long 
as  the  means  to  make  tt  ettsctlTe  are  not 
iilegaL 

Unen  Indnstry. — The  hl^  prices  of  linen 
and  of  the  fiaz  fiber  from  which  linen  U 
made  has  centered  attention  on  the  necea- 


0  find  B< 


method  of  preparing  the  flax  i 
spinner,  thus  relieving  tbe  fla 
this  task,  and  the  other  Is  to 


— ,   „ flax  grower  of 

task,  and  the  other  Is  to  convince  the 

American  public  that  American-made  Udod 
Is  as  good  as  any  other. 

Tbe  only  country  In  which  the  production 
of  flax  fiber  baa  Increased  consisteDtly  In 
recent  years  la  Bnasla,  the  report  states. 
In  the  British  Isles  and  In  Prance  tbe  pro- 
dnction  baa  decreased  In  aplte  of  all  eftorta 
to  keep  tbe  Industry  growing,  and  In 
Auatria-Buneary,  Belgfnm,  and  the  Nether- 
lands the  Indostry  has  not  been  able  to  hold 
Its  own.  The  American  production  haa 
never  been  of  Importance.    Thanka  to  liberal 

" — '  ftd  and  to  cheap  labor  tbe  Boa- 

-Ldually  been  getting  a  monopoly 
■■-  the  time  the  war  broke 


•ftbe 


bad  gradu 


Id  the  Cntted  States  fiaz  has  been  raised 
almost  entirely  for  the  seed,  which  la  used 
to  mske  the  well-known  Unseed  oil  so  necee- 
sary  for  tbe  prodnctlon  of  good  paints  and 
vamlsbes.  Of  some  3,000,000  acre*  of  Qax 
raised  In  this  country  In  1916,  the  Depart- 
ment of  Agriculture  estimates  that  only 
a,000  acres  were  devoted  to  Sax  for  fl*-- 
rpbe -  - 


lust  be  made  a*  to  which  la  to  he 

the  more  Important  product,  lost  a«  the 
sheep  raiser  mnat  decide  whether  mutton  or 
woof  Is  to  be  the  primary  cDniideradon. 

In  Burope  the  farmer  not  only  raises  tbe 
flax,  but  pTsparea  the  flbec  for  tbe  splnser.> 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


liaon  IndniUj'  OonUnutd. 
THIS  prtpanttoB  reqnire*  wrenl  proeoaes, 
ODB  ol  whleb,  known  bb  "ntOng,''  reqnlTM 
eontldenbla  ebeap  labor  uid  nucii  time  and 
li  In  addltloii  a  moat  dlusrecsble  proceM 
lor  tb«  irorkiDBll.  Tbe  proUem  In  Uila  coon- 
trj  li  to  And  aoms  chemical  froceaB  of  ret- 
tuc  that  can  ba  curled  out  at  a  lactorj  and 
tuna  allow  the  farmer  to  conflne  hta  atten- 
tion to  the  atrieoltaral  eod  of  tbe  IndiutiT- 
Tbla  ia  the  onlr  condition  on  which  the 
AmertcAO  fanner  will  take  to  crowing  flax 
for  the  flber,  Ur.  auk  thlnka.  Some  pros- 
reaa  ia  already  belns  made  In  chemical  ret- 
ttnf  and  at  least  two  concerns  are  now 
buTtnff  flax  atalka  from  the  growera  for 
further  treatment  Chemical  proceaaea  have 
been  tried  before  wlthoot  mui^  boccch,  bat 
one  of  the  new  concema  la  now  aelllng  cbem- 
leallr  retted  flber  to  Ekirope  and  the  other 
la  making  coarae  llneni  for  nae  In  clothing 
and  tor  enrtalna. 

Bren  If  a  good  all-Amerlcan  linen  iB  pro- 
duced tn  tbla  conntrr,  boweTcr,  there  itllt 
rcmalna  Ou  gtett  problem  of  finding  a 
maifcat  tor  It  That  meana  that  time  and 
tfort  will  be  raqnlred  to  oeranade  the  con- 
•omer  to  bar  the  donwatlc  prodnct  Instead 
of  the  Imported.  Uanr  people  InvaiiablT 
chooM  the  Imported  arUcle  when  It  U  dis- 
played alonsafde  of  domestic  piodacte,  al- 
most retudleaa  of  gaallu.  The  president 
of  a  mUl  now  making  djed  and  bleached 
dreaa  linen*  from  American  flax  hai  found 
that,  amaU  aa  ta  bla  prodnct,  there  la  dllD- 
cnl^  la  gettUu-  the  Jobbera  and  department 
atorea  to  bandla  It  The  tendene?  la  to  aa- 
anme  that;  eren  thongb  It  ia  apparently  of 

excellent  gnaUtr    '* *  — ■"   "'-• 

eatabllabed  Unei 


ported  article  la  acaree  and  high  prl .^ 

normal  times   our   Imports   of  linen   Eoods 
Tarr  from  29  to  80  million  dollars  and  the 
demand  had  been  steadily  IncrBBslng  np  to 
the  time  of  the  war. 
The  Borean's  report  is  entitled  "DcTelf^ 

aal   price  of  5   cents 

iiuui  uv  Bnperlntendent  of  Documents, 
WashliutoD,  D.  C,  or  from  the  nearest  dis- 
trict offlee  of  the  Bnrean  of  Foreign  and 
Domeatic  Comnercfc 

There  are  (1014}  IBT  utablUhmentn  In 
the  tinlted  States  engaged  In  the  manufsc- 
tare  of  cordage,  twine.  Jute  and  linen  goods. 
Only  21  of  thia  number  claim  to  moke  linen 
gooda.  The  materials  used  consist  ol  MeoUa 
and  New  Slealand  hemp,  Hennequln  (ilsal 
from  Uedco  and  Cnba),  alsal  (from  Africa, 
tha  Bahamaa,  Hawaii  and  Java).  The  con- 
sumption of  flax  and  flax  tow  was  less  than 
2B  mllllOQ  pounds  and  moat  of  these  mate- 
tlala  were  mixed  with  cotton. 
Uqnon— Halt,  Vlnoaa  and  SlstUled. 
— 4he  n*e  of  alcoholic  llqnora  In  the  United 
States  Is  satd  to  have  doubled  between  the 
years  18S0  and  IMa  It  was  estimated 
t  the   per   capita   consumption   tn   1902 


..   -t   cannot  equal  the   old 

f  Unena  from  abroad.    There  will 


liquors  for  the  broader  mariut  it  alfarded 
for  grain,  and  because  the  supply  of  a 
mild  l>eTerage  promoted  temperance  and 
good  order  among  the  dtisens,  who  pre- 
aamably  would  have  Indulged  In  stronger 
drink  it  denied  ale  or  beer.  In  1700  np- 
ward  of  two  mlUIon  aallona  were  produced. 
While,  prior  to  1T9S,  it  does  not  appear 
that  legislation  adTorse  to  the  hrewinK  In- 
dustry was  oiacted.  yet  laws  fayorabre  to 
the  cheaper  dlatrlhntlon  of  distilled  llQnon 
brought  theae  stronger  drinks  to  the  fore 
and  held  In  check  the  brewing  indnstiy. 
Efforts  were  made  in  drawing  up  the  early 
federal  revenue  lawa  to  foster  malt  ilqoor 
making,  but  these  were  successfully  foiled. 
In  1TB9  President  Madison  expressed  the 
hope  that  the  brewing  indnstrf  wonld  strike 
deep  root  In  every  stale  in  the  union,  and 
Thomas  Jefferson  stated  that  "no  nation 
Is  sober  where  the  deamess  of  fermented 
drinks  substltDtes  ardent  spirits  aa  a  com- 

In  ISIO  the  domestic  pToducUan  of  malt 
Itquors    amounted    to    fi,TM,735     gallons. 
--   ,   ^29  breweries  in  the  coonlry. 


Immigration  t 


a  demand  for  their  fava 
beer,  but  also  a  pi 
manufapture.    BetO-. 
nse  of  strouK  drink 
alarming ""-* 


>ugbt    to  America   not  only 


tbe    ClTll 

„ :.     The  revenue  tax  uen  Im- 

poaed  raised  the  price  of  ardent  spirits  to 
the  consumer,  and  the  Brewers'  Aaaoda- 
tlon  was  formed.  Id  1S62,  for  the  purpose  of 
aiding  the  goTemment  In  perfedfng  the 
law  and  collecting  the  tax,  aa  well  as  to 
protect  its  members  from  onjnst  dis- 
crimination. Tbe  patriotism  sboim  by  tha 
Qerman- Americans  during  tbe  war  between 
tha  States  also  went  a  long  way  toward 
silencing  crltlclem  of  them  and  tbetr  na- 
tional drink.     In  lSe3.  there  waa  produced 


II  1900.  when  the  pro- 


Documents,        made 


steadily  Increased  n . 

ductlon  reached  ilS,330.8'l9  barrela. 

TflHpa.-_As  early  as  1T6B  Flench  aettlers 
near  Kaskaskia,  111.,  made  wine  of  the 
native  wild  grapes.  During  the  eighteenth 
end  nineteenth  centuries  many  efforts  were 
Introduce  ttie  tender  European 
wme,  ana  lo  adapt  It  to  the  harsher  climate 
of  Eastern  America,  bnt  all  reanlted  In 
alttmate  failure.  One  o(  the  moat  snceess- 
ilaers    waa    Nicholas    Longworth,    of 


Tbe  decade  closing  with  1860  witnessed 
tbe  birth  of  commercial  wine  mannfacture 
■-    -"      U^'^i^StatoL^^  The  exiwrlmenta  of 


Mr.   Longworth   in  Ohio  v 


t  of  wine  manufacture 
1  Kiver  Valley  and  the  lake  <ue- 
'estem  New  York  and  the  Lake 
;t.  comprlalng  tbe  shore  and  ad- 
ida.  At  the  census  of  1860  Call- 
r  York  and  Ohio  were  the  lead- 


was  19.48  gallons.     The  total 

for  tbe  year  waa  )  1.396.098,270. 
one-fourth  of  the  popolaiion  are  kiu  m 
be  habitual  nsers  of  Intoxicants.  A  consti- 
tutional amendment  providing  for  natlon- 
wlila  prohibition  of  the  sale  of  liquors  was 
defeated  in  the  slity-thlrd  Congress,  but 
many  slates  hSTe  general  and  local  laws  on 
tbe  aobjeet  (See  Prohibition.)  Tbe  manu- 
faetare  of  liquors  is  one  of  the  leading 
tndnatrlea  of  the  United  Btatea,  and  tbe 
main  financial  snpport  of  tbe  goTemment. 
Ifatt  £lvi>ors. — Early  New  England  col- 
OBlaM  anMnraged  tbe  mannfactnra  of  malt 


any  other  state,  and  In  1890  exceeded  that 

,  of  New  York,  but  not  that  of  California. 

About        Ohio   hen   elncc   dropped    to   s  minor  pIsCfc 

and  California  fumlEhed  68.1  per  cent  of 


}  tbe  poselbtUtlea 


.  waa  directed  t. ^^ 

of  Call  torn  la  as  a  wine  producing  state 
by  publlcattona  of  the  State  AgrlcDltnra) 
Society  In  18S8,  and  t>y  1862  wine  planting 
became  a  matter  of  general  entnnslaaon. 
Agents  were  sent  abroad  to  obtain  tbe  beat 
varieties  of  lines  of  Europe  and  Asia.    Bz- 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Loul 


Uaaon— OowNnMd. 

Tha  ceiuna  ot  IftlO  reports  tba  czWenea 
of  2W  irlnerlea  In  tbe  conntrr,  whoie  prod- 
DcU  ware  T«lued  at  (13,120,&U.  Tbej  em- 
Dlored  1,911  wue-dmcra  to  wbom  ireie 
paid  t97i,602. 

irutky.— Daring  the  e«rlT  dftja  of  tte 


plow  for  hla  land.    In  ITOl 


iMiuebold  eQulpment  u  tte  fl«ll  *», '""aSS 

his  naln  ortbe  pir—  '—  "•  '*"■'     '"  ""' 

the  ^rat  Intemkf  i 

OD    aplrlta,    the    rL 

■mlloDi.     It  w«»  eatliMitMl  — -  -----   - 

mmlon  gftUone  were  prpflnced.  Tlita  la* 
lliht  aa  It  wa*_wM  Btronglj  resisted  bj 
the  tmtaun  ctVeaterD  PennsylTllnla.  aDd 

to  entarce  paiment  (Bee  Whisky  Re- 
bellion.) From  1802  to  1813  there  waa  no 
rcTenne  tai  on  wblsk;,  then  a  tai  on  dto- 
tUlera  waa  aubatitated  for  a  tax  on  their 
product  In  ISIB  the  Inleraal  reyenne  tax 
waa  redaced  one-half,  and  aboUahed  en- 
tlrelr  In  1S18.  It  waa  not  a|;ala  levied 
tmm  1862  when  the  eilgenclea  of  war  re- 
onlred  more  Internal  revenue.  Then  a  tax 
ol  20  centB  a  gallon  waa  levied,  and  this 
waa  tbrlce  Inereaied  In  1864,  nntll  on 
Dec  22d  ot  that  jear  the  t 
giOoiL    After  the  w ■ 

USB.  »»»»  -i~-  —  J  fraltfar"Bon7c«~of 
reTome  for  the  lOTemment  Id  1874  there 
waa  produced  about  69,500.000  satlona  ot 
■pirlta  upon  which  the  government  collect- 
ed a  revSoe  of  «4S.00O,0O0. 

BectiOed  whlaky  1>  the  crude  blah  wine 
after  It  baa  been  paaaed  tbraagb  a  layer  of 
charcoal  to  remove  the  fusel  oil  and  otber 
Impnrltlea  A  redistilling  apparatua  has  been 
Invented  for  this  pnrpose.  After  redistilla- 
tion a  small  amonnt  of  Kentucky  Bourbon, 
or  rye  from  Pennaylvanla  or  Maryland  la 
added  to  give  a  desired  flavor. 

Census  tignres  published  In  ISIO  place  the 
«„^k»  ,i7  ^iaUiierles  mating  whlaky, 
■-  --'  -.—..-.  jt  gi8  having 


•rer,  found  l,2ft2  by  coontlng  the  smaller 
catabUabments  and  Oioae  wht<£  are  engaged 
primarily  In  other  manufacture,  bat  whldi 
report  waUlled  aplrlta  aa  a  bj-m-oduct    The 


oot  ot  bond. 

Dlstlllera  ot  grain  o 
■eeocdance    with    gave 


Utlgktlinit  meuores  to  jmrent  delftr 

and  iiii]iee«aBKT7  eo*t  or,  7692. 
Uttla  ft  Biwwn,  contract  with,  for  pro- 

Sosed    edition   ot    tieatieB,   etc.,   r«- 
erred  to,   SETS. 
Uttle  Bolt,  Il».     (See  Preafdent,  The.) 
Little     Osage    Tw^<^"«       (Bee  Indian 

Trtbea.) 
LltUe  Boc^  Azk.,  lOftd  from  Canton- 
ment Qibson  to,  referred  to,  932. 
Lire-Oak  Timber,  quantity  of,  in  TTnit* 

ed  Statea,  referred  to,  1097. 
Ugsie  Hajor,  Ibe  arrest  ol,  bj  Bpan- 

iali  frigate,  disGosaed,  398flC 
Lizile  Tbtmiton,  The,  claim  uiaing  out 

of  capture  of,  3353. 
Zioaas  (see  alao  Bonds;  Debt,  PabUc): 
Aatboritr  for  making,  teeonunended, 

2S55. 
Contracted  with — 
Amsterdam,  120. 
Antwerp,  120. 

Bank  of  United  States,  134. 
Holland,  73,   76,  98,   133,  167,  1S9. 
DisGQSsed  by  President — 
Adama,  John,  243. 
Adams,  J.  Q.,  870,  924. 
Johnson,  3264,   3282. 
UcEinler,   6238. 
Madison,  513,  523,  549. 
Monroe,  636,  647,  67S,  809,  823. 
Polk,  2347,  2402. 
Tvler,  1934,  1960,  8061. 
Washington,  98,  167. 
Extraordinai?    session    of    Congress 
convened   07   President  UcKinlej 
to  obviate,  if  possible,  the  necee- 
sity  of,  6244. 
Inability   of  GaTemment  to  obt^a, 

discussed,  2061. 
Uade  for  defense  of  States  during 

War  of  1813,  809. 
Neeesaary    for    piosecntion    of    war 

with  Mexico,  2347,  2402. 
Obviating  the    neceaaity  of,  by  con' 
vention  of  Congresa  in  special  ses- 
sion,  6244. 


tHese   a 


^.    their    products. 

ii   as    bonded   warehouaea, 

__  —> -e  of  bonded  officers  of  the 

government.  All  spirits  prodnced  from  mo- 
Mines  or  grain  must,  before  ahlpment,  be 
placed  In  warehouses  for  record,  even 
Uiongh  ther  be  alcohol,  cologne  spirits,  or 
other  etaawa  that  do  not  require  ageing 
and  are  Immediately  marketable.  All 
wblsUes  that  require  ageing  are  allowed 
by  the  government  to  remain  In  bonded 
warcbouBSS  tor  a  roaxlmum  period  of  eight 
years  and  no  tax  is  collected  until  the 
aooda  are  withdrawn.  There  is  about  |SB.- 
000,000  Invested  la  the  industry,  and  the 
anoant  of  wages  paid  tn  1000  waa  I8,0T4.- 
a06,   dlstrlbnted   among   4,430   employees. 

<See  also  Distilled  Spirits.) 
Uabon,  Portogal,   IntematJonal  Postal 

Congresa  at,  disenaeed,  4938. 

e  should  be  aided,  68,  60,  6L 


Beferred  to,   1960. 
To  Mexico,  disenased,  S264,  8282. 
War-revenue  act  of  1998,  anthorizing, 
6314. 
Loans  and  Sinking  Fund,  OommlBsloner 
of,  ofGce  of,  shonld  be  abolished,  1382. 
LobOB  Islands: 

Controversy  regarding,   referred   to, 

2696,  2837,  2000. 
Sovereignty  of  Pern  over,  acknowl- 
edged, 2703. 
Local  Ghmmmsnt. — Sometimes  written 
local  and  self-go vernmenL  Tha  regulation 
and  admlnlattatlon  of  the  local  affalra  ot  a 
city  or  dlatrict  by  the  people  ot  It,  aa 
distinguished  from  such  regulation  and  ad- 
minlafratlon  by  authority  of  the  state  « 
nsUon  at  large.    The  state  waa  an  InsUto- 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  PresidtiiU 


tloo  of  the  """«"  Bmpln,  tm%  tlM  Tm> 
tonle  tribe*  or  oatioiu  dercloped  a  local 
goTCTDnuDt  of  their  own,  and  ta*e  tlw 
name  "Unm"  to  langnam  an!  the  Idea  of 
"toirnahlp"  to  coDadtnaonal  law.  As  to 
wbetber  tba  Drat  Ensllib  eoloolsta  la 
America  derived  the  nibdIvlaloD  of  the 
rmmtj  known  In  England  ai  toirn  or  towa- 
■hlp  fram  the  motbet  conntrr  ibere  was  no 
qoMlloD  until  recent  I  J,  when  resp«  table 
autboiitT  WM  adduced  for  the  (tatement 
that  the  Plrmocilb  and  UauBcliuietti  Bay 
colonlata.  HpeflallT  tbe  former,  who  came 
dlrectlr  from  Holland,  borrowed  their  local 

tnlJona  ol  high  value  from  the  Dutch  Se- 
pabllc  Certain  It  1*.  oeTprtbeleaa.  that 
when  the  lint  aettlemeDM  were  made  in 
thli  eoQDtry  England  had  vell-dereloped 
form*  of  local  (OTemmeot  whicb  aerved 
aa  a  pattern,  berood  iloabt.  tor  tbe  Jamea- 
towo  Colour,  Va.,  and  for  aome  other 
col  on  lea  aa  well.  Tbe  colon*  was  (nb- 
dlTlded  Into  couDtlea.  tbe  counties  In  some 
cues  Into  bandreda,  and  tbe  hnndreds  Into 
parlabes  or  lownablpa.  At  the  time  of  the 
coJonlutlon  the  pariah  of  EoElaad  bad 
RCQerallj  siiperBeded  the  township.  In  tb« 
Boutheni  coloDlea.  where  the  plantatloa  ijs- 
tem  preralled  and  the  people  were  scattered 
over  a  larxe  area,  the  colonlsta.  on  their 
separation  from  England,  relatned  tbe 
count;  ajatem  aa  belns  beat  aalted  to  tbelr 
popolatlon.  In  the  New  Eneland  Coloalea. 
where  population  was  more  compact,  tbe 
township  aoremmeDt  was  retalaed.  Thua 
two  diaflnct  trpea  of  local  Eovemment  pre- 
Talled  In  the  United  States— the  township 
sratem  In  New  EDglaod  and  the  county 
aratem  In  the  South,  In  tbe  middle  colonies 
a  arstem  of  local  Eoverument  wu  Inatttnted 
wblcb  combined  the  countr   and  township 

Sstem.    This   Is  now  senerall;   In  nss  In 
e  Vestem  Btatea. 
XiOcil  OfflcM,  elimination  of,  from  poll- 

tiu,  7698. 
Local  Option.— A  principle  ot  law  estab- 
lished Id  some  of  the  TTnEted  Btatea  bj 
wblcb  tbe  determination  aa  to  whether  or 
Dot  any  llctDses  to  sell  IncoxicatlDf  liquors 
shall  be  granted  la  sabmltteo  to  a  Tote  of 
the  people  of  a  town  or  other  minor 
political  eommunlCr.  If  tbe  people  of  an; 
localit;  decide  npoa  prohlblCIoa.  It  becomes 
a  part  ot  tbe  itate  law  for  tbst  communlt;. 
Iiocal  option  bj  statea  was  saggeated  aa  a 
solntlon  of  the  slaver;  qaeallon.  sad  tbs 
Kansas- Nebraska  law  contained  a  provision 
to  this  effect 

Loco-Focof. — The  radical  faction  of  tha 
Democratic  part;  In  New  Tork  tn  1S36- 
ISST^    The  EqnAl  Blgbtt  facUon  was  op; 


violation 


XiO«WB  n.  Xiftwlor  ct  aL— I«ewe  t  Co„ 
bat  mannfactnTers.  ot  Danbnr;,  Conik, 
bronght  anlt  agalnat  the  United  Battera 
«t  North  Amsnca  to  teatnln  tbe  lattsr 


from    prof  rnHnA   ■   ba 

ClDtlflfa   hats.      Tb«   ■ 
tared  an  open  abap  and  i 

use   of  the  nnlon   label,   wbe , — ~ 

employee*,  belonging  to  the  Batten'  CbIob, 
Indaced  the  latter  to  InsUtnte  a  boycott 
thronghODt  tbe  United  States.  Tbe  Ss- 
preme  Coort  ot  tbe  Dnlted  States,  over- 
ruling Ino  lower  courts,  onanlmonaly  foimd 
In  fnvor  of  tbe   plaintiff  company. 

The  conicntloD  waa  that  tbe  boycott,  n 
calln],  cnoilltuled  a  combination  In  n- 
■tralnt  of  tmde,  and  waa.  therefore,  a 
violation  of  Ibe  Sherman  Antl-Tnst  Law 
of  ISMI.  Tbe  decision  was  baaed  on  Sec 
1  of  that  act,  which  declares  "ever;  con- 
tract combination  In  the  form  of  a  trnst  or 
otherwiBe.  or  consplmcy.  In  reMrsInt  ot 
ad  flxea  pnnlobnient 
re  than  (5.000  Bne. 
—  .^^,  ..  T.,u..u  luibMa  ina&opal;*  sod 
dies  Elmlilir  panlsbmenta ;  and  Bee  T, 
wblcb  provides  that  any  person  who  Is  U>- 

tired  In  bis  bnalnesa  tbrougb  any  act  for- 
Idden  by  this  law  ma;  soe  to  recover 
threefold    damages. 

^  The  court  held  that  the  trade  union 
boycott  itas  a  "combination  In  restraint 
of  trade  among  the  several  Statea"  In  that 
It  obstroctpd  the  free  Dow  of  commerce 
and  reslricied  tbe  right  of  the  plaintiff 
to  engage  In  buslneas.  b;  trying  to  com- 
btm  Co  do  bualness  onl;  In  the  wa; 
iloD  Imposed.  As  the  plaintiff  com- 
vna  able  to  show  toaaee  aggregating 
9.  SB  the  result  of  tbe  boycott  It 
nmi    aathorlied    to    sue   tor    (240.000. 

Jan.  r>.  1915.  the  Supreme  Court  for  tbe 
third  time  conllrmed  the  decision  of  tlw 
lower  courts.  eraDtIng  damages  to  Locwe 
A  Co.  of  {352,000,  to  be  paid  by  th« 
United  Hatters. 

Z«BUi  Forest  B«aeTTO,  procUimed,  682SL 
Iiondon,  En^And: 

^Exhibition  in,  works  illnstTstive  i^ 

referred   to,   2761. 
Indnstrial  exhibition  to  bo  held  is,  is 
1862,  diacnsBed,  S233,  32S4. 
CirenliLTS,  etc,  regsrding,  329L 
VesHela  to  trsnsport   AmericAn  ex- 
hibits leeommended,  3E62. 
IntemKtionsl  Fisheries  Exhibition  to 

be  held  in,  4tt8S. 
InteiDAtionsl   InventioQa   ExhibitloB 

to  be  held  in,  4827. 
International   Fenitentisij  Conxnas 

at,  4162. 
Smoke  Abatement  Exhibit  at,  4^5. 
Lookont  Monntaln  (Tenn,),  Sattla  tf. 
—-The  arrival  ot  the  two  corps  under  Booker 
and  the  arm;  ot  Sherman  at  Chattanoo^ 
Increased  the  atrengtb  ot  Orant'a  command 
to  80.000  men.  At  thia  critical  time  Loog- 
Btreet  with  1S.000  men,  was  detacha^  rmm 
the  Confederate  arm;  and  aent  t 
fiumslde  at  Knarvlire,  leaving  Br 
onl;  about  S.OOO  men  to  hol^tbe 
KOT.  2t,  1863,  to  cover  Sherman's 

the  Tenneiaee  River  and  aecnring  a    

Hooker,  with  10.000  men.  made  as  attack 
on  the  western  slope  ot  Lookout  Meimtalik 
During  a  heavy  mist  be  prtMed  up  the 
moiutaln  side  and  attacked  tbg  poaltloB  In 
tront  and  rear,  eaptuifng  about  1,000  pi^ 
onera.  Tbe  Confederates  retired  from  tha 
motmtalo  to  Hlaslo&ary  m^g* 
Lopai  Expsdttltw,  pardon  and  rekHS 
of  members  of,  hj  Bpain,  S678L 


)  besiwa 
tgg  wjQi 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Xaii  Holson,  His,  claim  of  Jamea 
Crooks  against  the  United  Btates  for 
Beiziue  of,  4S75,  5662. 
Iioiliner  OaBO.— The  right  ot  William  Lori- 
Uer,  Kepnbllcan,  of  Chicago,  to  bold  bit 
■cut  in  tbe  United  BUttes  Senate,  to  which 
ha  bad  oeen  elected  bj  a  combination  of 
Democrats  and  Bepubllcans  In  the  lUl- 
noia  legislature  nag  obiUenged  Jan.  Q.  1911. 
The  Committee  on  Privileges  and  Etectloni 
reported  tbat  tbe  charges  wece  not  sus- 
tained. Senator  Beyerldge  of  the  commit- 
*--    -     -  mlnorltr    report    contendlnf 


"The  testimony  Is  overwhelming,"  he  de- 
eUred,  "not  only  that  tour  memhera  of 
tbe  general  ssBembl;  were  bribed,  but  that 
three  ot  tbelr  fellow  members  pnld  tbem 
tbstr  money.  But  these  seeea  vere  not 
all  of  the  tainted  Toles  cast  Id  the  putrid 

east."  After  a  long  debate  the  Bererldga 
nK>lntlon  waa  loat,  Uurch,  1911.  Tbe  ac- 
tion Ot  tbe  Senate  In  sfBrmlng  the  legality 
of  Lorimer's  election  was  followed  by  oHl- 
dal  pro! eat  and  public  and  private  criticism 
from  all  parts  of  the  country.  Tbe  II!!- 
Dola  State  Senate  then  mnde  an  Inveatiga- 
tloQ   and   found   that   Lorlmer  wnulil    noi 

bribery    and    corr  .,  _ _.. 

lette,  of  Wlaconsln,  reopened  the  case  In 
the  Ilnlted  States  Senate  April  6,  191' 
and  another  Investigation   wr- '-'   - 


both  in  Wasblngt 
Lorlmer  waa  eipell 
the  spring  of  1912. 


to  rale*  money  by  lottery  In  1T77.  As  esrly 
aa  1612  the  Virginia  Company  waa  aothor- 
Ised  by  Ita  charter  to  hold  lotterlea  tor  tbe 
beneOt  ot  Its  colonlistlon  schemes.  In  the 
eighteenth  century  lotteries  were  extremely 

Kpnlar    In    America.      Legislatures    aothor- 
!d    them     f—    >—"•>'--    ->-- — >■—     —I.—.. 


■U'o-iS 


ints.  Fan- 
.  deotroyed 
-    lottery. 


and  all  sorts  of  publl< 
call  Halt,  In  Boston, 

by   Are   in    1761,    wa.    _.     

Tlie  Louisiana  Stste  Lattery  was  the  last 
aathorlied  Inatltntlon  of  the  kind  In  the 
United  States.     I-opular  aplnloa  hss  under 

--    -    -■----,   rear— — ~    '-" "^ 

In  IL 

„ I   the   mallB.     This    

eloBlng  the  Lonlalana  Lottery. 
IMttXJ. — Continental    ConneaB   recom- 
roendations  re|[ardiiig,  S479,  GSI5. 

Fasaage  of  act  regaiding,  diacnaied, 
5&51. 
Ti^nttBi  Hm,  pToeeedings  of  court  re- 


_   change   resardliig    lotteries.     They 
forbidden  In  1890  by  act  o(_ConKress 


Lonlsa,  Tbe,  pToeeedings  t 
garding,  895. 


Salle  in  1682.  It  wte  settled  by  the 
French  under  Iberrtlle  and  Bleovllle  abont 
..J. a    ijy   Prance   to   Spain   In 


.    .onezed    In    1810. 

admitted  to  the   Cnlon  In 

It  seceded  and  joined 


UlsBlsslppl    River    wi 


the   Southern   Coofetleraey.     It   waa'i^d- 
mltted  by   act  of   Congress  Juno   26,    1868 
(3S&0).     {Bee  also  Loulalana  Purchase.) 
Statistics  of  agrlcnltnre  collected  for  the 


The  mineral  production  of  the  State  In 


IiOnlaiaBa. — One  of  the  aoathem  group  of 
state*;  nleknams,  "The  Pelican  state": 
motto.  "Dnlon.  Jnstlce  and  ConOdence.'' 
It  extends  from  the  Oult  of  Mexico  north- 
ward to  tbe  thlrly.thlrd  parallel  of  north 
latitude  and  from  the  eighty-ninth  to  the 
nlnety-fonrtb  meridian  west  longitude.  It 
la  tMunded  on  the  north  by  Arlinnaas  and 
Utsslsslppl,  on  the  east  by  Hlsslaalppl 
(•eparated  by  the  Mississippi  Blver)  and 
the  Oult  Q(  Ueilco,  on  the  south  by  the 
Onlf  ot  Mexico,  and  on  the  neat  by  Teiaa 
(aepnrated  in  part  by  tbe  Sabine  River). 
The  area  of  A»  State  la  48.G06  sgnare 
miles.  Lonlslana  Is  the  leading  angar  state 
of  tbe  Onion,  besides  which  «l«  exported 


cotton,  rice,  and  com. 

Lonlalana   wss  explored  by   De   Soto   In 
IMl,  br  lUiqneKe  Id  MTS,  and  by  La 


of  1910  by  three  million  barrels.    

wellB  are  frequently  being  opened. 

The    IndnatrleB  of  the   State   which   give 
employment  to  the  greatest  number  of  per- 
BOQs  are  those  connected   with  the   lumber 
and  timber  products.     These  Industries  em- 
ploy  40,072  pereoue,   aod  represent  an  In- 
vestment  of  {62,^36,000.      The  business  In 
which    the    moat    capital    la   Inyested,    how- 
ever, la  the  mnoufacture  and  reOnement  of 
sugar  and  molasses.      Industries  connected 
with  cotton  seed  oil  and  cske  bare  tlS.OSS,- 
000  Invested  ;  the  rice  Industry.  $12,529,000  : 
bags  other  than  paper.  $0,302,000.     There 
are  86.66S  persona  engaged  In  Industij,  and 
tbe    total    caplUI    Invested    la    lOM    waa 
t:.'21,6I6.000.     The  value  of  flnlabed  prod- 
ucts  was  (223,949,000.  ot  Which  (89,084,- 
000  waa  added  by  manufacture.    The  popu- 
lation In  1910  waa  1,606,888. 
Louisiana  (see  also  Confederate  States; 
New  OrloBins): 
AccesBion  of,  to  TTnited  States,  dis- 
cussed and  referred  to,  346,  348, 
350,    669,    853,    929,    957,    3265, 
6348. 
Effect  of,  discussed,  2878. 
Appropriatiou  for,  382. 
Authoritj  to  grant  or  dispose  of  lands 

of  Spain  in,  referred  to,  651, 
Boundaries  of,  372,  377,  960. 
Branch    mint   in,   referred    to,    1383, 

149S. 
Cession   of,  to  France,  referred    to, 

331,  338. 
Colonel-commandant      of,      commis- 
sioned, 364. 
Commisaion  to,  instruction  of  Presi- 
dent Hares  to,  634L 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


LoalsUnt 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Pretidents 


CoDBtitvtion  of,  referred  to,  S331. 
Diviiion    of,    into    BUbordinate    dia- 

tlicto,  363. 
ElectioDi  in,  and  eomplieatioiiB  grow- 
ing ont  of,  diseoHOd,  4161,  4166, 
4250,  42S9. 

Federal  interference  in,  discnesed, 
4269. 

Proclamations      regarding,      41 TT, 
4230. 
Electors  in,  letter  of  John  Sherman 

and  others   regarding   canvass  of 

vote  of,  referred  to,  4367. 
France,  cession   of,   referred  to,  331, 

338. 
Fourteenth   amendment    to   ConstitU' 
tion  ratified  bj,  3S37. 

Proclaimed,  38S6. 
Government  of — 

ABsomed  by   Governor    Claiborne, 
8SS. 

Letter  regarding,  transmitted,  355. 

Beferred  to,  3S2,  359. 
Govemoi  of,  letter  from,  336. 
Indians  inhabiting^  referred  to,  366. 
Lauds  granted  to,  in  aid  of  railroads, 

referred  to,  3580. 
Lands  in — 

Fraudulent  practices  of  monopoliz- 
ing,  356. 

Proclamation    regarding    sale    of, 
1058. 

Treaty  regarding  security  of  titles 
to,  discussed,  929. 
Laws  of,  referred  to,  352,  353,  406. 
Lead  mines  in,  859. 
Memorial  from  pnrchmses  of  land  in, 

1029. 
Uint  at  New  Orleans  seized  by  an- 

thorities  of,   referred   to,   3199. 
PoBseBSiou  of,  commissioners  appoint- 
ed to  receive,  355. 
Private  land  claims  in,  reeommenda- 

tioDB  regarding,  4691. 
Proclamations  against  unlawful  com- 
binations in,  4161,  4166,  4177,  4230, 

4E50,  4259. 
Provisional  court  established  in,  or- 
der regarding    33E3. 
BeBtoTatfon  of,  into  Union,  discnssod, 

3123,  3452. 
Spain,    transfer    of,    to    the    United 

Btates  disagreeable  to,  376. 
Support  of,  referred  to,  382. 
Title    to,  objections   to  validity  of, 

withdrawn,  368. 
Transfer    of,    to    United   States    diB- 

agreeable  to  Spain,  376. 
Unlawful   combinations  in,  discussed 

and    proclamations    against,    4161, 

4166,  4177,  4230,  42S0,  4259. 
Lonlala&a,  District  of.—Tbat  part  or  the 
Loalslana  Parchase  which  Is  not  inclnded 
In  the  present  Btate  of  Lonlslans.  It  was 
erected  Into  s  district  and  the  espltsl  was 
'     t  St.  LoolB  IQ  1804.     In  1SD6 


It  was  slven  a  separate  nverament  as  the 

Territory  of  Loulilsaa.    Id  1812  the  aami 

the  Territory  was  changed  to  UlssontL 


Looloiana  Lottery  Oo.  discusaod,  5515. 
Lonialana,  Provinca   of.      (Bee   Louis- 
iana.} 
yjMi4«r».nit  pnreliaae.— A  name  applied  to 

tbe  territory  west  of  the  IUBSlss!pp>  BlTCr 
purchased  from  France  In  1803.  It  was 
the  most  Imirartant  sale  of  territory  ever 
executed  In  favor  of  the  United  States. 
President  Jeffarson  desired  the  aeqnlsltlon 
of  New  Orleans  Id  order  to  obtain  control 
of  the  mouth  of  the  Illsslsslppl  and  offered 
to  Kuaraatee  to  Napoleon  t&e  territory  to 
the  west  of  the  river  in  elcbaDxe.  Kapo- 
leon,  be  Lot  at  that  time  at  war  wltb 
Great  Britain  and  greatly  In  need  of  tuods, 
and  belDK  desirous  moreover  to  foil  Gu- 
laod'a  aspirations  for  mare  territory  In  the 
Halted  States,  consented  to  the  transfer  of 
the  so-called  province  of  Louisiana  to  the 
United  Btates  for  the  bud  oI  (IB.OOO.OOO. 
The.  territory  thus  scqalred  embraced  all 
the  present  Btate  of  Loalilana  lying  west 
of  the  Mississippi  River,  tonther  with  New 


the    tbirty-Orat    psrallel :    Arkaaeas,    Mis- 
souri, Iowa,  s  portion  of  Idaho  and  Mlnne. 
all  of  the  Dskotas,  most  of  F 


all  of  Nebraaka  end  Indian  Territory,  part 


whole  of  Montana.     In  lOO., 

Piircbase  Kxposltlon  wb*  held  at  St.  Lonts, 
Mo.,  to  cDmmemorate  the  acquisition  of  this 
Important  territory. 
Louisiana  Purchaae: 

Discussed  and  referred  to,  346,  348, 
360,  669,  853,  929,  957,  3255. 

Effects  of,  discussed,  2878. 
LoDlsUna  FuKbaae  Exposition  wss  held 
at  St.  Loula  Mo.,  between  April  *30  and 
Dec.  1,  ieo4.  to  celebrate  the  eentennlal 
of  the  Louisiana  Purchase.  It  was  the 
largest  Worlds  Fslr  ever  beld.  and  the 
third  of  Its  kind  In  America:  Its  cToands 
covered  1,240  acres,  of  which  2S0  acres 
-  -        sr.    The   total   i  '     " 


pended  upon  the  Sipasltion  by  the  Kipo- 
sltloa  Conpany,  the  varlona  states,  fordgo 
Eovernments,      snd      tbe      concessionaries, 


end  the  BiposltlOD  dosed  free  from  debt.  In 

Eilct  of  attendance  It  (ell  below  tbe  Paria 
iposltlon  of  leOO  with  Its  00.000.000  en- 


nd   ths   World's   Pal: 

with  27.500,000  entrances,  SS  I 
only   totalled   18,700.000. 
LotUalana  PuieliBBa  Bxpoaltlon: 
Opened  by  proclamation  of  President 

BooBBvelt,  6686. 
Belations  of  United  States  Govern- 
ment   to,    6675,    6681,   6729.    6732, 
6736,   6740,  6771,  6798,  6825,  6857, 
6862,  6806,  6866,  6932. 
Loolslailfl   TS.   Jnmel. — An  Important  Su- 
preme Conrt  case  deflnlng  the  Uablltty  of 
State   officers.     Jnmel    beld   bonds   Issned 
□nrlpr   nn  set   of  the   Lonlslsna  legtsleturc 
of  1ST4  and  tbe  constltntlonal  amendment 
adopted  In  Chat  year.     He  demanded  pay- 


., tbe  gronn*  of  obedl- 

._<  the  Louisiana  State  debt  ordlnsnee 

of  tbe  new  constitution  sdopted  July  2S. 
1879,  snd  the  Isw  of  1880.  eatrylng  o-* 
provisions  contained  In  tUs  i "' 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Bticyciopedie  Index 


Lmnber 


-     — f    COUPOI 

CD&MUdated  bonda  tttliag  dae  in  janaaTr, 
18B0,  were  remitted.  Salt  was  broaBht 
■galuM  officers  of  the  State.  The  Circuit 
Conrt  of  tbe  Btate  decldHl  for  tbe  de- 
fendant, and  Its  decision  waa  nfllrmpd  hT 
the  United   States   Supreme 


t    relief   couid    not 


propertj. 


t  br  the  office 


except  la  the  capncltr  of  her  ___ 
"The  political  jiower  of  the  State."  eald 
Chief  Juatlce  Walte  In  the  opInioD  of  the 
conrt,  "eta  not  t>e  onaced  of  Ita  Jurisdic- 
tion and  the  Jndlclar;  set  in  lt>  place." 
DIssentlDE  opinions  were  rendered  b;  Jna- 
tlet*  nel3  and  Harlan. 
IrfialBVllle  And  FortUnd  Ouul  Co.,  act 

for  mbBcription  of  etock  in,  reasons 

for  appljing  pocket  veto  to,  1071. 
I«nlivIUs,  Kr^  8oatheni  Expoiition  at, 
dieeiuBed,  4773. 

Board  on  bohalf  of  EzeeatiT«  Do- 
partmenta  doBiKiiated,  1819. 
ZnstnietionB  to,  1820. 
lAwar    BrnU    T"**'""      (See    Indian 

Tribes.) 
lAyal  Legion,  imitary  Ordsr  of.— The 
unitary  Order  of  the  Loyal  Lesion  of  the 
United  States  was  organiied  aj  offiears 
and  ex-officers  of  the  arm;,  nary  and 
>   at  tbe    United   States,   who 


eries,  each  representlDK  a  state,  and  una 
commandery  repreaentmE  the  District  of 
Colombia.  Hie  total  membership  of  the 
Loyal  Leglou  Is  8,880. 
LojnUats. — Those  of  the  American  col- 
onists who  opposed  the  BeTolutlooary  War 
and  Id  some  Instances  took  op  arma  a^alDst 
their  conntrrmen  In  the  atruggle  for  Inde- 
pendence. Ther  were  also  called  Torlea. 
As  earl;  as  1988  parties  fSTorable  to  the 
Crown  were  exerting  an  Intluence  In  all 
the  colonlea.  As  the  rerolntlonar;  more- 
ment  (rew  their  oppoaltlon  to  It  increased. 
In  no  colon;  was  there  an  orerwhelming 
desire  for  Independaoce,  and  In  some  the 
advocates  of  revolution  were  In  the  minor- 
It;.  Han;  of  the  moBC  rcBpected  and 
eminent  men  of  the  middle  colanJea  were 
lo>al  to  the  Crown,  During  the  progress 
Ot  the  war  ther  were  treated  witn  great 
harshness.  Their  properly  was  coaBscated 
or  destroyed:  they  anffered  aoclai  oatraclsm, 
and  aome  were  tarred  and  teatberrd.  Legla- 
latlve  aasemblies  banished  them  from  some 
o(  the  colonlea.  When  the  British  troopa 
withdrew  at  tbe  close  of  tbe  war  tbe 
Torlea  (onnd  life  In  the  atatea  unendurable 
and  thouaauds  retired  to  Canada.  Noyb 
Beotla,  New  Brnnawlck,  tbe  Bah  a  ma  a,  and 


Lnbock,  Trutr  wltlL     (8m  Hanaentlo 

Bepnblica.) 
Lnckett  nnd  Tyler  (Msigneea  of  Wil- 
liam T.  Cheatham],  act  for  relief  of, 
vetoed  and  reasons  assigned,  4334. 
Iinstber,  Lntb  uid  initupi** — (From  a 
report  lasned  b;  ths  Censos  Barean.  Angnst 
E6,  1913.)  A  preilmlnar;  statement  of  the 
output  of  Inmber.  lath  and  ahtnglea  In  the 
United  Statea  during  the  calendar  nan 
1912,  1911  and  1910.  From  data  collected 
Id  co-operation  wltb  the  Forest  Berrlee  ot 
the  Department  ot  Agrlcnltare. 

The  QQoiber  of  active  mills  contrlbatlns 
to  tbe  totals  were  a9,&48  IQ  1912;  28.107 
In  1911,  and  81,984  In  1910:  while  the 
reported  prodoctlon  In  these  years  waa,  In 
M  feet  board  measure,  89,158,414,  ST.OOS,- 
207  and  40,018.282,  respective!;.  The  sta- 
tistics cover  the  output  of  practical  I; 
every  commercial  mill  In  operation  daring 
the  whole  or  any  part  of  tbla  period.  Al- 
though tbe  reported  cat  WBB  sllghtl;  less 
than  In  1910.  tbe  averan  ;leld  per  mill 
was  6.3  per  cent  greater  than  In  that  nar. 
while  ths  total  production  over  1911  waa 
2,1SG,207  U  feet  board  measure,  or  Dearly 


Ber  TVeat  Indlea.     IiTthe  treaty  of~peace 

In  1788  the  British  asked  to  have  provision 
made  for  recompenaatlng  the  dispossessed 
I^yaliata,  but  all  tbey  recelveil  waa  a 
promlne  to  submit  the  matter  to  the  states, 
and  the;  refused  relief. 
Lnbttck: 

Miniater    of,     received    hy    United 
SUtee,  949, 

TreatT  with,  988.  991,  2686,  6294. 

Teasels  of,  disoriminating  duties  on, 
snspended  bj  proclamation,  642. 


Wac>K 

E^naaiTbii 

Ititwiiii 

VriMolProdnoti 

Vilut  addsd  by  naoobotm  (vilu  </  jto- 
daoMheioatdmalwiak) tlMOtjm 

Waste  In  tbe  logging  Industry  In  the 
United  States  amannta  to  16  to  20  per 
cent  ot  the  timber  cut  or  abont  a  tdlllon 
and  a  half  cubic  feet  of  wood  annually. 
Sawmill  waste  also  amounts  to  several  bil- 
lion cubic  feet  ot  wood,  aithongh  not  all  of 
it  la  absolute  waete. 

It  was  the  prodlslons  waete  of  American 
forest  resDurcea  that  led  tbe  Bureau  of 
Foreign  and  Domestic  Commerce  to  plan  a 
tboroogb  Btody  of  tbe  metboda  ot  utHialng 
tbe  waate  products  ot  the  lumber  Industry, 
here  In  tbe  United  States  and  In  those 
Eturopean  conntrlea  that  have  made  the 
moat  dlatlnct  progreaa  in  tbla  IIdc.  In 
tbe  aider  and  more  thickly  settled  coantrles 
ot  tbe  old  world  necesal^  led  to  a  carefnl 
ntiiisatloo  of  tbe  forests  many  years  before 
tbe  subject  was  seriously  dlscassed  In  this 
country.  And  In  these  older  coantrles 
maDT  methods  have  been  worked  oat  that 
ahould  be  of  valac  in  this  conntr;  now  that 
tbe  old-time  wastefol  methods  have  been 
broDgbt  Into  dtarepnte. 

The  annual  production  ot  wood  pulp  In 
tbe  TTulted  Hates  Is  valued  at  over 
180,000,000.  Snlpblte-pulp  makers  are  con- 
siderably Interested  la  tbe  posaible  utillsa- 
tlan  ol  the  sulnhlte  waste  liquor  for  tbe 
recovery  ot  salpbur  or  other  profltable 
ntlliaatlon.  This  would  result  In  a  lower- 
ing of  tlie  coat  ot  sulphite  pnlp.  The  manu- 
facture ot  kratt  palp  la  also  Dccomln^  wd) 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presideitis 


Lomber 

IiDitibw,  XAtb  utd  Stalnsles — Cottttnued. 

eeUUbbed.  and  Is  brlnKliig  about  the 
ntllliatloD  ol  cbeapec  wood. 

The  manuractnre  ot  akobo]  Irom  sawdust 
baa  bardiT  paasnl  Che  eiperlnieatal  atagc, 
Btthoanh  technical  m^a  are  optimistic  aa  to 
the  ultimate  auccwis  ot  the  procesa.  One  of 
tbe  most  InteresUnfc  priRslhllltles  lies  [n  the 
uae  of  hjdrolried  sawdust  aa  a  oarhohydrate 
cattle  food.  The  manufacture  of  plaatlca 
from  wood  la  stlil  enreloped  In  aecrecy,  and. 
like  the  manufacture  of  wood  flour,  haa 
apparently  been  developed  to  a  much  greater 
eiieot  In  Ihiropean  countries. 

ments  are  the  dlstprblUK  feature  of  the 
otberwiae  aatlafactory  lumber  trade  tbe 
United  States  la  cow  dolnii  with  ArRentloa, 
UmBuay,  and  Braill.  declarea  a  report  on 
the  "Lumber  Uarkets  of  tbe  East  Coast  of 
South  America"  laaned  by  the  Bureau  of 
Forel^  and  Domestic  Commerce,  of  the  De- 
partmeut  of  Commerce.  These  disputes 
arise  principally  In  couuectlOD  with  sblp- 
menta  or  sou  them  yellow  pine  which  makea 
up  tbe  balk  of  the  lumber  8o)d  to  the  east 
coast  of  South  America.  Tbis  i;reat  dis- 
trict Imports  sunuaily  ses  mllUou  board 
(set  of  lumber,  ot  wblch  .140  million  feet 
are  yellow  pine  from  the  United  States. 
The  total  lumber  consnioptlon  of  tbe  three 
countries  la  735  ml  I  lion  board  feet. 

Anicntlna  and  Uruguay,  slthouph  aboot 
T.OOO  miles  dlsUnt  from  tbe  United  States, 
constitute  rlrtually  au  addition  to  our 
domestic  wood-coueumlDK  Held.  ?o  sintllnr 
are  market  conditions.  ITor  more  than  10 
yean  88  per  cent  of  all  lumber  golni;  Into 
commerce  !□  the  two  countries  baa  come 
from    the    forests    ot    North    America,    and 


BD  Important  factor.  Over  SO  per  cent  of 
Importa  of  white  pine  comes  from  Canadlna 
forests,  bat  la  abfpped  mostly  from  Boston. 
BhIpmantB  from  Boaton  have  been  the  rule 
for  ao  many  years  that  conslinimei-s  from 
otter  ports  aie  considered  inferior,  UouRtaa 
Dr.  of  tonne,  la  Imported  from  our  weaCem 
coast  Bo  fat  aa  price  Is  coacerned.  It 
competes  on  about  equal  terms  with 
■oathern  yellow  pine. 

In  Braill  the  lumber  sltnstlon  Is  rather 
complicated,  vrltes  Mr.  Simmons.  The  rlr. 
Kin  foteats  are  unmeaaured  and  contain 
untold  varieties  of  tall' trees  of  (alrlr  larca 
diameter.  Yet  Braill  la  Importlue  60  mh- 
lloh  feet  of  pine  lumber  atCBlnst  a  domestic 
production  of  45  million  feet.  One-third 
ot  the  domestic  pine  lumber  production  la 
exported.     As  In  Argeutlna   and   Cruzuay, 

Cellow  pine  from  our  aouthem  Stetea  la 
la  principal  lumber  Imparted,  but  Scotch 
flr  troin  Sweden  has  supplanted  tha  Nortb 


American  spmce.  which  not  maJiT  Teais  tin 
found    a    market   Id    BissU  primarily  ks  a 

substitute  for  European  pine  and  nr.  On 
the  whole,  conditions  are  not  tbonght  to  be 

Erejudlclal  to  tbe  sale  ot  American  lumber, 
ut  they  should  he  carefaliy  studied  and 
watct;ea  If  the  United  States  is  to  IntrcMe 
Its  share  In  Brazil's  lumber  trade. 

There  la  a  great  deal  of  complaint  In 
Braill  regarding  yellow-plne  shlpmeuta,  re- 
anltlDg  from  the  large  proportion  of  orer- 
runs.  In  thickness  tbla  OTerrua  will  vary 
from  a  quarter  to  three-qunrters  ot  an  Inch, 
and   In   length   from  4   to   15  Incbes-     The 


amounting  to  a 


1  parts   of  cargo   uot 

With   the  present  high  duties  it  does  not 

foot  cargo  for  the  penalty  to  mn  up  to  a 
considerable  sum.  Brokers,  eiportera,  and 
sawmllla  Interested  In  BraalUan  Inmber 
markets  are  urged  to  take  Immediate  steps 
to   relieve  the  consignees  ot  tbe  Imrden  of 


Three  concerns  In  Rio  de  Janeiro  claim  tL.. 
they  are  compelled  at  t>lg  expense  to  mala- 
tain  representatives  In  tbe  TJnlt«4  States 
to  Inspect  lumber  before  shipment.  Tb» 
small  dealer  con  not  stand  this  eipenae  and 
the  large  dealer  should  not  havt  to. 
LnndT's  Iiuia  (Oaiuula),  B»tu«  of.— 
After  hla  defeat  at  Chippewa  In  1B14  Oen. 
RIall  retired  by  way  of  Qneenston  toward 
the  head  of  Lake  Ontario.  He  waa  soon  ra- 
entorced.  and  returned  to  attack  the  Amer- 
icans nndet  Brown,  who  had  pnrsned  him 
as  tar  aa  Qneenston.  Hearing  of  the  British 
reenforce  ments.  Brown  retreated  to  tbs 
Chippewa  Blver,  and  on  Jnly  24,  1814.  en- 
camped on  the  south  bank,  where  he  bad 
defeated  Riall  on  tbe  SIh.  On  the  25th 
Oen.  Scott,  with  about  I.ZCIO  men.  went  for- 
ward to  reconnolter  and  came  upon  the 
British  army,  4,600  strong,  near  Niagara 
Falls,  on  Lnndy's  Lane,  a  road  leading  from 
the  Palls  to  the  end  of  Lake  Ontario.  Soon 
the  entire  American  force  was  eneued,  the 
battle  lasting  from  sunset  till  mldnla^t. 
The  American  forces  numbered  abont  2,600 
men.  Dnriog  the  engagement  Oen.  Scott 
and  Lleut.-Col.  Miller  dlEtingnlshed  them- 
aelves  for  daring  and  efflclencj.  tie  Britlsb 
were  Bnallj  driven  back  and  forced  to 
abandon  their  artillery,  ammunition,  and 
baggage.  Both  armies  claimed  the  Tlctory, 
though  both  left  the  Held.  The  American 
loss  was  171  killed,  071  wounded,  and  110 
missing — a  total  of  852  out  ot  an  army  of 
2,500.  The  British  lost  g4  killed.  649 
wounded,  1S3  missing,  and  4S  prisoners — a 
total  of  8T8  out  of  an  army  of  4,500.  Oen- 
erala    Brown   and    Scott   were   among   the 

LUnebnrg,  convention  with,  for  acquir- 
ing and   inheriting  property,  28^ 
Ln^nlUo  Forest  Baserro,  677S, 
LiultaillA,  sinking  of,  8062. 
Iintber  vs.  Borden.— In  IS4I  a  portion  ot 
tbe  people  ot  Rhode  Island  framed  a  new 
and  elected  Thomas  W.   Dorr 


(See    Etorc's    Rebellion.) 

ernor  King  declared  the  State  under  mar- 
tini law  and  Luther's  honse  was  searched, 
he    being    Implicated    In    tbe    armed    con- 

81  racy  agalnitt  tbe  established  government 
itber    pleaded    the    conatltutloiullty    of 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


IMOiM  TS>  Borden — CanUnmd. 

tbe  new   KOTeriment.      The   circuit   coart 

gave  jadgOKat   Kgaluit   bim.   and   tb«   Bn- 

Jttme  Court  of  the  Hatted  Btntes  kt- 
rmed  tUt  dMUIon  In  1S42.  It  waa  de- 
cided tlkat  nnder  martial  law  Buspected 
penoaa  mlgbt  lesallT  be  anbjecteil  to 
■eatel)  aod  arreat  oj  atate  anthorltr.  and 
Uat  the  guestloD  of  the  coiiatltiillaDalitT 
of  a  8tat«  governmedt  was  one  vlth  which 
Coocreaa    rathec    than   the   coarts   should 

Laxamlmrg. — The  terrUorr  of  the  Qrand 
Dacb7  of  Lmembatg  Ilea  between  49°  27'- 
W  19'  N.  latitude  anil  6°  41S'-B-  BC  K. 
laDgltnd^  with  a  total  area  of  2,SS6  square 
ktlometets  (DBB.2ie  square  miles),  it  Is 
bounded  on  tbe  west  Lr  tbe  Luiemburg 
ProTtnce  of  Belgium,  on  the  oortli  and  eaat 
1>J  the  Rhine  FroTlnce  of  Piussla,  and  on 
the  aonth  by  the  German  Helcbslaud  of 
Lorraine  and  tbe  French  Departmeat  of 
the  MeuM.  The  area  Is  about  1,000  iquare 
miles. 

Phytieal  Featuret. — The  northern  districts 
■re  cTOHed  Id  all  directions  br  outTuuneTS 
»f  tbe  Belgian  ArdcDDes,  and  In  the  aouth 
are  hllle  which  form  part  of  the  plateau  of 
Lorraine ;  but  there  are  extensive  lalleya 
and  plslna  In  the  noitb.  nud  the  soutliern 
districts  are  inatnlf  low  lands  In  the  basin 
of  the  Uoaelle,  wblch  forms  its  south- 
caatem  boundary.  The  only  conilderable 
rlTcrs  of  Luxemburg  are  the  Moselle  and 
Ita  tributary,  tbe  Our. 

Elttory. — la  IfiSl  the  territory  known  a* 
IjUiemburg  was  dlTlded  at  ttie  Conference 
of  London  Inio  tbe  present  Orand  Dncby 
and  the  Belgtan  Province  ol  Luxemburg, 
and  from  18B1  to  isgo  the  Orand  Duchy 
waa  ru]«d  by  the  Kluga  or  the  Netber- 
laoda.  At  tbe  death  offing  WLIIImn  111. 
tbe  operation  of  the  8a11c  law  transferred 
the  Borerelgnty  to  Adolpbua,  Duke  of  Nas- 
aan,  who  was  succeeded  by  ble  son  WllUani. 
By  an  anendment  of  the  constltullonal  law 
M  1848,  the  auecession  was  secured  to  the 
daughter  of  tbe  Oraud  Duke  Willlnm. 

Oovtnuaent. — Tbe  goTemment  Is  tbat  of 
a  eonatllutional  monarchy,  tbe  territory 
being  declared   oentral  by   -' '-    "  — '   "-  — 


withdrawn  and  tbs  torti 
Tbe  population  according  ~ 
1910 """  ""■       " 


Present  ruler :  Her  K 


._    „,    .__j    14,    18B4; 

■ncceeded  her  fatber  (tbe  Oraud  Duke  Wil- 
liam) Veb.  26.  1912,  attaioed  her  major- 
ttr  and  assnmed  the  goTemment  Jane  14, 
lltl2.    Tbers  Is  a  ConncU  of  SUte  (ataats- 


one-half  r 


Lynn 


"ill 


^SRwl 


}¥.l\ 


a.^  eligible  f or  ~e 

There  are  courts  In  each  Canton,  and 
District  Courts  at  Luxemburg  and  Dlekircn, 
with  a  Supreme  Court  at  tbe  Capital. 
Tbere  is  a  gendarmerie  of  about  ISO  men, 
and  a  volunteer  force  ol  260  men  for  the 
preservation  of  order. 

Education  and  ReHgion. — Education  is 
compulsory  and  free,  and  Is  widespread, 
tbe  expenditure  In  1912  being  2,810,340 
frsncB.  Almost  all  the  Inhabitants  are 
Roman  Catholics,  there  belog  only  4,000 
ProtestnnlB  and  1,300  Jews.  Tbe  Bishop 
of  Luxemburg  is  appointed  by  the  See  of 

Ftnaftoe. — Tbe  average  annual  elpendl- 
tare  for  Dve  years  was  1S,40S.25S  francs 
and  tbe  average  revenue  lt),34B,083  francs. 
The  In lerest- bearing  public  debt  amounts 
'-  12,0110, UvO  franc^  and  tbere  Is  a  Qoat- 
"  '-""  Incurred  In  the  eonstruetlon  of 
■■■c  works,  of  19,336,674 
.  the  unit  of  value,  la 
.._._.  French  franc,  and  Is 
equivalent  to  tO.lO.S  Uotted  States  maner- 
l^odvction  and  /nd«itri/.~The  country  la 
rich  In  Iron  ore,  tbe  output  In  1012  being 
2.252  229  metric  tons.  In  addlllon  to  the 
Iron  Industry  tbere  are  tanneries,  weavlnir 
and  slave  factories,  paper  mills,  brewer 
and  distilleries,  and  sugar  reBnerles. 

""     e   526   kilometers   of       — 

,  the  system  being  c 


Iinzambtirg,    Treaty  irltb   (see  Eztn- 

dition  TreatieB.) 
IiTiicll  Ltw.— The  practice  of  paniihlng 
alleged  offenders,  generally  wltbout  trial, 
by  unautborJied  persons  and  without  due 
process  of  law.  Lyncb  law,  It  Is  said, 
takes  Ita  name  from  Charles  Lynch,  a  Vir- 
ginia planter  and  Quaker,  and  bis  assod- 
ales.  who  during  Bevolutlanary  days  Belied 
"   BvmpsthiEers  and  banged  them  by 

-t.    .,1,    .!.._    .1.....-J    "l.tt-rti    tnr. 


tbe  thumbs  till   they  shouted  "Liberty  tor- 

IiynclilngB  diacaBsed  &nd  IndemnitieB 
voluntarily  provided,  recominended, 
576T,  624S,  6277,  6371,  6430,  6459, 
6461,  7029. 

IiTim,  Mass.,  act  for  erection  of  post- 
ofBee  bnilding  at,  vetoed,  5190, 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


jyGooi^lc 


Encyclopedic  Index 


McSkHey 


t,  cue  of  his  oftth  ot  allegUnea 

to  TTttited  BtatM,  6736. 
HcObU,  E.  h  Oo^  agents  to  re«ei*a  in- 

■tallmanti  from  Peru,  2SS7. 
MeOnlloeh  ti.  Mu^uid. — A  casa  brought 


State  to  laterfer«  with  the  eiecntloD  of 
■Meral  Itwe  was  dnitod.  UcCulloch  was 
caihlcr  ot  the  Baltlmora  braocb  of  the 
Bank  ot  the  United  Stitei,  vblcb  bad  been 


iBCOtporatcd  by  aa  act  ot  'Cbnareas  la  1818 
—- '     •■--'     ■"idqnarten    la    Phil    •  ■  ■■ 

.._ ouEbt  by  tbe  State  .. 

I  afalait  UcCnllocb  wai  oa«  of  debt. 


The  aellon  brouEbt  by  tbe  State  ot  ilary- 


„ __    1    which    impoeed    _    

npoa  ■![  bank!  or  braoches  of  bank*  doing 
baalneaa  la  Uaryland  and  not  cbartered  br 
the  State  l«lalatare.  The  court  of  appcaia 
ot  Uarrlanil  decided  agalait  tbe  plaintiff. 
The  Supreme  Conrt  rererged  tbia  drclilon, 
declaiiag  that  tbe  act  under  which  tbe  bank 
waa  chartered  wae  coastltDtlonal,  and  that 
Iberetora  the  act  of  the  Harrland  leflala- 
tote  of  ISIB  waa  contrarj  to  the  Conatltn- 
tlon  ot  tbe  United  Statea,  sad  therefore 
void,  becaBM  State*  hare  no  power,  by 
taiallon  or  otberwlae,  to  Impede  or  con- 
tiol  the  ^MTatlona  of  conatltDtlanal  lawa 
enacted  by  Congreaa  to  carry  Into  eiecn- 
tloa  any  of  the  poweia  ol  tbe  Federal 
QoTemment. 
KcKialcr,    WJUUDL-^Iuch    t,    1897- 

Bvt.  H  1001. 
T«rentr-elShth  Admlnlatration— Repabllean. 
(riBST  mu,  I8ST-1001.) 

7(oe-i>ret<iI«at— aarret  A.  Hobut 
jgeentary  or  iBIoft — 

Join  Sbermaa. 

Wllltam  B.  Day. 

Jobn  Bay. 
BMMtarji  ot  tiM  Ttvoeary— 

Lyman  J.  Oaxe- 
Bterttary  of  War — 

Bneael  A.  Alger. 

EUhu  Root. 


Joaeph  HcKenaa, 

lohn  W,  OrlBPL 
Pt«tmatttr-atneral~ 

Jamea  A.  Gary. 

Cbarlea  B.  Smith. 
9«er#lanr  of  tht  Kavf— 

John  li.  I  — 


Ethan  A.  Bitcbcock. 

..etoty  ofAoricMltUTt— 

Jamea  wllaan. 
UcKlnley  waa  elected  by  the  Repnbllcan 

ErtT  at  tbe  electloaa  ot  18M  and  IMIO. 
Ibe  Bepubllcan  National  ConTentlon  at 
St  Loola,  June  16,  1896,  he  waa  nominated 
on  the  lint  ballot,  OTerwhelmlnKly  defeat- 
IBC  Reed  and  Quay,  bla  cloaeet  rtrala. 

7>lat/on«. — Ttie  platform  oa  tlila  oecaaloD 
caneed  mach  dtacoealoD  over  tbe  money 
plank,  sad  Senator  Teller's  reaolnllon  seek- 
bw  to  commit  the  party  to  an  endorsement 
oraold  and  allver,  wlta  free  oolnage  on  a 
bads  of  16  to  1,  waa  defeated.  The  plat- 
form as  adopted  severely  arraigned  tbe  Dem- 
ocrstie  administration;  blamed   it  _Car_tha 


Kriod  of  flnsnclal  depresaloD  through  which 
e  coanttT  bad  Ju"' "'  — " — "  ■^- 


e^coQDtt^  badjnat  [Hused  ;_Moflrmed  tbo 


I   cootlnoance  and   re- 


rlval  ot  reclprodti;  favored  the  restoration 
of  dlsrrlmlnstlDf  duties:  stood  nnreeenredly 


provlalons  for  Tetecana :  nrged  tbe  control 
of  Bawall  by  tbe  United  Statea,  the  buildlnc 
of  the  trans-Iathmlan  canal,  and  the  par- 
chase  ot  the  Danlab  Weat  Indies:  eon- 
demaed  the  Armenian  maasacrea ;  reaasert- 
ed  tbe  Monroe  Doetilite :  aised  the  rcatora- 


loBlated  upon  rigltf  enforcement  of  Im- 
migration lawa ;  aupported  drll  service  re- 
* "    — ■* '.  lynching  :   recommended 


a  Board  ot  Arbltratloii  to  adjudicate  b 
tween  labor  and  capital ;  urged  free-bome- 
stead  laws  apon  Congress:  nvored  the  ex- 
tenalop  of  atatebood  to  the  remslnlng  terri- 
tories, and  piooer  recognition  of  Alaaks  ; 
aympatblaed  with  temperance :  and  recog- 
nised the  rights  of  women. 

OppotflfoM.— The  Democratic  National 
Convenlloo  at  Chicago,  July  7,  18B6,  nomi- 
nated William  J.  Bryan  on  the  fittb  bal- 
lot, over  Bland  and  Pattlaon.  The  Peo- 
Bles  psrty,  or  PopuUats,  In  convention  st 
t.  Loula  on  July  22,  1890.  agreed  to  anp- 
nrt  Bryan,  and  nominated  Walson  aa  Tlce- 
Presldent  The  NstlonsI  Silver  party,  at 
the  ssme  plsce  and  time,  agreed  to  anpport 
Bryan  far  Prealdant  and  nominated  Bewail 
for  Vice- President.  The  aonad-money  Demo- 
crata  In  convention  at  Indlanapolla.  on 
Sept.  2,  1890  nominated  General  Jobn  W. 
Palmer  and  General  Simon  B.  Bockner  aa 
their  candidate*.    The  National  Prohibition 

Brty  waa  apUt  over  the  money  qoeatlon 
;a  "Narrow  Oangera,"  who  wanted  th* 
platfNm  conllned  to  ProblbltloB,  and  the 
"Rfoad  Ranaera  "  w'       .  .    -    -  - 


_.-■  nominated  Rev.  Charles  H. 

Beotley  and  Jsmca  A.  SonthMte,    The  So- 
dsllat  Lsbor  Party,  at  New  Torfc,  on  July 
4,    1896.    nominated    Cberlee    B.    Uatchett 
■Dd  Matthew  Uagnlre  ■•  their  ctudldatea. 
Fo(e.— The  popular  vote  gave  UcElaley 


T,lll,607:  Bryan,  6,S0g.0S2:  Palmer,  222,- 
BSS;  Levering.  1S4.040 :  Bentley,  13,968, 
and  Hatcbett  36.878.     The  electoral  vote 


gave  UcKlnley  271,  Bryan  176. 

(■■COKD    TkBM ItiUCa    4,     1901'BIPT.     1*. 

1901.1 

Twenty-ninth   Administration— Republican. 

7lM-Pr«(M«nt — Theodore  Boosevtlt. 

a  Slate- 
as  (contlnoed). 
'  of  tk«  Treassrit — 
in    J.   Oage    (cootlniud). 
eU.BhBw. 

ot  ffor— 

Bllhu  Root  (con tinned). 
William  B,  ¥iiit 
Attoraeu-  Oasonil — 

Philander  C.  Knox. 
Wllllsm  B.  Hoody. 
Poitmoi  tor-  general — 

CharJei  B.  Smith  (continued). 
Henry   C.   Payne. 
Robert  J.  Wynne. 
Beorttartf  of  ilie  Savy — 

John  O.  Long  (ronttnoed). 
Wllllsm  H.  lloody. 
Paul  Morton. 
BeoMary  o/  the  fslsrior— 

E.  A.  Hitchcock    (contUaad). 
Beertlartf  ot  AoricBlIsrs — 

Jamea   Wllaon    (continued). 
Seoratorv  of  Comsierce  osd  Labor. — 
George  B.  Cortelyoo. 
Victor  H.  UetcsUL 
The  Repnbllcsn  National  Convention  held 
at   Phlladelpfala  In   Jnne,   1900,  nominated 
Prealdent  HcKlnley  for  a  eecoait  term. 

SECOND  TERM— Cppotltlon.— Tht  Demo- 
cratic National  CanrcDtloo,  at  BJinaaa  City, 
Ha,    nominated    William    J.    Bryan.      Tba 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


McB3nl^ 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


keuT 


McKlnlej,  WllUam— CafiHnwJ. 

People'i  part;,  or  KusloulalB,  •(  Skrni  Falla,  ,     —  ; 

B.    D..    endorrcd    Bryana   catulldiicr :    while        manufarturfd    produi 

tbe  -Mlddii^f-ilie-HoBd"  AnU-Kualoniit  tac-        "         " 

tlon_  ol   tbe   I'eople'i   parly,   at   Cincinnati, 


nomlDitei)   Wharton   wrk 


iminatMl    John    Q. 


The  Social  Di-moccallc  party, ._ 

dlanapolls,  nomlQatfd  KuHi^ne  IJelJd.  The 
Hulled  Clirlsllan  party,  at  Rock  iMlaDd,  111., 
sumlnBU-d  fillaa  (.'.  liweilow.  Tbe  iJIlTcr 
Bepulillcan  CoQTpntloa.  at  Kansa*  City,  ea- 
doned  Bryan.  The  .National  pany.  In  New 
YoTk  Clly,  nominated  l>uaelson  CaDrey  of 
Louisiana,   hot  he  declined  the  nooilnKtlOIl. 

Vote,— Tbe  irapnlar  role  ran:  MrKlnley, 
T,Z0I,9Z3  ;  Uryan.  U.;USH,l;t3  :  Woolley,  2a£- 
914 1  Barkpr,  50,373;  Dcbi.  87.811;  Ui3- 
loney,  39,379.  The  elertoral  Tota  atood ; 
McKloloy.  292:  Bryan.  IDS. 

Party  A/n'iallon.— From  bla  yoatb  Will- 
lam  McKlDlry  waa  ■□  ardent  Repabllean. 
After  Ills  return  from  the  war.  he  wai  ad- 
milted  to  the  bar,  and  settled  la  Canlon. 
(.mo,  tben  an  opposition  county,  where  bla 
political  ability  had  abundant  seupe  and 
where  he  quickly  attained  coDMlderalile  po- 
nttcal  prominence.  In  180T,  be  favored  ne- 
■To  snffraxe,  a  moat  unpopular  tonic  In  bla 
nelKbborbood :  [n  18TG.  at  tbe  helffbt  of  tbe 
greenback  erase,  he  spoke  for  lound  money 
and  tbe  resumtitlon  of  specie  payment.  Id 
Congresa.  In  1878,  he  opposed  the  Wood 
Tarrir  Bin  :  In  1S79  and  ISSO,  te  oppoaed 
tbe  repeal  of  the  Federal  elecllon  laws ; 
In  1882.  he  advocated  the  protectire  policy 
In  ConsreM  and  the  tariff  commlssloD ;  In 
1884.  be  opposed  tbe  Uorrlsoa  Tariff  Dill; 
In  1884,  he  aupported  Blaine  for  tbe  Presi- 
dency ;  In  188$,  bs  favored  artjltratlon  be- 
tween labor  aod  caplul :  In  1887,  be  con- 
ducted a  brilliant  eampalira  ajralnst  the 
Utils  Bill,  wblrh  w«a  supposed  to  embody 
Cleveland's  policy  and  Ideas  on  the  tariff: 
hla  final  address  In  CooKress  on  this  hill 
baa  been    chars cterlic'd   as  "Hie  most   effee- 

t  and  eloquent  tariff  speech  ever  beard 


In  Congreas."     This  speech  t 

book  of  tbe  campslKQ.      On  April   10,  ISOO, 

Major    McKlnley   Introduced    the.  larltt   bill 


especial   at  lent  ton 


%S 


jnalon  of  the  reclproc- 

'Inclple   of   the    law   of   1890.   ander 
■o  ireat  a  stlmnlui  waa  gtrcD  to  onr 


lufactured  products."  In  hi*  meiatse 
;be  special  ■eosluo  (paxe  0240)  he  aald: 
"llie  necesalty  of  tbe  passage  of  a  tariff 
law  whicb  ahall  provide  ample  rereaDC, 
need  not  he  further  nrxed.  Tbe  Imperative 
demand  of  the  boar  la  tbe  prompt  enact- 
ment of  such  a  measnre."  In  hla  Third 
Annual  Ueiuiace  (pa^e  0«9)  the  Prealdent 
aald:  "I  rceummend  [hat  the  ConKresa  at  Ita 
present  aesslon  reduce  the  Internal  revenue 
taxes  Imposed  to  meet  the  eipeasea  of  the 
war  with  Spain  In  the  sum  of  ttilrtr  milllooa 
of  dollars.  This  reduction  shoald  be  aa- 
cured  by  tbe  remission  of  these  taiea  whldi 
experience  baa  shown  to  be  tbe  moat  bur- 
densome  to    tbe   Industries   of  the   people.'' 


e  Fn-siden 


;  that 


|uat  cloned  has  reduced  taxation  In  the  aum 
>f  141.000,000." 

ForeUi%  Policy.— la  bis  First  Inanniral 
LddresB  (page  o:;41)  Presldeat  McKinley 
lumrncd    np    ibe    foreign    policy   of   his    aO- 


war  In  almost 


failed :  peace  1: 

■  — Ty  euntlneency      

method  of   settlement   of 
ivell  as   local   or   Indlvld- 


War  should 

every   areney 

s  preferable  to 


Maint  la  Havana  waters  and  tbe  eonctnaloa 
of  the  court  of  Inquiry.  Hla  spedai  mea- 
Base  (page  0281)  deals  wilt  the  tevolntlon 
In  Cuba  and  lis  effecia  anon  tbe  United 
States.  Id  It  he  says :  "Tbe  Issue  ta  now 
with  CoDKresB  It  la  a  solemn  responslbll- 
Ity.  I  have  exbauntpd  every  effort  to  relievo 
tbe  Intolerable  coudltlon  of  afTalra  which  la 


'    bis    Damp,    wbleh    tiecame 


April  2S.  1898,  a  state 
1  to  eitaC  between  tbe 
'-Ica^and  the  Klncdom 


flace  sborlly  before  the  commencement  oI 
be  Presidential  campaign. 
Public  Debt.— Tbe  public  debt  of  the 
United  S'stes  for  the  years  to  vrtilch  Presi- 
dent MeKlnley  was  elected  to  serve  stood 
as  follows:  July  1.  1887,  tt>8S,Hrin,n'<S,14 ; 
18»8.  «],e27.08E,49Z.1 4  :  1899.  tI,lSS,320,- 
236.19:  1900,  »1.10T,T11,2.'iT.89:  1001. 
|].044,T»9,1 19,97:  1902,  t9(l9,4S7.241.04 ; 
19DS.  (926,011,637.31;  1904,  $967,231,- 
773. 7B. 

TarllT. — In  bis  Insusural  Address  (pBge 
6238)  President  McIflnTey  took  up  the  tarriT 
qnestlOD.  lie  said  :  "Nothing  waa  ever  made 
plainer  at  a  jreneral  eleetlon  than  that  the 
controlling  prtnrlpte  In  tbe  ralalng  of  rev- 
ennea   from   duties   on   Imports   la   tcsloua 

labor.  The  people  have  declared  that  such 
legislation  sboutd  be  had  as  will  give  ample 
protection  and  enrouragement  to  tbe  In- 
duatrles  and   development  of  our   country. 


By  act  of  Congrc 

United  Slates  of' , 

of  Spntn.      I'pcstdent    McKlnley'.    „ ,.__. 

lion  of  war  (nsge  6474)  followed  on  April 
26,  1898,  The  President  discussed  the  fo- 
ture  relalfons  which  shonld  exist  between 
t^e  Untied  Hlates  and  Cuba  In  bis  Second 
Inaugural  Address  (page  6487).  As  to  the 
war  Id  the  Phlllpnines.  the  Presldi-nt  said; 
"Our  pountirmen  should  not  be  deceived.  We 
t  waging  war  against  tbe  Philippine 


are  In  rebellion  against  the  United  Btatea." 
CIvtl  Servlre.-la  his  Inangnral  AddrcM 
(paee  6241)  the  PreBldeut  said:  "Refonna 
In  the  civil  service  mnat  go  on ;  bnt  tbe 
changes  should  be  real  and  genuine,  not 
perfuDctory,  or  prompted  hv  a  v*^*!  in  hik 
half  of  Bay  party_  at — '-  •■ 

Btltuled.  the  Prealden't'iftys^eBpeciai'ttreM 
unno  dlamlaiiBls,  and  nays:  ■'.  .  ,  a  distinct 
-A V—  t i.  ■_  (.jTing  a  hearing 

lemnnd  made  for 

lb   Annual   Mn- 

n4S6l  tbe  Presldeat  recommends 

If   such    parts    of    tbe    Civil 

may  be  practicable  to 


cat  of  oIDHbIr  1r 
In  r     - 


the  .     ..    _ 

Service  rrguiatlons 
the  Philippines. 

UcEInlej,  WlUIom: 
Advancement    snd    progreu    of   tha 
United  States  ditcuised  hj,  661S. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


McEinley 


AgricultuTe,  Departroent  of,  discDBaed 

Vi  8348.  8380- 
AlMka,    diMDued    bjr,    8260,    63T0, 

6400,  6429. 
Alien   Contract  Law,   6348,   6455, 
American   Republics,  Bureau  of,  dis- 

euMed  hj,  6338,  6349,  6381,  6436. 
Animal  Measagea  of,  6251,  6307,  6356, 

6416. 
Arbitration,  aiacusHed  by,  6242,  6287, 

63S0,  6432. 
Annv,  diicusMd  by,  6320,  6341,  6385, 

6449. 
Anton  omona    gov  era  men  t   for    Caba, 

discnraed  bj,  6261,  6284,  6308. 
Bering  Sea  Fiaheriea  discuBaed,  6266, 

6336,  6375. 
Biographical  aketch  of,  6234. 
Blockade  of  Cuban  porta,  diacussed, 

6296,  6312. 
Buffalo,  Pan-American  Exposition  at, 

diBcnseed  hy,  6382,  6436. 
Cessna  diacnssed  by,  6345,  6389,  6454. 
China,  Boxer   npnaing   in,   discussed 

by,  6417. 
Civil    Service,    dIsciuBed    by,    6241, 

6274,  8405,  6455. 
Commerce,  diacnased  by,  6241,   633S, 

6359,  6381,  6436,  6460. 
Cnban  insurrection  and  policy  of  the 

United  States  regarding,  discnsaed 

by,   6248,   6280,    6307. 
Death  of— 

Action  of  Congreea  on,  663S. 

AnnoDDcemcnt    of,    to    Vice-Preai- 
dent  and  reply  to.  6624. 
The  assaEBination,  6623. 
To  Bepresentativcs  abroad,  66S4. 
To   the   Army,   6625. 
To  the  Navy,  6627. 
To  the  Treasury,  6629. 

Certificate  of  the  coroner,  6630. 

HoQse  Committee  named,  6635. 

News  at  the  White  House,  6623. 

Official  order  of  observaneea,  €630. 

Official  order  of  tbe  Army,  6826. 

Order  of  procession,  6632. 
Orders  to  the  Army,  6629. 
To  the  Guard  of  Honor,  6633. 
To  the  NavT,  6634. 

Proclamation  or,  6S39. 
Bewej  appointed  acting  rear-admiral 

by,  6568. 
Executive  orders  of,  6568. 
Extraordinary  aesaion  of  Congress  by 

proclamation   of,   6470. 
Finances    discussed    by,    6236,    6242, 

6244,  6252,  6339,  6357,  6437.  6465. 
Five  civilized  tribes,  discnsacd,  6346. 
Foreign  policy,  diaenaaed,  6241,  6248, 

6280,  62B5,  6307. 


Cable    eommnnlcation     with,    dia- 
cnased by,  6354,  6429. 
Qnestions  with  Japan,  discoaaed  by, 

6264,   6333. 
Transfer  of,  to  the  United  States, 
diacnssed   bv,   6264,   6332. 
Hobart,  Garret  P.,  death  of,  6358. 
Immigration,      diacnased     by,      6240. 
Italy,  lynching  of  aubjects  of,  made 

by,  8371,  6430,  6459,  6461. 
Japan,  commercial  relationa  with,  dis- 
cussed by,   6373,   8431. 
Questions  with,  discnised  by,  6264, 
6333. 
Kansas      Paciflc      Bailway,      claima 

against,  diseaased  by,  6273,  6342. 
Labor,  hours  of,  diacnased  by,  6348, 

6455. 
Lands,    Public,    set    apart   as   public 
reservation    by   proclamation   of, 
6475,  6477,  6482,  6487,  6492,  6496, 
6497,  6499.  6500,  6504,  6505,  6514, 
6519,  6523,  6536,  6541,  6548,  6549, 
6551,  6561,  6566. 
Opened   for   settlement   by   procla- 
mation of,  64S6,  6506,  6525,  6547, 
6559. 
Revenue    derived    from,    discussed 
by,  6346,  6452. 
Loans,  discuased  by,  6238,  6314. 
Lyncbinga,  discussed  by,  6248,  6277, 

6371,  6404,  6430,  6458^  6461. 
Manila,    Cable   Communication   with, 

discussed  by,  6348,  6373,  8419. 
Harahall  Day,  referred  to,  6456. 
Uexico,    treaty   with,    discussed   by, 

6374. 
Modification  of  tariff  laws,  6230. 
Monetary  Commission,  discussed  by, 

6250. 
Mosquito  Indian  Strip,  6365,  6433. 
Navy,  diacuaaed  by,  6268,  6313,  6344, 
6387;  6440,  6451. 
Vessels  for,  eonatraction  of,  6268, 
6344. 
Nicaragua    Canal,    diacussecl,    6265, 

6326,  6366,  6433. 
Nicaragua,  relations  with,   disensaed 
by,  6284. 
Bevolutions  in,  disenased  by,  6432. 

Ocean  Cablt ■"-   ">-"■--'---    »»"' 

Ozama    Biv 

6427. 
Pacific  railway  claims,  diacnased  by, 

6273,  6343,  6389. 
Pan-American  Exposition  at  Buffalo, 
diacuaaed  by,  6382,  6436. 
Last  speech  of,  6618. 
Paris,   France,   Univeraal   Exposition 
at,  discussed  by,  6247,  6267,  6275, 
6303,  6329,  6368,  6411,  6416,  6427, 
6455,   6457,  6461. 
Patent    Office,    discussed    by,    6345, 

6388,  6453. 
Peace  Commission,  Spantah-Ameriean, 
diacnssed  b;,  6321,  6328. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


IfcKinl^ 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


At  The  Haguo,  diaeiuMd  by,  0383, 
0432. 
Peunaylvuiia,  rlota  at  Latimer,  0324, 

6363. 
PeniioDi,   disciuwed   bj,  0346,   0388, 

8452. 
PerD,  affain  in,  diacDMed  br,  0335, 

643E. 
Philippine  Iglanda,  affair*  in,  6441. 
Government    for,    discoaaed,    6391, 

639S,  6441. 
TIujikB    tendered    to    eommanderi 

and  men  bj,  6319,  6579. 
TIetorj  of  aqaadron  over  Spanish 
fleet  in  bay  of  KaniU,  discDMed 
by,  6297,  6316. 
Force,   etc.,  for  lUK^eBtioni  from 
commanders  regarding,  requested 
by,  6392,  es80. 
Portrait  of,  6234. 
PosUt  Service,   discussed   by,    6344, 

6386,  6451. 
Proelamations  of — ■ 
Blockade    of    Cnban    porte,    6472, 

6481. 
Ceesation  of   Tariff,  Puerto  Bieo, 
0504. 


Coi 


Opyright— 
CoBta  Bica,  6 


,  6515. 
Netherlands,  652S. 
B«i«tence   of   War — Spain,   6474. 
Extraordinary  session  of — 
Congress,  6470. 
Senate,  6544. 
RarriBon,  Benjamin,  death  of,  0545. 
Hawaiian   Cable   ConeeBsion,   6493, 
Lands,  Public- 
Bet  apari  as  pnblic  reservation, 
6475,    6477,    6482,    6487,    6492, 
0405,    6497,    0499,    6500,    0504, 
6605,    6516,    651S,    6523,    6536, 
6541,   6646,    6549,    6551,    6S61, 
6506. 
Opened      to      settlement,      6486, 
6506,  6525,  6547,  6553. 
LoniBtaoa     Purchase     Exposition, 
6567. 
Germany,  6538. 
Italy,  6539. 
BeTocatioQ   of  suspension  of  port 


SQspension    of     hostilEtiea,    Spain, 

0487. 
Snspension  of  tonnage  dnes — 

Mexico,  6471,  0490. 

Denmark,  6485. 
Thanksgiving,     0470,     0491,    6518, 

6544. 
Treatment  to  be  accorded  foreign 


vesMb,  6474. 


Volnnt««iii  eallod  for,  0473,  0477. 

^Pnerto    Bico,    Legislation    for,    ■ng' 

gested  by,  6402,  6447. 

Belief  for,  disenssed  by,  6403. 

Becoucentrados,     62S6,    0283,     6284, 

6285,  6308. 
Bed   Crosa,  American  National,  aid 
furnished  Cubans  by,  disenased  by, 
6284,  6308. 
Samoan  Islands,  Affairs  of,  and  pol- 
icy of  the  United  States,  eoneem- 
ing,  aiscnssed  by,  6336,  6375,  0428, 
6435. 
Spanish- American  War,  diBCnsBcd  by, 
6295,  0297,  6298,  OSOB,  6305,  6307. 
Trnats,  disenased  by,  0240,  6300. 
Veto  mesaages  of — 

Navajo,  6411. 
Water    Boundary    Commission,    dia- 
enued  by,  6334,  6374,  0432. 
UcKInley  larlfl  Ac%  discossed,  5590, 

6026. 
McLaiM,  Tba.    (See  Cedar  Keys,  Fla.) 
HcLood   Cms.— In   ]S40    Al«»ndcr   Me- 
Leod,  a  Canadian  ■ojonmlng  In  New  lork, 
boaited  of  having  taken  part  In  the  aela- 
ar*  af  the  steamer  Carolln*  durtnc  a  ra- 
belllon  In  Canada  a  few  Tcan  prevloiMtj. 
He  wss  streBted  and  Indicted  for  murder 
in  Lockport,  N.   Y.      The  British  mlnlater 
demnaded  his  release  on  tbe  groand  that 
UcLeod   had   acted  under  orders  and   that 
the  New  York   State  courta  bad  no  ]atta- 
dlcllon  In   a   case  that    lay   onlr   between 
the  two  CoTemmenla  of  Great  Britain  and 
the    Uolled    Stales.      The    Federal    Oovem- 
ment  admitted   the  luatlce  of  the  British 
contealloD.    but    held    that    McLeod    coaU 
onlr  be  released  bjr  operatlou  ot  the  law. 
The      AttarneT-aenenil     Inatltated      kabtat 
carpiu  proceedings,  bat  Ibe  court  beld  tbat 
I  be  re   was   no   around   for   releasing   bim. 
HcLeod  flnntlT  proved  in  alibi  In  October. 
1841,  and  was  acquitted. 
Uacodonlan,  The,  1822,  3015,  3064. 
Award  of  arbiter  referred,  3381. 
Captnre  of,   506. 
.  Claims  for,  adjoated,  2116. 
Second  claim  diseusaed,  2193. 
Payment  of,  3445. 
Machine  Tools,  should  be  defined  be- 
fore  being   put  on  free  list,   8131. 
Mackinaw,  Hlch.: 

Extenaion    of    civil    authority    ov«r, 

reeommended,  190. 
Lands  ceded  for  post  of,  disenased, 

421,  420. 
Proclamation  granting  privileges  of 

other  ports  to,  2859. 
Seduction  of,  discussed,  534. 
Macon  BUI  No.  2.— A  bill  introdoeed  In 
CooKreai  bj  Natbanlel  Macon  and  passed 
In  Mar.  ISIO.  toTelleva  American  connercg 
train  the  depredations  ot  Bngllah  and 
French  cmlaera  and  prlvateera  It  provided 
tbat  rommerce  should  b«  free  and  carried 
OD  under  sanction  ot  the  Berlin  and  Milan 
deereea  ot  Prance  and  the  orders  In  council 
ot  Rafirland.  but  tbat  If  either  of  these 
nations  ahould  withdraw  from  theae  con- 
ventions commence  ibould  b«  prohlUtad 
With  the  nation  which  retained  them. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Affftin    of,    report   on,  refened    to, 

6309,  sioa 
ImpriBonment  of  American  Ditiien  in, 

b7  French  Kothorities,  6000,  eOSS. 
TreatT  with,  3780,  4868. 

Beferred   to,  47GT. 
SCMlolra  Bivai,  BnUl,  exploration  of, 
referred  to,  4449.     (See  also  Brasil, 
Fhysieal  Featuiea) 
HadlBon,  JuDM^1809-1817. 

(FIUI   XSBK,   1809-1818.) 

Sixth   AdinlulttratI  on— Democratic- Rep  nb- 

Viee-Fmident—aaarMB  Cllcton. 
Stvretorv  of  Stats — 

Robert  Smith. 

Jemea  Uonroe. 
Btcrelarn  of  the  Treaturv — 

Albert  GellBtiii  (contlnocd), 

"""willliim  Saati^ 

Jobo  Armitranf. 
Beoretarv  of  lAe  Navv — 

PiDl  HamlltoD. 

Wllllain  Jo  nee. 
Attomag-Gentral — 

C>Bar  A.  Rodner   (contlnaed). 

WllliaiD  PlDknej. 


wee  elected  bj  the 


Jamee  lladlaoo  and  Jamea  Uonroe  aa  Free- 
Identtal  ecndldatta  to  aucceed  Jefferson. 
But  the  Conereaalonil   BepnbLlcnn  caucus. 


Bon  lor  President  and  George  CUntoo  for 
Tlce-Pnaldent.  Uonroe  bad  msay  aup- 
portera,  but  reconciled  them  to  the  choice 
of  Uadleon  bj  the  ■usgeacloD  thnt  Monroe 
aboQld  eacceed  Uadlaon.  Tbe  Federallita 
held  no  cancns  and  made  no  formal  noml- 
natlOD ;  but  the;  accepted  C.  C.  Ptnckner 
and  Rnfna  Klni.  Tbe  election  waa  held 
Not.  8,  1808,  and  eeventeen  States  took 
part  In  IL 

Tale.— Tbe  electoral  vote,  counted  Feb. 
8.  1809.  g>Te  Ifadlson  122  Tocea  and  Clin- 
ton 118  Totea,  aninst  47  each  for  Plnck- 

'  -"--      Tlie  New  England  Federal- 

— '   "d  effort,  redeemed 


nejr  and  KIsr. 

leta  bj  a  defer 

ot  their  loat  Btatea.  Tbe  Totea  of  New 
Totk,  North  Carolina,  and  Maryland  were 
dlTlded. 

(BECOHD   TKBlf,   1818-1S17). 

Beventli    Admlnlatration — Democratic- Re- 
pub  [lean. 
Tict-Prertdtnt — BlbrldKe  Qerry. 
Seoretarv  of  8*ot« — 

James  Uonroe   (contlDued). 
iBecredirv  of  the  Trtamm— 

Albert  Oallatln  (contlnaed). 
O.  W.  Campbell. 


Alex.  J.  Da  [la  a 


Secretary  ot  Wat 

JaniM^MMw"fact"liiy, 


(eontlnned). 


Wm.  H.  Crawford. 
Seerrfory  el  the  Navy —        > 

William  Jones  (eontluned). 

B.  W.  Crownlnahleld. 
Altanieif-OeneTat— 

William  Plnkner  (contlnaed). 


members . 

DeWItt  Clinton. 


8EC0SD      TBBU—. 
eleetloD  of   1812.   Uadlaon  waa  i.__ 
Consrewional  c 

'  State  wea  repre 

_.   The  other  New  York 

members  tormed  a  tactlab  which  nominated 

VItt  Clinton.    The  Federallats.  at  ■  caa- 

beld  In  New  York  Cttr.  aEreed  to 
■Dpport  DeWItt  Clinton  for  Prealdent  and 
Jared  Innraoll  tor  Vlce-PreildenL 

Fota.— Tbe  federal  election  was  held 
Not.  8.  1812,  and  the  electoral  vote,  wbtcb 
waa  counted  Feb.  13,  1813,  gave  Uadlaon 
128,  Bgalnat  88  tor  Clinton;  end  OeriT  181. 
Bsalbsc  86  for  Inseraoll.  Elsbteen  atatea 
took  part,  lor  Loolalana  was  admitted  In 
1812.  Uarrland's  waa  the  00I7  divided 
— '1,  and  it  waa  caat  8  tc  " 

■      ■  -     th, ., 

.._ Dt,   Uadlaon   1. _ 

firononnced  Federallet.  Be  plared  a  moat 
mportant  part  In  carrying  tbe  Conatlta- 
tlon  throuKh  the  Vlrsiola  ABsemblf,  de- 
aplte  tbe  well-OTianlseo  opposition  01  ioch 
leaders  aa  Patrick  Henry  and  Lee.  His 
work  In  the  KIrat  National  Concrese  In- 
cluded tariff  resolatlans,  creation  of  ex- 
ccotlTe  departments,  snd  tbe  proposal  ot 
amendments  to  the  CooatltntlOD.     He  did 

not  support  Hsmllton's  financial  i 

and  It  waa  not  lonr  '-- ' 
of    the    leaden    1 


Eathlsed    
e  did  not  BO  ao  far  L   __ 

did   Jefferwni.      Be   led  the  debate*  la  op- 

Kaltlon  to  Jay' a  treatr  with  Great  Britain. 
1T08  be  drew  op  the  resolatlona  pessed 
by  the  Ylrelala  Assembly  denouncing  the 
Allen  and  Sedition  Acta 

Fotiiical  Compltmton  of  I7on0ra**. — Tbe 
Eleventh  Congress  (1809-1811)  wis  made 
up  of  a  Senate  of  84  meoibers,  of  whom 
10  were  Federatlata  sod  24  I>emacratB:  snd 
the  House,  of  111  members,  of  whom  46 
were  Federalists  snd  9S  Democrats.  In 
Ihe  Twelfth  Coaireea  (1811-1818)  the  Scn- 
...    ..  so   — mbers, — —   — •   -'  * 


□nare**   ^ 

..   _-   —embera   was  made   c.   ... 

erallsta  and  27  Demoorata,  and  the  Bouae, 
of  182  members,  waa  made  up  of  87  Fed- 
erallats  and  116  Democrata  in  tbe  Foar- 
enth  Congreaa   (181G-1B1T)  the  Senite,  <  ' 


183 


s  made  up  of  61  Federal- 


ists sod  122  bemocrats. 

Foreion  Policy.— Id  bla  Flrat  InaDttunl 
Addreaa  Uadleon  outllnea  bis  foreign  pol- 
ler (page  451) :  "To  eberlah  peace  and 
friendly  Intercourse  with  all  natlona  ha  Ting 
correapondlng  dispositions ;  to  maintain 
strict  neutrality  toward  belligerent  na- 
tloDs :  to  prefer  Id  all  cnaes  amicable 
dlscnsBlon  aad  reasonable  eFCommodatlon 
of  differences  to  a  decision  of  them  by  an 
appeal  to  arms ;  to  exclude  foreign  In- 
trlcnes  and  torelan  partlalltlea.  so  degrad- 
ing to  all  coantrlea  and  so  baneful  to  tree 
ooea ;  to  foater  a  aplrlt  of  Independence 
—  -  ■ 0  Invade  the  rlghta  of  o**^  —   — " 


a  liberal  to 


—  to  look   down  upon   them 

in  othera ;  to  hold  the  onion  of  the  states 
as  tbe  baala  of  their  peace  and  bapplness. 
.  .  ."  The  embargo  set  of  180T  waa  re- 
pealed and  the  n on- Intercourse  act  snbstl- 
tnted  Id  1B09.  This  proved  Ineffectual  and 
was  repealed  In  ISlO.  but  waa  revived 
against  Great  Britain  In  1811.    Great  Brlt- 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


MullBOn,  Junsa — Conllnued. 
•to    conceded    tbe    rlebli    of   nentnla,    but 
refused    to    aecommodate    tlie    Impressment 
ot  Ballorg,  to  the  utiBfactlon  of  the  Lulled 

"Tar  n 


matlOD  or  June  19,  1S12.  Mndlsun 
4fiT)  declared  wat  uanluat  Ureut  uriiBio, 
and  tbls  followed  closHy  uuoii  bis  eneclal 
mesBBBe  ot  June  1,  1812  ipiige  4Si),  In 
whlcb  he  reviewed  the  nets  of  bostllliT 
and  offense  ot  which  Great  Britnia  had 
been  gulltj.      ThrODgbont   the   8 


aages  the  proeress  of  the  war  Is  dlscuBsed. 
II    la    geneially   conceded    t'  - 

of  the  nar  naa  feeble     - 


1   that  the  c 


Untied    States.      So    tai    _ 

nectlon  with  It  la  concerned.  It  maj'  be 
remembered  tbat  be  was  essentially  a  mBD 
of  peace  and  that  (he  war,  bo  Important 
la  the  annats  of  the  counirr  and  In  the 
life  blBtorr  of  those  who  bore  themBclves 
TBllantly    in   defense  of  their   country,   be- 


I    Mad!  90 


9  life. 

i.the 


comparison  with  bis  preeminent  It  brilliant 

record  before  he  reached  the  hlgbeat  office. 

"-■'■-     "-M.— The    public    debt    of    the 


»;  1813.  »."<5,8e2,8:.'7.57 : 

I:  181-v  teo.8S3.Geo.is: 

M:    1817,    »123.<9I. 906.1 


816, 


.._■   ImpOElQg   ■■addldonnl    duties 

opon  all  goods,  wares,  and  merchandise, 
Imported  from  any  foreign  port  or  place, 
and  for  other  purposes."  By  this  act,  the 
duties  were  increased  lOO  per  cent.,  and  an 

on  ali  goods  Imported  In  foreign  Tessels. 
Feb.  2e.  1813,  a  duty  was  Imposed  on  the 
Importation  of  Iron  wire :  and  July  29  of 
the  same  year  the  duty  was  Imposed  on 
Imported    salt,    a    bounty    was    granted    on 

employed   In   (he  fisheries 


sage    ( 


1    Mes- 


fusttag  Ihe  duties  on  Imports  to  Ilie  ob- 
ject ot  revenue,  the  Influence  of  Ihe  tnrllf 
on  manufactures  will  necessarily  present 
Itself  for  coDBideratlon.  tlon-cver  wise  Ibe 
tbeory  may  be  which  leaves  lo  the  sngaclty 
■ad  faterest  of  Individuals  Ihe  apnlioHllon 
of  their  iadiiatr;  nnd  resources,  there  are 
tn  this  as  In  other  cases  exceptions  to 
tbe  general  rale.  Besides  Ihe  condition 
wblcb  the  theory  Itself  Implies  ot  a  recip- 
rocal adoption  by  other  nations,  experi- 
ence teaches  thai  so  mnny  circumHtunces 
ntrodi'cine  nnd  maturing 
daily 

.-jough  sofBclently  advanced  and  In  some 
respecta  even  peculiarly  fitted  for  carrying 
tbein  on  witb  succesB.^' 

(page  4T0)  President  Mndlson  says: 
"^moniE  tbe  commercial  abuses  mill  com- 
pitied   

ntnl  in  cnrrylng 

tbose'of  thelT'on-n  country.  The  sam 
Jnal  and  benevolent  motives  which  pro- 
ducpil  the  interdiction  In  force  against  Ibis 
-   mnrtnct  will  doubtiesB  be  felt  by 


Ing  In  ( 
■nliject. 


Comnerce. — The  commercial  alanis  ot  Um 
rnlted  SInteB  In  the  year  1810  was  u 
follows:  Area.  1,999.775  squara  mile*;  pop- 
ulnllon.  T.239.S81  ;  population  per  ■qiiare 
mile.  3.62 :  gold  colaed,  *S01.43S :  dlTW 
coined,     S63S.774 :     moaey     la     circnlitlon. 

! 26.500.000;  imports,  185,400,000  ;  ezporta. 
60.797.970:  vessels  built.  IZT.BTB  toDs: 
vessels  In  foreign  t^ad^  984.209  tons :  Tea- 
sels la  coastwise  trade,  440.17(1  tou;  poM- 
offlces,  2.300.  "^ 

Maditon,  James: 

Annual   message*   of,   458,   467,   476, 

499,  519,  532,  547,  5S8. 
Biograptiical  sketch  of,  450. 
Change  of  possession  of  Florida  from 
Spain  to   other   foreign   power   ob- 
jected to,  473. 
Commissioner     to     settle     boondarf 

question  'witb   Georgia,   329. 
Conference    witb    Senate    TegardiDji 
Executive     nominations,      declined 
by,  515. 
Constitutional  amendment  respect! ne 
internal     improvements     suggested 
by,  553. 
Death   of— 
Annoanced,    1449. 

Correspondence  of  President  Jack- 
son and  Mrs.  Hadison  on,  1479. 
Executive     nominations,     conference 
with     Senate    regarding,    declined 
by,  515. 
Finances  discussea  by,  455,  461,  472, 

480,  504,  513,  523,  535,  548,  563. 
Foreign  policy  discussed  by,  458,  473. 
Inaugural  address  of — 
First,  451. 
Second,   509. 
Intirnal   improvements  diseiused  by, 

569, 
Oath  of  office,  notifies   Congress  of 

time  and  place  of  taking,  451. 
Pardon  granted  deserters  from  Army 

by,  497,  499,  528. 
Portrait  of,  450. 

Powers  of  Federal  and  State  Govern- 
ments discussed  by,  474,  475,  S40, 
569. 
Proclamations  of — 
Commercial    relations   with    Great 
Britain— 
Benewed,  457. 
Revolted,  458. 
Existence  of  war  between  United 

States  and  Great  Britain,  497. 
Extraordinary  session  of — 
Congress,   476,  529, 
Senate,  571. 
Land  bounties  to  Canadian  volna* 

teera,  145. 
Military   expedition   against   Span- 
ish douiinions.  546, 
Pardons  granted — 
Deserters,  497,  490,  528. 
Persona     carrying     on     lawl«M 
trade,  G43. 
Possession  of  West  Florida,  465. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Preparation  for  defense  of  conn- 
try  ftg&JiiHt  British  forces,  S30. 
TbankB^ving,  498,  SIT,  543,  545. 
Treaty  of  peftce  vith  Oieat  Brit- 


lands,  bbI 

Vessels  of  TTnited   Btates   not  to 

interfere    with    foreign    vessels, 

628. 

Secretarjr   of   Btate,  3E9. 

Special  session  messagea  of,  4S3,  611. 

State  of  the  Union  diicnssed  bj,  B24, 

'52,  508. 


617,   543,   548. 
Treaty  of  peace  with  Qreat  Briton, 

proclamation   of,  regarding,  S4S. 
Veto   mesBages   of — 
Endowing    charch    in    Mississippi, 

47S. 
Incorporating     bank     of     United 

States,  540. 
Incorporating     chorch     in     Alex- 
andria, Va.,  474. 
Internal  improTeinents,   S80. 
Naturalization,  SOS. 
Trials  in  district  eonrts,  4M, 
War  with — 

Algiers  Bfaonld  be  declared  hj  Oon- 

gress,  539. 
Great  Britain  diseossed.    (See  War 
of  1812.) 
Writings    of,   on   Constitutional   Con- 
vention referred  to,  1479. 
CorreHpondence  regarding  pnlilica- 
tion  of,  14S1. 
Madiaon  Papers,  reasons  for  applying 
pocket  veto  to  resolution  to  distrib- 
ute,   1745. 
Uodrid,  capital  of  Spain,  exposition  at, 
to   celebrate  fonr  hundredth  anni- 
venary  of  discovery  of  America, 
5022. 
Beport  of  United  States  commission- 
ers to,  transmitted,  5988. 
Malta. — A  Blctllan  secret  order  wblch  alms 
to   BUballtDte   Its   own   antborlty   for   that 
lecall;   eoniiltiiied   bj   the  stBtc     It  flrit 
became  promlDent  la  1800.    It  depeniti  upon 
commanlly  o(  statlment  rathrr  tbaa  tbor- 
ODgb  organlEitloD  tor  Its  BtrcTtstb,  sud  Its 
tnembers  are  bound  ucltber  to  seek  redrrsi 
at   law  nor   giTe   evldpnce   In   coort.     The 
bcjcott  and  bleclimal]  are  the  usaal  neana 
of  offcnac.  bnt  vIoLfnce  la  otlfu  reaortpd  to. 
Members   of    the   Bocletj   emigrating  to   the 
Cnlled  States  bare  estahllsbpd  bnncbea  In 
Kew    YorS.     New    Orloang    god    elw where. 
On   the   nigbt  of  Ort.    15.    1890.    DaTid    C. 
HenDeaa;.  chief  of  police  of  N'ew  Orleana 
waa  asaaiBlDited  before  bis  onn  house  b7 
membera  of  tbe  Uafla  to  wboie  band  be  had 
traced  a  number  of  crimes.    Tbe  offlcer  re- 
eelved    six    wouoda.       Eleven    Itallaaa 


ot  their  dlaregard  of  oatba.  a  mob  of  en- 
raged citlieua.  beaded  by  a  lavyer  named 
ParkerBOD,  broke  Into  tbe  Jail  and  pnC  to 
deatb  the  eleTen  prlaonera  Incladlog  Ihoae 
who  bad  been  acquitted.  Id  consequence  o( 
the  delay  In  brliiglng  to  Juitlce  the  perpe- 
trator* of  tbla  dWd  tbe  [lellan  Gorern- 
ment  made  a  proleat  agslDSC  (his  tIoIbiIoD 
of  tbe  rlgbta  ot  Ilaltan  citliena.  and  tbe 
United  Siatea  arraoged  tbe  matter  amicably 
by  paying  an  Indemnity  to  the  famlllea  of 
tbe  murdered  Italians. 

Arsenals  and  Iifaga- 
«.) 


Ualia  Indiana.     (Bm    Indian    Tribes.) 
HaQ  Ibtttai.    (See  Postal  Service.) 
Hafl  Bontw  (see  also  Star  Routes;  Ciun- 
berland  Boad); 
Appropriation   tor,   B2S. 
Discussed  by  President — 
Adams,  J.  q.,  873,  877,  fiSS. 
Arthur,  4639. 
Buchanan,  2992. 
FiUmore,  2625,  2670. 
Harrison,  Ben^,  5633,  S756. 
Hayes,  4674. 
Hadison,  562. 
Monroe,  S87,  784,  82S. 
Polk,  2355,  2503. 
Van  Buren,  1610,  1719,  1755. 
Washington,  6S,  75,  99. 
Little   Hock  to  Cantonment  Gibson, 
Ark,,  932. 
Referred  to,  60. 
Washington,  D.   C,  to  New  Orleans, 
'  '     '     vwed  by  Isaac  Hrigin.  364. 
W.  Va.,  to  point  on  Missis- 


Wheeling,  W.  Va.,  to  point  o 
sippi  River,  652,  633. 

Zanesville,  Ohio,  to  seat  of  govern- 
ment of  Missouri,  993. 
Hall  Servlea.        (See  Postal  Service; 

Sailway  Mail  Service.) 
Kan  ateamers.     (See  Postal  Service.) 
MaOs,  Foreign,  transmtssion  of,  through 

United  States,  referred  to,  2175.  {See 

also  Postal  Service.) 
Halne. — One  ot  the  New  England  stntea ; 
nickname,  "The  Pine  Tree  State" :  motto. 
"Dltlgo"  ("I  direct").  The  most  norlh- 
eaalerly  state  of  the  Union.  It  eitends 
from  lat.  43°  4'  to  47°  28'  north  and  from 
long,  ee"  BT'  to  71°  7'  west.  It  Is  bound- 
ed on  the  north  by  the  Prorlnce  o(  Quebec, 
on  the  east  by  New  Brauairlck,  on  the 
Boutheait  and  lonlh  by  the  Atlantic,  and 
00  tbe  west  by  New  Hnmpiblre  nod  Que- 
bec.   The  area  of  tbe  State  la  B8,040  square 


Hah   In    ISOT. 

of   the   pro' 

1691  and  t..    _ ,  . 

The  Websler-Anh burton  treaty  of  1842  _.. 
tied  tbe  lopg-atandlug  dispute  regarding  Its 


jyGooi^lc 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  PrestdttOs 


Haln«— OonMMMd. 


.  Tho.— Om  of  Uw  ■eooiiA«lui 
tettleablpi  nt  tbe  Dnltal  Statu  Nbtt. 
TbU  venel  wu  Kot  to  HkniM,  CntMt,  fit 
JiDiuiT,  ISSB,  on  k  iMicefQl  nlMlon.  Sbs 
«•«  Tecdred  hj  tbc  Spanish  forts  and  naTll 
TCBMla  in  the  harbor  with  the  conrtealea 
auMltT  eitended  to  vlaltini  war  shlpi  or  a 
frlendlr  power.  Her  anchorage  waa  aelectet 
br  the  Bpanleh  aothorltlei.  Oa  the  nlxbt  a( 
reb.  10,  1898,  the  Uaint  wai  dettroTed  b* 
u .^  — ,  beUerrt 


t  sabmarine  mloe  (6277). 


over  that  ^  the  precedluk  rear.  The 
prlDdital  mineral  prodnct  of  the  state,  how- 
erer.  is  xranlte.  In  which  Maine  rank* 
third,  being  exceeded  only  br  Vermont  and 
Hiasacbautts.  More  than  hall  the  granite 
qnarrled  Is  need  In  bulldlngB  and  mona- 
Dients,  bat  considerable  quantities  are  made 
Into  p«Tlng  blocks  and  curbing,  and  a  small 
qnantlti — chiefly  waste— is  crushed  and 
screened  (or  rosd  making,  concrete,  and 
tallroad  ballast.  The  total  valoe  of  the 
■tone  production  In  1913  was  11,792.079, 
agalast  fl.8ip.e90  In  1912.  The  qaantItT 
nf  Urns  prodnced  In  1913  was  Tslued  at 
»0S.6<H.     Ualne   \t      '  ...... 

»a§?968.      ...    K 

■"'"  —li  88.248  Bhort 


Tbe   production   of   feldcpar   In 


490.      Other   c 


're  mineral  waters,  sand 
small  qoantltr  ot  gem 


and  gn.1t 
material. 
The  Talnation  of  nropertj   In  1910  waa 

! 426, 252, 466,  and  the  assessed  tax  waa 
2,148,1S6.  at  tbe  rate  ol  fire  mills.  The 
State  treasurer  reporied  receipts  (or  the 
flacal  Tear  as  |4,O30,356,  and  expenditures 
otJtS.970,497,  net  cash  balance,  |13B,722. 
nier«  are  2,144  miles  of  steam  rallwar 
and  883  miles  of  electric  tine  In  the  State. 
The   population   was   742.371    In   1910. 

The  number  of  manufacturlnu  establish- 
tnents  In  Maine  bSTlng  an  annual  outpat 
ralued  at  «500  or  more  at  the  benlnnlni  of 
1915  was  3,378.  Tbe  amount  of  capital  tn- 
vested  waa  1233.744.000.  glTlng  employment 
to  SO.TSS  penons.  ualns  material  ralued  at 
1117.055.000.  and  tumlax  out  flnlshed  goods 
worth  1200.37], 000.  Salaries  and  wages 
paid  amounted  to  |00,B2C,O0O. 
Halne: 

Claims  of,  presented,  1496,  10S7. 
ControTersy  with  New  Bnmswick  re- 
ferred to,  1805. 
Depredations  in,  cominitted  hj  law- 
less men  from  British  provinces, 
1733. 
Correspondence     regarding,     1738, 
1784,  1785,   1791. 
Northeastern    bonndar7    correspond- 
ence regarding.       (See  Nortbeaat- 
era  Bonndaiy!) 


marines  lost   their   Urea   br   tbe  explosion 

SS2ao|.  An  iOTeatlgatlon  failed  to  place 
le  responslblllti  tor  the  catastrophe,  and 
Bpain  hastened  to  send  a  message  of  regret 
at  what  Bbe  called  an  ■■Incident.'^  The  blow- 
ing up  of  the  Jfolfie  was  among  the  canaes 
ot  the  war  witb  Bpaln.  begun  soon  aft^ 
wirde.  A  new  battleship  liaa  alnce  tteen 
added  to  the  naxy  bearing  the  name  Haln«> 
Maine,  Tlie,  destmction  of,  fn  Kavsna 
Harbor,  Cuba,  6277,  6SB0,  630S. 
FindingB   of   court  of   inquiry,   di» 

CDseed,  8277,  6290. 
Knmber  of  lives  lost  In,  report  to. 

Proposition  of  Bpain  to  Investigate 
causes  of,  referred  to,  6290. 

Bemoval  of  wreck  of,  appropriatioB 
for,  recommended,  7630. 
Hakab  Indians.  (See  Indian  Tribea.) 
Hb1«t  An:lilpelago.-^:b*  largest  and  Biart 
important  Island  group  or  congerlee  of 
gronps  In  the  world.  stretchlnR  from  lat.  36' 
north  to  12°  aouth  and  trom  loDg.  9S*  to 
103'  east.  It  Is  bonnded  on  tha  north  bj 
the  China  Bea,  on  the  east  br  the  Padfle 
Ocean,  and  on  tbe  south  and  went  b;  Anatra- 
lla  and  the  Indian  Ocean.  The  priDdpal 
groups  ars  the  Sunda  Islanda,  foclndlng 
Sumatra,  Java,  Ball.  Sunibawa,  Florea, 
Sandalwood,  Timor,  and  several  emallet 
ones :  the  Philippines  In  the  north ;  Celebes 
and  the  Salajer  Island^  north  of  Florea: 
the  Molticcas  and  others  esst  of  Celebes. 
The  chief  latandB  for  trade  are  Java,  Sama- 
tra,  Borneo,  and  the  Moluccas.  The  Dutch 
diTlslon  of  Papua  Is  conaldered  a  part  ot 
the  Malay  Arclilpelaso.  The  PhlApDlnes 
were  taken  by  the  United  States  from  Spain 
In  1898.     Ore--  "—- '-  ■-  ■ ■ 


greater  and  richer  portion  ot  the  archipel- 
ago, having  rigbte  of  anieralntr  over  the 
active  princes. 

MalefactoiB  of  Wealth  and  Posltlai,  at- 
titude of  Boosevelt  adminiatratian 
toward,  T137. 
Proceeded  against  hj  the  Department 
of  Justice,  70SS. 
Halvem    Hill    (Va.),    Battle    of.— The 
laat  of  the  Seven  Days'  Battles  before  tUA- 
mond.    On  the  morning  of  Jul;  1,  1882.  the 
Second,  Third,  and  81itb  corps  of  HeClel- 
Jsn'a    srmy.     under    command    at     Ktjtt, 
Franklin.  Sumner.  Helntcelman,  and  Porter, 
^ ^united  on  Malvem  HIII^  a  platean  near 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


HtlTnn  BUI— ^ontfiMied. 
nrem  of  them  beav;  ilese  csiuioii.  Tlie 
ConfederstB  atUck.  nnder  Ti.  H.  Hill  BDd 
Hagrcder.  wai  made  about  3  f.  u..  and  It 
continued  nntU  0  r.  u,  Tbe  asBallanta  were 
repulsed.  During  tbe  nigbt  McClellaa  coq- 
tlnned  bii  retreat  to  HarrlsoD's  L.andlQ(. 
Mnnnffitiff  (Va.),  or  Boll  Bun,  Second 

Bsttla  of.— On  tbe  momlaK  of  Aug.  80, 
1803.  the  dny  after  ths  battle  of  QroveCon, 
tbe  conDlet  between  the  loccea  under  i'ope 
■nd  thoee  under  JackBOD  waa  renewed.  Tbe 
latter,  having  been  reentorced,  maieed  hla 
(oTcea  on  the  leCt  □(  the  Federal  anny  with 
the  Intention  of  turalnx  Pope's  flt&k  and  le- 
cnrlng  a  position  on  the  ned  to  Centerrllle, 
In  Pope'i  rear.  Tbe  fiercest  flghtins  of  tbe 
dar  took  place  about  6  o'clock  In  the  after- 
noon on  the  groand  where  tbe  battle  of 
Ball  Run  bad  been  (oDfbt  July  SI,  1S81. 
B7  nisht  the  left  wins  of  tbe  Dnlon  army 
had  been  driven  back  about  half  a  mile,  the 
right  not  BO  far.  Pope,  being  defeated,  re- 
treated to  CeDterrlUc.  Federal  loBs.  about 
lE.OOOi  Confederate.  8,400.  (See  also 
GroTeton  (Va.),  Battle  of.) 
Va.: 


Armj  m&nceuverB  eX,  6927. 

^Encampment  at,  67T4, 
Uanassu  (Vo.),  Battle  of.     (See  Bull 

Bun  (Va.),  Battle  of.) 
**im'*pr  Indiana.  (See  Indi&n  Tribes.) 
ManlU  EWboi  (FblUppIne  iBlanda), 
BMUe  of  .—Prior  to  the  beginning 
of  the  war  with  Spain  tbe  Asiatic  Squadron 
of  tbe  United  Slates  had  been  lying  for 
several  weeks  at  Hongkoag,  under  tbe  coni- 
mand  of  Commodore  (now  Adoilral}  George 
Dewey.     Upon  the  Issuance  of  tbe  colonial 

Eroclamatlan    of    neatrallty,    the    uaual    2* 
onra'  notice  having  been^reo,  Dewe^ 


aasembled  at  1i 
pine  Islands,  a  Span 
BOatheast  coast  of  Asia.  At  daybr^ah  M: 
1.  1898.  the  American  Beet  entered  ManI 
Bay  and  before  noon  effected  tbe  total  t 
stmctlon  of  tbe  Spanlsli  Qeet.  conslsllng 
10  warablps  and  a  transport,  besides  ni 
turing  the  naval  station  aad  torts  at  Cavl 
Thus  at  one  blow.  In  a  few  hours,  was  a 
nihllated  Spain's  naval  power  In  the  Paclt 


Tbe  wonndcd  num- 

, ,_.  Spanish  loss  was  412 

oOceri  and  men  killed  and  wounded.  Aug. 
]&,  after  a  brief  assanlt  upon  Ibe  works  of 
Uanlla  by  the  land  forces  under  Gen.  Mer- 
rltt,  in  which  the  sqaadron  assisted,  the 
last  scene  of  tbe  war  was  enacted  at  Its 
starting  place,  resolttng  In  tbe  unconditional 
Enrrender  of  the  city. 

M^f"']    PUUppins   Islands    (see    also 
Philippine  Islands): 
Cable  commDni cations   with,   recoro- 

mended,  634S,  6373,  644S. 
ErpeditionB   to,    nnder    command    of 

Oen.  Uerritt,  6315. 
Oen.  Otii  directed  to  avoid  conflict 

with  insargents,  6GS4. 
Victory  of— 

American  squadron  over  Bpaniah 
fleet  in  bav  of,  discussed,  6297, 
6315. 


Commander  of  American  aqnad- 

Appointed  acting  rear-admiral, 

6E97,    6568. 
Sword  to  be  presented  to,  and 
medals  to   men   imder,  fl30£. 
Thanks    of   CongresB   to,    and 
men  nnder,  6298. 
Becommended,  6297. 
Heply  of,  6302. 

Thanks  of  President  tendered, 
6568. 
Beferred  to,  6297. 
Commander  of  the  Bvgh  JfcCtrf- 
loch    in,     recognition     of     ser- 
vices of,  recommended,  6305. 
American  squadron  and  land  forces 
at,  discuBBed,  6319. 
Thanks    of    President    tendered 
commanders  and  men,  6579. 
Manor. — in    English    Ibw    a    freehold    es- 
tate held  by  tbe  lord  of  tbe  manor,  who  1« 
entitled  to  maintain  a  tenure  between  him- 
self  and  copyhold   tenants,  whereby  a  sort 
of  feudal  relation  Is  kept  np  between  them. 
Manors  closely  resemble  the  teodal   estates 
held  Id  Scotland  by  all  proprietors  of  land. 
Manors   of   tbe    Rngllsh    type   were   granted 
In    the    United    SUtes   In    several    of    tbe 
Colonies  on  soch  terms  that  property  right 
carried  rlgbt  of  Jarlsdictlon.     In  1030  the 
proprietor  of  Maryland  ordered  that  every 
grant   of    2,000   acres   sboald   be   made   a 

Manufactory  Bank.  (See  Bank,  Mann- 
factory.) 
Hannfactnrers,  Aflsoclatlon  of.— In  order 
to  combat  tbe  encroachments  of  organised 
labor  and  oftaet  the  growing  tendency  Of 
public  opinion  and  state  legislatures  to  ac- 
quiesce In  the  demands  of  labor  men,  no 
mnttcr  bow  ruInouB  to  employers,  the  Na- 
tional Association  of  MaoufBcIurerB  was 
"  platform  of  ten  principles  for 
• ' -a  dealing  — ••■ 

.  Fair  deellng  la  the  fundamental  and 

employees  and  employers  s 

2.  The  "-■■-—'    * -■ 

B  such,  fut  it  Is 

ycotts,  blacLllBlB  a — --— 

of  Interffrence  with  the  personal  liberty  of 
emjiloTer   or  employee. 

3.  No  person  should  be  refused  employ- 
ment or  Id  any  way  discriminated  against 

ship  In  any  lebor  organlzstlan,  and  there 
should  be  no  discriminating  against  or  In- 
terference with  any  er-' —  -  — '  - 

member  of  a  labor  orgi 
of  Buch  orgHDlEHtlons, 

right  of  tbe  employee  to  leave  bis  employ- 
ment whenever  he  sees  fit.  and  It  Is  the 
right  of  the  employer  to  discharge  any  em- 
pforee   when   he  nees  St. 

5.  Empln.vers  most  be  free  to  employ 
their  work  people  et  wages  matnally  satls- 
f.aclory,  wllnont  Interference  or  dictation  on 
the  pnrt  of  Indlvldiinls  or  onrsnlaatloDS  not 
directly  parties  to  ancb   contracts. 

6.  Employers  must  be  unmolested  and 
unhampered  In  the  management  of  their 
bustuess  in  determining  ibe  amount  and 
quality  of  tnelr  proonct.  and  in  tbe  use  of 
any  methods  or  systems  of  pay  which  are 
Just  and  equitable. 


lowi 


<t  opposed  to  orsaalaatlonB  of  Ii 

„.  1,  but  It  IB  unalterably  oppa*> 

a  boycotts,  blacklists  and  other  illegal  ac 


jyGooi^lc 


Manufacturers    Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


MVinfBctimn,  Anodfttion  of— omHi'ii. 
7.  In  the  Inteiml  of  emnloTeei  (diI  •m- 

rtn  at  the  couDtrj,  no  limltAtlaD  sbould 
placed  upoD  the  opportnnliicB  of  iny 
person  to  learn  auv  tnde  to  whlcb  be  or 
(be  niB7  be  adapted. 

S.  Ttie  NailoDul  Aisoclatloo  of  UanafAC- 
turere  dlaapprovea  abBoluteir  of  strlkea  and 
lockoDt^  Bud  tBFOn  on  equitable  adjuat- 
ment  of  all  dllterencea  between  employera 
and  eniploreea  by  aoT  amicable  method 
tbat    win    preeerTe    the    riihta    of    both 

e.  Kmploreee  have  tbc  rliht  to  contract 
tat  tbeir  eervlces  In  a  collectlTe  capacltj, 
but  anj  contract  that  contains  s  etlpnlatlon 
that  emplorment  nhould  be  denied  to  nwn 
not  parllea  to  the  contiacf  la  an  Inraelan  ol 
the  coDstltntlonal  rl|hta  of  the  American 
workman,  la  against  public  policy,  and  la  la 
Tlolatlan  of  Ine  conaplracr  lava.  Thla  aaao- 
clatlon  declaree  Its  analterable  antagoniam 
to  the  cloied  abop  and  Inalats  that  the  doori 
of  no  Induatrr  be  cloaed  asalnst  American 
workmen  becanae  of  their  membership  or 
non-mem  be  rah  ip  In  anj  labor  organiaatlon. 
10.  The  National  laaoclatlon  of  Mana- 
tactnrera  pledgee  Itaelf  to  oppose  an;  and 
all  leiilalatlon  not  In  accord  with  the  fote- 
ColDS  declB  ration. 

UaunftCtimK. — One  of  the  important  da- 
ties  of  the  federal  cenine  li  to  take  account 
of  the  nnmber  and  eitent  of  the  manu- 
facturing eatabllihments  of  the  country 
and  report  on  the  number  of  persona  en- 
gaged in  the  Tarlona  tndiiatrlea.  the  tsIuc 
of  flnlshed  prodncte  and  the  Talne  added  to 
nw  material  In  the  process  of  manotac- 
ture.  The  following  table  Is  taken  from 
a  Bummarj  Issued  by  the  Director  of  the 
Cenana  in  1014. 

NumbirofeiHtMniiKts VMK 

FmainiicHllBmsaiAotvM 8,1U.41« 

FnvrHlonudflnaDimhas ViXn 

B^^^aaUcma MUll 

Waiie  amen  (airtnfiiuBibK(D|il<v*d         ,„.„ 

WigecaraentbTDwntka:  _«„„ 

JuBurr 7fla.ta 

jStw 7.1«J»* 

hSST.    .     .  7.MS.7B 

Anil 7J17.M0 

1^ 7jts.ao 

im 7.i<»MS 

Julr 7.018MT 

A^ 7jao.tn 

^bobs JOM** 

Nonoibw •,7».5M 

DHsnba e.M0J84 

CspHsf, l»).TIO,e80«)0 

fiaVims  a«7J«,000 

EWbtic* 1J«7,»17J»0 

Wane (OTB^W.OOO 

U>Uri>k 143«J».0M 

Vslaerfwod** UMVUm 

Vahia  sddMl  by  naauhiotim  (tiIm  of 

tndoefimecalalmtiamU) e.ST3JSUXI0 

In  the  table  Is  the  adiolnlne  colnmn  tbe 
several  Industries  are  arranged  in  the  order 
of  the  value  of  tbdr  outpnt. 
Mannfactorefl: 
Cftpital— 
Inveeted  in,  diKOBied,  S741. 
Should  be  applied  to  iiit«nial,  443. 
DepreBsion   in,   mentioned,  C59. 
Encouragement  of,  recommended,  58, 
flO,  193,  197,  318,  454,  469,  480,  638, 
630,   979. 
iDcreaee  of,  676,  760,  B79,  1108,  3901. 
PTOBperoua  condition  of,  2404. 


HiNtvacTtruHa  Imnarvm. 


3S8,(H 

ST&S80 

itajn 

KIUIO 
SS2.174 

muiB 

S8,UI) 


TXIgTtJKa 
AW8J100 


«KU»i,eoa 

MMtWOO 

I74,7XUnD 
3a7,S7U00 


ioisn.aaa 


1E7.I01.ODO 

i47!«B!oin 


Beferred  to,  99,  17S,  361,  456,  667, 
97B. 

8t&tistio  of,  referred  to,  3066,  3067. 
flbpB  of  Unltsd  Stateo,  joint  resolution 

proTtdinK    for    printinn    of,    vetoed, 

E292. 
Hubleliead,  111^  mentioned,  6317,  0766, 

6768,  6769. 
Marlmry  to.  HidlBOn, —  The  Orat  Impor- 
tant case  wherein  the  Supreme  Court  set 
aside  an  act  of  Coogrese  been  use  of  con- 
flict with  the  Constitution.  William  Mar 
bury  and  others  had  been  appointed  jus- 
ticea  of  the  peace  In  the  District  of  Co- 
lumbia by  President  John  Adams,  with  the 
consent  of  the  Senate.  Before  their  com- 
mlaslona  were  Issued  Adams  was  succeeded 
by  Thomaa  Jefferson  and  James  Hadlson 
was  appointed  Becretary  of  State.  Falling 
to  recelye  his  commlaaion,  Uarbury  moved 
tbe  Supreme  Court  to  Issue  a  mandamus 
to  Madison  commanding  bim  to  Isane  It. 
The  court  decided  that  Uarbury  was  legally 
entitled  to  his  commlaaion.  but  that  the 
court  had  no  constitutional  authority  to 
Issue  a  msndamas  In  such  a  caae,  thus 
declaring  unconstitutional  a  portion  of  the 
Judiciary  act  of  1789,  Which  purported  to 
grant  such  aathorlty. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


,  Hu^  voTftge  ftnd  arriTal  of, 
fiom  Skd  Francisco  discusBod,  6316. 
MatIim    Oonf  ttroBCO,    Intoniatlonal,  at 
WsthingtOD  diacuBBed  And  recommen- 
dAtioDB   Tegardiog,   6180,   C3T0,   6468, 
6493,  S4&6,  5543. 
Harinfl  OorpB.— The  nnltcd  Btitea  Marine 
Corps  li  an  Indcprndont  branch  of  Itia  mlll- 
tarr  ictrlce  of  tbe  Unlti.<d   Htatcii.  scrrlag 
(eneraLI;  nnder  tbe  dlrectEon  of  tbo  Secre- 
tary of  tbe  K'MTr.     Tbe  corpa  ma;  be  dc- 
tarbed  br  order  of  Ibo  Presldcat  tor  serTlce 
with    Ihp    army,    and    od    rariuuH   occasions 
partB  □(  (be  curpa  baTe  so  aurved. 

Marines  ■cni'd  on  shore  and  on  board 
TesHJi  of  tbe  navy  IbruiiBbout  Ihc  IleTulu- 
tlonar;  war,  two  battalions  ha  Wok  been 
autborlced  by  tbe  c'oailnenla]  Conitress 
Nov.  10.  mS,  but  the  iireH'Ut  orgualialion 
dales  from  Jair  11.  ITOS,  when  an  act  of 
Conercas  was  approved  for  csCabllHhIojc  and 
orsanliloK  a  marine  corps  to  consist  ut  ona 
major,  fuar  csplalna.  sixteen  nrst  Ileuten- 
anlB.  twelve  second  Ileulcaants,  forlyolgbt 
eergeanls,  forlj-elKht  rorporals,  tbirlr-two 
drums  and  flfos  and  720  privates. 

The  foilowlni  diilt^a  are  asslened  to  the 
marine  corpa :  To  garrison  the  different 
navy  yards  and  navaletatlona.  botb  within 
asd  beyond  the  continental  II mils  of  (he 
United  Slates.  To  furnish  tbe  first  line 
of  Ibe  mobile  derence  of  naval  bsBes  and 
naval  stallons  bcyuod  the  eoDllnental  limits 
of  tbe  United  Btatrs.  To  man  surb  naval 
defences,  and  to  aid  In  manning,  If  neces- 
sary, such  other  defences  as  may  be  erected 
tor  tbe  defence  of  naval  ban's  and  naval 
slallons  bevund  tbe  roallncnlsl  llrniDi  of 
tbe  Ignited  Slates.  To  garrison  the  Isltmian 
C'BDal  Zone.  I'snama.  To  fumliih  sui'b  gar' 
rIsoDs  and  eipedlllonary  forces  for  duties 
beyond  the  seas  as  may  be  necessary  In 
time  of  peace.  To  serve  on  board  all  baltla- 
sblos  and  armored  erulsera  of  tbe  navy, 
and  surb  otber  vessels  as  may  be  directed, 
In  delacbmenia  of  not  less  than  8  per  cent 
of  the  slrengtb  of  the  enllsti'd  men  of  (he 
navy  on  said  vessels.  In  case  of  dlstarli- 
■nces  In  fcirelgn  countries  marines  are  land- 
ed lo  protect  American  Interests. 

Tbe  marine  corps  garrlaons  tha  follow- 
ing places : 

l4aval  Proving  Qninnd,  Indian  Head, 
Md. 

Isthmian  Canal  Zone.  Panama- 
Amerlean  legation,  PelilDg,  China. 
American  legation,  Hanagiia,   Mcaragaa- 
*-'-  — 1   i>lBrl{)llDary  tlarraeks.  Port  Ooyal, 


T  Paget   Bound,  Wash 


Sound,  Wasb. :  PortmoDth,  S.  IL;  Wash- 
IngloQ.  D.  C. 

fiavat  Stattonit. — Cavlte.  Philippine  IB- 
land  :  (Inam.  Mariana  Islands :  (}uantaiia> 
mo,  Cuba:  Ilonoliilii,  Hawaii:  Kej  Watt, 
Fta. :   OlongarHi,   I'blllpplue   Islanda 


Kaixa  MaoaHnrn.—aovrr,  N.  J. ;  Fort 
lUinln.  Pa.:  lilngham,  Mass.;  lona  Island, 
N.  T. :  St  Jullen^s  Creek..  Va. 


t   over    tweiily  si'Ven, 
menial,    moral    and 


esldcnt. 


•nllsti 


I   the   [ 


years.      AppUea 
1  ot  age  and  nut  over  thlrty- 
U-4    and    of    good    diaraetcr. 

iiave   consent   of   parents   oc 

guardian.  Apprentices  to  lesro  the  drum 
and  trumpet  arc  enlisted  between  the  ages 
of  flfleen  and  seventeen,  with  consent  of 
piireuts  or  giinrdlnn,  la  serve  during  mi- 
ucirlly.  All  nvrultx,  after  aci-etilHuii',  are 
sent  for  three  monlbs  to  a  rerriiit  derwt  tor 
Instruction.  t'ermanent  marine  corps  re- 
ciultlng  HlatlDQS  as   toUaws: 

Italllniore,  Md.,  311  D.  S.  Custom  Houat 
Building. 

KoslDQ.  Mass.,  01  Hanover  Btreet. 

Buffalo,    N.    X:^    210    Federal    Building. 

Cbattaoooga,  Tenn.,  lltb  and  "A"  Slreeta. 

Chicago.   111.,  SV2  South  Ciark  Blrect. 

Cincinnati,  Ohio,  Z;t   I'lckerlng  Iluitdlng. 

CI  eve  laud,   Ohio.   Federal   BiiVldlDg. 

Denver,  Col.,  KIDS  I.arlmer  Hln-ct. 

Detroit,  Mtefa..  (18  Qrlawold  Street. 

lA>s   Angeles,   Cal.,    42;!^    South    Spring 
BtreeL 

New   Tork,   N.   Y.,   128   B.   Twenty-third 
Street. 


I'hUsdelphia,  Pa.,  1403  Filbert  Street 

rittsbureb,  Pa.,  .111  flr ■ 

Portia  Dd.  Ore.,  Third  ■ 


■111   Bailihneld  Slri._. 
" .Ider  Btreeti. 

□su  piBuiii-iu.    vKi..   Bi!    nmrket   street. 

Bt  IJiuls,  Mo„  Federsl  Riilldlnjt. 

Be.   Paul.   Mian.,  210  Ryan  UiiTidlng. 

Inrormutlan  regnrdlng  pny,  allowancea, 
etc..  can  be  oblalned  by  addressing  the 
otBeer  In  charge  of  recruiting  at  any  of  the 
alK>ve  addresses.  Enlistments  are  also  made 
at  all  navy  yards  snd  naval  ststloni. 

The    authorised    strength    of    tbe    corps 

S September  1.  1816)  was  346  offlcen  and  §,- 
21  enlisted  men.  as  follows :  Une  major- 
Keneral  commandant,  eleven  colonels,  twelve 
eutenant-eolooels,  twenty -eight  majors,  107 
cAptalna,  ninety -seven  Brst  Hen  tenants, 
niaety  second  lieutenants,  twelve  sergeant 
mojora.  seventy-nine  quartermaster  ser- 
gennta,  one  drum  major,  114  flrst  sergeants, 
eUAIy-sli  gunnery  sergeants,  4S0  sergeants, 
6St  corporals,  124  dnimmera,  124  trtimpet' 
ers,  one  leader  of  the  band,  one  second 
leader  of  the  band,  thirty  Orst-claas  masl- 
clans,  thirty  aeeond-class  musicians  and  7.- 
943  privates.  The  Commandant  la  Majo*- 
Oeneral  Qeorge  Bar&ett 
Marina  Corpi: 
AppointmeDt  in,  referred  to,  196SL 
CompenBation  to  ofEoers  of,  latored 

to,  906,  1097. 
EzpeDdttoTes  of,  267(1 
Appropriation    for,    reeomineiidad, 
1045. 
NorolnfttioDB  for,  referred  to,  SSH, 

S238. 
Plan  for  peace  establlBliniflnt  of,  764 
Bank    and    poBition    in,    dieooBaed, 

S23S. 
Becommendatlon  for,  2502. 
Shotild  be  merRSd  into  utilleiy  or 
infantry,  1023. 
BCuIne  HoatfUls.      (See  Alao   HaaUli 
Service.) 
Conatruetion  of,  referred  to,  2747. 
Patients  treated  by,  during  1885, 4931. 
Plan  for,  referred  to,  1613L 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Marine 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Uirins  Hosjdtals — OonttnaeA, 

Provision   for,    recommenaedj    324 
Service  discussed,  4S 3 1,  5877. 
Bites  for,  referred  to,  1T90,  1835. 
AppropTlation     for,    recommended, 
1S53. 
Umno  InaoraiM. — KIghteeo   marloe   Id- 
■u ranee   Fompanles   reportlns   to   tbe   New 
York  State  Insaranee  Department  bad   on 
J«DU«r7    1.    1912.    astels    ot    (34,04:t,2[i9. 
nvc  (urplua  of  (14.274.870  and  premiums 
ren>lv<il  «t3.745.l:f2.  louvfi  paid  tS.40U.2tItl. 
rUka  wcltleo  (l(>.:iVG,U'i:i,008. 
Marino,  Bocretarr  of.— Up  to  1781  the 
Board  of  Admiralty  bad  luperTlalan  of  all 
naval  affairs.    Feb.  7  of  Ihat  jear  tbc  Con- 
tlnenlal  Congreas  Crrated  ihe  offlrc  of  Sec- 
retary of  Marine,  wbuse  duilea  corrpapond- 
ed  with   those  of  Ihe  preiu-at  Secrrtar;  of 
the    Navy.      Ilefore    Ihc    end    of    Iliat   jear, 
bowcTer,  (be  dulles  of  tbe  olSoe  were  trans- 
ferred lo  the  Treasury  DeparlincDt. 
Uaifna    Slsnala,    international   confer- 
ence at  Washington  for  adoption  of 
Bystem  of,  etc.,  S468. 
Uarino,  Tbe,  proceedings  of  coort  re- 
garding,   8!15. 
Maxlpoaa  Big  Trea  Oiore,  presented  to 

Nation  by  California,  7013. 
Uaritlme  Canal  Oompany,  referred  to, 

5623,  dl85,  6326. 
HarlUme   Jmw,   declaration  concerning 

referred  to,   2917,   2945. 
Harltlme  Policy,  adoption  of,  by  Unit: 

ed  States   recommended  6340. 
Uaritlme  Bights,  correspondence  with 
foreign    powers,    regarding,    referred 
to,  7854. 
Harltlme  War,  rights  of  neutrals  and 
belligereots  in,  discussed,  S2I. 
Uniform  action  of  tbe  powers  regard- 
ing, 806. 
Uarmlon  Case.— Tbe  float b  Carolina  lesls- 
lutiire  In  1BT2  pnssed  a  law  provldlns  that 
any   free    ncgroca    entering    the    porta    of 


Dunl  tbe 

.  - -e  United 

oinips  m   JB.:J  det'lilctl  Ibnt    (hlH    Inn   was 
roplrnrr    lo    the    ronntltiillnn    and    Inmm- 
pnlilile   vUb   the   InltTuntlimal   nlillmiltuna 
of  the  United  amteii.     The  AttoroeyUen- 
ernl  rendered  n  alnillar  oplnloa  In  itKii. 
Uamagee  of  American  citizens  abroad, 
reconimendationB     regarding,     4246, 
4301,  43G0. 
Uarrlaga,  Divorce  and  Folygam;,  dis- 
cussed, 7428. 
Collection  of  statistics  of  States  by 
Director  of  Census,  recommended, 
6942. 
Marshala,  United  States: 
Acta  making  appropriations  to  pay 
fees  of,  vetoed,  44S3,  449T,  4543, 
4544. 
Appropriations    for  maintenance   of 
service    of,  recommended,  4474, 
4S26. 
Necessity  for,  ref«n»d  to,  4635. 


Compensation    to,    disensM^,     Ut9, 
2714,   4770,    4836,   4939,   SIOSL 

Sef erred  to,  91. 
Martha's  ViaeTard,  Maas.,  landa  darig- 

nated    by    proclamation    f^     ligbt- 

bouses  on,  1221. 
Martial  Law.— A  system  of  Kovemmcat 
under  the  direction  of  military  aDtbortty- 
It  la  an  arbitrary  kind  of  law,  proceeding 
directly  from  the  military  power  and  hav- 
Inx  no  Immediate  roa»tllutloiial  or  lefts- 
laUve  saortioa.  It  Is  only  juatllled  by  ne- 
ceSBltr  Bud  supcraedea  all  rivll  govemmenL 
Sir  Matthew  llale  aald  ^  'Uarllal  law  la 
built  on  no  settled  principle,  but  la  ar- 
bitrary, and,  la  truth,  do  law.  bat  aotiw- 
.. Indulged.    — """    """""    "     "" 


Suspci 


I   of   the  V 


.  i-utu  Is  esn-Dilally  a  deciaiallon  of  mr- 
tlal  law.     "Id  thla  rase,"  says  Blackatone. 
-""  a,  portion  of  liberty 


-In    1T91 


itlon  parts  B.._  _, „  , 

to   t^ecure   Ita  permsneat  welfare,   and   aas- 

PFCti'd  persons  mar  then  be  arrested  wlth- 

oat  cause  assigned, 

Martin  vs.  Hunter '■ 

Martin   brought  suit  of  ejectmen 

tbe  detcndaot  In  the  dlBtilct  con:_  _.    ... 

Ilnla  for  the  reco»ery  of  certain  lands, 
he  eouTt  di'i-lilml  for  tbe  defendant.  Tbe 
court  of  appeuli  of  Vlrglula  reversed  tbis 
declalon,  outl  thplr  Judgment  was  reversed 
by  the  Ualled  Slates  Supreme  Court  la 
J810.  Tbe  court  of  appeals  of  Virginia 
refused  lo  eiecnle  this  Judgment,  dector- 
lug  that  the  "appellate  power  of  tbe  Hn- 
preme    Court    of    the    United    Slates    doea 


Uiilli 


._.     and  tL.. 


I    of    I 


t  Con- 


1  pumuaniw  o 


The    Supreme    Conrt 


nverrtiloil  this  dn'lHlon  and  thu'a  eeikbllsbed 
Ita  Jurladlellon  upon  sucb  polnta. 
Maxtlniqne,  Inland  of.  Lesser  Antilles; 
French;  381  square  miles;  popola- 
tion,  203,  7S1. 
Volcanic  eruption  on,  detroying  St. 
Pierre,  formerly  populated  by  20,- 
000,  6679. 
Tonnage  on  American  vessels  at,  re- 
ferred to,  1123. 
Mary  Lowell,  Ttie,  seizure  of,  by  Span- 
ish  autborities,  referred  to,  3986. 
Mary,  The,  capture  and  sequestration 
of,  by  Netherlands,  1612. 
Claims  arising  out  of,  1093. 
Maryland.— One   of   tha   thlrtecD   original 
■tales   of   the   Onion;   motto,    "Fatti   ma- 
schll ;   parole   femlne"    <"Doeda    are   men; 
worda  are  woiocn"j.     It   was  founded  by 
Lord    Baltimore    In    10.14    and    named    to 
honor  of  Urnrletla  Maria,  wlfa  of  Cbarlet 
I.      Marylnnd  eiienda  from  let.   S7°   S3'  to 
8n°  43'  north  and  trcim  long.  75'  4'  to  70" 


.      It  I 

PennaylTSiila,  c 


indcd   t 


il  by  Delaware  and 
iQB  AiuEui  ji-  ui-ciiu,  uu  t  bc  soulh  bj  thc 
Cbeaiipeakp  Bay.  ou  llic  aoulhwest  by  Vir- 
ginia and  WeHt  Virginia  tfcparated  by  Ihe 
T'utomacl,  Bud  on  tbe  wcsl  by  Went  Vlr- 
glnln.  It  Is  dtvlilrd  Into  two  parts  by  tbe 
Cbeiuipenkp  Bay,  and  has  an  area  of  12,327 

Maryland 'was  Aral  settled  at  81.  Warn 
In  ltt34  as  a  proprietary  cnlnny  of  lb* 
f^nivcirt     fmniiff.     hilt     wna    governed    *■   ■ 

lein  lo  171 «. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Massachusetts 


Hurlaild — Oonthuied. 

tbe  boundary  between  MarjEsiid  and  Fenn- 

BrlTDDla   about  1786. 

The  flaberles  of  the  State  are  Important, 
the  oratara  of  Chesapeake  Bay  being  wide- 
ly tamouB.  Other  flaher/  products  are  shad, 
baaa,  perch,  and  ihell  flab.  Aerlcalture  Is 
--1  Important  Industry,  about  82  per  cent 
'  *'■-  ---a  t»elng  la  farms,  and  these  mostlj 


iroD.  The  coal  bualness  of  the  State  t>ene- 
llted  Indirectly  from  the  six  montba'  atrlfee 
of  mine  workerB  In  the  middle  western 
atatei,  and  as  a  reautt  1,193.SS4  tons  more 
were  mined  thao  during  the  prevlons  year, 
-._. — , ._     ■  gg^     mg^^     ^^^g 


giving    employ  meat 


17.629.^28,   an  Inc'rease  of  (811,000  during 

There  are  1,469  mltea  of  Bteam  railway 
and  S3S  miles  of  electric  line.  The  popu- 
lation   In    ISIO    was    1,295,346. 

The  numt>er  of  maaufacturlDg  establlsb- 
menta  In  HBrrland  harlDg  an  annual  out- 
pat  valaed  at  (SOO  or  more  at  the  beglnnlntc 
of  191&  was  14,768.  The  amount  of  capital 
Inreated  was  t2»S.934,0OD.  glvlag  employ- 
ment to  131,333  penoDs.  using  material 
valued  at  I238.9S2.000,  and  Mralog  out 
Bnlabed  goodi  worth  |R7  7,704.0  00.  Bal- 
arlea  and  wBgea  paid  aggregate  t71, 829.000. 
This  report  a  bowed  a  decrease  In  the  c  um- 
ber of  establlBbmenta  Bince  tbe  last  report. 
which  was  in  1009,  but  bd  Increaae  In  the 
amount  of  capital  Invested.  Tbe  number 
of  employees  also  Increased. 
Hurland  (see  also  Baltimore): 

Act  of  general  assembly  of,  relatinff 
to  Cbesapeale  and  Delaware  Canal 
Co.,   870. 
CeuBUB  of,  referred  to,  321. 
Cesaion    of    QoveTnnieDt    interest    in 
Cbes&peake    and    Ohio    Canal    to, 
considered,    1776. 
Claims  of,  against  United  States  for 
expendltnies  during   War  of   1812, 
8S4. 
Combinations,  nnlawfol  in,  discnssed 
and    proclamations    against,    4400, 
4424. 
Constitntional  amendments  received 
from  govomor,  63. 


District    of    Columbia,    portion    of, 
ceded  to  Congress  by,  92. 
Hef  erred  to,  86. 
Legislature  of,  arrest  and  dispersion 
of  members  of,  would  not  be  jns- 
tiflable,  321S. 
Loan   of,   to   Washington    City,   pay- 
ment   of,    guaranteed    b;    United 
States,  321. 
Batiflcation  of  amendment  to  Federal 
Constitution    by,   referred    to,    63, 
249. 
Unlawful  combinatioDS  in,  disenssed, 
and   proclamations    against,    4400, 
4424. 
Maryland  In  Liberia.— A  negro  colony  to 
the  eastward  of  Cape  Palmaa,  in  wbat  la 
now  Uie  Eepobllc  of  Liberia,  Africa,  found- 
ed by  tbe  Maryland  State  Colonization  So- 
ciety  In   1834.      Expeditions  sent   to   Mon- 
rovia In    1S31    and    1832   proved   unsaecew- 
(ol.    John  Kusaworm,  a.cUlien  of  Monrovia. 
??=^<^?°?*°  ''"'  ^'^^  governor  In   1836.     In 
1857  It  became  part  of  Liberia. 

Uason  and  SlldeU,  Confederate  envoys 

to  Great  Britain  and  France,  removal 

of,  from  British  steamer  Trent,  3263, 

3263,  3364,  3267,  3268. 

MaBon  and  Dixon's  Line,— The  boandary 

line   between   Pennsylvania  and   Maryland. 

It   Is    coincident   with    the   parallel  of   39" 

43'.   beginDlDg  at   the  Delaware   Blver  and 

rnonlng    244    miles    to    the    westward,    and 

was  laid  out  by  two  croloeLt  English  matbe- 

mstliians  and  am-"- j-.w. .,..  .. 

and    Jci'cmlab    Dl: 
Ualllmore    aud    W 

puled  the  boundary  Between  their  adjoining 
granis,  ihe  case  was  taken  to  London  for 
adjudication  and  the  parlies  to  tbe  aalt 
were  ordered  lo  have  tbe  line  run.  The 
snrveyors  marked  the  line  with  boundary 
posts,  having  on  one  side  Ibe  arms  of  Penn 
and  on  the  other  those  of  Lord  Baltimore. 
The  line  became  famons  In  later  days  u 
marking  In  part  the  boundary  between  free 
and  slave  slates.  During  the  discussion  In 
longress  on  the  Mlaaourl  compromise  John 
Itandotph  of  Roanoke  made  free  use  ot  thiB 
phrase,  which  contrlbated  to  Its  more  popu- 
lar  use  as   such  dividing  Ihie. 

Masonic,  Tlie,  confiscation  of,  attempt- 
ed by  Spain,  discussed,  4626,  475B. 

Indemnity  for,  awarded,  4919. 
MassacIiiisettB.~Oii^  ot  the  thirteen  origi- 
nal states  of  the  Union :  nickname,  "The 
Old  Buy  State"  ;  .motto.  "Ense  petit  pla- 
cldam  Bub  llberlnte  iguletem"  ("With  the 
aword  she  seeks  quiet  peace  under  llhetty"). 
It  was  named  from  (he  Mn^uchusetts  la- 
dlnns.  who  occupied  tbe  eoatern  part  of  tbe 
territory.  Tbe  name  means  "At  tbe  Qreat 
Hills."  Massnchiisetta  extends  from  lat. 
41°  14'  to  42°  63'  north  and  from  long- 
89°  B3'  to  73°  32'  west.  It  Is  boiindrf 
on  the  north  by  Vermont  and  New  Hamp- 
shire, on  tbe  ennt  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean, 
OD  the  south  hy  the  Atlantic  Ocean.  Rhode 
Island  and  Connectlcnt.  and  on  the  west  by 
New  York,  and  has  an  area  ot  8,266  square 
miles. 

itnasflchusetts  chartered  the  flrBt  college 
In  Amerlcn.  It  has  produced  more  eminent 
literary  men  than  any  other  state  In  the 
Union.      It    is    the    leadlaf    state   In    tbe 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Uassachtuetts     Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


___aoLd  Id  lt)U2  and  aettlrd  at  FUrmouth 
Id  16:10.  This  waa  tbe^tblid  la  tbe  order 
of    settlement 

'  "t#r  fl^ttl^^^ -.,__ 

I    lei'S   and    163U. 


wuB  the  scene  of  Sbar'B  Uebelllan  la  ITSS- 
1787. 

BtBtlBtlcB  of  sgrlciiltnre  collected  for  tbe 
laBt  Federul  ceusus  ptace  the  number  of 
farms  In  the  State  at  36,917.  comprlBlng 
2,875.041  acrea,  valued,  irllti  itock  aod 
Improvementa,  at  (226,474,029.  Tbe  btct- 
Bge  value  of  land  per  acre  waa  (36.69,  aa 
compiired  wltb  (27.62  in  1900.  The  value 
of  dooieBtk  aDimalH,  poultry,  etc.,  was  t^a- 
741.366,  IneludluK  252,416  cnCtle,  valued  at 
*9. 348.070;  64.ao3  horaes,  18,871.987;  268 
mules.  t43,36S:  103,108  awlo^  $978,989; 
S2,TU8  sbeep.  (156. 4U8.  The  rleld  and 
vnlue  of  Qeld  crops  for  1911  IB  gfvtn  bb 
follows :  corn,  4T.O00  acres,  2,OS8.04H)  bnsb- 
els.  (1,716.000;  oats,  8,000  acres,  2S0.000 
boBhela,  (la:!.O0O;  rje,  3,000  acres,  48,000 
bnahels,  (46.000:  potuinea,  25.000  acres, 
2.325.000  bDsbels,  (2.282.000;  bay,  584,- 
000  acres,  631,000  tons.  (14,e>ia,000;  to- 
bacco, S.eoo  acrea.  9,240,000  pounds.  (1.- 
B4B,000.  Tbe  mineral  products  of  the  State 
In  1910  were  (6. 077.370,  Ot  thlB  stone, 
uf  whicb  MaasacbusPtts  la  one  of  the  larg- 
est producers,  waa  valued  at  (3,539.794. 
The  tolal  bonded  debt  of  th«  Stale  at  tbs 
end  ot  the  Seca]  jear  ending  Nov.  SO.  IBIO. 
was  181.077,452.  The  net  receipts  during 
the  year  amounted  to  (11,992, 395,  and  ths 
expenditures  were  (13,481,137;  cash  bal- 
aace.  (2.186.431. 

The  BBlt  water  fisheries  of  the  State  for 
1905  produced  (8.986,186. 

Tbe  nraC  niercantlle  ceusus  ever  taken  in 
the  Ualied  States  was  token  Id  Uaasachu- 
aeltB  In  1005.  Jt  showed  that  the  value  ot 
eoods  sold  by  tbe  establish  meats  of  the 
Stale  was  (1.3S4.241.383,  ot  which  (967,- 
009,3r>4  waa  (credited  to  BoBton.  !n  1907 
-  -  •"•  --' -  -'e  8t«te, 


of  V 


1   so  V 


e  In 


KuwcttnMtts  Bk;  Omnpuiy. — a  coionii- 
Iny  Mmpany  chartered  la  England,  March 
19,  1028,  by  John  Uiimphre;,  John  tlodlcott. 
and  others.  Tbe  company  grew  out  ot  the 
preezlatlDg  Dorcheater  Company,  aod  wu 
tbe  result  of  Imperiled  political  and  rell' 
KlonB  rights  la  'Ungland  under  Charles  L 
The  nalenteea  "  .--..-      -   .__,  — 


f  tbe  iJbaTlea.    Kodleott 

'     aelcled    at    Salem 

ch  4,  1628.  a  Dew 

_ .,   the   goveraor  and 

company  of  UBsaacbdaetta  Bay,  aod  the  old 
DfllcerB  of  tbe  company  were  succeeded  by 
lobn  niathrop  as  govenior.  with  a  dcpa^ 
and  dghteen  aaalatanta.  In  1630  WInthrop. 
at  the  bead  of  a  large  body  of  aettlen, 
traasf erred  the  company  tiendqaartera  to 
America  and  founded  BoaCon.  Under  this 
charter  H&saaebusettB  carried  OD  her  gov- 
emment  for  fifty-five  yekra. 

,    The,    appropriation   to 
for  detentioD  of  the  Perlk- 
■Alre  hj,  recommended,  3247. 
UasMctanMtte,  The  (b&ttleship),  men- 
tioned, 6396. 
Haasacro  of  ChilitlanB.      (See  Aime- 

Mataniu,  Onba,  harbor  and  forts 
shelled  hy  Amariean  Hqnadron,  631S. 
Mayflower  Oompaet.— Before  the  landing 
of  the  Pltsrlm  Fathers  tbe  company  gatb- 
ered  In  tfie  cabin  ot  the  Uavflotctr,  Id 
Prorlocetown  Harbor,  Nov.  II.  1620,  and 
there  bound  tbemielvea  Into  a  body  politic 

aad   ple<'— • -    " 

ually  ai 
should  0 
Hayflover    Deecendanta.— Org&nlied    bi 

tbe  City  of  New  York,  Dec  22,  1894.  by 
lineal  descendants  of  tbe  JVavllower  pll- 
grlma.  "to  preserve  their  memory,  their 
recorda,  their  history,  and  all  licti  re- 
lating to  them,  their  ancestors,  and  their 
posterity."  Every  lineal  descendant  over 
eighteen  years  ot  a^   male  c      *       ' 


IwnkB,  135  CD-operative  tianka  and  4S  trtiat 
compnulea.  The  population  In  1910  was 
8.366.416. 

The  number  ot  mannfacturlng  eetabllsh- 
menta  in  Ma ssacho setts  having  an  annual 
output  valued  at  (500  or  more  at  the  beglo- 
nlng  of  1015  waa  13,013,  The  amount  of 
capital  Invested  was  (1,548,061,000  giving 
emplofmeat  to  676.640  persons,  nslng  ma- 
terial valurd  at  (031,384.000,  and  turning 
out  finished  goods  worth  (1,641.873.000: 
Salaries  end  wages  paid  amounted  to 
(425,024,000. 

Manachasetts  (see  also  Boston;  Ltds); 
ClaimB  of,  for  servicea  rendered  br 

militia  in  War  of  1812,  dlecnoeed, 

79S,  854. 
Couatitntion  of  United  States,  ratifl- 

catioD  of  certain  articles  of,  evi- 
dences of,  166, 
Oovemor  of — 

Be  f erred  to,  65. 

Befueal  of,  to  famish  militia  for 
<1efense  of  frontier,  601. 
Prisoners   in,   provision   for,  lecom- 

mended,  183. 


ivlngs       any  paaaeng 


Uaaa.,  December,  1620,  iaclndlng  all  algn- 
era  of  "The  Compact,"  are  eligible  to  mem- 
bership. The  inlltatlon  tee  Is  (10  and  tbe 
annual  dues  are  (5.  The  Triennial  Congreai 
la  held  In  September  at  Plymouth.  Maia. 
Societies  have  been  orgmnlied  In  New  York, 
Connecticut,  MasaacbaBetts,  Peanaylvsnla. 
Illlnola,  DUtrlct  of  Columbia.  Ohio.  New 
Jersey,  Wlaconaln,  Rhode  liland.  Michigan. 
UlnnesotB,  Uatne,  Colorado,  and  Calltomla- 
HayiTille,  Wuhlsgton,  Paris  and  Lax- 
tncton  Tomplka  Boad  Co.,  act  an- 
thorizing  subscription  of  stock  in, 
vetoed,  1046. 
Mauel  IiBtter, — A  private  letter  written 
by  Thomaa  Jefferson  to  an  Italian  nomad 
Mauel  In  1T96.  The  letter  was  tronalated 
and  published  In  an  English  paper.  It 
aroDsed  much  animosity  anlnst  JelferaoB 
by  Its  BQpposed  allnalon  to  waahlngton  and 
others  aa  those  "SamBons  In  the  field  and 
Solomons  Id  the  council"  who  had  formed 
an  Anglican  monarchical  aristocratic  party 
In  America  whose  avowed  object  vraa  "to 
draw  over  as  ths  subatODce.  as  they  had 
already  done  the  forma,  ot  the  BrltlA 
OovenuaeBt" 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


M»t  FaCUng  kbA,  SUnsUsrlng.— 
The  art  of  refrlKeradon  baa  been  to  per- 
fected In  recent  years  tbat  freeti  meat  mBT 
be  ablpped  tbouBuidB  ol  mllea  and  Its  qoai- 
Ity  >o  preeerred  that  It  Is  CTen  oiDre  ileslr- 
-wi-  .*.j  *.aidtBKiq  j^  ](g  destination  than 
B  slansbtered.  Tbe  prea- 
— ' —  and  preaerrlnc  bj 

,     „,     ,    differ     from     the 

. j    methods    only    In    the    extent    and 

ajBtem   adopted.     PreaerratloQ   In  bennetl- 
tally  aealed  cans  or  Jaca  Is  »  ™™p»r?HTfi! 


to  the  valae  of  animals. 

Tbe  prcBeot  day  meat  nacklnf  eatabllab- 
mect,  with  a  constant  demand,  arranzes 
for  a  constant  aopply  of  live  animals  t>7 
maintaining  stock  yards  which  are  regu- 
larly fed  by  accession  from  tbe  farmer  and 
berder.  Machinery,  too,  baa  employed  an 
Important  part  In  bringing  the  modem 
meat  packing  establishment  to  completion. 
In  the  np-lo-dale  plant  operatlonB  are  con- 
tlnnoaa,  lighted  at  night  by  electricity  and 
SDrrounded  always  by  the  latest  sanitary 
prerantloaa    and    apptlances. 

Tbe  rlae  of  slaughtering  and  meat_pack- 
Ing  as  a  distinct  IndustiT  In  the  Dnlted 
States  dates  back  lo  1818,  when  a  packer 
la  recorded  aa  conductlog  bualneaa  In  Cln- 
clnnatL  Similar  operatlonB  were  begnn  In 
Chicago  In  1S23.  bat  the  packing  atatlatlca 


„.  .„  — 23,  bat  the  packing  i 

I  the  latter  clly  were  of  small 
onUl  18G0.  though  It  Is  Aald  D.SOO  hogs 
were  packed  ttaere-ln  IS.14.  It  was  not  nn- 
tll  1881.62  that  ChlcSKo  attained  ore-em- 
inence as  a  packing  centt 


Daring  the  winter  of  1832-S3  there  Were 


•ereral  packing  eBtabllahmenta  la  Clocln- 
aatL  and  It  Is  claimed  that  SG.OOO  hogs 
were  alaogbtered  there  that  aeaaon.  Tbe 
development  of  the  agrlcoltnral  resonrcea 
of  tbe  Oblo  Taller  cberpened  the  cost  of 
raising  atock,  and  the  demands  of  the  East- 
ern and  Boothem  marketa  cauaed  Increased 
prodactlon,  portlcntarlT  of  hogs.  Cincin- 
nati's pre-eminence  In  the  meat  packing  In- 
dnstiT  was  maintained  np  to  the  beginning 
of  tbe  Civil  War,  when   Chicago  took  the 


region  and  to  Its  anperlor  banking  fadlf 
ties,  for  the  packing  Indastry  demanded 
tbat  large  siunB  be  expended  In  ready  cash. 
It  was  also  neceasary  often  to  employ  large 
gangs  of  laborers  and  coopers  at  short  no- 
tice and  tbese  could  be  had  at  Cincinnati. 
An  ample  supply  of  salt  was  alwaya  readily 
obtainable  fbere.  In  1644  there  were 
twenty-all  packing  houses  In  Cincinnati, 
and  In  1806,  forty-two.  Daring  the  season  ol 
184B-49  4TG,0001iogB  were  stBughtered  there. 
Aboat  20,000  hogs  were  killed  In  Chicago 
In  18S0-51.  and  since  that  time  tbe  buslneas 
bas  steadily  Increaeed.  The  Union  Stock 
Tarda  were  laid  out  on  S20  acres  of  land 
In  18SG.  This  area  baa  been  doubled  since. 
and  tbe  plant  la  now  worth  tlO.000,000, 
and  employe  SO.OOO  men.  The  amount  of 
capital  Invested  was  given  In  ISOO  as  tOT.- 
000,000._   Within^   the^   jarda    —    ' '- 

trock. 

RITorta  to  shorten  tbe  overland  Journey 
of  live  cattle,  eheep  and  hogs  from  the  west- 
em  (arms  and  ranges  where  raised  to  the 
place  of  slaojfhter  caused  the  estsbllsbment 
of  yards  and  cacklug  bouses  farther  west. 

With  the  development  Of  the  country 
west  of  tbe  Mississippi  St.  Louis  took  its 
17  -A 


packing  centre  dates  from  1870.  Tbe  stock 
yards  tlieie  cover  obont  200  ocmb.  There 
were  only  tliree  packing  bouses  In  the  dty 

'-  ■■878.     o**—  —  *^^-"—  — * 

-.  Josepb,  I 

AccordliiK   — — 

were  1,641  eatabllsbmeats  mgoged  In  meat 
.  ^.._.__     ijCe  ^are  e,n. 

o,ir%a.M.iv,  employed  108,716 

, --JdoDt  171.608,677  in  salorlM 

and  wages.    Tbey  turned  out  Onlsbed  goods 


>   the  1 


d  Mda  on 


«,101. 


11,202,827,784  represented  t 

terlaL  The  baBlnea*  la  divided  into  three 
classes — slaughtering  and  meat  packing, 
slaughb-rlng  not  Including  meatiMcking, 
and  the  manufacture  of  ■*&«».  Tliose  en- 
gaged primarily  In  alau^teiuig  and  meat 
packing  formed  40  per  cent  of  tbe  ir*--'- 
number,   and   employed  more  t*"""   "* 


engaged  chiefly  Tn  slaughteHiut  tan 
third  of  tbe  whole  number,  bat  I 

ployed  only  7.3  per  cent,  ot  tbe  wL,. 

era.  The  420  establishments  engaged  lu 
:be  manufacture  of  aauaage  reported  2.1 
per  cent,  of  tbe  wage-eamerB  and  contributed 
l.lper  cent  of  the  value  of  tbe  flnlBbed  gooda 
The  number  of  establlehmenta  oa  a  whole 
Increaaed   20   per   cent,    during   tbe   twenty 

Ears  preceding  tbe  last  census,  Tbe  num- 
T  of  wage-earners  more  than  doubled  dur- 
perlod,  and  the  value  of  products 
uiciemKu  142.7  per  cent.  The  bualneas  Is 
well  distributed  tbrougbout  the  country,  be- 
ing reported  on  from  48  states  and  the  Dis- 
trict of  Columbia.  Illinois  Is  by  tHr  the 
most  important  state  in  the  Industry.  Tbe 
— '-ie  of  the  b — ■ '-  **■-'■  -*-•-  '-• ■— — ■ 


sale  eatabllabmbnta  in  1914,  7.140,042 
beev«s,  2.019,004  calves,  lR.eBl.860  sbesp 
and  lamba  and  goats  and  Uds,  and  84,441.- 
818    hogs. 

Beports  msde  to  the  Department  of  Com- 
merce In  1S14  show  the  following  valnas 
of  products  for  the  preceding  year  : 


Bsrf imXniWi   l4n3<l.7M 

Veal lH.SU3aO       MJM,44S 

If  otten  and  lamb  snd  nsl 

BDdUd fmsDiM     nxn.an 

Pvk ijsnsMfni    tufai,Tii 

Edibh  (Al  and  bH  otbar 
frcahmat »e,He,nil       llU7a.UB 

Baif,piekledaBdotkweiind    «1,Sn,7IB       USttilt 
Ftrt,pi<kMaBd<itbw 
sumi s,n<ijot,rti    tnxauta 

OHVHlaDodi IKTgeMt  1M17,SU 

Bbwit. 

Camsd USMfK  •JU.IW 

AUothw 4U44<>,ni  UMIJU 

Utd.wlBaodtBta: 

-     '                                   -  "'),ISS,e7S  110,414^7 

ts,ia7,4«r 
ointa iejoi,w  tit.M&8» 

C.TIS,4«T  4.001) «« 
lDB,tU.lM  I  U.T1.UIH 
MAUI, Ml         l,TI>t.411 

•oj>;7.g8i      »i\iju,i 

•AU  otur  inMnsti,  vans' lSSjnu74 

Total  Tdas II.U1.T<UI,4M 

•InDhideB  Tshig  of  hakad  bnsB,''«BaAigtiiBg(y,  {erUliim, 
rertiHier  imMiiIl  jriu,  head  Aame,  kldn  ud  *laa,  hoi 
hair,  ioa,  matt  poddiiv,  ptaant  butts.  iJiiaiBiia.  laiaMa 
■aano,  icnpue,  wool.  Mc  a>d  aamnt  iscoved  nc 


jyGooi^lc 


Metsages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidettis 


H«at  Packliig  tai  eUxHiiatag—oont. 

Location  of  BatabtttliwtntU. — With  the 
ciceptloD  of  North  Dakota,  CTer;  itatc  ta 
the  llQlon  rriKirted  ooe  or  more  abattoln 
for  1014.     or  the  1,279  eatablUhmeDtB  which 


Modal  of  Honor  L*gl0IL — Compoaed  of 
oOlMr*  and  cDllated  men  of  the  United 
Btatea  armj  and  n«T]r  who  have  been 
•warded  medals  of  honor  for  most  dla- 
tlufulabed  gkllantrj  Id  action  dnrlnx  anr 
war  In  which  ths  dotted  Btatea  tiaa  been 
ensaced.     At  the  preaent  time  It  baa  440 


Since  the  civil  n 

been  awarded  tor  heroic  rescuei  from 
dancera  at  sea.  tinder  resoInclonB  of 
18T4.  1878  and  1S82  MTcral  hundred  nwdali 
if  honor  bare  been  awarded  b;  the  Seen' 


tana.  T  each  In  Alabama  and  W«t  Virginia, 
B  each  In  Connecticut,  District  of  Columbia, 
and  New  Uampstilre,  4  each  Id  Qeorsla, 
Loulalana,  NEvada,  Oktabama,  and  South 
Dakota.  3  each  In  Arkaous  and  Vermont, 
2  In  South  Carolina,  and  1  eacb  In  Arliona, 
UisBlsalppl  New  Mexico,  North  Carolina, 
and  Wjomlng. 

H«at  ProductB.   (See  *'iin<<'ii>  tuid  Ani- 
mal Products.) 
KMtunlnvlUe   (Vft.),  BattU  of.— On* 

of  the  Seven  Days'  Batlles  before  Rlcbmond. 
On  Jane  26,  1862.  I>e  maaaed  hia  troopa 
on  hlB  left.  A.  P.  UlU  croBBlDg  to  the  norUi 
side   of  the   ChlckahomlUT   and   being  BDp- 


ported  bj  Lonntreec  and  t 


.   —S  Confederate   loss   was  1.60(^ 

the  Union  861.  This  battle  la  also  cajled  the 
battle  of  Bearer  Dam  Creek. 
lleckl«nlHir(  DsclkratloiL— A  aetlea  of 
icaolationa  purportlnx  to  haTe  been  adopted 
bj  the  dtUena  of  Mecklenburs  County, 
N.  C,  Uay  2a  ITTS.  declaring  their  Inde- 
pendence of  Great  Britain,  followed  b7  a 
second  aeries  of  resolulioos.  adoplrd  on  the 
S1«t  Of  May,  proTldlng  for  s  local  goTem- 
ment.  The  Independence  resolution  a  were 
Brst  pabllsbed  In  181S  and  created  aiDch 
dlacusBloD  as  to  tbelr  genuineness.  They 
contained  sevenl  pbraaea  almost  or  quite 
Identical  with  portions  of  the  document 
adopted  at  Pblladelphla.  July  4.  1TT6. 
Thomas  Jefferson  Immediately  declared 
them    frandalent.      It   was   admitted    that 

'""    "  ' ■   "■■■"lenborf  teaotutlons   were 

i  that  those  pabllsbed  In 


reproduced   from  memory  by   a 
of  the  secretaries  of  the  meet- 


_   __     __   __jm  In   making   May 

20  a  state  holiday.  The  historians  are 
divided  In  opinion.  Hlldreth.  one  of  the 
most  critical,  admits  the  validity  of  the 
DeclaratloD.  but.  curlonsly  enough,  says  It 
was  made  May  81.  Bancroft  contends  that 
onlv  a  proTlelODBl  governmeat  was  farmed, 
and  that  on  the  date  of  the  31gt.  Thero 
la  DO  dispute  aa  to  the  fact  that  a  govern- 
ment  was   orgaolied.      '-    " — "■   " — " — 


I- Irish  11 


■,  there 


little  doubt  that  the  Meek  1  en bn reel . 
Glared  tbelr  Independebce  on  May  20.  ITTC. 
William  A.  Orabam.  Secretary  of  the  Navy 
from  1860  to  1B52  and  candidate  of  the 
Whlga  for  vlce-preBldent  In  18B2.  was  the 
•on  of  Joseph  Orabam.  who  was  present  at 
the  meetlnc  In  Charlotte  which  declared 
Independence,  and  teatlOed  to  the  tact. 
M«cU«n1>tirg-acliwerlii : 

Tre»tT  with,  2417,  2479. 

TeoaeU  of,  diacrlmiiutiiig  dnUet  on, 
uupwded  by  proeUmation,  136S. 


The  fallowing  is  a  list  of  persons  wbo 


the  Captare  of  Boston. 

Brlg.-Oen.   Horatio  Oatea.   (gold)   Defe«t 
of  Bnrgoyne. 


of  Stony  Point 

Maj.  John  Stewart,  (diver)  Storming 
of  Btony  Point 

Ma].  Henry  Lee,  (gold)  Surprise  of 
Paulns  Book. 

John     Paaldlng,      (silver)     Capture      of 


Van    Wart,    (silver)    Captors    of 


Lleut-Col.      William      A. 
illver)    "■  ■  -   " 

Lieut. 

UaJ.-Qen.  Nathaniel  Oreene,  (gold)  Tic. 
tory  at   li^otaw   Bprlnn. 

Capt  John  Paul  Jones,  (gold)  Capture 
of  the  aeropit  1TT9. 

Capt.  Thomas  Tmitnn,  (gold)  Action 
..'ilh  the  Fen^aacs  (fr' 

Com.  Rdward  Preble, 


With  the  Fenireaacs  (frj. 

Com.  Rdward  Preble,    (gold)  1-.,- 

Capt  Isaac  Hall,   (gold)   Capture  of  the 


)  TripoU. 


Capt  Jacob  Jones,  (gold)  Capture  at  the 

Capt  Stephen  Decatur,  (gold)  Capton 
of  the  Macraonian. 

Capt    William   Balnhrldge,    (gold)    Cap- 
-—  It  the  Java. 
at    Edward    B 
jf  the  BD0sr. 

Com.  Oliver  H.  Perry,  (gold)  Victory  on 
Lake  Erie. 

Capt  Jeaae  D.  Blllott,  (gold)  Victory  on 
Lake  Erie. 

Cnpt  Jamea  Lawrence,  (gold)  Captoro 
of  the  P«aooofc. 

Com.  Tbomaa  Maedonough,  (gold)  Vic- 
tory on  Lake  Champ  lain. 

Capt.  Bobert  Henlsy,  (gold)  Victory  on 
Lake  Champ  lain. 

Lleot  Stephen  Caaain,  (gold)  Victory  on 
Lake  Cham  plain. 

Capt  Lewla  Warrington,  (gold)  Capture 
of  the  £mp«rv4et'. 

Capt.  Johnston  Blakely  (to  th«  widow), 
(gold)   Capture  of  the  RHnieer. 

Maj.-Oen.  Jicob  BroWD,  (gold)  Victory 
of  Chippewa,  etc. 

UaJ.-Oen.  Peter  B.  Porter,  (gold)  Vic- 
tory of  Chippewa,  etc. 

Brig.-aen.  E.  W.  Blplay,  (goU)  TIeta*; 
ChJpp*™"   *■* 


of  CUppawB,  ate. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


BrlK.-aen.  J*me>  Iflller,  (gold)  Victory 
,.  Cluppeira,  etc 

U*l.-Oan.  WluOeld  Beott  (gold)  Victory 
>t  CmpMwa,   eC' 

M«J.-G         — 


ot  Cblppewa, 

lilpMwa,   _._.  _ 

.Jj.-Ocn.  Edmund  P.  Gaines,  (koU)  Vle- 

iot  Erie.                                               _ 
l.-Oen.  AlcxandH  Uacomb,  (gold)  Vic- 
tory o(  Plattabnrg.  

Ua].-0«n.  Andrew  JackMD,  (sold)  Tle- 
tory  of  New  Orleana. 

Capt.  Cbarlea  Stewart,  (gold)  Captnre 
of  Cgane  and  L«vant. 

Cant.  Jamei  BUdle,  (gold)  Captora  ol 
Ptitaitin. 

MB].-aeD.  William  H,  Harrlaoo,  (gold) 
Victory  of  th*  Thamei. 

OOT.  Isaac  Shelby,  (gold)  Tletory  of  the 

Col.  Geo.  Cro^ian  (2S  yre.  after),  (gold) 
Defence  of  Port  Slepbeaaon,  1618. 

UaJ.-OeD.  Zachary  Taylor,  (gold)  Victory 
on    Bio    Grande. 

Haj.-Oeii.  Zaebary  Taylor,  (gold)  Cap- 
tart  of  Uontarey. 

Brltleh,  F^encb  and  Spanlih  oflcen  and 


McdlcfaiH 

trafllc  la  Imminent  and  fraught  with  Bcrioni 
detriment  to  the  pabltc  tnlerest,  the  Board 
of  Mediation  and  Conclllacion  may,  If  In  Its 
Indgmeot  incli  action  seem  desirable,  pi'olTer 
111  aerrlcei  to  the  reipectlve  parties  to  the 
controTecsj. 

WheaeTec  a  contro*er«y  concerning 
wagei,  houni  of  labor,  or  condition!  of  em- 
ployment arises  between  sncb  railroads  and 
sndi  employees,  Interrupting  or  threatening 
to  Interrnpt  the  aperatlon  of  trains  to  the 

DPOD  the  r 


>wa,   (gold  and  sIlTer)  Rescnlng  Crew  of 

me  U.    8.    Brlg-of-war  Bo ■^---—    ^ — 

Cms.  Dec,  ij^'" 


,    Brls-of-war  jBamsr*   before   Vera 


Uaj.-Gen.  ^Intleld  Scott,  (Sold)  Heik«n 
Campaini. 

Hal.-Oea.  Zaehary  Taylor,  (gold)  Vic- 
tory of  Boena  Vista. 

Cant.  Doncan  N.  Ingraham,  (gold)  Re- 
lease of  Hartln  Sossta. 

Dr.  rrederick  H.  Base  of  the  British 
NaiT.  (gold)  Hamanlty — care  of  yellow 
fever  paQents  from  Jamaica  to  N.  Y.  on 
the  V.  S.  S.  SutQueltaniia, 

MaJ.-G^.  Ulysses  B.  Grant  (gold)  Vic- 
tories  of   Fort   Donelson,   Vlcksborg,  Chat- 

ComellDi  Vanderbllt,  (gold)  Gift  of  ship 
FasderHlt. 

Capta  Crelghton,  TjOW  and  Stonltler. 
(gold)  Rescuing  000  passengers  from  the 
&  S.  Ban  Franetioo,  Jaly  36,  1863. 

Cyras  W.  Field,  (gold)  Laying  the  A^ 
Ian  tic  Cable. 

George  Feabody,  (gold)  Promotion  ot 
Ed  a  cation. 

Capt.  Crandall  and  others.  Long  Island 
liglithonse  keeper  and  crew,  (goldf  Saving 
passengers  from  the  Metia  ol  the  N.  T. 
and    Providence   Line,    Aug.    31.    1ST2. 

Oeone  F.  Robinson,  (gold)  Saving  Wil- 
liam H.  Beward  from  assassination  Apr. 
14.  1836.     Besides  tbe  medal  |B,000. 

Under  resolutions  of  July  12.  1862.  and 
March  S.  1S63.  2,000  army  medals  of 
bronie  Were  provided  tor  non-commissioned 
officers  and  privates  tor  gallantry  In  ac- 
tion. All  the  members  of  the  twenty- 
Beventh  Halne  volnnteers  received  these 
medals  tor  remaining  In  service  for  the 
battle  of  Gettysbnrg  after  their  terms  bad 

Naval   medals   were   aathorlaed   In   1861 
and  1862  to  be  bestowed  on  petty  offioers. 
seamen   and   marines   for   gallantry  in  ac- 
tion.   Two  hundred  were  Issned. 
Madato,  Uf  o-Savlng,  goremment  gntat 

of,  7026. 
MedlaUon  ud  Oondllfttlan,  Board  of,— 
(Created  bj  act  of  Congnu  approved  Jaly 
lli,  1013.)  Tbe  jtnrpose  for  whlcb  the 
Board  of  Uedlatlon  and  Condltatlon  was 
eatabllBbed  la  to  settle  by  mediation,  — 

dilation  and  arbltrmtlon  contr '-- 

cemlng  wages,  honrs  ot  labor 


:  al  the  public  Interest, 
npoQ  the  reqoest  ot  either  party  the  Board 
01    Mediation    la    required    I 


efforts,  by  mediation  atid  conciliation,  to 
bring  about  an  agreement.  It  snch  efforts 
to  Bring  about  an  amicable  adjustment 
through  mediation  and  cooclllatlon  ere  un- 
Huccessfnl,  the  board  endeavors  to  Induce 
the  parties  to  submit  their  controversy  to 
arbitration  and.  If  sacceastul.  makes  tbe 
necessary  arrange menta  lor  snch  arbitra- 
tion. The  board  Is  an  independent  oIBce, 
not  connected  with  any  department. 
Uedlcal  Mnsamn,  Army,  building  for, 

recommended,  4572,  47S0,  1S33. 
HMUcdnes,  Patent. — For  parpoeea  of  valua- 
tion and  enumeration  the  federal  census 
boresn  classlScs  under  this  heading  many 
patent  compoanda  and  druggists'  prepara- 
tlona.  The  patent  oOce  has  a  list  of  ayn- 
tbetlcal  chemicals,  the  formnlaa  of  which 
are  protected  by  letters  patent,  but  moat  ot 
llie  special  remedies  are  protected  only  In  the 


e  ot  t 


r  dlstlnc 


names.     The  value 


resents  cue  tvooievLie  unci:,  inuiiaLiuft  l 
the  public  spends  about  1200,000,000  In 
talt  purchases.  The  census  of  1900  gave  luc 
value  of  the  annual  product  st  IBe.flll,39B- 
Comparlson  of  these  Qgnres  shows  tbe  rapid 
growth  of  the  huaincss  In  recent  years. 
The  cost  of  material  entering  Into  the 
manafactnre  of  patent  medicines  Is  smaller 
Id  proportion  to  the  retail  price  than  that 
of  peibaps  any  other  boslnesa,  Tbe  proflta 
to  the  maontacturers,  however,  are  largely 
reduced  by  tbe  discounts  allowed  dealer* 
and  the  cost  of  advertising,  opon  which  tbe 
snccena  of  the  basin  ess  largely  depends. 
Patent  medicine  manufaetnrers  are  among 
the  largest  general  advertisers  In  tbe 
country.  It  Is  estimated  that  (40.000,000 
Is  spent  aonoaltv  for  periodical  advertising. 
The  number  of  establish  meats  reported  by 
tbe  last  census  was  8.642.  employing  an 
average  of  22.80B  waeeworkerR, 


„ fluid   extracts,   medicinal   simps, 

and  other  liquid  preparations :  plUa,  tablets, 
powders,  etc. ;  alkslolds  and  derivatives  (co- 
caine, oodeln,  morphine,  qalnlne,  end  strych- 
nine) :  synthetic  medicinal  preparatloos, 
such  as  acetaollld.  acetohenetldiD,  phenol- 
pbthaleln,  saccharin,  metbylaallcylate.  etc; 
medicinal  metals  and  their  salts  (bromldeB, 
acetates,  citrates,  bismuth,  etc)  ;  and  bio- 
logical prodoeU^  sach  ae  sBiams,  Taodoea, 
toxins,  etc 

"Patent  and  proprietary  tnedldnea"  are 
those  sold  under  the  protection  of  a  patent, 
copyrlgbt,  or  trademark,  or  prepared  aceord- 


cemlng  wages,  honrs  ot  labor  or  conditions 
ot  employment  that  may  arise  between  com- 

1   carriers  engaged   In  Interstate  ' 

tatlon   and   their  e 


poonds  not  Intended  for  medicinal  ii__. 

snch  as  flre-extlilRiUaher  compounds,  honse- 

___ bold  ammonia.  Insecticides,  etc 

em'pli^ees 'engaged  in  "Pertamery  and  oosmeUcs"  comprise  co- 

._._ .„  logn^  toilet  waters,  laOB  powdery  oold  or—"" 

Mc,  and  p — ■ 


I   where   an   Internlptitm   of 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidetiis 


flT8.00S,U4o. 
Or  tbe  4.082  rsttbllilmieatB  reported  tor 


1S6  Id  Uletilg&ii.  142  In  CalUornla,  134  In 
New  Jener.  and  lOT  In  HIanesoU,  and  the 
rcmalnlnR  1.109  ettabllabmenta  were  als- 
tiibuted  among  S4  state*,  rancliig  from  BQ 
IQ  Iowa  to  1  In  Arliona.  TEe  atatea  for 
wblcb  no  Mtabliibmenti  were  reported  are 
Idaho.  Nevada.  New  Mexico,  and  Wromlng. 

Drat/gitts'  PreparaUont.—Tht  mannfae- 
tnre  of  drngglata'  preparatlonB  In  1914  was 
reponed  by  488  establlibmenta,  wltb  prod- 
acti  Tslged  at  (48,624,966.  Ai  tbe  ceDsoa 
or  1»0»  tbere  were  reported  ST6  eitabUah- 
mcQta,  wltb  producta  valaed  at  ti3^eS.470. 
The  Increaw  In  namber  of  MtablUbmenta 
tbaa  amounted  to  18.B  per  cent,  and  in 
Tsloe  of  prodneta  to  10.8  per  cent. 

The  production  of  liquid  preparatlont, 
Bucb  ai  tiniTtureB.  fluid  eitracta,  and  me- 
dldnHl  slrupB,  reported  tor  1914  was  valued 
■t  113,900,402 ;  and  of  pllla.  tablets,  pow- 
ders,   etc..    at    tlO,eO3.0S6.      Theie    llsurei, 


■  becanae  of  tbe  tnabllltj  o 


__   . lotda  and   tbeir 

derlTBtlvea  In    1914   was   reported   b;   142 
eetabllabmeota,    witb    producta    valued    -' 

S11.493.1S8.       "- — '- 

-ere  locat-* 

NewJerae;.  and  the  remaining  Tb 
trlbuted  among  27  states. 

The  production  of  sjnthetlc  medicinal 
preparations  to  tbe  value  of  tli384.996  was 
reported  by  T2  esUbllabmenti.  of  wblch  IT 
were  located  In  New  York  and  10  In  Peungyl- 
vanta.   tbe  remaining  4S   being  distributed 


among  20  si 


dited  In  New  York  and  11  In  Pennaylvania, 
tha  remaining  80  being  dlatributed  among  ii 

Tbe    mnnntaetnre    of    serums,    vaccines. 
...      ....._.„     .   ..^    .^  j^^ 

„„_._„_„_,  —  wtloh  It  -^■■. — 

Kansas,  10  eacb  tn  IlIlnDla.  KIlMourl,  and 
Nebtarta,  T  Id  Pennsrlvanla,  8  each  In  In- 
diana, Iowa,  and  tfew  York,  S  In  Montana, 
3  eacb  in  Michigan  and  Wisconsin,  2  each  In 
Minnesota  and  Bonth  Dakota,  and  1  esch 
Id  California,  District  of  Columbia.  Ken- 
taekr.  and  Tennessee. 

Patmt  mwl  /Voprfefart'  MedMnet  ani 
Oampomtds. — The  manafactore  of  patent  and 

?roprietar7  medicines  and  componnda  In 
914  was  reported  br  8,080  establlahments, 
wltb  product  valued  at  1106,665.611. 

Patent  and  proprletarr  medicines  to  the 
Tttlne  of  l8S.4e6.264  were  manufactured 
bj  2,271  eitabllshments  In  1914  (Including 
•ome  wblcb  were  engaged  prlmarll*  in  tbe 
manufactnre  of  drugglAs'  preparations  and 
perfnmerr  and  cosmetics),  tbe  leading  Ave 
states  in  Uils  brattcb  of  tbe  industry  be- 
ing New  York,  with  406  establlsbments ; 
.m.   .. Pennsjlvania,  192;  Ohio.  106; 


ODd  UlMonri.  1261  and  patent  and  proprl 

tarr  compounds  to  tbe  value  of  tlS.Glf.Slie 

e  manntectared  by  1.006  establlsbmenta, 


ebusetts,  60.  Borne  of  theae  eatabllshmoita 
manafactared  trath  medldnea  and  eoa- 
poands. 

PerfuMem  and  OotauUet. — The  manufac. 
tnre  of  perfumer;  and  cosmetics  In  1S14 
waa  reported  br  5BS  eatablishmenti,  wltb 
producta  valued  at  117,716.809.  These  Sg- 
ores.  bowever,  do  not  Inclode  the  products 
of  establlsbmenta  classlfled,  according  to 
their  principal  products.  In  the  other  two 
brancbea  of  this  Indaatr;. 

The  value  of  the  production  of  perfumerr 
and  cosmetics  and  other  toilet  preparations 
In  1914.  br  all  eataMlibmeDta  Including 
those  engaBed  prlmarll;  In  tbe  manatactnre 
of  druggbts'  preparations  and  of  patent  and 

SToprletarv  medicines  and  componnda.  was 
19.130,427. 

The  leading  Ave  states  reporting  tbe  559 
establishments  classlfled  in  this  branch  of 
tbe  Indnstry  were  New  York,  with  176; 
Illinois.  67:  Pennsrlvanla.  46;  Ohio,  8«; 
and  Hlcblgon,  28. 


the  leading  live  states  being  New  York, 
with  211  Mtabllshnenta :  Illinois,  97; 
Fannvlvuila,  88 ;  lUasonri,  73 ;  and  Msasa- 


N&val  force  in,  ahonld  be  increaaed, 

333,  356,  826. 
Pbaeias  In,  S29. 
Trade  witB,  75,  7T,  78. 
Vessels    sent    to,    for    protection    of 

conunerce,  314,  347,  358,  631,  826, 

874,  988,   lOOa 
MadltoiTMiBMi   Bqiuwlroii,  referred  to, 

1S05,  1953. 
HodloiD  of  Ezctumge.     (See  alao  Cur- 
rency): 
Angmentation   of,  discaased,   643. 
Discnssed  by  President — 

Buchanan,   2968, 

Grant,  3983,  419S,  4E39. 

Johnson,   3769,  3877. 

Madison,  SSO,  563. 

Monroe,  843. 


Hope  expressed  that  use  of,  tor, 

will  become  general,  1363. 
To  take  place  of  bills  below  $20 
recommended,   1385. 
Paper  need  as,  diseoMed,  1897,  1935. 
Beetoration    of   uniform   sjetem    of, 
recommended,   563. 
Heo-fta-qiu-gnllclt  Indluia.      (See  In- 
dian Tribes.) 
Malbonme,  AnstralU; 
IntemaUonal  exhibition  at,  to  cele- 
brate   centenary    of    founding    of 
New  South   Wales,   5176. 
International  Exhibition  of  Arts  and 
Indnstries  at,  discussed,  4519,  4559, 
4625. 
Helton,  Hlgg,  assailants  of,  in  Turkey, 

conviction   of,   discussed,   5962. 
Hembfln  of  Oongraes.    (See  Congress.) 
Mamphli    (Tenn.),    Oaptore    of.— After 
tbe  eracnatlon  of  Corlntb.  Miss.,  by  Beaa- 

Srward,  Fort  Pillow,  fort;  mliefl  above  Uem- 
bu.  was  useless,  as  the  Cnlon  army  could 
ike  It  from  the  rear.  The  Confederates 
therefore  spiked  the  gnns.  burned  the  bar- 
racks, and  what  supplies  the;  could  not  take 
away,  and  In  tbeir  gunboats  dropped  down 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


HsmpUs,  Tnm.— CoiiHMiad. 

tbe  riTer  Co  Uemphla.  Tbe  Confoterate  fleet 
couslBted  of  8  vesBelB.  mountMl  28  saIl^ 
commaaded  b;  Commodore  MonUomeir,  On 
June  6,  1802,  Commodore  DftylB,  wlcli  5 
Union  ruQboftta  aad  2  rams,  appeared  before 
tbe   clij,   and    Montgom — •   '—^    '- 


After 


I    o(   Qerce    Sghtlns    tbe    Cooteder 
ae    defeated.      Col.    Ellel,    wbo    bi 
CDe    rams,   was   the  oalr   person  lajured 
the    Federal    -"'       ""■-    '—    -'    "-" 


100. 


,   but  waa  probablj  between  I 


Hsmpliia,  T«iiIU  navy-yard  to  1m  estab- 
lished at,   2202. 
PropoaitioQ    of   city    anthoritiea   of, 

relative  to,  2829. 
UorcantUo   Muinea    of    France,    Ota- 
many,   Qreat  Britain,   and  Italy,  re- 
ferred to,  497S. 
Merchant    Uarlne. — Tbe    Brltlali    navlEa- 
tlon  acts,  beginning  In  164B,  problblted  Im- 

tiortatloDS  Into  the  Colonies  except  In  Ens- 
Isb  or  colonial  built  ahlpB.  Thonsb  ani- 
onaly  reatrlctlng  commerce,  tbeee  acta  ierved 
to  stimulate  toe  ibtpbulldlng  Interest. 

Between  1769  and  1T9T  tbe  reKlstered  ton- 
aagc  of  United  States  commercial  abips  In- 
creased 384  per  cent.  From  1S3T  to  IBDT 
the  tonoBge  Incresaed  from  810.000  to 
2,288.000,  and  in  1801  tbe  aggregate  ton- 
nage of  American  r«l!itered  veesela  reached 
the  higheat  polnt-^^,581),81.S.  This  nearl; 
equaled  ttie  combined  tooaage  ol  all  other 
nations  excepting  Great  Britain,  wblcb  alone 
WBS  Hllgbtl;  In  eiceaa  of  It.  For  vBrlouB 
reaaoDB  American  shipping  tell  off  after  tbe 
Civil  War,  until  It  became  qnlte  Inslgntflcant. 
During  recent  years,  however,  a  revival  has 
taken  place,  more  especially  in  the  coast- 
wlae  trade,  the  number  of  vessels  (1916) 
engaged  in  it  being  26,701,  with  a  tonnage 
of  8,389,429. 

For  many  years  no  country  of  Importance 
other  than  tbe  United  Stales  baa  required 
that  ships  fljing  the  national  flag  shall  be 
of  domestic  coDstrnctloD.  altboogb  prac- 
tically every  country  boa  made  tUs  re- 
StilremeDt  In  the  case  of  steamahlps  recelT- 
ig  postal  BubTenttonB.  England  has  granted 
re(clBtera  to  lorelgn-bullt  ships.  In  other 
words  bas  puraued  tbe  tree-ship  policy,  since 
about  1S50.  At  that  time,  it  is  Interesting 
to  note,  wooden  sailing  teasels  were  pre- 
dominant and  these  could  be  aecored  mote 
cheaply    In    tbe    United    States,    wblcb^bad 


esult  of  this  free-alilp  policy  thi 

marine    of    Engl  and    received 

Bcceaslons  during  tbe  Civil  War,  when 


'ed    large 


than  760,000  tons  of  ..     „ 

cured  Eingllah  registers  to  avoid  capture  or 
deatractlon. 

The  poller  of  granting  loans  to  shipown- 
ers at  low  uitereat  or  without  Interest  waa 
begun.  It  Is  believed,  by  Austria,  The  only 
Instance  of  sacb  a  loan  by  the  BrltlBb  Gov- 
ernment was  that  made  to  the  Cunard 
Steam Hhlp  Line  under  tbe  mall  and  ad- 
miralty subvention  contract  of  1903.  Under 
this  contract  the  British  Qovemment  loaned 
tbe  steamship  company  112,062,000,  '-~ 
building  two  steamers  that  would  be  ault 


Hungary  a 

A  notable  — ,.    -   -    .- 

from  all  taxation  for  State  and  local  par- 
poaea  all  American-owned  ships  rMiatered 
■t  any  port  In  the  Stale  If  ensofed  In  tbe 
foreign  trade  of  the  United  States.  Cor- 
poniSons  ownlnf  sacb  ships  ore  exempt  until 
December  31,  1923.  from  all  taxation  upon 
their  stock,  francblses,  and  earnings.  Ala- 
bama exempts  all  ships  engaged  in  foreign 
commerce  from  taiaflon  while  the  State 
of  Waablngton  exempts  ell  ahlpa  built  or  In 
proceas  of  construction  In  tbe  coastwise  as 
well  as  In  the  foreign  trade  of  the  United 
SUtea. 

Tbe   granting   of   postal   subventions   to 

■tesmshlp    lines   antedates    tbe   bonntv   or 

anhsldf  syatem  and  Is  In  nore  general  ui« 

mighont  tbe  world.     Great  Britain  was 


e  br  tbe  admiralty  and  be  the  fastest 

This  loan  brought  Into  being  the 

Lnsltanla  snd  Mauretanta.     The   loan  waj 


probably  the  Orst  to  pay  subventloDs  of  this 
Kind,  the  Srst  contract  ot  the  sort  being 
made  In  1886.  The  United  States  and 
France  soon  followed  suit — the  Doited 
States  in  1847  and  France  in  1861.  Ger- 
man; did  not  adopt  the  policy  until  1884, 
wbui  a   contrect_wlth_the   North   T^ 

cauraEe"the  msinTenance  ot  last  mall  serv- 
Icee  on  regular  routes  and  eebednlM.  Id 
many  Instances  a  motive  of  almost  eqnal 
weight  Is  that  of  maintaining  tbe  fasteat 
poaalble  communication  between  tbe  mother 
country  and  her  eoloates.  InddeDtallr  a 
third  object  U  commonl*  achieved,  namely, 
that  ot  providing  Tesseb  anltable  for  anx- 
illarj  crnUers  and  transports  in  tine  of 
war,  end.  in  many  easM  a  fourth  obleet 
namely,  that  ot  fostering  the  domestic  uilp- 
building  Indnsbr  by  regnlring  that  the  sub- 
ventions shall  he  paid  only  to  domestlc- 
bollt  ships.  With  only  two  Important  ex- 
ceptions, all  flnsndsl  aid  extended  by  the 
British  Oovemment  has  been  In  the  form 
of  postal  and  admiralty  anbventlons.  The 
United  States  and  Germany,  whose  mer- 
chant navtea  rank  next  to  that  of  Great 
Britain,  have  extended  flnanclal  aid  to  ship- 
ping only  In  the  form  of  mall  subventions. 
The  system  of  paying  direct  general 
bounties  or  subaldles  to  shipping  lines  may 
be  said  to  have  been  instituted  by  France, 
which  entered  upon  this  policy  in  1881,  and 
bos  made  a  more  extensive  use  of  bonntlea 
than  any  other  country,  although  as  a  whole 
the  results  have  not  been  satisfactory. 
Italy,  Austria- Hungary,  Japan,  and  Spain 
have  followed  the  French  plan,  with  Indif- 
ferent anccess  except  In  tbe  cose  of  Japan. 
Unquestionably  the  merchant  marine  of 
Japan  has  developed  more  rapidly  during 
the  last  85  years  than  that  of  any  other 
nation,  althoogb  tbls  development  is  in  part 
due  to  the  phenomenal  development  ot  3ap- 
aneae  Industries  la  recent  year*. 


Walea.  Since  tbe  construction  of  the  efll- 
clent  coal-carry  log  railroads,  such  as  the 
Norfolk  and  western,  tbe  Chesapeake  and 
Ohio,  the  Virginian,  and  the  Carolina,  Cllnch- 
fleld  and  Ohio,  Vlrghilk  steam  coal  of  excel- 
lent quality  can  be  delivered  at  low  coat 
at  the  Atlantic  seaboard  ports  of  Norfolk, 
Newport  Newa,  and  Cbarleaton,  Where  it 
can  be  delivered  to  vessel  quickly,  efflciently. 


loan  brought  Into  being  tbe      and  at  low  cost.    It  la  believed  that  increaa- 


jyGooi^lc 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


tin  ore  from  Amerlean-owned  mines  In  Ba- 
UtI*.  uid  Iron  on  trom  Amertcan-ownell 
mlDes  In  Ctille.  Tbe  derelopment  of  cool 
eiporta  would  cause  reduction*  In  return 
trelghte  (a  factor  irblch  goes  far  toward 
Bccouotlns  Cor  tbe  marltinie  anpremac;  of  (^5 
Great  Britain)  and  an  eztenilon  of  Amert-  ^, 
can  aWppln*.  """ 

Uenlunt  MUliu: 

Derelopment  of,  hindered,  8016. 

Need  for,  discuMd  by  Taft,  7674. 


execute  Ow  buatdoaB  nndertaklDg.  Tolaa- 
teers  were  cklled  for  to  accompan;  and 
aaalat  blm.  Fifteen  hundred  offlcere  and 
lueD  reaponded,  gallantl;  teudering  eerrlcea, 
and  bexsed  that  tbe;  be  accepted.  8lt  only 
were  accepted,  wboae  names  are  Daniel  Mon- 
tasne,  cblef  masier-at-aimt  of  tbe  Sew 
yorfe/  Oeorge  Cbarette,  funner'a  mate  of 
tbe  S«v  Tork;  John  Harpby.  cockswain  of 


■  daring  tlie  delay  of  ona 

__, —  company.    On  the  momlni 

of  Jons  8,  ISM,  at  aboat  bait  paat  tlmi 


o'clock,  Hobwm  ateeied  atraWit  Into  th* 
cbanael  ntider  a  heavy  flee  aont  Spaniata 
gona  on  boUi  aide*.  A*  tbe  Merrimao 
reached  tbe  spot  tbat  had  been  picked  oat 
for  her  sinking  he  gaTe  order*  to  explode 
the  torpedoe*.  Two  of  them  only  cxpkided. 
Amid  the  tremendons  flrs  from  the  shore 
batterlea,  tbe  drlng  of  8  electric  nune*  In 
Che  ebannel,  and  torpedoes  (ram  two  Spsn- 

'-■■ '-   the  collier  aank,  her  maats  and 

sbowlns   above   tbe   ^ 

-  -  t  biocr-  •^-  "• 


,_ B  reanlting  from  doBtrnetion  of 

United  States  TeHHela  by  Confeder- 
ate Teasels,  lefetred  to,  3964. 
Condition    of   American,   6663,    6654, 

7006. 
DiscDSBod,    6239,    6241,    6338,    6360, 

6381,  0436,  6460,  6653. 
Naval    force   fot    protection    of,    in 
Meziean  porta,  etc,  recomtnendod, 
3100. 
Hertdlan  Oonforanefl,  IntexnaUonal: 
At  Waehington,  diBenaasd,  4718,  4800, 

4827,  4841,  G180. 
Invitation  of  Italian  QoTemnient  to 
attend,  6546. 
Uerrinuc,  Tho  (CoufedBrate  lam),  en* 
gagetnent  of,  vith — 
Cumberland,  334C. 
Monitor,  3313. 

See  Hampton  Boads  (Vs.),  Battle  of. 
MeiTimac,  Tba.— This  veaael,  a  two- 
masted  iron  aCeamshlp  ol  6.000  tons,  waa 
used  br  the  United  Btatea  In  the  Bpanlab. 
AmeTkan  Wsr  as  a  collier.  During  tbe 
month  of  May.  189S,  the  Spaoish  Oeet  under 
Admiral  Cervera  took  refuge  In  tbe  harbor 
of  Bantlago.  The  city  of  Santiago  la  welt 
located  within  the  harbor,  about  Bve  miles 
trom  the  ocean  proper.  The  chaoDel  lead- 
ing (rom  the  liarbor  ont  to  the  ocean  Is  at 
certain  points  qulle  narrow  and  compara- 
tively easy  to  abstmct.  Tbla  channel  was 
well  covered  by  SpaalBb  batteries  on  Bhore, 
so  that  It  was  deemed  unwise  on  tbe  part 
of  tbe  American  oflcers  to  attempt  Co  enter 
the  barbor  wilh  war  ships.  The  American 
commander  decided  to  attempt  to  block  the 
channel,  and  for  this  porpoae  concluded  to 
sink  the  UBrrimao  at  a  narrow  point,  it 
esBarily  that  such  an  uudertak- 


.  J  catamaran  belonging  to  their  aaoken 
Hip  for  about  an  bonr.^Just  after  annrlse 
steam  launch  came  down  the  harbor  wltb 


eonrteoasly   treated   by   their   captora,   and 

S laced  In  prison.     They  were  all  exchi ' 
all  6. 
The  ilDkInf  of  the  Iferrtowo  waa  a 

of  heroism  which  challenged  t!" 

of  the  wotU.    The  Pretiaent, „ — ,. 

to  CongresB,  Bpeaklnf  of  the  Incident,  aald: 
"Tbia  enterprfaa,  demanding  coolness.  Judg- 
ment, and  bravery  amonntlnK  to  berolun, 
— m  carried  Into *-' "--  '-  •■■- 

iieet  •_      _.. 

ahpre"  ,J630B).  ^  JtMir^Admlral_  BampsMi 


I  from  tbe  tortlflcatlon*  on 

Bear-Admiral     Bampsoa 

,  cannot  aiyaelf  too  earaestly  ei- 

B«BB   my   appreciation  of   the   conduct  of 
r,  Hobson  and  his  gallant  crew.    I  vcntnte 
to  say  that  a  more  brave  aad  daring  thing 
has  not  been  done  aloce  CasbloK  blew  op 
the  Altnnarls"  (6306).    Tbe  President  rec- 
ommended that  a  Tote  of  thanks  be  given 
Hobson    by    Congress.      Ht   and   bla    crew 
were  enbeeiiaently  promoted. 
Horrimac,  Tli*  (United  States  collier), 
linking    of,    in    Santiago    Harbor, 
Cnba,  by  Lient.  Biehmond  P.  Hob- 
son. 630S,  0316. 
Naval  Cadet  Powell  to  be  made  en- 
Bign  for  attempting  to  resene  force 


Ueirymaa  Oaje. — Herryman,  a  dtlaen  ot 
Maryland.  wa«  arrested  at  bis  borne  In  1861 
by  order  of  an  olBcer  of  the  United  State* 
Army,  and  charged  wltb  treason.  He  waa 
Imprisoned  In  Fort  UcHenry.  Chief  Jostle* 
Taney  granted  a  writ  of  babeaa  corpn% 
which  the  offlcer  In  charge  of  the  DrtsonK 
_.-...      ._  ^_^..„».»  ^„  .1,^  «.^««.a  inat  the 


refused  to  eiecute  o 

President   bad   sospi 

case  was  taken  before  tbe  Snpreme  CoarL 

which   decided  that  the  power  to  sDspend 

... ..  -.  ..-■ corpus  was  not  veated  In 

a  mlUtai,   ._ „ 

riKht  to  arreat  a  person  not  auMect  to  th* 
rule*  and  article*  of  war,  except  In  aid  of 
Judicial  authority.    (See  also  Eabea*  Coipna 
and  UllUgan  Caae.) 
UMa  Vards  Natloiul  Park.  (See  Park^ 

National) 

MesskgM  and  Papen  of  tlio  Prealdaiitai 

resolution  aothorizing  compilation  of, 

and  requesting  Hon.  James  D.  Bieb- 

ardson  to  take  charge  of  tbe  work  of 

preparing  tbe  same.    (See  Pretatorj 

note  of  flnt  Tolnmo.) 

MMBagea,  PtMldoittaL — A  written  com- 

monicatloB  by  the  Prtaldent  to  Congnoa 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


.  Encyclopedie  Index 


I   effective 


At  (be  bMlnnlng  at  «Ub  •awkin  an  anniial 
menage  (■  tianamltted,  sotni  Into  detail* 
of  oar  itandlng  as  a  Nation  and  reeom- 
nwndlng  •acb  action  Xa  the  Hoqh  and 
Senate  as  maj  be  deemed  neceaaar;  to  the 
proireaa  of  the  cvontr;  or  the  correction 
of  aboaea.  Special  meuaies  are  sent  from 
time  to  time  to  elttaer  or  botb  Housea.  lob- 
mittlns  treaties  or  correaponilence,  or  In 
anawcT  to  a  reqoeat  from  either  braoeh  for 
particular  informatloa,  or  to  recommend 
■pecldc  or  ImmetUate  leclilation.  Veto 
meuagcB  are  tent  with  tbe  letaraed  bllle 
whlcb  tbe  President  dlaepprorea.  !□  wblcb 
he  statea  Itla  reasons  for  such  dlsapproTaL 
After  pointing  oat  wbereln  a  bllf  (alls 
to  meet  the  reqolrementi  of  tbe  ease  he 
nsnally  snfgeHts  the  way  to  an  e"--*"— 
measare  tbat  ma;  receive  Biecntlti 
Uon.  Article  II.,  section  S.  of  tbe  Ci 
tlon  declares  tbat  tbe  Prealdent 
from  time  to  time  give  to  tbe  Contress  In- 
formation of  the  state  of  tbe  Union  and 
recommend  to  tbeli  consideration  sucb 
measaree  aa  be  sball  Jndge  necessary  and 
expedient"  Waahlngton  and  John  Adams 
read  their  annnal  messages  to  CongreBS. 
JeSetaon  tnangnrated  the  custom,  long  fol- 
lowed by  his  aucceasors,  of  sending  mes- 
sages In  writing  to  Congress  (313)-  Tbey 
were  carried  by  the  pH*ate  •eeretaiy  ot  tii« 
President,  who  is  racelTed  at  the  door  of 
tbe  Senate  or  Honse,  and  whose  preaence  l> 
formally  annooneed  by  an  oUcer  of  tbe 
body,  whereupon  be  delivers  the  lUMaaga 
to  the  clerks. 

President   Wilson    In    IftlS    revlred    the 
custom  of  Washington  and  Adama  of  orally 
addresdng  Congress. 
MesusM,    PretldontiaL     (Sea  Annnal 

UeBsages;  Special  aession  mesMges; 

Veto    nesBftgea,    nnder    the    BeverAl 

Preei  dents.) 


inrvey  for  calendar  year 


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ttlO.llA    (bjAaOswveoiiljlasdbBi 

- -id  IB  MMMr  irfnbc.    Vitas  of  linv  la- 

iowayM  vdM.  sad  vslat  i>{  IMM  b 

•njaneiiid."  W  Pwdm*  fan.  daaaMie,  <H  ait- 
(d)  vCwICCSTlSHftUSn  ui <iau  (■)  Vntos  not \a- 
thdidb  total  nlu.    (DEidnnvKitbcaxnifnBiUka 

ct  nnmliw  n  low  b.  ™*"e^'***  is  to  bi 

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.    (h)tl>U:    OoDuti(.ri,2«RtDairBnDiDisa« 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


MetalUe  EUmenU  and  JfMnff- — Cbcml- 
c>tl7  cotuldeml,  a  metal  la  an  dement 
which  has  the  power  to  replacB  the  hjdro- 
(en  of  add!  and  foim  calt;  In 
other  worda.  It  toram  a  ban  b;  com- 
bining with  a  hTdroijI  groap  or  croupe. 
It  Is  aioallj  hard,  heavy,  luatrona.  mal- 
leftble,  ductile,  tenadoua,  and  a  goti6  con- 
ductor of  heat  and  electricity.  Only  all  or 
. . . ■.^,  gijhem- 


properlr  called  metals.  No  sharp  Hoe  am 
be  drawn  between  metaU  and  non-metals, 
howerer,  tlnce  tome  of  the  element!  belong 
to  both  claaaea.  Thongh  weight  li  one  ta 
the  moat  common  properties  of  metals,  a 
few  ancb  as  lithium,  sodium,  polasslDin, 
etc.,  are  lighter  than  water.  HeUla  are 
dlsltngnlshed  from  mlaerala  In  that  the  lat- 
ter are  either  the  uncomblned  elementl 
In  a  native  stale,  or  compounds  of  tbeae 
elements  formed  in  accordance  with  ebemi- 
cal  laws,  and  have,  therefore,  a  deflnlte 
"' '  "'      -mposltloa    and    molee-"'"   _— - 


Hataorologlcal    Ofaunntorr,   establiah- 

ment  of,  at  Fort  Kyer,  Vs.,  reeom- 

meoded,   4792. 
UettakabtU    Indiam.       (Bee    Indian 

Tribes.) 
MarlMui  Ootton-boll  WmtH,  report  on, 

707B. 
Uaxlcut  Wax. — The  Ueilcan  War  grew  oat 
of  the  annfiBClon  of  Texas  by  the  United 
States.  Uarcb  2.  1830,  Texaa  aeeeded 
trom  Usxico  and  declared  her  ludependeBce. 
which  she  nuHnlained  by  the  defeat  of  Santa 
Anna  In  the  battle  of  Aa  Jacinto.  April  21, 
1834.  The  United  States,  England,  Prance, 
and  Belgium  recognised  the  new  GoTem- 
ment  as  Independent  Dec  28,  1846.  Teias 
was  annexed  to  the  United  States.     A  dla- 

Site  as  to  the  boundary  Induced  President 
Dlk  to  order  Qen.  Taylor  to      ' 
IQ  the  disputed  territory  on  i 


of    extraction 


States 


nerslsi    and    i 

from  the  earth.  . 

The  principal  metals  mined  In  the  United 

"* •,  In  the  order  of  their  Importance  : 

~>pper,   silver,   lead,   lermman- 

„ , .   alnmlnnm,   qnlcksllTer,   antl- 

nony.  molfbdenum,  tungsten,  ferro molyb- 
denum, ferrotungsten,  platinum.  The  pnn- 
dpsl  minerals  In  the  order  of  their  Im- 
portance are  :  Coal,  bltnmlnous  and  cannel, 
clay  products,  coal  (anthracite),  petroleum, 
Iron  ore.  natural  gas,  cement  ( Portland 
and  nataral).  salt  phospbate  rock,  calclom 
borate,     copper     sulphate,     " ' -'-- 

In  The  United   Slates,   including"  ._ 

tortes  of  Alaska,  Hawaii  and  Porto  Rico 
was  reported  by  the  censna  of  UIO  to  be 
27,390.  To  this  may  be  added  166,448 
petroleum  and  gas  welts,  at  the  other  sta- 
tistics of  mines  and  mlDlng  do  not  aeparals 
<dl  and  gas  wells  from  solid  mining.  As 
there  ate  always  some  of  the  enterprises 
non-productive,  the  following  figures  relate 
only  to  those  In  operation  at  the  time  the 
ena  me  ration  was  made.  The  amount  of 
capital  employed  in  the  Industry  was  S8,- 
8S0.[iZS,S41 ;  there  were  1,139.332  persons 
engaged,  and  they  received  1840.167,630 
for  their  services.  The  value  of  the  aggre- 
gate product  was  1 1.238, 4 10,322.  Coal  led 
in  the  value  of  products  with  |fiTT.142,98S, 
or  46.6  per  cent  of  the  total.  Next  In 
value  came  petroleum  and  nataral  gas  with 
16  per  ceut  of  the  whole  value,  or  |18G,- 
416,684.  Copper  led  the  metals  with  |184.- 
016.687,  nearly  1]  per  cent  of  the  whole 
anoani.  The  only  other  product  of  the 
mines  that  exceeded  (100  000.000  In  value 
was  Iron,  which  yielded  1106.947,062.  The 
precious  metals  and  structural  materials 
made  up  the  balance. 


33.3  irtins  of  ndiuB,  not  iioiiisd,  to 


rith  sa  ubitnrily 
>  brown  soil  ud 
thsalBPuo^ 

,_ , u.  bMiOni  nUst. 

Burlv  ailin,  ud  Rinuid  ihM  ud  rfiik:  line  had  pig- 
BHits:    SublisM)  Sva  Iwl,  nUiud  -Uta  lad,  leadid 


liffiiU,  ud  uthnoU  akHd  abawkn  thsa  la  Puo^ 


left  bani 


attacked  April  2; 


I,  by  Heilcans 


the   Rio 


ChrlstI  and  at  Fort  Bron-n.  opposite  Uata- 
moroa.  and  after  ttie  battles  of  Palo   Altc 
(May  8,  1846),  Hesaca  de  '      "■ 
18*«1      " "■—     "■- 


vista'  (Feb.    22,' 23."  18-i7)i 

iber  of_  lesser  fights.  In  which  the 


and  a .      .  .        _      .. 

Uexlcans    were   defeated,    he   e    _.  . 

trol  of  all  northern  Mexico.  Gen.  Scott 
landing  at  Vera  Cms.  advanced  to  the  City 
of  Ueiico,  defeating  SaoU  Anna  at  Cerro 
Oordo  (April  IT,  18.  1847J.  Conlreras  (Aug. 
.n    n^    .J-.-,     ^,....„,, ,^ug.  20.  18471. 


__     Jhe    war    Sept     14,     1847. 

During  tbese  operations  In  Mexico  Oen. 
Kearny  end  Llent.  FrSmont  occupied  Cali- 
fornia    and     New     Mexico    with     American 


algo(2  — ., ,  -r. 

United  States  of  tl6.0<    .    . 

_.   , ■   claims   whlcb   amounted    ( 

t3.2B0,0W,  ceded  to  the  latter  the  terrttor 

now    comprising    Nevada.     ITtah,     - 

Arlsona,  a  large  par*  -'  " —  "-■ 
tloQB  of  Colorado  an 
California   (2437). 

Hazlcan  War: 
American    blood  abed   on   Amerlesn 

soil,  2292. 
American  forces — 

Oallantr;  of,  referred  to,  2490. 

General  officer  to  take  command  oi, 
required,  2358. 

Increase  in,  recommended,  2356. 

Kind   of  money   paid   to,   inquired 
into,  2360. 

Movement    of,    referred    to,    2290, 
2334. 

Betam   of,  to  United  States,  2440. 
American  territory  invaded  by  Mex- 
ican forces,  2292. 
Ample  tuiuse  of  war  against  Mexico 

asserted,   2329,   2363. 
Appropriation  hj  Congress,  for  prat- 

ecQting,  referred  to,  23S7. 
Armistice^  referred  to,  2424. 
Battle  of — 

BueuK  Vista,  S385. 

Cerro  Oordo,   2380. 

Chnmboeeo,  3380. 

City  of  Uexleo,  SS91. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


KtHcaa  Wu— OmiMMMd. 
Coutreru,  Z3S8. 
Monterey,  E342. 
Palo  Alto,  229S,  ^800,  2342. 
Besaea  de  la  Palma,   2296,  2300, 


Charge  that  American  armj  invaded 

territory  of  Mexico  related,  2332. 
DiBcnaaed,     2287,    220S,    2300,    2306, 

2321,   2363,  2383,  2415,   2437,  24S1. 
Executive    orders   concerning,    2233, 

2373. 
Eiiitence  of,  proclaimed  by — 

Mexico,  2292. 

United    States,   2320. 
Befeired  to,  2384. 
Expensw   of  conducting,  2301,   2347, 
2365,  2386,  2441,  255S. 

Loan  neceasary  to  meet,  2347,  2SG5. 

Mexico  shonld  be  held  responHible 
for,  2348,  2373,  23S7. 
Forces  of  United  Btates  in,  2490. 

Increase  of,  recommended,  2358. 
Gen.  Arista  in  command  of  Mexican 

forces,  2291. 
Oea.  Scott  in  command  of  American 
troops,  2298. 

Awignmont    of    command    to,    dis- 
cussed,  2298. 

Correspondence  with,  referred  to, 
2298. 

Becall  of,  referred  to,  2299,  2431. 
Oen.  Taylor  in  command  of  American 
troops,  2291. 

Assignment    of    command    to,    re- 
ferred to,  2299. 

Brevet  rank  of  major-general  con- 
ferred npon,   referred   to,  2299. 

Referred  to,  2369,  2415,  2418,  2419. 
General  officer  to  take  command  of 

American  forces  required,  2358. 
Government    establisked    in    Mexico 

bj    American    army    officers    dis- 
cussed, 2356. 
^position  of  duties  as  war  measure 

proposed,  2352,  2366. 
InereaM   in   army  recommended   by 

Preeident  Polk,  2358. 
Invasion   threatened   by   Mexico   be- 

eaose  of  annexation  of  Texas,  2290, 

2292. 
Letters     of     marque     and     reprisal 

against     Mexican     vessels     recom- 
mended, 2346. 
Liberal  provision  for  sustaining  mili- 
tary forces  recommended,  2293. 
Means  of  transmitting  letters  to  and 

from    Ameriean  armv  in   Mexieo, 

2350. 
MeBsnre  for  raising  additional  forca 

recommended,  2354. 
Mexican  general  considers  hostilities 

begun,  2291. 


Mexico 

Military    eontribntion    levied    upon 

Mexico.     (See  Mexico.) 
Not  provoked  by  United  States,  2322. 
Operations   of  American  army  near 

MatamoroB  referred  to,  2293. 
Peace   concluded,    2437. 
Pirates     commissioned     by     Mexico, 

2345. 
Ports    of    Mexieo    in    possession    of 
American    forces     ordered    to     be 
opened,  2373,  2379. 
Proclamations  concerning,  2319, 2371, 

2477,  2539. 
Proclaimed    by — 
Mexico,  2292. 
United   States,  2320. 
Referred  to,  2384. 
Public   debt    of    United    SUtee    in- 
creased in  consequenee  of,  2441. 
Recognition   of,   by   Congress   reeom- 

mended,  2293. 
Besnlts       of,       respecting      military 
strength     of    United     States     dis- 
cussed,  2481. 
Success  of  American  troops  referred 

to,  2295,  2300,  2342,  2384,  2391. 
Suspension  of  hostilities  after  battles 
of   Contreras  and  Churobusco  re- 
ferred to,  2419. 
Termination  of,  2437. 
Threatening  aspect  of,  £113. 
Treaty  negotiations  discussed,  2306, 
2343,   23SS,  2410,  2422,  2423,  2424, 
2529.      (See   also   California;    New 
Mexico.) 
Treaty  of  Peace — 
Proclaimed,  2477. 
Transmitted,   2437. 
Volunteer  force  discussed,  2293,  2365. 
Increase  in,  recommended,   2399. 
Promptness   of,   in   mshing  to   the 

field,  2323. 
Report  regarding,  transmitted,  2359, 
Mexico. — Mexico  occupies  the  southern 
portion  of  the  Nortb  American  Continent, 
and  extends  between  IS'-SZ'  30*  N.  lati- 
tude and  8T°-11T°  W.  LonKltude.  The  Untt- 
vd  Btatea  forms  b  northern  boundnir,  nhlle 
its  terrltorlea  loach  Gontemala  and  Brlt- 
iBb  Honduras  In  the  aonth ;  on  the  east  It 
la  bounded  b;  the  Quit  ot  Ueilco  and  the 
CBTlbbean  Ses,  and  on  the  west  b;  the 
Faclde  Ocean. 

PAfsical  Ftaiurei. — The  two  great  rangea 
ot  Nortb  America,  the  Sierra  Nevada  and 
Rockr  Hoantalna,  are  prolonged  from  the 
□orlh  to  a  couTergeoce  towards  the  oar- 
rowing  Isthmus  of  Tehuantepec.  their 
course  being  parallel  with  the  west  and 
east  coasts.  The  surface  of  tbe  Interior 
conalats  ol  an  elevated  plateau  between 
tbe  two  ranges,  with  steep  BloDes  both  to 
the  Pacific  and  Atlantic  (Qclf  of  Mexico). 
In  tbe  west  la  the  Peninsula  of  California, 
with  a  monatalnauB  surface,  separated  from 
the  milnlsnd  bj  the  Qulf  of  California. 
The  Sierra  Nevada,  known  In  Mexico  as 
the  Sierra  Hadre,  terminates  In  s  trans- 
verse series  ot  volcanic  peaks,  from  Co- 
Uma  on  tbe  weat  side  to  CItlaltepete  on 
tbe    Intermediate    and    higheat 


jyGooi^lc 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


vnLVj   vr  Lru^icBi  rvKiDUB   \w;ipv   OjVW  ^wtl* 

the  ntKbei  levels  form  Uie  Tlerra  Templaiu, 
or  temperate  reglDD  (from  8,UO0  to  COOO 
feet),  and  the  ■ummit  of  the  plBtean  with 
Its  peaks  Is  known  ■■  Tlenm  iPrta,  oi  cold 
resloD  <eboTe  fi.OOO  feet). 

The  oalT  considerable  rUer*  an  tbe  Bio 
Orande  del  Norte,  which  forma  part  of 
the  northern  boandarTi  and  Is  uvlgablt 
for  about  aerentr  milea  from  It*  month 
In  the  OnK  of  Mexico,  and  the  Bio  Orande 
de  Saotlago.  which  mas  fram  Lake  Cha- 
pall  to  the  PaclDc.  The  remaining  Btreami 
are  governed  by  the  formation  of  the  land, 
and  run  In  mountain  tomnts  between  deep- 
cat  cations  or  "barrancae."  The  lantat 
fresh-water  lakea  are  Chipala,  same  Dftr 
miles  Id  length,  and  Faticuaro  and  Zochl- 
mllco.  In  the  nortbwnt  are  aallae  lakes 
amid  bare  and  dry  reglona. 

The  climate  of  Meiico  varies  according 
to  the  altitude.  Yellow  fever  Bomettmea 
ocean  at  Merlda,  Incatan. 

Hittory. — The  etLrllesC  Invaders,  or  Tol- 
tecB,  gave  place  In  the  thirteenth  centnr; 
to  ttiG  Aiteirs,  who  were  conquered  In  the 
sixteenth  centnr;  b;  SpaalBh  adventurers 
□nder  Hernando  Cortes.  Spanish  ml*  was 
eatabllsbed  at  TeDochtltland.  a  fourteenth 
centnrr  Altec  dtj  (now  Mexico),  and 
Mexico  remained  a  SpanUh  dominion  nntll 
Ita  freedom  was  asserted  by  a  revolatlon- 
arr  war,  1810  to  1827.  From  1887  to 
184S  the  province  of  Texas  gave  rise  to 
hosUUttes  wJth  the  United  Slates,  termi- 
nating In  a  three  years'  war  and  a  cession 
of  the  dlspated  territory  to  the  victarlona 
northern  states.     In  IBIO  a  Republic  wtl 

limed,   but   Iturblde   declared   bimaelf 

jror  In  1S21.  He  was  shot  In  1824. 
I  Kepnbllc  was  again  established.     '" 


SB   came  to  Mexico, 
e   under   Ferdinand 


1B6S   the   French   I 


In  1867  the  downfall  of  the  Empire  and 
the  death  of  the  Emperor  gave  rise  to 
the  new  Bepabllc,  under  President  Juaro. 


^t  In  the  north  of  the  country,  chiefly 

at  ChlhoHhua,  From  1879-lSll  (with  the 
exception  of  four  years,  1880-84.  when 
Qeneral  Manuel  Oonsalea  was  President) 
the  execDtlve  power  was  In  the  hands  of 
General  Porflrto  Dlai,  who  was  elected 
President  for  eigbt  succesBlve  terms  of 
fonr  years.  In  IBll  a  revolullouary  war 
led  to  the  resignation  of  Oenenil  Dlu  and 
the  accession  of  President  Madero,  who 
was  deponed  by  Qeneral  Buerta  ana  sub- 
•egnently  shot,  while  under  escort  from 
prison.  Qeneral  Huerta  asaumed  office  a* 
President  pending  an  election,  but  the  vot- 
ing was  iBsuffldent,  and  the  election  was 
declared  to  be  void.  Governor  Carranaa, 
ol  COHhulla,  refused  adherence  to  the  Baer. 
ta  administration,  and  was  followed  by 
other  states,  notably  Chihoabna,  Nuevn 
Leone,  Ban  Lula  Potasl.  Slnaloa,  Puebla, 
Vera  Crui  and  Zacatecas.  The  war  was 
carried  on  In  a  most  barbarous  and  cruri 
manner.     Props' "  "^  - 


warring  factions.  Oradnally  Generals  Car- 
rauia  and  Villa  came  Into  control  of  most 
of  the  northern  states.  President  Wilson 
Increased  the  regnlar  troops  at  the  border 
posts  and  sent  naval  vessels  to  the  Mexi- 
can seaports  to  protect  the  lives  and  prop- 
erty at  Americans  and  citUeu  of  for- 
eign countrlei. 


On  tiM  9tli  of  April,  1914.  k  parmMter 
of  the  a.  B.  S.  Do^Ma  landed  at  Iturblde 
brld^,   Tamplco.    with   t    ->-•-' — •    — ■ 


boB?*  crew  to  take  o 


auppUea.    The  n 


the  United  State*.  The  men  were  arreated, 
but  later  released,  and  an  apology  waa 
made,  but  Admlcal  Mayo  demanded  that 
the  Sag  of  the   Cnlted   SUtea  be   saluted 


_,... ,   .jl4.  asked  dongresa  to  approve 

the  n*e  of  the  land  and  naval  torcea  ot 
the  country  to  enforce  the  tulleat  recog- 
nition of  the  tlgbts  and  dignity  of  the 
Halted  Btatea.  Thia  wa*  granted  and 
Vera  Crua  was  occupied  by  tne  American 
force*.  In  the  three  daya  of  Oghtliig  aev- 
enteen  sailors  and  marines  were  killed  and 
fifty  woonded.  The  naval  occupation  waa 
followed  by  a  brigade  of  the  regular  army 
under  Oen.  Fnnaton.  Before  attempting 
an  advance  into  the  interior,  opera tlona 
were  halted  by  an  offer  of  mediation  t>e- 
tween  the  United  States  and  Mexico  made 
by   the   diplomatic   repreaentatlve*   of   Ar- 


oenttna,   BraslI  ■ 


labile.     These  i 


^agara  Falls.' Canada,  Tn  HayT^' (See  A. 
B.  c.  Arbitrator*.)  By  June  12.  the  medi- 
ators bad  agreed  upon  a   plan  for  a   pro- 


imment  tor  Mexico  t 


.residen. ,_. 

Ing  Hexlcans  who  should  have  been  neu- 
tral during  the  revolution.  President  Wll- 
Bon  demanded  that  tbe  provlslooal  presi- 
dent should  be  a  constitutionalist,  InA  the 
mediator*  refused  to  sanction  this.  Mean- 
while the  military  operatlona  of  tbe  rebels, 
or  constttutlonallsta,  bad  brought  them 
Cloae  to  Mexico  Clly,  and  Carrnnaa  was 
Invited  to  participate  In  tbe  deliberatlolts 
01  the  mediators,  on  condition  that  be 
agree  to  an  armistice.  His  sueceaafnl  prog- 
rsM  toward  Mexico  City  marred  only  by 
a  mlsunderatandliig  with  Villa,  his  leading 

Kneral,  caused  htm  to  refuse  anything 
ort  of  complete  surrender  ot  the  capl^ 
,  June  22,  1914.  peace  protocols  were 
aigned  by  the  mediators  at  Niagara  Palis; 
Canada,  whereby  the  United  Statea  aban- 
doned tls  claim  for  a  salute  to  tbe  flag, 
and  waived  the  question  of  a  war  Indetn- 
nlty  from  Mexico,  as  well  as  cialma  for 
damages  due  American  dtlaena,  with  the 
onderatandlug  that  these  would  b«  taken 
up  by  tbe  piovlslonsl  government. 

At  a  federal  election  held  July  5.  Huerta 
waa  elected  President  and  SeHor  Blauquet 
Vice-President.  Few  of  the  popnlace  par- 
^dpated  In  the  voting  and  ten  days  later 
Haerta  resigned  and  Iwarded  the  German 
crolser  DrtiOFn  at  Vera  Cms  for  Jainalea. 
after  appolotlng  FranclKco  Carbsjsl  aa  pro- 
visional  president.  July  22.  an  armlsUc* 
wa*  aigned  by  Carbajal  and  Carranaa. 

Carransa  and  Villa  refnsed  to  be  recon- 
ciled to  the  new  provlMonal  government,  and 
threatened  to  prolong  the  revolution.  Car- 
bajal reeigned  In  favor  of  Oen.  Bulallo 
OutterTe*,liut  Carransa  refused  to  recognise 
the  new  president,  and  demanded  that  tte 
American  forces  be  withdrawn  from  Vera 
Crui.  This  was  compiled  with  and  Car- 
ransa, OD  Nov.  26,  1914,  occupied  the  tatr 
and  proclaimed  It  the  capital  of  Mexico, 
villa  and  many  of  the  leading  generals  ^- 
tered  Mexico  and  Installed  a  government  of 
their  own.  The  United  Btate*  and  Beverai 
South  American  republics  recognUed  tJw 
Carransa  government  Oct.  SO.  iSlCi. 

Cartansa'a  entry  Into  Mexico  wag  fol- 
lowed ta  dispute  wltb  Vlllk,  neld  marabal 
of  the  ConsdtutlonallHta.  Carraoxa  agreed 
to  turn  over  tbe  Koveroment  to  a  coundl 
of   eonstltuttoBallef  military   leaden    until 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encydopedie  Index 


The  tlrat  flsbt  tn  a  ae«ond  rarolntloii  totA 

Elace   S«pt.   26,    1914.      Carranu   chaDEed 
le  capital  ot  Mexico  from  Mezleo  at7  to 


The  murder  of  a  partj  o(  _. ., 

Ueilcan  bBodltB,  again  brought  the  mta- 
Hon  of  Mexican  loterventlaa  to  the  front 
In  191B.  There  were  beated  debates  In 
Congreaa  and  a  teleffram  demanding  th* 
punuhment  of  the  maraerer*  waa  dlapatebed 
._ J  to  t"- 

—_  ..„ About 

middle  ot  the  month,  a  bandit,  charsed  with 
rmiWDilbillt)'  (or  the  iriat  —  "•-  '^~»~ 
tDDneL  waa  arreated  at  Jua 

the  month  the  execution  ot  — 

tor  the  mnrder  ot  a  Texaa  rancher  canted 
Indtenatlan  and  led  to  conntet  accnaatlou 
on  the  part  ot  Heilcana.    Toward  the  end 


com  plica  tlona. 

disaatlBfactlOD  1 . 

sltQBtloD.  full  Information  f 

dent  a«  to  the  tx *  -"-' 

having  been  den 

out  a  dlTlalon,  al . . 

ot  the  Committee  on  Foreign  Belatlona,  bad 
announced  that  there  was  no  objectlan  to  It. 
On  Jan.  10,  C.  B.  wataon,  chairman  »f 
the  Mine  and  Bmelten  Operator*'  Aaaodn- 
tlon  ot  Cblhnabua  and  raieral  manager  of 
the   CMlhnlrlachlc   lllnlng   Companr,   with 


:   Cnal- 


commanded  by  Gen.  Lopei  and  Qen.  Beyna, 
operating  under  the  directloo  of  Qenenil 
Villa,  stripped  naked,  and  dellberatelf  shot 

It  waa  stated  that  these  men  were  mur- 
dered becaoae  they  were  A.merlcaDS,  and 
ther   were   killed   in   accordance   with   the 


annonneed  to  b«  In  control  of  the  Carransa 

Thomas  A.  Holmes,  the  only  member  of 
tbe  mining  part;  to  escape,  broagbt  the  Drst 
news  ot  tne  murders.  The  bodres  were  re- 
covered and  brousbt  to  EH  Paso,  Tex. 

The    Dnlted     Btatea     ^Temment    acted 

Suldily  through  Bee.  LanMog,  who,  Jan,  12, 
ilegraphed  a  demand  on  General  Carranxa 
for  the  Immediate  pnranlt,  capture,  and 
punishment  ot  the  bandits. 

At  the  same  time  Bee.  Lanalng,  while  an- 
noanclng  that  every  step  would  be  taken  to 
see  that  tbe  peniefratora  ot  the 
apprehended  and  punished,  di~'~ 
atatementa  that  the  Watscn 

turned  to   Mexico  with   tbe ..   — 

Dnlted   States   Ooverument.     He   ^plained 

that  the  State  Department *•— *--' 

Its  repeated  warning  to  A 
and  remain  out  of  Heiit 
nnaettled  conditions  there. 

Oen.  Joad   Rodrlgnea.   Gen  Almeida,   and 


Congress  over  the"UUlng "of  Amerleuu  L 
Chlhuahoa,  and  the  demand  made  In  Con- 

Sessional  reMlutlona  for  armed  Interven- 
>n  Id  Uezlco  for  tlia  protection  ot  Amol- 
cana  and  other  torekllers,  PrcBldent  Wilson 
did  not  change  his  Mexican  policy  and  waa 


Qavlie.    About  40  of  Rodrlgnea's  men  were 
said  t«  have  been  killed. 

Hniseo  Arredondo,   Ambassador  designate 
of  the  de  facto  government  -'  "-- —    — 


of  American  mining  companiea  or- 
.,».._  .Mir  employees  to  leave  the  conntry. 

Gen.  Carransa,  onder  date  o(  Jan.  14, 
pubiiabed  a  decree  empowering  any  citiien 
at  Mexico  to  kill  on  sight  Gen.  Villa.  Ratel, 
Caatm  and  Pablo  Lopes,  murderera  of 
Americans  at  flanta  Vaabel. 
_  Colonel  Miguel  Baca-ValleB,  a  Villa  ban- 
dit leader,  «■>  pnt  to  death  in  public  at 
Juarei,  Jan.  18,  and  his  body  was  placed 
on  exhibition  upon  the  atatlon  platform  be- 
side that  of  Qen.  Ja«4  Bodrignes,  another 
Villa  chieftain. 

Manuel  OaUerres,  an  alieeed  bandit,  was 
arrested  at  Juares,  Jan.  IT.  and  charged 
with  baring  been  primarily  reaponBlble  tor 
the  tiring  of  Cumbre  tuanel.  on  the  Mexican 
Northwestern  Ballroad,  between  Caaas  Oran- 
des  and  Pearson,  Chihuahua,  where  twenty- 
one  AmerlcBDs  aboard  a  train  lost  their  lives 
on  Feb,  4,  1914. 

It  was  alleged  that  QuIUerres  was  an  ofll- 
eer  ot  tbe  band  led  b;  Maximo  Castillo, 
who  was  treed  Jan.  IT  by  tbe  Federal  an- 
tborlUea  in  Bl  Psao.  Outlerres  had  affiliated 
himself  with  Villa,  and  with  the  disintegra- 
tion ot  Villa's  forces  made  merturea  to 
Carransa  officials  who  Invited  him  to  Juarei, 
On  his  arrival  he  was  arrested.  He  was 
supposed  to  have  robbed  B.  P.  Fuller,  a 
ranchman,  near  Villa  Ahumada.  Castillo 
and  Jesus  San  Martin,  also  accused  tn  aO- 
dSTlts  In  connection  with  the  tuanel  Sre, 
left  Bl  Paso  tor  New  Orleans,  Jan.  IT,  to 
take  a  ahip  for  Cuba. 

Bert  Akera,  a  Texas  ranchman,  waa  killed 
at  San  Lorenio.  near  J-'ares,  Jan.  21,  by 
Bernardo  and  Federico  buran,  Mexican  cat- 
tle tiilevcs.  The  men  confcaaed.  Jan.  22, 
and  were  executed  by  a  Mexican  tiring  SQaad 
at  Juarei,  Jan.  2S.  The  bodies  were  ex- 
humed, the  same  day,  for  Identiaeatloa  by  a 
delegation  tram  Texas  ho  that  a  report  might 
be  made  offldally  to  Washington.  The  af- 
fair aroused  anger  in  Mexico,  and  repreaenta- 
tlona  were  made,  Jan.  24.  by  Andres  Oarcia, 
Mexican  consul,  to  tbe  Department  of  State 
at  Washington,  through  the  Collector  ot 
Customa,  Z.  L.  Cobb,  that  Americana  living  < 
along  the  border  were  stealing  cattle  in  . 
Mexico  and  sringgllng  them  aerosa  the  bor- 
der. Demand  was  made  that  tbe  Dnlted 
Btatea  ston  Americana  from  stealing  Mexi- 
can cattle  and  punish  the  offenders. 
,  The  charge  was  said  to  be  based  on  the 
crossing  of  the  border  at  several  places  by 
Americana  to  recover  on  the  Mexican  side 
'  cattle  thst  had  been  stolen  on  the  Texae 
side  and  driven  into  Mexico. 

Two  American  aoldlera  awam  the  Rio 
Grande,  at  Progresso.  Tex.,  Jan.  26,  and 
were  captured  1»  Mexicans.  Comrades  of 
the  men,  led  by  three  officers,  Invaded  Mexi- 
can territory  In  an  attempt  to  rescue  them. 
Four  were  believed  to  have  been  drowned 
after  a  akirmlsb.  Dpon  a  protest  from  Car- 
ransa, tbe  United  States  sent  word  that 
tbe  three  officers  Involved  bad  been  placed 
under  arrest  awaiting  court  msrtlal.  SK- 
forta  ot  Consul  Qsrsa.  Carranza's  repre- 
sentative, led  to  the  final  rescue  of  the  two 
troopers  by  Carransa  soldlera  and  their  re- 


jyGooi^lc 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Looting  BDd   killing  of  unoffendliiK  clU-      nouipalT  ti>  ccDtroItbe  price  of  twnp. 


tbe  M«ileao  lactioiu.  President  WHbod'i 
respoDK  to  tbe  Fall  reHolntloD  wu  made 
public  and  there  wrre  reporti  of  ao  attempt 
to  blow  up  tbe  Q.  B.  batlleablp  Ktntttehl 
In  Vera  Crui  harbor  and  cbargea  were  made 
tbat  tbe  IntematloDBl  Harrester  Companj 
had  flnancpd  tbe  YacaUn  rebellion  aapDHt 
Carrania  In  1916. 

In  Chihuahua  Cltj  and  Bellaia  Carraaaa 
troops  killed  manj  nnollendlng  cltlienB. 

In   Oiaca   Zapata's    men   put  to   death    ~ 


cMnmttw^  iDTMtliatloa  iBto  the  ■ll««d 
—  DDopoIr  ta  control  tbe  price  of  heap. 
Majer  told   the  committee  that   he  1 


Catholic  pariah  priest  for  having  aaiodated 
with  rebels.  Qen.  villa  held  op  a  passenser 
train  near  Chihuahua  Cltr  and  sapcrlDtcnded 


the  killing  of   Oen.   Oavlra,   Mexican   com- 
mander at  lusrei. 

At  the  requpst  of  the  American  OoTern- 
meot  VUla'i  brother.  Hlpollto,  was  arrested 
in  Havana  and  was  be^d  for  extradition. 
At  El  Paso  be  waa  Indicted  for  sending  men 
to  wreck  a  train  In  Texas  that  was  carrying 
CarrauEa  soldiers  to  the  relief  of  Agua 
PrietB.  some  months  before.  Tbe  capital 
was  still  Bulferlng  from  tbe  trphns  epidemic, 
and   In   Tamptco   hundreds   were   ojlng   oi 

President  Wllaon  cent  to  the  Senate  hia 
response  to  the  Fall  resolution  requesting 
blm  to  report  on  facta  leading  ap  to  recog- 
nltlon  br  the  United  Btatn  of  the  Car- 
rania goTemment  It  was  In  tbe  form  of 
a  letter  from  8ec.  Lanilng,  sommarlslug  tbe 
erents  which  prei^eded  recocnltlon,  and  trani- 
mltting  a  great  volume  of  data,  including 
a  list  of  all  Americans  killed  Id  Uexlco 
and  along  the  border  during  six  jeara. 

The  Prealdent  declined  to  comply  with 
that  part  of  the  Fall  resolution  asking  for 


(ngf^ 

lOlTtlcal 


diplomatic  and 

coDdltloDB,  BB  "it  was  not  compatible  with 
public  Interests  to  furnish  this  correspond- 
ence, which  was  of  a  highly  confidential 
nature,  and  aubmllted  by  consular  offlcen 
ol  the  (Jolted  Stalps,  by  diplomatic  or  con - 


9   of  otViei 


Mr.  LsdbIdb  e 
cnmstaaces.  the  de  fa<^to  government,  which 
at  the  time  at  recognition  controlled  more 
than  76  per  cent,  of  Mexico's  territory,  was 
aSordlDg  "reasonable  adequate  protection  to 
the   Uvea    and   property   of   American   dCl- 


191S  and  191B.  as  compared  with  IT  In  the 
three  years  preceding,  and  that  twenty 
civilian  Americans  and  sixteen  soldiers  were 
killed  on  American  soil  In  tbe  past  three 
years  as  a  result  of  Ueilcan  troubles. 

Carrania  officials  Informed  the  State  De- 
partment Feb.  IS,  that  they  bad  beard  re- 
porta  of  a  plot  to  blow  up  the  battleBblp 
jTenluokv  In  Vera  Crui  harbor  in  which 
Consul  Canada  waa  alleged  to  be  Involved, 
the  object  being  to  force  American  Inter- 
TCDtloO.  The  State  Department  regarded 
the  report  as  a  continuatlDn  of  tbe  Dre  the 
Consul  had  been  under  for  months  from 
Carrania  officials,  who  charged  him  with 
antagonlBm  to  their  government.  When  Con- 
sul Canada  was  home  on  a  leave  of  absence, 
the  State  Department,  after  Inveatlgatlng 
various  statements  about  his  conduct,  sent 
blm  back  to  hla  post. 

Charsei  were  made  Feb.  IS,  before  the  Ben- 
ate  AgrTculturfl]  Committee  by  Levy  Mayer 
,  ol  Chicago,  repreacniatlve  of  tbe  American 
I  bankeri  who  finaaced  Tucatan  ilsal  planters, 
I  that  the  intematlaDal  HBTveater  Company 
had  financed  the  Ortei-ArgiDedo  revolution 
In  Yucatan  agilnst  Carrania  In  1010.  Tbe 
chat(e  WM  made  in   connection   with   tbe 


—  American  munition  factoriea  for  ai 

ammuDltloa.  Tbls  stalemcBt  Walter  L. 
Fisher,  representing  the  Harveater  Compaav, 
denletL  aaylng  that  the  money  from  the  draft 

_..  _( *.  Yucatan  growerr  • '—' 

-—    ~  b.  19,  tbi 

,__npanr  tried  to  prevent 

imiiB  ui  Xucatan  planters  by  American 
banken,  and.  Feb.  29,  that  part  o(  a 
(480,000  letter  of  credit  from  tbe  Harvester 
Company  waa  spent  tor  a  gunboat  and  mu- 
nltloni  for  tbe  revolution. 

Border  troubles  calm Ina ted  Id  March,  in 
an  unprovoked  attack  on  a  V.  S.  border  town 
la  OcD.  Villa  and  a  band  ol  desperadoa. 
With  tbe  consent  of  Oen.  Carrania,  an  ex- 
pedition Into  Mexico  was  undertaken  fay  the 
united   States   to   capture   the   raider*. 

At  4  :30  o'clock  on  the  morning  of  March 
9,  a  band  of  1600  Mexlcana  under  0«D. 
Villa,  crossed  the  border  and  attacked  tbe 
town  o(  Columbus,  New  Mexico,  and  the 
camp  where  the  Thirteenth  C.  B.  Cavalrj 
was  stationed.      The  Mexican  raiders  crept 

Gat  the  camp  without  being  discovered  and 
d  looted  the  post  office  and  several  Btorea, 
set  fire  to  aeveral  houses  and  shot  a  num- 
ber of  civilians  before  our  troopi  got  Into 
...H—      .....  . —  .. looting,  the  rr" — 


The    O.    _ ,.    

tbe  border  where  more  Qghting  took  place 
la  which  some  forty  VUUstas  were  killed. 

On  tbe  following  da;  President  Wilson 
and  bis  cabinet  deeldeif  to  send  a  punldve 
expedition  Into  Mexico. 

A  note  from  Gen.  Carrania  was  presented 
'■'    the   State    Department    March    11,    "re- 

-itlng  tbe  necesaary  permission  for  Uexl- 

forces  to  eroM  into  American  territory 

In  pursnit  of  tboae  bandits,  acknowledging 
due  reciprocity  In  regard  to  forces  of  tbe 
United    States   crossing  Into  Mexican   terri- 

Klt  tbe  raid  effected  at  Columbus  ahoatd 
rt     -■  ■    ■        -----  


nibrtunateiy  be  repeated  a' 


I J  other  points 


forbid  tbe  purault  of  Villa  on  Hexlcan  loll 
unless  tbe  reciprocal  right  ahould  be  granted 
to  Mexico.  President  Wilson.  March  12, 
agreed  to  Carranaa's  terma. 

The  punitive  expedition,  reported  to  num- 
ber about  6000.  entered  Mexico.  March  10, 
In  two  colnmna  Brig.  Oen.  JohD  J.  Persh- 
ing with  about  4000  men  croMed  the  border 
Bouth  of  Columbua,  white  Col.  Oeorge  A. 
Dodd,  heading  a  smaller  column.  Crossed 
some  distance  west  of  Columbua,  near 
Hachita. 

Col.  Dodd's  column  reached  Casaa 
Orandes,  Msrch  IT,  hiving  penetrated  SO 
miles  Into  Uexlco  In  two  days. 

Ualor  Qen.  Funston,  March  IT,  aaked 
Waablngton  to  secure  Carrania' s  permission 
to  ship  In  supplies  to  tbe  punitive  expedi- 
tion over  MeileaD  railroads. 

Aeroplanes  were  sent  out  to  acout  for 
Villa. 

Tbe  detachment  that  headed  aoutb  from 
Casaa  Grandea  on  the  road  along  which  Villa 
was  retorted  to  be  advancing  waa  one  of 
three  subdivisions  operating  south  of  casaa 
Graodes.  One  column  was  sent  toward 
Lake  Babrlcora,  seventy  miles  south  ol 
Casas  Grandea  and  somewhat  to  tbe  west. 
The  two  other  detachments  moved  as  one 
to  Galena,  south  and  eaat  at  Caiai  Qrandes, 
and  there  separated,  one  contlnnlng  in  a 
more    easterly    direction    toward    (^rmen. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


SlOfco — OonUtmtd. 

■lxt7-0Te  mllei  from  Casas  GraDdea.  and 
the  otber  Bouth  tnvard  Crucee,  flfty  mlEes 
from  CsBRB  GcBndes.  whEcb  now  became  the 
adranced   baw  of   the  eipedlUoiiBr?  torces. 

a«ii.  FDDBtOD.  Marcb  21,  at  Gen.  Perah- 
Ing'H  BOKseBtioD  appealed  to  tbe  War  I>e- 
psrtmeat  for  mote  trooDB,  and  the  6tli  Cav- 
alry was  ordered  to  Ueilco  to  protect  the 
one  hundred  mile  line  ot  commualcaUoDS. 
Od  Uareb  24,  two  colnmDB  of  Gen.  PerBb- 
Idk'b  force  were  reported  120  miles  south- 
east of  Casaa  Graadee. 

President  Wilson  appealed  to  tbe  Coaatrj 
March  2S.  tor  aid  In  thwartloK  a  consplracT 
which  he  declared  had  been  organ  lied  to 
plnnRe  the  United  Blates  Into  war  with 
Mexico.  In  a  formal  statement  Issued  at  the 
White  Bouse  tbe  President  charged  that  a 
campaign  ot  falsehood  was  being  carried 
on  tbroagh  the  newapapen  of  the  countrj 
"for  tbe  purpose  ot  bringing  about  Interren- 
'  tlon  In  tbe  Intereit  of  certain  American 
'  owners  of  Mexican  propertj." 

President  Wilson  expressed  the  hope  that 


aans  t 


It  a  matter  of  patnotfsm  and  cod  .  __  . 
test  the  source  and  authentlclt;  ot  every  re- 
port ther  receive  from  that  guarter." 

Villa  was  checked  near  Namlgulpa  by 
Mexican   troops  bat  escaped  March   2S. 

The  bandit  and  his  men  headed  Into  tbe 
Madera  Valley,  wblch  rans  south  from  the 
Komlgnlpa  conntiT  toward  Ouerrero.  The 
AmerfcaDB  were  2S0  milea  below  tbe  border 
and  «a  far  south  as  Chlbnaboa  City. 

Col.  Dodd'a  column  was  shifted,  Hareh 
28,  Irom  the  eastern  slope  of  the  Sierra 
Madre  to  the  PaclDc  alope  and  betnn  to 
tnerate  out  of  Madera  as  a  base  In  Banta 
Atherloa  caBon,  the  "Seven  Hills"  district, 
and  Babrlcors. 

UBrch  SB,  Gen.  Carranxa  granted  tbe  re- 
newed request  of  the  Mate  Department  for 
permlBslon  to  nse  the  Mexican  northwestern 
Railroad  In  carrylns  out  the  pnrsult.  Oen. 
CarranMl  received  tbe  new  request  that 
I  mornlnc,  HU  answer  was  In  Washington 
<  before  dark. 

He  agreed  to  permit  tbe  use  ot  Mexican 
railroads  tor  the  transportation  of  supplies, 
bat  refused  to  allow  guards  on  tbe  trains  and 

Srovided  that  tbe  supplies  mast  be  shipped 
:om  one  American  to  another,  neither  ot 
whom  abonld  be  directly  coonected  with  tha 

With  a  Blngle  dissenting  vote  In  the 
House,  and  none  1b  the  Senate,  Coneresa, 
March  38,  paaaed  and  sent  to  the  White 
HoQse  tor  tbe  President's  signature  tbe 
urfeot  deficiency  Ull.  appropriating  18,611,- 
002  for  expense*  In  connection  with  the 
army's  punitive  expedition  into  Mexico  and 
the  reeralttng  of  the  additional  S0,000  men 
■-    bring    the    regulars    np    " 


Three  hundred  and  seven ty-flva  Demo- 
erata  and  BepubUcans  In  the  House  voted 
for  the  bill,  and  Bepreaentatlve  Meyer  Loo- 
don,  Socialist  of  New  Tork,  voted  against 
it,  when  Representative  Mann,  tbe  mi- 
nority leader,  asked  tor  a  roll  call  to  demon- 
strate that  there  was  no  difference  ot  opin- 
ion on  the  qnesUon  of  national  defense  or 
tbe  protection  of  the  troops. 

Villa  attacked  ti'e  town  ot  Onerrero, 
Marcb  27,  pat  to  death  1T2  men  la  the  gar- 
rison and  held  others  under  guard  Intend- 

ll,_  *.  k.,1    .1, r«.i —  .tf   .__ . 

Vllb 


_     ,0  kill  them.     Daring  tbe  engagement 

Villa  waa  shot  through  the  leg  t"- ■" 

Two  days  later  be  was  aururls* 


Dodd'a  men  In  hot  pursnlt.  Ula  chief  mili- 
tary commander,  General  Ellaeo  Hemandei. 
was  killed  In  tbe  Bght. 

The  attack  was  a  aurprlee.  Tbe  Villa 
troops  were  driven  In  a  ten-mile  running 
OgbE  Into  the  monntalns  northwest  of  the 
railroad  where  they  separated  Into  small 
bands.       Large     numbers     of     Carrani 


miles  In  seventeen  hours,  and  carried  on 
fight  tor  Ave  hour*. 

General  Carrania.  Marcb  1,  named  Juan 
Sancbea  Ascona  to  be  Envoy  Extraordlnsry 
and  Minister  Plenipotentiary  to  Europe  with 
diplomatic  Jurisdiction  over  Great  Britain, 
Belgium,  Franee,  Swltierland.  Italy.  Spain 
and  Portugal.     BeBor  Axcona  waa  formerly 

Srivate  secretary  to  tbe  late  President  Ma- 
eto,  and  for  msny  years  was  a  leading 
Liberal  and  a  well  known  editor. 

An  attack  on  American  troops  by  a  party 
of  Carranclstas  and  the  demand  that  the 
United  States  Army  be  withdrawn  threaC- 
— ->  '-  bring  abont  a  crisis  in  April,  which, 
uuvtcttri',  was  averted  by  a  conferoice  on 
the  border  between  repreaentatlves  ot  both 
countries. 

Alter  the  fight  at  Guerrero,  Marcb  26.  In 
which  some  60  Vllllstas  were  killed,  all  trace 
of  Villa  was  lost,  and  though  It  waa  fre- 
qoently  reported  that  be  was  hemmed  In 
and  every  point  of  escape  carefally  guarded 
be  Baccessfnlly  eloded  captore.  One  of  the 
smaller  bands  Into  which  the  Villa  force 
•cattered  waa  struck  by  Colonel  Cano  on 
March  29,  and  Manuel  Boco.  the  leader,  was 
killed.  Boco,  one  of  Villa's  chief  lleotenanta, 
was  said  to  have  ordered  the  killing  ot  Bve 
Mexican  employees  at  the  Corralltos  ranch 
March  10,  by  a.  band  ot  Vllllstas  o"   ■'■  ' 


■make      however, 


Bee  Lansing  made  a  poaltlve  denial  April 
8  of  reports  that  American  troops  might 
be  withdrawn  from  Mexico  soon.  Inasmoeh 
aa  the  Villa  band  had  been  scattered.  On 
the  other  band,  It  was  disclosed  that  MaJ. 
Geo.  Frederick  ICunston.  commandlllg  the 
Mexican  border  patroL  bad  that  da*  recom- 
mended to  the  War  Department  that  some 
40O0  recruits  enlisted  (or  the  United  States 
army  under  authority  of  the  Hay  emergency 
resolution  be  sent  to  tbe  border  as  faat  as 
obtained  so  tbst  they  might  be  utlllied  In 
Mrengtbenlng  the  border  toreea. 

A  serious  Mexican  crisis  was  reached 
April  18,  when  the  Carranta  government 
requested  the  Immediate  withdrawal  ot  the 
American  panltive  expedition  from  Mexico. 

The  note  was  a  sharp  challenge  to  tbe 
legality  of  the  expedition,  and  asBarted  that 
tbe  American  troops  were  In  Mexico  "wlth- 
ont  warrant"  that  they  were  sent  Into  Mex- 
ico by  the  Wilson  Admlnlatratlon  nnder  a 
"false  Interpretation"  and  wltbont  tbe 
Washington  Government  having  "tboroogbly 
comprehended"  tbe  Carranta  aoTemmenfa 
propoMl  of  March  10  for  a  reciprocal  agree- 
atent  between  the  two  governments  nnder 
which  their  totcsa  might  cross  tbe  border  tai 
pnrsalt  of  raiders. 

The  Carrania  eommnnleatlon  told  tbe 
Tlnlted  Btatea  Government  that  "It  Is  now 
time  to  treat  with  the  Ooverament  ot  the 
United  States  npoD  the  snbjsct  of  tbe  wlth- 
.....         il^ican  t     ■■    - 


dnwal  ot  Its  forces  from  li 


fort) 
"Pli 


a  territory 


agabiat  Villa  wltbont  warrant,  becaose  there 


,  In  an  attack  by  ■ 


irat— Tbe  American  expedlUon  w 
iBt  Villa  wltbont  warrant.  bect~~- 

no  prevlona  formal  or  deflQl_ 

standing. 

"Second — Becanw  tbe  expedition  i 

fDllUUns  Ita  object  and  conld  not  do 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Mezko 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Ifezleo— OMMMMtf. 

emiue  'the  band  headed  bj  THIS  bu  alnadr 

been  dlHtersed.' 

"Tbltd — B«c«a«e  tliere  were  '■nlBrtent 
Ueilcan  troopa  to  ponae  Villa.'  " 
,  On  the  beds  of  tiilB  notice  came  the  dla- 
eloeore  that  a  band  at  100  American  troop- 
/  era,  uDder  Major  TompklQB,  who  entered 
Parral  April  IZ.  In  alleged  violation  of  "in- 
■tmctlons"  not  t«  occupy  toWM,  were  a^ 
tacked  bj  a  force  of  CarraiiM  aoldlera  anS 
ob]li;ed  fo  withdraw. 

The  Maloi  stated  that  he  had  entered  tha  ' 
town  on  the  lavltatlan  of  an  officer  of  the 
Partal  ganiaon.  He  atated  that  the  officer 
met  bim  ten  mllea  from  Parral.  Introdnced 
hImieU,  and  urged  bIm  to  acfept  tbe  hoa- 
pltalltr  of  tbe  military  and  dvil  aathoritiw 
and  to  dlieuBB  a  camp  site. 

Major  Tompklna  wai  preparing  to  more 
out  to  tbe  designated  camp  when  loldlen 
and  clTtllang  began  to  throw  atone*  and 
ihoot  at  the  Americans. 

Forty  of  the  Ueitcan  Boldlen.  IncIndtDS 
one  Halor.  beeidei  a  civilian,  were  lillled 
by  tbe  tetreatlDg  Americana.  The  American 
CHauBltles  were  two  killed  and  aiz  wonnded. 
Including  Uajor  Tompklna.     Bla  wound  Wis 

§ec  Baker.  April  IS,  dlqiltcbed  Ifalor 
Gen.  Hugh  L.  Scott.  Chief  of  BtalT,  toihe 
border  aa  hia  peraonat  repceaeotatlTe  to  make 
a  complete  report  on  the  military  probloma 
confronting  General  FanatOD. 

President  Wllaon,  April  23,  approred  a 
recommendation  made  bj  Major  Oen.  Fnol- 
ton  for  a  redlaposlHon  of  tbe  forcea  com- 
opting  the  American  panltlTe  expedition. 
The   purpoae   of   this   redlapoalUon   of   tha 

1  forces  was  to  enable  the  expedition  to  re- 
cuperate and  atrengthen  itself.  It  thtil 
became  evident  that  there  was  no  Intention 
for  the  present  to  withdraw  oar  forcee  from 
I    Meilcan   soil. 

The  aeven  Villa  followers  who  were  cap- 
tured after  tbe  raid  on  Colomhaa,  N.  H.. 
were  convicted  of  murder  In  the  first  de- 
gree, at  Demlng.  N.  M..  April  21,  and  aan- 
tenced  to  die  May  19. 

The  Carrania  Govern ment,  April  24,  ac- 
cepted a  proposal  from  the  United  Stntea 
for  a  conference  on  tbe  Intematlonat  border 
betweea  Oeaeral  Alvero  Obregon.  Minister 
of  War  In  tbe  Cabinet  of  General  Carransa, 
and  Major  Qen.  Hugh  I>.  Bcott.  to  dIacnM 
tbe  military  asoecta  of  the  American  pnnl- 
ttve  expedition  Into  Mexico  and  the  de  facto 
Government's  attitude  toward  tbe  project 
tor  tbe  capture  of  Villa. 

It  was  annoanced  olBclally.  AprU  25,  that 
the  conference  between  Major  Qen.  Scott  and 
Gen.  Obregon  would  be  held  in  El  Paso, 
and  would  start  as  soon  aa  Qen.  ObregoiL 
reached  the  border. 

Oen.  Carrauia,  la  ao -official  statement  de- 
clared he  bad  fully  approved  the  plan  for 
having  the  meeting  at  B1  Paso,  and  an- 
J  nounced  that  be  waa  especlallv  pleased  at 
the  BBsurances  given  by  Oen.  Bell  and  the 
announcemeot  tbat  Oen,  Scott  would  ceU  on 
Oen.  Obregon  In  Juarei  flnst. 

The  flrst  conference  between  tha  lepresen- 
tatives  of  tbe  United  States  and  Mexico 
began  at  five  o'doclc  on  the  afternoon  of 
April  se  in  the  Mexican  Cnatoms  House  In 
luarez.  and  (.t  seven  o'clock  tbe  four  Amerl- 
cut  Army  officers  and  six  Ueilcan  repre- 
senlatlvei  left  th«  bnlldln^  7he  t^mit  nr 
th«  conference  wan  not  made  pnblle. 


mediate   withdrawal  of  tha   United   Btntes 


■wtUed  Oen.  Carransa,  Mar  1,  Oat  K  did 
EMt  desire  at  that  time  to  olacius  the  qncs- 
tlan  of  withdrawing  the  American  force* 
from  Mexico.  At  the  dlreetloa  of  Fiestdeat 
WUsoD  Sec.  Baker  so  advised  Oen.  BcML 
who,  with  Gen.  Pnnston,  was  conferring 
with  Oen.  Obregon  on  the  border.  After 
consultation  with  Bee.  Baker  and  CooBseller 
Polk.  Bee  Lansing  later  In  the  ^>J  infarmed 
Bllaeo  Arredondo.  tbe  Mexlon  Ambassador 
Designate,  In  response  to  a  pressing  in- 
qnlry  from  tbe  latter,  that  the  AmMlean 
Oovempient  woald  not  be  In  position  to 
anawer  Gen.  Carranxa's  formal  reqnest  tor 
the  withdrawal  of  the  troops  until  tbe  con- 
clusion of  tbe  Seott-Obregou  conferences. 

Dnrlne  these  conferences  deaaltory  light- 
ing continued.  A  full  sqaadron  of  230  men 
of  the  lltb  Cavalry  aurprised  and  ronivii 
a  much  larger  force  of  Villa  bandits 

Aiules,  June  '       ""—    ' ' 

und"*-  Mai     1 
anil 


aning 


bandits  under  Gens.  Cms  Domlnguei 

iQllo  Acoata  (or  several  days  when  they 

encountered  tbe  men  camped  in  the  huddled 

adobe  huta  of  OJo-Asula.  Tbe  band,  which 
was  the  largest  remaining  under  the  Villa 
standard,  was  believed  to  be  tbe  same  ss 
that  defeated  at  Temoctalc,  April  22,  by  CDl. 
George  A.  Dodd's  command. 

The  Howie  column,  eonrfstlog  of  six 
picked  troops  and  one  machine  enn  detach- 
ment, struck  tbe  band  of  Mexicans  after  an 
aU-nlght  cross-country  ride  of  38  mllefc 

Howie  attacked  without  resting  either 
men  or  horses.  Forty-two  Mexicans  were 
killed,  including  Gen.  AnCouIo  Aageles.  a 
relative  of  Fllipe  Angeles,  tbe  former  con- 
Sdant  of  VllJa.  and  a  number  wounded. 
There  were  no  Americao  casuBltlea.  Mare 
than  50  of  tbe  fugitives  were  rounded  up  by 
American B  after  the  engagement  and  pursnlt 
of  the  scattered  remnants  waa  continued. 
In  the  meanwhile,  farther  to  the  east,  Mexi- 
cans, whether  Villa  or  Carransa  forces  were 
not  known,  again  raided  Texas,  May  5.  Tbe 
bandlta'  foray,  carried  them  through  the 
southern  limits  of  Brewster  County  In  the 
Big  Bend  district  of  Teiaa.  and  taking  In 
three  little  settlements  near  the  bordei^ 
Glenn   Springs,    Boqalllaa   and   Deemer. 

Three  American  soldiers  and  a  10-year- 
old  bov  were  killed  and  two  American  dCl- 
lens,  Jesse  Deemer  and  C.  0-  Compton.  were 
kidnapped  and  carried  south  of  the  inter- 


national b 


Within  an  bour  after  tbe  news  re&ched 
Bl  Paso  preparatlona  bad  been  begun  for 
adequate  action,  MaJ.-Oen.  Frederick  Funs- 
ton  ordered  that  in  all,  four  troops  of  cav- 
alry abould  proceed  to  the  raided  aectlon  to 
reinforce  email  deCacbmcnts  alreadv  on  their 
way  to  the  scene  from  Presldo,  Alpine  and 
other  points.  Col.  Frederick  Blhley,  of  tbe 
11th  Cavalry,  was  placed  In  charge. 

Major  George  T.  Lenghorne  made  a  dash 
across  the  border  in  puranlt  of  the  raiders, 
but  halted  some  60  miles  south  of  the  Mext 
can  border  from  BoquUI*a  to  await  the  a> 
rival  of  Col-  Sibley  and  retntoroements.  Tht 
FederaJ   Government,   also,   wti   atitred  t" 


!  recimantB  of  the   r^ular 


.. „. 1   the 

ranks  by  abont  TWO  men. 

tbe  following   day  American   consoli 

throaghoat  Usxtco  were  Instructed  snln 
to  call  attention  of  Americana  to  the  Btatt 
I^epartment'B  repeated  wamlnga  that  this 
government  r^arded  tbelr  prMenee  tbete 
as  undeelrBble.  The  last  census  of  Amsil- 
nuiB  in  Uextooj  toinn  tr  tbe  MM*  Dwart- 


Diatizeaby'GoOt^Ie 


Encyclopedic  Indes 


ment  iIi  weeks  before,  ihoiTMl  lesB  tlMn 
8000  tbroaghout  tbe  eounlry.  ftfoet  of  tliem 
were  De«r  Ueilco  Ctt;  and  tli«  extreme  east 
and  ««at  outs,  few  remaining  In  Cblbiu- 
hna  «nd  Sonon. 

While  mllftarj  bteqU  were  deTcloplng 
with  sneb  rapldltj,  tbe  conterenee  otbt  tbn 
co-bperetlOD  of  AmeiicaD  and  Ueilean  sol- 
diere  in  Mexico  came  to  an  abmpt  ""  "~~ 

beileved  1 

Cerencei  was  ta  follows : 

Bint — General  Scott  was  coaTlnced  tbat 
fli«  Cazranu  de  facto  QoTcnunent  nnder- 
atood  that  tbe  parpoae  of  tbc  United  States 
In  tending  troops  Into  Mexico  waa  not  ag- 
gressloa  or  armed  Interrentlon. 

BeconA^Qeneral  Obregon  had  agreed  to 
<  send  10,000  picked  troops  Into  tbe  Big  Bend 
I  *nd  Parral  regiona  of  Uexico  to  stamp  out 
I  bandits. 

Tbtrd — General  Obregon  had  given  orders 


and   where  the  United   States   Gknernment 
had  no  troops. 

Firth — Oeneral  Obregon  also  gave  aasar- 
ancei  that  the  Carrania  forces  would  not 
more  trom  Sonera  tbroaeh  Pulplto  Pase  to 
operate  in  tba  rear  of  oeoeral  Persblng'i 
colomn    and    woQld    not    attack    American 


SIxti 


Blith — ElTerr  effort  ahonld  be  made  bj 
CamuulgtaB  to  free  the  Americans  whom 
the  Big  Bend  bandits  kidnapped. 

The  rescae  of  Jesse  Deemer  was  effected, 
May  13.  b;  Troop  A  and  B  of  Langhome's 
8th  Cavalrr  at  Santa  Fe  Del  Pino,  aloet; 
milea  sontb  of  the  Rio  Grande.  Five  bapdlla 
were  killed  and  S  token  prisoners  on  the 
16th  In  a  skirmish  in  the  neighborhood. 

The  State  Departteent,  Mar  IS,  tasued 
ordera  to  American  conaals  and  Tlce-eonsula 
-":   Cblhaaboa,    Joores,    Nogales,    Daraogo, 


The  coDsais  and  Tlce-consals  Incladed  In  L_- 
order  were  Marlon  Letcher,  at  Ctaibanhaa ; 
Thomas  D.  Eldwarda,  at  Jnares ;  EYederEck 


declaration  bj  the  American  gorernment  In 
eiplanaUon  of  Iti  parpow  In  retalnlDg  them  i 
there  "Idle  and  InactlTe." 

The  note  did  not  Ox  anr  time  limit  within 
which  the  American  forces  sboold  be  with- 
drawn, but  asserted  that  abould  the  Amol- 
cfln  government  lefuse  to  comply  with  these 
regafrements  the  de  facto  eovemment  might 
conclude  that  the  expedition  was  being 
maintained  on  Mexican  soil  tor  occult  rea- 

— ^   -_   -    precantlonary   m "- 

1  elaab  with  Vei 

„ Itoatlon  became  In 

atralsed  during  June.    Several  border  r 

followed  bf  poDltlve  eipediUons,  the  Uexl-  , 
can  threat  of  attack  U  United  States  troops  ( 
moved  south,  asd  the  tattle  at  Ckrrlial  re-  '. 
an t ted  In  mobilisation  of  state  mllltla  and 
a  forcible  answer   to  Carranu's  manifesto 
of  May  22. 

Od  JiiDe  11  Uexlcana  raided  on  American 
ranch  near  Laredo,  Tex.,  with  the  resnlt 
that  1600  American  regulars  were  drawn 
from  the  engineers  Corps  of  the  Coast  Ar. 
tUlery  to  reinforce  the  border  defenses.  One 
of  the  bandits  It  wss  sold  wore  a  uniform 
bearlQg   the   insignia   of   a    Carrania   Ilea- 

Meilcana  attacked  the  border  patrol  at 
Ban  Ignado  June  16  with  the  mult  tbat 
three  American  soldiers  were  killed  and 
alx  wounded,  eight  Mexicans  were  reported 
killed,  a  number  wounded  and  several  cap- 
tured. A  third  pnnftlve  enedltlon  followed 
tbe  tandlta  Into  Mexico.  A  fourth  pan Itlve 
chaae  crossed  the  line  June  10  and  dispersed 
bandits  who  had  been  discovered  near  Ban 
Benito,  Tex.  Tbe  rslda  resulted  In  Presi- 
dent Wilson's  aammons  to  all  state  mllltla 
not  already  on  the  field  to  mobilise.  Six- 
teen warships  were  sent  to  watch  Mexican 

General  Trevino  on  June  16  advised  Gen- 
eral Perthlng  that  an^  movement  of  Ameri- 


demand  of  Hay  22  for  {be  with- 
drawal of  our  troops  was  Issued.  Tbe  note 
refused  the  demand  and  declared  the  In- 
tention ot  tbe  United  States  to  keep  troops 
In  Mexico  to  protect  our  clttsens  In  that 
intry  and  on  the  border  until  the  d>  /(Kr(o 

*  -v — ..  ■,,...  ,1 ,u]mj  ^„j 


Government  showed  that  It  n 
able  t  -    - 


ir   elgl 
es.    Tl 


AguaauaiJcuKSBj   kuq   rui 
nil-general  at  Monterey. 

Arter  the  conference,  one  of  the  consnls 
was  to  proceed  to  Washington  to  confer 
with  the  officials  ot  the  State  Department. 

OfflcJal  figures  of  dead,  wonnded  and  miss- 
ing, both  soldier  and  civilian,  that  marked 
the  progress  ot  tbe  American  expedition  In 
Mexico  from  tbe  time  of  the  Columbus, 
K.  M.,  raid,  showed  the  following  total  caa- 
nalttea  to  Mot  20: 

Killed— United  States  soldiers,  80:  civil- 
ians, 24;  Mexican  soldiers,   301. 

Wonnded — United  States  olScen,  8;  sol- 
diers, 14 :   elvlUans,   TI ;   Mexican  soldiers, 

Candelarlo  Cervantes,  second  In  command 
to  Villa  among  the  Mexican  bandits,  was 
shot  and  killed  with  Jose  Bencomo,  an- 
other Tllllsta  chief,  near  Cruces,  May  20, 
1^  United  States  troops.  One  American  aol- 
dler  was  killed  and  two  were  wonnded. 

The  Carrania  de  facto  government.  May 
SI,  delivered  to  tb«  United  States  govern- 
ment a  new  and  sharp  not^  bristling  wltb 

what   amounted   to   cnarges   of   bad    faith  ,   _     

against  President  Wilson  and  insisting  upon      June  80.     One  raider 
the  Immediate  wltlidrawal  of  tlie  Aaerlcan 
nlltttrr  forces  trom  Uexicatt  soil,  or  a  frank 


J   of   American   t , 

it   hundred   of   the   Car- 

_   . . eighty-four 

■  defeated; 


prisoners,  fl ,.., „.     - 

siolllty  for  the  attock  was  assumed  by  Car- 
ransa  In  a  statement  sent  to  the  American 
government.  The  Government  replied  with 
a  sharp  note  June  24  demanding  the  re-  [ 
lease  of  prleouers  token  In  tbe  encounter. 
The  prisoners  were  returned  June  28. 

Modesto  C.  RoIIsnd,  former  Mexican  Con- 
sul General  In  New  York,  left  June  24,  (or 
El  Paso  to  confer  with  Dr.  Alt.  editor  ot  a 
Mexico  CI»  weekl;,  and  Luis  Manuel  Rojaa, 
director  of  the  Blblloleca  Naclaual,  In  HM- 
Ico  City,  representing  Mexico  and  David  Starr 
Jordan,  Frank  P.  Walsh,  and  William  Jen- 


a  peaceful  onderstaad- 
l>ablo  Lopes,   Villa's   chief  'llentensnt  In 


itl-Aa«rla«a  dematiatnttoin  in  noctb- 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


aerlMD  eoniDlBte.  th« 


e  bstween  Uei- 


_.  -mericsn  troapt.     On  June  T  ■ 

moba  attacked  the  A " '— 

Foreign    Club    and    J 

Cbmuabaa  atr.    Th. 

Tbree   mob  leadem  were   ivihii-ku  kiuvu  uj 

to  AmerlcBD  In  dcteDBe  of  bis  houM. 

Great  Britain  and  tbe  Latin  Munttlei  of 
Soutb  America  bad  shown  concern  oier  the 
Uellcsn  altuatton,  and  offered  Mendlf  aid 
to  prevent  armed  iDtcrrention. 

Joint  0<mmitaian.—A  Joint  committee 
irai  appointed  during  Anguit  to  settle  tbe 
dlffereneea  between  the  Onlted  Statei  and 
Mexico.  Toward  the  end  of  tbe  month 
IB.OOO  National  Guardsmen  were  ordered 
home  from  tbe  border. 

It  was  official];  announced  at  tbe  Mexican 
Foreign  Ofllee,  Aagnst  S,  that  Luis  Cabrera. 
Ignaclo  Bonlllas  and  Alberto  Panl  bad  been 
selected  as  tbe  commlsilODers  to  negotiate 
with    the   United    Stntea   comir'"  ■ - 

Krdlng  the  ouestlona  at  Iss-- 
I  and  tbe  Dnlted  Statei. 

Secretary  Laualng.  / 

tbe  namea  ol  tbe  thrw, ^^ 

of  tbe  eommUskin.  Tbe;  were:  Franklin 
K.  Lane,  Secretary  of  the  Interior;  George 
Gray,  of  Wltalngtoii,  Del.,  former  mem- 
ber of  the  Federal  Judiciary,  and  until  re- 
cently Judge  of  tbe  Third  Judicial  Orcult ; 
Dr.  John  a,  Mott  of  New  York,  who  haa 
been  General  SecreUry  o(  the  World's  Stu- 
dent Chrlitlan  Federation  since  189S,  and 
Is  Qenervl  BecreUry  of  the  International 
Committee  of  Xoung  Men's  Christian  Am>- 
clatlons. 

The  commission  met  In  Ntw  London. 
Conn.,  and  devoted  Itself  September  11  to 
determining  tbe  extent  of  the  control  eier- 
clsed  Ln  Mexico  by  the  de  (acto  goTemment. 
The  Mexican  commlsaloners  atated  that  the 
gOTcmment  roads  were  being  operated  with 
a  large  degree  of  regnlArlty,  Carranxa  being 
tn  control  of  the  entire  8.000  mllei  of  the 
OoTemment  llnea  and  of  about  2,000  mllea 
belonging  to  priTate  companies.  The  decrees 
liined  by  Carranaa  bearing  on  foreign  owned 
property  were  alio  dlBcusaed. 

Tbe  commlsalon  dealt  September  13  wnolly 
wltb  aneatlons  railed  by  taxation  decreca 
Israed  by  General  Carranaa. 

Tbe  September  14  aesaion  was  deroted  to 
an  Informal  Interchange  of  Tlewi  on  the 
eDlotcement  of  law  In  Mexico. 

At  tbe  request  of  the  Mexican  commli- 
ilonera.  tbe  dlBcntalOD  September  IB  waa 
centered  on  the  problem  of  border  control. 
land  a  new  "policy  of  equal  rights."  It  waa 
explained  olBclalty  that  the  Carrania  Idea 
!|s  to  pat  both  Mexican  and  foreign  Interests 
Vupon  the  aame  footing.  aUowlng  preference 

Tbe  attention  of  the  Mexican  commlsalon. 
era  was  called  to  Instances  In  which  mili- 
tary commanders  bad,  thronsh  decrees, 
threatened  wltb  tbe  deatb  penalty  any  per- 
sons who  refused  to  accept  paper  currency 
at  Its  par  value,  and  for  a  similar  offense 
bad  also  threatened  merchants  with  the  con- 
ttscatlon  at  tbeir  property.  In  dealing  wltb 
these  matters  the  Mexican  commlarioners 
pointed  out  that  In  so  >"    '  *■       ' 


„ J  bring  abont  tbe  VUU 

raid  on  Cblhnabna  City,  and  aeeoDd,  to  get 
It  exaggerated  In  the  ofBdal  military  reports, 
with  tbe  object  of  Impeding  tbe  work  of  the 
commission.  Tbe  reports  ol  tbe  Chlhuabna 
battle,  which  were  transmitted  by  Washing- 
ton and  by  Mexico  dty  to  the  Joint  Com- 
mission, contradicted  the  statements  In  the 
account  of  Brlg-Oen.  GeorEc  Bell.  Jr.  It 
was  regarded  as  established  by  the  State 
Department  that  Villa  waa  not  with  tbe 
raiders  and  bad  no  directing  hand  In  the 
light :  that  no  ammunition  was  c&ptured  and 
carried  off  by  tbe  raiders ;  tbat  none  or  very 
few  of  the  Carranilstas  deserted,  and  tliat 
many  of  the  prisoner*,  who  were  treed  and 
taken  away  to  become  antl-Carranilata  sol- 
diers, have  been  drifting  back  to  Oilbuahua 
aty. 


try,  according  t 
In    Sep*— •"-   '■■ 

The  sliver  ImportB  trom  Mexico  In  1918 
were  spproilmately  119.000,000:  In  191S. 
fia.S02.iXiO;  In  1613,  f 25,070.000.  and  In 
1912.  t£B.14T.000.  Tbe  sold  Imports  from 
Mexico  were  tn  1815,  s  tittle  over  16.000.- 
000;  In  1914.  fll.OOO.OOOj  In  1913.  930.- 
000. 000,   and  In  1911.  130,000,000. 

Tbe  chief  growth  occurred  on  tbe  Import 
Bide.  The  value  of  Imports  from  tbat  coun- 
try Into  the  United  States  Increased  from 
•28.040.000  In  ISOO  to  (»T,e]«l,000  In  1816, 
while  exports  to  Mexico  Increased  from  S~ ' 
STO.OOO  In  1900  to  f61,2S2.000  In  the  B 
record  year  Iflll.  b~'  *-"  '-  -'='">'■  "~ 
1910. 


t  tell  to  t4B,308,D00 


Sic 

OoTn 


humanly   Impoasll 

abuses,  but  tbey 

that  while  such  extreme  decrees 


...    .-    guard   agaluE 
laid  emphar'-  —  *'•• 


fact 


Issued  by  subordlnste  military  commanden, 
the  national  Government  had  constantly 
urged  moderation  upon  tbe  State  Governors, 
and  that  they  bad  no  record  ot  a  single  in- 
stance in  which  any  of  these  extreme  penal- 
ties bad  been  Inflicted. 

Efforts  to  thwsrt  the  commission  In  Its 
endeavor  to  adjust  border  problems  were  al- 
leged in  Information  laid  before  tbe  mem- 


ABHa  urn  ponn^anoK 

Btataa  and  TBiitorias     in  Engliih  ^ 

Sg.WlM        

Aausa  Calianta S,MB  11S.BTS 

Csmpsshe ISfiM  ftfi.niG 

Chluu 37,222  438.817 

CUhuhua 80,974  40&3eA 

Coshuils 03,728  307,0fi3 

CoUma. i.Zn  77,70« 

Duiufo t2,30&  4Sft,147 

OuUJUiuta 10,948  1,Q7BJ70 

auemro 34.990  eOS,437 

HUUlao B.G7S  041,895 

JsliKO 33.48S  1.302.SQ> 

Mauco a.9«9  975,019 

MinhowAn 13,050  991,049 

Moreloa 2,734  179,814 

NuBvoI*on 83,879  988,929 

OauoL 35,383  1M1,035 

PuebU 12.304  1,092.456 

QuanUn 4.493  343.515 

Sto  Luis  Potou 84,000  ^.748 

Binslos 97.553  323,499 

Boson 7S,B19  383,545 

TsbsKM 10,073  183,708 

Tamaullpss 33,288  349,358 

Tepio  frST) 10.951  17133T 

Tlaicsls 1.59S  183305 

Vets  Crus 39J83  1,134.388 

Yucatan 18.808  837.030 

ZaoslecM 34.407  475.803 

L.  Calilotnis  (Tst.) 58,338  53J44 

FedenI  District 079  719,053 

Quhitanaltoo 18.838  9.088 

Total 705,536  10^03,807 

JIalliMt's.— There   were  1S.804  mllea   of 

railway    open    on    Sept.  10.    1912.      Tbe 

"Mexican  Central"  joins  El  Paso   (Texaa) 

wltb  tbe  city  of  Mexico,  bjr  which  panen- 

Ers   can    travel   In   live  days   from   New 
>rk.      TIM  Hatlonil   BaUway    tU   Lartdo 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyehpedie  Index 


rehwrcph.—There  were  2.748 


HazlDO— OmNmmJL 

takei  four  dara  to  New  York,  and  tber* 
U  a  tblrd  ronte  via  Bftcle  Paaa  (iDtenu- 
tlonal  Bail  war). 

f Oft*  OMd  Tele 

poit    olBcea    In    ', _     ,—    — . 

wttb  209,000,000  packets,  etc.,  Hod  bxo 
telegrapli  olBcei  <wltb  ten  wImImi  ata- 
tloD>),  tbe  telenapb  lluea  harlng  a  total 
\tasfli  at  40,S8T  mllca. 

SMppina. — Tbe  memntlle  marine  In 
1811  eoodated  of  fortr-one  steamen  {28^ 
T8T  tona)  and  alstMn  ■alllni  rcMeli  IS.STS 
tona),  a  total  of  flftr-aeTcn  Teasels  (S2,ei9 
tona).  Id  leoeiOlO  8,618  veaiela  is.Tse,- 
111  toos)  entered  and  cleared  at  Hexlcan 

Erts.      Acapnlco,    Uanaaolllo,     Uaaatlan, 
Una   Crul,   and   Qnajmai  are  tbe   chief 
porta  on  tbe  Pacific,  and  Ten  Crni,  Tam- 

Slco,  ProKreao.  and  Puerto  Mexico  on  the 
tlantle  or  Oalf  of  Mexico. 
Tbe    rerenne    (or    the    jetr    IBOO-inO, 
before  the  ontbreak  of  tbe  reTOIutlon,  wM 

1106,828,486,  and  tbe  eipendltnre,  t9S.028.- 
Bl.  'riie  national  debt  was  ttated  at 
$488,646,628  In  ISIO,  tbe  jear  before  tbe 
rebellion.  The  onlt  of  tbIdc,  tbe  peso,  la 
equal  to  <0.48,8  United  States  money. 

ClHei.— CaplUl,  CttT  of  Ueiieo.  Popn- 
latlon  (1810J,  4T0,6S8.  Other  tovna  ex- 
ceeding 20,000  Inhabitants  were:  Onadala- 
Kra,  Pnebla,  San  Luis  Potoal,  Monterer, 
erida,  L4on,  Vera  Cma,  AxuascalleDtes. 
Uorella,  Chlhnabaa.  Pacbnca,  Oaiaca,  Orl- 
"*-*  Tacnbara,  Oaanajnato,  Baltlllo,  Dn- 
._.,  Tolnca,  Zacatecas,  Jalapa.  Celaya 
^-lliapnato. 

TntOe  wltfi  Ma  I7«(f>d  ^atei.— Tbe  Tslne 
of  nwrcbandlae  tnipartcd  Into  Meilco  Cram 
the  United  States  for  the  rear  IBIS  was 

tl(4,&88.424,  and  Koods  to  the  T>lne  of  |T7.- 
48,842    were   sent    tblther— a    balance   of 
•23,180.418  In  favor  of  Mexleo. 
Uaxlco: 
Aitaira  of,   referred   to,  3278,   3411, 

3725,  7884,  7907,  7920,  7»34. 
Agent  Bent  to,  referred  to,  3114,  880S. 
American  citizens  In — 
Captored  hj  army  of,  1M4,  2010. 

Liberated,  2050. 
Expelled  from  jnrladietion  of,  2180, 

2188,  8044,  3120. 
Forbidden  to  sell  gooda,  211S. 
Hordered,  8006,  9178. 
Oatrasea  on,  and  injnriea  aiutaiaed 
by,  2207,  2287,  2323,  2383,  24»^ 
2869,  3043,  3094,  4143,  43S6. 
Propertr   of,    Bclaed   or   deitroyed 
bT,  2323,  3044,  3096,  3120. 
American  flag  Inenited  by,  £323,  8314^ 
American  troopa — 
OeenpTing  territorj  of,  referred  to, 
36S7,  3660. 

for    ^ 

from  Indiana,   14S7. 

Should  not  be  eonaidered  aa  en- 

eroadunent  rights  npon  of,  14157. 

I  Beferred  to,  1646. 

I  To   be   sent   bo,  for  protection  of 

eitiaena  of  United  States  in,  ree- 

ommendation     regardins,     3007, 

3176,  7934. 

^nnnrit  of,  through  territory  of.  In 

1861   referred  to,   3674. 
Ample  canse  of  war  against,  usert- 
e^  2269,  2383^  7934. 
17^ 


States  sailoTB  in,  7934. 
Arbitration    of    boundary    question 
with    Chamizal    not    aatiBfaetoir, 
7658. 
Arbitration    with,    &t    The    Hagnet 

6717,  6781. 
Axmiee  of,  in  Texas  defeated,  1487. 
Armistice  between  United  States  and, 

referred  to,  2424 
Arreat   of   United   States   sailors   at 

Tampico,  8314. 
Anatin-Topolovampo  Bailroad  snrvej 
across  northern  States  of,  referred 
to,  447S. 
Austrian    troops    diniatelied   to,   re- 
ferred to,  3588,  3589. 
Blockade   of   coast   of,   referred   to, 

1733. 
Blockade  of  ports  of,  by  Franca  and 
injurious  effect  of,  on  United  Btatee 
discussed,  1705. 
Boundary    dispute    with    Goatemsla, 
4627,  4716,  4802. 
Arbitration  of,  submitted  to  United 
States  minister  to,  6066. 
Boundary  line  with  United  States — 
Adjustment   of,   chief   obstacle  in 

oettling  difficulties,  2306,  2300. 
Appropriation  for  enwnses  of  com- 
mission recommended,  2651,  2709, 
4802. 
Commission    engaged   in   marking, 
refened    to,    2561,    £665,    2709, 
2719,  2813,  2915. 
Commissioners  appointed,  1318,2494. 
Convention    regarding,   4698,    4716, 
4760,    4841,    49S1,    4957,    6397, 
6400,  5622. 
Uatlas  Bomero's  note  regarding 

referred  to,  4967. 
Proposed,  4686. 
Dtecnssed,  1246,   1370,  4686,  4716, 

4918,  5368,  5761. 
International  boundary  commiaalon 

discussed,  5622,  5870,  6066. 
Proclamation   regarding,   2926. 
Proposition    regarding,    submitted 
by   United   States   commissioner 
nnauthorited,  2419. 
Beconimendation    that    Executive 
be    given    power     to    advance, 
money  for   settlement   of,   2309, 
2309,  2345,  2388. 
Beferred  to,  1246,  16SS,  S693,  2900, 

4767,  6294. 
Settlement  of,  proclaimed,  S9S6. 
Treaty  regarding,  transmitted  and 
discussed,     1130,     1370,    1406, 
2332,  2743,  4686,  6622. 
Legislative  provision  for  execn- 
Uon    of,    recommended,    1445, 
1467,  4S26. 
Beferred  to,  1245,  4767. 
Water-Bonndary  Commission  dii- 
eussed,  6334,  6874,  6432. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidenu 


Ceuion  of  CalifomlK  and  New  Mex- 
ico to  United  State*  bv— 
AfCK  ftnd  value  of,  diieoMed,  EMt>, 

2484. 
Disenned  and  reeommendatlons  re- 
garding, 230a,  8304,  £344,  S356, 
^86,  2426,  2437,  2444,  2484. 
Treaty  for,  transmitted,  2437. 
Ceeeian     of     tetritorr     to     United 
States- 
Report  on,  transmitted,  1588. 
Treaty  regarding,  2762. 
Cliarge  that  American  army  invaded 

territory  of,  refuted,  2332. 
Chief  of,  captured,  14S7. 
Chinese      entering      United      State* 

throDgh,  diacnsBed,  6632. 
Civil  aathority  of,  in  Texas  expelled, 

1487. 
Civil  dissenaiong  in,  1245. 
Civil  government  established  in  por- 
tions of,  held  by  American  army 
discnisea,   2356    2444. 
Civil  war  in.     (See  Wars  in,  pott.) 
Claims  of — 

Against  United  States,  2836,  2769, 
4244,  4358. 
CommisBlon  to  settle,  extension 
of  time  of,  recommended,  4244. 
Convention  regarding,  3836, 3902. 
To  lands  in  Arizona  and  New  Mex- 
ico   nnder    grants,    C4S4,    6610, 
6561. 
Claims    of   Benjamin   Weil   and   Ia 
Abra  Silver   Mining  Co.    against, 
4697,  4760,  4S82.  4987,  5193,  S602. 
Cluros  of  United  States  agaiuBt— 
Advances    made    toward    adjnat- 

ment  of,  1702,  2050. 
Award  of  commissioner  referred  to, 

4540,  6193,  5650. 
Commissioners   appointed    for    ad- 
jnitment  of,  1S22,  4143. 
Extension    of    time   for,   recom- 
mended, 4244. 
Seferred  to,  1909,  2050,  2326. 
Seport  of,  referred  to,  2050,  2327. 
Umpire  in,  selected,  4192. 
Convention  for  adjaatment  of,  re- 
ferred   to,     1728,     1750,    1790, 
1807,    2010,    S0S6,    S127,    3836, 
3902,    3997,   4160,    4164,    4193, 
4295,  4697. 
Charter  of  ompire  referred  to, 

2015. 
Extension  of  time  for  exchange 
of  ratification  of,  soggested, 
1730,  4256. 
Correspondence   regarding, 
1731. 
Treaty  regarding,  4296. 
Indemnities  to  be  paid  nnder,  re- 
ferred to,  2212,  2274.  2327. 
Protocol  regarding,  8997. 
Baf  ened  to,  £326. 


Correspondence  regarding,  refeired 

to,  4792. 
Counsel  to  assist  eommisrion  i«e- 

ommended,   2552. 
Discnesed  by  President — 

Buchanan,  3043,  3095,  S17Sl 

Grant,    4143,    4192,    4244,    4358, 
4379. 

Hayes,  4536. 

Jaekson,  1246,  1497. 

Pierce,  2769,  2812,  2869,  2M7. 

Polk,  2239,  2287,  2333,  2494. 

Taylor,  25S2. 

Tyler,    2031,    2032,    £050,     2207, 
2214. 

Tau  Bnren,  1594,  1613. 

Wilson,   8264. 
Biatribntiou  of   award  of  eonunls- 

■ion   referred   to,   4988. 
New  eonveution  submitted  for  ad- 
jnatment  of,  1750. 

Beferred   to,   2327. 
Opportunity  given  for  payment  of, 

1497. 
Payment  of,  2116,  4521,  5959. 

Demanded,  1594,  2050. 

Kefnaed,   2207,  2323,   4420,  4792. 
Beport  of  United  States  agent  re- 
ferred to,  4379. 
Bepriaals,   act   authorizing,   should 

be  passed  if  not  paid,  1497. 
Sir   Edward   Thornton,   umpire    of 

commission,  referred  to,  4359. 
Special  messenger  sent  to  demand 

aettlement  of,  1594. 
Colonization  of  negroea  in,  action  of 
United    States   for   relief   of,    dis- 
cussed, 6066,  6096. 


In  porta  of,  measures  for  protec- 
tion of,  referred  to,  3016. 
Of   United   States,  diseriminatione 
against,    by    Maximilian's    Oov- 
emment,   referred   to,   3584. 
Commercial  relations  with,  816,  1O70, 
1157,  2115,  4327,  4462,  5678. 
Treaty     regarding,     recommended, 
6959. 
Condition  of,  referred  to,  3114,  3273, 

3352,   3460,  3578. 
Consul  of  United  States  in,  contro- 
versy of,  with  Mexican  authoritiM, 
2695. 
Contraband   of  war,   coTrespondenee 
regarding   exportation   of   articles, 
3351. 
Centroversiea  between  American  con- 
sula   at  Acapulco  and  antfaoritiea 
of,  £695. 
Convention  with,   £010,    2648,    2833, 
3997,  4790. 
Proposed,   3261. 

Begarding  crossing  and  recrosaing 
Aontler  between  United  States 
and,  6200. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


EneyeUpeiic  Index 


Cooventionsl  regnlfttion  ot  pusageof 
Cbineie  laborers  &eroM  frontier  of, 
proposed  to,   SG44. 


Depred&tioDB   committed  bj  indirld- 
oals   of,   on   proMtt^  of  ChoutsAU 
and  Demnn,  1448. 
Diplomatic  interconrBe  with,  Hupend- 
ed,  Z23B,  22S7,  £338,  3044,  3095, 
3107. 
BeatoTation  of,  1750,  2480,  4440. 
BisoTderi  on  frontiers  of.    (See  Bio 

Grande  Bivei.) 
European  and    West   Virgiala  Land 
and     Mining    Co.,    agreement     of, 
with,  referred  to,  37£3. 
Earopeau    troops    emploTed    In,    re- 
ferred to,  3590. 
Expeditions  against — 

Attempts   of  Banta  Anna  and  Or- 
tega to  organlEO,  3658. 
Discussed,  24S5,  281£. 
Proclamation   against — 
Fillmore,  S64S. 

iieferred  to,  265& 
Pierce,  2804. 
Taylor,  2545. 
Beferrcd  to,  2770. 
Export  of  arms  and  ammnnitiOD  to, 

7929,  8089,  8090. 
Free  Zone — 

DiscvHsed,   405S,   4100,  4E9S,   480& 

6334. 
Beferred  to,  5195. 
French  troops  in,  referred  to,  3671. 
Contraband  articles  for  nse  of,  ro- 

ferred   to,   3351. 
Evaeuation  of,  by — 
Discussed  and  referred  to,  3582, 

3653,  3662,  3718. 
Indicated  and  Gen.  Grant  sent  to 
eommnnicate  with  American 
minister,  3641. 
Oen.  Grant  relieved  and  Oen. 
Sherman  aasiened,  3941. 
Negroes  nsed  by,  isf  erred  to,  3355. 
nigitive  criminals,  convention  with, 
for  snTTender  of,  2602,  3264,  4867. 
Demands  made  under,  4791,  0333. 
Eztenaion  of  time  for  ratLfieation 

of,  recommended,  3274. 
Qneatlooa  ariaing  andar,  dlwroMaj, 

11086,  033S. 
B«poit  of  S«eietez7  of  Stalie  re- 
garding, S690. 
Termination   oi^  notiee  of,  sinB 
by,  6331. 
Fnr  trade  with,  peraons  kSlai  whlk 

engaged  in,  11  SB. 
Oovemment  established  In,  b^  Amer- 
ican army  offioen,  dianuMd,  ASH, 


Government  of,  overthrow  of,  SOW, 
3176. 

Oovemment  of,  Paredes,  referred  to, 
8341. 

Hostile  attitude  of,  toward  United 
States,  discussed,  £238. 

Hostile  Indians  In,  discDSsed,  3045. 

Hostile  interference  of  foreign  pow- 
ers with,  not  to  bs  permitted  by 
United  States,  3043,  3177. 

Haerta'a  authority  in,  usurped, 
7907. 

Immigration  of  dissatisfied  citizena 
of  United  States  into.  (See  Immi- 
gration.) 

Imprisonment  of  American  citizens 
by  authorities  of,  2720,  2834,  2837, 
4376,  4672,  4678,  4692,  4696,  4652, 
49B1,  5106. 

Indemnity  paid  to,  by  United  States, 
referred  to,  £636,  2677,  2679,  2705, 
2900,  2940. 

Independence  of,  first  recognized  by 
United  States,  2241,  2323. 

Indians  of  United  States  on  frontier 
of,  referred  to,  2580,  2630,  2664, 
2714. 

Incursions  of,  discussed,  2066,  2710, 
3045. 

Inhuman  treatment  of  captives  by, 
2207. 

Insurrection  in.  United  States  army 
and  navy  forces  mobilized  on  bor- 
ders of,  to  guard  American  inter- 
esU,  8038.  (See  also  Wars  in,  pant.) 

Interference  of  citizens  of  United 
SUtea  in  war  of,  with  Texas,  com- 
pUined  of,  2061. 

luternational  exhibition  to  be  held 
in,  4449. 

Intervention  of  foreign  powers  in  af- 
fairs of,  referred  to,  3260. 

Invasion  of,  by — 
Spain,  discussed,  1009. 
Squadron  under  command  of  Capt. 
Thomas  Jones,  discussed,  2080. 

Jurisdiction  claimed  by,  over  foreign- 
ers committing  offenses  against 
Hexteans,  discnssed,  5087. 

Kidnapping  of  American  child  in,  re- 
ferred to,  3972. 

Ia  Abra  Uining  Company,  award 
against,  6677. 

Langnage  used  by,  offenaivs  to  Uiilted 
States,  £206. 

Iioan  of  United  States  tit,  diaeiuaea, 
S264,  3282. 

Uaximilian— 
Capture  and  axeoatlon  of,  refenvd 

to,  3726. 
Decree  of,  declaring  blockade  of 

porta  proclaimed  void,  3631. 
Decree  of,   reestablishing   slavorjr 

in,  referred  to,  3569. 
OrganliKtion  for  purposo  of  aveng- 
ing doatk  of,  rafaired  to,  B78a 


oyGoO»:^Ic 


Mexico 


Message!  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Kadco— dmMiHMd. 

Hilitarj   eontributioiu  to  be  levied 
npoD,  2373,  2379. 
AmouDt  collected  referred  to,  2398, 

2501,  ES28. 
Anthoritj  for  eolleeting,  disenued, 

2420,  2S22. 
Contribntion  levied  diseiuaed,  2374. 
BeeommeudatloiiB  regardioK  collee- 

tion  of,  2380,  2381, 
Referred  to,  2418. 
Military  posta    Id,   eBtablialuneiit  of, 

recommended,  3045,  3099. 
Minister  of,  to  United  SUtei,  8051, 
£480. 
Uiaaion  of,  terminated,  1466. 
PaMDorta  demanded  b^,  2238. 
Received,  1G95,  4718. 
Uinlster  of  United  States,  808,  1009, 
1537,  2219,  2241,  2480. 
Assemblage  of  ministers  in,  93S. 

Postponed,  951. 
CorrespoudeBce  witb,  referred  to, 

3723. 
Gen.   Grant   sent   to   eommnnieate 
with,  3641. 
Referred  to,  3654. 
Believed  and  daties  asaigned  to 
Gen.  Sherman,  3S41. 
Interference    of,    in    favor    of   the 
French,  referred  to,  3348,  3351. 
PasEports  demanded  b7,  2289,  2340. 
Recall  of,  requested,  1010. 
Befasal  of  Oovernment  of,  to  re- 
ceive, 228S,  2340. 
Rejection  of,  referred  to,  2284^ 
Return  of,  £238. 
Uisslon  to,  elevation  of,  to  first  elasl 

recommended,  S547. 
Uonareh^    in,    establishment    of,    re- 
ferred to,  3571. 
Mutiny  In  Ameriean  camp  at  Bnena 

Vista,  2443. 
New  Mexico  and  California  ceded  to 
United    States    by.      (Bee    Ceraion, 
ante.) 
Psredes's  return  to,  referred  to,  2416. 
Peaceful    adjnstment    of    difficulties 
with   United  Btates,    referred    to, 
£290,  2338. 
Pirates  eommissioiied   by,  diseossed, 

2349. 
Pledge  of  United  Btates  to,  against 
foreign  interference  with,  rraerred 
to,  B07. 
Policy  of,  in  exempting  from  Impost 
duties    territory    on     borders    of 
United    States,    referred    to,    4055, 
4100,  4295. 
Ports  of,  in  possession  of  American 
forces  ordered  to  be  opened,  5108, 
6114. 
Postal  treaty  with,  323S,  3264,  5377. 

Ratification  of,  referred  to,  8274. 
President  of — 
BMth  of,  ref  emd  to,  4141 


Demonstration  by  Congress  of 
United  SUtes  of  Colombia  in 
honor  of,  3575. 

Election  of,  discnssed,  3004,  3175. 

Gavemment  formed  by,  discnssed, 
809S. 

Referred  to,  3175,  3577. 
Priwinera  of  war  taken  by  belliger- 

eots  in,  referred  to,  37E!0. 
Proclamation  revoking  prohibition  of 

shipment   of  armi    to,  8309. 
Property  of  Ameriean  citizens  seited 

or  destroyed  by,  2323,  3044,  3096, 

3120. 
Property  received  from  ports  of,  re- 
ferred   to,    2528. 
Protection   of — 

American  commerce  in  ports  of,  re- 
ferred to,  S0J6. 

United  States  over  portions  of,  rec- 
ommended, 3045. 
Pnblie  lands  acquired  from,  referred 

to,  2448. 
Railroad   and  telegr&ph  lines  across, 

granted  to  American  citizens  for, 

referred  to,  3G65. 
Railroads  in,  referred  to,  4465,  4S62, 

4627,  4918,  5647. 
Recognition  of  so-called  Empire  of, 

by     United    States,    refened    to, 

3672. 
Recovery  of  debts— 

From  persons  absconding  into,  dis- 
cnssed, 960. 

In,  dne  American  eitliens,  993. 
Relations  with,  1070, 1440,  1496,  1684, 

1697,  1744,  2014,  2£13,  2277,  3411, 

4627,  4667,  4759,  GS47,  6374. 
Revelation    in,    and    installation    of 

President  Diaz,  discnssed,  4419. 
Revolution  in.     (See  Wars  !n,  potf.) 
Salnte  to  flag  of  United  States  ^de- 
manded by  Admiral  Mayo.  7935. 
Santa  Anus's  return  to,  referred  to, 

2415. 
Security  of  trade  with  Uiasonri,  dis- 

cDHsed,  1036. 
Should   be   held  reepooslble  for  ex- 
penses incurred    by  United   States 

in  war  with,  2348,  2373,  238S. 
Slavery  in,  so-called  decree  concern- 
ing reestablishment  of,  referred  to, 

3669. 
Spanish  invasion  of,  discussed,  1009. 
Special  message  asking  authority  to 

use  land  and  naval  forces  to  midn- 

tain  dignity  of  United  SUtes  is, 

7934. 
Bubjeote  lynched  &t  Treka,  CaL,  and 

indemnity  recommended,  6277,  64S8. 
Bupreme  power  of,  passes  into  hasds 

of  military  leader,  2289,  8340, 
Taxes  levied  upon  products  of,  tat 

support  of  American  army,  2418. 
TerrUoTT  of,  ceded  to  United  States. 

(Sea  CeeriOB,  amU.) 


:„Goo<i^\c 


Encyclopedic  Index 


llMdCO— OMlNmMA 


AdmiMioD  and  annexation  of,  to 

United  Statfes.    (See  Tezaa.) 
Correcpoiidence  with  United  States 

regarding,  2014. 
War  witb.    (See  Wart,  Foreign.) 
War  with  United  State*,  regarding. 

(8««  Mexican  War.) 
Threatens  to — 
Declare  war  against  United  Btatei, 

S113. 
Beuew  war  with  Texas,  discussed, 

£194,  2206. 
Trade   between    United   States    and 

Provinces  of,  81& 
Treaty  and  negotiations  with,  regard- 
ing rontes  acrou  Jsthmos  of  Te- 
hoantepee.       (See       TehuantepM, 
Isthnms  of.) 
Treaty   of   peace    with,   tranamttted 

and  dieenssed,  2437. 
Negotiations   regarding,   discussed, 

2300,  2343,  2385,  2419,  2422,  24S3, 

2424,  2529.     (Sea  also   Cession, 

Treaty    with,    transmitted    and    dis- 
cussed by  President — 
Adami,  J.  q.,  922,  939,  966,  967. 
Arthur,    46S6,   4741,    4742,   4743, 

4866,  4867. 
Bnchanan,  3109,  3177. 
Cleveland,  4918,  4984,  C086. 
Fillmore,  2602. 
Grant,  4296,  431S. 
Jackson,  1069,   lllE,   1130,   1406. 
Ijncoln,  3204,  32S2. 
Pierce,  2762,  2766,  2774,  2843. 
Polk.  2240,  2386,  2423,  2424,  2426, 

2437,   2529. 
Taylor,  2S4S,  2SS1. 
Van  Buren,  1702. 
(See    also    Oadsden     Purchase; 
Quadalupe      Hidalgo;      Trist, 
N.  P.) 

Amendments  to,  proposed,  2762. 
Accepted,  2774. 

Amount  to  be  paid  under,  2437, 
2774. 
Payment  made,  2900. 

Arbitration  treaty  with,  referred 
to,  1702. 

Cession  of  California  and  New 
Mexico  to  United  States  under. 
(See  CeBiion,  ante.) 

Correct  import  of  remarks  of  Pres- 
ident Pierce  regarding,  not  con- 
veyed, 2769. 

Failnre  of  commissioners  to  con- 
clude, 2386. 

Instructions  to  minister  regarding, 
referred  to,  3113. 

Legislation  regarding,  recommend- 
ed, 5086. 

Proclamation  regarding,  by  Preti- 


Pieree,  2928. 
Polt  8477. 
Proposition  to  conclude,  hy— 
Mexico,  referred  to,  S422. 
United  States,  2306,  2344. 
Declined,  2344,  23S4. 
Batiflcation  of,  roFerred  to,  3274, 
4825. 
By  Mexico,  2174. 
BatiS  cations     of,     exchanged     at 

Qner^taro,  2437. 
Becommended,   5086,  &36S. 
Beferred  to,  976,  1136,  144B,  ST68, 

3109,  3177,  4743,  4769. 
Begarding  transit  way  across  Isth- 
mus of   Tebnantepec.      (See   Te- 
buan tepee.  Isthmus  o^ 
Signed  at  Onadalnpe  Hidalgo  by 
N.  P.  Trist,  2423. 
Proclamation   regarding,   2477. 
Views    of    President    Folk     on, 
2423,  2424. 
Steps  taken  to  negotiate,  referred 

to,  5678. 
Terminated,  4759,  5086. 
Terms  of — 

Discussed     by     President     PoJk, 

2437,   2529. 
Proposed,   discnssed,   238S,   2389. 
Violated  l^  Mexico,  2207,  2383. 
United  States  army  and  navy  forces 
mobilized  on  borders  of,  to  goard 
American  interests,  7658. 
United   States   only   nation   insulted 

in,  7935. 
United  States  sailor  in  uniform  jailed 

at  Vera  Omz,  7935. 
Vessels  of— 
Captured  by  United  States  sloop  of 

war  restored  to,  1617. 
Law   granting    letters   of   marque 
and  repriBal  against,  recommend- 
ed,  2346. 
United  States  seized  or  interfered 
with  by,  1684,  1685,  5123,  5502. 
War     waged     against,     by     Spain, 
France,  and  Great  Britain  referred 
to,  3264. 
War  with  Texas.     (See  Wars,  For- 
eign.) 
War  with  United  States.    (See  Mexi- 
can War.) 
Wars  in,  1157,  2277,  2341,  26S6,  3043, 
3094,  3175,  4419. 
Information  regarding  naval  force 
of   United    States    participating 
in,  transmitted,  3115. 
Neutrality  of  United  States  between 
belligerent  factions  in,  discnssed, 
3444,  3581,  8268. 
Weil,    Benjamin,    award    against, 
6677, 
Zona  lAbre — 
Discnssed,  4055,  4100,  4295,  4806, 

6412. 
Beferred  to,  5196. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


t,  CHtJ  of,  SomndttC  of.— After  K 
•erlea  ot  brilliant  oparttloiu  the  United 
BlatM  inraderi  had  0T«rcome  thiM  tlm« 
1  Diiiaber  and  were  In  poswaslon 


luer,  ana  oemBnaeci  ierm«  oi  surrenaer. 

replied  that  Ibe  dl;  bad  cone  Into  bis 
power  tbe  nlibt  before  lad  Ibat  (be  (erma 
aerorded  would  be  Imposed  bj  tbe  American 
armj.  At  T  o'clock  Qie  United  Stalea  flag 
was    bolated    on    (be    top    at    tbe    NaClonal 


iDtlOUB 


>    far 


I   mill. 


U,Tj  ofTupattan  wuuld  , 

Boanilarji. — The  boundary  line  between 
the  ino  rfpiibilca  was  deOupd  b;  this  treat;, 
bul  mndlQed  by  tbe  Gsdsdea  Treatv  of 
1653.  Mexicans,  who  hr  the  cbanse  ot 
boundary  should  pass  from  the  JorlBdlctloQ 
Of  Meileo.  were  (o  be  Incorporalf^l  as  eltl- 
sens  of  the  t'uUed  States  with  alt  reasoD- 
able  ease  and  eipedleacr.  For  the  bound- 
ary extensloD  tbe  Unlled  Stales  agreed  lo 
paj  to  Meilca  tbe  sum  of  tlQ.OOO.OOO  In 
told  or  silver  coins  of  Ueilco ;  13.000.000 
to  be  paid  at  the  dty  of  Heiico  Imme- 
diately after  ratincatlon,  and  the  remaining 
112.000.000  Id  annual  Installments  of  t3.- 
000.000  each,  wllb  Interest  at  the  rate  of 
■li  per  cent,  per  annum.  Tbe  Cnlled  States 
agreed  to  Ibe  payment  o(  all  rlalma  due 
and  to  become  due,  so  tbat  Meilca  ahauld 
be  free  from  all  expense  of  any  kind  In 
connt^tloD  with  them.  Tbe  Mexican  sorera- 
ment  waa  dlsrharired  from  all  claims  of 
United  Stales  cltliens  whlcb  arose  prior 
to  the  slRnlng  of  this  treaty :  and  tbe 
United  Slates  agreed  to  pay  the  same  In 
a   sum    not   to   exceed   I3.2B0.OOO. 

PortlfleotfOfH.— The  privilege  ot  fortify- 
ing  any   point   wltbln   Its   own   territories 

reserved    by    both    not  I  on  a.       Sapplles 

—  Ty    to   tbe  aopoort  of   United    Btalea 

.  .  »Ithln  Ite  territories  of  Mexico  prior 
to    evacnatloD.    to    tie    admitted    dafv    free. 

Cuftomi  />ufl«.— tlntll  tbe  rcbablfltallon 
of  the  custom  house  In  Mexico,  goods  arriv- 
ing shall  be  exempt  from  condacatlon  l( 
dutiable.  Disputes  arising  In  regard  to 
matter  not  coiered  e'early  by  this  treaty 
are  to  be  arranged  amlcahly  by  the  partlea : 
falling  such  amicable  arrangement,  Iben 
they  are  to  be  anbmllted  to  arbitration  of 
cotDUlaalonen  or  of  •  friendlj  power.    Pro- 


honraT  and   many   aoldlen   were  'killed   or 
wonnded. 

Mexico,  OitT  of: 
Capture  of,  b;  American  troops,  dia- 

caaaed,  2391, 
Cemeterj'  at,  appropriation  for,  rec- 
ommended, 2683. 

Referred  to,  4149. 
Uexlco,  TieatiM  with. — The  treaty  of 
peace,  frlendshiri,  limits,  and  aetilement. 
kDOWQ  as  tbe  Gaadalupe  Hidalgo  Treaty, 
waa  concluded  In  1848,  and  closed  tbe  Mex- 
ican War.  After  a  declaration  of  peace  be- 
tween the  two  nations,  tbe  treaty  provided 
for  the  appointment  of  a  commission  to 
—    '    provisional   peace 


TisloD  waa  made  for  the  poaalble  ovtbrcak 
of  war  between  the  two  nations. 

Oadidn  Treaiy.—The  treaty  Of  IBQS, 
known  a>  tbe  Gadsden  Treaty,  transferred 
to  tbe  United  States  tbe  territory  oat  of 
whlcb  Nevada,  Utah,  California,  and  parts 
ot  Arliona.  New  Mexico,  Colorado,  and^  Wy. 
omiDg  were  erected,  comprising  45.535 
aqua  re  miles,  and  relinquishing  clalroa 
against  the  United  States  for  damages 
canaed  by  Indian  depredallons  amonnilnK  to 
between  Dttecn  mlHIona  and  thirty  millions 
ot  dollara.  In  relara,  tbe  United  Slates 
paid  the  anm  ot  flO.OOO.OOO.  17,000,000  at 
tbe  time  of  algnlng  tbe  treaty,  and  (3.000.- 
000  on  lb«  completion  of  tbe  mrvey.  No 
oppoaltloD  to  passage  on  tbe  plank  and  rwll 
road  across  Ibe  Istbrntts  of  Tehuantepee,  of 
which  Ibe  government  of  Mexico  bad  pledged 
Its  «apport,wai  to  bvofferedby  cither  party. 
Tbe  privilege  of  carrying  United  States  mall 
over  tbe  road  waa  aecoided  without  llabtlln 
of  dnty  charges  on  such  parts  of  Ibe  mall 
as   were  not   Intended   for   distribution   en 

Boiiiuliify     CoMmlwIoii.— Tbe     bonndair 

-Ion  of  1882   provided   fo-  •' —- 

t  of  an  International  Bot 

for  Ibe  replacing  of  such 

a>  sboold  be  deemed  necessary  to  clearly  da- 
One  tbe  bonndarr  tietween  tbe  two  repnb- 
Ilea.  Tbe  powers  of  the  commission,  llie 
•art  of  monuments  to  be  used,  tbe  cost 
thereof,  and  tbe  eipeuses  of  tbe  commission, 
were  all  clearly  detailed  In  the  treaty.  Pen- 
alties were  also  agreed  anon  for  destrucElon 
or  removal  of  such  monnincnlB. 

Tbe  boundary  convention  of  1884  estab- 
llsbedsnd  more  cleariy  dellned  the  b 


the   Rio  Grande   and   tbe    Rio  Ci 
ndld  the  trea^  ot 


the 


tlons  were  concluded  at 

tbe  time  allowed  to  the  commlagion  for  Ibe 
completion  of  Ihrlr  work.  By  a  boundary 
convention  ot  IGSB  a  boundair  commission 
was  eBtabllsbed  for  the  dctermrnatlon  of  ttia 
hoandary  line  consequent  upon  the  changes 
In  tbe  courses  of  tbe  Rio  Grande  and  tbe 
R[o  Colorado.  (F\]r  the  extradition  trmtles 
of  ISeO  snd  1002.  see  F:itradlllan  Treailea.) 
An  arbitration  convention  was  signed  in 
1908.      (See   A.    B.    C.    Arbitration.) 

Tbe  question  as  to  wbether  tbe  Cliamlcal 
tract  at  Rl  Paso  belongs  to  the  United 
States  or  Mexico  was  submitted  lo  arbitra- 
tion In  IBIO.  but  the  reBuU  proved  nnsatla- 
factor.v.     (See  page  8038.) 

Mexico  also  became  a  party  to  the  coo- 
venllon  between  tbe  United  States  and  the 
several  republics  of  Sonlh  and  Central 
America  for  the  arbitration  of  pecuniary 
claims  snd  tbe  protection  of  invonttana, 
etc.  which  was  signed  In  Buenos  Aire*  In 
1010  and  proclaimed  In  Wasblngton  JdIt 
20.  1B14.  (See  South  and  Centraf  America, 
Treaties  with.) 
Mexico,  Oulf  Of: 

Canal  from  Atlantic  Ocean  to,  dls- 

cuBied,  BBS. 
Commerce     of     United     States     de- 
■trojed    by   piratsa    in,    discnaaed, 
765. 
Naval  force  in,  referred  to,  2173, 
JnEtructions  to  commanders  of,  re- 
ferred to,  3065. 
Piracy,   force   employed  in,  for  la- 

preasion  of,  826. 
Survey  of  eoaat  of,  referred  to,  201Ol 
Vesaeia  of  the  United  Statet— 
Seized  in,  8017. 
Visited  by  British  officers  in,  SMS. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Eneycbfedic  Index 


Midnlj^t 


(B«0  Indiui  Tribes.) 
Mifftitg^int^     Tmllimii       (Bm      Zsdiaii 

Tribes.) 
SUcblgUL— One  of  t&e  weitem  BToap  ot 
■Utea  ;  nickname,  "Tlie  WolTerine  atata"  : 
motto,  "Bl  qnerla  peDlaiulsm  aniaiiuim, 
clrcDmsplce"  ("If  70a  sesk  ■  deilgbttnl 
pealnaulB,  look  about  foa"}.  It  cooBlsta 
of  two  peDlnsulai,  wbicl)  ettend  from  lat. 
41°  45'  to  47°  SC  Dorth  and  from  10D|. 
S2*  26'  to  00*  30'  west.  The  souitierti  pen- 
insula la  bounded  on  the  east  br  Lakoa 
Huron,  8L  Clair,  and  Erie  and  bj  Can- 
ada (separated  bj  fbe  Su  i.lalr  and  Detroit 
rlrers),  on  the  souUi  br  ludlaoa  and  Ohio, 
and  on  tlie  west  by  Lake  AUchlgan.  The 
upper  peulngula  (aeparated  from  the  sonth- 
ern  by  the  Strait  of  Uacklnair)  Ilea  bs- 
tWBen  Lake  Superior  on  the  north  and 
Lakes  Huron  and  Michigan  and  the  Btata 
ot  WlHconsIn  on  the  south  and  west,  and 
baa  an  area  of  SS.aSO  square  mllea.  The 
State  Is  noted  for  Its  great  mineral  wealth. 
Ita  chief  Induatrles  are  the  production  of 
copper,  salt,  lumber,  vool,  and  Iron,  and 
In  the  manufacture  of  furolture  It  la  one 
of  the  moat  prominent  states  In  the  Dnlon. 
The  lumbering  Industrj,  In  which  It  tor- 
tiierl7  led  tba  connirr,  has  declined,  owing 
to  mlansa  ot  the  foreat,  although  the  tn- 
dnstrr  la  still  considerable. 

Michigan  waa  first  settled  b;  the  French 

a  forma  lif  1 


_t  Sanit  Ste.  Marie  In  1668. 
to  Oreat  Britain  In  1763,  waa  lucmanj  aur- 
rendered   to   the    United    States    In    1796. 
formed  part  of  the  Northwestern  Terrttorr 

and   later  of   Indlar-    '" — ' — -"    ■ 

eoDstltnted    Mlchlga 
Detroit  waa  taken_  t 

In   1818.      „__      __   _, 

CnloD  In  183T. 
Statistics  of  agriculture  collected  for  the 


laat  Federal  ceusus  placed  the 


Sb 


S ^,312,47*:  3,W  males,  h493,825 ;  1,246,. 
83    swine,    f  ' "  "    * — ' '"*    

$9,646,695;  p 
and  ralue  ot 
as  follows :  c 
000  buBhela,  I 
acres.  18,4SO,0 
1.600,000  acr 
734.000 ;  rje, 

31  .'030.600  'bn 
411.000  acres, 
The  mineral  | 
larselr  of  co 
building     atone,     sand,     gravel,     cement. 


The  State 
ot  Iron  ni 
18.303 


In    IDIO    there 


alued  at  141.3' 


rqjiette  range,  whoUj  In  the  State, 
'lenomlBee  and  Gogebic,  eiteudlng 

e  largest  pro- 
ducers of  copper,  belug  Burpassed  only  by 
Arlxone  and  Uootana.  The  outpnl  la  1909 
wns  £27,006.023  poimds,  the  largest  Id  the 
hlBtory  of  the  Industry,  VHlt'ed  at  (30,- 
267,458;  In  IfilO,  only  210,000.000  pounds 
waa  produced,  and  In  1911  there  waa  a 
further  curtailment  ot  shout  5.000.000 
pounds  on  aeconnt  of  Iha  low  jrlce  of  the 
metal    and   the   general    eondlUon   of   th« 


1  the   production        Federal 


The  DMnntaetarlDg  boslneM  Is  concerned 
chledy  with  lumber,  agricallocal  prodacta^ 
metala  and  mining. 

The  number  ot  mannfactaring  eatahllab- 
menta  In  Ulcblgan  having  an  annual  output 
yaiaed  at  (600  or  more  at  the  beslnnlnK  of 
1816    waa   8,724.     The  amount   of   Capital 
Invested   waa  $860,048,  giving  employment 
to   320,611   persons,  using  material   valued 
at    ■692,801,000.    and    turning   oat    Onlahed 
goods   worth    11,086,162,000.      Salaries  and 
wages  paid  amounted  Co  1260,6X6,000. 
Ulcblgan; 
Admluion  of,  into  Union — 
Application  for,  referred  to,  1405. 
CoQTentiona  held  in  re^rd  to,  14S9. 
State  government  formed  hy  inhab- 
itanta  of,  1405. 
Appropriation  for,  382. 
Approval  of  bill  providing  for  road 

limited  to,  explained,  1040. 
Bonndar;  of — 

Controveny  witb  Oblo  regarding, 

1404,  1407. 
With  Wiseonain,  referred  to,  1846. 
Governor  of,  report  of.  379- 
Homeetead  entriea  in  uarquette  dis- 
trict in,  confirmation  of,  referred 
to,  4666. 

Ceded  to  United  States  bv  Indians, 

1267. 
Promised  to  soldiers,  not  fit  for  cul- 
tivation,    recommendations     re- 
garding, 555. 
Laws  of,  transmitted,  400,  6297. 
Becovery  of,  from  British  forces,  re- 
ferred to,  S30,  627. 
Bevenue  District  eatablislied  within 

the  State  of,  6586. 
Stippiles  furnished  citiiens  of,  S27. 
Support  of,  referred  to,  382. 
Ulddle  Oreek  (Ky.),  Battle  of.— Jan.  », 

1802.  Col.  James  A.  QarQetd  broke  np  hla 
camp  at  Muddy  Creek,  K;.,  and  advanced 
with  1.800  men  to  alUck  Oen.  Uumphrey 
Marshall,  who  bad  some  2,S00  troops.  In 
Johnson  County.  Marshall,  being  advised 
of  Gaiileld'a  approach,  took  up  a  position 
OD  the  heights  ot  Middle  Creek,  about  two 
miles  from  Preatonborg.  On  the  morning 
ot  the  10th  aarSeld  beeaa  (hi>  at<a<-l(.  The 
battle  lasted  all  day.  MarBhall  retired  tram 
the  deld  In  the  evening  upon  the  arrival  ot 
Federal  reentorcemeuts  and  bampd  his 
stores  to  jirevent  their  fslllDg  Into  Federal 
handa.  Seven  ^-dve  of  the  Contederate 
ilMil  were  picked  up  on  the  field.  The 
loss  was  less  than  SO,  according  to 


mined 


Mldnlgbt  AppolntnimtS. — During  the  last 

days  of  his  presidential  term  Jdin  Adams. 

Elqued  at  the  laccesa  of  Jefferson,  whom 
e  bllCerly  opposed  for  the  presidency,  made 
a  number  of  Federal  antwlntmcnls.  in  every 
Instance  ot  men  opposed  to  Jefferson  and 
hla   principles.      Among   the   anpolntments 

comrolsslona  of  these  sppoluteea  were 
sliaed  just  before  midolKnt  of  March  3, 
1801,  and  were  called  "mldnlgbt  •ppoln^ 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Midway 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Hldiray  Iiluid,  referred  to,  S18T. 
Hllu  Decree. — not.  ll,  ISOT,  rrmnce  uid 
Bnfland  being  Uen  Kt  w«r,  th«  Klsc  of 
Great  Brlliln  sad  hii  prlTj  coundl  Iwned 
■  decree  torbtddlnc  bade  between  tbe  Bnlt- 
ed  Statet  and  anj  European  conntrj  oiider 
Kapoleon'i  power.  Hapoleon  thereDpon.  tn 
reUUatlon,  an  Dec  T,  18QT.  Imned  the 
Ullan  Decree,  In  wUdi  he  declared  "de- 
nation  allied,"  whether  tonnd  In  continental 
ports  or  on  the  high  ■«■.  AOj  rewel  which 
■hOQld  labmlt  to  learch  b;  a  Brltlih  Teaael 
or  should  touch  at  or  set  nil  to  or  from 
Great  Britain  or  her  Colonlea.  (See  alao 
Berlin  Decree ;  Embaixo :  Orden  In  Coon- 
eil.) 

MlUn  aad  BeAln  Decraea: 
Disetused  ftnd  referred  to  by  Piesi- 

Jefferson,  «0e,  415,  430,  432,  434. 

441,  446. 
U&diaon,  467,  474,  476,  603,  S13, 
5S2. 
proelamationa  regarding,   iuned   hy 
Jeffereon  and  Madiaon,  4S7,  40fi. 
UlUn,  Italy.    Beneficence  Congreaa  at, 

4626. 
Hlleage. — CompenaatloD   for   traveling  ei- 
penwi  at   a  certain   rate   per   mfte.      The 
Flnt  CongreiB  passed  a  law  allowing  each 
member  fO  tor  everj  twenty  miles  traveled 


Wltb  each  candidate  app<rinted  two  alter- 
natlvea  are  alao  named.  Tbe  act  at  June 
11.  18T6,  had  provided  that  (he  oamber  ot 
cadeta  at  larce  sbonld  not  exceed  ten.  and 
tbU  nomber  had  been  Increaaed  to  twentj 
b;  an  act  ot  March  2.  ISW.  Tbe  cadeu 
■re  BDnolnted  bv  the  Prealdentt  thoae  Cron 
district*   belns    recom- 

bjtho  : 

United  Bia{^  at  laiveaad  from  tbe  Dtatrici 
ot  Colambla  are  appointed  directly  by  the 
President  With  tbe  exc«itlan  of  tlWM  ap- 
pointed from  the  Uolted  States  at  laiire,  ap- 
plicants must  be  actual  residents  of  lie 
coDgrealonal  or  Territorial  districts  or  ot 
the  states  rupectlTely  from  which  they  am 
BPpoiDied.  &cept  in  cases  ot  tuenected 
vacancies  appointments  mnat  be  made  ons 
rear  In  advance  ot  tbe  data  of  ailmltsltm 

Appointees  to  tbe  Ullltarr  Academy 
most  be  between  seventeen  and  twenty-two 
years  of  ace.  free  from  any  InHnnil^ 
which  may  render  them  unlit  for  military 
service,  and  able  to  pass  a  careful  examina- 
tion In  BnsUsh  nammar,  Bnkllsb  composi- 
tion^ ROKllsh  literature,  alsebra  throuxh 
gnadrattc  eqnatlau,  plane  geometry,  de- 
scriptive spoffraphy  and  the  elements  of 
physical  geography,  especially  the  gcocraphy 
of  the  United  Slates,  United  Statea  Ustory, 
the  ontltnes  ol  general  history. 


r«»  limited  lo  two  seBslooB.    BalLwaj 
ortatloD    having    cheapened    travetti 
(Uses.  Congress  In  18r"  —' 
B  to  30  ccots  a  mile 


!Se°redn. 


Lced  the  mile- 


IfUea,  Tlw,  claims  of  owners  of,  againat 

Portugal,  24S3. 
MlUtMT  Academy.— As  early  as  1T70  tbe 
Idea  ot  a  National  MUlUry  Academy  had 
been  advanced.  A  committee  of  the  Con- 
tinental Congress  was  appointed  to  "pre- 
pare HUd  bring  tn  a  plan  of  a  military 
academy  of  the  army."  Washington  called 
the  attention  ot  Congress  to  (he  matter  In 
17B3.  and  In  1798  recommended  the  lOBtltii- 


port  at  West  Point,  on  the  Hudson  River, 
for  Ingtmctlan.  and  on  Bept.  1,  1801.  the 
school  was  opened,  with  four  army  ofllcen 
and  one  civilian  as  admin  Is  tralors  and  In- 
stmctors. 

The  iceiieral  commanding  tbe  srtni  bss 
under  tbe  War  Department,  supervision  ot 
ibe  Aottdemy.  The  Immediate  goiemmeot 
consists  of  a  SupetiDteodeat.  commandant 
of  cttdeiB,  and  seven  commissioned  profes- 
sors. Tbe  act  ot  Congress  of  June  8.  1900, 
provided  that  tbe  corps  of  cadets  shall  < 


ot     L__ _.__ _. 

trlct  one  from  each  Territory,  one  from 
tbe  Dlntrlct  of  Columbia,  two  from  each 
stale  at  large,  and  thirty  from  the  United 
States  at  large,  Tbe  act  approved  June 
28,  ie02.  provided  that  the  number  of  ca- 
dets to  be  appointed  from  tbe  United  States 
at  large  is  not  at  any  one  time  to  exceed 
forty.  An  addlllonal  appointment  of  one 
cadet  from  Puerto  Bleo  was  antboriied  by 
a  provision  In  tbe  act  of  March  «.  IBOS. 
By  a  Uw  passed  April  17,  1018.  Repre- 
sentatives may  appoint  two  cadets  Instead 
of  one.  Benators  tour  Instead  of  two  and 
tbe  President  eighty,  instead  of  forty. 


Tbe  course  of  Instmctlon,  whlt4i  is  qolte 
thorongh.  requires  tonr  rear*,  and  Is  tane- 
ly    mathematical    and    profeaslonal.       Tim 

Brlnclpal  subjects  taoght  are  mathematics, 
ngltsh.  French,  drawing,  drill  T«ulatlona 
of  all  arms  of  the  service,  natararand  ex- 
perimental philoioptiy,  chemistry,  <^emlcal 
Ebyslcs.  mberalogy,  geology,  electricity. 
Istory,  International,  consBtntlonal.  and 
military  law.  Spanish,  dvll  and  mUltarr  en- 
gineering, art  and  science  of  war.  and  ord- 
nance and  gunnery.  About  one-fonrtb  of 
those  annolnted  nsaally  tall  to  pasa  the 
preliminary  eiamlnatlana  and  bat  llttis 
over  one-hati  of  the  remainder  aie  flnalir 
graduated.  The  discipline  Is  very  strict — 
even  more  so  than  lu  the  army — and  tbe 
enforcement  ot  penalties  tor  offences  Is  In- 
tleilble  rather  than  severe.  Academic 
duties  begin  September  1  and  continue  Dn> 
til  June  4.  Fiamtnatloas  are  held  In  eed 
December  and  Jnne,  and  cadets  found  pro- 


ficient   

given  the  particular  standing  In  their  class 
to  wbtcb  their  merits  entitle  them,  wblls 
those  cadets  deflclent  In  either  eondact  at 
studies  are  discharged. 

From  about  the  middle  of  Jnne  to  tbe 
end  ot  Angant  cadets  live  In  camp,  engaged 
only  In  mllltarv  duties  and  recefvlng  prac- 
tical military  lustructloD.  Cadets  are  al- 
lowed but  one  leave  ot  absence  during  the 
four  years'  course,  and  this  Is  granted  at 
the  expiration  ot  the  first  two  yeara.  Tbs 
pay  of  a  cadet  Is  ITOQ.SO  per  year,  and, 
with  proper  economy,  is  snmclent  for  his 
support     Tbe  nntnbar  of  stodsnta  at  lbs 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


HOttatT 


Arademr  1b  omalljr  ibouC  Htc  huodred  and 

oiwD  cndnatlDK  Mdeta  m  commlHloDed 
■•  second  UeateuBDta  In  the  Halted  Bi&tes 
Arm}.  Tbe  wbole  Dumber  of  gndaitea 
from  1803  to  191S,  iDClnitTe.  Iub  be«n  6,- 
MH.  It  la  virtually  abaolntelf  necesaat; 
for  a  pctioD  Bfeklni  an  appointment  to  ap- 
plT  to  hli  Senator  of  Memlwr  of  Congren. 

The  appointments  by  the  President 

ally    restricted   '-   —   -' " 


army   and  dst;,   ' 


]   of   offleen   of   tbe 

J ,,    ..ho.   by   reason   of  their 

Bhlfttng  resldenoe.  doe  to  the  necessities 
of  the  serTlce,  And  It  neit  to  Impossible  to 
obtain  KD  sppDlDtment  otberwiu.  The  8u' 
perin  ten  dent  Is  Colonel  Clscenee  Page 
Towneler,  Coast  Artillery  Corps,  D.  8.  i, 
and  tbe  mllltarr  and  academic  staff  eon- 
atets  of  ISO  pertona. 
VUatarr  Aaiamyi 
Approprlatioii      for,     neonmieiided, 

S55,  903. 
BeqnMt   of  Gewge    W.    Callnm   (or 
«netlon     of     memorial     bAll     on 
BTOunds  of,  5674. 
Ci^eta  in — 
Bnlistment  of,  time  of,  ahonld  be 

extended,  1607. 
Increase  in  eorpc  of,  recommended, 

824B. 
Promotion  of,  referred  to,  £422. 
Referred  to,  621. 
Discussed,   7S7,   781,   872,   983,    1010, 

4248,  4934,  6879. 
EnUj^sment  of,  necessary,  433,  471, 

551. 
Establisbinent  of,  recommended,  194, 

197,  878. 
EipeuditnreB  of,  4934. 
Extending    time    for    enlistment    of 

cadets  lb,  recommended,  1607. 
Oovemment  of,  rules  for,  SSI. 
Improvement  in,  recommended,  4148. 
Hilttary   education   in,   recommenda- 
tions regarding,  1389. 
Begnlations  for,  amended,  4713. 
Removal  of,  stiggested,  433. 
Sales  for  government  of,  621. 
KOltarr  Aiylnia-  (^ee  Soldiers'  Home.) 
yiHfiy  Oomnundera    (see  also  Mili- 
tary Districta  and  Divisions) : 
Anonymous  letter  died  with   corre- 
spondence  of,   letnrn    of,   request- 

Not  Vested  witb  authority  to  inter- 
fere with  contracts  between  indi- 
viduals, order  regarding,  3548. 
unitary  Oommlasloiifl  to  Cuba,  Paerto 

Rico,  and  adjacent  islands,  6322. 
ICflltary    Oontrllintloiui    to    be    levied 
upon  Mexico,  2373,  2379. 

Referred  to,  2418. 
Military  Courts  and  Oommlsslona  (see 
also   Lincoln,   Abraham;    Military 
Commission,  etc.) : 

Order- 
In  relation  to  trials  by,  8038. 

Senteucea  of  Imprisonment  remitted, 
SG37. 


ICUtary  Dlvlaloiu  and  DepartmoBta: 

The    Eattem    DtvMon. — Embradng    De- 

Eirtment  of  the  East,  Department  of  the 
ulf,  and  tbe  Panama  Canal  Zone;  head- 
qnartera,  Govetnors  Island,  N.   ¥. 

Zlepm-tnent  o/  the  East. — Embracing  tbe 
Kev  England  States,  New  York.  New  Jer- 
sey, Pennsylvania,  Delaware,  Maryland,  Dts- 
trkt  of  Columbls.  Virginia.  West  Virginia, 
Oblo,  tbe  Island  of  Porlo  Rico  and  Islands 
and  k«s  adjacent  thereto :  beadqaartera, 
Fort  Totlen,  N.  Y.  Commander,  Brlg.- 
Oen.  T.    H.    Biles. 

Departmant  of  tht  Ovlf. — Embracing  tbe 
States  of  North  Carolina.  South  Csroltns, 
Kentneky,  Tenoessee,  Georgia.  Florida.  Ala- 
bama, Mississippi  and  tbe  Artillery  Dis- 
tricts of  New  Orleans  and  Galvestoii; 
besdqoarters,  Atlanta,  Ga.  Commander, 
Bi^.-Oen.  A.  L.  Mills. 

TRv  CtntnX  £l>:<stan.— Embracing  De- 
___._  _.  ..  ,,..  ,.^„    „ .  .J  ^^ 

J    lbs 

s  of  Fort  D.  A,  Hasaell. 


military  ^ 

WyomI 

Fort  a . 

111.      Commander,    Brig-Oen. 
( temporary ) . 

Department  of  the  La  Jtsf.— Embracing 
the  States  of  Michigan,  Indiana,  Illinois, 
Wisconsin,  Minnesota,  and  North  Dakota ; 
beadqnartera,  SI.  Paul,  Minn.  Commander, 
Brig.-Oen.   R.  W.  Hoyt 

Oeporfnmt  of  the  JflMoitri.— Embracing 
the  States  ot  Iowa.  Mlsaourl,  EsnsBB  {ex- 
cept that  part  Included  m  the  military 
reservations  of  Fort  Lravenwortb  and  Fort 
RItey),  Nebraska.  Sonth  Dakota.  Wyoming 
(except  that  part  Included  In  the  Yellow- 
stone NstlonarPark  sod  the  military  reseT- 
Tatlon  of  Fort  D.  A.  Rnssell),  and  Colorado ; 
headquarters,  Omaha,  Neb.  Commander, 
Brig.-Gen.  R.  A.  Smith. 

Dopartsieiil  of  rezo*.— Rmbradng  tbe 
States  ot  Texas  (except  that  part  Inctoded 
to  the  Artillery  District  of^  Galreston), 
Lonlslana  (except  that  part  Included  In 
the  Artillery  District  of  New  Orleans).  Ar- 
kansas, Oklahoms.  end  New  Mexico;  head- 
quarters, 8sn  Antonio,  Tex.  Commander, 
Brl|r.-aen.  J.    W.   Dnocan. 

The  Weilem  IXcfslon.— Rmt>Tac1ng  De- 
partment of  Callfortila,  Department  ot  the 
Columbia,  and  Department  of  Hawaii ; 
faeadgnartera.  San  Francisco,  CaL  Com- 
mander. Ma],-Gen.  A.  Murray. 

DmaHncnt  of  CaUfomla. — Embracing 
the  Btatea  of  California,  Nevada.  Ctab  and 
Arlsona:  beadaoarters.  Fort  MIley,  Cal. 
Commander,  Brlg.-aea.  D.  H.   Brush. 

Department  of  the  Coin m Ma.— Embrac- 
ing the  States  of  WasblDston.  Oregon. 
Idsbo.  Montana,  so  much  of  Wyoming  as  Is 
Included  In  tlie  Yellowstone  Natlooal  Psrk, 
and  Alaska:  headquarters.  VaacoUTer  Bar- 
racka,  Waah.     Commander,  Brlg.-Oen.  M.  P. 

Departnmt  of  H<iwa«.-^EmbrBclng  the 
Hawaiian  Islands  and  their  dependencies ; 
headquarters  at  Honolulu.  H.  T.  Com- 
mander, Brig.-Gen.  M.  M.   Macomb. 

PhlHppint*  CicUfon,— Embracing  Deliart- 
ment  of  Luson,  Department  ot  the  VIsByas. 
and  Department  ol  Mindanao  ;  headquarters, 
Manila,  P.  I.  Commander.'  MaJ.-Gen.  J. 
Franklin  Bell. 

Department  of  Luwon. — Embracing  all 
that  portion  ot  tbe  Philippine  Archipelago 
lying  north  ot  a  line  passing  sou  t  beast  ward - 
ly  tbroagh  the  West  Pass  of  Apo,  or  Mln- 
doro  Strait,  tbe  twelfth  parallel  of  north 
latltade :  thence  east  along  said  parallel 
to  longitude  124'  lO*  east  at  Greenwlcb, 
bnt  Including  the  Island  of  Psiawan  and 
adjacent  sma^l  Islands,  the  Island  of  Mas- 
bats  :  thence  northerly  to  and  tbroogh  Ban 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


BCmtsiy 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


^Ing  soatb  of  Ihe  louttiern  

at  UW   DeparlmcDt  o(  Luion  and   mt   or 
longitude  1S1°  40'  ea«t  ot  OrMnirlcli  aod 


b  of  tile  nlulli  parallel  of  Jaillude.  t 

MPt  the  tilanda  of  Miiuli 
all  lalanda  eatt  of  c 


<t  the  tilanda  of  MindBDaa.  FalawaD,  and 


b«adqiiartera. 


_.    Btralta  of  Surtgaa ; 

,    P.    1.       Commanilw, 

Bris.-Gra.   Q,   B.  AnderKin. 

Department  of  UlndaKoo. — Rmbradng  all 
lalanda  of  the  Pblllpplne  Arcblpe'aga  not 
Included  In  other  departmenta ;  beadqaar- 
ters.  Zamboanga.  P.  I.  Commaader,  Srlg.- 
Gea.  JobQ  J.  Perablnx, 

Military  Dlitrlcts  and  DItIbIou: 

AsBienmentB  to,  3749,  3750,  37S4, 
3755,  3659,  3860,  3861,  3862,  3S63, 
3864,  3866,  3869,  3973,  3975,  3976, 
4047,  4048,  4753. 
Orders  regarding,  rencmded,  3976, 
4048. 
Creation  of,  3860. 

Anthoritj  for,  referred  to,  3830. 
Dissolution  of,  4048,  4049. 
First,   fourtti   and   fifth  distrietB  dia- 

aolved,  4048,  404B. 
InstrQctionB  relating  to  third  district 

referred  to,  3826. 
Plana,  etc.,  for  barracke  and  quarters 
in   MUltarr   Division   of   Potomac, 
4666. 
Beports      and     recommendations     ot 
eommanderB  of,  30S4   3999. 
HUtUT    Drafts.     (See    Drafts,    UUl- 

tary.) 
BfmtarT   EdacatioiL — The    mllltnrr   «da- 
catlonal   sr<tem   ot  the  Catted   States,   ei- 
cluslTe   of  the   Military  Academj   at  West 
Point,  comprises  the  followlns : 

1.  The  Amv  War  Colfepe,  Wasbtng ton. 
D.  C.  nnder  the  inaaBRemeiit  of  a  pceardpaC 
BQd  directors  detailed  from  otHren  of  the 
army.      Tbe   «iiir«   of   Instmctlon   Is   for 

r,  beginning  September  1.     A  llmlled 

of   offlcers   not   below   the    ratih    of 


captain,    selected 

cfflcknc;  and  fltnesii.  are  detailed  aaonallr 

for    Instruction.      The    purpose   of    the    cof- 


1  fltnesii.  are  detailed 

-,„-    „    .J    make    practical    application    _. 
knovrledge  atready  acquired,  not  to  Impart 


worth,    Kansaa.    coQilitlnK    i 
School  of  the  Line  as  tbe  has 


Upon  nadnatloa  tbe  atadeot  cUaaes  are 
graded,  &  order  of  merit,  aa  "honor  gradu- 
ate!." "dlstlugalshed  gtaduai«a."  and 
"graduates,"  respect  I  Tely. 

2.  The  Army  Staff  College,  for  the  In- 
struction of  officers  detailed  annually  from 
tbe  blgbest  graduatea  of  the  latest  class 
of  the  ecbool  ot  Ihe  Line,  recommended  by 
the  Academic  Board  of  that  school.    Tbe  ob- 

iect  of  tbis  college  Is  to  Impart  Inalmctloa 
0  officers  In  the  duties  of  the  general  staff 
of  an  army  :  to  prepare  them  for  tbe  Army 
War   College    and    to    Inrcaitgace    military 


tloni  In  the  t 


I  College. 


Signal  Corps  In  theic 

duties,  lucludlng  aeronautics:  for  Instruc- 
tion of  officers  of  tbe  line,  wbo  are  desig- 
nated tberefor.  In  sl^il  duties,  aud  to 
nuke  research  and  experiments  In  suhlecta 
pertalDlDg  to  tbe  work  of  the  Signal  Corps. 
The  school  Is  under  the  general  direction  ot 
the  Commaadant  of  the  Army  School  of  the 
Line. 

4.  Tbe  Army  Field  Engineer  School,  for 
tbe  ioatructlon  of  officers  of  tbe  Engineer 
Corps,  not  exceeding  ten.  and  eaglueer  offl- 
cera  of  the  XatlonarGaard. 

S  The  Army  Field  Service  and  Corr«. 
apondenee  School  for  Uedlcal  Offlcers.  tor 
the  Ioatructlon  of  officers  of  tbe  Medical 
Corps  and  of  the  National  Quard.  Part 
one  ot  this  school  requires  attendance  In 
person  for  a  graded  course  ot  study,  and 
part  two  (or  a  course  by  correspondence. 
Tbe  course  of  InstructloD  la  elcht  weeks, 
from  April  I  of  each  year.  Students  who 
complete  the  course  aatlafactorlly  recelre 
cerl  locates  of  proficiency. 

III.  The  irmv  Uedlcal  School.  Washing- 
ton, D.  C,  for  tbe  Instruction  of  medical 
oOlcers  of  tbe  army,  candidates  tor  apoolnt- 
ment  In  Ihe  Medical  Corps,  and  medical 
officers  of  tbe  Nallonal  Quard.  Tbe  tscalty 
consists  of  a  president  and  instructors.  The 
course  of  iDStructlon  Is  for  eight  months, 
from  Octot>er  1  each  year.  Oradaatea  re- 
ceive diplomas. 

IV  Tht  Coait  Artairry  Bchoal.  Port 
Monroe.  VlrglulB.  The  object  of  this  scbool 
Is  to  enlsrge  the  field  of  Instruction  of  tbe 

Srrlaou  scliools  for  Coast  Artillery  olBcera 
advanced  courses  of  study  and  practical 
training  In  tecbulcsl  duties:  to  prepare 
specially  selected  officers  for  the  more  Im- 
portant positions  In  tbe  Coast  Artillery; 
eiRO  to  educate  and  train  selected  enlisted 
men  for  the  higher  non-com  missioned  staff 
grades  In  tbe  Cbest  Ardllcry.  The  courses 
of  Inslrucllon  for  officers  and  enlisted  men 
"  "  comprised  1i     ~     --■---■ - 


■   Field   Knglneer  School.  . 

-■■■  "ervlce  and  Corrc" 
cal  nfflrera  as  ape 
e  designated  Ihe  / 

that  of~  a  Brigadier-General, 

The  ffliurse  of  Instruction  at  the  schools, 
except  as  otherwise  stated.  Is  included  In 
one  term  from  September  1  to  June  30  ot 
the  following  year, 

1.  The  Army  School  of  the  Line.  Tbe 
object  of  this  school  Is  Ihe  Inalrucllon  ot 
selected  offlcers  from  the  line  of  tbe  army 
In  the  lesdlng  and  care  of  troops  in  time 
Ot  war  and  their  training  In  time  ot  peace. 
The   Assistant   Commandant   of   tbe   Army 


to  proTtded. 
EraduBied  are  furnished 
"  graduates."  "dls- 


mtrol  of  the  Chief  ot  Fnglne 


glneertug  work  ot  tbe  army.  The  course  ot 
(nstructlOD  Is  one  year,  beginning  Septem- 
ber 1.  Diplomas  ore  given  to  sludenta  wbo 
auccesafu Ily  comnle'e  the  course. 

VI.  7'fie  Mounted  Seri'lea  Scftoal.  Fort 
Riley,  Kansas,  la  under  the  command  of  a 
general  officer,  who  a' 
_.  i..-^  mrey.  The  '.,..,—  >.  . 
I  practical   laatrnctlon   1 


jyGooi^lc 


Encyclopedic  Index 


MlHtaiy 


MOltuy  BdneaUon— CoRtiRwd. 
companr  ofllcera  of  tanlry  tnd  Held  ar- 
tliler^.  iDd  lo  fariien  and  boneaboen. 
The  couraea  for  fleld  oOlcera  besLn  April 
1  and  October  10 :  tae  course  for  compaor 
ofllcera  la  Irom  Seplember  £9  to  June  36. 
tollowlDg ;  and  for  farriers  oad  horacaboen 
tvo  couiiea  ol  tour  moolbs  eacb.  Compaar 
oBeen  who  are  graduated  receive  dlplomaa. 

....  _,     _  ,„.  ,,  „,_.  ,^^  e\tid  I    ■■ 


Deld  a 


talna  Bad   lieu 
of  Held  •"111* 

course  satrafactoffly  receli 


I    D,    for  officers  c 


prqflcleocy. 

VIEI,  Softool  a/  UutkEtrv.  Fort  8Ul.  Okla- 
boma.  for  loatructloa  la  amall-arma  Srlns. 

IX.  Qarriion  Bchoolt,  one  at  each  mili- 
tary imat.  tor  the  laslraeiloa  of  officers  of 
the  armr  aod  the  Xatlooal  Ouard,  la  auh- 
lecti  pertalnlDg  to  their  ordinal;  duties. 
The  coDrae  eoTers  three  Tears  aad  ths 
aiiDual  terms  Qie  moatba  each,  from  No- 
vember lat.  CerlitlcatM  of  proflcleacr  la 
each  subject  of  stud;  are  Elrea  to  those 
wbo     paaa     the     pretcclbed^    eiamlnaiioa 

■  E«. 


XI.  Behooli  for  BaKeri  and  Coott,  at 
San  FrancUco.  CalUorala.  WaehlnKtOD.  D. 
C.,  and  Fort  Rile;.  Kansas,  for  the  Instruc- 

'Gnai_   _., 

_.   .  __   ._. ;  Schools.  L  .  .. 

tbe   MllitU   law  ot  Jaouar;   SI.    1B03.   and 
teKUlallona  preacrlbed  b;  the  War  Deparr. 


and  the  War  with  tpaln,  "to  perpetTUto 
tbe  namea  and  neuor;  of  brave  aod  loral 
oiea  who  took  part  Id  establlsblDg  aod 
malotalalnf  ih«  principles  of  the  Gorem- 
ment"  in  said  wars,  and  "to  preserve  rec- 
ords and  documeata  relation  lo  said  ward, 
aad  to  celebrais  tbe  anolTersarles  of  tila- 
toric  exents  connected  therowllh."  Since 
the  establlshmeDt  of  the  order  tbe  United 
States  has  fought  Its  flith  foreign  war.    Bj 


Courses 


mllltla. 


□  the  n 


■1th 


Spain,  or  ao;  tutare  foreign  campaign 
reeogalKed  h;  the  L'nlted  States  Ooiern- 
ment  aa  "war."  are  rendered  eligible  to 
membership  as  veteiaa  companions. 

Members  are  entitled  "com pan  long."  and 
•re  either  "reteraa  eompsnlons"  or  "heredl- 
tar;    companions,"       The    lor 


1    Ot    t 


, —  United  States  who  par- 
ticipated In  an;  of  the  foreign  wars  of  the 
United  Btales.  Tbe  latter  are  direct  lineal 
descendaota.  la  the  mate  line  onl;.  of  com- 
missioned officers  who  served  honorabl;  In 
an;  ot  the  said  war*.  Commanderles  ma; 
be  established  In  eacb  of  the  states,  aod 
state  commanderles  aow  exist  la  the  States 
ot  .\ew  York.  Peooutvanla.  Connecticut. 
Illinois.  California.  Uassacbnsetts,  Mar;- 
land.  Ohio.  Missouri.  Vermont.  Virginia. 
Rhode  Island.  Louisiana.  Indiana,  wrseoo- 
-'-     Michigan.    Texas.    Georgia.    Colorado, 


March  11.  1896.  b;  the  officers  of  tbe  ] 
"ork,  Pennsylvaola.  and  Connecticut  c 
—  ■--'--      Preaent    memttershlp. 


80O    conipanlons.       ... 

manders-General    representlag 


Vlet-Com- 


commander;. 

MUlUry  Psrk.    (See  Chlckamaum  and 

Chattanooga  National MiliUrj'Fark.) 

MUltarr   Pu««   EsUUlalnuant.     (Seo 


6721. 

HUltaiy  Encampment,  International,  to 

be  Ikald  at  Chicago  daring  World's 

fUr  diBCUBsed,  5S69. 

Foreign  gneata  attending,  not  to  paj' 

dntles  on  baggage,  6164. 

HQltarj      EBtabUtlmient      (eee      also 

Proposition  of  Czar  of  Bnaria  for  rft- 
duction  of,  diacoaeed,   6335. 
lUUtaiT  Expedltlona.  (See  Expeditions 

Against  Foreign  Powers.) 
HlUtarr  Qovemors.     (See  ProTfaional 

OoTernora.) 
UUtarr  Informatlati,  Bnnaa  of: 
Disensaed,  S87B. 
Beorganization  of,  67S9. 
unitary  Justice,  Bnreao  of,  recommen- 
dations regarding,  4970. 
unitary  Order  of  Foreign  Wars.— Tbe 
Mllltar;   Order    of    Foreign    Wars    of    the 
Eolted   States   was  Instituted   Id   the   Clt; 
of  Stw   rork.   Dec.   27.   1894.   b;   reterana 
and  descendants  of  veteraat  of  one  or  more 
ot  tbe  tlve  foreign  wars  which  the  United 
Stales   had   been   eogaged   In.   to   wit :   the 
War    of    the    Revolutfon,    tbt    War    wltb 
Tripoli,  tba  War  of  1813,  tbe  Ueslcan  War, 


mended,  4524,  4569. 
EstabliBhiaent   of — 

Lands  donated  b^  Indians  for,  436. 

Becoramended,     S31,      1475,     1940, 
2111,  2190. 
Estimates,  plans,  etc.,  for,  4666,  4670, 

4674,  4677,  4680,  4687. 
umuir  Keservatlona: 
Additional  land  for  Fort  Preble,  He., 

recommended,  4777. 
Indian  school  at,   eatablisbment   of, 

recommended,  4683. 
Legislation  to  provide  for  disposal  of, 

recommended,    4660,    4690,    4737, 

4740,  4782,  4783. 
BUlltary  Schools  and  OoDsgeB.—Besidea 
the  United  Slates  Ullttar;  Academ;  (q.  v.) 
St  West  Point  there  are  the  following 
Bcbooia  and  colleges  msklng  op  a  e;stem  ot 
mllltar;  education:  lue  War  College,  tor 
advanced  Instruction  In  tbe  science  and  art 
ot  war,  at  Wsshlngtoa.  D.  C. :  Ibe  General 
Service  and  Staff  College,  at  Fort  Leaven- 
worth, KansAH :  the  ArtUier;  School,  at  Port 
Monroe.  Virginia:  tbe  School  of  Submarine 
Defense,  at  Fort  Totteo.  Xew  York:  the 
Engineer  Scbool  ot  Application,  at  Waah- 
logton,  D.  C. :  the  School  ot  Application  for 
Caralr;  and  Field  Artiller;.  at  Fort  Rile;, 
Kansas,  and  the  Aimj*  Uedlcal  School,  at 
Waahlngtoa,  P.  C. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


HOhaiy 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


USUtaxj  Stores,  provisioiu  for— 

DUcnsaed,  416. 

Beeommeuded,  317, 
UlUUrr     Trltmiuls.      (See    Militaqr 

Courts  and  Conuniieloiis.) 
UllltU.— CIUmdi  ot  &  BtaU  enrolled  U 
■oldlera  for  tralnlns  tai  dlsdplliie,  bat 
called  Into  BCtlTe  lerrtce  only  la  emer- 
geucleB.  as  dUtlBEnlshed  from  tbe  rexular 
soldiers,  who  are  In  constant  lervlce.  The 
CooBtltntlOQ  empowers  ConBress  "to  pro- 
Tlde  (or  calling  forth  the  mllltls  to  eie- 
eatr  thp  laws  ol  tbe  UnloD,  snppress  In- 
I,  BQd  ryel  Invaalons."      In  1782 


L    anteo 


— -    br    . 


[    unlfarm 


militia   tbcoughoat   the   Unltec   _, 

the  enrol Iment  o(  ever;  tree  abte-bodled 
white  male  cltiien  between  the  ages  ot 
elsbteen  and  forlr-flTe.  (See  Arm;.)  An 
act  ot  March  S,  18ST,  permitted  the  en- 
rollment of  negroes. 


Chief;  It  !■  therefore  at  completelj  luider 
tbe  orders  of  the  Prealdenl  and  as  com- 
pletelr  wrvleeable,  both  u  to  time  and 
place,   as  the  regnlar  arm;. 

Among  other  Important  proTlelons  of  the 
new  mllltia  act  mar  be  mentioned,  fixing 
the  ornnlaatlon,  armament  and  dlactpline 
of  the  organUed  mllltia  after  Jan.  21,  1910. 
the   same  as  that  of  tbe   Regolar   Army ; 

Erorldlns  that  the  orninlied  mllltia  Bball 
i  called  In  time  of  emergeDcr  Into  the 
■errlce  of  the  United  Btatea  In  advance  of 
an7  volunteer  force. 

Asaumlns  that  all  male  dtliens  18  to  45 

gars  of  age  are  available  for  military  datr 
e  total  nnmber  of  citlien  aoldlera,  ellmf- 
naUns  Chinese,  Japanese  and  sUen  white*, 
based  on  the  cetisua  of  1910.  with  10  jier 
cenL  added  for  eatUnated  Increase  to  1919, 
the  following  table  complied  by  the  CTenao* 
Bureau  places  slTes  tbe  military  itrenirth  of 
the   United    SUtea   aa   21.0T1.0T6,    divided 


War"  of"  1812,"  and  In  ISffl,  during  the  Civil 

The  law  of  Jan.  21,  1908,  provided  for 
the  better  equipment  of  this  service  and 
■upplled  an  orgaale  connection  between  tbe 
National  Onard  and  the  Regular  Army,  the 
pnrpoae  being  to  create  a  National  volun- 
teer Reserve  that  could  be  called  npon 
whenever  needed  by  the  general  Govern- 
ment. Thla  law  provides  that  the  mllltia 
shall  consist  of  every  available  male  clllien 
In  the  respective  atatea,  terrltorlea,  and  the 
District  ot  Columbia,  and  every  available 
male  of  foreign  birth  wbo  had  declared  biB 
luteatlon  to  become  a  clllseiw  tbe  entire  ml- 
lltia body  being  divided  Into  two  classes : 
<1|  tbe  OrgaDlied  Mllltia.  to  be  known  as 
the  NatlonA  Guard  of  the  State.  Territory. 
or  District  of  Columbia,  or  by  such  other 
designation  as  may  be  given  them  by  tbe 
laws  of  the  reepecUve  states  or  territories; 
aod  (2)  the  remainder,  to  t>e  known  as  the 
Reserve  Mllltia. 

The  orgsnlsed  mltltla  of  tbose  state  and 
terrlCorlaf  organliatlons  that  have  In  tbe 
paat  or  shall  In  the  future  participate  In 
the  annual  appropriation  made  by  Congress 
for  the  mllltia,  and  tbe  organisation,  ar- 
mameot,  and  discipline  of  the  organised 
mllltia  la  the  same  as  that  prescribed  for 
the   regular   and   volunteer   army. 

The  act  of  Jan.  21,  IBOS.  and  the  laws 
antecedent  thereto  restricted  tbe  use  of 
the  organised  mltltla  when  called  forth  by 
the  President  In  time  of  emergency  to  serv- 
ice In  the  United  States  and  to  a  period 
of  nine  months.  Tbe  act  approved  May 
27,  19DS,  removes  these  two  reatrlctlona 
and  makea  tbe  organlied  mllltia  of  the 
several  states  available  for  service  during 
the  period  of  commission  of  tbe  olBceis  or 
enlistment  of  tbe  men.  and  within  or  with- 
out the  bonndartes  of  the  United  States. 
Under  this  law,  therefore.  It  will  not  be 
necessary  to  go  through  the  formalities  of 
newly  enlisting  the  organlied  mltltla  when 
called  forth  by  tbe  President.  Section  7 
of  the  act  of  Jan.  21,  1903,  as  amended 
by  the  act  of  May  27.  1B08,  provides  "that 
every  offlcer  and  enlisted  man  of  the  mllltia 
who  shall  be  called  forth  In  tbe  manner 
hereinbefore  preecrlbed  shall  be  mastered 
for  service  wltbont  fnrther  enlistment." 
The  call  of  the  President  will,  therefore, 
of  Itielf  accomplish  the  transfer  of  the 
organised  mllltia  specllled  in  his  call  from 
sUte  relations  to  Tederal  relations.  The 
mlUtta  BO  called  forth  becomes  at  once  a 
rt  of  the  Army  of  the  United  States,  and 
I   Frealdent   becomes   Ita   Commauder-ln- 


fhe   1 


military  service. 

The    Honse,   Ju 

reaolutlOQ     sutho;. „      —     „ 

draft  National  Guardsmen  Into  Federal  serv- 
ice. The  Senate  military  committee  favor- 
ably reported  tbe  measure  on  the  21th.  with 
an  amendment  wblch  strack  out  the  House 
plan  for  supporting  the  dependent  families 
of  membera  of  the  guard,  and  substituted  a 
proposal  to  eielude  married  men  and  others 
with  dependents  relying  on  them  for  support. 

The   Senate  also   struck   out   the   clause 


tbe  Seoate  and  House,  a 

lied  the  President  to  draft  the  mllltia  or- 
ganisations into  Federal  service- 
In  Its  amended  form  It  was  adopted  by 
the  Senate,  June  26.  Tbe  bill  was  sent  to 
a  conference  committee.  June  27.  The  com- 
mittee deadlocked  for  several  days  over  the 
questlOD  of  paying  the  dependent  families  of 
the  gnardsmen,  but  flnally  July  1  the  Houae 

The  Se'cretary  of  War  Issues  without 
cost  to  the  states  or  territories  all  arms 
and  equipment  necessary  to  supply  all  of 
the  organised  mllltia.  Tbe  Secretary  of 
War  la  also  authorised  to  provide  for  the 
preparation  of  the  organlied  mllltia  for  the 
encampment  manieuvers  and  field  manccD- 
vers   of   the   regular   army   In    which   the 


jyGooi^lc 


Encyclopedic  Index 


nllltU  recalrea  the  SBme  pay,  BulwfitctiM 
and  treaiporUUon  M  tbe  rcciilur  arm;. 
Upon  Ihe  requlaltlon  of  tbe  Oovemor  of 
anf  ilate  or  territory  harluK  lullllia  oi- 
(Bnlied  nader  tbla  law,  tbe  Secrftary  ot 
war  mar  asilgn  one  or  more  oncers  of 
the  reKnlar  arm;  tor  aerrlce  Id  the  militia 
of  the  stale  or  territory.  Alaska  bus  do 
mllllla.  Gaam  aod  Samoa  have  aniQll  pro- 
TlaloDil  forces  used  for  police  piirposes. 
The  rhlllppinei  baie  a  a>aiitHl>uIar]i  force 
for  police  or  regular  mllltuTT  service. 
Pnerto  Rtco  bsl  a  proTlalou 
the  ..»'-.. 


the  Datled  States  Army. 


force  under 

pnteaant-ColoDel   of 

ialTy  "appropriates  |2.000,< 
vw  lur  I.UB  Buuport  of  the  mllltla.  sppor. 
ttoned  among  the  various  atatea  according 
to  the  strenrth  of  tbeir  ornnliatlons.  In 
1008,  «492,e02.a5  was  dcToled  to  tbe  pro-i 
moUOD  of_rine  pracHce,  and  (1,477,497  foi 


cated  that  about  20,000  of  tha  orgaclaed 
mlUUa  will  be  required  for  (he  coast  erUI- 
lerj  reaerrea  antt  approilmntrlr  the  same 
number  tor  coast  artillery  siipporta.  These 
tmopa  would  be  reqalrcd  for  service  In 
tbe  Immediate  vldnlty  of  the  fortiacaUoos, 
and  would  Dot  be  available  lor  use  with 
the  mobile  atmy  until  nil  qucBllon  of  sea 
power  along  Ihe  coast  had  been  settled 
favorably.      (Bee  also    "'"    " 


ly ;  Wnr,  Deport- 


iGoaj 


..  ;  Artillery;  Arms 

NbtbI    Mllltla.) 

The  Mllltla  law  of  Jan.  21,  1003,  as 
amended  by  the  act  of  May  27,  lOOB,  pro- 
Tldea :  "That  the  mllltla  shall  consist  of 
every   able-bodied   male   cltlicn   of   the  re- 

Sectlve  states  and  ever;  able- bud  led  male 
foreign  birth  who  hns  declared  his  In- 
tention to  become  a  cltlien,  who  Is  mora 
that)  eighteen  and  less  than  forty-flve  years 
of  age,  and  shall  be  divided  Into  two  craases 
—tbe  organized  mllltla,  to  be  known  as  the 
National  Guard  {or  by  such  other  desle- 
nations  as  may  be  given  them  by  the  lawi 
of  the  respective  states  or  territories),  the 
remainder  to  be  known  as  the  reserve  ml- 
lltU," 


Cftlletl  out  to  prevent  Britiah  invulon 

from  Canadft,  161B. 
Cavalry  tactics  for  use  of,  prepared, 

927. 
Diwboige  of,  directed,  455. 
SlBCQsaed  by  President — 

Adams,  J.  Q.,  869,  968,  9S5. 

Aithur,  4768. 

aeveland,  5877,  6968,  6IS0. 

JaekflOD,  1166,  1389,  1474. 

Jefferson,  317,  833,  378,  394. 

IJneoIn,  324S. 

HcKinler,  6385. 

Uadfion,  461,  463.  471,  470,  S84, 
551,  661. 

Monroe,  7S8,  781. 

Polk,  S481. 

Trior,  1902,  8181. 

Van  Bnren,  1754. 

WuhiBgton,  57,  U,  78,  90, 138, 159, 
161,  176,  lOf. 


Distribution  of  armB,  ordnance, 
atorea,  etc,  to  District  of  Columbia 
and  Territories,  regulations  regard- 
ing, G159,  5462. 

Encampment  of  National  Qnard  in 
coast  works,  recommended,  5476. 

Encouragement  of  National  Guard, 
recommended,  GSSO. 

Ouard,  National,  referred  to,  5476. 

Increaae  in,  recommended,  429. 

1  wars,  campaigns  of,  in.     (See 


■*.) 


Insurrections  suppressed  by.    (8ee  Il- 
legal Combinations.) 
Laws  for,  revision  of,  recommended, 
228,   230,  317,   S04,  523,  869,   1166. 
Organization,  arming,   and   disciplin- 
ing, 4570. 
Plan  for,  submitted,  63. 
President  cannot  call  into  service  ex- 
cept by  authority  of  Congresa, 
8640. 
UodifieaUon  in  laws  regarding,  rec- 
ommended, 2641. 
Befnsal   of   governors    of   Massachu- 
setts  and   Connecticut   to   furnish 
quotas  of,  50  L 
Beorganization    of    military    system 
and  National  Guard,  recommended, 
6761. 
Betnms  of,  338,   356,   366,   388,  400, 
435,  449,  455,  684,  653,  SS7   773,  781. 
Suppressing    insurrections  by.      (Bee 

niegal  Combinations.) 
Yolnnteer  force  shonld  be  enlisted, 

420,  463,  479,  2121. 
Toung  men  sbonid  become  members 
of,  373. 
UU  Sprlngi  (Ey.>,  Battle  of.— Barlr 
In  tbe  winter  ef  1801-02  tlie  Confederate 
General  Pelll  K.  Zolllcoffer,  wltb  a  force  ot 
about  5,000  men.  Intrenched  himself  at  Mill 
aprlogi,  on  the  Cnmberland  River  In  Wayne 
County.  Ky.  Jan.  17.  lHtl2,  Oea.  George  B. 
'^—nas.  with  8,000  Union  troops,  advanced 
lalodae  him.  The  Confederates  set  out 
leet  Thomao,  and  on  Jan.  IS.  1893,  an 

" '     "t    place,    begun    by    Ihe    ad- 

mth  armies.     Tbe  Confeder- 

L  back  to  their  camp,  wblcta 

:hcy  abandoned  during  tbe  night.  Twelve 
ilecea  of  artillery.  IStl  wagons,  1.000  horse! 
tnd  mules,  as  well  as  large  quantities  of 
imall  arms,  ammunition,  and  stores  fell  Into 
Jhe  hands  of  the  Union  army.  Craning  the 
Cumberland  River,  tbe  retreating  army 
'>umed  their  boata  to  prevent  pursuit.  Tba 
_DBS  on  tbe  Confederate  side  was  SCO.  The 
Dnlonlsts  lost  246.  Geo-  Zolllcolter  wai 
among  the  Confederate  dead, 
urn  Bprlsgi,  Xji  battle  of,  diseussecL 

3301. 
MaUgao  Oua.— A  United  Btatee  Bnpreme 
Court  case  Involving  the  right  of  tbe 
Ptestdent  to  SDapend  tbe  rlgbts  ot  citliena 
nnder  habeM  torpif  proceedings.  Oct  6. 
I8S4.  dDflng  tba  Civil  War.  HHIIgan  ««• 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Mtssages  and  Papers  of  Ike  Presidents 


thou  Id   be 


t  of  CODKcew 

„  _j   turnlsbed  In   Mcb  8UC« 

of  perBooa  luBpccCed  of  Tlolatln^  nalloaal 
U«.      But     niix     aucb     penoiu     ArmiMl 

■golDSt    whom    no    Inilk ' 

found  by  the  circuit  com _  __   . 

were  to  be  freed  od  petltloa  Tcrlfled  b; 
oath.  The  HllHsau  IndictmcDt  wui  not 
found  br  the  circuit  or  district  court.  He 
objeeteil  to  the  authorlt?  at  the  miliCiirr 
commlailoD  and  lupd  for  ■  writ  of  kab.  a* 
eorput  Id  the  circuit  court.  The  case  com- 
ing before  (be  Bupreme  Court  Id  1866, 
It  was  dpclded,  JuBtlce  Dnvlii  rcBding  tte 
oplnloD,  that  the  writ  should  be  Issued 
and  the  prisoner  dlschorenl.  The  court 
held  Ihat  the  power  of  erecting  mlllturT 
Jurlsdlctloa  In  a  Btace  not  InTaded  and 
not    Id    rebellion    was    not    Tested    Id    Con- 

fresa  and  that  It  could  not  be  exerclned  in 
bis  particular  case ;  that  the  prisoner,  a 

■Dd   could   or 

the  writ  of  k .  . 

pended  conattliitlonallT,  though  tbe prlTlleKe 
of  that  writ  mEght  be.  The  Chief  Justice 
and  Jasllces  Wayne,  Swayne,  and  Hitler, 
while  concurring  In  tbe  Judgment,  made 
through  the  flrst  named  a  separate  state- 
ment of  reaaonn.  The  decision  eipresatr 
stated  that  conspiracies  to  aid  relfcUlon 
were  enormous  crimes  and  that  Congreas 
was  obliged  to  enact  serere  laws  to  meet 
the  crlala.  (Bee  slao  Hsbeal  Corpus; 
Harrrman  Case.) 

MUUkoi'i  Bend  (!«.),  B»ttU  of.—OaT- 
Ing  the  operatloaa  before  Tlckabnn,  Onint 
bad  wltbdrawn  troops  from  all  tfie  posts 
witbin  his  rraeh  to  strengthen  his  annj. 
Tbe  fort  at  Hllllken's  Bend,  on  the  tllula- 
■Ippl  River,  Id  LAulalaaa,  was  left  In  charge 
Of  ■  small  nrrlson.  mostlT  negroes.  Jui — 
"   " ^^'fi^?.-  — 


SDrrer-  Tbs  dntle*  «t  tba  taTMV  wan 
prescribed   aa    follows:    "It    aball    lie    tHe 

SroTlnce  and  duty  of  said  bnreaa  and  It* 
Irector,  under  the  direction  ot  tbe  Becte- 
tary  oF  the  Interior,  to  make  diligent  In- 
Teatleatlon  of  the  methods  ot  mining,  es- 
pecially In  relation  to  the  aafe^  of  mi  Deri; 
and  the  appliances  best  adapted  to  prevent 
accidents,  the  possible  Improvemeut  of  con- 
ditions UDder  which  miDing  aperatlotiB  are 
carried  on,  the  treatment  of  area  and  other 
mineral  substaacea,  the  ase  of  eiploaltea 
and  elertrlclty,  the  prevenLlon  of  accldenta, 
and  other  Inquiries  and  technologic  Inveatl- 

Kttons    pertinent    to    said    industries,    and 
im  time  to  time  make  such  public  reports 
of  tbe  work,  InTestlgatlon ^  ■-• "~ 


tbe  place  was  attacked 


l.\  PK? 


6,  1808, 
ot  LouJi 

UcCnllo*_ 

Is  their  assault  but  for  the  arrival  of  the 

Knboiata  Ohoelttv  and  Le^Haton.    T^e  Con- 
leratca  were  repulaed.     The  Federal  lOM 
WBB  404  killed  and  wounded. 
Kflwanksa,  Wli.,  proclamation  gnntlng 

ptivilegea  of  other  ports  to,  2859. 
KbMT«l  lAodo.     (See  Zi«ndB,  Ulneral) 
KUnais,  Act  (or  proteetlon  of,  in  Terri- 
tories,   discussed    and    reeommsndA- 

tions  regardins,  C663. 
Mlnw  (see  also  Landa,  Mineral): 

Bureau  of,  advocated,  74S1. 

Copper,  referred  to,  704,  803. 

Gold,  diaeovered,  3451. 

.  Is  Black  Hills,  4306,  43S5. 
In  California,  S486. 

Lead,  referred  to,  869,  710,  711,  7SB, 
803,  8B2,  931. 
lUaM,  Bnrun  of,-— Cbipter  240  ot  the 
acts  of  tlie  Mcond  seaslno  of  tlie  61at  Con- 
{resa  to  evtabllsh  In  the  Department  of  tbe 
Interior  a  Bnreaa  of  nines  was  approved 
Ifay  le.  IDIO.  Tbe  act  provided  lor  tbe 
establlsbment  of  aald  bureau  and  a  director 
who  aball  ba  thoroughly  equipped  for 
tbs  dntles  ot  aald  olBce  by  t«ctuitoal  edu- 
cation and  eiHrleuce,"  wltb  an  annaoJ 
salary  of  ta.000.  Tranafar  to  th«  bureau 
was  provided  foi-  tha  iareatlgatlona  of  the 
analyilnB  and  teating  of  coala,  lignites  and 
other  minsral  fnel  aubatanees,  and  the  In. 
Teatigation  as  to  the  cause  of  mine  eiplo- 
Blonia,  ttom  tbe  Cnitod  States  (}«olt«loal 


it  may  dlrectj^wlth  the  n 


Informatlan 
lid  depart- 

nendatioiu 

,. (Bee  alBo   Interior,  De- 
partment of.) 

UlnlsteiB  of  United  States   (see  also 
Consolar  and  Diplomatie  Swviee; 
the  several  powers) : 
AsBDrances  of  respect  to,  256,  289. 
Assemblage  of,  in  Tscabaya,  Mezieo, 
for  concloding  treaties  at  Pana- 
ma, to  promote  friendliness  and 
Siod   vill  with   Bouth  American 
epublicB,  B35. 
Congreas     indefinitelj'     postponed, 

951. 
Instructions  to,  997. 
Correspondence    between,   eftectg    of 

pnblieatiou  of,  385. 
Elevation  of,  miasions  and   title  of 

ambassador  conferred,  S674,  6335. 
Interfered  witb  bv  French  command- 
er, 780. 
List  of— 

Charges  d'affaires,  secretariea,  and, 
transmitted,  £830. 
Uoney  appropriated  for,  Tighta  of,  r«- 

garding,  referred  to,  912. 
Must  have  aesnrancea  that  thej  win 

be  respected,  256,  269. 
Official  residences  for,  recommended, 

6072,  615S. 
Peace    between    Great    Britain    and 
United  States,  treaty  of,  received 
from,  637. 
Resents — 
From  foreign  Statea  not  to  ba  m- 

eepted  bj^  1256. 
Given  to,  deposited  In  State  I>»- 

partment,  1256, 1258, 1260. 
Frevionsljr  gives  to,  should  bo  i«- 
tnined,  1257. 
Salarr  of,  discussed,  103,  1910,  1958. 
Increase  in  salary  of  eommiaeioiur 
to  China  recommended,  165& 
Sent  to  Congreas  of  Nations^     (Boa 
nuder  Panama,  IsthitiDB  of.) 
Klslgtart  to  Unltad  SUtoo.    (Bea  tte 

several  powers.) 
Minn  MOta.— One  of  the  w«atcn  groep  ctf 
Btatea;  nicknames  "TIm  Oopber  State"; 
motto,  "L'4tolle  dn  nord"  ("i^  Nortk 
Star").  It  extenda  from  tat  43*  SO*  tn 
4D>  26'  north  and  from  long.  80*  SB*  to 
&?■  S'  west.  It  la  bounded  on  tba  noctb 
br  BrlUab  / '—    —  "■ ■  —  '-■ - 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encytiopedie  Initx 


ha*  >u  area  ol  B4,eS2  square  

chief  IndusCrleB  are  wheat  growing,  Inmber- 
lag,  and  floor  and  grist  milling,  and  In  (be 

ErodDcta  of  tbla  laiter  Indastrr  the  State 
la  the  larseet  outpot  In  the  coDDCr;.  The 
DuiDufBcture  of  lomber  and  timber  products 
la  a  tapldlr  progreoslng  Indnatrr.  Minne- 
sota Is  ooe  of  the  leading  wheat-prodadDS 
states  of  the  DnloD.  The  rcgloa  waa  flrst 
explored  bj  the  French  Dear  the  cloae  of 
the  ssTenteenth  century,  the  first  settle- 
tnent  being  made  at  Dululh  In  1678.  In 
1T63  France  ceded  the  terrltorj  east  of  tha 
Hlsfdsslppl   to   Ensland,   bj   whom   It   was 


I  number  of  manotactnclng  sstabllah- 
ments  In  Minnesota  having  an  annual  oat- 
put  valned  at  (COO  or  more  at  the  begln- 
nlns  of  181S  was  S,9T4.  The  amoant  Of 
capital   ' •--■ .oijiojn/in    _._• — 


iinsland,   bj 

Jnlted   Stati 


formed  part  of  the  Northwest  Territory 
orgaolied  In  1T8T,  and  was  sncceaalTel/  In- 
cluded In  the  Territories  of  Indiana,  Ulchl- 


Bn.  and  'WIsconHln.  The  lands  west  of  the 
ISBlHBlppI  form  part  of  the  LoaUlana  Put- 
chase,  and  were  Included  sneceaslTeiT  In  the 
Territories  of  Upper  Lonislana.  Aikanaaa, 

Missouri,      and    lowi  "      

passed  an  a 

.      In    IBBl,    _-,  —  .,.-. — 

e  acqnlred  of  the  Dakotaa  bj  the 


|2e;&8e,0O0:  rje,  240,000  acres,  4.488,006 
hnstn-ls,  13,601,000  :  potatoes,  226,000  acres, 
SB,8TS,6oo  bushels,  f  15.008,000;  hsy,  TD9,- 
000  acres,   TBO.OOO  tooa,   «0.BOS,O0O. 

Minnesota  far  outranks  all  other  States 
Id  the  mining  of  Iron  ore.  and  during  Che 
last    four    years    has    contributed    Iwth    In 

rantlty  and  value  considerably  more  than 
if  the  Iron  ore  produced  and  marketed  Id 
tbe  United  Stales,  according  to  the  Cuited 
States  Ueologlcal  Surrey.  In  lOlS  the 
intni  morVoted  productloB  of  Irou  ore  Id 
—  a  (jfl,e43,098  long  tons,  val- 

"      rhlch    Minnesota 

valued     at 


at   til 
trlbutpi" 


ry  waa  G9,e43.09: 

So.eoG.Gse,  ot  i 


13,331 


capital' iDveated  was  1354,484.000.  giving 
employment  to  llS.flOO  persona,  ualng  ma- 
terial valued  at  S3 36. 849 ,000.  and  tumlnk 
out  llnlsbed  gooda  worth  |4e3,354,00a  SaT 
arlea  and  wagea  paid  amounted  to  tSO,- 
091,000. 

UlimesoU: 
Admisaion  of,  into  Unioii — 
DiBCDBsion  and  territoiy  ontsido  of, 

referred  to,  3121. 
Taking    of    eenauB   in    &eeardanee 
with  act  proTiding  for,  referred 
to,  3002. 
Coiutitotion  of,  trnnsmitted,  3000. 
Indian  massaereB  in,  and  persona  sen- 
tenced   to    be    hanged,    discoaeed, 
3345. 
Laud  districts  of,  6862,  6853. 
Pnblie  bnildiuff  to  be  erected  in,  re- 
ferred to,  268S. 
Pnblie  lands  In,  to  be  surveyed,  2838. 
Ulnnaaota  and  Northwaatom  Ballroad 
Co.,  suit  instituted  agains^  in  name 
of  United  States  referred  to,  2830. 
Mlnnetanw      Tti^iana       (See      Indian 

Tribes.) 
IDnt.— By  an  act  of  Congress  passed  April 
2,  1T&2,  tbe  first  United  State*  mint  waa 
eatabliabed  at  Fhiladelpliia.  The  flrat 
macbloery  and  Drat  metal  nasd  were  Im- 
porteo,  and  capper  cent!  were  coined  tbe 
following  year.  In  1T&4  allver  dollars  were 
madg,  and  the  sueeedlng  rear  gold  easles. 
In  1885  braocb  mints  were  esfabilshed  Id 
New  Orleans,  La.,  at  Charlotte,  N.  C.  and 
at  Dahlooega,  Qa. ;  In  1802,  at  Ban  Fran- 
daco,  Cal. ;  la  1864,  at  Dallas  City,  Oreg.. 
and  Id  ISTO.  at  Carson  City,  Nev.  The 
minte  at  Charlotts  and  Dahionega  were 
suspended  In  1801.  that  at  Dallas  in  18TS. 


In    1912   Minnesota   produced 
S4.:24»,Hl»  long  tons  of  Iron  ore,  valued  at 

S 61. 805,017.  Because  of  Its  great  wealth 
]  Iron  ores  and  ot  their  extended  develop- 
ment, Minnesota  ranks  ninth  among  a"  "" 
--— —   ■-    "■-    '--al    value   of   its   m 

'Sine  of  the  Iron  or.  ,_. 
B  represents  considerably 
luure  [luin  uiuclt  per  Cent  Of  the  total 
output.  Tbe  cblet  sources  of  supply  are  (lie 
Hesabl   and  Vermilion   ranges. 

The  report  of  the  Stale  treasurer  showed 
a  balance  on  band  Aug.  1.  1910.  ot  •4,261,- 
231 :  receipts  dnrlng  the  year,  »15,ei3.048, 
and  expenditures,  816.364,780  ;  caah  balance 
July  31.  leil.  «3,608.401.  The  bonded  debt 
at  the  end  of  tbe  flscal  year  was  tl.B18,00a 
There  were  In  1006,  8,228  mtles  ot  steam 
nitwsy  In  the  State  and  BSS  mllea  irf  elec- 


Kew  Orleans  from  1860  to  1879.  Aisay 
olllces,  considered  branches  of  the  mint,  were 
esUbllshed  at  New  York  In  1854.  Denver. 
Col.,  in  1864.  Bols«  City,  Idaho.  In  18T2, 
and  at  other  places  at  later  dates.  The 
mlDts  as  at  present  established  are  situated 
at  Philadelphia,  San  Francisco  and  New 
Orleans  i  those  at  Carson  City  sDd  Denver 


Ulnt: 
Abnaea  of,  discnaaed,  177. 
Artists  from  abroad  engaged  in,  120. 
Branch  of — 
At  Colombus,  Ohio,  nfarred   to, 

4311. 
At    New    Orleans,    atatement    of, 

transmitted,  629S. 
At  New  York  recommended,  2352, 

S407,  2500. 
Establishment     of,     recommended 
and  referred  to,  7S,  1432,  4310, 
In  California  leconu 
S557,  2021. 
Baferred  to,  tlO. 


oyGoO»:^Ic 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


In  NortlL   Carolina,   Oeorpa,  and 

Louisiana,  leferred  to,  1383,  14S5. 

Buildings  and  groundB  at  Colombiu, 

Ohio,  offered  to  United  States  for, 

by  P.  Michel,  4311. 

Coinage  at,  referred  to,  2407. 

Proclamation  regarding,  £39. 
Defective  coins  lodged  in,  160. 
MedalB  made  in,  for  army  and  navy 

officers,  1615. 
Opening  of  more  mints,  with  author- 
ity to  coin  (or  foreign  nations, 
recommended,  4S0L 
At  New  York,  2352,  2407,  2500. 
In  California,  24S6,  2557,  2821. 
In   North    Carolina,    Qeorgia,   and 
Louisiana,  13S3,  1495. 
Beferred  to,  S9,  141,  177. 
Beiznie  of,  at  New  Orleans  by  an- 
thorities    of    Louisiana,     referred 
to,  3199. 
Ulut,  Director  of,  reports  of,  transmit- 
ted, 303,  305. 
Mlnntamen. — At  a  scaaEou  of  the  prorEn- 
rlal   congreu   of   MuMchasett%   Nor.   3t, 
1774,  It  was  Totei  to  enroll  12,000  minute- 
men.     Tber  were  to  t>e  onanlEed  ■■  mlUtla 
and   hold  theniielTet  read;   for  lerTlce  at 

UlrafloTM   lalud,   San    Juan    Harbor, 

Pnerto  Bieo,  referred  to,  6706. 
M'ntT"'*  Plot.— A  Joint  icheme  of  citt- 
■cns  of  the  United  States  and  Qreat  Britain 
wherebT  throusb  the  asltation  o(  one 
Hlranda,  a  clClitn  of  Carecaa,  Vtnnuela, 
dlsutlsfactloa  wa*  to  be  spread  among  the 
SpanUli  and  French  proTlnces.  During  the 
NTOIatloDS  which  It  was  hoped  woaia  en- 
■ae  Oieat  Britain  was  to  obtain  the  West 


WrlMlia,  Tlia: 
Capture  of,  by  the  PMlaAelpMa  near 

Gibraltar  in  1803,  352. 
Indemnification  to  captors  of.  and  of 
the  MWhouAa   for  the   puDlic   ac- 
commodation, recommended,  354. 
lUadamaanora.     (See  Crimea  and  Mis- 
demeanors.) 
Hlationda,  Tbo,  indemnification  to  cap- 
tors of,  recommended,  354. 
Hlulon    OonuniasloD,    recommendation 

of,  referred  to,  5661. 
HlBsloD  Indiana.  (See  Indian  Tribes.) 
UlnionarlaB,  Amaiican,  treatment  of, 
in  Turkey  discussed,  4627,  5090,  E872, 
5962,  6069,  6147. 
Ulaalonary  Sldgo,  or  Obftttanooga 
(Tann.),  Battlo  of.— After  retiring 
from  Lookout  Moantaln,  Bragg'a  arm;  con- 
centrated on  MlMlonarj  Ridge,  scroaH  the 
Chaltanooga  Vallcj  and  aoutbeast  of  the 
cit;.      On    the    morning    of    Nov.    2S.    1663, 


t  the  e: 


north  end  ot  t! 


_ _.  -allPi  a 

batlls  raged  all  da;,  bat  the  Conrederales 
held  the  position  until  late  In  the  after- 


wlthdrawala  to  aapport  the  left  and  right. 
It  waa  then  that  Otant,  watcUnc  the 
progreaa  ot  the  Bght  from  Orchard  Knob, 
ordered  forward  the  Ami]'  of  tbe  Camber- 
land,  under  Thomas.  Wood's  and  Sheridan's 
dlvialona  charged  tbe  Confederate  eenter. 
The  brigades  of  Uasen  and  Wltlleh  were  In 
advance.  Darkness  came  on,  when  the  Con- 
federates retreated.  Parsnlt  was  stopped 
when  the  ridge  was  won.  The  Confederates 
loat  more  than  9,000,  Including  8,000  prt»- 
oners.  Fort;  pieces  of  artlUerv  snd  7.000 
stand  of  small  arms  fell  Into  the  hands  of 
tbe  victors.  The  Federal  casualties  In  the 
Chsttanooga  carapaign  between  Ko*.  24  and 
Not.  29  were  TGS  killed,  4.722  wounded,  and 
S49  missing— a  total  of  B,S24. 

Hlsslons   Botmdarr  Dlsputo,    avidenea 
presented  to  President  of  Unitad 
States  as  arbitrator  by  Argentina 
Republic  and  Bia^  &S67. 
Award  of,  discnssed,  6058. 
MlMdaalppl.— One  of  tbe  soaChern  group  of 
■tatea;  nickname,  "The  Bayou  State."     It 
la  named  for  the  river  ot  that  name  and  ex- 
tends from  laL  80'  10*  to  SS"   north  and 
from  long.  88°    B'   to  91"   40"  west.      It  la 
bounded   on   the   north   by    Tennessee,    on 
the  east  by  Alabama,  on  the  aonth  by  the 
Gulf  of  Heiico  and  Louisiana,  and  on  the 
west   by    Louisiana    and    Arkansas    (sepa- 
rated by   the  Mississippi   River},  and   bu 
sn  area  of  46,866  square  miles. 

The  region  was  visited  by  De  Soto  In 
1540,  and  a  settlement  was  attempted  by 
the  French  under  Iberrllle  at  Bllozl  In 
1699.  The  territory  was  ceded  by  Prance 
to  Qreat  Brllaln  In  1763.  Part  was  ceded 
to  the  United  Btatea  In  1T88  and  tbe  re- 
mainder was  acquired  In  1803.  The  Terri- 
ta^  of  MlaalsBlppI  wns  organlied  In  1798 


Feb.  IT.  1870.    The  State  has  a  aeml-trop- 
Ical  clImBte   a--*  — *■  --" 
Statistics  of 

last   Federal   i 

farms  In  the  State  at  274,882,  comprising 
18,BC>7,C>B3  acres,  vslned,  with  stock  and 
Improvements,  at  (426,314,684.  The  aver- 
age value  of  land  per  acre  waa  |13.69^  an 
■□crease  froui  (6.80  In  IDOO.  The  valne  ot 
domestic  animals,  ponltry,  etc.,   waa  f75,- 

1  railway 
le  Ulaala- 

,-,rtde  ustn- 

facilities  (or  transit.    The  popolatlon  In 

1910  was  1,797,114. 

The  number  of  manafactarlng  establish- 
ments In  MlnalaBlppI  bsvlng  an  annual  out- 
pat  valaed  at  (500  or  mare  at  the  begin- 
ning o(  191G  waa  2,209.  The  amount  of 
capital  Invested  waa  181,006,000,  giving  em- 
ploymeot  to  52,277  persons,  using  material 
valued  at  (41.840.000,  and  turnlnc  ont  lln- 
isbed  goo^  worth  |79,5S0,000.  Salaries 
and  wages  paid  amounted  to  (23,008,000. 
UMlMippl  (see  Confederate  States); 
Aaron  Burr  surrenders  to  officers  in 

Territory  of,  409. 
Act  endowing  church  in,  vetoed,  476. 
Act  to  authorize  special  term  of  cir- 
suit    court    of    United    States    in, 
to    be  held  in    Beranton,    vetoed, 
4440. 
Citiiena  of  Territory  of,  must  b«  pro- 
tected, 372. 
Combinations,  unlawful  in,  proclama- 
tion against,  4276. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Miedssippi 


CoDBolidation    of   Tenitoiy  of,   dis- 

eiiBBed,    86. 
EleetioD*    ',  and  eomplie&tiona  grow- 


ov       i,  proelunfttion  regarding,       j*^^- 


4276. 
rifteeotli  amendment,  action  of,  on, 

referred  to,  4001. 
Lands  granted  to,  in  aid  of  railroadf 

referred  to,  3580. 
Lands   in   Territoiy  of,  daimed  b^ 

Oreat  Britain,  438, 
Laws  of  Terrltorj  of,  leferred  to, 

292,  303. 
LegiilatiTo  council  for — 

Dissolved  by  governor  of,  445. 

Nomination  of,  445. 
Uemorial    from,    regardtag    alleged 

violation     of    treaty    by    United 

States  transmitted,  2003. 
Nomination  for  council  of,  445. 
OtBces  in.  President  Jackson  refuses 

to  make  further  nominations  for, 

11&9. 
Provisional   governor   for,   appointed 

and  restoration  of,  into  Union  dls- 

enseed,  3512. 
Beeonstnetion  of — 

HeeommendatiosB  regarding,  S96S. 

deferred  to,  4000. 

Time    for    sabmitting   eonstitntion 
to  voters  prorlaimed,  3970. 


Soo*r 


IS  premium.     Law,  ■•  dl 


obtain  an  Interview  with  tbe  modem  Plntns. 
Wblle  randdence  ImtPd  ■  factitious  im- 
pulse was  slTrn  to  trade  in  Tarls.  the 
TBlUB  o(  manufaFtures  was  InpraaMd  tour- 
told,  and  the  demand  tar  exceeded  the  aup- 
-'-f.  The  population  la  said  to  have  been 
ireaapd  by  hundmls  at  tboasandi.  manr 
til  whom  were  tiad  to  take  shelter  In 
Mrrrla,  kitchens  and  alables.  Hut  the 
Bi^nt   had    mranwhtle   caased   the   paper 


Survey  of  towns  in,  referred  to,  697. 

Unlawful  combinations  in,  proclama- 
tion against,  4276. 
lUasIsslppl  Bubble.— Tha  dicnntlc  eon- 
tnprcla]  acheme  commonly  known  by  thia 
Dame  was  projected  In  France  by  the  Mle- 
braled  fluBneler,  John  Law,  of  EMinbnrsh, 
In  1T17,  and  collBpupd  Id  ITSO.  Its  pri- 
mary objpct  was  to  dprclnp  the  monrras 
of  the  Province  ot  Loulilnna  and  the  coun- 


uguat.  ITIT.  unihr  the  title  ot  "The  Com- 
my  ot  the  West,"  and  started  with  a  rapl- 
'  -'  -"^"^  -- — I  of  800  llvres  each. 
TluslTe   prlrllsKa   ot 

—     ._     .__     JSlppl.    farming    the 

s  and  cololns  moDev.     The  prosperia* 

was  so  Invlllns  that  atiares  were  esKerly 
tMught.  and  when.  In  1TI9,  the  company 
obtained  the  monopoly  of  IradlnR  to  the 
Bast  Indies,  China  sod  the  Boiilb  Beaa. 
and  all  the  pnswsslona  nf  the  Frenrh  Bast 
India  Company,  the  brilliant  vision  opened 
Dp  to  the  pubflc  gaie  was  irresistible.  The 
"Company  of  the  Indies."  ■■  it  was  now 
called,  created  CO.OOO  additional  shares :  but 
a  ngr  tor  speculation  had  nrlned  all  rlaors, 
and  there  were  at  Icaat  300,000  applicants 
' —  " ' —'-•-'-  ronsequentiy  rose 


and  the  street  In  front  ot  it  were  dally 
crowded  by  ■ppllranta  of  both  sexes  and 
of  all  ranks,  who  were  content  to  wait  tar 
"■ '-r  days  together — in  ordai  i- 


their  paper  and  abarea  Into  sold,  wblch 
they  tranamltted  to  Bogland  or  Belgium 
tor  satnty.  The  Increasing  scarcity  at  gold 
and  allver  becoming  felt,  a  general  niD 
waa  made  on  the  bank.  The  Mieslaalppi 
stock  now  fell  coneiderably.  and  despite  all 
etforta  eoatlnued  to  fall  steadily  and  rapld- 

biit,  Through   thra  gn.,  —    -^ — 

the  share  market,  tt  failed  to  put  the  public 
credit  on  a  sound  basis.  Tlie  crisia  came 
at   last.      In    July.   1T20,   the  bank   stopped 

Syment.  and  Law  was  conipelled  to  flee 
e  country.  The  French  goTemment  was 
very  nearly  orerturned  and  widespread 
flnanclal  dlatress  and  bankruptcy  followed. 
HlaalMftpi  River: 

Act  to  remove  obstractions  to  navi- 
gation in  month  of,  vetoed,  291B, 

Appropriations  for,  768,  934,  2124. 

Breakwater  near  mouth  of,  referred 
to,  988. 
'    Bridge  over,  at  Bock  laland,  HL,  and 
La  Crosse,  Wis.,  4148. 

Channel  at  month  of,  to  bo  deepened, 
3019. 

Condition  of,  near  Vicksbnig,  Miss., 
referred  to,  4082. 

Defense  of,  provision  for,  recommend- 
ed, 394. 

Delta  of,  anrveya  of,  referred  to, 
2666. 

Exploration  of  country  west  of,  re- 
ferred to,  2261. 

Grants  to  James  B.  Eads  for  conatme- 
tion  of  jettiea  in,  order  regarding, 
4262. 

Improvementa    of,    roeommendationa 

regarding,  4671,  4647,  4682,  478t. 

Appropriation   for,   788,   934,   2124. 

Improvement  of  South  Pass  of,  dis- 
cussed, 4362,  4S24,  463S. 

Levees  of,  preservation  of,  rec.om- 
mendatioos  regarding,  3652,  468^ 
4797. 

Uail  route  from  California  to,  recom- 
mended, 2992. 

Appropriation  for  improving,  934, 
2124. 

Treaty  with  Spain,  regarding,  106, 
110,  1S4. 
Plan  for  reclamation  of  alluvial  basin 

of,    subject    to    inondatiOD,    42S7, 

4272. 
Bailroad  from  Pacific  Ocean  to,  rev 

ommended,  2714,  2754. 
B«ftired  to,  1104,  IIM. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Mississippi 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


ippl 

BeBolution  in  reUtion  to  retnOT&l  at 
obBtructiona  to  navigatioii  in,  rea- 
BOUB  for  appljiug  pocket  veto  to, 
313S. 
Soivoy  of — 
Appropriation  for,  768. 
Near    completion   of,  referred   to, 
677. 
Sarvejs  of  mouth  of,   ISOO. 
MlwfBBlpbl  Blver  OonuniMion: 

Appropriation  for  protection  of  levees 

recommended  by,  4662,  4797. 
Beport  of,  diflcuBsed,  4TS4. 
MlMOnrL — one    ol    tbe    central    wntecn 
group  of  states ;  motto,   "Salus  popull  >a- 

KemB  lex  esto"  ("Let  the  p«iple'B  aHtetr 
tbe  aupreme  law").  It  takea  iti  nsnie 
from  the  Missouri  RItst,  which  In  turn  Is 
Damed  after  a  tribe  of  IndlanB  belonslDK 
to  tbe  Blauan  lamllr.  The  State  Is  In- 
cluded between  lat.  36°  and  40°  80'  north 

■  nil    Innr     an"     •>•    anil     OK«    Af    WBgt.        It    la 

a  the  east 
Itj,  and  Tennesaee  (aepa- 
sBlppll,  on  the  south  o; 

._,   .  ._     _   tbe  west  tjy  tbe  ladlan 

Territory,  KansBB.  and  Nebraaka  (sepa- 
raled  In  part  b;  the  UlBBoarl  River),  and 
has  an  area  of  Be, 420  square  nUlcB. 
SUiURhterInK  and  meat-pncking  are  the  most 
ImportDDt  mdUBtrles,  tbe  manufacture  of 
tobacco  ranhlnx  second. 

The  territory  waa  flrst  settled  at  St. 
OencTleTe  by  the  French  In  1T66,  was  ceded 
to  Spain  In  ITSS,  ceded  back  to  France  In 
1800,  and  was  ceded  by  Franee  to  the 
United  States  In  160S,  tormlnK  part  of  the 
Loulalana  Purchase.  Mlaaourl  Teiiitory 
was  toimed  In  1612  and  admitted  to  the 
Union  as  a  Bute  In  1B21. 

StatlstlcB  of  agriculture  collected  for  the 
last  Federal  censua  place  the  number  of 
farms  In  tha  State  at  277,244,  comprlslua 
34.501,24S  acrea,  valued,  with  stock  and 
ImproTemeDtH,  at  t2,0S 2.9 17.488.  Tbe  av. 
eraKC  value  of  land  per  acre  waa  t41.80. 
00.    Tbe  value 

8l',482*^"catt"s1 


detennlnlns   the    raloe    Is    i 


rated  by  t 


10,000  bushela, 

00   acres.   BO,- 

;   oata,    1,200,- 

ui™  -I..,..,   ..,.« „„..... B.   17,902,000; 

SotntocB.  95,000  acrea.  Z.BSS.OOO  bushels, 
2.818.000:  hay.  2.430.000  acrea,  1.458,000 
tona.  119.391. 000:  tobacco.  0,000  acrea,  4,- 
800,000  pounds.  (676,000. 

MlseouTl  leads  all  the  other  atatea  In  the 
production  of  two  Important  metals,  lead 
and  line,  and  In  the  prodortlon  of  two 
relatively  unimportant  mlnerftla.  barytea 
and  tripoll.  according  to  a  atflleraent  made 
public  by  nie  Uulted  States  Geological  Bur. 
vey  In  cooperation  with  the  Missouri  State 
Survey.  The  state  also  ranks  second  In  the 
production  of  mineral  paints.  Tbe  mining 
and  marketlBR  ot  lead  and  line  ores  In 
MIsbootI  Is  of  a  character  peculiar  to  tbe 
state.  In  tbat  the  ores  themselvpB,  or  rather 
tbe  concentrates,  are  marketed  prodacts, 
and  strictly  speaking  the  basis  of  prodnctlon 
Is  tbe  output  and  value  of  Che  concentratea. 


or  more  of  (he  metala,  these  being  separated 
In  tbe  ameltlng  and  reOnlng  pnKxaa^  The 
,—>. -f  Mlaaourl    and   q'   "■-    -"■— 


.    and   of   the   other 


little  sliver  that  It  Is  ^aregarded 

say  and  aale  nf  '— - 

produced  froB 

and  sloe  conee 
10».3G8.  BXa 
Based  on  iSs 
prodactloli  of 


1,339,856   short   tons,  valued  a.  ... 

033,864,  In  1912,  to  14,318,126  tons,  valued 
atJT,46S.30S.  In  1913. 

The      report      -•      •■'—      =■'-■- 


s  that  Is  the  condition  In  whl<4i  the  prod- 
act  Is  first  sold.  In  mait  of  the  metal-prr 
ducing  states,  however,  the  only  method  < 


1200,667.  Cobalt,  nickel  and  barytea  i._. 
siso  produced.  Tbere  are  27.480  acres  of 
land  In  the  State  unreserved  and  unappro- 
priated. Tbe  Uulted  States  land  office  la 
at  Bprlogfleld. 

The  nombcr  of  mauufacturtng  ectabllsh- 
menta  In  Mlasourl  having  an  annual  out- 
put valued  at  ISOO  or  more  at  the  beglnnbu 
of  191B  waa  8,380.  Tbe  amount  of  capital 
Invested  waa  1522.648,000,  giving  employ- 
ment to  188,266  peraona,  utiog  material 
valued  at  1388,715,000,  and  taming  oat  fln- 
tshed  goo&  worth  (637,962,000.  BaUrlea 
and  wages  paid  amounted  to  (126.495,000. 
8t.  LodIs  sDd  Kansas  City  are  Imjrartant 
centers  of  traffic  In  live  stock  and  grain. 
The  State  has  8.066  miles  of  Steam  rail- 
roada  aod  1,129  miles  of  electric  llnea. 
The  population  In  1910  was  3,298,886. 
UlMOUri   (Bee  also  Bpringfteld) : 

Admlsaion  of,  into  Union,  proclaimed, 

064. 
Bank  of.    (8ee  Bank  of  Hisaonri.) 
Boundaries  of,  extended,  1493. 
Boundary  line  with  Iowa,  diapnte  re- 
jecting, 1175,  1777,  1788. 
Denlcation  of  officers  in,  941,  970. 
Indian  titles  to  lands  in,  extineniahed, 

769,  1538. 
Joint  resolntion  placing  troops  of,  on 
footing  with  others  aa  to  bounties, 
reaaons  for  appljing  pocket  veto  to, 
3733. 
Judicial  districts  of,  6733. 
Lead  minea  in,  711,  93L 

^eB  to  be  rail 
'  of,  for  suppression  ai 
lion  in,  3241. 
Order  regarding,  324S. 
Bailroads  in,  to  be  made  available  for 
military  oses  of  Oovemment,  3317. 
Becnrity  of  trade  with  Uezieo,  dis- 
cussed,  1036. 
Troops  of,  orders  respecting  inspee- 
tion  of  records  of,  3433. 
MlMOnrl,  Tlie,  loss  of,  by  firs,  referred 
to,  2122. 
Aid  rendered,  by  British  aotborities 
at  Gibraltar,  eiSS. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


«.— An  «)rr«emM]t 
ceUtlve  to  tbe  quettlon  of  ilirarr  embodied 
In  a  bill  p4>*ed  by  Cddet«bb  March  3,  1820, 
and  In  the  act  adniLltlaa  Mlaaoad.  Feb. 
28.  1821.  Upon  th«  Introdnctlan  Into  Con- 
grew  durlQK  the  wulan  of  1818-19  of  a 
Em  proTldlDg  lor  the  admlulon  of  Hlnonrl 
u  a  Btate,  bnt  problbltlns  alaverip  therein, 
tb*  oppoaltlon  OIL  the  pan  ol  the  Bonthern 


i  becaiM   violent   and   thTcatenlng, 

and   after    long    and    brilliant    debate*   a 
compromlie  was  ellected^chleD;  throagh  the 


Next  rear  the  bill  [nraed  tbe  Honte  again 
In  tbe  aame  form.  The  Senate  voted  to  ad- 
mit Ualne  provldad  Mluonrl  was  admitted 
ai  a  alaTe  state.  The  Houm  rejected  the 
proposal.  Representative  Thomaa.  at  Illl- 
hoIb,  propoaed  a*  a  compromlae  the  admla- 
Blon  of  HlBKiarl  a*  a  alave  state  provided 
that  In  futnre  alaver;  Ihoald  be  prohibited 
In  all  the  territory  forming  part  of  the 
Lonlalana  Fnrdiaae  north  of  36°  iff,  tbe 
aoDtheni  boandar;  of  tbe  new  atate.  Thla 
waa  agreed  to.  Cu  the  qnestlon  aa  to  wben 
the  compromlae  waa  abandoned,  whether  be- 
fore or  at  tbe  paaaage  of  the  Kanua-No- 
braaka  bill  In  18H,_Mrtm  and  aeetlona 
have  been  divided,  when  Hlssoorra  con- 
Btltatlon  waa  laid  before  Congma  It  waa 
fonnd  that  tt  contained  clanaea  exclodtng 
free  negroes  from  the  state.  The  Honae 
therefore  refnaed  to  admit  Mlssonrl.  Clay 
etTeeted  a  further  compromlae  whereby  Uls- 
aoorl  agreed  not  to  deprive  of  bla  rigbta 
an;  dtlaen  of  another  state. 
HUKnirl  OompmnlMi  discuMed,  8467, 

2491,  2878. 
Mlnonrl  Blv«r,  exploiatloi)  of,  386,  398. 
Kinoaila  IndUns.  (8«e  Indian  Tribes.) 
Mobile,    Alsbuu;    population    (1900), 
36,469. 
Achievements   of  Federal   forces  in 
harbor  of,    and    orders  respecting 
celebration  of,  3439. 
Collection  district  of,  established,  3S7. 
Object  of,  mlBnnderetood  b;  Spain, 
3S8. 
Hoblla  and  DanpUa  Island  BallToad 
and  Harbor  Oo.,  act  regarding  grant 
of  right  to,  to  eonstmct  trestle  be- 
tween Cedar  Point  and  Danphin  Is- 
land, returned,  6784. 
HobUa  Bar  (Ala.),  Battle  of  — Ang.  S. 
1864.  B«ar-Admlral  Farragnt  lashed  to  the 
rigging  of  the  flagship  Barlford,  paaud  the 
forts  and  obstructions  at  tbe  entrance  to 
Habile  Day  and   captnred   the   Confederate 
ram  Temetiee.     Mobile  Bay  was  defended 
tr    Fort    Galnea,    on   the   eaatem    end    of 
Danphin  Island.  Fort  Uorgan.  on  tbe  weat- 
em  extremity  of  Mobile  nlnt,  east  of  tbe 
channel,   and   Fort    Powell,   altaated   an   a 
amall  laland  weat  of  Danphin.    Forta  Galnea 
and  Morgan  commanded  the  main  channel, 
the  former  monntlox  21  gnna  and  the  lUr 
ter  48. 

In  the  bay  were  tbe  Iron-clad  ram  Tat- 
HCMM  and  the  gnnboata  OolMt,  Motvait, 
and  Btlmta  nnder  the  command  of  Admiral 
Bnehanan.    The  remiaaase  waa  built  on  the 


l>ore  and  4  ili-lnch  broadaldea.  Obatruc- 
tlons  and  defense  of  all  kinds  had  been 
placed  aronnd  tbe  harbor  and  80  torpedoei 
were  itmng  across  the  channel.  Farrsgnt's 
fleet  coDslated  of  14  wooden  ablps  and  4 
monltora  Oen.  Gordon  Granger  had  landed 
4,000  Federal  troops  on  Dauphin  laland,  In 
the  rear  of  Fort  Galnea,  to  cooperate  with 
the  fleeL  The  Beet  got  nnder  war  early  In 
the  morning  and  before  T  o'clock  the  en- 
ngenwnt  biecame  general.  Tbe  monitor 
Irecwmaeh  flred  the  first  shot,  and  shortly 
afterward  atmck  a  torpedo  and  snnk,  with 
her  commander,  Capt.  Craveo,  and  most 
of  her  crew.    Within  an  boor  th-  -■■'■ 


had  paaaed  t: 


three  Confederate  vessels,  Uie  Uoraa..  _ 
caped  up  the  bay.  tbe  Oalnu  was  disabled, 
and  the  Selmo  waa  captured  with  ber  crew 
of  90  offlcera  and  men. 

The  night  after  the  battle  Fort  Powell 
was  abandoned  and  blown  op.  Next  day 
Fort  Gaines  waa  abelled  by  the  Cfilotaiaw 
and  anrrendered  with  800  prisoners.  Gran- 
ger'B  troopa  ware  transferred  to  the  rear  of 
Fort  Morgan.  Ang.  22  It  was  bombarded 
and  on  the  23d  It  aarreodered.  WlUk  tbe 
defenses  of  Mobile  there  were  taken  104 
gons  and  1.464  men.  Operatlona  oitalnst 
Uie  city  of  Mobile  were  b^n  Uarch  20, 
18SS.  Two  forta  protected  the  city  after 
the  nassase  Into  the  harbor  had  been  made. 
April  4  these  witp  bombarded.  Fonr  days 
later  another  bombardment  was  beenn.  fal- 
lowed In  the  evening  by  an  assanlt.  Tbe 
onler  works  were  carried  during  the  night 
and  preparations  msde  to  complete  the  con- 
quest next  dav,  bnt  at  1  o'clock  on  the 
morning  of  April  9  the  garrison  surrendered. 

Uobllo  Point,  Ala.,  f  ortiflcations  at,  ree- 
ommended,  691. 

Beferred  to,  896. 
UobHo  Bivar: 

Commeree  passing  tbrongb,  obstruct- 
ed by  arbitrarT-  dnties  and  vexa- 
tions reeearchea;  armed  reslstanoe 
authorised,  872. 
Modoc  Indiana.     (See  Indian  Tribes.) 
Uobawk,  The,  capture  of  the  Wildftre 

with  cargo  of  slaves,  by,  3124. 
Mohawk  InJtani.    (Bee  Indian  Tribes.) 
Mohican  Indiana.    (See  Indian  Tribes.) 
Mo4aI-la-la>     Indians.      (Bee     Indian 

Tribes.) 
Mo-lel  Indians.  (See  Indian  Tribes.) 
MoUno  del  B«7  (Mexico),  Battle  of.— 
When  the  fortlflcatlona  of  Contreraa  and 
Chnmbuaco  had  been  passed.  Gen.  Bcott 
took  np  hla  headqaarters  at  Tacabaya,  tbe 
blabop'a  eaatle.  overlooklnE  the  western  ap- 
prosehea  to  the  City  of  Heilco,  and  two 
and  one-half  milea  diacant.  Tbe  Brat  formid- 
able obstmctloD  wa«  Rl  Hollno  del  Bey 
("The  Kln^a  Mill").  Gen.  Worth'a  divlalon 
of  S.IOO  men  wa*  detailed  for  attack  unoo 
this  and  Ifs  snpnortlng  torttfl  ration  a.  Caia 
de  Mata.  These  were  atone  bulldlnga.  strong' 
ly  fortified  and  ably  defended,  the  Hextcaas 
coDtesUDg  ever;  toot  of  the  groond.    Tbe 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Messages  end  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


UoUno  dal  K«r  (Ifex.),  BatO*  of-0(M. 
attack  was  mada  on  tba  mornlns  of  8«pt 
S.  1847.  After  two  boura'  bard  flgtillu  Ae 
work!  were  rarrled  and  tb*  army  of  Santa 
Anna.  14.000  strDiis.  drlTCD  back.  Tb« 
Meilcao  Ion  waa  8.200  killed  and  woanded 
(amoUK  tbe  former  being  Oeneralg  Valdarei 
and  Leon)  aod  more  ttian  SOD  prlaooera. 
Including  B2  commlailoDed  offlcera.  The 
Amfrlran  Ion  was  116  llaclnding  B  offlcera) 
killed.  606  (iDClndloK  40  olDeers)  woanded 

and  18  mining.     The  i —  —  " —  '• 

Haia  was  t — 

Tacubaja. 

HoiUCO. — HonuM  ti  a  aoTerelgn  Prieclpal- 
Itj  on  tbe  coast  of  the  Mediterranean,  nine 
mllea  enat  of  Nice,  and  la  encloaed  00 
three  aides  by  tbe  Alpea  Harltlmea  depart- 
ment of  France.  Its  total  length  Is  2) 
miles  Bad  its  width  variea  from  ISG  to 
1,100  yards,  tbe  total  area  belce  0.6T» 
Knallsh  square  miles  or  3T0.S6  eagllsh 
■tatute  acres.  The  Prlaclpallty  Incladea 
the  towns  of  Monaco,  Condnmlne  and 
Home  Carlo,  and  hnd  a  populatloD  On 
leoS)  o(  19.121,  of  whom  635  were  natlTe< 
bom  Uonteaaqnea.  847  nntornllaed,  and 
the  remainder  foreigners.  There  la  a  larM 
floating   popnlatloti,    estlniat*d_  at  _BO.pop, 

leio. 


popnlatlc_.    

..■day  Tlaltora  exceeded  '. 
The    land    Is    divided    i 


.         long    1.300 
'.   Uoa^KaiiqueB. 


Hlilorv.— The    1 


__    ._.  F  Gojon  de  Mallgnon-arf- 

maldl)  since  (be  — — -  — •■—  —■"  - 
sb 

tectTon'of'SsTdlnTor  ~in~i 848" the' towns  of 
Uentone  and  Roccabrana  were  annexed  to 
EtardlDlo.  and  In  IseO  the  protecllon  was 
transferred  to  France. 

OovsmmFRt. — The  Priare  was  an  abso- 
Inte  rnler  until  thepromnlgatlcn  of  a  Con. 
Btltntlon  In  1B11.  Tne  throne  Is  hereditary 
In  Ibe  mnle  llae  (and  afterwards  In  the 
female    line)    oC    tbe       '     ' 


of  abnat   ISO  i 


There   are  no   1 


a  collection  mad*  daring  thlrtr  yeata  ot  m- 


4957. 
Monetary  mdon,  Aawlcan.      (See  In- 

tematioiuJ    American    Uonetaiy 

Union.) 
Honej,  OontliiBiitaL    (See  Continental 

Money.) 
Honor  Order  STStam,   discnsaed,   985, 

4639,  4937,  B377,  5756,  5881,  5971. 
Honer  Orden,  International,  dUenased, 

6881,  5971. 
Moser,  Fnbllc.    (Bee  Bevenne,  Public.) 
Monitor,   Tbe.    (See    Hampton    Boada, 

(Va.),  BatUe  of.) 
Monitor,    Tlie,    engagement    with    the 

Merrimac,  diseossed,  3313. 
Monmonth  (N.  J.),  Battle  of.~An  im- 
portant conflict  of  the  Bevolutlonary  War, 
foagbt  during  tbe  afternoon  of  Jane  28, 
1778,  at  Wenrock  Creek,  Uonmooth  County, 
N.  J.,  flen.  Wasblnelon  In  command  ot  (ha 
AmprlciiDS  and  Bli  Hearr  Clinton  command- 
ing [be  BrlllBh.  June  18  Clinton  left  Phlla- 
ddiibla  for  New  York  with  11,000  men  and  a 
large  Eupplf  train.  Waeblnaton  pursned  him 
with  about  20.000  men.  After  some  prelim- 
inary sklrmlsblng.  Id  which  the  AmerlODS. 
led  bj  Cen.  Charlea  Lee.  second  in  command, 
retreated,  a  general  battle  occurred.  The 
""'""'"   were  defeated   and  drew  off  ii~*"~ 


HIgbnem      Albert       Bonore 

Cbarlea,  Prince  of  Monaco.  Duke  of  Va- 
lentlDoli,  Marqnls  des  Banz.  bom  Not. 
i:i.  1848;  sncceeded  hia  lather  Bept  10, 
16S0. 

Bt  tbe  Constitution  of  Jan.  8.  1811,  par- 
liament ary  repreaeutatlon  and  complete 
civil  liberty  were  established.  Tbere  is  a 
Council  of  State  and  a  National  Couuell  of 
twenty-one    members,   elected   by    Indirect 


of  Gcti.  Charleii  L#e.  » ._ 

the  lattpr's  Qnal  dlsmlssaL  I^  had  op- 
posed bringing  on  tbe_  battle,  b"'  "  ' 

the 

Monocacy  (Md.),  Battle  of,— Oen.  Hnn- 
ter  Bocceeded  Gen.  SIgel  in  command  of 
tba  Federal  forces  in  the  Bbenandoab  Val- 
ley In  Jane,  1864.  Ben.  Early  was  de- 
tached from    Lee's  army  at   Richmond   a 


enforce   Gen.   Brei^inridge.   who 


I  the 


I  have  each  a   Municipal 

Conndi    elected    by    Toters   of    both    aexei. 
Order  Is  mnlntaloed  by  a  local  police  force 


aonn talus.    leaTlng   Washington 
..J.     Lee  tbereupon  reenforeeo  Early,  I 
aslng    his    Btrengtb    to    20.000.    and    (i 


hope  of  compelling  Orant  to  withdraw  some 
of  tbe  troops  before  Richmond  and  Peters- 
bnrK.  Tbe  fllith  Corps,  under  Wright  waa 
sent  to  defend  Washington,  with  the  Nine- 
teenth Corns,  wbleh  arrived  from  Hampton 
Roads.  Jnly  6  Early  reached  Hagerstown 
and  moved  a  atrong  column  toward  Fred- 
erick. wboreuDon  Gen.  Lew  Wallace  ad- 
vanced from  Baltimore  with  a  force  of  6.000 
men.  He  enmuntered  Karly  on  the  8th  at 
Uonoracy.  Md,.  and  tor  elaht  honrs  rcslKted 
his  advance,  but  waa  flnally  defeated,  with 
a  loss  of  98  klllrd.  C70  wounded,  and  1.263 
mining.  Tbe  Confederate  loss  was  stated 
by  Gen.  Farly  at  from  600  t«  TOO,  Inclnd- 
Ing  the  cavalry. 
Uonopolles,   evils   of  tmst*   aod,    dis- 

caued  and  reoommendations  regai^' 

ing,  6358,  5478,  6176. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


(VIIBT  Tnuc   lSlT-182].) 
Elibtlt   AdmlDlatradoD— DemocreUe-Bepnb- 

rt»-PrafWm— Daniel   D.   Toupklu. 

BecTttam  of  atate — 

JobD  Qulnc;  Adams. 
T«(<irv  of  tt'  " 

William  I 
Becrttary  of  H 

Qenrge  Gi-uunujp 

Jotin  C.  Calhoun. 
Btcretary  vf  th»  Haw — 

B.   V.    Crownlaableld    (continued). 

Smith   Thompson. 
Attoney-aenerat-- 

Rlehird  Kush  (coatlnoed). 

William  Wirt. 
Poitnailer-atneral — 

Betucn  J.  Melga. 
HominaUon. — James  Monroe  wss  electa 
by  Ibfl  Republican  part?  In  1816  and  18^0. 


a  the  e 


of  ISIO  U  on  roe  sod  Daniel 


The  e 


!K 


floral  V 


Monr 


183    I 


.        __._._  „     ..  .      romp. 

_.celTed  183  votes  (or  Vlce-PreS- 
aeat,  sod  Howard,  2£.  Klneieen  states 
took  part  In  tbls  electloB.  Indlaaa  for  the 
Brat  lime.  King's  vote  was  received  from 
Ihe  Kew  England  Stntea,  whera  the  elec- 
tors were  chasea  by  the  leg  Is  la  I  urea.  Had 
lbs  people  voted  there,  it  Is  more  tbaa 
probaWs  lhat_  they   would   hnve 


1  ol  I 


r  the 


._    ..._  r  of   1812,  which  the  Fed- 
eralists  opposed. 

Partp  AMHaUon.—la  the  Vlralnla  contest 
over  the  adoption  of  the  Canatilntlon,  Mon- 
roe Blood  beside  Henry  la  opposition,  and 
conseoled  to  Ihe  mtmcatlon  only  upon  the 
adoption  of  certain  amendments.  In  the 
Senate    be   was   a  prominent    Aati-Federal- 


e  Conduct  of  tbe  F 


Pollllral  Complexion  of  Conaren. — In  th« 


6T  Fe^erallBlH  and  128  tiemocrati 
Siiteemh  Congress  (181^-1821 1  tne  aenaie, 
of  *6  membera.   wna  made   up  of   10  Fed- 
ernllKta  and  36  DemocrnlB  :  and  the  Eouae, 


,-  - -B  made  up  ..  .   

Ista  and  41  Democrats :  and  the  Houae,  of 
187  memliers.  waa  made  up  of  B8  Federal- 
IslB  and  12e  Democrats.  In  the  Eighteenth 
Congress  (IS23-1825)  the  Senate,  of  48 
members,  was  made  up  of  40  Democrata 
■Dd  S  Whiga:  aad  (he  Bous^.  of  213  i 


Tlct-Prntdnit — Daniel  D. 
BttTttar})  of  Btale — 

John  Qnlncr  Adant*  (mntlnnad). 


Bicreiary  of  Vit  Trenmuy— 

WllUam  H.  Crawford  (eontlunsd). 


Smith  Thompson   jcontlnned). 
JohD  Rogers  (Prealdent  of  Navy  Com- 
mittee Sept.  1-Sept.  le,  1823). 
Samuel  J.  Sontbatd. 
A  ttorneu-  Q  antral — 

William  Wirt  (eontlnaed). 
PottiH  oa(er-0*nerol^ 

Return  J.  Meigs  (continued). 
John  McLean. 
BECOSD  TERM.~la  the  election  of  1S20. 
no    candidates    were    chosen    by    Congres- 
slonsl   caucus,   as  there  was  no   opposittotl 
to  Monroe  and  Tompklas. 
yoW.— The    election 


Bve  Monroe  all  of  the  votea  but  one.  It 
Bald  that  tbe  opposing;  vote  was  cast 
by  a  New  Hsmpalilre  elector  for  John 
Qnlncy  Adams,  In  order  that  Waahington 
alone  might  have  the  glory  of  a  nnatilmoiis 
elecllon.  Twenty-four  alates  took  part  In 
this  election— MlasiBglp pi,  IlllnolB,  Ainbama, 
Maine,  and  Missouri  bavlog  been  recently 
added   to  the  L'nion. 

infernal  improccmenta. — On  this  oaea- 
tloD  tbe  attitude  of  Monroe  was  tbe  same 
as  that  of  Jefferson  and  Madiaon.  He  held 
-■  ■     ■■     f  tbe  desirability 


t  of  maklag  them  (pag 
— •  -u  amendment  tr 


aproremcDt  ol  tbe  (Cumberland  road 

Public    Debt,— The    p 

United  Staiei  d     '         ' 


-   as   Alio 

(103,469.633.83:  1810 
1820,  |91,01 0,666.1 »:  H 
1822,  193.548,676.08;  IE 
1824,  (90,269,777.77 ;  li 
roHff.— The  act  of  I 
Increase   tbe   duties   oi 

tured  articles  importci,  luiu  mc  uuili-u 
Statea"  affected  euch  aillcles  aa  are  manu- 
factured from  capper  or  In  which  copper 
is  the  article  of  greatefll  value,  silver- 
plated  hare  ess,  coach  and  hnmeBa  furniture, 
cut  glass,  lackB.  brads,  eprlngs,  and  brown 
and    while  Russia   aheetlag.      Aaoiher   act. 

Iron  In  bara  and'hollB,  iron  In  pigs,  cast- 
ings, nails,  and  alum.  An  act  of  March 
S.  1819.  reitQiatPd  the  duties  on  certain 
wlaea.  In  hia  Fifth  AnauQl  Message  (page 
675)  President  Monroe  wiya :  "It  may  bo 
fairly   presumed   that   uuder  tbe  protection 

Sivea  to  domestic  maoufaclures  by  the  ex- 
iting laws  we  ahall  become  at  no  diatant 
period  a  manufacturing  country  on  an 
eiteoslve  scale.  Ponaesiilag  as  we  do  the 
raw  materials  In  such  vast  smouot,  with  a 
capacity  to  augment  them  to  a     '   ' 


obtained  alwaya  at  a  very  moderate  price: 
skilled  also  as  our  people  are  in  tbe  me- 
cbsnlc  arts  and  Id  every  Improvement  cal- 
culated to  lessen  tbe  demand  for  and  the 
price  of  labor.  It  la  manifest  Ihat  their 
success  In  every  branch  of  domestic  Indus- 
try may  and  will  be  carried,  under  the 
encouragement    given    by   the   present   dn- 


llea,   t_ 
which   1 


er    *    fair  \ 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


«niblr  iDcreawd,  and  nre  still  iDcreailng, 
under  tbe  eiicoDragFmenC  giTen  (hem  br 
tbe  tariff  of  1816  tad  b;  tnliaequeDt  laws. 


,__  aatladed,  how- 
ever. I  llkewlne  am  that  tbe  laterest  ot 
every  part  ot  tbe  L'nlon,  even  of  thoae  niixt 
benefited  by  manufactures,  require!  that 
tbiB  anbject  should  be  toui^hed  with  the 
greateat  caution,  and  a  critica]  knowledse 
of  the  effect  to  be  prodaeed  by  the  sllght- 
est  obange."  Again,  In  hia  Beventb  Annual 
UeaaaKe  (page  T84)  he  reueratea  bla  rlewe 
and  adds :"...!  reeammenil  a  revieir  ol 
tbe  tariff  tor  the  purpoae  of  afTordlng  Huch 
additional  protection  to  those  articles 
wbleb  we  are  prepared  to  msDufacture,  or 
which  are  more  Immediately  connected  with 
the  defense  and  IndepecdeDce  of  the  cono- 

Poreifftt  FeHeu. — The  foreign  policy  of 
the  Monroe  adnunlstratiaD  baa  become  fa- 
moos  under  tbe  name  of  the  Monroe  Doc- 
trine. This  attitude  toward  forelga  In- 
terference In  the  Western  Uemlaphere  ta 
contained    In    two   paragrapha   In   the    Bev- 


—    ,_ragrav-_   — 

enth    Annual    Message    (pake   T8T) 
Congress  Dec.   2,   1823.      Ver"   "'- 


illar 


1  John  Qulncy  Adama,  a  member 
uuuiue's  Cabin"!,  and  with  whom  Mon- 
coDSDlted,  U  alio  credited  with  arisi- 
ng these  Tiews.  In  Its  practical  appll- 
oQ.  tbe  policy  upbolda  opposition  from 
Unlled  States  aga'— '  " 
..    It  of  any  psrt  of  Am. 

Regarding  tbe  relations  ot  tbe  United 
Btatea  with  Europe.  President  Monroe  says 
In  his  First  Annual  Message  (page  B84)  : 
"A  strong  hope  Is  entertained  thai  by  ad- 
hering to  the  mnilma  of  a  joat.  a  candid, 
and  friendly  policy,  we  may  long  preaerre 
amicable  relations,  with  ^11  of  tbe  power* 
ot  Europe  on  coDiflllons  edyantageoaa  and 


__    joay    be   shown   by 

statistics  for  tbe  year  ISSO,  here  given ; 
Area,  2.00S.043  aq.  miles ;  popotatlon, 
S,63B.4G3 :  population  per  aq,  mile.  4.68 ; 
total  money  In  circulation.  (87,100,000:  Im- 
ports, tT4,4S0.0O0:  exports.  t60,S01.- 
ees;  ships  built.  6l.3fl4  tons;  vessels  Id 
deep  sea  trade,  019, (MS  tons;  vesaels  In 
coaalwlse  trade,   660,065  tons;  poat-oDces, 


his   Third    Annoft]    Message 
— '■* —   " ,   In  deacrlb- 


4,S00. 

Slovery,— II    —    

(page  631)    Fresldent   Mi 
log    the    means    taken    to    put    aown    tne 
■lave  trade,  aays:   "It  Is  hoped  that  these 
TigorouE  measures,  anpportea  by  like  acta 

commerce    so    disgraceful    to    the    clvtllied 

— "■'    — '-' "?5JPM^*?i'? 

Ined'  lQTh~Diil 

Uonnw,  Jbium: 
AccoDnts  Knd  clnliiia  of,  duensBed  br, 
846. 
deferred  to,  SS9. 
Annual  metBages  of,  E8D,  608,  623, 

642,  667,  7B4,  776,  817. 
Biographical  sketch  of,  57E. 


internal  improTementi  recommend- 
ed by,  587,  759. 
Correspondence  and  maniiKripts  of, 

unpublished,  purchase  of,  referred 

to,  6671. 
Discretionary    power    of    President 

over    nominations,    removals,    s^d 

other  acta  discDssed  by,  847. 
Finances  diacassed  by,  584,  613,  629, 

646,  67S,  766,  761,  780,  785,  822. 
Foreign  policy  diBcassed  by,  573,  582, 

624,   627,   639,   672,  685,   762,    787, 

7B1,  817,  829. 
Inaugural  address  of — 

First,  573. 

Second,  655. 
Internal  improTementa  discnased  by, 

687,   711,  713,   759. 
UlniBter  to — 

France,  nomination  of,  148. 


Settled  differences  with  Qreat  Brit- 
ain, nomination  of,  390. 

Ifonroe  Doctrine.  (Sea  Ifonroe  Doe- 
trine.) 

Oath  of  office,  notifies  Congress  of, 
time  and  place  of  taking,  G73. 

Portrait  of,  572. 

Power  of  legislation  in  District  of 
Colombia  should  be  taken  from 
Congress  and  vested  in  people,  616. 

Powers  of  Federal  and  State  Qovem- 
ments  discussed  by,  587,  Til,  713. 

Proclamations  of — 

Admission  of  Uisaonri,  664. 
Agreement  with  Great  Britain  for 
force  on  (Jreat  Lakes,  605. 


.  606. 

France,  752. 

EwnbuTir.  607. 

Lubeck,  642. 

Norway,  665. 

Oldenburg,  666. 
Eztraordlnanr    session    of    Senate, 

8S6. 
Importation  of  plaster  of  Paris,  re- 
strictions on,  removed,  603,  605. 
Lands,  sale  of,  580. 
Ports  opened  to  vessels  of  Great 

Britain,  753. 
Beward    for    murder    of    'William 

Beaver^  663. 
Bednction  m  peace  establishment  dis- 


cerning public  officers,  refused  br, 

698. 
Secretary  of  State,  476. 
South  Amsrican  Provinces,  message 

of,  regarding  independence  of,  685. 
State    of    Union    dtBcnssed    by,  623, 

642,  667,  776,  791,  817. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Uoozoot  Timtt    "i-f-ir-if 

Tariff  diaeuMed  bj,  678,  760,  784. 

Veto  meuage  of,  regarding  repair  of 
CoaberUnd  road,  711. 
Uonroa  Doctrine,— A«er  the  oTcrthrow  irf 
NapoleoD,  rrance.  Bassla,  PraMls  and  Ana- 
trla  tonned  tbe  (o-raLted  Holj  Alliance  Id 
September,  ISIS,  for  the  aiippreuloL  of 
revolDtloDi  wUhiQ  each  other's  domlDlons 
and  for  petpetnatlne  peace.  Tbe  Bpanlab 
coloDlea  In  America  baviae  revolted.  It  was 
rnmDred  that  thla  alliance  contemplated 
their  aubjuiratlon  although  the  United 
States  bad  aAnowledtred  their  Independence. 
(ieorge  CaDDlnir,  Englub  aecrelar;  of  State, 
proposed  that  England  and  America  anlte 
to  appose  auch  loterrentlan.  On  conaalCa- 
tlon  with  JeffersoD.  MadlBoo,  John  Qalncy 
Adama,  and  Calhoun,  Monroe,  In  bla  annnat 
messaae  to  Congreaa  In  18:^3  (page  T8T), 
embodied  the  concInBlane  of  Ibew  deltber- 
atlons  In  wbat  fass  aince  been  known  a« 
tbe  Hon  roe  Doctrine. 

Beterrlng  to  tbe  threatened  tnteTrentlon 
of  the  powers,  the  meaasge  declares:  "We 
owe  It,  tberefore,  to  candor  and  to  the 
amicable  relations  eilatlng  between  the 
United  States  and  those  powers  to  declare 
that  we  should  consider  any  attempt  on 
tbeir  part  to  extend  tbelr  Bjatem  to  any 
portion  of  thla  hemisphere  aa  dangerona  to 
our  peace  and  satetT.  With  tbe  existing 
CDlonlea   or  dependencies   of  an;   European 

Kwer  we  have  not  Interfered  and  sbalf  not 
terfere.  But  with  the  Government  who 
bave  declared  their  Independence,  and  main- 
tained It,  and  whose  Independence  we  bave, 
on  great  eonalderatlon  and  on  Juat  prin- 
ciples, acknowledged,  we  coald  not  view  an; 
Inlerpoalllon  (or  the  purpose  Of  oppressing 
them,  or  controlllDS  In  an;  other  manner 
their  destlnv.  b;  an;  European  power  In 
an;  other  light  than  as  [be  manlfeatatlon 
of  an  unfclendl;  disposition  toward  tbe 
United  Slates."  The  promulgation  of  tbia 
doctrine  Is  accredited  to  Mr.  Monroe,  bat 
Jan.  3.  ISll,  the  principle  was  ■ubsiautiaii; 
...   .  i_  ,.."  ^adlaon.     •- 


Delated  i 


e  473).  while 


from  tbe  heads  a 


othei    

The  praci 


foreign  poi 
further   fb 


8  clearly 
-hard  Oil 


He  stated  thi 
not  establish   _ 
the    United    Sti 


ipllcation  of  thla  doctrine 

.ban  to  place  tbe  United 

.  opposition  to  an;  poaslble  attempt 
European  power  to  snbjngate  or 
— '—  In  whole  or  In  part  of  an; 
It.  The  principle  Involvea 
forth  b*  Secretarr  of  State 
In  his  dispatch  of  Jnl;  80, 
'enetnelan  Bonndar;  dininte. 
'  —      " Doctrine  ''dnea 


tbe  Monroe  Doctrine  'Nloea 
n;  general  protectorate   b; 

tea    over    other    American 

Etatea  It  does  not  relieve  an;  American 
atate  from  Its  obllgationa  as  Dxed  b;  Inter- 
national law,  nor  prevent  an;  European 
power  direct!;  Interested  from  enforcing 
such  obllgstlons  or  from  Inflicting  msritea 
pnnlahment  for  the  bnacb  of  tbem." 

This  Interpretation  of  tbe  Monroe  Doe- 
trine  baa  been  upheld  In  the  moat  emphatic 
manner  by  Prealdent  Roosevelt  in  man;  of 
his /public  speeches  and  his  measagea  to 
Codgress  In  which  he  states  that  an;  well- 
meHted  punishment  Inflicted  b;  a  Bnnpean 


violate  Hie  Monroe  Doctrine,  provided  that 

— *- ■-' ' ■■  ■ ive  an;  oc- 

tamporar;, 


•neb  punishment  does  not  Involve  an;  oc- 
cupation,  either   permanent   c~ " 

of  American  territory. 


Uonroo  Doctrlno,  473,  787,  829. 

Ansed  force   neceasarr  to   maintain,. 

6004,  6S79,  70S5. 
A  gaarantee  of  peace,  7374. 
Enilained  bj  Secretary  Boot  to  Con- 
lerenee   of  Aineric*n  Sepublica  at 
Bio  Janeiro,  7439. 
Involves    International    police    dn^ 

by  U.  B.,  7053, 
Beuaerted  by  President— 
Buchacan,  3043,  3177. 
aeveland,  6064,  60S7. 
Grant,  4015,  4054,  4083, 
Polk,   224S,   2390,   2432. 
BooHvelt,  6664,  6666,  6966. 
Taft,  741B,  7772. 
Tyler,   2065. 
Bef  erred  to,  907. 

Territorial  agReaslon  by  U.  8.  not 
•overad  by,  6996. 
Montana.— One  of  the  weatem  group  of 
states :  motto,  "Oro  ;  plala"  ("Gold  and 
Sliver").  It  la  Included  between  let.  ta" 
and  48°  north  and  long.  ]04°  and  llS" 
It  la  bounded  on  the  n    "    *     ~  " 


Isb  America,  on  tbe  east  b;  tbe  Dakolas, 
~   '"         latn  by   Wyoming  and   Idaho,  and 


.,    .     jg  and  Idaho, 

tbe  west   b;   Idaho,   and   has  an   am 

of  146,997  square  miles.  Gold  illver  and 
copper  are  extenalvel;  mined  and  stock  rais- 
ing Is  an  Important  occupation. 

Montana  was  flrst  entered  In  1748  bj 
the  Chevalier  de  la  Verendrye  who  diacov- 
ered  tbe  Kock;  Mountains,  but  no  attempt 
was  made  at  a  settlement.  Montana  formed 
part  o(   tbe   Louisiana   Purchase,   and   tbe 


a  threat  of  Great  Britain  to  lake 

esKBBion  of  a  portion  of  Florida  claimed 
Spain,  he  used  these  wotda :  "I  recom- 
mend to  tbe  consideration  of  Congress  the 
season Bbleness  of  B  declatat Ion  that  the 
United  Btatea  could  not  see,  without  serloaa 
Inquietude,  any  part  of  a  neighboring  ter- 
ritory in  which  they  have  In  different  re- 
.  v.-.>.  -J  apaln  Into  tbose  of  any. 


jyGooi^lc 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Montuu — CTmNmimL 

eoEund   Id   manufacture   In  tbs   State   In 

lelo  w»i  i-~- ■—  ■-" 


uid  Bood  op- 
lapectlva  •ettlers. 
«.68?  "" 


.-■  18.694,  and  the  capital  la*estcd 
iraa  t44,6Be,000. 

Hontaaa  bu  Tact  nndeTeloped  acrlcol- 
total  and  mineral  reaoori —  — •■  — •*  — 
gortunltlei  are  open  t 


Tbece  are  irlttilti  tbe  State  46.583,440  aeraa 


Land  La«B  of  tbe  United  State*  upon  -, 
plication  to  the  land  offlcea  In  BUIIdbb, 
Boieman,  QIaagow,  Great  Fallit  Helena. 
Kallipell.  Lewlatown,  Ullea  Cltr,  or  Ula- 
-^ula.     Moat  of  tbe  land  ti  ralneleaa  t~ 


■•Ina  anceeaafnllT 

unf  and  by  ptl- 

laie  encerpnae.  Under  tbe  federal  reclama- 
tion ei^t  more  than  4T1.000  acres  of  the 
lands  of  the  Bute  bave  been  Irrigated. 

Tbe  moat  Important  Indnatrles  of  the 
State  are  ameltlDS  and  reflDlos  copper,  and 
three  of  the  fl*e  eitabllahmenta  are  worked 
bT  one  company,  wblcb  wltbbolda  detail*. 
InelndInK  tbeae  there  were  In  IMS,  3B3 
eatabllabmenta,  witb  a  caplul  of  tSS.SSe,- 
810,  employing  8,602  operatlna  wboae 
waKce  agn-ented  |8,6G2.21T,  and  who 
tranatormed  (40,980,060  worth  of  raw  ma- 
terial Into  copper  Iniota.  lamber  and  bnlld- 
Ine  material,  flour,  beer,  and  cara,  to  the 
value  of  t6e.41C,402.  In  1006  there  were 
reported  S.SOO  mites  of  eteam  rillwaj  and 
TG  miles  of  electric  itreet  or  elerated  rajl- 
ivoy.  Tbe  leagtb  of  the  telesrapb  llnea 
waa  »,SS6  milea.  and  of  telephon*.  B,884 
miles.  He  popnlatlon,  by  the  eenaiM  of 
1910.  was  STA^OBS. 


and  It!  reappearance,  teTeTal  miles  tnrtker 
aontb,  on  the  other  aide  of  the  raiwe.  Ttaa 
western  halt  of  Lake  Scutari  I*  wlttalD  Oa 
boondariea  of  Hontenesro,  and  there  ars 
many  tatall  lakes  In  the  northern  moontniMa. 
Hittorv. — Montenecro  wa*  a  proTlnce  of 
tbe  old  flerrlan  Emure.  which  came  to  an 
end  after  tbe  battle  of  KoasoTO  (1SS9), 
alnee  which  date  the  conntry  has  always 
claimed  to  be  Independent,  a  claim  wUdi 
waa  anccesstnlly  deieoded  agalnat  the  Tnrka 
for  nearly  ilz  oenturiea  In  18T8  th* 
Treaty  of  Berlin  r ""'     ' 


eaty  of  Berlin  recocnlied  the  ind^trad- 
ce  of  the  PrincIpalTty,  and  on  Octobei 
-28,  leiO,  tbe  NatlDual  Bkapabtlu  (ot 
■■ Illtlea 


(or 


Act- 
Erecting  Territory  of,  into  anrvey- 

ing  district,  etc.,  vetoed,  3624. 
Granting  right  of  way  to  railroadi 
throDKh   Indian   retervatioita   in, 
vetoed,  6057. 
Admission  of,  into  Union,  proclaimed, 
S45S. 
Discussed,  6486. 
Lands  in — 

Opened  to  settlement  bj  proclama- 
tion, 5727. 
Set  apart  as  public  reservation  \>j 
proclamation,   6213,    6222,    6227. 
Partial  organization  or,  referred  to, 

3451. 
Unlawful  combiDBtioos  ia,  proclama- 
tion against,  S932. 
Montank  Point,  Long  Island,  lands  ly- 
ing on,  refened  to,  139. 
Hontenegro. — Uontenerro  l«  altoatcd  In 
the  northwest  of  the  Balkan  Penlnaula,  be- 
tween 42°  B'-43*  EB'  K.     laL  and  18*  80'- 
20'  00*  T..  long.     The  kingdom  la  bounded 
on  the  northeast  by  Servla,  on  the  south- 
eaat  and  east  by  Albania,  and  on  the  north 
and  n>eiit  by  Bosnia  and  IlerzKovlna  and 
Aoetrlnn  DalmatlB.     The  area  of  the  coun- 
try la  S.SOO  square  miles. 

PhDtical   Peolure*.— The  conntry  is  gen- 


Tbe  principal  rivers  are  the  Zeta-Uo- 
ratcha  and  the  Tara-Plva.  Tie  Zeta  Is  re- 
markable tor  It*  disappearance  In  a  labter- 
ranean  passage  beneath  a 


Parliament)    celebrated    the    i 

rersaiT  ot  the  accession  of  Mkholas  I.  by 
proclaiming  the  conntry  a  kingdom.  Til* 
crown  is  beredltary  In  the  male  line  of  the 
bonse  ot  Petrorllcb  NlCgocb,  and  tbe  gov- 
ernment la  that  of  a  constitutional  mon- 
archy. In  October,  1912,  Montenegro  de- 
clared war  agalDBt  Turkey,  and  conducted 
a  TigoroDB  campaign  In  the  northwestern 
Albania.   In  conjonctlon  with   ServhL   Bol- 

Brla  and  Greece  \  the  second  war  or  1S13 
'i  her  recent  acqnisltioDS  nnebanged. 

Ooi'emiiieiit. — HI*  Hajesty  Ntcbolas  I. 
(PetTOTltch  Nlteoch),  Kbig  of  llonten««, 
bom  Sept.  26  (Oct.  8),  1841,  succeededUs 
uncle  (Prince  Danllo)   Aog.  IS  (28),  1880. 

Tbe  single  chamber  leglsTature,  or  Bknpsn- 
tlna.  conBlsI*  ot  02  Deputies,  elected  by  nnl- 
versal  salfrage  for  four  years,  and  12  ofllcial 
and  nominated  members,  meets  annnally  on 
Oct.  81  {No».  18). 

The  Kingdom  Is  divided  Into  B  depart- 
ments, each  under  a  prefect  and  66  dla- 
trlcts,  each  under  a  knpeton.  Bural  com. 
munea  have  an  elected  mayor. 

BthtMeraptiti. — The  bulk  of  the  popula- 
tion (wblch  la  about  600.0001  la  ot  a 
Serbo-Croatian  branch  ot  the  Blavonic  race 
with  Albanians  and  nomadic  gypsies  In  tbe 
aciiulred  region.  The  Mtmtenegnn  lannaae 
ts  Serbo-Croatian,  with  adapted  words  ot 
Turklah  and  Italian. 

Arwv. — All  able-bodied  Uontenegrlns  be- 
tween the  ages  of  IS  and  62  (except  Hn- 
bammadan  subjecta,  who  pay  a  '~  "~~ 


One  in  Hen 


20,000    well-armed 

ed  within  forty-eight 

luere  IB  no  cavalry  owing  to  the 
e  of  the  country. 
EdaeaUon. — Primary  education  Is  compal- 


supports  Itinerant  li 

who  Instruct  the  peasants  In  agriculture  and 
veterinary  science,  etc.     There  la  no  Unl- 

mnonce.— The  revenue  for  1913  waa  S,- 
609,0O0kroDeD  and  the  eipendlCurea, 4,18T.- 
12H  kronen.  The  oubllc  debt  waa  atated  In 
1B18  at  9,000. OOO  kronen.  Tbe  nnlt  at 
value  la  the  Aaatrlan  krone  (crown)  equal  to 
10.20,8,  United  States  money.  It  Is  called 
perper  la  Montenegro. 

Tbe  capital  Is  Cettlnje. 

The  exports  Include  cattle,  caattadlna, 
cheese,  raw  bides,  tobacco,  and  wool  the 
Imnorta  being  mainly  menulactnred  artldea 
and  arms  and  ammunition.  The  Impart 
duties  are  heavy. 

Montorey  (Hoxlco),  Battle  of.  — Tb« 
Mexican  army  under  Arista,  driven  aeroaa 
the  Bio  Grande,  took  refnge  in  Matamoras. 
Taylor  receiving  reenforeements.  demanded 


the'  •orrender^  thBt"ciS.     Artstal  unable 
to  bold  tbe  place,  abandoned  It  and  retreat- 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Montany  (KadM),  BfttU*  of— cmNiiikii.     g**^  *> 


I  tbe  long  mETch 
■  1  the  too- 

.»_ji  navigation  of  the  ^o  Qrande.  Bept 
19  th«  Amcilcan  anny  encamped  Id  light 
of  MoDterer,  In  tbe  beautlfal  vaUry  of 
San  Jnan.  alniait  encircled  b7  tbe  Sierra 
Midre  MDuntalns.  The  dt;  la  the  capital 
,  of  the  Province  of  NoeTO  Leon  and  the  icat 
ol  the  CBtliallc  bishop  of  the  dfoceM.  It 
wa>  Btronglr  tortlSed  and  garrisoned  b; 
10.000  men.  rooatlr  regnlara  under  Qeo. 
Ampudla.  Tbe  attack  wae  b«i —  "—  "•* 
Amerlcane  on  8epL  SI  and  oi    ' 


Union  force  v.— 
were  adTenelng  apon  i 
boata  were  patrolUiiB  tl 
— •  •■'- vinr  Intel 


Tbe  attack  wae  begun  by  the 
in  Sept  SI  and  on  the  (ollovlns 
B  bleiop'*  palace  wai  taken  b; 


■saault.  The  cit*  wai  then  forced,  the 
Hexicana  atubbomir  retreating  from  square 
to  Muare.  The  flgbtlng  continued  dnrliiK 
the  32iT --- 


Hexicana  atubbomir  retreating 

._    ™.j   flgbtlng  conlli „ 

J,  and  on  the  morning  of  the 

24th  of  fieptembec  an  aimlHtlce  waa  agreed 
npon.     Qen.  Ampndla  surrendered  tbe  place 
and  waa  allowed  to  retire  with  his  army. 
The  American  tou  was  slight. 
Honteioy,  Mexico,  battle  of,  referred 

to,   2342. 
Uontgomery,  AJs.,  goTenunent  of  Con- 
fedeiata    States    flrst    located    at, 
3E26. 

Transferred  to  Biehmond,  Va.,  3228. 
Hontijo,  The,  seigrare  and  detention  of, 
bjr    United    States    of    Colombia, 
4289. 

Claima  ailBisg  oat  of,  paid,  4358. 
Uontreal  (Canada),  Captnra  and  LoM 
Of.^After  the  taking  of  Tlcouderoga  and 
Crown  Point,  Rthan  Allen,  FhlUp  Bchuyler, 
Benedict  Arnold,  and  otber  Americans  were 
anilons  to  Invade  Canada  and  secure  Uie 
cooperation  of  tbe  Canadians  with  tbe  colo- 
ntsta.  In  June,  ITT5,  the  Continental  Con< 
grrss  gave  Gen.  Schuyler  dlacretlonary 
power  to  proceed  against  Montreal.  Be  sent 
Gen.  Moatgomery  with  S.OOO  men  down 
Lake  CbsmplBln.  Gen  Carleton.  with  600 
BrItlBh,  was  forced  to  sorrender  on  the  13th 
of  November.  Eleven  vessels  also  fell  into 
Mon^omcry'e  hands,  CarletoQ  eseaped  to 
Quebec.  Benedict  Arnold,  with  1,200  men, 
had  been  ordered  to  proceed  by  way  of  the 
Kennebec  and  ChandlSre  rivers  and  co^ 
erate  with  Montgomery  before  Quebec.  7%e 
expedition  to  ue  latter  dty  proved  dla- 
aatrooH.  Three  brigades  of  Infantry,  be- 
aides  artillery,  stores,  and  ammunition,  hav- 
ing arrived  from  England,  the  Americans 
were  forced  to  retire  to  Lake  Champlaln- 
(See  also  Quebec   (Canada),   Battle  of.) 

KonmnentB.    (See  Btatuee  and  Mona< 
menta,) 

rKan'i  Bald. — In  the  anmmir  of  18M 
Confederate   General   Bocknel!  waa   In 
East  Tenneaaee,  near  the  bordan  of  Ken- 


having  been  Joined  by  about  1,000  KentucU- 
ans,  pasted  over  tbe  Ohio  Blver  Into  Indi- 
ana. The  advance  of  Roaecrana'a  arm^  pre- 
vented Buckner  from  Joining  him,  Monan 
rode  through  southern  Indiana  toward  Cin- 
cinnati,  burning   brldgea,    tearing   np   rall- 


1  piTraQlt.  Otfaera 
1  Banks,  and  gon- 
"■-'o  BJver  to  pro- 


BoOngton'a  Ford  July  19.  After  a  severe 
battle  with  various  Installments  of  Federal 
troops  which  bad  hotly  puraued  him,  about 
800  of  the  command  sarrendeted.  but  Mor- 
gan, with  the  remainder,  proceeded  up  the 
river  to  Belleville.  About  300  succeeded  In 
crossing  the  river  here  before  the  arrival 
of  the  guubosta.  Many  were  drowned  or  Bbot 
In  attempttng  to  crosa,  and  Morgan,  with 
about  aOO  of  his  men.  retreated  farther 
up  the  river  to  New  Lisbon,  wbere  he  waa 
surrounded  and  forced  to  aurrender.  In  hia 
raid  Morgan  traveled  about  300  miles 
tbrongh  Indiana  and  Ohio,  making  aome- 
tlmea  DO  miles  a  day.  The  amount  of  orop- 
erty  destroyed  scarcely  exceeded  ISO.OOtK 
More  than  2.000  of  his  men  were  killed  or 
captured,  Morgan  and  tome  of  bis  oOlcers 
were  sent  to  Columbus  and  conflned  In  tbe 
penttentiaiT,  from  wblch  be  and  all  othera 
escaped.     Immediately  after  his  escape  he 

Elanned  another  raid  Into  the  Union  llnea 
I  Tennessee,  but  wa*  surrounded  and  killed 
bv  Union  troopa  under  Oen.  QUlem,  near 
QreenvUle,  Tenn. 

Uomum  Olinrcb  (see  also  Polygamy) : 
Commissi  oneTB  appointed  under  act  in 
reference    to    polygamy,    etc.,    re- 
ferred  to,   4678,  4731,   4771,   4801, 
4S37,  4946. 
Uanifesto  of  president  of,  advising 
Monnons  to  refrain  from  contract- 
ing marriagea   forbidden  by  laws 
of  the  land,  5S63,  S803,  S942. 
Bnit   instituted   by  Qovemment   for 
disincorporation  of,  discosaed,  5379. 
Uonnone. — a  religious  body  more  correctly 
known  as  tbe  Church  of  Jesus  Christ  of 
Latter-day    Saints.     They  came   Into  prom- 
inence largely  because  or  their  practice  and 
advocacy  of  plural  marriage,  as  a  principle 
of  their  religion.     The  diurch  was  founded 
by    Joseph  ^mlth    In    1830,    on    what    Is 
claimed  to  have  been   a  divine   revelation. 
The  Mormons  organized  in  tbe  State  of  New 
¥Drk,   and   migrated   successively   to   Ohio, 
Missouri  and  iTlInola      These. removals  were 
csnsed  by  religious  and  palltltal  dllTerences. 
culminating  In  tbe  murder  of  Joseph  and 
Smith,  the  Prophet  and  Patriarch 


Hyrum  1 
of  tbe  C 


entered  Salt  Lake  Valley,  wbere  tbey 
founded  their  first  settlement  In  the  Bocky 
Mountain  region.  It  was  then  Mexican 
aoll. 

.  Misunderstandings  as  to  acts  and  motives 
cansed  many  dlDcultles  between  tbe  Mor- 
mons and  Federal  representatives  sent  to 
tnvem  them  and  administer  tbe  laws.  In 
B56-1867,  the  Hormona  were  charged  with 
rebellion  against  the  Oovernment.  and  an 
army  wea  sent  to  auppresa  the  alleged  up- 
rialng.  While  there  had  been  trouble  be- 
tween Individuals  representing  both  sides, 
no  rebellion  existed,  and  the  Cnlud  States 
Court  records,  which  the  Mormons  were 
accused  of  having  destroyed,  were  found 
Intact  and  so  reported  by  Honorable  Alfred 


mltltla.  under  orders  from  Oovemor  Xoung, 
opposed  the  entrance  of  the  Government 
troopa  into  Salt  Lake  Valley. 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Messages  ani  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


.uT^l'. 


._    _  furbade  puii'Mnir  lmarrTl_„        , 
lrl*n)  aud  unlawful  ruhalilUtloD  (IItIds  In 
'    rflatluml,  and  pruviiJrd  (or  iavir  puD- 
ent  bT/   — ■   ■         ■ 


Bad   Imprlaonmeatj 


thp;  aiao  dlalnnirpuratMl  tbe  cliurc'ti  ■od 
ninnicalrd  lla  prupcrt;.  The  MurmuDi 
liavint  ■ubmlltFd  )u  tbe  lawi  anacted  b7 
Cunicrtra  asaloaC  pu I ;)[>'■■><»'>  practlivt,  tbt 
coDllai'alcd  pruprrtT  waa  returoMl. 

In  18118,  It.  11.  Roberts  waa  oomlDated 
tor  ruQRrFaH  br  the  DemuiTatlc  Tart;  Id 
the  Slate  uf  Ctab.  aod  waa  elfilrd.  but 
owtnR  to  a  i-harie  that  be  was  ■till  IItIqk 
In  polfeamy,  bi  was  not  allowed  to  take 
bla  arat.  la  IHO.'I  Heed  Hm^ot,  a  Kepubll- 
ran,  waa  elorted  to  tbe  tjenate  and  an  ecl- 
tallon  was  Imnipdlately  art  ua  tuot  to  un- 
■rat  blm,  on  tbe  ftrouod  tbal.  being  an 
offlrlal  or  the  Mormua  t'hurih,  be  roun- 
tenani'ed  pulfRaoij,  Tbe  ajEltatlon  waa  un- 
aurretafiil.  It  wia  abuwn  Il)at  the  rhurrh, 
■ln<«  the  Maolfeato  of  IWH).  offlrlall;  dl*- 
eouDtenanclns  the  fiirlber  prarMce  ol 
pul»amr.   bad  not   aaarllonMl   tnj   plural 

Uonnoiu,  )bw«  to  prevent  importation 

of,  recom mended,  4947. 
Hoiiilns  Light,  Tbs,  Bsinire  of  the  Jor- 

gnt  iMrenxen  by,  3271. 
Morocco. — Uorocro,    the    largrat    of    the 
"  a    Rl 

■    (Of 


centarr  A.  D.  until  tbe  r*r  1912  Koroceo 
waa  ruled  bj  «  deqmtic  Amir  or  Hultan 
of  Tarluus  draaallea,  tbat  or  t'llall  bBTlnK 
nlicned  alnrc  1U4B.  Tbe  Imperial  umbrella 
(Ibe  STmbol  ot  ■OTerelxnil')  waa  paaiu'd  on 
b;  numlaailoa.  and  the  rule  waa  arbltrar; 
--'  -icbecked  b;  «07  drll  lluilta.  Tbe 
...ti— .  .-  "urom-an  InterTeo- 


tbv  Mubammndan  Wurldj,  la  allu 

nurlbwnlol  tbs  Afrk-an  Oonlluco-,- - 

•iT-W  N,  lal.  and  l°ll°  4W  W.  long. 
Imludi-d  Id  thia  art-a  are  the  Klafcdoma  of 
Pel  and  Uorucco.  to  tbe  nurtb  of  Ibe  At- 
las Muunialna.  and  otber  dlsirli'ta  lo  Ibu 
•oulb.  The  nanhera  boundarr  Is  tbe 
Ucdl terra neait,  and  tba  wuatern  coast  Is 
waabrd  br  Ibe  Allaatle.  Tbe  eaatern  buund- 
arr  Willi  AlKvrla  baa  been  aettled  b7  Iri^atr 
witb  Kranw,  and  mi-elH  tbe  aouthern  buuad- 
arj  at  tbe  yuib  parallel  til  nurtb  latitude, 


bill    tbe    rumalnlnx   ■ 


'(ermlnale,  and   Irregular  to   tbe  aontb- 
approzlmatc  area  ot 


I  of   ttie  plneCi 

— ^ , _^ irj  formed 

indarj.    ISj  tbe  ADgfo-Frenrb 


ot    ieU4  Great   Brluln   bad   recosnlied   tba 

Sredomlnaare  of  frenrb  rigbta,  but  lo  IMS 
ermanr  exhibited  an  Inlereal  In  Moroc- 
can alTalra.  and  at  the  AlKvclras  Confer- 
enre  la  Jaouarj,  IDUU.  an  alti'mpt  waa  made 
bj  the  Towera  lo  di'Bne  the  Tarloua  Inler- 
eata.  and  to  establUh  order  In  the  eonalrj 
b7  means  of  aa  ornnUi-d  poUi-e  forre.  Be- 
twwn  leOU  and  ibw  there  were  treqiwnt 
coaDlPts  bvlweeo  Fri'iich  troops  aud  Idoroe- 
ran  tribeamen.  and  to  IBOS  lalernal  dlaacn- 
slona  led  to  the  defeat  and  deposition  of 
tbe  Suliao  Abd  el  AiU  IV.  by  ala  brother 
Ilafld.  who  eventuallj  triumphed  and  waa 
rerusniied  by  the  i'owen  In  1&09.  In  1811 
a  tiermao  Kunboet  anchored  lo  tbe  harbor 
of  Agidlr  on  tbe  Atlanlle  roaat.  and  after 

FroIrarli'H]  neftutlalloDi  tlerman*  abandoned 
bla   port,   and    rellnqutafard  all   claims   to 
ths  pniiutr;  under  a  Krnuiv-QermiiD  treaty, 
•i-iired    eompeniiailon    from    Franca 


In  the  {' 
Frani 


1  by"  b'li 


(be  Ailanile  cuai 

1I14,(K)0  squBTG  I 

i'JittHcal  >'ea'>i 

to  tbe  Algerian  fronller  In  tbe  aurtbeani. 
by  tiTe  parallel  raoKef,  known  ■enerall; 
as  Ibe  Atlaa  Huantalns.  Between  tbe  rarl- 
ous     raoKi'S    He     well-watered    and     fertile 

Slalns,  ihc  lower  slcipi-B  of  tbe  northern 
auks  of  Ibe  mountalDa  bclni  well-wooded, 
while  the  somhiTn  kIhtkii  are  fipom-d  lo 
tbe  dry   winds  of    tbe  deacrt  and  are  gen- 

anean  coait   the 

.___     _e  sea  from  MpIIIIi 

Tbe  Uaj'  of  TanB'er  eon  tains  th<r 
tK-at  narbor  In  Moroew).  The  rnont  northerly 
puint  of  Morocco  Is  the  penlnaula  of  Ceuta, 
Wbleh  la  Be|«rated  from  the  cuatlni'nl  o( 
Kurape  by  Ibe  narrow  Htralt  of  (llliraltar. 
Tbe  Jebel  Musa  domloati-B  Ibe  promontory, 
and  wllh  the  rocky  eminence  of  (ilbraltar 
was  known  to  the  aoclcnU  aa  The  l-lllars 
of    ITerciilcs,    the    wealern    gateway    of    the 

Tbe  ellmale  la  generally  good  and  nn- 
doubtedly  healthy,  enperlally  on  tbe  Allan- 
tic  coast,  the  conn  try  bi<Ing  she  tiered  by 
the  Atlaii  MuunlalDa  from  tbe  bot  wlnda 
of  the  Sahara.  The  Mediterranean  eoaat  la 
drier  and  liiis  temperale.  but  not  unbealcby, 
while  (he  plains  of  the  Interior  are  Intenaely 
hot. 

ftetory.— From    Hie   end   of   the   eighth 


power  In   Moruci-o.  and  tbe  UoTrmmenl  i 

'he  country  Ih  admloliiti'ri'H]  by  the  Fiencu 

li'publlc,   which  U  rero^nln-d  aa  the  "pro- 

.-.     ....ii-Ieal" 

been  a  SpunlHb  iHnwemilun  alnce  the  eloae 
of  Ibe  slitii-nih  century,  and  forma  part  of 
the  administrative  provlnee  of  Cadli,  and 
there  are  several  prenldloa  aloaa  (be  Ued- 
Iterraoean    (or    Itlt)    coaal,    while   the   ad- 

Siccol  Alhuccma  and  Zaffarln  IslandB  are 
t>aDl«h  puaMMloDS.  Tbe  Franco  flpantlh 
treaty  ot  No*.  27.  1B12.  regulates  (he  pro- 
teeturate  of  Spain  orer  a  porlloD  ot  Moroc- 
co, and  lays  down  tbe  boundarlea,  Tangier 
(wKb  a  amall  dlKtrlct  adjacent)  beluK  de- 
clared Inli'matlonat  by  treaty  between  Oreat 
Britain.   France   and   Spain. 

ffHiaoorapfty.— There  are  Oie  diatlnct  la- 
clal  rlements  In  the  pooulatlon  (which  num- 
hera  betwe<'a  four  million  and  flre  nilUion), 
of  whli'h  three  are  native,  vli. :  Berbers. 
Araba  and  Jew^  the  foarlb  element  are 
Negroea  from  the  Sudan,  tbe  flfth  belnc 
Tarloua  ralonlea  of  Europeans  aetlled  at  the 
nnrta  Th»  Berbers  are  tbe  aboriginal  In- 
'  LOUS  districts.    Tba 


^of  (1 


nlied    Berlier-Arah    dea 


ther 


eepdoD  of  tl 

10,000,    --' 


(be    25.0(' 


ner     hlioul     dini,<nn^     niiu     — .-,,     .,- 

Topenns.  the  eii,DO(>  French  troopa  In  the 
Freoeb  aotie,  tbe  popnlnllon  Is  entirely  Mu- 
bnmmndnn.  The  language  of  tbe  country 
U  Amble. 

l>rDdireMoa  and  /Nduftry.— Parta  of  the 
cuKlTalile  land  are  enllrely  neglected  and 
(he  area  under  crops  la  eultlvateo  In  die 
moRt  primitive  manner.  Amonjt  the  Utrl- 
cultural  productn  are  wheat,  barley,  malae. 
beans,  peaa.  birdseed,  linseed,  corlandar, 
etimimn,  tenngreek,  esparto  and  hemp,  awl 


jyGooi^lc 


Encydopedk  Index. 


mukj  traltm.  prliictp«ll7  !!■■<  ■lmona&  Dome- 
granatn,  lemoos,  ollTes,  onnsei  and  oates, 
the  latter  fflowlDg  also  on  tbe  tontbetii 
alopea  and  tn  the  plain*.  The  live  itock 
iDcIndei  larie  qnanUtlvi  of  honu,  cattle, 
■beep  and  goata,  while  tba  ponltir  and  kk 
Indnatrr   la   ot    tncreaalDK  ImporUon. 


mtnei  of  the  Atlai  are  ot  great  antlqnlVt 
but  liave  long  been  abandoned. 

Tbe  leather  InduatiT,  which  waa  once 
«r  great  ImporUnce.  la  great);  redncad, 
and  the  native  manufactarel  ot  woolena, 
■Ilka  and  embrolderlea  suffer  from  tbe  com- 
petition of  Interior  bat  cbeApei  articles  from 
Europe.  Carpeta  and  rngi  are  aCllI  produced 
tor  export  aod  tllppera  and  ihawia  far  the 
home   market   and   the    LeTant. 

Tba  article*  exported  ate:  Bldea  and 
aklna.  wool,  oxen,  egg».  illppera,  almooda, 
barl«T,  ollTe  oil,  bean*,  wheat,  fenugreek, 
llnieed.  gum*,  cuiamln,  coriander,  beeswax, 
canary  aeed,  malie  and  chick  peas. 

The  importa  are :  CoCtona,  iDgar,  tea, 
macblnerj  and  hardware,  floor  and  aeiao- 
llna.  candle*;  tobaccts  wine*,  aplrlta,  beer, 
etc.,  groceries  and  proTlalona,  oil*,  rege- 
tablea,  woolen  gooda,  aoap.  regelable*  and 
tmlt  (tresh  and  preferred ),  coffea,  allk 
(raw),  allk  (manntactuTed>. 


Uorocco,  TtuUm  with. — Tbe  treair  ot 
peace  and  trlendsblp  of  ITBT  waa  aaper- 
■eded  by  that  ot  1886.  It  provided  toe  nao- 
traflt;  of  the  one  power  It  the  other  sboutd 
be  at  war  with  a  tbtrd ;  and  that  tbe  sub- 
lect*  at  tbe  one  power  taken  la  auch  war 
on  prise  Teasels  anould  be  at  once  set  free 
and  tbeli  effects  restored  to  tbem.  Ex- 
amination and  aearch  of  vessels  of  the 
coDtractlng  parties  are  to  be  conducted 
with  all  poaalbl*  ease  and  freedom  from 
ambarraasment.  Humane  treatment  of  Tea- 
sels In  dlstresa  and  ablpwreclced  crews  Is 
provided  for.  If  a  vessel  of  an  eneiny  ot 
one  of  the  eontrflcllng  power*  be  In  a 
port  ot  the  otber  power  at  the  same  lime 
that  a  vessel  ot  tbe  contracting  power 
leBTCB  tbe  port,  the  reiael  ot  tbe  enemy 
ahall  be  detained  there  for  a  period  ot 
twenty-four  hours  alter  the  depuiture  ot 
the  former. 

Freedom  of  commercial  Intercourse  la  ex- 
tended to  vessels  and  ludlvldusls  In  tbe 
dominions  ot  the  two  nations.  Dlspates 
are  to  be  settled  by  consular  oOcers.  Jus- 
tice Is  to  be  Inipsrtlally  dispensed  toward 
the  peoples  of  both  nations.  The  consul 
may  act  ss  executor  of  estates.  The  rights, 
prlTlleges,  snd  r -' '-  —  •■- 


Fes.   'Popuistlon,  about  iaO.( 

The  Freucb  baye  built  some  ■<«  ■«"  »-- .bv 
mlltUry  railways   from   Casablanca  to  Ra- 
bat,  to  KInltra  BDd  Mequlnei.  and  to   Bet- 
tet,   while   the   Prauco  Bpanlsb   treaty  pro-       bvtheiMweVs! 
TlSes  (or  a  line  from  Taniler  to  Ffs.     Tel-        "'-.l"*  _??!f5T?; 
egraphic   communication  la  establlabed   by 


SBrtles.     The  lighthouse  i  ...   _.    .. 
ultan  ot  Morocco,  who.   baring  no   navy 
or    merchant    marine,    gave    the   suppo"*    *' 
the  llgbt  I—  -■  ^-'^-  -•  -" '^- 


■Ine,    gave    tl 
.  ..    ._j  hauda  of  tbe  coufractlng 
Itboat    eacronchment    or    Iobb    of 


Btatlous  at  Tangier,  Babat.  Casablanca,  i 

HoKsdor.    BoBds  he 

In  the  French  sons. 


■lahta  therein.     The  Saltan  agreed  t,  -„ 
ilsh  a  guard  for  the  defence  ot  the  light, 

^nllon  •■  to  protection  o. 

Ra  entered   Into   with   tje  United  State* 
id   several    ot   tbe  powers   ot   Europe,    t" 


o  been  conatructed 


Hoiocco: 
Algeclru  conTention  nrgsd  upon  Con- 

gnaa,  7062. 
Consnls  of  United  States  in,  169. 

Presents  given  to.     (See  Consul*.) 
DifFereuee*  with  United  State*,  eom- 

munication  from  Commodore  Uor- 

C  relative  to  adjustmeiit  of,  re- 
'ed  to,  2063. 
Emperor  of — 
Death  of,  169. 

UoD  and  horses  presented  to  the 
United  States  hy,  1256. 
Legation  of  United  State*  in,  prem- 
fte*  for,  presented  bj  Snltan  of, 
4888,  492^ 
Moors  in,  conference  regarding  pro- 
tection for,  4561. 
Belation*  with,  2081. 
Treaty  regarding  exercise  of  right  of 

protection  In,  4680. 
Treaty    with,    transmitted    and    dis- 
cnssed,  00, 140. 174,  178,  161,  363, 
14S8,  1484,  1498,  3662,  7062. 
Elzpiration  of  first  jeax  at  hand, 
13ia 
Teasels  of  United  State*  seized  or  in- 
terfered with  b7,  862,  353. 


, I  basis  to 

the  reprewntatlvea  ot  the  aeveral  nations 
In  Uorocco. 

Horag,  referred  to,  6890,  6692,  6720. 
Uonla,    The,  referred   to,  1030,  8116, 

S1T3,  2206. 
Howmlto  Indian  Strip,  Nlcangtlft: 
American  citizen*  in — 
Uurdered,  S060. 

Bights,  etc.,  of,  inquired  Into,  5991. 
British  troops  landed  at  Blnefleld*, 

referred  to,  5908. 
Claims  of  Qreat  Britain  upon  Nica- 
ragua reBpeoting  treatment  of  citi- 
zens   in,    and    action    of    United 
States,  6066. 
Correspondence  regarding,  8569, 
Insnrrection    in,    and    treatment    of 
American  eitivn*,  di*cnBsed,  5960, 
6365.  6438. 
JariBdIcttonal     qnestions    regarding, 
discnssed,  5999,  6066. 
llogqnlto  Indiana.  (See  Indian  Tiibea.) 
UoBqnltof,  Kingdom  of.  (See  Mosquito 

Indian  Strip.) 
Mothais'  PongioilB. — In  connection  with 
eonntry-wlde  discussion  of  the  education 
■□d  best  development  ot  the  child  has  come 
within  the  past  tew  years  many  deflnlta 
atepa  tor  preserving  to  the  child  tbe  bene- 
flta  galDM  only  nom  proper  home  Inllo* 


oyGoo»:^Ic 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidettis 


HotltMs'  FaaaloiiB— Omhmimi. 


■talpB  Have  enacted  leglalatlaD  tbat  will  — 
able  mother*  ti>a  poor  to  mamtain  taeir 
childrcD,   to  keep  them  at  home  Instead  ol 

tJaclDg  them  Id  various  loHilmtloiiB.  This 
I  heiuE'  done  through  a  penilon  or  allow- 
ance arstem.  Thirteen  State  Legl'latnrea 
have  pnaaed  these  eo-called  "widowi'  pen- 
Blon"  laws,  the  greater  part  ot  them  with- 
in the  last  year,  A  number  of  cltle«  have 
provided  aim  liar  aid  bj  municipal  ordl- 
nancea.  The  tirst  bill  Introduced  la  the  New 
VorlE  State  LevlBlatDre  paased  the  lower 
bouse,  hot  failed  la  the  Senate. 
Uound  BtlUdenL.— A  prehlatorlc  race  o( 
AmerlcBiu  who  Inhabited  the  valleys  of  the 
Ohio  and  UlMltilppI  rlvetB.  The;  are  so 
named   because    the   only   trscca   of   their 


existence '  are  found  In  mounda  of  earth 
formed  In  regular  geometrical  shapes  con- 
taining    "■—       -*""-     — '      •— "—      l""!-- 


e  other*  show  unmistakable  evi- 
dences or  having  been  erected  as  fortifica- 
tions. The  race  probably  became  extinct 
only  a  few  generations  before  the  discovery 
ot  America,  as  De  Soto  foond  tribes  of 
Southern  Indians  who  built  mounds  and 
possessed  other  characteristics  of  the  ei- 
ilni^c  race.  Thev  beiotiKed  distinctly  to  the 
Indian  race  and  to  the  Stone  Age.  The 
mounds  range  from  2  or  8  feet  In  height 
to  J32  feet  high  and  188  feet  long,  the 
latter  being  the  dlmenalona  of  one  at  Mari- 
etta. Ohio,  while  one  at  Grave  Creek,  W. 
Va..  measures  TO  feet  In  height  and  BOO 
feet  Id  clrcumfereoce. 

Uonnt  Salnlra  Forest  Besorve,  WaslL, 
eBtabliahmeDt    of,    by    procltuaation, 

BEOS. 
Moimt  Balnln  NmUonal  Fuk.       (See 

Parks,  National) 
Uotmt  Venum.— The  Washington  eatate 
originated  In  16T«  with  the  grant  by 
Lord  Culpeper  to  Joho  Washington  and 
Kkholas  Spencer  ot  O.OOO  acres  of  land 
on  the  west  bank  of  the  Potomac  Biver, 
boglnnlng  about  fanr  mllei  south  of  Jonea' 
Point  (the  original  southwest  bonndary  of 
the  District  of  Columbia).  One-half  of 
tlile  estate  was  Inherited  by  Lawrence 
Washington,  who.  In  1T43,  bnilt  hU  resi- 
dence there,  and  named  the  place  Uonnt 
Vernou,  in  honor  of  the  British  admiral 
under  whom  he  had  aerved.  At  his  death. 
In  1T52,  title  to  Ihe  property  paased  '"  ■"'" 
.._,.  ..__.,.__    ^ g  Washlngt— 

_  century  on  the  estate  George  Washing- 
ton Increased  his  holdings  to  about  7.600 
acres,  which  he  divided  Into  Ave  main 
farms,  the  survey  ot  which,  by  the  Gen- 
eral himself,  Is  preserved  in  the  Library 
ot  Congress.  He  also  turned  his  attention 
to  the  enlargement  of  the  mansion  and 
adarnment  ot  the  groanda.  The  plans  and 
sped  flea  tlons  ot  the  mansion  bouse  as  it 
stands  todBr  were  his  personal  work,  and 
the  neatness  and  almple  beauty  ao  admP- 

■■'  ■-   •- mlse  with  the  Ian 

claim  Its  architect  - 
!  and  artistic  Jadg- 

Washlngton  described  bis  home  as  being 
situated  In  a  high,  healthy  country  ;  In  a 
latitude  between  the  extremes  of  heat  and 
cold ;  on  one  of  the  finest  rivers  of  the 
world — a   river   well   atocked  with  various 


kinda  of  Osb   at  all   ■ 

"It  U  more  than  pon _   _ 

writer,  "that  wltbont  lloont  Vernon  Wash- 
ington hlniaeU  might  not  have  been  pre- 
cisely what  he  waa.  That  anlqne  balance 
of  power  that  differentiates  bim  from  all 
other  men  ot  all  times  might  not  bare  ex- 
isted but  for  the  conditions  In  which  It 
had  Its  growth  and  ultimate  maturity.  Id 
all  the  years  of  his  activity,  so  fateful  to 
mankind,  beginning,  as  It  were,  with  bis 
very  boyhood,  who  may  tell  what  part  In 
the  mighty  recnlt  was  due  to  the  simplic- 
ity, quietude  and  dignity  ot  thla  country 
place,  so  persuasive  of  reflection  and  ao  In- 
nilrlng  to  high  thoogbt  ieated  as  It  Is  on 
the  blufl  overlooking  the  broad  and  tran- 

S.I  river  with  Itt  ever-changing  face  and 
never-ctmngtng  flow  1" 
In  his  will  Washington  bequeathed  the 
estate  to  his  nephew.  Judge  Bushrod  Wash- 
ington, of  the  United  States  Bnnrcme 
CourL  Later  It  passed  to  Busnrod's 
nephew,  John  Anjgnstlne  Washtngtou. 
whose  son,  John  Angnatlne,  Jr.,  upon  com- 
liw  Into  possession  through  Inheritance. 
offered  to  sell  the  entire  estate  to  tbe 
nattoo.  The  proposition  was  not  accepted, 
but  a  part  of  the  property.  Including  the 
mansion,  was  purchased  by  the  Uonnt  Ver- 
non Ladles'  AsKHdatlon.  (See  article  fol- 
lowing.) Several  attempts  have  later  been 
made  to  have  Congrees  purchase  the  entire 
estate  and  preserve  It  as  a  national  me- 
morial park.  Since  the  purchase  made  by 
the  ladles'  association  the  remainder  of 
the  estate  has  been  divided  and  sub-dlvlded 
and  come  Into  tbe  possession  of  various 
owners.  Uany  beautiful  suburban  bomes 
now  adorn  the  spot  and  the  National  Gov- 
contrlbQted    largely    toward 


Its    ., 

automobile    boulevard     __ 

Washington  city,  which  la  expected  to  oe 
completed  In  1016. 

Mount  Tenum  Iiadloa*  AancUUtoL— 
A  national  organisation  ot  pnblle  spirited 
American  women  formed  to  purchase  and 
maintain  as  a  patriotic  shrine  the  home  ot 
George  Washington  at  Uonnt  Vernon,  Va. 
Misa  Ann  Pamela  Cnunlngham,  of  South 
Carolina,  founded  the  society  In  1856  and 
became  Its  llrat  Regent  Edward  Everett, 
of  MaasBcbnsetta.  throngb  bis  leeturea  and 
writings,  contributed  ^TaOOO;  and  with 
other  funds  aggregating  1200,000  raised 
by  popular  snbscrlption  20u  of  the  nearly 
S.OO0  acres,  Including  the  house  owned  by 
Waehlnglon,  were  purchased  and  turned  over 
to  the  ladles'  association.  Their  object  is  to 
preserve  end  carry  out  tbe  landscape  fea- 
tures ot  the  estate,  care  for  the  house  and 
perpetuate  Washington's  Idea  of  a  model 
American  home.  It  la  stated  tbat  1ZS,000 
Americans  vlalt  the  spot  each  year. 

A  council  ot  the  association  is  held  an- 
nually In  Uonnt  Temon,  preelded  over  by 
tbe  Regent  (191B  -Iftas  Harriet  Clavton 
Comegys.  of  Delaware).  Thirty-two  States 
are  represented  by  Vice  Segenta. 
Uotmtaln  Meadow  (lltali)  Muaacre.— 
Efforta  of  the  Federal  Government  to  en- 
force the  laws  against  polygamy  Incited  the 
Uormona  to  bitter  hatred  of  all  opposed  to 
their  religion,  Brlgbam  Toni^  made  threats 
o{  tnralDg  tbe  Indians  loose  apon  west- 
bound Immigrants  unless  what  he  considered 
the  Mormons'  rights  were  respected.  Sept. 
T,  IBGT,  about  SO  miles  sonthwest  of  Cedar 
City,  a  body  ot  about  120  non-Mormon  Im- 
migrants were  attacked  by  Indians  and 
Mormons  under  the  leadership  of  John  D. 


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