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I
1 *»k .^
•^ "3 ?
' ^i
Cfairenton {ptm Series
CONCISE
ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY
OF THE
ENGLISH LANGUAGE
SKEAT
HENRY FROWDE, M.A.
PUBLISHER TO THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD
LONDON, EDINBURGH, AND NEW YORK
A CONCISE
ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY
/
OF THE
ENGLISH LANGUAGE
BY THE REV.
.N.
WALTER W^^KEAT
LiTT.D., LL.D., D.C.L., Ph.D.
BLRINGTON AND BOSWORTH PROFESSOR OF ANGl6-SAX0N IN
THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE
NEW EDITION
RE-WRITTEN AND RE- ARRANGED
•Were man to live co-eval with the sun,
The patriarch-pupil would be learning still.'
Young, Night Thoughts, vii. 86
OXFORD
AT THE CLARENDON PRESS
1901
Oxford
PRINTED AT THE CLARENDON PRESS
BY HORACE HART, M.A.
PRINTER TO THE UNIVERSITY
• «
CONTENTS
■\
*->
PAGB
INTRODUCTION vii
Key to the General Plan of the Dictionary . . . xi
List of Abbreviations xii
^' CONCISE ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY OF THE
^ ENGLISH LANGUAGE i
:^ APPENDIX :
Q L List of Prefixes 624
11. Suffixes 630
HI. Select List of Latin Words . ' . . . 632
Select List of Greek Words 644
IV. Homonyms 647
V. List of Doublets 648
VI. Distribution of Words according to the Languages
from which they are derived . . . . .652
SUPPLEMENT 662
INTRODUCTION
The first edition of my ' Concise Etymological Dictionary of the
English Language' was published in 1882, and it has since passed
through several editions.
Each successive edition contained several corrections and additions,
in order that the work might be, to some extent, brought up to
date.
Meanwhile, numerous and important contributions have been
made, by many writers, to the study of Indo-germanic philology;
more exact* methods of analysing phonetic changes have been
adopted, and important advances have been made at many points.
Such works as Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of German, Franck's
Etymological Dictionary of Dutch, Godefroy's Dictionary of Old
French, the Modern French Dictionary by Hatzfeld and Darmesteter,
in addition to other highly important books such as the Comparative
Grammar of the Indo-germanic languages by Brugmann, have all
contributed to a much clearer and more exact view of the science of
comparative philology. Hence the time has come when partial
emendations of my Concise Dictionary, however diligently made,
have (as I fear) failed to keep pace with the requirements of
the present day; and I have accordingly rewritten the book from
beginning to end, making improvements in nearly every article,
whilst at the same time introducing into the body of the work
words which have hitherto necessarily been relegated to a con-
tinually increasing Supplement. The result is less a new edition
than a new book.
Since the year 1882 above-mentioned, a great advance has been
made in English lexicography. An entirely new edition of Webster
appeared in 1890, and The Century Dictionary, of which the publication
viii INTRODUCTION
was begun in 1889, was completed in 189 1. In both of these works my
name appears in the ' List of Authorities cited ' ; though it is seldom
expressly mentioned except in cases of considerable difficulty, where
the writer preferred not to risk an opinion of his own. But the chief
event during this period has been the publication of The New
English Dictionary on Historical Principles, the unique value of
which is even now too little understood and respected by the
general public. The first part of this great national work appeared
in 1884.
The chief difference between the second and later editions of my
Concise Etymological Dictionary and the present one can now be
readily explained. The former editions were mainly reproduced from
the first edition, at a time when, from the nature of the case, litde
help could be had from the works above-mentioned, owing to the
fact that they either did not exist or could not be much utilised.
But in the present work, I have endeavoured to glean from them all
their most important results. The* work has been collated with the
Century Dictionary throughout, and with the New English Dictionary
from A to H (excepting a small portion of G). I have endeavoured
to make good use of Kluge, Franck, Brugmann, and other autho-
rities ; and have gladly adopted a large number of corrections. In
particular, I have now marked the quantities of all the vowels
in Latin words, as this often throws much light upon Romance
phonology. And in many cases where the result is tolerably certain
I have given the primitive types of Teutonic and even of Indo-germanic
words.
In all former editions, I endeavoured, by help of cross-references,
to arrange derivative words under a more primitive form. Thus
ex-ate, in-cite, re-cite and resus-cii-ate were all given under Cite.
But experience has shewn that this endeavour was more ambitious
than practical, often causing needless delay and trouble. Hence the
only truly practical order, viz. an alphabetical one, has been here
adopted, so that the required word can now be found at once. But
in order to retain the chief advantages of the old plan, I have pre-
pared two lists, one of Latin and one of Greek words, which account
for a large number of derivatives. These will be found in the
Appendix, § III, at pp. 632 and 644.
I have much pleasure in mentioning two more circumstances by
which I have been greatly assisted and encouraged. Some few years
INTRODUCTION ix
ago, my friend fhe Rev. A. L. Mayhew was so good as to go patiently
through every word of the Concise Etymological Dictionary, making
hundreds of suggestions for improvement; and finally sent me the
copy in which all these suggestions were entered. They .have all
been carefully considered, and in a very large number of instances
have been fully adopted. Againj while the revises were passing
through the press, they were read over by Mr. H. M. Chadwick, M.A.,
Fellow of Clare College, Cambridge, author of * Studies in Old
English' published by the Cambridge Philological Society in 1899;
and his exact knowledge of Indo-germanic phonology has been
suggestive of many improvements. I have only to add, in justice to
these scholars, that they are not responsible for all the results here
given. In some few cases I have held to my own preconceived
opinion ; perhaps not always wisely. Still it was best that the final
form of each article should be left to the author's decision ; for the
reader is then sure as to where he must lay any blame.
Many articles which, in former editions, appeared only in the
Supplement have now been incorporated with the rest, so that the
number of words now explained (in alphabetical order) amounts to
more than 12,750.
Considerable pains have been taken to ensure accuracy in the
printing of the forms cited ; and I have received much help from the
care exercised by the press-reader. At the same time, I shall be
thankful to any reader who will kindly send me a note of any error
which he may detect. I have myself discovered, for example, that
under the word Cemetery the * Skt. p ' is an error for the * Skt. gu
A few belated corrections appear at pp. 662-3.
As I frequently allude to the ordinary vowel-changes in the course
of the work, I may note here those which are the most elementary
and common. They deserve to be learnt by heart at once.
ANGLO-SAXON. The most usual vowel-change is that produced
by the occurrence of an / or/ (which often disappears by a subsequent
contraction of the word) in the following syllable. Owing to this, we
X INTRODUCTION
frequently find that the vowels, as arranged in row (i) below, are
changed into the corresponding vowels in row (2).
{1) a, u {0), eay eo, 5, 3, «, ea, eo,
(2) e, y, te{y\ ze{y), ob, e, y, ie{y, O. Merc, e), ie{y).
Example \—fyllan, to fill, for *fulljan ; ftova/ully full.
Moreover, substantives and secondary verbs are often formed from
bases seen in the past tense singular, past tense plural, or past participle
of a strong verb, rather than from the infinitive mood Thus band and
bend are from the base seen in the A. S. band^ pL t. of bindan, to bind ;
whilst bundle is derived from that which appears in the pp. bund-en.
By way of distinction, I refer to bind- as the * prime grade,' to band-
as the * second grade,' and to bund- as the * weak grade.'
Lastly, our modem words of native origin belong rather to the
Midland (or Old Mercian) dialect than to the 'Anglo-Saxon' or
Wessex ; and Old Mercian employs a (mutated to e) where the A. S.
has ea^ and sometimes e for A. S.'^^.
ICELANDIC. This language abounds in somewhat similar vowel-
changes, but very few of these appear in English, But we must not
pass over the frequent formation of derivatives from the past tenses
(singular or plural) and the past participles of strong verbs. Thus
bait, Icel. beita, lit. * to cause to bite,' is the causal of bitay to bite ; its
form may be explained by the fact that the pt. t. of btta is beii.
Again, as regards the Romance languages, especially French, it
must be borne in mind that they are also subject to phonetic laws.
These laws are suflSciently illustrated in Mr. Paget Toynbee's trans-
lation of Brachet's Historical French Grammar. In particular, I may
note that most French substantives are derived from Latin accusatives ;
and that to derive bounty from bonitds (nom.), or honour from Lat.
honor (nom.), is simply impossible.
For fuller information, the reader is referred to my Principles of
English Etymology, First and Second Series ; the former deals chiefly
with the native, and the latter with the foreign elements of the
language. My Primer of English Etymology contains some of the
more important facts.
I subjoin a key to the plan of the work, and a list of abbreviations.
INTRODUCTION xi
KEY TO THE GENERAL PLAN OF
THE DICTIONARY.
§ I. Order of Words. Words are given in their alphabetical
order; but a few secondary derivatives are explained under some
more important form. Thus campaign is given under Campy and
cannon under Cane,
§ 2. The Words seleoted. The word-list contains nearly all
primary words of most frequent occurrence, with a few others that are
remarkably prominent in literature, such as unaneled. Homonymous
forms, such as bay (used in^z;^ senses), are numbered.
§ 3. Definitions. Definitions are omitted in the case of common
words ; but explanations of original forms are added wherever they
seemed to me to be necessary.
§ 4. Language. The language to which each word belongs is
distinctly marked, in every case, by means of letters within marks of
parenthesis. Here the symbol — or - is to be read as 'derived
from.' Thus Abbey is (F. -- L. — Gk. — Syriac) ; i.e. a French word
derived from Latin ; the Latin word being, in its turn, from Greek,
whilst the Greek word is of Syriac origin.
The order of derivation is always upward or backward, from late
to early, and from early to earlier forms.
The symbol + is employed to distinguish forms which are merely
cognate, and are adduced merely by way of illustrating and confirming
the etymology. Thus, bite is a purely English word, derived from the
Anglo-Saxon bitan. The other Teutonic forms, viz. the Du. bijteny
Icel. btta, Swed. bita, Dan. bide, G. beissen, and the other Indo-
germanic forms, viz. \j^\.,findere (pdLSefid-) and Skt. bhid, to cleave,
are merely cognate and illustrative. On this point, there commonly
exists the most singular confusion of ideas; and there are many
Englishmen who are accustomed to derive English, of all things, from
Modern High German / I therefore introduce this symbol + by way
of warning. It has its usual algebraical value of plus or additional]
and indicates 'additional information to be obtained from the com-
parison of cognate forms.'
xu
INTRODUCTION
The sjrmbol > means * older than/ or * more primitive than ' ; the
symbol < means ' younger than/ or * derived from/
§ 5. Symbols of Languages. The symbols, such as F.=French,
are not used in their usual vague sense, so as to bafBe the enquirer
who wishes to find the words referred to. Every symbol has a special
sense, and has reference to certain books, in one at least of which the
word cited may be found, as I have ascertained for myself by looking
them all out. I have purposely used, as far as was practicable, the
most easily accessible authorities. The exact sense of each symbol is
given in the list below.
§ 6. Boot4Si. In some cases, a word is traced back to its original
Indo-germanic root. The root is denoted by the symbol -v/, to be
read as *root.' Thus bear, to carry, is from \/BHER. Some of
these roots are illustrated by the lists in § III of the Appendix.
§ 7. Deri^tives. The symbol Der., i. e. Derivatives, is used to
introduce forms related to the primary word. Thus, under Act, I
note such derivatives as aci'ton, aci-ive, &c., which cause no difficulty.
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.
Arab. — Arabic ; as in Richardson's Per-
sian and Arabic Diet., ed. F. John-
son ; 1829. See also Devic*s Sup-
plement to Littre's F. Diet.
A. S. — Anglo-Saxon ; as in the diction-
aries by Bosworth and Toller, Ett-
miiller, and Grein ; in the Vocaba-
laries edited by T. Wright and Prof.
Wiilker; and in Sweet's Oldest
English Texts.
Bavar. — Bavarian; as in Schmeller's
Bayerisches Worterbnch ; 1827-
1837.
Bret. — Breton ; as in Legonidec's Bret.
Diet., ed. 182 1.
Bmgm. — Bmgmann, Gmndriss der ver*
gldchenden Grammatiky &c. ; vol. i.
(2nd ed.), 1897 ; vol. ii. 1889-90.
C. — Celtic ; used as a general term for
Irish,Gaelic, Welsh, Breton, Cornish,
&c.
Com. — Cornish; as in Williams' Diet.;
1865.
Dan. — ^Danish ; as in Ferrall and Repp ;
1861.
Dan. dial. — Danish dialects ; as in
Molbechy 1841.
Dn. — Dutch; as in Calisch and in the
Tauchnitz Dutch Diet. Middle
Dutch words are from Oudemans,
Hexham (1658), or Sewel (1754).
E. — Modem English; as in N. E. D.
(New English Dictionary) ; and in
the Century Dictionary.
M.E. — Middle English (, English from
the thirteenth to the fifteenth cen-
turies inclusive); as in Stratmann's
Old English Diet., new edition,
1891.
F. — French. Most of the forms cited
are not precisely modem French, but
from Cot. = Cotgrave's Dictionary,
INTRODUCTION
xiu
ed. 1660. This accounts for citation
of forms, such as F. recreation,
without accents; the F. accents
being mostly modem. Such words
are usually marked M. F. (Middle
French). See also the dictionaries
by Hatzfeld and Littr^.
O.F. — Old French; as in the dic-
tionaries by Godefroy, Bnrgny, or
Roquefort.
Fries. — Friesic ; as in Richthofen, 1840.
Gael. — Gaelic ; as in Macleod and
Dewar, 1839; ^^ Macbain, 1896.
G. — German ; as in Fliigel, 1883.
Low G. — Low German; as in the
Bremen Worterbuch, 1767.
M. H. G. — Middle High German ; as
in Schade, Altdentsches Worter-
buch, 1883.
O. H. G. — Old High German ; as in
the same volnme.
Gk. — Greek; as in Liddell and Scott^s
Lexicon.
Goth. — Mceso - Gothic ; as in Balg's
Glossary, 1887-9.
Heb. — Hebrew; as in Gesenitis' Dict.»
1893.
Hind. — Hindustani ; as in Forbes, Bate,
or Wilson's Glossary of Indian
Terms,
loel. — Icelandic ; as in Cleasby and Vig-
fusson, 1874.
Idg. — Indo-germanic ; the family of
languages which includes Sanskrit,
Greek, Latin, English, &c
Irish. — Irish ; as in O^Reilly, 1864.
Ital. — Italian; as in Meadows, 1857;
Torriano, 1688 ; and Florio, 1598'.
L. — Latin ; as in Lewis and Short, 1 880.
Late L. — Late Latin ; as in the latest
edition of Ducange ; by L. Favre,
1884-7. (Low L.-> Late L. words
of non-Latin origin.)
Lith. — Lithuanian; as in Nesselmann's
Diet., 1 85 1.
Low G. — Low German ; see under G.
above. |
Malay. — As in Marsden's Diet., 1813;
cf. Notes by C. P. G. Scott.
Mex. — Mexican; as in the Diet, by
Simeon, Paris, 1885.
M.E.— Middle English; s^ee under E.
above.
M. H. G. — Middle High German ; see
under G. above.
Norw, — Norwegian ; as in Aasen's Norsk
Ordbog, 1873.
O. F. — Old French ; see under F. above.
O. H. G. — Old High German; see under
G. above.
O. Sax.— Old Saxon ; as in the Heliand,
&C., ed. Heyne.
O. Slav. — Old Slavonic ; as in Mik-
losich, Etym. Diet., Vienna, 1886.
Pers. — Persian ; as in Richardson's Arab.
and Pers. Diet. ; or in Palmer's Pers.
Diet., 1876 ; cf. Horn, Neupersische
Etymologic, 1893.
Peruv. — Peruvian; as in the Diet, by
Gon9ales, Lima, 1608.
Port. — Portuguese ; as in Vieyra, 1857.
Prov. — Proven9al ; as in Raynouard's
Lexique Roman, and Bartsch's
Chrestomathie Proven9ale.
Russ. — Russian; as in ReifTs Diet.,
1876.
Scand.^-Scandinavian ; used as a general
term for Icelandic, Swedish, Danish,
and Norwegian.
Skt, — Sanskrit ; as in Benfey's Diet.,
1866.
Span. — Spanish; as in Neumann, ed.
Seaone, 1863; Pineda, 1740; or
Minsheu, 1633.
Swed. — Swedish ; as in the Tauchnitz
Diet.; or in Widegren, or in Oman.
Swed. dial. — Swedish dialects; as in
Rietz(i867).
Tent. — Teutonic; a general term for
English, Dutch, German, Gothic,
and Scandinavian.
Turk.— Turkish ; as in Zenker's Diet.,
1866-1876.
W.— Welsh; as in Spurrdl, 1861.
XIV
INTRODUCTION
OTHER ABBREVIATIONS.
ace. — accusative case.
adj. — adjective.
adv. — adverb.
A.V. — Aathorised Version of the
Bible, 1611.
cf. — confer, i. e. compare.
Ch. — Chaucer,
comp. — comparative,
conj. — conjunction,
dat. — dative case.
decl.« — declensional.
Der. — Derivative,
dimin. — diminutive.
f. or fem. — feminine,
frequent. — frequentative,
gen. — genitive case.
L e. — id est, that is.
inf. — infinitive mood,
interj . — interjection,
lit. — literally,
m. or masc. — masculine,
n. or neut. — neuter.
nom. — ^nominative case.
obs. — obsolete.
orig. — original or originally.
pi. — plural.
pp. — past participle.
prep. — preposition.
pres. part. — present participle.
pres. t. — present tense.
prob. — probably.
pron. — pronoun.
prov. — provincial.
pt. t. — past tense.
q. V. — quod vide = which see.
s. V. — sub verbo = under the word.
sb. — substantive.
Shak. — Shakespeare.
sing. — singular.
str. vb. — strong verb.
superl. — superlative.
tr. — translated, or translation.
trans. — transitive.
vb. — verb.
Some of the longer articles are marked off into sections by the use
of the Greek letters p, y. This is merely intended to . make matters
clearer, by separating the various statements from each other.
Notes at the end of an article are marked off by beginning with
the symbol H. XIV, XV, XVI, mean that the word was introduced
in the 14th, 15th, or i6th century, respectively. Hyphens are freely
introduced to shew the etymological division of a word. Thus the
word concede is derived from Lat. con-cedere ; meaning that concedere
can be resolved into con- and cedere. This etymological division is
often very different from that usually adopted in printed books when
words have to be divided ; thus capacious can only be divided, etymo-
logically, as cap-ac-i-ous^ because cap^ is the root-syllable ; whereas,
when divided according to the pronunciation, it becomes ca-pa-ci-ous.
Theoretical forms are marked by an asterisk preceding them. Thus,
under Barrow (i), the Teutonic type *hergoz, a hill, is the primitive
Teutonic form whence the A. S. heorg and the G. herg are alike de-
scended ; and under Beetle (2), the A. S. form lytel must have been
*hetel in Old Mercian.
INTRODUCTION xv
The symbols 8 and ]> are both written for /A. In Icelandic, J> has
the sound of /h in /Am, and 8 that of M in /ha/; but the M.E. and A.S.
symbols are confused. The M.E. symbol 5 commonly represents j^ at
the beginning of a word, and gh in the middle. A. S. short and long
vowels, such as a and a, are as distinct from each other as e and 17,
or o and « in Greek.
The distinction between the two values of A. S. long cb (as
made by Dr. Sweet in his A. S. Diet.) has been carefully observed.
Thus the A. S. a invariably represents the mutation of A. S. a (as
usual), and corresponds to Goth, at; but A. S. (^ represents the
Wessex sound corresponding to the Anglian and Kentish e^ and to
Goth, e. For example, heal is from A. S. h^Jan, cognate with Goth.
hailjan, G. heilen; but deed is from O. Merc, ded (Wessex ddd),
cognate with Goth, deds^ G. /ha/.
CONCISE ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY
OF THE
ENGLISH LANGUAGE
-M-
(E.)
(E.)
Here a- =
Here a-«
Ay indef; art (K) See An.
A- (i)y as in a-down^A.S, of dune,
(E.) Here a- -A. S. of\ see Of, Oflt
A^ (a), as in a-foot, (£.) For on
foot ; see On. % TUs is the commonest
valne of the prefix a-,
A- (3)> as in Orlong,
A. S. and- ; see Along.
A- (4)* as in a-rise.
A. S. a- ; see Arise.
A- (5), as in a-chievCy astringent. (F.
— L. ; or 'h.) Here a=F. prefix a = L.
a/, to ; see Ad-.
A- (6), as in a-vert. (L.) Here a-^
L. a; see Ab- (i).
A- (7), as in a-tmnd. (L.) Here a-mend
is for e-mend\ and «- « L. ^ or ^jt ; see Sz-.
A- (8), as in a-las. (F.) See Alas.
A- (9), as in a-byss, (Gk.) Here a- «
Gk. d- or dy- ; see Un-, Abyss.
A- (10), as in a-do, (£.) For at do\
see At, Ado.
A- (ii)y as in a-ware.
for M. £. ^-, J-, A. S. j^tf- ;
A- (la), as in a-vast,
houdvast\ see Avaat.
Ab- (i), prefix. (L.)
(E.) Here a- is
; see Aware.
(Du.) For Du.
, ,, ^ , , L. /i^, from;
cognate with £. ^; "see Of. In F., it
becomes a- or av- ; see Advantage.
Ab- (3), prefix. (L.) For L. a</, to,
by assimilation ; see Abbreviate.
Abaok. (K) For on hack. A S.
<mbac\ see A- (2) and Back.
Abaft. (£.) From the prefix a- (2),
and b'aft^ short for bi-afty by aft. Thus
a-b-aft-wi. by aft, i.e. at the part which
ABBEY
lies to the aft. Cf. M. E. biaften. Gen.
and Exod. 3377 ; A. S. beaftan. See A-
(2), By, and Aft.
Abandon. (F.-Low L.-O.H.G.)
M. £. abandounen, vb.— F. adamionner. —
F. d bandony at liberty ; orig. in the power
(of). •- L. adf at ; Low L. bandum, bannum,
an order, decree ; from O. H. G. ban,
summons, ban ; see Ban.
Abase. (F.-L.) 'M.^. abasen, from
A- (5) and Base ; imitating O.F. abaissier,
to lower.
Abash. (F.) M. £. abascAen, abais-
chen, abasen. — O. F. esbaiss-, stem of pres.
part, of esbair (F. ibahir)^ to astoni^.—
O. F. €5' ( as L. ex, out, very much) ; and
boAr, bahir, to cause astonishment, a
word of imitative origin from the interj.
bah ! of astonishment. % Sometimes con-
fused with abase in M. £. See Bashfiil.
Abate. (F.-L.) ^ M. £. abaten.-^
O. F. abatre. — Late L. *abbatterey to beat
down (as in Ital.). — L. ad^ to; and batere,
for baiuere, to beat. See Batter. % Hence
bate, for a-bate, Cf. Ab- (2).
Abbot. (L.-Gk.-Syriac.) M. E.
abbot y abbody A. S. abbod. — L. abbdt- (nom.
a^^),an abbot, lit. a father — Gk. d^/3as.
— Syriac abba, 9, father; Rom. viii. 15.
abbess. (F. - L. - Gk. - Syriac.)
M. £. abbesse.^O. F. abesse, abaesse, »
Late L. abbdt-issa. — L. abbot- (as above) ;
and 'issa = Gk. -ia<7a, fem. suffix.
abbey. (F. - L. - Gk. - Syriac.)
M. £. abbeye. — O. F. abeie. — Late L.
abbdt'ia. ^h, abbdt' (above).
ABBREVIATE
Abbreviate. (L.) From pp. of L.
addreuidre, to shorten. ••L. a^, for ai/,
to, by assimilation; and ireuis, short.
See Ab- (2) and Brief.
Abdicate. (L.) From pp. of L. ad-
dicdre, to renounce. » L. ah, from ; dicdre,
to proclaim. Allied to Diction.
Abdomen. (L.) L> abdomen (stem
abd5nnn'\ lower part of the belly.
Abduction. (L.) L. abductiomm,
ace. of ahducHOt a leading away.— L. 03-
ducere^ to lead away. — L. o^, from ; ducere,
to lead. Cf. Duke.
Abed. (£.) For on bed\ set Jl- (2)
and Bed.
Aberration. (L.) From ace. of L.
aberrdtio, a wandering from ; from pp. of
L. ab-errdre.^lj, aby from; err are ^ to
wander, err. See Err.
Abet, to incite. (F.-Scand.) O.F.
abeter^ to excite, set on (Godefroy). — F.
a- (Lat. ad') ; and O. F. beter^ to bait (a
bear), to set on, from Icel. beita^ to make
to bite, cansal of bita^ to bite. See Bait,
Bite. Der. bet^ short for abet, sb.
Abejrancey expectation, suspension.
(F. — L.) A. F. abeiance^ suspension,
waiting (Roq.)' — F. a \ and beanty pres. pt.
of O. F. beer (F. bayer\ to gape, expect
anxiously. — L. ad^ at ; and baddre^ to gape.
Abhor. (L.) L. ab-horrere, to shrink
from in terror.— L. ab^ from; horrere, to
dread. Cf. Horrid.
Abide (i), to wait for. (£.) A.S.
d-btdan ; from a-, prefix, and btdan, to
bide. See A- (4) and Bide.
Abide (2), to suffer for, pay for. (E.)
In Sh. ; corrupted from M. £. abyen, to
pay for, lit. to buy up, redeem.— A. S.
dbycgany to pay for. See A- (4) and Buy.
Abject, mean, lit. cast away. (L.)
L. aO'ieciuSy cast away, pp. of ab-icere, to
cast away. — L. ab, away ; iacere^ to cast.
Cf. Jet (i).
Aljure. (L.) L. ab'iurdre, to deny;
lit. to swear away from. — L. ab^ from ;
iurdre, to swear. — L. iur-^ from nom. iusy
law, right. Cf. Jury.
Ablative. (L.) L. ahldtmus, lit.
taking away. — L. ab, from; and latum
( = tldtuni)y to bear, take ; allied to tottered
to take. See Tolerate.
Ablaie. (E.) For on blaze \ see A-
(a^ and Blase.
Able, powerful, skilful. (F. - L.)
M. E. able, kahle.^O. F. habile, able, able.
— L. haJbilis, easy to handle, active. — L.
ABRIDGE
habere^ to have. Cf. Habit. Der. ability
from L. ace. habilitdtem.
Ablution. (F.-L.) F.; from L.
ace. ab'lutionem, a washing away. — L.
ablutus, pp. of edhluere, to wash away.—
L. ab, from ; luere, to wash.
Abnegate. (L.) From pp. of L. ab-^
negdre, to deny. — L. ab, from ; negdre, to
sav no. Cf. Negation. '
Aboard. (E.) For on board ; see A-
(2) and Board.
Abode, sb. (E.) M. K abood, delay,
abiding. Formed as if from A. S. dbdd^
2nd stem of dbidan, to abide. See Abide.
Abolisb. (F.-L.) F. aboliss-, stem
of pres. pt. of abolir.'^L, abolert, to
abolish.
Abominate. (L.) From op. of L.
ab-omindri, to turn away from tnat which
is of ill omen. — L. ab, away; dmin-, for
omen, an omen.
AborigineSf original inhabitants.
(L.) L. aborigines, the nations which,
previous to historical record, drove out
tlie Siculi (Lewis and Short). Formed
from L. ab ortgine, from the beginning;
where ortgine is the abl. of ortgo (Vergil,
^n. i. 642).
Abortion. (L.) From ace. of L.
abortio, an untimely birth. — L. abortus,
pp. of ab-oriri, to fail.— L. ab^ away;
oriri, to arise, b^[in. Cf. Orient.
Abonnd. (F.-L.) A. F. abunder,
O. F. abonder. — L. ab-unddre, to overflow.
— L. ab, away ; unda, a wave.
About. (E.) M. E. abuten, abouten,
A.S. dbUtan, onbiitan; short for on-be-
atan ; where be answers to E. by, and titan,
outward, is related to Ht, out. See A- (3 ),
By and Out.
Above. (E.) M.E. aboven, abufen,
A.S. dbufan, for on-be-ufan; where be
answers to E. by, and trfan^ upward, is
extended from Goth, uf, up. See A- (2),
By, Up. (A.S. ufauM^G. oben. A.S.
he-ufan = Du. boven,)
AbradCi to scrape off. (L.) L. tUf-
rddere, to scrape off.- L. ab, off; rddexe,
to scrape. Ber. abrasion (from L. pp.
abrdsus).
Abreast. (E.) Put for on breast;
see A- (2) and Breast.
Abridge. (F.-L.) M.E. abreggen.
A. F. abregger, O. F. abreger, cdtregier, to
shorten. — L. abbreuidre, to shorten. — L.
ab-, put for ad-, to; and breuis, short.
Cf. Brief. Doublet, abbreviate.
ABROACH
ACCLIVITY
Abvoaoh, to set. (£. and F.) Put
for to set on hroach\ see A- (a) and
Broach.
Abroad. (£•) M,^,abrood\'^vXioTon
brood\ lit. on broad ; see A- (2) and Broad.
AbrOifate. (L*) From pp. of L. ab-
rogdre^ to repeal a law. — L. ab, away;
romre, to ask, propose a law.
Abrupt. (L.) L. abruptus, pp. of
<tb-rumpere, to break off. — L. aby off;
runtpercy to break.
ADSCess. (L-) A gathering of humours
into one place; lit. a going away.—L.
abscessus, a going away ; abscess (Celsus).
— h,absc£ssuSf pp. of abs-cedere, to go
away. — L. abs, away; cedere, to go, cede.
Absoi&d. (L.) From L. ab-scindere,
to cut off.- L. abf off; scindere, to cut.
Der. abscissa, from fem. of L. abscissus,
pp. oiabscindere.
AbflCOndy to go into hiding. (L.) L.
abscondirCy to hide. — L. absy away; condere,
to hide. Condere is from con- {cum), to-
gether, and 'dere, to ^ put, allied to Skt.
dhdf to put. ( VDHE, to place ; Bmgm.
i. § 589.) See Do.
Absent, adj. (F.-L.) XIV cent.
O. F. absent, adj.— L. absent; stem of ab-
sens, being away. — L. ab^, away; -sens,
being, occurring also in pra-sens, Cf. Skt.
santyjpes. pt. otas, to be ; from ^ES, to
be. CfL Present, Sooth. Der. absence,
F. absence, L. absentia,
Absolllte, unrestrained, complete.
(L.) .L. absoiatus, pp. of cUf-soluere, to
set free.- L. ab, from ; soluere, to loosen.
absolve. (L:.) L. ab-soluere, to set
free Tabove). Der. absohU-iony from the
pp. above.
Absorb. (L.) L. absorbere, to swal-
low.— L. aJb, away; sorbere, to sup up.+
Gk. fio<^tiv, to sup up. (Brugm. ii.
§ 801.) Der. absorpt-ion, from pp. ab-
SOfptUSm
Abstain. (F.-L.) F. abstenir (O.F.
astentr), — L. abs-tinere, to refrain from. —
L. abSf from ; tenhy, to hold. Der. abs-
tinence, F. abstinence, from L. abstinentia,
sb. : abstent'ion, from the pp.
Abstemions. (L.) L. abstemius,
refraining from strong drink. — L. abs, fix>m ;
temetum, strong drink, whence iemu-lentus,
drunken.
Abstract. (L.) L. abstractus, pp.
of abs'trahere, to draw away.— L. aos,
awav ; trahere, to draw.
Aostmse. (L.) L. abstrususy diffi-
cult, concealed; pp. of abS'triidere, to
thrust away. — L. als, away; triiderey to
thrust. See Intrude.
Absurd. (L.) L. ctbsurdus, inhar-
monious, foolish.— L. aby from; surdus,
deaf, inaudible, harsh. Cfl Surd.
Abundance. (F.-L.) F. abondance,
— L. abundantia. See Abound.
Abuse, vb. (F.-L.) F. abuser, to
use amiss.— L. abHsus, pp. of ab-iitty to
use amiss.— L. ab, away (amiss); ^//,
to use.
Abut, to project towards. (F.— L. and
G.) O.F. abouieTy to thrust towards.—
L. ady to; O.F. boutery boter, to thrust.
See A- (5) and Butt (i).
Abyss, a bottomless gulf. (L.-Gk.)
Milton. L. abyssus, — Gk. Afiwraosy bottom-
less.- Gk. d-, short for dv-, neg. prefix;
and fivffffSsy depth. See A- (9), Un- (i).
Acaci&, a tree. (L.— Gk.) L. acacia »
— Gk. dKcucia, the thorny Egyptian acacia.
— Gk. dicir, a point, thom. (^AK.) See
Brugm. ii. § 52 (4).
Acaden^. (F. - L. - Gk.) F.
acad/mie.^L, academid," Gk. djeaHi/jfAtia,
a grove where Plato taught, named from
the hero Akademus,
Accede. (L.) L. cu-cedere, to come
towards, assent to. — L. ac- (for ad), to;
cederey to come, cede.
Accelerate. (L.) From pp. of L.
accelerdre, to quicken. — L. ac^ (for ad),
to ; celery quick. Cf. Oelerity.
Accent. (F. — L.) F. accent y sb. - L.
ace. accentupiy a tone.— L. ac- (Ibr ad);
cantusy a singing, from canere, to sing.
Accept. (F.— L.) F. accepter, ^h.
acceptdre, frequentative of ac-cipere, to re-
ceive. — L. ac- (for ad)y to ; capere, to take.
Access. (L.) L. accessusy a coming
unto. — L. accessuSy pp. of cu-cedere y to
accede.— L. ac- (for ad), to; cedere, to
come, cede.
Accident. (F.— L.) F. accident, a
chance event (Cot.). — L. accident- y base of
pres. pt. of ac-ciderey to happen. — L. cu-
(for <?</), to; cadere, to fall. Der. ac'
cidence, F. accidence, L. accidentia.
Acolftim. (L.) Formed from L. ac-
cldmdre, to cry out at — L. ac- (for a/),
at ; cldmdre, to cry out For the spelling,
cf. Claim.
AcoUvity. (L.) XVII cent. From
L. accRuitdtem, ace. of acctiuitas. — L. or-
(for cut) ; and cliu-us, sloping, a slope ; see
I<ean (x). (^KLEI; Brugm. i^ § 463.)
._i
ACCOLADE
ACME
AooolAdA, the dnbbing of a knight.
(F. -Ital. - L.) F. accollade, in Cotgrave,
ed. 1660 ; lit. an embrace roond the nedc,
then a salutation, light tap with a sword
in dubbing a knight. «Ital. accollata, fern,
of pp. of itccoilare, to embrace about the
neck (Florio). — L. ac- (for ad), to, about;
co//um, the neck.
Accommodate. (L.) From pp. of
L. accommaddret to fit, adapt. « L. M' (for
ad)f to; and commodus, fit — L. com- (»
cum)t with ; and modus, measure, mode.
Accompany. (F.-L.) F. accom-
pagner^ to accompany. — F. a (L. ad), to ;
and O. F. compaing, ■ companion ; see
Company.
Accomplice. (F.-L.) Put for a
complice ; a is the indef. art. — F. complice,
'a complice, confederate;* Cot. — L. ace.
complicem, from complex^ confederate, lit.
' interwoven.* « L. com- (cum), together;
and stem pUc', allied to plicdre, to weave.
Cf. Ply.
Accomplish. (F.-L.) M.E. acom-
plisen, * O. F. acomplis-, stem of pres.
part, of acomplir, to complete. — L. ad, to ;
' complete J to fulfil. — L. com' {cum), to-
gether ; plere, to fill.
Accord. (F.-L) A. ¥, acorder, to
agree. — Late L. accorddre. « L. ac- (for ad) ,
to ; and cord-, stem of cor, heart Cf.
Concord.
Accordion, a mnsical instrument.
(Ital. — L.) From Ital. accord-are, to
accord, to tune an instrument ; with suffix
'ion (as in clar^ion), '^Lats L. accorddre,
to agree. See above.
Accost, to address. (F.-L.) F.
accoster, lit. ' to go to the side of.* — Late
L. accostdre (same).'-L ac- (for ad), to;
casta, rib, side. See Coast.
Account, vb. (F. — L.) A. F. acounter,
acunter, — O. F. a, to ; confer , compter, to
count «L. ad\ and com-putdre, to com-
pute, from com- {cum), and putdre, to
think.
Accontre. (F.— L.?) F. accoutrer,
formerly also accoustrer, to dress, array.
£tym. quite uncertain ; perhaps from O. F.
coustre, coutre, a sacristan who had charge
of sacred vestments, from Late L. cusior
s L. custos^ a custodian, keeper.
Accretion, increase. (L.) From ace.
of L. accretiOf increase. •• L. accretus, pp.
of ac-crescere, to increase. — L of- (for ad) ;
crescere, to grow, inchoative form from
cie-are, to make. Cf. Create.
Accmef to come to by way of increase.
(F.— L.) From A. F. curu, O. F. acreu,
pp. of acroistre (F. accrottre), to increase.
— L. accrescere ; see above.
Accumulate. (L.) From pp. of L.
ac'cumuldre, to amass. — L. cu- {ad), to ;
cumuldre, to heap up, from cumulus, a
heap.
Accurate. (L.) From pp. of L.
accHrdre, to take pains with.*L. ac- {ad),
to ; cHrdre, to care for, from cura, care.
See Cure.
Accursed, cursed. (£.) Pp. of M.E.
acursicn. A. S. d; prefix ; and cursian,
to curse ; see A- (4) and Curse.
Accuse. (F.-L.) A.F.actiser,^L,
accusdre, to lay to one*s charge. «L ac-
{ad), to ; and causa, caussa, a suit at law,
a cause.
Accustom. (F.-L.) A.¥.acustu9ner
(F. accoutumer), to make usual. •F. a
(from L. ad, to) ; and A. F. custume,
custom. See Custom.
Ace, the 'one 'on dice. (F.-I Gk.?)
M.E.oj.-O.F.fltf.-Laj. [Saidtobethe
Tarentine &i, for Gk. cfs, one.]
Acephalous, headless. (Gk.) Gk.
&ici<pcLK-m, headless; with suffix -^Mf.-iGk.
d-, un- ; and «c0aX^, head. See A- (9).
Acerbity. (F.-L) XVI cent. F.
acerbity. — L. ace. acerHtdtem (nom. cLcer-
bitas), bitterness. — L. acer-b-us, bitter;
cf. dc-er, sharp, lit. piercing. •- L. ctcere, to
be sour.
Ache, verb. (£.) M.E. aJken, vb.;
pt. t. 00^. A. S. acan. (V^^i ^^ drive.)
^ Spelt acke by confusion with M. £.
ache, sb., from A. S. ipce, a pain. The verb
survives, spelt as the obs. sb.
Achieve. ( F. - L.) M. E. acheven. -
A. F. cuhever, to achieve ; lit. to come to
a head.— O. F. a chef, to a head.— L. cid,
to ; caput, a head. Cf. Chief.
Achromatic, colourless. (Gk.) See
A- (9^) and Chromatic.
Acid, sour, sharp. (F.-L; or L.)
F. acide.'m'L. ac-idus, lit. piercing. (^AK,
to pierce.) Der. acid-i-ty; acid-ul-at ed
(from L. acid-ul-us, dimin. oiacid-us).
Acknowledge. (E.) XVI cent.
M. £. knowlechen ; fi-om the sb. knowleche,
mod. E. knowledge', see Knowledge. The
prefix is due to M. E. aknowen ( » A. S.
oncndwan), with the same sense; hence
the prefix is A- (2).
Acme, top. (Gk.) Gk. &K'iKfi, top,
sharp edge. {j^AK, to pierce.)
ACOLYTE
Aeolytev a servitor. (F.— Low L.—
Gk.) F. acolyte^ Cot— Late l^acolythus,
■■Gk. &k6\ovBo5, a follower. — Gk. d-,
with (akin to Skt. sa-y with) ; k^Acv^os, a
path ; so that ijc6k€vOoi = a travelling-com-
panion.
Aconite, monk's-hood. (F. — L.—
Gk.) F. aconit'm'L, acont^um, "Gk.
dK6yTTov, a plant ; perhaps so called from
growing iv dxSvais, on steep sharp rocks.
- Gk. dK-6vijj a whetstone, sharp stone.
Acorn. (£•) M.E, acam. A,S.acerft,
fruit; properlv 'fruit of the field/ from
A. S. acer, a held ; see Acre.4*Icel. akam^
Dan. agem, Goth, akran, fruit ; from Icel.
akr, Dan. ag^r, Goth. aJkrs, a field. ^ Not
from oak.
AconirtiC. (Gk.) Gk. dKovcnicds,
relating to hearing (or sound). — Gk.
dxo^uvy to hear.
Acquaint. (F.— L.) M.£. acqueyn-
tefty earlier acmnien.^O.Y. tuointer,
acainiier, to acquaint with. —Late L.
adcognitdre, to make known (Brachet).—
L. ady to; and *cognitdrey formed from
cognttusy pp. of cognoscere, to know. See
Quaint.
Acquiesce. (L.) L. acquiescerey to
rest in.— L. ac- (for ad), to ; quiescerCy to
rest. See Quiet.
Acquire. (L.) L. acquirerty to get,
obtain. — L. ac- (for ad)y to; quarerey to
seek. Der. acqutsit-ion ; from pp. ac-
quJsitus,
Acquit. (F.-L.) M.£. aquiten.^
O. F. aquiter, to settle a claim ; Late L.
acquieidre.'m'L, ac- (for ad)y to; quietarey
vb., formed from qtiietiiSy discharged, free,
orig. at rest. See Quiet.
A(Bre. (E.) M. £. aker, A. S. acer.-^
Dn. akkeVy IceL akry Swed. akevy Dan. ager,
Goth. akrSy G. acker \ L. ager^ Gk. <l7p($s,
Skt. ajra, Teut. type *akroz ; Idg. type,
*agros. The orig. sense was 'pasture.*
(VAG."^ Der. acor-n, q. v.
Acrid, tart. (L.) Coined by adding
-</ to L. dcri-y stem of deer, sharp; on
the analogy of ac-id.
Acrimony. (F. ->L.) F. acrimoine.
— L. dcrt'fnon-i'a,"!^. dcri-y stem of deer
(above).
Acrobat, a tumbler. (F.-Gk.) F.
acrobate. - Gk. dxpSffaroSy lit. walking on
tiptoe. — Gk. SxpO'Vy a point, neut. of
dut'pot, pointed ; and Par6sy verbal adj. of
fiaSvuvy to walk ; see Come.
Acropolis, a citadel. (Gk.) Lit.
ADDRESS
' upper city.* — Gk. dnpo-Sy pointed, upper;
and nSKtSy a city.
Across. (£. a»^Scand.) Vox fin cross \
see A- (2) and Cross.
Acrostic, a short poem in which the
initial letters spell a word. (Gk.) Gk.
dKpoarixli.^GV, &Hpo-Sj pointed, also
first ; and urixosy a row, line, from weak
grade of artixto't to go. (-^ STEIGH.')
Act, sb. (F. — L.) F. ac/e,"h. actusy
m., and acium, n. — L. actus, done ; pp. of
<7^^r^,to do,drive. See Agent. "Der, act'
ion ; act-ive (F. cutif) ; act-or; act-u-al (L.
cutudlis) ; act-uary (L. actudrius) ; act-u-
ate (from pp. of Late L. actudtey to per-
form, put in action).
Acumen. (L.) L. ac-U'inetty sharp-
ness, acuteness. Cf. acuere, to sharpen.
Acute. (L.) L. acutuSy sharp ; pp. of
ac-u-erey to sharpen. (^AK, to pierce.)
Ad-y prefix. (L.) L. ady to, cognate
with £. At. %'L. ad becomes ac' before
c ; of- bef./; ag- bef. gi al- bef. / ; ««•
bef. n ; ap- bef. / ; ar- bef. r ; as- bef. 5 ;
a/- bef. /.
Adage, a saying. (F.-L.) ¥. adage.
— L. addgium. ^L, ad; and dgium, a say-
ing ; cf. didy I say.
Adamant. (F. - L. - Gk.) M. £.
adamaunty a diamond, a magnet. — O.F.
adamant. — L. adamantay ace. of adamas.
— Gk. dSafuxr, a very hard metal or stone ;
lit. * unconquerable.' — Gk. d- ( — £. un-) ;
and lapAniy I conquer, tame. See Tame.
Adapt. (F.-L.) £arly XVII cent. -
F. adapter. "'L. adaptdre, to fit to. — L.
ad, to ; aptdrey to fit, from apttiSy fit, apt.
Add. (L.) M. £. adden."\,. adderey
lit. to put to.— L. cui\ and -derey to put.
See Abscond.
Adder, a viper. (£.) M. £. addere;
also naddere, neddere. \An adder resulted
from a nadder, by mistake.] A. S. n^drCy
ndddrey a snake.^-G. natter y a snake; also
cf. Icel. na^ry Goth, nadrs (with short a).
Addict. (L.) From L. addict-uSy pp.
of ad-dicere, to adjudge, assign. — L. ady
to ; dicere. to say, appoint. Cf. Diction.
Addlea, corrupt, unproductive. (£.)
Due to an attributive use of the M. £. sb.
adely filth, used in the compound cuiel-eyy
lit. * filth- egg* — Late L. ovum urinciy
urine-egg; mistaken form of L. duum
urtnuniy wind-egg, due to Gk. o^qv a/of,
wind-egg. Orig. *mud,* from A.S. adelay
mud (Grein). Cf. Low G. adely a puddle.
Address, vb. (F.-.L.) F. adresser.
ADDUCE
ADROIT
— F. a, to; dresser f to direct, dress; see
Dress.
Adduce. (L.) L. ad-dtlcere, to lead
to, bring forward. » L. ad^ to ; diicere, to
lead, bring.
Adept, a proficient. (L.) L. adept us ^
one who has obtained proficiency ; pp. of
adipisciy to obtain. ^L. ad, to; apisci^ to
obtain, perhaps related to apttis, fit.
Cf. Apt.
Adequate. (L.) L. adaqudtus, pp.
of adaqudre, to make equal to. *L. ad,
to ; aqudre, to make equal, from aqtmSy
equal.
Adhere. (L.) L. ad-harerey to stick
to. — L. ady to; harere, to stick.
Adieu, farewell. (F.) M.E. a dieu.
— F. ^ dieu, (I commit you) to God. — L.
ad Deum, to God. See Deity.
Adipose, fatty. (L.) Late L. adi-
posusj fatty. — L. adip-, stem of adeps, sb.,
fat. Connection with Gk. &\^vpa, fat, is
doubtful.
Adit, access to a mine. (L.) L. adit'Us,
approach, entrance. — L. adit-um, supine of
ad'tre, to go to. — L. ad, to ; ire^ to go.
A^acenti near to. (L.) From base
of pres. pt. of L. ad-iacere, to lie near. —
L. ad, near ; iacere, to lie.
Adjective. (F.-L.) Y.adjectifiS^m,
'ive). — L. ad-iecttuus, lit. put near to. —
L. ad-iectus, pp. of ad-icere, to put near. —
L. ad, to ; iacere, to cast, throw.
Acyoin, tolienextto. (F.-L.) O.F.
adjoindre, » L. ad-iungere (pp. adiunctus),
to join to. M L. ad, to ; iungere, to join.
Acyoum, to put off till another day.
(F. — L.) O. F. ajomer, properly to draw
near to day, to dawn ; also, to appoint a
day for one. — Late L. adjurndre, 'diem
dicere alicui;' Ducange.— L. ad, to; and
Late h.jurnus {Ital.giomo), a day, from
L. adj. diurnus, daily. — L. dies, a day.
Adjudge. (F.-L.) M.£. adiugen\
also aiugen {=^ajugen),^0. F. ajiiger, to
decide. — L. adiUdicdre, to award. — L. ad,
to ; iadicdre, to judge, from iodic-, base
of index, a judge. See Judge.
A^udicate. (L.) From pp. of L.
adiUaicdre (above).
Adjure. (L.) L. ad-iUrdre, to swear
to ; in late L., to put to an oath. — L. ad,
to ; iUrdre, to swear. See Jury.
AcUust, to fit exactly. (F.-L.) From
F. adjuster, * to adjust, place justly ; * Cot.
L. ad, to ; iustus, just, exact ; see Just.
% A new F. formation, due to misunder-
standing the sense of O. F. ajoster, to
put side by side, arrange. — L. ad,Xo't and
iuxtd, near ; see Joust.
Ac^utant, lit. assistant. (L.) From
L. adiatant-em, ace. of pres. part, of
adiatdre, to assist, frequent, of ad-iuudre,
to aid. — L. ad, to ; iuudre, to help. Cf.
Aid.
Administer. (F.— L.) M. £. a;/»;»-
istren. — O. F. aministrer, — L. ad-minis'
irdre, to minister (to). — L. cui, to ; miniS'
trdre, to serve, from minister, a servant.
See Minister.
Admiral. (F. — Arab.) M. £. ad-
miral, more often amiral, — O. F. amiral,
amirail, also amire ; cf. Low L. admi-
raldus, a prince, chief. — Arab, amtr, a
prince; see Emir. The suffix is due to
Arah. al in amir-al-dahr, prince of the sea.
Admire. (F.-L.) ¥, admirer {O.F.
amirer).^L, admirdri, to wonder at.—
L. ad, at ; mirdri, to wonder.
Admit. (L.) L. ad-mittere, to let
to, send to. — L. ad, to ; mittere, to send.
Der. admisS'ion ; from pp. admiss-us.
Admonisli. (F.— L.) M.E. amon-
esten ; so that admonish has taken the
place of amonest, with changed suffix due
to verbs in -ish. * I amoneste or wame *";
Wyclif, I Cor. iv. 14. — O.F. amonester.wm
Late L. admonestdre, new formation from
L. admonere, to advise. — L. o^/, to; mohere,
to advise. Cf. Monition.
A-do. to-do, trouble. (£.) M. £. cU
do, to do ; a Northern idiom, whereby at
was used as the sign of the infin. mood, as
in Icel., Swedi^, &c. See Do (i).
Adolescent, growing up. (L.) L.
adolescent-em, ^Qx^ of pres. pt. oi ad-olescere,
to grow up. See Adult.
Aiopt. (L.) L. ad-optdre, to adopt,
choose. — L. du/, to ; optdre, to wish.
Adore. (L.) L. ad-or&re, to pray to.
— L. ad, to ; ordre, to pray, from os (jgen.
or-is^, the mouth. Cf. Oral.
Adorn. (L.) L^ ad-omdre, to deck.
— L. ad, to ; omdre, to adorn.
Adown, downwards. (£.) M. £.
aduTie. A. S. of-dUne, lit. from a down or
hill. — A. S. of, off, from ; and dUne, dat.
of dan^ a hill ; see A- (i) and Down (2).
Adrift. (£.) For on drift-, see A-
(2) and Drift.
Adroit. (F. — L.) F. od&viV, de3cterous.
-F. a droit, rightfully. -F. h (L. «/)> to;
Late L. directum, right, justice, neut of
L. directus, pp. of di-rigere, to direct,
ADULATION
from L. di- (for </m-)j apart, and regere^ to
rule.
Adulatioily flattery. (F.-L.) F.
adulation, ^la, ace. aduldtidnem, from
aduldtiOy flattery.— L. aduldtus^ pp. of
aduldrl^ to flatter.
Adult. (L.) L. adultus, grown up ;
pp. of ctd-olescere, to grow up. — L. ad^ to ;
*oUscere, inceptive form related to alere, to
nourish ; see Aliment
Adulterate, to corrupt. (L.) XVI
cent. — L. ctdulierdtus, pp. of aduUerdre, to
corrupt. — L. adulter^ an adulterer, a de-
baser of money.
Adultery. (F.-L.) M.E. avouiri€\
but a later form was adulterie, in imita-
tion of Latin . Cf. O. F. avoutrie, avouterie,
adultery; from cn/outref an adulterer,
which represented L. adulter (see above) ;
so that avoutrie was equivalent in sense to
L. adiilterium^ adultery.
Adumbrate. (L.) From pp. of L.
ad-umbrdre^ to shadow forth. — L. ad^ to ;
umbra, a shadow.
Advance, to go forward. (F. - L.)
XVI cent. A mistaken form ; for M. E.
auancen, avanccn, — F. avancer^ to go for-
ward or before. — F. avant, before. — L. ab,
from ; ante^ before. See Ante-, Van.
Advantage, profit. (F.-L.) Amis-
taken form for M. £. avantage. — F. avant-
age ; formed with suffix -^ge from avant,
before ; see above.
Advent, approach. (L.) "L.aduentus,
approach. oL. aduentus, pp. of ad-uentre,
to approach. <-L. ad, to; uentre, to come.
Cf. Venture.
Adventnre. (F.-L.) MJS,.aventure;
with F. a- replaced by L. ad-. — F.
aventure, a chance, occurrence.— L. ad-
nentura, fem. of aduenturus, about to
happen, fut. part, oiaduenire, to approach;
see above.
Adverb. (F.-L.) Used to qualify a
verb. F. adverbe, — L. aduerbium, - L. ad,
to ; uerbum, a word, a verb.
Adverse. (F.-L.) l/L.Y,advers{0.¥.
awrs).^h, aduersus, turned towards, also
opposed to ; pp. of L. aduertere, to turn
to (see below). Der. adver's-ary, adversity.
Advert. (L.) L. ad-uertere, to turn
to, regard, heed. — L. ad, to; uertere, to
turn ; see Verse. Der. in-advert-ent, not
regarding.
Advertise. (F. - L.) M. £. avertisen,
later advertise. From the base of aver-
tiss-ant, pres. pt. of avertir, to inform,
AFFECT
warn. — Late L. aduertere, put for L. aduer^
tere, to turn to, heed ; see above.
Advice. (F.— L.) M.E. auis {avis),
without d. — O. F. avis, an opinion ; orig.
a compound word, put for a vis, i. e. ac-
cording to my opinion. — L. ad, according
to ; uisum, that which has seemed good
to one, orig. neut. of utsus, pp. of uidere,
to see.
Advise. (F. — L.) M. E. aduisen, also
auisen {avisen), without d. — O. F. aviser,
to be of opinion. — O. F. avis (above).
Advocate, sb. (F.-L.) M. F. advocat,
*an advocate;* Cot. — L. aduocdtus, an
advocate, one 'called upon* to plead.—
L. aduocdtus, pp. of ad-uocdre, to call to,
call upon. — L. ad, to ; uocdre, to call.
Advowson. (F.-L.) A. F. avoeson,
also advouson, patronage ; hence the right
of presentation to a benefice (Roquefort).—
Late L. aduocdtionem, ace. of aduocdtio,
patronage. — Late L. aduocdtus, a patron ;
the same as L. aduocdtus, an advocate.
Adse, a cooper's axe. (E.) M. E. adse,
adese. A. S. cidesa, an adze.
Aerial. (L. — Gk.) Formed with sufiix
-a/ from L. aSri-us, dwelling in the air.—
L. aUr, air. — Gk. d^p, air ; see Air.
Aerolite^ a meteoric stone. (Gk.)
Also (Urolith, which is a better form.—
Gk. dfpo-, from di7/>, air ; XiO-os, a stone.
Aeronaut, a balloonist. (F.— Gk.)
F. a/ronaute, ^Gk, aipo-, from daip, air;
vavT'Tjs, a sailor, from vaw, a ship.
Aery, an eagle's nest, brood of eagles or
hawks. (F. — Late L.) — F. aire, * an airie
or nest of hawkes ; * Cot. — Late L. drea, a
nest of a bird of prey ; of uncertain origin.
U Sometimes misspelt eyry, by confusion
with M. E. ey, an egg ; see Egg.
JSsthetic, refin^. (Gk.) Gk. alcBij'
tik6s, perceptive. — Gk. olaOiaBai, to per-
ceive. (VAW ; see Brugm. ii. § 841.)
anSBStbetiCf relieving pain, dulling
sensation. — Gk. dv-, not ; and cXaOrfriK&s,
Afar. (E.) Yotonfar,
Affable. (F.-L.) ¥ , affabh.^l.. affd-
bills, easy to be spoken to. — L. af-^ad,
to ; fdrl, to speak.
Affair. (F.-L.) M. E. a^tfr<?.-O.F.
afeire, afaire, a business ; orig. a /aire,
i. e. (something) to do. - L. ad, to ; facere,
to do.
Affect. (L.) L. affectdre, to apply
oneself to (hence, to act upon) ; frequent, of
afficere, to aim at, treat. —L. a/- « ad, to ;
facere, to do, act. Der. dis-affect.
AFFEER
AGATE
Affeor, to assess, confirm. (F. — L.)
O. F. afeurer, to fix the price of a thing
(officially). — Late L. affordre, to fix a
price. ^\j,af' (for ad) ; Bud forum, market,
price.
Affiance. (F.— L.) O.F.^«<:^, trust;
cf, affierj ajier, to trust (whence E. affy). —
►' O. F. fl (L. ad)y to; wa^fidant', stem of
Eres. pt. of Late L. fiddre, to trust, from
ufidere, to trust. Cf. Late 1^. fidantia^
a pledge.
Affidavit, an oath. (L ) Late L. affi-
dduitf 3 p. s. pt. t. of affiddrty to pledge. —
h. a/' ^ ad, to; Late V,.fiddre^ for L.fiderey
to trust.
Affiliation. (F.-L.) F. affiliation,
an adoption as a son. — Late L. ace. afftlid-
tionem. — L. a/"- = ad, to ; ftlius, a son.
Affinity. (F.-L) F. affinitl^U
affinitdiem, ace. of affinitas, nearness. — L.
affiniSf near, bordering on. •■ L. af- (for adj,
to, near; /)»«, boundary, end.
Affirm. (F.-L.) M. E. affermen.'^
O. F. afermer, to fix. — L. affirntdre, — L.
(rf- (for flrf;, to ; fimidre, to make firm,
Kom firmus, strong ; see Firm.
Affix. (L.) Late L. o^^/*^ (Ducange),
frequent, of L. afftgere (pp. affix-us), to
fasten to.— L. a/"- (for ad), io\figere, to fix.
Affiiot, to harass. (L.) XVI cent. — L.
affiictuSf pp. of affligere, to strike to the
ground. — L. o/^ (for ad) , to ; KtAfligere, to
dash . So also conflict, from pp. con flic tus ;
inflict ; and cf. proflig-ate.
Affinence. (F.-L.) F. affluence.^
L. affluentia, abundance. — L. affluent-em
(ace.), flowing towards, pres. part, of
affluere, to flow to, abound. — L. af- (for
€Ld\ to ; fluere, to flow. •
Afford. (E.) Altered from aforth,
M.E. aforthen, to provide, P. PI. B. vi.
20I. — A. S. geforiiian,fordian, to further,
promote, provide. ■- A. S. ge-, prefix ; and
for8, forth, forward ; see Forth.
Afeay, to frighten. (F. - L. and Tent.)
XIV cent. M. E. affrayen. — O. F. effraier,
esfreUr, to frighten. — Low L exfriddre, to
break the king's peace, cause an affray or
fray; hence, to disturb, frighten. — L. ex\
and O. H. G.fridu {G,friede), peace. (See
Romania, 1878, vii. lai.) Der. affray, sb.,
also spelt /my ; and afraid, q. v.
Affreightment, the hiring of a vessel
to convey cargo. (F. — L. and G.) An
E. spelling of F. affretement^ now written
affritement, the hiring of a ship. — F.
affreter (now affriter), to hire a ship. — F.
af, for L. ad', prefix ; and F. fret, the
freight of a ship. See Fraught, Freight.
AiUgllt, to frighten. (E.) The
double/is late. From M. E. af right, used
as a pp., affrighted. — A. S. dfyrht, dfyrhted,
pp. affrighted; from infin. dfyrhtan (not
used). — A. S. d-, intensive; 2S16. fyrhtan,
to terrify, iiomjyrhto, fright ; see Fright.
Affront. (F.-L.) IIL.1S,, afronten.^
O. F. afronter, to confront, oppose face to
face. — Late L. affrontdre. — L. af (for ad),
to ; front-em, ace. of from, forehead,
brow.
Afloat. (E.) For on float.
Afoot. (E.) For on foot.
Afore. (E.) For on fore \ A. S. on*
foran, afore.
Afraid. (F.-L. and Teut.) Orig.
affrayed, i. e. 'frightened.' Pp. of Affiray,
q.v.
Afresll. (E.) For on fresh or of fresh ;
see Anew.
Aft, After. (E.) A. S. ceftan, be-
hind; cefter, after, both prep, and adv.4-
Icel. aptan, behind, aptr, ^/r, backwards;
Dan. and Swed. efter, Du. achter, O. H. G.
aftar, prep, and adv. behind. |3. Aftan
is extended from Goth, af, off; see Of.
After is a comp. form, likeGk. iwca-Tipa),
further off; it means more off, further off,
hence behind. Der. ab-aft, q v. ; after-
ward (see Toward).
Aftermath, a second crop of mown
grass. (£.) Here after is an adj. ; and math
means *■ a mowing,' unaccented form of
A. S. map. Allied to Mead, Mow. Cf.
G. mahd, a mowing ; nachmahd, aftermath.
Aftermost, hindmost. (E.) A. S.
aftemesty Goth, aftumists; but affected
by after and most. The Goth, af-tu-m-
ists is a treble snperl. form. See Aft.
Affa, Agha, a chief officer. (Turk.)
Turk, aghd, master.
Again. (North E.) Cf. M.E. ayein,
aTsT ongegn {ongean)," h.S. on; and
gegn, of which the primary meaning seems
to have been * direct,* or * straight.'
(N.E.D.)+Dan. igien, Swed. igen, again.
Uainst. (North E.) The t is added.
CfTM. E. ayeines, against ; extended from
M. E. ayein, against, with adv. suffix -es.
— A. S. ongean, against ; the same as A. S.
ongean, ongegn, again ; see above.<4-Icel.
t gegn, G. entgegen, against.
Aimte. (F. - It. - L. - Gk.) O.F. agate,
agcUhe. — Ital. agcUa, agcUha, an agate
(Florio). — L. achdtem, ace. ot achates, m.
8
AGE
Gk. axortjs, an agate ; so named from being
found near the river Achates (Sicily).
Age. (F. — L.) O. F. aage, edage, -i Late
L. atdticum, -• L. atdti', stem of aids (from
*aui'ids)f age.— L. auum, life, period. 4-
Gk. alar; Goth, aiws; Skt dyus, life.
Brugm. ii. § 1 1 a .
Agent. (L.) XVI cent. L. agent-,
stem of pres. pt of agere (pp. actus), to do,
drive, conduct. "fOk. aycty ; Icel. aka ; Skt.
aj\ to drive. (^ AG.)
Agglomerate, to mass together. (L.)
From pp. of L. agglomerdre, to form into
a mass. — L. ag- ( ■> ad) ; and glonur', stem
of glomus, a mass, ball, clue of thread,
allied Xq globus, a globe; see Qlobe.
Agglutinate. (L.) From pp. of
aggUitindre, to glue together. — L. dtg'-
( ^ fl</), to ; glutin-, "for gluten, glue.
Aggrancmie. (F.-L.) M.Y.aggran-
diS', stem of pres. pt. of aggrandir, to
enlarge. Also agrandir (with one ^) . — F.
(for L. odf) ; and grandir, to increase,
from L. grandlre, to enlarge, which is
from L. grandis, great.
Aggravate. (L.) From pp. of L. ag-
graudre, to add to a load. — L. ag- {=ad),
to; graudre, to load, from grauis, heavy.
Aggregate. (L.) From pp. of L. ag-
gregdre, to collect into'a flock. — L. ag- (for
od), to ; greg', stem oigrex, a flock.
Aggress, to attack. (F.~L.) M.F.a^-
gresser.^h. aggressits, pp. of aggredi, to
assail.— L. a^- (for ad), to; ^od^f, to ad-
vance.
Aggrieve. (F.— L.) M.JL,agreveft.^
O. t . agrever, to overwhelm. — O. F. a, to ;
grever, to burden.— L. oflf, to;^j«<?r^, to
weigh down, from grauis, heavy, grave.
See Grave (2).
Agliast, horror-stmck. (£.) Misspelt
for agast, which is short for agasted, pp. o^
M. E. agasten^ to terrify ; Ch. C. T. 2341 ;
Leg. of Good Women, Dido, 248. — A. S.
a-i prefix ; and gctstan, to terrify, torment.
p. A. S. gSstan is from the base gas- =
Goth, gats- in us-gais-jan, to terrify. (^
GHwAIS.) Brugm. ii. § 802.
Agile. (F.-L.) XVI cent. F. agile,
—L. tigilis, nimble; lit. easily driven
abont— L. agere^ to drive.
Agistment, the pasturage of cattle
by agreement. (F. — L.) From the F. vb.
agister, to assign a resting-place. — F. a
( ^ V,,ad)^,o ; and 0.¥,giste, a couch, lodg-
ing, verbal sb. from O. F. gesir (F. gisir),
to lie, from L. iacere, to lie.
AGREE
Agitate. (L.) L. agitdtus, pp. pf
agitdre, to keep driving about, frequent of
agere, to drive ; see Agent. (VAG.)
Aglet, a tag of a lace. (F. — L.) Also
aygulet, Spenser, F. Q. ii. 3. 26. — F. aiguil-
lette, dimin. ol aiguille, a needle.— Late L.
cuHcula, dimin. of ac- us, a needle, pointed
thing. Cf. Acme. (VAK.)
Agnail, (i) a com on the foot, (2) a
sore beside the nail. (£.) The sense has
been confused or perverted. From A. S.
angnagl, a com on the foot (see A. S.
Leechdoms, ii. 81, § 34); with which cf.
O. Friesic ogneil, ongneil, apparently used
in a similar sense. From a prefix ang-,
signifying afflicting, paining, and A. S.
nagl, a nail (as of iron), hence a hard
round-headed excrescence or wart fixed in
the flesh ; see Anger and NaiL p. Soon
misunderstood as referring to the nails of
the toes or fingers, and so made to mean
* a sore beside the nail ' ; prob. by com-
paring (wrongly) the Gk. vapovvxio, a
whitlow (lit. beside the nail), or by con-
fusion with F. angonaille, a sore (Cot.).
See N. E. D.
Agnate, allied. (L.) L. agndtus,
allied ; pp. of agnasct=^ ad-gnasci, — L. ad,
to ; nasci, earlier form gnascJ, to be bora.
AffOy Agone, gone away, past. (£.)
M. £. ago, agon, agoon, pp. ot the verb
agon^ to pass by, pass away. A. S. dgan,
pp. of dgdn, to pass away. See A- (4)
and Qo.
AgOg| in eagerness. (F.) For a-gog,
in activity, in eagerness, where a- is
the prefix A- (2). Adapted from O. F.
en gogues (Littre), or a gogue (Godefroy),
in mirth. Cot. has estre en ses gogues, ' to
be frolicke, ... in a veine of mirth.' The
origin of O. F. gogue, fun, diversion, is
unknown.
Agony. (F. - L. — Gk.) M. E. agonie,
— ir.agonie. — L. agonia^^Gk. dyoaviay orig.
a contest. — Gk. dy^y contest. — Gk. dytiv,
to drive. (V AG.)
Agouti, a rodent animal, of the guinea-
pigfamily. (F. — Sp. — Brazil.) F. agouti,
— Sp. A^//. — Brazil, aguti, acuti.
Agraffe, a kind of clasp. ( F. - O.H.G.)
F. agrafe ; also agraphe (in Cotgrave),
a hook, clasp; agrafer, to clasp. The
verb is from F. a ( = L. ad), to ; and
M. H. G. kraPfe, O. H. G. crapo, chrapfo^
a hook, which is allied to E. cramp.
AgreOf to accord. (F.^L.) O. F.
agreer, to receive favourably. — O. F. agre,
B 3
AGRICULTURE
ALBUM
favourably. — O. F. « ( = L. am/), according
to ; grCf grety pleasure, from L. grdtum^
neut. oigrdtus, dear, pleasing. Cf. Grace.
Der. dis-agree.
Agriciutnre. (L.) L. agrl cultura,
culture of a field. — L. c^i, gen. of ciger^
a field ; and cultura. See Acre and Cul-
ture.
Agrimony, a plant. (F.-L.-GkO
M. E. agremoinef egremoine.^'M.. F. aigri-
nioine. — L. argemoniay argemoni^^QV.
dpy€fjidfV7j. (I^ewis and Short, L. Diet.)
Aground. (E.) For on ground.
Ague, a fever-fit. (F. — L.) Lit.
* acute ' attack. — O. F. ague^ fem. of agu
(F. aigu), acute. — L. acuta {Jebris)y acute
(fever) ; fem. of aciitus ; see Acute.
Ah! (F.-L.) M.E. a!-O.F. a!-
L. aA!
Ahead. (E.) For on heady i.e. in a
forward direction. See A- (a).
Ai. a sloth. (Brazil.) From Brazil, ai.
Aid. (F.-L.) M.E. aiden. - O. F.
aider. ^Yj. adiuldre, frequent, ofadiuudrej
to assist — L. ad; and tuudre, to help, pp.
tUtus. Cf. Brugm. ii. § 583.
Ail, V. (E.) M.E. ei/en. A.S. egian^
to pain ; cognate with Goth, agljan. —
A. S. egley troublesome (allied to Goth,
aglusy hard). Cf. A.S. ege^ terror, orig.
pain ; see Awe.
Aim, to endeavour after. (F.—L.) M.E.
eimen. From confusion of (i) A. F.
esmer, from L. astimdre, to estimate, aim
at, intend ; and (2) O. F. aismer^ from L.
ad-cestimdrey comp. with prefix ad-y to.
See Esteem.
Air (i). (F.-L.-Gk.) M. E. air, eir.
— F. air. — L. der. — Gk. dijp, air.
air (2), mien, affected manner ; tune.
(F. — It. — L. — Gk.) F. air, look, tune. —
Ital. ariay * a looke, . . a tune ; ' Florio. —
Folk-L. neut. pi. deray treated as a fem.
sing. (Diez). — L. tf<?r. — Gk. d^p (above).
Alrt, a point of the compass. (Gael.)
Gael, airdy a quarter or point of the
compass. Cf O. Irish airdy a point, limit.
Aisle, the wing of a church. (F. — L.)
Better spelt aile. — F. aile. — L. dloy a wing.
Prob. for *axia, dimin. of Axis.
Ait. (E.) SeeEyot.
Aitch-bone, the rump-bone. (Hyb. ;
F. — L. and E.) Grig, spelt nache bone. —
O. F. nacJUy sing, of naches, the buttocks ;
and E. bofie. Naches -= Late L. ncUicds, ace.
of naticcBy dimin. of L. nateSy the but-
tocks.
Ajar. (E.) From a chary on char^ on
the turn (G. Douglas, tr. of Virgil, b. vii,
prol.). — A.S. on cierrCy on the turn ; cf. A.S.
cyrran, cierran, to turn. See Char (2).
Akimbo, in a bent position. (Scand.)
M. E. in kenebowe, Beryn, 1838. Perhaps
from Icel. t kengy into a crook; with
E. hoWy i.e. bend, superfluously added.
Here keng is the ace. of kengr, a crook,
twist, kink. Cf. also Icel. kengboginn^
bent into a crook, from kengr^ a crook,
twist, kink, and boginn, bowed, pp. of
lost verb bjUga, to bow. See Kink and
Bow (i). (Very doubtful ; a guess.)
Akin, of kin. (E.) Tot of kin.
Alabaster. (F. - L. - Gk.) M.E. ala-
bastre.^O.Y. alabastre (F. aibdtre).^!^
alabaster, a/abastrum,'^ Gk. dkA^arpov,
dKafiaaros. Said to be derived from Aia-
bastron, a town in Egypt. (Pliny.)
Alack. (E.) Prob. a corruption of M.E.
a ! lack ! alas ! a shame ! lit. ' lack.* (It
cannot be the same as alcu^
Alacrity. (L.) Formed by analogy
with celerity y from L. alacritdtem, ace. of
alacritdSy briskness. — L. alacer, brisk.
Alarm, a call to arms. (F. — Ital. — L. )
M. E. alarme. — Y.alamie. — Ital. alVarvtey
to arms ! for aJle arme. — Late L. ad
illas armas, for L. ad ilia arma, to
those arms ! to your arms !
alarum. (F. — Ital. - L.) The same
word, with an old pronunciation, in which
the r was strongly trilled.
Alas! (F.-L.) M.E.fl/flj.-O.F.a/oj
(cf F. h^las), - O. F. a, ah ! and las,
wretched that I am ! — L. ah\ and lassusy
tired, wretched. (Allied to Late.)
Alb, a white vestment. (F.—L.) M.E.
albe — O. F. a/^d. — Late L. alba, sb.; orig.
fem. of L. albus, white.
Albacore, a kind of tunny. (Port.—
Arab.) Port, albacor, albacora. Said to
be of Arab, origin.
Albatross, a large sea-bird. (Port. —
Span. — Arab. — Gk.) Formerly also alga-
/rm. — Port, alcatraz, a cormorant, alba-
tross; Span, alcatraz, a pelican —Port.
alcatruz, a bucket, Span, arcaduz, M. Span.
cdcaduz (Minsheu), a bucket on a water-
wheel. —Arab al-qddUSy the same (Dozy).
Similarly Arab, saqqdy a water-carrier, a
pelican, because it carries water in its
pouch. (Devic; supp. to Littre.)
Album, lit. tliat which is white. (L )
L. alburn^ a tablet, orig. neut. of albus ^
white.
10
ALBUMEN
ALIVE
alblllll61l, white of egg. (L.) L.. albu-
men out (also album out), white of tgg,^
L. albus, white.
Alcaydei a jndge ; see Cadi.
Alchemy. (F.-Arab.-Gk.) O. F.
alchemie. — Arab, al, the ; and kimidy
alchemy.— Late Gk. x^/xcta, chemistry;
probably confused with -xyiuiaj a ming-
ling, from Gk. x^^"'* ^^ 'povn out, mix.
jQcohol. (Med. L— Arab.) Med. L.
alcohol, applied to pure spirit, though the
orig. sense was a fine impalpable powder.
•- Arab, al, the ; and kohl or kulj^l, a
collyrium, verv fine powder of antimony,
used to paint the eyelids with.
Alcoran ; see Koran.
AlcovOi a vaulted recess. (F. — Span. ^
Arab.) F. alc&ve. — Span, alcoba, a recess
in a room. V Arab, al, the; and qobbah, a
vault, dome, cupola ; hence a vaulted space.
Aldar, a tree. (E.) M. £. alder, aller
{d being excrescent). — A. S. alor {aler,
fl/r).4'Du. els] Icel. olr (Jor plr) ; Swed.
al; Dan. elle, el; G. erle; O. H. G. erildj
earlier elira; Span, aliso (from Gothic).
Teut. stems *aluz', *aliz', *alis'. Allied
to Lith. alksnisy L. alnus (for *alsnos) ;
Russ. ollfkha ; and perhaps to Blm.
Alder-f prefix, of all. In alder-liefest
(Sh.) ; here alder is for aller, O. Merc.
aira, A. S. ealra, gen. pi. of al, eal, all.
Alderman. (E.) Merc, aldorman,
A. S. ealdorrtutn.'^yicTC. aldor (ealdor), a
chief; and ptan, man. Allied to O. Fries.
alder, a parent; G. ellem, pi. parents;
and to L. al-tor, a bringer up, from alere,
to nourish. Cf. Old.
Ale. (E.) M. £. ale, - A. S. ealu, gen.
alo} (stem *a/M/).-f Icel., Swed., and Dan.
dl\ Lithuan. alus; Russ. oUrvina,
Alembic, a vessel for distilling. (F. —
Span. — Arab. — Gk.) M. E. alembyk, — F.
alambique (Cot.). — Span, alambique. —
Arab, al, the ; and anbiq (pronounced am-
btq\ a still. «-Gk. djifit^, a cup, goblet;
cap of a still. Cf. Ijimbeok.
Alert. (F.-Ital.-L.) Y.alerte; for-
merly allerte, and (in Rabelais) a Pherte,
i.e. on the watch.— Ital. alVertay on the
watch; from the phr. stare alterta, to
stand erect, be on one's guard. — Ital. alia
(for a la), at the, on the; eria, fem. of
erto, erect — L. ad, to, at ; illam, fem. ace.
of tile, he ; erectam, fem. ace. of erectus,
erect ; see Xreot.
Algelira. (Late L.- Arab.) Late L.
algebra, computation. — Arab, a/, the ; and
jadrr, setting, repairing ; also, the reduction
of fractions to integers in arithmetic ; hence,
algebra. — Arab, root jabar a, to set, con '
solidate.
Allfuaiil, a police-of)icer. (Span.—
Arab.) Span, alguazil. — Arab, al, the ;
Tvaztr, a vizier, officer ; see Viaier.
Al^^nm, sandal-wood. (Heb. — Skt.)
In 2 Chron. ii. 8, ix. lo; spelt almug,
I Kings x. 1 1. — Heb. algummim, or (trans-
posed) edmugim ; a borrowed word. Sup-
posed by Max Muller {Set. Lang. i. 332) to
be from Skt. valgU'ka, sandal-wood; where
'ka is a sufHx.
Alias. (L.) L. alias, otherwise. — L.
alius, another ; see Alien.
alibi. (L.) L. aiibi, in another place.
— L. ali-, as in alius ; and sufHx -bi as in
i-bi, there, u-bi, where. See below.
alien. (F.-L.) M.E. a/iV«<?.-O.F.
alien. — L. alienus, strange; a stranger. — L.
alius, another, -f- Gk. &>Jkos, another; O.
Irish aile, W. aill, all; Goth, aljis (stem
aljo-), other ; see ISlse.
Alight (1)1 to descend from. (E.) M. £.
alihten, to alight from horseback ; A. S.
dlihtan, the prefix a- being— A. S. a-.
The simple form lihtan also occurs in A. S.,
meaning to make light, relieve of weight,
alight (from a horse) ; from liht, light,
adj. See Light (3).
alight (2), to light upon. (E.) M.E.
alihten, with reference to the completion of
the action of alighting. See above.
Align ; see Aline.
AliSe, similar. (£.) M. E. alike, olike.
A. S. onlic, like ; from Itc, like, with prefix
on' = on, prep.
Aliment, food. (F.— L.) F. aliment.
— L. alimenhim, food ; formed with
sufBx 'mentum- from alere, to nourish.
(VAL.)
alimony, money allowed for a wife's
support upon her separation from her
husband. (L.) L. alimonia, nourishment.
— L. edere, to nourish ; see above.
Aline* Align, to range in a line. (F.
— L.) Adapted from m<S. F. aligner, to
range in a line. From the phr. d ligne,
into line. — L. ad, to ; llnea, a line. See
Iiine. {Aline is the better spelling for
the E. word.)
Aliquot. (L.) L. aliquot, some, several
(hence, proportionate).— L. aliens, other;
and auot, how many.
Alivei in life. (£.) From A. S. on life,
II
ALKALI
ALLOW
in life; where life is dat. of ///*, life; see
Iiife.
Alkali, a salt. (Arab.) Arab, al^ the ;
and gall, ashes of salt-wort, which abounds
in soda.
All. (E.) M. £. al, sing. ; aiie, pi. •
p. Merc, al, a//; A. S. ea/t pL ea/ig.^lce\.
aUr\ Syfed.ai/i Dan. al ; Du. al; O. H. G.
al ; Goth, alls, pi. allai. Teut. type *al-
ftoz ; allied to Irish uiU, all, from Idg.
type *ol/os,
all, adv., utterly. In the phr. all-fo
brake (correctly a/l lo-brake) , Judges ix. 53.
Here the incorrect all-lo, for * utterly/ came
up about A.D. 1500, in place of the old
iaiom which linked to to the verb ; cf. *J4l
is iobrosten thilke regioun,' Chaucer, C. T.
2757. See To-, pr^x,
almost. (£.) A. S. eal-mast, i. e. quite
the greatest part, nearly all ; affected by
mod. £. f/tost. See Most*
alway, always. (E.) {i)K,S.ealne
weg, every way, an accus. case. (2) M. E.
alles weiSf in every way, a gen. case.
Allay. (E.) M. E. aleyettt alaien, the
stem ot which is due to A. S. dleg-es, dleg-
^, 2 and 3 pres. t. sing, of A.S. dlecgan, to
lay down, put down, which produced also
M. £. aleggeuy to lay or' set aside. — A. S.
a-, prefix ; and lecgan, to lay, place ; see
A- (4) and Lay (i). p. But much con-
fused with other forms, especially with M. E.
aleggeny to alleviate, from O.F. aUger,
alegier^ L. alleuidre ; and with old forms
of alloy. See N. E. D.
Allege. (F.— L.) M.li. alegen, aleggen.
In form, the word answers to A. F. alegier,
aligier^O,Y, esligUr (see Godefroy) ;
from A. F. fl- = 0. F. «-, and ligier.^'L,
ex-\ and litigdrey to contend '(Ducange),
from L. lis (gen. Itt-is), strife. Latinised
as adiegidre (Ducange), and treated as if
allied to L. allegdre (F. alUgiter) ; hence
the sense usually answers to that of L.
allegdre,, to adduce. — L. al- (for a</), to ;
legdre, to dispatch, to tell, from leg-, base
of lex, law.
Allegiance, the duty of a subject to
his lord. (F. — O. H. G.) Hi.^^alegeaunce.
Formed from F. « (=L. ad), to; O.F.
Hgance^ ligeance, homage, from O. F. l^;e,
liege, liege. See Liege. % The form
ligance (Godefroy) was due to a supposed
connexion with L. ligdre, to bind.
Allegory. (L.*Gk.) XVI cent L.
allegorta.^TjV.. dKKtfyopia, a description
of one thing under the image of another. —
Gk. d\kffyop€tv, to speak so as to imply
something else ; Galat. iv. 24. — Gk. dXXo-,
stem of oXAos, other ; and dyoptv€iv, to
speak, from dyopd, a place of assembly ; cf
&y€ip€iy, to assemble. Gk. AWos * L. alius;
see Alien.
Allegro, lively. (Ital.-L.) lia\, alle-
gro, — L. alacretn, ace. of alacer, brisk.
Alleluia. (Heb.) See Hallelujah.
Alleviate. (L.) From pp. of Late L.
alleuidre, used for L. alleudre, to lighten.
L. al' (for o^), to ; lettdre, to lift, lighten,
from leuis, light.
Alley, a walk. (F.-L.?) M. £. aley.
mO. F. alee^ a gallery ; a participial sb. —
O. F. aler, to go ; F. aller. fi. The ety-
mology of aller, much and long discussed,
is not yet settled ; the Prov. equivalent is
atiar, allied to Ital. andare, to go.
Alliance; see Ally.
Alligator. (Span. - L.) Lit. * the
lizard.* « Span, el lagarto, the lizard, i. e.
the great lizard. —L. ille, he, that ; lacefta,
a lizard. S>ee Iiisard.
AlUteratioily repetition of initial
letters. (L.) Corned from L. al- (for ad^,
to ; and litera, a letter ; see Letter.
Allocatei to set aside. (L.) From
pp. of Late L. allocdre, to allot. ^-L. cd-
{=ad), to; locdre, to place, from locus, a
place. Cf. Allow (i).
Allocutioil, an address. (L.) From
L. allocutio, an address. ->L. al- (for ad),
to ; locttiid, a speaking, from locHtus, pp.
of loaui, to speak.
AllodiaL (LateL. — O.Frankish.) Late
L. allddidlis, from allodium, alddium, a
derivative of alodis, a free inheritance
(Lex Salica). It means * entirely (one's)
property,* from O. Frank, cddd ; where a/-
is related to £. ail, and od signifies ' pro-
perty ' or * wealth.* This O. Frank, dd is
cognate with O. H. G. ot, A. S. ead, IceL
aiSir, wealth. Cf. Goth, audags, blessed.
Allopathy, a treatment by medicines
which produce an opposite effect to that of
disease. (Gk.) Opposed to homoeopathy,
q. v. — Gk. 6x\o-, for dAXof, other; and
ira0-cri', to suffer ; see Alien and Pathos.
AUotf to assign a portion to. (F. - L.
and E.) A. F. aloter,^h,Y, a, from L.
ad, to ; and M. £. lot, A. S. hlot ; see Lot.
Allow (i)) to assign, grant. (F.— L.)
F. allouer, to let out for hire, assign for
an expense. « Late L. allocdre, to allot.—
L. al- (for ad), to ; and locdre, to place,
from locus i a place.
12
ALLOW
Allow (2), to approve of. (F. — L.)
M. E. alouen.^O. F. alouer, later allouery
to approve of.— L. allauddre.^'L, al- (for
ad), to; iauddre, to praise, from laud-,
stem of iaus, praise.
Alloy,, a due proportion in mixing
metals. (F.— L.) Formerly o/Zb^ ; M. E.
ah^, — O. F. alay, aUy^ alloy. — O.F. aleier,
aleyer^ to combine. — L. cUligare^ to bind
together ; see Ally. The O. F. dUiy sb.,
became aioi, which was misunderstood as
being h loi-\a. ad legem, according to rale
or law (Littr^).
Allude. (LO L. alladere, to laugh at,
allnde to (pp. alliisus),^!^. al- {=ael),
at; lildere, to sport. Per. allus-ian,
AllvrOy to tempt by a bait (F.-L.
and G.) A. F. alurer ; from F. a leurre
— to the bait or lure. — L. <i</, to ; M. H. G.
luoder (G. luder\ a bait. See Iiure.
AIIwIaIi washed down, applied to
soil. (L.) L. alluui'US^ alluvial. — L. al*
(^=ad), to, in addition ; luere, to wash.
Ally, to bind together. (F.-L.) M.E.
alien, ^O, F. alier^ to bind up. — L. ad,
to ; ligdre, to bind. Der. alli-ance, M. £.
aliaunce.
Almanac, Almanack. (Late L.)
Late L. almanach, % Origin unknown ;
not of Arab, origin (Dozy).
Abniffhty. (E.) O. Merc, almcehtig,
A. S. dJmihtig. The prefix is O. Merc.
al-, O. Sax. aXo-, O. H. G. ala-, related to
All. And see Mights
Almond. (F.-L.-Gk.) M.E. aU
maund^O. F. almatidre, more correctly,
amandre ; the al being due to Span, and
Arab, influence; mod. F. amande.^
L. amygdala, amygdalum, an almond ;
whence the forms amygdala, amydUa,
amyndla, amyndra (see Brachet). — Gk.
fifiVT&iXi;, df(<^8aXov, an almcHid.
Almoner; see Alms.
Almost. (E.) A. S. ealmSst\ see All.
Alms. (L.— Gk.) 'b/i.'E,almesse,\2XtT
almes» A. S. almasse. — Folk-L. *rt//-
mosina (whence O.F. almosne, F. au-
mSne, Ital. limosind) ; Late L. eleSmosyna,
— Gk. iK«fj/uMr{nfri, pity; hence alms.—
Gk. IXc^fMM', pitifol.— Gk. ikttiv, to pity.
— Gk. lAcof, pity, f Thus alms is a
singular form.
almoner. (F. — L. — Gk.) O. F. a/mos-
ttiir, a distributor of alms. — O. F. almosfte,
alms; F. omxw^^.- Folk-L. *alimosina
above).
Almnif, the same as Algum, q. v.
ALTER
Aloe, a plant. (L. - Gk.) L. alo^
(Pliny). — Gk. oXlifri ; John xix. 39.
Aloft. (Scand.) Icel. a lopt (pron.
lof(), aloft, in the air. — Icel. a (=A. S.
on), in ; lopt, air. See Loft.
Alone. (E.) M.E. al one, al oon,
written apart ; here a/, adv., means * en-
tirely,' and oon is the M. E. form of one,
Cf. Du. alleen, G. allein. See All and
One.
Along (i), lengthwise of. (E.) M. E.
along, A. S. analang, along, prep, with
gen. ; orig. (like O. Sax. antlang) an adj.,
meaning complete (from end to end).—
A. S. and-, prefix (allied to Gk. <Svr<,
Skt. anti, over against) ; lang, long. The
sense is ' over against in length,' or ' long
from end to end.*+G. entlang, along. See
A- (3) and'Iiong (i) ; and see Anti-.
Alonff (2) ; in phr. all along of you,
&^c. (£) Equivalent to M. E. Hong,
Layamon, 15502.- A. S. gelang, * depend-
ing on,* as in on dam gelang, along of
that. — A. S. ge-, prefix ; lang, long.
Aloof, away. (E. and Du.) For on loo/;
answering to Du. te loef, to windward.
Cf. Du. loef houden, to keep the luff or
weather-gage, Dan. holde luven^ to keep to
the windwud ; which suggested our phrase
* to hold aloof,' i. e. to keep away (from
the leeward shore or rock). See laafP.
Alond, loudly. (E.) From a-, prefix,
due to A. S. on, prep. ; and A. S. hlud,
loud. See A- (2) ana Loud.
Alp. (L.) L. Alpes, the Alps; of
Celtic origin. Connected with L. albus,
white (Stokes). Der. trans-alp-ine, i. e.
be^'ond the Alps.
Alpaca. (Span.— Peruvian.) Span, o/-
paca', iiorti paco, the Peruvian name, with
the Arab. def. art. al prefixed.
Alphabet. ;Late L. - Gk. " Phoe-
nician. ) Late L. alphabelum, — Gk. &Kfpa,
fiijra, the names of a and $, the first two
letters of the alphabet ; Heb. dlepk, an ox,
the name of the first letter ; and deth, a
house, the name of the second letter.
Already. (E.) M. E. al redy, quite
ready; .from al, quite, representing the
neut. of O. Merc. M, all, used adverbially,
and Beady.
Also. (E.) M. E. al so, quite so ; A. S.
ealstvd ; see above.
Altar. (L.) A. S. altdre. Matt. v. 24.
— L. altdre, an altar, high place.— L.
alius ^ high.
Alter. (L.) Late L. alterdre, to alter.
13
ALTERCATION
AMBITION
— L. allert other.— L. al- (as in al-ius);
with comparative suffix -tero-.
altercation, a dispute. (F. — L.)
M. E. aitercatian. — O. F. altercation. — L.
altcrcdtidnem^ ace. oi altercdtio.^'L. alter-
cdtus^ pp. of altercdri, to dispute, speak in
turns. — L. alter, other, another.
alternate. (L.) L. altemdttis, pp.
of altemdre, to do by turns. — L. alter-
nus, reciprocal. -> L. alter (with suffix
-no-).
Although. (£.) M. £. dE/M^^^; see
Already and Though.
Altitude. (F.-L.) XIV cent.-F.
altitude, — L. altitiidOf height. — L. alius ,
high,
alto, high voice. (Ital.— L.) Ital. <7//^.
— L. alius, high.
Altogether. (£.) M. K al u- *ther,
quite together. See Already.
Altruism, regard for others. (Ital. —
L. ; with Gk. suffix.) Coined from Ital.
altruif another, others, a form of altro,
another, when preceded by a preposition.
Grig, a dat. case. — L. alteri huic, to this
other; datives of aiter, other, and hie,
this.
Alum. (F. - L.) M. E. alum. - O. F.
alum ; F. alun. — L. alUmen, alum.
Alway, Alwasrs. (£•) See AIL
A.iif|, (E.) See Are.
Amain. (E.) For en main, in strength,
with strength ; see A- (2) and Main, sb.
Amalgam. (F. or Late L. — Gk. ?) F.
atnalgame, Late L. amalgama, a mixture,
esp. of quicksilver with other metals.
Origin unknown; said by some to be a
corruption or an alchemist's anagram of
malagfiM, a mollifying application; per-
haps with Arab, al (^the; prefixed. — Gk.
It&Xiar^yjn, an emollient. — Gk. yuaXaxfauv
{{0T*fji€i\dK-yftv), tosoften. — Gk. futXcueSs,
soft.
Amanuensis, one who writes to dic-
tation. (L.) L. dmanuensis. — L. ^ manii,
by hand ; with suffix -ensis.
AT^firftTlthi an unfading flower. (L.—
Gk.) Properly amaranth as in Milton ;
but -anth is due to confusion with Greek
cEytfos, a flower. — L. amarantus. — Gk.
dfidpayroSf unfading, or as sb. unfading
flower. — Gk. &-, not; and iiapaivtiv, to
fade. (VMER.)
Amass, to heap up. (F.— L.— Gk.)
F. amasser, to heap up. — F. <J masse, into
a mass. — L. a/, to ; massa, a mass. — Gk.
/«a(a, a barley-cake. See Mass (x).
Amatory. (L.) L. amatdrius, loving.
— L. amdtor, a lover. — L. amdre, to love ;
with suffix -tor-, -tor, of agent.
Amase, to astound. (£.) M. £. amasen.
A. S. dmasian, pp. dmasod; Wulfstan's
Hom. p. 137, 1. 33. From A.S. d-
(preflx); and *masian, to perplex. See
Maze.
AmasOUy a female warrior. (Gk.) Gk.
ana^iav, one of a warlike nation of women
in Scythia. %To account for the name,
the Greeks said that these women cut off
the right breast to shoot better ; from Gk.
d-, not ; and /mfitSs, the breast. Obviously
an invention.
Amhassador, Embassador. (F.
—Late L. — C.) F. ambassadeur, — F,
ambassade, an embassy; prob. borrowed
from Ital. amhasciata. — Late L. amhascia
(Lex Salica) ; more correctly *ambactia ;
a mission, service. — L. ambactus, a servant,
emissary; Csesar, de Bell. Gall. vi. 15.
The L. word is borrowed from an O.
Gaulish (Celtic) word {ambactos T) a slave,
lit. one driven about, a pp. form from
ambi'y prefix, about, and the verb ag-,
cognate with L. agere\ cf. O. Irish imm-
agim, I drive about, send about. (Fick,
1894, ii. 34; Brugm. ii. § 79.) Cf. W.
amaethj a husbandman.
Amber. (F.- Span.— Arab.) M. £.
aumbre. — F. ambre. — Span, ambar. —
Arab, 'anbar (pronounced *ambar), am-
bergris, a rich perfume. ^ The resinous
amber was so called from a resemblance to
ambergris, which is really quite a diflerent
substance.
ambergris, i. e. gray amber. Called
gris amber in Milton, P. R. ii. 344. The
F. gris^ gray, is from O. H. G. gris, gray ;
cf. G. greis, hoary.
Ambi-» Amb-» prefix. (L.) L. ambi-,
about ; cf. Gk. d/x^i, on both sides, whence
E. prefix amphi^. Related to L. ambo,
Gk. aft^, both. Cf. A. S. ymb, Irish im,
about.
Ambienty going about. (L.) L. amb-
lent', stem of pres. part, of amb-ire, to go
about, from ire, to go.
Ambiguous, doubtful. (L.) L. amb-
iguus, doubtful, lit. driving about (with
'Ous ( = L. -osui) in place of L. -f«). — L.
amb-, about ; and agere, to drive.
Ambition. (F. — L.) F. ambition. ^h,
ambitidnem, ace. of ambitid, a going round,
esp. used of going round to solicit votes ;
hence, a seeking for preferment. — L. amb'
^
AMBLE
itum^ supine Giamh-tre^ to go about (but
note that ambttio retains the short i of
Uunty the supine of ire-, the simple verb).
Amble. (F. -L.) M. E. ambUn, - O.F.
ambler ^ to go at an easy pace. — L. atnbu'
Idre, to walk.
aillblllaJiCe« a moveable hospital. (F.
— L.) F. ambulance, i- L. ambulant-, stem
of pres. part, of ambuldre, to walk.
ambulation, a walking about. (L.)
From L. ambulation a walking about. — L.
ambu lotus, pp. of ambuldre.
Am.bro8iay food of the gods. (Gk.)
Gk. dfA0po<ria ; fern, of dfifipdaios, length-
ened form of dfifipOTOs, immortal. — Gk. d-,
not (E. un-) ; and *fjifipor6s, for *fipoT6s
(Gk. 0poT6i), mortal; see Mortal. Cf.
Skt. a-mrta, immortal. See Amaranth.
Ambzy, Aumbry, a cupboard. (F. -
L.) M. E. awmebry, awmery, Prompt:
Parv. ; the b is excrescent. — O. F. aumaire,
almaire, armarie, a repository ; properly,
for arms ; but also a cupboard. — Late L.
armaria^ a cupboard ; armdriumy a re-
pository for arms. — L. art?ta, arms.
Ambulance, -ation ; see Amble.
Ambuscade. (Span. — Late L.) From
Span, emboscada, an ambush. Orig.
Ep. of emboscar, to set in ambush. — Late
at. imboscdre, lit. to set in a bush or
thicket.— L. im- (for in), in ; and Late L.
boscum^ a bush. See Bush.
ambush. (F. — Late L.) Formerly
embush.>^0.¥. embusc/ier, embuissier, to
set in ambush. — Late L. imboscdr,e; as
above.
Ameer, the same as Emir, q. v.
Ameliorate. (F.-L.; with L. sujix.)
Formed with suffix -ate («L. -dtus) from
F. af/i^liorer, to better, improve. — F. <i
L. ad), in addition ; -meliorer ( = Late
. meli5rdre\ to make better. — L. melidr-,
from melior, better.
Amen. (L. — Gk. — Heb.) L. dmen, —
Gk. ditliVj verily. — Heb. amen, verily, so be
it— Heb. dmen,fam, true. — Heb. dman,
to confirm ; orig. * to be firm.*
Amenable, easy to lead. (F.— L.)
From F. amener, to lead to, bring to. —
F. d, to ; mener, to conduct, drive. — L. ad,
to ; Late L. mindre, to conduct, lead about,
also to drive out, chase away ; L. mindrty
to threaten.— L. mina, threats.
Amend. (F. — L.) M. E. amenden. —
F. amender.'^'L, emenddre, to free from
fault. — L. e, from ; mendum, a fault.
amends. (F. — L.) M. E. amendes.
£
AMITY
sb.pl. -O.F. amende, reparation. — O.F.
amender (above).
Amenity, pleasantness. (Fi-L.) M F.
and F. amenitS-^'L. amanitdtem, ace. of
amanitds, — L. amanus, pleasant. Cf. L.
amdre, to love.
Amerce, to fine. (F.-L.) A. F. (not
O. F.) amerder, to fine. — O.F. a (= L, ad),
to ; merder, to pay, acquit, but usually to
thank ; cf. Late L. mercidre, to fix a fine.
Cf. O. F. mercit (F. merci)^ thanks, pardon.
— L. mercedem, ace. of merces, reward,
wages, also pity, indulgence, thanks
(passing into the sense of 'fine').- L.
mere-, stem of merx, merchandise, traffic.
Amethyst, a gem. (L. - Gk.) L. ame-
tAystus.^Gk, dfUBvarosy an amethyst; so
called because supposed to prevent drunk-
ennv ^ .- Gk. dfi4$vaTos,uot drunken. — Gk.
d-j^A'bt ; and fjnOvdVy to be drunken, from
lJL(9v, strong drink; see Mead.
Amiable. (F.-L.) O.F. amiable,
friendly ; also loveable, by confusion with
aimable (from L. amdbilis).^L.amicdbilis, .
friendly. — L. amicus, a friend. — L. amdre,
to love.
amicable. (L.) L. amicabihs, friendly ;
as above.
Amice (i)> an oblong piece of linen,
variously worn by priests. (F. — L.) M. T.
amyse, and (earlier) amit. — O. F. atftis,
amit (Burguy). — L. amict-us, a covering.
— L. amictus, pp. of amicire, to throw
round. — L. am- {amb-), around ; icuere, to
cast.
Amice (2), a pilgrim's robe. (O. F.—
Span. ? — Teut. X) * In amice gray ; ' Milton,
P.R. iv. 427. — O. F. aumuce (F. atwiusse);
Late L. cdmucia. — Span, almucio (Pineda) ;
where al seems to be the Arab. def. art.
(cf. Port, murfa). — G. miitze, a cap (cf.
Lowl. Sc. mutch). But G. miitze may be
from Late L.
Amid, Amidst, in the middle of. (E.)
Amids't is lengthened from M. £. amiddes.
Again, amidde^s was due to adding the
adv. suffix -s to aptidde'^A.S. on middan,
in the middle ; where middan is the dat. of
midde, sb., the middle. — A. S. mid, midd,
adj., middle. Amid'=K. S. on middan (as
before). See Mid.
Amiss, adv. wrongly. (E. or Scaud.)
M. £. <?;i misse, i. e. in error. — Icel. a misy
amiss. — Icel. 5 ( = A. S. on), in ; mis, adv.,
wrongly (due to an older lost pp.). See
Miss (i).
Ami^. (F. — L.) O. F. amiste, amisted.
15
AMMONIA
amistet, ^ Late L. *amtcitdtemy ace. oi*amU
citdSt friendship. — L. amicus, friendly.—
L. amdre, to love.
Ammoniay an alkali. (L.«-Gk.—
Egyptian.) Suggested by L. sal am-
moniacum, rock-salt. — Gk. AfifiaivicucSv,
sal ammoniac, rock-salt. — Gk. Afifujifi^y
Libyan. — Gk. diitiw¥, the Libyan Zens-
Ammon ; a word of Egyptian origin ;
Herod, ii. 4a. ^ It is said that sal am-
moniac was first obtained near the temple
of Ammon.
ailllllOilitBi a fossil shell. (Gk.) Coined
with suffix -ite (Gk. -iti;s) from the name
Ammon; because the shell resembles the
twisted ram*s horn on the head of the
image of Jupiter Ammon.
Ammuiutioily store for defence. (F. —
L.) From Mid. F. amunitiony a soldier's
corruption oi munition, due to substituting
Vamunition for la munition (Littr^). — L.
ace. munitionem, a defending. — L. miini-
tuSf pp. of mUntre, to defend.
AmnestYf lit. a forgetting of offences.
(F.— L.— Gk.) F. amnestic, '^'L. amnes-
tia, ^Gk, afivTiariaf forgetfulness, esp. of
wrong. — Gk. A/Jtyrjinos, forgotten. — Gk. d-,
not ; and /ja^dofjuu, I remember. (^MEN.)
Among, Amongst. (£.) The earliest
M. £. form is amende, whence amonges
with added s (a common adverbial suffix) ;
and hence amongS't with excrescent A —
A. S. onmang, prep., among. — A. S. on, in ;
mang, a mixture, crowd. Cf. Mingle.
Amorous. (F.~L.) O. F. amoros\ F.
amoureux. — L. amordsus. — L. amor, love.
Amorphous, formless. (Gk.) From
Gk. d-, not ; and fxofxp^, shape, form.
Amount, to mount up to. (F.-L.)
O. F. amonter, to amount to. — O.F. a
mont, towards a mountain or large heap.
— L. ad, to; montem, ace. of mons, a
mountain.
Amour. (F.— L.) F. amour, — L.
amor em, ace. of amor, love.
Amphi-, prefix, (Gk.) Gk. Aitf^, on
both sides, around ; see Ambi*.
AmpMbious. (Gk.) Gk. dfut>l0ios,
living a double life, on land and water.
— Gk. AfjKf>i, on both sides ; filoi, life.
Amphibrach, a foot in prosody.
(Gk.) The foot composed of a short
syllable on each side of a long one (u-J).
Gk. Aiuplfipayw, — Gk. Ajjupi, on both sides ;
and fipaxvSf short; see Amphi- and
Brief. ^ ^ , „ ,^ ,
Amphitheatre. (Gk.) Gk. d/i^t^^s- 1 Gk. V^ctir,' to write.
16
ANAGRAM
rpovj a theatre with seats all round the
arena. — Gk. d/upl, around; BiSrpov, a
theatre.
Ample, full. (F. — L.) F. ample. - L.
amplus, spacious.
J^putate. (L.) From pp. of L.
amputdre, to cut off round about. — L. am",
short for amh-, ambi-, round about;
putdre, to cleanse, also to lop or prune trees.
— L. putus, clean.
Amulet. (F.— L.) F. amulette.^'L,
amuletum, a talisman hung round the neck.
[Once thought to be of Arabic origin ; but
now given up.]
Amuse, to divert. (F. — L.) F. amuser,
' to amuse, make to muse or think of, to
gaze at;' Cot. — F. ^ (»L. atf), to, at;
O. F. muser, to gaze at, stare at, muse ; see
Muse (i).
AUy Ay indefinite article. (E.) A is
short for an ; and an is an unaccented form
of A. S. an, one ; see One.
An-, Af, neg. prefix, (Gk.) Gk. dy-,
d-, cognate with L. in-, and £. un- ; see
UTn-, In-, A- (9).
An, if. See And.
Ana-,An-,/r^jr. (Gk.) Gk.dNi-,dv-;
from Gk. Ava, upon, on, up, back, again;
coenate with K ^» ; see On.
Ana, Anna, a sixteenth of a rupee.
(Hind.) Hind, ana, a sixteenth part, esp..
of a rupee. (H. H. Wilson.)
Anaoaptist. (Gk.) One who baptizes
again. Coined from Gk. ivA, again ; and
baptist. See Baptise.
Anachronism, error in chronology.
(Gk.) Gk. 6vaxpovian6i.^Gk, AvaxpovU
(fiv, to refer to a wrong time. — Gk. di'd,
up, back (wrong) ; xft&poi, time.
Anaconda, a large serpent. (Ceylon.)
Now used of a S. American boa ; but at
first applied to a large snake in Ceylon.
The Tamil dnai-kondra means ' whieh
killed an elephant ' (Yule).
Awftitijft.^ bloodlessness. (L.— Gk.) A
Latinised form of Gk. Avaifua, want of
blood. — Gk. dv-, not ; atfta, blood.
An8BSthetic, rendering insensible to
pain. (Gk.) Coined from Gk. dy>, not ;
and alaBrjTiKSs, full of perception ; see An-
and .Esthetic.
Anagram, a change in a word due to
transposition of letters. ( F. — L. — Gk. ) F.
anagramme,'»'L, anagramma, '^Gk. Mr
ypafifM, — Gk. di'd, up, here used distribu-
tively ; 7pd/</ia, a letter of the alphabet.-
ANALOGY
ANGEL
Analoffy* proportion. (F.— L.— Gk.)
F. anahgte. — L. analogia, *^ Gk. dyctKoyioj
equality of ratios. — Gk. dyd, upon,
throughout ; -Xoyia, from Ady-os, a word,
statement, from Xiy^tv^ to speak.
Analysis. (Gk.) Gk.dvoXvo'ts, a resolv-
ing into parts, loosening. » Gk. di^oAi^civ, to
imdo, resolve. — Gk. &y&, back ; and Xvtiv,
to loosen. (^^LEU.) Per. analyse, verb, a
coined word.
Ananas, the pine-apple plant. (Span.
•>Braz.) Span, ananas (Pineda); mod.
Span, anana. — Brazil, nanas or nana.
^ The Peruv. name is achupalla,
Anapasty Anapest, a foot in pros-
ody. (Gk.) L. anapasttis.^Gk, d^d-
mtaros, stmck back, rebounding ; because
it is the reverse of a dacM. — Gk. dvaira/c<y,
to strike back, i- Gk. dya, back ; and ira/eiv,
to strike.
Anarchy. (F.-L.-Gk.) XVI cent.
Y, anarchic. ^\a, anarchia.'mQ^, dyapxi^^j
lack of government. -• Gk. ayapx^s, without
a ruler. — Gk. dv-, neg. prefix; dpxos, a
ruler, from Apx^^'^t ^o ^^> ^o ^ ^^t>
Anathema, sl curse. (I^— Gk.) L.
ana/Aema. 'mGk. oMtyia, a thing devoted
or accursed.- Gk. dvariBrifu, I devote.—
Gk. Ayd, up; W^/u, I place, set. Cf.
Theme.
Anatomy. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. ana-
/omie.^Lu analoptia. ^^Gk, ayarofuaj the
same as iofaroisfi, dissection. — Gk. dvorifir
ytty, to cut up. — Gk. dv&, up ; riiivtiy, to
cut Cf. Tome.
Ancestor. (F. — L.) M. £. ( i ) ancestre,
O. F. ancestre, from L. antecessor, nooL,
a predecessor, foregoer ; and M. £. (2) an-
cessaur, O. F. ancessour, from L. ante-
cessorem, ace.— L. ante, before; cessrus,
pp. of cedere, to go.
Anchor. (L.— Gk.) The current spell-
ing imitates the false L. form, anchora.
A. S. ancor, — L. ancora (wrongly anchora) .
— Gk. dytcvpa, an anchor, lit. a bent hook ;
cf: Gk. d7iK&r, a bend. (/ANQ.)
Anchfiwet, Anchorite, a recluse.
F. — Late L. - Gk ) F. anachorete (Cot.) .
— Late L. anachoreta. "Gk. dyax^apTpr-ffSf
one who retires from the world. — Gk. dva-
X^pttyf to retire. -Gk. dj'd, back; and
X«p<2)^y to withdraw, from xwpos, space,
room. (VGHE, GHO.)
Anchovy, a fish. (Span. -Basque?)
Span, anchcva ; cf. Basque anchoa, anchua,
an anchovy. Perhaps * dried fish ' ; firom
Basque antvtta, dry.
(I), old. (F.-L.) With
excrescent t. M. E. auncien."F. ancien.
— Late L. antianus,- old, belonging to
former time. Formed with suffix -dntis
from ante, before.
Ancient (2) , a banner, standard-bearer.
(F. — L.) Confused with ancient ( i) ; but
from O. F. enseigne, m. * ensigne, auncient,
standard-bearer ; ' Cot. ; also for O. F. en-
seigncy f., ' a banner;' Cot. See Ensign.
And. (£.) A. S. and^ end, 4- O. Fries.
anda, ende ; O. H. G. anti, unta, G. und,
Prob. related to L. ante, before, Gk. dj/Ti,
over against.
an, if. (E.) Formerly also and;
Havelok, 2861, &c; the same word as the
above. An if^ if if, a reduplication. But
andi/^hut if if; Matt. xxiv. 48.
Andante, slowly. (ItaL) Ital. andante,
moving slowly, pres. pt. of andare, to
go-
Andiron, a fire-dog. (F.— L.) Not
connected with iron, but corrupted from
M. E. andeme, aundeme, aundire, — O. F.
andier ; mod. F. landier, put for tandier,
where t is the def. art. Cf. Late L. ande-
rius, attdena^ a fire-dog.
Anecdote. (F.-L.~Gk.) F. anec-
dote.-'ljaXe L. anecdota, orig. aneut.pl.—
Gk. dy^«8oTa, neut. pi. of dyixioros,
unpublished ; hence an unpublished story,
story in private life. — Gk. dv-, not; i/c,
out ; and 9ot6s, given, allied to SiSw/ii, I
give.
Anemone, a flower. (Gk.) Gk. di^c-
/Mduvi;, lit. wind-flower. — Gk. 3v€fios, wind.
Anent, regarding, with reference to.
vE.) M.E. anent, anentis; older form
onefent, where the t is excrescent. A. S.
anefen, onefen, near ; later form onemn.
— A. S. on, OH', efen, even. Hence onefn =
even with, on an equality with. Cf. G.
neben, near (for in eoen). See Sven.
Aneroid, dry, applied to a barometer
having no liquid mercury in it. (Gk.)
Coined firom Gk. d-, not; »^-J, wet;
c78-o(, form, kind.
Aneiuysm, a tumour due to dilata-
tion. (Gk.) Gk. dyt^pvfffui, a widening.
— Gk. dv', for dyd, up; and c^pvvciv, to
widen, from titpvs, wide. Also aneurism.
Anew. (E.) M.E.o/-ne7ve. A.S.^
niowe, John iii. 7 (Rushworth). From Of
and If ev^
Angel. (F.-L.-Gk.) O.F. ange/e.
— L. ang^elus. "Gk. Ayytkos, a messenger.
Cf. Gk. dyyapos, a mounted courier, from
ANQER
ANNUL
O. Persian. Der. arch-angel, q. v., ev-
angel'ist, q. v. % The A. S. form was
engel, directly from L. angelus.
Anger. (Scand.) M. £. anger, often
with the sense of vexation, trouble. — Icel.
angr, grief; Dan. anger, Swed. dnger, re-
gret. 4" L. angor, a strangling, anguish.
(VANGH.) See below.
Angina, acute pain. (L.) L. angina,
quinsy, lit. cYioVing.^L., angere, to choke.
Angle (i), a comer. (F. — L.) M.E.
angle, '^Y. angle.^L,. angulus, an angle.
Cf. Gk. dyicvkos, bent.
Angle (2)» ^ hook, fish-hook. (£.) A. S.
angel, B. fish-hook ; dimin. of anga, onga,
a sting, prickle ; cf. Icel. angi, a prickle,
G\i,' ayicvpa, a bent hook, Skt. ahka{s),
a hook.-j-Dan. angel ; G. angel, dimin. of
O. H. G. ango, a prickle, fish-hook. Allied
to Anchor. Der. angle, verb, to fish.
Anguish. (F.— L.) M.E. anguise,
angotse, — O. F. anguisse ; F. angoisse. ^ L.
angustia, narrowness, poverty, perplexity.
— L. angustus, narrow. — L. angere, to
choke. CVANGH.)
Anilinef ^ substance which furnishes
a number of dyes. (F. — Span. — Arab. —
Pers.— Skt) Formed, with suffix -tne, from
anil, a dye-stuff. — F. fl«i7. — Span. aHil,
azure. — Arab, an^nil; for al-ntl, where al
is the def. art., and nil is borrowed from
Pers. nil, blue, or the indigo-plant — Skt.
nila, blue ; nili, the indigo-plant
Animal. (L.) L. a»ma/, a living crea-
ture.— L. anima, breath, life. (-^AN.)
animadvert, to censure. (L.) L.
anintaduertere, to turn the mind to, hence,
to criticise. — L. anim-, for animus, the
mind (allied to anima, breath) ; ad^'to ;
and uertere, to turn (see Veree).
animate. (L*) L< animatus, pp. of
aniffidre, to endue with life. — L. anima,
life. Der. in-animate, re-animate.
animosity. C^*— LO Y ', animositi.
^\^, animositdtem, ace. of animositds,
vehemence. — L. animosus, vehement, full
of mind or courage. — L. animus, mind,
courage, passion.
Anise, a herb. (F.— L. — Gk.) M.E.
anese, anys.^Y. anis (Cot). — L. anisum ;
also anethum^'^GV, aviaovy avtjaov, orig.
&^ov, anise.
AnkSTi a liquid measure. (Du. — LateL.)
Du. anker, the same. — Late L. anceria,
the same. 4" Swed. ankare ; G. anker \ from
the same.
Ankle« (E.) M.E. ancle*, also an-
clowe. — O. Fries, ankel; also A.S. ancleow,
with a longer suffix (cf. O. Fries, onklef),'^
Dan. and Swed. ankel \ Icel. bkkla (for
onkla — *ankula) ; Du. and G. enkel. Per-
haps allied to Skt. artguli, a finger, anga,
a limb.
Anna, a small coin ; see Ana.
Annals. (F.— L.) F. annates, pi. sb.
— L. annates, pi. adj., for li^i annates,
yearly books, chronicles; from anndlis,
yearly. — L. annus, a year.
Anneal, to temper by heat. ( (i) E.;
( 2 ) F. — L.) Two distinct words have been
confused. 1. M. E. anelen, to inflame,
kindle, heat, melt, bum. A. S. onalan, to
bum, kindle; from on, prefix, and atan, to
bum. Cf. A. S. aled, fire. 2. M. E. anelen,
to enamel glass. — Prefix a- (perhaps = F. d,
L. ad) ; and O. F. neeter, nieler, to enamel,
orig. to paint in black on gold or silver. —
Late L. nigetlare, to blacken. —L. nigellus,
blackish ; from niger, black.
Annex. (F. — L.) F. annexer. — L. an-
nexus, pp. of annectere, to knit or bind to.
— L. an- (for ad), to ; and nectere, to bind.
Annihilate. (L.) L. annihitdtus, pp.
of annihitdre, to reduce to nothing. — L.
an- (for ad), to ; and nihil, nothing.
Anniversary. (L.) For 'anniver-
sary memorial.' — L. anniuersdrius, re-
turning yearly. — L. anni- (from anno-),
from annus, a year ; and uersus, pp. of
uertere, to turn (see Verae).
Annotate, to make notes on. (L.)
From pp. of L. annotdre, to make notes
on.— L. an- (for cut), to, on; notdre, to
mark, from nota, a mark. See Note.
Announce. (F-L.) Y.annoncer.^^
L. annuntidre, to announce. — L. an- («=
ad)fio\ nuntidre, to bring tidings, from
nuniius, a messenger. See Nunoio.
Annoy, to vex. (F.—L.) lA,'E,anoien,
anuien. — O. F. anoier, anuier, to annoy. —
O. F. anoi, anui (F. ennui), vexation. Cf.
Span, enojo, O. Venetian inodio, vexation.
— L. in odio, lit. in hatred, common in the
Late L. phr. in odio hahui, lit. I had in
hatred, I was annoyed with ; cf. L. in odio
esse, to be hated by (Cicero). —L. in, in;
odio, abl. oi odium, hatred.
Annual, yearly. (F.— L.) M. E. an-
nuel. — F. annuel. — L. annudlis, yearly. —
L. annus, a year.
annuity. (A. F. — L.) A. F. annuity;
A. D. 1304. — Late L. annuitdtem, ace. of
annuitds.'^'L. annus, a year.
Annul. (L.) L. annul Idre, to bring to
18
ANNULAR
nothing. i-L. aft' {for ad), to; nui/us, no
one ; see Null.
Annulary like a ring. (L.) L. annu-
laris, adj. ; from annuTuSt a ring, eariier
spelling anulus ; dimin. of L. anus, a
rounding, a circular form (Lewis).
Anocmiey a dmg to allay pain. (L.—
Gk.) aVi cent. Late L. anodynus, a
dmg relieving pain. — Gk. ov6i^vo^^ free
from pain. «• Gk. dv-^ not; and hlxnn^y
pain.
Anoint. (F.— L.) M. E. a^i^'n/, used
as a pp.Banointed.— O. F. enoint, pp. of
enoindre, to anoint. — O. F. en, upon ;
oindre^ to smear. — L. in, upon; ungere^
to anoint. See Unguent.
Anomaly. (Gk.) Gk. dw/iaX^a, de-
viation from rule. — Gk. df ^^ioAor, uneven.
— Gk. dv-y not ; and 6/iaXos, even, related
to hyM, one and the same.
Anon, immediately. (£.) M . £. awm,
anoon ; also <man, A. S. on an, lit. *■ in
one moment.' — A. S. on, on, in ; dn^ one.
Anonymous, nameless. (Gk.) Gk.
itvifm/H'Os, nameless ; with -ous added. *•
Gk. iy-, BSg, prefix ; and oyo/M, name.
AnotiMT* (£0 For an otAer, one
other.
Answer, to reply. (£.) A. S. and-
swerian, anaswarian, to answer, speak in
reply; a weak verb. —A. S. andswaru, a
reply. — A. S. and', against, in reply ;
swtrian, to speak, to swear. The A. S.
and' = G. ant' (in ani-worten) = Gk. i»ri ;
ste Anti- and Swear.
Ant. (E.) M. E. anUe, short for amete,
A. S. Smeite, an emmet, ant. Doublet,
emmet, q. v.
Antagonist, an opponent. (L.— Gk.)
Late L. antaganista.'^Gk, dvraycaiftffTfis,
an opponent. — Gk. Avt', for dtrrt, against ;
and 6rfcavi(oftai, I struggle, from Aydnf, a
contest. (VAG.)
Antarctic. (L.— Gk.) 1^ antarcticus.
— Gk. darrapieTtK6s, southern, opposite to
arctic. •Gk. dyr-, for dvri, opposite to;
and dpKTiK6f, arctic. See Arotio.
Ante-y prefix, before. (L.) L. ante,
before. Allied to Anti-, q. v.
Anteccdont. (L.) L. antecedent-,
stem of pres. part, of antecedere, to go
before. » L. ante, before ; cedere, to go.
Antediluvian, before the flood. (L.)
L. ante, before; diluuium, deluge, a
washing away.«*L. diluere, to wash
away. • L. di-, apart ; luere, to wash.
Antelope. (F.-L.-Gk.) In Spenser,
ANTICIPATE
F. Q. i. 6. 26.-0. F. ante/op. -mLaie L.
anta/opus.^Late Gk. 6»0o\ov-, the stem
of dy$6Ko^, used by Eustathius of Antioch
to signify some uncertain quadruped. Of
unknown origin.
Antennae, feelers of insects. (L.) L.
antenna, pi. of antenna, properly the yard
of a sail.
Antepennltinia, the last syllable but
two in a word. (L.) L. ante, before;
P^enultima, fem. adj., last but one, from
pcen-e, almost, ultima, last.
Anterior. (L.) L. anterior, former,
more in front, compar. adj. from ante,
before.
Anthem. (L.—Gk.) FoTmetly antem.
A. S. antefn. ^htite L. antiphona, an an-
them.— Gk. darri<pcg»a, considered as fem.
sing., but really neut. pi. of &irri^>wvoi,
sounding in response to ; from the alternate
singing of the half-choirs. — Gk. 6yri, over
against ; ^«^4}, voice, sound.
Anther, the summit of the stamen of
a flower. (Gk.) From Gk. di^^^s, bloom-
ing. — Gk. &tfB€tv, to bloom ; wOos, a young
bud or sprout.
anthology, a collection of choice
poems. (Gk.) Lit. a collection of flowers.
— Gk. &vBo\<rp.a, a gathering of flowers. —
Gk. Av$o\6yo^, flower-gathering. — Gk.
&ifO<y', for Moi, a flower; and Xi'^av, to
cull.
Anthracite, a kind of hard coal.
(Gk.) Gk. dyBpouclrfj^f resembling coals.
— Gk. dvBpcuC', stem of &vBpa^, coal.
Anthropophagi, cannibals. (Gk.)
Lit. * men-eaters.* — Gk. dvBpamwjMyoi,
man-eating. — Gk. Mponros, a man; and
<payuv, to eat. (-^BHAGw; Brugm. i.
§ 641.)
Anti-, Ant-y prefix, against. (Gk.)
Gk. 6vri, against; allied to L. ante^
before. Cf. Skt. anti, over against, allied
to anta, end ; see End. % In anti-cipate,
the prefix is for L. ante*
Aniac, fanciful, odd; as sb. a trick.
(Ital. -L.) Orig. an adj. Adopted in
the XVI cent, from Ital. antico, with the
sense of * grotesque * ; lit. antique, old. —
L. antiquus, old. See Antique.
Antichrist. (F. - L. - Gk.) O. F.
Antecrist.^L. Antichristus (Vulgate).
— Gk. dyrixpiffTos (i John ii. 18). — Gk.
dyri, against; xP^ffroSf Christ.
Anticipate. (L.) From the pp. of L.
anticipdre, to take beforehand.— L. anti-,
before ; and capere, to take.
ANTICLIMAX
APHORISM
AntieliluaaE. (Ok.) From Anti- and
Ollmaz.
Antidote. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. anti-
dote. «> L. antidotum^ a remedy. — Gk. tuvri-
doroi', a remedy; a thing given as a
remedy. *iGk. di^rc, against; ^r6v^ neat,
of ^r6%^ given, from SlSojfu, I give.
Antimony, a metal. (Late L.) Late
L. antimonium, (XI cent.) Origin un-
known.
Antipathy. (Gk.) From Gk. avTirt&'
Ofia, antipathy, lit. * a suffering (feeling
strongly) against.' * Gk. dvri, against ;
noBtty, to suffer. See Pathos.
Antiphon. (L.-Gk.) L&ie Isanti-
phma^ an anthem ; see Anthem.
Antiphrasis. (Gk.) SeeAnti-and
Phrase.
AntioodeS. (Gk.) Gk-at^rtVoScr^pl.,
men with feet opposite to ours, from nom.
sing. dKTiirovs. — Gk. ^vri^ opposite to ; and
rr€m^ foot, cognate with Foot.
Antique, old. (F.-L.) T. antique,^
L. antiquuSf also antuus, formed with
sufRx 'tcus from ante, before ; as posticus is
from post, behind. Doublet, antu.
Antiseptic, counteracting putrefac-
tion. (Gk.) Gk. dvri, against ; and
fffjirTiKos, putrefying, <njin'-6s, rotten, from
(rfyirtiVy to rot.
Antistrophe. (Gk.) From Anti-
and Strophe.
Antithesis. (Gk.) From Anti- and
Thesis.
Antitype. (Gk.) From Anti- and
Type.
Antler. (F.) M. E. auntelere, for
auniolier (^).^0. F. antoillier^ said to
have been once in use (Littre). In this
case the O. F. word is supposed to be
equivalent to a Late L. ^antoculdrem^ ace,
i. e. the branch (of the horn) in front of
the eyes; cf. G. augen-sprosse, a brow-
antler (lit. eye-sprout). See Romania^ iv.
349. From ante, before, and oculus, the
eye.
Anns, the lower orifice of the bowels.
(L.) L. anus.
AnviL (F.) M. E. anvelt, anfeld, an-
felt, A. S. anfilte, onfiUi. — A. S. an, on,
on, upon; and a verb *JUltan (see below),
causal of *fealtan, to infix, redupl. verb
cognate with O. H. G. *falzan, M. H. G.
v(3zen, whence G./alz, a groove, fl" Some
derive it from on and jealdan, to fold ;
however, the O. H. G. anafalz, an anvil,
is not derived from ana, on, ^n^faldan.
to fold up, but from M. H.G. valzen^ as"
above. Cf. L. incus, an anvil, from in,
on, and cUderCy to strike; and note the
A. S. gloss: ^ Cudo, percutio, anfilte;*
Voc 217. 5.
Anxions. (L.) L. anxi-us, distressed ;
with sufiix -ous.^'L. angere, to choke,
distress.
Any. (E.) A. S. anig, any ; from dtt,
one, with sufiix -ig (E. -y). + Du. eenig,
from een, one; G. einiger, from ein, one.
See One.
Aorta. (L.— Gk.) Late L. aorta. ^
Gk. dio^Ti\, the great artery * rising ' from
the heart. — Gk. dtiptffOai, to rise up ;
ddfxtv, to raise.
Apace. (E. and F.) For a pace, i. e.
at a (good) pace ; where a is put for
on (cf. a-/oot) ; see A- (2). Pace, M. E.
pas, is from F. pas (L. passus). See
Pace.
Apart, aside. (F.-L.) F. a part,
apart, alone, singly; Cot.^L. ad partem,
lit. to the one part or side, apart. — L. ad,
to ; partem, ace. oipars, a part.
apartment, a separate room. (F. —
ItaL — L.) F. appartement. — Ital. appar-
tamento,Bn apartment, a partition, lit. sepa-
ration. — Ital. appartare, to separate. —
Ital. a parte, apart. — L. <»/ partem ; see
above.
Apathy. (Gk.) From Gk. dithB^ia,
want of feeling. • Gk. d-, not ; itaBuv, to
suffer. See PathoSi
Ape. (E.) M. £. ape ; A. S. ri/a.4-Du.
cutp; Icel. api\ Swed. apa-, G. affe\
Irish apa (from E.) ; O. Bohem. op.
Aperient. (L.) XVII cent. Lit.
* opening.' — L. aperient-, stem of pres. pt.
of apertre, to open. Perhaps from ap-, old
form of aby from, away, and -1/^-3= Lith.
wer- in werti, to move (to and fro),
whence Lith. ai-werti, to open. Brugm.
i. § 361.
Apex. (L.) L. apex, summit.
Aph-, prefix. (Gk.) See Apo-.
Aphsoresis, the taking away of a
letter or syllable from the beginning of
a word. (L.~ Gk.) Late L, apkaresis.'^
Gk. dxpcupeais, a taking away. — Gk. d<p', for
ano, away ; atptois, a taking, from alptiv,
to take. See Heresy.
Aphelion, the point in a planet's orbit
farthest from the sun. (Gk.) Coined from
Gk. dfj>-, for d'n6, from ; jfAios, the sun.
Aphorism, a definition. (Gk.) Gk.
d<l>opifffji6s, a definition. «-Gk. d(popi^uv, to
20
APIARY
define, limit. « Gk. axp-, for diro, off;
6pi{ftv, to limit, from SpoSj a boundary.
Apiary, a place for bees. (L.) L. api-
drium, neat, of apidrius, belonging to
bees. — L. api-, stem of apis, a bee.
Apiece. (£. aftd F.) Orig. (at so
mncn) a pUce^ where a is the indef. article.
JLj^^ prefix, off. (Gk.) Gk. &ii6, off,
from ; cognate with £. of, off\ see Of. It
becomes c^h- before an aspirate.
Apocalyvse. (L.-Gk.) M.£. apo-
caltps (Wyaif). — L. apocalypiis, — Gk.
diro«dAv^<;, a revelation. — Gk. dvoKakknt-
T€tv, to uncover, reveal. — Gk. dir6, off;
and itaAvirrccy, to cover. Cf. Koktd, a cot.
Apocope. (L.— Gk.) L..apoccpe. ^Gkx
diroKowff, a cutting ofif (of a letter). —
Gk. dwi, off ; and K6nTttv, to hew, cut.
ApocrTplUk (Gk.) Lit. 'hidden
things ; * nence, uncanonical books of the
Old Testament. — Gk. dwSnpwpa, neut. pi.
of dw6Kfn^, hidden. — Gk. dwoKf^vnTuv,
to hide away.— Gk. diro, from, away;
HpvwTfiPf to hide.
ApolfeCy the point of the moon's orbit
furthest from the earth. (F. - L. - Gk ' F.
apogie (Cot.). — L. apogatim, — Gk. dir^-
yaicfv, neut. of dv^aiof, away from earth.
— Gk. dird, away from ; 7$, earth.
Apologue, a fable, story. (F.-.L.-
Gk.) F. apologue, — L. apologus, - Gk.
dnoXoyoi, a fable. — Gk. aitd, off; A^09,
speech, from \4yuv, to say.
apology, a defence. (L. — Gk.) L.
apo/ogia. ^Gk, diroKoyUiy a speech made in
defence. — Gk. dw6, off; A^os, a speech
(above).
Apophthegm, Apothegm. (Gk.)
Gk. dw6ip$€yfta, a thing uttered, a terse
saying. — Gk. dH, off, out ; and tpOiYtoiuu,
I cry aloud, utter.
Apoplexjr. (F.-Late L.-Gk.) F.
apoplexie.^LAie L. apoplexia^^Gk, dwo-
wK^ia, stupor, apoplexy. — Gk. dironK'^ir-
attv, to cripple by a stroke. — Gk. dir6,off;
wK^aativ, to strike.
Apoetanr. (F.-Late L.-Gk.) F.
aposlasie. — Late L. apostasia, mmGk. diro-
arturia^ late form for dvoaraan, revolt, lit.
'a standing away from.* — Gk. ditd, off,
away; arcurif, a standing, from era-,
base allied to i^rrtf/u, I place. Cf. Statics.
apostate. (Late L. - Gk.) M. £.
apostata, — Late L. apostata, ^Gk, dwo-
ardrfitf a deserter, apostate. — Gk. diro, off ;
ffrdriTr,, standing, from era' (see above).
Apoitle. CL.-Gk.} A. S. aposfoi.^
APPEAL
L. apostolus. — Gk. dudcToKos, one who is
sent ofif. — Gk. diro, off; <rrikKtiv, to send.
Apostrophe. (L. — Gk.) L. apo-
strophe, — Gk. dvoarpoipij, a turning away ;
in rhetoric, a turning away to address
some one else. — Gk. dvo^ away ; aTpi<p€tv,
to turn. % In the sense of a mark used to
denote an omission, it should be apostroph
(L. apostrophus, Gk. dvSirrpotpos).
Awthecary. (F. - Late L. - Gk.)
M. E. apotecary, potecary,'^0, F. apote^
caire.^LAie L. apothecdrius, lit. a store-
keeper.— Late L. apotheca, a store-house
(esp. for drugs). — Gk. diro^#ri;, a store-
house.— Gk. dir^, away ; ri'$rf'/u, I put.
Apotheosis, deification. (L. — Gk.}
L. apotheosis.^ Gk, dwo$iojffis, deification.
— Gk. diro$€6ci, I deify, set aside as a god.
— Gk. dir^, Kway, fully ; Bfoi, a sod.
Appal, to terrify. (F.~L.) l^e present
sense is late ; the M. £. apalled meant
* rendered pale ' ; cf. Chaucer, C. T., 10679
(F365). — O.F. apallir, apalir, appalir,
to wax pale, also to make pale (Cot.).—
O. F. a-, prefix ; O. F. pale, palle, pale. —
L. ad, to ; pallidus, pale. Cf. Fale.
Appanage, Apanage, provision for
a dependent, &c. (F. — L.) O. F. apanage
(also appanage), properly, a provision for
maintenance. — O. F. apaner, lit. to supply
with bread (Late L. appdndre).^!^. ap-
(for ad), to, for ; pdn-is, bread.
Apparatus, gear. (L.) L. apparatus,
preparation. — L. appardtus, pp. of appa-
rare, to prepare for. — L. ad, for ; pardre,
to get ready.
Apparel, to clothe. (F.— L.) M. £.
aparailen, — O. F. apareilier, to dress,
apparel. — O. F. «, to ; pareiller, parailler,
to assort, put like tmngs with like, to
arrange, from pareU, like, similar. — L.
ad, to; Med. L. pariculus (Ducange
has paricla, paricula), similar, from L.
pari', stem oipar^ equal. Cf. Far. Der.
aptarel, s.
Apparition. (F.-L.) Y.apparitiofu
— L. ace. appdritidnem.^h. a^drere, to
appear. See Appear.
apparitor, an officer who attends
magistrates to execute their orders; an
officer who serves the process of a spiritual
court. (L.) L. apparitor, an attendant,
lictor.— L. appdrere, to appear as attend-
ant, wait on. See Appear.
Appealf V. (F.-L.) M. £. apeUn, -
O. F. apelcr, to call. — L. appeildre, to
address, call upon; a secondary form,
.21
APPEAR
from appelUrey to drive to, incline towards ;
from ll ap' (for ad)^ to ; pellere, to drive.
Appear, to become visible. (F.— L.'
M. £. aperen. — O. F. aper-^ tonic stem (as
in pres. subj. apere) of O. F. apareir^
aparoir^ to appeiir. — L. appdrere. ^L.. ap-
(for ad\ to, forth ; pdrere, to come in
sight, also spelt /arr^r^. Cf. Apparition.
Appease. (F. — L.) M. £. apesen,
apatsen, — A. F. apeser^ apeiser^ O. F.
apeser (F. apatser)^ to bring to a peace.—
O. F. a peisy a pais, to a peace. * L. a/
pdceniy to a peace. See Peace.
Appellant. (F.-L.) F. appellant,
pres. pt. of appelUr, O. F. apeler, to
appeal ; see Appeal.
Append, to attach. (F.— L.) Formerly
also M. £. apenden^ to pertain to. — O. F.
apendre, to depend on. — L. append^re, for
L. appenderey to hang to or npoii. — L. ap-
(for cui)y to ; pendere, to hang.
appendix, an addition. (L.) L.
appendix, — L. appendlfre, to suspend upon.
— L. ap- (for aii)y to ; pendSre, to weigh.
Appertain. (F.-L.) M. E. aper-
tenen, —OF. apartenir (F. appartenir)^
to belong to. — L. ap' (for ad)y to ; per-
tinere, to belong. See Pertain.
Appetite. (F.-L.) O. F. appetit.'^
L. appetituSy an appetite ; lit ' assault
upon. — L. appeterey to attack. — L. ap- (for
€id)y to ; petere, to seek, attack.
Applaud. (L.) L. applauderey to
applaud. — L. a/- (for ad)y at ; plaudere, to
applaud, clap (hands). Der. apploMsCy
from pp. applausus,
Apple. (£.) ME. <i;^/. K,S.appel,
apl.'^DvL. appel\ Icel. <r^/t; Swed. <z//f ;
Dan. <;^Z;; G.apfel'y liizh. ahhal\ Gael.
ubhal\ W. ^/; Russ. iabloko\ Lithnan.
obolys. Origin unknown. Some connect
it with Abella in Campania ; cf. Verg.
^n. vii. 740.
Apply. (F.-L.) M.E.fl/^^».-O.F.
aplur.^'L. applicdre, to join to, turn or
apply to. — L. ap- (for ad)y to ; plicdre, to
fold, twine. Der. appli-ance \ also appli-
caiion (K. amplication),
Appoggiatura, a grace-note or passing
tone prenxed, as a support, to an essential
note of a melody. (Ital. — L. and GV.^
Ital. appoggiaturay lit. a support. — Ital.
appoggiare, to lean upon. — Ital. ap- (for
ad\ to, upon ; poggioy a place to stand or
lean on, &c. — L. ady to ; podium, an ele-
vated placet A balcony, from Gk. nobiov.
See Few.
APPROPRIATE
Appoint. (F. - L.) M. E. apoifUen. -
O. F. qpointery to prepare, arrange, settle.
— Late L. appufutdrey to repair, appoint,
settle a dispute ; Ducange. — L. ap- (for euL) \
Late L. pufutdrCy to mark by a point, from
Late L. pututa, a prick, fem. of punctus,
pp. ; see Point. Der. disappoint.
Apportion. (F.— L.) F. apportiotur,
to portion out to. — F. ap- (put for a before
/, in imitation of L. aP'^ad)y to; portunty
a portion ; see Portion.
Appose. (F. — L.) Y,app05er\ formed
to represent L. appdnerCy on the analogy of
composer y exposer, and other presumed re-
presentatives of compounds of L. pdnere ;
but really formed on F. poser (Irom L.
pausdre). See Pose.
Apposite. (L.) L. appositusy suitable ;
pp. of apponerey to put near. — L. ap^ (for
ad)y to ; pdnere, to put. See Position.
Appraise. (F.-L.) .M. E. a/rai>^i{,
to vame. — O. F. *apreiser (cf. O. F. apre-
tier in Roquefort). — O. F. a-, prefix ;
Preiser y to value, from preis, value, price.
— L. cidy at ; pretium, a price.
appreciate. (L.) From pp. of L.
appretidrey to value at a price.— L. 0/-
(for ad\y at ; pretium, a price.
Apprehend. (F.-L.) Y , apprehendre
(Cot.). — L. apprehendere, orig. to lay hold
of. — L. ap- (ror ad)y to, k\.\ prehettdere,
to grasp. See Prehensile.
apprentice. ^F.—L.) O.Y.aprentiSy
nom. of aprentif (see Godefroy, s.v.
aprentic). The O. F. aprentis, aprentif y
represent Late L. *apprenditlvuSy nom.,
and *apprenditivumy ace, from a Late L.
*apprenditusy used as a pp. of L.
apprendere, to leani, short for L. appre-
hendere, to lay bold of (above).
apprise, to inform. (F. — L.) From
the m.. E. sb. aprise, information, teach-
ing. — O. F. aprisey instruction. — O. F.
appriSy aprisy pp. oi aprendre, to learn.—
L. apprendere (above).
Approach. (F.-L.) lA,Y,,approchen,
aprocken. — O. F. aprochier, to approach. —
L. appropidrey to draw near to (Exod. iii.
5). — L. ap- (for ad)y to; prope, near.
Approbation. (F.-L.) Y. approba-
tion. — L. ace. approbatidnem, approval. —
L. approbdtusy pp. ofapprobdre, to approve.
See Approve.
Appropriate. (L.) From pp. of L.
appropridrcy to make one's own. — L. ap-
(for cui)y to; proprius^ one's own. See
Proper.
32
APPROVE
ARCH
Approve. (F. — L.) O. F. approver. -
L. approbdre^ to approve. — L. ap- (for ad),
to ; probdrey to lest, try, esteem as good.
Der. apprtHval\ dis-afiprovt.
Apf^ximate. CL.) From pp. of L.
approximdre, to draw near to.*L. ap-
(for ad),X.o\ proximuSy very near, superl.
adj. {roxxLpropey near.
Appurtenance. (F.-L.) h'.¥,apur'
ienaunce (O. F. apartenance)y that which
l)elongs to. — O. F. aparteniry to belong to.
Siee Appertain.
Apncot. (F.-Port. - Arab. - Gk.-
L.) Formerly also apricocky from Port.
albricoque directly. Also abricot, — F.
abricoty * the abricot, or apricock plum ; '
Cot. — Port, albricoque, — Arab, al barquqy
where al is the def. art. ■- Mid. Gk. vpcuKo-
luov (Dioscorides) ; pi. vpaiK6/cia. The
pi. vpaiK6«ia was borrowed from L. pra-
coguay apricots, neut. pi. of pracoquusy
another form of pracoxy precocious, early
ripe (Pliny; Martial, 13. 46). — L. /«?,
beforehand; and coquerey to cook, ripen.
See FrecooiouB and Cook. % Thus the
word reached us in a very indirect manner.
April. (L.) L. Aprilis ; said to be so
named because the earth then opens to
produce new fruit. — L. a/^ri>v, to open;
see Aperient.
Apron. ( F . — L. ) Formerly napron. —
O. F. naperoHy a large cloth ; augmentative
form of O. F. ftapey a cloth (F. nappe), '^
L. viappay a napkin, cloth (with change of
m to Hy as in F. ttaite^ a mat). See
Map.
Apse. (L. — Gk.) Now used of a recess
at tne end of a church; formerly apsey
apsisy a turning-point of a planet's orbit. —
L. apsis y pi. apsides y a bow, turn. — Gk.
iaffiSy a tying, fastening, felloe of a wheel,
curve, bow, arch. — Gk. &vruvy to tie, bind.
Apt, fit. (L.) XIV cent. L. apt us y
usea as pp. of apisciy to reach, get, but
really pp. of O. Lat apere^ to fit or join
to|;ether. ^
Aquatic. (L.) L. aqUaticuSy pertain-
ing to water. — L. aqua, water.
aqua-fortis. - L. aqua fortiSy strong
water.
aqnarinm.-L. aqudriutHy a water-
vesscl. -■ L. aquUy water.
aqnarins. — L. aqudriusy a water-
bearer.— L. aaua, water.
aqiiedlIci.-L* aquaduclusy a con-
duit ; from aqua, gen. of aquUy water, and
ductus f A duct ; see Duot.
aqueous. As if from L. *aqueuSy adj.,
a form not used. — L. aquOy water.
Aquiline, like an eagle. (F. — L.) F.
aquilin ; hence nez aquilitty ^ a nose like
an eagle ; * Cot. — L. aquilinusy adj. from
aquila, an eagle. Cf. £agle.
Arabesque. (F.-Ital.-Arab.) XVll
cent. F. Arabesquey Arabian-like; also
full of flourishes, like fine Arabian work.
— Ital. Arabesco; where -esco^'E, -ish.^
Arab. *araby Arabia.
Arable. (F. — L.) F. arable, - L.
ardbilisy that can be ploughed. — L. ardre,
to plough. (VAR.) See Ear (3).
Arbiter. (L.) In Milton. — L. arbitery
a witness, judge, umpire.
arbitrary. (L.) In Milton. - L.
arbitrdriuSy orig. like the decision of an
umpire. — L. arbitrdre, to act as umpire.
— L. arbiter (above).
arbitrate. (L.) From pp. of L.
arbitrdre y to act as umpire (above).
Arboreous, belonging to trees. (L.) .
L. arbore-us, adj. from arbor, a tree ; with
suffix 'OUS.
Arbour, a bower. (F.— L.) The word
seems to be really due to M. E. herbere,
also erberey from O. F. herbiery L. her-
bdriuffiy a herb-garden, also an orchard. —
L. herbay grass, herb. The special sense
was due to confusion with L. arbory a
tree.
Arc. (F.-L.) XIV cent. Y.arc.^
L. arcuniy ace. of arcus, a bow, arch, arc.
arcade. (F.—Ital.— L.) F. arcade.
— Ital. arcatay an arched place ; fern, of
pp. of arcare, to arch. — Ital. arcOy a bow,
— L. ace. arcum (above).
Arcana. (L.) L. arcdnoy things kept
secret, secrets. — L. arcerCy to keep.
Arch (0, a vault, &c. (F.-L.) O. F.
arcJUy a cnest, box (L. area, see Ark) ;
also, by confusion, an arch, owing to the
use of Med. Lat. area with the sense of
L. arcuSy a bow, arch. See Arc.
Arck (2), roguish, waggish. (L.— Gk.)
* So arch a leer ;' Tatler, no. 193. The
examples in the New £. Dictionary prove
that it is nothing but the prefix Arch-,
chief (for which see below), used separately
and peculiarly. Cf. ' The most arch act *
in Shak. Rich. III. iv. 3. a ; 'An heretic,
an arch one;' Hen. VIII. iii. 3. loa.
Also ' Byends ... a very arch fellow, a
downright hypocrite' ; Bnnyan's Pilgrim's
Progress. A. S. arce-y O.F. arche-y L.
archi'y Gk. d/»x*" (prefix). See below.
n
ARCH-
Arch-, i^efix^ chief. (L.-Gk.) The
form arch^ is due to A. S. arce-y as in ca^ce-
bisceop^ an archbishop, and to O. F. arche-,
as in arche'diacre, an archdeacon. This
form was borrowed from L. archi'^G\i,
cLpxi'y as in dpx(-cto''^o*o^) <^ archbishop.
— Gk. &pxfaff to be first, to mle ; cf. Gk.
^XVf beginning. Der. arch-biskop, arch-
deacon^ &c. ; bat, in arch-angely the ch
remained hard (as k) in the Romance
languages, on account of the following a.
Cf. Ital. arcangeloj Span, arcangel.
arclL»0l0gy. (,Gk.) Gk. dpx«oAo7ta.
— Gk. dpxa<V>s, ancient, which is from
^PX4} the beginning ; and the suffix -logy^
Gk. -Xo7(a, due to Khfo^^ discourse, from
X^7C(y, to speak.
arohaic. (Gk.) Gk. dpxcuK6sy antique,
primitive. — Gk. ipxiuos, old.-»Gk. <i/>x4i
a beginninjg.
arcluusm. (Gk.) Gk, dpx(uafi6s, an
antiquated phrase. ^ Gk. Apx^^C^^t to
speak antiquatedly. -• Gk. &px<uoSj old
(above).
Arohier. (F.— L.) M. £. archer. ^
A. F. archer; O. F. archier, a bow-man.
*Late L. arcdrius, a bow-man; from
arcus, a bow.
ArohetSTpOi the original type. (F.-
L. — Gk.) F. archetype, * a principall
type ; * Cot. — L. archetyprum, the original
pattern. — Gk. &px€Tvwov, a model ; neut.
of dpxtTvnos, stamped as a model. — Gk.
d/>xc-B<ipx(-f prefix (seeArchi-); rihros,
a type.
jUChi-i prefixy chief. (L.— Gk.) L.
archi'y for Gk. apxi- ; see Arch-.
archima]idxite.(L.-Gk.) l^archi-
piandrita, a chief or principal of monks,
an abbot. — Late Gk. dpxifov^rriSf the
same. — Gk. ApxH chief; in&vhpa, an en-
closure, fold, .afterwards a monastery. See
Aroh- and Madrigal.
archipelMOy chief sea, i. e. Aegean
sea. Jtal.— Gk.) Ital. 0n*f^^/a^i0, modified
to archipelago. — Gk. d/)x*-, chief; and
viXayos, sea.
architect. (F,-L.-Gk.) Y,archi-
tecte.'^lj, architectuSy the same as archi-
tectdn,^Gk, dpxiriKrafy^ a chief builder
or artificer. — Gk. dpxi-, chief (see Archi-) ;
riicTWy a carpenter, builder.
architrave. (F. — Ital. - L. attd Gk.)
In Milton. — F. architrave,^liaX. archi-
iraoe, the part of an entablature resting
immediately on the column. A barbarous
compound ; from Gk. d^X'** prefix, chief,
ARGENT
principal, and Lat. trabem, ace. of trcU^s,
a beam. See Trave.
ArchiveSy s. pi., public records ; but
properly an archive is a place where re-
cords are kept. (F.— L.— Gk.) F. ar-
chify pi. archives; Cot. — L. archiuuniy
archium, — Gk. dpxtiovy a public building,
residence of magistrates. — Gk. dpyrj, a
beginning, a magistracy.
Arctic. (F.-L.-Gk.) M.E.ariik.^
O. F. artique; F. antique. ^h. arcticus.
— Gk. dpKTiK6sy near the constellation of
the Bear, northern.- Gk. dpm-osy a bear.
Cognate with L. urstis ; see Ursine.
Der. ant'arctic.
Ardent. (F.-L.) XIV cent. M.E.
ardaufU.^O.Y. ardant, pres. part, of
ardre, to bum. — L. ardent-em, ace of
pres. pt. of ardere, to bum.
ardour. (F.— L.) O.F. ardour, ardor,
heat. — L. ardorem, ace. of ardor, a burn-
ing, fervour.— L. ardere, to bum.
Arduous. (L.) L. ardu-us, steep,
difficult, high; with suffix -^t^.+Irish ard,
high ; Gk. hpOhs, upright.
ArCy pres. pi. of the verb substantive.
(E.) O. Northumbrian aron, O, Merc.
^rM^i, as distinguished from A.S.(Wessex)
sint, sind, sindon,. Cf. led. er-u, they are.
From the Idg. V^> to be ; from whence
also are Skt. s-anti, Gk. c2(r-/v, L. S'unt,
G. s-ind, Icel. er-u (for *w-»),they are.
am. O. Northumb. am, O. Merc, earn,
A. S. eom.'^SV.t. as-mi, Gk. el-/", Goth.
i-my Icel. e-m ; &c.
art. O. Northumb. arU, O. Merc. ear6 ;
A.S. eart (with / due to -/ in sceal-t, shalt,
&c). Icel. est, ert.
is. A. S. fV.^-Icel. eSy later er. Cf. also
Goth, and G. is-t, Skt. as-ti, Gk. ctr-rt, L.
es't. See also Be, "Was.
Area. (L.) XVI cent. L. area, an
open space.
Areca, a genus of palms. (Port.—
Canarese.) Port, areca. — Canarese a^iH,
a^ike, areca-nut ; r being substituted for
the cerebral d (H. H. Wilson). Accented
on the first syllable.
Are&ction; see Arid (below).
Arena. (L.) L« arenay sand ; the
sanded space in which gladiators fought.
Orig. harena ; cf. ^^hia.tfasenay sand.
^Axgent. (F.-L.) White; in heraldry.
— F. argent.^'L, argentum, silver; from
its brightness. Cf. Gk; dpyvpos, silver,
Skt. arfuna(s), white. (^ARG, to shine.)
Bnigm. i. §§ 529, 604. See below.
34
ARGILLACEOUS
Argillaceous, clayey. (L.) L. ar-
gilldceus^ adj. from argilla, clay, esp.
white clay. Cf. Gk. <l/>7(5s, white.
Argonaut. (L. — Gk.) Y.. argonauta.
»Gk. ApyovavrrjSj one who sailed in the
ship Argo. — Gk. ipy^, the name of Jason's
ship (lit. swift, from dpy6Sf swift) ; and
yavrrji, a sailor ; see Xafaxitical.
ArgOSYf a merchant-vessel. (Dalma-
tian.) ^rmerW spelt arguze and ragusy
(see N. and Q. S. iv. 490 ; Arber's Eng.
Gamer, ii. 67). The orig. sense was *a
ship of Ragnsa,' which is the name of a
port in Dalmatia. Ragnsa appears in
XVI cent. E. as Aragouse,
Al^e. (F.-L.) M.E. arguen,^
O. J*". arguer,^\A\.^ L. argutdre (L. ar-
^/7/ar/), frequent, of arguere, to prove by
argument, lit to make clear ; cf. argutus^
clear.
Arid, dry. (L.) XVII cent. "L.driduSy
dry. — L. drere, to be dry.
arefioctioil. (L.) XVI cent. Coined
from L. drefacerey to make dry. — L. dre-re^
to be dry ; and/acere, to make.
Arignt. (£.) For ^n^/i/, in the right
way.
Ariso. (E.) M. E. arisen, A. S.
drtsan. — A. S. ^-, prefix ; rtsan^ to rise.
Sec Bise.
Aristocracy. (C^k.) Modified from
Gk. Apurrotcpariaf government by the
nobles or *best' men. — Gk. dpiaro-, for
dptarot, best; and Kparttv, to be strong,
govern, from Kparvs, strong. The form
ap-iaros is a superlative from the base
dp- seen in d^crJ}, excellence. TieT, aristo-
cratic', whence aristocrat, for ' aristocratic
person.*
Arithmetic. (F.-L.~Gk.) In Sh.
— F. arithmitique ; Cot. — L. arithnietica.
— Gk. dpi$/ifjTiicriy the science of numbers;
fem. of dpi0firjriit6sy adj., from dpiOpU'UVy
to number. — Gk. dptOfds, nun^ber, reckon-
ing.
Ark, a chest, box ; hence a large float-
ing vessel. (L.) A. S. arc.^h. arcay a
chest, box ; cf. L. arcerty to keep.
Arm (i)} part of the body. (E.) M.E.
arm. A. S. ^<ir«.+Du. arm ; Icel. armr\
Dan., Swed., and G. arm ; Goth, arms;
L. armusy the shoulder; Russ. ramoy
shoulder. See Brugm. i. § 524.
Arm (3), to furnish with weapons. (F.
— L.) F. armer, » L. armdrCy to fur-
nish with arms. — L. armay arms.
anaada, a fleet. (Span.-L.) Span.
ARRACK
amiaday an armed fleet ; fem. of armadoy
pp. of armary to arm. — L. armdrcy to arm
(above). Doublet, army,
armadillOf an animal. (Span. — L.)
Span, armcuiilloy lit. * the little armed one,'
because of its hard shell. Dimin. of ar-
madoy pp. of armar, to arm ; as above.
armament. (L-) L. armdmentum,
an equipment. — L. armdrCy to arm, equip.
— L. armay arms.
armature, doublet of armour.
armistice. (F.— L.) Y. armistice,^
Mod. L. *armistitiumy coined on the
analogy of sof^titiumy i. e. solstice. — L.
armi-y for armay arms ; and -stitiumy for
'Statium (through atonic position), from
statumy supine of stdre^ to stand. (Cf.
Solstioe.)
armour. (F. — L.) M. E. armoury ar-
murC'^O. F. armurCy armeUre.^'L. ar-
mdtUray armour. — L. armdtuSy pp. of
armdre, to arm. — L. arma, arms. Doublet,
armature.
arms, s. pi. weapons. (F.— L.) M. E.
armes. — O. F. armesy pi. — L. armay neut.
pi., arms, lit. * fittings. (V-^^j ^^ ^^0
s^rmy, (F. — L.) O. F. armee, fem. of
pp. of armery to arm. — L. armdtay fem.
of pp. of armdrey to arm. — L. arma,
arms.
Aroint thee ! begone ! Origin un-
known. The usual reference to ryntye in
Ray does not help us.
Aroma, a sweet smell. (L.— Gk.)
Late L. ^rJ/na.- Gk. dpojftOy a spice,
sweet herb. Der. aromat-icy from the
Gk. stem dpatpar;
Around, prep, and adv. (E. and F. —
L.) M. E. around; for on round; see
A- (2) and Bound.
Aronse. (£• ^^ Scand.) From A- (4)
and Bouse.
Arquebus, a kind of gun. (F.— Du.)
F. arquebusey *an harquebuse, or hand-
gun,' Cot. ; Walloon harkibuscy dialectal
variation of Mid. Du. haeckbusse, Du.
haakbuSy lit. ' a gun with a hook.* This
refers to the hook whereby it was attached
to a point of support. — Mid. Du. haecky
Du. haaky a hook ; and Mid. Du. bussCy
Du. busy a hand-barrel, a gun. See
Haokbut.
Arrack, an ardent spirit. (Arab.)
Arab. *araqy sweat, juice, essence', distilled
spirit. — Arab, root *araqay to sweat.
% Sometimes shortened to Rcuk; cf. Span.
raque, arrack.
n
ARRAIGN
ARTILLERY
_ (F. — L.) M. E. araintH. —
O. F. aretsnier, to speak to, discourse
with, cite, arraign. »0. F. a (L. ad), to ;
reisner, retsoner, to reason, from O. F.
resort, ratson, reason, advice, from L. ace.
raiionem ; see Beason.
Anange. (F. - L. and O. H. G.)
M. E. arayngtn, arengen, — O. F. arengier,
to put into a rank. >0. F. a (L. ad), to ;
rangier, rengier, to range, from O. F.
rang, reng, a rank. See Bank.
Arranty knavish, notoriously bad. (F.
— L.) This word is now ascertained to
be a mere variant of errant (cf. parson for
person). Chaucer has theeferraunt, arrant
thief, C. T. 1 71 73; and see Piers Plow-
man, C. viL 307. See Errant.
Anras, tapestry. (F.) So named from
Arras, in Artois, north of France.
Array, verb. (F. — L. and O. Low G.)
O. F. arraier, to array. — O. F. arrai,
arroi, preparation. — L. ad (becoming ar-
before r),\.o, for ; O. Low G. and O. Fries.
rede (cf. Goth, garaid-s), ready, A. S.
rade, ready ; so that to array is ' to get
ready.' See Beady.
Arrears, sb. pi. (F.~L.) FromM.E.
arere, adv., in the rear. — O. F. arere (F,
arrive) , behind. — Late L. ad retro, back-
ward.— L.iu/, to; rd/r<7, behind, fl What
we now call arrears answers to M. E.
arerages, s. pi. formed from M. E. arere
with F. suffix -age.
Arrest, to stop. (F.— L.) O. F. ares-
ter (F. arriier), to stay.— O. F. a ( = L.
ad), to; L. restore, to stay, remain, from
re-, back, and stare, to stand ; see Best
Arrive. (F.— L.) F. <irrrwr. — Late
L. arrtpare, adrtpdre^ to come to shore,
land. — L. ad, to ; rtpa^ shore, bank. Der.
arriv-al.
Arrogate. (L.) From pp. of L. arro-
gdre, to ask, adopt, attribute to, add to. —
L. ar- (for ad), to ; rogdre, to ask. Der.
arrogant, from the pres. pt.
Anrow. (E.) M,E. ar ewe, arwe, A.S.
arwe, and ear A (rare).4- Icel. or, an arrow
(gen. orvar) ; allied to Goth, arhwazna,
an arrow. From Teut. base arhw- ; cog-
nate with L. arC'Us, a bow.
arrow-root. (£.) So called, it is said,
because the tubers of the Maranta were
used as an antidote against poisoned
arrows.
Arse. (E.) M. E. ars, ers. A. S. ars.
+Gk. 6^poSf the rump. Idg. typ« *orsos.
ArsenaL (Span.— Arab.) Span, ar-
senaJy a magazine, dock-yard, arsenal;
longer forms, atarazanal, atarazana, where
the a- answers to Arab, a/, def. article.
Cf. Ital. darsena, a wet dock. — Arab, ddr
af-ftnd*aA, a house of construction, place
for making things, dock-yard. — Arab, ddr,
a house ; a/, the ; and finaah, art, trade,
construction.
Arsenic. (L. — Gk. — Arab. - Pers.)
Late L. arsenicum. — Gk. dpfffvticov, arsenic ;
seeming to mean a male principle(the alche-
mists had a strange fancy that metals were of
different sexes). But really borrowed from
Arab, az-zemtkh ; where az is for al, the,
def. art., and zemikh, orpiment, is from
Pers. zemi, orpiment, yellow arsenic (from
zar, gold). See Devic, p. 4.
Arson, incendiarism. (F.— L.) O. F.
arson, incendiarism.— Late L. ace. ar-
sidnem, a burning.- L. ars-us, pp. of
ardere, to bum. See Ardent. '
Art (i), 2 p. s. pres. of verb. (£.) See
Are
Art (2), skill. (F.-L.) M.E. art.^
O. F. ar/.— L. artem, ace. oiars, skill.
Artery. (L.— Gk.) L. ar/^rM, properly
the wind-pipe; also, an artery. — Gk. aprri-
pia, wind-pipe, artery.
Artesian, adj. (F.) Artesian wells SlK.
named from F. ArtisUn, adj. formed from
Artois^ a province in the north of France,
where these wells were early in use.
Articlioke. (Ital. -Arab.) lULor//-
ciocco, a corrupt form ; Florio also gives
the spellings archiciocco, archicioffo ; also
(without the ar, which answers to the
Arab. def. art. a/, the) the forms carciocco,
carcioffo, Cf. Span, dkachofa, an arti-
choke. — Arab, al kharshufy or jiarshaf, an
artichoke. % Not Arab, ardi shaukl
(Diez), which is a modem corrupt form
borrowed from Italian.
Artidev a small item, part of speech.
(F. — L. ) F. article. — L. articulus, a joint ,
knuckle, article in grammar ; lit. ' a small
joint.' Dimin. of artus^ a joint, limb.
articulate. (L.) L. articuldtus, dis-
tinct; pp. of articuldre, to supply with
joints, divide by joints.— L. articulus^ a
joint (above).
Artifice. (F.-L.) In MUton.-F.
artifice, ^L.. artificium, a trade, handi-
craft; hence skill. —L. arti-t stem of ars,
art ; and -fie-, for facere, to make. Der.
artific'er, a skilled workman.
artillery. (F.-L.) O.Wartillerie,
26
ARTI8AN
equipment of war, machines of war, in-
cliu&ig cross-bows, &c., in early times. •
O. F. ariilier, to equip.— Late L. *artil'
Idre^ to make machines; a verb inferred
from the sb. artillator^ a maker of machines.
Extended from arti-j stem of ars^ art. We
also find artillidtor, answering to an older
*articuldtor\ also Late L. articulum, arti-
fice; arfuuh,wct,
aartiBaa, a workman. (F. - Ital. — L.)
F. ariisan.mmJtsih artigianOy a workman.—
Late L. *arttfidnus, not found, but formed
from L. artitus, cunning, artfril. — L. or/t-,
stem of arSf art
ASy conj. (£.) M. £. or, ais, alse, also,
al so, As\bk contraction of also. (Proved
by Sir F. Madden.) See Also.
▲satotidav Assafotidav a gum.
(Med. L. — Pers. and L.) From Pers. dzd,
mastic; the "L. faetida, fetid, refers to its
offensive smell. See Fetid.
Asbestos, a mineral. (Gk.) Gk. &-
afitarotf unquenchable; because it is in-
combustible.— Gk. d-, neg. prefix; and
•afitOTOs, quenchable, from afiivyv/u, I
quench, extinguish. See Brugm. i. § 653.
Ascend. (L.) L. ascendere, to climb
up.— L. ad, to; scandere, to climb. See
Scan. Per. ascens-unty from pp. ascensus.
Ascertain. (F. - L.) From O.F.
acertainer, acertener, to make certain
(with s inserted). ^¥,a {^L..ady to) ; and
certain, certain. See Certain.
Ascetic. (Gk.) Gk. a<rictjriK6s, given
to exercise, industrious ; applied to hermits,
who strictly exercised themselves in reli-
gious devotion.— Gk. dir^n/T^s, one who
practises an art, an athlete. — Gk. iantiv,
to work, exercise; also, to mortify the
body, as an ascetic.
AscititionSf incidental. (L.) Coined,
as if from L. *ascittcius, from ascitus, pp.
of asciscere, ox adsciscere, to receive, learn.
— L. a/, to; sciscergf to learn, inceptive
form of sdr^, to know.
Ascribe. (L.) L. ascrfbere, to write
down to one's account —L. <i- (for euf), to ;
scriberiy to write.
Ash, a tree. (£.) M. £. asch, A. S. asc,
4> Dn. esch ; Icel. askr ; Dan. and Swed.
ask\ G. esche, Teut. type *askiz, Cf.
Russ. iasem, Lith. £jf>, ash.
Asluuned. (£•) A. S. dscamod, pp. of
dscamtan, to put to shame.— A. S. d-, ex-
tremely ; scamian, to shame, from scamu,
shame. ^. Or for A. S. ofscamody with the
same sense (with prefix if-^ off, very).
ASPECT
I. (£.) The pi. of ashy which is
little used. M. £. aschty axty sing. ; the
pi. is commonly aschefty axen, but in North-
em £. it is aschesy askes, A. S. asce, pi.
ascan, axan, ascan.^Du. asch ; Icel. and
Swed. aska\ Dan. aske\ Goth. azgOy pi.
azgon ; G. ascht, Teut. stems *askdn-y
*azgdn'.
Ashlar, Ashler, a facing made of
squared stones. (F.— L.) It consists of
thin slabs of stone for facing a building ;
formerly applied to a square hewn stone ;
and, probably, so called because it took
the place of the wooden beams used for
the same purpose.— O. F. aiseler (Livre
des Rois), extended frt>m O. F. aiselUy
aisieUy a little board, dimin. of ais^ a
plank. — L. axilla, dimin. of L. axis an
axis, also, a board, a plank.
Ashore. (£.) For on shore.
Aside. (£•) Fox on side.
Ask. (£.) M. K ashen, axien, A. S.
dsciany dhsian, dcsian ; the last answers to
prov. £. ax, ^ Du. eischen ; Swed. dska ;
Dan. aske ; G. heischeny O. H. G. eiscdft,
Teut. types *a$shdny *aiskdjan. Cf. Russ.
ishatey lAih. jiskoti, to seek ; Skt. ichchhd,
a wish, desire, eshy to search.
Askance^ obliquely. (Ital.— L.^ Spelt
a-scance by Sir T. Wyat ; ascanche by Pals-
grave, who gives de trotters, en lorgnant,
as the F. equivalent. £tym. doubtful ; but
prob. due to Ital. scansarcy * to go a-slope
or a-sconee, or a-skew, to go sidelin ;' Florio.
— Ital. J- ( = Lat ex, out of the way) ; and
catisare, ' to go a-slope, give place ; ' Florio.
This is derived, according to Diez, from L.
campsdrey to turn round a place, bend
round it ; cf. Gk. teAinrrHVy to bend.
Askew, awry. (O. Low G.) For on
skew ; Hexham gives M. Du. scheefy* askew,
awry ; ' see Skew.
Aslant. (Scand.) For on slant.
Asleep. (£•) For on sleep ; Acts xiii.
36.
dILslope. (£•) For on slope.
Asp, Aspic* a serpent. (F. - L. - Gk.)
F. aspe, asptc.'^'L. aspidem, ace. of aspis,
— Gk. ikartii (gen. iavihoi), an asp.
AsparagnSf a vegetable. (L. — Gk.—
Pers.'/) L. asparckgus,^Qi\i. dcvipayos.
Supposed to be of Pers. origin ; cf. Zend
fPareghay a shoot, a prong; Lithuan.
spurgas, a shoot (Fick, Prellwitz).
Aspect. (L.) L. aspectuSy look. — L.
aspectuSy pp. of aspicerey to look. — L. a-
Jor ad), to, at ; specere, to look.
37
ASPEN, ASP
Aspen, Asp, a tree. (£.) M. £. aspy
Chancer, C. T. 2923 ; aspen is an adj. (like
goUUn), and is used for aspen-tree ; cf. Cb.
C. T. 7249. A. S. aspe, aps. 4- Do. esp ;
IceL ospy Dan. and Swed. asp ; G. espe, dspe.
Cf. Lithnan. apuszis ; Ross, osina.
Asperity. (F.-L.) Y.aspMtl^l..
asperttdiem, ace. oiasperitds, roughness. *
L. asper, rough.
Asperse, to cast calumny upon. (L.)
From L. aspersus, pp. of aspergere, to
besprinkle. — L. as- (for ad) ; spargere, to
spatter.
Asphalt. (Ok.) Gk. dff<t)a\TOS, SiffipaK-
ToVy asphalt, bitumen. A foreign word.
AspJiOdeL (Gk.) Gk. da<p69€\os, a
plant of the lily kind. Der. daffodil,
q. V.
Asphyida, suffocation. (Gk.) Gk. d-
ffipv^la, a stopping of the pulse; cf. d-
<r<fwKTos^ without pulsation. * Gk. d-, not ;
and ff<pv^iSf the pulse, from <r<pv(tiv, to pul-
sate ; cf. a^vyfioSf pulsation.
Aspire. (F.—L.) F.aj/iV.fr, to breathe,
covet, aspire to. — L. aspirdre, lit. to breathe
towards. — L. a- (for ad), to; splrare, to
breathe. Der. aspir-atey v. to pronounce
with n full breathing.
Ass. (C.~L.) Vi.'E,. asse. A.S. assa.
— Irish assan.^lj. asinus; whence also
W. asyn, Swed. dsna, Icel. asni. Hence
also (or from L. dimin. aselius) came Irish
asal, Du. ezel, Dan. and G. esel, Goth.
asilus, Prob. of Semitic origin ; cf. Arab.
atdn, Heb. dthmy a she-ass.
Aff # f^-8 1. (F. - L.) M. E. asaiUn. - O. F.
asaillir, to attack.— Late L. assaitre ; L.
assiltre. — L. ad, to ; salire, to leap, rush
forth. See Salient.
Assart, the offence of grubbing up trees
and destroying the coverts of a forest. (F.
— L.) From A. F. assarter, F. essarter^ to
grub up, clear ground of shrubs. — L. ex,
out, thoroughly ; Late L. sartdre, frequent,
of L. sarrire, sanre, to grub up weeds.
Assassillf a secret murderer. (F. —
Arab.) ¥. assassin. From Arab. Jjiashdshin,
pi., eaters of ' hashish,' the name of a
sect in the 13th century ; the * Old Man of
the Mountain ' roused his followers' spirits
by help of this preparation, and sent them
to stab his enemies, esp. the leading cru-
saders. — Arab, fyaskish, an intoxicating
preparation from the dried leaves of Can-
nabis indica, a kind of hemp. Cf. Arab.
ftasAty, dry.
Assault. (F.-L.) o.F. «jm//.-l.
ASSOCIATE
ad, to ; saUus, a leap, attack, from saltus,
pp. of salire^ to leap. See A Mail.
Assay, s. ; the same as Essaj, q. v.
Assemble. (F.—L.) 0.¥. assembler.
— Late L. assimuldre, to collect (different
from L. assimuldre, to feign). — L. as- (for
ad), to ; simul, together.
Assent. (F.—L.) O.F,assenlir.^'L.
assentire, to assent, agree to. — L. as- (for
ad), to ; sentzre, to feel, perceive.
AssCKrt. (L.) From L. assertus, pp.
of asserere, to add to, claim, assert. — L.
as- (for ad), to ; serere, to join, connect.
Assess, to fix a tax. (F.—L.) O.F.
assesser.^LaXt L. assessdre, to sit as as-
sessor, to assess ; cf. L. sb. assessor, one
who adjusted taxes ; orig. a judge's assis-
tant, one who sat by him. — L. assessus,
pp. of assidere, to sit near. See Assize (i).
Assets, sufficient effects of a deceased
debtor. (F. — L.) O. F. assez (pron. assets),
sufficient (to pay with) ; properly an adv.,
but, in £., mistaken to be a pi. sb. — L. ad
satis, up to what is enough.
Asseverate. (L.) L. asseuerdtus, pp.
of asseuerdre, to speak in earnest. — L. as-
(for ad), to ; seuerus, earnest.
Assiduous. (L.) L. assidu-us, sitting
down to, applying closely to ; with suffix
-ous.^h. assidire, to sit near. — L. as- (for
ad), at, near ; sedere, to sit. See Sit.
Assign. (F. - L.) O. F. assigner, - 1-.
assigndre, to assign, mark out to. — L. as-
(Jot ad), to; signdre, to mark. from signum,
a mark, sign.
Assinmate. (L.) From pp. of L. as-
simildre, to make like to. — L. as- (for ad),
to ; similis, like. See Similar.
Assist. (F. — L.) F. assister. — L. as-
sistere, to step to, approach, assist. — L. as-
(for ad\, to ; sistere, to place, stand, from
stare, to stand.
Assise (i),a session of a court of justice.
(F.—L.) M. E. assise.^ O.F. assise, an
assembly of judges ; also a tax, an impost.
Probably fem. pp. of O. F. asseoir, to sit
near, assist a judge. — L. assiiiere, to sit
near ; see Assiduous, Assess.
assise (2), a fixed quantity or dimen-
sion. (F. — L.) O. F. assise, a tax, impost ;
the Late L. assisa was also used in the
sense of a fixed allowance of provisions.
The same word as the above. Another
form is Size, q. v.
Associate. (L.) From pp. of L. as-
socidre, to join to. — L. as- (for ad-\ to;
socidre, to join, associate. — L. socius, a
a8
ASSOIL
companion, lit follower. *L. sequtt to
follow. See Sequence.
Assoilf to absolve, acqnit. (F.— L.).
M. £. assoilen. — O. F. as{s)oilU, pres. subj.
of assoudrCj asoldre, to absolve. — L. d^
soluere, to absolve. — L. ab, from; soluere^
to loosen. See Solve. Doublet, absolve.
Assonant. (L.) "L. assonant-, st^moi
assonanSf sounding like ; pres. pt. ofasson-
are, to respond to. — L. as- (for oii-), to ;
sondre, to sound, from sonus, sound.
Assort. (F. — L.') O. F. assortir, to
sort, assort, match (15th century). — O.F.
OS' («L. Of-, for L. ad), to ; sort-, stem of
L. j^^rr, lot. See Sort. <
Assuage. (F.-L.) O. F. asouagier,
ascagier, to soften, appease ; (Prov. asua-
viar). — F. a ( = L. acT), to ; and L. suduts,
sweet See Sua^re.
Assume. (L.) L. assumere (pp. Af-
sumptus), to take to oneself.— L. at- (for
o^, to; sumere, to take, which is from
emere, to take, with a prefix of doubtful
origin. Der. assumpt'ion (from the pp.).
AMMta^m (F.— L.) M.E. assuren,^
O. F. aseUrer, to make secure. — O. F. a
( = L. aa), to; seiir, sure, from L. securus,
secure, sure. See Sure.
Aster, a flower. (Gk.) Gk. Aariip, a
star. See Star.
asterisk. (Gk.) Gk. Aar€plcrKos, a
little star, also an asterisk *, used for dis-
tinguishing fine passages in MSS. — Gk.
Aartp-, stem of darrip, a star.
asteroidy a minor planet (Gk.^ Pro-
perly an adj., signifying * star-like. — Gk.
daT€po-€i^St star-like. — Gk. dartpo-, for
dtrrffp, a star ; and t76-os, form, figure.
AjrtJmiay difficulty in breathing. (Gk.)
Gk. SaBfio, panting. — Gk. &&((ty, to breathe
hard. Cf. Gk. drjfju, I blow. See Air.
Astir. (£.) For on stir ; Barbour's
Bmoe, xix. 577.
Astonish, Astound. (F.-L.) The
addition of -ish, as in extingU'ish, is due
to analogy with other verbs in 'ish, M.E.
astonim, astunien, astonen ; whence later
astony, afterwards lengthened to astonish ;
also astound, by the addition of excrescent
d after ii , as in sound, from F. son. All
from O. F. estoner (mod. F. Stonner), to
amaze. — Late L. *extondre, to thunder
out, from ex, out, and tondre^ to thunder.
Ct'L.attondre, to thimder at, astound (with
prefix at' for L. ad, at).
Astray. For on stray, Barbour's Bruce,
xiiL 195. See Stray.
ATHWART
A str iction. (L.) From L. ace. as-
trictidnem, a drawing together.— L* astriC'
tuSy pp. of astringere ; see Astringent.
Astride. (£.) Fox on {the) stride.
Astringent. (L.) From stem of pres.
pt. of astnngere, to bind or draw closely
together. — L. a- (for ad), to ; stringere, to
draw tight.
Astrology. (F.-L.-Gk.) F, astro-
logie.^la. astrohgia, (i) astronomy; (2)
astrology, or science of the stars. — Gk.
dcTpoXoyia, astronomy. — Gk. darpo-, for
dffrpov, a star ; and ^Koyia^ 'allied to A0709,
a discourse, from kiyetv, to speak.
Astronomy. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. as-
tronomie.^h. astronomia, ^Gk. darpo-
vofiia, mm Gk. darpo-Vy a star; and 'vopia,
allied to v6iios, law, from vipitty, to dis-
tribute.
Astute. (L.) L. astatus, crafty, cun-
ning.— L. astus, craft.
AjBnnder. (£.) For on sunder. A. S.
on-sundran, apart See Sunder.
Asylnm. (L.-Gk.) L. durf/^m.-Gk.
davKov, an asylum ; neut of ojavKoi, adj.
unharmed, safe from violence. — Gk. d-,
not ; and trvAi;, a right of seizure ; cf.
axiKdoi, I despoil an enemy.
Asymptote, a line which, indefinitely
produced, does not meet the curve which it
continually approaches. (Gk.) Gk. djavp,-
m-arros, not falling together, not coincident.
— Gk. d-, not ; avpi, for aw, together ; and
m-orrSs, falling, from mwrtiv (pt. t vi-
VTODKo), to fall. (-/PET.)
At. (E. ) M. E. at, A. S. ^/. + Icel. at ;
Goth, at ; Dan. ad; Swed. &t\ L. ad.
Atabaly a kettle-drum. (Span. — Arab.)
Span, atabal. — Arab, at (for at, def. article) ;
tabi, a drum.
Ataghan ; see Yataghan.
Atheism. (Gk.) Coined from Gk.
d0e-os, denying the gods, without a god ;
with suffix -ism. — Gk. d-, negative prefix ;
$(6s, a god.
Athirst. (E.) M. E. ofthurst, athurst,
very thirsty; orig. pp. of a verb. A.S.
offyrsted, very thirsty ; pp. oiofj>yrstan, to
be very thirsty. — A. S. of, very (prefix) ;
2xAhvrstan, to thirst ; see Thirst.
Athlete. (L.-Gk.) L. athUta.^Gk.
dOKrjTrjSf a combatant, contender in games.
— Gk.d9X^-€cv,to contend for a prize. — Gk.
d0\oi (for dftOKoi), a contest ; 3jB\ov (for
dftOKov), a prize. See "Wed.
Athwart« across. For on thwart, on
the transverse, across ; see Thwart.
39
ATLAS
ATTORNEY
.Gk.) Named after Atlas, die
demi-^od wlho was waad to bear the worid
on his shooldcKS ; his fignre used often to
appear oo tiie thle-page of atUises.— Gk.
'ArXoff (gen. *ArXarros)j pcoh. 'the sos-
taiaer ' or bearer, from <^rrEI^ to bear.
atlaaitiCy an ocean, named after ML
Atlas» in the N.W. of Africa. (Gk.) From
'ArXam-, stem of 'ArAos; with suffix
I. (Gk.) lit. 'a sphere
of air round the eaith.' Coined from
ir/to-^ stem of dr/u9f Taponr, air; and
Splioro.
AtoUf a groap of coral islands fonning
a ring. (Maldive Islands.) 'We derive the
cxpreasioo from the hfaldive islands . . .
where the fonn of the word is ata/u. It is
prob. connected with the Snghalese prep.
aiul, inside.' (Yule.)
Atom. (F.'L.-Gk.) F.aiffme(Cct.).
* L. atamus. •* Gk. aroitoiy sh., an indivisi-
ble particle; allied toaro/iot, adj., indivisi-
ble. —Gk. d-f not ; ro/ir, ^grade of r€ftr, as
seen in tS/m^up, to cot, divide.
AtonOv to set at one, to reconcile. (E.)
Made up from the words at and ofu, and
dne to the frequent ose of the phnyse at
ooH, at one (i. e. reconciled) in Middle
English. Al at on— 2^ agreed; Rob. of
Glooc. p. 113. Tyndall has atonemaker,
Le. reconciler, Works, p. 158. Dor. atotu-
tnentj i. e. at^one'inent ; we actually find
the word onement, reconciliation, in old
authors ; see Hall, Satires, iii. 7. 69.
AtrOCi^. (F.-L.) ¥,atrocit^,Cf^^
L. atrdcitdtem, ace. of atrocitds, cnielty. —
L. atroci', from atroxj cnieL
Ateopliy. (Gk.) Gk. dr/w^, want of
nourishment or food, hunger, wasting away
of the body, atrophy.— Gk. d-, not; and
rpi^iv (pL t. ri-Tpo<^), to nourish.
Attack. (F. - Tent. ?) O. F. attaclur,
to attach, fasten.— O. F. a, for "L, ad,\.o\
and (perhaps) a Low G. word with the
sense of E. tack, a nail. See Tack. Cf.
Picard attaker, to attach ; Bret, tacha^ to
fasten, from tach, a tack, nail ; and see
Detach, Attack. Der. attach-ment,
attack. (F.>Ital.-Teut.?) F.a//a-
^»^.— Ital. attaccare, to fasten, attach;
atttucare battaglia, * to ioyne battell,*
Florio. Cognate with F. attacher; so that
attack is a doublet of cUtach,
Attain. (F.-L.) M. £. ateinen.^
O. F. ateign-f pres. stem of ateindre,
ataiftdre, to reach to. — L. attingere, to
attain. — L. at- (for ad), to; tangere, to
toodi.
attaisdAT. (F.-L.) From the O.F.
aUindre^ vert>, to convict; used snbstan-
tivdy ; see above.
atteint, to convicL (F. -L.) From
M.E. atteynt, ateynt, convicted, whence
the verb has been evo l ved ; orig. pp. of
O. F. ateindre (above). ^^ In no way
alHed to taints
Attar of RpiIBBj (Arab.) Also, less
correctly, otto ofrmes, i.e. perinme. — Arab.
'itr, peifume. —Arab, root 'atara, to smell
sweetly.
Attcttaper. (F.-L.) 0,Y , atemprer,
to modify. — O.F. a ( « L. ad)^ to ; temprer,
temperer, to temper.— L. temperare, to
amxirtion, r^;nlate, qualify. See Temper.
Attempt. (F.-L.) 0,V. atempter,
to undertake.- L. attentdre, to attempt —
L. at' (for ad)^ to; tentdre, to try; see
Tempt.
Attend. (F.-L.) O.IP. atemlre, to
wait— L. attendert (pp. attentus), to
stretdi towards, give heed to.— L. at- (for
ad), to ; tendere, to stretch. Der. attent-
ion (from the pp.) ; attent, adj., 2 Chron.
vi. .40, viL 15.
Attenuate. (L.' From pp. of L. at-
tcmtdre, to make thin. —L. a/- (for ad), to;
tenu'is, thin. See Thin.
Attest. (L.) L. attestdri, to be witness
to.— L fl/- i=ad), to; tf start, to be
witness, from L. testis, a witness.
AttiCy a small upper room. (L — Gk.)
It orig. meant the whole of a parapet wall,
terminating the upper fa9ade of an edifice.
Named from the Attic order of architecture ;
see Phillip, ed. 1706.— L. ^//fVifx.- Gk.
'AttucAs, Attic, Athenian. Cfl F. attique,
an attic ; Attique, Attic
Attire. (F.-Teut?) M.E,atir,atyr,
sb. ; atiren, atyren^ verb.- O. F. atirier,
to adom (Roquefort). — O. F. a (=L a</,
prefix); andO. F. tire, iiere, a row, file ;
so that atirier is properly * to arrange.* Cf.
O. Prov. tiera, a row (Bartsch). See Tier.
Attitude. (Ital. — L.) Orig. a painter's
term, from Italy. — Ital. attitudine^ aptness,
skill, attitude.- L. aptitudinem, ace. of
aptitado, aptitude. — L. aptus^ apt.
Attorney. (F. - L.) M. E. attoume,
- O. F. atome [L e. atom4], lit. * one ap-
pointed or constituted ; ' pp. oiatomer, to
direct, prepare, constitute. — F. « ( = L. ad),
to ; O. F. tomer, to turn, from L. tor-
ndre. See Tom.
30
ATTRACT
AUSTRAL
Attract* (L<) ¥TomL..a/tractus,pp,
of aUrahere, to attract.— L. «/• {=ad),
to ; trahere, to draw.
Attribute. (L.) Yiom a/tributiis, pp.
of L. aitribiieref to assign. — L. a/- ( =«</),
to ; tribuerCi to assign ; see Tribute.
Attrition. (L.) From L. ace. attrt-
iioneniy a nibbing or wearing away. — L.
€Utritus, pp. of atterere^ to mb away. — L.
at' ( ^ad), at ; terere, to mb. See Trite.
Attuney to bring to a like tune. (L.
and L.— Gk.) From L. at- {'*ad), to;
and £. Tune, q. v.
Atllnim. (F. - L.) M. E. adortu, au-
bume,ong. citron-coloured or light yellow.
— O. F. a/bome, aubome, blond (Godefroy) .
— Late L. a/bumus, whitish, light-
coloured. Torriano explains Ital. albumo
by ' that whitish colour of women's hair
called an aburu colour.' Cf. L. alburnum,
the sap-wood or inner bark of trees
(Pliny). — L. aibus^ white.
Anctioil. (L*) L* auciionem, ace. of
auctio^ a sale by auction, lit. 'an increase,'
because the sale is to the highest bidder.—
L. auciust pp. of augere, to increase. See
Eke.
AndacioiUi. (F.~L.) F. audacieux,
bold, audacious. — L. *auddctdsuSj not
found; extended from L. auddci-, from
audaxy bold. — L. auderet to dare.
Audience. (F. ~ L. ) F. audience, * an
audience or hearing ; ' Cot. — L. audienHa,
a hearing. -^L. audUnt-, stem of pres. pt.
oiaudire, to hear. For *auisdtre ; cf. Gk.
aloBiaOtu, to perceive, for &fta$€trOai,
Bmgm. i. § 340.
audible. (L.) Late L* audibiUs, that
can be heard. — L. audtre, to hear.
audit. (L.) From L. audiius, a
hearing. —L. audtre, to hear ; whence also
audi'ior,
Aoifer. (£.) Totnauger. M,E,naue-
gar ( B nazfegar), nauger, a tool for boring
holes —A. S. nafogdr, an anger, lit. nave-
piercer, tor boring holes in 5ie nave of a
wheel. — A. S. nctfu, a nave ; gdr^ a piercer,
that which gores; see Nave (i) and
Oore (fO* 4* ^u* ovegaar (for navegaar) ;
IceL mtfarr ; Dan. naver ; Swed. nafvare ;
O. H. G. nabager.
Aught. (£.) M. E. aht, aght, aught,
A. S. aht, earlier awiht ; from a, ever, and
wiht, a creature, wight, whit ; lit ' e'er a
whit' See Whit.
Augment. (F. - L. ) F. augmenter, -
h.augmentdrefiotsA9iXgt, >- L. augmentum,
an increase. — L. augere, to increase. Sec
Auction.
Augur. (L.) M. £.af/^r.— L. a/^^r,
a sooth-sayer ; said to mean a diviner by
the flight and cries of birds. Hence a sup-
posed etymology (not certain) from auis, a
bird, and -gur, telling, allied to ^rrTr^, to
shout. Cf. L. aU'ceps, a bird-catcher.
August. (L.) L. augustus, venerable;
whence E. august, venerable, and August,
the month named after Augustus Caesar.
Cf. Skt djas, strength. Brugm. i. $ 213.
Auky a sea-bird. (Scand.) Swed. alka ;
Dan. alke ; led. alka, dlka, an auk.
Aunt. (F.-L.) M,E.aunte.^A,¥.
aunte; O. F. ante (mod. F. t'anie).^Y.,
amita, a father's sister. Cf. G. amtne, nurse.
Aureate. (L.) Late L.atfr(fa/i/j, gilt',
from aureus, golden; in place of L. au-
rdtus, gilded, pp. of aurdre, to gild. — L.
aurum, gold ; O. L. ausum. Der. aur-
elia, a gold-coloured chrysalis ; aur-e-
ol-a, aur-e-ole, the halo of golden glory
in paintings ; auriferous, gold-producing,
ixoxaferre, to bear.
Auricula, a plant. (L.) L. auricula,
the lol^e of the ear ; used to mean the
* bear's ear,' a kind of primrose ; see below.
auricular, told in the ear, secret. (L.)
Late L. auriculdris, in the phr. auriculdris
confession auricular confession. — L auri-
cula, the lobe of the ear ; double dimin.
from auri'S, the ear. See Ear.
Aurora, the dawn. (L.) L. aurora,
the dawn ; from prehistoric *ausdsa.'\'Ci\i,
iEolic avws, Ion, ^s, dawn, from pre-
historic *avaws. See East. ^
Auscultation, a listening. (L.) L.
auscultdtionem, ace. of ausculidtio, a
listening; from the pp. of auscultdre, to
listen. — L. *aus', base of auris^ the ear.
See Ear.
Auspice, favour, patronage. (F.-L.)
F. auspice, a token of things by the flight
of birds, an omen, good fortune. — L. au-
spiciutn, a watching of birds for the pur-
pose of augury. Short for *auispicium, —
L. aui; for auis, a bird ; and spicere,
specere, to spy, look into.
Austere. (F. - L. - Gk.) M. E.
austere, — O. F. austere, — L. austerus,
harsh, severe. — Gk. aiKrrijpSs, making the
tongue dry, harsh.- Gk. aiav, to dry.>
Austral. (F.-L.; orh,) We find F.
austraU, 'southerly;' Cot— L. Austrdlis,
southerly.— L. Austir, the South wind.
31
AUTHENTIC
Antkentic. (F.-.L.-Gk.) M.Kau-
ten/ike, autentik.'^O, F. auientiquef later
authentique (Cot.). — L. autheniicus,
original, written with the author's own
hand.^Gk. avBtvrtKSty vouched for, war-
ranted.— Gk. Mhrrpf also ahro-ivrris, one
who does things with his own hand, a
'self-worker'; see Auto-, p. Gk. Ivrris
(for *(rivT'rii) is prob. allied to L. sons
(gen. sontis), guilty, responsible.
Author. CF. — L.) M. £. auiour,
alitor ; later author (with th once sounded
as /, but now as th in thin).— O. F. autor
(Bartsch). — L. auctorgm, ace. of auctor, an
originator, lit. ' increaser, grower.' — L.
augere,, to increase. Cf. Auction.
AutO-y prefix. (Gk.) Gk. avro-, stem
of ainiii, self. Der. auto-biography y a
biography written by oneself (see Bio-
STftphy); autography something in one's
own handwriting, from Gk. yp&4>€iVj to
write (see Qraphio).
autocracy. (Gk.) Adapted (with
suffix '{y for Gk. -rcia) from Gk. avro-
Kp&T(ia, absolute power. — Gk. avro-, self;
'Kp&rtia (in compounds), power, from
KparUiVy to rule. — Gk. icparjkf strong;
cognate with £. Hard.
antouatoiiy a self-moving machine.
(G.) Gk. avrdfMToVf neut. of airrSfjiaroSf
self-moving. — Gk. abrd-, for o6t<Js, self;
and -fiaros, cognate with Skt. maids,
thought, considered, known, pp. of man,
to think. (VMEN.)
autonomy, self-government. (Gk.)
Gk. oirroyofAia, independence. — Gk. abrS^
yofAos, free, living by one's own laws.— Gk.
aW6-, self; and yofxos, law, from viftofjuu,
I sway, vifuiv, to distribute.
autopsy, personal inspection. (Gk.)
Gk. aitroif/la, a seeing with one's own eyes.
— Gk. axtro-, self; S^s, sight (see Optic).
Anto-da-fb. (Port -L.) Lit. ' decree
of faith ; ' a judgment of the Inquisition,
also, the execution of such judgment, when
the decree or sentence is read to the
victims. — Port auto, action, decree; da,
short for dg a, of the ; }?, faith. [The Span,
form is auto de fS, without the article
'/a — Port, a.]— L. actum, ace. of actus,
act, deed ; de, prep. ; i7/a, fem. of ille, he ;
fidcm, ace. oi fides, faith.
Autumn. (F.— L.) l/L,'K, autumpne,
— O.F. autompne, — L. autumnus, auctum-
nus, autumn. (Perhaps allied to augire,
to increase.)
Auxiliary. (L.) L. auxilidrius^
AVERAGE
helping, assisting. — L. auxilium, help.—
L. augtre, to increase.
AvadaTaty a finch-like £. Indian bird.
(Arab, and Pers.) Formerly amadavat
(N. £. D.) ; or amudavad, N. and Q. 6
S. ii. 198. Named from the city oiAhmed-
dbdd, whence they were imported. — Arab.
Ahmed, a proper name ; Pers. dbdd, a city.
Avail. (F.-L.) M.E. auailen (=
availen). Compounded of O. F. a, to ;
and vail-,toTk\c stem of O. F. valoir {paler),
to be of use. — L. ad, to ; ual'ere, to be
strong.
Avalanche. (F.-L.) F. avalanche,
the descent of snow into a valley. — F.
avaler, to swallow ; but the old sense was
' to let fall down.' — F^ aval, downward,
lit 'to the valley.'- F. « ( = L. act}, to;
val, vale, from L. uallem, ace. of uallis, a
valley.
Avarice. (F. — L.) M. £. auarice
(with u for w). — F. avarice, ^Y,. audritia,
greediness. — L. audrus, greedy; cf. L.
auidus, greedy.- L. auere, to wish, desire.
Avast, stop, hold fast. (Du.) Du. hou
zHist, houd vast, hold fast. — Du. hou, short
form of houd, imper. of houden, to hold
(see Hold) ; and tuist, fast (see Fast).
Avatar. (Skt.) Skt. avatdra, descent ;
hence, the descent of a Hindu deity in
incarnate form. — Skt. ava, down ; and trj,
to pass over, pass.
Avaunt, begone ! (F. - L.) A. F.
avaunt ; O.F. avant, forward 1 See Ad-
vanoe.
Ave, hail. (L.) Short for Aue Maria,
hail, Mary (Luke i. 28).— L. aue, hail I
imper. sing, of auere, to fare well.
Avenge. (F.-L.) 0.¥,avengier,to
avenge. — F. a (L. ad), to ; vengier, to
avenge, from L. uindicdre, to lay claim
to, also, to avenge. See Vindicate.
Aventailf the mouth-piece of a visor.
(F. — L.) A F. aventatUe ; O.F. esventail,
air-hole. — O.F. esventer, to expose to air. —
L. ex, out ; uentus, wind. See Ventail.
Avenue. (F.— L.) ¥, avenue, advenue,
access ; hence an approach to a house (esp.
one shaded by trees) ; fem. oiavenu, pp. of
F. avenir, to come to. — L. ad, to ; uenire,
to come.
Aver. (F.-L.) A. F. and O. F. tfw^itfr.
— Late L. auerdre, aduerdre, to affirm to
be true. — L. ad, to ; uerus, true.
Average* an equalised estimate. (F.)
Formerly a duty, tax, impost; then, 1 1
extra charge on goods, the incidence of
32
AVERT
snch a charge, the general estimate or
apportionment of loss of goods, &c.
Formed, with suffix 'age, from F. avar-ie,
now Qsoally ' damage (cf. Span, averia,
haberia, * the cnstom paid for goods that
are exported* (Pineda), Port, and Ital.
avaria, Late L. avaria^ averia), A
Mediterranean maritime term, orig. signify-
ing * duty charged on goods ' (G. P. Marsh,
in N. £. D.). Origin unknown ; perhaps
from Ital. avere, kavere, goods, chattels
(F. avoir), a sb. use of havere, haver (L.
habere), to possess. \ Not from Arab.
*avdry damage, which is boirowed from
Ital. avaria, in a late sense.
Avert. (L.) L. d'Uertere, to turn away.
— L. J (=«^), off, away; ueriere, to turn.
Per. averse, from L. pp. duersus.
Aviary. (L.) L. aut'drium, a place
for bixxls; neut. of adj. auidrius, belonging
to birds. — L. aui-, stem of auis, a bird.
Avidity. (F.-L.) F. awV////, greedi-
ness, eagerness.— L. auidiidtem, ace. of
auiditds, eagerness. — L. auu/us, greedy,
desirous. — L. auere, to crave.
Avocation. (L.) From L. duocd-
Honem, ace. of dttocdtio, a calling away of
the attention, hence a diversion, amuse-
ment ; afterwards used in the sense of
emplovment. — L. duocdius, pp. of d-uocdre,
to call away.— L. d (^aff), from, away;
uocdre, to call. See Vooation.
Avoid, to shun. (F.-L.) M. E.
auoiden {==avaiden), to empty, empty out,
get rid of; later, to keep away from, shun.
— O.F. esvuidier, to empty out, get quit
of.— O.F. es't prefix (L. ex, out); and
O. F. vuit, vuide (F. vide), empty, void.
See Void.
Avoirdupois. (F. - L.) Formerly
avoir de pots (Anglo-F. aveir de peis),
goods of weight, i. e. heavy articles. — F.
avoir, goods, orig. *to have;' de, of;
O. F. pais, A. F. peis, weight. — L. habere,
to have; de, of; pensutn, that which is
weighed out, neut. oipensus, pp. of pen-
dere, to weigh. 1[The F. pois is now
misspelt /mVj. See Poise.
Avoueh. (F.-L.) M.E. avouchen.
— O. F. avochier, to call upon as guarantor
(Godefroy).— L. aduocdre, to call to or
tommon (a witness).— L. ad, to; uocdre,
to call. Cf. Voaoh.
avow, to confess, to declare openly.
(F,— L.) M.E. avowen.'^O^Y. avouer,
t^ioer, — L. aduocdre, to call upon ; Med. L.
to call on as patron or client, to acknow-
AWKWARD
ledge, recognise. — L. ad, to ; uocdre, to
call. ^Another M.E. avowen, to bind
with a vow, to vow, is obsolete ; see Vow.
Doublet, avouch (above).
Await. (F.-L. a/^O.H.G.) O.F.
awaitier, agaitier, to wait for. — O.F. a
( = L. aid), for; waiiier, to wait, from
O. H. G. wahten, to watch, from the sb,
wahta (G. wacht), a watching. See "Wait.
Awake, Awaken. (E.) M.E.
cnvakien, awaken \ and awaknen, awake-
nen; both orig. intransitive. Two A. S.
verbs are confused; dwacian, wk. vb.;
and onwacnan, with wk. pres. t., but
strong pt. t. onwoc, pp. onwacen. The
prefix is either A- (2) or A- (4). See
"Wake, Waken.
Award, vb. (F.-L. and O. Low G.)
M.E. awarden.^K^Y, awarder; O.F.
eswarder, esgarder, to examine, adjudge. —
O. ¥, es- {- L. ex), out ; O. F. warder, to
ward, guard, from O. Low G., as in O. Sax.
wardon (cf. G. warten), to watch, guard.
See Ward, Guard.
Aware. (E.) A corruption of M. E.
iwar, ywar, aware (common) ; from A. S.
gewar, aware. — A. S. ge-, a common
prefix, not altering the sense ; wcer, ware,
wary ; see Wary.
Away. (E.) For on way, i.e. on
one's way, so as to depart. A.S. onweg,
away. See Way.
Awe. (Scand.) M. E. a'^e, aghe, awe,
[Also e^e, egke, eye ; all orig. dissyllabic.
The latter set are from A. S. ege, awe.] —
Icel. agi, awe, fear; Dan. ave.\-K, S. ege;
Goth, agis, fear, anguish; Irish eagal^
fear, terror ; Gk. axo^, anguish, affliction.
(V AGH .) Der. aw-ful.
Awkward, clumsy. (Scand. and E.)
Orig. an adv., signifying ' transversely,* or
'in a backhanded manner.' M.E. awk-
ward, awkwart ; ' aukwari he couth him
ta*=he gave him a backhanded stroke,
Wallace, iii. 175. p. The suffix -wardi%
E., as in for-ward, on-ward, &c. The
prefix is M. E. auk, awk, contrary, perverse,
wrong ; this is a contraction of Icel. ofug-
[Swed. afvug, in Widegren], like hawk
from A. S. hcifoc, — Icel. bfugr, often con-
tracted to bfgu, adj., turning the wrong
way, back foremost, contrary. 7. Here
of- is for af-, off, from, away; and -ug- is
a suffix. Cf. O. H. G. ap-uh, M. H. G. eb-
ich, turned away, perverse ; from apa =
G. ab, off, away, and the suffix -h, 8.
Thus the sense of awk is * turned away * ;
53
AWL
BABE
from Icel. af'^ cognate with E. of^ off,
Gk. 6.ito,
AwL (£.) M. E. awel, aul [we also find
a/, er\. A.S. awely aztmi; perhaps cog-
nate with JL. aculeus, a sting, spine, allied
to L. acuSf a needle. % The A. S. al or
Stl, an awl, seems to be a distinct word,
and allied to Icel. air ; G. ahle ; Skt. drd
(Kluge).
Awn. (E.) M. E. agune (13th cent),
awene, awne, A. S. pi. agnan, Corp. Gl
•f- Icel- bgn^ chaff, a husk ; Dan. avne,
chaff; Swed. agn, only in pi. agnar,
husks ; Goth, ahana ; O. H. G. agana,
chaff. Cf. Gk. pi. oxvai, chafif; O. L.
agna, a straw.
Awning. (O. F.?) In Sir T. Herbert's
Travels, ea. 1665, p. 8 ; the proper sense
seems to be ' a sail or tarpauling spread
above a ship^s deck, to keep off the sun*s
heat.* Perhaps from O. F. auvan, auvant,
mod. F. auventf * a pent-house of cloth
before a shop-window;' Cot. Cf. Prov.
anvan, Late L. antevanna, auvanna,
avanna. Perhaps from L. ante, before ;
uannuSy a fan (fem. sb.)*
A.wry, (E.) For on wry, on the twist;
Barbour, Bruce, iv. 705. See Wry.
Axe, A.-g, (£.) M. £. ax, ex. A. S. ax,
older forms acus, acus.'^Dvi. oaks; Icel.
ox, oxt; Swed. yxa; Dan. oxe; Goth.
akwizi ; O. H. G. accAus; G. axt ; L. ascia
(if for *acsda) ; Gk. d^ivrj.
Axiom. (Gk.) XV cent. - Gk. diiw/M
(gen. d^tcvfiaros), worth, quality; in science,
an assumption. — Gk. d£<do;, I deem worthy.
— Gk. d^ios, worthy, worth, lit. * weighing
as much as.* i- Gk. Aytiv, to drive ; ako, to
weigh. (-/AG.)
Axis, axle. (L.) L. axis, an axis, axle-
tree. + Gk. d((M>v ; Skt. aksha, an axle,
wheel, cart. Cf. also A. S. eax, an axle ;
Du. as ; G. achse ; Russ. os* ; Lith. aszis.
(^AG, to drive.) See below.
axle. (Scand.) M. E. axel. [A. S. has
eaxl, but only with the sense of shoulder.]
— Icel. oxull, axis; whence oxul-tre^ an
axle-tree ; Swed. and Dan. axel, axle.
p. It is a dimin. of the form appearing
in L. axis ; see Axis. Cf. W. echel, axle.
Der. axle-tree, where tree is a block of
wood.
Ay! interj. (E.) M. E. ey ! K natural
interjection. % The phr. ay me is French ;
O. F. aymi, alas for me ! Cf. Ital. ahimi,
Span, ay di me, Gk. oXyuai. See Ah.
Ay, Aye, yea, yes. (E. ?) Spelt / in
old edd. of Shak., &c. Origin uncertain;
perhaps a variant of Tea.
Ayahy a native waiting-maid, in India.
^Port. — L.) Port, aia, a nurse, governess
(fem. of aio, a tutor). Prob. from L. auia^
a grandmother. — L. autis, a grandfather.
Aye, adv., ever. (Scand.) M. E. ay. —
Icel. ei, ever. + A. S. <f, ever, also away
Goth, aiw, ever, case-forms from Teut.
*aiwoz (Goth, aiws), an age, which is
allied to L. auum, Gk. cdiw, an age. Cf.
Gk. alf (, dtl, ever.
Aye-Aye, a kind of lemur. (F. — Mada-
gascar.) F. aye-aye, supp. to Littre.
From the native name ai-ay in Madagas-
car ; said to be named from its cry.
Azimnth. (Arab.) Azimuthal circles
are great circles on the sphere that pass
through the zenith. Properly, azimuth is
a pi. form, answering to Arab. as-samUt,
ways, or points (or quarters) of the horizon ;
from «/ samt, sing., the way, or point (or
quarter) of the horizon. — Arab, al, the;
txAsamt, a way, quarter, direction; whence
also £. zenith. See Zenith.
Asote, nitrogen. (F.—Gk.) So called
because destructive to animal life. — F.
azote, ^Gk. d-, negative prefix; Pamela,
preserving life, from ^07-17, life, (dnv, to
live.
Ainrey blue. (F. — Arab.— Pers.) M.E.
asur, azure. — O. F. azur, azure ; a cor-
rupted form, standing for lazur, which was
mistaken for Vazur, as if the initial' /
indicated the def. article ; Low L. lazur,
an azure-coloured stone, also called lapis
lazuli. — Arab. Idzward (see Devic) . — Pers.
Idjuward, lapis lazuli, a blue colour. So
called from the mines of Lajwurd, where
the lapis lazuli was found (Marco Polo,
ed. Yule).
,, to bleat. (E.) In Shak. ; an imita-
tive word.
Babble. (E.) M. E. babelen, to prate,
mumble, chatter. The suffix -le is fre-
quentative ; the word means * to keep on
saying ha, ^a,* syllables imitative of a child's
attempts to speak. +Du. hahbelen\ Dan.
bable ; Icel. babbla ; G. bappeln ; and cf. F.
babiller.
Babe. (E.) M. E. bob, earliest forni
baban. Probably due to infantile utterance;
cf. Babble.
34
BABIRUSA, BABIROUSSA
Babimsa, Babiroussa, a kind of
wild hog. (Malay.) Malay bddt iilsa,
lit. * deer-hog/ or ' hog like a deer ' ; from
rilsa^ deer, and bdbft hog.
Baboon. (F. or Low L.) O. F. babuin,
F. babouin ; we also find M. £. babion,
babiaHf babezuim; Low L. babewynus, a
baboon (A.D. 1295). Origin uncertain.
Cf. O. F. baboUf a grimace (Godefroy).
Prob. from the motion of the lips. Cf.
Babble.
BacchaaaL (L. — Gk.) \^,Bacchdndlis,
a worshipper of Bacchus ^ god of wine. —
Gk. B(i«x^^» g^ of wine.
Bacbelor. (F. — L.) M. £. bacheUr, -
O.F. bacheUr,^\aXA L. Haccaldrisy but
only found as baccaldrius, a holder of a
small farm or estate, called in Late L.
baccaldria^ Remoter origin unknown, and
much disputed. Hardly from Late L.
bacca^ for L. uacca^ a cow.
Back. (,£.) M.£. bak. A.S. bac.-^-
Icel. bak\ O. Sax. b<ik\ O. Fries, bek,
Der, a'biuk, q. v. ; back-bite ^ M. £. bak-
biten (P. PI. B. ii. 80) ; back-ward^ M. £.
bacu/iuvl (Cursor Mundi, 2042).
backnnunon, a game. (£.) In
Butler's Hudibras, pt. iii. c. 2. The sense
is ' back-game,' because the pieces, when
taken, are put back. See eanunon (2).
Bacon. (F. -Teut.) M. E. bacoft, - O. F.
bacon; Low L. baco.^O. H. G. bac/tOj
M. H. G. bacACf butiock, ham, a flitch of
bacon. Cf. G. bachd, a wild sow ; M. Du.
^^» A pig ; M. Dan. bakigf a pig.
Bad. (£.) M. £. badiie. Formed from
A.S. baJdcly s., a hermaphrodite; and
allied to A. S. badlingy an effeminate
man.
Badffe. (Unknown.) M.F.^^^; Prompt.
Parv. JLow L. bagia^ bagea, * signum, in-
signe quoddam ; ' Ducange ; apparently,
a Latin version of the £. word. Origin
unknown.
badger. (Unknown.) Spelt bageard
in Sir T. More ; a nickname for the brock.
Dr. Murray shews that ^a^<rr= animal with
a bcuige or stripe. See above.
Baoinage, jesting ulk. (F.-Prov.-
L.) F. badinage. — F. badiner, to jest. —
F. badin^ adj., jesting. — Prov. bader («F.
bayer\ lit. to gape ; nence, to be silly. —
Late L. ^i^rip, to gape ; prob. of imitative
origin, from ba^ expressive of opening the
mouth. Cf. Babble.
Bafie, to foil, disgrace. (F.?-G.?) A
Scotch word, as explained in HalTs Chron.
BAIRN
Hen. VIII, an. 5. To baffull is * a gieat
reproach among the Scottes ' ; it means to
disgrace, vilify. Cf. Lowland So. bauchle
(XV cent, bachle), to vilify. Origin doubt-
ful ; but cf. F. beffler^ to deceive, mock
(Cot.), bafouer (Cot. baffmer^ to bafHc,
revile, disgrace) ; allied to Ital. beffare, to
flout, scofle (Florio), from beffdf a scoff;
Norman F. baffer, to slap m the face ;
Prov. bafHf a scoff. Prob. from M. H. G.
beffenj to scold ; cf. G. bdffen, Du. baffen,
to bark, yelp ; of imitative origin, like
Du. pafy a pop, a box on the ear.
Bag. (Scand.) M. £. bagge. ^ Icel. bc^ggi,
O. Swed. bagge, a bag, pack, bundle. Not
found elsewhere in Teutonic. (Gael, bagis
from £.)
bagatelle, a trifle, a game. (F. — Ital .
— Teut.) F. bagatelle, a trifle. — Ital. bagat-
tella, a trifle, dimin. of Parmesan bagata,
a little property ; from Lombard baga^
a wine- skin, of Teut. origin ; see Bag,
baggage (i).
baggage (i), luggage. rF. -Scand.)
M. E.^fl,^:^^, bagage, — O. F. bagage, a col-
lection of bundles. — O. F. bague, a bundle.
baggage (2), a worthless woman. (F.
— Scana .) The same as Baggage ( i ) , in a
depraved sense. Perhaps influenced by F.
bagasse, 'a baggage, quean,' Cot.; Ital.
bagascia, * a baggage-wench ; ' Florio.
Bail (i), security ; as verb, to secure.
(F.— L.) O.F. bail, s. custody; from
bailler, a law term, to secure, to keep in
custody. *L. bdiuldre,^ to carry a child
about, to take charge of a child. — L.
bdiulusy a porter, carrier.
bailiff. (F.-L.) M.E.baili/.~>O.F.
baillif, Cot. — Late L. bdjulivum, ace. of
bdjulivus, a custodian, &c. — L. bdiuldre
(above).
bailiwick. (F.-L.; and 1£.,) From
M. £. baili, short for bailif (above) ; and
M. £. wik, A. S. wic, a district ; hence,
* district of a bailiff; ' later, * office * of the
same.
Bail (2), a bucket. See Bale (3).
Bail (3), at cricket. (F.-L.?) O.F. bail,
an iron-pointed stake ; Godefroy adds that
* in the arrondissements of Vervins and
Avesnes, bail is the name of a horizontal
piece of wood fixed upon two stakes.'
Perhaps from L. baculum, a stick.
(Doubtful.)
Baim, a child. (E.) M. £. bam, A. S.
beam. + Icel., Swed., Dan., and Goth.
barn. Lit. * that which is born ; * Teul.
35
BAIT
BALLAST
type *harnofn, neut. sb., from ba>'^ 2nd
grade of der-an, to bear ; with snfBx -if^-.
See Bear (i).
Bait, to feed. (Scand.) Lit. * to make
to bite ; * a dait is * an enticement to bite.'
M. £. batten f beiten, — Icel. beita, to make
to bite, causal of bita^ to bite ; Swed. beta,
to pasture ; Swed. bete, Dan. bed, a bait.
See Bite.
Baize, coarse woollen stuff. (F.~L.)
An error for bayes, pi. of F. baye, * the
cloth called bayes ; * Cot. — O. F. bai, bay-
coloured. — L. badiuSy bay. From the orig.
colour. Cf. Span, bayo^ bay, bayeta,
baize; &c. See Bay (i).
Bake. (E.) M. £. baken. A. S. bacon,
pt. t. boCy pp. bacen. + Icel. and Swed.
baka ; Dan. bage ; Dn. bakken ; G. backen ;
cf. Gk. 0<&Y«tv, to roast. (V BHOG.)
Bakshish, Backsheesh, a present,
small gratuity. (Pers.) Pers. bakhshish,
a gratuity ; from bakhshtdan, to give ;
baksh, a share, portion. Cf. Zend, iitksh,
to distribute ; Skt. bhaj\ to divide.
Balance. (F.— L.) M,E, balance.^
F. balance^ * a ballance, pair of weights or
ballances;* Cot. Cf. Ital. bilancta, — L.
bilancem, ace. of bilanx, having two scales.
— L. bi-, for biSy double, twice; and lanx,
a dish, platter, scale of a balance.
Balas-mby, a variety of ruby, of a
pale rose-red or orange colour. (F.—
Low L. — Arab. — Pers.) Formerly balais,
-> F. balais ; Med. L. balascus, balascivs. ^
Arab, balakhsh, a ruby (Devic). — Pers.
badakhsht, a ruby ;* named from Badakh-
shan, N, of the river Amoo (Oxus).
BaJcony. (ItaL— Teut.) Ital. balcone,
palcone, ong. a stage. — O. H. G. balcho, a
beam. 4*0. Sax. ^o/i^, a beam. See Balk(i).
Bald. (C.) M. £. balled; the orig.
sense was 'shining, white,* as in * bald-
fated stag,* a stag with a white streak on
its face ; cf. prov. K bally a white-faced
horse. — Gael, and Irish bal, ball, a spot,
mark, speckle (properly a white spot or
streak) ; Bret, bal^ a white streak on an
animal's face; W. bait, whiteness in a
horse*s forehead. Cf. Gk. 0aA(os, white,
<pa\riKp6i, bald-headed ; Lith. baltas,vfhite.
Baldachin {pronounced baoldakin or
bseldakin), a canopy over an altar, throne,
&c. (F. or Ital. — Arab.") F. baldaquin \
Ital. baldacchino, a canopy, tester, orig
hangings or tapestry made at Bagdad.—
Ital. Baldacco, Bagdad. — Arab. Baghdad,
Bagdad.
Balderdash, poor stuff. (Scand. ?) It
formerly meant a jumbled mixture of
liquors. Cf. Dan. balder, noise, clatter;
and daske, to slap, flap. Hence it appears
(like slap-dash) to have meant a confused
noise ; secondarily a hodge-podge (Halli-
well) ; and generally, any mixture. (Un-
certain.)
Baldric, a girdle. (F.-M. H. G.-
L.) O. F. *baldric (not recorded), older
form of O. F. baldret, baldrei ; Low L.
baldringus.^Vi, H. G. balderich, a girdle;
extended from O. H. G. balz^ a belt. — L.
balteus, a belt See Belt.
Bale (i)> a package; see Ball (2).
Bale (2), evil. (£.) U.^^bale. A.S.
bealu, balu, evil. + O. Fries, and O. S.
balu ; Icel. boly misfortune ; O. H. G.
balo, destruction. Teut. *balwom, neut. of
HcUwoz, adj. evil; cf. Goth, balwawesei,
wickedness. Der. bale-ful.
Bale (3)» to empty water out of a ship.
(F.-Teut.) XVH cent. It means to
empty a ship by means of bails, i.e.
buckets. i-F. bailie, a bucket. Cf. Du.
balie, a tub; Swed. balja, Dan. bailie^ G.
balje, a tub. — Late Lat. *bacula (Diez),
dimin^ fromDn. bak, M.Du. back, a trough.
Balk (i)» a beam, ridge of land. (£.)
M. £. bcUke, A. S. balca, a ridge, heap ;
which explains balked » laid in heaps,
I Hen. IV, i. i. 69. 4- O. Sax. balko, a
beam ; Du. balk, a beam, bar ; Swed. baJk,
a beam, partition ; G. balken. Tent, stem
Halkon-, a bar. Cf. Phalanx.
baJk (2), hanlk, to hinder. (£.)
M. £. balken. To put a balk or bar in a
man*s way.
Ball (i)y a spherical body. (F. —
O. H. G.) M. £. bal, balle. - F. balle. -
M.H.G. balle, O. H. G. ballo (G. ball),
a ball, sphere. -f> Icel. bdllr,
bale (i), a package. (F.— O. H.G.)
M. £. bale.'-F, bale, a ball, also a pack,
as of merchandise ; Cot. The same as F.
balle, a ball ; hence, a round package.
Ball (2), a dance. (F.-Late L.) F.
bal. — F. bailer, to dance. — Late L. balldre,
to dance.+Gk. fiaXKl^uv, to dance.
ballad. (F. -Prov.- Late L.) M.E.
balade.^O,¥, balade\ F. ballade. ^Vvoy,
balada, a song for dancing to.— Late L.
balldre, to dance.
Ballast, aload to steadya ship. (Scand.
or O. Low G.) Three forms are found :
(i) O. Dan. barlast, i.e. bare load, mere
weight, Swed. barlast; (2) O. Low G.
36
BALLET
ballast i i.e. ' bale last/ useless load, Du.,
Dan., £. Fries, ballast ; (3) Dan. bag-last^
i.e. back load. Of these, (3) seems dne to
popular et3rmology; and (a) arose out of
(i). See Iiast (4) ; also Bare, Bale (2),
Back. Cf. M. Da. bal-daedt, evU deed
(Hexham).
Ballet. (F.-LateL.) Y . ballet, 6\m\n,
oibaly a dance. See Ball (2).
Balloon, a large ball. (F.^D. H. G.)
Formerly biUoon^ a ball used in a game like
football ; (also ballone, from ItaC ballone,
in Florio).-O.F. balm, 'a little ball, or
pack ; a football or baloon ; ' Cot. Mod.
F. biiilon ; Span, balofi ; Ital. pallone ;
augmentative form of F. Ifalle, &c., a ball.
See BaU (i).
ballot. (Ital. -O. H. G.) Ital. ballot-
tare, 'to cast lots with bullets, as they
vse in Venice;* Florio. — Ital. ballotta, a
little ball used for voting ; dimin. of Ital.
balla, a ball. See Ball (i ).
Balm. (F. - L. >- Gk.) A modiBed
spelling; M. £. basme, bame, bautne,'^
O. F. Sasnte.'^'L, balsamum. ^Gk, fiaKaa-
ftor, fragrant resin of the fid\<rafws, or
balsam-tree. Prob. Semitic; df. Heb.
bdsam, balsam.
balJMUn. (L.— Gk.) L. balsamupt;
as above.
Baluster, a rail of a staircase, small
colunm. (F. — Ital.— L.— Gk.) F. balus-
ire\ balustreSf 'ballisters, little, round,
and abort pillars, ranked on the outsides of
cloisters, terraces,^ &c. ; Cot. <^ Ital. balaus-
tro fB, baluster; so called from a fancied
resemblance to the flower of the wild
pomegranate. — Ital. balausto, balaustra^
the flower of the pomegranate. » L. balaus-
tium, mB Gk. fiakai^iov^ the flower of the
wild pomegranate. Per. balustr-ade, F.
balustrade, from It&hbalaustrata, furnished
with balusters.
Bamboo. (Malay — Canarese.) XVI
cent. Malay bambtl.^ Canarese banbu,
or bamtm, bamboo.
BambooxlOy to hoax. (Unknown.)
Baa, a proclamation. (£.) Chiefly in
the pi. banns (of marriage). M. £. ban,
A. S. gebann, a proclamation (the prefix
gC' midcing no difference). Cf. A. S. dban-
nan, to summon, order out. Influenced
by 0« F. ban, of G. origin (as below). +
Du. ban, excommunication; Icel. and
Swed. bann^ Dan. band, O. H. G. ban, a
ban. All from Teut. strong vb. Hannan-,
to proclaim ; as in O. H. G. bannapt, Cf.
BANG
L./dma, a rumour. (^BHA.) Brugm.
i. § 559-
Banana, the plantain>tree. (Span.)
Span, banana, fruit of the banana ; said to
be of African origin (from Guinea).
Band (i), Bond. (Scand.) M.£.
band; variant, bond, ^IceL band; Swed.
band; Dan. baand; cf. Du. and G. Mnd.
Teut. *banddm, n. ; from band-, 2nd grade
of bind-an, to bind ; see Bind.- Allied to
A. S. bend, Goth, binindi, a band. Cf. Skt.
bandha^ a binding. Der. band- age (F.
bandage^ ; band-box ; bandog, q. v.
band (2), a company of men. (F.—
Teut.) F. bande ; Cot ; whence G. bande,
A |[iLng, set. — Low Lat. banda, a gang ;
allied to Low L. bandum, a banner. See
Banner and Bind.
Bandanna, a silk handkerchief with
white spots. (Hind.) lAindi, b(indhnu,^9i
mode of dyeing in which the cloth is tied
in different places, to prevent the parts tied
from receiving the dye ... a kind of silk
cloth ; ' Shakespear's Hind. Diet.
Bandicoot, a large Indian i-at.(Te1ugu. )
Telugu pandi'kokku, lit. pig-rat (Yule) . —
Tel. pandi, a pig, kokku, a rat.
Bandit. (Ital.-O. H. G.) In Sh.-
Ital. bandito, outlawed, pp. of bandire, to
proscribe. • Low L. banntre, to proclaim.
— O. H. G. bannan, to summon; whence
O. H. G. ban, cognate with £. ban.
Bandog, a large dog. (£.) Orig.
banddog, a dog that is tied up. See
Prompt. Parv. p. 43. See Band (i).
Bandy, to beat to and fro, contend.
(F. - Teut.) Orig. to band (Turbenrile).-
F. bander, ' to bind ; also, to handle, at
tennis;' Cot. .S^ ^aWiff, to league against.
— F. bande, a band ; see Band (2).
bandy-legged, bow-legged. (F.-
Teut. a/m Scand!) Prob. from bandy, for-
merly the name of a bent stick for playing
a game called bandy, in which a ball was
bandied about. See above.
Bane, harm. ^.) A. S. bona, a mur-
derer, bane.4-0. Sax. and O. H. G. bano\
Icel. bani^ Dan. and Swed. bane, death,
murder. Teut. stem *banon', m. Cf. Goth.
banja, a wound. Bar. hane-ful.
Bang (i), to beat. (Scand.) In Sh.
— Icel. banga, Dan. banke, to beat; O.
Swed. bing, Icel. bang, a hammering. Cf.
G. bengel, a cudgel.
Bang (2), a narcotic drug. (Pers.—
Skt.jf ers. ^«^. — Skt. bhangd, hemp ; the
drug being made from the wild hemp.
37
BANGLE
BARBAROUS
Bangle, a kind of bracelet. (Uind.)
Hind. Bangrty a bracelet, bangle. (H. H.
Wilson.)
Banian ; see Banyan.
Banish. (F.-O.H.G.) M. £.^amV.
shen. — O. F. bants- , stem of pres. part, of
banir, bannir, to proscribe. — Low L. ban-
nfrgf to proclaim ; see Bandit.
Banisters; a corruption of Balusters.
BanjOy a six-stringed musical instru-
ment. (^Ital. — Gk.) A negro corruption
of bandorgy bandora^ or pandore,^\\s\.
pandora, a musical instmment, usually
with three strings. ■• Gk. rtavhovpa, the
same. Perhaps of Egypt, orig.
Banlc (i)) a mound of earth. (Scand.)
M. E. banke, — O. Scand. ^banke, orig.
form of Icel. bakki^ ridge, eminence, bank
of a river; cf. Dan. bakke, Swed. backe,
bank ; whence also Norman F. banquet a
bank. Teut. stem *bankon-. Cf. O. Sax.
and Du. bank, O. H. G. banchy A. S. bene,
a bench (see Bench).
bank (a), for money. (F. — Teut.) F.
banque, a money-changer*s table or bench.
— M. Du. banck, M. H. G. banc, a bench,
table. See above.
bankmpt. (F. — Ital. — Teut. and
I^.) Modified from F. banqueroute, bank-
ruptcy, by a knowledge of the relation of
the word to L. rtiptus, broken. — Ital. banca
rotta, a broken bank, due to the money-
changer's failure. — M. H. G. banc, a bench
(see above) ; and L. rufta, fem. of ruptus,
pp. of rumpere, to break.
Banner. (F.— Teut.) M. E. banere,
— O. F. banere (supp. to Godefroy, s. v.
baniere), also baniere. ■- Low L. *banddria
(Ducange gives banderia)^ a banner. — Low
L. bandum, bannum, a standard. From
a Teut: (Langobardic) source ; cf. Goth.
bandwoy a sign, token. * Uexillum, quod
bandum appellant;' Paulus, de Gestis
Langob, i. 20. Prob. allied to Band (i)
and Band (2).
banneret, orig. a knight who had
men under his own banner. (F. — Teut.)
M. Ys.baneret. — O. F. baneret ( F. banneret) ;
lit. * bannered.'— O. Y, banere (above) ; with
suffix -et = L. pp. 'dtus.
Bannock, a cake. (C — L. ?) Gael.
bannachy a cake. Perhaps from L. pdni-
cium^ a thing baked ; fTom pdni-s, bread.
Banns, pi. of Ban, q.v.
Banquet. (F.- Ital. -Teut.) F.<5fl«-
quef.-mlial. banchetto (Torriano), a feast;
also a bench ; dimin. oi banco, a bench.—
M. H. G. banc, a bench, table ; see bank
(2).
BansbeOf a female spirit supposed to
warn families of a death. (C.) Gael.
beanshithy a banshee, from Gael, bean, a
woman ; sitk, a fairy ; O. Irish ban-side y
fairies (Windisch, s. v. side), from O. Ir.
ben (ss£. quean), a woman, side, fairies.
Bantam. (Java.) A fowl from Bantam y
in Java.
Banter, raillery. (Unknown.)
Bantling, an infant. (G.?) Prob.
considered as band-ling, one wrapped in
swaddling bands; with double dimin.
suffix -l-ing; but really an adaptation of
G. bdnkling (with the same sense as bank-
art), an illegitimate child; from bank, a'
bench ; i. e. ^ a child begotten on a bench,'
not in the marriage-bed (Mahn). Cf.
bank (2).
Banyan, a tree. (Port.— Skt.) An
English, not a native name for the tree. So
called because used as a market-place for
merchants or ' bannyans,' as we termed
them; see Sir T. Herbert, Travels, ed.
i665,pp.5i,i23. — Port, baniany an Indian
merchant. — Skt. banij, a merchant.
Baobab, a tree. (African.) The native
name in Senegal (Adanson).
Baptise, Baptise. (F.-L.-Gk.)
Formerly baptise ; M. £. baptisen. — O. F.
baptiser.^la, baptizdre. '^Gk. iSanTiffiv;
from fidwrttVy to dip. Der. baptist. Gk.
fiawTterffSj a dipper ; baptisniy Gk. ^arma'
fM, fidwrifffiosy a dipping.
Bar, a rail. (F. — Late L.) M. E. barre.
— O. F. barre. — Late L. barra, a bar.
Barb (i), hook on an arrow. (F.— L.)
F. barbe. — L. barba, a beard. Hence O. F.
flesche barbelie, * a bearded or barbed
arrow ;' Cot. See Beard.
barbel, a fish. (F. — L.) M.E. bar-
belie. — O. F. barbel. — F. barbeau. — L. bar-
bellus, dimin. of barbus, a barbel. — L.
barba, a beard. % Named from four
beard-like appendages near the mouth.
barber. (F,— L.) M.E. barbour.^
A. F. barbour, with suffix -our=\jsX, ace.
'dtorem ; cf. O. F. barbier, a barber.
— F. barbey a beard; from L. barba,
beard.
Barb (2), a horse. (F. - Barbary.) F.
barbey a Barbary horse; named from the
countiy.
Barbarous. (L.-Gk.^ L. barbar-us;
with suffix -tf«j. — Gk. fiap^ap'is, foreign,
lit. stammering ; a name given by Greeks
38
BARBED
to express the strange sound of foreign
languages. Cf. L. balbus, stammering.
Barbed, accoutred, armed ; said of
horses. (F.— Scand. ?) Also (more cor-
rectly), barded.^Y. bareU, 'barbed as a
horse,' Cot. — F. barde^ horse-armour.—
Icel. barii, a brim, edge; also, a beak
or armed prow of a warship (cf. barHit a
shield) ; wh Ace it may have been applied
to horses (Diez).
Barbel, Barber; see Barb (i).
Barberry, Berbernr, a shrub.
(Med. L.) From Med. L. barbarism a bar-
berry-tree; of unknown origin. Hence
also M. F. berberiSf Sp. berberis, and even
mod. Arab, barbdrts. % The spelling
should be berbery or barbary\ no con-
nexion with berry.
Barbican. (F.) M. £. barbican, — F.
barbaeamy a barbican or outwork of a
castle ; also, a loop-hole ; also, an outlet
for water. Hardly from Arab, barbakh,
an aqueduct, a sewer (Devic).
Bard. (C) W. bardd, Irish and
Gael, bard, a poet. Cf. Gk. <^pa^tiVy to
speak.
Bare. (£•) M. £. bar. A. S. beer, -f-
Icel. berr\ G. bar, boar. Teut. type
*bazoz; cf. Lith. basas, O. Slav, bost^f
barefooted.
Bargain. (F. - Late L.) M. £. bar-
gayn, sb. — O. F. bargaignier, bargenir, to
chaffer.— late L. barcdnidre, to change
about Remoter origin unknown.
Barffe. (F. — LateL. — C?) m.^. barge.
— F. barge. ^LAte L. barga, variant of
barca ; see Bark (i).
bark (i), barque. (F.-Late L.-
C. ?) Bark is an K spelling of F. barque,
a little ship. — Late L. barca, a sort of ship
or large boat, a lighter. Perhaps of Celtic^
origin (Thumeysen).— O. Irish bare (fem.
a-stem), a bark.
Bark (2), the rind of a tree. (Scand.)
M. E. bark. — Swed. bark ; Dan. bark ;
Icel. borkr, Teut. type *barkuz.
Bark (3), to yelp as a dog. (£.) M. £.
berken. — A. S. beorcan, to bark. Cf. Icel.
berkja, A. S. borcian, to bark. Perhaps
of imitative origin.
Barley. (£.) M. E. barli. — A. S. barlic.
Cf. A. S. bere, barley (Lowl. Sc. bear) ; and
^ 'lie, for iTCy like. Cf. also Goth, barizeins,
made of barley ; lu.far, com.
bam. (E.) yi,Y..berne. h.S.bem,
J contr. form of ber-ern (Luke iii. 17).—
A. S. bere, barley j and em, cent, a place
BARRATOR
for storing. A. S. am is for *ran{it),
cognate with Icel. rann ; see Bansack.
Barm (i), yeast. (£.) M. E. bertfte.
A. S. beorma. + Low G. barm ; Swed. ^
bdrma ; G. bdrme. Teut. stem Hermon- ;
perhaps allied to Ferment.
Barm (2), the lap. (p:.) M. £. barm.
A. S. bearm, lap, bosom. -fO. Sax., Swed., k
Dan. barm; Icel. barmr\ Goth, barms.
Teut. type *barmoz ; from bar-, 2nd grade
of ber-an, to bear ; see Bear (i).
Barn. (£.) See Barley.
Barnacle (i), a kind of goose. (F.-
Med. L.) Dimin. from F. beittaqiu (Cot.) ;
Med. L. bernaca. * Bernacce, aues aucis
palustribus similes ; ' Ducange. Used by
Giraldus Cambrensis. Cf. Port, bernaca,
bernacha\ Span. ^^;i>«V/a (Neuman). (See
Max Miiller, Lectures, 2nd Series.)
barnacle (2), a sort of shell-fish. (F.
— Med. L.) The same as Barnacle (1).
See N. £. D. ; and Max Miiller, Lect. on
Science of language, ed. 7, ii. 583.
Barnacles, spectacles, orig. irons put
on the noses of horses to keep them quiet.
(F.) The sense of 'spectacles* is late,
and due to a humorous allusion. M. E. ber-
fiak, dimin. bernakill. * Bernak for hors,
bernakilly Chamus' (i.e. L. camus)\ Prompt.
Parv. We find bernac in A. F. (in an
Eng. MS.) ; Wright's Vocab. i. 100, 1. 3.
Origin unknown.
Barometer, an instrument for measur-
ing the weight of the air. (Gk.) Gk. iSapo-,
for fiapoSy weight ; and nirpovy a measure ;
see Metre.
Baron, a title. (F.-Late L.) M.E.
baron. ''Y. baroft; older form ber, nom.
(Pro v. bar)y the suffix -on marking the ace.
case (Diez). Cf. Ital. barone, Sp. varon.
Port, vardo. — Late L. baro, ace. -onem, a
man, a male. Origin unknown.
Baronche, a carriage. (G. — Ital. — L.)
G. barutsche. '^liaX, baroccio, biroccio, a
chariot, orig. a two-wheeled car. — L. bi'
roitiSy two-wheeled; with suffix -occio
assimilated to that of carr-occio, a chariot
(Diez\ — L. bi^y double ; and rota^ a wheel.
Barracks. (F. — Ital.) F. baraque.
— Ital. barcucay a tent for soldiers ; cf. Sp.
barraca. Prob. connected wlh Late L.
barray a bar, pale.
Barrator, one who incites to quarrels
and lawsuits. (F.) Formerly barratoury
baratour ; from M. E. baraty deceit, strife.
— F. baraty * cheating, deceit, guile, also
a barter,* Cotgrave. Allied to Barter.
39
BARREL
BASK
V
f Influenced by Icel. baratta^ a fight, a
turmoil.
BarreL (F.) M.E.^«/v/.-O.F. (and
F.) bariL Perhaps from Late L. ban-ay a
bar, pale ; from the staves of it.
Barren. (F.) M. E. barain.^K,Y.
barain^ -e ; O. F. brehaing^ fem, bre-
haingrUy baraigne\ F. br^haigne, sterile.
Of unknown origin.
Barricade. (F.-Span.) F. ^^m-
r«^<r. — Span, barricada, a barricade, lit.
one made with barrels full of earth. —Span.
barrica, a barrel. Perhaps from Span.
barra^ a bar ; see Barrel.
Barrier. (F.) M.E. bamrc^O.Y.
barrere (Godefroy, s. v. basseih) ; F. bar-
ritre, — F. barrer, to bar up. — F. barre, a
bar. See Bar.
barrister. (Low L.) A barbarous
word ; formed with suffix -ister ( = Low L.
-istarius) from the sb. bar, Spelman gives
the Low L. form as barrastertus,
Barrow (i), a burial-mound. (E.) For
berrow (like parson for person^ &c.).
M. E. berghy berw, a hill, mound. O.
Merc. berg\ A. S. beorg, beorh^ a mountain,
hill, mound. + O. Sax., Du., G. berg,
Teut. type Hergoz, a hill. Cf. O. Irish bri,
a mountain ; Skt. brhanty large.
Barrow (2), a wheel-barrow. (E.) M.E.
barewc^A.S. bar^f 2nd grade oi ber-an^
^ to bear, carry. Cf. M. H. G. rade-ber,
wheel-barrow, from raJy wheel.
Barter, to traffic. (F.) U,E.barfryn.
— O. F. bareier, barater, * to cheat, beguile,
also to barter ; ' Cot. O. F. baraf, * cheat-
ing, also a barter;* Cot. p. Of doubtful
origin ; perhaps Celtic (Littr^). Cf. Bret.
barady treachery, Irish broth ^ W. brad^
treachery, Gael, brath^ advantage by unfair
means; Irish bradach, Gael, bradach^
thievish, roguish ; W. bradu, to plot.
Barton, a court-yard, manor. (E.) O.
Northumb. bere-iun (Matt. iii. 12).— A. S.
berty barley; and tun^ an enclosure; see
Barley and Town.
Barytes, in chemistry. (Gk.) Named
from its weight. — Gk. fiapvnjs, weight. —
Gk. Papiis, heavy. See G-rave (2).
barytone. (Ital.-Gk.) Better ^an-
/one ; a musical term for a deep voice. -^
Ital. baritone f a baritone. — Gk. fiatpv-Sj
heavy, deep ; and t6vos, a tone ; see Tone.
Basalt. (L.) Also basa/tes. L. ba-
saltes, a hard kind of marble in Ethiopia.
An African word (Pliny).
Base (i), low. (F. — Lk) M. E. bass,
base. -* Y, bos, m., basse, fem. — Late L. bets-
sus, low; the same word as L. Bassus,
proper name, which seems to have meant
* stout, fat,* rather than merely * low.*
Base (2) , a foundation. (F. — L. — Gk.)
M. E. bas. — F. base, — L. basis. — Gk. fidms,
a step, a pedestal, base. — Gk. base 0a-,
to go (as in ^vuv, to eo); with suffix
•ffi' (for -ri-); cf.Skt.^-^/(x), a going, from
^am, to go. See Come.
Basement, lowest floor of a building.
(F. — Ital. — L.) Appears in F. as soubasse-
ment, the basement of a building ; formed
from sous, under, and -bassement, borrowed
from Ital. bassamento, lit. an abasement. —
Ital. bassare, to lower. — Ital. basso, low. —
Late L. bassus \ see Base (i).
Basenet, Basnet; see Basinet.
Basbaw ; the old form of Pasha.
Bashftll. (F. and E.) For abash-fiti;
see Abash. Prob. by confusion with abase
and base.
Basil (i), a plant. (F.-L.-Gk.) O.F.
basile (Supp. to Godefroy) ; short for
basilic ; cf. F. basilic, * herb basill ; ' Cot.
— L. basilicum, neut. of basilicus, royal. —
Gr. fiaaiXixdut basil ; neut. of fia(Ti\iK6s,
royal. — Gk. fiaat\€vs, a king.
pasiUcay a large hall. (L.-Gk.) L.
basilica, fern, of basilicus, royal.
basilisk, a fabled serpent. (L. — Gk. )
L. basiliscus. — Gk. fiacri\iatc6s, lit. royal ;
also a lizard or serpent, named from a spot
on the head like a crown (Pliny, viii. 21).
— Gk. fiaffikfj^s, a king.
Basil (2), the hide of a sheep tanned.
(F.-Span,— Ajab.) A. F". baseyne (Liber
Albus, 225). — F. basane, M. F. bctssane.^
Span. badana,2i dressed sheep-skin. — Arab.
bitdnahy the [inner] lining of a garment,
for which basil-leather was used. Cf. Arab.
batn, the inside.
Basin. (F\ — Late L.) M.E. bcLcin,
basin.^O.Y. bacin, bachin; F. bassin.'^
Late L. bachtnus, bcuchtnus, a basin
(Due). Supposed to be from Late L.
ba^ca, water-vessel (Isidore). Cf. Du. bck,
a bowl, trough.
basinet, basenet, basnet, a light
helmet. (F.— LateL.) In Spenser; F. Q.
vi. I. 31. — O.F. bacinet, dimin. of Inutn,
a basin ; from its shape.
Basis. (L. — Gk.) L. basts. — Gk. ^(n% ;
see Base (2).
Bask. (Scand.) M. E. baske^ to bathe /
oneself. Palsgrave ; and cf. bathe hire, to >/
bask herself, Ch. C. T. Nonnes Prestes
40
BASKET
BATTER
Talc, 447. — Icel. *da8asl' (later />a6asl),
for 6adn stk, to bathe oneself. Cf. also
Swed. dial, ai basa sig i solen, to bask in
the sun, badfisk, fishes basking in the son
(Wedgwood). See Bathe. ^Formed
Basket. (F. ?) M. £. basket. Mod.
Norman F. basquette (Moisy). Origin
unknown*
Basnet ; see Basinet.
Bass (i)» the lowest part, in music.
(F. — L.) The same word as Base (1) ;
but so spelt in imitation of Ital. basso y
base.
Bass (2), Barse, a 6sh. (£.) M. £.
barse\ also base^ bace (with loss of r).
/ A. S. bars, a perch. +Du. baars ; G. bars,
^ barsch, a perch. Named from its prickles.
From *bars', 2nd grade of Teut. root
Hers, whence also Bristle, q. v, Cf. Skt.
bhrshti^ pointed. .
Bassoon, a base instrument. (F. - L.)
F. basson, augmentative from F. basse,
base (in music), fem. of bos, base. See
Base (i).
Bast. (£. "i M. £. bast ; bast-tre, a lime-
tree. A. S. bast, inner bark of a lime-
. tree ; whence bast is made. 4* Icel., Swed.,
^ Dan., G. bast. Often spelt bass,
Bastaard, an illegitimate child. (F.)
M.E. bastard, applied to Will. I.-O.F.
bastard, the same as fits de bast, lit. * the
son of a pack-saddle, not of a bed. [The
V expression a bast ibore, illegitimate, occurs
in Rob. of Glouc. p. 516.] — O.F. bast, a
]>ack-saddle (F. bAt) ; with suffix -ard, from
O. H. G. hart, hard, first used as a suffix
inproper naifies and then generally.
Saste (1)1 to beat. (Scand.?) The
form bas-it occurs as a pp. in 1553. Cf.
Swed. basa, to strike, beat, whip.
Baste (2), to pour fat over meat. (Un-
known.) InSh. ' To baste, \\vi\x^\^ Levins,
ed. 1570.
Baste (3), to sew slightly. (F.-M.
H.G.) M.E. basten.'^O.Y. bastir, F.
bdtir, to sew slightly; a tailor's term.*
M. H. G. besten (for *bastjan), to bind;
orig. to tie with bast. * G. bast, bast. See
Bast.
Bastile, a fortress. (F.) O.F. Itastilie,
a building. — O.F. bastir (F. bdtir), to
build. Origin uncertain ; perhaps allied to
Baton.
Bastinado* (Span.) Fiom Span, bas-
ionada, a beating. — Span, baston^ a stick. —
i.ate L. bastanem, ace ; see Baton.
Bastion. (F.- Ital.) ¥ , bastion.^WtA,
bastiofie, part of a fortification. — Ital. bas-
tire, to build ; allied to O. F. bastir, to
build. See Bastile.
Bat (i), a cudgel. (£.) M. £. batte.^
A. S. batt (£ng. Studien, xi. 65). Cf. Irish
bata, bat, a staff. Ber. bat-iet, with double
dimin. suffix -l-et.
Bat (2), a winged mammal. (Scand.)
Bat has taken the place of M. £. bakke. —
Dan.3a^^«,now only in comp. a/ten-bakJke^
evening-bat. Cf. O. Swed. natt-backa,
* night- bat* (Ihre) ; for which we find
Swed. dial, natt-batta (Rietz).
Batoli. (£.) A batch is as much as is
baked at once ; hence, a quantity. M. £.
bacche, a baking; from A.S. bacan, to
bake. See Bake.
Bate (1)} to beat down, diminish.
(P'. — L.) Short for Abate, by loss of a.
Bate (2), strife. (F.-L.) M.£. bate\
a dipt form of Debate, in the sense of
strife. ^ So tX'sa fence for de-fence,
Bath. (£.)' M. E. ^/ A.S. ^<r9.+
Icel. ba6\ O. H.G. bad', Swed., Dan.,
Du.,G. /W. Teut. -*^-/<7»i, neuter. The
orig. sense was a place of warmth ; cf.
O. H. G. bdjan (G. bahen^, to foment.
bathe. ^E.) A. S. Mian, to bathe.—
A. S. b(e9, a bath. And see Bask.
Bathos. (Gk.) Lit. depth, sinking. —
Gk. ^^oy, depth ; cf. $aSvi, deep.
Baton, Batoon, a cudgel. (F.) F.
bdton, O.F. bcuton.^\A\A L. bastonem,
ace. of basto, a cudgel. Origin doubtful ;
connected by Diez with Gk. fiaar&itiy, to
support.
Battalion. (F. - Ital. - L.) F. bataillon.
— Ital. battaglione, a battalion. — Ital. bat-
taglia, a battle ; see Battle below.
Batten (i), to grow fat; to fatten.
(Scand.) Orig. intransitive. — Icel. ^a/»a,
to grow better, improve, recover. Cf.
Goth, ga-batnan, to be bettered ; Icel.
bcU-i, s., improvement, £. Better, q-v.,
and Boot (2). Cf. also Du. baten, to
yield profit ; boat, profit.
Batten (2), a wooden rod. (F.) To
batten down is to fasten with battens. Batten
is merely another spelling of Baton.
Batter (1), to beat. (F.-L.) M.E.
bcU-ej^-en ; with frequentative suffix -er-.
— F. battre, — L. bcUtere, popular form of
battuere, to beat.
batter (2), a compound of eggs, flour,
and milk. (F. — L.) M. E. batour, bature.
— O.F. bature, a beating. — F. battre, to
4»
C3
BATTERY
beat (above). So called because beaten
up.
battery. (F. — L.) Y.bater'u^batterie^
'beating, battery;* Cot. — F. bcUtrCfKo beat.
battle. (F.-L.) ViJ£.,bataille,bataile.
-O. F. bataille, (i ) a fight, (a) a battalion.
— Folk-L. battalia^ neut. pi. (turned into
a fem. sing.), fights; Late L. battudliay
neut. pi. of adj. battudlis, fighting. — Late
L. baltturty to beat.
battledoor. (Prov.-L.) M. E.<Ja/y/-
dourcy Prompt. Parv. — Prov. batedor^ Span.
batidoff a washing-beetle, which was also
at first the sense of the E. word. [The
corruption to battledoor was due to con-
fusion with battlcy vb. to fight.] — Prov.
bcUre^ Span, batir^ the same as F. battre, to
beat ; with suffix -dor, which in Prov. and
Span. = L. suffix 'torem^ ace form from
nom. 'for, expressing the agent.
Battlement. (F.) M. E. batelment,
batilment*bateillement, from O.F, bateil'
luTt to fortify; formed from ^afV/f, battle,
fight, but confused with O. F. bastilier, to
fortify, derivative of O. F. bastir, to build.
See Battle and Bastile.
Bauble (i)) a fool's mace ; (2) a play-
thing. (F.) (I) M.E. babyll, bable, babel,
Gower, C. A. i. 224; (2) M.E. babel,
Tudor E. bauble. From O. F. baubel,
babel, a child's plaything (Godefroy).
Perhaps connected with M. Ital. babbola,
a toy (Florio) ; and with L. babulus, a fooL
Cf E. Babble.
Bavin, a faggot. (F.) Prov. E. (Wilts.)
bavin, a faggot ; hence, as adj., soon kin-
died and burnt out, i Hen. IV. iii. 2. 61. —
O. F. baffe, a faggot, bundle (Godefroy,
Roquefort). Remoter origin unknown.
Bawdy a procurer or procuress, go-
between. (F. -O. H. G.) The full M. E.
form is bawdstrot, P. Plowm. A. iii. 40
(another MS. has bawde), — O. F. *balde-
strot (found only in the later form baude-
trot), equivalent to Lat. pronuba, a bride-
woman. -O. H.G. bald, bold, gay, lively
(cognate with E. Iwldy, and M. H. G.
strotzen^ vb. (E. strut).
Bawl. (Scand.) Icel. baula, to low as
a cow ; Swed. bola, to bellow : see Bull,
Bellow.
Bay (i), reddish brown. ^F.^L.)
M. E. bay.'^O. F. bai.^'Y.. badius, bay-
coloured.
bayard. (F.-L.) A bay horse;
from the colour ; also, any horse. The
suffix -ard is Teutonic ; see Bastard.
BEADLE
Bay (3), a kind of laurel ; properly, a
berry- tree. (P'. -L.) M. E. bay, a berry
— F. bate, a berry. — L. baca, a berry.
Bay (3), inlet of the sea. (F.-L.) F.
bale, an inlet. — Late L. baia, a harbour
(Isidore), p. Confused with bay, a recess
in a wall.— O.F. baee, a gap.— Late L.
baddta, fem. of pp. of baddre, to gape.
Bay (4), to bark as a dog. (F. — L.)
M. E. bayen, — O. F. baier, to yelp (Gode-
froy). Cf. Ital. baiarCt *to barke,' Florio.
From the sound.
Bay(5\inphr.fl^^^. (F.-L.) Fox at
abay.^F. abois, abbots', itre aux abois, to
be at bay, lit. ' to be at the biying of the
dogs.* PI. of F. aboi, the bark of a dog ;
verbal sb. from F. aboyer^ O. F. abater, to
yelp, bay. — O. F. a (for L. ad) ; and baier
(above).
Bay-window; from Bay (3, sect P)
and Window.
Bayonet. (F.) XVIIcent. ¥, baton-
nette ; bayonette, a knife ; Cot. Probably
named from Bayonne (France), where
first made or used.
Basaar. (Pers.) Pers. bdzdr, a mar-
ket.
BdeUinm. (L.-Gk.-Heb.) A pre-
cious substance. — L. bdellium. — Gk. ^%kK-
Aiov.- Heb. bedolakh (Gen. ii. 12).
Be-, prefix. (E.) A.S. be-, prefix;
often causative, as in be^numb, to make
numb. Note also be-head, to deprive of
the head ; be-set, to set upon, set round ;
be-mire, to cover with mire ; &c.
BOi to exist. (E.) M. E. been. A. S.
beon, to be.+W. bod, to be ; Russ. buile ;
L. fore (pt. t. fta) ; Gk. <pvuv ; Skt. bhft.
(VBHEU.)
Beacb. (E.?) XVI cent. Orig.
' shingle.' Prob. E., and the same as^
prov. £. bache, a valley; also, a sandbank*
near a river. A. S. bcec, a valley ; Kemble,
Cod. Dipl. iii. 386.
Beacon. (E.) M. E. beken. A.S.
beacn, been. + O. Sax. bokan ; O. H. G.
bouhhan, Teut. type Haukftom, neut
Bead. (E.) Orig. ' a prayer ; ' hence
a perforated ball, for counting prayers.
M. E. bede, a prayer, a bead. A. S. bed^
gebed, a prayer. — A. S. biddan ( «■ Hidjan),
to pray. + Du. bede ; G. . bitte ; Goth.
bida, a prayer. See Bid (i).
Beadle. (F.-Teut.) M.E.bedel.'^
O. F. bedel, F. bedeau, a beadle ; lit. * pro-
claimer,* or * messenger.' — M. H. G. biltel,
O. H. G. btitil. - O. H. C;, bttt-, weak
4a
BEAGLE
grade of biotan, G. bieten ; cognate witi)
A.S. beddan, to bid. Cf. A. S. byclely a
beadle, from beodan. See Bid (2).
Bea^lef a dog. (Unknown.) M. £.
bej^ty Squire of Low Degree, 1. 771.
Beak. (F.-c.) M.E. ^<ff.-F. A?^.-
Late L. beccus, of Gaulish origin. Cf.
Irish bacCy W. bach, a crook, a hook.
Beaker. (Scand. — L. — Gk.) M . £.
bikcTy bykgr.^loel, bikarr, a cup. ^ O.
Sax. biieri; Du. beker; G. becher\ Ital.
bicckiere, p. Perhaps ^om Late L. bicd-
riunty a wine-cup. — Gk. P^kos, an earthen
wine- vessel ; a word of Eastern origin.
Beain (i)y a piece of timber. (E.)
M.E. beem. A.S. beam, a tree. +I>u.
^^m ; G. battm. Cf. also Icel. badmrt a
tree ; Goth, bagms.
Beam (2), & ray. (£.) [Usually iden-
tified with Beam (i), specially used to
signify a colmnn of light; cf. A.S. byr-
nende beam, * the pillar of fire.'] But A. S.
becttHy a beam (as in sunne-beatHy a sun-
beam) answers to a Teut. tjrpe *bau-fnoz,
prob. cognate with Gk. tpav-aisy light, <p&os
(for <pdfos), also *pws, light. See Fhos-
phoros.
Bean. (E.) M. E. bene. A. S. bean.
<^Du. boon; Icel. baun; O. H. G.pona,
bona (G. bokne). Teut. ^pe *baund, f.
Bear (i), to carry. (E.) M. E. beren.
A. S. beran.^lce\. herd ; O. H. G. beran ;
Goth, bairan ; also X»^ferre'y Gk. if>4p(tv ;
Skt. ^Ar ; O. Ir. berim, I bear ; Russ. bra/e,
to take, carry; Pers. burdan, to bear.
CyBHER.) Der. upbear.
Bear (3), an animal. (E.) M. E. bere.
A.S. ^nj.4'Icel. bera {bjam); O. H. G.
bero, perOy G. bar\ Du. beer. Cf. Lith.
^i^f, brown (Kluge). Teut. type *^^r£?«-.
Beard. (E.) M,E.berd. A.S. beard.
^DvL.baard ; G. barf. Teut. type *bardoz.
Allied to Russ. boroda ; Lith. barzda ; L.
barba, beard ; from Idg. type *bkardhd.
Beast. (F.-L.) M.E. beste.^O.Y,
bcste (F. bfie'),'^'L. bestia^ a beast.
Beat. (E.) M. E. beten. A. S. beatan.
4-IceL bauta ; O. H. G. potany M. H. G.
boiin, Teut. type ^bautan-.
Beatify. (F.-L.) F. bSatifier.^ll.
bedtificdre, to make happy. — L. bedii-y for
btatuSy pp. ofbedre, to bless, make happy;
and •^•, for facere, to make.
beatitude. (F.-L.) V. beatitude.
— L. bedtiiudinem, ace. from nom. ^^a/i-
/i?<^, blessedness. — L. bedtt'y for beaiusy
blessed ; with suffix -ttldo.
BEDRID, BEDRIDDEN
Beau, a dressy man. (F.— L.) F. beau ;
O. F. bel.^L,. bellusy fair. For *ben-lus ;
from ^^/i- (as in ben-e), variant of bon-^ as
in bon-usy good. Brugm. ii. § 67.
beaulhr. (F. - L.) M. E. beute. - A. F.
beutCy O. F. beauiey beltet. — L. bellitdteniy
ace. of bellitdSy fairness. — L. beHus, fair
(above). Der beauti-fuly beaute-ous.
Beaver (i), an animal. (E.) M. E.
bever. A. S. befer, beofor. + Du. bever ;
Icel. bj6rr ; Dan. Asz^^r ; Swed. bdfver ;
G. biber ; Russ. ^r* ; Lith. bebrtis ; L.
yf^^r. Skt. babhrus (i) brown ; (2) a large
ichneumon. Teut. type *bebruz ; Idg. type
*bhebhrusy reduplicated deriv. of bhru-y
brown, tawny. Brugm. i. § 566. See
Brown.
Beaver (3), Bever, lower part of a
helmet. ;F.) Altered by confusion with
beaver-hat, — M. E. baviere. — O. F. bavilre^
a child*s bib ; also, the bever (beaver) of
a helmet. — F. bavery to slaver. — F. bavey
foam, slaver. Perhaps from the move-
ment of the lips ; cf. Bret babouz, slaver.
Beaver (3), Bever, a short imme-
diate repast. (F. — L.) M.E. beuer ( =
bever). — A. F. beivre, a drink ; substantival
use of O. F. bevrey beivre, to drink. — L.
bibere, to drink.
Becalm, to make calm. See Be- and
Calm.
Because. (E.afi^F.-L.) See Cause.
Bechance. (E. find F. — L.) See
Chance.
Beck (i), to nod, give a sign. (E.)
M. E. bek-yny the same as bek-nyny to
beckon (Prompt. Parv.). See Beckon.
Beck (2), a stream. (Scand.) M.E.
bek. — Icel. bekkr ; Swed. back ; Dan. bah ;
a stream. Teut. type *bakkiz. Also
Teut. type *bakiz ; whence Du. beeh, a
beck ; G. bach.
Beckon. (E.) M.E.beknen. A.S.
becnan, beacnian (also btecnan\ to make
signs. — A. S. beacny a sign. See Beacon.
Become. (E.) A. S. becuman^ to
arrive, happen, turn out, befall. 4 Goth.
bi'kwiman\ cf. G. be-quetHy suitable, be-
coming. From Be- and Come.
Bed. (E.) M. E. bed. A. S. bed, bedd.
+Du. bed\ Goth. badi\ G. bett. Teut.
type ^badjonty n.
bedrid, bedridden. (E.) M.E.
bedrede (Ch. C. T. 7351); bedreden (P.
PI. B. viii. 85). A. S. bedridoy bedreda, lit.
* a bedrider ; * one who can only ride 011 a
bed, not on a horse. — A. S. bedy a bed ; and
43
BEDSTEAD
BEHOOF
*rid'af one who rides, from the weak
grade of ridan, to ride.
bedstead. (H.) M. E. bcdsude, —
A. S. bed, a bed ; and stede, a stand,
station ; see Stead.
Bedabble. Bedaub, Bedassle,
Bedew, Bedim, Bedisen. See
Dabble, Daub, &c.
Bedell. (Low L. - Teut.) From the
Latinised form {pedelltis), of O. F. and
M. E. bedel ; see Beadle.
Bedlam. (Palestine.) M. £. bedlem,
corruption of Bethlehem, in Palestine.
Now applied to the hospital of St. Mary
of Bethlehem, for lunatics.
Bedouin. (F.-Arab.) O.F, bedoutn,
a wandering Arab ; orig. pi. — Arab, bada-
win, pi. of Arab. Inidawly, wandering in
the desert. — Arab, beuiw, a desert.
Bedridden, Bedstead ; see Bed.
Bee. (E.) M. E. bee, A. S. bco, earlier
bio.-^Dvi. bij\ O. H. G. bia. Cf. G.
bie-fie ; Lith. bi-tU ; Ir. bea-ch. Perhaps
* flutterer * ; cf. Skt. bhl, to fear ; O. H. G.
bi-betty to tremble.
Beecb. (E.) A. S. boece, bece, a beech ;
becen^ adj., beechen ; both derivatives (by
mutation) from the older form boc. See
Boole.
Beef. (F.-L.) M.E. beef,^K.¥, be/;
O. F. boe/ (F. bceu/).^h. bouem^ ace. of
bos, an ox.^'Gk. /Sot/s, ox ; Ir. bd,. Gael, bb,
W. biiw, Skt.^tf, A. S. ciiy a cow ; see Cow.
beef-eater, a yeoman of the guard.
(Hyb.) Lit. * an eater of beef; ' hence, an
attendant. Cf. A. S. hldf-ata, a loaf-eater,
a servant. ^ The usual derivation (from
Mr. Steevens' imaginary beaufetier, later
spelt buffetier) is historically baseless.
seer. (E.^ M. E. bere. A. S. beor. +
Du. and G. bier ; Icel. bjorr.
Beestings ; see Biestings.
Beet. (L.) M.E. ^^/^. A, S, bete.''
L. beta, beet (Pliny).
Beetle (i), an insect. (£.) Pro v. E.
bittle, A. S. bitela, lit. * biting one.' - A. S.
bit', weak grade of bitan, to bite ; with adj.
suffix 'ol ; cf. waC'Ol, wakeful. See Bite.
Beetle (2), a large mallet. (E.) M. E.
beteL A. S. bytel ( = O. Wes. Hletel,
O. Merc. *betel) ; cf. Low G. botel, Teut.
ty^*baut'itoz, * a beater ; * from*/'a«/-a«-,
to beat ; see Beat.
Beetle (3), to overhang. (E.) From
the M. E. adj. bitel-brouwed, 'beetle-
browed ; ' P. Plowm. A. v. 109. Orig.
sense doubtful; either from M. E. bitel,
^harp, or from M. E. bilil^ a beetle. In
either case from bit-, weak grade of bitan,
to bite.
Befall, Befool, Before; see Fail,
&c.
Beg. (F.) M. E. beggen. A. F. begger,
Langtoft, i. 248 ; used as equiv. to be-
guigner, Britton, I. 22. § 15. Formed
from the sb. beggar ; see below.
Beget, Begin ; see Get, Gin (i).
Beggar. (F.) M. E. beggare\ cf.
iff<r§5Pfr=a Beguin or Beghard, Rom. Rose,
7256 (F. text, Beguin).^0,¥, begard, be-
gart, Flemish beggaert. Late L. Beghardus.
Formed, with sufhx -ard (^G. -hart), from
B^gue, a man's name. See Beguine.
Begone, Begnile ; see Go, Guile.
Beguine, one of a class of religious de-
votees. (F.) Chiefly used in the fem. ; F.
biguine. Low L. beghhia, one of a religious
order, first established at Liege, about a. i).
1207. Named after Lambert Le Begue,
priest of Liege (12th c.) ; •whence also
Beguin, Beghard, masc. Le Begue means
* stammerer,' from the verb bigui, to stam-
mer, in the dialect of Namur; allied to
Picard b^giter, F. hegayer.
Begnm, in the E. Indies, a lady of tlic
highest rank. (Pers. — Turk.) Pers. be-
gum, a queen, lady of rank.* Turk, beg,
bey, a bey, governor. See Bey.
Beba£f, interest. (E.) Formerly in the
M. E. phrase on my behalue » on ray
behalf, on my side; substituted for the
A. S. phr. on {mm) healfe, on the side of
(me\ by confusion with be healfe (t/ie),
used in the same sense. From A. S. be,
by ; and heat/, sb., side. See Half.
sebave. (E.) I. e. to be-have oneself,
or control oneself ; from have with prefix
be-, the same as prep, by,
bebavionr. (E. ; with F. j«^.)
Formed abnormally from the verb to
behave ; confused with F. sb. avoir, (1)
wealth, (2) ability. Cf. Lowl. Sc. havings,
(i'; wealth, (2) behaviour.
Bebead. (E.) From Be- and Head.
Bebemotb. (Heb. - Egypt.) Heb.
behemoth, said to be pi. of bekemdh, a
beast ; but probably of Egypt, origin.
Bebest, Bebind, Bebold. (£) See
Heat, Hind, Hold (i).
Beboof, advantage. (E.) M. E. /^ bi-
houe, for the advantage of. A. S. beho/
advantage. 4" O. Fries, biho/, Du. l}ehoe/,
advantage ; G. behu/; Swed. beho/\ Dan.
behorv, need. p. The preBx be is A. S. be^
44
BEHOVE
BEND
E. by. The simple sb. appears in Icel.
hof^ moderation, measure; cf. Goth, ga-
hobainsj temperance, self-restraint. From
A. S. ho/y 2nd stem of the vb. Heave.
behove, to befit. (E.) A. S. behofiany
verb formed from the sb. behof above. +
Du. behoeveuy from sb. behoej\ Swed. be-
hof va ; Dan. behove.
Belabour, Belay; see liabour,
Xiay.
Belch. (E.) M. E. belken, A. S.
bealcian, baican, to titter ; translating L.
eructdre^ used figuratively. Cf. bcelc^ sb.+
Du. balken^Xohr^y, See Bellow and Bell.
Beldam. (F. — L.) Ironically for ^^Z-
datne^ i.e. fine lady. — F. belle dame.'m'L.
bella, fern, of bellus^ fair ; and domina,
lady, fem. o{ dominus, lord. See Beau.
Beleaguer. (Du.) Seelieaguer. '
Belexnnite, a fossil. (Gk.) Gk.
fi€\fftviTfjSf a stone shaped like the head
of a dart. — Gk. fi4\€ftvoVf a dart. — Gk.
fiA\X€tv, to cast. (-v'GwEL.)
Bel&y. (F.-G.) Orig. *a watch-
tower.' Corrupted (partly by influence of
bell) from M. E. berjray^ betfrey, a watch-
tower.— O.F. berfreiy betfroi, belfroi (F.
beffroi), — M. II. G. bercfrity a watch-tower.
— M. H. G. berc'y for berg-y base of bergerty
to protect; and M. H.G. frit y /tide y a
place of security, a tower, the same word
as G. friede, peace ; hence the lit. sense
is * a protecting shelter,* watch-tower.
Allied to Borough and Free.
Belie. (E.) A. S. beUogaUy to tell lies
about. From be-y by, prefix ; and leogan,
to lie. See Iiie (2).
Believe. (E.) Vi,l£„ beleuen (beleven).
The prefix be- was substituted for older
ge-. — O. Merc getefatty A. S. geliefauy ge-
lyfaUy to believe; lit. to hold dear.-f>Du.
geUxmen ; O. H. G. gilouban^ G. g-lauben ;
Goth, gorlaubjan. Teut. type Vaubiany
with A. S. ge-y prefix ; from lauby 2nd
stem of Teut. root */^«^-:Idg. VLEUBH,
to like. See Iiief.
Bell. (E.) M. E. belle, A. S. belUy
a bell.^-l^a* bel. ' Perhaps named from its
loud sound; cf. A. S. bellan, to roar,
bellow. See Bellow.
Belle, a fair lady. (F.-L.) V, belle,
fem. of F. beaUy O. F. bely fair. — L. bellusy
fair, fine. See Beau.
beUadoima. (Ital.-L.) It&l.bella
donnay fair lady. — L. bella domina ; see
Beldam. A name given to the nightshade,
from the use of it by ladies to give ex-
pression to the eyes, the pupils of which
it expands.
Belligerent. (L.) More correctly,
belligerant.^la, belligerant-y stem of pres.
pt. of belligerarey to carry on war. — L.
Mli'y for bello-y stem of bellunty war ;
gererty to carry on (war). Bellum is for
O. Lat. duellum ; see Duel.
Bellow. (E.) M. E. belwen (c. 1300).
Not fully explained. It may have resulted
from confusion of A.S. bellatiy to roar,
bellow, with the str. verb belgan^ to be
angry, or with the rare verb bylgiatty to
bellow (which would have given billaiu).
See Bell. Cf. Bull.
Bellows. (Scand.) M. E. beliy bely^
belowy a bag, but also used in the special
sense of * bellows.* Bellows is the pi. of
M. E. below y a bag, from Icel. belgr ; and
M. E. beli (from A. jS.) also means belly.
Cf. G. blase-balgt a * blow-bag,* a pair
of bellows ; A. S. blast-belgy bellows, lit.
* blast-bag.' See below.
belly. (E.) M. E. bely. K.S. balg,
belg, a bag, skin (for holding things) ;
hence (later), belly. + Icel. belgr, bag;
Du. balgy skin, belly; Swed. b^lg, belly,
bellows ; Dan. balgy husk, belly ; G.
balg ; Goth. balgSy bag. Teut. type *balgiz.
From balg'y 2nd stem of Teut. root belg
( = Idg. VBHELGH), to swell. Cf. Irish
bolg, bag, belly ; bolgaim, I swell ; W, boly
belly. Der. bellows, q. v.
Belong, Beloved, Below; see
Long, Love, Low.
Belt, a girdle. (L.) M. E. belt, A. S.
belt.'^lcel, belli ; Irish and Gael, baity a
belt, border ; O. H. G. balz ; Swed. bdl/e ;
Dan. balte. All borrowed from L. balteusy
a belt.
Beltane, Old May-day. (C.) O.Irish
bel'tene ( W indisch) ; lit. ' fire-kindling/ from
an old custom. Celtic type *belO'te{p)nid ;
where belo- is cognate with A.S. b&ly a
blaze, and tepnid is from *tepnoSy type of
O. Irish teuy fire ; cf. L. tep-ere, to be warm
(Fick. ii. 125, 164).
Bemoan. (E.) From Be- and
Moan.
Benoh. (E.) M. E. benche, — A. S.
^^;i^.-f>Du. banky a bench, table, bank for
money ; Swed. biink ; Dan. hank ; Icel.
bekkr-y G. bank. Teut. type Hankiz,
Doublet, bank.
Bend (i), to bow, curve. (E.) M. E.
benden. A. .S. bendan, orig. to string a
bow, fasten a band or string to it ; cf. A. S.
45
BEND
BESEECH
hetid, a band ( « Teut. *bandiz) ; from battdi
2ud stem of hind-an^ to bind. See Bind.
So also Icel. bendaj to bend a bow ; allied
to band, a cord.
bend (2), an oblique band, in heraldry.
(F. - G.) O. F. bende, also bande, a
band ; see Cotgrave. The same word as
F. bandCj a band of men ; see Band (a).
Beneath. (£.) M.E. benethe, A.S.
beneodan, prep, below. — A. S. be-, by;
neoSaHf adv. below, from the base mod-
in neoS-eray nether ; with adv. suffix -an,
Cf. G. nied-en^ nied-er ; see Nether.
Benediction. (F.~L.) F. bMdU-
Hon. — L. benedictionem, ace. of befiedictio,
a blessing. — L. benedictus^ pp. of bene-
^cere, to speak well, bless. —L. bene, well ;
<«. 1 dicere^ to speak (see Diction).
benison. (F. — L.) Vi.Ys. beneysun,
— O. F. beneison. — L. acc. benedictionem.
Benefactor. (L.) L. benefactor, a
doer of good. — L. bene^ well ; and factor,
a doer, from^o^^r^, to do.
benefice. (F.— L.) M.E. benefice,
— F. binifice (Cot.). —Late L. beneficium,
a grant of an estate ; L. beneficium, a,
well-doing, a kindness. — L. bene, well ;
2Jidifacere, to do.
benefit. (F.-L.) Modified (badly)
from M. E. benfet, - O. F. bienfet (F.
bienfait), — L. ^^nefcutum, a kindness con-
ferred ; nent. -of pp. of benefcuere, to do
well, be ki*- ^
Benevoience. (F.-L.) Y^b^nhw-
lence (Cot.). — L. beneuolentia, kindness.—
L. acc. bene uolentem, kind, lit. well-
wishing.— L. bene, well; and uolentem,
acc. 01 uolens, wishing, from uolo, I wish
(see Voluntary).
BeHigbted. (E.) See Night.
Benign. (F. - L.) O. F. benigne (F.
bMn), — L. benignus, kind ; short for *be'
nigenus, — L. beni-, for *benus, variant of
bonus, good; and -genus, bom (as in
indigenus), from genere, old form of
gignere, to beget.
Benison, blessing; see Benedic-
tion.
Bent-grass. (E.) M. E. bent, A. S.
beonet, for earlier *binut, bent-grass (in
place-names). 4-0. H. G. binuz, G. btnse,
bent-grass.
Benumb. From Be- and Numb.
Bensoin, a resinous substance. (F. —
Ital. — Arab.) F. benjoin, *gum beizoin
or gum benjamin ; ' Cot. — Ital. ben-
zoino, bengim (Torriano). The Ital. io
hengivi seems to have been substituted for
the Arab, name, Itibdn jdwi, lit. frankin-
cense of Java. (Further corrupted to gum
benjamin.)
Be^neatb. (E.) A.S. becwedan to
assert, bequeath. — A. S. be; prefix; and
cwetfau, to say, assert. See Quoth.
bequest. (E.) M. E. biqueste, bi-
quiste. Formed, with added -te (cf. M. E.
requeste), from A. S. *bicwiss, *bec%viss
(not found), sb. due to becwetSan, to be^;-
queath, assert, say. Th^: components (nL
this form occur ; viz. be-,^ bi-, prefix, and
cwiss (in ge-cwis), a saying. Cwiss is
from Teut. *kwessiz, Idg. *g(w)ettis, formed
(with suffix -ti-) from Idg. base *g(w')et-,
whence cwedan, to say (Sievers, A. S.
Gr. § 232) ; and becwiss is thus a regular
deriv. of becweban, to bequeath.
Bereave. (E.) A.S. bereafian, to
dispossess ^ see Beave.
Bergamot (i)» an essence. (Ital.) Ital.
bergamotta, the essence called bergamot. —
Ital. Bergamo, a town in Lombardy.
Bergamot (2), a kind of pear. (F.—
Ital. -Turk.) F. bergamotte (Cot.).-
Ital. bergamott-a (pi. -^), * a kind of excel-
lent pears, come out of Turky ; ' Torriano.
— Turk, beg armiidi, 'prince's pear.' —
Turk, beg, prince ; armild, pear.
BerrjT- (E.) M. E. berie, A. S. berie,
+Du. Oes, bezie; Icel. ber; Swed. bar;
Dan. bar; G. beere; Goth, bast. All
from a base baS', Lit. ' edible fruit ; * cf.
Skt. bhas, to eat. Dep. goose-berry,
&c.
Bertb. (E.) Formerly *■ convenient
sea-room ' ; prob. from the M. E. ber^en,
to bear; as if *bearing-off room.' Cf.
prov. E. berth, a foothold, grasp, position.
See Bear (i) ; and cf. Birth.
Beryl. (L.-Gk.-Skt.) U.KberiL
-O. F. beril.'^L. bery //us. '^Gk. fi^pvX-
Xos ; cf. Arab. bi//aur, crystal, beryl.—
Skt. vaidiurya (Prakrit ve/Hriyd), orig.
beryl, brought from Vidiira in S. India
(Yule; Bohtlingk).
Besant, Bezant, a gold circle, in
heraldry. (F.-L.-Gk.) Intended to
represent a gold coin of Byzantium.—
O. F. besant, * an ancient gold coin ; '
Cot. — L. Byzantium. ''Gk, Bv(6,vriw, the
name of Constantinople.
Beseecb. (E.) M. £. besechen. From
be-, prefix; and sechen, Southern form
corresponding to Northern sehen, to seek.
See Seek.
46
BESEEM
BEZONIAN
Beseem, Beset, Beshrew, Be-
side, Besiege; see Seem, Sit, Shrew,
&c.
Besom, a broom. (E.) M. £. desum,
besme, A.S.desma.-^'Du.dezem; G^besen,
Tent, type *besmon; m.
Besot, BespeaJc ; see Sot, Speak.
Best ; see Better.
Bestead ; from Be- and Stead.
Bestial. (F.-L.) F. bestial. - L.
bestidiisj beast-like. -^ L. bestia^ a beast.
See Beast.
Bestow, BestreWf Bestride ; see
stow, &c.
Bet, to wager. (F. — Scand.) Short for
abet J in tbe sense to maintain, or ' back,*
as abet is explained in Phillips, ed. 1706.
See Abet. Der. bety sb.
Betake. (£. and Scand.) See Take.
Betel, a species of pepper. (Port.—
Malayalim.) Port, betel, oetele. — Malaya-
lim vetXila, i. e. veru Ha, mere leaf ( Yjile).
Bethink, Betide, Betimes, Be-
token ; see Think, &c.
Betray. (F. -L.; wttk E. ffrejix,)
From be; preBx ; and O. F. trair (F.
trahir), to deliver up, from L. trddere,
% The preBx bC' was due to confnsion
with bewrav. See Tradition.
Betroth. (E.) See Troth.
Better, Best. (E.) 1. From the
Tent, base ^bat, good, was formed the
Tent. comp. stem ^batizon-, as in Goth.
batiza, better^ A. S. betera (with mutation
from a to e), M. E. better. The A. S. bet,
M. E. bet, is adverbial and comparative.
3. From the same base was formed Goth.
baiista, best, A.S. betst [iox bet»ist), M.E.
best. Similarly Du. beler, best ; Icel. betri,
beztr; Dan. bedre, bedst; Swed. battre,
bast; G. besser, best. Der. (from the
same base) batten, boot (3).
Between. (E.) A. S. betweonan, be-
tween ; earlier betweonum, — A. S. be, by ;
tiueonum, dat. pi. of tweone, double, allied
to twd, two ; see Two. Here tweonum
^also twtnum) answers to Goth.twet'/tnaim,
dat. pi. of tweihnai, * two eadi.* Cf. L.
btnT.
betwixt. (E.) (M.E. bettvix; to
which / was afterwards added. — A. S.
betwix, betwux, betweox, betweoks, appa-
rently extended from A. S.betwih, between.
From A. S. be, by ; and *twth, answering
to tweih' in Goth, iweihnai, two each.
See above.
Bevel, sloping; to slope, slant. (F.)
In Sh. Sonn. 121.-O. F. *bivel, ^buvel,
only found in mod. F. biveau, and in F.
buveau, * a kind of squire [carpenter's rule],
having moveable and compasse branches,
or the one branch compasse and the other
straight ; some call it a bevell ; ' Cot. Cf.
Span, haivel. Origin unknown.
jSever, a potation ; see Beaver (3).
beverage. (F.-L.) O.F. bevrage
(Supp. to Godefroy), drink. —O. F. bevre,
boivre, to drink. — L. bibtre, to drink.
bevy. (F.-L.) It answers to O. F.
bevee, a drink ; from O. F. bevre, to drink
(above). Cf. Ital. beva, a bevy (Florio) ;
also, a drink (Torriano).
Bewail, Beware, Bewilder,
Bewitch; see IT^ail, Ware, Wild
Witch.
Bewray, to disclose. (E.) Propeily
to accuse. M. E. bewraien, biwreyer, to
disclose. A, S. be^ prefix (see Be-) ; and
wregan, to accuse (for older *%vrogian,
with mutation from o to e), Cf Icel.
ragja (for vrcegjd), to slander, Swed. rdja,
to discover ; O. Fries, biwrogia, to accuse ;
Goth, wrohjan, to accuse ; G. riigen, to
censure, p. These are causal verbs, from
the base wroh- seen in Goth, ivrohs,
accusation, Icel. rog, a slander.
Bey, a governor. (Turk.) Turk, beg
(pron. nearly as bay), a lo^^, prince.
Beyond. (E.) M.E:ieyonde, A.S.
begeondan, beyond. » A. S. ^.ijjfpr be or bi,
by ; and geond, prep, across, ocyond, from
geon, yon. Cf. Goth, jaindre, thither,
jaind, there ; from jains, that, yon. See
Yon.
Beiel, the part of a ring in which the
stone is set. (F.) Also spelt basil \ it
also means a sloping edge. ^ O. F. bisel
(Roquefort) ; mod. F. biseau,2i bezel, basil,
slant, sloped edge. Cf. Span, bisel, the
slanting edge of a looking-glass. Per-
haps from L. bis, double.
Besi^ue, a game at cards. (F. — Pers.)
F. besigiie (with ^) ; also bisy (Littre).
/3. The first form* Pers. bdzichah, sport, a
game ; the second — Pers. bdzi, play. —
Pers. bdzidan, to play. [A guess.]
Besoar, a stone. (F.— Span. — Arab.
— Pers.) O. F. bezoar, F. b^zoard.^^^zxi,
bezoar. — Arab, bddizahr, — Pers. pdd-zahr,
bezoar ; lit. ' counter-poison,* from its
supposed virtue. ^ Pers. pdd, expelling ;
and zahr, poison.
Besonian, a beggarly fellow. (F.)
In 2 Hen. IV. v. 3. 118. Formerly
47
Bl-
BIGOT
bisonian ; made by adding E. -ian to
V. bisogne, spelt bisangne^ in Cotgrave,
* a filthe knave . . . bisonian/ Or from
Ital. bisognoy need, want ; whence bisogni^
pi. * new-levied souldiers, such as come
. . . needy to the wars'; Torriano (not in
Florio). Origin unknown.
Bi-, prefix. ( L.) L. bi-^ for V«/-, twice.
— L. duo^ two. So also Gk. 8t-, Skt. dvi.
See Two.
Bias. (F- — L.) F. biais^ a slant,
slope ; hence, inclination to one side. Cf.
Ital. s-biescOy s-biesdo^ oblique. Origin
unknown.
Bib. (L.) A cloth under a child^s
chin ; from M. E. bibben, to drink. — L.
bibere^ to drink. Hence wine-bibber
(Luke vii. 34) ; L. bibens utnum (Vulg.).
Bible. (F.-L.-Gk.) U.E.bibie,^
F. bible. — Late L. biblia, fem. sing. ; for
L. biblia^ neut. pi. — Gk. fiifiKiuy collection
of writings, pi. of /SijSXioi', little book,
dimin. of ffi^Kos, a book. — Gk. iSv/SXos,
Egyptian papyrus ; hence, a book.
bibUograpby. (Gk.) Gk. $t&Kio-,
for fii0\iov ; and ypaxpeiv, to write.
bibliomania. (Gk.) Gk. fiifiKio-,
for fii^kiov ; and Mania.
Bice. (F.) Properly * grayish ' ; hence
biew byce, grayish blue. — F. bis, dusky.
Cf. Ital. bigio, gray. Origin unknown.
Bicker, to skirmish. (Uncertain.)
M. E. biker, a fight ; bikeren, to skirmish.
Cf. M. E. beken, to peck ; biken, to thrust
with a pointed weapon. Apparently from
O. F. bequer, to strike with the beak (see
Beak) ; or from A.S. becca, & pick-axe.
Cf. Du. bikken, to notch a mill-stone ; also
E. Fries., bikkern, to hack, gnaw, from
bikketty to hack, bikke, a pickaxe (G.
bicke).
Bicycle. (Hybrid.) In use since 1868.
Coined from Bi- and Cycle.
Bid (i), to pray. (E.) Nearly obso-
lete ; preserved in bidding-prayer, and in
to bid beads (pray prayers). M. E. bidden.
A.S. biddan. '^Du. bidden; G. bitten;
leal, bidja; Goth, bidjan. Teut. type
Abidjan-, allied to L. fido^ I trust ; Gk.
irc/^o;, I prevail upon ; froni-^BHEIDH.
See Bnigm. i. § 589 ; ii. § 890.
Bid (2), to command. (E.) M. E. beden.
— A. S. beodan, to command. +Du. bieden^
to offer ; Icel. bjotia ; G. bieten ; Goth.
anabiudan ; Gk. vtvOofjuu, I enquire ; Skt.
budA, to understand. Teut. type *beudan-.
(VBHEUDH.) Confused with Bid (i),
the forms of which have taken the place of
those of Bid (2).
Bide, to await, wait. (E.) M. E. biden.
A. S. btdan. + Du. beiden ; Icel. bi6a ;
Swed. bida ; Dan. bie ; Goth, beidan ;
O. H. G. bttan. Teut. type *bTdan-.
Biennial, lasting two years. (L.)
Formed as if from bienni-um, a space of
two years ; the true L. word is bienndlis.
— L. bi' two ; and anndlis, lasting .a year,
yearly. — L. annus. So also tri-ennial,
from tri- (for tres)^ three ; quadr-ennial,
more correctly quadri-ennial, from quadri-
(for quadrus), belonging to four ; quinqui-
ennial, from quinqui' (for quinque), five ;
dec-ennial, from dec- em, ten; cent-ennial,
from centum, a hundred; mill-ennial,
from mille, a. thousand, &c.
Bier, a frame on which a corpse is
borne. (E.) M. E. beere, bare, A.S.
b^r, ber. — A. S. bdr-, 3rd stem oiberan, to
carry. + Du. boar ; O. H. G. bdra (G.
bakre); allied to Icel. barar, fem. pi.;
\jjeretrum ; Gk. (pipfrpov.
Siestings, Beestings, the first
milk given by a cow after calving. (E.)
A. S. by sting, byst (for *biest), thick milk.
From A. S. beost, first milk after calving.
+Du. biest ; G. biest-milch.
Bifurcated, two-pronged. (L.) Late
L. bifurcdtus, pp. of bifurcdri, to part in
two directions. — L. bi-furcus, two-
pronged; from bi-{s), double; furca, a
fork.
Big. (Scand. ?) M. E. big ; also bigg,
rich (Hampole). Not A. S. Cf. prov, E.
bug, big, hog, boastful. Prob. of Scand.
origin. Cf. Norw. bugge^ a strong man.
Bigamy, a double marriage. (F.->L.
and Gk.) F. /^2]^mi>. — Late L. bigamia ;
a clumsy compound from L. bi', double
(see Bi-), and Gk. -yafxia, from y^nos,
marriage. It should rather have been
digamy (Gk. btyaiua).
Bi|fgen, a night-cap. (F.J M. F.
begutn, ' a biggin for a child ; * Cot.
Named from the caps worn by beguines ;
see Beguine.
Bight, a coil of rope, a bay. (E.)
M. E. bight, A. S. byht, as in wateres
byht, a bight (bay) of water (see Grein). —
A. S. bug', weak grade of bugan, to bow,
bend ; with mutation of w to^.+G. bucht,
Teut. type *buktiz. See Bow (1).
Bigot, an obstinate devotee to a creed.
(F.) F. bigot, * an hypocrite, supersti-
tious fellow;' Cot. Applied by the
48
BIJOU
BIRCH
French to the Normans as a term of
reproach (Wace). Of unknown origin.
It is an older word than heguine^ with
which it seems to have been somewhat
confused at a later period.
Bijon, a trinket. (F.-C?) Y, btjou.
Perhaps from Bret, inzou^ a ring with a
stone, a finger-ring, from biz^ a finger.
Cf. Com. btsou (the same), from bis^
beSf a finger; W. by son ^ ring, from bys^
finger.
Klberry, a whortle-berry. (Scand.)
Dan. bdllebary a bilberry ; where bar is E.
berry. In M. Dan., holle had the sense of
Dan. bugle, i. e. boss (Kalkar). Cf. Norw.
bola^ a swelling, tumour. ^ North Eng.
blea-berry = blue-berry \ see Blaeberry.
In both cases, -berry takes the E. form ;
see Berry.
Bilbo, a sword; BilboeS, fetters.
(Span.) Both named from Bilboa or
Bilbao in Spain, famous for iron and
steel.
Bile (i)i secretion from the liver. (F.
— L.) F. bile.^'L, bilis, L. biHs is for
*bislts, Brugm. i. § 877 ; cf. W. bus/ly
Bret, besllt bile (Fick, ed. 4. ii. 1 75). Der.
bili'ous.
Bile (a), a boil. (£.) See BoU (2).
Billfe. (F.— C.) A variant of bi/lgie,
which orig. meant the bottom of a ship's
hull ; whence bilge-water (N. E. D.). See
Bulge.
Bill (i), a chopper, sword. (£.) M. E.
bil, sword, axe. A.S. bill, sword, axe.
-I- O. Sax. bil, O. H. G. bill, n. ; (cf. G.
bille, axe, f.). Teut. type ^biljoni, n.
bill (2). a bird's beak. (E.) M. E.
bile. A. S. btU (Teut. type *biliz ?). Allied
to Bill (I).
Bill (3), a writing, account. (F.— L.)
A. F. bille. — Late L. billa, a writing ; the
dimin. is billeia, bulleta, shewing that billa
is a corruption of L. bulla, a papal bull,
&c. ; see Bull (1).
billet (I), a note. (F.-L.) A. F. bil^
lette. • Late L. billetta, billeta, dimin. of
billa, a writing ; see Bill (3) above.
Billet (2), a log of wood. (F.) . F.
billette, billot^ a billet of wood. Dimin.
of bille, a log, stump. Origin unknown.
biUiarde. (F.) F.^fV/an/,'abillard,
or the stick wherewith we touch the ball
at billyards ; ' Cot. Formed with suffix
-ard (G. -hart) from bille, a log, stick, as
above.
Billion ; see Million.
Billow, a wave. (Scand.) Icel. i>ylgya,
a billow; Swed. bblja; Dan. bblge.'^-M..
H. G. bulge, a billow, a bag. Lit. * a
swell * or surge ; cf. Icel. belgja, to inflate,
puff out. The Icel. bylgja has mutation
of « \Qy, and, like M. H. G. bulg-e, is from
bu^g-y 3rd stem of belgan, to swell with
anger.
Bin. (E.) M. E. binne. A. S. binn,
a manger; Lu. ii. 7.+DU. hen, G. benne,
a sort of basket. Perhaps of Celtic origin ;
cf. Gaulish Lat. benna, body of a cart ; W.
hen, a cart.
Binary, twofold. (L.) L. bmdrius,
consisting of two things. — L. btnus, two-
fold. — I^. bf-, double ; see Bi-.
Bind. (E.) M.E.binden. A.S. bin-
dan. 4- Du. and G. bittden ; Icel. and
Swed. binda ; Dan. binde ; Goth, bindan ;
Skt.^ bandh, to bind. (-/BHENDH.)
Binffy a heap of corn ; obs. (Scand.) In
Surrey s Poems. — Icel. bingr, Swed. binge,
a heap.^M. H. G. hige, a heap of corn ;
whence Ital. bica. ^ Distinct from Inn,
though perhaps confused with it.
Binnaclef a box for a ship's compass.
(Port.— L.) A singular corruption of the
older word bittacUy by confusion with Inn,
a chest. — Port, bitacola, a bittacle (i.e.
binnacle) ; Vieyra. Cf. Span, bitacora,
F. habitcule, the same. The Port, bitacola
stands for *kabitacola, the first syllable
being lost. — L. habitdculum, a little dwell-
ing, i. e. the * frame of timber in the steer-
age of a ship where the compass stands *
(Bailey).— L. habitdre, to dwell; frequent,
of habere, to have.
Binocular, having two eyes. (L.)
From Lat. bln-i, two each ; ocul-us, eye ;
with suffix -dris.
Binomial, having two terms. (L.)
From Late L. binomi-ns, equiv. to L.
binominis, adj. having two names ; with
suffix -dlis. From L. bi-, two ; nomin-,
for nomen, a name.
Biography. (Gk.) A written ac-
count of a life ; from jSio-, for iS/os, life ;
and ypdfpdv, to write. The sb. fiios is
allied to Quiok.
biology. (Gk.) Science of life ; from
Gk. /3to-, for /9«oy, life ; and •\oyia, a dis-
coursing, from \6yos, a discourse.
Biped. (L.) L. biped', stem of bi/ies,
two-tooted ; from bi-, two ; pes, foot.
Birch, a tree. (E.) M. E. birche.
A.S. birce, f.+G. birke, f.<Teut. Hirk-
jon: p. Also A. S. here, beorc, + Du.
49
BIRD
BIZARRE
*befk ; Icel. bjork^ Swed. hjork, Dan. birk
(cf. North E. Wr>&).<Teut. *berkd, f. Cf.
also O. Slav, briza^ Rass. berUza ; Lith.
berlas. Also Skt. bhurja, a kind of birch.
Bird. (E.) M. E. brid (the r being
shifted) ; A. S. bridd, a bird, esp. the
yonng of birds.
Birettay a clerical cap. (Ital.— L.—
Gk.) Ital. beretta (Torriano) ; cf. Late
L. birretum, orig. a scarlet cap. — Late L.
birriis^ burruSy reddish. See Bureau.
Birth. (Scand.) M. E. burthe, birtke,
Cf. Icel. burdr, m. ; Swed. bord, Dan.
byrd, f. ( = O. Icel. byrtf, f.). + A. S.
gebyrd, f. ; O. II. G. giburt (G. geburt) ;
Goth, gabaurihs, f.<Teut. *burtiiz = \<Ag.
*bhrtis (Skt. bhrtis^ f. nonrishment). All
from the weak grade of -v/BHER, to
bear. See Bear (i).
Biscuit, a kind of cake. (F. — L.) F.
biscuiiy lit, twice cooked. — F. bis (L. bis)^
twice ; and cuii, cooked, from L. coctum,
ace. of coctus, pp. of coquere^ to cook.
Bisect. (L*) From L. bi-^ short for
bisi twice ; and sect-wn^ supine of secure^
to cut.
Bishop. (L.-Gk.) A.S. biscop,^L.
episcopus. '^Gk, Matcovoiy a bishop; lit.
* overseer.'- Gk. ivi, upon; aieorroSf one
that watches, from cicoir-, o-grtide of aic€v-f
as in aKin-To/jMi, I spy, overlook. See
Species.
Bismuth, a metal. (G.) G. bismu/A ;
also spelt wismutj wissmul, 7uissmuih,
Origin unknown.
BiSOXli a quadruped. (L.— Teut.) L.
bison (Pliny) ; Late Gk. fiiaosv. Not a L.
word, but borrowed from Teutonic;
O. H. G. wisuntf G. wisent^ a bison ;
A. S. weosendy a wild ox ; Icel. msundr.
See O. H. G. wisunt in Schade.
BisseztilCy a name for leap-year.
(L.) Late L. bissextilis annus ^ bissextile
year.— L. bissextus, an intercalary day; so
called because the intercalated day (for-
merly Feb. 24) was called the sixth of
the calends of March; there being thus
two days with the same name. — L. bis,
twice ; sexfus, sixth, from seXy six.
Bisson, purblind. (E.) In Sh. M. E.
bisen. O. Northumb. bisen, blind (Matt,
ix. 28). Origin unknown.
Bistre, a dark brown. (F.-G.?) F.
bistrej a dark brown. Perhaps from prov.
G. biestcTy dark, gloomy, also bistre (FlU-
gel).
Bit (1% a mouthful, small piece. (E.)
M. £. bite (a syll.). A.S. bita, a morsel.
From A. S. bit-, weak grade of btiany to
bite.+Dn. beef\ Icel. biti\ Swed. bil\
Dan. ^/V/.<Teut. type Hiton-, m.
bit (2), a curb for a horse. (E.) M. E.
biit. A. S. biie^ m. a bite, a biting. <Teut.
type *biiizy a bite ; cf. bitoly a curb.+Dii.
gebit\ Icel. bitill (dimin.) ; Swed. bett'\
Daxi. bid; G.gebiss.
Bitch. (E.) M. E. bicA^f bicche. A. S.
^/Vf*^.^Icel. bikkja ; also grey-haka.
Bite. (E ) M. E. biten, A. S. bitan,
4" Du. bijten ; Icel. btta ; Swed. bita ;
Dan. bide ; G. beissen. Teut. type *bttan-.
Allied to l^findere (pt. i.f}fdi)f to cleave ;
Skt. bkid, to cleave. (-/BHEID.)
bitter. (E.) M. E.^iV^r. K.S.bHer,
bitoty lit. 'biting.'— A.S. bit-y weak grade
of bitany to bite.^-Du. bitter \ Icel. hitr;
Swed., Dan., G. biiter.
Bittern, a bird. (F.-LateL.) The
n is added. M. E. botory bitaure, — F.
butory *a bittor [bittern];' Cot. Prob.
named from its cry; cf. L. but ire y bubdre,
to cry like a bittern ; whence also L. bUtiOy
said to mean * bittern/ though the same
word as biiteo, i.e. buzzard.
Bitts, naval term. (Scand.?) The
bitts are two strong posts on deck to
which cables are fastened. Prob. from
Icel. bitiy a bit, mouthful (see Bit (i));
also, a cross-beam in a house ; a thwart
(L. transtrum) in a ship. [F. bites, bitts
(see Cot.), Span. bitaSy may have been
borrowed from E.] Cf. also A. S. bietingy
a cable for holding a ship, from bietan^
to restrain, curb, equivalent (in form) to
Icel. beita ; see Bait. Also Swed. betingy
a bitt, whence betingbuliy a bitt-bolt, bitt-
pin ; Dan. beding : used also on land for
tethering horses, as in Swed. beiingbultj a
peg for tethering, from beta, to pasture, bait.
Bitumen. (L.) L. bitumen, mineral
pitch. Cf. Brugm. i. § 663.
Bivalve. (F.-L.) From Bl- and
Valve.
Bivouac. (F.-G.) ¥. bivouac yOng.
^/z/dkT. — Swiss G. beiwachty an additional
watch at night (Stalder); cf. bei-gebeuy
to add. — G. bet, in addition ; wachty a
watch, from wacheny to wake. Sec Wake
(iV Cf. G. beiwache.
Bizarre, odd. (F.— Span.) F. bi-
zarrey strange, capricious ; orig. ' valiant.'
— Span, bizarroy valiant, gallant. Perhaps
of Basque origin; cf. Basque bizarray a
beard. Cf. Span, homhre de bigote, a man
50
BLAB
BLAZON
of spirit; where bigoti means * mous-
tache.*
Blaby to tell tales. (£.) M. £. blabbe,
a tell-tale ; blaberen^ to babble. Cf. Dan.
blabbre, to babble ; Dan. diaL blaffre, G.
plappem, to babble, prate. Of imitative
origin ; cf. Gael.//a^, a soft noise ; plabair,
a babbler ; blabaran, a stammerer, biabA-
dach, babbling, garrulons.
Black. (£.) M. £. blak, A. S. blac,
blac [which editots have often confused
with blSc^ bright, shining]. Cf. Icel.
blakkr, dark ; also A. S. biacy Low G. blak,
O.H. G. black, Icel. blak, Swed. bUck, Dan.
bhsk, all meaning < ink.* Connexion with
Dn. blaken, to scorch, is doubtful.
blacknardy a term of reproach. (£.
and F.) i*rom black void, guard, A name
given to scullions, turnspits, and kitchen
menials, from the dirty work done by
them. See Trench, Select Glossary.
Bladder. (£.) Vi.lS., bladdre, A.S.
blctddre, blkdre, a blister, bladder (lit.
blowing out).+Du. blaar [Icel. blatira 1] ;
O. H. G. bldiara (G. blatter), Teut. type
Hl&dron-y wk. fern. From Teut. stem
HI&-, to blow (see Blow (i) ); with suffix
'dron similar to Gk. -7/)d (cf. X^^P^> ^ pot).
Blade, a leaf, flat of a sword. (£.)
M. £. blade, A. S. blad, a leaf.+Icel.
blaSf Swed., Dan., Du. blad, a leaf, blade ;
G. blatt. Teut. type Hla-dom, neut., with
sense of * blown,* i.e. * flourishing;* pp.
form (with suffix -ch- = Idg. -td-) from
VBHLd. See Blow (a).
Blaeberry, Bleaberry, a bilberry.
(Scand. and £.) From North £. blae,
livid, dark ; and berry. The form blae is
from Icel. bld-r, livid ; see under Blue.
Blain, a pustule. (£.) M. £. blein,
A. S. blegen, a boil. Hh I^u. blein ; Dan.
bl^n. Cf. O. H. Q.plehen-ougi, weak-eyed.
Blame, vb. (F.-L.-Gk.) M.£.
blamen,^0,Y, blasmer^ to blame. — L.
blaspkemdre, to speak ill, also to blame.
— Gk. &\aa<pfriiittv ; see Blaspheme.
Blaacb (i), to whiten. (F.-O.H.G.)
From F. blanckir^ to whiten. — F. blanCy
white ; see Blank below.
Blancb (2), the same as Blench.
Bland. (L.) L. blandus, mild,
blandisll, to flatter. (F.-L.) M. £.
blandisen.^O.Y, blandis-, stem of pres.
part of blandir^ to flatter. — L. blandtrt, to
caress. — L. blandus^ bland.
Blank, white. (F. - O. H. G.) In
Milton, P. L, X. 656. - F. blanc, - O. H. G.
blanckf white. Nasalised form from
O. H. G. blaky shining; cf. Gk. ^A<$7-€or,
flaming, shining, from ^Xcy-ctv, to shine.
blanket. (F.-O.H.G.) Orig.ofa
white colour. M. £. blanket. — A. F. blan-
ket (F. blancket), dimin. from blanc, white;
see above.
Blare, to make a loud noise. (£.)
M. E. blaren, Cf. Du. blaren. Low G.
blarren, to bleat ; M. H. G. bleren, bkr-
ren (G. pliirren), to bleat, blubber. Prob.
imitative, like bleat \ but cf. Blaze (2).
Blason ; see Blason.
Blaspheme, to speak injuriously. (L.
— Gk.) L. blaspkemdre, ''Gk, fiXaa^"
yLiiv, to speak ill of. — Gk. fi\da<fnjfju>s, adj.,
speaking evil. — Gk. pXaa-^ for *$ka0ei-,
i. e. hurtful (cf. iSAiiiS-i;, hurt) ; and 0i7/u, I
say : see Fame. Brugm. i. § 744.
Blast, a blowing. (E.) M.£. blast,
A. S. bli^st, a blowing ; cf. Icel. bldstr, n
breath, blast of a trumpet ; O. H. G. blast.
Formed with Idg. suffix to- from the old
base of Blase (a).
Blatant, noisy, roaring. (E.) Spenser
has * blatant beast"; F. Q. vi. la (head-
ing) ; also blattanl, id. vi. i. 7. Prob.
imitative. Cf. Lowl. Sc. blad, to abuse ;
blatter^ a rattling noise ; G. platz, a crash.
Blay, a bleak (fish). (£.) A.S. blage,
4-Du. blet\ G. bleike.
Blase (i)> a flame. (£.) M. £. blase,
A. S. blasef a flame, in comp. bdl blcesCy
a bright light ; blase, f. a torch ; <Teut.
type *blasdn, Cf. M. H. G. blasj a torch ;
also G. bldsse, Icel. blest, a *■ blaze ' or
white mark on a horse, Swed. bids, the
same.
Blase (a)i to proclaim, noise abroad.
(Scand.) Mark i. 45. M. £. blasen. —
Icel. bldsa, to blow, blow a trumpet, sound
an alarm ; Swed. bl8sa, to sound ; Dan.
blase, Du. blazen, to blow a trumpet ; G.
blasen. Also Goth, uf-blesan^ to puff up.
<Teut. type *bl&S'an; to blow; whence
A.S. bl&sty £. blast. Much confused with
blazon.
Blason (i), Blason, a proclamation.
Hamlet, i. 5. ai ; Shak. Son. 106. A cor-
ruption from Blaze (2), M. E. blasen^ to
proclaim ; due to confusion with Blazon
(2) below.
slason (2), to pourtray armorial bear-
ings. (F.) M. E. blason, blasouny a shield;
whence blazon, verb, to describe a shield.
— F. blason, a coat of arms, orig. a shield
(Brachet). Cf. Span, blason, heraldry,
51
BLEABERRY
BUSS
blazonry, glory, hacer blason^ to blazon,
hlasonar, to blazon, brag, boast ; suggest-
ing a (very doubtful) connexion with G.
hlaseuy to blow the trumpet, as done by
heralds, to proclaim a victor's fame ; see
Blaze (2) above. (See Scheler.) Or if the
orig. sense was a bright mark on a shield,
it is allied to Blaze (i).
Bleaberry; see Blaeberry.
Bleach. (E.) Orig. ' to whiten ; ' M. E.
blechen, Ancren Riwle, p. 324, 1. i. A. S.
OLecan, * A. S. bide, shining, bright, pale.
See bleak below. -4" Icel. bktkj'a ; Du.
bleeken ; G. bleichen ; <Teut. *blaikjan;
bleflbk (i)) orig. pale. (Scand.) M. E.
bieik. — Icel, bleikr, pale ; Swed. biek ;
Dan. bleg.'^X. S. bide ; Du. bleek ; G.
bleich, Teut. type *blaikoz. From *blaik'f
strong grade of Teut. *bleikan- (A. S.
blican), to shine.
bleak (2), a fish. (Scand.) From its
pale colour.
Bleaiveyed, having watery, inflamed,
or dim eyes. (E.) M. E. bleer-eyed.
Cognate with Low G. blarr-oged, blear-
eyed ; cf. blarr-oge^ an eye wet with tears,
from blarren, to howl, weep ; which seems
to be allied to E. blare.
Bleat. (E.) M. E. bleten. A. S. bl^-
tan, bletan, to bleat as a sheep. 4- Du.
blaten ; O. H. G. pldzan. Cf. Rnss. bk-
Jate, to bleat ; h.^erg, to weep.
Bleb, Blob, a small bubble or blister.
(E.) Cf. M. E. blober, a bubble on water ;
blubber^ a bubble. By comparing blobber,
blubber J with bubble^ having much the same
meaning, we see the probability that they
are imitative, from the action of forming
a bubble with the lips.
Bleed. (E.) M. E. bleJen, A. S. blh
dan, formed (by mutation of to e) from
A. S. bl5d, blood. < Teut. type *blddjan-, to
lose blood >Icel. blcelia.
Blemish, to stain. (F.) M. E. ble-
misshen. — O. F. blemis-, stem of pres. part,
of blemir^ blesmir, to wound, stain, make
pale. — O. F. bleme, blesme, wan, pale. Of
unknown origin.
Blench, to shrink from. (E.) M. E.
blenchen, to avoid, elude. A. S. blencan,
to deceive ; as if from a Teut. type *blank'
jan-y causal of *bltnkan', to blink. But
proof is wanting.
Blend, to mix together. (Scand.)
M. E. blenden. Due to blend-, base of the
pres. indie, of Icel. blamia i^Swed. blanda,
Dan. blande), to blend ; cognate with
A. S. and Goth, blandan, str. redupl. vb.,
O. H. G. blantan, to mix.
Bless, to consecrate, &c. (E.) The
orig. sense may have been *to consecrate
by blood,* i. e. either by sacrifice or by the
sprinkling of blood, as the word can be
clearly traced back to blood. M. E. blessen,
A. S. bleisian, O. Northumb. bledsia, bloed-
sia (Matt. xxv. 34, xxvi. 26), which can
be explained from blod, blood^with the usual
vowel-change from to oe or e, Teut. type
*blddison, Cf. bleed, (Suggested by Sweet ;
Anglia, iii. 156.)
Blight. (E.) XVII cent. Of unknown
origin ; perhaps allied to M. E. blichening,
mildew. And cf. M. H. G. blicze, G. bliiZf
lightning.
Blind. (E.) A.S. blind.-^^'DvL, blind;
Icel. blindr; Sw., Dan., G. blind ;<.Teut.
type Hlindoz (^Idg. base Hklendh'), Cf.
Lith. blfsli-s (3 pr. s. blendzia-s), to become
dim (of the sun).
blindfold, vb. (E.) M.E. blind-
folden, verb (Tyndale) ; corruption of
blind/elden (Palsgrave), where the d is
excrescent. The true word is blindfellen,
to * fell ' or strike blind, Ancren Riwle, p.
106. — A. S. blind, blind; s^difellan, to
strike ; see Fell.
Blindman'sbnff; see Buff.
Blink, to wink, to glance. (E.) M. E.
blenken, to shine, to glance ; whence mod.
E. blink, by change of en to in, as in
many words; Allied to A. S. blanc, while
(as in blanc-a, & white horse), cognate with
O. H. G. blanch, M. H. G. blatic ; see
Blank. Cf. Du., G. blinken, Swed.
blinka, Dan. blinke, all late forms; and
A. S. blTcan, to shine.
Bliss. (E.) See Blithe.
Blister. (F.-Teut.) Vl,^. blester,
blister. (Not found before 1300.) — O. F.
blestre, * tumeur,* Godefroy. Of Teut.
origin ; cf. Icel. bldstr (dat. bliestrt), a
blast, also a swelling, allied to E. Blast.
From the notion of blowing out.
Blithe. (E.) M.E. blithe. A.S.
blide, sweet, happy.+O. Sax. bltSi, bright,
glad ; Du. blijde,blij \ Icel. blifir\ Swed.,
Dan. blid\ O.H. G. blidi, glad; Goth.
bleiths, merciful, kind.
bliss. (E.) M. E. blis. A. S. blis,
bliss ; contr. from A. S. blids, happiness,
lit. blitheness. — A. S. bliSe (above). +
O. Sax. blTzza, blTdsea, happiness. Teut.
stem Hlissid ; with ss <,tt, the suffix being
■tid^ as in L. laefi-tia.
5a
BLOAT
BLUNDERBUSS
Bloat, to swell. (Scand.) We now
generally use bloated to mean 'puffed
out * or * swollen,' as if allied to blow.
But the M. E. form was blout^ soft ; con-
nected with Icel. blautr, soft, effeminate,
imbecile, blotna, to become soft, lose
courage. Cf. Swed. bldt, Dan. blod, soft,
pulpy, mellow. Allied to Icel. blaudr^
soft ; A. S bleaff G. blode^ weak.
bloater, a prepared herring. (Scand.)
A bloater is a cured fish, cured by smoke ;
but formerly a * soaked 'fish. — Icel. blautr^
soft. Cf. Swed. blbtfisk^ soaked fish ; from
blotUy to soak, steep; from blot, soft
(above).
Blob, a bubble. (E.) See Bleb.
Blocx, a large piece of wood. (F. —
M. H. G.) M. E. blok, - O. F. bloc,^
M. H. G. blocJif a block ; cf. Du. blok^ Dan.
bloky Swed. block, Der. block-ade.
Blond. (F.) XV cent. F. blond, m.
blonde f fem. 'light yellow;' Cot. Referred
by Diez to Icel. blandinnj mixed j cf. A. S.
blonden-feaXf having hair of mingled
colour, gray-haired. See Blend. % But
the Low L. form is blundusy pointing to
a Teut, type ^blundo-, answering to Skt.
bradhna-s, reddish, pale yellow (Kluge).
Cf. O. Slav. bron\ white ; Brugm. i.
§814.
Blood. (E.) ^.Y.. blod, blood, A.S.
A/A/.+Du. bloed, Icel. bloU, Swed. blod,
Goth, bloth ; G. blut\ <Teut. tyj^e *blodom,
n. Hence bleed.
Bloom, a flower. (Scand;) M. E.
blome\ not in A. S. — Icel. bldm, bldmi, a
flower; Swed. blovtma.) Dan. blomme.'^
Du. bloem ; Goth, bloma ; allied to O. Ir.
bltith, \a,flds ; see Flower. And see below.
blossom. (E.) M. £. blostne, also
bios t me, A. S. blosttna, a blossom ; from
base bid' of A. S. bid-wan, with suffixes
-5t and -ma (Teut. •/;w«).-f"Du. bloesem ;
M. H. G. bluest (with suffix -st). See
above.
Blot ( 0, a spot. (Scand. ?) M. E. blot,
blotte. Origin unknown. It has some
resemblance to Icel. blettr, a blot, stain ;
Dan. dial, blat^ a spot, a blot.
Blot (a), at backgammon. (Scand.)
A blot is an ' exposed * piece. — Dan. blot,
bare, naked ; whence give sig blot, to lay
oneself open, expose oneself; Swed. blott,
naked ; blotta, to lay oneself open.^-Du.
bloot, naked, blootstellen^ to expose ; G.
bloss, naked. Allied to Icel. blautr, soft ;
see Bloat.
Blotch, a large blot. (E.) A mod.
variant of blot, perhaps suggested by botch.
Blouse, a loose outer frock. (F.)
From F. blouse, a frock much used by
workmen (XVIlIcent.). Origin unknown.
Blow (1), to puff. (E.) M. E. blowen.
A. S. bUnvan. + G. blcihen, O. II. G. Ha-
han ; allied to \u, flare.
Blow (2), to bloom, flourish as a flower.
(E.) M.E. blowen. A,S. bldwan-^Du.
bloeijen ; G. bliihen, O. H. G. bluojan.
Allied to L. florere ; see Flourish.
Blow (3), a stroke, hit. (E.) M. E.
blowe. Not in A. S. ; but we find M. Du.
strong verb blouwen (pt. t. blau\ to strike,
dress, flax by beating ; O. H. G. bliuwan,
whence G. bldiien,io beat; Goth, bliggwan,
to strike ; all from Teut. ^bliwivan-, to
strike. (History obscure.)
Blubber. (£•) M. E. blober, a bubble ;
bloberen, to bubble up, to weep copiously.
Of imitative origin; cf. Blob. The
blubber of the whale consists of bladder-
like cells filled with oil. Blubber-lipped.
with swollen lips. Cf. E. Fries, blubber,
a bubble, a blob of fat; blubbern, to
bubble.
Bludgeon. (E. £?rF.) XVIII cent.
Of unknown origin.
Blue, a colour. (F.-O.H.G.) M. E.
blew, bleu.^K.Y. blu, blew, O. F. bleu,
blue. — O. H. G. bldo, blue, livid, G. blau.
4-Icel. bldr, livid ; Swed. bla, Dan. blaa ;
A. S. bldw (O. E. Texts, p. 588 . ; < Teut.
type '^blitwoz. Cognate with \j3\.flduus^
yellow.
Bluff, downright, rude. (Du.?) A
bluff IS a steep headland. It appears to be
Dutch. M. Du. blaf, flat, broad ; blaffaert^
one having a broad flat face, also, a
boaster (Oudemans) ; blaf van hct voor-
hooft, * the flat of a forehead ' (Hexham) ;
blaffen, bleffen, to mock (id.). Cf. E.
Fries, bluffen, to make a noise, bluster,
impose on.
Blunder, to flounder about, err.
(Scand.) M. E. blondren, to confuse, to
move blindly or stupidly. Formed (as a
frequentative) from Icel. blunda, to doze,
slumber ; Swed. blunda, to shut the eyes ;
Dan. blunde, to nap. Cf. Icel. blitndr,
Dan. and Swed. blund, a doze, a nap.
From the sense of ^confusion.' Allied to
Blend and Blind.
Blunderbuss, a short gun. (Hyb.)
In Pope. Formerly spelt blanterbusse,
plantierbusse (Palmer, Folk- Etymology);
53
BLUNT
BOHEA
i. e. 'a gun on a rest.* Apparently from
L. plantdre, to plant (see Plant); and
Du. huSy a gun, orig. a box, barrel; see
Box (i). But the corresponding Dn. word
is donderbus, i. e. thnnder-gnn.
Blunt, dnll. (Scand.?) M,E. d/ufU,
blontj dull, dulled. Origin unknown;
perhaps allied to Icel. hlunda^ Dan.
bluftde^ to sleep, doze ; see Blunder.
Blur, to stain ; a stain. (Scand. ?)
Properly * to dim * ; metaphorically, * to
deceive. We find : ' A blirrey deceptio ;
to blirrty fallere ; ' Levins (1570). Of
uncertain origin. Cr Swea. dial, blura^
to blink, partially close the eyes; Swed.
pliray Swed. dial, biiraf to blink ; biirra
fojr augu, to quiver (be dim) before the
eyes, said of a haze caused by heat;
Bavarian pletTf a mist before the eyes.
Blurt, to utter impulsively. (£.)
Lowl. Sc. blirtj to make a noise in weep-
ing ; cf. M. £. bUren, to make a loud
noise, to blare. Of imitative origin.
Blush. (£•) M. £. bluschetiy blusshen,
to glow. A. S. blyscan, used to translate
L. ruiildre, to shine (Mone, Qnellen, 355) ;
cf. dblysian, dblisiany to blush ; from A. S.
blys in bal-blysy lit. *a fire-blaze.* 4'I^'i-
blozetty to blush, from bios, a blush ; Dan.
blusse, to flame, glow, from blus, a torch ;
Swed. blossa, to blaze, from bloss, a torch.
From Teut. root Hleus, to glow.
Bluster, to be boisterous. (E.) Doubt-
less associated in idea with blast (Icel.
bldstr, Swed. blBst), Cf. E. Fries, blus-
tern, to be tempestuous (esp. of wind) ;
bluster y bliiser, a breeze ; bliisen^ to blow
strongly ; bliise, wind.
Boa, a large snake. (L.) L. boa
(Pliny); perhaps allied to ^^j, an ox ; from
its size.
Boar, an animal. (K.) '^JL.boreykoor,
A. S. /wr. 4* Du. beer\ M. H. G. ber,
Teut. type *bairoZy m.
Board (i). (£.) M. E. bord. A.S.
hordy board, si^e of a ship, shield. 4-Du.
hoord\ Icel. borHy plank, side of a ship ; G.
bord\ Goth, -baurd in fotu-baurdy a foot-
stool. Cf. Irish, Gael., W., and Cora.
bordy a board (from E.). Teut. type
*bordomy n. % The sense * side of a ship *
explains star-boardy lar-boardy on hoard,
over-board. Der. board, to have meals as
a lodger ; from board, a table.
board (2), to go on board a ship, to
accost. (F.— Teut.) The sb. ^^n/ is E.,
but the verb, formerly spelt bordey bordy is
short for aborde, used by Palsgrave. — F.
aborder, ^ to approach, accost, abboord,
or lay aboord ; * Cot. — F. a, to (L. atl) ;
bordj edge, brim, side of a ship, from
Icel. bordy Du. boord, side of a ship. See
Board (i).
Boast. (E.) M. E. bost. [W. bost.
Corn, bosty Irish and Gael, bosd, are all
borrowed from E.] Origin unknown, but
perhaps a late formation (with suffix -st)
from A. S. bogan, bon, to boast ; cf prov.
E. bogy to boast.
Boat. (E.) M. £. boot, A. S. bat.
Cf. Icel. bdtr ; Swed. b&t ; Du. boot ; Rnss.
bof ; W. bad; Gael, bdta, a boat, fi. The
Icel. word is borrowed from A. S. ; and
the other forms either from £. or Icel.
Teut. type *battoz, m.
boat-swain. (£.) Lit. ' boat-lad ; *
Icel. sveinn, a lad ( » A. S. swan).
Bob, to jerk. (£.) Perhaps imitative.
Bobbin, a wooden pin on which thread
is wound; round tape. (F.) Formerly
bobin.^Y, bobine, 'a quil for a spinning
wheele, a skane; * Cot. Orig. unknown.
Bode, to foreshew. (E.) M. K boden,
bodian, — A. S. bodian, to announce. » A. S.
boda, a messenger ; hod, a message. From
bod; weak grade of beodan, to command,
announce. See Bid (2).
Bodice, stays. (E.) A corruption of
bodies (pi. of body), which was the old
spelling. (Cf F. corset, from corps,)
Bod£in, orig. a small dagger. (?)
M. E. boydekiHy Ch. Origin unknown.
Body, the frame of an animal. (£.)
M. E. bodi'y A. S. bodig.-^O, H. G. potach,
Boer ; the same as Boor.
Bo|f. (C.) Irish bogach, a bog, from
bog, soft; cf. Irish bogaim, I shake ; a bog
being a soft quagmire. So also Gael.
bogan, a quagmire ; bogy soft, moist ; bogy
to soften, also to agitate. Cf. O. Irish
bocc, soft.
Bognrd, Bogirart, a specti^. (C. ;
with F. suffix,) From bogy variant of
Bug (i); with suffix -ard, -art (F. -ard
as in bcLst-ard), See below.
Boggle, to start aside, swerve for fear.
(C?) Prob. coined from prov. E. boggle,
bogie, a spectre. Cf. W. bwg, a goblin;
bygel, a scarecrow; bwgwly a threat,
bygylu, to threaten; bwgwth^ to scare.
See Bug (1).
Bohea, a kind of tea. (Chinese.) So
named from the Bohea hills; the moun-
tain called Bou-y (or Wu-t) is situated in
54
BOIL
BOOBY
the province of Fokien or Fukian^ on the
S. £. coast of China.
Boil (i), to bubble up. (F.-L.) O.K.
Mllir^ to boil (F. bouilHr), — L. buUire^ to
bubble up, boil.«>L. htlla^ a bubble; see
Bull (a). Cf.' Norman F. boiilir, to
boil.
Boil (3), a small tumour. (£.) Prov.
E. bile ; prob. affected by botl{i), M. E.
Me, A. S. ^i, a boil, swelling.+Dn.
Sut7; G. beuie, Cf. Goth, ufbatdjan^ to
puff up ; Icel. beyla^ a hump (with muta-
tion). See Bowl (2).
Boisterous. (F.) Lengthened from
M. E. boistous, Ch. ; lit. * noisy.' Batsious
answers to O. F. boistaus, lame, but the
difference in sense is remarkable. The
O. F. boisious also meant < rough,' as
applied to a bad road; hence perhaps
M. £. boisiausj rough, coarse, noisy.
Bold. (E.) M.E. boldy bald] A.S.
beaidy bald^ ^^.-flcel. ballr\ Du. boud\
O.H.G. bald\ cf. Goth, bcdthaba, adv.,
boldly. Teut. type ^bcUpoz,
BoxOf stem of a tree. (Scand.) M. E.
bole,^lct\, bolr, bulr^ the trunk of a tree,
stem; Swed. b^l\ Dan. buL Cf. Gk.
tpaX-ay^f a log, trunk. Cf. Balk (i).
Bolledf swollen. (Scand.) Earlier
forms are M. E. bol lefty pp., and bolnedy
pp. The latter is the pp. of M. E. bolneuy
to swell.— Dan. bulne, Swed. bulna, Icel.
bolgna, to swell, inchoative forms from
wk. grade of belg- (cf. Icel. belgt'a, to in-
flate). Cf. A. S. belgan (pp. bo^en), to
swell with anger. See Bellows, Billow.
Bolster. (E.) A. S. bolster, with suffix
'Ster as in holster. From its round shape.
^Du. bolster, bulster; Icel. bolstr; O.
H. G. bolstar (G. polster), Teut. type
*bul-stro8; from Teut. *bul, weak grade
of *beul, to puff up. See Boil (3). (See
Franck.)
Bolt (1)) a stout pin of iron, an arrow.
(E) A. S. bolt.'^Bu. bout, formerly b<flt ;
I)an. bolt] G. boh, bolzen. Root unknown.
Bolt (a), Boult, to sift meal. (F. -
L.-Gk.) Spelt bonlte in Palsgrave.—
O. F. bulter ; mod. F. bluter ; oldest form
buleter, a corruption of *lmreter, to sift
through coarse cloth ; cf. M. Ital. burat'
tare, to boult (Florio). - O. F. and F.
bure^ coarse woollen cloth. — Late Lat.
bura, burra, coarse red cloth. — Lat.
burrus, reddish. — Gk. irvppds, reddish.—
Gk. wvp, fire. See Bureau and Fire.
BoluSv a large pill. (L.-Gk.) Late
L. bolus (not L. bSlus), a Latinised form
of Gk, fiSiKoi, a clod, lump.
Bomb, a shell for cannon. {¥.or Span.
— L. — Gk.) F. bombe ; Span, bomba, — L.
bontbus, a humming noise. — Gk. fi6fjifioSf
the same. See Boom (i).
bombard. (F.- L.-Gk.) The verb
is from E. bombard, a great gun ; Sh. — F.
bombarde, a cannon; extended from F.
bombe ; see Bomb. Per. bombard-ier, ¥.
bombardier (Cot.). •
Bombasti orig. cotton wadding; hence
padding, affected language. (F.— L.-
Gk.) From O. F. bombace (with added /),
cotton wadding.— Late L. bombacem, ace.
of bombax, cotton ; for L. bombyx. — Gk.
fi6/jifiv^, silk, cotton; orig. a silkworm.
Cf. * to tulk jTustian:
bombasine, bombasine, a fabric
of silk and worsted. (F. — L. — Gk.) F.
bom basin, — I.ate L. bombdcinum, — L. bom-
bpcinus, adj. silken; from bombyx, silk;
see above.
Bond. (E.) See Band (I ).
Bondage, servitude. (F. — Scand.)
M. E, ana A. F. bondage, servitude ; the
sense being due to confusion with the verb
to bind. But it orig. meant the condition
of a bondman, called in A. S. bonda, a
word borrowed from Icel. bdndi, a hus-
bandman. And bdndi =^biiandi, a tiller;
from Icel. bHa, to till, prepare, cognate
with A. S. biian, to dwell, and G. bauen.
Thus A.S. bonda is allied in sense and
origin to E. boor^ q. v.
Bone. (E.) M.E. boon*, A.S. ban,
4-Du. been ; Icel. bein ; Swed. ben ; Dan.
been ; O. H. G. bein. Teut. type *bainom,
bonfire. (E) Orig. a bone-fire.
' Bane'fire, ignis ossium ; * Catholicon
Anglicanum, A. d. 1483; where bane is
the Northern form of bone, Cf. Picard^
d'^os, a bonfire.
Bonito, ^ kind of tunny. (Span.—
Arab.^ Span.* bonito, — Arab, baynith,
a bonito.
Bonnet. (F.) Y, bonnet \ O.F. bonet
(a. d. 1047), the name of a stuff of which
bonnets or caps were made. Origin
unknown.
Bonny, fair. (F.-L.) YxomY, bonne,
fair, fem. of bon, good. — L. bonus, good ;
O.L. duonus.
Bonse, a priest. (Port.- Japanese.)
Port. bonzo^^J&p, bonzo, a religious man.
Booby. (Span.— L.) Span, bobo, a
blockhead, booby (related to F. baube.
55
BOOK
BOTANY
stammering). — L. balbus, stammering;
hence, stupid.
Book. (E.) M. £. book ; A. S. bd<y «i
book ; also, a beech-tree. The orig.
* books ' were pieces of writing scratched
on a becchen board. 4- Du. boek \ Icel. bok \
Swed. bok ; Uan. bog\ G. btuh ; all in the
sense of * book * ; Goth, boka, a letter, pi.
^JXw, writings, p. With A.S. boc^ beech, cf.
].. fagtis, a beech, Gk. ^ijyoSf a tree with
edible fruit. •
Boom (i)» to hum. (E.) M. K. bom-
fMfttf not found in A. S.4-i^U' lH>mmeftf
to boom, to give out a hollow sound like
an empty barrel. An imitative word;
like L. bombuSy Gk. fiSfxfioSf a humming.
Boom (2), a pole. (Du.) Du. boom ;
the Du. form of Baam (i).
Boomorangf y a wooden missile weapon.
(Australian.) From the native Australian
name.
Boon (1)) a petition. (Scand.) M. E.
bone, Ch. — Icel. bon ; Dan. and Swed./v«,
a petition.+A. S. boen, ben (whence bene
in Wordsworth). The sense of * favour *
.irose from confusion with Boon (2).
Boon (2), good. (F. — L.) In the phr.
* boon companion.' — F. bon, good. — L.
bonus. See Bonny.
Boor I a peasant. (Du.) Du. /wer, a
j)easant, lit. * tiller of the soil.' — Du.
bouwen, to till. + A. S. btian, to dwell in,
whence gebfir^ s., a peasant (only preserved
in ncigh-boitr). So also G. bauen, to till,
whence bduer^ a peasant; Icel. btla^ Goth.
batMH, to dwell. Teut. stem *bu-j related
to Be. (Streitberg, § 90.)
Boot (i), advantage, proht. (£.) M. E.
bo/e, boot. A.S. bot^ profit. 4- Du. boete;
Icel. b^/ (cf. bati)f advantage, cure; Dan.
/W, Swed. bo/f remedy ; G. busse, atone-
ment; Goth. bota. Teut. type *bdtdy f.
From bot; strong grade of baf*; see
Better. Der. boot-less, profitless.
Boot (a), a covering for the foot. (F.)
M. E. bote. — O. F. bote (F. boffe) ; cf. Span.,
Port., Late L. bota. Origin unknown.
Booth. (Scand.) M. E. bo/Ae. - M.
Dan. bof/i (Kalkar), Dan. bot/; Swed. bod
(cf. Icel. btld, a dwelling, booth). — Dan.
/w, Swed. bo, Icel. bt7a, to dwell ; see
Boor. + G. bu(/e, a stall. Teut. type
*bupd, f. Cf. also Irish both, a hut,
W. bdd, a residence ; Lith. buta, butt as,
a house. See Build.
Booty. (F.-LowG.) Formerly spelt
itutin. — F. butiUf * a booty, prey ; ' Cot.
— M. Du. bute, Du. butt \ cf. Icel. byti,
Dan. bytte, Swed. byte, exchange, barter,
also booty, spoil ; G. beute, spoil.
Borage. (F. - Span. > Arab.) For-
merly pourage, — F. bourrache. — Span.
borraja, ''Avdih, abft raskh, lit. * father of
sweat ; ' because it is a sudorific.
Borax. (Low L. — Arab. ~ Pers.) Low
L. borax \ also boracum, ^ hivih, biiraq, —
Pers. bftrah, borax (Vullers).
Border, an edge. (F. — Low L. —
Teut.) M. E. bordure, bordeure.^O.Y.
bordeiire (Span, bordadurd), an edging. —
Low L. borddtftra, edging. — Low L. bor-
ddre (Ital. bordare. Span, bordar, F.
border), to edge. — Low L. bordus (F.
/;^/v/;. — Teut. (O. Low G.) bord, side; see
Board.
Bore (1), to perforate. (E.) M. £.
borien, A.S. ^^rra^. 4- Du. boren; Icel.
bora; Sw&l.borra; "Dan. bore; G. bohren.
Also h./ordre, to bore; Gk. tftapdav, to
plough. Brugm. i. $ 510. (y^BHER,
to cut.)
bore (a), to worry. (E.) Possibly a
metaph. use of the verb above ; Hen. VIII,
i. I. 128.
Bore (3), a tidal surge in a river.
(Scand.?) Perhaps from Icel. bdra, a
billow caused by wind ; Norw. baara^ a
billow, swell in the sea.
Boreas, the north wind. (L. — Gk.)
L. Boreas, ^Gk, Bopias, Bo^fids, the N.
wind.
Borough. (E.) M. E. bur^h, borgh ;
also bonve. A.S. burh, burg (gen. and
dat. byrig), a fort. Perhaps from Teut.
burg*, weak grade of *bergan-, to' pro-
tect ; whence Goth, bairgan, to hide, keep ;
see Barr6w. <4- Du. burg; Icel. borg;
Swed. and Dan. borg; G. burg; Goth.
baurgs. See below. Brugm. i. § 566 ; ii.
§ 160.
borrow. (E.) M. E. borwen ; A. S.
borgian, lit. to give a pledge. — A. S. borg,
borh, a pledge. — A.S. //<7r^-, weak grade
of beorgott, to keep, protect; see Bar-
row and Borough.
Bosom. (E.) M. E. bosom. A. S.
/w/z/.+Du. boeum ; G. busen.
Boss, a knob. (F. - O. H. G.) M. E.
boce, bos.'^O.Y . boce (F. bosse); cf. Ital.
bozza, a swelling; M. Ital. bozzare, to
rough-hew, to bungle. Prob. from O. H.
G. bozan, to beat ; a bump being the
eflfect of a blow. Cf. botch, beat.
Botany. (F. - Gk.) F. botanique,
56
BOTARQO
orig. an adj.^Gk. fioraviKAs, belonging
to plants. — Gk. fiordinj, grass. — Ok.
fiiaietiv, to pasture; cf. fioroVf a grazing
animal.
BotargO. a cake made of the roe of the
sea-mnllet. (ital. — Arab.) M.Ital. dotargo,
^\,Marghe\ see Florio and Torriano.—
Arab, butarkha^ botargo ; given by Devic.
Supposed to be composed of bu^ Coptic
del. article, and Gk. rdpixos, dried fish
(Joum. des Savants, Jan. 1848, p. 45).
jSotoh (1)1 to patch. (£.) Origin
unknown. Similar is M. Du. duisen, to
strike, beat, also to patch up; cf. Du.
botsen, to beat.
Botoh (a), a swelling. (F. - G.)
M.E. Atff^^.-0. North F. bo€he\ Picard
boche ; O. F. boci (F. bosse\ a swelling; see
Bom.
Both. (Scand.) M.E. bafe, Scot.
A0fM.*-Icel. bd9ir, both, dual aqj. ; Dan.
baade\ Swed. b9da,^Q. beide. And cf.
A. S. bdf both ; Lat. -bo in afnbo\ Gk. -^
in Afi-^ ; Skt. -bha in u-bha^ both. Icel.
'tiir is for 0^iV, they, the ; so that bo-th
was orig. two words ; of. Goth, bafoskipa^
both the ships (Luke v. 7).
Bother, vb. and sb. (E.) In Swift. Cf.
pother \ prov. Y*,puddtrt confusion ; M.E.
putheren, to bestir oneself. Origin un-
jcnown.
Bots. small worms. (E.) Lowl. Sc.
bats. Of unknown origin.
Bottle (i), a hollow vessel. (F.~
Late L. - Gk.) M. E. botel - F. bouteilh,
•-Late Lat. buticulct, double dimin. of
Late L. butts, buttis, a cask, a butt ; see
Butt (2).
Bottle* (a), a bundle of hay. (F.-
O. H. G.) M. E. boteL - O. F. bote/, /tot-
elle, a small bundle, dimin. of botte^ a
bundle, as of hay. oO. H. G. bozo^ a bundle
of straw or flax ; allied to O. H. G. bozatty
to beat (see Beat); perhaps from the
beating of fiax.
Bottom. (E.) M. E. botum^ bothonu
A. S. A^/m.^Du. liodem ; Icel. botn ; Swed.
botten\ Vtm* bund; G,boden\ Lui./uftdus;
Gk. wv$fi^v; Vedic Skt. budhndf depth,
Sound. Allied to Irish bonn, sole of the
ot ; Gael, bonn, sole, bottom ; W. bon,
base, stock. See Fundament. Brugm.
i. %% 103, 704.
Boudoir. (F.) F. boudoir, a private
room for a lady ; lit. a place to suIk in. —
K. bouder, to sulk. Cf. E. pout.
Bough, (E.) H*'E, bough, A.,S, bog,
BOURD
boh; of which the orig. sense was *an
arm.'+Icel. bogr, Swed. bog, Dan. bov,
the shoulder of an animal, hence the bow
(shoulder) of a ship; G. bi^; Gk. ir^x*^^*
the fore-arm ; Skt. bahus, the arm. Teut.
type *boguz; Idg. type *bhdghus. See
Bow (4). Brugm. i. | 184.
Bought, a bend, turn, fold. (Low G.)
In Spenser, F. Q. i. i. 15. Low G. bugt,
a bend; Du. bogt, bocht; Dan. bugt, Cf.
G. bucht. The E. form is Bight. And
see Bout.
Boulder, a large stone. (E. ?) Etym.
obscure; cf. Swed. dial, bultersteen, a
large rolling stone; so called from its
rolling down stream with a crash.— Swed.
butlra, to thunder, roar; and steen, a
stone. Danish has buldre, to roar, bulder,
a crash.
Boult, to sift meal ; see Bolt (a).
Bounoe, to jump up quickly. (E.)
M. E. bunsen, to beat. Cf. Low G. bun-
sen, to beat, knock at a door; Du. bottzen,
to bounce, throw, from Du. bons, a bounce,
thump; G. bumps, bounce; Icel. bops,
bump ! Prob. imitative.
Bound (0, to leap. (F.-L.-Gk.)
F. bondir, to oound ; but orig. to resound.
i-L. bombitdre, to resound. «iL. bombus,
a humming sound. — Gk. fidfAfios, the same.
Dop. re^bound (F. rebondir).
Bound (a), a boundary. (F.-C?)
M. E. bounoe t Ch. ; with excrescent d, as
in soun-d, A. F. bounde, bunde; O. F.
bonne, a boundary ; also spelt bodne (Bur-
guy); Late Lat. bodina (contr. form
bound) ^ a bound, limit. Perhaps of Celtic
origin ; Thumeysen, 91. Der. bound-ary.
Bound (3), ready to go. (Scand.) In
*■ the ship is bound for Spain,* &c.
Formed, with excrescent d, from M. E.
boun, ready, Ch. C. T. 11807. - Icel.
buinn, prepared ; pp. of bua, to till, pre-
pare. -f* A. S. biian ; see Boor.
Bounden. the old pp. of Bind. (E.)
As in ' bounaen duty.*
Bounty, orig. goodness. (F. - L.)
M. E. bountee, •- O. F. bontet, •- L. ace.
bonitdtem, from bonitds, goodness. — L.
bonus, good. See Bonny.
Bouquet. (F. — Late L.) F. bouquet;
O. F. bosquet, orig. ' a little wood,' dimin.
of O. F. bos (F. bois), a wood. « Late L.
boscum, buscum, ace. of boscus, buscus, a
wood ; of unknown origin. Cf. Bush.
Bourdi a jest ; to jest. (F.) M. E.
bourde, sb.; bourdett, v.-l«. bourde, a
5!
BOURN
BRACELET
game ; bourder^ to play. Of unknown
origin. (Not as in Diez.)
Bonm (i)y a boundary. (F.) In Sh.
— F. borne, a bound ; for O. F. bodne,
variant of O. F. bonne, a boundary ; see
Bound (2).
Bonm (2), Bom, a stream. (£.)
M. £. bourne, A. S. burna, a fountain,
stream, welL+Icel. brunnr; Swed. brunn;
Dan. brond; G. brunnen; Goth, brunna,
a spring, well.
Bouse, Bonze, Boose, to drink
deeply. (Dn.) M. E. bousen (ab. 1300).
— M. Du. *busen, later buyzen, to drink
deeply. i^M. Du. buse (Latinised as busa
by Erasmus), buyse, a large cup, also a
tap, a conduit (Kilian) ; Du. buis, a con-
duit, pipe. Cf- O. F. buse, a conduit ;
G. bausen, to bouse.
Bont, a turn, a round, occasion. (Low
G.) The same as Bought (above) ; prob.
in^uenced by about.
Bow (i), to bend. (E.) M. E. bowen,
bogen, bitgen, A. S. bu^an.^Vu. buigen ;
O. H. G. biogan ; Goth, biugan ; Teut.
type Heugan- or *bugan-', Cf. Skt. bhuj,
to bend ; Lat. /up€re, to take to flight,
give way ; Gk. (ptv^tiVf to flee. Brugm. i.
§§ 658. 701.
bow (2), a bend. (E.) From the
verb.
bow (3), a weapon to shoot with. (E.)
M. E. f^vwe. A. S. boga, a bow ; because
it is bent or bowed.^'Dn. boog; Icel. bogi;
Swed. bSge ; Dan. bue ; O. H. G. bogo ;
G. boggn. From A. S. bog- ; cf. bog-en, pp.
of biigan, to bend.
bow-window. (E.) A window of
semi-circular form ; not the same as bay-
window.
Bow (4), the * shoulder ' of a ship.
(Scand.) From Icel. bogr, shoulder; see
Bougli.^Du. boeg, bow of a ship.
BoweL (F.-L.) M. E. boueL^O. F.
boSl\ (mod. F. boyau), — Lat. ace. botellum,
a sausage ; in Late L., an intestine ;
dimin. of botulus, a sausage.
Bower, an abode, chamber, arbour.
(E.) M. E. bour, A. S. bur, a chamber.
— A. S. bi7an, to dwell. 4" Icel* ^^^* a
chamber; Dan. buur, Swed. bur\ O. Sax.
bur; O. H. G. bur, Teut. types Hurom,
n., *buroz, m. ; see Boor. Cf. Booth.
Bowl (1)1 a round wooden ball. (F.~
L.) M. E. bouIe.^F. bou/e,'^'L. bulla, a
bubble ; hence, a round thing, a ball.
Bowl (2), a drinking-vessel. (E.)
M.E. bolle. A. S. bolla\ from its round
fonn.+Du. bol, ball ; Icel. bolli, O. H. G.
bolla, bowl (G. bolle\ From Teut. *bul-,
weak grade of *beul-, to swell ; cf. Goth.
uf-bauljan, to puff up. See Boil (2).
Bow-line. (Scand.) Not so called
because it keeps a sail bffived (for it rather
keeps it straight), but because fastened to
the ship's bow, — Norw. and Swed. bog-
Una, bow-line, from bog, bow of a ship;
Du. boeglijn, from boeg, bow. For the
pronunciation, cf. bow-sprit. See Bow (4)
and Iiine.
Bow-window; see Bow (i).
Box (i)> the name of a tree. (L. — Gk.)
M. £. box ; A. S. box, ^ Lat. buxus, the
box-tree. — Gk. vv^os, the box-tree.
box (2), a chest or case to put things
in. (L. — Gk.) M. E. box ; A. S. box, — L.
buxum, anything made of box-wood;
hence, a box. — Lat. buxus, the box-tree.
(Hence a box at a theatre ; a shooting-^^jr ;
a Christmas box or present; &c.) Cf.
Pyx.
Box (3), to fight with fists; a blow.
(E.) The verb is from M. E. box, sb.,
a blow. Cf. N. Fries, bakke. Silt bokke,
a blow (Outsen) ; M. H. G. buc, a blow ;
Du. beuken, G. pochen, to beat.
Box (4), in phr. ' to box the compass.'
Apparently one of the numerous uses of
the vb. formed from box (2). See
N. E. D.
Boy. (E.) M. E. boi, boy. Preserved
in E. Friesic boi, boy, a boy (Koolman) ;
allied to M. Du. boeve, a boy, Du. boef,
a knave. 4* Icel. boH, a knave ; G. btibe.
Bavarian bueb, bua, bui, a boy. Cf. A. S.
Bofa, personal name.
Boycott, to combine with others in re-
fusing to have dealings with any one. (E.)
From the treatment accorded to Capt. Boy-
cott, of Lough Mask House, co. Mayo, Ire-
land, in Dec. 1880.
Brabble, to quarrel. (E.) Cf. Du.
brabbelen, to stammer, confound ; whence
brabbeltaal, foolish talk. See Blab,
Babble.
Brace, orig. a firm hold. (F. — L.)
From the notion of embracing. — O. F.
brace, the two arms (Bartsch) ; hence a
measure of 5 feet, formed with extended
arms (Cot.) ; and hence, a grasp. — Lat.
brdchia, pi. of brdchium, the arm. + Irish
brae, W. braich, the arm ; Gk. fipaxiojv,
bracelet. (F. — L.) F. bracelet ;
dimin. of O. F. bracel^ an armlet (Bartsch).
58
BRACH
BRAND
^L. brdchidle, an armlet. ■■L. brdchium^
an arm.
Bradly a kind of huntiog-dog. (F. —
G.) M. K. brachiy pi. branches, ^ A. F.
brach€z, pi. of bracket^ dimin. of O. F.
brcu (F. ^A-fl^w^).— O. H. G. brctcco (G.
brack), a dog that hmits by the scent.
Brackexit fem. (Scand.) M. £. bra-
ken. From O. Icel. *brakni, not fonnd ;
represented by Swcd. brdken^ Dan. brepu^
fem ; cf. Icel. burkni^ fem.
BraclEet, a corbel, &c. (F — C?)
Formerly spelt bragget^ as in Minsheu, ed.
1627. So named from the resemblance to
the front part of a pair of breeches, as
formerly made. — F. bragiutte, * a cod-
piece/ Cot. (the front part of a pair of
breeches) ; the allied Span, bragueta also
meant a projecting mould in architecture,
a bracket or corbel. Dimin. of O. F.
brogue, ' a kind of mortaise,' Cot. ; from
braguesy breeches; so also Span, bragueta
is the dimin. of Span bragas, breeches.—
L. brdca, breeches; said to be of Celtic
(or Teutonic ?) origin. See Breeohes.
Brackish. (Du.) Du. brak, briny,
nauseous; older form wrack, brackish
(Hexham) ; allied to M. Du. wracke, a
wreck, Du. wraken, to reject, blame, dis-
approve.— Du. wrakj orig. 2nd grade of
wreken, to wreak; orig. to drive. See
"Wreck. [So also wrang^ sour, is allied
to wrin^en^ to wring. See Franck.]
Bract. (L.) Lat. bractea, a thin plate
or leaf of metal.
Brad. (Scand.) M. £. brod, ^IccX,
broddr, a spike ; Swed. brodd, Dan. brodde,
a frost-nail. 4> A. S. brord^ a spike. Teat,
type *brozdoz. Cf. O. Irish brot, Ir. brod,
AV. brath, a sting.
BraCf brow of a hill, steep bank, slope.
(Scand.) M. E. bra, ^r J (North). — Icel.
bra, brow; hence, brow of a hill; see
Brow.
Brag, to boast. (Uncertain.) M. £.
braggen, to sound loudly, to vaunt. Etym.
unknown ; cf. Gael, bragky an explosion,
crack; A.S. gebrccc, a breaking, crash,
noise; Icel. brak, a creaking, braka, to
creak ; cognate with L. fragor, noise.
Also (late) M. F. braguer, * to flaunt,
brag,' Cot. ; M. F. bragard, * gay, gallant,
braggard,* whence E. braggart. We find
also W. bragal, to vociferate (from E.) ;
'BifX.braga, to brag (from F.). Cf. Bray.
Braggct. (W.) M.E.^nz^/.-W.
bragpt, a kind of mead; allied to Irish
bracat, malt liquor. — W. brag, malt ; Irish
and Gael, braich, malt, fermented grain.
Cf. Gael, brack, to ferment.
Bralmiaa, Brahmin. (Skt.) Skt.
brdkmcasa, a brahman, holy man. — Skt.
brahman, prayer; also devotion, lit. *a
greatness * of the soul ; cf. brhatUy great.
(VBHERGH, to be great.) '
Braid (i), to weave. (E.) M.E. breiden.
A. S. bregdan, bredan, to brandish, weave,
braid. •4- Icel. bregUa, to brandish, turn
about, change, start, braid, &c. ; whence
bragd, a sudden movement.
braid (2), full of deceit. (E.) In
All's Well, iv. 2. 73, braid is short for
braided, i. e. full of braids or tricks. M.E.
braid, trick, deceit. — A.S. brcegd, deceit;
from A. S. bragd, 2nd grade oi bregdan, to
draw out, weave, knit, braid.
Brail, a kind of ligature or fastening.
(F. — C. ?) O. F. braiel, a cincture ; orig. for
£Eistening up breeches. — F. braie, breeches.
— L. braces, breeches.
Brain. (E.) l^^.Ys.brayfu. K.S.bragn,
bragen, the brain. + Du. brein. Cf. Gk.
fip€x/i6s, the top of the head.
Brake (i)» a machine for breaking
hemp; a name for various mechanical
contrivances. (O. Low G.) M.E. brake.
— Low G. brake f a flax-brake; M. Du.
braecke, * a brake to beat flax ; ' Hexham ;
Du. braak. — Du. brak, 2nd grade oibreken,
to break ; see Break. ^^
Brake (2), bush. (E.) U.Y..' brake.
+Low G. brake, willow-bush (Bremen);
also stumps of broken trees, rough growth.
From A. S. brecan, (pt. t brccc), to break.
% In the sense of *fem,* modified from
Bracken.
Bramble. (E.) yi.Y..brembil. A.S.
bremel, brembel. Allied to Du. braam, a
blackberry ; Swed. brom-bdr, Dan. brom-
bcer^ G. brombeere, a blackberry. Here Du.
braam^ G. brofu (O. H.G. bidnia) answer
to A. S. brom (see Broom) ; of which A.S.
brem-el{lox TQ\xt.*br^miioz) is the diminu-
tive).
Bran. (F.) M.E. bran. -^O.Y. bran,
bren. Cf. W. bran, Irish bran, husks,
chaff (from E.) ; Bret, brenn, bran (from F.).
Branch. (F.— L.) Y.bran€ke.^L.2X&
L. branca, the paw of an animal.
Brandy a burning piece of wood, scar
of fire, a sword. (E.) M. E. brand, A. S.
brandy a burning, a sword : from brann,
2nd stem of Teut. ^brennan-, to burn ; see
Bum. + l^cl. brandr, a fire-brand, sword-
59
BRANDISH
BREACH
blade (from its flashing) ; Swed. and Dan.
brand f fire-brand; fire ; M. H. G. brants
a brand, sword.
Imuidish. (F.-Scand.) ViJS..braun-
disen. ■- F. brandisS'Onf, pres. pt oibrandir,
to brandish a sword. » A. F. brand, a
sword. — Icel. brandr ; see Brand above.
brandy. (Du.) Formerly brand-
ivine, brandy-wine \ whence brandy, — Du.
brandC'Wijn, M. Du. brandwijn, brandy ;
lit. 'burnt' (i.e. distilled) vrine (or, ace.
to Kilian, because it easily bams). — Do.
branden, to bum; and wijn, wine; see
Bum.
BrankSf a punishment for scolds. (£.)
See Jamieson. Hence were borrowed
Gael, brangas (O. Gael, brancas), a sort
of pillory; Gael, brang, Irish brancas, a
halter. ^ Du. pranger, pincers, bamacle,
collar; G. franger, a pillory; Du.
prangen, to pmch. Cfl Goth, ana-praggan,
to harass.
Bran-new. (£•) Short for brand-niw,
i. e. new from the fire. See Brand.
Brant-fojc, Brant-gooaeorlirent-
ffOOSe. The prefix is Scand., as in Swed.
brandra/t a brant«fox, brandgh^ a brent-
goose. The orig. sense is *bumt,' with
the notion of redness or blackness.
Braaier . Brasier, a pan to hold coals.
(F.— Scand.; F. brasier.^Y, braise, live
coals. — Swed. brasa, fire (below).
Braaa. (£.) M.E. bras. A. S. bras,
Terhaps allied to the verb seen in Icel.
brasa, to harden by fire; Dan. brase, to
fry ; cf. Swed. brasa, fire. Der. braz-en,
A. S. brasen.
braae (Oi to harden. (£.) K. Lear,
i. I. II. It means to harden like brass;
see below.
' braie (a), to ornament with brass.
(£.) In Chapman, tr. of Homer, Od. xv.
J 1 3 ; from brass, sb. ' Aero, ic brasige ; *
iClfric, Gram. p. 215.
Braaaart, the piece of armour which
protected the upper part of the arm. (F. —
L.) F. brassart (Cot. J, brassard (Littre);
also brassal, Formea with suffix -ard
from F. bras, arm. — L. brdchium, arm.
Brat (1)) a cloak, rough mantle. (C.)
It also meant a rag, clout, or pinafore.—
Gael, and Irish brai, a cloak, rag ; O. Irish
brai, a rough cloak ; W. brethyn, woollen
cloth, f W. brat is from E.)
Brat (a)i a child ; esp. ' a beggar's brat^
Perhaps ' a rag,' the same as Brat (i).
Bratti06| a fence of boards in a mine.
;(F.-Teat.?) M.E. bretasc/u, bretasce,
bruiaske, a parapet, battlement — O.F.
bretesche, a small wooden outwork, battle-
ment; cf. Prov. bertresca, Ital. bertesca,
the same. A difficult word ; prob. formed
from G. breU, a plank.
Brayado. (Span.) See Brave.
Brave. (F.— Ital.) ¥. brave, 'hnvc,
gay, fine, proud, braggard, valiant ; ' Cot
— Ital. bravo ; the same as Span, and
Fort bravo; TroY.brau. £tym. unknown;
none of the explanations are satis£Eictory ;
the Bret brav, O. Swed. brqf, appear to
be borrowed from F.
bravado. (Span.) Altered from Span.
bravada, *9 bravado;' Minsheu's Span.
Diet.— Span, bravo, brave.
bravOy a daring villain. (Ital.) Ital.
bravo^ brave ; as a sb., a cut-throat, villain.
bravo! well done! (Ital.) li^. bravo,
brave ; used in the voc. case masc.
Brawl (i), to quarrel. (£.?) M.E.
brawlen. Perhaps £. Cf Du. brallen,
to brag, boast; Dan. bralle, to prate,
chatter; G.prahlen, to brag.
Brawl (2), a sort of dance. (F. —Scand.
<?r O. H . G.) * A French brawl,* L. L. L. iii.
9. — F. bransle, ' a totter, swing, . . . braivl
or dance ; ' Cot. — F. bransler^ to reel ; mod.
F. branUr, Allied to O.F. brandeler
(Littr^), brandiller, to shake (Cot.),
frequent forms of F. brandir, to brandish.
See Brandish.
Brawn, muscle. (F.-O. H. G.) M. E.
braun, jnusclci boards flesh. — O. F. braon^
a slice of flesh ; cf. Prov. bradon, the same.
— O. H. G. braton, ace. of brdto^ a slice
of flesh for roasting. — O. H.G. brdtan
(G. bratefC), to roast.-|- A. S. br&dan.
Bray (i), to braise, poimd. (F. — G.)
M. £. brayen. — O. F. breier (F. broyer), —
O. Sax. brekan (G. brechen), to break;
see Break.
Bray (a), to make a roaring noise.
(F.-C.) A. F. braier\ F. braire (Med.
Lat bragire). Of Celtic origin; cfl Gael.
bragh, a burst, explosion, braigh, to crackle
(Thumeysen) ; and cf. lL,frag-or, noise.
Braie ; see Brass.
Brasier ; see Brasier.
Breacb. (E.) M. £. breche, a fracture.
— A. S. brec€, as in hlaf-gebrece, a piece of
bread (more commonly brice, a breaking);
O. Fries, breke. — A. S. brecan, to break.
% M. E. breche is also partly from O. F.
breche (F. briche), a fracture. — G. brcchcn.
to breidc.
60
BREAD
BRIDEGROOM
Bread. (E.) M,'E.J>reed. A, S, dread.
'^Du.hrood; Icel. drautf; Swed.andDan.
drad; G. hrot, Teut type Hraudom, n. ;
or Hraudoz, nent. form in 'Oz, It some-
times means * bit * or ' piece ' ; cf. A. S.
' breadru, fnuta pdnis^ Blickling Glosses ;
O. Northumb. bread^ a bit, morsel ; John
xiii. 27.
Breadth. (E.) The final 'th is late;
from M. E, brede^ breadth; Ch. — A. S.
bradu.'\'\'ct^, breidd; O. H. G. breiti (G.
brgi/e); Goth, bratda, f. From Teut.
*braidoz, broad ; tee Broad.
Break. (E.) M. E. breken ; pt t brak;
pp. broken. A, S. brecan^ pt t. braCf pp.
brocen.'^T>\x, breken \ Goth, brikan; G.
brechen. Cf. Icel. braka, to creak; Swed.
^rai^^, to crack ; Dan. ^r^>&i^; Lat.yra»-
^^r^, to break ; Gael, bragk, an explosion.
( VBHREG.) The orig. sense is to break
with a noise, to crack.
Bream, a fish. (F.— Tent.) M.E.breem,
-O.F. bresme (F. br^mey^U.K.G.
brahsem (G. brassen) ; O. H. G. brahsina
(Kluge). Cf. Du. brasem.
Breast. (E.) M,E. bresf,bre€sL A. S.
breosL + Icel. brjost (Swed. brostf Dan.
bTyst) : Teut. type *breustom, n. Also G.
bn4sf, Du. borst, Goth. ^;*«j/j : Teut. stem
*brust' (with weak grade).
Breath. (K) M.E.breetkfbre^k. A.S.
br^.^O. H. G. brddam, G. brodeptf broden,
brodel, steam, vapour, exhalation.
Breech. (£.) See Breeches.
Breeches. (E.) Really a double
plural, the form breech being, in itself, a pi.
form. A. S. brec, breeches; pi. oibroc, with
the same sense. -4- Du. broek, a pair of
breeches ; Icel. brdk (pi. brakr) ; M. H. G.
bruoch. Cf. L. brdca, said to be a word
of Celtic (but rather of Teutonic) origin.
See Brognies. «•
breech. (E.) M. £. breech; A.S.
brec, the breech; A.S. Leechdoms, ii.
146. Cf. A. S. brec, breeches, pi. of brae;
see above.
Breed. (E.) A. S. bredan^ to produce
or cherish a brood. —A.S. brodjti brood
^with mutation from Jto ^).+G. briiien;
from brut. See Brood.
Breeks, breeches. (Scand.) Northern
£. From Icel. brakr, pi. of brdk\ see
Breeches.
Breese (i)* a gadfly. (E.) M.E. brese.
A. S. briosa.
Breese(a),astrongwind. (F.) Formerly
brize.^O. F. brise, uMd by Rabelais in the
same sense as F. bise, the N. wind ; cf.
Span, brtsa, Port, briza, the N.E. wind;
Ital. brezza, a cold wind. Orig. unknown.
Breeze (3)> cinders. (F.— Scand.)
O. F. brese {breze in Cot.), F. braise.^ live
coals. See Brasier.
Breve. (Ital— L.) Orig. a j^^/ note;
now the longest in use. —Ital. breve, brief.
— L. breuis, short. Der. semi-breve,
brevet. (F.— L.) F. ^rw^/, * a brief,
breviate, little writing;' Cot. Dimin. from
F. bref, brief.— L. breuis, short.
breviary. (F — L.) F, brfy;iaire.^
L. breuidrtum, a summary. — L. breuis.
brevity. (F.— L.) F. briiveU.'^'L.
ace. breuttdtem, shortness.— L. breuis,
short.
Brew. (E.) M. £. brewen. A. S.
breoivan, pt. t. breaw, ]pp. gebroTven.'^'DvL.
brouwen; G.brauen; IcA.brugga; Swed.
brygga j Dan. brygge. Cf. L. de-fru-tum,
new wine boiled down ; Thracian fipvrovy
beer, (y^ BHREU, to decoct.)
Brewis, Browis, pottage. (F.-
O. H. G.) M.E. brewes, browes.^O.F,
brouez, broez, nom. of brouet, broet, soup
made with broth of meat ; dimin. of breuy
pottage (Roquefort).— O. H. G. brod^ broi,
broth ; see Broth. Also spelt brose.
Briar, Brier. (E.) M.E. brere.
A. S. brStr, O. Merc. brer.
Bribe. (F.) M. E. bnbe. - O. F. bribe,
a piece of bread given to a beggar.
Cf. briber, to beg; Span, briba, idleness,
bribar, to loiter about ; Ital. birba, fraud ;
birbante, an idle beggar. Origin un-
known ; not Celtic.
Brick. (F.-M. Du.) F. brique, a
brick; also a fragment, bit. — M.Du. bricke,
a brick ; cf. Walloon briquet^ a large slice
of bread. — Du. breken, to break. Der.
brick-bat (see Bat).
Bride. (E.) M. E. bride ; also birde,
brude, burde. A. S. bryd, a bride. + Du.
bruid\ \qx\. briHir; Swed. and Dan. ^n^/;
O.H.G. briit\ G. braut\ Goth, briiths.
Teut. type *brudiz, f.
bridal. (E.) Formerly bride-ale, a
bride-feast. A. S. bryd-ealo, a bride-ale,
bride-feast. — A. S. bryd, bride; and ealo,
ale, also a feast ; see Ale.
bridegroom. (E.) For bridegoom ;
the second r is intrusive ; by confusion
with groom. A. S. br^d-guma, lit. bride-
man; where guma is cognate with L.
homo, a man ; see Homage. 4- Du. bruide-
gom; Icel. brilSgumi; Swed. hrudgum\
61
BRIDGE
BROCADE
Dan. brudgom ; G. brdutigam^ O. H. G.
brfitigomo*
Brieve. (E.) M.E. brigge, brugge,
A. S. 3r^<:^.+Icel. bryggja ; Swed. brygga ;
Dan. brygge^ a pier ; Du. brug ; G. brilcke.
Teut. type *brugjd^ f. Allied to Icel. brii^
Dan. ^rtf, a briage, pavement; O. Swed.
bro^ a paved way.
Bridle. (E.) M.E. bndeL A. S.
brtdel, 4" Du. breidel\ O. H. G. bridely
brittil (whence F. bride), A. S. ^riV/^/
represents an earlier *brigdel (cf. brigdilsy
a bridle, O. E. Texts, p. 44, 1. 127). — A. S.
bregi-an, to pull, twitch (with change of
e Xot). See Braid.
Brief ( i ) , short. (F. - L.) M. E. bref.
— F. bref.'^lj, breuisy short. + Gk. /3/)axvy,
short.
brief (2\ a writ, &c. (F.-L.) F.
brief, a brief; Cot. The same as F. bre/
above ; from its being in a short form.
Brig, Brigade ; see Brigand.
Brigand. (F.-Ital.) F. brigand, a,
robber. — Ital. brigun/€, an. intriguer, rob-
ber ; orig. pres. part, of brigare^ to strive
after. — Ital. briga, strife, quarrel, trouble.
Orig. uncertain.
m?ig ; short for brigantine.
brigade. (F.-Ital.) ¥, brigade, a
crew, troop. — Ital. brigaia, a troop ; orig.
fem. of pp. of brigare, to strive, fight, as
above.
brigandine, a kind of armour. (F.
— Ital.) F. brigamiine, a kind of armour,
worn by brigands. — F. brigand, a robber ;
see above.
brigantine, brig, a ship. (F.-
Ital.) Brig is merely short for brigantine,
— F. brigantin, a kind of ship. — Ital.
brigantino, a pirate-ship. — Ital. brigante,
a robber. See Brigand.
Bright. (E.) M. E. bright, A. S.
beorht, berht. + Icel. bjartr ; M. H. G.
berht ; Goth, bairhts, shining. Teut. type
Herhtoz, shining. Cf. Gk. <f>opK6s, white.
Brill, a fish. (E.) Origin unknown.
Brilliant, shining. (F.-L.-Gk.—
Skt.) F. brillant, pres. part, of briller,
to glitter; cf. Ital. brillare, to sparkle.
The orig. sense was to sparkle as a beryl.
— L. beryllus, a beryl ; see Beryl.
Brim. (E.) M.E. brim. (Not in
A. S.) Cf. Icel. barmr, brim ; Swed.
bram, border, edge; Dan. bramme; M.
Du. breme ; G. gebrdme, border.
Brimstonei sulphur. (E.) M. E.
hrimston, biemstoon, also brenstoon (Wy-
clif).i"M. £. brenn-en, to bum, and stoott,
stone. So also Icel. brennisteinn, brim-
stone. See Bum.
Brindled, Brinded, streaked.
(Scand.) Icel. bronti-, as in bronddttr,
brinded, said of a cow. — Icel. brandr, a
brand, flame, sword. Thus brinded «
branded.
Brine. (E.) M. E. brine, A. S. bryrte
(for brine), brine, salt liquor. +M. Du.
briint ; Du. brijn, pickle.
tiring. (E.) A. S. bringan, also
brengan, pt. t. brdhte.^Y)Vi, brengen; G.
bringen; Goth, briggan (written for
bringan), pt. t. brdhta.
Brink. (Scand.) M. E. ^rt/iy&. — Dan.
brink, verge; Swed. brink, descent or
slope of a hill; Icel. brekka {jiotbrinka^, a
slope, crest of a hill ; allied to Icel. bringa,
a grassy slope, orig. the breast.
Brisk. (F. - Ital.) Spelt bruisk in
Lowl. Sc. (1560). — F. brusque, * brisk,
lively, quicke, rash, harsh;* Cot. — Ital.
brusco, tart, harsh ; see Brusque.
Brisket. (F.) O. F. brischet (Brachet),
s. V. brechei), also bruschet (Ducange) ;
brichet, * the brisket, or breast- piece,*
bruchet, * the craw-bone of a bird ; * Cot.
Mod. F. brechet. Cf. Bret, bruched, the
breast ; spelt brusk in the dialect of
Vannes.
Bristle. (E.) M. E. bristle, bersile,
birstle ; dimin. of A. S. byrst, a bristle.+
Du. borstel; Icel. burst \ Swed. borst;
G. borste. From Teut. *burs', weak grade
of *bers = Idg. *bhers, to bristle ; cf. Skt.
sakasra-bhrshti, having a thousand points.
See Burr.
Brittle. (E.) M.E. britel, broteU
brutel. For A. S. Hrytel^ltMX, Hrutiloz,
from brtit', weak grade of A. S. breotan,
to break. It means 'fragile.' Cf. Icel.
brjota, Swed, bryta, Dan. bryde, to break.
Broach. (F. — L.) M.E. setten on
broche»\.o set a-broach, tap liquor. — F.
mettre en broche, to tap, by piercing a
barrel. — F. brocher, • to pierce ; broche,
* a broach, spit,' Cot. ; see Brooch.
Broad. (E.) M. E. brood, A. S. brad.
+ Du. breed', Icel. breiOr; Swed. and
Dan. bred; Goth, braids; G. breit.
Brocade. (Span. — L.) Span, brocado,
brocade; orig. embroidered, the pp. of a
verb *brocar (not used) answering to F.
brocher, *to broach, also, to stitch . . . with
great stitches ; * Cot. — F. ^r<v^^. — Late L.
brocca, L. broccus ; see Brooch.
62
BROCCOLI
BROTHEL
broccoli. (Ital.— L.) Ital. broccoliy
sprouts ; pi. of broccolo^ a sprout. Dimin.
of broccOf a skewer, a shoot, stalk. — L.
broccus, projecting, like teeth.
broclmro, a pamphlet. (F. — L.) F.
brochure, a few leaves stitched together. —
F. brocher, to stitch ; see Brooade.
Brock, a badger. (C.) A. S. brbc.^
W., Com., and Bret, brock; Irish, Gael.,
and Manx broc, a badger. Named from
his white-streaked face ; cf. Gael, brocachj
speckled, grayish, as a badger ; Gk. <popK6s,
white, gray. (Cf. E. grayy a badger.)
BrOf^ctj a red deer two years old.
(F.— L.) F. brocartf the same; so called
because he has but one tine to his horn. —
F. broche, a spit, also, a tine of a stag's
horn ; see Brooch.
Brogues, coarse shoes, leggings. (C.
— £.) Gael, and Irish brog^ shoe ; M. Irish
^r^r, shoe. — A. S. broc^ breeches; or Icel.
brok. See Breeches.
Broided. braided. (£.) The wk. pp.
broided took the place of the str. pp.
broiden, woven, itself due to confusion of
browden with broider (below). Browden
represents A. S. brogden, pp. of bregdatiy
to braid. See Braid.
Broider, to adorn with needlework.
(F.) [In I Tim. ii. 9, broidered (as in
some edd.) is an error for broided; see
above.] Used as the equivalent of F.
brodery 'to imbroyder,' Cot. The oi is
due to confusion with broided, — O. F.
broader^ also brosder (Supp. to Godefroy) ;
cf. Late L. brusdus^ brosdus, embroidered
work (Ducange). Of unknown origin;
perhaps from Teut. *brozd-, whence A. S.
brordy Icel. broddr^ a spike ; see Brad.
Broil (I), to fry, grill. (F.) M.E.
broilen. — A. F. broiller (Bozon), O. F.
bruiller, to boil, roast (Roquefort). Origin
unknown; cf. O.F. bruiry to roast; per-
haps from M. H. G. bruejen^ to scald ; see
Brood.
Broil (2)1 a tumult. (F.) F. brouiller^
to jumble, confuse, confound. Cf. Ital.
brogliare^ to disturb, broglio, confusion
(whence E. im-broglio). Origin un-
known.
Broker. (F. — L.) M. E. brocour^
nn agent, witness of a transaction. * A. F.
brocoury an agent ; orig. a * broacher ' or
seller of wine. —Late L. broccator^ one
who broaches. — Late L. brocca^ i. e. spike;
see Brooch.
BrO]liilie» a chemical element. (Gk.)
Named from its ill odour. Formed, with
suffix 'ine, from Gk. /3pw/i-os, a stink.
Bronchial. (Gk.) Gk. i9/>($7x<a, neut.
pi., the ramifications of the windpipe. *
Gk. 0p^x°^i t^c windpipe; cf. /3pa7xos, a
gill. Der. bronch-itis ; from fipiyx^^'
Bronie. (F.-Ital.-L.) F. bronze,
— Ital. bronzo ; bronzinOy made of bronze
{z = ds), — L. as Brundustnufft. — L. Brurtr
dusiuniy Brindisi (in Italy) ; where bronze
mirrors were made (Pliny, xxxiii. 9).
Brooch. (F. — L.) Named from the
pin which fastens it. M. £. broche^ a pin,
peg, brooch. — F. brochCy a spit, point.—
Late L. brocca, a pointed stick ; broca, a
spike ; L. broccus, projecting, like teeth.
Brood. (E.) M. E. brwi, A. S. brod
(rare); *hi bredatf heora brod* = they
nourish their brood ; ^Ifric's Hom. ii. 10.
^T>\x,broed\ Cbruf. Teut. stem *^r^-iy-,
from a verbal base *br0', preserved in G.
brii-heUy to scald (orig. to heat), Du.
broe'ien, to brood, hatch ; from the idea of
* heat ' or * warmth.* Der. breed.
Brook (i)) to endure, put up with.
(E.) M. E. broken, brouken, A. S. brU-
can, to use, enjoy; which was the orig.
sense. + Du. gebruiken, Icel. briika, G.
brattchen, Goth, brukjan, to use; cf. L.
/rw/, to enjoy. See I'ruit. (^BHREUG.)
Brugm. i. § III.
Brook (3), a small stream. (E.) M. E.
brook. A. S. ^r«-.+Du. broek^ G. bruchy
a marsh.
brook-limep a plant. (E.) M. E.
brok-lemke, brok-lemok. From A. S. broc,
a brook, and hleomocy brook-lime.
Broom. (E.) M. E. bromcy broom.
A.S. broniy the plant broom; hence, a
besom made from twigs of it.<4-Du. brem ;
Low G. braanif broom. Teut. type *brd-
moz. Allied to Bramble, q. v.
BrOBOy a later form ofbrotvis or brewis;
see Brewis.
Broth. (E.) A.S. ^nj^.+Icel. bro9;
O. H. G. brod, Teut. type *broPomf n. ;
from bro-y bru-, weak grade of breu-, as in
A. S. breowan, to brew. Lit. * brewed.*
Brothel. (E. ; confused with F.~
Teut.) 1. M. E. brothel, a lewd person,
base wretch. — A.S. broO-en, pp. of
breodan, to perish, become vile; whence
also dbrotfen, degenerate, base. Hence
was made brothel- house, a house for vile
people (Much Ado, i. i. 256), afterwards
contracted to brothel. 2. Orig. distinct
from M. E. bordel, which was used, how-
63
BROTHER
BUCKRAM
ever, in much the same sense. — O. F. bor-
delt a hut, orig. of boards. ~ Da. bord^ a
plank, board; see Board.
Brother. (£.) M. £. brother. A. S.
brd9or,'^T>\x, breeder \ lcel.bro6ir; Goth.
brothar\ Swed. and Dan. broder; G.
bruder; Gael, and Ir. brat/iair; W.
brawd; Rnss. brat*; LaU /rater; Gk.
(ppar/fp ; Skt. b/trdtr, Teut. stem Hrother-;
Idg. stem *bArdter-,
Aroagham, a kind of carriage. (Per-
sonal name.) Date 1839. Named after
the first Lord Brougham.
Brow. (£•) M.£. browe. A.S. bru.
+Icel. bruftt eyebrow; Lith. bruwis;
Rnss. brove; Gk,b<pph; "Peis.abru; Skt.
b/irii. Brugm. i. § 554.
Brown. (E.) M. £. broun. A.S.
brtln.^Du, bruin; Icel. brunn; Swed.
brun ; Dan. brunn ; G. braun ; Lith. brunch.
Cf. Gk. <ltpwoSf a toad; Skt. ba'bkru(s),
tawny.
Browse. (F. -M. H. G.) For broust;
lit. * to feed on young shoots.' — M. F.
brouster (F. brouter), to nibble off young
shoots. — M. F. broust (F. brout)^ a sprig,
shoot, bud. — M. H. G. broz, a bud ; Bavar.
brossty brosSf a bud. From the weak grade
of O. H. G. briozany to break, also, to
break into bud ; which is cognate with
A. S. breotan. See Brittle.
Bmin. (Du.) In Reynard the Fox,
the bear is called bruin, i. e. brown. — Dn.
bruin, brown. See Brown.
Bmise. (£. ; partly F.) A. S. {to)-
brysan, to bruise. Influenced by O. F.
bruiser, briser^ to break, perhaps of Celtic
origin ; cf. Gael, bris^ to break, Irish bris-
im, I break. (The spelling ui, from A. S.
j?, occurs in S. £ng. Legendary, 295. 58.)
Bmity a rumour. (F.~L. ?) F. bruit,
a noise. — F. bruire, to make a noise.
Scheler derives F. bruire from L.. rugire,
to roar, with prefixed b, F. ^rM//=Late
L. brugitusy a clamour (Ducange) ; cf. L.
rugttus, a roaring. Partly imitative; cf.
G. briillen^ to roar.
Bnmette. (F. -G.) F. brunette, fern,
of brunet, brownish. — M. H. G. bran,
brown ; see Brown.
Bmnt. (£.) Prob. imitative; d, dint
(dunt), a blow; influenced by North £.
brunt, i. e. * burnt,* as if the * hot * part of
the fight.
Brash. (F.-Teut.?) U.^.bruschey
a brush ; also brush-wood, which is the
older sense, the orig. brush being made of | (for Ital. buchirano), late Ital. bucherame.
«4
twigs. — O. F. broce, F. brosse, brushwood ;
also, later, a brush. — Low L. bruscia, a
thicket. Derived by Diez from O. H. G.
burstdf G. borste, a bristle ; but perhaps
Celtic (Thumeysen).
Bras^uef rough in manner. (F. — Ital.)
F. brusque, — Ital. brusco, sharp, tart, sour,
applied to fruits and wine. Origin un-
certain.
Brute. (F.— L.) F, brut, fem. brute.
— L. brutusy stupid.
Bryony. (L. — Gk.) L. brydnia.^^
Gk. B/nmvia, fipvunj, bryony. — Gk. fipvtiv,
to teem, grow luxuriantly.
Bubble. (£.) Cf. Swed. bubbla, Dan.
bobte, a bubble ; also Du. bobbel, a bubble,
bobbekn, to bubble. Of imitative origin.
Buceanier. (F. — West Indian.) F.
botuanier, a pirate. — F. boucaner, to broil
on a sort of wooden frame. — F. boucan,
a wooden frame, used by hunters for
smoking and drying flesh. The word
boucan is said to be a F. spelling of a
Tupi (Brazilian) word, and to mean *a
frame on which meat is smoke-dried.'
Buck (1), a male deer, goat. (£.)
M. £. bukke, A. S. buc, male deer, buccat
a he-goat. +Du. bok, Icel. bukkr, Swed.
boch, a he-goat ; Dan. buk, a he-goat, ram,
buck ; G. bock ; also W. bwch, Gael, boc,
Irish boc. Brugm. i. § 800.
Buck (2), to steep clothes in lye. (£.)
M. £. bouken. As if from A. S. *biician,
not found. Prob. from A. S. bUc, a pitcher
(prov. £. bouk, a pail, tub) ; but M. £.
bouken has the specific sense of ' steep in
lye,' like M. H. G. bUchen, Swed. iyka,
Dan. byge, Low G. bUken, bUken (whence
Ital. bucare, F. buer),
bucket. (£.) A. F. boket (Bozon).
Formed with A. F. dimin. suffix -et from
A.S. biiCy a pitcher: Cf. Gael, bucaid^
Irish buiceady a bucket (from £. ).
Buckle. (F. - L.) M. E. bokel - O. F.
bucle (F. boucle), the boss of a shield, a
ring, a buckle. — Late L. bucula, the boss
of a shield ; buccula, beaver of a helm, boss
of a shield, buckle. — Lat. buccula, the
cheek, dimin. of bucca, the cheek.
buckler. (F.-L.) M.E. bokeler.^
O. F. bucler (F. boiulier), a shield ; so
named from the boss on it ; see above.
Buckram, a coarse cloth. (F.—
Ital.) M.E. bokeram.^O. ¥, boguerant
(F. bougran), a coarse kind of clotn ; Low
L. boquerannus or (in Italy) bUchirdnus
BUCKWHEAT
Oi%iii nncertain; perhaps from Bokhara
(Tartary).
Buekwheat. (E.) Lit. beech-wheat;
from the resemblance of its seeds to the
mast of the beech-tree. The form buck is
from A. S. bdc^ as in buck-mast , beech-
mast. So also Du. boekweiti buckwheat ;
G. buchweizen. See Beeoh.
BucoliOi pastoral. ^L. — Gk.) L. biico-
licus.^Gk. fiovKoXucoSf pastoral. -« Gk.
fiovK6\os, a cowherd. — Gk. fiov-s, an ox;
and iciXXeWf to drive.
Bud. (£.?) M.E.ba(i(fe,bud(ie,SihvLd;
budden, to bnd. Not foond in A. S. Cf.
Dn. bot, a bud ; botieny to bud, sprout.
Budge (i)) to stir. (F. - L.) F. bouger,
to stir; answering to Ital. bulicare^ to
bubble up (Diez). — L. bultirt \ see Boil
(i) above. Cf. Span. bulHrt (i) to boil,
(2) to stir.
Budge (a), a kind of fur. (F.?)
Perhaps related to O. F. bochety bouchet, a
young kid.
Blldgetv a leathern bag. (F.-C.)
F. baugettty dimin. of bouge, a bag. — L.
bulga, a leathern bag (Gaulish). — O. Irish
bolgt bole, a sack.
Baff (i), the colour of dressed buffalo-
skin. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. ^i#^, a buffalo.
— L. bufalus; see BufOEiIo.
Buff (2), in Blindman'B buff. (F.)
Formerly blindman-buff^ a game ; in whidi
game boys used to buffet one (who was
blinded) on the back, without being
caught, if possible. From O. F. bufe^ F.
bujfe^ a buffet, blow; cf. Low G. buff^
/^, a blow (Liibben). See Buffet (i).
BuflUo. (Port, or Ital. -L.-Gk.)
Port, bufaio, Ital. buffalo, oiig. a kind of
wild ox.— L» Utfalus, also ^^^m;.— Gk.
0o4fia\os, a buffalo ; a kind of deer or
antelope. (Not a true Gk. word.)
Bufm (i). and (a) ; see Buffet (i).
Buffet (i), a blow; to strike. (F.)
M. £. boffet, buffet^ a blow, esp. on the
cheek. — O. F. buftt^ a blow, dimin. of buft^
a blow, esp. on the cheek; cf. bufer, buffer ^
to puff out the cheeks, also to buffet; mod.
F. bouffer, Prob. of imitative origin, allied
Xotouffer, to puff; see Buff (a), Puff.
buffer (i), a foolish fellow. (F.) Orig.
a stammerer ; hence, a foolish fellow. M .£.
buffen^ to stammer.— O.F. bufer, to puff
oat the cheeks (hence, to puff or blow in
talking).
buflbr (a), a cushion, to deaden con-
cussion. (F.) Lit. 'a striker;' from M. £.
BULGE
buffen, to strike, orig. to buffet on the
cheek; see Buffet (ij.
buffoon. (F.) F. bouffon, a buffoon,
jester, one who makesgrimaces. — F. bouffer ,
topuff.
Buffet (a), a side-board. (F.) F. buffet ,
a side-board. Origin unknown.
Bug (i), a spectre. (C.) In Sh.-W.
bivg^ a hobgoblin, spectre ; Gael, and Ir.
bocan, a spectre. -fLithuan. ^a»^»x, terrific,
from bugti, to terrify, allied to Skt. bhuj,
to turn aside; see Bow (i). Brugm. i.
§ 701-
Bug (a), an insect. (C?) Said to be so
named because an object of terror, exciting
disgust; see Bug (i). But cf. A.S.
sceam-budda^ dung-beetle (Voc.), prov. E.
shorn-bug (Kent).
Bug-bear. (C. andlL) A supposed
spectre in the shape of a bear; see
Bug (i).
BU|gle(i)»awildox; a horn. (F.-L.)
Bugle, a horn, is short for bugle- horn \
a bugle is a wild ox.— O. F. bugle, a wild
ox. — L. ace biiculum, a young ox ; double
dimin. of bos, an ox.
Bugle (a), a kind of ornament. [Low L.
bugoH, pi., the name of a kind of pad for
the hair (a.d. 1388), throws no light on
the word.] Etym. unknown.
Bugle (3), a plant. (F.) F. bugU\
Cot. ; cf. Span, ana Late L. bugula. Cf. L.
bugillo, (perhaps) bugle.
Bugl088.aplant. (F.-L.-Gk.) Lit.
^ ox-tongue. — F. buglosse. — L. buglossa ;
also buglossus. — Gk. fiovyXvooof, ox-
tongue ; from the shape of the leaves. —
Gk. fiou-s, ox ; 7Xw<r<r-a, tongue.
Build. (£.) M.E. bulden. Late
A. S. byldau, to build. —A. S. bold, a house,
variant of botl, a dwelling, n.^Teut.
*bU'flom, from bu-, related to bu-an, to
dwell ; see Bower. Cf. A. S. bytlian, to
build, from b^l (above). [Cf. O. Swed.
bylja, to build (Ihre). — O. Swed. bol^
a house, dwelling; Icel. bol^ a house,
Dan. bol^ a small mrm.l
Bulb. (J.-L.-Gk.) F. bulbe.^l..
bulbus, a bulb. — Gk. fio\fi6t, a bulbous
root, onion.
Bulbulf a nightingale. (Pers.) Pers.
bulbul, a bird with a melodious voice,
resembling the nightingale. Of imitative
origin.
Bulge, to swell out. (F. — C.) Formed
fromM. E. bulge, a wallet, pouch. —
O.F. boulge (bouge\ a bag.— L. bulga.
65
BULK
BUNDLE
a bag (Gaulish). See Budget. Doublet,
bilge.
Bulk (i)i size. (Scand.) M. £. holke^
a heap.— Icel. btllkit a heap; O. Swed.
iwlk; Dan. bulk, a lump. Cf. Swed.
bulna, to sweH.
Bnik (2), the trunk of the body. (Du.)
In Sh. — M. Du. bu/cke, thorax (Kilian).
(Prob. confused with Du. buiA^ IceL btlkr,
the trunk ; Swed. buk, Dan. bug, G. bauck,
the belly.)
Bulk (3)} a stall of a shop. (Scand.)
Perhaps related to Balk. Cf. Dan. dial.
bti/kf a half-wall ; Icel. bd/kr, a beam, also,
a partition ; Line, bulker, a beam, a wooden
hutch in a workshop. Der. bulk-head, a
partition.
Bnll (i), male of the cow. (£.) M. E.
bole^ bule. Not found in A. S., but the
dimin. buUuc, a bullock, occurs. Prob.
* the bellower ; * cf. M. H. G. buUen^ to
roar ; and see Bellow, -f I^* ^*^^\ led*
boli\ G. bulk\ Lithuan. bullus, Ti&t,
buU-ock^ A. S. bulluCj as above.
Bull (2), a papal edict. (L.) M. E.
bui/e.^LAL bulla, a bubble, boss, knob,
leaden seal on an edict; a bull (in late
Latin).
bullet. (F. - L.) M. F. boulel, dimin.
of F. boule, a ball. — L. bulla, a boss,
knob, 8cc.
bulletm. (F.-Ital.-L.) F.bulle-
iin, a ticket. — Ital. hulUttino, a safe-
conduct, pass, ticket Dimin. of bulUtta,
a passport, lottery ticket, dimin. of bulla,
a seal, bull. ^ L. bulla, a boss, &c.
BuUace, wikl plum. (F.?) M.E.
bolas. Apparently related to O. F. beloce,
a buUace ; cf. Bret, bolos^ polos, bullace ;
LowL. bolluca ; Walloon, biloc (Remade).
Bullet, Bulletin; see Bull (2).
Bullion. (F.-L.) T\it \,¥. bullion
meant a mint, and Late L. bulliona, bullio
meant a mass of. metal, apparently, from
its being melted ; cf. P\ bouillon, a boiling.
■■ Late L. bulliottem, ace. of bullio, a boil-
ing. — L. bulllre, to bubble up, boil. » L.
bulla, a bubble.
Bully, a noisy rough fellow. (O. Low
G.) In Sh. The oldest sense, in E., is
*dear one, lover.* — M. Du. boel, a, lover
(of either sex) ; borrowed from M. H. G.
buole (G. buhle), lover.
Bnlmsh. (E.) M.E. ^f//r^jr^^. Prompt.
Parv., p. 244, col. 2. Perhaps ' stem-rush ' ;
from its stout stem.; cf. Shetl. buhoand^
a bulrush. — Dan. bul, stem, tnmk ; see
Bole. Or bull may mean Marge," >rith
ref. to a bull, Cf. bull-daisy ^ &c. (Britten).
Bulwark* (Scand.) Dan. bulvark,
Swed. bohferk (Ihre) ; cf. Du. bolwerk, G.
boll'werk (whence F. boulevard). Com-
pounded of Dan. bul, Swed. bo I, trunk of
a tree, log, Icel. bulr, bolr, the stem of a
tree; and Dan. vark, Swed. verk, a work.
Lit. * log - work,* or * bole-work ' ; see '
Bole.
Bnm-bailiify under-bailifT. (E. attd
F.) A slang term. Todd quotes passages
to shew that it arose from the pursuer
catching at a man by the hinder part of
his garment.
Bnmble-beef a bee that booms or
hums. See Boom (i).
Bnmboat. (E.) From bum nnd boat,
Orig. a scavenger's boat on the Thames
(a. d. 1685) ; afterwards used to supply
v^etables to ships.
Bump (i)y to thump; a blow. (E.)
Of imitative origin ; cf. M. Dan. bumpe,
to strike with the fist ; W. pwmpio, to
thump; pwmp, a lump; Corn, bom, bum,
a blow. The senses are : (i) to strike,
(2) a blow, (3) its effect. . See Bunch.
Bnmp (2), to boom. (E.) Imitative ;
cf. Boom (i), and Bumble-bee.
Bumper, a full glass. (E.) From
bump ; with the notion of a bumping or
full glass ; cf. thumping, i. e. great.
Biunpkin. a thick-headed fellow. (Du.)
M. Du. boomktn, a little tree (Hexham) ;
dimin. of boom, a tree, a beam, bar ; see
Beam (i). The E; bumkin also meant
a luff-block, a thick piece of wood (Cot-
grave, s. V. Chicambault, and see bumkin
in the E. index) ; hence, readily applied
to a block-head, thick-skulled fellow.
Bnn. (F.) Cf. prov. F. bugne, a kind
of fritters ; perhaps the same as O. F.
bugne, a swelling or bump due to a blow
(Burguy), also spelt bigne, 'a bump,
knob;* Cot. O. F. bitgnete, a fritter (Gode-
froy) ; also bugnet (id., Supp. p. 393).
* Signets, little round loaves, buns,* &c. ;
Cot. Minsheu has Span, bufiuelos^ ^ pan-
cakes, cobloaves, buns.' See Bunion.
(Doubtful.)
Bunch. (E.?) M.E. bunche, Cf.
M. E. bunchen, to beat. Prob. imitative,
like bumf, bounce. And see Bunk.
Bundle. (E.) M. E. buwUL Dimin.
of O. Northumb. bund, a mmdle (Matt,
xiii. 30). — A. S. bund; weak grade of
bindan, to bind.^Dn. bondel', G. biindeL
66
BUNG
Bmiflr, a stopple. (Du.— L.) M. Du.
fH>nge ^VL, bom)y a bnng; dialectal form
of *bonde^9& preserved in F. bonde^ a bang.
Cognate with Swiss punt (Weigand, s. v.
Spund). — L. puncia, an orifice ; orig. fern,
pp. of pungere, to prick. Cf. W. bwngf
an orifice, also, a bnng.
Bungalow, a Bengal thatched house.
(Hind.) Hind, bangalah^ of or belonging
ta Bengal, a bungalow; Rich. Diet. p.
293. From the name Bengal,
Bungle. (Scand. ?) Of imitative
oiigin. Cf. Swed. dial, bangkty to work
ineffectually; O. Swed. btmga, to strike
(Rietz, Ihre.) And cf. Bang.
Bunion. (F. — G.) O.F.^Mf^^;i,only
in the sense of a fritter (Gode&oy) ; but
really an augmentative of O. F. huigne
(F. btgne, *a bump, swelling,' Cot.).—
O. H. G. bungo, a lump (Graff, in
Schmellcr) ; cf. Icel. bunga, convexity.
So also Ttal. bugnom, augment, of bugno,
a boil, a swelling. See Bun.
Bunk, a wooden case or box, berth.
(Scand.) Cf. O. Swed. bunke, the plank-
ing of a ship forming a shelter for mer-
chandise, &c. (Ihre) ; the usual sense of
Swed. bunke is a heap, pile, something
prominent; M. Dan. bunke, room for
cargo.
Bnnty the belly of a sail (Scand.) It
answers in form to Dan. bundif Swed.
bunty a bundle, a bunch ; from the weak
stem of the verb to Bind. % But the right
words for 'bunt' are Dan. bug, Swed.
huk, Du. buik, G. bauch ; see Bulk (a).
Bunting (0, a bird. (£. ?) M. £.
bunting; afso buntyle ^ = bunte/), Lowl.
Sc. bunt/in. Origin unknown.
Bunting (>)} a thin woollen stuff for
flags. (E.) Perhaps ' sifting-cloth ' ; from
M. £. bonten, prov. E. bunt, to sift. Cf.
F. itamine. In the same senses.
Buoy. (Du. — F. — L.) Du. boei, a buoy ;
also a shackle, a fetter.— O. F. buie, a
fetter, F. bou^e, a buoy. — Late L. boia, a
fetter, clog. — L. boia^ pi. a collar for the
neck, oxig. of leather.
Bur, Bnrdoclc; see Burr.
Burbot, a fish. (F.) F. bourbotte
(also bar bote), ^¥. bourbetter, * to wallow
in mud,' Cot. — F. bourbe^ mud; of un-
known origin.
Bnrdon ( i ) , Bnrthan, a load carried.
(E.) A. S. byrtten, a load. From Teut.
Hur-, weak grade of ♦^tffrtw-, to bear ; see
Bear (i). 4* ^ce^- byrdr, byrtft; Swed. |
BURKE
bonla; Dan. byrde\ Goth, baurth'ei', G;
biirde ; from the same root, with varying
suffixes. For the form burden, see below.
Burden (2), the refrain of a song.
(F. — Late L.) F. bourdon, a drone-bee,
humming of bees, drone of a bagpipe;
see Cot. — Late L. burdoftem, ace. of burdo,
a drone. Prob. of imitative origin ; cf.
Lowland Sc birr, to make a whizzing
noise, £. buzz, % Confused with Bur«
den (i).
Bureau. (F. - L.) F. bureau, a desk,
writing-table; so called because covered
with brown baize. — F. bureau, O. F. buret,
coarse woollen stuff, russet-coloured. —
O. F. buire, M. F. bure, dark brown ; F.
bure, coarse cloth. — L. burrus, reddish. — .
Gk. wpp6s, reddish. — Gk. vvp, fire.
Burgeon, a bud. (F.~Teut.) F.
bourgeon, a young bud. Lengthened from
Languedoc boure, a bud, eye of a shoot
(Diez).-M. H. G. buren, O. H. G. pur-
jan, to raise, push up, push out. — M. H. G.
bor, por, an elevation ; whence G. empor
{^in por), upwards.
BuMeSB. (F. - M. H. G.) M. £. bur-
geys. — O. F. burgeis. — Low Lat. burgensis,
belonging to a fort or city. — Low Lat,
burgus, a fort. — M. H. G. bure (G. bitrg) ;
coenate with A. S. burg; see Borough.
Durgher. (Du.) Formerly ^r^^r.-
Du. burger, a citizen. — Du. burg, a city ;
cognate with £. Borough.
Durglar. (A.F.-E.) K,¥,burgler,
burg/our; Law L. burgu/dtOK^LsLW L.
burguldre, to break into a house. — A. S.
burh, burg ; see Borough.
burgomaster. (Du. a;i^F.) Du.
burge-meester, a town-master. — Du. burg^
cognate with £. Borough ; and meester^ a
master, from O. F. meistre ; see Blaster.
Burgonety a helmet. (F.) F. bmr-
guignote, 'a burganet,' Cot So called
becafise first used by the Buigundians. —
F. Bourgogne, Burgundy.
Burial. (£•) M. £. buriel, biriel^ a
tomb ; also spelt beriels, biriels. — A. S.
byrgels, a tomb. — A. S. byrgan, to bury ;
see Bury. The spelling witi^ -at is due to
association wi^^jufur-al, 8cc
BuriUy an engraver's tooL (F.~G.)
F. burin; Ital. boritto, Pirob, from
M. H. G. boren (G. bohreti), to bore; see
Bore (i).
BurkOf to murder by suffocation; to
murder, stifle. (Personal name.) From
the name of Burke, an Irishman who conn-
67
BURL
BUSS
mitted murders by sufTocation ; executed
at Edinburgh, Tan. 28, 1829.
Burly to pick knots and loose threads
from cloth. (F.— L.) To burl is to pick
off burls. M. £. burle, a knot in cloth. *
O. F. btmrle ; dimin. of F. bourre^ a flock
or lock of wool or hair. — Late L. burra,
a woollen pad ; allied to L. burra, trifles,
trash, Late L. reburrus, rough.
burlesque, comic. (F.-Ital.-L.)
F. burlesque. '^lisil. burlesco, ludicrous. »
Ital. burMf waggery, a trick. A dimin.
from L. burra, trifles, nonsense (Ausonius).
See Burl.
Burly. (£.) M. £. burli, burlUhe,
borli ; prov. £. bowerly ; Shetland boorly.
Formed by adding the snflix -ly (A. S.
•He) to A. S. bur, a bower, a lady's
chamber ; hence, the old senses of ' fit for
a bower/ stately, excellent, large, great ;
and, Anally, stout, big. £. g. 'a ourly bed.'
Bum (i ), verb. (£.) M.E. bemen ; also
brennen. Tliere are two forms, a. intrans.
A.S. beoman, iyman, strong verb, pt. t.
beam, braUy pp. bomen.'^O, Icel. brinna ;
Goth, brinnan ; Teut. type ^brennan- ; cf.
A. S. bryne, flame, p. trans. A. S. baman,
wk. vb.-^-Icel. brenna, Dan. brande, Swed.
branna ; G. brennen ; Goth, brannjan ;
Teut. type ^brannjan-, causal to the former.
Bum (2), a brook ; see Bourn (2).
Burnet, a plant. (F. -O.H. G.)
Low L. bumetd. — O. F. brunete, the name
of a flower : burnette, brunette, a kind of
dark brown cloth, also a brunette. See
Brunette. Named from the dark brown
colour of the flowers.
bumisll, to polish. (F. ~ O. H. G.)
M. £. bumishen ; also burnen. » O. F.
bumir, brunir (pres. part, bumis-ant), to
embrown, to polish. — O. H. G. brunen
(< *brunjan) . — O. H. G. briin, brown ; see
Brown.
Bumouee, Bumoose, an upper
cloak worn by the Arabs. (F. — Arab.)
F. bumotis, boumaus.^Arah. bumus, a
kind of high-crowned cap, worn formerly
in Barbary and Spain ; whence Span, al-
bomoz, a kind of cloak with a hood.
Burr, Bur. (£.) M. £. burre, knob
on a buidock; borre, roughness in the
throat. Not in A.S. N. Fries, burre,
borre, a burr, burdock. -f Swed. borre, a sea-
urchin; ^ardT^/rr, a burdock; Dan. ^^rrr,
burdock. From Teut. base *^«r8-<*^«rj-,
weak grade of Teut. root Hers, to bristle.
See Bristle. Der. bur dock.
68
Burrow, a shelter for rabbits. (£.)
M. £. borwgh, a cave, shelter ; merely a
varied spelling of borough, Der^ burrow,
verb.
Bursar. (Med. L.--Gk.) Med. L.
bursdrius, a purse-beater. « Med. L. bursa,
a purse. — Gk. fivpaa, a hide, wine-skin.
AUnrt. (£.) M. £. bersten, bresten, pt.
t. brast, A. S. berstan, to burst asunder,
break ; str. vb.+Du. bersten ; G. bersten ;
Icel. bresta ; Swed. bn'sta ; Dan. briste ;
also O. Irish briss-im (for *brest-tm), I
break.
Bury (i), vb. (E.) M. £. burien.
A.S. byrigan, byrgan, to hide in the
ground, bury. From burg-, weak grade
of beorg^an, to hide ; see Borough.
Bury (2), a town. (£.) As in Canter-
bury. •- A. S. byrig, dat. oiburh, a borough.
See Borough.
Bus, a shortened form oi omnibus, (L.)
See Omnibus.
Buell (I), a thicket. (Scand.-L.)
M. £. busch, busk, — Dan. busk, Swed.
buske,B. bush, shrub.-|-Du. bosck ; O. H. G.
busc ; G. busch. All from Late L. boscus,
a bush ; a word of unknown origin.
Busll (2), the metal box in which an
axle works. (Du. — L. — Gk.) M. £. busse.
— Du. bus, a box, barrel (of a gun) ; G.
buchse. — Late L. buxis^ a box. — Gk. irv^is,
a box.— Gk. wv{os, box-wood, box-tree.
See Pyx.
buslicil, a measure. (F.— L.— Gk.)
M. £. bushel, - A. F. bousselle, O. F. boissel ;
Late L. bustellus, a small box; for
*boistel, dimin. of O. F. botste, a box.—
Late L. buxida, ace. of buxis, a box
(above).
Busk (i\ to get oneself ready. (Scand.)
Icel. buask, to get oneself ready. — Icel.
bua, to prepare ; and -sk^ for sik, oneself.
See Bound (3) ; and cf. Bask.
Buek (2), a support for a woman*s
stays. TF.) M. F. busque, * a buske, or
buste ; Cot. Mod. F. busc. Of uncertain
origin. Cf. M. F. buc, * a busque ; ' Cot.
Buskin. (Du.) Du. broosken, buskin
(Sewel) ; mod. Du. broos, with dimin.
suflix 'ken. Or from M.F. brousequin,
now brodequin\ or from Span, borcegui.
Origin unknown.
Buss, to kiss. (£.) [The old word was
bass. — F. baiser, to kiss. — Lat. basium, a
kiss.] The modem bws, of imitative
origin, may have been partly suggested
by it. Cf. prov. G. (Bavarian) htssen,
BUST
BUZZ
to kiss ; Lith. Imczoti^ to kiss ; also Gael,
and W. buSi mouthy lip.
Bust. (F. - Ital.) F. buste. - Ital.
busiOf the bust, trunk of human body,
stays; Late L. bustum, the trunk of the
body. Etym. uncertain.
Bnirfeard, a bird. (F.-L.) Formerly
also bistard (Sherwood).— O. F. bistarde^
*a bastard; ' Cot. (Mod. F. outarde^^\,.
auis tarda, a slow bird (Pliny, N. H. x..
22). Cf. Port, abetarda, also betarda^ a
bustard. % Both O. F. bistarde and F.
outard6 are from euiis tarda ; in the former
case, initial a is dropped ; in the latter,
outarde stands for an older oustarde, where
ous s L. auis. See Diez. Auis tarda<,
lit. 'slow bird,' is far from being truly
descriptive ; so that it is prob. a substitu-
tion for some form foreign to Latin.
Bustle. (Scand.) A variant of (ob-
solete) busklct to prepare ; also, to hurry
about. Frequent, of busk, to prepare one-
self; see Busk (i). Cf. Icel. iustid, to
splash about as a fish.
Busy. ^E.) M. E. bisy. A. S. bisi^
{bysig), active ; whence bisgu^ exertion. +
Dn. bezig^ busy.
But (i), prep, and conj., except. (E.)
A. S. be-HtaUy bUtan, bUta, lit. 'without.' —
A. S. be, by ; Otan, adv. without, from t7t,
out.-4-Dn. buiten.
But (3) ; see Butt (i), Butt (2).
Butcker. (F.- G.) M. E. bocher.^
O. F. bochier, orig. one who kills goats.—
O. F. bo€ (F. b<mc), a goat — G. bock^ a
goat. See Buck.
Butler. (F.-Late L.-Gk.) M. E.
bcteler, one who* attends to bottles ; from
M. £. botel, a bottle ; see Bottle.
Butt (i), a push, thrust ^ to thrust. (F.
— O. Low G.) [The senses of the sb. may
be referred to the verb; just as F. boite,
a thrust, depends on bouter^ to strike.]
M. £. butten, to push, strike. — O. F. boter,
to push, butt, strike. — O. Frank. *bdtan,
corresponding to M. Du. booten, to beat,
M. H. G. b^en, O. H. G. bozan, to beat.
Der. butt (mound to shoot at), from M. F.
buite, the same, allied to F. btU, a mark,
from buter, O. F. boter, to hit Der.
a-but. See Beat.
Butt (2), a large barrel. (F. - L.) We
find A. S. bytt\ but our mod. word is
really F.-O.F. boute, F. botte, * the vessel
which we call a butt;* Cot— Late Lat
butta, buttis, a cask.
Butt (3), a thick end. (E.) M. E. but,
butte. Cognate with Icel. buttr, short;
see Buttock. Der. butt-end.
Butt (4), a kind of fiat fish. (£.)
Allied to Swed. butta, a turbot, M. Dan.
butte, Low G. but, Du. bot, a butt. Prob.
from but, stumpy ; see Buttock.
Butter. (L. - Gk.) M. E. botere ;
A. S. butere.^'L. bfityrum.''Gk» fioihv
pov, butter. Probably of Scythian origin.
butterfly. (E.) A. S. buttorfleoge,
lit. butter-fly. So called from its excre-
ment resembling butter, as shewn by the
M. Du. boter-schijte, a butter-fly, lit
butter-voider (Kilian). + Du. botervlieg\
G. butter-Jliege,
Buttery, a place for provisions, esp.
liquids. (F. — LateL.) A corruption of
M. E. boteierie, a butlery, properly a place
for a butler ; from M. £. boteier, a butler;
see Butler. (Thus buttery =bottlery^
Confused with the word butter.
Buttock. (E.) M.E. buttok. Formed,
with dimin. suffix -ok (A. S. -ue), from
butt, a thick end, a stump. Cf. Icel.
buttr, short, butr, a log ; Dan. but, Swed.
butt, stumpy, surly ; Du. bot, blunt, dull.
See Butt (3).
Button. (F. - O. Low G.) M. E.
boton, also, a bud. — O. F. boton (F.
bouton) , a bud, a button ; properly, a round
knob pushed out. — O. F. boter, to push,
push out ; see Butt (i).
buttresSi a support, in architecture.
(F. — O. Low G.) M. E. boteras ; Palsgrave
has bottras, butteras, Orig. a plural form,
as if for *butterets. — O. F. bouterez, pi. of
bouteret, a prop. — F. bouter, to thrust,
prop. Cotgrave also has boutant, a but-
tress, from the same verb ; see Butt (i).
Butty, ^ companion or partner in a
work. (F. — Low G.) Shortened from
boty-fehwe or booty-fellow, one who shares
booty with others. From boty, old spell-
ing of booty « F. butin, booty. Of Low G.
origin ; see Booty.
Buzom. (£.) M. E. boxom, buhsum ;
the old sense was obedient, obliging, good-
humoured. Lit. * bow-some/ — A. S. bug-
an, to bow, bend, obey ; and -sum, suffix,
as in winsome, '^'Dvi, buigzaam ; G. bieg-
sam. See Bow (i).
Buy. (E.) From A. S. byg', as in
byg-est, byg'^, 2 and 3 p. sing. pres. of
A. S. bycgan, to purchase, whence M. E.
buggen, biggen, + Goth, bugjan. Der.
abide (2), q. v. See Sweet, N. E. G. § 1 293.
BuBBa (E.) An imitative word ; cf.
69
BUZZARD
luowl. Sc. Oizz, to hiss ; Ital. htzzicarCf to
hum, whisper.
Bimara. (F. — L.) M. £. bosard,
busardt an inferior kind of falcon. — F.
btisard.^F. buse, a buzzard; with Suffix
-ard (from O.H.G. A«r/). — Late L. bttsio
== L. buieo^ a sparrow-hawk.
By, prep. QE.) M. E. bi. A. S. bi^
btg.'-^'Dw., bij \ G.bei] Goth. /'/. Cf.Skt.
dbhif Gk. dfi-(f>i.
By-law, a law affecting a township.
(Scand.) Formerly also biriaw. — Icel.
^.?-r, f^-t*y a village (gen. bajar^ whence
bir-) ; /^jf, a law. So also Dan. by-hv, a
town-law. Icel. bSr is allied to biia, to
dwell. See Boor.
Byre, a cow-house. (E.) A Northern
E. deriv. of bower. A. S. i^re, a shed,
hut— A. S.bur, a bower; cf. IceL btlr, a
pantry. See Bower.
C.
Cab (i) ; see Cabriolet.
Cab (3)1 a Heb. measure. (Ueb.) Heb.
gab, the 1 8th part of an ephah. The literal
sense is * hollow * ; cf. Heb qdbab, to form
in the shape of a vault ; see Alcove.
Cabal. (F. -«eb.) Orig. ' a secret.' F.
cahale, *■ the Jewes Caball, a hidden science ; *
Cot. — Heb. qabbdldh , reception, mysterious
doctrine. — Heb. qdbal, to receive; qibbel,
to adopt a doctrine.
Cab page (0> a vegetable. (F.-L.)
M.E. caoachej caboche*^¥. (Picard) ca-
itoche, lit. *■ great head ;* cf. Picard cabus,
F. c/ioux ca^f large-headed cabbage. — L.
cap'Ut, head ; with augmentative suffix ;
cf. Ital. capocchtay head of a nail.
Cabbage (2), to steal. (F.) From
F. cabasser, to put into a basket ; Norman
cabasser, to cabbage (and see Supp. to
Godefroy). — F. cabas, a basket; Norman
cabas y tailor's cabbage; of unknown origin.
Caber I a pole. (C.— L.) Gael, cabar,
a rafter. — L. type *caprio, a rafter; see
Chevron.
Cabin. (F.) M.E cabane.'^Y, cabane.
— Prov. cabana. — Late L. capanna, a
hut (Isidore).
cabinet. (F.) F. cabinet, dimin. of
F. cabane, a cabin (above).
Cable. (F. - L.) M. E. cable, - O. F.
r^/Vi?.— LateL. capulum^ caplum^ a strong
(holding) rope. — L. capere, to hold.
CabOOSef the cook's cabin onboard ship.
(Du.) Formerly camboos€.^T>vu kombws,
CADDY
a cook's cabin; also 'the chimney in a
ship,' Sewel. (Hence also Dan. kcUys,
Swed. kcdfysa, caboose.)
Cabriolet. rF.-ltal.-L.) Cab is
short for cabrioiel.^Y. cabriolet, a cab;
from its supposed lightness. — F. cabriole,
a caper, leap of a goat ; formerly capriole.
— Ital. capriola, a caper, a kid. — Ital.
caprio, wild goat ; copra, a she-goat. —
L. caper, goat ; fem. capra.
CacaOfatree. (Span. ~ Mexican.) Span.
caccM ; from the Mexican name {cacauatl)
of the tree whence chocolate is made.
% Not the same as cocoa,
Cachinnation* (L.) L. ace. cachin-
ndtionem, loud laughter.— L. ^tf^^m/iari^,
to lauffh. Cf. Cackle.
Cacnnclia, a dance. (Span.) Span.
cachtuha,
Caciane. a W. Indian chief. (Span. —
W. Indian.; Span, cacique, an Indian
prince. From tne old language of Hayti.
Cack, to go to stool. (L.) M.E.
cakken.'^h, ecu are,
CaoUe. (E.) M.E. kakelen, a fre-
quentative form. Not in A. S. 4* I^u.
kaJkelen; Swed. kackla; Dan. kagle\ G.
gackeln. The sense is ' to keep on saying
kak\' 0.1. gahb'le, gobb'le, gagg-U*
Cacopbony, a harsh sound. (Gk.)
Gk. KOKOipojvia, a harsh sound. — Gk. kojco-
<twyos, harsh. — Gk. koko-s, bad; and
fpofy'i, sound, Der. cacophonous (Gk. koko-
Cad, a low fellow. (F.-L.) Short
for Lowl. Sc. cadie, an errand-boy; see
]amieson,^¥, cadet; see Cadet.
Cadaverous, corpse-like. (L.) L.
cadduerosus, ^h. cadduer, a corpse.- Lat.
cad-erot to fallj fall dead.
Caddie, a kind of worsted lace or tape.
(F.) In Wint. Tale, iv. 4. 208. M. E.
cadas, explained by bombicinium in
Prompt. Parv. ; (hence Irish cadcu, cad-
dis). Though also used to denote 'wor-
sted,' it was orig. coarse silk. — F. cadarce^
* the coursest part of silke, whereof sleave
is made ; ' Cot. Cf. Span, cadarzo, coarse,
entangled silk, that cannot be spun on a
reel ; Port, cadarfo, a coarse silk. Origin
unknown ; probably Eastern. Der. cadilis-
worm, from the caddis-like shape of the
case of the Isltysl,
Caddy, a small box for tea. (Malay.)
Better spelt catty. A small padcage of
tea, less than a half-chest, is called in the
tea-trade a caddy or ra//^. — Malay kdti, a
70
CADE
CALENTURE
weight equal to i^ lb. aToirdnpois. This
weight is also used in China and Japan,
and tea is often made np in jtackages con-
tainii^ one catty.
CuMt a band, cask. (F. — L.-Gk.~
Heb.) F. cade.'^L,. caJus, a barrel, cask.
— Gk. inios, a cask, jar. — Heb. kaJ, a pail.
CadanOOy a fall of the voice. (F.—
Ital. ->L.) M. £. cadence. — F. cadence^ * a
cauience, jast fdling of words ; ' Cot. »
Ital. cadensa^^VaMt \».c€k1entia, a falling.
•«L. cadeni'j stem of pres. pt. of cadere, to
lall.-1-Skt. (ad, to fall
Cadet, orig. a younger son. (F.— L.)
y. cadets a younger brother ; Prov. capdcL
Capilet is a Gascon form = Late L. capii-
ellum (the substitution of / for // being
regular in Gascon ; P. Meyer) ; lit. a little
(younger) head, dimin. from L. caput ^ a
head.
Cadi, a judge. (Arab.) Arab, ^adf,
qazi^ a cadi or cazi, a judge. Hence Span.
alcaide^ the judge (£. cUcayde) ; where al
is the Arab. def. article.
Caducous, fallmg. (L.) L. caduc-us,
falling; with sufiix •^wf.^L. cadere, to
fall. See Cadence.
CSDBUra. (L.) L. casuroy a cutting ;
a pause in a verse. *L. cas-us^ pp. of
cadere, to cut.
Caftan, a Turkish garment. (Turk.)
Turk, qaftdn, a dress.
Cage. (F. -L.) F. tra^^.-Late L.
caveay L. cauea, a cave, den, cage.«>L.
lauuSf hollow. See Cave.
CaSqne, a boat. (F.— Turk.) ¥, caique,
» Turk, kat'k, a boat.
Calm, a pile of stones. (C.) Gael.,
Irish, W., Bret, cam, a crag, rock ; also a
pile of stones.
Caitiff. (F.-L.) M.E. ^-aiVi/.-
A.F. caitify a captive, a wretch (F. ch4iif).
— L. captiuuniy ace. of captiuus\ see
Captive.
C^fole. (F.) F. cajolery to cajole;
formerly, to chatter like a jay. Perhaps
of imitative origin ; cf. cackle.
tree
kayu
kdyuy wood; putih, white.
Cake. (K- or Scand.) M. £. cake.
N. Fries, kdky kdg, late Icel. and Swed.
kaka; Dan. kage, Teut. stem *kakdn-,
fem. ; from Teut. root *kak't of which the
strong grade is *kdk' (whence prov. E.
cookie, Du. kock, G. kuchen, a cake).
, Calabaeh, the shell of a gourd, v^**
. —Span.— Arab.— Pers,^ F. caiel^nuse.^
\ Span, calabasa (Port (Wo^tt}. — Arab. •
j Pers. kketrdtts, a melon ; lit. ' ass-^gourd,*
, i. e. large gourd. — Pers, kkar, ass (hence,
. coaise} ; buiok, odoriferous fruit, Cf. Ski,
kkara, an ass.
! Calamint, a herb. (F.-L.-Gk.)
M. F. calameni. Cot.— Late L, calamiMtkeu
— Gk. MoXafupiif.
Calamity. (^F.-L.) ¥,caJamii4.^
L. ace. caiamiidtem, a misfortune.
Calash, a sort of carriage. (F.— G
Slavonic.) F. caliche. — G. kaUscke* — Pol .
kolaska, a small carriage, dimin. of kc/asa^
a carriage; Kuss. koiiaska, a carriage. ••
Pol . kat^, a wheel ; O. Slav. kolo. ( VQEL.^
Calcareous. (,L.) Should be ca/-
carious, ^h. cakdriuSy pertaining to lime.
— L. calC'y stem of calx, lime.
calcine. (F. - L.) F. calciner,^
Mod. L. calcifidrey to reduce to a calx. —
L. calc'y stem of calx, lime.
calculate. (L.) L. ca/culdi-us, pp.
of calcuidre, to reckon by help of small
pebbles.— L. calculus, i^bble; dimin. of
calxy a stone.
Caldron, Cauldron. (,F.-L.) M.K.
cauderon, A. F. caudruu,^0. North F.
(Picard) cauderotiy for O. F. chauderou^
mod. F. chaudron (^Ital. calderone, S|)aii.
calderon), a vessel for hot w ater. Extended
from L. calddr-'ia, a hot bath. — L. caUus,
contr. form of calidus, hot. — L. calere, to
be hot.
Calendar. (L.) L. calendarium, an
account-book kept by money-changers ; so
called because mterest was due on the
calends (ist day) of each month; also, a
calendar.— L. calenda, calends.
Calender (Oj s^ machbe for pressing
cloth. (F. — L. — Gk.) F\ calattdre,^
Med. L. *calendray celendra, a calender ; an
adaptation of L. cylindrus, a cylinder ; see
Cylinder. Der. calender, a smoother of
linen, a mistaken form for calendrer.
Calender (>)» a kind of wandering
monk. (F.— Pers.) F. calender. '^'Pen,
qalandar, a kind of wandering Muham-
madan monk, who abandons everything
and retires from the world.
Calends. (L.) L. calenda, s. pi.,
the first day of the (Roman) month. Orig.
obscure ; but certainly from the base ceU',
as in O. Lat. caldre, to proclaim. 4" Gk.
KokHVy to summon. Allied to Hale (a).
CalenturOi & feverous madness. (F.
CALF
CAMEL
— Span. — L.) F. caienfure. '^SpaxL calen-
lura,^L, calent'j stem of pres. pt. of
calerct to be hot.
Calf (I). (E.) M.E. kaif, O. Merc.
calf\ A.S. ceaffi'^DvL, ka^\ IceL hdlfr\
Swed. ktUf\ Dan. kcUvx Goth. koUbd\
G. kaXb, Der. calve ^ vb., A. S. cealfian.
Perhaps allied to Skt. garbhat womb, a
foetus. Brugm. i. $ 656.
Calf (2), the thick hind part of the
shank. (£.) Perhaps the same as the above;
cf. Gaulish L. gaida, great-bellied ; Icel.
koMy calf of the leg. See Cave ixL
Caliber, CaUbre, bore of a gun.
(F.) F. calibre, size of a bore ; Span.
calibre (1623). Etym. unknown. Perhaps
from .^rab. qdlib^ a form, mould, model,
Rich. DicL p. 1 1 1 1 (Diez). Mahn sug-
gests L. qua Itbrd, with what measure.
CalieOy cotton -cloth. (E. Indian.)
Named from Calicut, on the Malabar
coast, whence it was first imported.
Calif , Caliph. (F.-Aiab.) F.cali/e,
a successor of the prophet— Arab, kha-
ItfaA, successor. — Arab, khalqfa, to suc-
ceed. Doublet, AAalifa,
Caligravhy, CaUigraphy, good
writing. (Gk.) Gk. tetiKXtypafia.^Gk,
tcaWff prefix (for KdXXos, beauty, from
MiA<$9, good, &ir) ; and ypSuptw, to write.
caluithenics, callisthenicst
graceful exercises. (Gk.) From Gk.
Ka\Xiff$€V'^s, adorned with strength. —
Gk. icaXXi- (for tcoKKos, beauty, from
tca\6s, fair) ; and aBiv-os, strength.
CaliperSy compasses. (F.) For caliber-
compeuses, i.e. compasses for measuring
diameters; see Caliber.
Calisthenics ; see Caligraphy.
Caliver, a sort of musket. (F.) Named
from its ceUiber 01 bore ; see Kersey*s Diet.
See Caliber.
Calk; usually Caulk, q.v.
Call. (£.) M. E. callen. A. S. ceallian ;
cf. hildecalla, a herald. £. Fries. kaHen.-^
Icel. and Swed. kalla ; Dan. kalde ; Dn.
kalUn\ O. H. G. challdn. Teut. type
*kalldn' or ^kallojcm-, weak verb ; cf. W.
galw, to call, Russ. golos\ voice, sound.
Callety Callatt a worthless woman.
(F.— Low L.— Low G.) In Oth. iv. 2.
131.— F. caillette, a gossip, chatterer;
lit. a little quail ; dimin. of cailUy a quail,
also a woman. Littr^ gives caille caiffSe,
femme galante. See Quail. (Doubt-
ful.)
CalloiUiyhard. (F.— L.) Y, callcux.^
L. calldsus, thick-skinned.— L. calltu, cal*
lum, hard skin.
CalloWt unfledged, bald. (L.) M.E.
calu, calewe. A. S. calu, bald.4'Du. Aaal,
bald; Swed. kal; G.kahl, TtvX.*kalwoz,
early borrowed from L. caluus, bald.
Calm. (F. — L.-Gk.) F. calme, adj.
Allied to Prov. chaume, the time when the
flocks rest ; F. chdmer {iormtxly chaumer),
to rest from work ; Ital. calma, rest — Late
L. cauma, the heat of the sun (whence,
time for rest) ; Job xxx. 30. [It is sug-
gested that the diange from au to al was
due to association with L. cal-cre, to be
hot.] — Gk. KavfM, heat. — Gk. koIuv, to
burn. Der. be-cdlm.
Calomel, a preparation of mercury.
(Gk.) Coined to express a white product
from a black substance. — Gk. teaKo-s, fair ;
and fiik-as, black.
Caloric. (F.— L.) F. calorique.^L.
calor, heat. — L. calcre, to be hot.
CalorifiCy making hot. (L.) L. caldri-
ficuSi making hot. — L. ccUori-, stem oi color ^
heat ; and ^-, ioifacere, to make.
CalthroPf Caltrap, a star-thistle, a
ball with spikes for annoying cavalry.
(L. and Teut.) M. £. kalketrappe, A. S.
caketreppe^ a star-thistle. Coined from
L. calci-^ stem of calx, the heel ; and the
Teutonic word trap. Lit. *■ heel-trap'; see
Trap. So also F. chaussetrappe, the same.
Calnmetf a kind of pipe for tobacco.
(F.— L. — Gk.) Norman F. calumet, a
pipe ; parallel form to O. F. chalemel, F.
chalumeau, a pipe. — L. calamus, a reed. —
Gk. KhXayjoi, a reed. See Shawm.
Calumny. (F.— L.) Y.ccUomnie,^!.,
calumnia, false accusation.— L. calm,
caluere, to deceive.
Calve ; see Calf.
Calx. (L.) L. calx, stone, lime (stem
calc') ; in Late L., a calx.
Calyx. (L. - Gk.) L. cafyx. - Gk.
Ka\v£, a covering, calyx (or cup) of a
flower. Allied to Helm (2).
Cam, a projection on a wheel. (Du.)
Du. kamm, a comb (see Kilian) ; Low G.
kcunm ; cf. Dan. kcun, comb, also a ridge
on a wheel, cam, or cog. See Comb.
Cambric. (Flanders.) Named from
Kamerijk, also called Cambray, a town
in Flanders, where it was first mside.
Camel. (F.~L.-Gk.-Heb.) M.E.
camel, cafnail, chamel. — O. North F. cam%l,
O. F. chamel. — L. camelus. — Gk. ledfirfKos.
^Heh.gdf/idl. CL Arab.Jcwtal,
73
CAMELOPARD
CANISTER
camelopard, ti giraffe. (L.-Heb.
and Gk .) Formerly canulopardalis. — L. ca-
meloparddlis. — Gk. mifn/Xoircip&zAcs, giraffe;
partly like a camel, partly like a pard. —
Gk. KdftrjKO'-Sy a camel (Heb. gatndl) ; and
•niLfi^aXtSy a pard ; see Fard.
Camellia. (Personal name.) A plant
named (by Linnseus) after Geo. Jos. Kamel,
a Moravian Jesuit (17th cent.), who de-
scribed the plants in the island of Luzon.
Camelopard ; see Camel.
CameOi (Ital.) Ital. camnuo, a cameo,
precious stone • carved in relief. Origin
unknown.
Camera. (L.^ L. camera, a chamber ;
hence camera obsciira, a dark chamber,
box for photography ; see Chamber.
Camlet, a stuff. (F. — Arab.) Formerly
camelot.'^M.Y. came/of, Cot.; supposed
to be named from containing came/ s hair.
Really from Arab, khamlat, khamalat^
camlet ; Rich. Diet. p. 628.
Camomile ; see Chamomile.
Camp. (F. - Ital. - L.) F. camp (Cot).
— Ital. campo, a field, camp. — L. campum,
ncc. of campus, a field, ground held by an
army. Brugm. i. § 563.
campaigU, orig. a large field. (F. -
Ital.— L.) r. campaigner campagne, an
open field. — Ital. campagna^ a field ; also
a campaign. — L. campdnia, open field. —
L. campuSy a field. (Also spelt champaign,
and even champion in old authors.)
campestral, growing in fields. (L.)
From L. campcstr^is, growing in fields;
with sufHx -al. — L. campus, a field.
Campanula. (L.) Lit. 'a little bell ;'
dimin. of L. campdna, a bell. Hence also
campani'farm,
Campnor. (F. — Arab. — Malay.) For-
merly spelt camphire (.with an inserted t),
— F". camphre, * camphire;' Cot. — Low
L. camphora (whence the form camphor).
— Arab, kdfiiry camphor ; cf. Skt. karpUra,
camphor. — Malay kdptir^ lit. chalk ; kdpur
BdriiSy chalk of Barous, a name for cam-
phof. Barous is in Sumatra.
Can (i)) I am able. (£.) A. S. can,
cann, 1st and 3rd persons sing. pres. of
cunnan, to know. The pres. t. can is
really an old perf. t. ; the same peculiarity
occurs in Du. kunnen, Icel. and Swed.
kunna, Dan. kunde^ to know, to be able ;
G. konneuy to know. p. The pt. t. is
couldf with intrusive /; M. £. coude, A. S.
crtHe ; cf. Goth, kuntha^ Du. kottde^ G.
kmnte ; shewing that A. S. cu(ic (for
^cuntie) has lost an n. y. The pp. cou/hj
A. S. ctid, known, only survives in w«-
couthf which see. Allied to Ken and
Know. (^ GEN.)
Can (2), a drinking-vessel. (E.) A. S.
canftCy a can. -f- Du. kan ; Icel. kanna ;
Swed. kanna ; Dan. ketnde ; G. kanne, a
tankardi mug. (Apparently a true Teut.
word.)
Canal. (F.— L.) F. ra#f<z/ (whence also
Du. kanaal). — L. candlis, a channel, trench.
Canary^ a bird, a wine, a dance.
(Canary Islands.) All named from the
Canary Islands.
Cancel. (F. — L. ) F. canceller, - Law
L. cancelldre, to cancel a deed by drawing
lines across it. — L. cancellus, & grsitingf pi.
cance/lif lattice-work, crossed lines; dimin.
of pi. cancrt, lattice- work.
Cancer. (L.) L. cancer, a crab ; also
an * eating' tumour. Cf- Gk. napHivos, Skt.
karkata, a crab; cf. Skt. karkara, hard.
Named from its hard shell. Brugm. i. § 464.
Candelabmm. (L.) L. candelabrum,
a candle-holder ; from candela, a candle.
Candid. (F.-L.) F. r^wflTfoV, white,
fair, sincere. — L. candidus, white, shining.
— L. candere, to shine. — L. *cand^re, to
set on fire (in comp. in'Cendere).'^^\ii.
chand{iox fchand) , to shine. ( ^SQEND.)
Brugm. i. §§ 456, 818 (a).
candidate. (L.) L. candiddtus,
white- robed ; because candidates for office
wore white. — L. candidus, white.
candle. (L.) A. S. candel. — L. can-
delay a candle. — L. candere, to glow.
candour. (F.-L.) Y , candeur,--!..
ace. candorem, brightness (hence, sincerity) .
Candy, crystallised sugar. (F. — Ital.—
Skt.) F. Sucre candi, sugar-candy; whence
F'. se candir, 'to candle;* Cot — Ital.
candire, to candy ; candi, candy ; zucchero
candi, sugar-candy. — Arab, qand, sugar;
whence Arab, qandi, made of sugar.
The word is Aryan ; cf. Skt. khdi^^ava^
sweetmeats, khan^a, a broken piece, from
khan^y to break. Der. sugar-candyy Ital.
ztuchero candi,
Candytnfb, a plant. (Hyb.) From
Candy, i. e. Candia (Crete) ; and tuft.
Cane. (F.— L. — Gk.) M. E. cane,
canne. — F. canne. — L. canfui, — Gk. icAvvay
a reed. Cf. Heb. qdnehy reed; Arab.
qandh, cane.
canister. (L. — Gk.) L. canistmm,
a light basket. — Gk. ^dficurrpoi^, the same.
— Gk. Kw\\ — KQway a reed.
73
D3
CANNON
CANZONET
cannon. ( F. ~ Ital. — L. — Gk.) F.
canon. ^Ital. cannone^ a cannon, orig. a
great tube, a gnn-barrel. — L. canna, a reed ;
see Oane. % The Span, ca^on, a tube, a
deep gorge, is cognate.
canon (0> & "ile. (L.— Gk.) A. S.
coMon. -• L. canon, a rule. — Gk. xav^f a rod,
rule, i- Gk. ic6vij » ndvvay a (straight) cane.
canon (3), a dignitary of the church.
(F.— L. — Gk.) M.E. canuny canoun.*^
O. F. canogne, now cAanoine.^LAt. canoni-
cum, ace. of canonicus, adj., one on the
church-roll or list.*-L. canon, the church-
roll ; also, a rule. See canon (i).
Canine. (L-) L- canmus, belonging
to a dog. — L. cants, a dog ; see Hound.
Canister; see Cane.
Canker. (F. — L.) North F. cancre.
(F. chancre).^\a. cancrum, ace. oi cancer,
a crab, a canker. See Cancer. ^The G.
kanker may be Teutonic (Kluge) ; so
perhaps £. canker in the sense of ' disease
of trees'; cf. Gk. yoyypos, an excrescence
on trees.
Cannel-coal. (L. and £.) Lit. a
' candle-coal,' because it bums brightly.
Prov. £. cannel, a candle. See Candle.
Cannibal. (Span. — W. Indian.) For-
merly canibaL — Span, canibal; for Caribal,
a Carib, native of the Caribbean Islands.
The W. Indian (Hayti) word carib means
* brave.' Hence also Caliban*
Cannon (i) ; see Cane.
Cannon (2), at billiards. (F. — Span.)
A corruption of carrom, shortened form of
F. caramboler, v., to make a caimon at
billiards, to touch two other balls with
one's own ; see Hoyle's Games. Orig.
sense, to touch the red ball ; whence
caramboler, to cannon (as above) and
carambolage, sb., a cannon. — Span, caram-
bola, a manner of playing at billiards, a
device, trick, cheat. Origin unknown.
Canoe. (Span. — W.Ind.) ^'^Xi,canoa\
orig. a Haytian word for ' boat.
Canon (i) and (2) ; see Cane.
Canopy. (F.- Ital.- L.-Gk.) Should
be conopy, but we find F. canopi, borrowed
from Ital. canopi. (Also F. conopie^ — L.
condpeum, Judith xiii. 9. — Gk. Kwonrtiov,
an Egyptian bed with mosquito curtains
(hence, any sort of hangings) . — Gk. Komwr- ,
stem of idn^osfff, a mosquito, gnat; lit.
' cone-faced ' or * cone-headed,' from the
shape of its head. • Gk. Kofvo-s, a cone ;
and &{f/, face, appearance, from Gk. base
on, to see (see Optics).
CanoronSy tuneful. (L.) L. canor-us ;
with suffix -ous. — L. canere, to sing. Brugm.
i. § 181.
cant (i)) to sing in a whining way,
whine. (L.) L. cantdre (whence Picard
and Walloon canter, to sing) ; frequent,
of canere, to sing. Cant was at first a
beggar's whine ; hence, hypocrisy ; see
Becant.
canticle. (L.) L. canticulum, a little
song ; dimin. of canticum, a song ; dimin.
of cantus, a song; cf. cantus, pp. of
canere, to sing.
canto. (Ital.— L.) Ital. ra»/^, a sing-
ing, section of a poem. — L. ace. cantum,
a singing, song (above).
canzonet. (Ital.— L.) Ital. canzo-
netta, dimin. of canzone, a hymn, song. .-
L. cantionem, ace. of cantio, a song.— L.
cantus, pp. of canere, to sing.
Cant (2), an edge ; as verb, to tilt. (Du.
— L.) Du. kant, an edge, comer. +Dan.
and Swed. kant, edge ; G. kante, a comer.
p. All from Late L. cantus, a comer ; which
is prob. from L. canthus^GV, tcdvBos, the
comer of the eye, felloe of a wheel.
Canteen. (F.-Ital.) F. cantine,^
Ital. cantina, a cellar, cool cave (hence
the sense of vessel for liquids). Origin
doubtful. Perhaps from Late L. cantus, a
comer.
Canter 9 an easy gallop. (Proper name.)
Short for Canterbury gallop, the pace at
which pilgrims rode thither.
Canticle, Canto; see Cant (i).
Cantle, a small piece. (F. - L. ?) O.F.
cantel, a small piece (F. chanteau), dimin.
of Picard cant (F. chant), a corner ; Late
L. cantus. Prob. from L. canthus, comer
of the eye ; see Cant (2).
Canton, aregion. (F.— Ital.) Y. canton,
— Ital. cantone, a nook, angle; also, a
corporation, township (Torriano) ; Late L.
cantonum, canto, a region, province.
Origin doubtful. % Canton (in heraldry),
a comer of a shield, is from F. canton,
a comer, Ital. cantone, from Ital. canto, an
edge ; see Cant (2).
Canvas. (F. — L. — Gk.) "M.E, canevas.
North F. canezfos.mmljaic L. canabdcius,
hempen cloth. — L. cannabis, hemp. — Gk.
K&vvafits, hemp. Cf. Skt. fcaui, hemp;
see Hemp.
canvass. (F.-L.-Gk.) Orig. to
toss in a canvas sheet, to criticize or
discuss thoroughly. From canvas, sb.
Canionet; see Cant (I).
74
CAOUTCHOUC
Caoutchouc. (F.-Carib.) ¥, caout-
chouc; orig. a Caribbean word, cahuchu.
Cap, a head-covering. (Late L.) A. S.
cceppe.^haXt L. cappa^ a cap (Isidore).
Capable. (F. — L.) F. capable. — Late
L. capdbilisy comprehensible; afterwards,
able to hold. — L. caperCy to hold (below),
capaciouSf able to contain. (L.)
Coined from L. capdci-, stem of capax^
able to hold. — L. capere^ to hold, contain ;
see Heave. Brugm. i. § 635. -(-^QAP.)
Caparison, trappings of a horse. (F.
— Span. — Late L.) O.F. caparasson.^
Span. caparazoUj cover for a saddle ; aug-
mentative from Med. L. caparo, a cowl;
from Span, capa, a cloak, cover. — Late L.
cdpa, a cape ; as below.
Cape (i)> a covering for the shoulders.
(F. -Late L.) O. North F. cape. - Late L.
cdpOj a cape (Isidore of Seville); whence
also Prov., Span., Port, capa^ Icel. kdpa,
&c. Allied to cap. Doublet, cope.
Cape (2), a headland. (F. — Ital. -L.)
F. ra/. — Ital. eapOt head, headland. — L.
caput, head.
Caper (i)) to dance abont. (Ital.— L.)
Abbreviated from capreole (Sir P. Sidney).
— Ital. capriolare, to skip as a goat. —Ital.
capriola, 'a caper in dancing,' Florio;
also, a kid ; dimin. of capra, a she-goat.
— L. capra, a she- goat ; cf. cdper, he-goat.
^Gk. Kiwpos, a goat; A.S. Aa/er, Icel.
hafr.
Caper (3)) the flower-bud of a certain
plant. (F.-L.-Gk.) M. F. capre (F.
cdpre), — L. capparis. — Gk. in&irva/Ns, caper-
plant ; its fruit ; cf. Pers. kabar, capers.
Capercailsie. (Gael.) Here z repre-
sents M. £. )y pron. as >'. — Gael, capull-
coille, great cock of the wood ; lit. horse
of the wood. — Gael, capull, a horse (see
Cavalier) ; coille, gen. of coill, a wood,
c^;nate with £. Holt.
Capillary, like hair. TL.) L. capil-
Idris, adj. ; nrom capiUus^ hair. Perhaps
allied to cap-ut, the head.
Capital ( I ), chief. (F.-L.) Y. capital,
— L. capitdlis^ belonging to the head. — L.
capit'y stem oi caput, the head.4>Skt. kapd-
la{m), skull ; A. S. hafela^ head. Brugm.
i. h 64T.
capital (2), stock of money. (F. -
L.) F. capital. "IjbXg L. capitdle, wealth;
neut. oicapitdlis, chief; see Capital (i).
^ capital (3), ^ead of a pillar. (L. ; or
F.— L.) L. capitellutUy heiad of a pillar ;
dimin, from L. caputs head. Or from O.
CAPTIOUS
North F. capitel (F. chapiieau) ; from L.
capitellum (above).
capitation, poll-tax. (F.-L.) F.
capitation. 'mljaX^ L. ace. capitdtiofum ,
poll-tax. — L. capit; stem of caput, poll,
head.
capitol. (L.) The temple of Jupiter,
at Rome, called Capitdlium.^'L, capit-,
stem of caput, a head ; but the reason for
the name is obscure; see Smith, Class.
Diet.
capitular, relating to a chapter. (L.)
Med. L. capittUdris^ adj. of capitulum^
a chapter of a cathedral, or a chapter of
a book ; see Chapter.
capitulate. (L.) IjaXt'L.capituldtuSt
pp. of capituldre, to divide into chapters,
also to propose terms (for surrender).—
Late L. capitulum, a chapter ; see Chapter.
Der. re- capitulate.
Capon. (L. — Gk.) A. S. capun.^Xu.
ace. cdponetn, from nom. capo, — Gk. K&nosv,
a capon.
Caprice. (F.-Ital.-L.?) Y. caprice.
— Ital. capriccio, a whim. Perhaps from
Ital. capro, a he-goat; so that capriccio
might mean a frisk like a goat*s; see
Caper (i).
Capricorn. (L.) L. capricotnus,
homed like a goat. — L. capri-^ for capro-,
stem of caper, goat ; and corn-u, horn.
capriole, a peculiar frisk of a horse.
(F. - Ital. - L.) F. capriole (see Cot.). -
Ital. capriola, the leap of a kid; see
Caper ^i).
Capsue, to upset. (Span.?— L.) Per-
haps from Span, capuzar, to sink (a ship)
by the head ; apparently a derivative of L.
caput, the head. (A guess.)
Capstan. (F.— Span.— L.?) F. cc^e-
stan; Prov. cabestan. '^Spsai. cabestrctnte,
cabrestattte, a capstan. Of these forms,
cabestrante is the better, and is allied to
Span, cabestrage^ a halter, or a haltering,
and to cabestrar, to halter. — L. capistrant-,
stem of pres. pt. of capistrdre, to haljer.
— L. capistrum (Span, cabestrd), a halter.
— L. cap-ere, to hold; with double suffix
'is-tro.
CapsulCf seed-vessel. (F. — L.) F.
capsule, a small case. — L. capsula, dimin.
oi capsa^ a case ; see Case (2).
Captain. (F.-L.) U.K. capitain.^
O. F. capitain. ^L&te L. capitdneus, capit-
dttus, a leader of soldiers. — L. capit-, stem
of caput, head.
Captious. (F. - L.) F. captieux, cavil-
76
CAPTIVE
CAREER
ling.^L. capiidsiis.'^l^, captiOf a taking,
a sophistical argument. i-L. captus, pp. of
capertt to hold. See Oapaoious.
captive. (F.-L.) F. captif (fcm.
captive), ^"L. captiuus, a captive. — L.
captus, pp. of capere, to take.+W. caeth,
a captive; O. Irish cacht^ a female captive.
captor. (L.) L. captor y a taker. — L.
cap'^ as in capere, to take; with suffix -tor,
capture. (F.-L.) F. capture, '^'L,
captura, a taking. — L. cap-., as in capere, to
take ; with fern, suffix -tura,
CapnohiXLy hooded friar, hood. (F. -
Ital. — Late L.) M. F. capuchin ; F.
capucin, ^ItaX, cappucino, a small hood,
hence a hooded fnar ; dimin. of cappuccio,
a cowl. — Ital. cappa, a cape ; see Cap and
Cape (i).
Car. (F.-C.) M.E.ftf^^.-0. North F.
carre, a car (Ducange, s. v. Marcelluni),
— Late L. carra, f. ; allied to L. carrus,
a car; of Gaulish origin. — Bret, karr,
a chariot; W. car, O. Gael, car, Irish
carr. Allied to L. currus, a chariot ;
Brugm. i. % 516.
Caracole. (F.— Span.) F. caracol,
carcuolcy a snail ; yAitnctfaire le caracole,
applied to a manoeuvre by soldiers, and to
turns made by a horse. — Span, caracol^
a snail, winding staircase, turning about
(from the snail-shell's spiral form). Per-
haps of Celtic origin ; cf. Gael, carach,
circling, winding ; car, a turn, twist.
Carafe, a glass water-bottle. (F. —
Span. T- Arab.) F. carafe, — Span, garrafa,
a cooler, vessel to cool wines in.— Arab.
ghirdf, draughts of water; Arab, root
gharafa, to draw water. (Dozy, Devic.)
% Or from Pers. qardbah, a large flagon ;
but see Carboy.
Carat. (F. - Ital.- Arab. -Gk.) F.
carat, a very light weight. — ItaL carato.^
Arab, qirrdt, a pod, husk, carat, 24th
part of an ounce. — Gk. /c€fl&Tiov, fruit of
the locust-tree ; also, a carat ; lit. * a small
horn.* — Gk. Htpar-, stem of Kipai, a horn ;
see Horn.
Caravan. (F.-Pers.) Y.caravane.^
Pers. kdrwdn, a caravan, convoy.
caravansary. (Pers.) Pers. kdr-
wdnsardy, an inn for caravans. — Pers.
kdrwdn, caravan ; sardy, public building,
inn.
Caraway, Carraway. (Span.-
Arab.) Span, al-carahueya, a caraway;
where al is merely the Arab. def. art. ;
also written <:am. — Arab, karwiyd-a,
karawtyd'a, caraway-seeds or plant. Cf.
Gk. icdposy K&pov, cumin.
Carbine. (F. — Gk.) Formerly cara-
bine, a musket, the weapon of a caradin,
or musketeer. — F. caradin, * an arque-
buzier ; * Cot. Perhaps from O. F. calabrin,
a light-armed soldier ; of uncertain origin.
Carbon. (F.— L.) F. carbone.^h.
ace. carbonem, a coal.
carbonado, broiled meat. (Span.—
L.) Span, carbonada, meat broiled over
coals.— Span, carbon, coal; see above.
carbnnde. L. carbunculus, (1) a
small coal, (a) a carbuncle, gem, from its
glowing, (3) a red tumour. Double
diinin. of L. carbo, coal.
Carboy, a large glass bottle^ protected
by wicker-work. ^Pers.) Pers. qardbah ^
a large flagon ; wnich is prob. of Arab,
origin. Cf. Arab, qirbah, a water-skin,
water-bottle.
Carcanet. (F. — Teut.) Dimin. of F.
car can, a collar of jewels, or of gold,—
O. H. G. querca, the throat; cf Icel.
kverkr, pi. the throat ; lAiYi, gerkle, throat,
gerti, to drink. Brugm. i. § 653.
Carcase, Carcass. (F.- Ital.) From
M. F. carquasse, a dead body. — Ital.
carcassa, a kind of bomb-shell,' a shell;
also, a skeleton, frame ; cf. Port, carcassa,
a carcase, a very old woman. Of unknown
origin.
Card (1), piece of pasteboard. (F.—
Ital. — Gk.) Corruption of F. carte, *a
card,' Cot — Ital. carta; L. charta,^Gk.
X^Vi X^P'f'Vi a leaf of papyrus. Der.
cardboard. Doublet, chart.
Card (2), an instrument for combing
wool. (F.— L.) F.carde.^Med.h,cardus,
L. carduus, a. thistle ; for wool-combing.
Cardinal. (L.) L. cardindlis, prin-
cipal, chief ; orig. relating to the hinge of
a door. — L. cardin-, stem of cardo, a
hinge.
Cardoon, a plant. (F.— Prov.-L.)
F. cardon, Cot, — Prov. cardon\ with aug-
ment, suffix from Med. L. card-usy a
thistle. See Card (2).
Care. (F.) M. £. care. A. S. caru,
cearu, anxiety. 4- O. Sax. kara, sorrow ;
O. H. G. chara, a lament ; Goth, kara ;
Teut. type ^kard, f. Hence, care, vb. ; A. S.
carian. % Not allied to L. ciira.
Careen. (F.— L.) Lit. 'to clean the
keel ; * hence to lay a ship on its side. — F.
carine, carhte, keel. — L. carina^ keel.
Career. (F.-C.) F. carriire, a race-
76
CARESS
CARP
course. * Late L. car r aria ttta), a road
for cars. — Late L. carra, L. carrus, a car ;
of Celtic origin ; see Car.
Caress. (F.— Ttal. — L.) F. caresse,
a fondling. — Ital. carezza, a caress, fondling.
— Late L. caritia^ dearness.«L. cdrus,
dear. Bnigm. i. § 637.
Caorfax. (F.—L.) M. £. carfoukes^
a place where four roads meet. — O. F. pi.
carrefourgSt the same: from sing, carre-
fourg. — Late L. quadrifurcus, four-forked.
— L. quadri" (from quatuor\ four; and
furca^ a fork. See Pork.
Car^fO. (Span. — C.) Span.ra^^freight,
load; c£ cargar^ to load.— Late L. carri^
care, to load a car ; see Charge.
caricature. (Ital.-C.) Ital. cart-
caturay a satirical picture; so called because
exaggerated or 'overloaded.* —Ital. cari'
cart, to load, burden. — Late L. carricdre,
to load a car; see Charge.
Caries. (LO L. caries, rottenness.
Carkf buiden, anxiety. (F.—C.) A. F.
karke. North. F. form of F. charge, i. e.
load ; see Charge. Cf. M. £. karke, a
load ; as in ' a karke of pepper*
Carkanet j see Caroanet.
CarminatlTey expelling wind from
the body. (F.—L.) Y,carminatif,^waA'
voiding;' Cot— L. carmindt-us, pp. of
carmindre, to card wool (hence, in old
medicine, to cleanse from gross humours) ;
with suffix 'tuus, — L. carmin-, from car-
men, a card for wool. — L. cdrere, to
card.
Carmine. (Span. — Arab. — Skt.) Span.
carmin, short form ofcarmesin, adj. ; from
carfftesi, crimson, — Arab, qirmizt, crimson ;
from ^fin7/i;;,cochineal. — Skt. krmi, a worm,
the cochineal insect.
Camatfe; see below.
CamaL (L.) L. camdHs, fleshly.—
L. cam-, stem of caro, flesh. Brugm. i.
5 5^5.
carnage. (F.-L.) F, carnage, fiesh-
time, slaugnter of animals.— Late L. car-
tid/icum, a tribute of flesh-meat ; cf.
camdtum, time for eating flesh. — L. cam-,
stem of caro, flesh.
carnation. (F.-L.) F. carnation,
flesh colour (Littre). — L. ace. carndtionem,
fleshiness. — L. cam-, stem of caro, flesh.
camiyaL (F.-Ital.-L.) V.cama-
7tal, Shrovetide. — Ital. camevale, camovale,
the last three days before Lent — Med. L.
camelevdle,carftefevdmen,ttmo\9\ of flesh.
Shrovetide. — L carne-m, Viccoi caro, flesh ;
and leudre, to lift, remove, take away,
from leuis^ light.
CanUTOrons. (L.) L. camiuorus,
flesh-tating. — L.frtr««-,decl. stem o^caro,
flesh ; and uor-dre, to devour.
Carob-tree, the locust-tree. (F. —
Arab.) M. F. carohe, caroube, — Arab.
kharriib, bean-pods.
Caroche, Carroche, a kind of coach.
(F. -Ital.-C.) Nearly obsolete; but
the present sense of carriage is due to it. —
F. carroche, variant of carrosse, * a carosse
or caroach ; ' Cot. — Ital. carroccia, car-
rozza, a chariot. Extended from Ital.
carro, a car. See Car.
Carol, a song. (F.-L.-Gk.?) For-
merly, a kinS of dance.— O.F. carole,
a (singing) dance. Godefroy (s. v. carole)
cites Swiss Rom. cor aula, a round -dance,
also a dance-song. Prob. from I/.
choraules, a flute-player to a chorus. — Gk.
Xopavkrji, the same. — Gk. x^P'^^t & chorus,
round-dance ; and avK6s, a flute.
Carotid, adj. (Gk.) Gk. tcaporrihts, s. pi. ,
the two great arteries of the neck ; it was
thought that an alteration in the flow of
blood through them caused stupor.—
Gk. Kap6cj, I stupefy ; xApos, stupor.
Carousal, (i) a drinking-bout; (2), a
pageant (i. F.-G. ; a. F.-Ital) 1.
Sometimes used as'if from the verb carouse
below. 2. But, in old authors, cdrous/i
(also carousal) means a sort of pageant,
of which some kind of chariot- race formed
a principal part; Dryden, Virgil, JEn, v..
777, — F. carrousel, a tilting-match. — Ital.
carosello, also spelt garosello, a tourna-
ment ; of uncertain origin.
Carouse. TF. — G.) F. carous, ^a ca-
rousse of drinke,' Cot. — G. garaus, right
out ; used of emptying a bumper. — G. gar,
quite ; and aus, out. (Raleigh even writes
garouse; directly from G, garaus,) Der.
carous-al, but only in one sense of that
word ; see above.
Carp (i), a fish. (F.) M. E. carpe,
XV cent -O. F. carpe (Span. Port, carpa,
Ital. carpa, Florio) ; also Du. karper-,
Icel. karfi\ Dan. karpe\ Swed. karp',
G. karpfen; O.H.G. charpho\ Russ.
karf ; Lith. karpa.
Carp (2), to cavil at. (Scand.) M. £.
car pen, which often merely means to talk,
say. — Icel. karpa, to boast; Swed. dial.
karpa, to boast, talk much. % The pre-
sent sinister sense is due to confusion with
L. carpere, to pluck.
CARPENTER
CASINO
Carpenter. (F.-C.) K,¥.carpettier\
O. North F. carpentier (^ , charpentier),'^
Late L. carpentdrius ^ sb. ; carpentdrCi to
work in timber. « L. carpentum^ a carriage ;
a word of Celtic origin. — O. Irish carpaty
Gael, and Irish carbad^ W. cerbyd^ a car-
riage, chariot, litter.
Carpet. (F. — L.) 0,F. carpi/e.-^tAte
L. carpi fa, carpeta, a kind of thick cloth ;
also carpia (F. charpU), lint. — L. car-
pere, to pluck, pull to pieces (lint being
made of rags pulled to pieces, and carpet,
probably, from shreds).
Carrack. (F.) O. F. carraque^ a ship
of burden ; Late Lat. carraca, the same.
Of unknown origin.
Carriage. (F.-C.) M.E. cartage, that
which is carried about (as in Bible, A. V.).
— O. F. cartage ; from carter, to cany ; see
Carry. % Its modem use is due to con-
fusion with caroch, a vehicle (Massinger,
Renegado, i. 2); see Caroohe.
Carrion. ( F. - L.) M.E. caroigne, a
carcase. — O. North F. caroigne \ Late L.
caronia, a carcase. — L. caro, flesh.
Carronade, a sort of cannon. (Scot-
land.) So named because made at Carron,
in Stirlingshire.
Carrot. (F.— L.— Gk.) F. carote, ca-
rotte. — L. carota, — Gk. icapuT6v, a carrot.
Carry. (F. — C.) O. F. carter. — Late
L. carrudre. — L. carrus, a car ; see Car.
Cart. (E.) A.S. crat, crat\ cf. Du.
krai. Or from Icel. kartr^ a cart ; whence,
probably, Picard carti^ a cart.
Carte, a bill of fare. (F.-Gk.) Chiefly
in the F. phr. carte blanche, lit. white
paper. — Late L. carta; see Card (i).
CarteL (F.-Ital.-Gk.) F. cartel^
Ital. cartello, lit a small paper ; dimin. of
carta, paper, bill ; see Card (i).
Cartilage. (F.-L) F. cartilage,
gristle. — L. cartildginem, ace. oicartildgo.
Der. cartilagin-ous.
Cartoon. (F. -Ital. -Gk.) F. carton, -
Ital. cartone, lit. a large paper ; from carta,
a card ; see Card (i).
cartonclie, cartridge. (F. - Ital.
— Gk.) Cartridge (with intrusive r) is for
cartidge, corrupt form of cartouche, ^Y,
cartouche, a roll of paper.— Ital. cartoccio,
a roll of paper, cartridge. — Ital. carta,
paper; LsitQh. carta; see Card (i). ^The
cartridge took its name from the paper in
which it was rolled up.
cartulary, a register. (LateL.-Gk.)
Late L. cartuldriumf chartuldrium, a
register. — Late L. chartula^ a document ;
dimin. oicharta, a paper; see Card (i).
Carve. (E.) M. £. keruen. A.S. ceorfan ;
pt. t. cearf, pi. curfon^ pp. corfen. [The
A. S. ceorfan would have given *charve ;
c was retained from the pt. pi. and pp.]
+ Du. kerven ; G. kerben, to notch, cut ;
also Dan, karve, Swed. karfva, to notch,
from the 2nd stem. Gk. ypiupfiv. Brugm.
i. § 791.
Cascade. ( F. — Ital. — L. ) F. cascade. —
Ital. ccuccUa, a waterfall ; orig. fern. pp. of
cascare, to fall. For *casicare, — L. cdsdre,
to totter. — L. cdsum, sup. oicadere, to fall.
Case (i)) an event. (F.— L.) M.E.
ccu,^Y, cas.^h. ace. cdsum, a fall, a
case.— L. cdsus, pp. oicadere, to fall.
Case (2), a receptacle. (F. — L.) O. F.
casse. — L. capsa, a box, cover. — L. capere,
to hold.
Casemate. (F. — Ital.) Y. casemate,
a loop-hole in a fortified wall. — Ital. ccua-
tnatta, a chamber built under a wall or
bulwark, to hinder those who enter the
ditch to scale the wall of a fort. It seems
to mean 'dark chamber.' — Ital. and L.
casa, house, cottage, room; and Ital.m^/'/a,
fem. of matto, orig. mad, but the Sicilian
mcUtu means ' dim.*
Casement, frame of a window. (F.—
L.) Coined with the sense of encasement,
that which encases or encloses. From
case, verb ; with suffix -nient.
Cash, coin. (F. — L.) Orig. a till or box
to keep money in. — F. casse^ a case ; see
Case (2) above. Der. cash-ier, sb., one
who keeps a money-box or cash.
Cashew-nut, the nut of a W. and £.
Indian tree. (F.— Brazilian?) Cashew h
a corruption of F. acajou, which is said to
be from the native Brazilian name acajaba
or acajaiba, (Mahn, Littr^.)
Cashier, to dismiss from service.
(Du. — F. — L.) Du. casseren, to cashier ;
merely borrowed from F. casser, * to
breake, burst, . . also to casseere, dis-
charge;* Cot. [Du. words, borrowed
from F., end in -«'^».] — L. quassdre, to
shatter, frequent, of quatere, to shidce;
which annexed the senses of L. cassdre, to
annul, discharge, from L. cassus, void, null.
Cashmere, a soft wool. (India.) So
called from the vale of Cashmere, in India.
Also spelt cassimere, kerseymere.
CaSinOf a room for dancing. (Ital. — L.)
Ital. casino, dimin. of casa, a cottage,
house. — L. ccua, a cottage.
78
CASK
Cask. (Span.—L.) Span. casco,9,B\iXkl\,
sherd, coat of an onion ; also a cask of
wine, a casque or helmet. The orig. sense
is * hnsk ' ; cf* Span, cascara^ peel, rind,
shell. Port, cascay rind. — Span, cascar^ to
burst open ; formed (as if from Lat. *quaS'
sicdre) from an extension of L. quassdre^
to break, barst ; see Quash.
cas^uet a helmet. (F.— Span.—L.)
F. fOfftf^.^Span. cascOf a helmet, head-
piece ; see above.
CaidEety a small box. (Span.— L.) Ap-
parently confused with F. cassette^ * a small
casket ; * Cot. Formally, it is a dimin. of
Cask.
Casque; see Cask.
Cassava, a plant (Span. - Hayti.)
Span, cazade; also cazavif * the bread made
in the W. Indies of the fruit called the
yuca;* Pineda. It properly means the
plant, which is also called manioc ; said to
be from the Hayti casabbi, with the same
sense. See R. ^en's works, ed. Arber,
p. 175. ^ See Tapioca.
Cassia, a species. of laurel. (L. — Gk. —
Heb.) L. casia^ cassia, » Gk. Kaola^ a spice
like cinnamon. ^ Heb. qetstothy in Ps. xlv.
8, a pi. form from qetsi *dh, cassia-bark. ^
Heb. root qdtsa*, to cut away ; because the
bark is cut off.
Cassimere ; see Cashmere.
Cassock, a vestment. (F.— Ital.) F.
casaque, « Ital. casacca^ an outer coat. Of
uncertain origin.
Cassowary, a bird. (Malay.) First
brought from Java. Malay kasuwdri.
Cast. (Scand.) Icel. kasla, to throw ;
Swed. Jkasfa ; Dan. kasfe. Der. re-cast,
CastaaetSy instruments used for
making a snapping noise. (F.— Span.^
L.— Gk.) F. castagnettes, 'finger-knack-
ers, wherewith players make a pretty
noise in some dances;' Cot — Span, cas-
iafietaSf castanets; pi. of castafUta^ a
snapping noise resembling the cracking of
roasted chestnuts. •- Span. castaHa, a chest-
nut.— Lat. casianeay the chestnut-tree.—
Gk. Koaravw ; see Chestnut.
Caste, a breed, race. (Port.— L.) Port.
ccutaj a race, orig. a * pure* breed ; a name
? liven by the Port, to classes of men in
ndia. — Port, ccutay fern, of ccuto^ pure. —
L. castus, pure, chaste.
oastii^te. (L.) h, castrgd/us, pp. of
ccutigdre^ to chasten ; lit. *■ to keep pure.* —
L. castus, chaste. Donblet, chastise.
Castle. (L.) A. S. caste/, ^L, cos-
CATAPLASM
teiium, dimin. of castrum^ a fortified
place. Der. castell-an, O. North F. caste-
lain, O. F. chastelain^ the Iceeper of a
chastely or castle ; also chdielcune (fem. of
F. chdtelain » O. F. r^of/^/aiVi), now applied
to a lady*s chain or 'keeper' of keys,
&c.
Castor. (L. — Gk.) L. castor.^QV.
Koarcapy a beaver. But of Eastern origin ;
cf. Malay kastUri, Skt. kastUrt, musk ;
Pers. khaZf beaver.
castoi^-oiL Named from some con-
fusion with castcreum, * a medicine made
of the liquor contained in the little bags
that are next the beaver's groin ; ' Kersey.
But it is really a v^etable production.
Castrate. (L.) L. castratus, pp. of
castrdre, to cut.
CasnaL (F.— L.) V.casuel,^L.cdsU'
dlis, happening by chance. — L. cdsu-,
stem of cdsus, chance. See Case (1).
Cat. (£.) A. S. cat.^ Du., Dan. hat,
Icel. hottr, Sw. halt, G. kater, katze; L.
cdtus, W. cath, Ir. Gael, cat, Russ. h0t\
hoshka, Arab, qitt, Turk, kedi, (Prob.
Eastern.)
Cata-, prefix. (Gk.) Gk. /rar^, down,
thoroughly.
Cataclysm, deluge. (Gk.) Gk.«ara-
KXvcfi&Sy a dashing over, flood. — Gk. KarA,
down ; kX^hv, to dash, wash, as waves.
Catacomb. (Ital. - L.) Ital. cata-
comba, a sepulchral vault.- Late L. cata-
cuntbas ; of which the sense and origin are
unknown.
Cata&lque« a stage or platform,
chiefly used at funerals. (F. — Ital.) F.
catafalque* ^\\»\, catafalco\ of unknown
origin. See Soaifold.
Catalepsy, a sudden seizure. (Gk.)
Formerly catalepsis, — Gk. imti&Ai;^!?, a
grasping, seizing. — Gk. Kar<i, down ; Aa^i-
^6vuv, to seize.
Catalogue. (F. - Gk.) F. ccUalogue, —
Late Lat. ace. catalogum, — Gk. learSko^os,
a counting up, enrolment. — Gk. iNird, fully ;
Xi-^tiv, to say, tell ; see Logic.
Catamaran, a sort of raft. (Tamil.)
In Forbes, Hindustani Diet., ea. 1859,
p. 289, we have *katmaran, a raft . . ; the
word is orig. Tamil, and means tied logs,* —
Tamil kaXKu, binding; Ptaram, wood
(Yule).
Cataplasm, a poultice. (F.-L.-
Gk.) F. catap/asf/te,^lj, cataplasma,^
Gk. KaravXafffia, a plaster, poultice. — Gk.
«arairA.a(r<rciK, to spread over, — Gk. Kard^
79
CATAPULT
CATTLE
fully ; and vXdaauVf to mould ; see
Plaster.
Catapult. (Late L.~Gk.) Late L.
catapulta, an engine for throwing stones. —
Glc. KaTaitikrifi, the same, i- Gk. Kara,
down ; vaWtiv^ to swing, hurl.
Cataract. (L. — Gk!) L. cataracta,
Gen. vii. ii.-iGk. Kara/ifidxTriSf as sb., a
waterfall ; as adj., broken, rushing down.
Prob. allied to Hara^fi^wfUf I break
down ; the 2 aor. /caTf^fiayfjv was used
of the rushing down of waterfalls and
storms. — Gk. ^ora, down; firiywfu, I
break.
Catarrh. (F. - Late L. - Gk.) F.
catarrhe, — Late L. ccUarrhus. — Gk.
Karap^s, a flowing down (of rheum),
a cold in the head. — Gk. ivard, down ; and
^Uiv^ to flow.
Catastrophe. (Gk.) Gk.«rara47rpo<^4,
an overturning, sudden turn. — Gk. irar<i,
down ; arpitptty, to turn.
Catch. (F.— L.) O. Picard cachter,
variant of O. F. chacier, to hunt, chase ;
hence, to catch. It answers to Ital. cac'
a'arey Late L. *captiare^ extended form of
L. captdre, to catch. — L. captuSy pp. of
capere, to seize. % We even find M. Du.
kaetsefty to catch, borrowed from Picard
cockier. The M. £. pt. t. caujie imitated
laujtCy pt. t. of M. £. lacchen^ to catch.
Doublet, chase (i).
Catechise. (L.— Gk.) IjsXe l^. cate-
chizare. — Gk. tcarrjxK^iyt to catechise,
instruct ; lengthened form of Karrix^tiv, to
din into ones ears, lit. 'to din down.'—
Gk. «ar-<i, down; iiX^iVt ^^ sound; cf.
^X^''} a nnging in the ears ; see Echo.
Category, a class. (Gk.) Gk. ivari;-
fopia, an accusation ; but in logic, a pre-
dicament or class. — Gk. KartiyoptiVy to
accuse. — Gk. icar-a, down, against ; *d7o-
pHVy with the sense o{A,yoptv€iv, to declaim,
address an assembly, from dyopd, an
assembly.
Catenary, belonging to a chain ; used
of the curve in which a chain hangs. (L.)
From L. catena, a chain ; see Cliain.
Cater, to buy provisions. (F. — L.)
Formed as a verb from M. £. catourt a
buyer of provisions (whom we should now
call a ccUer-er), Catour is short for
acatour, formed from cuat^ a buying, pur-
chase, Ch. prol. .571.— O. F. acat (mod.
F. achat)y a buying. — Folk-L. acaptuniy a
purchase ; for cucaptum, — Folk-L. cucap-
tdre, to purchase (a. d. 1060), frequent, of
cucipere, to receive, also to buy; see
Accept and Gates.
Cateran, a Highland robber. (Gael.)
Low L. cateranuSf answering to Gael.
cecUhaime, lit. * common people ; ' cf.
ceathairne-choilley s. pi., freebooters, out-
laws. From Irish cethertiy ceithern, a
troop, band ; cf. L. caterua, a band of
men. See Kern.
Catercousin. (F.-L.) Nares (ed.
1876) has : * Cater-cousins, friends so
familiar that they eat together.* If so,
the word is from cater, vb., and
cousin.
Caterpillar. (F.— L.) Adapted from
O. F. chcUepelose, a caterpillar (Godefroy) ;
the latter half of the word was assimilated
to piller, one who pills , or robs or spoils.
O. F. chatepelose is lit. * hairy she-cat.* —
O. F. chate, fem. of chat, cat; pelose,
hairy. — L. cdtus, cat ; pilosus, hairy, from
pilus, a hair.
Caterwaul. (E.) M. £. catenvawen',
coined from ccU, and wawen, to make a
wailing noise.
Cates, provisions. (F. - L.) So called
because provided by the catour, mod. E.
cater-er ; see Cater. * Cater, a steward, a
provider of r^/^j ; * Baret (1580).
Cathartic, purging. (Gk.) Gk. ica$ap'
ruc6s, purgative. — Gk. KoBaipttv, to cleanse,
purge. — Gk. teciOapSs, pure.
Catiiedral. (L. - Gk.) L. cat/ie-
drdlis ecclesia=2L cathedral church, or one
which has a bishop's throne. — Late L.
cathedra, a throne. — Gk. icaBiZpa, a seat.
— Gk. KoB', for KarA, down ; and t^pa, a
^at, chair, from %ioi»m ( = kZ^yotwn), I sit ;
see Sit.
Catholic. (L. — Gk.) L. catholicHs
(TertuUian.) — Gk. wa^oXi^os, universal.
— Gk. KoAhK-w), adv., on the whole, in
general. — Gk. koB-, for Karin, according
to ; and 5Xov, gen. of oXos, whole.
Catkin. (Du.) A loose spike of
flowers, named from its soft downy ap-
pearance.— M. Du. katteken, 'a kitling,*
Hexham. (It also meant * catkin'; cf.
F. chattons in Cot.) Dimin. of Du. kat, a
cat (M. Du. kcUte).
Catoptric, relating to optical reflec-
tion. (Gk.) Gk. KaTovrpiKSs, reflexive. —
Gk. Kdrom-pov, a mirror. — Gk. Kar-d,
down, inward ; ow-rofMi, I see, with suffix
'Tpov, of the instrument.
Cattle. (F. — L.) M.E. catel, property ;
hence, live stock, cattle. — O. North F.
80
CAUCUS
caiel. — Late L. capitdUi capital, property ;
see Capital (2) and Chattels.
GancuSy a name applied to certain
political meetings. (American Indian?)
Said to be from an Algonkin word mean-
ing to speak, to comisel, whence kaw-kaw-
jasUf a counsellor. 'Their elders, called
cawcawwassaughe5\* Capt. Smith*s Works,
ed. Arber, p. 547. * Caucorouse^ which is
captaine;* id. p. 377. ^' This is more
likely than the entirely misupported story
about caulkers* meetings.
Caudalf belonging to the tail. (L.) L:
Cauda, the tail.
Caildley a warm drink. (F. — L.) O.
North F. caudel, O. F. chaudel, a sort of
warm drink. i-O. F. chaud, chaid, hot.-i
L. calduSf for calidus, hot. .
Caul, a net, covering, esp. for the head.
(F.) O. F. cole, 'a kind of little cap ; '
Cot. Origin unknown.
Canlcbx^n ; see Caldron.
CauliflLower. (F. - L.) Formerly
colyjlory. From M. E. col (O. F. col), a
cabbage; and flory, from O. F. Jloriy
Jleurif pp. oi Jleurir, to flourish. The
O. F. col is from L. ace. caulem, from
caulis, a cabbage ; 2ixAfleurir is from I.,
yfor^r^ytoflourish. See Cole and Flourish.
CauU:, Calk. (F. - L.) M. £.
cauken, to tread ; hence, to squeeze in (as
oakum into a ship's seams). — O. F. cau-
quety to tread ; to tent a wound with lint.
— L. calcdre, to tread, force down by
pressure. — L. cak^t stem of calx, the heel.
Cause. (F. — L.) F. cause, — L. causa,
caussa, a cause. Der. cause, vb.
Cail8ewa7f a paved way, raised way.
(F.— L. ; a»tf E.) Formerly caus-ey -way;
by adding way to M. E. caus^, causte,
causey. ^O. North F. caucie (mod. F.
chauss^e, Prov. causada, Span, calzada). «
Late L. calcidta, for ccUcidta uia, a paved
way. « Late L. calcidtus, pp. of calcidre,
to make a roadway by treading it down ;
from L. ccdcdre, to tread. — L. calc-, stem
of calx, heel ; see Caulk.
Caiutio. (L. — Gk.) L. causticus. —
Gk. KavaTiK6i, burning. -» Gk. KawTr6^,
burnt. "•Gk. icaitiv (fut. KavoM), to bum.
cauterise. (F.-LateL.-Gk.) F.
cauleriser.^LoLte L. cauterizdre, to sear.
— Gk. KavTrjptd(tiv, to sear.»Gk. Jtavr^-
piw, a branding-iron. — Gk. xaleiv, to
bum (above).
Caution. (F.-L.) Y. caution, ^.l^,
ace. cautionem, heed. — L. cantus, pp. of
CEIL, CIEL
cattere, to beware. Cf. Skt. kazn(s), wise.
Bragm. i. § 635. Der. pre-cautum,
Cavalier. (F.-Ital.-L.) F. cava-
lier, a horseman. -• Ital. cavaliere, the
same. — L. caballdrium, ace. of ccUnilldrius,
the same. — L. caballus, a horse. See
Chevalier.
cavalcade. (F. - Ital. - L.) F.
cavalcade. — Ital. cavcdcata, a troop of
horsemen ; orig. fem. of pp. of cavalcare,
to ride. — Ital. cavallo, a horse. — L. ca'
ballum, ace. of caballus, a horse.
cavalry. (F. - Ital. - L.) O. F.
cavallerie. — Ital. cavalleria, cavalry. —
Ital. cavaliere, a knight ; see Cavalier.
Cave. (F.^L.) M. E. caue.^O. F.
cave, a cave. — Folk-L. cava, a cave. — L.
cauus,)io\\o\r, (^KEU.) "Det. caV'iiy\
cav-em (F. caveme, L. cauenta).
Cave in. (M. Du.) Properly to
calve in, a phrase introduced by Du.
navvies. Cf. W. Flanders inkalven, to
cave in ; E. Friesic kalfen, to calve as a
cow, whence kalfen in, to cave in. The
falling portion of earth is compared to a
calf dropped by a cow. Confused with
cave, a hollow.
Caveat, a caution. (L.) L. caueat,
lit. let him beware. — L. cauere, to beware.
Caviare, roe of the sturgeon. (F.—
Ital.) F. caviar. — Ital. caviaro ; whence
also Turk, khdvydr, caviare.
CaviL (F.-L.) O. F. caviller. ^\..
cauilldri, to banter; hence, to wrangle,
object to. — L. cauilla, a jeering, cavil-
ling.
Caw. (E.) An imitation of the cry of
the crow or daw. Cf. Du. kaauw, Dan.
kaa, a jackdaw : which are imitative.
CagrnLan, an American alligator. (Ca-
ribbean.) Also caiman. The spelling
cayman is Spanish. — Caribbean acayuman
(Littre).
Cease. (F' — L.) Y, cesser. ^\,.cessdre,
to loiter, go slowly, cease ; frequent, of
cedere (pp. cessus^_, to yield, go away,
go.
Cedar, a tree. (F. - L. - Gk.) O. F.
cedre.^'L. cedrus.^GV. KtSpos,
Cede. (L.) A late word (a. d. 1633).
— L. cedere, to go, to come, to yield.
Ceil, Ciel, to line the inner roof or
walls of a room. (F. — L.) Hence the
sb. ceil-ing or ciel-ing. M. E. ceelen, to
ceil ; from the sb. syle or cyll, a canopy. —
F. ciel, a canopy ; the same word as cid^
heaven. [Cf. Ital. cielo, heaven, a canopy,
81
CELANDINE
CENTAUR
a cieIing.]-*L. calunij heaven. % Not to
be confused with £. jj7/, nor with seal\ nor
with seel (F. siller) ; nor with L. celdre^
to hide. The L. caldre, to emboss, seems
to have had some influence on the word,
but did not originate it ; cf. M. £. celure^
a canopy, Late L. caldtura.
Celandine, a plant. (F.-Gk.) O. F.
celidoine.''ljaXe L« celidinia. *- I., cheli-
dania.^Gk, X€Xdd6viov, swallow-wort.—
Gk. x^^^^-f stem of x*^^^9 a swallow.
(The n is intrusive.)
Celebrate. (L.) L. eelehratusy pp.
of ceUbrdrey to frequent, to solemnise,
honour.— L. celeher^ frequented, populous.
Celeril^. (F.-L.) Y. ciUritL^l.,
ace. celeritdteniy speed.— L. celer, quick.
Cf . Gk. KtKri^f a runner ; Brugm. i. § 633.
Celery. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. <■//<?«, in-
troduced from the Piedmontese Ital. sel-
leri ; for Ital. selini^ pi. of selino, parsley.
— L. selinoHf parsley. — Gk. aiXtvov, a kind
of parsley.
Celestial. (F.~L.) O.F. ceUstUl
— L. calesti'S, heavenly. — L. calum,
heaven.
Celibate. (L.) The orig. sense was
* a single life * ; it wa^ afterwards an adj.,
and again a sb., meaning 'one who is
single. — L. calibdtuSt sb. celibacy, single
life. — L. calib-y stem of Calebs^ single, un-
married. Der. celibacy (for *caHbdtia),
Cell. (L.) M. £. celle. - L. cella,
small room, hut Cf. celare^ to hide.
See Helm (2). (VKEL.)
cellar. (F.-L.) U,¥,celer, A.F.
celer\ O. F.celier.^h, celldriumj a cellar.
— L. cella (above).
Celt (i)) a name originally given to the
Gauls. (C.) From L. pi. CeUat the
Celts; the word probably meant 'war-
riors*; cf. A.S. hild^ Icel. hildr^ war;
Lith. kahii to strike ; L. per-cellercy to
strike through, beat down (Rhys).
Celt (2), a primitive chisel or axe.
(Late L.) Late L. celHSf assumed nom.
of the abl. celte (=with a chisel), in the
Vulgate Version of Job xix. 24. But this
reading is due to some error, and there
seems to be no such word in Latin.
Cement. (F.-L.) O. F. cimetU.^
L. camentuMy rubble, chippings of stone ;
hence, cement. Perhaps for *cadmentumi
from cadere, to cut (Brugm. i. § 587).
Cemetery. (L.— Gk.) Late L. ^d?#»^-
terium. — Gk. Koifirfrifpiw, a sleeping-place,
cemetery. — Gk. /rot/i4w, I lull to sleep ; in
pass., to fall asleep. Allied to icttfjuu, I
lie down ; Skt. ft, to lie down.
Cenobite. (L. — Gk.) L. ccsnobtta,
a member of a (social) fraternity (Jerome).
— L. ccenobiumy a convent. — Gk. tcoivofitoy,
a convent. — Gk. Koiv6fiios, living socially.
— Gk. Kotvd'Sf common ; jScos, life.
Cenotaph. (F. - L. - Gk.) O. F.
cenotaphe, — L. cenolaphium,^Gk. Ktvo-
rdtptoy, an empty tomb. — Gk. M€y6-s,
empty ; rdt^os, a tomb.
Censer. (F. — L.) M. E. censer, »^
O. F. censier, senser (Godefroy); short-
ened from O. F. encenster,^lkx.<t L. in-
censdriumy also incensorium (whence
mod. F, encensoir). — L. incensumy in-
cense; from pp. of incendere^ to kindle.
See Incense.
Censor. (L.) L. censor ^ a taxer, vainer,
assessor, critic. — L. censere^ to give an
opinion, appraise. 4-Skt. famSy to praise.
censnre. (F. — L.) F. censure, — L.
censHra^ orig. opinion. — L. censere
(above).
census. (L.) L. census^ a register-
ing. — L. censere (above).
Cent, a hundred, as in per cent, (L.)
In America, the hundredth part of a
dollar. — L. centum, a hundred; see
Hundred.
centenary. (L.) L. centendrius,
relating to a hundred. — L. centenus, a
hundred (usu. distributively). — L. centum.
centennial. (L.) Coined to mean
relating to a century. — L. cent-um, hun-
dred ; ann-uSf a year.
centesimal. (L.) L. centesim-us,
hundredth. — L. cent-um, hundred.
centigrade. (L.) Divided into a
hundred degrees. — L. centi-, for centum,
hundred ; grad-us, a degree ; see Grftde.
centipedCfCentiped. (F.-L.) F.
centipide. — L. centipeda, a many-footed
(lit. hundred-footed) insect — L.r^f»/f-, for
centum, hundred; and ped-, stem oi pes,
foot.
centuple. (L.) L. centuplex (stem
centupHc-), a hundredfold. — L. centu-m,
hundred ; plic-dre, to fold.
centurion. (L.) L. ace. centurid'
nem, a captain of a hundred. — L. centuria
(below).
century. (F. - L.) F. centurie. -
L. centuria, a body of a hundred men ;
number of one hundred. — L. centu-m,
hundred.
Centaur. (L. — Gk.) L. Centaums.
82
CENTAURY
— Qk. tcivravpos, a centaur, a creature half
man and half horse; which some have com-
pared with Skt. gandharvas, a demi-god.
centaury, a plant. (L.— Gk.) L.
r^if/aiimx. — Gk. Ktvravpuovy centaury; a
plant named from the Centaur Chiron.
Gentenaryy Centennial, Centu-
ple, Centnnon, &c. ; see Cent.
Centre, Center. (F.-L.-Gk.) F.
centre. — L. centrum. — Gk. KivrpWy a
spike, goad, prick, centre. - Gk. Kfvriw,
I goad on. Cf. W. cetAr, a spike.
centrifagal, flying from a centre.
(L.) L. centri'y for centro-, stem of cen-
trum ; and/ug'-ere, to fly.
centripetal, tending towards a
centre. (L.) L. centri- (above) ; pet-ere,
to seek.
Ceramic, relating to pottery. (Gk.)
Gk.«c^Attiv-2s, adj. — Gk. icipayi-oi, potter's
earth. Cf. nfpdvvvfu (ftit. Ktpaav), I mix.
Cere, to coat with wax. (L.) L.
cerdrey to wax.— L. cera^ wax.+Gk. Krip6Sf
wax.
cereolotll. (L.on^E.) Lit. a waxed
cloth.
cerement. (L.) From cere-, with
suffix -ment (L. -mentum),
cerase, white lead. (F.-L.) O^F.
ceruse. ^h, cerussoy white lead.-L. cera,
wax.
Cereal, relating to com. (L.) L.
cereSlis.^L,, ceres ^ com.
Cereteal, relating to the braim (L.)
From L. cerebr-um, the brain. Cf. Gk.
irdpa, the head. Brugm. i. § 619.
Ceredcth, Cerement ; see Oere.
Ceremony. (F. - L.) M. E. cere-
monie.'^F, c&^m^nie.'^'L, cartmanta, a
ceremony, rite.
Certain. (F. - L.) O. F. certetn,
certain. '^L. cert-us, sure; with suffix
'dnus. . Allied to L. cemere, to discrimi-
nate ; Gk. KfivtiVy to separate, decide.
Certi^. (F.-L.) M.E.certtfien."
F. certifier. "'Uite L. certificdrcy to make
saie.'^'L.certi-, for certo-y stem of certus
(above) ; and -Jie-y for/ac-ere, to make.
Cemlean, azure. (L.) L. carukusy
carulus, blue; for *caluleus, *caluluSy from
ca/um, sky. Brogm. i. § 483.
Cernse, white-lead ; see Gere.
Cervical, belonging to the neck. (L.)
From L. cerutc-y stem of ceruixy neck.
Cervine, relating to a hart. (L.) L.
cerutn-us.^h. certMtSy a hart; see Hart.
Ceee, Hmit, measure. (F. - L.) In
CHAIR
I Hen. IV. ii. i. 8. Orig. a tax, rate,
rating, assessment; see Spenser, State of
Ireland, Globe ed., p. 643, col. a. For
sess'y from sess, verb, to rate; which is
short for Assess.
Cessation. (F.-L.) ¥, cessation.'-^
L. ace. cessdtidftem, a ceasing. — L. cessd-
tus, pp. of cessdre, to cease. — L. cessus
(below).
cession. (F. - L.) F. cessum. - L.
ace. cessidnem, a yielding.— L. cessusy pp.
of cederCy to yield, to cede.
Cess-pool. (Hybrid.) Most probably
equiv. to {se)cess-pooi'y see N. E. D. Cf.
Ital. cessoy a privy (Torriano) ; which is
a shortened form of secesso, a retreat.—
L. secessusy 'the draught;* Matt. xv. 17
(Vulgate).
CetaceonS, of the whale kind. (L.—
Gk.) L. cetus. - Gk. «Stos, a sea-monster.
Ch.
Chablis, a white wine. (F.) From
ChabHsy 12 mi. E. of Auxene, in the de-
partment of Yonne, France.
Chafe, to warm by friction, vex. (F. —
L.) M. E. chaufen, to warm. - O. F.
chaufer (F. chauffer), to warm ; cf. Prov.
calfary to warm. -Late L. *calefdrey to
warm; for L. calefacere, to warm, make
to glow.- L. cale-re, to glow ; facerCy to
make.
Chafer, Cockchafer. (E.) A.S.
cefer (aXso cea/or)y a kind of beetle.+Du.
J^ever ; G. kc^er.
Chaff. (E.) A.S.cea/A^tcTcJta/yhvisk
of grain. +Du. kaf; Low G. kaff. If The
verb to chaff '^ to chafe, i. e. vex. So also
chaff-waXy for chafe-wax.
chaffinch, a bird. (E.) I.e. chaff-
finch ; it frequents bam-dooi^.
Chaffer. (E.) The verb is from the
M. E. sb. chapjarcy also chaffarcy a bargain-
ing. - A. S. ceapy a bargain, and farUy a
journey, also business ; see Cheap and
Fare.
Chaffinch ; see Chaft
Chatfrin. (F.) F. chagrin, melan-
cholyT [Diez identifies it with F. chagrtn,
shagreen ; but wrongly.]
Chain. (F.-L.) O.Y.chatneyChaifne.
— L. catenOy a chain. ,
Chair. (F.-L.-Gk.) U.E.chatrey
chaere.^O. F. chaierey chaere.'^L. cathe-
drUy a throne, raised seat, chair. -Gk.
Kodkh^i a seat. - Gk. koB-, for «ot<5, down ;
83
CHAISE
CHAP
UpOf a seat, from ((ofiai (=: id-yofuu),
I sit ; see Cathedral, Sit.
diaise* a light carriage. (F. — L.—
Gk.) F. chaise, a chair, also, a chaise ; a
Parisian modification of F. chaire, a pulpit,
orig. a seat.
Clialcedoiiy, a kind of quartz. (L. —
Gk.) L. chaUedonius, Rev. xxi. 19. — Gk.
XaXtfi^Scui', Rev. xxi. 19.
Chaldvon, a coal-measure. (F.— L.)
O. F. chaldron, orig. a caldron ; see
Caldron.
Chalicei a cup. (F.-L.) K,¥. chalice;
O. F. calice, — L. calicem, ace. of calix, a
cup. Allied to calyx, but not the same
word.
Chalk. (L.) M. £. chalk, ^A^S. ctalc
(Southern). — L. calc; stem of calx, lime.
Challenge. (F. — L.) ^,Y^ chalenge,
calenge, often in the sense *a claim.' —
A. F. chalenge, O. F. chalonge, calenge, a
dispute, claim ; an accusation.— L. calum-
nia, false accusation ; see Calumny.
Chalybeate. (L. - Gk.) Used of
water containing iron. Coined from L.
chalylhs, steel. — Gk. x^^ (stem x^^^-)i
steel ; named from the Chalybes, a people
of Pontus, who made it.
Chamber. ^F.-L.-Gk.) Y.cham
bre; Prov. camora.^h. camera, camara,
a vault, vaulted room, room. — Gk. Ka/jiapa,
a vaulted place.
ohamberlain. (F.-O.H.G.-L.-
Gk.) F. chamberlain, O. F. chambrelenc, —
O. H. G. chamerlinc, M. H. G. kamerlinc,
one who has the care of rooms; formed
with suffix -Uinc (the same as E. l-ing^,
from L. camera (above).
Chameleon. (L.-Gk.) h.chama-
lean. — Gk. xa/iat-AcW, lit. a ground-lion,
dwarf-lion ; a kind of lizard. — Gk. x<>M°^
on the ground (also dwarf, in comp.) ; and
Xionr, lion. Cf. L. htimi^ on the ground.
chamomile. (LateL.— Gk.) Late
L. camomilla {chamomilla),^G\i. xaiiai-
firjKov, lit. ground-apple, from the apple-
like smell of the flower. — Gk. x«A*«*-> on
the ground (see above) ; fi^Kov, apple.
Chamois. (F. - G.) F. chamois ;
borrowed from some Swiss dialectal form;
cf. Piedmontese camossa.^M. H. G. gamz
(for *gamuz), a chamois (G. gemse).
Champ, to eat noisily. (E.) Formerly*
cham or chamm ; of imitative origin, like
jam, to crush. Cf. Swed. dial, kdmsa, to
chew with difficulty.
Champagne. (F. - L.) A wine
named from Champagfte in France, which
means * a plain ' ; see below.
champaign, open country. (F.-L.)
In Sh. F. champaigne, of which the Picard
form was campaigne ; see Campaign.
Champak, a tree. (Skt.) Skt. cham-
paka, the champak.
Champion. (F.-L.) O.Y,cham-
pion.^'L, campidfiem, ace. of campio, a
combatant (Isidore). — L. campus, a place
for military exercise; a peculiar use of
campus, a field. See Camp.
Chance, hap. (F. — L.) M. E. cheaunce,
— O. F. cheance, chaance. ^hAte L. caden-
tia, a falling, a chance. — L. cadere, to fall,
happen; see Cadence.
Chancel. (F.-L.) So called because
orig. fenced off by a latticed screen.—
O. F. chancel, an enclosure fenced oflf with
an open screen. — Late L. cancellus, a
chancel, screen ; L. cancelli, pi., a grating ;
see Cancel.
chancellor. (F.-L.) O.V.chance-
lier, — Late L. ace. cancelldrinm, a chan-
cellor; orig. an officer who stood near the
screen before the judgment-seat. — L. can-
celll, a grating ; see Chancel, Cancel.
chancery. (F. — L.) ¥or chamelfy.
M. E. chancelerie, — O. F. chancelleries —
Late L. cancelldria, the record-room of a
cancelldrius ; see Chancellor.
Chandelier. (F.-L.) 0,Y, chande-
lier, a candle-holder. — Late L. cande-
IdriuSj m. ; cf. candeldria, a candle-stick.
— L. candela ; see Candle.
chandler. (F. — L.) 0,¥.chaftdelier,
a chandler. — Late L. candeldrius, a
candle-seller. — L. candela\ sec Candle.
Der. corn-chandler, where chandler merely
means seller, dealer.
Change, vb. (F.-L.) 0,¥. changer,
changier.^ljSLte L. cambidre, to change
(Lex Salica). — L. camhtre^ to exchange.
Cf. Late L. r<z/;j^{W/, exchange; whence
F. change, E. change, sb.
Channel. (F. — L.) M. E. chanel,
caftel. '^O.F, chanel, canel, a canal.— L.
ace. canalem ; see Canal.
Chant. (F.-L.) ¥. chan/er, vh^'-L.
cantdre, to sing ; frequent, of canere, to
sing. Der. chantry, M. E. chaunterie.
Late L. cantdria ; chanti-cleer^ M. E.
chaunte-cleer, clear-singing.
Chaos. (Gk.) L. chaos, Lat. spelling
of Gk. x<^o'* chaos, abyss, lit. a cleft. CS
Gk. \6LCfKiKv, to gape. See Chasm.
Chap (t)t to cleave, crack. (E.) M. £.
84
CHAP.
CHASE
{happen^ to cut; hence, to gape open like
a woimd made by a cut. £. Fries, happen,
to cut ; not found in A. S.*f-M. Du. happen ,
to cut ; Swed. kappa, Dan. kappe, to cut ;
G. happen, to cut, lop. See Chop (i).
Chap (a) ; see Chapman.
Chapel. (F.-L.) O. F. chapele,^
Late L. cappella, orig. a shrine in which
was preserved the capa or cope of St.
Maitin (Brachet).i«Late L. capa, cappa,
cape, hooded cloak; see Cape (i).
chaperon. (F.— L.) Y, chaperon, z.
protector ; orig. a kind of hood.*- F. chape,
a cope. —Late L. cdpa ; as above.
Chapiter, the capital of a column.
(F.— L.) O. F. chapitre, usually a chapter
of a book, but representing L. capitulum,
which meant * chapiter ' as well as
' chapter.* See Chapter.
Chaplet. (F.-L.) U,^. chapeieL^
O. F. chapeUt, a head-dress, wreath. —
O. F. chapel, head-dress. — O. F. chape, a
cope ; see Chaperon.
Chapmaily a merchant. (£.) The
familiar chap is merely short for chapman.
—A. S. ceapman, a merchant •• A. S. ceap,
price, barter (see Cheap) ; and tnan, man.
Chape, Chops, the jaws. (£.) A
late word, of unknown origin; possibly
from Chap (i). % Perhaps suggested by
North E. chafts or chaffs, jaws (Cleveland
Gloss.). —Icel. kjaptr i^pt pron. 9& ft), the
jaw ; Swed. kaft, Daiv Kiceft, jaw.
Chaptsr, a division of a book, synod
of clergy. (F. — L.) M. E. chapitre, in both
senses.— F. chapitre, variant of an older
form chapitle, «- L. capitulum, a chapter
of a booic (little head) ; also, in Late L.,
a synod; dimin. oi caput, a head.
Char (i)f a turn of work. (E.) Also
chare, chore, cheivre ; M. E. cher, char,
orig. a turn, hence, a space of time, turn
of work, &c. — A. S. cerr (below). Hence ,
char'Woman, a woman who does a turn of
work. See Ajar.
char (3), usually chare, to do a
turn of work. (E.) M . E. cherren, char-
ren, to turn ; A. S. cerran, to turn. — A. S.
cerr {cierr, cyrr)^ a turn. % The sense
' bum * is later than the appearance of the
sb. char-coal.
Char (3)» a fish. (C. ?) Of unknown
origin; perhaps napoed from its red belly
[the W. name is torgoch, red-bellied, from
tor^ belly, and cock, red]. — O. Gael, ceara^
red, from cear, blood; Irish cear, red.
also blood.
Character. (L.— Gk.) h. char cuter.
— Gk. x^P^f^hpi ^^ engraved or stamped
mark. — Gk. xapaaauv, to furrow, scratch,
engrave.
Charade. (F.-Prov.) Y, charade,
introduced from Proven9al charrada, a
long talk, from charrh, to chatter (Snpp.
to Littre) ; cf. Languedoc charrade, idle
talk. Cf. also Span, charrada, speech or
action of a clown, from Span, charro, a
clown, peasant.
Charcoal. (E-) From char and coal\
but the sense of char remains unknown ;
some refer it to M. E. cherren, to turn* (as
if to turn to coal), but there is no proof
of this. See char (2).
Charge. (F.-C.) F. charger, to
load. — Late L. carricare, to load a car. —
L. carrus, a car, a Gaulish word; see
Cark, Car. Per. charg-er, a dish or horse,
because carrying a burden.
chariot. (F.-C.) F. chariot, aug-
mentative of F. char, a car. — L. carrus, a
car ; see Car.
Chariiy-. (F- - L.) O. F. charitet. -
L. ace. cdritdtcm, love. — L. cdrus, dear.
Brugm. i. § 637. % Not allied to Gk.
Xapis.
Charlatan. (F. - Ital.) F. charlatan,
— Ital. ciarlatano, a mountebank, great
talker, prattler.— Ital. ciarlare, to prattle ;
ciarla, prattle ; prob. of imitative origin.
Charlock, a kind of wild mustard.
(E.) Prov. E. carlock. — A.S. cerlic,
origin unknown.
Charm. (F.— L.) M. E. chanm, sb.
— O. F. charfne, an enchantment. — L. car-
men, a song, enchantment.
ChameL (F.— L.) Properly an adj. ;
containing carcases, as in charnel-house. —
O. F. charnel, adj. carnal ; as sb. a ceme-
tery. — Late L. carndle, glossed hyjlaschas
(flesh-house) ; Wright-Wulker, Voc. 184.
37.— L. camdlis; see Carnal.
Chart. (F. -L. - Gk.) q. F. char/e,
— L. charta, a paper. — Gk. xaprri, a leaf
of paper. Doublet, ran/ (i).
charter. (F. - L. - Gk.) M. E.
chartre, — O. F. chartre, - Late L. cartula,
a small paper or document. — L. charta, a
paper ; see above.
Chary, careful, cautious. (E.) M. E.
chari, A.S. cearig, full of care, sad.—
A. S. cearu, cam, care.^'Du. karig, G.
/^ai^, sparing. Chary xoKdocA. (i) sorrowful,
(a) heedful. See Care.
Chase (0* to hunt after. (F.-L.)
86
CHASE
CHEEK
O. F. chacierj chacer, to pursue; see
Oatoh.
Clia86 (3)> to enchase; short for en-
chase i which see.
Chase (3)) a printer*s frame. (F. — L.)
F. chdsse, a shrine. — L. capsa, a box ; see
Caae (a).
C]uunil« (L* — Gk.) L. ckasma, a
galf. — Gk. x^I*^t a yawning cleft. Allied
to x^'^^^^i to gape ; see Chaos.
Clia4rte. (F. - L.) O. F. chaste. - L.
castusy chaste ; see Caste.
cliuten. (F. - L.) Used in place of
M. E. cJiasty or chcLstien ; see below.
Cbastise. (F. — L.) l/i,l^. chasHsen;
shorter form chastien. — O. F. chastier, — L.
castigdre^ lit. * to make pure.* — L. cckstus^
chaste ; see Castigate.
Chasuble, a vestment. (F. - L.) F.
chasuble. — Late L. casubula, with the same
sense as Late L. casukty a little house;
hence, a mantle. — L. casa, a cottage.
Chat, Chatter. (E.) Ui.^.chateren,
also chiteren^ to chatter, twitter ; frequent-
ative form of chai. An imitative word ;
cf. Du. kwetterettf to warble, chatter, Swed.
kvittra, to chirp.
Chateau. (F.-L.) Y.ch&teau.O.Y.
chcuiel'^h. castellumy dimin. of castrum,
a fortiBed place. Der. casteU-an\ also
chdtelcane ; for which see Castle.
Chattels. (F.-L.) Pi. of M.E.
chcUelj property, also cattle. — O. F. chaUl^
0. North F. ccUely property; see Cattle.
Chatter ; see Chat.
ChaudrOIli entrails. (F.) Macb. iv.
1 . 33. The r is inserted by confusion with
F. chaudrotiy a caldron. — O. F. chaudufty
older forms caudun, caldutty entrails
TGodefroy). [Cf. G. kaldaunen^ entrails ;
from Mid. Low G. kaldune, the same.]
Thought to be from Late L. caldunay
a dish containing entrails (Dncange). Per-
haps from L. calidus^ warm (F. chaud).
Cfhaw ; see Chew.
Chaws, by-form of Jaws ; see Jaw.
Cheap, at a low price ; orig. a sb. (£.)
M.E. cnepy cheep, barter, price; always a
sb. Hence, goixl cheap, in a good market
(F. bon march4) ; whence E. cheap, used
as an adj. A. S. ceap^ price ; whence the
verb ceapian, to cheapen, buy. So also
Du. koop, a bargain, kocpen, to buy ; G.
kauf, purchase, kaufen, to buy; IctX.hctup,
Swed. kbp, Dan. kiobf a purchase ; Gotii.
kaupon (weak vb.), to trafEc. ^Some
say that these words are borrowed from
L. ; in particular, that O. H. G. choufo, a
huckster, is from L. caupo, a huckster.
But this is now held to be unlikely (Kluge,
Franck).
Cheat, to defraud. (F.-L.) Cheat is
merely short for escheat ; cf. M. £. chete,
an escheat (Prompt. Parv.). The eschea^
ters were often cheaters ; hence the verb.
See Bscheat.
Check, a sudden stop, repulse. (F. —
Pers.) M. E. chek, a stop ; also check !
in playing chess. The word is due to the
game, which is very old. The orig. sense
of check was ' king ! ' i. e. mind the king,
the king is in danger.— O.F. eschec, *a
check at chess-play,' Cot. — Pers. shdh, a
king, king at cness; whence shdh-mdt,
check- mate, lit. * the king is dead,* from
Arab, mat, he is dead. Similarly we have
F. ^chec, a check, repulse, defeat, pL tehees,
chess; Ital. scacco, a square of a chess-
board, also a check, defeat. See ohess
below. % Devic shews that O. F. escKec
represents Arab, esh-shdg; wjiere esh is
for al, the def. art., and shag is the Arab,
pron. of Pers. shah.
checker, chequer, to mark with
squares. (F. — Pers!; To mark with
squares like those on a chess-board. M. £.
chekker, chekere, a chess-board. (Hence
The Checkers, an inn-sign.) — O. F. esche-
quier, a chess-board, also, an exchequer.
— Low L. scaccdrium, a chess-board. —
Low L. secret, chess, pi. of scaccus, from
the Arab, form of Pers. shdh^ kins^.
checkers, chequers, an old name
for the game at draughts ; from the checker
or chess-board ; see above.
check-mate. (F. — Pers. and Arab.)
From Arab. *shdg-mdt, for shdh'ttidt, the
king is dead ; see Check.
cheque. (F. ~ Pers.) A pedantic
spelling of check, from confusion with
exchequer ; it is really a name given to a
draft for money, of which one keeps a
memorandum or counter-check.
chess, the game of the kings. (F. r-
Pers.) Equivalent to checks, i.e. kings;
see Check above.— O.F. esches, chess;
really the pi. of eschec, check, orig. * king.*
^ From Pers. shah, a king, were formed
O. F. eschec, F. 4checy E. check, Ital. scacco,
Span. xaque,jaque, Port, xaque, G. schach,
Du. schaak, Dan. skak, Swed. schack.
Low Lat. ludus scaccorutn - game of
checks, or of kings.
Cheek. (E.) M. K. cheke, cheoke, 0»
86
CHEER
CHICORY
Merc cece, A. S. cedc€t cheek. 4* I^u.
kaak, jaw, cheek ; Swed. kdky jaw.
Cheer. (F.—L.) M. K chere^ orig.
the mien ; hence, ^ to be of good cheer, ^
-■ O. F. chere, the face. — Late L. cara,
face. (Relationship to Gk. icdpay the head,
is doubtfal.) Der. cheer-fuL
ClieOSe. (L.) M. £. chese, O. Merc.
cese (A. S. cyse, for earlier *ctese<,*ceasi),
with >-matation ; prehistoric A. S. *casi
<< *c&sioz, — L. cdseuSf cheese ; whence
other forms (G. kase, Du. kaas) are bor-
rowed. Sievers, 2nd ed. % 75. 2.
Cheeta, Cheetah, the hunting leo-
pard, a leopard used for the chase. (Hind.
— Skt.) Hind. cAttd. mm Ski. Mfrakay a
cheeta; from chiira^ spotted, also visi-
ble, clear. — Skt. chit, to perceive. See
Chinta.
Chemise. (F.-L.) F. chemise. ^^
Late L. camisiaf a shirt, thin dress;
whence O. Irish caimmse^ shirt (Stokes).
Chemist, Chymist; short for ai-
chemist ; see Alchemy.
Cheque, Chequer ; see Check.
Chensh. (F. — L.) O. F. cherts- ,
stem of pres. pt. of cherir, to hold dear. —
F. cher, dear. — L. cdrus, dear.
Cherooty a cigar. (Tamil.) Tamil
shuruttu, a roll ; hence, a roll of tobacco
(Yule)*.
Cheny. (F.-L.-Gk.) U.E,cheriy&
mistake for cherts, the final s being mis-
taken for the pi. inflexion. — O. North F.
cherise^ O. F. cerise; representing Folk-
L. *ceresia, ^ceresea.^h. cerastis, a cherry-
tree. — Gk. K4paaos, a cherry-tree ; usually
said to come from Cerasos, in Pontus;
a story which Curtins doubts.
ChMrt, a kind of quartz. (?) Unknown.
Cf. Irish cearty a pebble.
Chemb. THeb.) Thetmepl. is<:>i^^t^-
flm. — Heb. hruv (pL J6^riivTm),SL mystic
figure.
Chervil, a plant (L.— Gk.) AJS.cer-
JU/e.mmh. charephylla, pi. oicharephyllum,
— Gk. x<u^^^^^''> chervil, lit. pleasant
leaf.-*Gk. x^P*^^^t to rejoice; ipi&KKoVy
leaf.
Chess; see Check.
Chest. (L. - Gk.) M. £. chesiCy chiste,
A.S. cisf.^h, cista. '^Gk, /ciaTtfy a chest,
box (whence G. kistey &c.).
Chestnut, Chesnnt. (F. - L. - Gk.)
Chesnut is i^ort for chesfnui, which is
short for chesten-nuty nut of the chestetty
which is the old name of the tree, called
in M. E. chestein,^0.¥^ chastcagne (F,
chdtai^e),^h, casianeay chestnut- tree. —
Gk. HdarapoVy a chestnut. Chestnuts are
said to have been called icaaravay or icdpva
KaaTavcuOy from K&ffravay Castana, the
name of a city in Pontus where they
abounded; but more probably from Armen.
kaskeniy a chestnut-tree, from kcuky a chest-
nut (Kluge).
CheVi^-de-frise, an obstruction with
spikes. (F.) Lit. * horse of Friesland/ a
jocular name ; the pi. chevatix-de-Frise is
commoner. See below.
chevalier. (F. — L.) F. chevalier , a
horseman. — F. cheval, a horse. — L. ca-
balluniy ace. of caballusy a horse.
Cheveril, kid leather. (F.-L.) O. F.
chevrehy fem., a little kid. Dimin. of
O.F. chevrey F. cktorcy a goat, kid. — L.
capram, ace. of capray a she-goat.
chevron, an ordinary, in heraldi^^ re
sembling two rafters of a house. (F. — L.)
(Most lucely meant to represent the saddle-
peak.) — F. chevroHy * a kid, a chevron in
building, a rafter;* Cot. Augmentative
form (S. chevrey a she-goat. — L. capray a
she-goat ; see Gaper (i). Cf. .L. capre-
oluSy which likewise means a prop.
Chew, Chaw. (£.) M. £. chewen,
A. S. ceawaHy to chew, eat.^-Du* kaauwen\
G. kauen ; O. H. G. kiuwan ; 'Rxiss.jevcUe.
Cf. also Icel. tyggjay tyggva, to chew
(Streitberg).
Chibonk, a Turkish pipe. (Turk.)
Turk, chibaky chybQky a stick, tube, pipe
(Zenker, p. 349).
Chicanery. (F.-Pers.?) F. chica-
nericy wrangung, pettifogging; Cot. — F.
chicanery to wrangle ; orig. to dispute in
the game of the mall or chicane (Brachet).
Perhaps irom the medieval Gk< T(vtc&ytoyy
a woni of Byzantine origin (id.) ; from
Pers. chaugdHy a club, bat.
Chicken. (£.) Sometimes shortened
to chick ; but the M. £. word is chiken.
A. S. ciceny earlier *cituin, -f ^Q* hiekeny
kuikeny a chicken, Low G. kiiken ; cf. G.
kUchleiny a chicken, Icel. kjitkUngy Swed.
kyckling ; related to Cook, which ^ews the
weak grade *ctiC' ; see Cock (i). Sievers,
2nd ed. § 165.
Chiccry, a plant, succory. (F. — L. —
Gk.) F. chicorU.^\u> cichorium,^Gk,
Mixopiay neut. pi. ; . also Kix^pioVy mx^p^y
succory, fi. Stucory is a corrupter form
of the word, apparently for siccory or
dchoryy from L* cichorium*
87
CHIDE
CHIRURGEON
Chide* (£•) M.£. r^tV/^/'. A,S.ctda/it
to chide, brawl ; pi. t. cidi/e.
Chief. (F. - L.) M. E. c/ie/, chief, -
O. F. chefy chief the head. — L. type
*capuffi (Ital. capo)» — L. caputs head.
Der. ker-chief q. v.
Chieftain. (F. — L.) O.F. chevetaine.
— Late L. capitaneus, ccipitdntu, a captain.
— L. capit', from caputf a head.
Chiffonier, a cupboard. (F.) Lit. a
place to put rags in. — F. chiffonier, a rag-
picker, also a cupboard. — F. chiffon, aug-
ment, of chiffe, a rag. Orig. unknown.
Chignon. (F.-L.) Hair twisted;
another spelling of F. chatnon, a link.—
F. chatfu, O. F. chaine, a chain. — L. ca-
tena, a chain.
Chilblain. (E.) A Main caused by
a chill.
Child. (E.) M. E. child, A. S. cild,
Teut. type *kiipom, neut. ; cf. Goth, kil-
thei, the womb.
Chill, cold. (E.) Orig. a sb. A. S.
ceU, cicle, chilliness. Teut. type *kaliz,
sb. ; from *hal-an, to be cold, as in A. S.
calan, to be cold, Icel. kola, to freeze. 4"
I)ii. kil, a. chill ; cf. L. gelu, frost.
Chime, sb. (F. - L. - Gk.) ^f . E.
chimbe, of which the orig. sense was cym-
bal ; henc3 the chime or ringing of a cym-
bal. Shortened from O. F. chimbale, dia-
lectal form of O. F. cimbcUe, a C3rmbal. —
L. cytnbaluni, — Gk. Kvyi&aXov ; see Cym-
baL N.B. We find M. E. chyme-belle,
which looks like a popular form for cymbal,
Der. chime, verb.
Chimera, Chimasra. (L.~Gk.) L.
chiniara, — Gk. yxyjaxpa, a she-goat ; also,
a fabulous monster, with a goars body. —
Gk. xiL\unpo^, he-goat.
Chimney. (F.-L.- Gk.) Y,cheminie,
*a chimney;' Cot. — Late L. camindta,
provided with a chimney ; hence, a chinmey.
— L. camtnus, an oven, a fire-place. — Gk.
Kiiiuvoi, oven, furnace.
Chimpansee, an ape. (African.) I am
informea that the name is tsimpanzee in
the neighbourhood of the gulf of Guinea.
Chin. (E.) M.E. chin. A.S. ««.+
Du. kin, Icel. kinn, Dan. kind, Swed.
kind ; Goth, kinnus, the cheek ; G. kinn,
chin ; L. gena, cheek ; Gk. yivvs, chin ;
cf. Skt. hanus, jaw.
China. (China.) Short iox china-ware,
or ware from China, The name of the
people was formerly Chineses; we have
dropped the final s, and use Chinese as a
pi. ; hence Chittee in the singular, by a
second dropping of se.
Chinchilla, a small rodent animal.
(Span. — L.) Span, chinchilla, lit. 'a little
bug,* as if from its smell ; but undeservedly
so named. — Span, chinche, a bug. — L. ci"
micem, ace. of cimex, a bug.
Chinchona ; the same as Cinchona.
Chincongh, whooping-cough. (E.)
For chirJi-cough', cf. Scotch kink-cough,
kink-host {host means cough), A kink is a
catch in the breath, nasalised form of a
base *kik, to gasp. 4" I^u. kinkhoest ; M.
Du. kieckhoest', Swed. kikhosta, chincough,
kikna, to gasp ; G. keichen, to gasp.
Chine. (F.-O.H.G.) 0,Y,eschine{¥,
Mine), the back-bone. —O.H.G.j'/if>fa, a
needle, prickle (G. schiene, a splint). For
the sense, cf. L. spina, a thorn, spine,
backbone.
Chink (i), a cleft. (E.) Formed with
suffixed k, from the base of M. £. chine, a
cleft, rift. — A. S. cinu, a chink. — A. S. cin-,
weak grade oicinan, to split (strong vb.).
+Du. keen, a chink, also a germ, kenen,
to bud ; cf. G. keimen, Goth, keinan, to
bud. (Germinating seeds make a crack in
the ground.)
Chink (2), to jingle. (E.) An imitative
word; cf. clink, chnk; and see Ohin-
oough. E. Fries, kinken (a strong vb.) ;
M. Dan. kinke,
Chints. (Hindustani — Skt.) ¥or chints,
pi. of chint. Hind, chhint, spotted cotton
cloth, named from the variegated patterns
on it; chhit, chintz, also a spot. — Skt.
chitra, variegated, spotted. See Cheeta.
Chip, vb. (E.) Related (with a lighter
vowel) to chap (i) or chop ; as if to cut
a little at a time. Cf. A. S. for-cyppod,
gloss to praecisus (Lye) ; E. Fries, kippen,
to cut.
Chirography, handwriting. (Gk.)
From Gk. xtipoyfKuptof, to write with the
hand. — Gk. xapo^, from x^^Pi ^^'^ hand;
ypdipeiy, to write. Cf. chiro-mancy, for-
tune-telling by the hand; chiro-pod-ist,
one who handles (and cures) the feet.
Chirp. (E.) A\so chirrup, M.E.chir-
pen. Also M. E. chirken, chirmen, to
chirp. The forms chir-p, chir-k, chir-m
are from an imitative base ; cf. Du. kirren,
to coo.
Chirargecn, the old spelling of sur-
geon, (F. — L. — Gk.) F. chirurgien,
* a surgeon ; ' Cot. — F. chirurgie, sur-
gery.— L. chirufgia,^G\i, x^^P^Pl^^^ ^
88
CHISEL
CHRIST
working with the hands, .skill with the
hands, art, surgery. — Gk. x^^P^> from
X€(p, the hand ; and tp/yuv, to work.
Chisel. (F. - L.) M. E. chisel, - A. F.
chisel, O. F. cisel (F. ciseau). Cf. Late L.
cTsellus, scissors (A. D. 1352). O. F. cisel
answers to Late L. *clsellum, with the
sense of L. cisarium, a cutting instmment
(Vegetius) ; see Scheler*s note to Diez. —
L. *ctsufn, for cas-um, supine of caclere,
to cut ; whence also Late L. incisor, a
carver, cutter ; see Csesura.
Chit (i), a pert child. (E.) M. E. chit,
a whelp, cub, kitten. Allied to kit-ling
(Icel. ketlingr), and to kit-ten; cf. G. kitze,
a female cat.
Chit (a)} a shoot, sprout. (E.) In Hol-
land's Pliny, xiii. 4. Perhaps allied to
M. E. chithe, vl ziptovX (N.E.D,).— A. S.
cidi a germ, sprout. Cf. Goth, keinan, to
produce a ^oot ; G. kdm, a germ.
Chivalry. (F.— L.) M,E, chivc^rie.''
O.V.chevalerie, horsemanship, knighthood.
* F. cheval, a horse. — Late L. caballum,
ace. of caballus, a horse.
Chlorine* a pale green gas. (Gk.)
Named from its colour. * Gk. x^^p-^h V^^
green.
chloroform. (Gk. andL.) The latter
element relates %oformyl 9xA formic acid,
an add formerly obtained from red ants. —
Xufortnica, an ant.
chocolate^ a paste made from cacao.
(Span. — Mex.) Span, chocolate, — Mex.
chocolatl, chocolate; Clavigero, Hist.
Mex. i. 433. % Not allied to cacao.
Choice. (F. - Teut.) Not E. M. E.
chois. - O. F. chois (F. choix), - O. F.
ckoistr, O. North F. coisir, to choose. Of
Teut. origin. — Goth, kausjan, to tr>',
test; causal of kiusan, to choose. See
Choose.
Chcnr. (F.-L.-Gk.) Tht choir oi Si
church is the part where the choir sit.
Also spelt quire ; M. E. queir, quer. —
O. F. cuer, later choeur, *the quire of a
church, a troop of singers;* Cot. — L.
chorum, ace. of chorus, a choir. — Gk.
Xop^t a dance, a band of dancers or
singers. See Chorus.
CnolEe. (E.) M. £. choken, cheken,
cheoken. A. S. ceocian ; only in the deri-
vative dceocung, to translate L. rumincttio,
which the glossator hardly seems to have
understood, and in the pp. dceocod, ^Ifric,
Horn. !. 316 : with change from eo to ec,
shortening of ^ to in M. E«, and subse-
quent lengthening. Cf. Icel. koka, to
gulp ; kok, the gullet.
Choler, the bile, anger. (F. - L. - Gk.)
Anger was supposed to be due to excess of
bile. M.E. coler, ■- O.F. colore, — L. cholera,
bile ; also cholera, bilious complaint. « Gk.
XoKkpa, cholera ; xo^4» bile ; X^^os, bile,
wrath. See Call.
cholera. (L. — Gk.) L. cholera, as
above. And see Melancholy.
Choose. (E.) M.E. chesen, chusen.
A. S. chsan (also cedsan), to choose
(pt. t. cdcK, ceds), -f Du. and G. kiesen,
Icel. kjdsa, Goth, kiusan; Teut, type
*keus-an'. Allied to L. gus-tare, to taste,
Gk. y€6ofMi, I taste, Skt. jush, to relish.
(VGEUS.) See Gust. Brugm. 1. § 602.
Chop (i), to cut; a later form of
Chap (i).
Chop (a), to barter. (E.) Probably a
variant of chap, a verb which seems to
have been evolved from the sb. chapman,
Chopine, a high-heeled shoe. (F.—
Span.) In Hamlet, ii. 2. 447 ; for chapine.
— O.F. chapin; later chappin (Cotgrave).
— Span, chapin, a clog with a cork sole,
woman's shoe, high cork shoe. Perhaps
from Span, chapa, a thin plate (of metal),
used to strengthen the work it covers.
Chops ; see Chaps.
Chord. (L. — Gk.) L. chorda, - Gk.
XOf^t the string of a musical instrument,
orig. a string of gut. Brugm. i. § 605.
% The same word as Cord.
Chome. (L. ~ Gk.) L. chorus, a band
of singers. — Gk. x^P<>^> a dance, a band of
dancers or singers. See Choir. Der.
chor-al, chor-i-sfer,
Chongh, a bird. (E.) M.K cho^e,
chough. Not found in A. S., which has
(however) the forms ceo, cio, and the early
forms ciae, chyae. Somewhat similar forms
are seen in Du. kaauw, Dan. kaa, Swed.
kaja, a jackdaw.
Ghousei to cheat. (Turk.?) To act as a
chouse or cheat Ben Jonson has chiaus in
the sense of ' a Turk,' with the implied
sense of 'cheat'; Alchemist, i. i. The
allusion is alleged to be to a Turkish
chiaus or interpreter^ who committed a
notorious fraud in 1009.— Turk, chd^ush,
a sergeant, mace- bearer, Palmer's Pers.
Diet. ; chdvmshj a sergeant, herald, mes-
senger, Rich. Diet p. 534. Or (medi-
ately) from M. Ital. ciaus.
Chrism ; see below.
Christy the anointed one. (L. — Gk.)
89
CHRISM
CID
A. S. Crist. '^'L. Chrtstus. ^Gk. xP^ards,
anointed. — Gk. xp'X I rub, anoint. Der.
Christ' ian, Chnst-en-dorn^ 8cc. ; Christ-
mas (see Mass} ; attti-c/irist, opponent of
Christ (.from Gk. avrlt against; see
1 John ii. 1 8).
chrisilli holy unction. (L. — Gk.)
Also spelt chrisomCf whence chrisome'Child,
a child wearing a chrisomC'Cloth^ or cloth
which a child wore after holy unction ; cf.
O. F. cresme^ * the crisome, or oyle ; * Cot.
—Late L. ckrisma, holy oil. — Gk. xp*^M^f
an nnguent. — Gk. xp^m (as above).
ChroniatiOf relating to colours. (Gk.)
Gk. XP^A'A^'*^^* ^^J'^Gk* XP^t"^"^'* stem
of xP^h^i colour ; allied to xP^t ^^»
chromei chrominni. (Gk.) A
metal ; its compounds exhibit beautiful
colours. — Gk. xP^P'-^t colour.
Chronicle. (F. - Late L. - Gk.) M. £.
cronicle, with inserted /; also cronike^
cronique.^K, F. cronicie', O. F. croniquty
pi. croniques, chronicles, annals. — Late L.
chronica^ fem. sing. ; for neut. pi. —
Gk. xpov^f^f^i P^M annals. "-Gk. xp^^^*^^^>
adj. from XP^"^* ^i™®- ^®'» chron-ic
^i3ypofi/ir<$s).
OAronolOgy, science of dates. (Gk.)
From xp^^^'^f ^i™^ » -^07^01 from \6y-os,
discourse ; see Iiogic.
ollTdnomater, time-measurer. (Gk.)
From xp^^O'S, time ; fiirpov^ measure ; see
Metre.
Chrysalis, the form taken by some
insects. (Gk.) Gk. xP^ffaWir, the gold-
coloured sheath of butterflies, chrysalis. —
Gk. xp^<f-^i gold.
chrysanthemum, a flower. (L. -
Gk.) L. chrysanthemum.^^ Gk. xp^^^'
Bifiov, a marigold. — Gk. xP^^'^^t go^^!
ay$tfiov, a bloom, from dvifii't to bloom,
related to dvBos, a flower, a bud.
chrysolite, a yellow stone. (F. — L.
— Gk.) O. F. crisoiite. ^L,. chrysoiithuSf
Rev. xxi. 20. — Gk. xp^^^^^^^' ~ ^k*
Xpv(r6'Sf gold ; XSOos, stone.
chrysoprase. (L. - Gk.) L. chtyso-
prasuSf Rev. xxi. 20. — Gk. xP^^^'P^^os, a
yellow-green stone. —Gk. xP^^^'^t gold;
irp&aov, a (green) leek.
Chub, a 6sh. (E.) £tym. unknown.
Cf. Dan. kobbe, a seal, prov. Swed. kubbug,
chubby, fat; Norw. kubbetty stumpy;
Swed. kubb, a block, log. This does not
explain the ch ; but see Chmnp.
chubby, fat. (E.) Lit. * like a chub ; '
cf. prov. Swed. kubbug (above).
90
Chuck (1), to strike gently, toss. ;F. -
Teut.) Formerly written chock (Turber-
ville). — F. choquer, to give a shock, jolt. —
Du. schokkeuy to jolt, shake ; allied to K.
shock and shake.
Chuck (2), to chuck as a hen. (E.)
An imitative word ; Ch. has chuk to ex-
press the noise made by a cock; C. T.
15180(8.3464). Qt cluck, jyer.chuck-le,
in the sense 'to clucks
Chuck (5), a chicken. A variety of
chicky for chicken. See above.
Chuckle. (E.) To rAf/^>&/^ is to laugh
in a suppressed way; cf. Chock (2).
Chump, a log. (£.) Cf. Swed. dial.
kumpa^ to chop into logs; kutnping, a
log, round stict ; also Icel. kumbr, tn-
kumbry a log of wood, from Icel. kumbr,
nasalised form of kubbr, a chopping;
Icel. kubba, to chop. Der. chump-endy
i. e. thick end.
Church. (Gk.) U.lLchirckeyChireche.
A. S. cirice^ later circe ; (cf. Icel. kirkja ;
G. kirche, Du. j^ri^).— Gk. ic^aK6¥y a
church, neut. of ttvpteutosy belonging to
the Lord ; or (possibly) from Gk. /evpicucdy
pi., treated as a fem. sing. — Gk. n^pios,
a lord, orig. mighty. — Gk. ifvpos, strength.
Cf. Skt. fUra, a hero.
Churl. (E.) U.E.cher/ycheor/. A.S.
ceor/y a man. ^-Du. kere/, G. kert; Dan.
Sw. Icel. kart. Teut. types, *kerhzy
*karloz.
Chum, sb. (E.) A. S. cyrin ; older
form cirin (printed cimC)y Corp. gloss.
1866. -4- Icel. kirnay Swed. kdmay Dan.
kiemty a chum; cf. O. Swed. kertuiy
Swed. kdmay Dan. kieme^ to chum, Du.
kemeuy to chum.
Chutney, Chutay, a kind of hot
relish. (Hind.) Hind, chatnt (Yule).
Chyle, milky fluid. (F.lL.-Gk.) F.
chyle. — L. chains. — Gk. x^^^^r, juice. —
Gk. x^<w ( = X^f-<w), I pour. (VGHEU.)
chyme, liquid pulp. (L.-Gk.) For-
merly chymus.'^Y., chpmus.^Gk. xVP^h
juice. — Gk. x^"*** as above.
Chymist; see Alohemist.
Ci^Cs.
Cicatrice^ scar. (F.-L.) F. cicatrice,
— L. ctcdtrtcemy ace. of cicatrix, a scar.
Cicerone. (Ital.— L.) lta\. cicerone, a.
guide; orig. a Cicero. — L. ace. Ciceronem,
proper name.
Cid, lit. a chief or commander. (Span.
CfDER
CITE
—Arab.) Usually a title of Ruy Diaz,
the national hero of Spain. — Arab, sayytd,
ol lord ; Richardson*s Diet. p. 864.
Cider. (F. - L. - Gk. - Heb.) It
merely means strong drink. M. £. sicer,
cyder. wmY. cidre\ O. F. cisdre (for *ctsre),
-•L. j/r^ra.^Gk. aitttpa, strong drink.—
Heb. shekdrf strong drink. — Heb. shakar,
to be intoxicated.
Cieling ; see Ceil.
Cigar, Se^far. (Span.) Span, dgarro ;
whence also t . cigare.
Cinchona, Peruvian bark. (Span.)
Named after the Countess of Chinchotty
wife of the governor of Peru, cured by it
A.D. 1638. Chinchon is S.£. of Madrid.
(Should be chinchona.)
Cincture. . (L.) L. dnctura, a girdle.
— L. ctnctusy pp. oi {inhere ^ to gird.
Cinder. (£.) Misspelt for sittder (by
confusion with F. cemre = L. cinerem ;
see Cinerary). A. S. sinder^ ' scoria/ slag.
•4-Icel. sindr\ Swed. stnder; G. sinter y
dross, whence Dn. sintelSy cinders. % The
A. S. sinder occurs in the 8th centuiy.
Cinerary, relating to the ashes of the
4lead. (L.) L. cinerdrius, — L; ciner-y
stem of cinisy dust, ashes of the dead. 4-
Gk. K6viSy dust. Der. ctnerartay a flower ;
named from the ash-coloured down on the
leaves. Brugro. i. § 84.
Cinnabar, Cinoper. (L.~Gk.-
I'ers.) L. cinnabaris. — Gk. Kivv&fitipiy
vermilion. From Pers. zinjifrah, zinjatfy
red lead, vermilion, cinnabar.
Cinnamon, a spice. (L. — Gk.^Heb.)
L. cinnamomum. — Gk. kiwoimhw, — Heb.
ginndman; said to be of Malay origin
(Gesenius) . Cf. Malay kayu manis, cinna-
mon ; from kayuy wood, nianisy sweet.
Cipher. (F. - Span. - Arab.) O. F.
cifre (F. chtffre)y a cipher, zero. — Span.
cifra.'^KnXi. sifry a cipher; lit. 'empty
thing ; ' from f(^r, adj. empty ; Rich. Diet,
p. 937. (A translation of Skt. fiinyay (i)
empty; (a) a cipher.) Der. de-cipher ,
from L. de, in the verbal sense of «/i-, and
cipher ; cfl M. F. dechiffrer^ * to decypher ; '
Cot.
Circle. (F.-L.) A,S. circui; butM.E.
cerc/e. — F. cerc/e. — L. circuitts, dimin. of
circus, a ring, circle ; see Bing (i). Der.
encircUy semi-circle ; and see circum-.
oircne, a ring. (L.) L. rir^wx (above).
Circuit. (F.-L) F. circuit, ^l^
ace circuiiwHy a going round. — L. cir-
cuitus, aUo circumi/usj pp. of circumlre
(also cinutre), to go round. — L. drcutUy
round ; ire, to go.
Circnm-, prefix^ round. (L.) L.
circuftty around, round; orig. ace of
circus, a circle ; see Circle. Der. circiivi-
ambient (see Ambient) ; circum-amhulate
(see Axnble) ; and see below.'
circitmcise. (L.) L. circmncls-usy
pp. of circumctdere, to cut round. — L.
circuniy round ; and cadere, to cut.
circnmference. (L.) L. circum-
ferentiay boundary of a circle. — X». circum-
ferent'y stem of pres. pt. oicircum-ferre, lo
carry round; from /erre, to bear.
Circnmflez. (L.) L. syl/aba cir-
cutnflexay a syllable marked with a cir-
cumflex (a) or *bent' mark. — L. rtVf/////-
flexuSy pp. of circum-flecterey to bend
round ; iiomflecterey to bend.
circumjacent, lying near. (L.)
From stem of pres. part, of circum-iacerCy
to lie around ; from iacerey to lie.
circnmlocntion. (L.) L. circum-
lociitioy a periphrasis. — L. circumloctttuSy
pp. of drcum-loquiy to speak in a round-
about way ; from loquiy to speak.
circnmscribe. (L.) L. cinum-
scrtberCy to write or draw around, to limit ;
from scriberey to write.
circumspect, prudent. (L.) L. cir-
awispectusy pmdent ; orig. pp. of circnm-
spicere, to look around; from specere, to
look.
circumstance. (F.-L.) Adapted
from O. F. circonstance. •• L. circumstcuKia,
lit. a standing around, also an attribute,
circumstance (influenced by F. circon-
stance).^!^. ctrcumstant-f stem ofpres.pt.
ofdrcum-stdre, to stand round ; from stare y
to stand.
Circus ; see Circle.
Cirms, a fleecy cloud, tendril. (L.)
L. drrusy a curl, curled hair.
Cist, a sort of tomb. (L.— Gk.) L.
cista, a chest. — Gk. Hiartfy a box, chest.
cistern. (F.-L.— Gk.) Y.dsteme.
— L. cisternay a reservoir for water. — L.
cista y as above.'
Cistvaen, a British monument. (L.
and W.) W. cistfaeuy a stone chest,
monument made with four upright stones,
and a fifth on the top. — W. cist, a chest
(from L. dstcC) ; and tnaeny a stone.
Cit, Citadel ; see civil (below).
Cite, to summon, quote. (F.— L.) F.
dter. — L. dtdrey frequent, of cierCy to
rouse, excite, call. 4* G^* '^^'^'^j ^ g^*
91
^
CITHERN, CITTERN
(VK.I.) See Hie. Der. ex-cite, in-eite,
re-cite.
Cithern, Cittern, a kind of guitar.
L. — Gk.) [Also M. E. giteme ; from O.
\guiteme, a guitar.] The n is excres-
cent, as in bitter-n, in imitation of M. £.
giteme. '^'C, citkara.'^Gk. KtOdfMy a kind
of lyre or lute.
Cltiien; see Civil (below).
Citron. (F.-L.-Gk.) ¥, citron. -^
Late L. ace. citronem.^h. citrus, orange-
tree. — Gk. tcirpov, a citron ; Ktrpia, citron-
tree.
City; see Civil Cbelow).
Civet. (F.— Arab.) ¥. civette, civet;
also the civet-cat ; Ital. zibetto ; borrowed
from medieval Gk. ^aviriov (Brachet).»
Arab, zahad, civet ; Rich. Diet. p. 767.
Civil. (F. — L.) F. civil. ^Ij. ctutlis,
belonging to citizens. --L. ciuis, a citizen.
Allied to A. S. htwan, members of a
household. Der. civil-ise, civil-i-an,
cit ; short for oitisen (below).
citadel. (F.-Ital.-L.) Y.dtcuUlU.
i- Ital. cittadella, a small town, fort ;
dimin. of cittade «= cittate {cittd), a city. —
L. ciuitdtem, ace. of ciuitds, a city. — L.
ciuis, a citizen (above).
citisen. (F. — L.) M. £. citesein,
from A. F. citisein, in which s was an
insertion. — O. F. citeain (F. citoyen) ;
formed from O. F. cite {cit£) city, by help
of the suffix -ain — L. -anus ; see below.
cit^. (F.-L.) M. E. cite, citee. -
O.F. cite (F. cit^ . — Late L. tyi^*civUdtem,
for ciuitdtem, ace. of ctuitds ; see citadel.
Clachany a small village with a church.
(Gael.) Gael. clachan,{i) a circle of stones,
(2) a small rude church, (3) a small village
with a church, -i Gael, clach, a stone. So
also Irish clacAan, a hamlet ; dock, O. Ir.
clock, a stone.
Clack. (E.) M.E. clacken. Imitative;
allied to Crack. £. Fries, klakken.-^
Icel. klaka, to chatter; Du. klakken, to
clack, crack; Irish clc^, the clapper of
a mill.
Claim, to demand, call out for. (F. —
L.) O.F. clcumer, clamer.^1^. cldmdre,
to call out; cf. O. L. caldre, to pro-
claim; Gk. xaAcfv, to summon. Der.
ac-claim, de-claim, ex-claim, pro-claim,
re-claim ; also (from pp. clamdtus) ac-
clamat-ion, de-clamat-ion, ex-clamat-ion,
pro-clamat'ion, re-clamat-ion,
clamour. (F. — L.) lA.^.. clamour.
— O. F. clamour, ^ L. ace. cldmorem, an
CLARION
outcry.— L. cldmdre {^iho\e). "Det, clamor*
ous.
Clamber, to climb by graspmg tightly.
(E. ; perhaps Scand.) XV. cent M. E.
clameren, clamhren. Cf. Icel. klambra,
to pinch closely together; Dan. klamre,
to grip firmly ; see Clamp. Affected by
Climb, of which the M. E. pt. t. was
clamb, clam.
Clammy, viscous. (E.) Earliest form
clay my, perhaps* from A. S. cldm^ clay (see
Clay) ; but confused with an adj. clam^
sticky ; with which cf. £. Fries, and Du.
klam, Dan. klam, clammy, moist. See
Clamp.
Clamour; see Claim.
Clamp. (I>u.) XV. cent. Dvi.klampe,
a holdfast ; whence klampen, to clamp,
grapple, also to board a ship. •4" Dan.
klamme, a cramp-iron ; Swed. klamp, the
same ; Icel. klombr, a smith's vice ; Teut.
base *klamp, answering to the 2nd grade
of M. H. G. klimpfen, to press tightly
together. Cf. Clump.
Clan. (Gael.) Gael, clann, ofFsprmg,
children ; Irish eland, clann, descendants,
a tribe; ^. plant, pi. offspring, children.
Cf. Skt. kula(m), a nerd, family. Brugm.
i. § 669.
Clandestine. (L.) L. clandestinus,
secret, close. Allied to clam, secretly.
Clangf, to resound. (L.) L. clangere,
to resound ; whence clangor, a loud noise.
•4*Gk. it>jorffi\, a dang; allied to KKik^uv^
to clash (fut. Khari^oi). Der. clang-or.
See below.
Clank, a heavy rmging sound. (Du.)
XVII cent. — Du. klank, * a ringing ; '
Hexham. Cf. Du. klonk, pt. t. ofklin^en,
to clink. See Clink. Der. clank, vb.
Clap. (E.) M. E. clappen. [We only
find A. S. clceppetan, to palpitate; Voc.
473.] E. Fries, klappen, to clap hands.
The orig. sense is to make a noise by
striking, -f* ^cel. klappa, Swed. klappa,
Dan. klappe, Du. klappen, M. H. G. klaffen,
to pat, clap, prate, make a noise. Allied
to Clack, Clatter.
Claret. (F. — L.) Orig. a light red wine.
M. E. claret. - O. F. claret, clairet (F.
^/aiV^/), adj. ; dimin. of clair, clear. i-L.
cldrus, clear. See Clear
clarify. (F.-L.) O.Y.claHfier.^
L. cldrificdre, to make clear. — L. cldri-,
from cldrus, clear ; and -Jic-, for facere^
to make.
clarion. (F. - L.) M. E. darioun. —
92
CLASH
CLEVER
O. F. ^clarion^ claron (F. clair&n), a clear-
sounding horn, i- Late L. ace. cldrimetn, —
L. cldri' (as above).
Clasll* (E.) An imitatiye word ; sug-
gested by clcuk and crcuhf dash, 8cc Cf.
£. Fries. kJcUsen, to crack a whip.
Clasp. (£•) M*. £. claspey elapse^ sb. ;
clasptn^ clapsen, vb. The base seems to be
klap-S', extended from klap- (see Clap),
and influenced by M. £. cHppen, to em-
brace. 'Cf. G. klafiery a fathom; Lith.
giiiys, an armful ; knd cf. Orasp.
Glass. (F. — L.) F. classe^ a rank.—
L. ace. classeMf a class, assembly, fleet.
Clattdr. (F.) A frequentative of ^/a/,
which is a by-form of ClAok. A. S. clat-
rung, a clattering ; £. Fries, klaitem, to
clatter. •4- I^- klateren, to clatter. Of
imitative origin.
Clause. (F.— L.) F. r/a«<j^. — LateL.
clausa, a passage, from a book, a clause.—
L. clausus, pp. of claudere, to shut.4-
O. Fries, sluta, to shut. See Slot (i).
(^KLEU.) Brugm. i. % 795.
Cnavide, the collar-bone. (F. ~ L.)
F. cUnncule, the collar-bone. — L. cldutcula,
lit. a small key ; dimin. of clduisy a key.
Allied to claudere ; see Clause.
Claw. (E.) M..E. clau, dee, A. S.
clawu (also cled)^ a claw.4-I^u. klaauw\
G. klaue\ Icel. kid, Dan. Swed. klo.
Allied to Clew ; from a Teut. base *klau-,
and grade of *2/^m-, to draw together;
cf. O. H. G. kluwi^ forceps.
Clay. (E.) M. E. clai, cUy, A. S.
clag.'fjyxk. and Low G. k^t\ Dan. klag.
Teut type *klai'jdy fem, ; from *klai-, 2nd
grade of Tent root ^klei- ; cf. A. S. cldm
(for *klaumoz)f earthenware ; Gk. 7Xo(-<$s,
sticky matter. See Cleave (a) and due.
Claymore^ a Scottish broadsword.
(Gad!) Gael, claidheamh mor^ a great
sword. Here claidheamh is cognate with
W. cUddyf^ O. Jr. claideh^ sword ; and
Gael, mar^ great, is allied to W. mawrj
great Cf. W. cUdd, a sword.
Clean. (E.) M. E. cUne, A. S. clSne,
clear, pure. ^ O. Sax. dent, cleini ; O.
Fries, klen ; Du. klein, small ; G. klein,
O. H. G. chleini, pure, bright, fine, small.
All from Teut. *klaini', orig. ' clear, pure.'
cleanse. (E.) A. S. cklmianf to
make clean.— A. S. dane, clean.
Clear. (F. - L.) M. E. deer, der. - O.F.
der, dair, — L. ddrus, bright, clear, loud.
Cleaty a piece of iron for strengthening
the lolet of^ shoes ; a piece of wood or |
iron to fasten ropes to, (E.) M. E. dete,
a wedge (as if from A. S. *deaf)y also
elite, dote, a lump; cognate with Du.
klooty a ball, G. kloss, a clot, lump. Allied
to Clot ; and see Clout.
Cleave (!)> to split. (E.) Strong verb.
A. S. cleofan, pt. t. deaf, pp. clofen ( ■«
E. r/^^if ).4-Du. klieven, Icel. kljufa (pt. L
klauf), Swed. klyfva, Dan. kldve, G. hlie-
ben. Teut. base *kleub ; cf. Gk. 7XW-
<i^(iv, to hollow out.
cleft, Clifb. (Scand.) The old spelling
is f/i^. — Icel. kluft, Swed. klyft, Dan.
kloft, a cleft, chink, cave. — Icel. kluf-,
weak grade of kljitfa (above) ; cf. Swed*
klyfua, to cleave.
CleaTC (a), to stick. (£.) Weak verb.
The correct pt. t. is cleaved, not clave,
which belongs to the verb above. A. S.
clifian, cleofian, pt. t. clifode.'^'Dvi, kleven,
Swed, klioba stg, G. kleben, to adhere,
cleave to. All from Teut base *klib-,
weak grade of Teut. root *kleib', found in
A. S. clifan (pt t ddf), Du. be-klifoen,
to cleave to. Allied to Clay, Climb.
Clef, a key, in music. (F.— L.) F. clef,
— L. clduem, ace. of clduis, a key.
Cleft; see Cleave (i).
Clematis, a plant (Gk.) Gk. ivAi7/4art;,
a creeping plant.- Gk. kKtuMr-, stem of
icXriitay a ^oot, twig.— Gk. Kh&tw, to
hreik off, prune (Brugm. ii. % 661).
Clement. (F.-L.) F. dement, ^t,,
dementem, ace. of clemens, mild.
Clench ; see Clinch.
Clerestory, an upper story in a church,
furnished with windows, (F.— L.) Old
spelling of clear-story. The triforium
below is sometimes called the blind-story.
See Story (a).
Clerk. (F. - L. - Gk.) A. S. and O. F.
cUtrc'^'L, clericus,^Gk. tcXrfpiK^St one oi
the clergy. — Gk. KXijpos, a lot ; in late Gk.,
the clergy, whose portion is the Lord,
Dent, xviii. a, i Pet v. 3 ; cf. Acts i. 17.
(St. Jerome.)
clergT. (F.— L.) 'M.,E. clergte, often
also (a) * Teaming.' — (i) O. F. dergie, as if
from L. *clericta; (a) mod. F. dergS,
from Late L. clericdtus, clerkship. — Late
L. clericus, a clerk (above).
Clever. (E.) Cleverly is in Butler's
Hudibras, i. i. 398 (1663). For M. £.
diver, adj., meaning ready to seize, allied
to M. E. diver, a claw, and to Cleave (a).
So also E. Fries, kliifer, clever, Dan.
dial, klover, klever (Molbech). ^ It took
93
CLEW, CLUE
the place of M. £. deliver^ quick, nimble,
Ch. prol. 84. — O. F. delivrt^ free, prompt,
alert ; compounded of L. di, prefix, and
liber ^ free ; see Deliver.
Clew, Clue, a ball of thread. (£.)
M. E. clewe. A. S. cliwen^ a clew ; also
cliowe (Epinal gl. cleoutiae).'^'D\\,, kluwen^
whence kluwenen, to wind on clews (E.
clew up a sail) ; M. Low G. kluwen ; and
cf. G. knciuel \ior *klauel)y a clew. Per-
haps allied to L. gluere, to draw together.
Cf. Olaw.
Click. (E.) An imitative word, ex-
pressing a lighter and thinner sound than
Glaok. E. Fries, klikken. Cf. Du. klik-
klakken, to clash.
Client. (F.— L.) F. client, a suitor.—
L. clientem, ace. of cliens = cluens, orig. a
hearer, one who listens to advice ; pres. pt.
of cluere, to hear. (-^KLEU.)
Cliff, a steep rock, headland. (£.)
A. S. clify a rock, cliff.+Du. and Icel.
klif\ O. H.G. klep. Cf. G. and Dan.
klippe^ Swed. klippa, a crag ; and Icel.
kleif^ a ridge of cliffs.
Climate. (F. — L. — Gk.) yiJE, climat,
— F. climat.^luZXQ L. climat-^ stem of
clima.^G\i, KXifuiT-, stem of icKifia, a
slope, zone, region of the earth, climate. —
Gk. KkivtiVy to lean, slope ; see Lean.
climaeter, a critical time of life. (F.
— Gk.) M.F, climacUre, adj.; whence ran
clitnactere, * the climatericall {sic) year ;
every 7th, or 9th, or the 63 yeare of a
man s life, all very dangerous, but the last,
most;' Cot. — Gk. KkiftaKtrip, a step of a
ladder, a dangerous period of life. — Gk.
icXtfjuxK'y stem of icXifia^, a ladder, climax,
with suffix -TTjp of the agent ; see below.
climax, the highest degree. (Gk.)
Gk. K\TfM(, a ladder, staircase, highest
pitch of expression (in rhetoric). — Gk.
K\iv€iv, to slope. Der. anti-climax.
clime. (L. — Gk.) L.. clinMf B. cUmsLte.
— Gk. KXifta ; see Climate.
Climb. (E.) yi.K,climben,^\.A.clomb.
A. S. climban, pt. t. clamby pi. clumbon.-^
Du. klimmen, M.H.G. klimmen. Teut.
type *klimban; The m was orig. in-
serted in the present stem, and did not
belong to the root ; as is shewn by Icel.
klifa, to climb. Hence it is allied to
Cleave (2).
Clime ; see Climate.
Clinch, Clench, to rivet. (E.) M.E.
clenihen, ktenken, to strike smartly, to
make to clink ; causal of klinken, to clink.
CLOG
Cf. Du. klinkf a latch, rivet ; also, a blow ;
and O. H. G. klenkan, to knot or bind
together.
Cling. (E.) M. E. clingen, to become
stiff, be matted together. A.S. clingan
(pt. t. clang, pp. clungen)y to dry up,
shrivel up. -f Dan. klynge, to cluster. Allied
to Swed. klanga, to climb; O. H. G.
clunga, a clew.
Clinical. (F.-L.-Gk.) Y,clinique,
'one that is bedrid;' Cot. — L. clinicus,
the same. — Gk. «Aivi«($s, belonging to a
bed, a physician ; ^ KXivixii, his art.— Gk.
K\iinj, a bed. — Gk. xXtVciv, to lean; see
Ijean (i).
Clink. (E.) E. Fries, klinken. Nasa-
lised form of Click.^-l^n. klinken, to
sound, pt. t. kUmk, pp. geklonken ; Swed.
klinka, to jingle. Cf. Clank.
clinker, a hard cinder. (Du.) Du.
k linker, a clinker, named from the tinkling
sound which they make when they strike
each other. —Du. klinken, io cXvak; cog-
nate with E. clink,
clinqnant, glittering. (F.-Du.) In
Shak. Lit. * tinkling.' — F. clinquant, pres.
pt of O. F. clinquer, to clink. — Du.
klinken (above).
Clip, to cut. (Scand.) M. E. klippen. —
Icel. klippa, Swed. klippa, Dan. klippe, to
clip, shear hair. Cf. Snip. Der. clipper,
a ' cutter,' a fast vessel. •
Clique, a gang. (F. — Du.) F. clique, a
gang, noisy set. — O. F. cliquer, to click,
make a noise. — Du. klikken, to click,
clash ; also to inform, tell ; cf. Du. klikker,
a tell-tale. See Click.
Cloak, Cloke. (F. -C.) M. E. doke, -
O. North F. cloque, O. F. cloche, ^\jdXt\..
cloca, a bell ; also a horseman's cape, which
resembled a bell in shape : see below.
clock. (C.) The orig. sense was* bell';
bells preceded clocks for notifying times.
Either from M. Du. clocke (Du. klok), a
bell ; or from O. North F. cloque, a bell. -
Late L. cloc{c)a, a bell ; of Celtic origin. —
Irish ciog, a bell, clock ; clogaim, I ring
or sound as a bell ; O. Irish doc, a bell.
Cf. W. clock, a bell, &c. The G. glocke is
a borrowed word ; so also Du. klok, &c.
Clod. (E.) M. E. clod, clodde, A. S.
clod (in compounds), a lump of earth.
Teut. type *klU'do; from the weak grade
of Teut root *kleu; to stick together. See
Clew, Cloud. Cf. Clot.
Cloff, a hindrance; a wooden sole of
a shoe; wooden shoe. (E.) M.E. clog,
94
CLOISTER
CLUMSY
a log, clump. Not found in A. S. A late
word ; cf. Dan. klagge^ mud (Molbech).
Cloister. (F.-L.) M.E. cloister,'^
O. F. cloistre (F. cloStre\^\i, clauslrum,
lit. enclosure.— L. ciaus-us, pp. oi clau-
dere, to shut. See Claose.
dose (i>» to shut in. (F.-L.) M. £.
closen^'mO. F. clos, i pr. s. of O. F. clcrej
to shut'in. i«L. claudere (above). Der.
dose^ a' field ; dis-close, en-close, in-close,
close (a), shut up. (F.-L.) M.E.
clos, cloos.^O, F. f/«f, pp. of clap£ (above).
closet. (F. — L.) O. F. closet, dimin.
of cloSf an enclosed space. —O.F. clos,
pp. ; see close (2).
<not. (E.) M.E. clot, clotte, a ball,
esp. of eaitb. A. S. clolt, clot, a lump. 4-
G. klotz, a lump. Teut. type *klut-to-,
from the weak grade of Teut. base *kleut ;
see Cleat, Clout, Cluster.
Caoth. (E.) M. E. cloth, cloth, A. S.
cla8.'^T>VLf klud, G. kleid, a dress. Der.
clothes, A. S. clddas, pi. of cld9,
dothCf to cover with a cloth. (E.)
M. E. clot hen, clcUhen, pt. t. clothede (or
cladde), pp. clothed (or clad). Formed
from A. S. ^/(rfJJf.+Du. kleeden, from kleed ;
so also G. kleiden, from kleid, ^ But the
pt. t. and pp. clctd are of Scand. origin :
cf. IceL klcedd-r, pp. of kla^a, to clothe ;
Swed. kladd, pp. olkldda.
Cloud. (E.) M. £. cloud, orig. a mass
of vapours ; the same Word as M. £. cliidy
a mass of rock. A. S. cliid, a round mass,
mass of rock, hill. From Teut. root *kleu,
to stick together ; see Clew, Clod.
Clontfh, a hollow in a hill-side. (£.)
M. K,ciough, cloje. Answering to A. S.
*cldh, not found ; coj^nate with O. H. G.
kldh. The A.S. *cloh ( = O.H.G. kldh,
as in Klcthuelde^ Forstemann) represents
a Teut. type *klanxo-, from *klanxt 2nd
grade of HHnx ; cf. G. klinge, O. H. G.
chlinga, a dough (Acad., Aug. and Sept.
1889).
Clout, a patch. (E.) Vi,^ clout. A.S.
cliit, a patch ; whence W. clwt^ Corn, clut^
a patch, clout; Ir. and Gael, dud, the
same. Orig. sense ' mass, piece of stuff' ;
orig. Teut. type *klut-oz, from Teut. root
*klut-, *kleut-, as seen in Clot. Closely
allied to Cleat (which is from the 2nd
grade of the same root).
Clove (1)1 a kind of spice. (F. — L.)
M. E. dotv ; the change to clove, in the
XVIth cent, was due to the influence
of Ital. chiovo. — F. dott^ a nail ; clou
de girofle, *a clove,' Cot.; from the
semblance to a nail. Cf. Span. clcmOy a
nail, also a clove.»L. clduum, ace of
dduus, a nail. 4*0. Irish do, a nail.
Clove (2), a bulb, or spherical shell of
a bulb of garlic, &c. (E.) A.S. clufu, f. ;
cf. cluf-wyrt, a buttercup (lit dove-wort).
Named from its cleavage into shells.—
A. S. cluf-, weak grade oideofan, to split;
see Cleave (i). Cf. Icel. kl^, a cleft
Clove (3), a weight (F.-L.) A. F.
clou ; the same word as Clove (i).—Late
L. cImjus, a weight (for wool).
Clover. (E.) M. E. daver, A. S.
cldfre^ clSfre, tTefoil.4>L>u. hlaver, whence
Swed. klqfver, Dan. klover; Low G.
hlever; cf. G. ilee, ^ The supposed
connexion with cleave (i) is impossible.
Clown. (Scand.) Icel. /^/i/Mm, a clumsy,
boorish fellow : Swed. dial, klunn, a log,
kluns, a clownish fellow; Dan. klunt^ a
log ; cf. Dan. kluntet, clumsy. Allied to
Clump. Orig. sense ' log * or ' clod.*
Cloy. (F. — L.) Orig. to stop up, hence,
to sate. M . F. cloyer, * to cloy, stop up, ' Cot. ;
a by-form of F. clouer (O.F. doer), to nail,
fasten up. [A horse pricked with a nail,
in shoeing, was said to be cloyed^^O,Y,
do, F. clou, a nail ; see Clove (i). % Cloy
(in E.) is usually short for ac-cloy or a-cloy,
where the prefix a- represents F. en- ; see
F. endouer, endqyer in Cotgrave.
Club (0) ^ heavy stick. (Scand.) M.E.
clubbe, » Icel. klubba, klumba, a dub ;
Swed. klubb, a club, log, lump ; Dan. klub,
club, klitmp, lump. A mere variant oi
Clump below. See Golf.
club (2), an association. (Scand.)
XVII cent Lit 'a clump of people.'
Cf. Swed. dial, klubb, a clump, lump, also
a knot of people (Rietz). See above.
Cluck. (E.) M.E. clokhen, to cluck
as a hen ; a mere variant of Claok.^
Du. klokken, Dan. klukke, G. gluchen;
L. gloctre. An imitative word.
Clue ; see Clew.
Clumpi a mass, block. (E.) XVI
cent. Not in A.S., except as in clymp-re,
a clump. Cf. Dan. klump, Swed. klump ;
Du. klomp. Low G. klump, a dump,
lump, log ; (Icel. klumba, a club, with b
for p). From klump-, weak grade of
Teut *klemp-,tiS in M.H.G. klimpfen, to
press tightly together. Cf. Clamp.
Clumsy. (Scand.) Cf. M. E. clumsed,
clomsed, benumbed ; benumbed fingers are
clumsy. This is the pp. of clomsen, to
95.
CLUSTER
benumb, or to feel benumbed. Cf. Swed.
diaL klummsen, benumbed (Rietz) ; Icel.
kiumsa, lock-jawed. Cf. Dn. kiemmen, to
pinch; kleumenftohthtaviXXihediykUumschf
numb with cold ; also A. S. clontf clam, a
bond, clasp. See Olajnmy.
Cluter, a bunch. (£.) A. S. cluster,
clyster y a bunch. 4- Low G. kluster. Suggests
a Teut. type *klut'tro-, a cluster ; formed
with suffix 'tro from *klut-f weak grade of
Teut. root *kleut't to mass together; for
which see Clot, Cleat, Clout.
^utchi to seize. (£.) M. £. clucchen,
clicchen, A. S. clyccan (whence pp. ge-
clihty Somner). We find also M. £. cloke,
a claw; which was superseded by the
verbal form.
CluttOTf a clotted mass ; also clutter,
vb., to clot (£.) Clutter^ vb., is a variant
of clotter^ to run into dots ; see Clot, and
cf. £. Fries. Jklutem, to become clotted.
Clutter also meant confusion, a confused
heap, turmoil, din ; by association with
Clatter. Cf. £. Fries, kloter, a rattle.
Clyster. (L.— Gk.) L. clyster, an
injection into the bowels. *Gk. Kkvirrffp, a
clyster, syringe.— Gk. AcXvfctv, to wash. 4*
L. cliiere^ to wash. (^KL£U.)
Co-f prefix. (L.) L. co-^ together ;
used for con- {^cum\ together, l^fore a
vowel. Hence, co-efficient, co-equal^ co-
operate, cO'Ordinate. See others below;
and see Con-.
Coaoh. (F. — Hung.) F. cocAe, ^ a
coach ; * Cot. £tym. disputed. Said, as
early as A. D. 1553, to be a Hungarian
word ; from Hung, kocsi, a coach, so called
because first made at a Hung, village called
ICocsi or Kocs, near Raab ; see Littr^, and
Beckmann, Hist, of Inventions.
Coadjutor. (F.-L.) XV cent. A.F.
coadjutour, — L. co-t for con- « cum,iogetheT;
and adiutor, an assistant, from vb. adiu-
udre, to assist— L. cui-, to; iuudre, to
help.
CoagnlatO, to curdle. (L.) L. coSgu-
Idtus, pp. of codguldre, to curdle. — L.
codgulum, rennet, which causes milk to
run together. — L. co- (cupt), together ;
ag^ere, to drive.
Coal. (£.) M.E. f<)/. A.S. r<?/.+
Du. kool, Icel. Swed. kol, Dan. kul, G.
kohU, Cf. Skt. jval, to blaze.
Coalesoe, to grow together. (L.) L.
coaiescere. — L. co-yior con- = cum, together ;
and cUescere, to grow, inceptive of alere, to
nourish.
COCHINEAL
CoarS6f rough. (F.— L.) Formerly
course, an adj. which arose from the phrase
in course to denote anything of an ordinary
character; cf. mod. E. of course. See
Course.
Coast. (F. - L.) M. E. coste, - O. F.
coste (F. cdti), a rib, slope of a hill, shore.
— L. costa, a rib.
Coat. (F. -G.) M. £. cote. - O. F.
cote (F. cotte) ; Low L. cota, cotta, a coat.
— Mi H. G. kotte, kutte, a coarse mantle;
O. Sax. cot, the same.
Coax. (E. ?) Formerly cokes, vb., from
cokes, sb., a simpleton, dupe. Perhaps
allied to Cocker or to Cookney.
Cob (i), a round lump, knob. (E.) As
applied to a pony, it means short and
stout. M. K cob, a great person
(Hoccleve). In some senses, it seems to
be allied to A. S. copp, a top, summit.
cobble (i)f a small round lump. (£.)
M. E. cohylstone, a cobble-stone* Dimin.
oicob (above).
Cob (2), to beat. (£.) Cf. W. cobio, to
thump; cob, a bunch; prov. £. cop, to
strike, esp. on the cop or head. See Cob
(0.
Cobalt, a mineral. (G.) G. kobalt,
cobalt ; a nickname given by the miners,
because considered poisonous; better
spelt kobold, meaning (i) a demon, (2)
cobalt. Of G. origin (Kluge).
Cobble (i); see Cob (i).
Cobble (a), to patch up. (E.) Origin
unknown ; cf. Cob (a), of which it seems
to be the frequentative.
Cobra« a hooded snake. (Port.— L.)
Port, cobra, also cobra de capello, i. e. snake
with a hood. — L. colubra, snake ; di, of;
capellum, ace. of capellus, hat, hood,
dimin. of c&pa, a cape. See Notes and
Queries, 7 S. ii. 205.
Cobweb. (E.) M. E. copweb, coppe-
web ; from M. £. coppe, a spider, and web.
Cf. M. Du. kop, koppe, *a spider, or a cob/
Hexham. From A. S. coppa, as in dttor-
coppa, a spider; lit. poison-bunch; from
A. S. dttor, dtor, poison, and cop, a head.
Coca, a Peruvian plant. (Span. — Peruv.)
Span, coca, — Peruv. cuca\ Garcilasso, Peru,
bk. 8. c. 15. Distinct both from cocoa (or
coco) and cacao. Dor. coca-ine.
Cochineal. (F. - Span. - L. - Gk.)
F. cochenille.^S^Ti. cochinilla, cochineal
(made from insects which look like berries).
— L. coccinus, of a scarlet colour; see
Isaiah i. 18 (Vulgate). —L. cocatm, Khfjiy\
96
COCK
COD
also kemies, sapipoKd to bea henj.^Gk,
K&Mmas^ a berry, codiincaL
COGk(i),aiiiakbird. OL) M.£.<«^.
A. S. cocc ; from the bird s ay. ' Cryde
anon cok I cok!* Ch. C. T. Nnn's Piiest's
Tale, 457. Ct Skt. kukkmia, a code;
Malay bukuk, crowing of cocks. And
cf. Cackoo.
OOdkp the stop-cock of a baiiel, is the
same wcvd. So also G. kakH^ (i) a cock,
(a) a stop-cock.
COCkp pait of the lock of a gun. From
its original shape ; cf. G. den Hakn span"
fi€U, to cock a gnn.
cockade, a knot of ribbon on a hat.
(F.) F. coquartUj fern, of coquard^ sancy ;
also coquarde^ bonnet ^ la coquarde, ' any
bonnet or cap worn proudly ; ' Cot Formed
with saffix -an/ from F. caq, a cock (from
the bird's cry).
COClEercl, a yoong cock. (£.) Double
dimin. of Cock (i). Cf. pik^erel.
COCUofbf upper loft. (£. a»ul Scand.)
From cock and lofi. So also G. AaAnkaiken,
a roost, cockloft ; Dan. loftkammer, a loft-
chamber, room up in the rafters.
Cock (3), a pile of hay. (Scand.) Dan.
koky a heap ; prov. Dan. kok^ a hay-cock,
at kokke hoet^ to cock hay; loel. kokkry
lump, ball ; Swed. koka^ clod of earth.
Cock (3), to stick up abruptly. (£.)
Apparently with reference to the posture
pf a cock^s head when crowing ; or to that
of his crest or tail. Cf. Gael, coc, to cock ;
as in coc do bhoineidy cock your bonnet ;
coC'Shrowuhy cock-nosed. Ajid see Cock-
ade.
Cock (4), Cockboat, a small boat.
(F.-L.-Gk.) O. F. coque, a kind of
boat, orig. a shell. Cf. Span, coca, Ital.
cocca^ a . small ship. Derived (by Diez)
from L. concha^ a shell ; from Gk. Mdymf,
a cockle ; see Cookie (i).
Cockade ; see Cook (i).
Cockatoo, a kind of parrot. (Malay.)
Malay kakatua ; from the bird's cry. Cf.
Malay kukuk, crowing of cocks. Skt.
kukkuia, a cock. See Cook (i).
Cockatrice. (F.-LateL.-L.) By
confusion with cock, it was said to be a
monster hatched from a cock's egg, — O. F.
cocairice, — I^te L. cScdtrUem, ace. of
Cicatrix, cauc&trix^ answering to a Latin
type *caicdtrtx, i. e. ' the treader or tracker,'
used to render the Gk. Ixy^vfiory, and
afterwards transferred to mean 'crocodile'
«'see account in N. E. D.).>L. ea/cd-re, to
tread; with fem. suffix -/in>, of the
agent.
Cocker, to pamper. (E. ?) M. £.
cokeren (whence W. cocriy to fondle, in-
dulge). Cf. M. Dn. kokeleny kenitltn^
* to cocker, to foster/ Hexham ; M. F,
coqueliner^ 'to dandle, cocker, pamper
(a child) ; ' Cot Perhaps from cock^ as if
to make a nestle-codc or chick of.
Cockerel ; see Cook (i).
Cockle (i)> a sort of bivalve. (F. - L.
- Gk.) M. £. coktL [Cf. cocK a cockle
(P. Plowman, C. x. 95) ; A. S, sti^cofca ;
(where j^«sea).]— F. coanit/e, a cockle-
shell ; cf. Ital. cockigtia. •- Lat. type *cocky*
Hum, for conckytittm, a cockle, shell-fish.
— Gk. leorfxykioVf a cockle, dimin. of gey*
mikfi, from xiyicti, a cockle or mussel.
Cockle (a), a weed among com. (E.)
A. S. cocce/t tares; whence Gael, copai/f
tares, husks, cockle; cogulty corn-cockle;
Irish cogaii, com*cockle.
Cockle (.^)» to be uneven, pucker up,
(Scand.) Of Scand. origin ; cf. Norw.
kokiutt, lumpy, uneven, * cockled up ; *
from Norw. koklg, a little lump, dimin. of
kok, a lump; see Cook (a). Cf. Swed.
kokkeif dimm. of koka^ a clod.
Cockloft ; see Cock (i).
Cockney I orig. an effeminate person.
(£.) Florio has: ' CaccAcre//$\ cackllngs
of hens ; also egs, as we say cockantgs*
From M. £. cokenay^ a foolish person, Ch.
C. T. 4208. Lit. * cocks' egg y i.e. yolk-
less t%g. From M. £. coken^ gen. pi. of
coky a cock ; and ay^ ey^ A. S. ar^ egg.
See C. S. Bume, Shropshire Folk-lore,
p. a 39.
Cockroach. (Span.) From Span.
cucaracka, a wood-louse, cockroach ; from
cuca (also cuco)^ a kind of caterpillar.
Origin uncertain.
Cocoa (0) Coco, the cocoa-nut palm.
(Fort.) Port, and Span. cocOy a bugbear,
an ugly mask to frighten children ; nence
applied to the cocoa-nut on account of
the monkev-like face at the base of the
nut. Cf. Span, cocary to make grimaces.
Cocoa (a;, a corrupt form of Caoao.
Cocoon^ case of a chrysalis. (K. — L. —
Gk.) F. cocon, a cocoon ; from eoquCf a
shell. See Cook (4).
Cod (i), a fish. (£.1) Spelt codtie in
Palsgrave. Perhaps named from its round-
ed shape; cf. M. Dn. kodde^ a club ^ lex-
ham) ; and see below. Der. cod- lift f(^ a
yotmg cod ; M. E. coillyng.
97
/
/
t
coo
Cod (a)} a husk, bag, bolster. '(^)
Hence, peas-cod, husk of a pea. A. S. codd,
a bag.HKIcel. k^kidi, pillow, kodri, scrotum ;
Swed. kmlde, a cushion.
Coddle, to pamper, render effeminate.
(F. - L. ?) Perhaps for caudle, vb. (in
Shak.), to treat with caudle ; see Caudle.
Cf. prov. £. coddle, to parboil, stew.
Code*. a digest of laws. (F.~L.) F.
code. — L. codicem, ace. of codeXj a tablet,
book ; older form caudex, a trunk of a
tree.
codicil. (L.) L. codicillus^ a codicil
to a will ; dimin. of codex (stem codic-).
' Codling (0) CodUn, a kind of apple.
(C. ?) Earlier spellings querdling, quad-
ling, quodling. Apparently formed, with
£. suffix 'ling, from Irish cueirt, an apple-
tree.
Codling (2^ ; see Cod (i).
Coerce. (L.) L. coercere, to compel.
— L. CO- (cum), together; arcere, to en-
close, confine, allira to area, a diest ; see
Ark.
Coffee. (Turk. -Arab.) Turk, ^a^-
z/M."-Arab. qahwah, coffee.
Coffer. (F. - L. - Gk.) M. E. cofre.
— O. F. cofre, also cqfin, a chest. — L. ace.
cophinum, * Gk. m6<Ikvos, a basket.
coffin. (F. — L.— Gk.) Orig. a case,
chest. — O. F. cofin, as above. (Doublet
q{ cOjffer.)
Cog (i)} a tooth on a wheel-rim.
(Scand.) M. £. cogge [whence Gael,
and Irish cog, a mill-cog ; W. cacos, cocs,
cogs of a wheel]. Not in A. S. --M. Dan.
Jkogge, a cog, kogge-kjul, a cog-wheel
(Kalkar) ; Swed. kugge, a cog ; M. Swed.
kugg (Ihre).
Cog (a)* to trick. (Scand.) Prob.
to catch as with a cog; to cog a die, to
check it so as to make it fall as desired.
Cf. Swed. dial, kugg, Norw. kogga, to
dupe; Swed. kugga, 'to cheat, to cog;*
Oman.
Cogent. (L.) L. cogenl; stem of
pres. part, of cogere, to compel ; for
cO'Ogerc {^con-a^re), lit to drive to-
gether. Brugm. 1. § 968.
Cogitate. (L.) L. cogitdtus, pp. of
cogitdre, to think; for co^gitdre, from
CO-, con; together, and agitdre, to agitate,
frequent, of agere, to drive.
Cognate. (L) L. co-gndtus, allied
by birth. — L. co- (for cuni), together;
gndtus, bom, old form of ndtus, pp. of
nasci, to be bom; see 19'fttal.
COISTREL
Cognisance, knowledge, a badge. (F.
— L.) Formerly conisaunce. — O. F. con-
noissance, knowledge ; M. F. cognoissance,
— O. F. conoissant, pres. pt of O. F.
conoistre, to know. — L. cognoscere, to
know. •- L. CO- {cum), together, fully;
gnoscere, to know ; see Enow.
cognition, perception. (L.) From
ace. of L. cognitio,'mh, cognitus, pp. of
cognoscere (above).
COgnomeni a sumame. (L.) L. co-
gnomen, a sumame.— L. co- (cum), with;
ndmen, a name, altered to gndmen by con-
fusion with gnoscere, noscere, to know^
See Noun, Name.
Cohabit. (L.) L. co-habitdre, to
dwell together with. — L. co- (cum-), to-
gether; habitdre, to dwell. See Habi-
tation.
Cohere. (L.) L. co-harere, to stick
together (pp. r0^«ji/j). — L. r^, together;
harere, to stick. Per. cohes'ion, cohes-
ive, from the pp.
Cohorty a band of soldiers. (F.~L.)
F. cohorte.mm'L, acc, cohortem, from cohors,
a court, also a band of soldiers. See
Court, of which it is a doublet.
Coif, QlI0i£( a cap. (F.-G.-L.)
O. F. coije, coiffe ; Low L. cofea, a cap. —
M. H. G. kuffe, kupfct a cap worn under
the helmet ; O. H. G. chuppha ; stem
^kupp-jdn-.^O, H. G. chuph (G. kopf), a
cup ; also, the head. — L. cuppa ; see Cap.
Coign ; see Coin.
Coif (I), to gather together. (F.-L.)
' Coiled up in a cable ; ' Beaumont and
Fletcher. — O. F. coillir, to collect. — L.
colligere', see Colleot.
Coil (a)> a noise, bustle. (F. ^ L.?)
Orig. a colloquial or slang expression;
prob. from Ooil(i). We find 'a coil of
hay,* a heap ; and coiU to twist.
Coin. (F.-L.) M. E. coin. - O. F.
coin, a wedge, stamp on a coin, a coin
(stamped by means of a wedge). — L.
cuneum, ace ofcuneus, a wedge. Perhaps
allied to Cone.
coign. (F.— L.) F. coing, coin, a
comer ; lit. a wedge (as above).
Coincide, to agree with. (L.) L. co-
(for con- '^ cum, with); and incidere, to
fall upon, from in, upon, and cadere, to
fall.
Coistrel, a mean fellow. (F. — L.)
For coustrel, the older form (Palsgrave),
An E. adaptation of M.F. coustillier,
an armour-bearer, lackey ; lit. ' one who
98
COIT
COLLOP
carries a poinard.' * M. F. coustilU, a
poniard ; variant of O. F. cotistel, better
coutelj a knife.— L. cuUellum, ace. oi cul'
ieilus, a knife; dimin. of culter. See
Coulter.
Coit ; see Qnoit.
Coke, charred coal. (E. f) < Coke,
pit-coal or sea-coal charred ; * Ray, 1674.
£tym. unknown ; cf. M. £. colk, the core
(of an apple).
Colanaer. Cullender, a strainer.
(L.) Equivalent to Med. L. cdldtorium^ a
strainer ; apparently coined from L. colant-t
stem of pres. part, of coldre, to strain. —L.
colum, a sieve. Or the M. £. colindore
may have been taken from Span, colador^
a strainer (from L. coldre).
Cold. (E.) M. £. cold, kald, adj.;
O. Merc, caldy A. S. ceald, adj. 4* Icel.
kaldr, Swed. kally Dan. bold. Da. koudj
Goth, kalds, G. kalt. Tent. *kai-doz,
cold ; from Tent. *kal, to be cold (as in
Icel. kaia, to freeze), with suffix -doz » Gk.
'tSs. Cf. Lat. gel-iduSf cold; see Con-
geal, Chill, Cool.
Cole, Colewort, cabbage. (L.) For
'Worty see "Wort. M. £. col, caul, A. S.
caul, cdwel (or Icel. kdl), »- L. caulis, a
stalk, cabbage. +Gk. ieavX6s, a stalk.
Coleoptera, sheath -winged insects.
(Gk.) Gk. KoK^i-s, a sheath; wr^p^v, a
wing.
Colic. (F.-L.-Gk.) Short for coHc
pain.'^Y, colique, adj. — L. cdlicus,m^Gk.
KwKutSs, for ko\ik6s, suffering in the colon.
— Gk. tc6\oy. See Colon ^2).
Coliseum. (Med. L.—Gk.) The same
as colossium,K large amphitheatre at Rome,
so named from its magnitude (Gibbon).
The Ital. word is coliseo. See CoIossub.
Collapse^ to shrink together, fall in.
(L.) First used in the pp. collafsed.
Englished from L. collapsus, pp. of colldbt,
to fall together. — L. col- (for con-, i. e. cum)^
together ; Idii, to slip. See Iiapse.
Collar. (F. - L.) M. E. and A. F.
coler.^O, F. colter , a collar. «L. colldre, a
band for the neck.— L. collum, the neck.«f
A. S. Aealf, G. Aals, the neck.
CoUety the part of the ring in which
the stone is set. (F. — L.) ¥, collet, a
collar. — F. col, neck.— L.- collum, ntck.
Collateral. (L.) taHtl^collaterdlis,
tide by side. — L. col- (for com^^cum),
with; lateralis, lateral, from later-, for
*lcUeS'j stem of latus, side.
Collifttioiii a comparison; formerly, a
conference. (F.— L.) O. F. collatum, a
conference. — L. ace. colldtionem^ a bring-
hig together, a conferring. — L. coUdium,
supine in use with the verb conferre, to
bring together (but from a different root).
^\j,col- {(or con- = cum), together ; latum,
supine of tolUre, to take, bear. See
Tolerate.
Colleane (i), a partner. (F.-L.)
M. F. couegue. — L. collega, a partner in
office. — F. col' (for con-, cum)^ with;
legere, to choose ; see Iiegend.
Colleague (2), to join in an alliance.
(F. — L.) O. F. colliguer, colieguer, to
colleague with. — L. colligdre, to bind
together. — L. col- (for con-, cum), to-
gether ; ligdre, to bind. See League (i).
Collect, vb. (F.-L.) O.Y,collecter^
to collect money (Roquefort). — Late L.
collectdre (the same), from collecta, a col-
lection, orig. fem. of pp. of colligere, to
collect. — L. col- (for con-, cum), with;
legere, to gather ; see Legend.
collect, sb. (L.) Late L. collecta, a
collection in money, an assembly for
prayer, hence a short prayer ; see above.
Colleen, a girl. (Irish.) Irish cailin,
a girl ; dimin. of caile, a country-woman.
Gael, cailin, dimin. of caile.
Colletfe, an assembly, seminary. (F.—
L.) O . F. college. — L. collegium, society of
colleagues or companions.— L. collega, a
colleague; see Colleague (i).
Collet ; see Collar.
Collide. (L.) L. collidere, to dash to-
gether.— L. col' (for con-, cum), together;
ladere, to strike, hurt. Der. collis-ion
(from pp. colliS'Us),
CoUie, Colly, a kind of shepherd's
dog. (E.) Formerly, coalfy, coley\ prob.
the same as coal-y, coal-coloured, black.
Cf. obs. colly, adj., coal-black ; collied in
Shak. M. N. D. i. i. 145.
Collier. (E.) lA.K colter \ fromM.E.
col, coal. Cf. bow-yer, saw-yer.
Collocate* to place together. (L.)
From pp. of L. col-locdre, to place together.
— L. col- (for con-, «#»»), together; locdre,
tojplace, from locus, a place.
Collodion, a solution of gun-cotton.
(Gk.) From Gk. KoiOM-r^^, glue-like. —
Gk. KliKK-Of glue; -clSi/r, like, c75of,
appearance.
Collop, a slice of meat. (E. ?) M. £•
coloppe, col-hoppe ; pi. col-hoppes (P. Plow-
man>, whence M. Swed. kollops, Swed.
kalops. Here col- -= coal (see Coal) ; cf.
99
COLLOQUY
Swed. diaL gloi^hoppa^ a cake baked over
^ledes or hot coals. (E. Bjorkman).
CoUoony* (L.) From L. colloquium^
conversation. — L. col-loqtiiy to converse
with^ lit to speak togelner.— L. col- (for
con-^ cuni)y together; loguly to speak.
CoUudey to act with others in a fraud.
(L.) L. colludere (pp. collusus)^ to play
with, act in collusion with. — L. col-
(for con-, cum)f with; ludere, to play.
Der, collus'ion, from the pp.
Colocynth, Coloq^nmtida, pith of
the fruit of a kind ot cucumber. (Gk.)
From the nom. and ace cases of Gk.
, Ko\oKW$is (ace. Ko\otcvy$i^)y a kind of
round gourd or pumpkin.
. Colon (i)f a mark (:) in writing and
printing. (Gk.) . Gk. «ctf\or, a limb,
clause ; hence, a stop marking off a clause.
• Colon (a)i part of the intestines. (Gk.)
Gk. k6Kov, the same.
: Colonel. (F. - Ital - L.) Sometimes
coronelf whicn is the Span, spelling;
whence the pronunciation as kumeL^^Y.
colonelf colonnel, — Ital. r^^/i^/^, a colonel;
lit. a little column, as being *■ the upholder
of the regiment ; * Torriano. The colonel
was he who led the company at the head
of the regiment. Dimin. of Ital. cohnna,
a colunuL — L. columnar a column. See
Column.
Golonnada. (F. - lul. - L.) F.
colonnade, <m Ital. colonnata, a range of
columns. « Ital. colouna^ a colunm (above).
Colony. (F. - L.) F. colonie, — L.
colonia, a colony, band of husbandmen.
— L. coldnuSf a husbandman.— L. colere,
to till. Colere is for *quelere; cf. L.
inquilfnus, a sojourner. Brugm. i. § 121.
Coll^^lionf an inscription at the end of
a book, with title, and (sometimes) name
and date. (Gk.) Late L. colophon. — Gk.
KoKoifwy, a summit; hence, a finishing-
stroke. Allied to Coluxxui.
Coloqnintida ; see Coiooynth.
Colossus. (L. - Gk.) L. colossus. —
Gk. ieoKoaads, a large statue. Der. coloss-
al, i. e. large ; coliseum^ q. v.
Colour. (F.-L.) U.E.colour.^O.F.
colour (F. couleur).'^'L, ace. colorem, from
coloTf a tint.
Colporteur, a hawker of wares. (F. —
L.) Lit. 'one who carries wares on his
neck ; * F.. colporteur. — F. colporter^ to
carry on the neck.-*F. coly neck; porter ,
to carry. — L. Mllum, neck; portdre, to
carry.
COAfBUSTION
Colt. (E.) A. S. colt, a young camel,
young ass, &c.4'Swed. dial. kulH, a boy ;
Swed. kullt Dan. kuld, a brood ; cf. Dan.
dial, koltringy a lad.
Columbine, a plant. (F.-L.) M.F.
cohmbin.^lAit L. cQlumbitta, a colum-
bine; L. columbtnus, dove-like; from a
supposed resemblance. — L. columba, a
dove. See Culver.
Column, a pillar, body of troops.
(F. — L.) L. columna, a pillar; cf.
columen, culmen, a summit, colliSf a hill,
GV. Ko\w6i, 2i\i\\\. See Hill. (VQEL.)
Colure, one of two great circles on the
celestial sphere, at right angles to the
equator. (L. — Gk.) So called because
a part of them is always beneath the
horizon. The word means docked, clip-
ped. —L. colurus^ curtailed; a colure.
■- Gk. «<$Xovpo$, dock- tailed, truncated ; a
colure. — Gk. k6\'0^, docked, clipped ; and
o6p(&, a tail.
Colza oil, a lamp-oil made from the
seeds of a variety of cabbage. (F. — L. and
Du.) F. colza, better colzat.'^'DvL. koolzaad,
rape-seed, cabbage-seed. ->Du. ^ool (bor-
rowed from L. cauh's), cole, cabbage ; and
Du. zaad— £. seed.
Com*, prefix. (L.) For L. cum, with,
together; when followed by A, /, »/,
/. See Con-.
Coma. (Gk.) Gk. K&iM, a deep sleep.
Comb. (E.) A. S. camb, a comb, crest,
ridge. -I* Du. kam, Icel.kambr, Dan. Swed.
kam ; G. Mamm. Teut. type *kamboz ;
Idg. type ^£ombAos; cf. Gk. y6fupas, a
pin, peg; Skt. jamblia-s, a tooth.
Comb, Coomb, a dnr measure. (E.)
A. S. cuptb, & cup.^Du. kopi, a bowl ; G.
kumpf, kumme, a bowl.
Combat. (F. — L.) Orlg. a verb. - F.
combattrCy O. F. combatre, to fight with. —
F. com' (for L. cum), with ; and F. battre,
O. F. batre, to fight, firom *battere, for
L. battuere, to beat. Der. combat-ant,
from the F. pres. pt.
Combe, a hollow in a hill-side. (C.)
W. cwm. Com. cum, a hollow, dale;
Celtic type *kumbd, a valley ; cf. Irish
cnmar, a valley.
Combine. (L.) 'L.combTndre,ioyxm\t^
join two things together. — L. com- {cum),
together ; and bmus, twofold. See Binary.
Combustion. (F.^-L.) F. combus-
tion. — L. ace. combustioncm, a burning up.
— L. combust -us, pp. oicom-biirere, to bum
up. — L. cofn- (for cum), together; and
100
COME
COMMISSARY
(perhaps) ureret to burn, with b inserted
by association with amb-urere,
Conie. (E.) A. S. cuman, pt. t. c{w)fffpt,
pp. ctim^n,^Dvi. kcmen, Icel. koma, Dan.
kompte, Sw. komma^ Goth, kiviman, G.
kommen't L. uen-tre, (^guen'tre)^ Gk.
$aiv€tv, Skt. ^»z, to go. (VGwEM.)
Comedy. (F.-L.— Gk.) 0*Y,comedie,
*a play;* Cot— L. cdmadia,^G\i. Kwii^»
UoL, a comedy. — Gk. Kwn^h6sj a comic
actor. — Gk. lewfio-if a banquet, revel,
festal procession ; do(8<$f , a singer, from
dciSciK, to sing. A comedy was a festive
spectacle, with singing, &c. See Ode.
comic. (L. — Gk.) L. comicus. — Gk.
KcafiiKSs, belonging to a tcwfios, as above.
Comely. (E.) M. £. cofn/i, kumli.
A. S. cymlicy earlier form (ymlic, beautiful,
fair. The A. S. <^ie, exquisite, is closely
allied to O. H. G. ciimt^, weak, tender,
and to O. H. G. kttm, with difficulty (G.
kaum). The A. S. y was shortened before
////, and the M. £. comli was associated
with M. £. conien, to come, and so gained
the sense of ' becoming,' pleasing, decorous.
Cf. M. £. kimti a weak person.
Comet. (L. — Gk.) Late A. S. comtta,
— L. cometa,^QtV, leofxftrrjs, long*haired ;
a tailed star, comet. — Gk. ic6/iri, hair.^L.
coma, hair. % Also O. F. comete,
Comfiti sb., a sweatmeat. (F.->L.)
Formerly confit^ confite,^0,Y, confit, lit.
confected, prepared ; pp. of confire, — L.
confectumt pp. of conficerty to prepare, put
together. — L. con- {cum)^ together ; facer e,
to make. See Oonfeot.
Comfort, vb. (F. — L.) M. £. con-
fortertf later comforten.^O, F. conforter^
to comfort. — Late L, con-fortdre, to
strengthen. — L. con* (cum), together ;
ViTiA fort-is y strong; seeForoe (i).
Comfirey, a plant. (F. - L.) O. F.
confirey cumfirie ; Late L. cumfiria ; pro-
bably for Lat. conferua (Pliny), comfrey,
a name given to the plant from its sup-
posed healing powers.— L. conferuerey to
grow together, heal up (Celsus).— L. con-
{cum)y together; feruere^ (orig.) to boil.
% It was also called confirma (from L.
fimtarCy to make firm), and amsolida
(from L. soliddre, to make solid).
Comic ; see Comedy.
Comityy urbanity. (L.) L. comitdiemy
ace. of comitasy urbanity. — L. comtSy
friendly, courteous;
Comma. (L.— Gk.)* L. comma, ^^Gk.
Hofifia, that which is struck, a stamp, a
clause of a sentence, a comma (that marks
the clause). — Gk. Kltt^rtiv^ to hew, strike.
Command. (F. - L.) O. F. cotn-
maftdery comander, — L. commenddrty to
entrust to; confused with Late L. com-
manddrCy as if an intensive form of man'
ddre y.\o command. Both forms are from
L. com" (rt/w),. together; and manddrCy to
put into the hands of, entrust to, command.
See Mandate.
Commemorate. (L.) From the pp.
of L. commemordre^ to call to mind. — L.
com- (for cum)y together; memordrCy to
mention, from memor, mindful.
Commence. (F.-L.) Y,commemer\
O. F. comencer (with one m ; cf. Ital.
cominciare), — L. com- (cttm)y together;
initidrcy to begin ; see Initiate.
Commend. (L.) L. commendare, to
entrust or commit to ; see Command.
Commensurate. (L.) From L.
commensurdtuSy as if from *cofnmeftsttrdret
to measure in comparison with ; a coined
word.— L. com- {cum)y with; mensurUy a
measure ; see Measure.
Comment, vb. (F.— L.) Y.commenter,
— Late L. commentdre, for L. cotnmentdrfy
to consider, make a note on. — L. com^
mentust pp. oi comminiscly to devise. — L.
com- {cum)y with; -mift" for *w«i, to
think, as in me-min-t { = *me-men-t)y I
remember, and men-Sy mind. See Mental.
CommercCy traffic. (F.—L.) Y. com-
merce, ^h. commerciumy trade.— L. com-
(^ = cum), with; merc-y stem of merx^
merchandise, with suffix 'i-um,
Commination, a threatening, de-
nouncing. (F.— L.) F. commination,^
L. ace. commindtidnemy a threatening.—
L. commindtusy pp. of com-mindrty to
threaten. — L. com- {cum)^ intensive prefix;
and mindrty to threaten. See Menace.
Commingle. (L. and £.) From
Com- and Mingle.
Comminntion, a reduction to small
fragments. (L.) Formed from L. com*
minut-usy pp. of com-minuercy to break
into small pieces; see Minute.
Commiseraiion. (F. - L.) M. F.
commiseration. — L. ace. commiserdtidnemy
part of an oration intended to excite pity.
— L. commiserdrly to excite pity (pp. -dt'
us), — L. com- (cum)y with ; miserdrt,
to pity, from L. miser, wretched, pitiable.
Commiflsaryf an officer to whom
something is entrusted. (L.) Med. I^.
commissdriuSy a commissary. — L. com-
lOI
COMMIT
missus y pp. of committere^ to commit ; see
below.
COmmity to entrust to. (L.) L. com-
miiterey to send out, begin, entrust,
consign; ^p, commtssus.^h. corn- (cuni),
with; mitiere, to send, put forth. Dor.
commisS'ionf F. commission, from L. ace.
commissidnem^ perpetration.
Oommodions. (F.-L.) O.^.com-
modieux ; Med. L. commodiosus^ useful. —
L. commoduSy fit, suitable. — L. com-
{cum)i with ; modus j measure.
Conmiodore, the commander of a
squadron. (Du. — F. — L.) Formerly
spelt commandore (1695) ; also comman-
deur, as in Dutch ; Hexham has : ■' den
Commandeur van ten Stadt, The Com-
mandeur of a Towne.'— F. commandeur,
a commander. — L. ace. type ^comman-
ddtorem, from Late L. commandore ;
see Command.
Common. (F.— L.) M. £. commun,
comoun. — O. F. comun. ■■ L. communis,
common, general. » L. r^/^;- (rM/»), together
with ; and milnis, ready to serve (Plautus) ;
cf. miinus, service. (As if ' helping each
other.*) Cf. Lith. mainas, Russ. miena,
barter. Brugm. i. § 208. Per. commun-
ion, commun-ity,
COmmiUie« verb. (F. - L.) M. E.
comunen, ■■ O. F. communer, to commune
with ; Late L. commUndre. — L. communis,
common (above).
communicate. (L.) L. commUni-
cdtus, pp,oi commiinicdre,'''L, communis,
common. Der. excommunicate.
Commotion. (F.— L.) Y. commotion,
■-L. commotionem, ace. of commotio. ^"L.
commot'us, pp. of commouere^ to disturb.
— L. com- {cum), intensive; and mouere,
to move. See Move.
Commute, to exchange. (L.) L. com-
mUtdre, to exchange with. — L. com' (cum),
with ; mutdre, to change.
Compact (i), adj., fastened together,
fitted, close, firm. (F.— L.) M.Y.com-
pacte.'^'L. compcu:tus, fitted together, pp.
of compingere^^lu^ com- {cum), together;
pangere, to fasten. See Fact.
Compact (2), sb., a bargain, agree-
ment. (L.) L. compactum, sb. ^ L. com-
pactus, pp. of compacisct, to agree with. —
L. com- {cum), with ; pacisct, to make a
bargain, inceptive form of O. Lat. pacere,
to agree. See Fact.
Company. (F.— L.) M.E.companye,
— O. F. companie. [Cf. also O. F. compain,
COMPENSATE
a companion, O.F. companion (F. com-
pagnon), a companion.] — Med. L. com-
pdniem, ace. of companies, a taking of
meals together. ^-L. com- {cum), together;
and pdnis, bread; see Fantry. Der.
companion, from O. F. companion. Also
ctccompany, O. F. accompaignier, from F. a
(for L. ad) and O. F. compaigfiier^ to asso-
ciate with, from compaignie, company.
Compare* to set together, so as to
examine likeness or difference. (F.— L.)
F. comparer, — L. compardre, to adjust, set
together.— L. compar, co-equal. —L. com-
{cum), together ; par, equal.
Compartment. (F.-Ital.-L.) F.
compartiment, *a partition;' Cot. — Ital.
compartimento, — Ital. compartire ; Late L.
compartire, to share. — L. com- {cum),
together ; partire, to share, to part, from
parti-, decl. stem oipars, a part.
Compass. (F. - L.) F. compos, a
circuit, circle, limit ; also, a pair 01 com-
passes. — Late L. compassus, a circuit. — L.
com^ (cum), with; passus, a pace, step,
passage, track ; so that compassus =2. track
that joins together, circuit. See Face.
Der. compass, verb ; compasses, s. pi., an
instrument for drawing circles.
Compassion. (F. — L.) F. com-
passion, — L. compassionem, ace. of com-
passioy sympathy. — L. ^^/r{- {cum), with;
passio, suffering, hompati, to endure.
compatible. (F--L.) F* compati-
ble, * compatible, coneurrable ; * Cot. —
Late L. compatibilis, adj., used of a bene-
fice which could be held together with
another. — L. compati, to endure together
with. — L. com' {cum), with; pati, to
endure.
Compeer^ an associate. (F. — L.)
M. E. comper.^Y, com-, together; O. F.
per, a peer, equal. — L. com- {cum), to-
gether ; parem, ace. of par, equal ; see
Feer.
CompeL (L.) L. com-pellere, to com-
pel, lit. to drive together. — L. com- {cum^,
together; pellereAo drive. Der. compuls-
ion, from pp. compuls-us.
Compendious, brief. (F. — L.) F.
compendieux, — L. compendiosus, adj., from
compendium, an abridgment, lit. a saving,
sparing of expense. — L. compendere, to
weigh together. — L. com- {cum)^ with ;
pet^ere, to weigh.
compensate. (L.) From pp. of L.
compensare, to weigh one thing against
another. — L. com^ (cum), together; pen-
loa
COMPETE
sarty to weigh, frequent, of pendere^ to
weigh {^^, pensus).
Compete. (L>) L. competere* » L.
cont' {cum)y together; petere, to strive
after.
competent. (F.-L.) M. F. com-
peUtU ; orig. pres. part, of competer^ to be
sufficient for. — L. compeiere^ to be sufficient
for. — L. com' {cum)y with ; peiere^ to seek.
competitor. (L.) L. competitor^ a
rival candidate. » L. cont' {cum)^ with ;
petitory a seeker, itam. petttuSy pp. oipeterey
to seek.
Compile. (F. - L.) O. F. compiler, -
L. compildre^ to plunder, pillage, rob ; so
that the word had, at first, a minister mean-
ing.— L. com- {cum\ with ; pilare^ to rob.
See PiU (3).
Complacent. (L.) From stem of
pres. pt. of complacerey to please. — L.
com- {cupi), intensive ; p/acere, to please.
complaisant. (F. - L.) F. com-
p/aisant, obsequious, pres. part, of com-
plaircy {o please. —L. complacerey to please
(above).
Complain. (F. - L.) O. F. com-
plaign-y a stem of complaindre. — Lale L.
complangere^ to bewail. — L. com- {cum)y
with ; plangere, to bewail, lit. to strike,
beat the breast.
Complement. (L.) h^complementum^
that which completes. — L. complere
(below). Doublet, compliment,
COmpletCf perfect. (L.) L. completusy
pp. of compter ey to fulfil. — L. com" \cum\
together ; plere^ to fill. Allied to ple-nusy
full. See Plenary.
Complex. (L.) L. complexusy en-
twine<l round; hence, intricate; pp. of
complectiy to embrace. — L. com- {cum),
together ; and piectere^ to plait, allied to
plic'dre, to twine. See Pleaoh.
complexion. (F. -^ L.) F. com-
plexiotty appearance. — L. cotnplexionem^
ace. of complexioy a comprehending, com-
pass, habit of body, complexion.— L. com^
plexuSy pp. of complectiy to surround,
entwine.— L. com- {cum), together ; //f^-
terey to plait.
complicate. (L-) From pp. of L.
complicarcy to fold together. — L. com-
{cum)y together ; plicdre, to fold.
complicity. (F.— L.) F. complicitiy
* a bad confederacy ; ' Cot.*— F. complice, a
confederate. — L. complieemy ace. of com-
plex, interwoven, confederate with; see
Complex.
COMPREHEND
Compliance, Compliant; formed
with F. suffixes -cmcOy -anty from the verb
to compfyy which, however, is not of F.
origin ; see Comply.
Compliment. (F. - Ital. - L.) F.
compliment, — Ital. complimentOy compli-
ment, civility. — Ital. complircy to fill up,
to suit. — L. complerey to nil up ; see Com-
plete. Doublet, complement,
compline. (F.— L.) M. £. company
the last church-service of the day ; it was
orig. an adj. iy^^ gold-en from gold)y and
stands for complin song ; the sb. is complie
(Ancren Riwle). — O. F. complie (mod. F.
complies y which is pi.), compline. — Late
L. completa (sc hdra)y fem. of complelus,
complete; because it completed the 'hours'
of the day's service ; see Complete.
comply, to yield, accord with. (Ital.
— L.) Itnas no doubt been supposed to
be allied to ply (whence compliant, by
analogy -with pliant) y but is quite distinct,
and of Ital. origin. — Ital. complircy to fill
up, fulfil, to suit, 'also to use compli>
ments, ceremonies, or kind offices and
offers;' Torriano. Cf. Span, cotnpliry to
fulfil, satisfy. — L. complerey to fill up ; see
Complete. Cf. supply,
Comploti a conspiracy ; see Plot (i).
Component, composing. (L.) L.
component' y stem of pres. pt. oi compdnerey
to compose. — L. com- {cum)y together;
potierey to put. See Compound.
Comport, to behave, suit. (F. — L.) F.
se comporter, to behave. — L. comportdre,
to carry together. — L. com- {cum}, to-
gether ; portdrey to carry.
Compose. (F. — L. and Gk.) F.
composer, to compound, make; Cot. —
F. com- (L. cuni)y together; and ¥, poser,
to put, of Gk. origin, as shewn under
Pose, q.v. ^ Distinct from compound.
Composition. (F. — L.) ¥, composi-
tion, — L. ace. compositidnem, ace. of com-
positioy a putting together. — L. compositusy
pp. of L. compdnere ; see compound.
COmpOSty a mixture. (F.— L.) O. F.
compost, a mixture. — L. compositum, neut.
of compositus, pp. of compdnere (below).
compound. (F. — L.) The d is ex^
crescent ; M. E. compounen, — O. F. com-
ponre (Bartsch). — L. compdnere, to com-
pound, put together. — L. com- (cum),
together ; pdttere, to put. See Component.
Comprehend. (L.) L. com-prehemlere,
to grasp. — L. com- (cum)y together, and
prehendere, to seize ; see Prehenaile.
103
COMPRESS
CONCLAVE
CoinpireSS. (L*) L^ comprtssdrt, to
oppress.— L. com- {cum), together ; /r^j-
sdre, frequent. oipremerCy to press.
Comprise. (F.-^L.) From O. F.
compriSf comprised, comprehended ; pp.
of comprendrCi to comprehend. — L. cofn-
prehendere ; see Compreliend.
CompromiJief a settlement by con-
cessions. (F. — L.) F. compromise * a
compromise, mutual promise;* Cot. Orig.
pp. of F. compromettrei * to put unto com-
promise ; ' Cot. — L. compromittere, to
make a mutual promise. — L. r^/^/- {cunC),
mutually; promiUerty to promise; see
Promise.
Comptroller, another spelling of con-
troller ; see Control.
CompnlBion. (F.-L.) See Compel.
Compnnctioii, remorse. (F. — L.)
O. F. compunction. ■• Late L. ace. com-
punciidnem, ^"Lu compunctus, pp. oi com^
pungiy to feel remorse, pass, oicompungere,
to prick. — L. com- {cum) ; pungerct to
prick.
Compute. (L.) L. computdre, to
reckon. — L. com- (cum), together; putdre,
to clear up, reckon. Doublet, count (2).
Comrade. (F.— Span. — L.) Y.camar-
odS?.- Span, camamda, a company; also
an associate, comrade. — Span. camarOf a
chamber, cabin. — L. camera, a chamber.
Con (i)» to study, peruse, scan. (£.)
M. £. cunnen ; A. S. cunnian, to test.
Allied to A. S. cunnan, to know ; see
Can (1). Der. ale-conner, i. e. ale-tester.
Con (a), short for contra, against. (L.)
In the phrase * pro and con.^
Con-) prefix. (L.) For. com- (cum),
with, when the following letter is c, d, g,
jy n, q, s, t, or v. Before d, m, p, it is
com^ ; before /, col- ; before r, cor- ; before
ft m or n.
Concatenate. (L.) L. concatendtus,
pp. of concatendre, to link together. — L.
con- (cum), together; catena, a chain.
Concave. (F. — L.) F. concave. ^h.
concauus, hollow. — L. con- (cum), with,
together; cauus, hollow.
Conceal. (F.-L.) O. F. conceler.
— L. conceldre^ to hide. — L. con- {cum),
completely ; celdre, to hide. See Helm (a).
Concecle. (L.) L. concedere, to retire,
yield. — L. con- (cum), together; cedere,
to yield. Der. concess-ion (from pp. con-
cessus).
Conceit. CF. — L.) M. £. conceit, con-
ceite. Formed as if from the pp. of O. F.
concevoir, to conceive, though the real
pp. was conceu (F. confu); by analogy
with deceit, q.v. See below.
conceive. (F.-L.) M,E, conceven,
conceiven.^A, F. conceiv-, a stem of O. F.
concever, cottcevoir, to conceive. — L. con-
cipere, to conceive. — L. con- (cum), alto-
gether ; capere, lo take.
conception. (F. — L.) F. conception,
— L. conceptionem.^Ya. concept^us, pp. of
concipere, to conceive (above).
Concentre, to draw to a centre. (F.—
L. andGk,) F. concentrer, mmL. con- (cum),
together ; and centr-um, a centre, from Gk.
Kivrpo¥\ see Centre. Der. concentr-ic,
concentr-ate (modem).
Concern, vb. (F.— L.) Y.concemcr.
— L. concemere, to mix ; in Late Lat., to
refer to, regard. — L. con- (cum), with;
and cemere, to separate, decree, observe.
4" Ok. tcpiyfiv, to separate, decide ; Lith.
skir-ti, to separate, distinguish. Brugm.
ii. §613. (VSKER.)
concert. (F.-Ital.-L.) Ofien con-
fused with ccmsort in old writers. — F. con-
certer, *to consort, or agree together;*
Cot. — Ital. concertare, 'to agree or tune
together, sing in consort,' Florio ; cf. con-
certo, sb., agreement. The Ital. forms
shew that it was derived from L. concertdre,
to contend, struggle together ; indeed, we
find also Span, concertar, to settle or adjust,
covenant, bargain ; which also points to
the same origin. [It would seem that the
L. vb. took up the sense of to settle by
debate, and so, to agree.]— L. con- (cum),
together ; certdre, to contend, vie with ;
orig. * to decide by contest ; * frequent, of
cemere, to decide. See Conoem. Der.
concert, sb. , concert-ina.
Concession. (F. — L.) Y. concession.
— L. ace. concessidnenu — L. concessus, pp.
oiconcedere, to concede ; see Concede.
Concll, a marine shell. (L.~Gk.) L.
concha. — Gk. Klr^ici\ (also Kf^Ktii), a cockle-
shell.^-Skt. (ahkha, a conch. Der. con-
chology (from if^7ico-s).
Conciliate. (L.) From the pp. of L.
concilidre, to bring together, conciliate. —
L. concilium, a council ; see Council.
Concise. (F.-L. ; or L.) F. concis.
— L. concisus, brief, cut short ; pp. of con'
ctdere.'^h. con- (cum), intensive; ccedere,
to cut. Der. concis'ion.
Conclave. (F.— L.) F. conclave, a
small room (to meet in). — L. concldue,
a room ; later, a place of assembly of
104
CONCLUDE
cardinals, assembly. Orig. a locked up
place. "-L. con- (cum), together; c/duis,
a key.
€U>llcllldet (L*) L* concliidere, to
shut up, close, end. « L. con- {cum),
together; saxd 'c/ud^re^claudere, to shut
Per. conclus'ion. Similarly ex-clude, in-
cludcy pre -elude, sC'Clude ; whence in-clus-
ive, pre^clus'ton, se-dus-ion (from pp.
'Clusus * clausus).
Concoct. (L.) From L. cancoctus, pp.
of concoquere, to cook together, digest. —
L. con- {cum) ; coquere, to cook.
Concomitaat, accompanying. (L.)
From L. con* {cum), together; and
co9nitant-em^ ace. of pres. pt. of comitdri,
to accompany, from cornet-, stem of comes,
a companion ; see Count (i).
Concord. (F.— L.) F. concorde,^!^.
Concordia, agreement. — L. concord-, stem
of con-cors, agreeing. — L. con- {cum) ; cor
(stem cord'), the heart.
concordant. (F.-L.) F. concord-
ant, pres. pt. of concorder, to agree. — L.
concorddre, to agree.— L. concord- (above).
concordat. (F.— L.) F. concordat,
an agreement. — Late L. concorddtum, a
convention, thing agreed on, esp. between
the pope and F. kings ; pp. of concorddre,
to agree (above).
Conconrsc. (F.— L.) Y.concours.^m
L. ace. concursum, a running together.—
L. concursus, pp. of con-currere, to run
together.— L. con- {cum), together; and
currere, to run. See Concur.
ConcretCf formed into one mass. (L.)
L. concret'US, pp. of concreuere, to grow
together.— L. con- {cum), together; cres-
cere, to grow.
Concnbino. (F.— L.) O.Y . concubine,
— L. concudtna^^h, con- {cum), together;
cubdre, to lie.
Concupiscence. (F.-L.) ^, concu-
piscence. — L. concupiscentia, desire. — L.
concupiscere, to desire; inceptive form of
concupere,^!^, con* {cum), intensive; aud
cutere^ to long for.
Concur. (L.) L. concurrere, to run
together, agree. —L. con- {cum), together;
currere, to run. Der. concourse,
Concnseion. (P\— L.) Y , concussion,
— L. concussionem, ace. of concussio, a
violent shakine* — L. concussus, pp. of
cotuutere, to shake together. — L. con-
{cum), together; qucUere, to shake.
Condemn. (F.— L.) O.Wcondemner,
— L. ccndemudre, to condemn wholly, pro-
CONFEDERATE
nounce to be guilty. — L. con- {cum),
wholly ; damndre, to condemn.
Condense. (F.-L.) Y, condenser, '^
L. condensdre.^h. condensus, very thick.
— L. con- (cum), very ; densus, thick, dense.
Condescend. (F. - L.) F. conde-
scendre.^ljBXt L. condiscendere^ to grant
(lit to descend with). - L. cofi- {cum),mi\i ;
discendere, to descend; see Deaoend.
Der. condescens'ion, from the pp.
Condign, well merited. (F.-L.) O. F.
condigne.^lj. condignus, very worthy.—
L. con- i^cuni), very ; dignus, worthy.
Condiment. (L-) L. condimentum,
seasoning, sauce. —L. condire, to season,
spice, preserve (as fruit).
Condition. (F.-L.) Y. condition,^
L. conditionem, ace. of conditio, a late
spelling of condicio^ a covenant, condition.
— L. condicere, to talk over together, agree
upon. — L. con* {cum), together; dicerey to
speak.
Condole. (L.) L. condolhe, to grieve
with. — L. con- {cum), with ; dolere, to
grieve.
Condone. (L.) l^,conddndreAoTem\i,
pardon. — L. con- {cum), wholly; dondre,
to give ; see Donation.
Condor, a large bird. (Span. -Peru-
vian.) Span, condor, — Peruv. cuntur, a
condor.
Conduce. (L.) L. conducere, to draw
together towards, lead to. — L. con^ {cum),
together; dOcere, to lead.
conduct, sb. (L.) Late L. coftductus,
defence, protection, guard, escort. — L. r^/i-
ductus, jpp, oi con-dHcere (above).
conauit. (F.-L.) U.E,cotiduit,~'
O, F. conduit, a conduit. — Late L. con-
ductus, a defence, escort; also, a canal,
tube ; see above.
Cone. (F.-L.-Gk.) U,Y,cone.'^L.
cdnus, — Gk. Kotvos, a cone, peak, peg. +
Skt. fdna-s, a whetstone; cf. L. cos, the
same. See Hone. Brugm, i. § 401.
Coney; see Cony.
Confabulate. (L.) From pp. of L.
confdbuldri, to talk together. — L. cott-
{cum), with; fdbuldri, to converse, from
fdbula, a discourse ; see Fable.
Confecty to make up into sweetmeats.
(L.) L. confectus, pp. of conficere, to put
together, make up. — L. con- {cum), to-
gether ; facere, to put. Der. confect-ion,
confection-er. See Comfit.
Confederate. (L.) h. confxderdtus,
united by a covenant, pp. of confxderdre.
105
K3
CONFER
CONGLOMERATE
— L. con^ {cum\ together \ fader-, for
*f cedes-, stem oi foedm, a treaty. See
Federal.
Confer. (L.) From L. conferred to
bring together, collect, bestow. — L. con-
(cum)f together; fertey to bring, bear.
% Not from F.
Confess . (F. - L.) O. F. confesser. -
Late L. confessdre,^'L, confessus, pp. of
confiteriy to confess. — L. con- (cum)y fully;
fateri, to acknowledge, allied to fdriy to
speak. Cf. Gk. ^r($, a speech. Bmgm.
i. § 195.
Confide. (L.) L. cotrftdere, to trust
fully. — L. €091- (cum), fx\\y \fiderej to
tnist, allied io Jides, faith ; see Faith.
Configuration. (F. - L.) F. can-
figuraCion. — L. coftfigiiratidnem, a con-
formation. — L. configurdtuSy pp. of con-
figurarey to put together. — L. con' {cum) ;
figurdrey to fashion, from Jigura, a figure.
Sec Figure.
Confine, to limit. (F.-L.) F. con-
finery to keep within limits. ■- M. F.
confin, near; Cot. — L. conftnisy bordering
on. — L. con- {cum)y with ; /tnis, boundary.
See Final. % Mod. F. has only con/ins y
sb. pi., confines; representing O. ¥/ con-
fines, L. confiniay pi. ; whence E. coftfines,
pi.
Confirm. (F. — L.) Vi.Y., confenncn.
— O. F. confertner, — L. confirmdrey to
make firm, strengthen. — L. con- (cum),
{ally; fir mare, to strengthen, from firmus,
firm.
ConfiscatOi to adjudge to be forfeit.
(L.) L. confiscdtus, pp. of confiscdre, to
lay by in a coffer, to confiscate, transfer to
the treasury. — L. con- (cum) ; fiscus, a
purse.
Confiagration. (F. - L.) F. con-
fiagration. — L. ace. confldgrdtionemy a
great burning. — L. con- (cum), together;
fidgrdret to burn. See Flagrant.
Confiicti an encounter. HL.) L. con-
flictuSy a striking together; from the pp.
of confltgerey to strike together. — L. con-
{cum\ together ; fligerCy to strike.
Confinent. (L.) From stem, of pres.
pt. of confiuere, to flow together ; see
Fluent. So also conflux, sb., from the
pp. confluxus,
Conxorm. (F.—L.) F. conformer.'^
L. conformdrey to fashion like. — L. con-,
together ; formdrey to form, from forma,
form.
Confound. (F.->L.) Y.confottdre,^
L. confunderey to pour together, confound.
— L. con- (cum)y together ; fundere, to
pour. See Fuse (i).
Confratemi^. (F.-L.) FromL.
con- {cum)y with ; and Fraternity, q v.
Confront. (F.—L.) ¥. confronter yio
bring face to face. — Med. L. confrontdrly
to be near to. — L. con- (cum)y together;
front- y stem oifrons, forehead, front.
Confuse. (L.) M. £. coftfus, used as
a pp. in Chaucer. — L. confiisuSy pp. of
comundere, to confound ; see Confound.
Cfonfute. (F.—L.) F. confuter, - L.
confutdrey to cool by mixing cold water
with hot, to allay, also to confiate. — L con-
{cum)y together ; *futdrey to pour out (?) ;
ci.f litis y a water- vessel to pour from, from
the L. base/M-, to pour. Brugm. i. § 605.
See Futile, Befute and Fuse (i).
Congeal. (F.-L.) F. con^eler.^h,
congeidre, to cause to freeze together.— L.
con-y together ; geldre, to freeze, from gelu,
frost. See Gelid.
Congee, Cong6v leave to depart. (F.
— L.) F. congiy Mcave, dismission ; ' Cot.
O. F. congiCy cungey congiet (Buiguy) ; the
same as Prov. comjcU.^laXt L. comidtus,
leave, permission (VIII cent.) ; the same
as L. commedtusy a travelling together,
also leave of absence. — L. com- (cum)y
together; medtus, a course, from pp. of
medre, to go.
Congenial, kindred. (L.) Coined
from L. con- (cum)y with; and genial,
adj. from Y,. genius \ see Genial.
Congenital. (L.) Coined by adding
■al to the obs. word congenite (XVII
cent.). — L. congenitus, bom with. — L. con-
(cum)y with ; genitus, bom, pp. oigignerey
to produce. See Genital.
Conger, a sea-eel. (F. - L. — Gk.)
M. E. congre. — O. F. congre. — L. congrum,
ace. of congrus, by-form of conger, a sea-
eel. — Gk. yoYYpo^f the same.
CongerieSy a mass of particles. (L.)
L. congerieSy a heap. — L. congererey to
bring together.- L. con- (cum)y together;
gererCy to carry.
COXigestion, accumulation. (L.) From
L. ace. congestionem. — L. congestusy pp. of
congerere (above).
Conglooe, to form into a globe. (L.)
L. con-giobdre.^h, con- (cum)y together;
globus, a globe.
Conglomerate. (L.) From pp. of
conglomerdrCy to wind into a ball, heap
together. — L. con- {cum)y together; and
106
CONQLUTINATE
CONSIDER
glonur-^ for ^gloitus-, stem of glomus,
a ball, clew of yarn.
Conglutinate. (L.) From pp. of
L. conglutindrey to glue together. » L.
con- {cum)i together; glutindre^ to glue,
from gliiiin-, stem oiglilien, glue.
Congou, a kind of tea. (CWnese.) In
the Amoy dialect, called kang-hu U, where
kang-hu is lit ' work, labour ; * i. e. tea on
which labour has been expended (Douglas).
The true Chinese is kung-fu cJCa^ with
the same sense.
Congratulate. (L.) From pp. of L.
congrdtuldrt, to wish much joy. — L. <:<?»-
{£um)i fully ; grdtuldrt^ to wish joy, from
adj. grdtus, pleasing. See Grace.
Congregate. (L.) From op. of L.
coftgregdre, to collect into a nock. — L.
con- {cum)y together; gregdre, to assem-
ble a flock, from greg-y stem of grex^ a
flock.
CongreBS, a meeting together. (L.)
L. c<mgres5us,^\., cottgressus, pp. of con-
gredit to meet together. — L. con-^ together;
grcuit, to advance, walk.
Congrue, to agree, suit (L.) L. con-
gruerty to suit. (Root uncertain.) Der.
congru-ouSy from L. congruus^ suitable ;
congru-ity.
Conjecture. (F.— L.) F. conjecture,
— L. conUcturay a casting together, a
guess. — L. coniectusy pp. of conicercy to
throw or put together. — L. con- {cum)y to-
gether; iacercy to throw. ^
Coiyoin. (F.— L.) 0,¥, conjoittare.
L. coniungere (pp. coniunctus), to join
together. — L. con- (cum), together; tun-
gerey to join. See Join. Der. conjunct-
iofty conjunct-ivti from the pp.
COWUgali relating to marriage. (F. —
L.) F. conjugal, — L. coniugdliSy adj.—
L. coniugemy ace. of coniuxy a spouse.—
L. con-y together ; iug-y allied to iungerCy
to join, iugumy a yoke ; see Join.
COl^Ugation. (L.) Froni L. coniu-
gdtioy a conjugation (Priscian) ; lit. a
yoking together.- L. coniugdtusy pp. of
coniugdrcy to yoke together. — L. con-
{cum)y together ; iug-um, a yoke.
Conjure. (F.—L.) M.E.comuren.'^
¥. conjurer ,»^'L. conturdrcy to swear to-
gether, combine by oath. — L. con-y to-
gether ; iiirdre, to swear ; see Jury.
Connect. (L.) L. connccterey to tie
together. — L. con- {cum), together; and
necterCy to bind (pp. nexus), Der. coti-
fiex-ion [not connection"], from the pp.
107
Connive. (F. — L.) F. conniver. — L.
cofmtuirey to close the eyes at, overlook.
— L. coft- (cum), together; and ^mguere,
to wink ; cf. nic-t&rey to wink. + Goth.
hneiwany to bow ; Brugm. i. § 664.
Connoisseur, a critical judge. (F.-^
L.) F. coftnaisseur y formerly connoisseur,
a knowing one. — O. F. connoiss-anty pres.
pt. of O. F. conoistre ; see Cognisance.
Connubial. (L.) L. connubidlis, re-
lating to marriage.— L. co(ti)nubiufn,mvii*
riage. — L. con- (cum), with; niihere, to
marry. See Nuptial.
Conquer. (F. — L.) M. E. congueren,
— O. F. coft^uerre. — L. conquirere, to seek
after, go in quest of; in Late L., to con-
quer.— L. con- (cum), with; quarere, to
seek. Der. conquest, M. £. conquest e,
from Late L. conquesta, L. conqutsita,
fem. oi conquTsttus, pp. oi conquirere.
Consanguineous. (L.) From L.
consanguine-US, relaied by blood, with
sufHx 'Ous. — L. con- (cunt), together;
sanguin-y stem of sanguis, blood.
Conscience. (F. — L.) Y. conscience.
'L.conscientiayCOTi^\o\x^xits&. — h.conscient-,
stem of pres. pt. of consctre, to know along
with. — L. con- (cum), with; scire, to
know. See Science. Der. coftscionable,
an ill-contrived word, used as a contrac-
tion of conscien(ce)-able.
conscious. (L.) From L. consci-us,
aware, with suf!ix 'OUs. — L. coftscire, to be
aware of (above).
Conscript. (L.) L. cofiscriptus, en-
rolled, pp. of conscribere, to write down
together. — L. con- (cum), together; scri*
here, to write.
Consecrate. (L.) From pp. of L.
coftsecrdre, to rencier sacred. — L. con-
(cum), with, wholly; sacrdre, to conse-
crate ; see Sacred.
Consecutive. (F.— L.) M.F.consecu-
tif, Cot. Formed with suffix -^(L. -iuus)
from L. consecHt'US, pp. of consequi, to
follow together. — L. con- (cum), together ;
sequi, to follow. See Sequence.
consequent. (L.) L. consequent-,
stem of pres. pt. oi consequi (above).
Consent, vb. (F.— L.) F. consentir.
— L. consentire, to agree to. — L. con-
(cum), with ; sentire, to feel. See Sense.
Conserve, vb. (F. — L.) F. conserver,
— L. conserudre, to preserve. — 1>. con-
(cum), fully ; serudre, to keep. Der. cofp-
serve, vb ; conserv-atory. See Servo.
Consider. (F. — L.) 0.¥. consiJerer,
CONSIGN
CONTAIN
— L. cofisiderdre, to consider, orig. to con-
template the stars (Festiis). — L. con- {cum),
together; sicUr-, for * sides- ^ stem oislduSy
a star.
Consign. (F. — L.) F. consigner.^
L. consigndrCt to attest, register, record.
— L. con- (cum), together; signdre, to
mark ; see Sign.
Consist. (F.— L.) F. consister, to
consist, rest, abide, &c. — L. consistere^ to
stand together, consist. * L. con- (cum),
together ; sistere, causal form from stare,
to stand ; see State. Der. consistory.
ConSOl6. (F. — L.) F. consoler. 'mV,,
consoldri, to comfort. — L. con- (cum), with ;
soldri, to comfort ; see Solace.
Consolidate. (L.) From pp. of L.
consoliddre, to render solid. — L. con-
(cum), together; soliddre, to make solid,
from solidus, solid. Der. consols, a
familiar abbreviation for consolieiated an-
nuities.
Consonant, agreeing with. (F. - L.)
F. consonant, accordant; Cot. — L. conso-
nant-, stem of pres. pt. of consondre, to
sound together.— L. r^w- (fMw), together ;
sondre, to sound ; see Sound (3).
Consort, sb. (F. — L.) F. consort. ^
L. consort-, stem of consors, one who shares
property with another, a partner. — L. con-
(cum), together ; sort*, stem of sors, a lot,
share. See Sort.
Conspicuous. (L.) L. conspicu-us,
visible, with suffix 'Ous.'^h. conspicere, to
see thoroughly. — L. con-^ fully ; specere, to
see. See Species.
Conspire. (F. -L.) Y. conspirer.^
L. conspirdre, to breathe together, com-
bine, plot. — L. con- (cun^, together ;
splrdre, to breathe.
Constable, a peace-officer. (F.-L )
O. F. cotustable (F. connitabU). — L. comes
stabuli, lit. * count of the stable,' the title of
a dignitary of the Roman empire and after-
wards in use among the Franks. See
Count (i) and Stable.
Constant, firm. (F.— L.) F. con-
stant, — L. constant; stem of constans,
firm ; orig. pres. pt. of constdre, to stand
together. — L. con- (cum), together ; stare,
to stand; sec State.
Constellation. (F.-L.) ¥,constel-
Icttion. — L. ace. cotistelldtionem, cluster of
stars. — L. con- (f«///;, together; stelldt-us,
pp. of stelldre^ to set with stars, from
Stella, a star. See Star.
Consternation. (K'-L) Y-cott-
ster nation. — L. ace. consterfidtionem,
fright. — L. consterttdtus, pp. of conster-
ndre, to frighten ; intensive form of con-
stemere, to bestrew, throw down. — L. con-
(cum), together; stemere, to strew; see
Stratum.
Constipate. (L.) From pp. of L.
constlpdre, to join closely, press together.
— L. con- (cum), togemer ; stipdre, to
press, cram.
Constitute. (L.) L. constitatus, pp.
of constituere, to cause to stand together,
establish. — L. con- (cum), together; sta-
tuere, to set up, denom. vb. from status,
a position ; see Statute.
Constrain, to compel. (F. - L.) O. F.
cofistraign-, a stem of constraindre, later
contraindre. — L. constrifigere, to bind
together, fetter. — L. con- (cum), together;
stringere, to draw tight.
Construct. (L.) From L. construc-
tus, pp. of construere (below).
construe. (L.) L. construere, to
heap together, build, construct ; in Late L.,
to construe a passage. — L. con- (cum), to-
gether; struere, to pile, build. Der.
mis-construe.
Consul. (L.) L. consul, a consul.
Etym. doubtful; but allied to consulere,
to consult : see below.
consult. (F. — L. ) F. consumer. — L.
consultdre, to consult; frequent, form of
con-sukre, to consult. Root uncertain ;
prob. allied to sedere, to sit ; cf. solium,
a seat.
Consume. (L.) L. consHtnere, lit. to
take up wholly. — L. con- (cum), together,
wholly ; sUmere, to take up, from *sups-^
allied to sub, under, up, and emere^ to take,
buy. Brugm. i. § 240. Der. consumption,
from the pp.
Consummate. (L.) From pp. of L.
consummdre, to bring into one sum, to
perfect. — L. con- (cum), together; sum-
mare, to sum, from summa, a sum ; see
Sum.
Consumption ; see Consume.
Contact, sb. (L.) L. contactus, a
touching. — L. contactus, pp. of contingere,
to touch closely ; see Contingent.
contagion. (F.-L.) F. contagion,
— L. contdgidnem, ace. of contdgio, a
touching, hence contagion. — L. con- (cum),
with ; tag-, 2nd grade of tag', as in *tag-
tus (^tac-tus)^ pp. of tangere, to touch.
Contain. (F. — L.) From a tonic stem
of O. F. contenir.^h, continere, to hold
108
CpNTAMINATE
together, contain; pp. confenfus.'^'L, con-
(cum)f together ; tenere, to hold.
Contaminate. (L.) From pp. of L.
contdmindre, to defile. -■ L. contdmin-,
stem oicontdmen, contagion ; which stands
for *contagmen. — L. con- {cum) ; tag-y
as in tactus, for *tag-tU5t pp. of tangere^ to
touch. Bmgm. i. § 768.
Contemn. (F.-L.) VL,^. contemner,
— L. contemnere, to despise. — L. con-
(cum)y with, wholly; temnere^ to de-
spise.
contempt. (F.-L.) 111,'F. contempt-,
Cot. — L. contemptuSf scorn. — L. con-
temptus, pp. of contemnere (above).
Contemplate. (L.) From pp. of
contempldrty to observe, consider; used at
first of augurs. -L. con- {cum) ; templum^
an open space for observation (by augurs) ;
see Temple.
Contemporaneous. (L.) L. con-
tempordne-us, adj., at the same time ; with
suffix 'Ous.'mt,. con- {cum), with ; tempor-,
for *tempos', stem of tempus, time.
contemporary. (L.) L. con-, with;
and L. tempordrius, temporary, adj., from
tempor- (above).
Contend. (F.-L.) 0,Y.contendre,^
L. contendere, to stretch out, exert, fight. ^
L. con- {cum), fully; tendere, to strive.
Der. content-ion (from the pp. contentus).
Content, adj. (F.-L.) Y, content,
satisfied. — L. contentus, content; pp. of
contt'nere; see Contaiii. Der. dis-con-
tent.
Contest* vb. (F.-L.) Y,contester,^
L. contestdri, to call to witness, to bring
an action. -iL. con- {cum), together; tes-
tdri, to witness, from testis, a witness.
Der. contest, sb.
Context. (L.) L. contextuSy a joining
together, order (hence, context of a book).
—L. contextus, pp. oi contexere, to weave
together. — L. con- {cum), together;
texere, to weave.
Contignons. (L.) L. cmtigu-us, that
may be touched, near ; with suffix -ous, —
L. con- {cum), with ; and tag-, as in
tac-tus (for *tag'tus), pp. of tangere, to
touch ; see Contiiigent.
Continent. (F.-L.) F. continent,
adj., moderate. i-L. continent-, stem of
pres. pt. of continere ; see Contain.
Contingent, dependent on. (L.)
From stem of pres. pt. of contingere, to
touch, relate to.— L. con- {cum) ; tangere^
to touch. See Tangent.
CONTRIBUTE
Continue. (F — L.) F. continuer. -
L. continudre, to continue. *L. continuus
(below). Der. dis-continue,
oontinnons. (L.) L. cofttinu-us,
lit holding together ; with suffix 'Ous, —
L. continere, to hold together, contain. See
Contain.
Contort. (L.) L. contortus, pp. of
contorquere, to twist together. — L. con-
{cum), together; torquere, to twist.
Contonr, an outline. (F.— Ital.— L.)
F. contour, esp. in an artistic sense. — Ital.
contomo, a circuit ; contomare, ' to en-
circle; ' Florio. — L. con- {cum), together ;
tomdre, to round off, to turn ; see Turn.
Contra-, prefix, (L.) L. contrd,
against ; orig. the abl. fem. of an obs. adj.
*con-t{e)r-us, a comparative form from con-,
prep, together ; cf. extrd from exterus.
Contraband. (Span. - Ital. - L. cmd
Teut.) Span, contrabando, prohibited goods.
— Ital. contrabbando, prohibited goods. —
Ital. contra ( = L. contrd), against; bandc,
a ban, from Late L. bannum, a word of
Teut. origin, viz. from O. H. G. ban, a
command. See Ban.
Contract (i)* to draw together. (L.)
L. contractus, pp. of contraJiere, to draw
together. — L. con* {cum), together; tra-
here, to draw.
contract (2), a bargain. (F.-L.)
M. F. contract ; Cot. — L. contractum,
ace. of contractus, sb., a drawing together,
a bargain. — L. contractus, pp. (above).
Contradict. (L.) L. contrddictus,
pp. of contradicere, to speak against. — L.
contrd, against ; dicere, to speak.
Contralto. (Ital. — L.) Ital. contr-
cUto, counter-tenor.— Ital. contra^ oppo-
site to, and alto, high. — L. contrd, against ;
altus, high.
Contrary. (F.— L.) K,Y, contrarie\
F. contraire, — L. contrdrius, contrary ;
from contrd, against ; see Contra-.
Contrast, vb. (F.— L.) Y.contrcuter,
to strive, contend against (hence to be in
opposition to, &c.). — Late L. contrdstdre,
to stand against. — L. contrd, against ;
stdre, to stand.
Contravene, to hinder. (F.— L.) F.
contrevenir, * to thwart ; ' Cot. — Late L.
contrduenire, to oppose ; to break a law.
— L. contrd, against ; uentre, to come.
Contribnte. (L.) From pp. of L.
contribuere, to contribute, lit. pay to-
gether. — L. con- {cum), together ; tri'
buere, to bestow ; see Tribute.
109
CONTRITE
Contrite. (F.-L.) Y.amtrit^l^
contrituSf thoroughly bruised, hence, peni-
tent ; pp. of L. conierere, to rub together,
bruise. «L. con^ (cum)^ together; terere^
to rub. See Trite.
Contrive. (F. — L. and Gk.) An
alteretl spelling ; M. E. contrauen, con-
treuen (sc controven^ contrevm), — O. F.
controver, to find, find out (Bartsch).—
O. F. con- (L. con-^ for cum) \ O. F. trffver^
to find; see Trover. % Contrive (cf.
retrieve^ is from M. £. contreve^ answering
to O. F. coniriW',, stressed stem of c6n-
trffuir.
Control, sb. (F. — L.) Control is short
for contre-roil, old form of counter-roll. —
O. F. contre-rol{f)e y a duplicate register, used
to verify the official or first-made roll.~
O. F. contre^ over against; rol(J)ey a roll. —
L. contrdy against; rotulum, ace. of ro-
tulusy a roll ; see Boll.
Controversy. (F.-L.) A.¥. con-
Iraversie ( 1 3 ^7). — L. controuersia, a quar-
rel. — L. controuersuSy opposed. — L.
contro-y masc. or neut. form corresponding
to fern, contrdy against; uersusy pp. of
uerterey to turn. See Contra-. '
Contumaoy. (F.-L.) A.F. contu-
piacie ( 1 303). — L. contumdciay obstinacy. —
L. contumdci-y stem of contumctXy stub-
bom. --L. con'{cum\yccf\ and *tum-axy
prob. from tum-erey to swell with pride ;
see Tumid.
Contumely. (F.— L.) M. F. contu-
melie. — L. contumeliay insult, reproach ;
prob. allied to coniumdcia\ see Con-
tiimaoy.
Contuse, to bruise severely. (L.) L.
cpntususy pp. of contundere, to bruise
severely. — L. con- (r«w), with, much ; and
tunderey to strike.<4-Skt. tudy to strike;
Goth- stautan, to strike. (V^TEUD,)
Hmgm. i. § 818.
Connndmm. (Unknown.) Formerly
used in the sense of whim, crotchet, or
hoax. Also quonundrunt'y orig. in univ.
slang ; prob. of L. origin.
Convalesce. (L.) L. conualescere, to
begin to grow well ; an inceptive form.
— L. con' {-cum), fully; ualere, to be
strong.
, Convene, to assemble. (F.-L.) F.
convenir y to assemble. — L. conuenfrCy to
come together. — L. con- (cum), together;
uenire, to oome.
convenient, suitable. (F.-L.)
From stem of L. conueniens, suitable;
CONY, CONEY
orig. pres. pt. of conuentre, to come to-
getner, suit (above).
convent. (L.) L. conuentus, an as-
sembly. — L. conuentuSy pp. of con-uentre.
convention. (F. — L.) F. cofwen-
tiony *a compact;* Cot. — L. ace con-
uentionem, a meeting, compact. — L. con-
uentuSy pp. of con-uenire, to meet.
Converge. (L.) Late L. conuergere,
to incline together (Isidore). — L. cofi^
{cum)y together; uergere, to bend, in-
cline.
Converse, vb. (F.-L.) Y.converser,
to associate with ; Cot. — L. conuersdrJ, to
live with. — L. con- {cum), with ; uersdrt,
to dwell (lit. turn oneself about), orig.
pass, of the frequent, of uertere, to turn.
convert, vb. (F.-L.) O. F. con-
z/^rft>. — Folk-L. *convertire, for L. con-
uertere, to turn wholly, change. — L. con-
{cum)y wholly ; uertere, to turn.
Convex. (L.) L. conuexus, arched,
vaulted ; related to conuehere, to bring
together (hence, to unite by an arch). — L.
con- (for cum), together ; uehere^ to carry,
bring. See Vehicle.
Convey, Convoy, vb. (F. - L.)
M.E. cofiueien, cotiuoien {conoeien, con-
voten), to convey, also to convoy. — A. F.
conveiery O.F. convoier, to convey, convoy,
accompany on the way. — Late L. conuidre,
to accompany. — L. con- {cum), with; uia,
way. % Convey is the A. F. or Norman
form ; convoy is Parisian.
Convince. (L.) L. conuincerey to
overcome by proof. — L. con- {cum),
wholly ; uincere, to conquer. Der. con-
vict y verb and sb., from A.F. convict <,h,
conuiciusy pp. of conuincere.
Convivial. (L.) Coined as adj. from
L. conutui-uniy a feast.- L. con- {cum),
together ; utuere, to live (hence, eat).
Convoke. (F.— L.) F. convoquer.^
L. conuocdrCy to call together. — L. con-,
together ; uocdre, to call.
Convolve. (L.) L. conuoluere, to toW
together, writhe about. — L. con- {cum,
together ; uoluere, to roll. Der. convolut-
ion, from pp. conuoliitus; convolv-ul-us,
L. conuoluulus, a twining plant.
Convoy ; see Convey.
Convuse, to agitate violently. (L.)
L. conuulsus, pp. of conuellere, to pluck
up,- convulse. — L. con- {cum), with,
severely ; uellerCy to pluck.
Cony, Coney, a rabbit. (F. - L.)
M. E. coni'y also conyng. Anglo-F. conil,
10
coo
CORACLE
conin\ O. F. conniL — L. cuntcuius, a
rabbit ; a word -of uncertain origin.
Coo. (E.) A purely imitative word ;
also spelt croo, Cf. cuckoo^ cock.
Cook. (L.) M. £. coken^ to cook ;
A.S. coc, a cook.— L. coquusy a cook ; co-
qturty to cook.+Gk. vicativ ; Skt. pack,
lo cook ; Russ. pech{e\ to bake. ( V^EQ ;
whence Lat. *pequere, becoming *queqtt€re
by assimilation, and then coquere; Gk.
*W^-t€iv, whence iricauv,) Bmgm. i. §
66 r . A.S.cdc^ Late L. cacus, for coquus,
OookiOy a cake ; see Cake.
Cool. (E.) A.S. <:<?/, cool. 4*^^* ^^^^»
Teut. type *k0l-uz; also, with mutation,
Dan. ioif G. kuhi ; from kd/-, 2nd grade
of kai', as in A. S. calan, Icel. kala, to
freeze ^t. t. kol) ; see Cold.
^rOOllOy Cooly, an East Indian porter.
(Hind, or TamiL) Hind, kiilt, a labourer,
porter, cooley (Forbes) ; prob. from UToIt,
a tribal name (Yule). Or from Tamil ^^/i,
daily hire' or wages; hence, a day-
labourer (Wilson).
Coomb ; see Comb.
Coop. (L.) M. E. cupe, a basket;
answering to A. S. *cupe, not found, though
cype (with /-mutation) occurs as a gloss
to (ioh'um.^L. cupa, a tub, whence also
Du. Auip, Icel. kupa, a bowl ; also Late I^
copa, whence G. ku/e, tub, vat, coop;
O. Sax. copa, a tub. Cf. Skt. ki/pa, a pit,
hollow. Der. coop-er, tub-maker.
Co-operate. (L.) From pp. of L.
co-operdri, to work with ; from co- (cum)^
witli; and ^^<fri, to work; see Operate.
Co-ordinate. (L.) From L.co- (cum),
with ; and the pp. of ordindre, to order.
See Ordinate.
Coot. (E.) M. E. cote J coote, a water-
fowl. -fDu. koett a coot. Origin unknown.
Copkl. (Span. — Mexican.) S^zn, copal,
vMex. copalli^ resin.
Co-parcener, a co-partner. (F. - L.)
Parcener is the true old spelling oi partner \
see Partner.
Cope (x)) orig. a cape. (Late L.) M. E.
cope^ earlier cape ; A. S. *cdpa, not found ;
but IceL kdpa occurs. » Late L. cdpa^ a
cape; see Cape (i). [Cf. pope, from
A. S. papa, ] Der. coping-stone.
Cope (3), to vie with. (F.-L.-Gk.)
M. eT copen, coupeti, to fight. — O. F. coper,
couper, colper, to strike (F. couper, to cut).
— O. F. cop, cotip, colp, a blow. —Late L.
colpus, L. coiaphus, a blow. — Gk. if<JAa^os,
a blow on the ear. See Coupon.
Copeck, a small Russian coin, worth
less than ^r/. ; a hundredth part of a rouble.
(Riiss.) Russ. kopieika, a copeck ; dimin.
of Russ. kopee, a lance. So called from the
figure of Ivan IV, holding a lance (1535).
See Boubie.
Copious, ample. (F.— L.) O. F. co-
pieux,^\u. copiosus, plentiful. — L. copia,
plenty; for *cO'Opia,^'L. co- (for cum),
together ; op-, base of opes, wealth. Cf.
in-opia, want.
Copper, a metal. (Cyprus.) M.E. coper,
A. S. copor, ""Late L. cuper, L. cuprum, a
contraction for Cuprium ces, Cyprian brass.
— Gk. Kwrpios, Cyprian ; Kvvpos, Cyprus,'
whence the Romans got copper.
copperas, sulplmte of iron. (F.— L.)
M. E. coperose, — O.F. coperose (couperose) ;
cf. Ital. copparosa. According to Diez,
from L. cupri rosa^ rose of copper, a trans-
lation of Gk. x<^^~<x''^o^» brass -flower,
copperas. But this is prob. only a popular
etymology ; and the Late L. cuprosa seems
to be merely an adj. form from cuprum.
See N.E.D.
Coppice, Coppy, Copse, a small
wood. (F. — L. — Gk.) Coppy is short for
coppice, and copse is contracted. —O. F.
copeiz [Low L. copecici], underwood fre-
quently cut, brushwood. — O.F. coper (F.
couper), to cut.— O.F. cop (F. coup), a
stroke. —Low L. colpus, L. colaphus, stroke,
blow. — Gk. K6\a(po%, a blow. ^ O. F.
copei% answers to a Late L. type *colpdti-
ciuMy from colpdre, to strike. Coppy arose
from coppice being taken as coppies, pi. r
and copse {cops) from reducing a supposed
pi. *coppis to cops,
Coprolite. (Gk.) Lit. * dung-stone.'
Made from Gk. Kovpo-s, dung ; and \i$-oi,
a stone. For -lite, cf. Aerolite.
Copulate. (L.) From pp. of L. copti-
Idre, to join. — L. copula, a band ; see
Couple.
Copy. (F.— L.) M.E. copy, abun-
dance ; the mod. sense is due to the mul-
tiplication of an original by means oi copies.
— O. F. copie, abundance ; also a copy. —
L. cdpia., plenty ; see Copious.
Coquette. (F.) F.r^^^we?/^^, *apratling
or proud gossip,' Cot; fem. oi coquet, a
little cock, dimin. oicoq, a cock. Cf. prov.
E. cocky, i. e. strutting as a cock.
Coracle, a light wicker boat. (W.) W.
corwgl, cwrwgl, coracle; dimin. of ^r^nc/^,
a carcase, civrwg^ a boat, frame. So Gael.
cnrachan, coracle, from curach, boat of
III
CORAL
wicker-work ; cf. Ir. corrach, O. Ir. curaek,
a boat.
Coral, (F.-L.-Gk.) O.F. coral. '^
L. corallutHy cordlium.-^Gk. tcopaWtov,
coral. See Schade, p. 1374.
Corbaili a gift. (Heb.) Heb. Jordan,
an offering to God, in fulfilment of a vow ;
from qdrab, to draw near. Cf. Arab, qur-
ban, a sacrifice.
Corbel- (F.— L.) O. F. r^r^^/, a raven,
a corbel (in architecture), from the notion
of a projecting beak, i- Folk-L. corbellum,
for corvellum, ace. of carvellusj dimin.
of L. coruus^ a raven. ^^ Distinct from
€orbeily a basket full of earth (F. corbeilie,
L. corbicula, dimin. of cordis, a basket).
Cord. (F.-L.-Gk.) M.E. corde.'^
F. r^r^. — Late L. corda, a thin rope ; the
same as L. chorda, — Gk. x^P^* ^^^ string
of a musical instrument. Der. cord-age
(F. cordage) ; cord-on (F. cordon) ; cord-
-elier (F. cordelier, a twist of rope, also
a Gray Friar, who used such a twist ; from
cordeler^ to twist ropes). See Chord.
Cordial. (F.— L.) F. <•<?;'<//«/, hearty.
* L. cordi', decL stem of cor, heart ; with
sufHx -dlis ; see Heart.
Corduroy, a thick-ribbed or corded
stuff. (F.— L.) F. corde du roi, a trade-
name, invented in England ; lit. ' king's
cord.' See Cord and Boyal.
Cordwainer, shoemaker. (F.— Span.)
M. £. cordewaner, a worker in cordewane,
i.e. leather of Cordova. — O.F. cordouan.
Cordovan leather.— Late L. Cordoa, Cor-
dova in Spain (L. Corduba),
CorOf hard centre in fruit, &c. (F. — L. ?)
Etym. doubtful. Perhaps from F. cor, a
horn, also, a com on the foot, callosity. —
L. comu, a horn, a horny excrescence.
Coriander. (F,-L.-Gk.) F. cori-
andre. — L. coriandrum (whence A. S. eel-
lendre).^G\i, Kopicarvov, H6piov, coriander.
Cork. (Span. — L.) Apparently from
O. Span, alcorqtu, a cork shoe, which
seems to be an Arab, form allied to Span.
al'comoque^ the cork-tree, where al is the
Arab. clef, art., and com-oque is formed
from L. quern-US [ioi *quercnus)y oaken,
adj. from L. quercus, an oak. % But the
bark of the tree, was called, in Span., corche,
corcho, — L. corticem, ace. of cortex^ bark.
Hence cork is often derived from Span.
corcho, though k for ch seems improb-
able.
Cormorant, a bird. (F.-L.) The /
is excrescent. — F. cormoran ; O. F. cortna-
CORNET
raniy cormoran (Littr^).— O. F. corp, a
crow ; and O. F. *marenc^ belonging to
the sea, deriv. of L. mare, sea, with G.
suffix -t»^; cf. Y.Jlamanlj flamingo. — L.
coruum, ace. of coruus, a crow; &c.
Cf. Port, corvomarinho, a cormorant ; lit.
' marine crow ; ' from L. coruus marinus.
But probably -moran was due to, or con-
fusea with, Bret morvran, a cormorant
(from mor, sea, and bran, a crow).
Com (i), grain. (E.) A. S. com.^'Dn.
koren, Icel. Dan. Swed. G. korn, Goth.
kaum, Teut. type *kumom, Idg. type
*g9mom, com; whence O. Slav. zrHno,
Russ. zemo, com. Cf. Lat. grdnum,
grain; Skt.y/"r«tf-, worn down, pp. oijri.
Doublet, grain* See Churn. Bragm. i.
% 628. (VGER.)
Com (2), a hard excrescence on the
foot. (F. — L.) O. F. corn (F. cor) , a horn,
homy swelling. — L. comii, a horn ; see
Hom.
cornea, homy membrane in the eye.
(L.) L. cornea^ fem. of comeus, homy. —
L. comii, a hom.
Cornell a shmb. (Bu.— L.) M. Du.
komelle, 'the fruit of the comelle-tree,'
Hexham ; cf. M. H. G. comelbaum, corael-
tree ; Weigand. [Cf. M . F. comille, a cor-
nel-berry ; comillier, comel-tree.] — Late L.
cornolium, cornel-tree.— L. comus, a cor-
nel-tree ; from the hard, horny nature of
the wood. — L. cornH, a hom.
cornelian, a kind of chalcedony.
(F. — L.) Formerly comaline. — F. coma'
line, 'the comix or comaline, a flesh-
coloured stone;* Cot. C£ Port, come-
Una ; also Ital. comiola, (i) a comel-tree,
(2) a comelian, prob. so named because
its colour resembles that of the froit of the
comel-tree (Schade).— Late L. comiola,
comel-berry; cornolium^ cornel.- L. cor-
neus, adj. of comus, a cornel. % Altered
to carneolus in Late L. (Schade, p. 1379),
carnelian in E., and cameol in G., from
a popular etymology which connected it
with L. cam-, stem of carOy flesh. Cf.
onyx - Gk. ^Kvf, finger-nail.
comer. ( F. — L.) A. F. comere ; O. F.
comiere. — Med. L. comeria, corner, angle.
— Med.L. coma, angle.— L. comua, pi. of
coma, hom, projection ; taken as a fem.
sing.
comet. (F. — L.) M. E. comet, a horn ;
later ,..a troop of horse (who carried a cor-
nette or standard) ; also an officer of such
a troop. — F. comet, comette, dimin. of F.
13
CORNICE
CORSE
€amet a horn. •- Med. L. coma, a horn
(above).
Cornice. (F.-Ital.) M.F.andPicard
cornice ; F. comiche, — Ital. cornice, a
ledge for hanging tapestry (Florio) ;
usually, a crow (from L. ace. corntcem, a
crow). Origin uncertain ; by some identi-
fied with coronix, a square frame. *Gk.
Kopeapis, curved ; as sb., a wreath.
Corolla. (L.) L. cifrolla, dimin. of co-
rona, a crown. See Crown.
corollary. (L.) h,coro/idriumyVL 'pre'
sent of a garland, a gratuity; also, an
additional inference. »L. corolla (above).
coronal, a crown. (F.— L.) Properly
an adj.^F. coroncUy adj.«>L. corondlis,
belonging to a crown. ^"L, corona, a crown.
coronation. (L.) LateL. ace. corond-
tionem, from pp. of corondre, to crown.—
L. corona, a crown.
coroner. (F.— L.) Also €rowner\
both forms represent A. F. coruner ^coroner,
Latinised as corondrius, a crown- officer, a
coroner (afterwards Latinised as coro-
ndtor\ — O. F. corone, a crown. ■■ L. corona,
a crown.
coronet. (F.-L) Dimin. ofO. F.
corone, a crown. — L. corona, a crown.
Coronach, a dirge. (Gael.) Gael, cor-
ranachy a dirge, lit. * a howling together.' —
Gael, comh' ( « L. cum) , together ; rdnaich,
a howling, from the verb rhn, to howl,
cry, roar, which is from rhn, sb., an outcry.
So also Irish coranach, a dirge.
Corporal (i)> a subordinate officer.
' (F.— L.) O. F. corporai, ^'L6X<^ L. cor^
j>ordl%s, a captain ; a leader of a body of
troops. ■■ L. corpor-^ for *corpoS', stem
of corpus, body. % F. has now the form
caporal, from Ital. caporale, a chief of a
band; as if from Ital. capo, head (L.
caput) ; but this does not explain the -or-.
corporal (3), belonging to the body.
(F. — L.) O. F. corporal J corporeL'^'L.
cofpordlisj bodily. — L. corpor-, for *cor~
poS', stem of corpus, the body. Der.
(from L. corpor-) corpor-ate, corpor-e-al
(L. corpore-us), &c. Brugm. i. § 555.
corps, corpse, come, a body.
(F. — L.) [Here corps is F. ; corse is from
the O. F. cars,'] M. £. cors, corps. ^^O, F.
corSi M.F. corps, the body. — "LsCorpus, body.
corpulent. (F.— L.) Y. corpulent,^
I^. corpulentuSf fat. — L. corpus, body.
OOrpnscle. (L. ) L. cotpus-cu-lum,
double dimin. of corpus, body.
Corral, an enclosure for animals, pen.
(Span. — L.) Span, corral, a court, yard,
enclosure. — Span, corro, a circle, a ring of
people met to see a show. From the
phrase correr toros, to hold a bull-fight,
lit. to run bulls. — L. currere, to run (Diez).
See Eraal.
Correct, adj. (L.) L. correctus, pp.
of corrigere, to correct. — L. cor^ (for
con- =^ cum), together ; regere, to rule.
COrreffldor, a Spanish magistrate.
(Span.— L.) Span, corregidor, lit. 'cor-
rector.*- Span, corregir, to correct. — L.
corrigere (above).
Correlate, to relate or refer mutually.
(L.) Coined from L. cor- \ = cum), to-
gether ; and Belate, q. v.
Correspond. (F. — L.) Y , correspon-
dre.^h. cor- (for con-, cum), together;
and Bespond, q. v.
Corridor. (F. — Ital. — L.) F. corridor.
— Ital. corridore, a swift horse; also, a
long (ruiming along) gallery. — Ital. cor-
rere, to run. — L. currere, to run.
Corrie. (Gael.) Gael, coire, a circular
hollow surrounded with hills,^ mountain
dell ; also, a cauldron. [Cf. G. kessel, a
kettle, a ravine.] + O. Irish coire, core, a
kettle ; W. pair, A. S. hwer, a cauldron.
Brugm. i. § 123.
Corroborate. (L.) From pp. of L.
corrobordre, to strengthen.— L. cor- (for
con- ^ cum), wholly ; robor-, stem oirobur,
strength.
Corrode. (F. — L.) F. corroder. - L.
corrodere, to gnaw to pieces. — L. cor- (for
con- =» cunt), wholly ; rodere, to gnaw.
Der. corrosive, from pp. corros-us.
Corrody, Corooy, allowance, pen-
sion. (Low Lat. — Teut.) A. F. corodie, —
Low L. corrodium, earlier corredium, L.
form of A. F. conrei, preparation, pro-
vision, allowance. See Ourry (i).
Corrugate. (L.) From pp. of L.
corrUgdre, to wrinkle. — L. cor- {cum),
wholly; and rUgdre, to wrinkle, from
i-uga, a wrinkle.
Corrupt, adj. (F.— L.) k.Y.corupt,
— L. corruptus, pp. oicorrumpere, to break
wholly, corrupt.— L. cor- (for con- -cum),
wholly ; rumpere, to break.
Corsair. ( F. - Ital. - L.) F. corsaire
(Prov. corsari, one who makes the course,
corsa). — Ital. corsare, earlier corsaro, a
pirate. — Med. L. cursarius, a pirate. —
L. cursus, a course. See Course.
Corse, a body. (F. — L.) M. E. cors. -
O. F. cors. — L. corpus, a body.
n
CORSET
COUGH
corset. (F.— L.) F. corseU a pair of
stays ; dimin. of O. F. cors^ body.
corslet. (F. - L.) F. corselet, ' a little
body/ Cot.; hence, body-armour. Double
dimin. of O. F. cors^ body (above).
Cort^^e. (F. - Ital. - L.) F. cortigCy a
train, retmue. — Ital. corteggio, a retinue.
*ItaU carte, a court. -■ L. cortem, co-
hortem, ace. of cohars, a court ; see Court
(I).
COrtes, the span, national assembly.
(Span. — L.) Span, cortes, pi. of corte, a
court. — L. cortem (above).
CorteZy bark. (L.) L. cortex (gen.
corticis), bark. Der. cortical.
Coruscate. (L.) From pp. of L.
contscdre, to glitter.
Corvette, a small frigate. (F. — Port. —
L.) F. corvette. ^V on. corveta ; Span.
corbeta, a corvette.— L. corbita^ a slow-
sailing ship of burden. — L. corbis, a basket.
Cosmic, relating to the world. (Gk.)
Gk. Kofffincds, adj., from tcSfffios, order, also
the world, universe. Der. cosmo-gony,
cosmo • grap^j cosnio - logy, cosmo 'polite
(citizen of the world, Gk. itoKii^, a
citizen V
cosmetic, that which beautifies. (Gk.)
Gk. KotrjiTiTiieos, skilled in adorning ;
whence also F. cosm4tigue,'mGk, leofffiiotf
I adorn. — Gk. «d<r/io;, order, ornament.
Cossack, a light-armed S. Russian
soldier. (Russ.— Tatar.) Russ. kozak\
kazak' ; of Tatar (Tartar) origin. — Turk!
quzzdq, a vagabond; a predatory horse-
man (Yule).
Cosset, to pet. (E.) From i6th cent.
cosset f a pet-lamb, a pet Prob. the same as
A. F. coscet, cozetf a cottar; A. S. cot-s&ta,
a dweller in a cot, 'cot-sitter.' From
A. S. cot J cot ; s^ta, dweller, from sittan,
to sit. Cf. prov. G. kosscU, a cottager.
[So Ital. casiccio, pet lamb (Florio) ; from
casa, a cottage.]
Cost, vb. (F. - L.) M. E. costen. - O. F.
coster (F. coiter), to cost. — L. const are, to
stand together, last ; also to cost. — L. con-
{cum), together; and stare, to stand.
Costal, relating to the ribs. (L.) From
L. costa, a rib. See Coast.
Costermonger. (F. and K) For-
merly costerd-monger, or costard'tnonger.
a seller of costards or apples. [The suffix
-monger is E. ; see Monger.] M. E.
costard, an apple, where the suffix -ard is
F. ; prob. from O. F. coste, F. cdte, a rib ;
cf. Y. fruit cdteU, ribbed fruit (Hamilton).
Costive. (F.— L.) YromO.Y. costeu^,
— L. constipdtus, constipated. See con*
stiier in Littre ; and Constipate.
Costume. (F.— Ital.-L.) O.Y.cos-
tume, a costume. — Ital. costume ; Low L.
costuma; see Custom. Doublet of cus^
torn.
Cosy, Cosy, comfortable, snugly shel-
tered. (C. ?) Lowland Scotch cosie, cozie
(Bums). Etym. unknown; perhaps cf.
Gael, cbsctch, cbsagach, abounding in re-
cesses, also snug, sheltered ; Gael, chs, a
hollow, recess, cave ; Irish cucu^ a cave.
Cot, a small dwelling; Cote, an en-
closure. (E.) M.E. r<7/^. A. S. cot, cote, a.
cot, den ; Northumbrian cot.^Dn.kot, Icel.
kot, cot, hut ; prov. G. kot/i, cot. Der.
cott-age (with F. suffix) ; cott-ar or cott-er ;
sheep-cote.
coterie, a set of people. (F.— Teut)
F. coterie, a set of people, company ;
allied to O. F. coterie, servile tenure
(Littre) ; Low L. coteria, a tenure by
cottars who clubbed together. — Low L.
cota, a.cot. — Du. kot (above).
Cotillon, Cotillion, a dance for 4 or
8 persons. (F.-M.H.G.) ¥. cotillon, lit.
a petticoat; see Cotgrave. Formed, with
suffix -ill-on, from O. F. cote, a coat,
frock ; see Coat.
Cotton (i), a downy substance. (F.—
Span. — Arab.) M. E. and A. F. cotoun. —
F. colon. ^SpBJi, colon, algodon, cotton
(where al is the Arab. art.). — Arab, qutn,
qutun, cotton.
cotton (a), to agree. From a technical
use of cotton, to form a down upon ; from
Cotton (i); see Nares.
Cotyledon, seed-lobe. (Gk.) Gk.
KOTvXriUiv, a cup- shaped hollow. — Gk.
KorvKri, a hollow vessel, cup.
Concll, to lay down, place, set. (F. --
L.) M . E. couchen, to set, arrange. — O. F.
coucher, colcher, to place. — L. collocare, to
put together. — L. col- {cum), together;
and locdre, to place, from locus, a place.
Der. couch, db., a place on which one is
couched or laid.
Coucll-graSS, a grass which is trouble-
some as a weed. (E.) Here couch is a
variant of quitch, palatalised form of
quick ^ i. e. tenacious of life ; see Quick.
Conffh.. (E.) M. E. coughen, co^vhen.
A. sT^cohhian, only found in the deriv.
cohhetan, to make a noise. [The usual
A. S. word is hwostan.'] Cf. Du. kuchett,
to cough ; M. H. G. kfichen, G. keuchen.
IT4
COULD
to gasp. From an imitative base *keu/t,
*kuh, to gasp ; see Chincough.
Could ; see Can (i).
Coulter, part of a plough. (L.) M. £.
colter, A. S. culter, — L. cutter^ a coulter,
knife. Cf. per-cellere^ to strike.
Council. (F. — L.) F. concile. — L. con-
cilium, an assembly called together. ^iL.
coft' {cum), together; and caldre^ to
summon. % Often confused with counsel.
Counsel. (F. — L.) M.E. conseiL^
O.F. conseil.^h. consilium, deliberation.
-iL. consulere, to consult; see Consult.
% Often confused with council.
Count (i), a title of rank. (F.— L.)
The orig. sense was * companion.' A. F.
counte (not in M. E.). — O. F. conte\ also
comte. — L. comitem, ace. of comes^ a com-
panion (stem corn-it- ). — L. com- (for cum-),
together; and it-um, supine of ire, to go.
Dep. count-ess ; also count-y (below).
Count (2), to reckon. (F. — L.) F.
conter, formerly also compter, ^"L, compu-
tare, to compute ; see Compute.
Countenance. (F.~L.) o. F. con-
tenance, gesture, demeanour; also look,
visage. — L. continentia, continence, which
in Late L. meant < gesture, demeanour.* •»
la,contifient-, stem of pres. pt. ofcontinere;
see Continent. Der. dis- countenance, vb.
Counter« a piece to count with, a
bureau. (F. — L.) M. E. countour. — O. F.
conteour, countour. From O. F. conter ;
see Count (a).
Counter-y /r^i^ir. (F.— L.) F. contre,
against. »L. contra, against.
Counteract. (F.—L.) See Counter-,
prefix, and Act.
Cfounterfeit, imitated. (F. - L.)
M. E. counterfeit, — O. F. contrefait, pp.
of contrefaire, to imitate. — F. contre, over
against, like ; faire, to make. — L. contra,
against ; facere, to make.
Countermand, to revoke an order.
(F.—L.) F. contremander, to recall a
command. — F. contre (L. contra), against ;
mander (L. manddre), to command.
Countenane ( i )> a coverlet for a bed.
(F.—L.) An altered form, in place of
counterpoint, as in Shak. — M. F. contre-
poinct, the back-stitch or quilting-stitch,
also a quilt ; Cot. p. Thus named, by a
popular etymology, from a fancied connec-
tion with M. F. contrepoincter, to work the
back-stitch (from contre = L, cofttrd). But
really connected with M. F. coutrepointer,
to quilt (also in Cotgrave). In fact, contre-
COUPLE
poinct is a corruption of O. F. coutepointe,
a counterpane (see courtepointe in Liltre).
— L. culcita puncia, a counterpane, a
stitched quilt (see Ducange).— L. culcita,
a quilt ; puncta, fem. of punctus, pp. of
pungere, to prick. See Quilt.
Counterpane (2\ counterpart of a
deed. (F.—L.) M. F. contrepan, contre^
pant'. Cot. — F. contre (L. contra), over
against; pan, a piece, part ; see Pane.
Counterpoint, the composing of
music in parts. (F.—L.) M. F. contre-
poinct, ' a ground or plain song, in music ; '
Cot. The lit. sense is point against point,
from the points or dots which represented
musical notes, and were placed on staves
over or against each other in compositions
in two or more parts. — F. contre (L. con-
trS), against; point, a point ; see Point.
Counterpoise. (F.-L.) From coim-
tcr and poise ; see Poise.
Counterscarp, exterior slope of a
ditch. (F.-Ital.-L. awflf Teut.) F. con-
trescarpe ; Cot. — Ital. contrascarpa. —
Ital. cofttra, over against ; Scarpa, a scarp.
See Counter- and Scarp.
Countersign, to attest by signing in
addition. (F.— L.) F. conttesigtier, *to
subsigne ; ' Cot. — F. contre, over against ;
signer, to sign ; see Counter- and Sign.
Countertenor. (F.- Ital.- L.) M.F.
contreteneur; Cot.— Ital. contratcnore, a
countertenor, the highest adult male voice.
— Ital.^^if/m, against, over against; tenor e,
a tenor ; see Tenor.
Countervail. (F.-L.) M. E. r^w-
trevailen. — O. F. contrevail-, a stem of
contrevaloir, to avail against. — O. F. con-
tre, against; valoir, to avail. — L. contra,
against ; uatere, to be strong.
Country. (F. — L.) M.E. contree,^
O. F. contree ( = Ital. contradci).^\aX& L.
conirdda, contrdta, a region, lit. that which
lies opposite ; cf. G. gegend, country, lit.
opposite, from gegen, opposite. — L. r^»/nf,
opposite ; see Contra-.
Countey-dance. (F.) From country
and dance. ^The F. contredanse was bor-
rowed from this E. form.)
County, orig. a province governed by a
count. (F. — L.) M.E. countee. '^O.F,
counte (i. e. coun-ti), F. comti, a province.
— Late L. comifdtum, ace. of comitdtus, a
county (though the old meaning was a com-
pany or suite). — L. comit-, stem of comes,
a count ; see Cotint (i).
Couple. (F.-L.) O. F. cople, later
15
COUPON
coupie.^la. copulay a bond, band, that
which joins; short ioi *co-aP'ula,^'L, co^
{cum)f together; and O.L. apere^ to join,
preserved in the pp. aptus ; see Apt.
Coupon^ one of a series of conjoined
tickets or certificates. (F, — L. — Gk.) F.
coupon J a piece cut off, a coupon. — F. couper^
to cut, slash. — F. coupy a blow. — Late L.
colpuSy short for colaphus, a blow. — Gk.
K6Kaupos, a blow on the ear.
Courage. (F. — L.) F. courage, 0,F,
corage ; formed with suffix -age (L.-dticum)
from O. F. coTy heart. — L. cor, heart.
Der. encourage.
Courier. (^F. — Ital.— L.) l/[,F. courier,
a runner ; F. caurrier, — Ital. corriere, lit.
* runner.* — Ital. correre, to run. — L. cur-
rere, to run.
course. (F.—L.) Y, course, '^'L, cur-
sum, ace. of cursus, a course ; from pp. of
currere. Der. cours-er, a swift horse.
Court (0} a yard; royal retinue, judicial
assembly. (F. — L.) M. E. cort, curt, —
O.F. cort, curt (F. court), 2i court, a yard,
also a tribunal. — L. ace. cortem^ cohortem
(nom. cohors), a pen, enclosure, • cattle-
yard, court, also a cohort, or band of sol-
diers.— L.^^ (^-Wfw), together; and ho'>^-,
as in hort-us, a garden, yard, cognate with
yard. (VGHER.)
court (a), to seek favour. (F.—L.)
From the sb. court ; hence, to practise arts
in vogue at court.
courteous, of courtly manners. (F.
— L.) M. E. corteis, later corteous,^
O. F. corteis, courteous. — O. F. cort, a
court ; with suffix -m (L. -ensis).
courtesan. (F. - Ital. - L.) Fem.
of F. conrtisan, a courtier. — Ital. corti-
giano (in Florio cortegiano), a courtier. For
*cortesiano, an extension of cortese, cour-
teous ; from Ital. corte, court. — L. . ace.
cortem ; see Court (i ).
courtesy. (F.—L.) M.E. cortesie.
— O.F. cortesie, courtesy. — O. F. corteis,
courteous ; see courteous.
courtier. (F. — L.) M.E,courteour.
From A. F. *cortei-er (O. F. cortoi-er), to
live at court ; with suffix -our (L. -atdrem),
— O. F. cort, a court.
Court cards; a corruption of coat
cards, pictured cards, the old name.
Courteous, &c. ; see Court.
Cousin. (F. - L.) M. E, cosin. - O. F.
cosin (F. cousin ; Late L. cosinus, Ital.
ctigino, Romaunsch cusrin, cusdrin).^!^.
consohrinus, the child of a mother's sister,
KINE
a cousin.— L. con- {cum\ together; soh^T'
nus, for *swesr-inus, belonging to a sister ;
from L. soror (for *swesor), a sister; of.
Skt. svasr, a sister. See Sister. (Cf.
Brugm. i. § 319.)
CovCi a nook. (E.) A. S. cofa^ a cham-
ber, a cave. + Icel. kofi, a hut ; Swed.
kofva; G. koben, a cabin. % Distinct
from cave, coop, alcove, Brugm. i. § 658.
Covenant, agreement. (F. — L.) O.F.
covenant^ also convenant, agreement. —
O. F. co(n)venant, pres. pt. of co{n)veniry
to assemble, agree. — L. conuemre, to as-
semble, come together ; see Convene.
Cover, to hide. (F. — L.) O. F. covrir
(couT/rir),^!,, coopertre, to cover. — L. co-
(cum), wholly ; opertre, to shut, hide. For
*cp-uerfre ; cf. Lith. az-weriu, I shut,
wartai, doors, Oscan ace. veru, a door.
Brugm. i. § 350.
coverlet. (F.—L.) M.F.. cover/ite.
— A. F. coverlet, coverlit (not in O. F.),
a bed-cover. — O. F. covrir, to cover ; /j/,
a bed, from L. tectum, ace.* of lectus, a
bed.
covert. (F. — L.) O. F. covert, pp.
oi covrir, to cover (above).
Covet. (F.—L.) M.E, coueiten (co-
veiten). — A. F. coveiter (F. convoiter),
Cf. Ital. cubitare (for cupitare), to covet.
Formed, as if from L. *cupiditdre, from
cupiditd'tem, ace, eager desire, which
is from cupidus, desirous of. — L. cupere,
to desire. See Cupid.
Covey. (F. — L.) O. F. cffvee (F. cou-
vie), a brood of partridges; fem. of pp. of
cffver (F. couver), to hatch, sit. — L. cuddre,
to lie down, sit. Cf. Gk. Kv<p6s, bent.
Covin, secret agreement, fraud ; a law-
term. (F. — L.) M. E. covine. — O. F.
covine, agreement. — O. F. covenir, to as-
semble, agree. — L. conuemre, to come
together. See Convene, Covenant. (The
O. F. covine answers to Late L. convenia,
pi. of convenium, an agreement.)
Cow (i), female of the bull. (E.) A.S.
cH ; pi. cy, whence M. E. ky, and the
double pi. ky-en^kine. Teut. stem *Jt«-,
whence also Icel. >&yr. -4- Du. koe, Swed.
Dan. ko^ G. kuh ; Teut stem ^ko-. Also
Irish and Gael, bo, W. buw, L. bos (gen.
bou'is), Gk. ^ow, "Pers.gdw, Skt.gV' (nom.
gdus) ; cf. Russ. goviado, oxen. Idg.
stems *g{w)dU', *g(w)ou'-. See Beef.
kine, cows. (E.) A doub/e pi., made
by adding -n, short for -en (A. S. -an), to
M. E. fy, A. S. cy, cows. The A. S. cy,
16
cow
pi. of alt a cow, is formed by vowel-
change from il to y.
Cow (2), to dishearten. (Scand.) Icel.
kilgat to tyrannise over; Dan. kue, to
coerce, subdue; Swed. kufva, to sup-
press.
Coward. (F.— L.) A.F.^^Mar^,ahare,
a coward, F. couard^ a coward ; cf. Ital.
codardo^ a coward. Probably named from
the « bob-tailed* hare.i-O.F. coe (Ital.
codd), a tail; with F. suffix -ard, from
Teut. 'Iiart, orig. hard. — L. cauda^ 2i
tail.
Cower. (Scand.) Vi,^. couren^^lctX,
ktlra, Dan. kure, to doze, lie quiet; Swed.
A'ttraj to cower, lie quiet ; Swed. dial. kurOf
to sit hunched up. Cf. G. kauerUf to
cower.
Cowl (i)> a monk^s hood. (L.) M. £.
cule, coule. A.S. cugele^ cugle.^la. cu-
culia, a cowl ; cf, also cuculltis.
Cowl (2), a vessel carried on a pole.
(F. — L.) M.E. cotul, — O.F. cuvel {cuveau),
a little tub; dimin. of cuve, a vat, tub.-^
L. aipa, a tub. Der. cowl-staff.
Cowry, a small shell used for money.
(Hind.— Skt.) Hind, kaurt, a small shell
{Cypraa monetd) used as coin in the
lower provinces of India.— Skt. kaparda.
Cowslip, a flower. (£.) M. £. cou-
sloppe, A. S. cU'SloppCy cii-slyppey lit. cow-
slop, i. e. a piece of dimg. (Other A. S.
names of plants are of a very homely
character.) Cf. oxlip^ q. v. ; and prov. £,
bull'slopy a large kind of oxlip (Britten).
Cozcomb. (£•) A fool, named from
his cock^s cofnb, or fool's cap, cap with a
cock^s crest.
Coxswain. (F. and Scand.) For
cock'Swain; from cock (4), a boat, and
swain.
Coy. (F,— L.) O. F. coij older form
quei, quiet, still ; spelt cqy^ quoy, in Cot-
grave. — Folk-L. *quetum^ ace. of *qttetus,
tor L. quietus f still. See Quiet.
CoyotOf a prairie-wolf. (Mexican.)
From coyote y Span. pron. of Mex. coyotL
Cosen. (F. — L.) To cozen is to act
as cousin or kinsman, to sponge upon,
beguile. — F. cousiner, to call cousin, to
sponge, live on other people ; see Hamil-
ton and Cotgrave. ■> F. cousin, a cousin ;
see Cousin.
Crab (i), a shell-ash. (£.) A. S.
crabha.'^lQd. kraddij Swed. krcdfba, Dan.
krabbe, Du. krab^ G. krahbe. Allied to
K. Fries, and Dui krabben, to scratch.
I
CRANBERRY
claw ; G. irebs (O. H. G. crebiz), a crab,
Du. kreeft^ a crab. See Crayfish.
crabbed, peevish, cramped. (£.)
From craby sb. ; i. e. crab-like, snappish
or awkward. Cf. Du. krabben, to scratch,
kribbenj to be peevish.
Crab (2), a kind of apple. (E.) Cf.
Swed. krabbdple, crab-apple. Perhaps
allied to crabbed (above).
Crabbed ; see Crab (i).
Crack. (E.) A. S. cracian, to crack.
+Du. kraken, to crack, creak ; G. kra-
chen. Cf. Gael, croc, a fissure, cnac, a
crack, to crack (from £.). Imitative, like
crctke, creak J croak, crash, gnash, knock,
cracknel. (F. — Du.) Formerly ^rai&^-
nel, corruption of F. craqueHn, a cracknel.
— Du. krakeling, a cracknel. Named from
its crispness. — Du. kraken, to crack.
crake, corncrake, a bird. (£.)
From its cry; M. £. craken, to cry out.
Allied to crack, croak.
Cradle. (£.) K.^.cradol. Cf.O.H.G.
cratto, a basket ; also O. H. G. crezzo,
prov. G. krdtze, a basket.
Craft, skill. (E.) A. S. rr<5/*/.-#-Du.
kracht, Icel. kraptr^kraftr, Swed. Dan. G.
kraft, force. Cf. A. S. crafian, to crave,
demand. Der. handi-craft.
Crag. (C.) W. craig, Gael, creag,
crag, rock ; Irish creag, a rock ; cf. W.
careg^ Gael, carraig, rock, cliff, Bret.
karrek, O. Irish carricy a rock.
Crake ; see Craok.
Cram. (£>) A. S. crammian, to stuff.
+ Icel. kremja, Swed. krama, Dan.
kramme, to squeeze. From cramm-, 2nd
grade of the str. vb. crimm-an, to crumble.
And cf. Cramp.
Cramp. (F.— Teut.) F,crampc, 'the
crampe,* Cot. ; cf. crampon, * a cramp-
iron.' — Du. kramp, a cramp, spasm. From
the and grade of Teut. ^krempan-, *krim-
pan', to draw together, as in O. H. G. krim-
phan, to draw together, str. vb. Cf. E.
crimp, cramp, crumple; Icel. krappr,
cramped; kreppa, to pinch. And com-
pare Crank.
Crane, & bird. (£.) A. S. ^ra^.-f-Du.
kraan, Icel. Irani (for krant), Swed.
trana^ Dan. trane, G. kran-ich; W. and
Bret, garan, Gk. yipayos, a crane, also a
crane for raising weights. Cf. L. grus, a
crane, Lith. garnys, a stork. From
^GER, to cry out ; cf. Gk. y^fnn, voice
(Prellwitz).
cranberry. (Low G.) Modem; from
17
CRANIUM
CREAK
Low G. kraanbere (Berghaus), G. kran- , worn by the Croatiansy who were called
beere^ lit cranebcrry; cf. Dan. iranebar
(from tratu=^kranet as above); Swed.
tranbdr,
Craninin. (L.~Gk.) Med. L. cra-
nium, i- Gk. tcpavioVf sknll ; allied to icdpa,
head.
(h*ank (i), a bend. (£.) M. E. cranke.
Allied to £. Fries, krunken, pp., bent.
in F. Croates or Crovaies or Cravaies.
CroiU is a name of Slavonic origin ; cf.
Russ. Kroe^f a Croatian.
Crave. (E>) A. S. crafian, to crave,
ask. Cf. Icel. krefjaj Swed. krafvay Dan.
kravCf to demand; Icel. krafa, a de-
mand.
Craven. (F. - 1.. ?) The oldest form
Cf. Du. kronkel, a wrinkle, kronkelen^ is M. £. cravant, with the sense of beaten,
to wrinkle, turn, wind. Teut. base *krenJ(>,
variant of *kreng-, Cf. Cringe, Crinkle.
crank (2), easily upset, as a boat.
(E.) L e. easily bent or twisted aside.
Cf. Du. kranky ill, poor ; also krengen, to
careen a boat; Swed. krdnga^ Dan.
krangej to heel over ; see Cringe.
crank (3), lively. (E.) The same
word, from the idea of turning quickly.
Cf. Norw. kringf active, brisk ; Dan. dial.
krteng, dexterous.
Cranny. (F. - L. ?) M. E. crany,
— F. cratty a notch ; with E. suffix -y.
Allied to Ital. crena ftmoizh. (Florio). Cf.
Late L. crena, a notch (a word of doubt-
ful authority). See Crenellate.
CrantSy a garland. (M. Du.— G.) M.
Du. kraniSi Du. krans, a garland, wreath
(whence Dan. krands, Sw. krans). All
from G. kranZf a wreath.
Crape. (F.-L.) F. ^r^/^, formerly
crespe, * frizzled, crisped, crisp ; * Cot.
From its wrinkled surface. — L. crisfus,
curled. See Crisp.
Crare* a small ship. (F.) In Cymb.
iv. 2. 205. M.E. crayer,'mO,Y, crater,
creer, a war-vessel. Of unknown origin.
Crash, vb. (E.) Of imitative origin ;
closely allied to crack, Cf. ciasky (&sA ;
and see Craze.
Crasis. (Gk.) Gk. Kpatns, a mixing ;
hence, contraction. — Gk. K(p6yyvfUf I
mix.
Crass. (L.) L. crassus, thick, dense.
Cratch, a crib, manger. (F. -O.H. G.)
M. E. crecche, — O. F. creche {criche) ;
Prov. crepcha. — O. H. G. crippea (whence
G krippe)y a crib. See Crib.
Crate. (L.) L. crates, a hurdle ; hence,
a wicker-case, &c.
Crater. (L. - Gk.) L. crdtir, a bowl,
a crater. — Gk.' Hparrjp, a large bowl in
which things were mixed. — Gk. Kfpdvvvju,
I mix.
foiled, or overcome, i. Mr. Nicol sug-
gested that it is a clipped form of O. F.
crcpvanU, pp. explained by Cotgrave by
* oppressed, foiled'; this is the pp. of
O. F. cravanter, to break, oppress «: Late
L. *crepantdre, formed from crepant-, stem
of pres. pt. of crepdre, to crack, break.
Cf. Span, quebraniar, to crack, break.
2. But it seems rather to be due to a con-
fusion of the E. vb. to crave with M. £.
creaunt, used in the precise sense of
recreant, craven, beaten; this answers to
O. F. creant, trusting, from Lat. ace.
credentenit believing; from credere^ to
believe, in Late L., to yield, to fear (cf.
re-creatU), Cf. prov. E. cradden, cradant,
a coward; prob. from an A.F. form of
L. cridentem.
Craw, crop of fowls. (E.?) M. E.
crawe. As if from A. S. *craga, the neck ;
not found; N. Fries, krage^ neck, craw.
Allied to Du. kraag, G. kragen, neck,
collar (whence Late Icel. kragi, Swed.
krage, Dan. krave, a collar). Note also
Dan. kro, the craw of a bird ; Swed. krdfva.
Crawfish, the same as Crayflsh.
CrawL (Scand.) Prov. E. craffle,
croffle, to crawl. — Icel. krajla, to paw,
crawl ; Swed. krafla, to grope ; Dan.
kravlct to crawl. Cf. N. Fries, krabli,
krawH, to crawl ; Low G. kraueln. Fre-
quentative from Teut. base *krab-, to
scratch, claw ; see Crab.
Crayfish. (F. - O. H. G.) Altered
from M. E. crevise. — O. F. crevisse, es-
crevisse (Jcrevisse), — O. H. G. crebiz, G.
krebs, a crab ; allied to G. krabbe, a crab ;
see Crab (i).
Crayon. (F.— L.) F. miyi^w; extended
from F. crate, chalk. — L. creta, chalk.
Crase. (Scand.) M. E. erased, i. e.
cracked. — Swed. krasa, Dan. krase, to
crackle ; whence also F. ^eraser, to break
in pieces. Cf. Swed. sl& in kras, Dan.
Cravat. (F. — Slavonic.) F. cravcUe, slaae i krasy to break in shivers.
(i) a Croatian, (2) a cravat. Cravats Creak. (E.) M. E. kreken. Allied to
were introduced into France in 1636, as i crctke^ crack, Cf. Du. kriek, a cricket,
118
CREAM
CRIB
M. F. criquer, to creak, allied to craquer^
to crack. Of imitative origin.
Cream. (F. — L. — Gk.) O. F. cresme
(F. crime) ; really the same word as O. F.
crestne (F. chrSnie)^ chrism ^though con-
fused with L. cremor, thick juice). — Late
L. cArisma, consecrated oil.>-Gk. xp^fffMy
an unguent; see Chrism.
Grease (!)» a wrinkle, as in folding
paper, &c. (F.-^L.) Earliest spelling
creast, a ridge (later, a furrow). Variant
of crest t ridge (as of a roof). Cf. Walloon
cress, a crest, ridge of a roof, kretUf
wrinkled (Remade) ; Prov. crest, creis, a
ridge; and prov. £. crease, a ridge-tile of
a roof. {Athen, Sept. 18, 1897.)
Crease (a), Creese, a dagger. (Ma-
lay.) Malay kris, *a dagger, kris, or
creese;' Marsden.
Create. (L.) From pp. of L. credre,
to make.'^Skt kf^ to make. Der. creat-
ure, O. F. creature, L. cre&tura. And see
Crescent. Brugm. i. {641.
Creed. (L.) M. £. crede ; A. S. creda,
— L. credo, I believe : the first word of
the creed, -f O. Irish cretim, I believe ;
Skt. frcui'dadhdmi, I believe. Der. cred-
efue (O. F. credence, L. credential ; cred'
ible ; credit (L. pp. creditus) ; cred-uUms
(J^ credulus), &c. Brugm. i. § 539.
Creek. (£• ?) M. K. creke, a creek .4-
Du. kruk, M. Du. kreke ; cf. Icel. kriki, a
crack, nook (whence F. crique). The
orig. sense is * a bend,* as in Swed. dial.
amtkrik, bend of the arm ; krik, an angle,
nook.
Creelf an angler*s osier basket. (F.—
L.) O. F. creif, wicker-work (Ducange,
8.V. cleia).^!^. type *crdticulum, for
crdiicula, wicker-work, double dimin. of
crdtes, a hurdle. See Orate and OriU.
Creep. (£.) M. £. crepen ; A. S.
creopan,'\'T>Vi, kruipen, loel. krjUpa, Swed.
krypa, Dan. krybe, to crawl. Teut. type
*krenpan; str. vb.
Creese ; see Crease (a).
Cremataon, burning. (L.) L. cremd-
tidttem, aoc. of cremdtio \ from pp. of ere-
mare, to bum.
Crenatei notched. (L.) From Late
L. crma, M. Ital. crena, a notch.
orenellate. (LateL.»F.— L.) From
Sp. of Late L. crSnelldre^ to furnish with
attlements.*0. F. rr^ff^/y a battlement;
dimin. of O. F. cren, F. cran, a notch,
from Late L. crhta (above).
Creole, one .born in the W. Indies, but
of European blood. (F. — Span. — L.) F.
^r/i9/(f . — Span, criollo, a negro corruption
of *criadillo, dimin. of crtado^ one edu-
cated, instructed, or brought up ; hence, a
child of European blood. Criado is pp.
of criare, to cieate, also, to educate. — L.
credre, to create, make, fl" Cf. Span.
criadtlla, dimin. of criada, a servant-maid.
Creosote, a liquid distilled from tar.
(Gk.) Lit. * flesh- preserver.'— Gk. «/>«>-,
for Kpias, flesh ; and awr; short for owt'Tip,
preserver, from aiiitiv^ to preserve. (Ill-
formed.)
Crescent. (L.) The 'increasing'
moon. — L. crescent-, stem of pres. pt. of
crescere, to grow, increase (pp. crhtus),
inchoative form allied to cre-dre, to
make ; see Create.
Cress. (E.) M. E. cres, also kerse (by
shifting of r), A. S. ccerse, cerse, cresset,
+Du. kers, M. Du. and Low G. kerse, G.
kresse, O. H. G. cressa.
Cresset. (F. - L.) M. E. cresset,
a light in a cup at the top of a pole. —
O. F. cresset, craisset, a cresset (with
grease in an iron cup).— O. F. craisse (F.
grcUsse), grease; Littre. — Folk-L. *crassia,
grease, from L. crassus, thick, dense. So
also Walloon crachi, a cresset, from
crachCt grease.
Crest. (F.-L.) O. F. creste (F.
crite,) — L. crista, a comb or tuft on a
bird's head, crest.
CretaceOILS, chalky. (L.) L. crh
tdce-us, adj. from creta, chalk ; w ith suffix
-cus.
Crevice, Crevasse. (F.~L.) M.E.
crevice, crevase, crevasse. — O. F. crezuisse,
a rift (Late L. crepdticL).'»0. F. creuer, to
burst asunder. — L. crepdre, to crackle,
burst.
Crew. (F.— L.) Formerly fz-wtf, short
for accrue, a re-inforcement. — O. F. ac-
creue, increase ; orig. fem. of pp. of ac-
croistre, to increase. — L. accrescere, to
grow to. — L. aC' (for cut), to ; crescere, to
grow.
Crewel, a thin worsted yam. Origin
unknown.
Crib, a manger. (E.) A. S. crib.'^
O. Sax. kribbia, Du. krib, G. krippe ;
allied to Icel. Swed. krubba, Dan. krybbe.
Allied perhaps to M. H. G. krebe, a basket;
but not to Du. korf, G.- korb, if these are
from L. corbis, Der. crib, verb, to put by
in a crib, purloin ; crihb-age, where crib is
the secret store of cards
119
CRICK
CROP
Crick, a spasm or twist in the neck,
(£.) M. £. crykkc ; also nsed in the sense
of wrench. Prob. allied to Craok.
Cricket (O* ^^ insect. (F.—Tent.)
M. E. criket, — O. F. crequet^ criquety
cricket. — O. F. criquer, to creak, rattle,
chirp. -• Da. kriek^ a cridcet ; krikkrakken^
to rattle. From the imitative base kHk ;
cf. proy. E. crocket, creaker^ a cricket.
Hexham has M. Du. kricken, * to creake.*
Cricket (2), a game. (F. — Du.) The
game was once played with a hooked
stick (Cot., s. V. crosse),"' O. F. criquet,
* biton servant de but au jeu de boule ; *
Godefroy. — M. Du. krick, kricke, a crutch;
Hexham. Cf. A. S. cricc^ crycc, a cratch,
staff.^
Crime. (F. — L.) ¥. crime. '^'L. cri-
men, an accusation, fault (stem crtmin-) ;
allied to cemere, to decide, -f ^k. ^pT/m,
xpcfia, a decision ; xpiveiv, to judge. Ber.
crimin-cU, crimin-ate \ hence, recriminate
Crimp, to wrinkle. (£.) In late use ;
answering to an A.S. *crempan, E. Fries.
krempen, causal deriv. of Cramp. The
orig. str. vb. occurs as E. Fries, and Du.
krimpen, O. H.G. krimfan\ Teut. type
*krempan' {Jtrimpan-\ to draw oneself
together, shrink up ; pt. t. *kramp, pp.
^krumpiano'. See Cramp and Crumple.
Crimson. (F. — Arab. — Skt.) M. E.
cremosin, — O. F. cramoisin, cramoisyne
(,see cramoisi in Littre) ; Low L. crame-
sinus, also carmesinus, crimson (Span.
carmesi, Ital. cAerptisi),'mArBh, qirmizt,
crimson ; from qirmiz, the cochineal in--
sect. — Sict. krmi{s), a worm. Bmgm. i.
§ 41?-
Cringe. (E.) M. E. crengen ; causal
derivative of A. S. cringan, crincan, to
sink in battle, fall beneath the foe.
Crincan is a strong verb; see Crank,
Crinkle.
Cringle, an iron ring. (Low G.)
Low G. kringel, a ring (LUbben); E. Fries.
kringel\ allied to Icel. kringla, a circle
{ci.kringary pi., the pullies of a drag-net).
Dimin. of E. Fries, kring, a ring, Du.
kringy a circle ; allied to Crinkle, Crank
(i), and Cringe.
Crinkle. (E.) M. E. crinkled, crencled,
twisted. A frequent, form of the causal
deriv. of crink, which occurs in the A. S.
str. vb. crincan, to sink in a heap; see
Cringe.
Crinolinef a lady*s stiff skirt. (F.—
L.) Y. crinoline, (i) hair-cloth, (2) crino-
line. — F. crin (L. ace. crinem), hair ;
and lin, flax, hence thread, from L. Itnum,
flax, also, a thread.
' Cripple. (E.) M. E. crepelj crtipel ;
O. Northumb. crypel, Luke v. 24. Lit.
* a creeper.* — A. S. crup-, weak grade of
creopan (pt. t. crjeap), to creep ; with suffix
-el (for 'il(h) of the agent.^Du. kreupel,
Icel. kryppill, G. krUppel, Cf. Dan. krbb-
ling^ (from krybe, to creep). See Creep.
Crisis ; see Critic.
Crisp, wrinkled, curled. (L.) A.S.
crisp. — L. crispus, curled. Brugm. i. § 565.
Critic. (L. — Gk.) L. criticus.^Gk,
KfHTiKos, able to discern ; cf. tcfHTijs, a
judge. — Gk. icpi-v€iv, to judge. Der. crit-
erion, Gk. Hpniipiov, a test ; dia-critic,
from Gk. IkaitpiTiKdsy fit for distinguishing
between.
crisis. (Gk.) Gk. «p/(ri9, a discerning,
a crisis. — Gk. Kpi-vuv, to judge.
Croak. (E.) Cf. A. S. cracetung, a
croaking. Of imitative origin. Allied to
crake, creak.
Crochet. (F.— LateL.) Y, crochet, di
little hook ; dimin. of croc, a crook. — Late
L. croccum, ace. of croccus, a hook.
Crock, a pitcher. (C.) A.S. crocca.
Of Celtic origin. Cf. E. Irish crocan, Gael.
crog, Irish crogan, W. crochan, a pitcher,
pot.-f-Gk. HpcootrSs (for lefWKySs), a pitcher.
So also Du. kruik, Icel. krukka, Swed.
kruka, Dan. krukke, G. krug.
Crocodile. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. croco-
dile.^ L. crocodilm*^ Gk. /vpox^SccAos, a
lizard, a crocodile.
Croons. (L. — Gk.) L. crocus. — Gk.
KpoKOi, crocus, saffron. Perhaps Semitic ;
cf. Arab, karkam, Heb. karkdm, saffron.
Croft. (E.) A. S. croft, a field.+Du.
krocht, kroft, a field on the downs.
Cromlech.. (W.) W. cromlech, a flag-
stone laid across others. — W. crom, fem.
of crwm, crooked, bent ; llech, flat stone.
CronCi an old woman. (F. — L.) Tusser
has crone, an old ewe. Prob. from Picard
carone, carrion ; whence' M. Du. karonie,
kronie, an old sheep. See Carrion.
Crony, an old chum. (Gk.?) Pepys
has chrony (N. E. D.). Perhaps for Gk.
Xp6vios, a 'long-lasting' friend ; as it arose
in college slang (Skinner). Butler rimes
cronies with monies,
Crooky a hook, bend. (Scand.) M. E.
crok (Ancren Riwle). — Icel. krokr, Swed.
krok, Dan. krog, hook, bend, angle.
Crop. (E.) A. S. cropPi the top of a
J 20
CKOUP
CRUMPET
plant, the craw of a bird ; orig. a bunch.
[Hence the verb to crop, to cut off the
tops; and hence crop, a harvest.] 4*1^0*
krop, G. kropf, bird's crop ; Icel. kroppr,
a hunch; Swed. kropp, Dan. krop, trunk
of the body. . Cf. W. cropa, Gael, and Ir.
sgroban, bird's crop. [To crop out is to
bunch out]
croup (2), hinder part of a horse. (F.
— Teut.) Y, croupe f crupper; orig. pro-
tuberance.— Icel. kroppr, a hunch (above).
crupper. (F.— Teut.) F. croupiire
(O. F. cropiere),^Y , croupe (O. F. crope,
above).
Cro^ueftf a game. (F.—Late L.) From
N. French croquet^ a little hook, bent
stick; the same as F. crochet. See
Croohet.
Crosier. (F.— LateL.) yi.'E. crocer,
croser, &c. Formed, with suffix -er, from
M. £. croce, in the same sense of *■ bishop's
staff.*— O. F. croce, *a crosier,' Cot. ; mod.
F. crosse ; Late L. crocia* — O. F. croc, a
hook ; see Crochet. % Not from cross,
though early confused with M. £. croisier,
a coinage from O. F. crois, a cross.
Cross. (L.) M. £. cros\ from Icel.
kross, adopted from O. Irish cros,^ L.
cruc-em, ace. of crux, a cross. Der.
a-cross,
crosSy adj. (L.) Orig. transverse,
from the shape of a cross; hence, peevish.
Crotchet, in music. (F.^Late L.)
F. crochet, *a small hook, a quaver in
music ; ' Cot. (The hooked mark now
called a quaver was called crochet in
French.) See Crochet.
Croton, plant. (Gk.) Gk. nporw, a
tick, which the castor-berry resembles.
CrOQCll. (F.— LateL.) M. E. rr^w-
chen, to stoop, bend. — O. F. crochir,
to grow crooked (Godefroy). — O. F.
croche, a crook; also ^ri^r.— LateL. croc-
cum, ace. of croccus, a hook.
Croup (i), a disease. (£.) From Low-
land Sc. croupe, crope, to croak, make a
harsh noise. Of imitative origin ; asso-
ciated with crow, croak, and with North
E. roupj rope, to call, shout hoarsely, from
Icel. hrdpa, weak vb., to cry out. Cf. A. S.
hropan (pt t. hreop), to cry out ; G. rufen
. (pt. t. rief).
Croup (2), of a horse; see Crop.
CrOW(i),vb. (E.) A. S. fra7f«i« (pt. t.
creotu), to crow.+Du. kraaijen, G. krdhen,
weak verbs ; and cf. O. Slav, grajati, Lith.
groti, to crow. Of imitative origin
crow (2), a bird. (E.) A.S. crawe
(s^e above). +0. S. krdia, Du. kraai, G.
krahe, Der. crow-bar, bar with a crow-
like beak.
Crowd (i), to push, throng. (E.) A. S.
^criidan (pr. s. crydef, pt. t. cread), to
push ; whence croda, gecrod, a crowd,
throng. ■4' M. Du. kruyden, kruyen, Du.
kruien, to push along ; E. Fries, kroden,
kriiden. Teut. type ^krudan-^ str. vb.
Crowd (2), a fiddle. (W.) M. E.
croudc^Vf, crwth, a trunk, belly, crowd,
violin, fiddle ; Gael, cruit^ \aj^ ; O. Irish
crot, harp.
Crown. (F.— L. — Gk.) M.'E.corone,
coroune (whence croufte).^0.¥, corone
(F. couronne), — L. corona, a wreath. — Gk.
Kopdnnff, end, tip ; Kopivn, a wreath, gar-
land.— Gk. Kopairds, bent, curved. Cf.
Gk. KVfnSs, L. curuus, bent.
Crucial. (F. - L.) F. crucial, ' cross-
like;' Cot — L. cruet', decl. stem of crux,
a cross ; with suffix -diis.
crucifir- (F--L.) 0,V,cruciJter,^
Late L. *cructficdre, for L. cruciftgere
(pp. cructjixus), to fix on a cross. — L.
cruet, dative of crux ; figere, to fix ; see
Fix. Der. crucifix, -ion.
Crucible. (L.) From Late L. cruci-
bolum, (i) a night-lamp, (2) a vessel for
melting metals. The lamp may have
been so named from having four nozzles
with wicks, forming a cross (still a com-
mon Ital. pattern) ; as if from cruci-, decl.
stem of crux, a cross ; with suffix -bolum
= -bulum, as in iuribulum, a censer.
Crude. (L.) L. crudus, raw. Allied
to Baw.
cruel. (F. - L.) O. F. cruel. - L.
crudelis^ cruel ; allied to crUdus, raw
(above).
Cruet. (F.— Teut.) A. F. cruet, a
small vessel (Godefroy) ; dimin. of O. F.
cruie, crue, pot.— Low L. cnlga, a pitcher.
— O. H. G. kruog, G. krug, a pitcher ;
allied to Crock.
Cruise. (Du.— L.) Du. kruisen, to
cruise, cross the sea. — t)u. kruis, a cross.
— L. ace. criic-em, from crux, a cross ;
with lengthening of ii.
Crumb. (E.) Prov. E. croom, A. S.
crUma. (The final b is excrescent.) +Du.
kruim, Dan. krumme, G. krume, a
crumb. Cf. Ital. grumo, a clot. Der.
crumb-le, verb; cf. Du. kruimelen, G.
krUmeln, to crumble.
Crumpetf a kind of cake. (£.) Wyclif
121
CRUMPLE
CUFF
has crompid cake to render Lat. ia^a-
num (Ex. xxix. 23) ; cf. prov. E. crumpy
cakdy ciisp cake. -For crump- td, pp. of
M. E. crumpen^ to curl np (whence £.
crumple), Cf. G. kriimpen^ krumpen, to
crumple, curl up; krumm, curved; Du.
krommen^ to crook, curve. See below.
Crumple, vb. (E.) Frequentative of
obs. crump, to curl up. From crump^^
weak grade of A. S. *crimpanf str. vb. ;
see Orajnp and Crimp.
CmnclL. (E.) An imitative word.
Cf. prov. ^ crinch, cranck^ to crunch. .
Crupper ; see Crop.
Gmral. (L.) L. crurdHsy belonging
to the leg. — L. crur-y stem of crus^ the
leer.
Crusade. (F. and Span. -L.) The
form is due to confusion of F. croisade
with Span, cruzada. — Late L. crucidtay
sb. fern., a marking with the cross, pp. f.
of crucidrey to cross. — L. cruH-y decl.
stem of cruXy a cross.
Cruse, a small pot. (E.) M. E. cruse,
W. Fries, krbssy E. Fries, kros. + Icel.
kriis, a pot; Swed. krusy Dan. kruuSy a
mug; Du. kroeSy cup, pot, crucible;
M. H. G. kruse^ G. krausey mug.
Crush. (F.-Teut.) O. F. crusir,
cruisiry croissiry to crack, break ; (Span.
cruxiry Ital. crosciare). From a Teut.
type *kraustjan' (see Diez), causal form
from Goth, kriustcmy to gnash with the
teeth.
Crust. (F. - L.) O. F. crouste (F.
cro^te),^Lu, crusta, crust of bread. Cf.
Gk. Kpvosy frost; see Crystal. Der.
crust-y, hard like a crust, stubborn,
harshly curt (of people).
Crutch.. (E.) M. E. crucche ; from
A. S. cryccy a crutch, staff. + Du. kruky
Swed. kryckay Dan. krykkey G. krucke.
Crr. (F.— L.) yi,E, crien.'^Y, crier,
(Fuller forms occur in Ital. gridarey Span.
gritar^ Port. gritar,)^L, quiritdre, to
shriek, cry, lament (Brachet) ; lit. * to
implore the aid of ^he Quiriies* or Roman
citizens (Varro).
Crsrpt. (L. - Gk.) L. crypta. - Gk.
KpunT-qy a vault, hidden cave ; orig. fern.
of Kpwrr6iy hidden. — Gk. HpwrrfiVy to hide.
Crystal. (F.-L.-Gk.) Formerly
crista/, — O. F. cristal, — L. crysiallumy
crystal. — Gk. ifpuaToAAoy, ice, crystal.—
Gk. /cpvaToivfiVf to freeze. — Gk. le/rt^os,
frost.
Cubi (E.?) Etym. unknown. Cf.
Shetl. cood, to bring forth young, applied
only to a seal ; Icei. koddiy kapr, a young
seal.
Cube. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. £:«Af.-L
ace. atdum. — Gk. «vfios, a cube, die.
Cubeb, a spicy berry. (F. — Span.-
Arab.) F. cudede, in Cotgrave. — Span.
cubeba, — Arab. kabdba{f)y pi. kabdbahy
cubeb, an aromatic.
Cubit. (L.) L. cubitusy an elbow,
bend; the length from the elbow to the
middle finger's end. . Allied to L. cubdre,
to lie down, recline ; see Covey,
Cuckold. (F. ; with G. sujffix,) M. E.
kokewoldy kokeweldy cokold,^0, F. cucu-
aulty coucual (Godefroy), a cuckold. —
O. F. cucu (F. coucou)y a cuckoo ; with
depreciatory suffix -at^//, -cd, from G.
'waid (Diez, Gram. ii. 346). Cf. O. F.
cucu (F. coucou\ a cuckoo; secondly, a
man whose wife is unfaithful. (There are
endless allusions to the comparison be-
tween a cuckoo and a cuckold ; see Shak.
L. L. L. V. 2. 930, &c.)
Cuckoo. (F.) F. coucou; from the
bird's cry. Cf. L. cuculus, a cuckoo ; Gk.
KoKKv^j a cuckoo; K6KKVy its cry; Skt.
kokila-y a cuckoo; Irish cuach, W. cog,
Cf. cocky cockatoo. And see Ooo.
Cucumber. (L.) Thesis excrescent;
M. E. cucumer.'m'L, cucumeremy ace. of
cucumisy a cucumber.
Cud. (E.) M. E. cudey codey quide,
A. S. cwiduy cweodu, cudu, Teut. type
*k7vedu'om, neut. Cf. Skt.yfl/«-, lesin;
also Icel. kwdday resin. Orig. sense,
'glutinous substance.'
Cuddle. (E.) Perhaps for ^couthUy to
be familiar, to fondle; from coutk^ adj.
familiar, well known; A. S. ciifiy known,
pp. of cunnaUy to know. See Can(i). Cf.
prov. E. coutk, loving ; coot/ey to fondle.
Cudgel. (E.) M.E. kugget. A.S.
cycgel'y in Gregory's Pastoral Care, ed.
Sweet, p. 397. Cf. Cog.
Cudweed. (E.) Yxomcud^iAwud'y
* the plant being administered to cattle
that had lost their cud.' So also cud-
wort.
Cue, for an actor. (L. ?) Sometimes
written q or qu in the i6th cent., and
supposed to be for L. quando, when.
Cuff (i), to strike. (Scand.?) Cf.
Swed. kujfay to thrust, push, M. Swed.
kuffUyio strike, to cuff (Ihre).
Cuff (2), part of the sleeve. (L. ?)
M. ¥, ctiffty coffe, Cf. Late A. S. cuffiey a
123
CUIRASS
kind of cap (Leo) ; M. H. G. kupfe^
kuppe, kuffisy a coif; see Coif. [Very
doubtful.]
Cuirass. (F. - Ital. - L. ) Formerly
curace, — O. F. cuimce (F. cuirasse), — Ital.
corazza^ a cuirass. Formed from L.
coridceuSy leathern. » L. corium, leather
(whence F. cuir, leather).
CnisseSypl. (F.-L.) O.F.cuissauXy
armour for the thighs. — F. cuisse, thigh. —
L. coxaj hip. Brugm. i. § 609.
Culdee. (C.) Irish ceiUde, a Culdee, a
servant of God. — Ir ceile (O. Irish ceU)^
servant; and di, gen. of iitay God.
Culinary. (L.) L. cuRndriuSy be-
longing to the kitchen, -i L. cultna,
kitchen.
Cull, to collect, select. (F.-L.) M.E.
culien, — O. F. coilliry cuilliry to collect. —
L. colligerey to collect. See Coil (i) and
Collect.
Cullender ; see Colander.
Cullion, a wretch. (F. — L.) A coarse
word. F. couillon (Ital. ccgiione),^!^.
coleus.
CuUis, a strong broth, boiled and
strained. (F.— L.) Foimeily cofysy coleys.
fc- O. F. col^is, coule'iSy later couliSy * a
cullis/ Cot. ; substantival use of coleis,
later couliSf 'gliding,* Cot.i-L. type *cdla-
ttcius ; from cdlSrty to strain. Cf. Fort-
oullis.
Culm, a stem. (L.) L. culmus, a
stalk ; allied to calamuSy a stalk. See
Haulm.
Culminate. (L.) From pp. of L.
culmindrey to come to a top. — L. culmin-y
stem of Oilmen ( = colunien)y a top. See
Colnmn.
Culpable. (F.-L.) M.E. coupable.
O. F. culpabUy colpablty coupable (F. coup-
able). — L. culpdbilisy blameworthy. — L.
culpdrCy to blame.— L. culpUy a fault.
culprit. (F.— L.) In Dryden. Not
orig. a single word, but due to a fusion of
A.F. cul' (for culpabUy i. e. guilty) and
prist or prest (i. e. ready to prove it) ;
signifying that the clerk of the crown was
ready to prove the indictment (N. E. D.).
Culter ; see Coiilter.
Cultivate. (L.) Late L. cultivdtuSy
p. of cultivdre, to till. — Late L. cultivuSy
t for tilling.— L. cultusy pp. of colerey to
till. Brugm. i. $ 121.
OUlture. (F.-L.) F. culture. "L,
cultilra' allied to culUuSy pp. of colere^
to till.
I
CUPREOUS
Culver. (E.) A. S. culfrcy a tiove.
Culverin. (F.— L.) Corrupt form,
for *culevrin. — F. coulevritUy a culverin ;
a piece of ordnance named from its long
shape, like a snake. — O. F. couleuvrin^
adder-like; from couleuvre, an adder. — L.
colubray coluber, an adder.
Culvert, an arched drain. (F.— L.)
Of doubtful origin ; perhaps formed, with
added /, from O. F. coulouere, * a channel,
gutter,* Cot. — F. couler, to trickle. — L.
coldre, to strain, drain. Compare Port-
cullis and Cullis.
Cumber. (F.— LateL.) M.E. com-
bren. — O. F. combrer, to hinder (rare) ;
usual form en-combrer. — Late L. cumbrusy
a heap, a barrier ; of doubtful origin.
[Cf. L. cumulus y a heap; but also G.
kummery grief, oppression, prov. G. kutfi'
meTy rubbish. Thus cumber =*X.o put a
heap in the way.] Der. en-cumber ^ from
O. F. encombrery to encumber, load.
Cumin, Cummin, a plant. (L.-
Gk. — Heb.) M. E. comin, A. S. cumin j
cymen.^'L. cuminumy Matt, xxiii. 33.-
Gk. KVfuvoy. — Heb. kammon, cumin.
Cumulate. (L.) From pp. of L.
cumuldrey to heap up.— L. cumulus y a
heap.
Cuneate, wedge-shaped. (L.) Formed,
with suffix 'CUe, from L. cune-usy a wedge.
Allied to Gone. Der. cunei-form ; i. e.
wedge-shaped. See Coin.
Cunning, adj. (£.) Grig. pres. pt. of
M. £. cufineny to know ; heuce, * knowing.*
From A. S. cunnany to know ; see Can (i).
cunning, sb. (E.) M. E. cunninge.
From A. S. cunnany to know. Perhaps
suggested by Icel. kunnandi^ knowledge ;
from Icel. hunnay to know.
Cup. (L.) A. S. cuppey a cup. — Late L.
cuppay variant of L. ciipd, a tub, in Late
L., a drinking-vessel ; whence also Du.
Dan. kop, F. coupe, &c. See Coop.
cupboard. (L. and £.) M. E. cup-
bordcy orig. a side-board for holding cups ;
Allit. Poems, B. 1440; Morte Arth.
206.
Cupid, god of love. (L.) L. cupidOy
desire. — L. cupere, to desire. '^ Skt. kupy
to become excited. Der. cupid-i-tyy F.
cupiditSy from L. ace. cupiditdiem.
Cupola. (Ital. — L.) Ital. cupola, a
dome; from its shape. — L. cUpuhy a small
cask, a little vault ; dimin. of L. cUpay a
cask.
Cupreous, coppery. (,L.) L.cupre-us;
laa
CUR
of copper ; with suffix -ous. — L. cuprum,
copper.
Cur. (E.) M. £. kur-dogge^ (ab. 1225).
•4*M. Du. korre, a house*dog; cf. Swed.
diaL kurre^ a dog. Named from growling.
Cf. prov. £. curr, to purr; Low G.
kurren, to snad (Liibben) ; Icel. kurra,
to murmur, grumble; Swed. kurra, to
rumble.
Curate; see Core.
Curb. (F. — L.) M. £. courben, to
bend. — F. courber^ to bend, bow. — L.
curudre^ to bend ; from curuus, bent.
Curd. (E.) M. E. curd, crud, Prob.
from A. S. crud-, related to criidan,
to crowd, press together. Ct Ir. gruthy
Gael, gruthy curds. (Fick, ii. 1 19.)
Cure. (F.-L.) O. F. cure,^\.. cura,
attention (prim. Ital. *koiza). Brugm. i.
§ 874. % Not allied to care,
curate. (LO Med. L. cUrdtus, a
priest, curate; cf. curdtum beneficium,
a benefice with cure of souls. —ll cura^
cure.
cnrioiLS. (F.— L.) o. F. «^<?j.-L.
curidsusy attentive. — L. cura, attention.
Curfew. (F.-L.) A. F. coeverfu,
covrefeUy curfeu\ O.F. covrefeu (F. couvre-
feu)f a fire-cover, covering of fires, time
for putting out fires. — O. F. covrir, to
cover ;^«, fire {<X^ focuMt ace. oi focus,
hearth, fire) ; see Cover and Fooua.
Curious ; see Cure.
Curl, sb. (E.) M. E. crul (with shift-
ing of r) ; from M. E. crul, adj., curly
(A.D. 1300). Not in A.S. E. Fries.
krulia, krull, krul, a curl.<4-Du. krui, a
curl, krullen, to curl ; Dan. krolle, sl curl,
Swed. krullig, curly ; G. krolle, a curl,
M. H. G. kriU/e. Cf. Norw. krt4/l, a curl,
something rolled together ; krulla, to curl,
bend or bow togfther. Allied to E. Fries.
krillen, to bend, turn, wind; Low G.
krellen, to turn; N. Fries, krall, close-
twisted ; suggesting Teut. base *krellan-y
to wind, str. vb. (Franck, Koolman).
Curlew, a bird. (F.) M. F. corlieu,
*a curlue;* Cot. Cf. Ital. chiurlo, a cur-
lew, chiurlare, to howl, Swed. kurla, to
coo ; so that it is named from its cry.
Curmudgeon. (E.?) Origin unknown.
In one instance spelt corn-mudgin (Phil.
Holland), as if a hoarder of com, hence,
a stingy fellow; where mudgin is for
mudging^ pres. pt. of mudge, to hoard,
also spelt mooch (M. E. muchen), to skulk ;
from O. F. mucer, to hide. But this is a
CURTAIL
forced spelling, giving a wrong clue. Iii
1596, we find cormullion, with the same
sense. The first syllable seems to be cur,
a whelp ; and we find Lowl. Sc. murgeon,
to mock, to grumble ; mudgeon, a grimace.
Currant. (F. — L. — Gk.) Formerly
raysyns ofcoraunt, — F. raisins de Corinthe,
• currants ; ' Cot. Hence, currant is a cor-
ruption of Corinth (L. Corinthus, Gk.
Kopiv0os),
Current, running, flowing. (F.—L.)
M. E. currant, O. F. curant, pres. pt. o£
curre, corre (F. courir), to run.— L. cur^
rere, to run. Prob. for *cursere, Brugm.
i. §§ 499, 516. Perhaps allied to Horse.
curricle. (L.) L. curriculum, a
running; also, a light car.^L. currere,
to run.
Curry (0, to dress leather. (F.—L.
and Teut.) O.F. correier (Godefix)y),
earlier forms conreder, conreer, later con-
royer, courroier, to curry, dress leather,
orig. to prepare. —O.F. conrei, older form
cunreid, gear, preparation. A hybrid
word; made by prefixing con- ( = L. ^^«,
cum) to O. F. ret, order (Ital. -redo in
arredo, array), fi. This O. F. rei is of
Scand. origin ; from Dan. rede, order (also
to set in order), Icel. rei6i, tackle. Pre-
cisely the same O. F. rei helps to form E.
ar-ray ; see Array. % To curry favour
is a corruption of M. E. to curry favel, to
rub down a horse ; Favel was a common
old name for a horse.
Cur^ (2), a seasoned dish. (Tamil )
From Tamil kari, sauce, relish for rice
(Yule).
Curse. (E.) A. S. cursian, verb ; curs,
sb., an imprecation. Cf. O. Ir. cursaigim,
* 1 reprehend ' (Windisch) . Der. ac- cursed,
from M. E. acorsien, to curse extremely,
where the prefix flE- = A.S. a-, very; see
A.(4)._
Cursive. (L.) Med. L. curstvus, flow-
ing ; said of handwriting. — L. curs-us, pp.
of currere, to run. See Current.
cursory. (L.) Late L. cursorius,
hasty. — L. cur sort-, decl. stem of cursor,
a runner. — L. curs-us (above).
Curt. (L.) L. curtus, short, cut short.
curtail. (F.—L.) It has nothing to
do with tail, but is an alteration of the
older form curtal, verb, to dock ; from the
adj. curtal, having a docked tail (All's
Well, ii. 3. 65). — O. F. courtault, later
courtauti ' curtail, being curtailed ; ' Cot.
The same as Ital. cortaldo, *a curtail, a
124
CURTAIN
CYGNET
horse without a taile,' Florio. Formed,
with suffix -auU (=Ital. -aJdo^ Low L.
'OlduSf < C TvaUy power), from O. F.
court, short. -"L. curtus^ short.
Curtain. (F.— L.) M. £. cortin.^
O. F. cortim.^Jjate L. corttna, a curtain
(Exod. xxvi. I, Vulgate), a screen, plain
wall of a fort, orig. a small yard.-«L.
cort-em, ace. of cors^ a court. See Court.
Cvrtleaze. (F.— L.) A perversion
of cuttleax, which was a perversion of
cuitelasj an old spelling of cutlass. See
Cutlass.
Cuxtsey. (F. — L.) The same word as
courtesy^ i. e. a courtly act.
CnrTe. a bent line. (L.) Late L.
curzms, L. curuus, bent. ^ Gk. ivvpros,
bent. Der. curV'Oturc, L. curudtiira,
from pp. of curudrCy to bend ; from
curuus,
cnrvet. (Ital.— L.) Ital. corvetta^ a
curvet, leap, bound ; dimin. from M. Ital.
corv-o (Ital. curvo), bent.-^L. curuus
(above).
Cnshatf the ring-dove. (£.) A. S. cu-
sceote^ a wild pigeon ; also cuscote. Here
sceote probably means 'shooter, darter,'
from sceotan, to shoot (cf. A. S. scSota^ a
kind of trout) ; and perhaps cil refers to
the * coo * of the bird. Cf. Lowl. Sc. cow-
shot y a cushat.
ChuMon. (F. — L.) M. E. quisshiny
cussAin.^O,¥. coissin, coussin^ a cushion.
[It is supposed that O. F. coissin was the
true form, altered to coussin (perhaps) by
the influence of O. F. coute^ a quilt.]— L.
type *coxtnumf a support for the hip,
from coxa, hip, thigh (like L. cubital,
elbow-cushion, from cubitus, elbow). Cf.
Ital. cuscino, cushion, coscia, hip; Span.
co/in, cushion, cuj'a, hip. {/Romania f 189a,
p. 87.)
. Cusp. (L.) L. cuspis, a point.
Custard. (F.-Ital.-L.) ForM.E.
crustcuie, by shifting of r. Formerly cus-
tade, crustade, and orig. used wiUi the
sense of * pasty.' *F. croustade, a pasty.
i» Ital. crostata^ * a kinde of daintie pye ; '
Florio. — L. crustdta, fem. pp. oi crustdre,
to encrust. — L. crusta, a crust.
Custody. (L.) L. custodia, a keeping
guard. — L. custod\iy, stem of custos,
a guardian ; lit. *■ hider.' Cf. Gk. K€i&$ttv,
to hide. See Hide. (VKEUDH.)Brugm.
i. % 699.
Custom. (F.-L.) M. £. custume,^
O. F. custuwe^ costume (F. coutume).
From a L. type *costumne, for *cos-
tudne, shortened form of consttetudinem,
ace. of consuetudo, custom. — L. consuetus,
pp. of consuescere, to accustom, inchoative
form of *consuire, to be accustomed. — L.
con- {cum), together, very; suescere (pp.
suitus), to be accustomed ; possibly from
suus, own; so that suescere ^io have it
one's own way.
Cut. (Scand.) M. £. cutten, a weak
verb. Of Scand. origin, but the traces of
it are not many. Cf. Mid. Swed. kotta,
to cut (Ihre); Swed. dial, kuta, kdta,
to cut small with a knife, also spelt
kvbta, kdta, kdta ; kuta, or kytti, a knife
(Rietz) ; \cit\, kuti, a little knife; Norw.
kyttel, kytel, kjutuU a knife for barking
trees.
Cuticle. (L.) L. cuticula, double
dimin. of cutis, hide, skin. See Hide.
Dep. cut-an-e'ous, from cut-is.
Cutlass. (F.— L.) F. coutelas, * a cut-
telas, or courtelas, or short sword ; ' Cot.
(Cf. Ital. coltellaccio, * a curtleax,* Florio ;
which is the same word.) — O. F. coutel^
cultel (F. couteau), a knife ; cf. Ital. col-
telle, knife; with ace. suffix -dceupi.^lj.
ace. cultellum, a knife ; dimin. of cutter, a
coulter. % The F. -as, Ital. -ck:cio='L,
•dceum; but F. coutelas was actually
turned into £. curtleaxe. Yet a curtle-
axe was a sort of sword !
cutler. (F.— L.) M. E. coteler,mm
O. F. cotelier. — Late L. cultelldrius, knife-
maker. — L. cultellus, a knife (above).
Cutlet. (F.-L.) F.<:^/^/^//^, a cutlet;
formerly costelette, a little rib; dimin. of
O. F. coste, rib.— L. costa, a rib; see
Coast.
CuttlCf a fish. (E.) Formerly cudele,
A. S. cudele, a cuttle-fish. Cf. G. kuttel-
fisch (perhaps from E.).
Cvcle. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. cy cicala,
cycfum, ace. of cyclus, — Gk. H{nt\o%, a circle^
cycle. + Skt. chakra-, • a wheel, circle.
Allied to Wheel. Der. cyclone *= Gk.
kvkXwv, whirling round, pres. pt. oiievKkow,
I whirl round ; epi-cycle ; bi-cycle,
Cyi^ety a young swan. (F.— L. — Gk.)
Dimin. of O. F. eigne, a swan. Strangely
enough, this O. F. word is not immedi-
ately from L. cycnus, a swan ; but the
oldest O. F. spelling was cisne (as in
Spanish), from Late L. cicinus, a swan,
variant of cycnus, ^G\i. kvkvos, a swan.
Cf L. ciconia, a stork. See Diez ; 4th ed,
p. 714.
125
CYLINDER
DAQQER
•. (F.-L.-Gk.) O.F. HU
indre^ later cylindre, — L. cylindrus, — Gk.
K^XjybpoSy a roller, cylinder. — Gk. xvXtvSctv,
to roll; from irvAtW, to roll. Cf. O. Slav.
ko/o, a wheel. (VQEL.)
Cymbal. (F.— L. — Gk.) M.E.cimdalg,
— O. F. cimbale. — L. cymbalum, — Gk.
KVfi0a\oVf a cymbal ; named from its cnp-
like shape. — Gk. KVfifiri, a cnp. 4- Skt.
kumbka-, a jar. Allied to Cup ; and see
Comb (3). (VKEUBH.)
CyniCf lit. dog-like. (L. — Gk.) L. cynt-
cus. — Gk. KvviKoSf dog-like, a Cynic. — Gk.
KVV', as in Kw-d^j gen. of kvwv, a dog (E.
hound),
cynosure. (L. — Gk.) L. cynosHra,
the stars in the tail of the constellation of
the Lesser Bear ; one of these is the Pole-
star (hence, a centre of attraction). --Gk.
Kw6covpa, the Cynosnre, tail of the Lesser
Bear ; lit. * dog's tail.* — Gk. tci^os, gen. of
Kvoiv, a dog ; ovpA, a tail.
Cy;pre88 (D, a tree. (F.-L.-Gk.)
M* E. apres. — O. F. cypres, later cyprh, —
L. cupressuSy cyparissus^^QrV, icvirapi<rffoSf
cypress-tree, Cf. Heb. ^^^r.
Cypress (a), a cloth of gold, a kind
of satin, a kind of crape. (F.— L.) Pals-
grave explains F. crespe by * a cypres for
a womans neck ' ; Cotgrave has * crespe,
cipres, cobweb lawri ' ; which suggests
some confusion of cypress with crape.
The origin of cypress is doubtful ; but
it occurs as cipres y cypirs in Piers Plow-
man, and as cyprus in Sir Degrevant, It
seems to have been imported from the isle
of Cyprus,
Cyst, a poach (in animals) containing
morbid matter. (L. — Gk.) Formerly
written cystis, « Late L. cystis, * Gk. nn/^rts,
a bag, pouch.
Czar, the emperor of Russia. (Russ. —
TeuL— L.) Russ. tsare (with e mute), a
king. O. Slav. ^/jrarT. — Goth, kaisar.^
L. CcBsar, ^This has been disputed;
but see Matt. xiii. 34 in Schleicher,
Indogermanische Chrestomathie, p. 375,
where O.Slav, cesarstvo occurs for Russ.
JsarstvOy kingdom; &c. Der. czarowUz,
from Russ. tsarevich\ czar*s son ; czaritsa,
from Russ. /xanVja, . empress ; czar-ina,
with Ital. suffix -ina, from G. fern, suffix
•in,
D.
Dab (Oi to strike gently. (E.) M. E.
dabben ; also cUibbe^ a blow. Not in A. S.
Cf. M. Du. dabben, to pinch, fumble,
dabble; G. tappen, to grope, prov. G.
tappe, fist, blow. See Dub, Tap.
oabble. (E.) To keep on dabbing;
frequent, of dab, 4> M. Du. dabbelen, to
fumble, dabble ; frequent, of M.Du. dcibben
(above).
Dab (a)» expert. (E.?) Prob. from
^^ (^) : perhaps influenced by dapper or
\iy adept.
Dab (3), a fish. (£.) M. E. dabbe.
Prob. allied to dab, a light blow, a soft
mass dabbed down. See Dab (i) , dabble.
Dabble ; see Bab (i).
Dab-chick. (E.) YoxmtiXy dap-chick,
dop-chick. Cf. A.S.<iS:^-^»idr, a moorhen,
lit. ^ dipping duck ; ' doppettan, to dip often,
immerse ; Du. dobber, a float. See Dip.
Dace. (F. — O. Low G.) Formerly
darce, — O. F. dars, nom. case of the word
also spelt dart, meaning (i) a dart, (3) a
dace. The fish is also called a dart or
a dare, from its swift motion. See Dare (a) ,
Dart.
Dacdt, a robber. (Hind.) Hind.
ddkdit, a robber belonging to an armed
gang; from 4^^i robbery by a gang
(Wilson). Der. dacoii-y, robbery.
Daclnrl. (L.— Gk.) L. dactylus, the
metrical foot marked -ww. »Gk. SairrvXo;,
a finger, a dactyl.
Dad. (E.) A child's word for < father.'
So also W. tad, Irish daid, Bret, tat, tad,
father ; Gk. rata, Skt. tcUa, dad.
Dado. (Ital. — L.) Formerly used of
the die, or square part in the middle of the
pedestal of a column ; afterwards applied
to the part of an apartment between the
plinth and the impost moulding.— Ital.
dado, a die, cube, pedestal. (Cf. Prov.
dat'%, a die.) — Folk-^. datum, assumed to
mean ' a die ' ; lit. ' a thing given, a lot.* —
L. datum, neut. of pp. of dare, to give.
See Die i2\.
Daffodil! (F.-L.-Gk.) The aT is a t/
later addition ; perhaps from M. F. fleur
daffrodille, translated ' daffodil-flower.*
M. E. affadille ; Prompt. Parv. — M. F. as-
phodile, also affrodiile, * th'affodill, or
asphodill flower ; * Cot. — L. asphodeius, —
Gk. do'0^8cXos, a kind of lily. See As-
phodel.
Daft, foolish ; the same as Deft.
Dagger. (F.) M.E, daggere; allied to
daggen, to pierce. — F. dague, a dagger;
of unknown origin (not Celtic). Cf. Ital.
Span, dc^a^ Port, adaga, dagger. The
a6
DAQQLE
DANDELION
Port, form suggests an Eastern origin ;
cf. Heb. ddkh&hf to strike.
' Sagflflei to moisten, wet with dew or
spray. (Scand.) Frequentative verb from
Swed. daggf Icel. dogg (gen. daggar), dew.
Cf. Icel. dbggva^ to bedew. See Dew.
Da^erreotype. (F. and Gk.)
Formed by adding -o-/^ to F. Daguerriy
a personal name, the inventor (A. D. 1 838).
Ilalllia. (Swed.) Named after Dahly
a Swedish botanist (A.D, 1791).
Dainty, a delicacy. (F.—L.) M. £.
deintee^ qrig. a sb., a pleasant thing ; cf.
A. F. deyniee^ greediness (Bozon). ■•
O.F. daintU (i. e. daintif)^ agreeableness.
» L. ace. digniiatem\ see Dignity.
% The O. F. daintie is the true popular
O. F. form ; digniteit is a pedantic form ;
cf. O. F. dain, old spelhng of digne^
worthy.
Dairy. (Scand.) M. £. deyeryty a
room for a deytf i. e. a milk- woman, farm-
servant.— O. Norw. dHgja, Swed. deja^ a
maid, dairy-maid, who was also the bread-
maker; theorig. sense is 'kneader of dough.'
■- Teut. type ^daig-jan-y sb. f., as if from
(Goth.) deigan (pt. t. daig)^ to mould;
whence also Goth, daigs, Icel. deigj Swed.
deg, dough ; see Dough. % The cognate
or borrowed A. S. dage occurs once only ;
pee Thorpe, Dipl, p. 641.
Dais, a raised floor in a hall. (F. — L.
~Gk.) Now used of the raised platform
on which the high table in a hall stands.
Properly, it was the table itself] but was
also used of a canopy over a seat of ^tate,
or of the seat of state. M. £. dgi^t deys, •-
A. F. deis^ O. F. dois^ a high table (Supp.
to Godefroy).>*L. discumy ace. of discus,
a quoit, platter ; in Late L, a table. — Gk.
blaaoSf a quoit, disc. See Diao.
Dailiy. (E.J) M. £. dayifsya (4 sylla-
bles). A. S. dages eage, eye of day, i. e.
the sun, which it resembles.
Dala, a valley. (£.) M. £. dale.^
A. S. dal (pi. dai'U), -f Icel. daJr, Dan.
Swed. dal, a dale; Du. dai; Goth, dais;
G. fAai; aUo O. Slav, do/a (Russ. dpi') ;
cf. Gk. 06KOS, a vault. Der. deii.
Daily, to trifle. (F.-Tent.) M. £.
daiien, to play, trifle. - A. F. and O.F.
daiier, to converse, chat, pass the time in
light converse (Bozon). Of Teut. origin ;
cf. Bavarian dalen, to speak and act as
children (Schmeller) ; mod. G. (vulgar)
dahieUy to trifle.
DalmatiOt a vestment. (F. ^ Dal-
matia.) F. daintatique. •- L. daimatica
{uestis) ; fem. of Daimaticus, belonging to
Dalmatia.
Dam CO) a mound, bank against water.
(E.) A. S. datum, only in the derived
yeih for-demman, to dam up; O. Fries.
dam ; North. Fries, dam. -f Du. dam^
Icel. dammr, Dan. dam^ Swed. damm,
M. H. G. tam, G. ddmm, a dam, dike,
Cf. Goih. faurdammjanf to dam up.
Dam (2), a mother, applied to animals.
(F— L.) The same word as Dame.
Damage. (F.~L.) U.IE., damage.^
A. F. damage (F. dommage); cf, Prov.
damnatje, answering to Late L. *damndti-
cum, harm ; we find Late L. damndiicus,
condemned to the mines. i-L. damndius,
pp. of damndre ; see Damn.
Damask. (Ital. — Syria.) M.£. da-
masJie, cloth of Damascus. » Ital. damasco.
— Heb. dmeseq, damask, Dammeseq, Da-
mascus (Gen. xiv. 15). Der. damask*
rose ; damask-im, to inlay with gold (F.
damasquiner, from damasqu-in, adj.).
Dame. (F.-L.) M. £. </rtw^.-O.F.
dame, a lady.^-L. domina; fem. of domi-
nus, a lord. See Don (2).
Damn, to condemn. (F.— L.) M. £.
damnen, dampnen, * F. damner. — L. dam-
ndre, to condemn, fine. • L. damnum, loss,
fine, penalty. Brug. i. § 762.
Damp. (E.) Cf. M. £. dampen, to
suffocate; £. Fries, damp, vapour. -f-Dn.
damp, vapour, steam; Dan. damp, G.
dampf, vapour ; Swed. damb, dust. From
the 2nd grade of Teut. ^dempan-, pt. t.
*damp, pp. *dumpano-, as in M, H. G.
dimpfen, timpfen, str. vb., to reek; cf.
Swed. dial, dimba^ str. vb., to reek. See
Dumps.
Damsel. (F.— L.) M.E. damosti.^
O. F. danuiseie, a girl, fem. of dameisei, a
young man, squire, page. •- Late L. domi-
ceiius, a page, short for *dominiceiius,
double dimin. of dominusj a lord. (Pages
were often of high birth.)
Damson. (L.— Syria.) M. £. dama'
scene, — L. , Damascenum (^prunum), plum
of Damascus. See Damask.
Danoe. (F. - O. H. G.) M. E. daun-
cen, — O. F. danser, — O. H. G. danson, to
drag alon^ (as in a round datice).i-
O. H. G. dans, 2nd grade of dinsen, to
pull, draw ; allied to E. Thin. • Cf. Goth.
at'thinsan, to draw towards one.
Dandelion, a flower. (F.-L.) F. \/^
dent de Hon, tooth of a lion ; named from
127
DANDLE
DASTARD
the jagged leaves. >L. dent^m^ ace. of
denSy tooth ; di^ prep. ; honem^ ace. of
leoy lion.
. Dandle. (£•) Prob. of imitative origin ;
cf. M. F. dodtner, dodeliner, ' to rock,
dandle, loll/ Cot. ; M. Ital. dandolare,
dondolare, ' to dandle or play the baby/
Florio; dandokty dondola^ a toy. Gode-
froy gives M. F. dandirur, to balance or
sway the body. Cf. £. Fries, diiuiannen,
to walk unsteadily, sway from side to side.
Daadriffi scurf on the head. (£.)
Formerly also dandruffs. Of unknown
origin ; bat cf. prov. 'E.dan, scurf, dander,
a slight scurf on the skin ; and (perhaps)
drib, a driblet, or driftj a fine shower.
% The W. marw'don, dandriif, is from
marw, dead, and hm, skin.
Dandy, a beau (£. ^). Origin unknown.
Prov. £. dandy, gay, fine. Note M. Dan.
dande, brave, excellent. Dandy is also a
form of Andrew, [F. dandin, 'a mea-
cock, noddy, ninny,' Cot., is unsuitable.]
Danger. (F.— L.) M. £. daungere,
power, esp. power to harm. — O. F. dan-
gler (F. danger), also dongier (XIII cent.),
absolute power, irresponsible authority.
This answers to a Late L. type *domnid-
rium, *dotninidriumy not found, but regu-
larly formed from Late L. ^m{t)nium^
power, authority. •Late L. domnus, L.
dominuSy a lord.
Danffle« to swing about. (Scand.)
Dan. wtn^e, Swed. dial, dangla^ to swing
about; cf. Swed. and Icel. dinghy Dan.
dingle, to swing about; frequentative
forms from ding (pt« t. dang), to throw
about. See Ding.
Dank, moist. (Scand.) M. £. dank,
wet (esp. with ref. to dew). — Swed. dial.
dank^ marshy ground; Icel. dokk (stem
*dankwd-) , a pool. Cf. Swed. dial, ddnka,
to moisten, Dan. dial, donke, dynke, Norw.
dynka, to wet ; also Dan. dial, dunkel,
moist, Swed. dial, dunkelhet, moisture ;
North. £. danker, a dark cloud; Sw«d.
dial, and M. Dan. dunken, musty; G.
dunkel, dark.
Dapper. (Du.) Orig. good, valiant ;
hence brave, fine, spruce. XV cent.— Du.
dapper, brave.^-O. H. G. taphar, weighty,
valiant, G. tapfer, brave ; Russ. dobrui,
good. Brugm. i. § 563.
Dapple, a spot on an animal. (Scand.)
dape, a pool, a wet splotch ; whence the
idea of * splash ' or ' blot.*
Dare (i)» to venture. (£.) M. £. dar,
I dare ; pt. t. dorste, durste, A. S. ic dearr,
I dare ; he dearr, he dare ; pt. t. dcrste ;
infin. *durran, + Goth, ga-dars, I dare,
'daursta, Idurst, infin. -daursan ; O. H. G.
tar, I dare, infin. turran. Also Gk. Bap-
aiiv, to be bold, Bpatrik, bold ; Skt. drsA,
to dare. (VDH£RS.) Brugm. i. $ 502.
Dare (3), a dace. (F.— O. Low G.)
A new form, made by taking darce (old
form of dace) as a pi. form {=dars), and
thence making a singular dar, now dare.
See Dace.
Dark. (£.) M. E. derk. A. S. decre,
with a broken vowel ; for . older *derc.
The O. H. G. tarchanjan^ to hide (answer-
ing to W. Germ. *dark'n-jan) is from the
and grade *dark of the same base. Cf.
also 0. Sax. der-ni, A. S. deme, O. H. G.
tar-ni, secret, dark ; see Tarnish.
darUinff, in the dark. (£.) Formed
with adv. s^x -ling, as m flat-ling, M. E.
hedling (headlong), A. S. bac-ling, back-
wards
Darling. (£.) M.E. derling, A.S.
diorling, a favourite. — A.S. d^or^e (in
comp. deor-), dear; with double dimin.
suffix 'l-ing. See Dear.
Dam. (£.) XVII cent. Prob. from %/
M. £. dernen, to conceal, from deme, adj.,
secret, hidden; cf. prov. E. dern, dam,
to hide, to stop up a hole. — A. S. deme,
dyrne, secret, hidden. + O. Sax. demi,
O. H. G. tami, secret. See Dark.
Darnel. (F.) M.E. darnel, demel.
From an O. F. word, now only preserved
in Walloon (Rouchi), darnelle^ darnel
(H^art). Hitherto unexplained; but cf.
Swed. d&r', as in d&r-repe, or repe, darnel
(Lowl. Sc. domel) ; and O. F. nielle, nelle
(Late L. nigella), darnel (Godefroy). The
Swed. d&ra means to stupefy (as with
lolium temulentum) \ cf. Dan. daare, a
fool ; Walloon damise, daurnise, drunken
(Grandgagnage) .
Dart. (F. - O. Low G.) M. K dart, -
O. F. dart (F. dard). Of Teut. origin ; cf.
A. S. dardli, a dart, Swed< dart, a dagger,
Icel. darraJHr, a dart, O. H. G. tart, a
dart.
Dasll. (£•) M. E. daschen. Cf. Ix)w G.
daschen, to thrash (Berghans) ; Dan.
Icel. depill, a spot, dot ; a dog with spots , daske, to slap, Swed. daska, to beat ; we
over the eyes is also called depilL The I speak of water dashing against rocks,
orig. sense is * a little pool,' from Norweg. | Dastard. (Scand. ; with F. suffix.)
ia8
DATE
DEAF
M,E, dastard; where -atd is a F. suffix,
as in duU-ard, slugg-ard. Dost appears
to be for dazed\ cf. Icel. dastr^ exhausted,
pp. of d^Esa^ to be out of breath ; daseiSr,
exhausted, weary, pp. of dttsask^ to be
weary ; see Dase. Cf. Icel. eUuiy a lazy
fellow, M. Du. dasaerty a fool (whence
M.£. das-art (i.e. daz{e)ard), a dullard,
in N. £. D.) ; Low G. ddskopp^ a block-
head (Berghaus). The orig. sense is ' slug-
gard.*
^ Date (i)» a given point of time. (F.—
^ L.) M. £.^a/^.-F. date^ date. -Late L.
daia^ a date ; L. daia^ neut. pi. of dcUus^
given, dated.— L. dare^ to give.+Gk. 8f-
Sa;/M, I give ; ^roi, given ; Skt. daddmiy
I give; Russ. dcUe^ to give. (^DO.)
Brugm. i. %% 167, 168.
V^ Date (a), fruit of the palm. (F.-L.-
Gk.) M. E. date, - O. F. date (F. datte),
also daielty a date. — L. dactylum, ace. of
dactylus.^'Gk, tAservKos, a finger; also a
date (somewhat like a finger). But it is
probable that SdrrvAos, a date, was a word
of Semitic or^n, assimilated to the word
for * finger.' Cf. Aramaic digid, a palm-
tree (see Gen. x. 27) : Arab, daaa/.
Daub. (F.~L.) U,E.dauSm.''0.¥.
dauber y to plaster ; answering to an older
form ^ddlber, — L. dealbdre, to whiten,
plaster.— L. d?, down, very ; albdrty to
whiten, from aibus, white ; see Alb. Cf.
S^n.jaibegar {^*d€tMcdre)y to plaster.
Der. be-daub.
y Daughter. (E.) M. E. doghter, doh-
ter. A. S. dohtor,'\'iyvi, dochter^ Dan. dat-
ter, dotter, Swed. dotter, Icel. doitiry Goth.
dauhiar, G. tochter\ Russ. doche^ Lith.
dukte^ Gk. Ovyd-njpy Pers. dukktarj Skt.
duhUf, Orig. sense doubtful.
Daunt. (F.-L.) M. £. daunten,^
O. F. danter\ also donter,^!^ domitdre,
to tame, subdue ; frequent, of domdre^ to
tame ; see Tame.
Danphin. (F. - L. - Gk.) F. dauphin,
a dolphin ; see Dolphin. A title of the
eldest son of the king of France, who took
it from the province of Dauphiny (a.d.
1349) \ <^^ ^^^ province had formerly had
several lords named Dauphin.
Daviti a support for ship*s boats.
(Heb. ?) Formerly spelt David , as if from
a proper name (a. D. i6a6). Also called
daviot in A. F., a dimin. of O. F. Davi,
David.
Daw. (£.) From the noise made by
the bird ; cf. caw.^O, H. G. taha^ a daw ;
dimin. tahele (now G. dohle), a daw;
whence Ital. taccola, a daw (Florio). Der.
Jack-daw.
Dawky transport by relays of men and
horses. (Hindi.) Hindi ifdky post, trans-
port, &c. (Yule).
Dawn ; see Day.
Day. (E.) lli.E. day, dai, dm, A.S.
dag, pi. ^^Ar.«4-Du. Dan. Swed. dag, Icel.
dagr, G. tag, Goth, dags. Allied to Lith.
dagos, hot time, autumn ; digti, to bum.
Teut. type *dagoz ; Idg. type *dhoghos ;
firom VDHEGH, to bum ; Skt. dah, to
bum, ni-d&gha-^ hot season. Day is the
hot, bright time; as opposed to night.
% In no way allied to L. dies,
dawiLi vb. (Scand.) M. E. dawnen ; l/
from the older sb. dawning,^SwtA, Dan. '
dagning, a dawning, dawn ; as if from a
verb *dag-na, to become day, from Swed.
Dan. d^, day. 2. We also find M. E.
dawen, to dawn ; from A. S. dagian, to
become day, dawn.— A. S. dag-, base of
dag, day. {Cf./azvn, vb.)
Daywoman, dairy-woman. (Scand.
and £.) In Shak. L. L. L. i. 2. 137.
The addition of woman is needless. Day
« M. £. d^e, «» O. Norw. deigja, a maid ;
esp. a dairymaid ; see Dairy.
OBMibm (Scand.) M. E. d&iJM, to stupefy.
—Swed. disa, to lie idle ; Icel. dasask, to
be wearied, lit. to daze oneself, where -sk
is the reflexive suffix ; dasi, a lazy man ;
dasinn, lazy ; Dan. dial, dase, to be idle ;
Low G. ddsen, dosen, to be listless ; in *n
das* sein, to be in a * daze' (Berghaus).
dasiley to confiise. (Scand.) From
daze; with firequent. suffix -U, Der. be-
dazzle,
De- {i),prejfix, (L. ; ^F.-L.) L. di,
down, away, from, very; hence sometimes
Y,d4-,de-, O.F. flfe-.
De- (a) , prefix, (F. - L.) F. aB?-, O. F.
des' ; from L. dis- ; see Dis-.
Deacon. (L. — Gk.) M. E. deken.
A. S. diacan.^'L, diaconus.^GV., SiAkovos,
a servant, a deacon. Cf. ky-Kovi«a, I am
quick, ly-Koyis, a maid-servant.
Dead. (E.) M. E. deed. A. S. dead,
dead.4-Du. daod, Dan. diki, Swed. difd,
Icel. daudr, Goth, dauths, Teut. type
*dau-9oz, orig. a pp. with Idg. suffix -to-
(Teut. -d(h) from the vb. *dau-jan- (Icel.
deyjd), to die. See Die (i).
Deaf. ( E.) M. E. deef, A. S. deaf.-^
Du. doof, Dan. dav, Swed. dofy Icel. daufr.
Goth, daubs, G. taub, Orig. ' obfuscated ;
139
p
DEAL
allied to Gk. rv<poSf smoke, darkness,
stupor, Twp'Kos, blind. (VDHEUBH.)
Deal (i), a share. (£.) M. £. deel.
A. S. dSif a share, -f Dn. deel, Dan. deel,
Swed. del, Goth, dails, G. tkeil. Cf.
O. Slav. d^liHf a part. Bmgm. i. § 279 (2).
deal (2), to divide, distribute. (£.)
M. £. delen, A. S. dalan.^A.S. dal, a
share (above). 4* ^u* deelen, Dan. <^/($,
Swed. ^/a, Icel. <^27a, Goth, dailjan, G.
tketlen ; cf. the respective sbs. Tabove).
Deal (3), a thin board. (Du.) Da. <^/,
aplank.HhG. </iV/i?; see Thill.
Dean. (F.-L.) M. E. flfe«^.-0. F.
deien (F. doyen),^Li. decdnum, ace. of
decdnus, one set over ten soldiers, or over
ten monks, a dean.— L. decern, ten.
Dear. (£.) M. E. dere, A. S. deore,
c^re, dear, precious. + Dan. and Swed. dyr,
dear, costly, Icel. dyrr, dear, precious;
O. Sax. diurt'j G. theuer,
\J dearthf scarcity. (£.) M. E. derthe,
deamess; hence, dearth. Not in A. S. ;
but formed as heal-th, warm-th, &c.<4-
Icel. dyrfi, value, from dyrr (above) ; O.
Sax. diuritha^ value, from diuri, dear,
precious; O. H. G. tiuridaf from Hurt
(G. theuer).
Death. (E.) M.E.deelA. A.S.deaS.
4-Du. dood, Dan. Swed.d^V/, Goth, dauthus,
G. tod\ cf. Icel. dauOi. Tent, type *dau-
duz, formed with Idg. suffix -tu-, Tent.
-9m-, from the base *Mu- ; see Dead.
Debar (F.) F. Ofdarrer; O.F. des-
barrer. From De- (2) and Bar.
Debase. (L** and F.-L.) Formed
from base by prefixing L. di, down.
Debate. (F.~L.) M. E. debaten.^
O.F. debatre, to debate, argue. — L. <^,
down ; battere, to beat. See Batter (i ).
Debauch. (F.-L. tz^^Teut.) O.F.
desbaucher, (F. dibaucker), * to debosh,
mar, seduce, mislead ; ' Cot. Diez sup-
poses that the orig. sense was *■ to entice
away from a workshop* ; it is certainly
derived from the O. F. prefix des' (L. dis^,
away, and O. F. bauche, explained by
Roquefort as ' a little house,* and by Cot-
grave as ' a course of stones or bricks
in building.' Cf. M. F. embaucher, to use
in business, employ, esbaucher, to rough-
hew, frame.* Godefroy gives desbaucher
only in the sense of ' rough-hew,* but his
Supp. adds — ' detach from one's service,
turn aside, distract.' The orig. sense of
bauche was prob. ' balk,' i. e. beam, hence
frame oi a building, course in building.
DECAGON
small bidlding, &c. ; of Teut. origin ; see
Balk.
Debentlirei acknowledgment of a
debt. (L.) Formerly debentur (Bacon).
— L. debentur, lit * they are due,' because
such receipts began with the words deben-
tur tnthi (Webster); pr. pi. pass, of
debeo, I owe ; see Debt.
Debilitate. (L.) From pp. of L.
debilitdre, to weaken. — L. debilts, weak. —
L. de, away, not ; -bilis, prob. allied to
Skt. bala-^ strength; cf. dur^bala- (for
dus'bala-)^ feeble. Bmgm. t % 55,^.
Debonair. (F-) M. E. debanere, de-
bonaire ; A. F. debonaire for de bon
aire, lit. of a good stock. — 'L.de, of; bon-us,
good; and O. F. aire, place, stock, race,
a word of uncertain origin. Diez
suggests that it represents Lat. ace
eigrum, field.
Debonch. (F.— L.) F. diboucher, to
uncork, to emerge firom ; hence, to march
out of a narrow pass. — F. ^ ( «= O. F. des-
<L. ^<V-), away; and bauche, mouth,
opening, from L. bucca, mouth.
Debris, broken pieces. (F. — L. and
Teut.) F. debris, fragments. - O. F. de-
brisier, to break to pieces. — O. F. de-,
from L. de, down ; and brisier (F. briser)^
to break ; see Bruise.
Debt. (F. — L.) A bad spelling of
dett, M. E. dette. - O. F. dette (but in M. F.
misspelt debte).'^'L, debita, a sum due;
fem. of dibitus, owed, pp. of debere, to
owe. Debere '^de-hibere (Plautus), Le. to
have away, have on loan.— L. de-, down,
away ; habere, to have. Der. debt-or,
M. £. det-tur, from O. F. deteur, L. ace.
dibitarem.
Debut. (F. - L. and O. H. G.) A first
appearance in a play. — F. d^but, a first
stroke, first cast or throw at dice, first play
in the game of bowls ; verbal sb. oidibuter,
M. F. desbuter, * to put from the mark he
aimed at * (at bowls). Cot. ; hence, to come
in first, be entitled to lead. From L.
dis', from, and F. but, mark. See Butt (i \
Decade. (F.~L.-Gk.) Y, decade,* 2,
decade,' Cot; i.e. an aggregate of ten.—
L. decadent, ace. of decas, — Gk. Sc^dSa,
ace. of 8c«df, a company of ten. — Gk.
hkKa, ten ; see Ten.
decagon. (Gk.) Named from its ten
angles.— Gk. hkna, ten; *fW'ia, a comer,
angle, allied to fhw,. knee ; see Knee.
Der. hendeca-gon {tvh^Ka, eleven) ; dodeca-
gon {JMtKa, twelve).
130
DECAHEDRON
deoahedron. (Gk.) Named from its
ten sides or bases. • Gk. S^isra, ten: i^-pa,
a base, lit. 'seat/ from tio/juu (for ifyofAai)^
T sit ; see Sit. Der. do-deca-fudron (Gk.
8ci;8<ica, twelve).
deoalogne. (F.-L.-Gk.) Y,dica-
iogue.'^'L.aecaJogum, ace. of decalogus.^
Gk. h€K&koyoi, the ten commandments. -^
Gk. ZiKa, ten; kirfoSf a speech, saying;
see Logic.
decasyllabic, having ten syllables.
(Gk.) Gk. hUay ten ; avWa^ri, a syllable.
Der. hendecasyllabic (Gk. tvl^na^ eleven).
Decadence, decay. (F. — L.) Y. deca-
dence, — Med. L. decctdentia^ ^ L. diy down;
cadentia^ a falling ; see Oadenoe.
Decamp, to depart. (F~L.) L. di-
camper ; O^ F. descamper, orig. to remove
a camp.— L. dis-, away; and campus, a
field, later, a camp. See De- (a) and
Oamp.
Decanal. (L.) Belonging to a dean,
i- \., decdnus, a dean ; with suffix -al (L.
-dits) ; see Dean.
Decant. (F.-L. a;f</Gk.) F. decan-
ter (Span. flSfrrtw/ar). — Med. L. decanihare
(a word of the alchemists), to pour out.—
I^. ^f from ; canthus^ the * lip of a cup,
a peculiar use of Gk. k6.v6w^ comer of the
eye (Hatzfeld). Der. decant-er, a wine-
vessel.
Deca^tate. (L.) From pp. of Late
L. dicapitdrey to behead. — L. di^ off; and
capit', stem of caput, head.
i)eca7f to fail into ruin. (F. — L.)
O. North F. decair (Span, decaer) ; vari-
ant of O. F. dechair, decheoir.^O, F. de^ ;
and cheoir (F. choir\ to fall. — L. de, down ;
and Folk-L. cadire, cadire, to fall, variants
of L. cadtre, to falL
Decease. (F.— L.) M. £. deces,^
O. F. deces (F. d^cis), death. — L. ace.
dicessum, departure, death. — L. dScessus,
pp. of dicldere, to depart.— L. di, from ;
eidere, to go away.
Deceive. (F. — L.) A. F. deceivre ;
O. F. deceveir, decevoir, pres. subj. deceive,
— L. dicipere, to take away, deceive. — L,
diy away ; and capere^ to take. Der. de-
ceit^ from O. F. deceit, pp. o{ deceveir,
December. (L. ;^rF.-L.) O. F.
Decemdre.^L, December, '^'L. decern, ten;
as it was the tenth month of the Roman
year.
Decemvir, one of ten magistrates.
(L.) L. decemuir, one of the decemuiri,
or ten men joined in a commission.— L.
DECOLLATION
decern, ten (see Ten); and uir, a man
(see Virile^.
Decennial, belonging to ten years.
(L.) For L. decenn-alis, of ten years;
cf. H-enniaL^'L, dec-em, ten; annus, a
year.
Decent. (F.-L.) 0,Y, decent, ^l^
decentem, ace. of pres. pt of decere, to
become, befit ; cf. decus, honour.
Deception. (F. — L.) 0,Y. deception,
— L. ace. deceptidnem,^!^ deceptus, pp.
of decipere, to deceive ; see Deceive.
Decide. (F.-L.) Y , didder.^!., di-
cidere^ pp. dictsus, to cut off, decide. — L.
de, down; and asdere, to cut. Der. de-
cis'ion (from pp. cUcisus),
Deciduous, falling off. (L.) L. di-
cidu-us, that falls down ; with suffix -(ms,
— L. dicidere, to fall down. — L. de, down ;
and cadere, to fall. See Decay.
Decimal. (F. — L.) 0,¥, decimal.^
Late L. decimalis, belonging to tithes.—
L. decima, a tithe ; fem. of cKcimus, tenth.
Cf. L. decem, ten.
decimate. (L.) From pp. of L. de-
cimdre, to select every tenth man, for
punishment. — L. decem, ten.
Decipher. (F. and Arab.) Formed
after F. dichiffrer, to decipher. — F. di-,
O. F. des-, L. dis-^ apart ; Cipher, q. v.
Deck, to cover. (Du.) Du. dekken, to
cover ; dek, a cover, a ship*s deck. Cog-
nate with E. Thatoh, q.v.
Declaim. (L.) Formerly declame.'^
L. diclUmdre, to cry aloud. — L. di, down,
fully ; cl&mdre, to cry ; see Claim.
Declare. (F.-L.) O.F. declarer,^
L. dlclSr&re, to make clear, declare. — L.
di, fully ; clSrus, clear.
Declension. (F.— L.) O.F. dedinai-
son, used for the * declension ' of a noun.
— L. diclinStidnem, ace. of dicUftdtio, de-
clination, declension. — L. diclindtus, pp.
of diclindre (below).
decline. (F.-L.) O.F. decliner.^
L. diclinare, to lean or bend aside from. —
L. di-, from ; -clindre (only in comp.), to
lean ; see Incline, Lean (i).
DecUvity. (F.-L.) F. didiviti.^
L. dicliuitdtem, ace. of decliuit&s, a
downward slope. — L. dicliuis, sloping
downward. — L. di, down; cliuus, a slope,
hilL See Lean (i).
Decoct. (L.) L. dicoctus, pp. of di^
coquere, to boil down. — L. di, down,
away ; coquere^ to cook.
Decollation, a beheading. (F.-L.)
131
DECOMPOSE
DEFEASANCE
O. F. decollation, ^JjEiit L. ace. dScolld-
tidnem. From pp. of dicolldre, to behead.
— L. de^ off; coilumy the neck.
Decompose. (F.-L. a;^^/ Gk.) F.
decomposer (XVI c.) ; from flife-, prefix, and
composer, to compose. See Compose.
Decorate. (L-) From pp. oidecordrCy
to adorn. — L. decifr- (for *decoS'), stem of
decus, honour, ornament ; cf. L. decire, to
be fit.
deconun. (L.) L. decorum, seemli-
ness; nent. of decorus, seemly. i-L. decor-,
stem of decor, seemliness, allied to decus
(above). Der. ift'decorum.
Decoy, a contrivance for catching wild-
dacks. (F. andDvL.) Coined from prov. E.
coy, a decoy, by prefixing the E. de- (F.
dif-, "L, df). £. coy is from Du. kooi, a
cage, decoy, M. Du. koye, older form
kouwe (Hexham) ; from L. cauea, whence
also F. and £. cage ; see Cage. % The
prefixing of d^- was probably due to con-
fusion with M. E. coy en f to quiet ; so that
de-coy seemed to mean a ' quieting down.*
Decrease. (F.— L.) A. F. descrees,
descreis, O. F. descrois, sb., a decrease ;
from descroistre, vb., to decrease.— Late L.
discrescere, used for L. dicrescere, to
diminish (pp. decrStus), -* L. dS, down,
away ; crescere, to grow.
decrement. (L.) L. dicrSmentum,
a decrease. — L. dicrS-tus, pp. of dicres-
cere.
Decree. (F.-L.) M. £. decree, -
O.F. decrel.-mL, dicritum.^l^ dicritus,
pp. of decernere, to decree, lit. to separate.
— L. <//, away ; cemere, to distinguish.
decretal. (F.-L.) O.F. decretal.
— Late L. dicrltdJe, a decree. — L. dicritus.
Decrepit. (L.) L. dicrepitus, noise-
less, creeping about like an old man, aged.
— L. di, away ; crepitus, noise, allied to
crepitus, pp. of crepdre, to crackle, make
a noise..
DeclTTf to condenm. (F.— L.) O.F.
descrier^ to cry down, disparage. — O. F.
des- (L. dis-), implying the reversal of an
act, and here opposed to * cry up * ; crier,
to cry. See Ory.
DeCUSSatef to cross at an acute angle.
(L.) From pp. of h. decussdre, to cross,
to put into the form of an X,^Li,decussis,
a coin worth ten asses (as-es), and there-
fore marked with X, i.e. ten.— L. decern,
ten ; assi-, stem of as, an ace ; see Ace.
Dedicate, to devote. (L.) L. cUdicd-
tus, pp. of didicdre, to devote.— L. de.
down ; dicdre, to proclaim ; from dic',
weak grade of die-, as in dicere, to say.
Deduce. (L.) L. didOcere, to bring
down (hence, to infer).— L. di, down;
dOcere, to bring. See Duke.
deduct. (L.) Orig. to derive from.
— L. diduct-us, pp. of didOcere, to bring
down (above).
Deed. (E.) M. E. deed, O. Merc, did,
A.S. ^^.-fDu. daad, Icel. ddfi, Swed.
dSid, Dan. daad, Goth, dids, G. thai,
O. H. G. tdt. Teut. type *d&di% ; Idg.
type *dhetis ; from ^DUE, to place, put,
do. See Do.
Deem. (E.) M. E. demen, A. S. dl-
man, to judge, give a doom. — A. S. dom,
a doom ; see Doom. Cf. Du. doemen,
Icel. dcema (for dcemd), Swed. doma, Dan.
domme, Goth, domjan, O. H. G. tuomian,
Teut. type *ddmjan-, from *ddmoz, doom.
Deep, profound. (E.) M. E. deep.
A.S. diop.^Dvi, diep, Dan. dyb, Swed.
djup, Icel. djupr, G. tuf, Goth, diups,
Teut. type *deupoz ; see Dip.
deptk, deepness. (E.) From deep;
cf. IceL (^pO, depth, from djupr, deep.^
Du. diepte ; Goth, daupitha.
Deer. (E.) M.E. deer, an animal.
A. S. dior, a wild animal. -fDu. ditr, Dan.
dyr, Swed. djur, Icel. c^, Goth, dius,
G. ihitr. Teut type *deusom ; Idg. type
*dheusom, i^roh. ^ vjAmtX* ; from *dheus-,
to breathe (Kluge). Bmgm. i. § 539 (2).
Der. wilder-ness, q. v.
Defkce. (F.-L.) M. £. defacen.^
O. F. desfacier, to deface, disfigure. —
O.F. des- (<L. ^w-), apart; face^ face;
see Face.
Defalcate, to abate, deduct. (L.)
From pp. of Late L. diffalcdre or dtfcU-
cdre, to abate, deduct, take away. — L. dif-
( =dis'), apart, or else d^, away; Late L.
falcdre, to cut with a sickle, from L. falx
{iXtvcifalc-), a sickle.
Defiuue. (F. — L.) M.E. defamen,
diffamen, — O. F. diffamer, to take away a
man's character. — L. diffdmdre, to spread
a bad report.— L. dif- (for dis-), apart;
fdma, a report. See Fame.
Default. (F.-L.) M. E. defaute,^
O. F. drfaute, a default, from defaiUir, to
fail ; imitating faute from faillir. See
De- (i) and Fault.
Defeasance, a rendering null. (F. —
L.) A.F. law-term defesance, a rendering
void. — O. F. drfesant, defeisant, pres. part,
of defaire, des/aire, to render void. — O. F.
13a
X
DEFEAT
DEGRADE
des- (L. dis"), apart ; /aire (L. facere), to
make.
defeat. (F.-L.) M.£. defaiten, to
defeat. * A. F. defeter^ioTrnt^ from O. F.
defait^ desfait, pp. of defaire^ desfaire, to
render void (above).
Defecate. (L.) From pp. of difae-
care J to free from dregs. »L. di^ out;
faec', stem oifaex^ ^hfaecis, dregs.
Defect. (L.) L. defectusy a want. • L.
defectus^ pp. of dificere, to fail, orig. to
nndo. — L. ^/, away; facere, to make.
Der. drfect-ion, -ive.
Defend. (F.-L.) M.E. defenden. —
O. F. defendrc^L.. difendere, to defend,
lit strike down or away. — L. de^ down;
*fendere, to strike, only in comp. de-fendere,
offendere. Cf. G. Otivtiv, to strike ; Skt.
han, (VGHwEN.) Biugm. i. § 664.
defence. (F.~L.) M.£. defence,^
O. F. defensc^'L. defensa^ a defending
(Tertnllian). — L. difens-us, pp. of di'
fendere (above). Also M. E. defens^ O, F.
defensy from L. difensum^ neat.
Defer (i), to delay. (F.-L.) M.E.
differren,^0. F. differer^ to delay.— L.
tafferre, to bear different ways, delay. — L.
dif' (for dts-\ apart ; ferre, to bear.
defer (3), to lay before, submit one-
sell (F.— L.) O. F. defereTy to admit or
give way to an appeal.— L. diferre, to
bring down, bring before one. — L. fl5?,
down ; ferre, to bear, carry.
Deficient. (L.) From stem of pres.
pt. of dificere, to fail ; see Defect.
deficitf lack. (L.) L. deficit, it fails;
3 p. 8. pres. oi dificere (above).
Defile (0> 'o pollute. (F.— L.; con-
fused with L. and %,) M. E. defoulen, to
trample under foot ; later spelling defoyle\
see Foil (i). This word is obsolete, but
it suggested a hybrid compound made by
prefixing L. di, down, to the old word
file, to defile (Macb. iii. i. 65) = A. S.
fylan (for *fuljan), to defile, make foul,
formed (by vowel-change oi U Xjq y) from
A. S.ftll, foul ; see Foul.
Defile (2), to march in a file. (F.— L.)
F. difiler, to defile. - F. aS^- -= O. F. des- (L.
dis')f apart ; filer, to spin threads, from L.
Jilum, thread. Der. defile, sb., F. difili^
a narrow passage ; orig. pp. of difiler.
Define. (F.-L.) O.F. definer, to
define, conclude.— L. deftnire, to limit.
— L. <^ down ; finire, to end, from finis,
end.
Defiect. (L.) L. deflectere^ to bend
down or aside. — L. di, down ; flectere, to
bend. Der. defiex-ion, from deflex-us,
pp.
Defionr, Defiower. (F.-L.) M.E.
defiouren,'^0,¥. defieurer, Cotg. — Late
L. diflordret to gather flowers.— L. di,
away ; fior-, ioifios, a flower.
Deflnzion. (L.) From ace. of L. di-
fluxio, a flowing down. — L. di, down ;
fluX'Us, pp. oifiuere, to flow.
Deforce, to dispossess. (F. — L.)
Legal. — A. F. deforcer, to dispossess (Med.
L. difforcidre).^0. F. de-^des- (L. dis-),
away ; and Y, force. See Force.
Deform. (F.— L.) M.E. deformen,
chiefly in pp. deformed, — O. F. difformer,
to deform ; Godefroy. — O, F. dtfforme,
adj., deformed, ugly; Cot— L. diformis,
ugly.— L. di, dLV/By, forma, shape, beauty.
De&and. (F.-L.) O.F. defrauder.
— L. difrauddre, to deprive by fraud. — L.
di, away ; frauds, stem oifraus, fraud.
Defray. (F. -L. and O. H. G.) O. F.
desfrayer, to pay expenses ; Littr^. — O. F.
des' (L. fl&V-); fraier, to spend. Fraier
is from O. F. *frai, *fre, IsXtTfrait, mostly
used in the pi. frais, fres (F. frais), ex-
penses ; cf. Low L. fredum, a fine, com-
position. — O. H. G. fridu (G. friede),
peace ; also, a fine for a breach of the
peace. See Afflray.
Defb, neat, dexterous. (£.) M. E. deft,
daft. A. S. dafte, as seen in ge-dafte, mud,
gentle, meek; ge-dceftltce, fitly, season-
ably; daftan, to prepare. Cf. A. S. ge-
daj-en, fit, pp. of a lost strong vb. *dafan\
Goth, gcukiban, to befit, gadobs, fitting.
DeAincty dead. (L.) L. defunctus,
i. e. having fully performed the course of
life, pp. oi,difungi, to perform fully. — L.
di, fully ; and fungi, to perform ; see
Function.
DeQr. (F--L-) M.E. defyen,^O.Y.
defier, dejfier, desfier, orig. to renounce
one*s faith. — Late L. difflddre^ to renounce
faith. — L. dif (for dis-), apart; fiddre
(from fidus, faithful), to trust; cf. L.
fidere, to trust. See Faith.
Degenerate. (L.) From pp. of L.
digenerdre, to become base. — L. digener,
adj., base. — L. di, down; gener- (for
*genes'\ stem oi genus, race. See Oenos.
Deglutitiony swallowing. (F. — L.)
F. diglutition,^L„ di, down; glUtitus,
pp. oiglatire, to swallow.
Degrade. (F.-L.) O.F. degrader,
to deprive of rank or office. — Late L. di*
111
DEGREE
DELVE
gradare^ the same.— L. di^ from ; gradus,
rank. See Qrade.
degree. (F--L-) O.Y.degre^degret,
a step, rank ; orig. a step d<nvn (used of
stairs). — L. di, down ; gradus, a step.
Dehiscent, gaping. (L.) L. dehi-
scent'^ stem of pres. pt. of dihiscere^ to
gape open. — L. de^ down ; hiscere, to
gape, inceptive of hiare^ to yawn; see
Hiatus.
Deify, Deist ; see Deity.
Deign. (F. — L.) M. £. deigtien,^
A. F. deign-., a stem of O. F. digf^t)er^ to
deign. — L. digndre, by-form of digndrf, to
deem worthy. — L, dignus, worthy. Brugm.
ii. § 66.
Deity. (F.-L.) M.E. deite.^O,¥.
deite.'^. deitatemt ace. of deitds, deity,
Godhead. — L. dei-^ for deus, God ; of.
diuus, godlike. Cf. W. duw, Gael, and
Ir. dia, Skt. d^a-, a god ; Gk. dioSf Skt.
daiz/a-y divine. See Tuesday.
deiff. (F. - L.) M. E. dei^en, -
O. F. aeifier, ' to deifie ; * Cot. — Late L.
deificdre, — L. deificus, accounting as gods.
— L. dei', for deus^ a god ; and -Jic-f for
facere^ to make. Der. deificat-ion^ due to
pp. of deificHre,
deist. (F.-L.) F. diiste. From L.
de-US ; with suffix -ist.
Deject, to cast down. (L.) From L.
deiectus, pp. of deicere {deiicere), to cast
down. — L. diy down ; iacere^ to throw.
Delay, Vb. (F.-L.) O. F. delayer,
dilaier\ also deleer (Godefroy). It answers
in sense to L. dil&tdre, to defer, delay,
put off ; which would properly give O. F.
dileer, Dildtdre is from dildtus^ deferred,
put off; from L. di- {dis-), apart ; Idtus,
borne, pp. of toilere, to lift, sustain, bear.
% The O. F. spelling with ai causes a
difficulty. Der. delay, sb. ; O. F. delau
Delectable. (F.-L.) Late M. E.
delectable. '^Y . delectable. ^\,. dilectdbilis,
delightful. — L. delectdre, to delight; fre-
quent, of delicere, to allure. See De-
Uoious.
Delegate, a chosen deputy. (L.) L.
delegatus, pp. of delegare, to depute, ap-
point— L. di, away; legdre, to depute.
See Legate.
Delete, to erase. (L.) L. diletus, pp.
of dilere, to destroy. See below.
Deleterious. (Gk.) Late L. dele-
teri-us, with suffix -ous. For Gk. 817X17-
rfifHos, noxious. — Gk. hrfXrjrtip, a destroyer.
— Gk. 817X^0^101, 1 harm, injure.
Delf. (Dn.) Earthenware first made at
Delft, formerly Delf, a town in S. Holland,
about A. D. 1 310 (Haydn). The town was
named from its delf 01 canal ; cf. Delve.
Deliberate, carefully weighed and
considered. (L.) L. deliberdtus, pp. of flS?-
liberdre, to consult.— L. di, thoroughly;
librdre, to weigh, from libra, a balance.
Delicate, dainty, refined. (L.) L.
dilicdtus, luxurious ; probably allied to
dilicia (or dilicia, pi.), pleasure, delight,
and to L. dilicere, to amuse (below).
delicions. (F.— L.) Hi. Y, delicious,
— O. F. delicious, — Late L. diliciosus,
pleasant. — L. dilicia, pleasure.— L. di-
licere^ to amuse, allure. — L. di, away;
lacere, to entice.
deliffht. (F. - L.) Misspelt for delite.
M. E. aeliten, verb.- O. F. deliUr, delei-
ter. — L. dilectdre ; see Delectable.
Delineate. (L.) From pp. of L.
dillnedre, to sketch in outline.- L. di,
down ; Itnedre, to mark out, from linea^
a line. See Iiine.
Delinquent, failing in duty. (L.) L.
dilinauent', stem of pres. pt. oidilinquere,
to fail, to omit one's duty.- L. di, away,
from ; linquere, to leave.
Deliquesce, to become lic|uid. (L.)
L. deliquescere, to become liquid.— L. d^,
away; liquescere, inceptive form oiliquerc,
to be wet. See Iiiquid.
Delirious. (L.) A coined word (with
suffix 'Ous), from L. dUtri-um, madness,
which is also adopted into English.- L.
delirus, mad ; lit. *' going out of the
furrow.* — L. di, from ; and lira, a furrow.
Cf. O. H. G. leisa, G. g-leise, a track.
Deliver. (F. — L.) O. F. delivrer, to
set free. — Late L. deliberdre, to set free. —
L. di, from ; Itberdre, to free, from liber,
free.
Dell, a dale. (E.) M. E. delle, A. S.
dell, neut. ; Cart. Sax. i. 547; ii. 71.
Teut. type *daljom ; see Dale.
Delta. (Gk.) Gk.dcXra, the letter A;
answering to Heb. daleth, the name of the
4th letter of the alphabet ; orig. ' a door of
a tent.' (Orig. Phoenician.) Der. deltoid.
Delude. (L.) L,diliidere{pp,deliisus),
to mode at, cajole.— L. di, down ; liidere,
to play. Der. delus-ion, from the pp.
Deluge. (F.-L.) O.F. deluge. -^"L,
diluuium, a washing away. — L. diluere,
to wash away. ^ h, dt- {dis-), apart ;
luere, to wash, allied to Lave.
Delve, to dig. (E.) M. E. delucn.
134
DEMAGOGUE
DENOMINATE
A. S. delfatty pt. t. dealf, pp. dolfen.'^'Dvi.
delven ; M. H. G. telben. Cf. Rnss. doU
bite J to hollow out. Bnigm. i. § 521 (2).
Demagogue. (F.-Gk.) F. (Uma-
gogue. — Gk. SrjfjLayoaySs, a popular leader.
— Gk. drjfi'os, people; d7ci;7os, leading,
from &y-€iVf to lead.
Demand. (F.— L.) F. demander, to
demand, require. — L. demanddrey to en-
trust ; in late L., to demand. — L. de,
away ; tnanddre^ to commission, order.
Demarcation. (Span. - L. and
M. H. G.) From Span, demarcacion (see
N. E. D.) ; whence also F. demarcation.
— L. de, down ; and Span, marcar, to
mark, a word of German origin; see
Marque.
Demean (i), to conduct; reflex,^ to
behave. (F. — L.) M. E. afew^w^w. — O. F.
demener, to conduct, guide, manage. —
O. F. flfe ( = L. de) , down, fully ; mener^ to
conduct, from Late L. mindre, to drive
cattle, conduct, from L. mindrt ^io threaten.
See Menace.
demeanour. (F. - L.) M. E. demen-
ure (XV cent.) ; a coined word, Irum
M. E. demenen^ to demean, behave; see
Demean (i).
Demean (3), to debase, lower. (Hy-
brid; L. and £.) Made, like debase^
from the prefix De- (i), and the adj.
mean. See Mean (2).
Demented, mad. (L.") Pp. of the old
verb to dement. ^\., dementdre, to drive
out of one's mind. — L. de^ from ; ment-,
stem of mens^ mind.
Demerit, ill desert. (F.— L.) Also
merit, in z. good sense; Cor. i. i. 276.—
O.F. demerite, desert; ^also a fault, de-
merit.— Late L. demeritum, a fault; from
pp. of L. demerere^ demerert, to deserve
(in 9^ good sense). —L. de^ fully; merere,
mererty to deserve. See Merit.
Demesne. (F.— L.) A. F. demeine^
demene^ also demesne (with silent s) ; other
spellings of Domain, q. v.
Demi-, half. (F. - L.) O. F. demi,
half. — L. ace. dimidium^ half. — L. di- =■
dis-j apart ; mediuSj middle ; see Medium.
^ Demyohn, a kind of large bottle.
(F.) t rom F. dame-jeanne ; cf. Span.
damajuana. Much disputed, but not of
Eastern origin. The F. form is right as
it stands, though often much perverted.
From F. dame (Sp. damd)^ lady; and
Jeanne (Sp. Juana)^ Jane, Joan. See
N. E. D.
Demise, transference, decease. (F. — L.^
O. F. demise, desmise, fem. of pp. of
desmettre^ to displace, dismiss. — L. dtmit-
tere ; see Dismiss.
Democracy. (F.-Gk .) Formerly de-
mocraty (Milton). — M. F. democratie ; Cot.
— Gk. iijfioKpariay popular government,
rule by the people. ■- Gk. Srjfio-, for S^ftos,
a country-district, also the people ; and
Kparfiv, to rule. Cf. O. Ir. dam, a retinue.
Demolish. (F. — L.) O.Y.demoliss-y
inchoative stem of demolir, to demolish. -•
L. demolirif demoHre, to pull down. — L.
de, from ; molesy heap, mass.
Demon. (L.— Gk.) Y oTmtxXy damon,
» L. damon. — Gk. Saifjuuv, a god, genius,
spirit. Cf. baiofiai, I impart.
Demonstrate. (L.) From pp. of L.
demonstrdre^ to show fully. — L. ^, down,
fully ; monstrdre, to show, from monstrum,
a portent. See Monster.
Demoralise, to corrupt in morals.
(F.-L.) Mod. F. dimoraliser.^Y . d4-,
O. F, des (L. dis-), apart ; moral, moral ;
with suffix 'ise («F. -iser^ for Gk. -ifcii^).
See Moral.
Demur, vb. (F.— L.) O. F. demotirer,
demeurer, to tarry ; hence, to hesitate.—
L. demordrt, to delay fully —L. fl^, fully;
mordrty to delay, from mora, delay.
Demure. (F. — L.) XIV cent. Coined
by prefixing de- (see De- (i)), to M. E.
mure^ mature, calm, demure. — O.F. w«<r
(F. mi^r^, mature. — L. mdturus\ see
Mature.
Demy ; a spelling of demi-.
Den. (E.) M. E. den\ A. S. denn, a
cave, allied to denu, a valley. -f M. Dn.
denne, a cave (Kilian).
Denary, relating to tens. (L.) L.
dendrius, containing ten. — L. dent ( « *deC'
ni), pi. ten by ten. — L. dec-em, ten. Hence
denier, L. dendrius, piece of ten (as-es).
Dendroid. (Gk.) Gk. Uvhpov, a tree ;
-uhrjs, like, from c?8os, form, shape.
Denisen, a naturalised citizen, inha-
bitant. (F. — L.) Formerly deynsein.'^
A. F. and O. F. deinzein (also denzeifC),
used in the Liber Albus to denote a trader
within the privilege of the city franchise,
as opposed Xoforein, Formed by adding
the suffix -ein ( = L. -dneus) to O. F. deinz,
now spelt dans, within. '"L. de intus, from
within. — L. de, from ; intus, within, allied
to Interior.
Denominate. (L.) From pp. of L.
dendmindre, to name. — L. de, down, fully ;
135
DENOTE
ndminSrty to name, from ndmin^^ stem of
nomen, a name ; see Noun.
Denote. (F.— L.) V,d4noter,m.'L,de'
notdrey to mark out. ^ L. dij down ;
notdre, to mark, from nata^ a mark. See
Note.
Denonement, the undoing of a
knot. (F.— L.) ¥, denouement ySh,,itom
d^noueTy to undo a knot. — L. dis-, apart ;
noddre, to knot, from nodus, a knot. See
Node.
Denounce. (F.— L.) 0,Y,denoncer:
—L. dinunti&re, to declare. — L. diy down,
fully ; nuntidre^ to tell, from nuntius, a
messenger. See Nuncio. "Der.denunciat-
ion^ from L. pp. dinuncidtus.
Dense. (L.) L. demus, thick.<4-Gk.
Sflurt^, thick. Brugm. L § 851. Ber. con-
dense.
Dent ; see Dint.
Dental. (L.) Formed with suffix -al
(F. -a/, L. 'd/is) from L. denl-, stem of
denSf a tooth, cognate with £• Tooth.
dentatedi furnished with teeth. (L )
L. dentdtus, toothed. *L. dent-, stem of
iienSf a tooth.
denticle, a little tooth. (L.) L. den-
ttcuius, double dimin. of dens, a tooth.
dentifrice, tooth-powder. (F.— L.)
F. dentifrice, — L. denti/ricium (Pliny). —
L. denti-, decl. stem of dens, a tooth;
fric-dre^ to rub.
dentist. (F.-L.) ¥,dentiste. Coined
from L. dent; stem of dens, a tooth.
dentition. (L.) L. dentltidnem, ace.
oidentitio, cutting of Xtt\h.'^Y,.dentitus,
§p. of dentire, to cut te«th.>L. denti-,
ed. stem of dgns, a tooth.
DenudOf to lay bare. (L.) L. d^nH-
dare, to make fully bare.— L. d^, fully;
nOddre, to lay bare, from nOdus, bare.
See Nude.
Denunciation ; see Denounce.
Deny. (F.-L.) M.E. flfe»i<f«.-M.F.
denier, earlier form deneier, — L. denegdre,
to deny fully.— L. di, fully; negdre, to
deny. See Negation.
Deodandy lit. a thing to be given to
God. (L.) From L. dT^^, dat. of ^^j, God ;
dandum, neut. of dandus, to be given,
from dare^ to give.
Depart. (F.-L.) 0,Y,departtr,des'
partir, to divide, to part from.— L. dis-,
away from; partire, to part; see Fart.
Cf. L. dispertire.
Depend. (F.— L.) O. F, dependre, to
depend, haog on ; Cot. — L. dipendere, to
DEPOSITION
hang down qr from.— L. di, down, from ;
pendere, to hang. See Pendant.
Depict. (L*) Formerly used as a pp. —
L. d/ipictust pp. of dSpingere, to depict,
lit. paint frilly.— L. di^ fully; pingere, to
paint. Cf. Picture.
Depilatorjr, removing hair. (L.)
Formed, in imitation of ^f. F. depilatoire
(Cot.), from a L. adj. *dipildtdrius, not
found. — L. depild-re, to pluck out hair. —
L. di, away; pildre, to pluck away hair,
from, pilus, hair.
Depletion. (L.) *Depletion,zxitmpty-
ing ; Blount. Formed, in imitation of
repletion, from L. diplitus, pp. of diplire,
to empty.— L. di, away; plire, to fill.
See Plenary.
Deplore. (F.-L.;<7rL.) O.F. de-
plorer,^la. diplordre, to lament over.—
L. di, fully; pldrdre, to cry out, wail,
weep. Brugm. i § 154.
Deploy, to open out, extend. (F.— L.)
F. aeployer, to unroll, unfold ; O. F. des-
ploier, to unfold. — L. dis-, apart ; plicdre,
to fold. A doublet of DiBplay.
Deponentf one who testifies. (L.) L.
diponent', stem of the pres. pt. oitiipdnere,
to lay down, also (in late L.) to testify. —
L. di, down ; ponere, to lay. See Position.
Depopnlate. (L-) Frompp. of L.<i;f-
popuTdre, to lay waste ; in Late L. to de-
prive of people or inhabitants. Orig. to
ravage by means of multitudes.- L. di,
fully ; pipuldre, to populate, fill with
people, frovapopuluSj people ; see People.
Deport. (F. - L.) M. F. deporter, to
bear, endure ; se deporter, to forbear, quiet
oneself. — L. diportdre, to carry down, re-
move ; with extended senses in Late Latin.
Der. deportment^ O. F. deportement, be-
haviour. ^For the varying senses, see
¥. deporter.
Depose. (F.-L. and Gk.) O.F. de-
poser ^ to displace. — O. F. de- (L. de), from ;
and F. poser, to place, of Gk. origin, as
shown under Pose. % Much confused
with derivatives from h, pdnere, to place.
See below.
Deposit, vb. (F.-L.) Obs. F. de-
positer, to entrust. — Med. L. dipositdre, to
lay down. — L. dipositum, a thing laid
down, neut. of pp. of diponere ; see De-
ponent.
deposition. (F.-L.) p. F. deposi-
tion, '^L. ace. dipositionem, a depositing.
— L. dipositus, pp. of diponere, to lay
down (above).
>36
DEPOT
depot, a store. (F.-L.) F. dipdt\
O. F. deposL - L. dlpositum^ a thing laid
down (hence, stored) ; neut. of dipositus,
pp. of diponere ; see Deponent.
Deprave. (F. ~ L.) M. £. deprauen, —
O. F. depraver, mmlj, deprduare, to make
crooked, distort, vitiate. i-L. di^ fully;
prauust crooked, depraved.
Deprecate. (L.) From pp* of L.
diprec&rly to pray against, pray to remove.
— L. di, away; precdrl^ to pray. See
Freoarious.
De^eciate. (L.) From pp. of L.
depretidre, to lower the price of.^L. di,
down ; pretium, price. See Freoious.
Depredate. (L-} From pp. of L.
dgprad&rty to plunder. — L. flS?, fully; pra-
dart, to rob, from pngda, prey ; see Prey.
Depress. (F.— L.) O. F. depresser
(Godefroy).— L. type *dipressdre; from
L. dipressus, pp. of dsprimere, to press
down. — L. diy down ; pretnere^ to press.
Deprive. (F. — L) O. F. depriver
(Godefroy). — Late L. deprtvdre^ to de-
prive of office, degrade. — L. de^ fully;
priuare, to deprive. See Private.
Deptil ; see Deep.
Depute. (F.-L.) U. F. deptaer; Cot,
— L. diputdre^ to cut off, also to impute,
destine.— L. <//, down ; putdre, to cut off,
orig. to cleanse. Der. deput-y^ M. F.
deputS, one deputed, pp. of deputer.
Derange. (F. - L. and O. H. G.) F.
dhranger^ to disarrange; formerly des-
rangier, mmJa. dis-^ apart; O. F. rangier y
rengierj to range ; see Bange.
Derc^Ctioily complete abandonment.
(L.) L. ace. direlicHmenty complete neg-
lect. — L. direlictuSf pp. of derelinquerey to
forsake. — L. ^, from ) relinquere, to leave
behind, from re-^ back, and linquere, to
leave. See Belinquiah.
Deride. (L*) L* dSridlre^ to laugh
down, laugh at; from de^ down, and
ridlre^ to laugh. Der. deris-ive, from
pp. dirJsus.
Derive. (F.— L.) O. F. deriver, to
derive, also to drain. — L. diriudrey to
drain off water. — L. dif from ; riuuSf a
stream. See Bivulet.
Derm, skin. (Gk.) Gk. 8^p;ia,skin.—
Gk.8^pciy, to flay; cognate with £. Tear,
vb., to rend.
Dierogate. (L.) From pp. of L. difro-
gdrcy to repeal a law, detract from. — L.
di, away ; rogdre^ to ask, propose a law.
See Bogation.
DESIGN
Derrick, a kind of crane. (Du.) Orig.
the gallows; and named from a Dutch
hangman ; see T. Dekker, Seven Deadly
Sins of London, ed. Arber, p. 17. — Du.
Dierryk, Dirky Diederik ; answering to G.
Dietrichy A. S. peodriCy * ruler of the
people.'
Dervis, Dervish, a Persian monk,
ascetic. (Pers.) Pers. darvlshy poor; a
dervish, who professed poverty. Cf. Zend
dri'^u-y poor ^Hom).
Descant. (F.— L.) Orig. a variation
in a song. — O. North F. descant {O, F. des-
chant)y a kind of song. -LateL. discantus,
a refrain, kind of singing. — L. dis-, apart;
and cantus^ a song. See Cant (i).
Descend. (F.-L.) M. F. descendre ;
Cot. — L. discendere, lit. to climb down. —
L. di, down ; scandere, to climb ; see
Scan.
Describe. (L.) l^descrtbereyXQ^rA^
down, describe fully ; pp. descriptus
(whence descriptioti). — L. dij down;
scribere^ to write. See Scribe.
descry. (F.—L.) M.E,desefyenyto
discern. — O. F. descrire, short form of
O. F. descrit/re, to describe. — L. descrtbere.
% Sense affected by O. F. descrier, to pro-
claim, publish ; from O. F. des- (L. dis')^
and crier, to cry.
Desecrate. (L.) From pp. of L. de-
secrdre or disacrdre, to consecrate ; (with
change of sense due to O. F. dessacrer^ to
profane, from L. dis-, apart). — L. de^ fully ;
scurdrCy to account as sacred ; see Sacred.
Desert (i), a waste. (F.-L.) O.F.
desert y a wilderness.— L. disertum, neut.
of disertuSt waste; pp. of deserere, to
desert, abandon.— L. diy away (negative) ;
serere, to join.
Desert (2), merit. (F.-L.) O.F.
desert, fem. deserte^ lit. a thing deserved,
pp. of deserviry to deserve ; see below.
deserve. (F. — L.) O.Y.deservir.mm
L. deserutrey to serve fully ; in Late L., to
deserve. — L. dSy fully; serutre^ to serve.
See Serve.
Deshabille, careless dress. (F.-L.)
F. dishabille^ undress. — F. d^shabillery to
undress. — Y.cUs (L. dis-)y apart, away, un- ;
habillery to dress ; see Habiliment.
Desiccate, to dry up. (L.) From pp.
of L. disiccdrey to drain ary. — L. diy away ;
siccdrey to dry, from siccusy dry.
Desiderate ; see Desire.
Design, vb. (F. - L.) O. F. desigfur,
to denote, to design.— L. disigndre, to.
*37
*'3
DESIRE
denote, mark down.^L. di^ down; sig'
ndrcj to mark, from signum^ sign. Per.
design-ate,
I>esire,tolongfor. (F.-L.) O.F. ^-
sirer^ desirrer.^L., disiderdre^ to long for,
regret, miss. Perhaps (like considerdre)
allied to sidus, a star, as if to turn the eyes
from the stars, to r^[ret, miss.
desiderate. (L.) h.destderd/us,]^p,
oidisiderdre (above).
Desist. (F.-L.) O.F. desister, to
cease. xL. disistere^ to put away, also to
desist. •L. diy away; sistere, to put, also
to stand still, from st&re, to stand.
Desk, a sloping table. (L. — Gk.)
M. £. desket desk; in Chaucer, C.T., F.
1 1 28. « Med. L. desca, a desk; c£ Ital.
descOf ' a desk ; * Florio. ^ L. discum,
ace. o( discus,' Si disc, table. See Disc,
Dish.
Desolatef solitary. (L.) "L^disoldtus,
forsaken; pp. o( desd/dre, to forsake. *L.
d^, fully; so/are, to make lonely, from
sffiuSf alone.
Despair : see Desperate.
Despatch; see Dispatoh.
Desperatef hopeless. (L.) L. dispe-
rdtusy pp. of desperdre^ to lose all hope. ~
L. <U, from ; sperare, to hope ; from spgr-,
as in sper-eSf O. Lat. pi. of spest hope.
despair, vb. (F.— L.) M.£. des-
peiren, desperen, -■ O. F. despeir-y tonic
stem oidesperer, to despair. *L. dispirare
(above).
desperadOi a desperate man. (Span.
— L. ) M. Span, desperado, « L. dispirdtus,
pp. of dispir&re (above).
Despise, to contemn. (F.—L.) M.E.
despisen,^0. F. despis-, stem of the pres.
part., &c., of despire, to despise.— L. dS'
spicerCy to look down, look down on
(below). Der., despic-e^le, from L. di-
spicari, to look down on, allied to di-
spicere.
despite, spite, hatred. (F. — L.) M.£.
despit,^0,¥, despit, 'despight, spight ;'
Cot. — L. despectum, ace. of dispectus,
contempt.— L. dispectus, pp. of despicere^
to despise. — L. di, down ; spccere, to look ;
see Species.
Despoil. (F.-L.) 0,¥.despoiller(J.
d^pouuler), to despoil.— L. dispoliare, to
plunder. — L. di, fully ; spoli&re, to strip
of clothing, from spolium, spoil ; see
Spoil.
Despond. (L.) L. dispondire, (1) to
promise fully, (a) to give up, yield (hence,
DETAIL
to despair). — L. di, (i) fully, (a) away;
spondire, to promise.
Despot, a tyrant. (F L.~Gk.) O.F.
despot. — Med. L. despotus. — Gk. 8co'ir($ri;s,
a master ; lit. ' master of the house.' The
syllable 8«<r- = Idg. *dems, ' of a house ; '
of. Skt. dam-pati', master of the house.
The syllable vox- is allied to Gk. vocn,
husband, Skt. pati-, lord, and to Potent.
Brugm. i. § 408.
Desquamation, a scaling off. (L.)
From pp. of L. desqu&m&re, to remove
scales. — L. dl^ off; squ&ma, a scale.
Dessert. (F.—L.) O.F. dessert, ^^
last course at dinner. — O. F. desservir, to
do ill service to ; also, to take away the
courses at dinner. — O. F. des-, from L. dis-,
away ; servir, from seruire, to serve.
Destine. (F.—L.) O.F. destiner, to
ordain. — L. distindre, to destine, ordain;
allied to L. distina, a prop, support. — L.
di, down ; and *standre, to cause to stand,
derivative of stare, to stand. Cf. Cretic
arcarum, I set. Brugm. ii. § 603.
Destitute. (L.) L. distitatus, left
alone ; pp. of distituere, to place alone. —
L. di, away ; statuere, to place, causal of
stare, to stand.
Destroy. (F.—L.) lA^'E. destroien,
destruien.^ O.F, destruire (Y.dJtruire;
Ital. distruiggere).mmh. type *destrugere,
for L. distruere, to pull down, unbuild,
overthrow (pp. destru€tus),^lj, di, down;
struere, to pile up.
destmction. (F.-L.) O.F. de-
structiim.'^'L. ace. distructionem \ from
distruct'US, pp. oi distruere (above).
Desuetude, disuse. (L.) L.,disuitiido,
disuse. — L. disuitus, pp. of desuescere, to
grow out of use, opposed to ccn-suescere ;
see Custom.
Desultory, jumping from one thing
to another. (L.) L. disultorius, orig. be-
longing to a disiUtor ; hence, inconstant. —
L. disultor, one who leaps down, or from
horse to horse. — L. disultus, pp. oidisilire,
to leap down.— L. de, down; satire, to
leap.
Detaell. (F.-L.a»^G.) Y, detacher,
to unfasten. — F. di'=0, F. des- (L. dis-),
apart ; F. tache, a nail, tack ; see Tack.
Der. detachment. Cf. Attach.
Detail, a small part. (F.-L.) O.F.
detail, ' a peece-mealing, also retaile, or a
selling by parcels ; * Cot. — O. F. detailler,
to cut into pieces. — O. F. de- (L. di^,
down fully; tailler, to cut; see Tailor. '
138
DETAIN
DEVOIR
Per. detaily verb (which is from the sb.
in £., thongh in F. it is the other way).
Detain. (F. — L.) From a tonic stem
of O. F. detenir. .- L. diiinire, to hold
back ; pp. ditentus. ^ L. de, down ; tenirey
to hold. Der. detention (from the pp.).
Detect. (L.) From L. ditectus, pp.
of dStegere^ to micover, expose. — L. dS^
away ; tegere, to cover. See Tegument.
Detention; see Detain.
Deter. (L.) L. dSterrSre^ to frighten
from. — L. di^ from; iet^ire, to frighten.
See Terror.
Deterge, to wipe off. (L.) L. deter-
girey to wipe off. — L. di, off ; tergere^ to
wipe. Der. deterg-ent^ from the pies. pt.
Deteriorate. (L.) L. deterior&tus,
pp. of deteriardre, to make worse. — L.
deterufTy worse. Formed from diy away,
from; with comp. suffixes -ter-ior, (So
also in'ter-ior from in.)
Determine. (F.-L.) O.F. deter-
miner, mmh, determindre, to bound, end.—
L. de, down, fully ; temiinare, to bound,
from terminusy a boundary; see Term.
Der. pre-determine.
Detest. (F — L.) M.F. detester, to
loathe.— L. detestariy to execrate, impre-
cate evil by calling down the gods to wit-
ness. — L. dSy down ; testari, to witness,
from testisy a witness.
Dethrone. (F.— L. ^ii»/Gk.) M.F.
desthronery * to unthrone ; * Cot. — O. F.
des- (L. dis')i apart; L. thronusy from
Gk. $p6voSy a throne. See Throne.
Detonate, to explode. (L.) L. d^to-
ndtusy pp. of detan&rey to explode.— L. diy
fully ; tondrey to thunder.
Detour, a winding way. (F.— L.) F.
cUtoury a circuit; verbal sb. from F.
ditoumeTy to turn aside.- F. d4~ (L. dis-^y
aside, apart ; toumery to turn. See Turn.
Detraction. (F. — L.) O.F. detrac-
(ion*^L. dgtractionenty ace. of ditractioy
a withdrawal ; hence a taking away of
one*s credit.— L. ditractusy pp. of ditra-
herey to take away, also to disparage.—
L. dgy away; traherey to draw. See
Trace (i).
Detriment. (F.-L.) 0,F, detriment.
— L. dilrimentttmy loss ; lit. * a rubbing
away.' — L. ditrt-tusy pp. of ditererey to
rub down ; with suffix -ntentum. — L. diy
down ; tererey to rub. See Trite.
Detrude. (L.) L. ditrOderey to thrust
down. — L. diy down ; truderey to thrust.
Dence (■)> &two, at cards. (F. — L.)
1
O. F. deus (F. deux)y also dous, two.— L.-
duosy ace. of dudi two.
deuce (a), the devil. (LowG.— F.—
L.) Low G. de duus ! the deuce ! (Bre-
men Worterbuch) ; G. der daus ! Orig.
an exclamation on throwing the deuce or
two at dice, as it was a losing throw.—
O. F. dotiSy two (above).
Deuteronomy. (L.— Gk.) LateL.
deuteronomium. — Gk. d€VT€pov6fuoUy a
second giving of the law. — Gk. Sci^rcpo-s,
second ; vdfi-oiy law.
Devastate. (L.) From pp. of L. de-
uastdre, to lay , waste. — L. de, down ;
uastdre, to lay waste, from adj. uastus,
waste.
Develop, to unfold, open out. (F.—
L. and Teut.) F. divelopper^ O. F. des-
velopery desvoluper, — O. F. des- (L. dis-^y
apart ; and the base velop- or vdlup-y which
appears also in envelope. This base repre-
sents Teut. wlap'y as in M. £. wlappen, to
wrap up ; see Ijap (3), Wrap.
Devest, to unclothe. (F.— L.) From
M.F. desvestiry to devest.— L. dis-y off;
and uestirey to clothe. Doublet, divest.
Deviate. (L.) From pp. of L. de-
uidrey to go out of the way.— L. diy from ;
uiay way.
devious. (L.) L..diui'USygomgGxiX
of the way; with suffix -^m5. — L. diy
from ; uia; way.
Device, a plan. (F. — L.) M. £.
deuysy deuise {devySy devise). ^O. F. deznsy
devisey a device, also a division.— Late L.
dtuisumy diuisay a division ; also a judg-
ment, device ; orig. neut. and fem. of
pp. of diuidere, to divide ; see Divide.
devise, to plan. (F.^L.) tA.E.de-
uisen {devisen), — O. F. deviser, — O. F.
devis or devisey sb. (above).
Devil. (L.-Gk.) A.S.dio/uIydio/oi.
— L. diabolus.^Gk. bidfioKoi, the slan-
derer, the devil. — Gk. StafidW€iv, to throw
across, traduce, slander. — Gk. Sid, through,
across; fidWeiVy to throw; see Belemnite.
Devious ; see Deviate.
Devise ; see Device.
Devoid, quite void. (F. — L.) M. £.
deuoid\ due to deuaidedy pp. of deuoiden
{devoiden)y to empty. — O.F. desvuidier,
desvoidiery to empty out. — O. F. des-
(L. dis-^ ; voidiery to empty, from voidey
vuidey adj. empty ; see Void.
Devoir, duty. (F.— L.) lA.E. deuoir.
— M.F. devoir, O. F. deveiry to owe ;
used as a sb. — L. dibirey to owe ; see Debt.
39
DEVOLVE
DIAPASON
Dovo1t6. (L.) L. deuoluere^ to roll
down, bring or transfer to. ~ L. de^ down ;
uoluere^ to roll. % A frequent old sense
of devolve was ' to transfer.* Der. devolut-
ion^ from the pp. divolutus.
Devotei vb. (L.) L. deuotus, pp. of
diuouercy to devote, vow fully. — L. di,
fully ; uouirej to vow. See Vote.
Devonr. (K.— L.) O.F. devorer (i p.
s. pr. devoure),^\^, deuorare, to consume,
eat up. — L. diy fully; uordre, to gulp
down. See Voraoity.
Devout. (F. ~ L.) M. £. deuot (devoi) ,
also spelt devoute» — O. F. devot, devoted. —
L. deudlusyjpp, of diuouere ; see Devote.
Dew. (E.) M. £. deuy dew, A. S.
diaWy dew.^-Dn. dauw^ Icel. dogg (gen.
di^gvar), Dan. dug^ Swed. dagg, G. than,
Teut type *dauwo-, Perliaps allied to Skt.
dhSVy to rufi, flow ; Gk. OUtVj to run.
Dexter. (L.) L. dexter^ on the right
hand side, right. 4* Gk. Sc^t^s, right, Skt.
dakshina-, on the right or south, Goth.
taihswa^ right hand, W. deheu^ right,
southern, Gael, and Irish deas (the same).
The Skt. dakshina- is orig. * clever ' ; of.
Skt. daksha-y able, daksh, to be strong.
DejT, a governor of Algiers. (F. — Turk.)
F. t£^.— Turk, ddiy a maternal uncle;
afterwards, in Algiers, an officer, chieftain.
Dhow, a slave ship (?). Mod. Arab.
ddOy but not an Arab, word (Yule). Orig.
language unknown.
Dl- (i), prefix; apart. (L.) L. di-,
shorter form of dis- ; see Dia-.
Di- (2), prefix; twice, double. (Gk.)
Gk. 8t- (for 8tf), twice. 4* L. bis, bi- ; Skt.
dvis^ dvi-. Allied to Two.
Dia-, prefix. (Gk.) Gk. hia, through,
between, apart ; allied to Di- (3', and to
Two. ^In nearly all words beginning
with dia-^ except dialy diamond, diary.
Diabetes, a disease accompanied with ,
excessive discharge of urine. (Gk.) Gk.
htafiiyrt^s, a pair of compasses, a siphon,
diabetes. — Gk. Sta/Sacyctv, to stand with ,
the legs apart (like compasses or a siphon).
— Gk. 8(a, apart; fiaiptiv, to go; see
Come.
Diabolieal. (L.-Gk.) h.diabolic-us,
devilish. — Gk. SiafioXiKSs, devilish. — Gk.
itdffoKos, the devil ; see Devil.
Diaconal, belonging to a deacon.
(F, — L. — Gk.) F. diaconal, 'm hsitc L.
diacondliSy from L. didconus, a deacon ;
see Deaoon.
(Gk.) Gk. hiaHf>iriK6s, dis-
tinctive. — Gk. htwcpiv^iv, to separate.—
Gk. 8(a, apart ; Kpivuv, to judge.
Diadem, a fillet, crown. (F. - L. — Gk.)
M.E. and O.F. diademe.^1^, diadema.^
Gk. didirffm, a fillet. — Gk. Sea, apart,
across ; 5^-a;, I bind, allied to Skt. dd,J.o
bind (whence dr<f;//<7;f, a garland). (^D£.)
Brugm. ii. § 707.
DSsBresis, a mark (*) of separation.
(L. — Gk.) L. diaresis.mmGV, biaiptais, a
dividing. — Gk. Siwi, apart; tuptms, a taking,
from alpuv, to taRe.
Diagnosis, scientific determination of
a disease. (Gk.) Gk. Ziayvmais, a dis-
tinguishing.— Gk. hia, between; yvwcuj
enquiry, from f^wvat, to know.
Diagonal. (F. ~ L. — Gk.) F. diagonaJ,
— L. aiagondlis, running from comer to
comer. — Gk. hia'^inmn (the same). — Gk.
Sid, through, between ; ywvia, an angle,
bend, allied to y6vv, knee ; see Knee.
Diagram. (1 — Gk.) L„diagramma,
a scale, gamut (hence, sketch, plan). — Gk.
^idypafXfM, a figure, plan, gamut. — Gk.
Biayp6jip€iv, to mark out by lines, describe.
— Gk. 9fa, through ; ypi<puv, to write.
Dial. (L.) M. E. dial. - Med. L. didlis,
relating to a day ; hence a plate for shew-
ing the time of day. — L. dies, day. Bmgm.
i. §233.
Dialect, a variety of a language. (F.—
L. — Gk.) F. dialecte.^h. diitleclus, f.—
Gk. bidKticTos, f., discourse, language,
dialect. — Gk. Sia\4yofAai, I discourse. —
Gk. bid, between ; kiyuv, to speak.
dialogue, a discourse. (F.-^L. — Gk.)
F. dialogue. '^h. dialogum, ace. oidicUogus.
— Gk. bidXoyoi, a conversation.— Gk. bia-
Xiyofiai, I discourse (above).
Diiuneter, the line measuring the
breadth across or thickness through. ( F.
— L. — Gk.) Mid. F. diametre, * a dia-
meter ; ' Cot. — L. diametros. — Gk. Std-
fifTpos, f. — Gk. bid, through; /Urpcv, a.
measure ; cf. iitrpttv, to measure.
Diamond. (F.-L.-Gk.) M.E. ^tVx-
mant.'^O.Y. diamant, altered form of
adamant', so also Ital. Span. diamatUe,
G. diamant, dernant. See Adamant.
Diapason, a whole octave, harmony.
(L. — Gk.) L. diapason, an octave, con-
cord of a note with its octave. — Gk. hux'-
w&ff&y, concord of first and last notes of an
octave, lit. * through all ' the notes. — Gk.
bid, through ; naawu, gen. pi. fem. oi vas,
all (xopbSf¥ being understood) ; see Fan-»
prefix.
140
DIAPER
DIET
Diaper, figured linen cloth. (F.^L.—
Gk.) Cf. O. F. diapri^ diapered ; from
the verb diaprer^ to diaper, dr * diversifie
with flourishings ; ' Cot. The verb is
formed from O. F. diaspre^ later diapre^ a
fine cloth, often described as blanc (white).
—Late L. diasprusy adj., also used as a sb.
(tunica de diaspra alba), — I^ite Byzantine
Gk. Siaoir/Ms, adj., pure white ; from &-a,
wholly, iffvpos, white (see N. E. D.).
^ Not the same as Ital. diasproy a jasper ;
but cf. Prov. diaspeSy diaspres^ diaper,
costly cloth (Bartsch) ; also Late L. aspert^
white money (Ducange).
BiapliailOlUlf transparent. (Gk.) Gk.
liwpav-'fiiy transparent ; with suffix -ous, ■«
Gk. 8ta, through ; ^av-, allied to tpaivuv^
to shew. Bruem. i. § 195.
Diajpllore'laCf causing perspiration.
(L.— Gk.) L. diaphoreticusy sudorific —
Gk. ii€uftopriTtic6s (the same). — Gk. dia-
tt>6fnjaiSf perspiration.— Gk. dta^pcu^, to
carry off (by perspiration). -• Gk. Bid,
through ; ^o^ciV, to carry, allied to fpiptiv,
to bear ; see Bear.
Diaphragm, a dividing membrane.
(F.-L.-Gk.J F. diaphrasme.^'L, dia-
phragtna,^GK.» hiiippayi»a, partition, mid*
riff. — Gk. 8f(i, between ; <pp&ffcca (fut.
<l>p6(ej), I fence in, enclose.
biarrlUBa. (L. — Gk.) L. diarrhaa, —
Gk. Jkdfifioiay lit. 'a flowing through.' —
Gk. BiafifiittVj to flow through.— Gk. Bid,
through ; fiitiv, to flow.
Diary. (I^*) L< didrium^ a daily
allowance, also a diary.— L. di?s, a day.
See Dial.
Diastole, dilatation of the heart. (Gk.)
Gk. BiaaroK^y a drawing asunder, dilata-
tion.— Gk. btcurriKKfiVy to put aside or
apart. — Gk. Std, apart ; ot^XXcif, to put.
biatonic. proceeding by tones. (Gk.)
Gk. BtaroviKoSy from Bidrovof (lit. stretched
out), diatonic— Gk. Biartivtiv, to stretch
out.— Gk. Bidj fully ; rtivtiv, to stretch.
Diatribe. (F.-L.-Gk.) ¥. diatribe.
— L. diatriba, a learned disputation.—
Gk. Biarpifiiffy a wearing away of time,
waste of time, discussion.— Gk. Biarpi'
puVfto waste time, to discuss. — Gk. 8«i,
thoroughly; rpifieiv, to rub, waste away
(with long 1).
Dib, to dab lightlyf (E.) A lighter
form of dab. Hence dibber, a dibble ; see
below.
dibblei an instrument for setting plants,
by making holes. (E.) M.E. debil, de-
bylU ; apparently formed from Dab ,* see
above.
Dice, pi* of Die (a), q. v.
Dicker, half a score. (L.) 'M^.E.diker
(cf. Icei. dekr),^L, decuria, a set often.—
L. dec-em, ten.
Dicotyledoili a plant with two seed-
lobes. (Gk.) From Gk. 8c-, double;
KOTvKfjBdw, a cup-shaped hollow, from
Konukijy a cup.
Dictate. (L.) L. dictattis, pp. of dic'
tare, to dictate, frequentative of dicere, to
say (below). Der. dictat-ar,
diction, talk. (F. - L.) F. diction, -
L. dictidfteniy ace. of dictio, a saying. — L.
dictusy pp. of dfcere, to say, appoint ; allied
to dicdrey to tell, publish.^Gk. MxyvfUy I
shew ; Skt. dify to shew ; Goth, gateihan,
to announce, G. zeigen, to accuse, point
out. Bmgm. i. % 207. (VDEIK.)
dictionary. (L.) Late L. dictiond-
riuniy foimed irom diction', stem oidictiOy
a saying, word (above).
DidactiCf instructive. (Gk.) Gk. 81-
BaKTiit6iy instructive. — Gk. BiBdaiciiVy to
teach ( « HiBoK-aicuv) ; allied to BoKHVy to
think, BiieofAaiy Ionic for BixofjuUy I accept ;
cf. L. discerey to learn, docere, to teach.
Brupn. i. § 707. (-/DEK.)
Didapper, Divedapper, a bird;
see Dive.
Die (i), to lose life. (Scand.) M.E.
dyeny deyen ; Late A. S. de^an, — Icel.
aeyja\ Swed. diiy Dan. doe, to die.+
M. H.G. touwen\ cf. Russ. davit{e)y to
strangle. The Teut. base is *daUy whence
*dau'jan (Icel. cUy-ja), Cf. Dead, Death.
Die (3), a small cube for gaming. (F.—
L.) Used as sing, of M. E. dysy more
usually deeSy dice — O. F. dez, dice, pi. of
dety a die (F. df), Cf. Prov. dat, Ital.
Span. dadOy a die.— Late L. datumy lit. a
thing given or decreed ; hence applied to
a die for casting lots. — L. datuSy pp. of
dare, to give. See Date ( i ).
Diet (i\ regimen. (F.-L.-Gk.^ M.E.
diefe,^0,Y, diete, daily fare.— Late L.
dietay diceta, a ration of food. — Gk. Bkaiia,
noode of life, diet. Brugm. i. § 650.
(2), an assembly. (F.— £.— Gk.)
M.F. dietey * a dlete, parliament;' Cot.—
Med. L. diatay a public assembly ; also a
ration of food, diet. — Gk. {(atra, a mode of
life, diet; see Diet (1). % The peculiar
use of the word was due to a popular
etymology which connected diata (often
spelt dietct) with dies, a day ; we even
DIFFER
DIMITY
find diata used to mean ' a day's journey *;
and dieta for * a day's work ' and * a daily
office or dnty ' ; Dncange.
Differ. (F.-L.) M. F. differer.^'L,
differre, to carry apart, to diifer. — L. dif-
(for dis-), apart; ferre, to bear. Cf. Defer.
BiffiCQltj. (F.-L.) U.E,difficultee.
— O. F. difficulte.^l^. difficult ateniy ace.
of difficuUas (for *diffic%lttaSy \\\it facultas
foryiwz7«/af), difficulty. — L. difficilis^ hard.
— L. dif- (for diS')y apart; facilis^ easy ;
see Facile.
Diffident. (L.) L. diffident-, stem of
difftdenSf pres. pt. oi difftdere^ to distrust.
— L.£/^-( = flfw-), apart; fidere^ to trust,
allied Xafides^ faith. See Faith.
Diffuse. (L.) L. diffususj^^. oidif-
fundere, to shed abroad. — L. dif- {^dis-)y
apart ; fundere, to pour ; see Fuse (i).
Dig. (F.— Du.) F. diguer, to make a
dike. — F. digue, a dike.— Flem. a^Du.
dijk, a dike ; see Dike.
Dlgesty to assimilate food. (L.) M. £.
digest, used as a pp. » digested.— L. diges-
tus, pp. of dtgerere, to carry apart, sepa-
rate, dissolve, digest. — L. di- (for dis-),
apart ; gerere, to carry.
bight, adorned. (L.) Z?i]fii/ as a pp. is
short for dighted, from the obs. verb dight,
to arrange, prepare, M. E. dikien, to pre-
pare. A.S. dthtan, to set in order, arrange ;
borrowed from L. dictdre, to dictate, pre-
scribe I see Dictate.
Digit, a finger, figure. (L.) L. digitus,
a finger ; hence a figure, from counting on
the fingers.
Dignity. (F.-L.) M.E. dignitee.'^
O. F. dignet^, — L. dignitatem, ace. of
dignitas, worthiness. — L. dignus, worthy.
Brugm. i. § 762 (3).
dignify. (F.-L.) 0,Y,dignifier,^
Med.L. dtgnificdre,Xo make worthy. — L.
digni', for dignus, worthy; -ficdre, for
facere, to make.
Digress, lit. to step aside. (L.) L.
digressus, pp. of dtgredt, to go aside.— L.
di- (for dis-), apart; gradi, to go. See
Qrade.
Dllce, A trench, trench and embankment,
bank. (£.) M. £. dik. A. S. die, masc.
+D11. dijk, Icel. diki, Dan. dige, Swed.
dike, G. teich, pond, tank. Dep. dig, q. v.
See Ditch.
Dilacerate. (L.) From pp. of L.
dilfuerare, to tear apart. — L. di- (for dis-),
apart ; lacerdre, to tear. See Iiaoerate.
Dilapidate, to pull down stone build-
ings, to ruin. (L.) From pp. of L. dih*
ptddre, to scatter like stones. — L. di- (for
dis-), apart ; lapid-, stem ol lapis, a stone.
Dilate. (F.-L.) O. F. dilater, to
widen. — L. dildtdre, to widen. — L. di-
(for dis-\ apart ; Idtus, broad. See Lati-
tude. Der. dilat'ory, A. F. dilator ie.
Dilemma, a perplexity. (L.-Gk.) L.
dilemma.^ Gk, biXrjfiftaf a double proposi-
tion, or argument in which one is caught
between two difficulties. — Gk. 8/-, twice,
double; Xrjiiiui, an assumption, premiss.
See Lemma.
Dilettante, a lover of the fine arts.
(Ital.-L.) Ital. dilettante, lit. 'delight-
ing in.' — Ital. dilettare, to delight. — L.
dUectdre, to delight ; see Delectable.
Diligent, industrious. (F.-L.) O.F.
diligent, ^Yj. diligent-, stem of diligens,
careful, diligent, lit. loving (fond); pres.
pt. of diligere, to love, select, lit. choose
between. — L. ^- ( =• dis-^, apart ; legere, to
choose. See Legend.
DiU, a plant. (E.) M. E. dille, A. S.
^/i/ff.-f- Du. dille, Dan. dild, Swed. dill, G.
dill, dille, O. H. G. tilli.
Dilute. (L.) lu^diiatus^Y^^oidiluere,
to wash away, also to mix with water.— I^.
di- (for dis-), apart ; luere, to wash.
Dim. (E.) M. E. dim, A. S. dim, dark.
4- Icel. dimmr, dim ; M. Dan. dim, Cf.
M. H. G. timmer, dim ; Swed. dimma, a
fog, haze ; O. Irish deim, dark.
Dime, the tenth part of a dollar. (F.—
L.) F. dime, O. F. disme, tenth. — L.
decima, a tithe ; fem. of L. decimus^ tenth,
allied to decem, ten. See Ten.
Dimension. (F.-L.) 0,Y,dimen-
sion.'^L. ace. dimensionem, a measuring.
— L. dimensus, pp. of dimetiri, to measure
off.- L. di- (for dis-), apart; metirt, to
measure. See Measure.
Diminisll, to lessen. (F.—L.) Coined
from L. di- {*=dis-), apart, and E. minisA;
in imitation of L. diminuere, to diminish
(below). See Minish.
diminntion. (F.—L.) F. diminu-
tion, ^h. ace. dtminOtidnem, diminntion.
— L. diminiitus, pp. of diminuere, to
lessen.— L. ^/- (■sd?'w-), apart; minueret
to lessen. See Minute.
Dimissor^, giving leave to depart.
(L.) L. dimissoPius, giving leave to go
before another judge.— L. dimissus, pp. of
dimittere, to send away. — L. di- (for dis-),
away ; mittere, to send.
Dunitj, a white stuff. (Ital. — L. - Gk.)
X4a
DIMPLE
DIRGE
Ital. ditnito (jA,dimtti)f ' a kind of course
cotton or flanell ; ' Florio.^Late L. dimi'
turn (pi. dimita), silk woven with two
threads.— Gk. ^/uroSf made vrith a double
thread. — Gk. di-, double ; /dros, a thread
of the woof.
Dimolei a small hollow. (E. ?) M. E.
dympuU, Perhaps from a base *dump',
allied to dip, Cf. Dan. dial, dump^ a
hollow in a held ; dybbel^ a pool, a hollow
in the upper lip (Molbech) ; Du. dompelen^
to dive; G. dumpfel, M. H. G. tUmpfel,
O. H. G. tumphiloy a deep pool. Also
Lith. dhhuSf hollow ; dkbti, to be hollow
(pres. t. dumd-u),
iHn, clamour. (E.) M. £. dtfts, dune,
A. S. dyne, dyn ; dynnan, to resound. ^
Icel. dynr, Swed. d&n, Dan. dan^ noise;
Skt. dkuni'f roaring, </Azum-, a din, dAvan,
to resound.
Dine. (F.-L.) M. E. dinen,m.O. F.
disner, F. dfner, to dine. — Late L. *diS'
iiindre, short for ^disiHundre^ to break
one's fast. — L. dis^ ; iiiundre, to fast, from
iiiunus, fasting. (Romania, viii. 95.)
dinner. (F.— L.) yL,E, diner \ from
O. F. disner, to dine ; the infinitive mood
being used as a sb.
Dingy to throw violently, beat. (E.?)
M. £. aif^genf pt. t. dan^, pp. dungen ; as
a strong verb ; though not found in A. S.
Cf. IceL dengia, Dan. dange^SyftA^ddngOy
to bang; all weak verbs. Cf. M. Dan.
dinge, to blunt an edge by beating on it ;
O. H. G. tangol, a hammer. From a Teut.
type *dengan'.
Dingle, a deejp dell. (E. cr Scand.)
M. E. dingle, Cf. dimble^ in a similar
sense. Of uncertain origin. Cf. Dimple.
Dingo, the native dog of Australia.
(New S. Wales.) New S. Wales dingOy
written teingo in 1798 (Morris).
Dingy, dirty. (E.) Ong. soiled with
dung. Cf. A. S. dingiung (for *dyng{i>ung^
with g as/), a dunging ; from dung^ dung ;
so also Swed. dyngig^ dungy, from dyng^
dung ; see Dung. For the pronunciation,
cf. stingy (allied to sting).
Dingy (with hard g)^ Dingey^ a small
boat. (Bengali.) ££eng. dingy, a small
boat ; * it has become legitimately incor-
porated in the vocabulary of the British
Navy, as the name of the smallest ship's
boat • (Yule).
Dinner; see Dine.
Dint, a blow, force. (E.) M. E. dint^
dunt\ also dent, A.S. dynt^ a blow.+
Icel. dyntr^ a dint, dynta^ to dint ; Swed.
dial, duntf a stroke, dunta^ to strike.
Diocese. (F.-L.-Gk.) M. E. duh
m*.— O. F. diocise (F. dioc^se),^h, dice-
cisis, — Gk. hiohtfiaa. administration, a
province, diocese. — Gk. SiotWo;, I keep
house, govern. — Gk. &- (for did), through-
out ; oiWoi, I dwell, occupy, from oTiro;, a
house ; see Wiok, a town.
Dioptrics, the science of the refraction
of light. (Gk.) Gk. rd fiioirrpcKd, dioptrics.
— Gk. lkowTpiK6sf relating to the btowrpa^
an optical instrument for taking heights,
&c. — Gk. Ik'd, through; base *o|r- (fut.
S^ofjuu), to see; -rpa, fem. instrumental
suffix. See Optics.
Dioramai a scene seen through a small
opening. (Gk.) Gk. di- (for 8i<i), through ;
ipa/Mif a sight, from dpAwj I see.
Dipi to plunge, immerge. (E.) M. E.
dippen, A. S. dyppan^ later dippan ; for
*dt4p'jaHf causal form from the base dup-^
weak grade of deup-t as seen in A. S. dic^^
deep ; see Deep. Cf. Dan. dyppe, to dip.
Diphtheria. (Gk.) From Gk. 81^
Bipa, leather ; from the leathery nature of
the false membrane formed in the disease.
CT. Gk. dc^ciV, to make supple.
Diphthongi a union of two vowel-
sounds in one syllable. (F.— L.— Gk.)
Formerly dipthong (Ben Jonson).-iM. F.
dipthongue, — L. ace. diphthongum^ f. — G.
bitpBoYfos, with two sounds.— Gk. 8i- (for
81s), double; <p$&yyos, sound, from tpOiyyo^
fiaif I cry out.
IHploma. ^.-Gk.) L. diploma^ a
document conferring a privilege. — Gk.
8(irA.a>fia, a thing folded double ; also, a
licence, diploma (prob. orig. folded
double).— Gk. 8iirX^o$, double. — Gk. 81-
ipii)t double; -irX^o;, folded. Der. di-
plomat'iCt from 8(irAar/iar-, stem of SivAw/m.
Diptera« two-winged insects. (Gk.)
From Gk. 81- {pii) , double ; irrcp^v, a wing,
from the weak grade of virofMif I fly.
Diptych, a double-folding tablet. (L.
-Gk.) Late L. pi. diptycha, - Gk. 8/-
•nrMxa^ a pair of tablets ; neut. pi. of 8f-
iTTvxoy, folded in two. — Gk. li- (8fs),
double ; irrvx^?* a fold, ftritao^w^ to fold.
Dire. (L*) i'* dirus^ fearful.
Direct, adj. (L.) L. dtrectus, pp. of
dtrigerey to direct. — L. df- (for dis-), apart ;
regerty to rule.
dirge. (L.) Formerly dtrige\ from
the first word of the anthem ^ dirige, Do*
minus mens,' in the office for the dead.— L.
143
/
DIRK
DISEMBARK
dirige^ direct thou (cf. Ps. v. 8) ; a p. imper.
sing, oidirigere above).
Dirk, a dagger. (Da.?) Spelt dork
(a. d. 1002) ; also durk. Perhaps from Da.
dolk^ a dagger ; a word of Slavonic origin.
Cf. Polish tulichf a dagger. % Irish duirc,
a poniard, is borrowed from E.
Dirt. (Scand.) From M. E. drit (with
shifted r). — Icel. drity dirt, excrement of
birds. Cf. Icel. dritat to void excrement.*}-
M. Du. dretCj Du. dreei, sb., drijten, vb.
Dis-, prefix, (L.) L. dis-, apart ; cf.
Gk. 8t-, apart ; see Di-. Hence O. F.
des'y which sometimes becomes dis- in E.,
and sometimes de-^ as in de-feat. The
prefix dis' commonly expresses the re-
versal of an acti somewhat like the K.
verbal prefix un-. For most words be-
ginning with this prefix, see the simpler
forms. For example, for dis-abuse, see
abuse ; and so on.
Disaster. (F. — L.) M. F. desastre,
<a disaster, misfortune;' Cot. Lit. Mil-
fortune.' — O. F. des'f for L. dis-^ with a
sinister or bad sense ; and M. F. astre,
a star, planet, also destiny, fortune, from
L. astrum, a star.
Disburse. (F.-L. and Gk.) O. F.
desbourser^ to take out of a purse. ~0. F.
des- (L. dis-)t away; F. bourse, a purse,
from Late L. bursa^ Gk. fi^poa, a skin
(hence, a bag). See Bunar.
Disc* Disk, a round plate. (L.-Gk.)
L. discus, a quoit, a plate. i-Gk. Hiaieos, a
quoit. — Gk. Aiciiv, to cast, throw. Brugm.
i. $ 744. See Dish, Desk, Dais.
Discern. (F.— L.) F. discemer.^la,
discemere, to separate, determine. -> L. dis-^
apart; cemere, to separate. Cf. Con-
oem.
Disciple. (F.-L.) F. disdpU.^lu,
discipulum, ace. of discipulus, a learner.
— L. discere, to learn ; alUed to docire, to
teach; see Dooile. Der. discipUine^
O. F. discipline, L. disciplina, learning.
Disclose. (F.-L.) M. E. disclosen.
— O. F. cUscloS', pres. stem of desclorre, to
unclose, open. — L. disclaudere, to unclose.
— L. dis', apart ; claudere, to close. See
Clause.
Discomfit. (,F. — L.) M. E. discomfit
(Bruce). — O.F. disconfit, discomfited, pp.
of desconfire, * to discomfit, vanquish,* Cot.
— O. F. deS' ; and confire, to preserve, make
ready. — L. dis-, apart; and conficere, to
preserve, complete, from L. con- (cum),
together, facere, to put, make. See Fact.
Disconsolate. (L.) Late L. discon-
soldtus, comfortless. — L. diS", apart ; con'
solatus, pp. of consdldri, to console ; from
con- {cum), with, soldrl, to comfort. See
Solace.
Discord, sb. (F.— L.) O.Y.descord,
discord, variance ; formed from O. F. des-
corder, vb., to be at variance. — L. discorddre
(the same).- L. discord-, stem of discors,
adj. discordant. — L. dis-, apart ; cord-,
stem of cor, heart.
Discount, verb. (F. — L.) Formerly
discompt, — O. F. descompter, to reckon
back or off. — O. F. des- (L. dis-^, away ;
compter, to count ; see Count (2).
Discourse. iF. — L.) O. F. discours,
sb. — L. discursum, ace. of discursus, a
running about ; also, conversation.— L.
discursus, pp. of discurrere, to run about.
— L. dis-, apart ; currere, to run.
Discover. (F. — L.) M.E, discoueren
{discoveren). — O. F. descouvrir, to un-
cover, disclose. — O. F. des- (L. dis»),
apart ; couvrir, to cover. See Cover.
Discreet, prudent. (F. — L.) O. F.
discret.^V., discretus, pp. of dis-certtere,
to discern ; see Discern. Der. discret'
ion.
Discrepant, differing. (F.-L.) M.F.
discrepant. '''L. discrepant-, stem of pres.
part, of discrepdre, to differ (in sound).—
L. dis-, apart ; crepdre, to crackle, sound.
Discriminate. (L.) L. discrimind-
tus, pp. of discrimindre, to separate. — L.
discrtmin-, stem of discrtmen, a separa-
tion. — L. discernere (pt. t. discrS-ui), to
distinguish. — L. diS', apart ; cemere, to
separate.
Jjiscorsive. (L.) From L. discurs-
us, pp. of discurrere, to run about ; with
suffix -ive. See Discourse.
Discuss. ^L.) M. E. discussed, pp.
driven away.— L. discussus, pp. of ats-
cutere, to shake asunder; in Late L., to
discuss. — L. dis-, apart ; qucUere, to shake.
Disdain, sb. (F. — L.) M. E. disdeyn.
— O. F. desdein, sb. — O. F. desdegnier, to
disdain.- O. F. des- (L. dis-), apart ; degn^
ier (L. digndrt), to think worthy, from
dignus, worthy. ^ O. F. desdegnier seems
to have been substituted for L. dedigttdri,
to disdain (wiih prefix di-, down).
Disease. (F.) O. F. desaise, want of
ease. — O. F. des- (L. dis-) ; aise, ease.
Disembark. (F.) M.F. desembar-
quer.^O. F. des- (L. dis-), away ; embar-
quer, to embark ; see Embark.
»44
DISEMBOGUE
DiMllibogliey to flow into the sea, as
a river. (Span.— L.) Span, desemhocar,
to disembogue. — Span, des- (L. dts-),
apart ; embocar, to enter the month, from
•em' (L. in) J into, and boca (L. bucca),
mouth.
Disgorge. (F.-L.) O.F. desgorger.
— O. F. (US' (L. dis')^ away; gorge y the
throat ; see G-orge. *
Bisgrace. ^F.— Ital.-L.) M.F. ^irV
grace,^\X.2X. disgrazia.^'L. dis-, apart;
gratia^ grace. See Grace.
DisglliBef vb. (F.-L. and O. H. G.)
O. F. desguiser^ to disguise. — O. F. des-
(L. dis'), apart ; and guise j guise ; see
Guise. Lit. ' to change the guise of.*
Bisgnst, vb. (F.-L) M. F. des-
gouster, *to distaste, loath;* Cot. — O. F.
deS' (L. dis')y apart ; gouster^ to taste, from
L. gustare^ to taste ; see Gust (2).
Bish, a platter. (L. - Gk.) M. £.
disch, A. S. disCy a dish.— L. discus , a
quoit, platter ; see Disc.
Bisnabille ; see Deshabille.
Bishevil. (F.-L.J U,¥.discheveier
(Cot.), * to dischevell,- i. e. to disorder the
hair. — O.F. des- (L. dis-)^ apart; chevel
(F. cheveu), a hair, from L. capillumy ace.
oi capilluSy hair.
Bisinterested. (F. - L.) From
Dis- (2) and interested', see Interest (2).
Bisk ; see Diso.
BiBlocatay to put out of joint (L.)
From pp. of Late L. dislocare, to put out
of place. — L. dis', apart ; locdre, to place,
from locus y |)lace.
BismaL (F.-L.) Orig. A. F. dis
mat, unlucky days (A. D. 1256). [The
phrase was misunderstood, and dismal was
treated as an adj., with the addition of
days; and later, of other sbs.] — L. dies
malty evil days. Cf. F. Lun-di « Mon-day.
Bismantle. (F.-L.) M.¥. desman-
teller, * to take a mans cloake off his backe;
al^, to rate walls; * Cot. — O. F. des- (L.
dis-) J apart ; manteler, to cloak, from
mantely sb. ; see Mantle.
Biraiayi to discourage. (F. — L. and
O. H. G.) O. F. *desmayery not found
except dismay iy pp., in Palsgrave, p. 519).
but exactly the same as Span, desmayar
(Port, desmaier, Ital. smagare), to dismay,
tierrify. The O. F. *desmayer was early
supplanted by esmayer in the same sense,
which only differed in substituting the
prefix es' (L. ex-) for des- {L.dis-), The
latter part {-mayer) of these words is from
. DISPOSITION
O. H. G. magan (G. mdgen)y to have
power, be able. Hence *desmayer and
esmayer y at first used in the intrans. sense,
to lack power, faint, be discouraged, but
afterwards, actively, to discourage. Cf.
Ital. smagare (for *dis-magare)y orig. to
lose courage, also to dismay (Florio).
See May (i).
BismisSf to send away. (F. — L.) A
coined word ; suggested by F. desmettrCy
pp. desmiSy * to displace, dismiss ; * Cot.
The true L. form is dJ mitt ere y to send
away.— L. di- (for diS')y apart, away;
mitterCy to send.
Bisparagey to offer indignity, to lower
in ranK or esteem. (F.-L.) M. E. des-
paragen,^0, F. cUsparager.'^O. F. des-y
apart; paragCy rank. — L. dis-, apart;
Late L. paraticumy society, rank, equality
of rank, from L. par, equal (Diez). See
Par.
disparity. (F.-L.) F. disparity
(Montaigne). From L. dis^y apart ; and
F. paritiy equal ity ; see Parity. Suggested
by L. dispary unequal.
Bispatoh, Bespateh. (Span.-L.)
Formerly spelt dis-y not r/<p.f-. — Span, des-
pachary to dispatch, expedite. — L. dis-y
away ; and L. type *pactdrey to fasten, fix,
from pactuSy pp. of pangere, to fasten.
(See N. E. D.) Cf. Ital. spacciare, to dis-
patch (Florio), answering to a L. type
^distCLctidre,
BlSpel. (L.) L. dispellere, to drive
asunder, — L. dis-y apart ; pelierCy to drive.
Bispense. (F.-L.) O.F. dispenser y
to dispense with. — L. dispensdrCy to weigh
out, frequent, form of dispenderCy to weigh
out. — L. diSy apart ; pendere, to weigh.
Bisperse, to scatter abroad. (F.-L.)
M. F. disperser. From L. pp. dispersuSy
pp. of dispergerey to scatter abroad. — L.
di- (for dis-)y apart ; spargere, to scatter.^ -
Bisplay. (F.-L.) A. F. desphyei^, ^
O. F. desploiery to unfold, shew. — L. dis-, -
apart ; plicdre, to fold. Doublet, deploy.
Bisport. (F. - L.) M. E.. disporteny
to amuse. —O.F. se desportery to amuse
oneself, orig. to cease from labour; later
deportery and confused with Deport.- L.
dis-t away, port drey to carry (hence, to
remove oneself from or cease from labour).
Hence sporty q. v.
Bispose. (F.-L fl«flfGk.) 0.¥. dis-
poser, to arrange. — O.F. dis- (L, dis^y
apart ; F. poser, to place ; see Pose.
Bispositioii. (F.-L.) F. disposi-
145
DISPUTE
DISTICH
fion.^h. ace dispositionemy a setting in
order. — L. dispositus^ pp. of disponere^ to
set in various places, to arrange. --L. dis-^
apart ; ponere^ to place, put.
Dispute. (F.-L.) F. disputer.^\„
disputdre, to argue. — L. dis-^ apart;
putdre, to think. See Putative.
Dis^lliaitiony an investigation. (L.)
From L. disquisTtio, a search into. — L.
disqutsitusy pp. of disqutrere^ to examine.
L. dis-y apart ; quarere, to seek.
Disruption. (L.) YromL. dtsrup^io,
dtruptioy^ breaking asunder. — L.dr;Vrw/-
tus^ diruptusj pp. of disrumpere^ dtrum-
perCy to break apart. — L. dis-y di-y apart;
rumpere^ to burst.
Dissect. (L.) From L. dissect-usy pp.
oidissecdre, to cut apart. — L. dis^y apart ;
secdre, to cut.
Dissemble. (F. ^ L.) O. F. dis-
(L. dis-^y apart ; sembleTy to seem, appear;
cf. O. F. dissimuler^ to dissemble. — L. dis-,
apart, away; simularey to pretend; cf. L.
dissimuldrey to pretend that a thing is not
See Simulate.
Dissemixiate. (L.) From pp. of L.
dissemindre^ to scatter seed. — L. dis-y
apart ; simindrey to sow, from semin-, for
semen, seed.
Dissent, vb. (L.) L. dissenttre (pp.
dissensus), to differ in opinion. — L. ^/r-,
apart ; senttre, to feel, think. Der. dri>-
senS'toHf from the pp. dissensus.
Dissertation, a treatise. (L.) From
L. dissertdttOy a debate.— L. dissertdtus,
pp. of dissertdrey to debate ; frequent, of
dissererCy to -disjoin, discuss. — L.. ^/x-,
apart ; sererty to join.
Dissever. (F.-L.) 0,'P,dessevrer,
— Late L. dissepardre, — L. ^;rV-, apart ;
separdrcy to separate.
Dissident. (L.) L. dissident-^ stem
gf pres. pt. of dissidirey to sit apart, to
, disagree. — L. dis-, apart ; sederCy to sit.
• ' Dissimilar, unlike. (F.-L.) M. F.
dissimilaire.^O.Y. dis- (L. dis-), apart;
and similairey like ; see Similar.
dissimilitnde, dissimulation;
from L. diS', apart, and similitude, simu-
lation.
Dissipate. (L.) From pp. of L.
dissipdrey to disperse. — L. dis-, apart;
and O. L. supdrcy to throw ; we find also
insipdrCy to throw into. Cf. Skt. kship^ to
throw. Brugm. i. § 761.
Dissociate. (L.) From the pp. of L.
dissocidrCy to separate from. — L, dis-y
apart ; socidrty to associate, from socius, a
companion. See Sociable.
Dissolute. (L.) L. dissolHtits yWcexi'^
tious ; pp. of L. dissoluere (below).
dissolve. (L.) L. dissoluere, to dis-
solve, loosen, relax. — L. dis'y apart; sol-
uerey to loosen. See Solve. Der. dis-
soluUion (from pp. dissolOtus).
Dissonant. (F.— L.) M. F. disso-
nant-. Cot. — L. dissonant-y stem of pres.
pt. oi dissondrey to be unlike in sound.—
I^. dis-y apart; sondre, to sound, from
sonusy sound.
Dissuade. (F.-L.) F. dissuader;
Cot. — L. dissuddirey to persuade from.—
L. dis-y apart ; suddirey to persuade ; see
Suasion.
Distaff. (£.) A distaff is a staff
bedizened with flax, ready to be spun on.
* I dysyn a dystaffy I put the fiaxe upon
it to spynne ; ' Palsgrave. M. E. distaf,
dysestaf, A. S. distcef. The A. S. distc^
stands for *dtse-st(sfy where staf=^ E. staff
and *dise^'Low G. diessey the bunch of
flax on a distaff (Bremen) ; also spelt dise,
disene (Liibben) ; E. Fries, dtssen. See
Dizen.
Distain. (F.— L.) M,E, disteinen.^*
O. F. desteign-y a stem of desteindrey to
distain, take away colour. — O. F. des^
(L. dis-)y away; and teindre, from L.
tingere, to dye.
Instant. (F.-L.) O.F, distant,^!,,
distanteniy ace. of distans, pres. pt. of
distdre, to stand apart.— L. di-y apart;
stdrey to stand.
Distemper (i), to derange the tem-
perament of body or mind. (F.-L.) M.E.
distemperen.^O,Y, desteniprer, to mix;
whence pp. destempri, immoderate, exces-
sive.— O.F. des- (L. dis-^y apart; temprer
(mod. F. tremper), from L. temperdrey to
regulate. See Temper.
distemper (a), a kind of painting.
(F. — L.) O. F. destemprery later destrem-
per, * to soake, steepe, moisten, make fluid,
liquid, or thin,' Cot.; the same verb as
above.
Distend. (L.) L. distenderey to stretch
apart. — L. dis-, apart ; tenderey to stretch;
see Tend. Der. distent-ion (from the
pp. distent-us).
Distich, a. couplet. (L.-Gk.) L.
distichusy distichon, — Gk. Bianxov, a coup-
let (in verse) ; neut. ofdiarixosy having two
rows. — Gk. 81- (81s), double; <rrlxos, a row,
allied to artixuvy to go. (-/STEIGH.)
146
DISTIL
iMstil. (F.-L.) O.Y, distiller. ^U
distilldrey destilldre^ to drop or trickle
down. — L. flS?, down; stilldre, to drop,
from stillaj a drop. See Still (2).
Bistini^shy to mark off. (F.-L.)
O. F. disttnguer, to distinguish ; the suffix
'ish has been added by analogy, and cannot
be accounted for ia. the usual way. --L.
distinguere, to mark with a prick, dis-
tinguish (pp. distin€ttis).^\a, di- (for dis\
apart; *stinguere (not in use), to prick,
allied to Gk. ari(uv, to prick, and £.
stick, vb. ' See Instigate. Brugm. i. § 666.
dlStinot. (F.-L.) O.F. distinct,^
L. distinctus, distinguished ; pp. of dis-
tinguere.
Distort. (L.) L. distortuSf pp. of
dtstorquerCj to twist aside. —L. dis-, apart ;
torquere, to twist ; see Tortare.
DistractyVb. (L.) From h.distractus,
pp. oi distrahere, to draw apart.— L. dis;
arart ; trakere, to draw ; see Trace (i).
XHstrain. (F.— L.) O. F. destreign-,
a stem of destraindre^ to strain, press, vex
extremely, constrain (hence to seize goods
for debt).— L. disttingere, to pull asunder
(see below). — L. di- (dis-) , apart ; stringere,
to draw tight ; see Stringent.
distress, calamity. (F.— L.) O.F.
destresse, oldest form destrece ; from a
Folk-L. *cUstrictia (not used), regularly
formed fipom L. dtstrictus, pp. of distritp-
gere, to pull asunder (in Late L. to punish,
afflict) ; see Distrain.
Distrauffht. (L.) A modification of
district ( ^distracted) ; from L. distract-us ;
see Distract.
Distribute, to allot, deal out. (L.)
From distribut-us, pp. of L. distribuere,
to deal out, allot separately.— L. diS',
apart ; tribuere, to assign ; see Tribute.
District, a region. (F. — L.) M. F.
district, — Late L, districtus, territory
wherein a lord has power to enforce justice.
— L. districtus f pp. of distringere \ see
Distrain.
Disturb. (F.^L.) M.£. destorhen,
distourhen^ — O. F. destorber, to vex. — L.
disturbdre, to disturb. — L, dis-, apart ;
turbdre, to disorder, from turba, a tumult,
crowd. See Turbid.
Ditch. (£.) M.E. dicAe; cf. A.S.
dice, dat of die, fem. [also masc.], a dike ;
see Dike.
Ditliyramb, a kind ofhvmn. (L. — Gk.)
L. ditAyrambus, mm Gk, Mvpa/ifiost a hymn
in honour of Bacchus.
DIVIDE
Dittany, a plant. (F. - L. - Gk.) M.E.
dytane, — O. F. ditan, dictam, — L. die-
tamnum, ace. of dictamnus. — Gk. ficx-
rafjLvos, tucraiofov, dittany ; named from
Moimt Dicti in Crete, where it grew.
Ditto. (Ital.~L.) Ital. dittOy detto,
that which has been said.— L. dictum,
neut. of pp. of dicere, to say.
Ditl^. (F.-L.) M. E, ditee.^0. F.
diti, a kind of poem. — L. dictdtum, a thing
dictated ; neut. of dictdtus^ pp. of dictdre,
frequent, of dicere ; see Dictate.
DluretiCf provoking discharge of urine.
(F.-L.-Gk.) lll,¥.diureHque] Coi.^!.,
diHreticus, ^Gk, SiovprjrtKos, '^ Gk, diov-
p4fiVy to pass urine.— Gk. St-d, through;
oZpov, urine ; see Urine.
Diurnal. (L.) L. diumdlis, daily. —
L. diumuSf daily. — L. dies, a day.
Divan, a council-chamber, sofa. (Pers.)
Pers. d^vdn, a tribunal ; Arab, ddywdn, a
royal court, tribunal, council of state.
iDivaricate, to fork, diverge. (L.)
From pp. of L. aiudricdre, to spread apart.
«iL. dt- (for dis-) J apart ; udricus, stradd-
ling, from udrus, crooked.
Dive. (E.) M.E. diuen, duuen (u=v),
A. S. dyfan, to immerse, weak verb ; con-
fused with dafan, strong verb (pt. t. deaf,
pp. cbfen), to dive. •4- Icel. dffd, to dip.
Allied to Dore, Deep, Dip.
didapper« a bird. (E.) Short for dive-
dapper, Cf. A. S. dafedoppa, a pelican.'
Here dapper (=A.S. dcppd) means a
dipper or diver; and dive-dapper ^dxwt-
dipper, a reduplicated word.
Diverge. (L.) Coined from L. di- (for
dis-), apart; and verge, vb. See Verge
(2).
Divers, Diverse, various. (F.-L.)
O. F. divers, masc., diverse, fem., * divers,
differing ; ' Cot. — L. diuersus, various ;
orig. pp. of diuertere, to turn asunder,
separate, divert (below).
divert. (F. - L.) M. F. divertir, ' to
divert, alter ; * Cot — L. diuertere, to
turn aside.— L. dt- {dis-), apart; uertere,
to turn. Der. divers-ion, from pp.
diuersus.
Divest. (L.) Late L. diuesttre, in
place of L. deuesttre, to strip off clothes.
— L. di- (for oKr-), apart, substituted for
L. de-, down, away ; uestire, to clothe,
from uestis, clothing. See Vest.
Divide. (L.) L. diuidere, to divide,
separate (pp. diuisus),mmlj, di- {dis-),
apart ; ana *uidere, a lost verb, prob.
147
DIVINE
DOOM A
meaning < to separate ' ; see Widow.
(VWIDH.) Brugm. i. § 589, ii. 528.
Der. divis'ion (from the pp.).
Bivine. (F.-L.) M. E. «&»?«. -O.F.
devin, — L. dtutnuSy divine, god-like ;
allied to dtuus, godlike, deus, god; see
Deity.
Bivorce, sb. (F.— L.) O.Y.dworce.^
L. dtttortium, a separation. — L. dJuorfere^
the same as diuertere, to turn aside, sepa-
rate ; see Divert.
Divulge. (F.— L.) Y. divulgturj^ to
divulge, reveal ; * Cot. — L. dtuulgdre, to
publish abroad. — L. di^^ for dis-^ apart;
uulgdre^ to publish, from uulgus^ the
people, a crowd ; see Vulgar.
BI86II1 to deck out. (E.) To dizen was
orig. to furnish a distaff with flax, hence
to deck out. See Distaff. Der. be-dizen,
BiSB7. (E.) M.E. dysy, dust. A.S.
dysigy toolish, stupid. + E. Fries, dusig^
dizzy, foolish ; O. H. G. tustc. From
Teut. *du5-t as in Low G. dusen^ to loiter
(Lflbben) ; allied to Teut. V«j-, as in Du.
duizeleny to be dizzy. Perhaps further
allied to A.S. div&s^ Du. dioaas, foolish
(Franck), from Teut. stem ^dwSts-,
Bo, to perform. (E.) M. E. dwm, A. S.
d5n^ pt. t. dyde^ pp. gedon ; the orig. sense
is 'put' or * place.' 4- Du. daen^ O. H. G.
tuon^ G. thun, Teut. stem ^do-. Allied
to Gk. ri'Orf'fUf I put, Skt. dAd, to place.
(VDHE.) Brugm. i. § 129.
Bocile. (F.— L.) ¥. docile, ^lj,docilis,
teachable. — L. docere^ to teach. Allied to
Disciple and Didactio.
doctor. (F.— L.) M.E. doctour.^
O. F. dbctaur.^'L, doctortmy ace. oi doctor ,
a teacher. — L. docere^ to teach.
doctrine. (F.— L.) ¥. doctrine, ^1^
doctrina, lore, learning. — L. doctor, a
teacher.— L. docere, to teach.
doCTUUeilt. (F.— L.) F. document,
^\^. docufftentunti a proof.— L. docere^ to
teach, shew.
Bock (i), to curtail. (E.?) From
dock^ sb., the stump of a tail, stump, cut
end. Cf. E. Fries, dokke, dok, a bundle,
bunch (as of straw) ; Du. dok, a little
bunch (of straw) ; Dan. dukke, a skein,
short column, baluster ; G< docke, a skein,
rail, plug, peg; Low G. dokke, a bunch,
stump, peg (Berghaus).
Bock (2), a plant. (E.) A. S. docce.-^
M. Du. docke (as in docken bladereny dock-
leaves, Mexham) ; M. Dan. &'dokka, water-
dock (Kalkar). So also Gael, dogha^ a
burdock ; Irish meacan-dogha, a great bur-
dock, where meacan means a tap-rooted
plant, as a carrot. Der. bur-dock.
Bock (3)} a basin for ships. (Du.?)
M. Du. docke, a harbour (whence Dan.
dokke, Swed. docka, G. docke) \ Du. dok,
% History obscure.
Bocketf a label, ticket. (E. ?) Orig. an
abstract; apparently allied to Dock (1).
% History obscure.
Boctor, Boctrine, Bocnment;
see Docile.
Bodecagon. (Gk.) Named from its
12 angles. Formed like decagon, with
Gk. &i;de«o, twelve, instead of 8c«a, ten.
See Decagon.
Bodecahedron. (Gk.) Formed with
Gk. &i;5€>ra, twelve, in place of Se^a, ten ;
see Decahedron.
BodgOf to go hither and thither, to
quibble. (E.) XVI cent. Orig. to walk
unsteadily, hence to go from side to side
as if to escape ; perhaps allied to prov. £.
cUtde, to walk unsteadily, Scotch doddle,
doddle, to waddle, dod, to jog, dodge, to
jog along, dodgel, to hobble. North E.
dodder, to shake, totter, dculge, dodge, to
walk clumsily. (Very doubtful.)
BodO, an extinct bird. (Port.) Port.
doudo, silly, foolish ; the bird being of a
clumsy make. Said to be borrowed from
Devonsh. dold, stupid, the same as E. dolt
(Diez). See Dolt.
Boe. (E.) M.E. fi^. A.S. ^.4-Dan.
daa, Swed. dof-, in dofhjort, a buck, may
be allied toG. damhirsch,VL\i\Mi^, wherein
the syllable dam- is thought to be borrowed
from L. ddma, a deer. But A. S. da may
be Teutonic.
Boff, to put off clothes. (E.) Short for
do off, \,^, put off. Cf. don, dup.
Bog. (E.) M. E. dogge, A. S. docga.
(Du, dog^ Swed. dogg^ a mastiff; Dan.
dogge, a bull-dog ; Low G. do^e, F. dogiie ;
all borrowed from E.) Der. dog, verb, to
track, follow as a dog ; dogg-ed, sullen ;
dog-cheap, very cheap (see N. E. D.) ;
dog-wood.
Boge^ A duke of Venice. (Ilal. — L.)
Ital. doge, prov. form of *doce, a duke. — L.
duc-em, ace. of dux, a leader. See Duke.
Boggerely wretched poetry. (E.?)
M.E. dogerel, Ch. C. T. 13853. Origin
uncertain ; but prob. formed from dog.
Cf. dog-rime, poor verses (N. E. D.).
Bogxna, a definite tenet. (Gk.) Gk.
807/io, an opinion (stem So7/4aT-). — Gk.
48
DOILY
DONJON
boKtojj I am of opinion. Allied to Do-
cile. Der. dogmat-ic, dogtuat-ise.
DoilYf a small napkin. (Personal name.)
Fonneny we read of ^ doily stuff,' and
' doily petticoats.' Said to be named after
* the famous Doily ' ; Spectator, no. 283,
Jan. 24, 1 71 2. Mentioned in Dryden's
Kind Keeper, iv. i (1679).
Doit, a small coin. (Da.— Scand.) Du.
duit^ a doit. —Icel./z/^iV, a piece, bit, small
coin, doit-ilcel. *hvUa (pt. t. *fvfit)y to
cut, a lost verb, but the same as A.S.
Jywitan ; see Thwite.
DolOf a portion. (£.) M. E. dol^ dale,
A. S. ddly a division (Exod. viii. 23). A
variant of Deal (i), q.v.
DolefU, sad. (Hybrid ; F. - L. and E.)
The suffix 'ful is £. M. E. doel^ duel^ dol
(Scotch doot)y sorrow, grief. —O.F. doel^
dol (F. dmU), grief; verbal sb. of O. F.
doloir^ to grieve. — \a*dolium^\xi cor-doliumt
grief of heart. —L. dolere, to grieve.
dolour. (F. — L.) M. £. dolour, —
O. F. dolour, ^L,, doloreniy ace oi dolor ,
grief. — L. doliret to grieve.
Doll. (Gk.) From Doll, for Dorothy ;
a familiar name, of Gk. origin (see
N. £. D.). Cf. Lowl. Sc. doroty, a doll.
Dollar. (LowG.— G.) \,o\i Q, daler\
Du. daalder, a dollar. Adapted and
borrowed from G. thaler^ a dollar. The
G. thaler is short iox Joachimsthaler, a
coin made from silver found injoachims'
thai (Joachim's dale) in Bohemia, ab.
A.D. 1519.
DolmULy a kind of loose jacket. (F. —
G. - Hung. - Turk.) F. dolman, - G. dol-
man^ dollman, mmHving. dolffiany. ^^TuTk.
ddldman, ddldmeth^ a kind of long robe.
Dolnon, a monument of two upright
stonts, with a third across them. (F. — C.)
F. dolmen. — Bret dohten, lit. ' stone-
table ; ' Legonidec. — Bret, tol, taol^ a
table (from L. tabula) ; and men, a stone ;
according to Legonidec. But (see N. E D.)
this is due to some mistake ; the F.
dolmen seems to represent the Cornish
tolmen, stone with a hole beneath ; from
Com. toll, a hole (W. twU)^ and men
(W. maen)y a stone.
Dolomite, a kind of rock. (F.)
Named in 1794 from M. Dolomieu, a
French geologist (1750-1 801).
Dolour ; see Doleftil.
Dolphin, a 6sh. (F.-L.-Gk.) M.E.
dolphtne,^0. F. daulphin (now dauphin).
■- Folk-L. dalfinum^ for L* delphinum,
ace of delphinus, a dolphin. -» Gk. dcX^.>>,
stem of Sf \0<s, a dolphin.
Dolt. (£.) Cf. Devonsh. dold, a dolt.
M. E. dull {=^ dulled)', from M.E. dtil,
dull ; see Dull.
Domain. (F.— L.) F. domaine, sb. ;
from O. F. demaine, adj., belonging to as
one's own.— L. dominicus, adj., belonging
to a lord (the neut. dominicum was used
for L. dominium, lordship). — L. dominus,
a lord; allied to L. domdre, to tame,
subdue ; see Tame. Doublet, demesne.
Dome. (F. - Ital. - L.) F. ddme,^
Ital. duomo, domo, a cathedral church
(house of God). — L. domum, ace. of
domus, a house, a building. (<^DEM.)
See Timber. Brugm. i. § 138.
domestic. (F. — L.) F. domestique,
— L. domesticus, belonging to a household.
— L. dom'Us, a house (above).
domicilew (F.-L.) O. F. domicile,
a ' mansion. — L. domicilium, a habitation.
— L. domi', for domus, a house; and
'Cilium, possibly allied to Cell.
Domesday ; see Doom.
Dominate. (L*) From pp. of domi-
ndrt, to be lord over. — L. dominus, a
lord.
domineer. (Du.~F.~L.) M. Du.
domineren, to feast luxuriously (Oude-
mans) ; borrowed from O. F. dominer, to
govern, rule. — L. domindri,, to be lord
over (above).
dominical. (F.-L.) 0,¥, domini-
cal, — Late L. dominicdlis, belonging to the
Lord's day, or to the Lord. — L. dominie-
us, belonging to a lord.— L. dominus, a
lord.
dominion. (F. - Late L.) O. F.
dominion. ^L&te L. dominionem, ace. of
dominio, lordship; allied to L. domin-
ium, lordship.— L. dominus (above\
domino. (£• — L-) E. domino, a
masquerade-dress ; orig. a master's hood.
— L. dominus, a master (above). Der.
dotninoes, sb. pi., a game.
Don (i)) to put on clothes. (E.) Short
for do on, i.e. put on. Cf. doff, dout,
dtip. •
Don (a), a Spanish title. (Span.-L.y
Span, don, sir. — L. dominum, ace. of
dominus^ a lord.
Donation. (F.— L.) F. donation. '-
L. ace. ddndtidnem, a gift, from the stem
of the pp. of dondre, to give. — L. donum,
a gift. Cf. Gk. ^pov, a gift.
So^Jon ; see Dungeon.
149
DONKEY
DOUQH
Donkey. (C. and E.) Double dimin.
with sufifix -k-ey ( = Lowl. Sc. -ick-icy as
in hors'ickie, a little-little horse, BanfFsh.),
from dun, familiar name for a horse, from
its colour (Romeo, i. 4. 41); see Dun (i).
% So also M.£. don-eky prov. £. dunnock,
a hedge-sparrow, from its colour. Donkey
(first found in 1 785) was a prov. E. word,
which seems to have rimed with monkey
(whence the spelling). Cf. Somersets.
duung'kee, pron. of donkey.
Donna. (Ital.-L.) Ital. donna. — h,
domina, mistress, fern, of dominus, a
master. Doublet, duenna.
Doom, a judgment, decision. (£.)
M. E. dom, A. S. dom, lit. a thing set or
decided on ; from don, to set, do; see Do.
+ Swed. Dan. dom, Icel. domr^ Goth.
domsy O. H. G. tuoni, Teut. type *ddmosi,
a statute. Cf. Gk. Oiiws, law (from riBrj/Uy
I set). Der. deem,
doomsday, domesday. (E.) A.S.
domes dag, day of doom or judgment.
Door, a gate. (E) M. E. dore, dure.
A. S. dor, n. ; duru, f. + O. Sax. dor, Goth.
dour, G. thor, n. ; and Icel. dyrr, f. pi. ;
Dan. dor, Swed. dorr, Du. deur, G. thiir,
f. sing. Teut types *durom, n. ; *dures, f.
pi. Cf. L. fores, Lith. durys^ i. pi. ; O.
Irish dorus, n., W. drws, m.; Russ. dver{e),
Gk. Ovpa, Skt. dvdr, f. Brugm. i. § 462.
Dormant, sleeping. (F.-L.) Y.dor^
mant, pres. pt. of dormir, to sleep. ^L.
dormtre, to sleep. + Skt. drd, to sleep ;
Gk. dap9dv€iv,
dormer-window. (F. and Scand.)
A dormer was a sleeping-room. — O. F.
dormeor,'^'L, dormltdrium (below).
dormitonr- (L.) L. dormltdrium, a
sleeping-chamber ; neut. of dormitdrius,
adj., belonging to sleeping. —L. dormitory
a sleeper. — L. dormtre, to sleep.
Dormouse. (F. and E.) M. £. dor'
mous. The prefix is perhaps short for
North £. dortn, to doze (whence dorm^
mouse), Cf. Icel., Norw., and Swed. dial.
dorma, to doze; all apparently from F.
dormir, to' sleep ; see Dormant. We find
also prov. E. dorjrer, a sleeper, as if from
dor, to sleep.
DomiclE, a kind of cloth; obsolete,
(Flemish.) Named from Flem. Domick,
better known by the F. name of Toumay
(Lat. Tomacus),
DorsaL (F.— L.) F. r^^o/, belonging
to the back. — Late L. dorsdlis. — 'L, dor-
sum, the back.
Dory, a fish ; see John Dory.
Dose. (F.-L.-Gk.) O. F. dose, a
quantity of medicine given at once. —
Med. L. dosis, ''Gk, 8<5<rts, a giving. —Gk.
^Bcjfu (stems Bej-, do-), I give. Brugm. i.
§ 167.'
Dot. (£.) A. S. dott, only in the sense
* head of a boil.' Cf. Du. dot, a little bundle
of spoilt wool, &c. , goodfor nothing (Sewel) ;
Swed. dial, dotty a little heap, small lump;
M. Dan. dot, a bunch ; £. Fries, dot, dotte,
a heap, bunch, lump. Cf. Norw. dotten,
pp. of detta, to fall, to fall to pieces.
Dote. (£.) M. E. dotien, doten, to be
foolish (Layamon).+ M. Du. doten, to
dote, mope; Du. dutten, to doze; Icel.
dotta, to nod with sleep, M. H. G,getotzen,
to doze, tazen, to mope.
dotage. (E. ; with F. sujjix,) M. E.
dotage ; from M. £. dot-en ; with F. suffix
-age (L. 'dticuni), Cf. F. radotage, from
radoter, to dote.
dotard. (E. with F. suffix,) From
dote, with F. suffix -ard (O. H. G. kart),
dotterel, a kind of plover. (E.) A '
bird easily caught; from dote, vb., with
suffix as in cock-erel.
Donble. (F.-L.) O. F. doble, later
double, — L. duplus, lit. twice-full. — L.
du'O, two ; -plus, allied to plinus, full.
doublet. (F.-L.) M.E. dobbelet,-
O. F. doublet, an inner (double) garment.
— F. double, double; with.suffix -et,
doubloon. (F.— Span.— L.) F. dou-
blon,^SpsLa, doblon, a coin, the double of
a pistole. — Span, doblo, double. — L. du-
plus (above).
doubt. (F. — L.) M. £. douten.—
O. F. douter, — L. dubitdrey to be- of two
minds; allied to dubius, doubtful; see
Dubious.
Douceur. (F.— L.) F. douceur, lit.
sweetness (hence, pleasant gift). — L. dul-
corem, ace. oidulcor, sweetness. — L. dulcis,
sweet. See Dulcet.
Douche, a shower-bath. (F.— Ital.—
L.) F. douche, a shower-bath. — Ital.
doccia, a conduit, water-pipe. — Ital. docci-
are, to pour; equivalent to Late Lat.
*ductidre, derivative of L. ductus, a duct ;
see Duct.
Dough. (E.) M. E. dah, dogh, A. S.
ddh (stem ddg-'),^T>VL, deeg, Dan. deig,
^^td.deg, Icel. deig, Go\}i,daigs, a kneaded
lump, G. teig. The Goth, daigs is from
daig, 2nd stem of deigan, to knead; see
Dike. (-/DHEIGH.) Brugm. i. § 604.
150
DOUGHTY
Doughty. (£.) M.E. dohti, duhti,
valiant. A. S. doktig^ earlier form dyhtig^
valiant. — A. S. dugatiy to be worth, be
strong.-f Dan. dygtig, Swed. dugtigy Icel.
dvgdugr yG. tUchtig\ variously formed from
the Tent, verb *dugan:
Douse, to immerse. (£.?) Allied to
M. Du. aoeseny 'to smite with violence*
(Hexham). See Dowse (i).
Dout, to extinguish. (£.) Short for do
outy i. e. put out.
DovOy a bird. (£.) A. S. dufe, only
in comp. dtife-dopfay lit. a diver. — A. S.
dufan^ to plunge into. + O. Sax. duiHiy
Goth, duboy G. tcuibCy a dove, lit. diver.
[So also L. columhay a dove, is allied to
Gk. KoKvfxfiis, a diver, sea-bird. First
applied to sea-gulls, &c.]
dOTOtail, to. fasten boards together.
(K.) From dove and taii; from the shape
of the fitted ends of the board (C]).
Dowager, a widow with a jointure.
(F.— L.) O.F,dinu^ere; from douagfy
an endowment. Again douage is coined
(with suffix -age) from F. dou-ery to endow.
-•L. dS^a/v, to endow.— L. dot-y stem of
dos^ a gift, dowry« Allied to do-nuMy a
gift, darey to give. Der. en-doWy from
F. en and dauer» Brugm. i. § 167.
dower, an endowment. (F. — L.)
M. E. dawere.mmO, F. doaire^ later douaire,
—Late L. ddtdrium,^'L, doiarCyio endow
(above). Der. dowr-yy short for dower-y.
Dowdy; see Duds.
Dowlas, a coarse linen. (Bret.) From
Daotdasy S. £• of Brest, in Brittany.
Down (i), soft plumage. (Scand.)
M. £. down* ■- Icel. diinny Swed. duUy
Dan. duufiy down ; whence Dn. dons.
Down (3), a hill. (C.) A.S. dun, a
hill. — Irish diiny a fortified hill, fort ;
Gael, duny W. din, a hUl-fort. + A. S.
iiin ; see Town.
down (3), prep, and adv. (£. and C.)
A corruption of adown^K, S. ofdune^on
the hill, downwards. — A. S. of, off; dune,
dat. of dun, a hill ; see Down (2).
dune, a low sand-hill. (C.) XVIII
cent. — F. dune, — M. Du. dune (Du.
duin); of Celt, origin. See Down (a).
Dowse (1), to strike in the face.
(£.?) Apparently the same as Douae
(above). Cf. Norw. dus, a push, blow ;
M. Du. doesen, to strike, £. Fries, dossen,
to strike.
Dowse (3), to immerse; see Douse.
Prob. the same as Dowse (1).
DRAQOON
DOD^se (3), to extinguish. The same
as Dowse (i) ;, sense perhaps suggested
hydouty q. v,
Dozology. (L.-Gk.) L. doxologta,
— Gk. dof 0X07/0, an ascription of praise.
— Gk. ^(o-y for W^a, glory, orig. a
notion ; -A.0710, from \iy€iv, to speak.
Dozy. (M. Du.) A cant term. Cf.
£. Fries, doktje, dimin. of dokke, a doll.
Prob. introduced from the Netherlands. —
M. Du. docke, a doll. Cf. O. H. G. toccha,
a doll, also a term of endearment (G.
docke).
Dose. (Scand.) Swed. dial, dusa, Dan.
dose, to doze, mope ; Icel. dusa, to doze ;
M. Dan. dhse, to be torpid. Allied to
Dizsy.
Dosen, twelve. (F.~L.) O. F. do-
saine (F. douzaine) , a dozen . — O. F . doze (F.
douze)y twelve; with suffix -aine (L. -ena,
as in cent-ena),^L, duodecimy twelve. — L.
duo, two ; deceniy ten. See Two and Ten.
Drab (i), a slut. (£.) Cf. Irish ^Tra^^^,
Gael, drabagy a slut; Gael, drabach, dirty ;
Irish draby a spot, stain (all from £.). £.
Fries, drabbe, puddle-water. Also Du.
drabbe, f. dregs, draff; allied to Draff.
Drab (2), dull light brown. (F.-L.)
The colour of undyed cloth. — F. drapy
cloth. See Drape.
Draelun; see Dram.
Draff, dregs. (E.) M. £. draf (Laya-
mon).<4-Du. drafy hogswash, drably draff;
Icel. drafy Sw^d. drafy Dan. draVy dreps ;
G. trdbery pi. [Cf. Gael, and Irish drabh,
draff, from £.]
Draft ; see Draught.
Drag, vb. (Scand.) M. £. draggen ; a
Northern form allied to Icel. draga, to
draw. Cf. Swed. draggy a drag, grapnel ;
draggay to drag. See Draw.
Dragoman, an interpreter. (Span.—
Arab.) Span, dragoman; [Late Gk. Zpa-
Tov/MvofJ, an interpreter. — Arab, tar^
jumSn, an interpreter, translator; see
Targum.
Dragon. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. dragon,
— L. ace draconem, from nom. draco. ^
Gk. ZpoKoiVy a dragon, lit. ' seeing ; ' from
his supposed sharp sight. — Gk. hfiOK-,
weak grade of dipnofuu, I see. % Such is
the usual account.
dragoon. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. dragon,
a dragoon ; so called because the dragoons
orig. had a dragon on their standard ; or
rather, because they were armed with a
short carbine called (in F.) dragon*
151
DRAIN
Drain. (E.) A. S. drihnigean^ drlh-
niafty to drain away, strain off, Matt,
xxiii. 24, also spelt driahnian ; orig. * to
become dry.* — A. S. *driag' = Tent.
*draug-t second grade of Teut. *dreug-an-t
to be dry. Cf. Icel. draugr^ a dry log.
See Dry.
Drake, male of the duck. (L.— Gk.?)
M. £. drake* Not foond in A. S. ; cf.
drake, a drake, in Low G. (Bremen) ;
M. Swed. drake, (i) a dragon, (2) a drake,
(3) a boy*s kite. Supposed to correspond
to the latter part of Swed. and-draRet a
drake (a form thought to be borrowed from
Low G.). Cf. Swed. and, duck, anddrake,
drake ; Low G. anderik^ drake (Liibben) ;
G. entey duck; enterich, drake; O. H. G.
antrahho, a drake, p. The Swed . and, A. S.
enedy a duck, is cognate with L. ancu
(stem anat-), a duck. The M. E. drake
may be the same as A. S. draca, a dragon,
borrowed from L. draco ; see Dragon.
Dtem, Drachm. (F. > L. - Gk.)
M. F. dranie, drachme, *a dram, eighth
part of an ounce ; ' Got. « L. drachma, —
Gk. dpaxtt'if & handful, a drachma, used
both as weight and coin ; cf. dpAy/jiaf as
much as one can grasp. — Gk. bpd<r<rofmt, I
grasp. Brugm. i. § 509.
Drama. (L.-Gk.) L. drama,^ Gk»
Spa/ia (stem Spci/iar-), an act, a drama.—
Gk. Spdca, I perform; cf. Lith. darau, I
make. (-^DAR.) Der. dramat-ic (from
BpafuiT') ; &c.
drastic, effective. (Gk.) Gk. Upoff-
riKQS, effective; allied to hpaarios, verbal
adj. of hp&cjy I perform.
Drape, to cover with cloth. (F.-L.)
F. draper, to make cloth. — F. drop, cloth ;
Late L. drappus. Of unknown origin.
Der. drap-er, drap-er-y\ and see drah (2).
Drasl^c ; see Dramia.
Draw. (£.) M. E. drawen, A. S.
dragan (A. S. ^aga- becoming M.E. -awe-^,
+ Du. dragetiy Icel. Swed. draga, Dan.
drage, Goth, dragan, G. tragen, to pull
along, carry. Teut. type ^dragan-, pt. t.
*drdg,
draught, draft. (E.) Draft is a
phonetic spelling. M. E. draught, draht.
From A. S. drag^un; with suffixed /.+
Du. dragt, a load, from dragen, to carry ;
Dan. drat\ Icel. drCUtr, a draught of
fishes ; G. trcuht^ a load, from tragen.
drawl. (Du.) Frequentative of ^raw;
parallel to draggle from drag. Introduced
from Du. drdien, to be slow ; from dragen,
DRESS
to draw. 4- E. Fries, draulen ; Low G.
draueln.
dray. (E.) A.S. drage, that which is
drawn ; as in drage , drag-net, a draw-net.
+Swed. drag, a sledge, dray.
Dread, vb. (£.) A. S. *dradan, in
comp. on-drddan, to dread, fear.-^O. Sax.
ant-drddan ; O. H. G. in-tratan. Teut.
type *drddan;
Dream, a vision. (E.) M. E. dreem,
A. S. *dream, a dream ; not found. [Quite
distinct from K,S,dream, asweet sound, har-
mony, also joy, glee, happiness.] «f>0. Sax.
drdm, dream ; Du. droom, Icel. draumr,
Dan. Swed. ^mn,G./m»m. Kluge suggests
comparison with G. trug-bild, a phantom ;
if correct, the Teut. sb. was *draugmoz,
m. ; from Teut. *draug, strong* grade of
Teut. *dreugan- (O. H. G. triogan, G.
triigen), to deceive. From the Idg. root
*dhreugk, whence also Skt. drdgha{s), a
crafty wounding; O. Pers. drauga (Pers.
durugh), a deceit, lie ; Icel. draugr, a
ghost. Brugm. i. §§ 681, 689.
Dreary, Drear. (E.) /^r^/- is short
{qx dreary, M.,E.drefy. A.S.dredrtg,Md;
orig. * gory ; * formed with suffix -ig from
A.S. dreor, gore. —A. S. dreosan, to drip.
+Icel. dreyrigr, gory, from dreyri, gore ;
G. traurig, sad, orig. gory, from O. H. G.
tror, gore. From Teut ^dreusan-, vb.
Dredge (0, a drag-net. (E.) North £.
dreg. Answering to A. S. *drecg, *drecge
(not found), for *drag-j(h', from A.S.
dragan ; see Draw. And see Dregs.
Diredge (3)1 to sprinkle flour on meat.
(F. - Late L. - Gk.) To dredge is to
sprinkle, as in sowing dredge (M: £. drage^
or mixed corn. — O. F. dragie, mixed
com ; also a sweetmeat, sugar-plum.
[Prov. dragea', Ital. treggea, a sngar-plum.]
— Late L. dragdta, drageia, a sugar-plum ;
altered form of tragemctta, pi. of tragema,
— Gk. rpdyrf/ia, something nice to eat —
Gk. Tparyeiv (2 aor. irpayov), to gnaw.
Dregs, lees. (Scand.) Pi. of M. E.
dreg, mire ; we also find M. £. dregges,
dregs. — Icel. dregg, pi. dreggjar, dregs ;
Swed. drdgg, pi. dregs, lees. Perhaps
from Icel. drag-a, to draw. Distinct from
'L^fraces, dregs of oil ; Brugm. i. § 41 7.
Drench, vb. (E.) M. £. drenchen,
A. S. drencan, causal of drincan ; hence
'to make drink.' +I^u*^^^'^^^» Icel. drek-
kja, Swed. drdnka, Goth, dragkjan, G.
trdnken. See Drink.
Dress. (F. - L.) O. F. dresser, drescer,.
152
DRIBBLE
to eiecty set up, dress ;. answering to a Late
L. form *dtrectidre,'m'L, directus, pp. of
dttigtre, to direct ; see Direct.
Uribble- (£•) Frequentative of obs.
£. dribf to drip slightly; which is a
weakened form of drip. Cf. drib-let. See
Drip. So also Dan. dial, dribie,
IMft; see Drive.
Dzill (i), to pierce, to train soldiers.
(Du.) Borrowed from Du. drillen^ to drill,
to bore, to turn round, shake, brandish,
drill soldiers, form to arms. Allied to
M. H. G. drellen, to turn round (pp. ge-
drollen). Low G. drally twisted tight.
Teut. t^ *threlian- (pt. t. *thrall), to
twist ; cf. A. S. Pearly strict. ^ Perhaps
allied to ThriU.
IDrill (a), to sow com in rows. (£.)
The same as drillj to trickle, which seems
to be a variant of trill, to trickle.
2>ril]illff| a coarse cloth used for
trousers. (G.— L.) Corrupted from G.
drillicht ticking, huckaback. — L. trilic-^
stem of triliXy having three threads. — L.
tri'y from tres, three; Itcium, a thread.
See Three.
Drink. (£.) A.S. drincan, pt. t. dranc,
pp. druncen.'^'Dxi.. drinken, Icel. drekka,
Swed. dricka, Dan. drikke, Goth, drigkan
( = drinkan) , G. trinken. Teut. ^drenkan-.
Drip. (Scand.) M. £. £fr|^^». — Dan.
dryppCy to drip ( = Teut. *drup-jan-)»
From Teut. ^drup-^ weak grade of *dreu-
pan-y as seen in Icel. drjUpa, to drip, A. S.
dreopan (obs. E. dreep)y G. triefen. Cf.
O. Ir. truchty a dew-drop. See Drop.
Drive. (£-) M. £. ^nW». A,S. dri/an
(pt. t. drd/, pp. dri/en).^!)}!. dri/ven;
Icel. drifa, Swed. dri/va, Dan. drive, Goth.
dreibaftj G. treiben, Teut. *dreiban-,
drift. (E.) M. £. drift. Formed from
drif'^ weak grade of drifan ; with sufl&x -t,
+ Du. drifty Icel. drift, Swed. Dan. drifts
G. trift, Der. a-drift =■ on the drift ; see
A- (2).
drove. (£.) M. E. drof, A. S. drdfy
a drove. From drdf, 2nd grade of drifan,
DrivelyVb. (£.) M,E. drevelen. A. S.
dreftiatty to dribble or rmi at the nose.
Cf. M. £. draveleuy to drivel. From the
base draft as in M. £. draf, draff. See
Draff:
DriBSle« to rain slightly. (£.) For-
merly drisd or drislCy to keep- on dripping.
Frequent, form of M. £. dresen, A. S.
dreosauy to drip ; see Dreary. Cf. Dan.
drysse, to fall in drops ; Swed. dial drbsla.
DROWN
Droll. (F.-Du.) M.F.fl&t»/tf,*a plea-
sant wag ; ' Cot. — Du. drollig, odd, strange ;
M. Du. droly * a juglar ; ' Hexham. Per-
haps from Du. droU-y pp. stem of drilletty
to turn, wheel, whirl about ; see Drill (i).
Dromedarv-. (F.-L.-Gk.) M. E.
dromedarie. — O. F. dromedaire (older form
*dromedarie) . — Late L. dramaddrius, ■■ L.
droniad'y stem of dromas, a dromedary, -i
Gk. hpoytah-y stem of tpopast fast running.
— Gk. Spa/ico', to run.4'Skt. dram,io run.
Drone ( I ), to hum. (£.) "M.E. dronen
(also drounen). Not in A. S. Cf. Icel.
drynjay Swed. dronay Dan. drdncy to drone,
roar, rumble, &c. Cf. Goth, drunjusy a
sound, Gk. Bpijyos, a dirge; Skt. d^ra^,
to sound.
Drone (2), a non-working bee. (Low
G.) M. E. dran. A. S. drdn ; which (like
£. Fries, drdne) was prob. borrowed from
O. Sax. drdn, Cf. M. H. G. treno (G.
drohne being borrowed from Low G.).
Teut. stems *drStn-y *dren'\ cf. Gk.'dy-
Bpiivq^ a wild-bee, OpSjva^ (Hesychius).
% With the parallel stems Vr.£^-, *dren-y
cf. the stems of Queen and Quean.
Droop ; see below.
Drop, sb. (E.) M.E. dropCy ^h.'y hence
dropieny dro^n, vb. — A. S. dropay sb. ;
dropiany vb. These are from the weak
grade *drup- (A.S. drop-) of the Teut.
vb. *dreupan- (A. S. dreopan)y to drop,
drip.+Du. drcpt sb., Icel. dropiy Swed.
droppCy Dan. draabe, G. tropfen. See also
Drip.
droopf to sink, fail. (Scand.) M. £.
droupen,^\<cx\, drUpOy to droop; weak
vb., allied to drjQpay strong vb., to drip=
Teut. *dreupan' (whence also G. triefen) ;
see above. Cf. ' I am ready to drop, i. e.
I droop.
DropSV ; see Hydropsy.
Drosh&yi Dros]nr,akind of carriage.
(Russ.) Russ. drozhki, drojkiy a low four-
wheeled carriage (the j sounded as in
French). Dimin. of drogiy a waggon ;
which was orig. pi. of droga^ a perch (of
a carriage).
Dross. (£.) M. E. dros. A. S. drosy
dross, dregs ; cf. also obs. £. droseuy A. S.
drosnay pi., lees, dregs. + M. Du. droesy
lees (Kilian) ; Du. droeseniy dregs, lees,
G. drusen, pi. dregs ; O. H. G. trusana,
truosanuy husks of pressed grapes.
Drought, Drouth; see Dry.
Drove ; see Drive.
Drown. (Scand.) M. E. drouneny dru'
^65
DROWSE, DROWZE
tun.^'M., Dan. drukney drougnej drovne,
drongf to sink, be drowned (Kalkar) ; Icel.
drukna. The -nkn- was preserved in Swed.
drunknaj A. S. druncnian, to be drunk,
also to sink, to be drowned. See Drun-
ken. (£. Bjorkman.)
Drowse, Drowse, to be sluggish.
(E.) Formerly drouse, A. S. driisian, to
be sluggish ; allied to A. S. dreosan, to
fail ; also to drip, to fall. See "DTedoj'
Der. drowz-y.
Drab, to beat (Arab.?) * Drub, to
beat the soles of the feet with a stick, a
punishment used in Turkey;' (Phillips).
Apparently a travellers* word. Perhaps
from Arab. 4^rb (zard), a beating with a
stick ; from Arab, root daraba {zarabd) ,
he beat ; Rich. Diet. p. 952. (N. E. D.)
Drudge, vb. (E.) M.E. druggm,
A. S. ^drycgean, not found ; but regularly
formed from drug-y weak grade of dreogan^
to work, perform, endure (=Teut. ^dreu-
gan-y Goth, driugan, Lowl. Sc. dree). Qi.
Jcel. drjug'Virkr, one who works slowly
but surely. The Gael, drugair, a drudge,
is from £.
Drag. (F.) M.E. drogge, drugge.^
O. F. arogiie^ a drug. Also Ital. and Span.
droga. Origin unknown ; perhaps Ori-
ental, Der. drugg'ist.
Dragget. (F.) M.F. fi&v^«/, 'akmd
of stufffliat's half silk, half wool ; ' Cot.
Dimin. of drogue, used in the sense of
rubbish, poor stuff; from the coarseness
of the material; cf. £. 'a drug in the
market.* •![ Probably not the same word
as F. drogue, a drug.
Draid, a priest of the ancient Britons.
(F. - L. - C.) F. Druide. - L. (Gaulish)
pi. Druides, Druidae (Lewis and Short).
Cf. O. Irish druid, dat. and ace. of drui,
a magician, sorcerer; Ir. draoi, druidh,
Gael, druidh (whence also A. S. dry, a
magician).
Dram. (Du.) XVI cent. Imperfectly
adapted from M. Du. tromme, trommel^ a
drum; Low G. irumme; Du. trom,'^
O. H. G. trumbd, trumpd, M. H. G.
trumme, a pipe, trumpet ; Icel. trumba,
a pipe, trumpet [So also Ital. tromba.
Span, trompa?^ Of imitative origin.
Drunkard. (E. ; with F. suffix>j
From A. S. drunc-, base of pp. oidrincan,
to drink ; with F. suffix -ard (G. hart),
drunken, drank. (E.) A. S. dnm-
cen, pp. of drincan, to drink.
D^TUpe, a fleshy fruit containing a stone.
DUCK
(F. ^ L. — Gk.) F. drupe, — L. drupa, an
over-ripe olive. — Gk. Sp&mnL, the same.
Dry. (E.) M,E.dru)e. A,S.dryge,
Cf. Du. droogy dry; G. trocken, dry;
Icel. draugr, a dry log.
drongnt. (E.) M. E. dro^e, drou^te ;
also drouthe (P. Plowman). A. S. drtlgad,
drought. —A. S. drugian, to be dry ; dryge,
dry.+Du. droogte, drought; from droog,
dry. Doublet, drouth (Milton).
Dryad, a nymph of the woods. (L. —
Gk.) L. Dryad', stem of Dryas, a wood-
nymph. «Gk. 5/n;a8-, stem of hpvas, the
same. — Gk. 5pG-f, a tree ; see Tree.
Dual, consisting of two. (L.) L. dualis,
dual. — L. duo, two ; see Two.
Dub, to confer knighthood by a stroke.
(F.) M.E. dubben. A.S.dubban; A.S.
Chron. an. 1086. [So also Swed. dubba.']
Usually derived from O. F. aduber, adou-
ber, adober, to dub a knight ; a Romanic
word of unknown origin (Ital. addobbare,
O. Span, and Prov. adoSir, O. Port, adubar),
% Diez derives adouber, conversely, from
dubban; which is haidly tenable; see
N. E. D.
Dubious. (L.) From L. dubiosus,
doubtful. —L. dubium, doubt; neuter of
L. dubius, doubtful, moving in two direc-
tions.— L. dU'O, two. See Two.
Dncal. (F.-L.) F. ducal, adj. ; from
due, a duke ; see Duke.
ducat, a coin. (F.— Ital.— L.) O.F.
ducai. — Ital. ducato, a ducat, also a duchy ;
named from L. ducdtus (duchy of Apulia)
alluded to in the legend upon it; see
duohy below.
duchess. (F.— L.) O.F. duchesse
(Late L. ducissa), fem. of due, duke ; see
Duke.
duchy. ( F. — L.) F. duch^, — Late L.
ducdtum, ace. of ducdtus, a dukedom. —
L. duc'^ stem of dux, a duke. ^Also
O. F. duch4e, fem., as if from Late L.
^ducitatem.
Dack (i), to dive, bob the head. (£.)
yi,E,duken, douken. Not in A. S.4-Du«
duiken, to stoop, dive ; G. tauchen, to
plunge, dive. Teut. type *deukan', pt. t.
*dauk (whence G./a«fA-tf»), pp,*duh'afW',
From the weak grade duk- we have Dan.
dukhe, Swed. dyha ; to which the shorten-
ing of the vowel in mod. E. duch may have
been partly due.
duck (2), bird. (E.) M.E. dohe,
duke. Lit. * diver ; * the suffix -e repre-
sents the A. S. f. suffix of the agent. A. S.
154
DUCK
diUey a duck. From the verb above.
Cf. Dan dukandj lit. ' diving duck ; '
Swed. dykflgelf 'diving fowl? Dor.
duck-l-ingy with double dimin. suffix.
Ihick (3), a pet, darling. (E.) Appa-
rently the same as Duok (2).
I>ack (4)» light canvas. (Du.) A nauti-
cal word.— Du. doekf linen cloth, canvas.
4-Dan. dug, Swed. duk^ Icel. dukry G.
ttuk, O. H. G. tuoh,
IHlOty a conduit-pipe. (L.) L. ductus,
a leading (hence, a duct).— L. ductus ^ pp.
of ducere^ to lead. See Duke.
ductue. (F.— L.) F. ductile y malle-
able.— L. ductilis, easily led. — L. duct-us,
pp. of ducere (above).
bade* an exquisite, a dandy. Of un-
known origin. (Ab. 1883.)
Ihldgeon (i)y resentment. Of unknown
origin.
Ihldgeon (a), haft of a dagger. (Un-
known!) M. £. dogeoHy a kind of wood
used for the handles of daggers. £tym.
unknown.
DudSf clothes. (Scand.) Jamieson has
dudis as well as duds ; the u was prob.
once long. — Icel. duH^ swaddling clothes ;
dufiay to wrap up. Cf. £. do^od^ a woman-s
cap, a slut ; dowd-y^ ill-dressed.
Bne. (F.— L.) M. £. dew, dewe.^
O. F. deu, masc., dme^ fem. ; pp. of de-
vair, to 0X76,^1,, deiere. See Devoir.
DoeL (Ital.-L.) lUl. du€il0, a duel.
— L. duellum, a fight between two men
(archaic form of L. bellum^ war). — L. du^o^
two.
duet. (Ital.— L.) Ital. duetto, music
for two.— Ital. due, two.— L. duo, two.
Pnennft. (Span.— L.) Span. dueHa,
a married lady, duenna.- L. ebmina, fem.
of dominus, a lord. See Donna.
Duet : see Duel.
Dnifely coarse woollen cloth. (Du.)
Du. duffel) so called from Duffel, a place
near Antwerp.
Duffer, a stupid person. (Scand.)
Lowl Sc. dowfartt formed with suffix -art
from the adj. dowf, stupid, dull ; lit. 'deaf.'
— Icel. dauf-r, deaf; see Deaf.
Dug, a teat. (Scand.) Perhaps allied
to Swed. ddgga, Dan dagge, to suckle.
Cf. Goth, daddjan, O. H.G. taan, to
suckle. % But cf. Skt. duh, to milk.
Dugong, a sea-cow. (Malay.) Malay
duvongy duyong, a sea-cow.
Dnko, a leader. (F.— L.) M.£. ^i#^.—
O. F. due, ace. formed from O. F. nom.
DUMPS
dTfcx.- L. duxy a leader.— L. ducere ^ to
lead. (VDEUK.) ^ The L. aoc. dTK^^m
would have given O. F. dois, F. doix\
like F. noix from nucem, croix from
crucem. (N. £. D.) Brugm. i. $ 59a.
Dnlcet, sweet. (F.-L.) M. F. doucet
(Cot), refashioned after L. dulcis (cf.
Itol. dolcetto). - O. F. dots (F. doux),
sweet.— L. dulcis, sweet.
dnldmer. (F.-Span.-L.) Roque-
fort has F. doulcemer (undated) ; cf.
O.F. doulcemele (Godefrov).— Span, dulce-
mele, a dulcimer ; named from its sweet
sound. — L. dulce melos, sweet sound ; see
Melody.
Doll, stupid. (£.) M. £. dtU ; cognate
with Low G. dull\ answering to Teut.
*dul'joz. Closely allied to A. S. dol,
foolish, cognate with Du. dot, mad, G. toll,
mad, answering to Teut. *dul'Oz. Both
are from Teut. *dul* {<*dwul)^ weak
grade of ^dwel-an, as seen in A. S. dwelan,
to err, to be stupid ; see Dwell. Cf. A.S.
gedwol-god, a false god, idol ; Irish and W.
doll, blind. Brugm. i. % 375 (6\
Dulse, an edible seaweed. (C.) Irish
duileasg, Gael, duileasg, dulse. According
to Macleod, it means * water-leaf,* from
Ir. and Gael, duille, leaf, and uisg{e),
water.
Dumb. (£.) M.£. ddmd, A.S. dumb,
mute. 4* I^Q* dofUf Icel. dumbr, Swed.
dumb, Dan. dum, Goth, dumbs, G. dumm,
O. H. G. tumb, tump, stupid. The orig.
sense seems to have been 'stupid,' and
perhaps Goth, dumbs is allied to Goth.
daubs, deaf; see Deaf. Der. dummy
{=dumb'y\
Dump (i)) &n ill-shapen piece. (£.?)
Prov. £. dump, a clumsy lump, a bit ;
dumpy, short and thick. Probably * a thing
thrown down in a mass* ; see Dump (a).
dTUnpling, a kind of pudding. (E. ?)
A small solid ball of pudding ; dump-l-ing
is a double dimin. oidump (i).
Duinp (a) I to strike, fling down.
(Scand. ?) Cf. Lowl. Sc. dump, to beat.
Dan. dumpe, to plump, plunge; Norw.
dumpa\ Swed. dial. <i^/a.— Swed. dial.
dump-, as in dump-id, supine of str. vb.
dimpa, to fall down plump.
Diuups, melancholy. (Scand.) Swed.
dial, dumpin, melancholy, orig. pp. of
dimba, to steam, reek ; Dan. dump, dull,
low.+Du. domp, damp, hazy, G. dump/,
damp, dull. Allied to Damp ; cf. * to
damp one's spirits.*
155
DUN
DUTY
Dim (i)> brown. (C.) A,S.dunn,6axk.
-i Irish and Gael, dtmni brown; W. dwn,
dun, dusky. Celtic type *donnos.
Dim (2), to urge for payment. (Scand.)
Said (in 1708) to be derived from the
name oi Joe Dun, a famous bailiff in the
time of Henry VII. But perhaps from
the notion of noisiness. Cf. M. £. dunning'^
a loud noise. — Icel. duna^ to thunder;
koma einum dynfyrir dyrr, to make a din
before one*s door ; Swed. dhna, to make a
noise. Allied to Din.
Duncey a stupid person. (Scotland.)
From the phr. ' a Duns man/ i. e. a native
of Dunse, in Berwickshire. In ridicule of
the disciples of John Z^MW^Scotus, school
man, died a. d. i 308. ^Not to be confused
with John Scotus Erigena, died a. d. 875.
Dane, a low sand-hill. (F.— Du.— C.)
F. dune.'^M, Du. dune (Du. duin) ; cog-
nate with A. S. dun, a down ; see
Down (2). Brugm. i. § 112.
Dong- (£•) A. S. dung.^Svred. dynga,
dung; Dan. dynge, a heap, mass; G.
dung. Root uncertain; it answers, in
form, to the pp. of Ding; as if it were
*■ what is thrown down or away.' Cf.
Swed. ^^siX:dong^ (i) heap, (2) dung.
Dungeon, Doajon. (F — L.) M. £.
dangeon. 'mO.Y, donjon, the chief tower
of a castle. — Late L. domnionem, ace. of
domnio, a dungeon-tower, chief-tower;
shortened from dominio, properly domi-
nion, feudal power; see Dominion.
Dliniwassaly a Highland gentleman,
yeoman. (C.) In Sir W. Scott's Botmy
Dundee, — Gael, duine uasal, gentleman. ■■
Gael. duinCy a man (W. dyn) ; uasal,
noble, gently bom (W. uchel), orig.
' exalted ;* see Brugm. i. § 219 (4).
Dnodedmo. (L.) Jnduodecttno*^'wiih
12 leaves to the sheet. *L. duodecimo, abl.
of duodecimus, twelfth ; cf. L. duodecim,
twelve ; see Dozen.
Dnodemmi, the first of the small
intestines. (L.) Late L. duodenum^ so
called because about 12 finger-breadths
long. •- L. duodeni, twelve apiece, distribu-
tive form of duodecim, twelve ; see Dozen.
Dup. (£•) Short for do up, i.e. lift up
(a latch) ; to open a door.
Dnpe, a person easily deceived. (F.)
F. dupe, a dupe. The M. F. dupe meant
a hoopoe ; whence dupe, a dupe, because
the bird was easily caught. (So also Bret.
houperik, a hoopoe, a dupe.) Perhaps of
imitative origin.
Duplicate* two-fold. (L.) L. dupU-
cdius, pp. of duplicdre, to double. ->L.
duplic-, stem of duplex, two-fold (below).
duplicity. (F.-L.) Lit. doubleness.
— F. dupliciti. — L. ace. duplicitdtem. * L.
duplici', decl. stem oi duplex, two-fold.—
L. du-o, two ; plic'dre, to fold.
Durance, Duration ; see Dure.
Durbar, a hall of audience, levee.
(Pers.) Pers. darbdr, a prince's court,
levee; lit. 'door of admittance.'— Pers.
dar, door ( = £. door); and bdr^ admit-
tance, court.
Dure, to last. (F.— L.) Y, durer,^
L. dUrdre, to last. >■ \s. dUrus, hard, lasting,
-f- Irish and Gael, dur, firm ; W. dur,
steel. Cf. Gk. hvvayus, force. Der. dur-
ing, orig. pres. pt. of dure ; dur-cdtle, &c.
durance, captivity. (F.— L.) The
orig. sense was long endurance of hardship.
O. F. durance, duration. — F. durer, to
last ; with sufhx -ance ; see above.
duration. (F.~L.) O.F. duration.
— Late L. dUrdtiottem, ace. of dUrdtio, A
coined word ; from the pp. of L. dUrdre,
to last.
duress, hardship. (F L.) M. £.
duresse. — O. F. duresce, — 'L,diiritia, harsh-
ness.— L. dUrus, hard, severe.
Durian, a fruit. (Malay.) Malay du-
rian, a fruit with a prickly rind. — Malay
dari, a thorn, prickle.
Dusk, dim. (Scand.) Properly an adj.
M. £. dosk, dark, dim; deosc, the same.
Prob. a Northern form (as the sk did not
become sh), Cf. A. S. dox (for *dosc),
translating "L./lSuus; Vocab. 239. 36.—
Swed. dial, chiska, to drizzle ; duskug,
misty, dim ; Korw. dusk, mist, duskregn,
fine rain. Der. dusk, sb. ; whence dusk-y,
adj.
Dust. (£.) A. S. dust.-^-Dyi, duist,
Icel. dust, dust, Dan. dyst, meal ; G.
dunst, vapour, fine dust. All from a
Teut. base *dunst' (for *dwuns-t-), the n
being lost except in G. C£ Skt. dkvaihs,
to fall to pieces (pp. dhvas'ta-).
Dutch, belonging to Holland. (G.)
Formerly applied to the Germans. — G.
Deutsch, German; lit. belonging to the
people ; M. H. G. diut-isk, where the
suffix -isk^Y^. 'ish, and diut is cognate
with A. S. peod, Goth, thiuda, a people,
nation ; Ir. tuath, a people ; cf. Oscan
touto, a city. Brugm. i. § 218.
Duty. (A. F.-L.) U.E. duete[e).''
A. F. dueti, duty (O. F. has only devoir).
86
DWALE
A coined word ; from A. F. deut fl^«> dne,
and the suffix -t^ (L. -tatetn). See Due.
]>wale ; see Dwell.
Dwarf. (£.) M.E. dwer^^ dwergh ; the
/represents the guttural. O. Merc, diverge
A.S. dw^rg, a dwarf. -fDu. dwergh Jcel.
dvergr^ Swed. Dan. dverg^ G. zwerg. Tent,
type *dwerg-oz,
Ilwell. (£.) M. £. dwelhn, to linger.
A. S. dwellan, in the active sense to retard,
also to seduce ; also dweliatiy to go astray,
err, tarry, dwell. Causal of A. S. *dwelan
(pt. t. *dwal, pp. dwolen), to be torpid or
dull, to err.-f Icel. dvelja, to dwell, delay,
orig. to hinder; Swed. dvdljas^ to dwell
(reflexive) ; Dan. ^^/$, to linger; M.H.G.
iwellen, to hinder, delay. Teut. type
*dwaljan^ causal of the str. vb. ^dwelan-
(pt. t. *dwalf pp. *dwulano-)j to be torpid,
to cease, to err (A. S. *dwelan, O. H. G.
gi-iwelan), Cf. Skt. dhvr, to bend aside,
dhur-ta; fraudulent. (y^DHWEL.) And
see Dull.
dwale, deadly nightshade. (Scand.)
Named from its soporific effects. Dan.
dvale. stupor, dtmledrik^ a soporific,
' d wale-drink ; ' Swed. dvakiy a trance.
Cf. K,S. dtuala, an error, stupefaction,
from the 2nd grade of A. S. *dwelan
(above).
Bwmdle. (£.) The frequent, form of
M. E. dztnneHf to dwindle, A. S. dwinan
(pt. t. div&ti), to dwindle, languish. -f
Icel. dvtna; Swed. /znna, to dwindle,
pine away; Du. ver-dwijnen^ to vanish.
X^yO, to colour ; a colour. (E.) M. E.
deyen^ vb. ; dek^ sb. A. S. diagian, vb.,
to dye ; from diah, sb., dye, colour. A. S.
diah (gen. diag-e)^ sb. f., ahswers to Teut.
type *dattg-d, % Not allied to L./ucus,
which is from Gk. <ftvKos,
2)3rlce ; see Dike.
Dynamic, relating to force. (Gk.)
Gk. iwafUKds, powe^l. ^ Gk. 8tW|it;,
power. —Gk. wafiai, I am strong; see
Dure. (VDEU.)
dmBMty^ lordship. (F.-L.-Gk.)
F. c^mastii, ^ Late L. dynasiia, - Gk. Sv-
vaartla^ lordship. — Gk. ^wA<Trri9, a lord.
— Gk. i^ivafiotf I am strong.
Dysentery, disease of the entrails.
(L. — Gk.) L. dysenteria, — Gk. hwr^v-
rcp(a.»Gk. 9v(r-, prefix, with a bad sense;
tvrtpa, pi., the inwards, bowels, from
IvTOf, within, Ik, in ; see Interior.
Dyai^epsy, indigestion. (L.-Gk.) L.
dyspepsia, ^m Gk. Zvair^ia, « Gk. di/cnrcirTos,
EARN
hard to digest. — Gk. 5i;<r-, prefix, with a
bad sense ; wlnrtiv^ to cook, digest ; see
Cook. Der. dyspeptic (from Swcircirr-os).
E-, prefix; see Ez-.
Eakcn, every one. (E.) M. E. eche^ elch,
A.S. mc^ each, short for a-gi-lic^ i.e.
aye-like (ever -like or ever alike). ^Du.
elk, each; O. H. G. eogalih, M.H.G.
iegelich^ G^jeglicker, See Aye.
Eager. (F.-1j.) M.E. <^r^.-A.F.
egre (F. aigre).^L, acre/n, ace. of ac-er,
sharp. See Acid. Der. vin-egar.
Eagle. (F. - L.) M. E. egU. - A. F.
egle, O. F. aigle (F. aigie).^L, aquila. See
Aquiline.
Eagre, tidal wave in a river. (F.— L.)
O. F. cdguere, a flood (Godefroy). — Late
L. aquaria^ a conduit; c€ aqudre^ to
irrigate. — L. aqua, water. See Ewer.
Eanling, a lamb. (E.) Eanling is
from the verb ean^ which v^y-ean without
the prefix ^- ( -= A. S. ge-). See Yean.
Ear (i), organ of hearing. (E.) M. E.
ere, A.S./ar^.+Dn.^Wjlcel.^^aySwed.
bra, Dan. ore, G. ohr, Goth, auso, Teut.
type *auzon', Cf. also Russ. ucho, L.
auris, Lith. ausis, Gk. 0S9, O. Irish o,
earwig, an insect. (£.) A.S. far-
wicga, from its being supposed to creep
into the ear. Cf. A. S. wicga, a kind of
insect ; prov. E. wiggle, to wriggle.
Ear (a), spike of com. (£.) M.E. er.
A. S. iar (pi.) ; Northumb. ^^r.4>Du. aar,
Icel. Dan. Swed. ax (for ahs), Goth, ahs,
G. dhre, Teut. type *ahoz, *ahiz', cognate
with L. acus (gen. aceris). Brugm. i.
§ 182. Allied to Awn. (VAK.)
Ear (3), to plough. (E.) M. E. eren,
A.S. erian, to plough. 4- Icel. etya, Goth.
arjan, L. ardre, Lith. arti, Russ. orat{e) ;
also Irish araim, I plough, Gk. Ap6at, I
plough. (VAR.)
EarL (£.) M. E. erl. A. S. eorL +
Icel. j'arl, O. Sax. erl, a man. O. Norse
(runic) type erilaR,
Early, soon. (E.) M,E.erly. A.S.
Srlice, adv. ; from *arlTc, adj., not used. —
A. S. ar, soon ; lie, like. See Ere.
Earn. (£•) M.E. emien. A.S. eamian.
+0. H. G. amon (cf. also G. emten, co
reap, from emte, harvest). Teut. type
*az{a)ndjan, to pet the profit of labour ;
from the sb. *az\a)n& (Icel. onn), labour;
157
EARNEST
ECLECTIC
cf. O. H. G. aran^ Goth. asanSy a harvest.
(VAS.) f Others connect it with Gk.
&pwfjuu, I earn.
ZSamest (i-) , seriousness. (£.) Properly
a sb., as in * in earnest.* M. £. emest, sb.
A. S. eomost^ sb.<^Dn. emsty sb. ; G. ernsi^
O. H. G. emust. Tent, type *emusitz.
Bamest (2), a pledge. (F.-L.-Gk.
— Heb.) The t is added. M. E. er?tes;
also spelt eriesy arles. Dimin. of O. F.
erres^ arres (F. arrhes\ f. pi.— L. arrha,
arrAado.'^Gk. Appafidw, a pledge. — Heb.
'erSvon, security; from 'drav, to give
security.
Earth. (E.) M.E.eriAe. A.S,eor5e,
+Du. aarde^ lce\. jord, Dan. Swed. jord,
Goth, airthaf G. erde. Teut. types *erthdf
*erthon'y f. Cf. Gk. cpa, earth.
Earwig; see Ear (i).
Ease. (F.) M. E. ^j^. — O. F. a<V«, ease.
Cf. Ital. agiOj ease, Port, azo^ occasion.
Orig. unknown. Der. dis-ease^
Easel. (Dn.— L.) Du. ezel^ an ass;
also a support, a painter's easel. [G. esel\
Goth. oy/Zi/x.] — L. asellus, dimin. of L.
annus, ass.
East, the quarter of sun-rise. (E.) M.E.
est. A. S. easfy adv., in the east ; eastany
from the east.4"Du. oost^ G. ost^ Dan.^.f/;
Swed. dstan, G. osten ; Du. ooster-^ G.
oster-, Dan. Swed. oster^ Icel. austr (gen.
austr-s), Teut. types *aus-to-<t ^aus-to-no' ;
also *aust-rO' , for \Ag,*aus-ro- (see easier).
Cf. L. aur-ora dawn, Gk. ijttv, ^o;;, ava;s,
dawn, Skt. ushds, dawn. Brugm. i. § 218
(4).
easter. (E.) M. E. ester, A.S. iastor-,
in comp. ; eastre, Lu. xxii. i, Easter.—
A.S. eastre, a goddess whose festivities
were at the vernal equinox ; see Beda, De
Temporum Ratione, c. 15. Cf. Lith.
auszra, f. dawn ; Skt. usra-, m. a ray.
Eat. (E.) M. E. eten. A. S. etan,'^
Du. efen, Icel. eta^ Swed. ata, Dan. ade,
Goth. jVa«, G. ^i-j^«. Teut. type *etan-.
Cf. L. ^flKfr,^, Gk. iBtiv, Skt. ai, to eat.
(••ED.)
EaveSf the clipped edge of a thatched
roof. (E.) Also E. dial. (Essex) oavis.
M. E. euese; pi. eueses {'^eaveses);
also ouese. A.S. e/es^ a (clipped) edge
of thatch, whence e/esian^ to shear, also
*oe/es, whence oefsung^ Corp. gl. 474.+
Icel. ups^ Swed. dial, uffs ; Goth, ubizwa,
a porch, from the projection of the eaves ;
O. H. G. opasa. Teut. type *obeswd.
Prob. allied to Over. Der. eavesdropper ,
one who stands under droppings from the
eaves, a secret listener.
Ebb. (E.) llL.Y..ebbe, h.^.ebba, thh
of the tide. + Du. eby ebbe^ sb. [whence
Dan. ebbe^ sb. and vb., Swed. ebb^ sb.].
Perhaps the Teut. type is *afjon'^ with the
sense of going off ; see Off.
Ebony, a hard wood. (F. - L. - Gk. —
Heb.) Formerly ^^^/«tf. — M.F. ebene^ ebony.
— L. hebenus, ebenus.'^Gk. ifitvos, k$4vrj,
— Heb. hovmm^ pi. ebony wood ; prob. a
non-Semitic word.
Ebriety, drunkenness. (F.-L.) F.
ibrUt^.<^\^, ace. ebrietdiem,^\.. ehrius,
drunken. Der . in ebriate^ to makedrunken.
Ebullition, a boiling over. (F.-L.)
O. F. ebullition. ^L., slcc. ebullitionem ; a
rare word, from ebullitus^ pp. of ibulltre^
to bubble up.— L. /, out; bullire^ to
bubble; see Boil (i).
£oartif a game at cards. (F.— L. and
Gk.) In this game, cards may be discarded
and exchanged ; hence the name. — YJcat^i^
discarded, pp. of icarter^ to discard.— L.
ex^ out, away ; F. cctrte^ from Late L. carta ^
from Gk. xaprtj, a leaf of paper, hence a
card.
Eccentric, departing from a centre,
odd. (F.— L. — Gk.) F. excentrique.^
Late L. eccentricus.^GV, tKKivrp-os, out
of the centre; with suffix -{V«j.— Gk. Ik,
out ; tefvrpoVj centre. See Centre.
Ecclesiastic. (L.— Gk.) LAteh.eccle-
siasticus, ^Gk, iKKXrftnaortKbs, belonging
to the (KKkrjffiaj i. e. assembly, church.—
Gk. €«K\rjTos^ summoned. — Gk. iK/coKica^ I
call forth. — Gk. c«, out ; «aA.c<v, I call.
Echelon. (F.~L.) F. Melon, an
arrangement of troops in parallel divi-
sions ; orig. a round of a ladder. — F.
Melle, a ladder (O. F. eschiele). -''L.
sc&la, a ladder; see Scale (3).
Echo. (L. — Gk.) M.E. ecco.'^L, Md,
— Gk. 4x<^> a sound, echo; cf. ?x®*» "^XVf
a ringing noise. Der. cat-eck-ise^ q. v.
Eclat. (F.-Teut.) F. /clat, splen-
dour ; lit. * a bursting forth.' — F. iclater,
to burst forth; O.F. s^esclater, to burst.
Origin doubtful ; perhaps from L. type
*exclappitare, formed from Low G. klap-
pen, to clap, make a noise ; see Clap.
Eclectic, choosing out; hence, a
philosopher who selected doctrines from
various sects. (Gk.) Gk. IicA€*ti«^s,
selecting; as sb. an Eclectic— Gk. Ik-
\iy€ty, to select. — Gk. I*, out ; Kiyeiv, to
choose.
158
ECLIPSE
Eclipse. (F. - L. - Gk.) M. £. eclip,
clips, ^O, F, eclipse, — L. eclipsis,^ Gk.
itcK€i^is, a failure, esp. of light of the sun.
i*Gk. iicKtiiruv, to leave out, fail, suffer
eclipse.— Gk. I«, out; \€ln€iv, to leave.
Ecloifaey a pastoral poem. (L.^Gk.)
L. eclciga (the F. word was /^logiie).^ Gk,
iickoY^, a selection, esp. of poems. — Gk.
kic\4y€iv^ to choose out ; see Bcleotio.
Economy. (F.— L. — Gk.) Formerly
teconomy, — M. F. ctconomie, ■■ L. oeconotnia,
— (]k. oiKovofJuaj management of a house-
hold.- Gk. ot/cov6fios, a steward. — Gk.
olfeo-y for cJtcos, a house; and vifttiv, to
deal out.
Ecstasy. (F.-L.-Gk.) O. F. «r.
lasie (H.). — Late L. ecslasis, a trance.—
Gk. iicffrauiSt displacement; also, a trance.
— Gk. kiCj out ; OT^etSf a standing, allied
to iffrafjuUf I stand.
Ecumenical^ general. (L.' - Gk.)
Late L. acHmenicus] with suffix -a/. — Gk.
ot/eovftfvne6s, universal. — Gk. oltcoufUvrf
(sc. yrf), the inhabited world, fern, of
olKoii/ievos, pres. pt. pass. ofoMo), I inhabit.
— Gk. oTivo;, a house. Brugm. i. § 6ii.
Ecsema, a breaking-out of pustules on
the skin. (Gk.) Gk. fuCtfJui, a pustule. *■
Gk. iitiUiv, to boil over.— Gk. in, out;
C^tiv, to boil. See Yeast.
Eddy. (Scand.) M.E. ydy {^idy).
Icel. idOf an eddy, whirlpool ; cf. i6a^ to
whirl about ; Swed. dial. i6a, icl&, Dan.
dial, ide, an eddy. Perhaps formed from
Icel. id', A. S. ed-, Goth, id" (prefix),
backwards. Cf. Brugm. i. § 574.
Edge. (E.) M. £. egge, A. S. ecg, an
edge, border. +Du. egge, Icel. Swed. egg,
Dan. eg, G. ecke. Teut. type *agj&, Cf.
L. acies, Gk. axis, a point, Skt. apH-, edge,
coiner. (^AK.)
EdiblCff eatable. (L.) Late L. edibilis,
— L. edere, to eat ; see Eat.
Edict. (L.) L. idictum, neut. of pp.
oiidicere, to proclaim. — L. /, out; dicere,
to speak.
Edity. (F.-L.) O. F. fflTe/f^r. - L.
adijic&re, to build (hence, instruct). — L.
adi; stem of adis, a building, orig. a
hearth ; -fie-, for facere, to make. Der.
edifice, F. idifice, L. adificium, a building;
edile, L. adilis, a magistrate who had the
care of public buildings. Brugm. i. § ao2.
Edition. (F. - 1,.) O. F. edicion (H.). -
L. iditionem, ace. of iditio, a publishing. —
L. Iditus, pp. of /dSfTif , to give out, publish.
— L. /, out; dare, to give. Der. edit, a J
1.59
EFFLUENCE
coined word, from the sb. editor (L.
iditor).
Educate. (L.) From L. iducOtus,
pp. of iducdre^ to educates allied to L.
idHcere, to bring out.— L. /, out ; ducere^
to bring.
educe. (L.) L. idOcere, to bring out.
Der. eduction (from pp. iduct-us).
Eel. (E.) M.E. //. A.S. i^/.^-Du.
oa/, Icel. a//, Dan. az/, Swed. J/, G. oa/.
Teut. type *t^loz.
Eery, timid, affected by fears, melan-
choly, strange. (E.) Seejamieson. M.E.
«r^, arh, are), ar)e, erje, timid ; spelt eri
in Cursor Mundi, 1 7685. — A. S. eatg, earh,
timid, cowardly. Cf. Icel. argr, ragr;
G. arg\ Du. erg, bad.
Ef&ce. (F.-L.) F. effacer.^Y, ef-
(L. ef-^ for eXj out) ; zxAface, from Folk-
L. T&ria (for Y,, faciem, ace. oifaciis),
face. See Pace.
Effect. (F.-L.) A. ¥. effect (J^,effci),
— L. effectum^ ace. of effectus, an effect.-
L. effectus, pp. of efficere, to work out. —
L. ^-, for «f, thoroughly ; fcuere^ to do.
Effeminate. (L.) From pp. of L.
effeminare, to make womanish.— L. ^,
lor ex, thoroughly; femina^ a woman.
See Feminine.
Effendi, sir, master. (Turkish— Gk.)
Turk, efendi, sir. — Mod. Gk. d^^yn;;, for
Gk. av$€VTrfs, a despotic master, ruler ; see
Authentio.
Effenresce. (L.) h.efferuescere.-^L.
ef-, for ex^ out ; feruescere, to begin to
boil, inceptive oiferuire, to boil.
EffetCi exhausted. (L.) L. effitus,
weakened by having brought forth young.
— L. ef; for ex, out ; fttus, that has
brought forth ; allied to L. fui, I was
(Brugm. i. \ 361 ; ii. $ 587).
Emcacyy force, virtue. (L.) L. effi-
cScia, effective power. — L. efficSC', stem of
efficax, efficacious. — L. efficere; to effect
(below).
efllcient. (L.) From stem of pres.
pt. of efficere, to enect ; see Effeot.
Efigy. (F.-L.) F. effigU.^lu. effi-
giem, ace. of effigies, an image. — L. effig-,
base of effingere, to form. — L. ef-^ for ex,
out \fingere, to form. See Figure.
Efllorescence. (F.-L^ F. efflore-
scence, lit. *a flowering.' rrom L. efflo'
rescere, inceptive form of efflorire, to
blossom out.— L. ef^^ex, out ; fidrire, to
blossom. See Floral.
EfBLuencCv a flowing. (L.) From the
EFFORT
ELASTIC
pres. pt. of effluere^ to flow out. — L. ef-^
for ex^ out ; fluere, to flow. See Fluent.
Effort. (F.-L.) F. ejforty an effort;
verbal sb. from F. s^efforcer^ to endeavour.
i-Med. L. exfortidrCy to use force. -^L.
tx^ out ; fotii-s, strong. See Force.
SfErontery. (F.-L.) XVIII cent.
— F. effronterity ' impadency ; * Cot. —
0. F. tffrontiy shameless. ^ 0»Y, ef- (L.
rf'i for ex)y out ; front, face, forehead (as
if putting forward the forehead). Cf. F.
af-fronter, to oppose face to face. See
Front.
Effulgent, bright. (L.) From stem
of pres. pt. of L. effulgire, to shine forth.
— L. ef-y for exy out ; fulgire, to shine.
Effose. (L.) L. effususy pp. of effun-
derty to ponr out. — L. ef-^ for ex, out;
fundere, to pour.
E|fSf (i), the oval body whence chickens,
&c. are hatched. (Scand.) M. £. eg, pi.
^g^j.^Icel. iggy Dan. agy Swed. agg.'^
A.S. Sg (s= M. E. ey)'y Du. «, G. «.
Prob. allied to Irish ugh, Gael, ubhy W.
wyy L. ouutUy Gk. d><$v, egg. Brugm. i.
§ .^09 (a).
Egg {2), to instigate. (Scand.) M. £.
fSS'^f*-''^ce\.eggya, to goad on.^Icel. eggy
an edee (point). See Edge.
Egumtine. (F.-L.) F. ^glanHtu,
M.F. aiglatUitu, cUglantter, sweet-briar.
— O. F. aigianty the same. «• L. type
*aculent'US, prickly (not found). «- L. cuu-s,
a needle ; -lenius (as in uiru-lentus), Cf.
L. aculeusy a prickle, dimin. of acus. See
Aglet. (VAK.).
Egotist, Egoist, a self-opinionated
person. (L.) doined from L. ego, I ; see
1. Cf. F. ^goiste (a. d. 1755).
Egrep^onS, excellent. (L.) L. igre-
gi-uSj chosen out of a flock, excellent ;
with suflix -ous.'^'L, /, out; greg-^ stem of
grex, a flock.
Egress, a going out. (L.) h^igressus,
— L. ggressuSy pp. of igredi^ to go out. -■
I^. /, out ; gradi, to go.
Egret, the lesser white heron. (F.—
O. H. G.) M. F. egrette, aigrette, dimin.
of a form *aigre (whence also Prov. aigr-
orty O. F. hair-on, E. ^r-^»).— O. H. G.
heigir, heiger, a heron. See Heron.
Eh ! interj.' (E.) M. E. ey. Cf. A. S.
ga\ Du. he! G,ei! F.eh/
Eider-duek. (Swed. and E.) The £.
dtuk is here added to the Swed. spelling
of Icel. aOr, an eider-duck (a pronouncea
like f in time) ; whence Dan. ederfugl
(eider-fowl), Swed. ejder; and cf. Swed.
dial. 8d, Der. eider down, Icel. adardUn,
Eight. (E.) M. E. eightL A. S.
eahta, ^ Du. achty Icel. Stta, Dan. otte,
Swed. &tta, Goth, ahtau, G. acht\ Irish
ocht. Gael, ochd, W. wyth, L. octo, Gk.
bicrii, Pers. hasht, Zend ashta, Skt. ashtau,
Idg. type *oktff{u). Der. eigh-teen, A. S.
eahtatene, eahtatyne; eigh-ty, A. S. (hund)-
eahtatig; eigh-th, A. S. eahtoOa.
Eisel, vinegar. (F.-L.) In Shak.
M. E. eisei, eisil, aisiL^O, F. aisil, eisil,
also aisi, vinegar (Godefroy). Aisil ap-
pears to be a dimin. form of aisi. — Late L.
acitus, bitter; closely related to L. tuetum,
vinegar. The Goth. aJteit, vinegar, A. S.
ecid^ G. essig, is due to Late L. acitum or
L. acitum.
Eisteddfod, a congress of (Welsh)
bards. (W.) VV. eisted^od^ a sitting, con-
gress, -i W. eistedd, to sit.
Either. (E.) M.E. either, aither.
A. S. agper^ contracted form of Sghwafer.
Comp. of d^gi-hwafer; where d = aye, gi
(forge.') is a prefix, and ^wd^A^a whether.
+Du. ieder, G.jeder, O. H. G. iohwedar,
IQaculate, to jerk out an utterance.
(L.) From pp. of L. Haculdrt, to cast
out.— L. i, out; iaculum, a missile, from
iacere, to cast.
eject. (L.) L. iiectHre, frequentative
of L. Hcere, to cast out. -> L. /, out ; iacere,
to cast.
Eke (i)> to augment. (E.) M.E. eken.
O. Merc, ican, A. S. tecan, weak vb.
Tent type ^aukjan-, weak vb. ; allied to
Icel. auka, Goth, aukan (neuter), str. vb. ;
cf.L.augfre. (^AUGw.) Brugm. i.§ 635.
eke (2), also. (E.) M. E. eek, eke,
A. S. Ai^.4*DU' ooh, Icel. auk, Swed. och
(and), Dan. og (and), G. auch. All from
the Teut. base auk- above.
Elaborate. (L.) L. HaborStus, pp.
q{ ilabordre, to labour greatly. — L. /, out,
greatly ; laborSre, to work, from labor-,
stem of labory labour.
Eland, a S. African antelope. (Du. — G.
— Lith.) Du. eland, an elk. — G. elend. —
Lithuan. ilnis, an elk. Cf. W. elain, a
hind, Russ. olene, a stag. See Elk.
EUtpse, to glide away. (L.) From L.
Haps MS, pp. oiilabi, to glide away.—L. e,
away ; Idbi, to glide.
Elastic. (Ck.) Formerly elastick,
Gk. H\aaTiK6i, propulsive, coined from
Gk. kx&oi^hxavvwy I drive (fiit. iX&a-cS),
Cf. Gk. kXacrfii, also kXaHip, a driver.
60
ELATE
ELL
Elat6| lifted up, proud. (L.) L»i/d/uSf
lifted up.—L. /, out ; /d^us, used as pp. of
/erre, but allied to tollere^ to lift.
Elbow, the bend of the arm. (E.)
M. £. elbowe, A. S. elboga, also ein-dcgu*
— A. S. e/fi, signifying * ell,* orig. * arm ;*
and dogu, a bow, a bending (see Bow).
A. S. ein is allied to Goth. aUinay a cubit,
W. elin^ Irish uile^ L. ulna^ Gk. itkivrj^
Skt. aratni'i the elbow. See £11.4>Du.
elle-boog^ Icel. oln-hogi^ Dan. al-bue^ G.
ellen-bogin.
Eld, old age. (£.) M.E. elde, old
age ; O. Merc, aldo, old age ; from ald^
old. Cf. A. S. ieldu, yldu ; from ecUd^ old.
4* Icel. elH ; Dan. aUk, See Old.
elder (i), older. (E.) Both as adj.
and sb. O. Merc, celdra (A. S. yldrd)^
elder, adj.; comparative of aid (A. S.
eald)^ old.
eldest. (E.) O. Merc, aldesta (A. S.
yldesta), superl. oiald (A. S. eald)^ old.
Elder (a), a tree. (E.) The d is excre-
scent. M. £. ^//ipr. A. S. ellen^ ellam,^
Low G. elloom, ^ Distinct from <Uder»
Elecampane, a plant. (L.) A. S.
eohne, elene^ perverted from L. inula ; and
M.F. enule-campane (Cot.) . • L. inula cam-
pUna^ elecampane. Here campdna prob.
means wild, growing in the nelds; from
L. campuSf a field.
Elect, chosen. (L.) L. ilectus, pp. of
iligeret to choose out.^L. i, out; le^^ere,
to choose.
Electric. (L.-Gk.) Coined from L.
ilectrumy amber, which has electric pro-
perties.— Gk. 1j\t/tTpovy amber, also shin-
ing metal; allied to ^jKUrcap^ gleaming.
Slectliary, a kind of confection. (F.
-L.-Gk.) M. E. letuaHe, - O. F. lee-
tuaire^ M. F. electuaire. « Late L. ilectud-
rium, //f^/^Wwm, a medicine that dissolves
in the mouth. Perhaps for *e{c) lict-drium^
from Gk. I/kXchct^i', an electuary, from
iKktlxuvy to lick out.— Gk. I«, out;
K^ixtiVf to lick.
Eleemoeynary, relating to alms.
(Late L.— Gk.) Late L. eleimosyndriuSj
an almoner; from eleentosyna^ alms.— Gk.
iAci7f(o<ri/yi7 pity, alms. See Alms.
Elegaax, choice, neat. (F.-L.) M.F.
elegant, — L. ilegant-y stem of ilegans,
tasteful, neat.— L. /, out; leg-^ base of
legerey to choose.
JSlegy, a funeral ode. (F.- L.-Gk.)
M. F. elegie. — L. elegta, — Gk. IX<7c/a,
fem. sing., an elegy; orig. neut. pi* of
iK^yuoVf a distich (of lament). — Gk.
iXtyoiy a lament. Der. elegi-ac.
Element. (F.-L.) 0.¥, element, ^^
L. elemenium^ a first principle.
Elephant. (F. -L.-Gk.) M.E.
elyphaunty oltfaunt.^O. F. olifant^ ele-
fant, — L. elepkantem^ ace. of elephas, —
Gk. Ix/^ctf, an elephant. Origin unknown ;
some compare Heb. elephf an ox.
Elevate. (L.) Frompp. ofL. //wJr^,
to lift up.— L. /, out; leudre, to lighten,
lift, from leuisy light. See Iievity.
Eleven. (E.) M. E. enleuen, A. S.
en{d)leofanf endlufon\ O. Northumb.
^//(5/9i^.+Du. elfy Icel. ellifu, Dan. elleve^
Swed. elfva, Goth, ainlif, G. elf^ O. H. G.
einlif, p. A compound of Teut. *ain',
one; and -/^»Lithuan. -lika (in v^no'
lika, elevenV Lith. -lika perhaps means
* remaining ; cf. L. linquere^ to leave.
Brugm. ii. % 175.
Elf. (E.) M. E. elf, O. Merc. «y.-|-
Icel. dlfry Dan. alf\ also G. alp^ a night-
mare. Der. elf-in, adj., for ^elf-en ; but
prob. suggested by the M. E. gen. pi.
elvene^ of elves (in the Southem dialect).
Elicit, to coax out. (L.) From pp.
of L. Ulcere y to draw out by coaxing.—
L. i, out ; laceref to entice. And see
Laoe.
Elide. (L.) L. ilidere, to strike out. -
L. iy out ; kedere^ to dash. Der. elis-ion
(from pp. iliS'Us),
El^ble. (F.-L.) F./ligidle.^Utd.
L. lligibiliSy fit to be chosen.— L. iligere^
to choose out ; see Elect.
Eliminate. (L.) From pp. of L.
ilimindrey to thrust out of.— L. ^, forth;
Itmin-f stem of Itmeny a threshold. See
Limit.
Elieion. see Elide.
Elixir. (Ar.-Gk.) Med. L. elixir;
for Arab, el iksir, the philosopher's stone,
esp. a sort of powder (Devic) ; where el is
the definite article. — Gk. (r/P^ov, dry pow-
der, or irjp6y. dry (residuum).
Elk, a kina of deer. (G.) Prob. adapted
from M. H. G. elch^ an elk ; O. H. G. etaho,
Cf. Icel. elgTj Swed. elg, an elk; Russ.
oleney a stag; L. alces, Gk. akxTf. (His-
tory obscure.) Found in A. S. as elch^ elh.
Ell. (E.) Vi,^,elleyelne, A.S.<f/(i>,
a cubit. 4-Dq* ^/^» ^l\ Icel. aliny the arm
from the elbow to the tip of the middle
finger ; Swed. aln^ Dan. aleny Goth, aleina^
G. elle^ ell ; L. ulna, elbow, cubit ; Gk.
(i;\^n;, elbow. Ell=el-'v[i el-baw.
161
ELLIPSE
EMBERS
Ellipse. (L.-Gk.) FoTtnerlyel/tpsts.
»L. el/rpsis. ^Gk, i\\€t\f/iSf a defect, an
ellipse of a word ; also, an oval figure,
because its plane forms with the base of
the cone a less angle than that of a para-
bola, i- Gk. cXAciir((v, to leave in, leave
behind. •- Gk. cA-, for h, in ; Xdvuv, to
leave, cognate with L. linquere, "D&r,
elliptic^ adj., Gk. kWtiirriKos.
Elm, a tree. (E.) A. S. elm^-^O, H. G.
elm ; cf. Icel. almr^ Dan. alm^ Swed. aim ;
also L. ulmus (whence G. ulme^ Du. olm).
Elocution. (L.) From L. elocutio-
nem^ ace. of ilocutio^ clear utterance. — L.
ilocutus, pp. of iloqul^ to speak out.— L.
iy out ; hqul^ to speak. Cf. £loqaent.
EloiCfn, Eloiu, to remove and keep
at a distance, to withdraw. (F. — L.)
O. F. esloigner^ to remove, keep away
(Law L. exlongdre). — O. F. «, away;
loing (F. loin), far off. — L. ex, away;
longiy adv. far off. See Long.
Elope. (A.F.— Scand.) A. F. aloper,
to run away (from a husband ; see N. £. D.) .
— A. F. a- prefix (perhaps for O. F. es-,
away, as in £. a-bash) ; and M. E. lopen^
to run (Cath. Anglicnm), from Icel. hUuipa,
cognate with £. Iieap. p. Or from A. S.
ofihlop-en, pp. of dphleopan, to escape ;
from A. S. dp-, away, and hliopan, to run,
to leap.
Eloauent. (F.— L.) M. £. eloquent.
— O. F. eloquent. — L. eloquent-, stem of
pres. pt. of eloqui, to speak out or clearly.
— L. i, out ; loqui, to speak.
ElSOf otherwise. (£.^ A. S.,elleSy adv. ;
stem *a^((?-, signifying 'other,* as in Goth.
alj'iSf other.-fSwed. elj'est; allied to L.
alias, and to Alien. The suffix -es marks
the gen. case, neuter.
ElucidAte. (L.) From pp. of Late L.
elOciddre, to make clear. — L. e, out, very ;
lUcid-us, lucid, clear. See Lucid.
Elude, to avoid slily. (L.) L. glOdere
(pp. ilusus), to mock, deceive. — L. i, out ;
ladere, to play. Der. elus-ory, from the
El^TSium, a heaven. (L.— Gk.) L.
elystum,^G\i. ^K^aiov, short for ^kvcrtov
veiiov, the Elysian field (Od. 4. 563).
^IXk'rpre^x. (F.— L.) F,em-<.L.im-
(for in), in, before d and p. Hence em-
J>alm, to anoint with balm ; em-bank, to
enclose with a bank, cast up a bank ; em-
body, to invest with a body, &c.
Emaciate. (L.) From pp. of L.
itnaciare, to make thin. — L. e, ytry ;
maci', base of macies, leanness ; cf. macer,
lean.
Emanate. (L.) From L. emdndtus,
pp. of emdndre, to flow out. — L. e, out ;
mdndre, to flow.
Emancipate. (L.) From pp. of L.
imancipdre^ to set free. — L. /, out ; man-
cipdre, to transfer properly. — L. mancip-,
stem of man-ceps, lit. one who takes pro-
perty in hand or receives it.— L. man-us,
hand ; capere, to take.
Emasculate, to deprive of virility.
(L.) From pp. of L. imasculdre.'^lL., e,
9Lyiz.y from; masculus, male. See Mas-
culine.
Embargo. (Span.) Span, embargo,
an arrest, a stoppage of ships; lit. a put-
ting a bar in the way. — Late L. type
Hmbarricdre, to bar in. Formed with
prefix em- ( = Lat. m) from Span, barra^
a bar. See Bar, Barricade.
Embark. (F.—Late L.) F. embcu^-
quer.^LatQ L. imbarcdre, to put in a
bark. — L. im- (for in), in ; barca,2i bark ;
see Bark (1).
Embarrass. (F.-Span.) F. embar-
rasser, to perplex ; lit. to hinder, put a
bar in ones way. — Span, embarazar, the
same. — Span, em^ (L. im-, for in), in;
barra, a bar. Cf. Embargo ; and Bar.
Emoassy, a mission. (F. — Late L.—
C.) A modification of O. F. ambassee;
cf. M. F. embassade, Ital. imbasciata, weak-
ened form of ambasciata. All from Late
L. ambascidta, sb., orig. fem. of pp. of
ambascidre, to send on a mission, from
ambascia, a mission. See Ambassador.
Embattle, to furnish with battle-
ments. (F.) M. E. embattelen, — O. F.
em- (L. im-, for in-, prefix) ; and O. F.
bastiller, to fortify. See Battlement.
Embellish. (F.~L.) M. £. embe-
lissen. — O. F. embeliss-, stem of pres. pt.
of embellir, to beautify. — O.F. em- (L.
ifi) ; and bel^ fair. See Belle.
Ember-days. (£.) M. E. ymber,
as in ymber-weke. A. S. ymbren-, prob.
from ymbryne, a circuit, or period ; the
ember-days are days that recur at each of
the four seasons of the year. The A.S.
ymb-ryne is lit. *a running round.' — A. S.
ymb, round ( = G. um, Gk. d/t^Q ; and
ryne, a run, course; see Bun. Prob.
confused with L. quatuor tempora, four
seasons ; whence G. quatember.
Embers, ashes. (E.) M. £. emeres,
A. S. amyrgean, embers; A. S. Leech-
163
EMBEZZLE
EMIT
doms, iii. 30 (rare). + IceJ- cimyrfa,
Dan. emnier^ Swed. morja^ O. H. G.
eimutja^ sb. ember. Cf. Icel. eim-r^ vapour ;
prov. E. ome ( = A.S. *«»i), vapour.
Embenle, to filch. (F.) A.F. en-
hesiler^ to make away with (a. D. 1404).—
O. F. en- (for L. I'w-, prefix) ; and O. F.
hesiUier^ to maltreat, destroy, apparently
from O. F. bes- (Late L. bis-, used as a
pejorative prefix). Cf. O. F. besil^ ill-
treatment, torture ; and see Bezsle in the
N. E. D. % Certainly influenced, in the
1 6th cent., by a supposed etymology from
imb^cill, to weaken, an obsolete verb
formed from the adj. imbecile^ q.v.
Emblem. (F. - L. - Gk.) M. F. em-
bUme,^ L. emblima. — Gk. tfi$\fifia, a
thing put on, an ornament. ^Gk. kfi-, for
|y, in, on ; fiAXkfiv^ to throw, to put. See
Belenmite.
EmblemenjbSy the produce of sown
lands, crops which a tenant may cut after
the determination of his tenancy. (F.— L.)
O. F. efnbfaenunt, harvest. — O. F. em-
bicigr, emblader (F. etnblavtr)^ to sow
with com. — Late Lat. imblad&re, to sow.
— L. im- (for in), in; Late L. bladum
»L. abl&tum, a crop, com, lit. 'what is
carried away' (F. bli).
Embolism. (F. - L. - Gk.) O. F.
embolisme. — L. embolistnus, — Gk. kiifio-
A<(r/u$s, an intercalation or insertion of
days, to complete a period. — Gk. j/i, for Iv,
in ; fiiXKfiVj to cast ; cf. ififioX^, an inser-
tion.
Embonpoint, plumpness of person.
(F. — L.) F. embonpoint, plumpness.
For gfi bon point, in good case. -* L. in,
in ; bonu/n, neut. of bonus, good ; punc-
tum, point
Emboss (i), to adorn with bosses or
raised work. (F.— L. and G.) From
Em-, prefix ; and Boss.
Emboss (a), to take shelter, or drive
to shelter in a wood, &c. (F.— LateL.)
O F. embosquer, to shroud in a wood. —
O. F. em- (L. in), in ; O. F. bosc, a wood;
see Bouquet.
EmbonGbnre. (F.-L.) Y, embou-
chure, the mouth or opening (of a river).
— F. emboncher, to put in or to the mouth.
— L. in, in j F. bouche, from bucca, the
mouth.
Embrace. (F.— L.) O.F. embracer,
to grasp in the arms. — O. F. em-y for en
(L. in) ; and brace, the grasp of the
arms; see Brace.
E'
Embrasure. (F.) F. embrasure^ an
aperture with slant sides. *«M . F. embrcuery
to slope the sides of a window.— O.F. rm-
(L. m),in; M.F. braser, *to dcue, or
chamfret ; * Cot. (Of unknown origin.)
Embrocation, a fomenting. (F.—
Late L. — Gk.) O. F. embroccUion, — Med.
L. embrocdtus, pp. of embrocAre, to foment.
— Gk. ifji$poxfiy a fomentation. — Gk. Ift-
iS/Mxcty, to soak in. — Gk. 4/«-»|y, in;
Ppix^^yf to wet, soak.
Embroider. (F.) From Em- and
Broider. Cf. O.F. embroder, to em-
broider.
Embroil. (F.) From F. embrouiUer,
to confuse. — F. em- (L. im-, for m) ;
brouiller, to confuse. See Broil (a) ;
and cf. Imbroglio.
Embryo. (F. — Gk.) Formerly em-
bryon. — M. F. embryon, — Gk. Hfifipvov,
the embryo, foetus. — Gk, I/*- « iv, within ;
fipvov, neut. of pres. pt. of fip^uv, to be
full of, swell out.
Emendation. (L.) Coined from the
p. of L. gmendSre, to free from fault. »
. i, free from ; mendum, menda, a fault.
Emerald, a green gem. (F. - L. - Gk.)
M. £. emeraude, — O. F. esfneraude (Span.
estneraJdc^ ; also esmeragde. — L. sma-
ragdum, ace. of smaragdus. — Gk. aijuk-
paydoi, an emerald. Cf. Skt. niarakata-y
an emerald.
EmersfCf to rise from the sea, appear.
(L.) L. Smergere, to rise out of water. —
— L. e, out ; mergere, to dip ; see Merge.
Emerodis ; see Hemorrhoids.
EmenTf ^ hard mineral. (F.— Ital.~
Gk.) Formerly emerii; XVII cent.-
F. ^meri; M.F. emeriif esmeril^^ltsX,
smeriglio. — Gk. a/Jt^fjpis, Cfivptif emery.
Emetic. (L.— Gk.) L. emeticus,^
Gk. ififTiKds, causing sickness. — Gk. ifiioj,
I vomit ; see Vomit.
Emi^prate. (L.) From pp. of L. i-
migrdre, to wander forth. — L. i, out ;
migr&re, to wander ; see Migrate.
Eminent, excellent. (L.) L.Jminenf',
stem of pres. pt. of imin^e, to project,
excel. -L.^, out ; *minire, to project ; for
which cf. im-minentypro-miftent.
Emir, a commander. (Arab.) Arab.
amir, a nobleman, prince. — Arab, root
amara, he commanded. Der. admir-ai.
Emit, to send forth. (L.) L. SmitierCy
to send forth; pp. Smissus.^h, <?, out;
mittere, to send. Der. emission^ emiss-
ary, from the pp.
163
EMMET
ENCHANT
Emmetf an ant. (£.) M. £. emetCy
amote. A. S. amette, or amette, an ant.+
G. ameise, O. H. G. dmeiza^ or ameiza^ an
ant. Doublet, CMt,
Emiiidw; seeBnew.
Emollientf softening. (F.— L.) M.F.
emollient. ^\^. emollient'^ stemof pres. pt.
of emollire, to soften. — L. <?, out, very ;
molltre^ to soften, from mollis ^ soft.
Emolument, gain. (F.-L.) O. F.
emolument. '^h. emolumentum^ what is
gained by labour.— L.^/«J/frf, to work out,
accomplish. — L. e, out, greatly ; moliri^ to
work, from moles^ heap, also effort. % So
usually explained; but the short vowels
in -mdlH- suggest a derivation from imd-
lere, to grind thoroughly.
EmOuOn. (L.) Coined from L. imdtus,
pp. of emouire^ to move away or much. —
L. e, out, much ; mouire^ to move.
Emperor, a ruler. (F.— L.) O. F.
empereor.^\j. imper&torem^ ace. of im-
perator, a ruler.— L. imperare^ to rule.—
L. im- (for i«-), upon, oytr \ pardre^ to
make ready, order. Der. empr-ess.
Emphasis, stress of voice. (L. — Gk.)
L. emphasis. — Gk. HfupafftSy a declaration,
emphasis ; orig. appearance. — Gk. kfi(pai-
vofMiy I appear. — Gk. I/*- (li'), in;
tpalvofjuUf I appear, whence ^darn^ an
appearance ; see Phase. Der. emphatic,
from Gk. ifi<paTiK6s, significant.
Empire. (F.— L.) F, empire. '^L.im-
perium, command. —L. im- (in-)^ upon,
over ; pardre, to make ready, order.
Empiric, a quack doctor. (F.— L.—
Gk.) M. F. empirique, — L. empiricus. —
Gk. ifiir€ipiK6Sf experienced ; also one of
a certain set of physicians. — Gk. kfi-^^h,
in; vftpa (— ♦irepia), a trial, experience,
allied to v6pos, a way, and to £. Fare.
Brugm. i. § 293.
Employ. (F. — L.) M. F. employer, to
employ. — L. implicdre, to implicate (in
Late L., to use for, employ). — L. im- (for
in-), in ; plic&re, to fold ; see ImpUoate,
Imply.
Emporium, a mart. (L. — Gk.) L.
emporium. — Gk. ifjivSpiov^ a mart ; neut. of
kfiw6pios, commercial. — Gk. ifivopia, com-
merce, ifiwopos, a traveller, merchant.—
Gk. f:i- = Iv, in ; vSpos^ a way ; see Fare.
Emprise, enterprise. (F.— L.) M. E.
emprise. — O. F. emprise ; orig. fem. of
empris, pp. of O. F. emprendre, to take in
hand.— L. im- {in-), in; prehendere, to
take. See Comprehend.
Empty, void. (E.) HL.'E. evipti, A.S.
amtig, (enutig, lit. full of leisure. — A. S.
(imta, femetta, leisure, older form imoia
(Epin. Glos. 680). Perhaps ametta is for
*i£mdtjon^ from 5-, prefix, privative, and
mdt, a meeting for business.
Empyrean, Empyreal, pertaining
to elemental fire. (L. — Gk.) Adjectives
coined from L. empyree-tis, Gk. *kfiirvp-
aioSj extended from ifi-vvpos, exposed to
fire. — Gk. kfi- = |y, in ; vvp, fire ; see Fire.
Emn, Emeu, a bird. (Port.) Port.
ema, an ostrich.
Emulate. (L.) From pp. of L.
(Bmuldrt, to try to equal.— L. (smulus,
striving to equal.
Emulsion, a milk-like mixture. (F. —
L.) M. F. emulsion ; formed from L.
Smuls-us, pp. of emulgere, to milk out. —
L. /, out ; mulgere, to milk ; see Milk.
En-, prefix, (F. - L. ) F. en- . - L. in- ,
in ; sometimes used with a causal force, as
en-case, en-chain, &c. See Em-.
Enact. (F.-L.) In Shak.-F. en,
in (L. in) ; and Act. Lit. ' to put in act.'
Enamel, vb. (F.-O. H. G.) M. E.
enamaile, sb., enamelen, vb. — A. F. ena-
meller, enamailler, vb. — F. en (L. in), on ;
amaile, for O. F. esmail, enamel ( ^ Ital.
smalto), from O. Low G. smalt (Lubben).
See Smalt.
Enamour. (F.-L.) O.Y . enamorer,
to inflame with love. — F. en amour, in
love; where F. en is from L. in, in, and
amour from L. ace. amorem, love.
Encamp. (F.— L.) Coined from en-
(F. en, L. in) and camp ; hence * to
form into a camp.* See Camp.
Encase. (F.— L.) Cf. F. encaisser,
* to put into a case ; * Cot. — F. en, in (L.
in) ; and M. F. caisse, casse, a case ; see
Oase (2).
Encaustic, relating to designs burnt
in. (F.— L. — Gk.) F. encaustique.^L.
encausticus. — Gk. i'yKav<rrtK65, relating to
burning in. — Gk. iv, in ; Koloa, I bum.
See Oalm.
Enceinte, pregnant. (F. — L.) F. en-
ceinte. — Late L. incincta, ungirt, said of a
pregnant woman, fem. of pp. of cingere,
to gird, with neg. prefix in-. ^ Isidore
explains Late ll incincta as meaning
* ungirt* ; so also Ital. incinta (Florio).
Enchant. (F.— L.) Y . enchanter, io
charm. — L. incantdre, to repeat a chant. —
L. in-, upon; and cantdre, to sing; see
Cant (I '.
64
ENCHASE
ENEW
Enchase. (F< —I^-) M. F. enchasser,
* to enchace or set in gold ; * Cot. Hence
to emboss. — F. ettf in (L. in) ; and chasse
(F. chdsse^, the same as casse, a case ; see
Case (2).
Encircle. (F.— L.) From En- and
Circle.
Encline. (F. — L.) M. E. endinen. -
O.F. en€lin€r.m,'L. tncitndre; see Incline.
Enclitic. (Ok.) Gk. iyxKiriKSs, en-
cUning, dependent ; used of a word which
Means* its accent upon another. — Gk.
iyxXivdVy to lean upon, encline. —Gk. iv,
on; HXlvdv, to lean; see Lean (i).
Enclose. (F.— L.) From En- and
Close (i), Cf. A.F. endos, pp. of en-
dorriy to shut in.
Encomium, commendation. (L. — Gk.)
Latinised from Gk. iyH&juov, neut. of
iytc&fiios, laudatory, full of revelry. — Gk.
€v, in ; leSffios, revelry.
Encore, again. (F.— L.) F. gttcore
(^= Ital. ancora), still, again. — L. Aanc
horam^ for in hanc horam^ to this hour ;
see Hour. ^ Somewhat disputed.
Encounter, vb. (F. - L.) o. F. en-
contrerf to meet in combat — F. en, in;
contre, against. — L. in, in ; contra^ against.
EncOUrMe. (F. - L.) F. encourager\
from F. en (E. in) and courage ; see Cou-
rage.
EncrinitCy the ' stone lily ' ; a fossil.
(Gk.) Coined from Gk. kv, in ; Kpivov, a
lily ; with suffix -irrjs.
Encroach. (F.-L. a;/^Tent.) Lit.
to hook away, catch in a hook. — O.F.
encrochier, to seize upon. — F. en, in ; croc^
a hook ; cf. F. accrocher, to hook up.— L.
/«, in; and M. 'Dvi.krokei Icel. krokr, &c.;
see Crook.
Encumber. (F.—L. ?) O.F. encom-
brer, to block up (a way). — Late L. in-
combrdre, to obstruct. — L. in-, in; and
Late L. cotnbrus, an obstacle. See Cum-
ber.
Encyclical, circular, said of a letter
sent round (ecclesiastical). From Gk.
*^7icv#fA«-os, circular (said of a letter) ; with
suffix -^-fl/. — Gk. Iv, in ; kvkKo-^, a circle.
encyclopaedia. (L.-Gk.) Latinised
from (a coined) Gk. *€yKVK\oiraiB€ia, for
iynvKkios ircuScm, circular (or complete)
instruction; from iyx^HKios (above), and
vcuHtla, instruction.
End, sb. (£.) M.£. ende. A.S. ende,
sb.+Du. eindet Icel. ettdir, Sw. dnde, Dan.
ende^ Goth, andeis, G. ende, Teut. type
*and'joz. Cf. O. Irish ind, Skt. anfa-,
end, limit. % Hence the prefixes ante;
anti', an- in answer.
Endeavour, to attempt. (F. - L.)
Coined from the M. E. sb. dever, devoir ^
duty, with F. prefix en- (= L. in).
Compare the old phrase * to do his dever *
= to do his duty (Ch. C. T. 2598) ; see
Devoir.
Endemic, peculiar to a district. (Gk.)
Gk. tvh-qix-os, belonging to a people.—
Gk. kv, in ; S^/ios, a people ; see Demo-
cracy.
Endive, a plant. (F.—L.) F. endive
(Ital. endivia).^'La.t type *iniibea, adj.;
from L. intibus, intubus, endive.
Endogen, a plant that grows from
within. (F. — Gk;) F. endogine (1813).
From Gk. tvZo-v, within; ytv-f base of
yiyvofjLcu, I am bom, allied to y4vos, race.
Endorse. (F.—L.) Yormtrly endosse,
0. F. endosser, to put on the back of. — F.
en, on ; dos, the back, from L. dorsum, the
back (whence the spelling with rs).
Endow. (F.—L.) A.F. endower.
From F. en- and doner, ^Y.. in-, in, and
dotare, to give a dowry, from ddt-^ stem
of dos, a dowry ; cf. dare, to give.
Endne (i), to endow. (F.-L.) An-
other spelling oi endow, XV cent.— O. F.
endoer (later endouer), to endow (Burguy).
— L. in, in; and dotare, to endow; see
above. % Confused both with O.F. en-
duire, to introduce (from L. indiicere\
and with Endue (2) below.
Endue (2), to clothe. (L.) A corrup-
tion of indue ; as in ' endue thy ministers
with righteousness.* — L. induere, to
clothe. See Indue (2) ; and see above.
Endure. (F. — L.) M. £. enduren,wm
F. endurer, — F. en (L. in) ; and durer
(L. durSre), to last. See Dure.
Enemy. (F. — L.) M. £. enemi. —
O.F. enemi. ^h. inimtcus, unfriendly.—
L. in, not ; amicus, friendly, from L.
amdre, to love.
Energy. (F.— L.-Gk.) O.Y.energie,
— Late L. energia,^ Gk. ivipytia, vigour,
action. — Gk. kv€py6s, at work, — Gk. kv,
in ; ipyov, work ; see Work.
Enervate. (L.) From pp. of L.
enerudre, to deprive of nerve or strength.
— L. e, out of; neruus, a nerve; see
Nerve.
Enew. (F.—L.) Misspelt emmew in
Shak. ; read eneiv, to drive into the water.
— F. en, in; A.F. ewe (F. eau), water.
i«6
ENFEOFF
ENSIGN
from L. aqua, Cf. O. F. enewer^ to soak
in water (.Godefroy).
Enfeoff, to endue with a fief. (F. — L.
and O. H. G.) The spelling is Norman
F. ; formed from F. en (L. in), in ; and
fief, a fief. See Fief.
JBnfilade, a straight line -or passage.
(F. — L.) F. enfilade, a long string (of
things). — F. enfiler, to thread. — F. en-
(L. in),\n\Jil, a thread, from \„ filum,
a thread. See Pile (i).
Engage. (F.-L.) O. F. engager, to
bind by a pledge. — F. en (L. in), in;
gage, a pledge; see Gaere. Der. dis-
engage.
Engender, to breed. (F.— L.) M. £.
engendren. ^ 0,¥ , engendrer.^h. ingen-
erare, to produce. — L. in, in; getterare,
to breed, from gener- (for *genes-), stem
of genus, a race, See G-eniu.
Engine. (F.-L.) O. F. engin, a
tool. — L. ingenium, natural capacity, also,
an invention. — L. in, in; geni-, as in
genius ; see Genius.
English, belonging to the Angles. (£.)
A. S. Englisc, ^ngtisc. — A. S. Engl-e,
Mngl-e, pi., the Angles ; with suffix -wr,
-ish. Cf. A. S. Angel'cynn, Angle kin
{gens Anglorum).
Engrailedf indented with curved lines;
in heraldry. (F.— L. fl«flf Teut.) O.F.
efigresle, pp. of engresler, to engrail (indent
as with hailstones). — O. F. en, in; gresle
(F. griU), hail. — L. i«, in ; and (plerhaps)
G,gries, grit. See Grail (3).
Engznin, Ingrain, to dye of a fast
colour. (F. — L.) M. E. engreynen^ to
dye in grain, i.e. of a fast colour. Coined
from F. en (L. in) ; and O. F. graine,
* the seed of herbs, also grain, wherewith
cloth is died in grain, scarlet die, scarlet
in graine ; * Cot. From Late L. grdna,
the cochineal * berry * or insect ; a fern. sb.
formed from the pi. {grand) oigrdnum, a
grain.
Engrave. (F. atul £.) From En-
and Grave (i) ; imitating O. F. engraver
(from L. in and O. H. G. graban, Low G.
graven, cognate with E. grave).
Engross, to write in large letters, to
occupy wholly. (F. — L.) The former
(legal) sense is the older. A. F. engrosser.
From F, en grosse,\, e. in large characters.
— L. in, in ; Late L. grossa, large writing,
from L. grossus, thick.
Enhance, to raise, exalt, increase.
(F. — I ..) A. F. enhauncer, a form of O. F.
enhaucer, enhaucier, to lift (Ital. inttal-
eare),'^lj. in; and Late L. aliidre, to
lift, from alius, high.
Enigma. (L. — Gk.) L. anigtna. —
Gk. aiviyfjui (stem cuviy/MT-)^ a riddle,
dark saying. — Gk. alvlaaoiiat, I speak in
riddles. — Gk. dlvos, a tale, story. Der.
enigtnat'ic (from the stem).
EaJoin, to bid. (F.-L.) O.F. en-
joindre (i p. pres. enjoin-s), — L. iniun-
gere, to bid, ordain, orig. to join into.—
L. in, in ; iungere, to join. See Join.
Exyoy, to joy in. (F.— L.) M. E. en-
ioien ( = enjoy eti) ; A. F. enioier. — F. en
(L. j«); O.F. ioie, Y,joie\ see Joy.
Enlighten, vb. (E. ; with F. pre-
fix ^^ Coined with F. prefix en- (L. ?«),
from lighten, vb. ; see Lighten.
Enlist, to enter on a list. (F. — G. ;
with F. — L. prefix) Coined by prefixing
F. en (L. in) to Ijist (2).
Enmity. (F.— L.) M. £. enmite.^
A. F. enemite ; O. F. enamistie{t). — O. F.
en- (L. in-), neg. prefix; and amistie{t)^
amity; see Amity.
Ennui. (F.— L.) Mod. F. ennui, an-
noyance ; O. F. anoi. See Annoy.
Enormons, great beyond measure.
(F. — L.) Formed from enomt (obsolete) ;
with suffix -ous. — M. F. enorme, liuge. — L.
enormiSj out of rule, huge. — L. /, out of;
norma, rule. See Normal.
Enough. (£.) M. £. inoh, enogh ;
'^. inohe, enoghe. A,S. genoh, genog, pi.
gendge, sufficient ; allied to A.S. geneah,
it suffices. -f-Icel. gnogr, Dan. nok, Swed.
nog, Du. genoeg, G. genug, Goth, ganohs.
The ge- is a prefix. Cf. L. nancisci, to
obtain (pp. nac-tus) ; Skt. na^, to attain.
Enquire. (F. — L.) M. E. enqueren\
altered from enqiiere to enquire, and later to
inquire, under the influence of the L. form.
— O. F. enquerre ,enquerir, ^1^. inquirere,
to search into. — L. in, in; qucerere, to
seek. Der. enquiry, often turned into
inquiry; enquest (now inquest), from
O. F. enqueste, L. inqutstta {res), a thing
enquired into.
Ensample. (F. — L.) M.'E, ensample,
— A. F. ensample, corrupt form oiessample,
exemple. — L. exemplum^ a sample, pattern.
— L. eximere, to select a sample.— L. ex^
out ; emere, to take. Der. sample.
Ensign. (F. - L.) O. F. ensigne,
more correctly enseigne, *a sign, en-
signe, standard;' Cot. —Late L. insignia^
pi. of L. insigne,2i standard. — L. insignis^
166
EPITHET
ERMINE
$CL\afuov, bridal song. — Gk. Jn-t, upon,
for ; &dkafios, bride-chamber.
Epithet. (L.— Gk.) la, epitheion.^
Gk. imBfroVy an epithet; neut, of kviOtTos,
attributed. -• Gk. M^ besides ; 0€'t6s,
placed, from 0*-, weak grade of rlOrjfu, I
place.
Epitome. (L. — Gk.) L. epitomS.^
Gk. imrofifif a surface-incision, also an
abridgment. — Gk. kvl, upon ; riiwuv, to
cut.
Epodl. (L. — Gk. ) Late L. epocka, —
Gk. lirox4» a stop, pause, fixed date. « Gk.
Irr- (lirQ, upon; ix^*^t ^o hold, check.
(VSEGH.) Brugm. i. § 602.
Epode. (F. - L. - Gk.) O. F. epode. -
L. epddos.^Gk, irr^h6i, an epode, some-
thing sung after. — Gk. lv-<, upon, after;
dciSctv, to sing.
Equal. (L*) L. cequdlis, equal. —L.
€equtis, just, exact.
eqnanimity, evenness of mind. (L.)
From L. aquanimtfas, the same. — L.
aquanimis, of even temper, kind. ■- L.
aqU'Us, eoual ; animus, mind.
eqnfttlOIly a statement of equality.
(L.) L. ace. cBqudtionem, an equalising ;
from pp. of aqudre, to make equal. ■■L.
aquusy equal. So also equator<X'* aqua-
tor,
equilibrium, even balancing. (L.)
L. (Equilibrium. ■■ L. aquiltbris, evenly
balanced, i- L. aqui-, for aquus, even ;
/idra, a balance ; see Iiibrate.
eqninOZ. ( F. — L.) F. ^quinoxe. — L.
aquinociium^ time of equal day and night.
—L. aqui'y for aquus \ nocti-, decl. stem
of noXf a ni£ht ; see Night.
eqnipolienty equally potent. (F. — L. )
O. l*. equipolent.'^'L, aquipoHent-, stem of
aquipotlens, of equal power. —L. aqui-y for
aquus : pollensy pres. pt. of pollirey to be
strong.
equity. (F.-L.) O.F. equiti.'^l.,
aquttdtemy ace. of aquiiasy equity. — L.
aquus y equal.
eqniralent. (F.-L.) M.F. equi-
valent.'^L. aquiualent-y stem of pres. pt.
of aquiuaUre, to be of equal force.— L.
aqui'y for aquus ; uaUrey to be worth ; see
Value.
eqiliTOOaL (L.) Formed from L.
aqutuoc-uSy of doubtful sense. — L. aqui-,
aquus \ uoC'y stem of uocdre, to call;
see Voice. Der. equivoc-ate, to speak
doubtfully. % So also equi-angulary equi-
multipUt &c.
Eqiierry« an officer who has charge of
horses and stables. (F.-O.H. G.) Pro-
perly equerry means a stable, and mod. E.
equerry stands for squire of the equerry, —
F. 4curiey O. F. escurie, a stable ; Low L.
scuriuy a stable. — O. H. G. skiiray skiura
(G. sckeuer), a shelter, stable; allied to
O. H. G. skt2ry a shelter. Brugm. i. § 109.
(VSKEU.) f Altered to equerry by
confusion vrith equusy a horse.
Equestrian ; see Equine.
EquUibrium; see Equal.
Equine. (L.) L. egumusy relating to
horses. — L. equus, a horse. 4- Gk. tmtos,
(Ukos) ; Skt. Ofva ; Pers. asp ; O. Irish ecA ;
A. S. eoA. Brugm. 1. § 116.
equestrian. (L.) Formed from L.
equestri-y stem of equestery belonging
to horsemen.— L. equesy a horseman.— L.
equuSy a horse.
Equinox ; see Equal.
Equip, to furnish, fit out. (F.-Scand.)
M. F. equipery O. North F. esquiper, to
fit out ; A. F. eskipper. — Icel. skipay to set
in order, perhaps allied to skipy a ship.
Der. equip-agey -ment.
Equipollent, Equity ; see Equal.
Equivalent, Equivocal ; see
Equal.
Era. (L.) L. ara, an era, fixed date.
From a particular sense of aray counters
(for calculation), pi. of as, brass, money.
Eradicate. (L.) From pp. of L.
erddicdre, to root out.— L. e, out; rddi-
cdrey to root, from rddic-y stem of rddiXy
root. See Badiz.
Erase. (L.) L. erasusy pp. of erddere,
to scratch out. — L. /, out ; rddere^ to
scrape.
Ere, before. (E.) M. £. er. A, S.
ary soon, before ; adv. prep, and conj.4-
Du. eer, O. H. G. er, G. eher; Goth.
airisy sooner, comp. of air, Icel. dr, adv.,
early, soon. ^ The two last are positive,
not comparative, forms. Cf. Gk. fpi,
early.
early, soon. (£.) M. E. erly. A. S.
ariice, adv. ; from *SrltCy adj., not used. —
A. S. ar, soon ; /£:, like.
erst, soonest. (E.) M. E. erst, A. S.
Sresty superlative of 5r, soon.
Erect, adj. (L.) L. Irectusy upright ;
pp. oi irigerey to set up straight.— L. /,
out, up ; regere, to make straight, rule.
Ermine, a beast. (F. — O. H. G.)
M. E. ermine. — O. F. ermine (F. her-
mine).'^0. H. G. hanniHy ermine-fur (G.
169
^3
ENVY
on the way. — L. in niam, on the way.
Cf. Ital. inviare^ to send.
Envy, sb. (F.—L.) M.E. enuie (^«-
»/V;. — 0. F. eftvie.'-'h. inuidiay envy; see
Invidious.
Epact. (F. - Late L. - Gk.) O. F.
(and F.) epacte, an addition, the epact
(a terra in astronomy). -i Late L. epacta.^
Gk. lira/iTTiJ (for \itaxr6% ^yikpii)^ late fern,
of lira«Toy, added. — Gk. k-aar^uv^ to bring
in, add. — Gk. Ijt-, for Im, to ; and a'/eii',
to lead, bring. (^AG.)
Epaulet, a shoulder-knot. (F.— L.—
Gk.) F. ipaulette\ dimin. from ipaule
(O. F. espaule), a shoulder. — Late L.
spatula, shoulder-blade ; L. spatula, a
broad blade ; see Spatula.
Epergae, an ornamental stand for the
centre of a table. (F.— L. ««</G.) F.
ipergne^ commonly spelt ipargne^ lit.
thriftiness, sparingness. So called from
the method of ornamentation; the F. taille
(T^pargne is applied to a sort of ornamen-
tation in which certain parts are cut away
and filled in with enamel, leaving the design
in reliefs i. e. spared or left uncut. See
Littre, and Cotgrave (s. v. espargne), — F.
4pargner\ O. F. espargner, espergner^ to
spare. — O. H. G. sparon^ G. sparen^ to
spare ; see Spare.
Ephah, a Hebrew measure. (Heb.—
^gyp^*) Heb. ephah ^ a measure ; of
Egyptian origin ; cf. Coptic opi^ measure.
Ephemera, sing. ; orig. pi. , flies that
live for a day. (Gk.) XVII cent. - Gk.
€(p^fjt€pa, neut pi. of €«prifA€pos, lasting for
a day. — Gk. l0- = lir(^ for; 'fiiiipa, a day.
Der. ephemer-al^ adj.; ephemer-is (Gk.
fiprjfjifpiSj a diary).
Ephod, part of the priest's habit.
(Heb.) Heb. iphod, a vestment. — Heb.
aphadj to put on.
Itfi-, prefix. (Gk.) Gk. Iirt, upon, to,
besides; spelt eph- in eph-emeral^ ep- in
ep'isode, ep-och^ ep-ode.
Epic, narrative. (L. — Gk.) \a, epicus.
— Gk. €ir(/foy, narrative. — Gk. ttro^^ word,
narrative, song ; see Voice.
Epicene, of common gender. (L.—
Gk.) L. epicanus.'^QV. imtcoivosy com-
mon. — Gk. kniy among ; Hoivds^ common.
Epicure, a follower of Epicurus. (L.
— Gk.) L. JSpicHrus.^Gk.'EmKovpoSj a
proper name ; lit. * assistant.'
Epicycle, a small circle, with its
centre on the circumference of a larger one.
(L. — Gk.) L. epicyclus, mm Ok. iniKVKXos.
EPITHALAMIUM
— Gk. Iirt, upon; «iJ/rXos, a circle; see
Cycle.
Epidemic, affecting a people. (L.-
Gk.) Formed from L. epidemiis, epi-
demic— Gk. IviSijfjioSf among the people,
general. — Gk. ivi, among ; S^fios, people.
See Endemic.
Epidermis, cuticle.^ (L. — Gk.) L.
epidermis, ^Gk. hmhfp^ls, upper skin. —
Gk. hiri, upon ; Bipfi-a, skin. See Derm.
Epiglottis, the cartilage forming a
lid over the glottis. (Gk.) Gk. kmyXuTris.
— Gk. knl, upon ; ykwTris, glottis ; see
Glottis.
Epigram, a short and pithy poem or
saying. (F.— L.-Gk.) F. /pigramme.
— L. epigramtna. ^Gk. kviypafifia, an
inscription, epigram. — Gk. kmypatpeiv, to
inscribe. — Gk. ivl, upon; ypdj>tiv, to
write. See Orammar.
E]pilepsy. (F. - L. - Gk.) M. F. epi-
lepste, 'the tailing sickness;' Cot.— L. epi'
Upsia, m^Gk, im\tj\f/la, km\rf\f/ts, a seizure.
— Gk. km\afi0av€iyf to seize upon. — Gk.
M, on ; Xaft0dv€iv, to seize. Der. epi-
leptic (Gk. kniXrjvTiKds).
Epilogue. (F. -L. - Gk.) F. ^pt'logue.
— L. epilogus, mm Gk. hikoyos, a concluding
speech. —Gk. ini, upon; \6yos, a speech.
Epiphany, Twelfth Day. (F.- L.-
Gk.) O. F. epiphanie. -^h. epiphania.'^
Gk. Iiri^di'm, manifestation ; orig. neut.
pi. of (iri^i'io;, manifest, but used as
equivalent to liri(/>av(ca, sb. — Gk. jm^cu-
vtiVy to shew forth —Gk. Iir/, to, forth;
<palvfiv, to shew. See Phantom.
Episcopal. (F. - L. - Gk.) O. F.
episcopal. '^h. episcopalis, belonging to a
bishop. — L. episcopHSy a bishop. —Gk. k-ni-
(jKovos, an over-seer, bishop. — Gk. Irtl,
upon; <r*07r<5j, one that watches. See
Scope.
Episode, a story introduced into an-
other. (Gk.) Gk. iirua6hiov^ orig. neut.
oi kvHaihioSf coming in besides. — Gk. ktr-
{kirf)y besides; etVoStor, coming in, from
«Zs, in, 6h6sy a way.
Epistle, a letter. (F. - L. - Gk.)
O. F. epistle, also epistre.^'L, epistola^
Gk. kmarokii^ message, letter. — Gk. cirt-
arkKK^iV, to send to. — Gk. kni, to ; <7T€A.-
Kuv, to equip, send.
Epitaph. (F.-L.-Gk.) Y.ipitaphe.
^\u. epitaphium.'^Gk. kirirdipios, upon a
tomb. — Gk. kni, on; rd(f)OSf a tomb.
Epi tK ftl ftini n Vlt , a marriage - song.
(L. — Gk.) L. epithalamium. '^Gk. kvi-
i68
EPITHET
ERMINE
$a\afuoVf bridal song. '^ Gk. c^t, upon,
for ; 0d\a/ios, bride-chamber.
Epithet. (L. — Gk.) L. epitheton. ^
Gk. imOfTov, an epithet; neut. of kni$€Tos,
attributed. -■ Gk. Mf besides; Oe-rSs,
placed, from Oe-, weak grade of rlOrjfu, I
place.
Epitome. (L.-Gk.) L. epHomi.^
Gk. imrofifi, a surface-incision, also an
abridgment. « Gk. ivi, upon ; rifu/tiVj to
cut.
Epocli. (L. — Gk.) lAie lu. epocAa,^
Gk. inox^f a stop, pause, fixed date. — Gk.
Iw- (l»0» upon; ix^iv, to hold, check.
(ySEGH.) Bmgm. i. § 602.
Epode. (F. - L. - Gk.) O. F. epode. -
L. epochs. ^Gk. €V(pS6s, an epode, some-
thing sung after. — Gk. Iir-t, upon, after;
dfideiVy to sing.
Equal. (L.) L. aqudliSf equal. ^-L.
aquus, just, exact.
equanimity, evenness of mind. (L.)
From L. lEquanimitas, the same. — L.
aquanimis, of even temper, kind. — L.
aqU'USi eaual ; animus y mind.
equation, a statement of equality.
(L.) L. ace. aquationem, an equalising ;
from pp. of aqudre, to make equal. i»L.
aquuSj equal. So also equator<,h. aqua-
tor,
eqnilibrilim, even balancing. (L.)
L. (Equilibrium. — L. aquilibriSi evenly
balanced. — L. isqui-y for isquus, even ;
lidra, a balance ; see Librate.
eqninoz. ( F. — L.) F . ^quinoxe, — L.
iequinociium, time of equal day and night.
— L. aqui-, for aquus ; nocti-, decl. stem
of ncXf a night ; see Night.
equipollent, equally potent. (F. — L. )
O. }f. equipolent.'^lj, (Equipollent'^ stem of
aquipoilens, of equal power. — L. aqui-, for
aquus : pollens^ pres. pt. of pollire, to be
strong.
e^nity. (F.-L.) O.F. equity, ^l.,
aquUdtemy ace. of aquitas, equity. — L.
aquus y equal.
equivalent. (F.-L.) M.F. equi-
vaUnt.^h. aquiualent-y stem of pres. pt.
of aquiualere, to be of equal force. —L.
aqui-, for aquus ; ualire^ to be worth ; see
Value.
equivocaL (LO Formed from L.
aqutuoC'USy of doubtful sense. — L. aqui-,
aquus \ uoc-f stem of uocdre, to call;
see Voice. Der. equivoc-ate, to speak
doubtfully. % So also equi-angular, equi-
mulliplg, &G.
Equerry I an officer who has charge of
horses and stables. (F. — O. H. G.) Pro-
perly equerry means a stable, and mod. E.
equerry stands for squire of the equerry. —
P\ icurie, O. F. escurie, a stable ; Low L.
scHria, a stable. — O. H. G. skara, skiura
(G. scheuer\ a shelter, stable; allied to
O. H. G. skUry a shelter. Brugm. i. § 109.
(VSKEU.) f Altered to eqturry by
confusion with equus, a horse.
Equestrian; seeSquine.
Equilibrium; see Equal.
Equine. (L.) L. equinus, relating to
horses. i-L. equus, a horse. 4- Gk. tinroy,
{iKKos) ; Skt. ofva ; Pers. asp ; O. Irish ecA ;
A. S. eok. Brugm. i. § 116.
equestrian. (L.) Formed from L.
equestri-y stem of equestery belonging
to horsemen.— L. eques, a horseman. —L.
equusy a horse.
Equinox ; see Equal.
Equip, to furnish, fit out. (F.— Scand.)
M. F. equipery O. North F. esquipery to
fit out ; A. F. eskipper. — Icel. skipay to set
in order, perhaps allied to skipy a ship.
Der. eouip-age, -ment.
Equipollent, Equity ; see Equal.
Equivalent, Equivocal ; see
Equal.
Era. (L.) L. aray an era, fixed date.
From a particular sense of aray counters
(for calculation), pi. of as, brass, money.
Eradicate. (L.) From pp. of L.
eradtcdrey to root out. — L. /, out; rddt-
cdrey to root, from rddic-y stem of rdtdiXy
root. See Badix.
Erase. (L.) L. erasusy pp. of erdderey
to scratdi out. »L. /, out ; radere^ to
scrape.
Ere, before. (£.) M. £. tr. A. S.
ary soon, before ; adv. prep, and conj.-f-
Du. eery O. H. G. /r, G. eher\ Goth.
airisy sooner, comp. of air, Icel. dr, adv.,
early, soon. % Tne two last are positive,
not comparative, forms. Cf. Gk. ^pi,
early.
early, soon. (£.) M. £. erly. A. S.
arlice^ adv. ; from *arltCy adj., not used. —
A. S. ar, soon ; lie, like.
erst, soonest. (£.) M. £. erst, A. S.
arest, superlative of or, soon.
Erect, adj. (L.) L. erectusy upright ;
pp. of erigerey to set up straight. — L. /,
out, up ; regere, to make straight, rule.
Ermine, a beast. (F. — O. H. G.)
M. £. ermine, — O. F. ermine (F. her-
wi»«).— O. H. G. hartnin, ermine-fur (G.
169
ti3
ERODE
kermelin), — O. H. G. harmOf an ermine.
4- A . S. hearma ; Lithuan . szarm&j a weasel .
fl'But Hatzfeld supports the derivation from
Armenius ptiis, an Armenian mouse ; cf.
Ponticus mus^ supposed to be an ermine.
Erode. (F. — L.) F. ^oder.^'L. ero-
dere, to eat away. — L. e, out ; roJere, to
gnaw. Dsr. eros-ion (from pp. eros-us).
Erotic. (Gk.) Gk. kpojTiKdSf relating
to love. — Gk. ipojTi-, crude form of I/mus,
love ; allied to ipaiiai, I love.
Err, to stray. (F. — L.) M. E. erren, —
O. F. errer. — L, errare, to wander (for
*ers-dre).'^G. irren, to stray, Goth, atrz-
jan, to make to stray. Brugm. i. § 878.
erratuXO., an error. (L.) L. erra-
tum ^ neut. of pp. of errdre, to make a
mistake. •
erroneous, faulty. (L.) Put for L.
errone-uSf wandering; with sufhx -ous.^
L. errare (above).
error. (F. — L.) M. E. errour. —
O. F. errour, ^'L, errdrem^ ace. of error ,
a mistake. — L. errare (above).
EmV>^d. (E.) M. E. erende, A. S.
^rende, a message, business. +0. Sax.
drundi, O. H. G. drunti, a message ; cf.
IceL eyrendi, orendi^ Swed. drende^ Dan.
cerende. Usually connected with A. S. dr^
Icel. drr, Goth, airus^ a messenger; which
is hardly possible.
Errant, wandering. (F. -L.) ¥. er-
rant ^ pres. pt. of O. F. errer, eirer, to
wander. — Late L. iterdre, to travel. — L.
iter^ a journey. ^T I^ sometimes repre-
sents the pres. pt. of errare, to wander.
Doublet J arrant.
Erratum, Erroneons, Error ;
see Err.
Erst ; see Ere.
Erubescent. (L.) L. irubescent-,
stem of pres. pt. of erubescere, to grow red.
— L. ?, out, much; rubeschre^ to grow red,
inceptive form of rubere, to be red. See
Red.
Eructate. (L.) From pp. of L. Sruc-
tdre, to belch out. — L. e, out; ructdre,
to belch ; allied to e-riigere, to belch ; cf.
Gk. kptvytaOai. Brugm. i. § 221.
Erudite, learned. (L.) L. erudttus,
pp. of Srudtre^ to free from rudeness, to
teach. — L. e, from; rudis, rude.
Eruption. (L.) From L. eruptionem,
ace. of iruptiOy a breaking out. — L. eruptus,
pp. of erutnpere, to break out. — L. ?, out;
rumpere, to break. See Bupture.
Erysipelas, a redness on the skin.
ESCUTCHEON, SCUTCHEON
(L, — Gk.) L. erysipelas. — Gk. IpvaitrfKas,
redness on the skin. — Gk. kpvai-, allied to
ipvO-p6s, red; iriAAa, skin. Cf. ^pvalfirj,
red blight on corn.
Escalade, a scaling of walls. (F.—
Span. — L.) F. escalade. — Span, escalado,
escalada, a scaling ; from escalar, to scale.
— Span, escala, a ladder. — L. scdla, a
ladder ; see Scale (3). Cf. Ital. scalata,
an escalade ; Florio also has ' Scalada,
an escalado/ from Spanish.
Escape. (F.— L.) M. £. escapen.'^
O. North F. escaper (F. ^chopper) ^io escape,
lit. to slip out of one's cape; F'icslt^ &(jper.
— L. ex cappdj out of one's cape; see
Oape (i).
Escarpment. (F.— Ital.— Teut.) F.
escarpement. Formed from F. escarpe, a
scarp ; with suffix -ment (L. omentum) ;
see Soarp.
Escheat. (F. ~ L.) M. £. eschete
(also chete)j a forfeit to the lord of the fee.
— O. F. eschete, rent, that which falls to
one, orig. fem. pp. of escheoir (F. ^choir),
— Late L. excculere, to fall to one's share.
— L. ex, out ; and cadere, to fall. Hence
checU.
Eschew, to shun. (F. — O. H. G.)
M. E. eschewen. — O. F. eschiver, eschever,
to shun. — O. H. G. sciuhan, to frighten,
also to fear. — O. H. G. *scioh, M. H. G.
schiech, shy, timid. See Shy.
Escort, a guide, guard. (F. — Ital. - L.)
O. F. escorte,^\\.iiX, scoria^ a guide; fem.
of pp. of scorgere, to see, perceive, guide
(orig. to set right). - L. ex, entirely;
corrigere, to correct ; see Correct.
Escrow, a deed delivered on condition.
(F. — Teut.) A. F. escrouwe, M. E. scroue^
scrowe ; the orig. word of which scro-ll is
the diminutive. — O. F. escroe, a slip of
parchment. — M. Du. schroode, a shred, slip
of paper (Kilian) ; cf. O. H. G. scrot, a
shred. See Shred and Scroll.
Escuage, a pecuniary satisfaction in
lieu of feudal service. (F. — L.) O. F.
escuage < Late L. scutdgium. Formed
with suffix -age from O. F. escu, a shield ;
because escuage was first paid in lieu of
service in the field. —L. scutum, a shield.
Esculent, eatable. (L.) 'L.esculentus,
fit for eating. —L. esca, food. For *ed-sca,
— L. edere, to eat. Brugm. i. § 753.
Escutcheon, Scuteheon, a painted
shield. (F. — L.) Formerly escochon ;
XV cent.; A. F. escuchon,^0. North F.
escuchon, O. F. escusson, the same ; answer-
170
ESOPHAGUS
ETHNIC
ing to a Late L. ace. *scutidnemj extended
from L. scutum, a shield.
Esophagus, gullet. (L.-Gk.) Late
L. (esophagus. — Gk. oltro^yoSf the gullet,
lit. conveyer of food. — Gk. olao- (of doubt-
ful origin) ; ^07-, base of <^7€rv, to eat.
Esoteric. (Gk.) Gk. kawrtpiK6sy
inner; hence, secret. »Gk. I<7(£rrc^$, inner,
comp. of 1(701, adv., within; from ir=c{s,
into, prep. Opposed to exoteric.
Espalier^ frame-work for training trees.
(F. - Ital. - L. - Gk.) M.F. espallur\
Cot. — Ital. spalliera^ back of a chair, sup-
port, espalier. » Ital. spalla, shoulder. —L.
spatula ; see Epaulet.
Especial. (F.-L.) O. F. especial.^
L. specialisy belong to a special kind. — L.
species, a kind. Doublet, special.
Espionage; see Espy.
Esplanade, a level space. (F.— Ital.
— L.) M. F. esplanade y *a planing, level-
ling, evenning of ways ; * Cot. Formed
from O. F. esplaner, to level; the suffix
being due to an imitation of Ital. spianata,
an esplanade, a levelled way ; from spia-
fiare, to level.— L. expldndref to level.—
L. ex, out; pl&ndre, to level, from planus,
flat. See Plain.
Espouse. (F.— L.) O. F. espouser, to
espouse, wed.— L. sponsdre, to betroth.-
L. sponsus, pp. of spondire, to promise.
See Spouse, Sponsor.
Espy, to spy, see. (F. — O. H. G.) M. E.
espyen.^O, F. espier.^O, H. G. spehon
{{jr. spd/ien), to spy ; see Species. Der.
espi-on-age, F. espionnage, from M. F.
espiofty a spy, borrowed from Ital. spione,
a spy, from O. H, G. spekdn, to spy.
ZiSqilire, a shield-bearer. (F. — L.)
M. E. sguyer.'mO.Y. escuyer, escuier, a
squire. —Late L. scUtdrius, a shield-bearer.
— L. scUt'um, a shield, cover (F. icu^.
(ySKEU.) Brugm. i. § 109. Doublet,
sauire.
Essay, Assay, an attempt, trial.
(F. — L. ) O. F. essai^ a trial. — L. exagium,
a trial of weight ; cf. e.vdtnen, a weighing,
a swarm. — L. ex, out; ag-ere, to drive,
impel, move. (V'AG.)
Essence, a quality, being. (F.-L.)
F. essence — L. essentia, a being. — L. *es-
sent-y fictitious stem of pres. pt. of esse,
to be. Der. essenti-al ; and see efttity.
Essoin, an excuse for not appearing in
court. (F. — L. a«r/Teut.) O.Y. essdne,
M. F. exaine, * an essoine, or excuse ; ' Cot.
— O. F. essoniery to excuse (Godefroy).—
17
O. F. eS' (L. ex\ awAy ; and Low L.
sunnia, O. H. G. sunne (for *snfuijdy
Braune, xiv. 9), lawful excuse. Cf. Goth.
sunjon sik^ to excuse oneself, ga-sunjon,
to justify, from sunja, truth ; Skt. satja-,
true. Brugm. i. § 287.
Establish. (F.-L.) M. E. establis-
sen.^O. F. establiss-, base of pres. pt. of
establir, to establish. — L. stabiltre^ to
establish.— L. stoHlis, firm; see Stable
(2).
Estate. (F.-L.) O.F. estat.^la.
statum, ace. of status, state ; see State.
Esteem, to value. (F.-L.) O.F.
estimer.^h. astimdre, O. L. astumdre, to
value. Allied to Goth, aistan, to regard.
Brugm. ii. § 692.
estimate. (L.) From pp. of L. asti-
mdre, to value (above).
Estop, to bar. (F. — L.) The same as
Stop.
Estovers, supplies of various neces-
saries. (F. — L.) A. F. estovers, M. E.
stovers, \A. oi stover; see Stover.
Estrange, to make strange. (F. — L.)
O.F. estranger, to make strange. —O. F.
estrange, strange. — L. extrdneum, ace. of
extrdneus, foreign, on the outside. — L.
extrd, without ; see Extra.
Estreat, a true copy, in law. (F.— L.)
Lit. * extract.' A. F. estrete, fem. of pp.
of estraire, to extract. — L. extracta, fem.
of pp. of extrahere ; see Extract.
Estnary, mouth of a tidal river. (L.)
L. astudrti4m, the same. — L. astudre, to
surge, foam as the tide. — L. astus, heat,
surge, tide. Allied to Ether.
Etch, to engrave with acids. (Du. — G.)
Du. etsen, to etch. — G. dtzen, to corrode,
etch ; orig. * to make to eat ; ' causal of
G. essen, to eat. See Eat.
Eternal. (F.— L.) M. E. etcrnel.^
O.F etentel.^'L, atemdlis, eternal. —L.
atemuSj lit. lasting for an age; for aui-
temus. — L. aui-, for auum, an age. See
Age.
Ether, pure upper air. (L. — Gk.)
L. other. ^Gk. cd0rjp, upper air; from
its brightness. — Gk. aiBtiv, to glow.
(-^AIDH.) Brugm. i. § 202.
Ethic, relating to morals. (L. — Gk.)
L. Jthicus, moral. —Gk. ^6ik6s, moral.—
Gk. ^0os, custom, moral nature ; cf. c0o9,
manner, custom. 4- Skt. svadhd-, self-will,
strength, from sva, self, dhd, to place ; cf.
Goth, sidus, G. sitte, custom.
Ethnic, relating to a nation. (L. ^ Gk.)
ETIOLATE
EVENT
L. ethnicus.^Qik. k$viic6s^ national. — Gk.
€9vos a nation.
Etiolate, to blanch plants. (F.— L.)
F. 4tioler ; with suffix -«/^. From a
dialectal form answering to iiteuler^ to
grow into haulm or stalk, like etiolated
plants.— F. iteulCy O. F. esieule, a stalk.
— Late L. stupula^ for L. stipula^ straw.
See Stubble.
XStiq[uettey ceremony. (F. — G.) F.
itiqtutte^ a label, ticket, also a form of
introduction ; cf. M. F. etiqtut (O. F.
estiquet), *a little note, such as is stuck
up on the gate of a court/ &c.; Cot —
G. stecken, to stick, put, set, fix ; causal
of G. stecken, to stick, pierce. See Stick
(i). Doublet, ticket.
Etymon, the true source of a word.
(L. — Gk.) L. etymon, — Gk. trvfiov ; neut.
of €Tv/tos, real, true.
etymology. (F.-L.-Gk.) F,etv-
ifiologie.'^L.. etymoiogia,'^Gk. mfxo\oyiaj
etymology. — Gk. Itv/io-s, true ; -\oyia,
account, from Xc7cty, to speak.
Eu-y prefix, well. (Gk.) Gk, €5, well ;
neut. of €vs, good. Cf. Skt. vasu, wealth.
Eucalyptus, a genus of trees, includ-
ing the blue gum-tree. (Gk.) Latinised
from Gk. €u, well ; xaXwrSsy covered,
surrounded. The reference is to the hood
protecting the stamens.
Encluuristy the Lord's Supper, lit.
thanksgiving. (L. — Gk.) L, eucharistia,
— Gk. €vxap«7Tia, a giving of thanks.—
Gk. cS, well ; xapi^onaiy 1 show favour,
from x°-9^^i favour. Cf. Yearn.
Eulogy, praise. (L. — Gk.) From L.
eulogium, — Gk. €uXo7ta, praise, lit. good
speaking; with suffix suggested by L.
ilogium, an inscription. — Gk. cS, well;
A^76ti/, to speak.
Etmucll, one who is castrated. (L.—
Gk.) L. eunuchus. — Gk. cui'oCxos, a
chamberlain ; one who had charge of
sleeping apartments. — Gk. cvn;, a couch ;
€X€ii', to keep, have in charge.
EnpliemisiII, a softened expression.
(Gk.) Gk. €v<prjfiiafi6sj the same as cu-
^fda. the use of words of good omen. —
Gk. €0 well ; <l>rjtii, I speak. ( -/BHA.)
Euphony. (Gk.) Gk. €v<lxuvia^ a
pleasmg sound. — Gk. ^wpwvosy sweet-
voiced. _— Gk. cS, well; ^vij, voice.
(VBHA.)
Euphrasy, the plant eye-bright. (Gk.)
Supposed to be beneficial to the eyes ; lit.
^ delight.' — Gk. ^vfppaaia^ delight'. — Gk.
€wf>paiv€iVy to delight, cheer ; cf. ^wppwv,
cheerful. Allied to Gk. cS, well; ^pev-,
stem of f^ptjVy midriff, heart, mind.
Euphuism, affectation in speaking.
(Gk.) So named from a book Euphues,
by J. Lyly (1579). — Gk. €v<f>vrii^ well-
grown, excellent. — Gk. «5, well ; ^tn;,
growth, from ipvoiuu^ I grow. (-^BHEU.)
EurodydoUp a tempestuous wind.
(Gk.) Gk. (vpoickvdojv^ supposed to mean
' a storm from the east.' — Gk. c9po-s, S. £.
wind; KKvdav^ surge, from kKv^uv, to
surge, dash as waves. ^ Only in Acts
xxvii. 14; where some read tvpaKv\<uVf
i. e. Eur-aqm/o; from L. .£»r-Mj,£. wind,
and Aouilo, N. wind.
Eutnanasia, easy death. (Gk.) Gk.
€v0ayaaiaj easy death; cf. tvOdvaroSy dying
well. — Gk. €?, well ; Oavftv^ to die.
Evacuate. (L.) From pp. of L.
euacudre^ to empty.— L. ^, out; uacuus,
empty.
EvadOy to shun. (F.— L.) F. &vader.
— L. iuddere (pp. iudsus), to escape. —L.
/, away ; uddUre, to go. Der. evas-ion
(from the pp.).
Evanescent. (L.) From stem of
pres. pt. of L. eudnescere, to vanish away.
— L. /, away ; udnescere^ to vanish, from
udnuSy emptjr, vain.
Evangelist, writer of a gospel. (F. -
L. — Gk.) O. F. evangeliste. — L. euangei-
ista.m,Gk, €va77€Xi<TTiJs. — Gk. €vo77€A/-
(ofjim, I bring good news. — Gk. cS, well ;
d77€Aia, tidings, from dyj^Xos, a mes-
senger ; see Angel.
Evaporate. (L.) From pp. of L.
iuapordrcj to pass off in vapour. — L. e^
out ; uapor, vapour.
Evasion ; see Evade.
Eve, Even, the latter part of the day.
(E.) Eve is short for even, (For evening^
see below.) M. E. eue, euen, A. S. S/en,
efen.'^O. Sax. dtand^ Du. avond, G. abend.
Of doubtful origin. Der. even-tide^ A. S.
&fentid, Brugm. i. § 980.
evening, even. (E.) M.E. euening,
A. S. &fnung ; formed from St/nian^ to
grow towards evening, with suffix 'Ung\
from Sbfen^ even (above).
Even, level. (E.) ^.Yj. euen {even),
A. S. efen^ ^.4"Du. «'^«,Icel./a/w, Dan.
jcEvn^ Swed.yflW«, Goth, ibns^ G. eben.
Event, result. (L.) L. euentus, euen-
tum^ sb. — L. euentusy pp. of euentre^ to
come out, result.— L. ^, out; uenire^ to
come, allied to Come.
I -
172
EVER
% (E.) M. E. euer (ever), A. S.
afre,tytv. Related to A.S. 5, Goth, aiw,
ever. Der. ever-lasting^ ever-more,
every, each one. (E.) M. E. eturi^
euerich. — A. S. afre^ ever ; and alc^ each.
Ever-y = ever-each ; see Each.
everywhere. (E.) M. E. eueri-
hwar. — A. S. afrey ever ; gekw^, where.
The word really stands for ever-ywhere^
i. e. ever- where ; j/- is a prefix {=ge-).
Evict. (L.) From L. euict-uSf pp. of
guincere^ to evmce; also, to expel. See
Evince.
Evident. (F. — L.) O. F. evident.^
L. etiident'y stem of euidens^ visible, pres.
pt. of euidere^ to see clearly. —L. /, out,
clearly ; uidere, to see.
Evil. (E.) M. E. euel. A. S. yfel, adj.
and sb.+Du. euvel^ G. iibelj Goth, ubils.
Tent, type *ubiloz, Prob. allied to over
(G. uber)y as meaning 'excessive.*
Evince. (L-) L* euincere, to conquer,
to prove beyond doubt. —L. tf, out, ex-
tremely ; uincere, to conquer.
Eviscerate, to gut. (L.) From pp.
of L. euiscerdre^ to gut. — L. ^, out ;
uiscera, entrails.
Evoke. (F.— L.) F. 4voquer, -L. Euo-
cdre^ to call forth. —L. ^, forth; uocdre^ to
call. See Vocal.
Evolve. (L.) ,L. iuoluere^ to unroll,
disclose. — L. /, out ; uoluere, to roll. Der.
evolut-ion^ from pp. euolutus.
Ewe. (E.) M. E. ewe, A. S. ewe^
Laws of Ine, 55 ; eowu^ a female sheep. 4-
Dn. ooiy Icel. or, M. H. G. ouwe ; Lithuan.
oz'M', a sheep^ Russ. ovtsa^ L. ^//f>, Gk. 6iSy
O. Irish ^J ; Skt. avi-, a sheep. Cf. Goth.
awi'Str, a sheep-fold.
Ewer. (F.— L.) M. E. «ef^f. — A. F.
rtc/^r, *eweire ; spelt ««;^r, Royal Wills,
pp. 24, 27. — L. aquarium, a vessel for
water ; cf. A. F. ezve, water; mod. F. eau.
— L. aqua^ water.
Ex-, E-, prefix, (L.) L. ex, /, out. +
Gk. ki€t i^. out; Russ. fV, Lith. isz.
EKacerbate, to embitter. (L.) From
pp. of exacerbare, to irritate. — L. eXj very;
acerbuSy bitter ; see Acerbity.
Exact (0} precise. (L.) From L. ex-
actus, pp. of exigere, to drive out, weigh
out. -"L. ex, out; and agere^ to drive.
exact (2) , to demand. (F. — L.) From
M. F. exacter; Cot. (obsolete). — Late L.
exae/dre.'^L, ex, out; and a^tus, pp. of
a^ere (above).
(L.) From pp. of L.
EXCHEQUER
exaggerdre, to heap up, amplify.— L. ex,
very ; ags^r, a heap, from ag- = ad, to ;
gerere, to bring.
Exalt. (F. - L.) F. exalter. - L. exal-
tare, to lift out, exalt. — L. ex, out ; aitus^
high.
Examine, to test. (F.-L.) F. ex-
aminer. mm\_„ exdmindre, to weigh care-
fully. — L. exdmin-, stem of exdmen, the
tongue of a balance, for *exdgmen ; cf.
exigere, to weigh out.— L. ex, out ; agere,
to drive, move. Brugm. i. § 768.
Example. (F. — L.) O.Y, example \
F. exemple,^\u, exemplum, a sample.— L.
exim-ere, to take out ; with suffix -luvt ;
for the inserted p cf. the pp. exem-p-tus, —
L. ex, out ; emere, to take, procure.
Exasperate, to provoke. (L.) From
the pp. of exasperdre^ to roughen,' provoke.
— L. ex, very ; asper, rough.
Excavation. (F.-L.) F. excava-
tion,^\.. ace. excaudtionem, a hollowing
out. — L. excaudtus, pp. of excaudre, to
hollow out. — L. ex, out; caudre, to hol-
low, from cauus, hollow.
Exceed. (F.— L.) O.Y,exceder.^'L,
excedere^ lit. to go out, — L, ex^ out ;
cedere, to go.
Excel, to surpass. (F. — L.) O. F. ex^
celler, — L. excellere, to rise up, surpass.
— L. ex, out ; *cellere, to rise, only in
comp. ante-, ex-fpra-cellere, and in cel-sus,
high, orig. 'raised.* Cf. Lithuan. k^lti,
to raise ; see Hill. Brugm. i. § 633.
Except, to exclude. (F.— L.) ¥» ex-
ceptery to except ; Cot. — L. exceptdre,
frequent, of excipere, to take out. — L. ex,
out; capere, to take. Der. except, prep. ;
except-ion.
Excerpt, a selected passage. (L.) L.
excerptum, an extract ; neut. of pp. of
excerpere, to select- L. ex, out; carpere,
to cull. See Harvest.
Excess. (F.— L.) O. F. exces,^\..
ace. excessum, lit. a going out or beyond.
— L. excess-y as in excessus, pp. of excc'
dere\ see Exceed.
Exchange. (F.— L.) 0,¥.esckange,
sb. ; eschangier, vb., to exchange. —O.F.
es- (< L. ex) ; and O. F. change, sb.,
changier, to change. See Change.
Exclieq,ner, a court of revenue. (F. —
Pers.) M. E. eschekere,^0. F. eschequier,
a chess-board; hence, a checkered cloth
on which accounts were reckoned by means
of counters (Low L. scaccdrium),^0, F.
eschec, check ; see Check.
173
ERODE
hemielin), — O. H. G. karmoy an ermine.
•^A.S.hearma; Lithuan.jazrwS, a weasel.
^But Hatzfeld supports the derivation from
Armenius muSf an Armenian mouse ; cf.
Ponticus mils^ supposed to be an ermine.
ZSrode. (F. — L.) F. iroder.^'L. ero-
dere, to eat away. — L. ^, out ; rddere^ to
gnaw. Der. eros-ion (from pp. iros-us).
XSrotic. (Gk.) Gk. l/wTt'cos, relating
to love. — Gk. kpojTi'f crude form of l/wwy,
love ; allied to ipapLox, I love.
ZSrr, to stray. (F. — L.) M. E. erren, —
O. F. errer.'^'L. errdre, to wander (for
*ers-are).^G. irren, to stray, Goth, airz-
jatit to make to stray. Brugm. i. § 878.
erratnxu, an error. (L.) L. errd,-
tum^ neut. of" pp. of errare^ to make a
mistake.
erroneous, faulty. (L.) Put for L.
errone-us, wandering ; with suffix -ous. —
L. errdre (above).
error. (F. — L.) M. E. errour, —
O. F. tfrr(^«r.— L. errdrem, ace. of erroTy
a mistake. —L. errdre (above). .
Erri^d. (E.) M. E. erende, A. S.
drende, a message, business. ^O. Sax.
drundi, O. H. G. dntntii a message ; cf.
Icel. eyrendiy orendi, Swed. drende, Dan.
oerende. Usually connected with A. S. dr,
Icel. drry Goth, airus^ a messenger; which
is hardly possible.
Errant, wandering. (F. — L.) F. ^r-
ranty pres. pt. of O. F. errer^ eirer, to
wander. — Late L. iterdre^ to travel. — L.
iter^ a journey. ^ It sometimes repre-
sents the pres. pt. of errdre^ to wander.
Doublet, arrant.
Erratum, Erroneous, Error ;
see Err.
Erst ; see Ere.
Erubescent. (L.) L. erubescent-,
stem of pres. pt. of erubescere, to grow red.
— L. ^, out, much; rubeschre, to grow red,
inceptive form of rubere^ to be red. See
Red.
Eructate. (L.) From pp. of L. iruc-
tdre, to belch out. — L. e, out; ructdre^
to belch ; allied to e-rugere, to belch ; cf.
Gk. kpevy€a0ai. Brugm. i. § 221.
Erudite, learned. (L.) L. eruditus,
pp. of erudtre^ to free from rudeness, to
teach. — L. e, from; rudis, rude.
Eruption. (L.) From L. Sruptidnem,
ace. of eruptio, a breaking out. — L. eruptus,
pp. of erumpere, to break out.— L. S, out;
rumpere, to break. See Bupture.
Erysipelas, a redness on the skin.
ESCUTCHEON, SCUTCHEON
(L. — Gk.) L. erysipelas. — Gk. hpyaintXas^
redness on the skin. — Gk. ipv<rt-y allied to
4pv$-p6sj red; iriXKa, skin. Cf. ipvaifirj,
red blight on corn.
Escalade, a scaling of walls. (F.—
Span. — L.) F. escalade. — Span, escalado,
escalada, a scaling ; from escalar, to scale.
— Span, escala^ a ladder. — L. scdla^ a
ladder ; see Scale (3). Cf. Ital. scalata^
an escalade ; Florio also has ' Scalada,
an escalado/ from Spanish.
Escape. (F.—L.) M. £. escapen.^
O. 'i^orthY.escaper (F. Mapper) ^io escape,
lit. to slip out of one's cape; Picard Reaper,
— L. ex cappd^ out of one's cape; see
Cape (i).
Escarpment. (F.-Ital.-Teut.) F.
escarpement. Formed from F. escarpe, a
scarp ; with suffix -ment (L. 'inentitni) ;
see Scarp.
Escheat. (F. — L.) M. E. eschele
(also chete\ a forfeit to the lord of the fee.
— O. F. eschete, rent, that which falls to
one, orig. fem. pp. of escheoir (F. ichoir).
— Late L. excadere, to fall to one's share.
— L. eXy out; and cadere, to fall. Hence
cheat.
Eschew, to shun. (F. — O. H. G.)
M. E. eschewen. — O. F. esckiver, eschever,
to shun. — O. H. G. sciuhan, to frighten,
also to fear.- O. H. G. *scioh, M. H. G.
schiechf shy, timid. See Shy.
Escort, a guide, guard. (F. — Ital. - L.)
O.F. escarte.^lXsX, scoria, a guide; fem.
of pp. of scorgere^ to see, perceive, guide
(orig. to set right). - L. ex, entirely ;
corrigere, to correct ; see Correct.
Escrow, a deed delivered on condition.
(F. — Teut.) A. F. escrouwe, M. E. scroue,
scrowe ; the orig. word of which scro-ll is
the diminutive. — O. F. escroe, a slip of
parchment. — M. Du. schroode, a shred, slip
of paper (Kilian) ; cf. O. H. G. scrot, a
shred. See Shred and Scroll.
Escuage, a pecuniary satisfaction in
lieu of feudal service. (F. — L.) O.F.
escuage < Late L. scutdgium. Formed
with suffix -age from O. F. escu, a shield ;
because escuage was first paid in lieu of
service in the field. —L. scutum, a shield.
Esculent, eatable. (L.) L. esculentus,
fit for eating. — L. isca, food. For *ed-sca,
— L. edere, to eat. Brugm. i. § 753.
Escutcheon, Scuteheon, a painted
shield. (F. — L.) Formerly escochon ;
XV cent.; A. F. escuchon.^0. North ¥.
escuchon, O. F. escusson, the same; answer-
170
ESOPHAGUS
ETHNIC
ing to a Late L. ace. *scutidnemj extended
from L. scutum, a shield.
EsopliagllS, gullet. (L.-Gk.) Late
L. asophagus, — Gk. oXtjo^foiy the gullet,
lit. conveyer of food. — Gk. oXao- (of doubt-
ful origin) : ^07-, base of ^7crK, to eat.
Esoteric. (Gk.) Gk. iffwrtpinSs,
inner ; hence, secret, -i Gk. ka^rtpos, inner,
comp. of iffo), adv., -within; from Is=c2s,
into, prep. Opposed to exoteric.
Espalier, frame-work for training trees.
(F. - Ital. - L. - Gk.) M.F. e5pallier\
Cot. — Ital. spallieray back of a chair, sup-
port, espalier. »Ital. spalla, shoulder. »L.
spatula ; see Epaulet.
Especial. (F.-L.) O. F. especial,^
L. specialist belong to a special kind.— L.
species, a kind. Doublet, special,
Espionaffe ; see Espy.
Esplanade, a level space. (F.— Ital.
— L.) M. F. esplanade J *a planing, level-
ling, evenning of ways ; ' Cot. Formed
from O. F. esplaner, to level; the suffix
being due to an imitation of Ital. spianata,
an esplanade, a levelled way ; from spia-
nare, to level. —L. expl&ndre^ to level.—
L. ex^ out; pldndre, to level, from planus,
flat. See Plain.
Espouse. (F.— L.) O. F. espouser, to
espouse, wed.— L. sponsdre^ to betroth.—
L. sponsus, pp. of spondire, to promise.
See Spouse, Sponsor.
Espy,tospy,see. (F.-O.H.G.) M. E.
espyen.^Q,Y, espieK^O. H. G. spelion
(G. spdhen), to spy ; see Species. Der.
espv-on-age, F. espionnage, from M. F.
espiatt, a spy, borrowed from ItaL spione,
a spy, from O. H. G. spehon, to spy.
ASqnire, a shield-bearer. (F. — L.)
M. E. squyer, — O. F. escuyer, escuier, a
squire. —Late L. scUt&rius, a shield-bearer.
— L. scut'um, a shield, cover (F. dcu).
(VSKEU.) Brugm. i. § 109. Doublet,
stiuire.
Essav, Assay, an attempt, trial.
(F. — L.y O. F. essai^ a trial. — L. exagium,
a trial of weight ; cf. exdvun^ a weighing,
a swarm.- L. ex, out; ag-ere, to drive,
impel, move. (y'AG.)
Essence, a quality, being. (F.-L.)
F. essetue — L. essentia^ a being. — L. *es'
sent', fictitious stem of pres. pt. of esse,
to be. Der. essenti-al ; and see etttity.
Essoin, an excuse for not appearing in
court. (F.-L. a«//Teut.) 0,¥, essoine,
M. F. exoine, * an essoine, or excuse ; ' Cot.
— O. F. essonier^ to excuse (Godefioy).—
O. F. es- (L. ex), away ; and Low L.
sunnia, O. H. G. sunne (for *sufuljd,
Braune, xiv. 9), lawful excuse. Cf. Goth.
sunjon sik^ to excuse oneself, ga-sunjon,
to justify, from sunja, truth; Skt. satja-,
true. Brugm. i. § 287.
Establish. (F.-L.) M. £. establis-
sen.^0. F. estadliss-, base of pres. pt. of
establir, to establish. — L. stabilire, to
establish.— L. stabilis, firm; see Stable
Estate. (F.-L.) O.F. estate \.,
statum, ace. of status, state ; see State.
Esteem, to value. (F.-L.) O.F.
estimer.^V,. astimdre, O. L. astumdre, to
value. Allied to Goth, aistan, to regard.
Brugm. ii. § 692.
estimate. (L.) From pp. of L. cesti-
mare, to value (above).
Estop, to bar. (F. — L.) The same as
Stop.
Estovers, supplies of various neces-
saries. (F. — L.) A. F. estovers, M. E.
stovers, \i\. oi stover; see Stover.
Estrange, to make strange. (F.-L.)
O.F. estranger, to make strange. — O. F.
estrange^ strange.- L. extrdneum^ ace. of
extrdneus, foreign, on the outside. — L.
extrd, without ; see Extra.
Estreat, a true copy, in law. (F.— L.)
Lit. * extract.' A. F. estrete^ fem. of pp.
of estraire, to extract. — L. extrcuta, fem.
of pp. of extrahere ; see Extract.
Estuary, mouth of a tidal river. (L.)
L. astudrtum, the same. — L. astudre, to
surge, foam as the tide. — L. astus, heat,
surge, tide. Allied to Ether.
Etcll, to engrave with acids. (Du. — G.)
Du. etsen, to etch. — G. dtzen, to corrode,
etch; orig. *to make to eat;' causal of
G. essen, to eat. See Eat.
Eternal. (F.— L.) M. £. etcmel.^
O.F etemcl^l^, atemdlis, eternal. —L.
atemuSy lit. lasting for an age; for aui-
temus. — L. aui-, for auum, an age. See
Age.
Ether, pure upper air. (L. — Gk.)
L. cether.'^Gk, cdSrjp, upper air; from
its brightness. — Gk. aWttv, to glow.
(VAIDH.) Brugm. i. § 202.
Ethic, relating to morals. (L. — Gk.)
L. ethicus, moral. —Gk. i}0(«<$s, moral.—
Gk. ^Ow, custom, moral nature ; cf. lOos^
manner, custom. Hh Skt. svadhd-, self-will,
strength, from sva, self, dhd, to place ; cf.
Goth, sidus, G. sitte^ custom.
Ethnic, relating to a nation. (L. — Gk.)
171
EXPIATE
make fiiU trial of.^L. ex, thoroughly;
and *perirtf an obs. vb. of which the pp.
perltus is common. See Feiil.
Expiate. (L.) From pp. of L. ex-
pire, to atone for fully. — L. ex^ fully;
piarCy to propitiate, from plus, devout.
Expire. (F.-L.) O.F. expirer.^l..
expirdrcy txspirare^ to breathe out, die. —
L. eXt out ; sptrare, to breathe.
Explain. (F.— L.) M. F. explaner,
Cot. — L. expldndre, to make plain. — L. ex^
thoroughly ; pldndre, to make plain, lit. to
flatten, from pldnus^ flat. See Plain.
Expletive. (L.) L. expletluus, filling
up. — L. explitus, pp. of explere, to fill
up. — L. ex, fully ; pilre, to fill. See
Plenary.
Explicate, to explain. (L.) From
pp. of L. explicdre^ to unfold, explain.—
L. ex^ out ; plic&re^ to fold.
explicit. (1^0 L* explicituSy old pp.
oi explic&re^ to unfold, make plain (above).
Cf. F. explicite.
ExplodCi to drive away noisily, burst.
(F. — L.) M. F. exploder, *to explode,
publicly to disgrace or drive out ; * Cot. —
L. explsdere (pp. expUfsus), to drive off
the stage by noise (the old sense in £.).
— L. eXy away; plddere, plaudere^ to
clap hands. Ber. explos-ive, -ion, from
the pp.
Exploit. (F.-L.) M.E. esploif, suc-
cess, Cjower, C. A. ii. 258. — O. F. esploit^
revenue, profit ; later, an exploit, act. — L.
explicitum, a thing settled, ended, or dis-
played ; neut. of explicitus\ see explioit.
Cf. Late L. explicta, revenue.
Explore. (F.— L.) F. explorer, ^^1^,
expldrdre, to search out, lit. to make to flow
out. — L. ex^ out ; plorare^ to make to flow.
Cf. de-plore, im-plore* Brugm. i. $ 154.
Exponent. (L.) L. exponent-, stem
of pres. pt. of expdnere, to expound, indi-
cate. — L. ex, out ; pdnere, to put.
Export. (L.) L. export&re, to carry
away. — L. ex, away ; portdre^ to carry.
Expose. (F.-L. a»^ Gk.) 0.¥, ex-
poser, to lay out. — O. F. ex- (L. ex), out ;
'P^oser, to place, lay. See Pose (i).
Exposition. (F.-L.) F. exposition,
— L. ace. expositidnem.^h, exposUus, pp.
of expdnere y to set forth, expound. See
Expound.
Expostnlate. (L.) From pp. of \.
expostuldre, to demand earnestly.— L. ^j:,
fully ; postuldre, to ask.
Expound. (L.) The d is excrescent.
EXTINGUISH
but was suggested by the form of the O. F.
infinitive. M. E. expounen, — O. F. es-
pondre, to explain. — L. expdnere, to set
forth, explain. — L. ex, out; pdnere, to
put. See Exposition.
Express, adj., exactly stated. (F. — L.)
O.F. expres.'^L. expressus, distinct; pp.
of exprimere, to press out. — L. ex^ out;
premere, to press ; see Press.
Expulsion; see Expel.
Expnnge. (L.) L. expungere, to
prick out, blot out. [In MSS., expunction-
of a word is denoted by dots under »/.] — L.
ex, out; pungere, to prick. Der. ex-
punct-ion, from the pp. expunctus.
Expurgate. (L.) Prom pp. of L.
expurgdre, to purify thoroughly. — L. ex,
thoroughly ; purgdre, to purge, purify ; see
Purge.
Exquisite, sought out, excellent. (L.)
L. exqutsitus, pp. of exquirere, to seek
out. — L. eXy out ; quarere, to seek.
Exsequies; see Exequies.
Extanty existing. (L.) Late L. ex-
tant-, stem of extans, for exstans, pres. pt.
of exstdre, to stand forth, exist. — L. ex,
out ; stdre, to stand.
Extasy ; see Ecstasy.
Extempore. (L.) From L. ex tem-
pore, at the moment. — L. ^:ir, from, out of;
tempore, abl. oitempus, time.
Extend. (L.) M. £. extenden.^la,
extendere, to stretch out; j^p. extentus,
extensus.'^'L. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch.
Der. extens-ion, -ive (from the pp.).
extent. (F.— L.) O. F. extente,
commonly estente, extent. — Late L. ex-
tenta^ fem. of extentus, pp. of extendere
(above).
Extenuate. (L.) Frompp.ofL. ^jr-
tenudre, to thin, reduce, palliate.- L. ex,
out, very ; tenu-is, thin. See Thin.
Exterior, outward. (F.— L.) For-
merly exteriour, — M. F. exterieur. — L. ex-
teridrem, ace. of exterior, outward, com-
parative of exterus or exter, outward. — L.
ex, out ; with compar. suffix -tero-.
Exterminate. (L.) From pp. of L.
extermindre, to put or drive beyond
bounds.— L. ex, out; terminus, hovxAm,
External, outward. (L.) From L.
extem-us, outward, extended form from
exterus, outward. See Exterior.
Extinguish. (L.) Coined, with suffix
-ishfiiom. L. extinguere,\ittitt exstinguere
(pp. extinctus, exstinctus), to quench.—
L. ex, out ; *stinguere, to prick, also to
76
EXTIRPATE
FABRIC
quench. "Der. extinct (from ^i^.extitjcius).
Cf. Distinguish.
Extirpate. (L.) From pp. of L. ex-
tirp&re^ to root out, better spelt exsitrp-
drCy to pluck up by the stem. — L. eXy out ;
stirp-s, stirp-es^ the stem of a tree.
Extol. (L.) L. extollere, to lift or
raise up. — L. ex, out, up ; tollere, to lift.
Extort. (L.) L. extort-us, pp. of ex-
torqtiSrey to twist out, wring out. — L. ex,^
out ; torquere, to twist.
Extra. (L.) L. extrdy beyond, beyond
what is necessary ; O. L. extrad, allied to
L. exter ; see Szterior.
extraneous. (L.) L. extrane-us,
external, with suffix -ous ; extended from
extra (above). Cf. Strange.
Extract, vb. (L.) L. extrcut-us, pp.
of extraherey to draw out. — L. exy out;
trahere, to draw.
Extraordinary. (L.) lu.extrd'crdi-
ndrius, beyond what is ordinary, rare. — L.
extra, beyond ; ordindrius, ordinary. See
Ordinary.
E xtravagant. (F.-L.) F. ^jf/ra-
vagant.^ljgXQ L. extrdvagant-, stem of
extrdvagans, extravagant, lit. wandering
beyond. — L. extrdy beyond; uagans, pres.
pt. of uagdrt, to wander.
ExtravasatOf to force (blood) out of
its (proper) vessel. (L.) Coined from
exfrdt beyond ; udSf a vessel ; with suffix
'Ote.
Extreme. (F. — L.) 0,F, extreme. -^
L. extremuSf superl. of exterus, outward ;
see Exterior.
Extricate. (L.) From pp. of L. ex-
trlcdre, to disentangle. — L. eXy out of;
tric(By impediments, perplexities.
ExtrinsiCy external. (F.— L.) It should
rather be extrinsec^O, F. extrinseque,
outward. —Late L. ace extrinsecum, auj. ;
allied to L. extrinsecusy adv., from without.
— L. extrin { = *extrim)y adverbial form
from exter^ outward ; and secus, beside;
so that extrin-secus^oa the outside; cf.
interim. Secus is allied to secundum,
according to, from sequty to follow; see
Sequenoe.
Extmde. (L.) L. extmderey to
thrust out. — L. eXy out ; trudere, to
thrust. Cf. Intrude.
Exuberant. (L.) From stem of pres.
pt. of L. exUberdrCy to be fruitful or
luxuriant. — L. ex, very ; and Oberdre, to be
fruitful, from uber, fertile, allied to Hbery
an udder, fertility ; see Udder.
Exnde. (L.) From L. exaddre, better
exsUddrCy to sweat out, distil. — L. ex, out ;
suddrcy to sweat. See Sweat.
ExiQt, to leap for joy. (F.-L.) F.
exuiter.^h, exultdre, better ^pelt exsul-
tdrCy to leap up, exult. — L. exsulius, pp.
of exsilere, to leap out — L. ex^ out ; satire,
to leap. See Salient.
ExnviSB, cast skins of animals. (L.)
L. exuuia, things stripped off. — L. exuere,
•to strip off. Cf. induuice, clothes.
EyaiS, a nestling. i^F.-L.) Yox nias',
by substituting an eyas for a nias.^F,
niais, a nestling ; Cot. He also gives
niard, yfhGnci&faulcon niard, * a nias faul-
con.' Cp. Ital. nidiace, or nidaso falcone,
* an eyase-hawk, a young hawk taien out
of her nest; * Torriano. Formed as if from
Late L. *ntddcem, ace. of *nTdax, adj.
from L. nidus, a nest. See Nest.
Eye. (E.) M.E. eye, eighe; pi. eyes,
eyen (whence eyne), O. Merc, ege-, A. S.
eage, pi. eagan.'\'T>Vi. oog, Icel. auga, Dan.
die, Swed. oga, Goth, augo, G. auge.
Perhaps allied to Russ. oko, L. oculus
(dimin. of *ocus) ; Gk. ocae (dual) ; Lith.
akis, Skt. akshi. Brugm. i. § 68 1. Der.
dais-y, q. v. ; window, q. v.
Eyelet-hole. (F.-L.; and E.)
Eyelet is for M. E. oilet, from M. F.
oeillet, *■ a little eye, an oilet hole,* Cot. ;
dimin. of O. F. oeil, from L. oculum, ace.
q{ oculus, eye.
Eyotf a little island. (E.) Also spelt
ait, eyet, eyght. Late A. S. yget (Kemble,
Cod. Dipl. V. 17, I. 30); for A.S. tgo6,
tgeod, a dimin. from ig, teg, an island ; see
Island.
Eyre, a circuit. (F.— L.) "M.E, eire,
circuit, esp. of a judge. — O. F. eire,
journey, way. — O. F. etrery to journey,
wander about. — Late L. iterdrCy to journey
(for L. itinerdre) ; from L. iter, a journey.
See Errant.
P a nest ; see Aery.
P.
Fable, a story. (F. - L.) F. fable. -
la.filbttla, a narrative. — L._/S-ri, to speak,
tell. See Fate.
Fabric. (F. — L.) Y. fabrique.^lj,
fabrica, workshop, fabric. — L. fabri', for
faber, a workman. From L. base ^fab-,
to be skilful ; cf. Lith. dab-inii, I adorn,
77
FApADE
clean ; Goth, ga-dab-ithy it is 6t ; Rnss.
dod-ruiij good. See Deft. Der. fabric-
ate J from pp. of 'L./abricdrt, to construct ;
ixomfabrica (above). Brugm. i. § 563.
Fa9aide, face of a building. (F.— Ital.
— L.) M. ¥. facade (Cot.). — IXsX.facciatay
face of a building. — Ital.y^fw, face.—
Folk-L. y^iVi, for \j,faciS5 (below).
face. (F. - L.) F. face. - Folk-L.
fcu:iay for l^.faciis, the face, appearance.
Facetions. (F.-L.) F. facitieux
(Cot.). — M. Y.facetief * witty mirth,' id. —
L. faceiia^ wit ; common in pi. — L. face-
tuSy witty, courteous ; orig. * fine.'
Facile, easy to do. (F. — L.) F.
facile. — \j.facilisy i. e. do-able. '»'L,facerey
to do. Der. facility ; faculty,
fac-sixnile. (L.) For fac similcy
make thou like. — L.^or, imp. s. oi facerey
to make ; simiUy neut. of similisy like ;
see Similar. <^f We also find factum
similey i. e. made like.
fact, a deed, reality. (L.) L. factum y
a deed ; orig. neut. oifactusy pp. oifacerey
to make, do.
faction. (F. — L.) Y./dctiotty a sect.
— L. factionemy ace. of /actio, a doing,
taking part, faction. —L. foetus y pp. of
facerCy to do.
£EU;titi0U8. (L.) 'L.factiii-us, artifi-
^ cial; with suffix -^«j. — L. foetus y pp. of
' focerCy to make.
factotum. (L.) A general agent.—
'L.fac{ere) tdtrntiy to do everything:
faculty, facility to act. (F.-L.)
M. E. facultee.^Y, fcuultS.^'L. faculta-
tcMy ace. oi facultcu {—facilitas\ facility.
'^'L^faciliSy easy ; see Facile.
Pad, a folly. (F.-Prov.-L.) Ap-
parently shortened from Y.fadaisey fiddle-
faddle; cf.*^flfej«, follies, toyes, fooleries ;*
Cot.-Prov. fadezay folly (Hatzfeld).-
Vroy.fot (Gascon^/^),foolish. — l^.fatuus,
foolish.
Fade, vb. (F. — L. ) O. F. fader ; from
F. fodcy adj., tasteless, weak, faint. — L.
uapidumy ace. of ucipidus, vapid. See
Vapid. % VadCy {ox fade, is from M. Du.
vadden ; from O. Y, fader,
Fadge, to fit, suit, be content with,
succeed. (E.) Formed, in some unex-
plained way, from the Teut. base fc^-y to
suit, whence also O. Sax. fogiatiy A. S.
figaity to join, suit, M. E. fe^eUy to adapt,
fit, G. filgeuy Du. voegen (see Kluge and
Franck). Cf. Goth, fulla-fahjany to
satisfy, O. H. 0,^gifagy content, Du. vage-
I
FALCHION
fuur, cleansing fire, purgatory. See
Pair.
Fieces. (L.) L. fcedSy dregs; pi. of
fcBXy the same. "D&r. fec-ulent, L./tsc-u-
lentuSy adj. from fcex.
Faff, to drudge. (E.?) ^Tofagy defi-
cere ; Levins (1570% The orig. sense was
*to droop.' Perhaps a corruption oiflag\
see Flag (i) ; and see below.
Fag-end, remnant. (E.?) In Mas-
singer, Virg. Mart. ii. 3. Perhaps for
flag-end =\oosc end ; see above. Cf. * the
flagg or ihefaggfcderis ' (feathers) ; Book
of St. Albans, fol. B ia»
Fanrgot, Fagot. (F.-Ital.-L.?)
F. fagot y * a fagot, a bundle of sticks ; '
Cot. Of doubtful origin; perhaps bor-
rowed from \\.2\, fagottOy * a faggot,' Florio;
a dimin. from L fag-us, a beech-tree
(Korting).
Fail. (F.-L.) ¥, faillir-y cf. Ital.
ya///r^. — Folk-L. *fallirey forL.fallere, to
beguile, also, to be defective ; fallf, to err.
Brugm. i. § 757.
Fain. (E.) M,E.fayn. A.S.fagcfty
glad.+O. Sax. ya^«. Ice), feginfty glad.
Cf. A. S. gefeon (pt. t. gefeak), to rejoice.
Teut. root *feh-, as in A. S. ^-fion (for
*'feh-an) ; cf. Goth, foh-ethsy joy.
Faint. (F.-L.) M.E. /««/.- O. F.
feinty weak, pretended; orig. pp. of
feindrey to feign. — L. ^«^r^, to form,
feign. See Figure.
Fair (i), pleasing, beautifiil. (E.)
M. Y,fayry A. S. fcegery fair.-flcel. fagr\
Dan. Swed.^^.?^, Go\.\\,fagrs^ fit,O.H.G.
fagar. Teut. type *fagroz, Cf. Gk. ir^-
vv/*i, I fasten. Brugm. i. §§ 300, 701.
Fair (2), a holiday. (F.-L.) M. E.
feire* — A. F. feire (F. foire), — "L-feria, a
holiday, later, a fair; commoner as pi.
fericBy for *feS'iay feast-days; allied to
Feast. Bnigm. ii. § 66.
Fairy. (F.-L.) 'M.Y^faerieyfayryey
enchantment. [The mod. use of the word
is new ; fairy == enchantment, the old
word for * elf* being fay J] — O. F. faeney
enchantment. — O. Y.faey a fay; see Fay.
Faith. (F.-L.) M. E. feith'y also
fey. Slightly altered from O. F. feid, fei,
fiiiih.^L.fdem, ace. oi fides y faith ; allied
to fidere, to trust. Cf. Gk. triansy faith.
(VBHEIDH.) Allied to Bide. Brugm.
i. § 202.
Falchion, a sword. (F. — Ital. — L.)
M. E. fauchon, — O. F. fauchon. — Ital.
falcione {ci pron. as rA). — Late V,, falcio-
78
FALCON
FARCE
nem^ ace. oi falcio, a bent sword. — L.
falci; decl. stem of/a/or, a sickle. Allied
Xojlectere^ to bend.
falcon. (F. - L.) M. K faucon, -
O. Y.fauconyfaulcon.^LAit L. falconem,
ace. oi falco, a falcon, so named from its
hooked claws.— L.^A--, stem oi falx, a
sickle.
Faldstool, a folding-stool. (Low L.—
O. H. G.) Low 'L. faldistolium, — O. H. G.
fald-an, to fold ; stuol (G. stuhl), a stool.
Cf. Y.fauteuil, See Fold.
Fall, to drop down. (E.) M. ^, fallen.
O. Merc, fallan ; A. %.feallan,'^\^Vi. Val-
letta lce\. /alia, Dan. /aide (for^//<f),Swed.
/alia, G. /alien. Teut. */allan-. Cf. Lith.
puUi, to fall ; and perhaps L. /allere, to
deceive, /allt, to err. Brugm. i. § 7C7.
Der. be/all, from A. S. be/eallan, to fall,
out, happen ; y^// (i).
Fallacy. (F.-L.) Formed by adding
-y to M. E. /allace, a fallacy, deceit. — F.
/allace.^'L, /allacia, deceit. —L. /alloc-,
stem ol/allax, deceitful. — L. /allere, to
deceive. See above.
fallible. (L.) L. /allibilis, liable
to err. — L. /allt, to err; /allere, to de-
ceive.
Fallow (i). orig. ' harrowed ; ' of land^
(E,) A.S. falging, fallow-land. —A. S.
/ecUh, a harrow. Cf. E. Fries, /algen, to
fallow land ; O. H. G,/elgd, a harrow.
Fallow (2), used with reference to
colour. (E.) O. Merc, /alu ; A. S. foalu,
/ecUo, pale red, yellowish. +Du. vaal, Icel.
filr, pale, G. jahl, pale, also /alb ; Lith.
palvas\ cf. also L. pallidus, Gk. ito\i6s,
gray, Skt./a/fVtf-, gray. See Pale. •
False. (F.-L.) M. p:. /als. - O. F.
yb/j (¥. /aux).^!!, /al^us, false; pp. of
/allere, to deceive.
Falter, to totter, stammer. (E. ?)
M. E. /altren, to totter; frequentative
from a base jaJt-, Of obscure origin.
Perhaps connected with Icel. refl. vb.
/altra-sk, to be cumbered, to be puzzled.
Fame, report. (F. - L.) F. fame, - L.
/Stna, report. — L. /&ri, to speak ; see
Fate.
Family. (F.-L.) F. /amille. - L.
/amilia, a household. — L. /amulus, a
servant, Oscan /amel ; cf. Oscan /aamat,
he dwells. "Det./amili-ar (L. /amiliHris),
Famine. ( F. — L.) F. /amine, — Late
L. */amTna, unrecorded, but plainly an
extension from L. /ames, hunger. Der.
/am-ish^ formed (by analogy with lan-
guish, &c.) from L. /am-es, hunger; cf.
O. F. a/amer, to die of hunger.
Fan, an instrament for blowing. (L.)
A. S.^««. — Late L. vannus, L. uannus,
a fan (whence also F. van) ; see Van (2).
Brugm. i. § 357.
Fanatic, religiously insane. (F.-L.)
¥,/anaiique,^lj,/dndticus, (i) belonging
to a temple, (2) inspired by a divinity,
enthusiastic— L. ^»2<m, a temple; see
Fane.
Fancy. (F. - L. - Gk.) . Short for M. E.
/antasie. — O. F. /antasie, — Late L. phan-
tasia.'^G]/:, <pavraaia, a making visible
(hence, imagination).— Gk. ^pavra^Hv^ to
display ; see Phantom.
Fandango, a Spanish dance. (Span.)
Span, /andango, * a dance used in the W.
Indies ; * Pineda (1740).
Fane« a temple. (L.) L. /dnum, a
temple ; shortened from an earlier form
*/asnom ; cf. Oscan /isnam, a temple ;
allied to 'L,/istus,/eria, Brugm. ii. § 66.
FanfarOi a flourish of trumpets. (F. —
Span. ?) F. /an/are, Prob. of imitative
origin, or borrowed from f^^tiVi,/an/arria,
bluster, vaunting, which is of similar for-
mation. "DeT./an/arr-ofi-ade, bluster.
Fangf, a talon, claw. (E.) A. S,fang;
lit. a seizing. — A. S. *folian, to seize, only
used in the contracted form f^, pt. t.
feng, pp. gefangen ; the pp. form having '
alone survived, evolving an infin. mood
in dialects. 4- Du* vangen, to catch; Icel.
fa (cf. fang, sb., a catch of fish), Dan.
fctae, Swed.y3, Goth. ^Aa«, G.fangen,
to catch, fang, sb., a catch, also a fang.
Allied to L.pangere; Brugm. i. § 421.
Fantastic. (Gk.) Gk, ipavTaariK^,
able to represent or shew. — Gk. <pavTa(tiv,
to display. See Fancy.
Fantasy, older form of Fancy, q. v.
Faquir, Faldir, an Oriental religious
mendicant. (F. — Arab.) Y. faquir, fakir.
^kTSih.faqtr, one of a religious order of
mendicants; lit. 'poor, indigent;* Richard-
son's Diet. p. 1096.
Far. (E.) M. E./fr. A.S.^^r.+Du.
ver, \zx^,fjarriy Syft6. ^'erran, adv., Dan.
fjentyG. fem\ Goth. y&/rr«, adv. Allied
to Gk. ttipoM, beyond ; Skt. paras^ beyond,
para-, far. (VPER«) The zomT^. farther
[for M. E. ferrer (i. e. far-er)"] is due to
confusion 'w\t\i further, comp. of Forth.
Farce. (F. — L.) The orig. sense is
* stuffing * ; hence, a jest inserted into a
comedy. — F. farce, stuffing, a farce. — F.
179
FARDEL
farcir, to stuff. — L. ^rrfr(tf, to staff. 4-Gk.
(ppdaattv (for *<ppdK-yuv)f to shut in.
Fardel, & pack, bundle. (F.— Arab.)
M. E. fardel. '-'O. F. fardel (F. fardeau).
Dimin. of O. F. farde, a burden. Prob.
from Arab, fardah, a package (Devic).
Perhaps borrowed through Spanish ; cf.
Spsn. fardel J fardOy a bundle.
Fare, to travel, speed. (E.) A. S.
faratiy to go, travel. + Du. varen, Icel.
Swed. faray Dan. fare, G. fahren, Goth.
faratty to go; Teut. ^faran- (pt. t. ^r).
Cf. Gk. iToptvofiaiy I travel ; L. experlor,
I pass through, Skt. /.;*, to bring over.
{^PER,) Der. fare-welly i.e. may you
speed well; tnoroughfarey a passage
through; welfarey successful practice or
journey.
Fanna, ground com. (L.) L. fariruiy
meal. — L. fary a kind of grain ; allied to
Barley. 'Der.farinaceouSy from 'L.fartnd-
ceus, Brugm. i. § i8o.
farrago. (L.) L. farrago, mixed
food for cattle, a medley.— L.yar (gen.
farr-is)y grain (above).
Farm. (L.) yi.'E, ferme, [Cf. A. S.
feorniy a feast, food, property, use.] — I^ate
l^.firmay a feast, farm, tribute; fem. of L.
firmusy durable. (From the fixed rent ;
also food, from its support^ See Firm.
Farrier. (F.— L.) Formerly yjfrr/>r,
a worker in iron. — O. Y.ferrier (the same) .
'^'L,ferrariuSy sl blacksmith.— L.y^rr«»?,
iron.
Farrow, to litter pigs. (E.) From the
sb. farrow y a litter of pigs. — A. S. fearhy
a pig ; pi. fear as. + M. H. G. varchy a
pig; (j.ferk-el\ h.poreus; see Fork.
Farther; see Far.
Farthing, fourth part of a penny.
(E.) M. E.ferlkmg. A. S.ferfingyfeor-
titngy older ioim. feorfling.^ A.. S. feor8-a,
fourth; with dimin. suffix -ing or -Uing.
Allied to A.S.feower, four.
Farthingale, Fardingale, a
hooped petticoat. (F. — Span. — L.) M. F.
verdugalley ' a vardingall ; ' Cot. — Span.
verdugadOy a farthingale, lit. 'provided
with hoops.* — Span. verdugOy young shpot
of a tree, rod, hoop. — Span, verdey green.
— L. uiridisy green. See Verdant.
Fascinate. (L.) From pp. of L.
fascindrey to enchant. — L. fascinum, a
spell.
Fascine, a bundle of rods. (F.— L.)
F. fascine. — L. fascinay a bundle of twigs.
^h.fasctSy a bundle.
FATIGUE
Fashion. (F. - L.) O. F. facem,
fachotiy make, shape. — L.y&f//<7WOT, ace.
olfactiOy a making ; see Faction.
Fast (i), firm. (E.) A. S. /^j/.+Du.
va^ty Dan. Swed. y^j/, Icel.yJw/r, G.fesl;
Armen. Aasl. Der. fasl (2), fast (3).
Brugm. ii, § 79.
£eist (2), to abstain from food. (E.)
A. S. fcestatiy orig. to make fast, observe,
be strict ; from fasl ( above). +Du. vaslen,
Dan. fasley Swed. and Icel. fasta, G.
fasten ; Goth.faslafty to observe, fast
fast (3), quick. (Scand.) A peculiar
use of fast (i) above ; this use is Scand.
Cf. Icel. drekka fasty to drink hard, sofa
fasty to be fast asleep, fastr t verkum,
hard at 'woikyfylgfafasty to follow fast, &c.
It means firm, close, urgent, quick.
fasten. (E.) A. S.fastntany to make
fast or firm. — A. S. fasty firm.
fastness. (E.) M.E. festnesy fast-
ness, orig. ' strength.' — A. S. fcestnesSy the
firmament, a fastness ; orig. that which is
firm. — A. S, fasty firm.
Fastidious. (L.) 'L.fastzdiosusy dis-
dainful.- L.^j/m/2W/;, loathing; perhaps
for *fastutidium (Vanicek).— L. fastu-s,
arrogance ; tadiuniy disgust ; so thatyaj/f-
d^t»x» = arrogant disgust.
Fastness ; see Fast.
Fat ( I), gross. (E.) M.K fatty fety fat.
A. S. fatty orig. a pp., contr. from ^fietedy
fattened, enriched. +0- H. G. feizit (G.
feist) y pp. of a Teut. vb. *faitjan'ty formed
from Teut. adj. *fait0Zy which is represented
by Icel. feitr (Swed. fety Dan. fed)y fat.
Cf. Gk. irtav, Skt. pwan, fat.
Fat (2), a vat ; see Vat.
Fate, destiny. (F.-L.) U.E. fate.^
O. F. faty fate (not common). — L. fatuniy
what is spoken; neut. of pp. oi fdri, to
speak. +Gk. 017/^t, I say. Perhaps allied to
Boon (i). Brugm. i. § 187. (^BHA.)
Father. (E.) M. E. fader. A. S.
fader. The pron. with th is due to dialectal
influences. + Icel. ,^J5iJ»V, Du. vader^ Dan.
Swed. fader, Goth, fadary G. vaiery L.
pater, Gk. rtariipy O. Irisla athir, Pers.
pidar, Skt. pitr. Idg. type ^pater-.
Fathom. (E.) M. E. fadme, A. S.
fadniy the space reached by the extended
arms, a grasp, embrace.-fDu. vadem, Icel.
fadmr, a fathom, Dan.yaz/«, Swed. famn,
an embrace, G. faden. Allied to Patent.
Fatigue, sb. (F.-L.) O. Y. fatigue ;
from fatiguery to weary. — L. fatigare, to
weary.
80
FATUOUS
FEEBLE
Fatuous. (L.) L. fatwus, silly,
feeble ; with suffix -ous, Der. in-fahtate^
from pp. of L. infatuare, to make a
fool of.
Fauces. (L.) L./i«f/j, pi., the upper
part of the throat.
Faucet, a spigot, vent. (F. - L.?)
F. fausset, a faucet ; faulset^ Cot.
Origin unknown ; but cf. M. F. faulser,
to falsify, forge ; also faulser un escu^ to
pierce a shield ; hence, to pierce. — L.
falsdre, to falsify. — L.ya/jwj, false.
Fault. (F. — L.) Formerly faut,
M. 'E.fatite.^O, Y.faute, a fault. (Span,
and lts\. fcUta, a defect.) — Folk-L. *faUita,
a defect, fem. of *fallitus^ new pp. of
falUret to deceive ; cf. F. faillir. See
Fail, Fallible, False. Hence also O. F.
fauter, Span. faUar^ Ital. faitare, to be
lacking.
Faun, a rural (Roman) deity. (L.) L.
/annus, i- 'L.fauere, to be propitious (?)
Fauteuily an arm-chair. (F. — Low L.
-O. H. G.) F. fauteuil, O. F. faulde-
tueil (Cot.).— Low 'L,faldistoitum, a fald-
stool ; see Faldstool.
FavoUTp sb. (F. — L.) O.Y. favour,
^\., faudrem^ ace. of ^«<7r, favour. — L.
fatiirei to befriend, orig. * to venerate.*
fiftVOUrite. (F. - Ital. - L.) M. F.
favorit\ c£ ¥,favort, pp. of O. Y.favorir^
to favour. But the final / is really due to
borrowing from \\s\,favorito^ pp. and sb. ;
orig. pp. of favorire, to favour. ■- Ital.
favore^ i2i.yoyxx,^\^ fauoreni (above).
Fawn (i)» to cringe to, rejoice servilely
over. (E.) A. S,fahnianffagniant to re-
joice ; variants o( fagenian^ to fawn, from
fcBgen, fain, glad.HhIcel. /o^yia, to rejoice,
welcome one ; allied to feginn, fain. See
Fain.
Fawn (2), a young deer. (F.-L.)
O. F. faftf faon, earlier feon, a fawn ;
answering to a Late L. form *fetdnem
Cnot found), ace. of *fiio^ a young one. —
"L^tuSy foetus^ offspring. See Fetus.
Fay, a fairy. (F.-L.) F. //^, O.F.
fae^ a fay. Cf. Port, fada, Ital. fata^ a
fay. — Late L. fata, a fate, goddess of
destiny, a fay. — L. jf^a, pi. of L. fdtum,
fate. See Fate. "Dex. fai-ry.
Fealty, true service. (F. — L.) O. F.
fealie^feelteit, fidelity. — 'L.fuiiiitdtem, ace.
oi fidllitHs, fidelity. -L.jiki^/w, faithful;
Uomfidis, faith.
Fear. (E.) M. E. fecr. A. y. far, a
sudden peril, danger, fear. Orig. used of
the peril of travelling. — A. S. far-, 3rd
stem of faran, to go, travel. +lcel. far,
harm, G. gefahr, Du. gevaar, danger. Cf.
'L^pertculum, danger.
Feasible, easy to be done. (F.— L.)
[Also feisable,'] — M. F, faisible, faisable,
* feasible, doable ; * Cot. — O. F. fais-, as
in fais-ant, pres. pt. of faire, to do. — L.
facere, to do. See Fact.
Feast. (F. - L.) M. E. feste. - O. F.
feste (F.y?/^). — Late L.fesia, fem. sb.— L.
festa, lit. festivals, pi. of festum. See
Festal.
Feat, a deed well done. (F.— L.) M.E.
feet, fete, ^K.¥.fet\ O. F. fait, - L. fac-
tum^ a deed; see Faot.
Feather. (E.) U.'E. fether. A.S.
feder. + Du. veder, Dan. fiader, Swed.
fjdder^ Jcel. fjo^r, G. feder\ L. penna
(for *petsna), Skt." patra-, Gk. vr(p6v, a
wing. See Pen. (VPET.)
Feature, make, form. (F. — L.) M.E.
feture. — A. F. feture\ O. F. faiture,
fashion. — L.^^/Mr(0, work, formation.—
\j.f actus, pp. ol facere, to make.
Febrile, relating to fever. (F. — L.)
Y^fibrile, — L. febrilis. — l^»febri-s, fever.
February. (L.) L. frbruarius, the
month of expiation. — L.y5f^/vtf, neut. pi.,
a festival of expiation on Feb. 15. — L.
februum, purification ',februare, to expiate.
Of Sabine origin.
Feckless, ineffective. Also fectless ;
short for effect- less ; see Fflbct.
Feculent, foul. (F.-L.) Y.ficulent.
— L. facuUntus, full of dregs. — L. faces,
dregs. See FsBoes.
Fecundity. (F.-L.) U.Y.focondit^
(Cot.). — L. SkQQ. fecunditatem, fruitfulness.
— L. ficundus, fruitful: allied to fetus,
offspring. See Fetus.
Federal. (F. - L.) F. fid^ral
Formed, with suffix -a/, from L. feeder-
(for *f cedes-) y stem of fadus^ a treaty.
Akin X.O fides, faith.
Fee, a lordship, a payment. (F. —
O. H. G. ?) A. Y.fu, O. F./f« (F. fief),
a fee, fief. —Late L. fetmm, a fief (Du-
cange). Prob. from O. H. G. fehu, pro-
perty.+Du. vee, Icel. fe, Dan. fa, Swed.
fa, Goth, faihu, L. pecus ; Skt. pafu-,
cattle. (VPEK.) So also A.S, feoA,
cattle, whence M. £. fee, cattle, property,
now obsolete. ^ We also find Late L.
feudum ; see Feudal.
Feeble. (F.-L.) M.E.febie.^A,F.
febte, M. V.faibley O. Y.Jleb/e (Godefroy) ;
181
FEED
FERN
cf. Ital. fievole {Kflevole\ feeble [since
Ital. yf </?]. — L. JlebiliSt doleful; hence,
weak. — L. Jlere^ to weep. Brugm. ii.
§ 50O.
Feed^ to take food, give food. (E.)
M.E. jeden. A. S. fidan ; for *fddtan ;
with vowel-change from J to ^. — A. S./oda,
food.+Du voedetiy Icel./ceda, Swed./dda,
'Dsin./odef O. H. G./uoian, Goth, fddjan ;
Tent, type *fddjan'. See Food.
Feel. (E.) M. E./^/^». K.^.felan,'\'
Du. voeletty G. fiihlen. Tent. *fdljan-;
from Tent, base fal- (and grade, /^/-),
whence also Icel. faltna^ to grope, A. S.
yi?/w, palm of the hand (L. palma). Allied
to Palm (i).
Feeze, Feaze, Pheese. (E.) Pro-
perly * to put to flight, drive away, chase
away, harass, worry ' ; often misexplained
by ' whip.' M. E. fesen ; O. Merc. /esiany
A. S. JysiaHj to drive away quickly,
chase. Cf. N orw, /oysa ("-Icel. */eysa),
Swed. /dsa, to drive. From Teut base
*/aus- (sense unknown). ^ Distinct from
A S./ysaHf to hurry, from/«j, prompt.
Feign. (F.-L.) M.E./«w».-O.F.
/eigtt-, as in feign anf J pres. pt. oifeindre.
— L.^«^^«r, to form, feign. See Fig:ure.
Der. feint (from F. pp.^iw/).
FeldspapT, a kind of mineral. (G.)
Corrupted from G. feldspath, lit. field-
spar.
Felicity. (F.-L.) 0,F, /eiicitl^U
ace felicitdtem, — L. feiici-, decl. stem of
ft'Hx, happy, fruitful ; allied to Feline.
Feline. (L.) L. feltnus, belonging to
cats. — L. felesj a cat ; perhaps allied to
Gk. BrfXvSy female.
Fell (i), to cause to fall. (E.) O.Merc.
ficliauy A. S. fy Hatty causal of O. Merc.
fallaUy A. ^,feallany to fall. So also Du.
velletiy Dnn,/a/de, Swed.^/Aj!, Icel./ella,
(t. fallen ; all causal forms. Teut. type
*failjan-, causal of fallan-y to fall. See
Fall.
Fell ( 3) , a skin. (E.) M. E. fel. A. S.
fel, fell +Du. vely Icel. fell, Goth, -filly
M. H. G. vel'y L. pellis^ Gk. nkKKa, skin.
D oublet, pell ; cf. fil-m.
Fell (3), cruel, dire. (F. — Late L.—
L. ?) M. E./?/. - O. F fely cruel (cf. Ital.
felloy cruel). — Late L. felloy felOy a male-
factor, felon, traitor. Perhaj^s from \^.fely
gall (N. E. D.) ; cf. Du. dial, fely sharp,
biting, acrid (Molema). See Felon.
Fell (4), a hill. (Scand^ M. E./r/.-
Icel. fjall, fell, a hill ; Dan. field y Swed.
fjdlly a fell. Allied to G. felSy a rock
(Kluge).
Fellah., a peasant. (Arab.) VX.fellahtn,
— Arab, felldhy falldhy a farmer, peasant.
— Arab, xooi falahay to plough, till.
Felloe ; see Felly.
Fellow, a partner. (Scand.) M. E.
felawe.'^lctX.fela^y a partner in a * felag.'
— \(it\,felagy companionship ; lit. a laying
together of property. — Icel. fey property ;
lagy a layine together, a law ; see Law.
The Icel. fi is cognate with A. S. feohy
cattle, property, L. peats, cattle.
Felly, Felloe, part of a wheel-rim.
(E.) }Jl, E. felwe. A. S. felgy felga, a
felly.+Du. velgy 'Dan.falgey G. felge.
Felon, a wicked person. (F.— LateL.
— L. ?) M. E. felun.^ O. F. felon, a
traitor. — Late \u, feldnem, ace. oifelOyfellOy
a traitor, rebel. See Fell (3).
Felt. (E.) Hi. ^, felt. A. S. /«//.+
Du. vilty Low G., Swed., Dan. filty G.
filz. Teut. type *feltoZy n. ; allied to G.
falzeny to groove, join together. Der.
filter^ feuter,
I Felncca, a ship. (Ital. — Arab.) Ital.
feluca, — Arab, fiilk, a ship. (See Devic.)
Female. (F.-L.) Yorfemellyhycon-
fusion with male. M.E. femelle,^O.Y.
fenulle, — L. femella, a young woman-;
dimin. oifentinay a woman (below).
feminine. (F.—L.) 0,¥, feminin.
— L. fhnininus, womanly. — L. fimittay a
woman. Ctfilare, to suckle ; Gk. drjKvsy
female, OriXii, the breast; Skt. dhdtriy a
nurse.
Femoral, belonging to the thigh. (L.)
L. femordlis ; adj. from femor-, stem of
femur y thigh.
Fen, a bog. ^E.) M. E. fen, A. S.
y^ww. + Du. veen, Icel. feny Goth, fani,
mud. Teut. type *fanjom, n.
Fence ; short for defence ; see Defend.
Fend ; short for Defend, q. v.
Fender; short ioi defender.
Fennel, a plant. (L.) M. E. fettel.
A. S. final yfinugle. — L faenicultimy fennel ;
double dimin. oifaenum, hay.
Fenugreek, a plant. (F.-L.) F.
fenugrec. — L. faenum Gracum, lit. Greek
hay.
Feoff; see Fief.
Ferment. (L.) L. fermentum (short
for *fertti-mentum)y leaven. — 'L.feruerey to
boil. See Fervent.
Fern. (E.> h.^. feam.'^-Dvi. varen\
G. farft{kraut) ; Skt. parna-^ a wing,
82
FEROCITY
feather, leaf, plant, the orig. sense being
'feather.* Brugm. i. § 973. Cf. also
Lith. papariis, Russ. paporot{e)y Irish
raith, W. rhedyn^ fern; Gk. vripiSf fern,
vr€p6v, a wing, feather.
Ferocity. (F.-L.) U.Y, ferociU.'^
L. ace. ferociidtem, fierceness. — L. ferdci-j
decl. stem of ferox, fierce. — L. feruSf
fierce, wild. Brn^. i. § 319.
Ferreous. (L!) L. ferreus, made of
iron ; with suffix -ous^^h./errum, iron.
fermginoUfl. (L.) l^. ferruginous j
same as ferrugineus^ rusty ; with suffix
'0us,^\„ ferriigin-y stem oi ferriigo, rust
of iron. ^L„ferrum, iron.
Ferret (i ). an animal. (F. - Low L. -
L. ?) O. ¥,fureiy a ferret. — Late \j,furh
tuSyfurectus, a ferret. Also/«rJ; said to
be the same as Late L. furoy a thief, from
L. fur, a thief. Cf. Gk. ^p, a thief;
from the strong o-grade of <p4ptiv, to bear,
carry off.
Ferret (a), a kind of silk tape. (Ital.
— L.) From Ital. fiorUtiy * little flowers,
flonrishings; also foret or ferret silke,'
Florio. Fl. oi fiortttOy dimiu. oi fiore, a
flower. — L. floremy ace. oijlds, a flower ;
8ee Flower. Cf. F. JUuret, ferret ; from
fleur^ flower.
Ferruginous ; see Ferreous.
Ferrufe* a metal ring at the end of a
stick. (F.T-L.) Corrupted spelling (due
to confusion with ferrum, iron) of the
older form znrrol; XVI cent. — O.F. virol
(F. virole)j a ferrule ; Late L. viroia, the
same. From L. uiriolay a little bracelet ;
dimin. of *mria, an armlet, only found in
pi. uiria. (Diez.) Doubtful.
Ferry, vb. (E.) M. li.ferun, A. S.
fert'an, to convey across ; causal of A. S.
faratty to go. •^ Icel. ferja^ to carry;
causal of fara^ to go ; Goth, farjatiy to
travel by ship. See Fare. (N. E. D.)
Fertile. (F.-L.) Y^fertiU^^'l., fer-
tilise fertile. — L. ferre^ to bear. See
Bear (0.
Fernley a rod or bat for punishing
children. (L.) Formerly ferula, — L.
ferula^ a rod ; orig. the plant ' giant-
fennel.'
Fervent, hot, zealous. (F, — L.) O.F.
fervent. '^'L. feruent-, stem of pres, pt, of
ferutre^ to boil. Allied to O. Irish berb-
aiffiy I boil. Der. fervour^ from O. F.
fervour<X'* 2lcc. feruoreniy heat; fetvid,
from h,feruiiius,
FOMy a horizontal band in heraldry.
FETTER
(F. — L.) 0,F. f esse (Roquefort); mod.
F.fasce, a fess.^h, fascia , a girth; allied
io fasc is y a bundle ; see Fascine.
Festsil. vF.-L.) O.F. festal. Formed
(with F. suffix -«/<L. -dlis) from L. fest-
ttw, a feast, orig. neut. of festus, festive,
joyful. Allied to Fair (2) and Fane.
festival. (F.-Late L.-L.) Pro-
perly an adj. — O. F, festival, festive,—
Late h.festtvdlis,'^'L,festiuus (below),
festive. (L*) h.festtuus, belonging
to a feast. — 'L.festunit a feast.
Fester, a sore. (F.—L.) 0,¥,festre,
also spejt Vfj//g, an ulcer ; whence festrir,
to fester (Godeiroy). — L,. fistula, a running
sore. See Fistula.
Festival, Festive ; see Festal,
Festoon. (F.-Ital.-L.) Y»feston,^
garland, festoon. — Ital. festone, a garland.
Usually derived from h.festum, a feast.
Fetch. (E.) M. £. fecchen, pt, t.
fehte^ fcehte, A. S. feccan, to fetch, Gen,
xviii. 4 ; Luke xii. 20. Prob. fecc{e)an is
a later form oifetian^ to fetch (Anglia, vi.
177). Allied to K,B. faty a pace, step,
journey ; Icel. fet, a step, foot-measure ;
and to L. pes (gen. ped-is), a foot. ^ Cf.
A.S. gefeccan, O. E. T., p. 1 78, Der.
fetch, sb., a stratagem.
Fdte. (F.-L.) Mod. F./^/^, the same
as O. ¥. teste ; see Feast.
Fetich, Fetish, an object of super-
stitious dread. (F. — Port. — L.) F.
fitiche. — Port, y^iVift?, sorcery, lit, artificial ;
also, a name given by the Port, to the
roughly made idols of Africa, — L. factitius,
artincial, — L. fact-us, pp. of facere, to
make.
Fetid. (F. - L.) O. F. fetide. - L,
fetidus, foetidus, stinking. — L, fetere, to
stink.
Fetlock. (Scand.) As if the Mock'
or tuft of hair behind a horse's pas-
tern-joint, Cf. Low {^,fitlock (Lttbben);
M. H, G. vizuloch (Kluge), The syllable
4'ock is due to a double suffix, but was
thought to refer to Icel. lokkr, A. S. locc,
a lock of hair, Fet- is prob. allied to
Icel.yif/, a pace, step,y5r/j' a pacer (used
of horses) ; and to Icel. fotr, a foot ; cf.
G. fessel, pastern ; and see Fetch, Foot.
(Kluge, s. v. Fuss^
Fetter, a shackle. (£.) M. E. feter.
A. S, fetor, a shackle for the foot ; from
^et-, ^grade oifot, foot.+Du. vcter^ Icel.
fjbturr; cf. L. ped-ica and com-pes, Gk.
ir^8»y, a fetter. "Det. fetter, vb.
183
r'
FETUS .
Fetus, offspring. (L.) L. fettts, a
bringing forth, offspring. — L. *fuere, an
obsolete verb, to generate, produce ;
allied to fu-it I wns ; see Future, Be.
Brugm. i. § 361, ii. § 587.
Feu, a fief ; a variant of Fee.
. Feud (i), hatred, perpetual hostility.
(F. - O. H. G.) M. "E.fedejeid, Modi-
fied in spelling in some unexplained way,
perhaps by the influence of foe. — O, F.
feid€y faide, fide, perpetual hostility, i-
O. H. G. fehida (G. fihde)^ enmity ;
cognate with A. S. faMj enmity, from
A. ^.fdh, hostile. See Foe.
Feud (2), a fief. (Low L. — F. -
O. H. G.) Low L. fiuduniy a Latinised
form allied to O. F. fiu, also spelt fief\
see Fee, Fief. (The intrusive d is un-
explained.) "Dev. fiud-al, adj.
Feuter, to lay spear in rest. (F. —
Teut.) From M. E. fiuter, a rest for a
spear. — O. F. feutre^ older filtre, a piece
of felt, also a rest fprob. at first felted) for
the lance. Cp. ItaL filtro, felt. Of Teut.
origin; from Low G. filt^ felt. See
Felt.
Feuterer, a dog-keeper. (F. — Low L.
— C.) In Ben Jonson, Every Man out
of his Humour, ii. 1 ; see Nares. Older
spelling vewter, for veutr-er. — O. F.
ventre f mod. ¥. vautre, a mongrel between
a hound and a mastiff. — Low Lat. ace.
veltrum ; for L. vertagus, vertagra^ ver-
traga, a greyhound. Said to be Celtic.
Perhaps from Celtic ver-, intensive prefix,
and trag-f to run ; see Fick, ii. 136, 283.
Fever, a kind of disease. (L.) M. E.
finer (fever). A. ^.fefir^fifor ; see Matt.
viii. 15 ; A. Y.fevre.^L,. febris, fever.
feverfew, a plant. (L.) . A. S.jfefer'
fuge ; A. F. feverfue. — Late L. febri/uga,
for L. febrifugia, * fever-dispelling.' — L.
febri'Sy fever ; fngdre, to put to flight.
Few. (E.) M. ^.fewe. A. S. ^.fiawe.
+Icel. fdry Dan. faa^ Swed. fl. ; Goth.
fawai, pi.; cf. L. patuus^ Gk. iravpo;,
small.
Fey, doomed to die. (E.) K.'i^. fage,
doomed to die. +IceLyi?i^/', Du. veeg\ G.
feige^ cowardly; Swed. feg, Dan. feig,
cowardly.
Fez, a red Turkish cap, without a brim.
(F. — Morocco.) F. and Turk, fez] s. cap ;
so called because made at Fez, in
Morocco.
Fiasco, lit. *a bottle.' (Ital.) Ital.
far fiasco, to make a bottle, also, to fail,
J 84
FIELDFARE
break down. See Flask. (Origin of
phrase unknown.)
Fiat, a decree. (L.) L. fuU, let it be
done. — L. fio, I become ; used as pass, of
facere, to do, but really allied to fui, I
was. Cf. A. S. beOy I am. Brugm. i.
§ 282.
Fib. (Low G.) Allied to fob, fub off,
to delude (Shak.) ; cf. G.foppen, to banter
(formerly, to lie) ; Westphal. fip-ken, a
small lie, fib (WoCsteV
Fibre. (F.-L.) F. fibre.^U fibra,
a thread.
Fickle. (E.) U.Y..jfikel. A.S.Jico/;
from *^dan, to deceive, in comp. be-fician,
to deceive ; zi.ficy sb., ixzyx^,fcecne, deceit-
ful ; fdcen, fraud.
Fiction. (F.-L.) Y. fiction. ^\u,fU'
tidntm, ace. oifictio, a feigning. — L.y?^/«j,
pp. oifingere, to feign. See Figure.
Fiddle, a violin. (L.) U.E.Jitkel;
A. S.fidete \ cf. Icel. fidla, Dzn. fiddel, Du.
vedel, G.fiedel. Apparently borrowed from
Late L. uitula, uidula, a viol ; see Viol.
Fidelity. (F. - L.) M. Y. fidelity - L.
fidelitdtem, ace. oifideiitdSy faithfulness. «
L. fideli-, stem of fidelis^ faithful. — L.
fixies, faith. See Faith.
Fidget. (Scand.) A dimin. form of
fidge^ to be continually moving up and
down, X^tfike in North of England, M. E.
fiken, to fidget, to hasten. Cf. \c€i.fika, to
climb up nimbly, as a spider ; Swed.yfifea,
to hunt after, ^oxyi.fika, to take trouble,
fika etter, to hasten after, pursue.
Fiducial, shewing trust. (L.) From
Late L.. fidnctdlis, a.dj.mm'L, fidncia, trust.
— h.ftdere, to trust.
(F.-L.) M.E.fy.^Y.fi.^h.fi,
Cf. Icel.;5?, Dan.^, Swed.j5^. G. p/m,
Lat. pAu, phy, Skt. phut^ expressions
of disgust.
Fie^ land held of a superior. (F.—
O. H. G.) O. F. fief, formerly spelt fiu
(Roland). See Fee. 'D&r.fioff, vb., to
put in legal possession ; from A. Y.feoffer,
to endow with Vifiof or fief hS&o feoffee,
A. Y.feoffli, pp. oifeoffer.
Field: (E.) U.y..feld. A.S. feld.^
Du. veid. G. fe/d (whence Dan. fe/t,
Svred.falt). Allied to A.S. foide, earth,
land. Teut. type *feltkuz. Cf. Russ. poU,
a field ; Skt. prthivt, earth. Brugm, i.
§ 502-
fieldfare, a bird. (E.) A.^. filde-
fare [miswritten feldeware], lit. * field-
traveller ; ' see Fare.
FIEND
FIN
Fiend. (E.) U.E./em{. A.S.fiond,
fiond, lit. * a hating one/ an enemy, the
enemy ; orig. pres. pt. of fiog\e)an, to
hate. + Du. vijand, Dan. Swed. fiende ;
\QK\.fjandi, pres. pt. oifjd^ to hate ; Goth.
fjands,ixov[kJijan,X.Q\i2Xt\ G,feind. Cf.
Skt. piy, to hate (Fick). See Foe.
Fierce. (F.-L.) M.E. fers.^O.Y.
fers^ fiers^ old nom. of O. F. fer, Jier,
fierce {F,fier, proud). — L./ifrwj, wild.
Fife. (F.-O. H.G.-L.) F. fifre.'^
O. H. G.pftfa, G. f>feife, a pipe. - O. H. G.
p/tfen, to blow, whistle.— Late 1j, pipdre,
to pipe ; L. pipdre^ to chirp (as a bird).
See Pipe.
Fig. (F.-Prov.-L.) Y.Jtgue. ^Vro\.
7%fl. ■- Folk-L. ytca^ used for 'L.ftcuSy a
fig. (Cf. O. F. Jie, a fig ; immediately
from /lira.)
Fight. (E.) U.lLJihten,fehien,yh.
O. Merc, fek/an, to fight ; fektef a fight. +
Da. vechteut G. fechien, to fight (whence
'Dzxi.fegte, Swed./difd). Teut. ^fehtan-.
Fij^ment. (L.) L. figtnentum^ an in-
vention. —L.^^-, base oi fingere^ to feign
{j^^.ju'ius, for *fig'tus),
fignre. (F. - L.) F. figure, - L.
figiiray a thing made. — L. fingere (base
fig-)i to make, fashion, feign. + Goth.
deigan^ to knead, Skt dih, to smear.
(VDHEIGH.) Brugm. i. % 589. Der.
dis-fgure^ pre-figurBf trans-figure,
Fllaiuent. (F.-L.) F. filament. -
Late L. Jtidmentum, thin thread. — Late
L. fildre, to wind thread. — L. filum^
thread ; see Pile (i).
Filbert, fruit of hazel. (F.-O. H.G.)
Formerly philiherd (Gower) ; short for
Philiberd or Philibert nut^ from the
proper name Philibert; (S. Philibert*s
day is Aug. 22) ; North F. noix de filbert
(Moisy). — O. H. G.filu-berht, very bright ;
from filu (G. viel), greatly, berht, bright.
% Called in Germany LambertsnusSj i. e.
nut from Lombardy (Weigand).
Filch. (E.) Etym. unknown ; possiblv
related to M. E./elen, to conceal. Cf. Icel.
felnj to hide, bury; Goth, filhan, to hide.
File (i), string, line, order. (F.-L.)
Partly from O. F.file, a file, from filer, to
thread; from Late L. fildre (see Fila-
ment) ; partly from F. fil^ thread, from
'L^ilum, a thread.
File (3), a steel rasp. (£.) O.Merc.
fil ; A. S.yfe/.+Du. vijl, O. H. G.fihala,
G. feile ; as if from a base *fenh-. The
Icel. form is///, as if from a base *thenh-.
185
File (3), to defile. (E.) A. S. fylan,
to make foul; for *fulian,^k.^. fill,
foul. See Defile (i) and Foul.
Filial. (L.) From L. flli-usy a son,
fllia^ daughter ; orig. infant : cf. L. fildre^
to suck. Cf. Feminine. (-/DHE.).
Filibuster, a freebooter. (Span. — Du.)
Span, filibuster^ a mere coiruption of Du.
znijbuiter, a freebooter. — Du. vrijbuiten^
to rob, plunder. — Du. vrij^ free; buit^
booty, plunder. See Booty.
Filigree. (F.-Ital.-L.) Formerly
filigrane \ XV II cent. — Y.filigrane, — Ital.
filigranay filigree-work, fine wrought work.
— Ital. filOf a thread or row, filaret to
spin ; granot grain or texture ; so called
because the chief texture of it was wrought
in silver wire. From L. filutn, thread ;
grdnum, grain. ^ The Sp&n.filigrana is
merely borrowed from Italian i^Monlau).
Fillf vb. (E.) A. S. fyllan ; formed
iTovufulj i. e. full, by vowel-change from u
to ^.+Du. vullen, Icel. fylla, 'Dsca./ylde,
Sv:ed.fylla, Goth. ful/jaUf G, fallen.
Fillet. (F. - L.) M. E. filet. - O. F.
filety dimin. of yf/, a thread. — -L. filunii a
thread. See File (i).
Fillibeg, FhiUbeg, a kilt. (Gaelic.)
Gael, feileadh'beagy the modern kilt.—
Gael, feileadhf feile^ a kilt, prob. from L.
uelunty a veil (Macbain) ; and beag, little,
small. ^ Cf. W. bach, little.
Fillip, to strike with the finger-nail,
whenjerked from the thumb. (E.) Another
form oifiip ; see Flippant.
Fills, used for thills, (E.) See Thill.
Filly, a female foal. (Scand.) Icel.
fyljai a filly, allied to foli^ a foal , cf.
Dan. Svied, Jolf G.fUlien, See Foal.
Film, a thin skin. (E.) A. S. filmen
{fylmen), neut, membrane (O. Fries. >f/-
meney i.t skin). For W. Teut. *filmin-jo-f
from *fsltfteny -mon-y as in A. S. agerfelma,
skin of an tgg. Extended from the base
fel- in A. S.yjf/, skin, Goth, fill, skin. See
Fell (2).
Filter, to strain. (F. - O. Low G. ) F.
filtrer, orig, to strain through felt. — F.
filtre, a strainer, orig. felt (Littr^).— Low
G^//, felt ; see Felt.
nlth, foul matter. (E.) K.^.Jyld.'^
A. S. fftly foul (by vowel-change of u to
y). So also O. ^zx. fUlithdy filth, from
/«/, foul. See Foul.
Fin. (E.) A.S.finn, a fin.-I'Du. vin,
Swed. fisnat Dan. finne ; L. pinna. See
Pin.
I
FINAL
Final. (F. - L.) O. F. Jifial, - L.
ffndltSf 6nal. — L./mw", end.
FinanCOf revenue. (F. — L.) O. F.
finance. 'mljaiit L. ftnantia^ payment.—
Late L. flndre, to pay a fine. — Late L.
finis y a settled payment, 9, finish or end,
i. e. final arrangement ; V,, finis ^ end.
Finoll, a bird. (E.) M. E. finch. I (M. Du.) M. E. ferdekin. From Du.
A.S. _/?«^.+Dn. i^/w^, t>2tn. finhgf Swed.
and G. /?»>&. Cf. W. /f«f, a chaffinch ;
Gk. o"irt77os, cirtfa, a finch; prov. E.
Spink. Der. chaffinch^ q. v., bullfinch^
&c.
Find. (E.) K,S.findan.'\r^^'Vinden,
"Dan.finde^ Swed. and Icel.y?««fl ( =fin^)^
Goth.finfhan, G.finden. Teut. ^fenth-an- ;
Idg. base *pent', whence O. Irish et-aim,
I find. Perhaps allied to L. petere, to
seek after; see Petition. Bnigm. ii.
§ 634.
Rli6 (i), exquisite, thin. (F. — L.)
O. F. fin, witty, perfect. — Late L. finus^
fine; used in place of L. ftnttus, well
rounded or ended, said of a sentence
(Brachet), orig. pp. q{ finire^ to end. — L.
finis, end. *^ Finns is a back-formation
from finire.
fine (a}f a tax. (Law L.) Law L.
finis, a fine, a final arrangement ; L.
, 1 finis, end. See Finanoe (above).
.. \J Finger. (E.) A. S. /«[^r.+Du.
vinger, Icel. fingr, Dan. Swed. G. finger,
Goth, figgrs l^fingrs). Teut. type yin-
groz ; orig. sense unknown.
Finial. (L.) A coined word ; firom L.
finis, end. Ci. final.
finicid. (F.— L.) A coined word;
extended from Fine (i) above.
finish, vb. (F. - L.) Vi.'E. finischcn.
— O. ¥.finiss', base of pres. pt. o'ifinir, to
finish. — 'L.finire, to end. — L finis ^ end.
finite, limited. (L.) l^.fimtus, pp.
oifintre (above).
Fiordi a sea-loch, deep inlet of the sea.
( Scand . ) Norw. fjord, Dan . fiord, fjord ;
Icel. fjchiJr. See Frith.
Fir, a tree. (Scand.) M. E.fir; answer-
ing to a mutated form due to A.S.furh,
which occurs in furhitmdu, a pine-tree ;
but prob. of Scand. origin. Cf. Icel.
fyri-skogr, a fir- wood (written fyriskogr) ;
from Icel.y«rfl, a fir; cf. Dan._^^, Swed.
fura -^G.fdhre, W. pyr. Cognate with L.
querctis, an oak ; and O. Lombardic^rMtf ,
* sescnlus.*
Fire. (E.) A. S.^r.+Du. vuur, Icel.
fyri, Dan. and Swed-^J^r, G. fetter, M. li.G.
FIST
viur, O. H. G. fair. Teut. type ^fU-ir.
Cognate with Gk. irvp. Cf. ^\^ pavaka-
(from pii), purifying, also fire. (^PD.)
Firk, to conduct, drive, beat. (E.)
A. S.fercian, to conduct, support. Prob.
from A,S.far, a journey; allied to Fare.
,, the fourth part of a barrel.
vierde, fourth ; with suffix -kin (as in kiU
der-kin) answering to the M. Du. double
dimin. suffix -k-in (G. -ch-en in mddchen).
Vierde is from Du. vier, four ; see Four.
Firm (i), adj. (F. — L.) M.E. ferme,
— O. F. and F. femte.^'L. firmus^ stead-
fast. "Dev.farm.
firm (a)i a partnership. (Span. — L.)
The older sense was 'signature' of the
house or (as we call it) the firm.— Span.
firma, a signature. — Span, firmar, to
confirm, %\^.^\,. firmare, to make firm.
^Yj.firmus, firm (above).
fizmament, celestial sphere. (F. — L.)
O. F. firmament. — L. firmdmentum, a
support ; also, expanse of the sky (Vul-
gate).— L. ^rw^r^?, to strengthen; from
firmus, firm.
Firman, a mandate. (Pers.) Pers.
fermdn, a mandate, order ; O. Pers. fra^
mdna (Horn) ; cf. Skt. pramdna-f a
decision, from pra, before (Gk. •irp6) and
md, to measure.
First. (E.) A. S. fyrst, the superl. of
fore, with vowel-change of u (A. S. 0) to
y. ^lce\. fyrs/r ; DvLQ.forste ; Hwed.fdrsia.
Teut. type *furisioz, superl. from the base
*fur- ; see Fore.
Firth ; see Frith.
Fiscal, pertaining to the revenue.
(F. — L.) O. F. fiscal. — Late L. fiscdlis. —
h^scus, a basket of rushes, also a purse.
fish. (E.) A.S.fisc.'^Du.vischflcel.
fiskr, Dan. and Svfed. fisk, G.fisch ; Golh.
fishs. Teut. t3rpe *fiskoz. Cognate with
L. piscis, Irish and Gael, iasg, O. Ir. iasc
(with loss of initial /).
Fissnre. (F.-L.) O.'F. fissure. ^l^.
fissHra. — L. fissus, pp. of findcre, to
cleave. +Skt. bhid, to cleave ; A. S. bitan^
to bite. (-/BHEID.) And see Vent
(i). Brugm. i. § 567.
Fist. (E.) U.'E. fist, fesi, fust. A. S.
yJj/.-fDu. vuist, G. fausty O. H. G. fUst.
Teut. *fiistiz. % If the orig. Teut. form
was *funhstiz, it may be identified with
Russ. puiste, fist, O. Slav, p^sti; from an
Idg. base *p9nksti-, which is allied to
Five.
186
FISTULA
FLAMINGO
Fistula, a deep, narrow abscess. (L.)
From the shape ; 'L. fistula, a pipe.
Fit (i), to suit ; as adj., apt. (Scand.)
M. E. fittefty to arrange. — Icel. and Norw.
fitja, to knit together; Swed. ^iaX. fitija,
to bind together ; cf. (j,fitzen^ to bind into
skeins, from fitze, a skein. From Icel. fit,
a hem, also * web ' of a bird's foot ; cf.
M. 'Dan.fiddey to knit ; Dan, fid, a skein.
Perhaps allied to Fit (2). ^ Influenced
as to sense by M. E./etg, well done ; from
O. Y.faity \jaX, foetus \ see Peat.
Fit (2), a part of a poem, attack of ill-
ness. (£.) M,E, fit. A. S.^//, (i) a song,
(2) a struggle; which perhaps are the
same word. Cf. Pit (i).
Fitclly the same as Vetoh, q. v.
Fitchet, Fitchew, a pole-cat. (F.~
M. Du.) Fitchew is from Vicard ficheux,
M. ¥,fissaUy a polecat ; older iovoiyfissel,
^M,'Du,fisse, a polecat; from the smell.
Cf. Icel. fisdy to make a smell.
Fitz, son. (A. F.— L.) Formerly ^2
(with z as ts).^A.¥. fiz (with z as ts);
also O. F.fi/z,fits.^lj./t/tuSf a son.
Five. (E.) M. E. fif; sometimes fiue^
as a plural. A. S. /^ (for *fim/). + Du.
tnjft Dan. Swed. /em, Icel. fimrn, Goth.
fimf, G. funf\ W. pump, O. Ir. coic, L.
quinque, Lith. penkiy Gk. irci^re (iEol.
jri/Jiirf), Skt. paHcha. Idg. type *penqe,
"D&r.fifith, A.S./t/ta; fifteen, A.S./t/-
tene ; fifity, A. S.ftftig.
Fix. (F.-L.) O. F. fix, fixed. - L.
fixus, fixed ; pp. oiftgere, to fix.
Fizz. (Scand.) Imitative; cf. Icel.
ftsa, DAU.fise, with the sense oi'L.pedere.
Flabby 1 weakened form oiflappy ; see
Flap. Cf. Low G.fiabbe, a hanging lip ;
flabhsig, flabby (Danneil).
Flaccid. (F. — L.) F. flaccide. — L.
fiaccidus, limp, ^h.fiaccus, flabby.
Flaif (i), to droop, grow weary. (E.)
"Weakened form of fiack, to hang loosely ;
M. E. fiakken, to flap about. From the
base fiaC' of A. S. flac-or, flying, roving.
+Icel. fiakka, to rove ; fiaka^ to flap ;
flbkra, flbgra, lytm.fiagre, to flutter; G.
fiackerttj to flutter. All from the imitative
base fiak', allied to fiap^ flicker. And
partly from O. Y,flaquir, to be limp ; from
O. Y.flaque, limp, 'Cfiaccus.
flaff (^2), an ensign. (Scand.?) Dan.
flag, Swed. fiagg, a flag ; from base of
loitl.fidgra, to flutter (above).
flag (3)1 a reed ; the same word 2Afiag
(2) ; Irom its waving in the wind.
Plagf (4)» Flagstone, a paving-stone,
mo.!
(Scand.) Icel. flaga, a flag or slab of
stone. This might give E. dial.y?-aw (see
Flaw), but cf. \qi^. flagna, to flake off,
Dan. dial, flag'torv, Sc. flag, a cut turf.
A weakened form of Flake.
Flagellate. (L.) From pp. of L.
flagelldre, to scourge. -• L. flagellum,
dimin. oiflagrum, a scourge. See Flail.
Flageolet, a sort of flute. (F. — Prov.)
M. ¥. flageolet, dimin. oi flageol, with the
same sense. — Vtoy. flajolstflaujols, a flage-
olet; which cannot represent a Late L.
*flautiolus, a little flute, as suggested by
Diez.
Flagitious. (L.) L. fldgitids-us,
shametul ; with suffix -ous. — L. flagitium,
a disgraceful act ; cf. \a.fldgitarey to act
with violence. Perhaps allied to Flagrant.
Flagon. (F. — Late L.) O.Y.flacon,
another form oi flcucon,^\sXe "L. flasco-
nem, ace of flasco, a flask. -• Late L.
flasca, a flask. See Flask.
Flagrant, glaring, as a fault. (F.-L.)
O. F. flagrant, properly burning. — L.
flagrant-, stem of pres. pt. oiflagrdre, to
bum.4*Gk. <l>\(y€iv, to bum ; Sk. bhraj,
(VBHLEG.) Brugm. i. § 539 (2).
Flail. (L.) U,l£., fli^l,fle)l,fleiL
[Later,y?ay^/(from O. ¥.flael>¥.fl^au).']
From 'L. flagellum, a whip, in Late L.,
a flail ; dimin. oiflagrum, a scourge. See
Flagellate.
Flake, a thin slice. (Scand.) Norw.
flak, a slice, an ice-floe ; cf. Icel. flakna,
flagna, to flake off, Swed. flaga, a flake.
Perhaps allied to Play.
Flajnbeau. (F.-L.' ¥. flambeau, a
torch ; dimin. of O. Y.flambe (below).
flame, sb. (F. — L.) 0.¥. flame,
flamme\ zlso flambe.^'L. flamma ^flag-
mat), a flame; perhaps from the base .
flag-, to bum. See Flagrant.
Flfunen. (L.) L. fldmen, a priest of
Rome. Prob. for *flag-nun, he who
bums the sacrifice; d. flagrare, to bum.
Or else allied to Goth, bldtan, to sacrifice.
Flamingo. (Span.— Prov. —L.) Span.
flamenco, a flamingo; but said to be a
Proven 9al word; the Prov. form is
flamenc, where the suffix -enc is supposed
to be an adaptation of the Teut. suffix
-ing. The F. form Kzflamant, lit. * flaming,*
but it seems to have been confused with F.
Flatnand, a Fleming, whence the peculiar
form of the Prov. form may have arisen ;
Palsgrave has ' Flemmyng, flammant^
'87
FLANGE
FLEDQE
Still, the etymology is certainly from L.
Jlatnma^ a flame; from the flame-like
colour of the bird.
I^augdy a projecting rim. (F. — Teut.)
The same as pro v. K.Jlanchf a projection ;
cf. Jlanch in heraldry, an ordinary on each
side {ox flank) of the shield. — O. Y.flanche
(A. Y.flanke)^ fem. sb. allied to ¥,flanc,
side. See below.
flank, the side. (F.-Teut.) M. E.
flanc. — K. flanCy side. — O. H. G. hlancka,
lattka, hip, bend, loin ; cf. Mid. Du. ' de
Lanckej the flancks;' Hexham. Allied
to A. S. hlancy slender ; see Lank. (Dis-
puted ; but probable ; see Klage, s. v.
Geknk.^
Flannel. (W.) Prov. 'E.flannmy a
better form. — W. gwlanen, flannel, from
gwlatiy wool. Allied to Wool.
Flap, to beat with the wings. (£.)
M. E. flappen^ to beat ; not in A. S.
E. Yrit%. flappen. Imitative ; \^<& flacky to
beat ; see Flag (0.+Du.y?a//ew, to flap.
"D&r. flabby (flappy) ; flap^ sb.
Flare ; see below.
Flashy to blaze. (E.) M. E. flaschen^
to dash ; cf. Swed. dial, flasa^ to bum
violently ; Icel.^aja, to rush, flas^ a swift
rushing.
flare* (Scand.) Norweg. flara, to
blaze ; apparently a variant of Swed. dial.
flasa (above).
Flask. (Late L. ?) A. S. flasce, flaxe ;
we also find \Qx\,flaskay "Daxi.flaske, Swed.
flaska, G.flasche ; but it is hardly a Teut.
word. — Late L. flasca^ a flask ; cf. also
^.fflasg, GsitX.flasg (from E.). Remoter
origin uncertain. See Flagon.
Flat. (Scand.) M.E./a/.-Icel./a/r,
Swed. flat^ Dan.flad.
Flatter. (F.-Teut.; ^r E.) M.E.
flateren^ a frequentative form. Either,
with suffix -er-f from O. Y^flat-er, mod. F.
flatter, to flatter; or formed from an E.
base flat-y of imitative origin ; cf. M. Du.
flatt&en^ to flatter (Hexham) from O. F.
flater, which is from Icel.^a/-r, flat ; from
the notion of making smooth. Cf. the base
flak-, seen in M. Svft6..fleckrat to flatter,
Swed. dial, fleka, to caress ; also M. E.
flakketty to move to and fro, and G. flach,
flat ; see Flag (i). The sb. flattery is
plainly adapted from O. F. flaterie, F.
flatterie.
Flatulent, windy. (F.-L.) M. ¥. fla-
tulent. — Late L. fldtulentus, — 'L. flatus ,
breath.— L.y?tfr^, to blow; see Blow (i).
Flannty to display ostentatiously.
(Unknown.) It seems to have been par-
ticularly used of the display of fluttering
plumes, &c. Of unknown origin ; most
words in -aunt are French. Somewhat
similar is Swed. dial, flahkt, flutteringly,
loosely, from flanka, to waver ; perhaps
allied to flakka, to waver, answering to
M. K,flakken ; see Flag (i).
Flavour. (F.— L.) The form seems
to have been influenced by that of the
word savour. O. LowL Sc. flewoure,
flewer.^O. F. fleur, fleiur, flaur^ smell.
Ct. Ital. fiatore, a bad odour ; answering
to Late L. ace. yidtorem. — L. flatus, pp.
oi flare, to blow. (Korting, § 3316.)
Flaw, a crack. (Scand.) M. E. flawe,
— Swed. flaga, a crack, flaw, also a flake ;
see Flake. Cf. prov. £. flaw, a flake
(as of snow) ; also, a gust of wind, like
Du. viaag.
Flawn,akindoif custard. (F.-O.HG.)
M. Y^flaun. — Y,flan, O. ¥,flaon, a flawn ;
(cf. Span, flaon, Ital. fladone).^0. H. G.
Jflado, a broad flat cake ; G. fladen.
Allied to Gr. wAotw, broad.
Flax, a plant. (E.) A. S. fleax,^Ty\x.
vlas, G. flacks. Perhaps allied to Goth.
flah'ta, a plaiting, Gk. rtXiK-^iv, to weave.
Flay, to strip off skin. (E.) M.E.
flean, A. S. flean, to flay.+Icel. fld, pt.
i* flo, \i^. fleginn, Teut. type ylahan-
(pt. t. *fldK), to strike. Cognate with Lith.
plakh, I strike ; cf. Lat. pldga, a stroke.
See Plague. Brugm. i. § 569.
Flea. (E.) M. ^..flee, ^\.fleen, A. S.
fleah, a flea.4-Du. vloo^ Icel. fld, G. floh.
Teut. base ^flauh-, or perhaps ^flauh-,
allied to the verb to flee. See Flee.
Fleam, a kind of lancet. (F. — L. — Gk. )
O. F. flieme, F. flamme, a fleam ; Hamil-
ton.— Late L. fletoma, a lancet (Vocab.
400. 11); shortened from Late "L, flevo-
tomum, phlebotomum, a lancet. — Gk.
ipkcfioTOfxoy, a lancet — Gk. 0X€/3o-, decl.
stem of <t>\i^, a vein ; to/*-, o-grade of
T^fxveiv, to cut. Hence also M. H. G.
fliedeme, G.fliete, Du. vlijm, a fleam.
Fleck, a spot. (Scand.) M. E. flek,^
Icel.flekir, a spot ; flekka, to stain ; Swed.
flack, a spot.+Du. vlek, G. fleck.
Flection ; see Flexible.
FledMf to be furnished with feathers.
(E.) The pp. fledged is now used in the
place of M. E. flegge, adj., ready to fly.
Pi^gg^ is a Kentish form of M. E. flygge,
ready to fly. From A. S. *flycge ; found
88
FLEE
FLIPPANT
in the compound unjlycge, as in ' inpiumesy
nnfligge,' Academy, 2 June, 1894 (Napier).
E. Fries. Jlugge, + Du. vlug (M. Du.
vlugge) ; O. H. G. flucchi. Tent, type
*fiugjo%, adj. ; from ^flug-^ weak grade of
*Jleugan', to fly. See Fly.
FleOf to escape. (E.) M. 'E^.Aeen^ pt. t.
Jlehyjleih. [The M. E. pt. t. also appears
as Jteebie, whence mod. E. Jled, of Scand.
origin.] A. S.Jleon (pt. t.fieak),'^0. Sax.
Jliohan, G. ftiehtH ; also Icel. fl^ja (pt. t.
floy also /^a) ; Swed. fly (pt. t. flydde) ;
Goth, thliuhan, Teut. type *thleuhan'
(pt. t. thlauK) ; so that^ was orig. M/, and
there was ff^ orig. connexion with the
verb to fly, which has from an early date
been confused with it.
Fleece. (E.) M. ^. flees. A. ^,fleoSf
ezxWer fltus \ also^J.+Du. vlies, M.H.G.
vlius ; cf. G.fliess ; also G.flanSy a woollen
coat, M. H. G. vliis, a sheep- skin. Teut.
stems *fleust-, *fleuso-^ fliiso-; possibly
allied to 'L.piu-ma, See Flume.
Fleer, to mock. (Scand.) M. E.
flerien, — Norw. flira^ to titter, giggle ;
also spelt flisa ; Dan. dial, flire^ to jeer ;
Swed flissa, to titter.
Fleet (i\ a number of ships. (E.)
M. E. flete, fleote, A ^. fleet y a ship ; or
(collectively) a number of ships. — A. S.
fleotan, to float. + O. Sax. fliotan, Du.
vlietetty to flow ; O. H. G. fliozzan^ to
float, flow, G. fliessen, to flow; Icel.
fljota, Swed. flyta, Dan. flyde* Teut.
^fleutan- (pt. t. flaut, pp. flutanoz) ; Idg.
base *pieudy as in Lith. pliidts, a float of
a fishing-net. (VPLEU.) Cf. Gk. irA^civ,
to sail, Skt. plu, pru^ to swim, float,
flow.
fleet (3), a creek. (E.) A. S. fleot^ a
creek, a place where water flows ; fleote ^
a stream. — A. S. fleotan^ to float, swim;
see fleet (i). Cf. O. Fries, flet, stream,
fleet (3), swift. (E.) C{.A.H.fliottg,
swift ; Icel.j^l^r, swift. From the verb;
see Fleet (i).
fleet (4), vb., to move swiftly. (E.)
From A. S.fleotan ; see Fleet (i).
Flesh. (E.) M.E. flescA. A.S. fl^sc,
flesh. + Icel. flesk, bacon ; Dan. flesk^
.Swed. flask y bacon : Du. vleesch ; G.
fleisch. Teut. type *flaiskoZf n.
Fleur-de-liSy flower of the lily.
(F. - 1^) O. F. fleur de lis. Here lis =
Late L. liliusy cornipt form of L. Itliunit
a lily ; see Flower and Lily.
Flexible. (F. - U ) M. Y. flexible. - L.
flexibilis, easilv 'bent. ^"L. Jlexus, pp. of
flectere^ to bend. Der. in-flexible,
flection, a bending. (L.) Better
flexion ; from L. ace flexianem, a bend-
ing.— L.^<?a:«j, pp. oi flectere. So also
flex-OTyflex-ure. (Cf. F.flexionS)
FliclCy a light blow. (E.) Imitative;
ci.flip. E. Fries, flikf a flick ; flikflakken,
to strike lightly.'
FHckeP, to flutter. (E.) U.F..flikeren.
— A. ^.flicorian, to flutter. Imitative ; a
weakened form oi flacker , frequent, of M. E.
flakken, to flap about. Cf. A. S. fltuor^
adj., flying; G.flackern, to flutter. See
Flag (I).
Flight, act of flying. (E.) A,S, flyht,
allied to flyge^ flight+Swed. flykt, G.
fluckt, Du. vlueht, Teut. *fluhti- ; from
flug-y weak grade of *fleugan-y to fly. See
Fly.
Flimsy, weak, slight. (E) Modem ;
first recorded in 1703 (Kersey). Prob.
imitative, and suggested hyfllm ; note E.
Fries. flem, flinty a film; Dan. ^idX.flemSy
flimSy a skim on milk. * For the ending,
cf. tipsy y humpsy\ also limpsyy given by
Webster as a U. S. synonym of flimsy ' ;
N. E. D.
Flinch. (F.-Teut.?) XVI cent-
0,F , flenchiry flainchiry flechiry to turn
aside, bend. Of unknown origin ; perhaps
from O. H. G. *hlencany answering to G.
lenkeUy to turn, bend. The G. lenken is
from O. H. G. hlancay the side (Kluge) ;
see Flank, Flange. ^ The initial fl
would then be accounted for precisely as
in the case oi flank y viz. from O. H. G. hi.
Cf. Link (I).
Fling. (Scand.) Cf. Swed. fldnga, to
use violent action, romp, race about; i
fldngy at full speed (taking oiie*s fling) ;
M. Swed. ^(f«|^tf, to strike; lce\.flengjay
to whip; T>2in, flengey to slash; i fleng,
indiscriminately. These forms presuppose
a strong verb yUnga, which the E. form
perhaps represents.
Flint. (E.) A.S.flint.-^Btin. flint;
Swed. flinta. Perhaps cognate with Gk.
nKivBWy a brick. Brugm. i. §§ 575, 704.
Flip (i), vb., to fillip, jerk lightly. (E.)
Of imitative origin, like^^iV^. Cf. Flap.
Flip (a), a mixture of beer and spirit
with sugar, heated. (E.) Prob. iroxaflipy
to beat up. Moisy (Diet, of Norman
patois) spells it phlippey as if from F.
Philippe ; but wrongly.
Flippant. (Scand.) Flippant is for
189
FLIRT
flippand, the North. M. E. pres. pt. ; flip-
pand- prattling, saucy. Or else, the suffix
-ant imitates the French (heraldic) suffix
in ramp-ant^ &c. Cf. prov. "E-flipy nimble,
flippant ; from the base flip-, as in Icel.
fleipa^ to prattle; Swed. dial, flepa^ to
talk nonsense ; cf. Swed. dial._/?«]^, the lip.
Plirt. (E.) Often writtenyf«r/, mean-
ing to mock, gibe, scorn ; the oldest sense
of flirt was to jerk lightly away. . Of
imitative origin ; cf. flip, flick. So also
E. Ynts^flirry flirty a light blow j fltrtje^
a giddy girl.
Flit, to remove from place to place.
(Scand.) M. E. flitten.^ Icel. flytja, to
cause to flit ; ^yftdi.flyttay to flit, remove ;
Dan. flytte ; causal of Icel. fljota, Swed.
flyta, T>SiVi. flyde, to float. See Fleet (i),
Float.
Flitch, side of bacon. (E.) M. E.
flicche, A. S. flicce, '\'lct\. flikki, a flitch ;
flik, a flap, tatter. Perhaps allied to G.
flick- y a patch ; and to E. Fleck.
Float, to swim on a liquid surface.
(E.) yi.E. floieuy flotien. A.S. flotian.
^Idti.flotay Du. vlotten. Teut. *flutdjan-,
wk. vb. ; from *flut-y weak grade of *fleU'
tan; to float, whence mod. E. fleet. See
Fleet (i). ^ Confused with F. flatter
(O. F. floter)y to float, from the same
Teut. base *flut'.
Flock (i). a company of sheep, &c.
(E.) M.Kflok, A.S.flocc.-^lceLflokkTy
hsLii.flok, Swed. flock.
Flock (2), a lock of wool. (F.— L.)
O. F.floc, — L. floccuSy a lock of wool.
Floe, a flake of ice. (Dan.) Dan.
flage ; as in iisflage, an ice-floe, lit. * ice-
flake.' Cf. Norw. isflak, isfloky the same.
See Flake.
Flog, to beat. (L. ?) A late word ; and
(in 1076) a cant term. Ci. flack \ or pro-
bably suggested by flagellate y q. v. . Cf.
Low G.floggeTy a flail, variant of G.flegely
a flail, from Late 'L, flagellumy a flail; see
FlaU.
Flood. (E.) A. S. flody a flood ; from
flowauy to flow.+Du. vloedy Icel. floSy
Swed. Dan. flady Goth, flodusy a river, G.
fluth. Teut. *fl5-t5uzy act of flowing, also
a flood ; from Teut. base *fld- ; see Flow.
Floor. (E.) A. S. yfJr.+Du. vloery G.
flur. Teut. *fl5ruz\ cognate with W.
llaiVTy Bret, leur, Irish Idr. Idg. *pldrusy
a floor ; from *pld-y to spread out, whence
also L. pld-nusy plain. See Plain.
Floral, pertaining to flowers. (L.) L.
FLOUNDER
flordlisy belonging to Flora, goddess of
flowers. — L. flor-y as the stem of flos,
a flower ; cf. florerey to flourish, allied to
Blow (2) and Bloom.
flond. (L.) Y,.floriduSy lit. abound-
ing with flowers; hence, rosy. — L.yf^rr-,
decl. stem oiflffSy a flower (above).
florin, a coin. (F. — Ital. — L.) M. E.
floren (about A. D. isos^). — O. Y.floriuy a
florin. — Ital. yf<7nVw {=florino)y a coin of
Florence, so called because it bore a lily,
the symbol of that town. — Ital. fiore, a
^ower. ^h.florem, ace. of^Jj, a flower.
floscnle. (L.) 'L, flosculusy a little
flower ; double dimin. oiflos.
Floss, rough silk ; as in floss-silk.
(F. — L.) From yi.Y. ftosche; Cot. has:
* soye floschey sleave silke.* [So also Ital.
flosciOy Venetian HossOy soft, weak ; floscia
settty floss-silk.] An adj. formation from
O. ¥, floe her y to form into * flocks * or tufts.
^Y.floc'y see Flock (2).
Flotilla. (Span. -Teut.) Span.yf^-
tillay a little fleet ; dimin. oiflotay a fleet,
cognate with O. F. flotey a fleet of ships,
a crowd of people. This O. Y.flote (fem.),
Y.flotte (whence G.flotte) is from a Teut.
source ; cf Du. vlooty Icel. floti, a fleet,
A. S.flotay a ship. From the base *flut' ;
see Float. Cf. M: E.flotey a fleet. (Kor-
ting, § 3349)
flotsaUL, goods lost in shipwreck, and
floating on the waves. (Law F.— E.) An
A. F. law-term, formerly flotson. (Blount).
A. F. floteson ; O. F. flotaisotty a flooding
of fields (Godefroy). — Low L. type *flot'
tdtionenty from ^flottdrey to float, to flood
{E.flotter). From the Teut. base 1yf«/- (as
above). Cf. Jetsam.
Flounce (i), to plunge about. (E.)
Cf. Swed. dial, and M. Swed. flunsay to
plunge. Of imitative origin.
Flounce (2), a plaited border on a
dress. (F. — L. ?) Changed from M. E.
frounccy a plait. — O. Y./ronser^fronceVy to
gather, plait, wrinkle ; fronser le front y to
knit or wrinkle the forehead. Prob. from
Late L. *frontidrey not found, but regu-
larly formed from fronti y decl. stem of
frons. forehead ; see Front. (Korting,
§ 3477-)
Flonnder (i), to flounce about. (E.)
XVI cent. An imitative word ; perhaps
suggested hy flounce (i) 2irA flood. Cf-
Dn. floddereny to dangle, flap, splash
through mire ; Svfed.fladdra, to flutter.
Flounder (2), a fish. (F.— Scand.)
190
FLOUR
FLY
h,Y, floundre,^0,Y. flondre (in Nor-
mandy). --Swed. Jiundra, Dan. flynder^
Ictl.^yOra ; E. Ynt&,Jlunder,
Flour, finer part of meal. (F. — L.)
Short for * flower of wheat.' — F. Jleurt
short ioijleur de faring, flour; see Flower
below (which is a doublet).
flonrishy vb. (F. — L.) M. E. floris-
shin.^0. Y, JlorisS'y stem of pres. pt. of
florir, to flourish. •- Folk-L. Jldrire, for
L. Jldrire^ to blossom ; cf. L. florescere,
inceptive form oifldrere. See Floral.
Floutf to mock. (F.) Prob. from M. E.
flouten, to play the flute. Similarly, M. Du.
fluyten (Du. fluitm), to play the flute,
also had once the meaning *■ to mock, jeer';
Oudemans. See Flute.
Flow* to stream. (£.) M. E. flowen \
A. S.Jlffwant pt. t.Jiiow\ cf. Du. vloeijen^
to flow; lcel.y?<^, to flood. Teat, base
^fld' ; cognate with Gk. tX^iv, to float.
See Flo<xl.
Flower, sb, (F. - L.) M. E. flour, -
O. F. flour (F. fleur), — L. flSrem^ ace. of
fldSf a flower. See Floral.
Flactuatey to waver. (L.) From pp.
oi fluciudrif to float ihovX*^'L.flucius, a
wave. •- L. fluctus^ old pp. of fluere^ to
flow.
Flue (i), a chimney- pipe. (F. — L.?)
Of doubtful origin, [//m^, in Phaer*s
Virgil, X. 209, is prob. a misprint for
flute."] Prob. from M. E. fluen^ to flow,
as the pipe conducts the flow of the smoke;
*To ^VLtyfluere* Cath. Angl. - F. yfi/^r,
' to flow, glide ; * Cot. — 'L.fliure, to flow.
Fine (3), light, floating down. (E.?)
Cf. prov. Y^ fluffy flue. Perhaps a deri-
vative of the verb Fly (cf. A. S. pt. t pi.
flug'on). We find Low Q.flog^ E. Fries.
fl^K^flog. flue ; cf. Q.flug, flight.
Fluent. (L.) From stem of pres. pt.
of L. fluere, to flow.
fluid. (F. - L.) O. F. flttide, - L.
JluiduSy flowing. — \.,fluer€^ to flow.
Fluke (I), a fish. (E.) M. E. floke,
fluke. A,^,flffCy a kind of plaice. .^Icel.
fldki, a kind of halibut. Lit. 'flat' fish.
The base *flik' is the strong grade of Teut.
*fla€'y as seen in G.flach, flat.
Fluke (3), part of an anchor. (E.?)
Also s^li flook. Perhaps ' the flat ' end ;
and the same word as^i^(i). Appa-
rentl3L distinct from G.flunkifilLe hook of
an anchor.
Flummery, a light food. *(W.) W.
llymrUy llymruwd^ flummery, sour oat-
meal boiled and jellied. Cf. W. llymus,
sharp, tart.,
Flunkey, a footman. (F. — O. H.G.)
Modern. Lowl. Sc. flunkU, a servant in
livery. Apparently from F. flanqueur^ a
scout (see flanker in N. E. D.). — F. flan-
quer\ * to flank, to be at one's elbow for
a help at need ; * Cot. — F. flanc^ side ;
see Flank.
Fluor, Fluor-spar, a mineral. (L.)
The L. fluor (lit. a flowing) was formerly
in use as a term in alchemy and chemistry.
^Y,. flu ere ^ to flow.
Flurry, hurry. (E.) Swift \i2A flurry ^
a gust of wind. From flurr, to whirr
(N. E. D.). Imitative ; cf. Swed. dial.
flurigy disordered (as hair) ; flur, dis-
ordered hair, whim ; Norweg. flurtUt,
shaggy, disordered. And cf. Y.. flutter,
FluML (i), to inundate. (E.) Appa-
rently of imitative origin ; ci, flush, to fly
up quickly (N. E. D.). Perhaps influenced
by Y.flux, 'a flowing, a flux ; also, k flush
at cards ; * Cot. See Flux. Cf. flusch, a
pool of water (G. Douglas) ; M. Du.fluy-
sen, to gush or break out violently (Hex-
ham) ; Dan. dial, fluse, to gush out.
FlUjBh (2), to blush, to redden. (E.)
XVIII cent. Perhaps thesame as Flush (i),
but much influenced by Flash. Cf. Swed.
dial, flossa, to bum, flare ; Norweg. flosa,
passion, vehemence. And see Fluster.
Flueh (3), level. (E.?) This is a
derived sense; it meant in full flow,
abundantly full; hence, level. From
Flush (i).
Fluster, to heat with drinking, con-
fuse. (Scand.) Jct\. flaustra, to be flus-
tered ; flaustr, fluster, hurry ; cf. E. Fries.
fldstem,flustemf to rustle (as wind). Cf.
Flush (2) and Flash.
Flute, a musical pipe. (F.) M. E.
flonvtey floite. — O. ¥.flaute,fleuteiflahutey
flehutey a flute (mod. F. fliite). Prov.
flauta. Of uncertain origin. They? may
have been suggested by 1^. flare ^ tablow.
Flutter, to flap the wings. (E.) M. E.
floteren, to fluctuate. A. S. flotorian, to
float about; cf. A,S.flot, the sea; flota,
a ship.« A.S. flot-, stem offlot-en, pp. of
fleotany to float. Cf. E. ¥nes.fluttem.
Flux. (F. - L.) O. F. flux, a flux. -
L. fluxum, ace. of fltlxus, a flowing ;
from the pp. of fluere, to flow.
Fly 0), to float in air. (E.) M. E.
fle$en,jiijen, A^ S.fleoguft; ptt. fliah;
pp.flogen.^Du. vliegen, lce\.fljugafT>an.
191
FLY
FOLLOW
JlyvefSviftA,Jlyga,0,fliegen. Teut. type
yieu^n-, Cf. L, plutna^ a feather.
(VPLEUGH.) Not allied to Plee. Der.
Jly^ an insect, A. S. fleoge^flyge ; G.Jliege,
Ply (a), a vehicle. (E.) A name given
to a kind of four-wheeled vehicle dra>vn
by men at Brighton, in 1816. Calledyf^-
coach in 181 8 (Scott, Heart Midi. ch. i).
From^, vb. See above.
Foal. (E.) M. E./^Af, A. S.>/a.+Du.
veuUfiy Icel. folit Dan. foUy Swed. faUj
Goth, fula, G. foklen, Teut. *fulon-.
Cognate with L. pulluSy young of an
animal ; Gk. ireuXor.
Foam. (E.) M. E. fotne, A. S. fdm.
+Prov. G. faim ; O. H. G. feim. Teut,
*faimO', Cognate with Russ. piena^ foam ;
Skt. phena, foam ; and prob. with Lat.
spuma (for *spoima), foam, and Lat. pu-
mex, pumice. Allied to Spume.
Fob, watch-pocket. (O.LowG.) An
O. Low G. word, only preserved in the
cognate H. G. (Prussian) y«//^, a pocket ;
for which see Bremen Wort. i. 437.
Focus, a point where light- rays meet.
(L.) L. focus i a hearth ; hence, a centre
of fire.
Fodder, food for cattle. (E). M. E.
fodder. A.S. fodor, fdddor\ extended
form ctifodtty food.+Du. voeder^ Icel.y^^r,
Dan. Swed. foder^ G,fuiter, Teut. type
*fodrom, neut. Allied to Food, q. v.
Foe. (E.) M. E. foo. A. S. fih, adj.
hostile. Teut. type iJ/aM^??; ldg.*pot'^os
(whence Irish oecA, a foe, with loss of
p). From the weak grade *pig' we have
Gk. mKp6s, bitter, Lith. pihas, unkind.
Brugm. i. § 646.
FoBtus ; see Fetus.
Fog. (E.) In several senses ; M. E.
filgi^ is 'coarse grass*; hence foggy,
mossy, boggy, murky (whence perhaps
the sh. fogy a mist). Origin unknown; cf.
Dan. fog, as in snee-fog, a blinding fall
of snow, fyge, to drift (as snow) ; but
there \t no clear connexion.
Foible, a weak point in character.
(F.-L) 0,¥, foible, Y, faible, weak,
feeble ; see Feeble.
Foil (I), to defeat. (F.-L.) M.E.
foylen, to trample under foot. — O. F.
fouler^ to trample on, also to oppress,
foil, over-charge extremely (Cot). — Late
'L.fulldre,foldre, to full cloth; see Full
(3). "Der, foil, a blunt sword, for practice
m foiling, 1. e. parrying ; foil, a defeat.
Foil (2), a set-off, as in setting a gem.
(F.— L.) M. F. huille, a leaf, *also the
foyle of precious stones,' Cot ; Norman
foiUe, fem. ; cf. Ital. foglia^ Span, hoja,
a leaf. — L. folia, pi. qI folium, a leaf;
afterwards used as a fem. sing. See
Foliage. h\^oO.Y.fueil,foil,m,\ from
"L, folium.
Foin, to thrust with a sword. (F. — L.)
Obsolete. Lit. *to thrust with an eel-
spear or trident.* — O. F. foine, foisne, an
eel-spear. — L. fuscina, a trident, the
weapon used by a retidrius, or gladiator
with a net
Foison, plenty. (F.-L.) O. Y.foisoii, '
abundance. — Folk-L. fUsionem, for L.
fUsionemy ace. of fOsio, a pouring out,
hence profusion. —L./«j«j, pp. oifundere^
to pour. See Fuse.
Foist, to palm or put off, to intrude
surreptitiously. (Du.) XVI cent — Du.
vuisten, to take in the fist or hand; see
N. E.D. (Low G. vHsten, to take in the
hand) ; hence, to ' palm ' a die, to cheat.
— Du. vuist, fist ; see Fist.
Fold (i), to double together. (E.) M. E.
f olden, O. Merc, faldan, A. S.fealdan (pt.
t.feold), to fold.+Dan./^ii/^f, Swed./a//rt
(^faldcC), Icel. falda, Goth, falthan, G.
fatten. Teut. type ^falihan-. Allied to Gk.
ht'itXAffioiy doubled ; ir\d<ra€iVf to form,
mould. See Plaster. *Der. fold, sb.,
a plait ; -fold, suffix, as in twofold, &c.
Fold (2). a pen for sheep. (E.) A. S.
fald, also fcUod, falud. Not connected
withy^/<f (1), but with 'D^ca^fold, a sheep-
pen ; Du. vaalt, a dung-pit ; Low G.faal.
Foliatfe, a duster of leaves. (F. — L.)
Modifieafrom M. Y.fueillage, from M. F.
fueille, a leaf.— L. y&/w, pi. oi folium, a
leaf; used as fem. sing. ^ Gk. tpdWov,
leaf. Cf. Foil (2).
folio. (L.) P'rom the L. phr. in folio,
yfYiQTQ folid is the abl. oi folium, a leaf,
sheet.
Folk, a crowd of people. (E.) A. S.
folc.'\'\Qe\. folky Dan. Swed. ^Zt; Du. G,
volk. Teut. type *folkom, neut. ^ Lithuan .
pulkas, a crowd, Russ. polk\ an army,
were probably borrowed fat an early date)
from Teutonic.
Follicle, seed-vessel. (F. — L.) F.
follicule, little bag. — L. folliculus, double
dimin. oifollis, a bag.
Follow. (E.) M.E. folwen. A.S.
folgian^ ^X'Stofylgan, weak verb, to follow.
+0. Fries, folgia^ fulia, O. Sax. folgon,
Du. volgen ; lct\.jfylgja, hsLn.fdlge, Swed.
192
FOLLY
filja ; G. folgm. We also find A. S./«/.
gangaftf (pt. t. ful-eode)^ -with the same
sense, bat derived from A. S,/ul, full, and
gangan, to go; and, in like manner,
O. H. G. folUgdn, Hence the orig. sense
was, perhaps, ' to go in full nombers,' to
go in a crowd, to accompany ; and it is a
derivative of Tent. *fulloz, foil. See Full.
Cf. A,S, fylstan^ to SLSsistf/u/tum^ assis-
tance ; also from A. S./u/I,
Folly. (F.-L.) M.E. folye.^O.Y.
fo^ie Jolly. ^O.F./o/,{oo\ish. SeeFool(i).
Foment. (F.— L.) M.F./omenter.^
L. fdmefU&re.^la, fdmentuniy short for
*fouimentum, a warm application, lotion.
^\j.fouire^ to warm.
Fond, foolish. (K) M. £. fond^ more
commonly y^»-^df, pp. oifonnen^ to be
weak, to act as a fool ; from the M. £. sb.
fon, fontUf a fool. The sb. answers to
O. Fries, famne, fomne^ Fries, font (see
Hettema), E. Yncs.fone^fanf a maid, girl,
weakling, simpleton (see Koolman). All
allied to A. S. famne^ a virgin. Der.
fond-U, vb.
Font (i), basin of water. (L.) A.S.
/w/.— L, fontem, ace. oi fons, a fount.
See Fount.
Font (a),Foiint9an assortment of types.
(F. — L.) Y,fonU^ a casting of metals. —
l^^ondre, to melt. See Found (a).
Food. (£.) M.E. fode. A.S. fida,
what one eats. The A.S. fdd- is the
strong grade of the base *fad, corresponding
to Gk. var- in var-cco'^cu, to feed. From
the Idg. root pd'^ to feed, whence L. pa-
nts, bread, pd'bulum, food, and pd-scere,
to feed. See Pasture. "Det, fodder ; feed.
Fool (i), a jester. (F.-L.) M. E. ffl,
sb. and adj. O. F. fol ( F.fau), a fool. - L.
fo/Iem, ace. of foIUs, a wind-bag ; pi. foi/es,
puffed cheeks, whence the term was easily
transferred to a vain or foolish person ; as
in Late 'L,follis, a fool. * Der. be-fooL
fool (2;, a dish of crushed fruit, &c.
(F.— L.) From Fool (i) ; named like
irifU, Florio has: * Mantiglia, a kind
of clouted creame, called v^fooU or a trifU
in English.'
fo<M8-cap, paper so called from the
water-mark on it.
Foot. (E.) M. Y.,fotjoot, ^\.fei,feet,
A. S. fift, pi. fit, + Du. voei, Icel. fotr,
Dan. fodj Swed. fot, Goth, fitus, G,/uss,
Tent, type *fiff (consonant-stem), corre-
sponding to Idg. type *pddf with the
valiants *pedf *pod, Cf. L. pes, foot (gen.
FORBEAR
ped-is) ; Gk. vo^s (iEolic irt&s), foot (gen.
fro5-6s), fr€(6s (^irtfy6s), on foot; Skt
pad, a foot (gen. pad-as), Cf. Fetter,
Fetlock, Fetch. Brugm. i. § 578.
Footy, paltry, mean. (E.) A variant
oifoughty, musty (N. E. D.). Orig. * damp ; *
from A. S,fuht, damp, with suffix ■^.+Du.
vochtig, damp ; S^e^.fuktig, T>an.fugtig.
Cf. Q.feucht, O. H. G.fuhH,fuht, From
a Teut. type *fuhtuz, damp; from Teut.
base *feuky as in Icel. fjiika, to drift as
snow or dust, whence also Norw, fuk,
vapour (Franck).
Pop, a coxcomb. (E.) M.E. fop, a
fool. Cf. Du. foppen, to prate, cheat ;
fopper, a wag; fopperij, cheating ( = E.
fopUry), Cf. fob off, to delude (Johnson) .
For (i), prep, and conj. (E.) Orig.
a prep. A.S. for, fore, before, for; see
Fore.+Du. voor, Icel. fyrir, Dan. for,
Swtd. for, G.fUr, Cf. L. prff, for; Gk.
vp6f before, irapa, near.
For- {2),prejix, (K) For- has usually
an intensive force, or preserves something
of the sensfe of from, to which it is related.
(Quite distinct from fore-, though ulti-
mately allied to it.) A.S.^r-; Icel, for-,
Da.n.for-, Swed. /ifr-, Du. ver-, G. ver-,
Goth, fra-, fair-, Skt. para-. The Skt.
para is an old instrumental sing, of para-,
&r; perhaps the orig. sense was 'away'
or * forth. Der. for-bear, for-bid, for-
fend, for-go {rmssoeXX fore-go) , for^get, for-
give, for-hrn, forsake, for-swear; see
Bear, Bid, &c.
ToX'iz)) prefix, (F.-L.) Only in /pr-
close (misspelt foreclose), for-feit, which
Forage* fodder, chiefly obtained by pil-
lage. (!• . — Low L. — Teut.) M. ^.forage,
fourage, — O. F. fourage, — O. F. forrer, to
forage. — O. Y.forre i^,feurre), fodder. —
Low L. fddrum, fodder. — Teut tjrpe
*fidrom, fodder ; see Fodder.
Foraminated, perforated. (L.) From
L. foramin-, stem of foramen, a small
hole. — "L.fordre, to bore ; see Bore.
Foray, Torrsj. a raid for foraging.
(F. — Low L. — Teut.) Foray, forray are
old Lowl. Scotch spellings, with the sense
of ' foraging expedition.* Apparently
coined from the M. E. forrier, forreyer,
a forager. — O. F. forrier, a forager ;
from O. ¥. forrer, to forage ; see Forage.
Forbear (i), vb. (E.) From For- (2)
and Bear. A. S,forberan.
Forbear (2), sb., an ancestor. (E.)
193
H
FORBID
M. E. forbear (Wallace). For fore-he-er,
one who is before. See Fore and Be.
Forbid. (E.) From For- (a) and
Bid ( 2) . A. S f&rbfodan, -f Du. verbieden^
Goih, faurbiuaan, G. verbieten.
Force (i). strength. (F.-L.) M.E.
force y fors, — O. F. force. — Late L. fortia^
stren^h.^'L. forti', decl. stem of fortis,
strong; CL.forctis, Allied to Borough.
Bnigm. i. §( 566, 756. Cf. Fort.
Force (3)} to stuff fowls ; see Faroe.
Force (3), Fobs, waterfall. (Scand.)
Dan. foSy Swed. fors, Icel. fors, foss, a
waterfall.
Forceps* pincers. (L.) L. forceps,
orig. used for holding hot iron ; for *for-
miceps (VaniSek). — L. formus, hot ;
capere, to hold.
Ford. (E.) M.E. ford; also /tt/A.
A. S.ford, a ford , passage. •^G.yiir^. Teut.
type *furduz. From Idg. *p9r, weak grade
of ^PERy to go ; see Fare. Allied to L.
porfus, a harbour, O. Welsh (p)rit, Welsh
rhydf a ford, and to frith ; see Frith and
Fore. Brugm. ii. § 108.
Fore, in front, coming first. (E.) A. S.
fore, for, before, prep. ; forefforan, before,
adv.4-I)u. voor, G. vory Goth.faura ; cf.
Icel. fyrir, Dan. for, Swed. for. Allied
to Gk. iropof, before ; Skt purcu, before,
in front, Skt. purdj formerly. Also to
For- (i), prefix, q. v. Der. fore-arm,
'bode, -cast, -ccutle, -date, -father, -finger^
'foot, front, -go (in the sense * to go
before only), -ground, -hand, -head,
•judge, -know, -land, -loch, -man, -noon,
-ordain, -part, -rank, -run, -see, -ship,
-shorten, -show, -sight, -stall (A. S. fore-
steally sb. lit. ' a position in ifront *), -tcute,
•tell, -thought, -token, -tooth, -top, -warn ;
all easily understood.
Foreclose, to preclude, exclude. (F. —
L.) Better spelt forclose, — O. F. forclos,
pp. oi forclorre, to exclude, shut out —
O. F. for-, from L. forts, outside ; and
clorre, to shut, from L. claudere. See
Forfeit and Close.
Forej^O, to relinquish ; see Forgo.
Foreign. (F.-L.) The g is wrongly
inserted. M. E. foraine, foreyne,^0, F.
forain, alien, strange. — Folk-L. *fordnus ;
for Late L. fordneus, adj., from la. fords,
out of doors, adv. with ace. pi. form, allied
to L,. fores, doors \ cf. "L, forum, a market-
place, and £. door.
Forejudge (i), to prejudge. From
Fore and Judge.
FORJUDGE
Forejudge (a) ; see Fozjudge.
ForemoStf most in front. (E.) A
double superl., the old snperl. form being
misunderstood. For M.E.formest, through
secondary influence oimost. • K,%.formest,
by-form of the regular fyrmest {<.*fur-
mistot), through me influence of A. S.
forma, which is cognate with Goth.
fruma, first, Gk. irp(^or, 7rp6fJU)t, first.
Further allied to Gk. vpo, before. Brugm.
i. § 518-
ForensiCf belonging to law-courts.
(L.) Coined from L. forens-is, belonging
to the forum. ^ L. forum, market-place,
meeting-place ; orig. a vestibule or door-
way. Allied to L. foris, doors, and E.
door.
forest. (F.-L.) O.F. forest. ^lAte
h.forestis, free space of hunting-ground ;
foresta, a wood (medieval writers oppose
the forestis, open hunting-ground, to the
parous, enclosed park).— L. .^wfr, out of
doors; adv. allied to L. fores, doors.
Der. forest-er, tiXsoforster, foster.
Forfeit^ a thing forfeited or lost by
misdeed. (F. — L.) M . E. forfete ; whence
forfeten, yh.^K.¥. forfeit, O,¥.forfait,
a crime punishable by fine, a fine ; also a
pp. of O. Y. f Off aire, f or sf aire, to trespass.
— Late L,.forisfactum, a trespass, fine ; orig.
pp. (neut.) oi forisfacere, to trespass, lit.
* to do beyond.' — L. foris facere, to do or
act beyond or abroad; from forts, out
of doors ; and facere, to do. See Fore-
close.
Forfend, Forefend, to avert. (Hy-
brid ; E. and F.) M. E. forfenden. An
extraordinary cofhpound of 'E.for-, prefix,
with fend, a familiar abbreviation of de-
fend. See For- (a) and Defend; also
Fend, Fence.
Forge. (F. -L.) O. F. forge, a work-
shop. — Folk-L. *faurga, for *favrega
(Schwan) ; for L. fabrica, a workshop.
See Fabric. "Der, forge, vb.
Forget. CE) From For- (2) and
Oet. A. S.forgetan (E. E. T.), forgitan.
•4-Du. vergeten, G. vergessen.
Forgive. (E.) From For (a) and
Give. A. S. ^r^^«.+Du. vergeven, G.
vergeben ; Qoih.fragiban, to grant.
Forgo, Forego, to give up. (E.)
Better forgo. A. S. f organ, to pass over.
From For- (a) and Go.
Foxjudge, to deprive of by a judge-
ment. ( F. — L.) O. Y.fotyugier. — Low L.
forisjudicdre. —L.^m, outside : and iiidi'
194
FORK
FOTHER
caret to judge. See Forfeit and
Judge.
Fork. (L.) A. S. forca.^'L.furcay a
fork. Der. bi-furcated.
Forlorn, <|uite lost (E.) M. E. for-
lorn, A.^, JorloreUy pp. oi forleosan^ to
lose utterly ; ivom for-^ prefix, and leosan^
to lose; see For- (2) and Ijose. So also
Dan. forloren^ Du. and G. verioren, simi-
larly derived.
Form. (F.— L.) O. F. forme, ^ Lu
fortna^^hsij^, Brugm.ii.$72. (-^DHER.)
<^ O. F. forme also means ' a bench/ like
'E^orm. Der. form-uia.
Former, more in front. (E.) Not
early ; XII cent. ; a false formation, to
suit M. E. firmest, i. e. foremost ; see
Foremost. Formed by adding -er to the
base form- of A. S. form-a, first, really a
superl. form, where -m- \% vca. Idg. superl.
suffix. Cf. L. pri-muSy first.
Formic, pertaining to ants. (L.) For
formic-ic ; from "L. formica, an ant.
Formidable, causing fear. (F.-L.)
F. formidable. ^V,. formiddbilisy terrible.
^informtddrey to dread ; formidoy fear.
Formula, a prescribed form. (L.) L.
formuhy dimin. 9^ forma^ a form. See
Form.
Fornicate. (L*) From pp. of'L.for-
nicdriy to commit lewdness, seek a brothel.
^'L,fomtc-y base oi fornix , a vault, arch,
brothel. Perhaps allied to Furnaoe ; cf.
O. L. fomtiSy L. fumusy an oven (of
vaulted shape).
Forsake. (E.) l/L.^ forsaken. A. S.
forsacan^ to neglect, orig. to contend
against, or oppose ; from for- y prefix, and
sacan, to contend, whence the E. sb. sake.
See For- (2) and Sake. So also Swed.
forsaka, Dan.forsagey Du. verzaken.
Forsooth. (E.) M. E. for sothey for
a truth. A,S* for so6e; where for ^ for y
and sffde is dat. of sdd, truth ; see Sooth.
Forswear. (E.) From For- (a) and
Swear. A. S.forswerian,
Fort. (F. -L) O. F. forty sb., a fort ;
a peculiar use of F. fort, adj., strong.— L.
ace. fort-em, from nom. fortiSy strong.
See Foroe.
fortalice, small fort. (F.-L.) O.F.
fortelesce ; Late L. fortalitia ; see For-
tress (below).
forte, loud. (Ital. — L.) Ital. forte, -
L. ticc, fort-em, strong (above).
forniy. (F.-L.) 0,Y, fortifier y to
make strong. ^-L. fortificdre,wm1„ forti-y
decl. stem oi fortis, strong; -ficare, for
facerey to make.
fortitude. (F.~L.) F . fortitude,^
'L.fortitudoy strength. — L. forti-s, strong ;
with suffix -tado.
Forth, forward. (E.) M. E. forth,
A. S. forp, adv. ; related to fore, be-
fore; see Pore. + Du. voort, from voor\
G. fort, M. H. G. vort, from vor; cf.
Goth, faurthis, further, from faur^a, be-
fore. Teut. type ^fur-fo- ; Idg. type */pr-
to-. See Further.
Fortify, Fortitude ; see Fort.
Fortnight, two weeks. (E.) M. E.
fourtenight \ Vilso fourten nigkt.^M.E,
fourten, i. e. fourteen ; night, old pi., i. e.
nights. A. S. feowertyne niht. So also
sennight ^ seven night.
Fortress. (F.-L.) M. E, fortresse,
— O. F. forteresce, fortelesce, — Late L. for-
talitia, a small fort. -i Late L. fortis
{domus), a fort; 'L, fortis y strong. See
Fort, Fortalice.
Fortune. (F. — L.) O. F. fortune. - L.
fortHna, chance. — 'L./ortU-y allied io f or ti-,
decl. stem of fors, chance ; orig. < that
which is brought,' or 'an event'; from
ferre, to bring ; see Fertile.
fortuitous. (L.) L. fortuit-usy
casual ; with suffix -ous, — L. fortU- (as
above).
Forty; see Four.
Forward. (E.) 1A,E. forward, A. S.
foreweardy adj. — A.S.y5?r^, before; weardy
suffix; see Toward. Der. forwards,
M. E. forwardesy where -es is the suffix of
gen. case, used adverbially. And see
Further.
Fosse. (F.-L.) Y,fosse.'^'L, fossa, a
ditch. — L. fossay fem. of fossusy pp. of
fodere, to dig. Brugm. i. ( 166.
fbssil, petrified remains obtained by
digging. (F.-L.) M. F. /miA?, * that
may be digged;' Cot.— L. fossilis, dug
up. — L./7JJ-WJ, pp. oi fodere (above).
Cosset, a spigot ; see Faucet.
Foster, to nourish. (E.) A. ^.fistrian,
vb. — A. %.fdstor, nourishment ; Teut. type
*ftstromy for *f5d-trom, neut.; allied to
fikia, food.+Icel. ftstr, nursing, whence
fdstra,Xo nurse ; Swed.yoj/ra, Y^zii^fostre,
to rear, bring up.
Fother, a load, heavy mass. (£.) A.S.
fi^er,^yi. Du. voeder^ Du. voer\ O. H. G.
fuodar, G.fuder, Teut. type *fdh-rom, n.
From yof'y strong grade of %^» see
Fathom.
195
FOUL
Ponl. (E.) M.E./W/. A.S./ul.-^
Du. vuily Icei./«//, Daxi. fuuiy Swed./«/,
Goth. fu/Sy G. faui. Teut. type */u'hz ;
cf. Icel. /u'inny rotten. Akin to Putrid.
(-/PtJ.) Brugm. i. § 113.
foumart, a polecat. (£.) M. E./ui'
niarty fulniard\ comp. of }A,E, ful, foul
(as above), and A.S. Pt^ard, a marten.
See Marten.
Found (i)) to lay the foundation of.
(F. -L.) M. E. founden. - O. F. fonder,
— L. funddre, to found, -i L. fundus^ a
bottom, foundation. See Fund. Der.
found-aiton.
Found (3), to cast metals. (F. — L.)
O.Y. fondn^^'L, funderey to pour, cast
metals. (VGHEU.) See Fuse (i).
Ty&r.found-ryy ¥,fand-eru.
Founder, to go to the bottom. (F.—
L.) M. Y^,joundr'eny said of a horse fall-
ing. — O. F, fondrer, chiefly in comp.
qfondrer (obsolete), effondrery to fall in
(still in use) ; orig. to sink in. — F. fondy
bottom.- 1*, fundus, bottom. See Found
(0.
Foundling, a deserted child. (E.)
M. E. fundling ; formed with suffix -l-ing
from A. S. fund-y weak grade of findan,
to find.+Du. vondeling. See Find.
Fount ( I ) , a spring. (F. — L.) Formed,
by analogy with mount, from F. font, — L.
fontem, ace. of fonsy a fountain. Der.
fount-ainy O. F. fontaine. Late L. fon-
tana.
Fount (3)1 Font, an assortment of
types. (F.— L.) O. F. fontCy a casting of
metals. — O.F. fondre, to cast—L. foin-
derty to pour, cast metals. See Found (2).
Four. (E.) yi.Y^.feowuryfoTveryfour,
A. S. flower, + Icel. fjSriry Dan. firty
Swed. fyra, Du. vier, Goth, fidwor, G.
vicr'y als^ W. pedwar, Gael, ceithiry O.
Irish cethir, L. guatuor, Gk. rhrapHy
riffffoptSy viffvptSy Russ. chetveroy Lith.
petuHy Pers. chehdry Skt. ckatvdras. Idg.
type, *qetwer-, "D&r.four-ih , A. S.fiorfa ;
four-teeny A. S. flowertine ; for-ty, A. S.
fiaivertig,
FowL (E.) M. E. fouly A, S. fugoly a
bird.4'Du. vogei, Icel. fugl, Dan. f*£^t
Syred, fogeiy Groth. /«s^, G. vogel. Teut.
type yugiozy masc. ; prob. for *flugloz^ by
oissimilation ; the form ftuglas, pi. occurs
in Matt. xiii. 33 (Rush worth gloss), and
cf. the adj. flugol, flying. From ^flug,
weak grade of Teut. yleug-an-y to fly.
See Fugleman and Fly. Brugm. i. § 491.
FRAME
(E.) A. S. fox. -f Du. voSf G.
fuchs. Teut. type *fuh-S'^ masc. We also
find Icel. foa, Goth, fauho, fem. a vixen ;
Teut. type *fuhd. A connexion with Skt
piichchha-y * tail,* is doubtful. Der. vix-en,
q. V.
foxglove. (E.) A,S, foxes gtfffa,\,t,
fox's glove j a fanciful name. Cf. Norw,
revhfoUay a foxglove ; lit. * fox-bell.'
Foyy a parting entertainment, by or to
a wayfarer. (Du. — F.) From Du- foot
(in Hexham, ^5?^, *a banquet given by one
at parting from his friends'). — F.y2>j, lit.
faith, from L. ace. fidem\ cf. L^te L.
fides y in the sense of 'payment.* (So
Franck.) But rather from F. voUy a way ;
L. uia. Cf. Voyage.
Fracas. (F.-Ital.-L.) Y, fracas y a
crash. — F. fracasser, to shatter. — Ital.
fracassarey to break in pieces. — Ital. fray
prep.) among, and cassare, to break: (imi-
tated from L. interrumpere). Ital. fra is
from L. infrdy below. Cassare — ^L. quas-
sdre, to shatter ; see Quash.
Fraction. (F.-L.) Y, fraction.^Y.,
ace. fractionem, a breaking. — L. fractusy
pp. oi frangerey to break. Cognate with
break ; see Break. •
fracture. (F.-L.) O.Y, fracture,
^\>, fracturtty a breach.— L.^or/iAf, pp.
oifrangerey to break.
Fractious, peevish. (E.; and ¥.-!.,)
A prov. E. word, as if from North. E.fratcA,
to squabble, chide; the same as M. £.
fraccheny to creak as a cart. But it also
occurs (in 1705) in the sense of refractory,
being formed homfractiony in me sense
of * dissension,* a sense now obsolete ; see
N. E. D. See Fraction.
Fragile. (F.-L.) Y, fragile. ^"L.
fragilts, easily broken. — L. ^flf^-, base of
frangere, to break. See Fraction.
Doublet, /rafV.
fragment. (F.-L.) Y, fragment.'^
"L,, fragmentuniy a broken piece. — L./«^-,
base oi frangere ; with suffix -mentum.
Fragrant. (F.-L.) Y, fragrant.^
la. frdgrantemy ace. of frdgrans, pres. pt.
oifrdgrdrey to emit an odour.
Frail. (F.-L.) U.Y.. freel, freyl.'^
O. F. fraiUy brittle. — L. fragilem, ace of
fragilts ; see Fragile.
name, to construct. (E.) M. E. fra-
mien; also fremien. A,S, framian, to
be profitable, avail; cf. also fremieny
fremmany to promote, effect, do, lit. to
further. — A. S. fram, strong, good, lit.
196
FRAMPOLD
forward; dnfrantt prep., from, away; see
'FrGm..'^lcs\.frama,fremjay to further,
from framr, adj., forward, fy'am, adv.,
forward, allied iofrd, from. Cf. G,fromm,
good. "Det.framet sb.
Frampoldy qnarrelsome. (Low G.)
Obsolete. Ai&oframj^ldyfrompalL Allied
to prov. E. rantipoUy a romping child. Cf.
E. Fries, frante-pot, wrante-poty a peevish
man ; M. Da. wranten, to chide, Dan.
vraniCf to be peevish, vranten, peevish.
Cf. also Dan. vrampet, warped; Low G.
wrampachtigh^ morose (Liibben); E. Fries.
frantettj wrantcn, to be cross. Note also
Sc. frampUf to disorder, and E. frump.
The second element is prob. from E. poll,
head.
FraACi a French coin. (F. — G.) M. E.
frank, ^C>,Y.franc\ said to be short for
Francorum Rex (on a coin of 1360). See
Prank.
firanchise. (F.-G.) M. E. fran-
chise. — O. F. franchise, privileged liberty.
— O. F. franchis', stem of pres. pt. of
franchir, to free. — O. F. franc ^ free; see
Frank. Der. disfranchise, enfranchise.
Frangible. (L.) IjsXtL., frangibilis,
breakable; a coined yroidL,^lj, frangere,
to break. See Fraction.
Franion, a dissolute person. (F.— L.)
O. H.fraignant, one who infringes (law) ;
pres. pt. oi fraindre, to break, hence to
infringe. -• L. frangere, to break. See
Frag^e.
X^aak, free. (F.-Low L.-0. H. G.)
O. F. franc, ■■ Low L. francus, free ;
orig. a Frank. — O. H. G. JrankOy a Frank ;
pemaps named from a weapon ; cf. A. S.
franca, a javelin. The Franks were a
Germanic people.
£railkal2lloigIl| the name of the
tenure by which most church-lands are
held. (F.-O. H. G. fl«//L.-Gk.) Lit.
* free alms.* — F. franc, free ; Anglo-F.
almoine = O. F. almosne, alms. See Frank
and Almoner.
franlcmoense. (F. - G. and L.)
O. F. franc encens, pure incense; see
Frank (above) and Incense.
franklixiy a freeholder. (F. — G.)
M. E. frankelein. — A. F. fraunkelayn,
Langtoft, ii. 2x2; Zjovf 1^, francaldnus,
franchildnus, — Low L. francus, free ; see
Frank (above). The suffix is possibly
from O. H. G. 'line («E. -l-ing as in
dar-ling) ; precisely as in chamberlain.
Frantic. (F.-L.-Gk.) U.^Jrene-
FRECKLE
tik, shorter form frentik, — O. F. frena-
tique.^l^. phreneticus, phrentticus, mad.
— Gk. <Pp€vitik65, mad, suffering from
(ppeviTis, frenzy. See Frenzy.
Fraternal. (F. — L.) O.f.fralemeL
— Late L. frdtemdlis, the same as L.
frdlemus, brotherly. — L. f rater, cognate
with E. Brother.
featemity. (F.-L.) 0,¥, f rater-
nitee.'^L. Sicc, frdternitdtem, brotherhood.
— L. frdtemus, brotherly. — L. frdter,
brother. Der. confraternity,
fratricide (i). murderer of a brother.
(F. - L.) O. Y, fratricide. - \a, frdtricida,
a brother-slayer. •- L. frdtri-, stem of
frdter, brother; -cida, a slayer, from
cadere, to kill ; see CaBsura.
fratricide (a)i murder of a brother.
(F.-L.) 0.¥, fratrecide (Littr6). - L.
frdtricidium, the killing of a brother. — L.
frdtri-, stem of ^^fl/^r, brother; 'Ctdium,
a slaying, from ccedere, to kill.
Frand. (F.-L.) O.F. fraude,^\j,
fraudem, ace. oifraus, deceit, guile.
Franghti to lade a ship. (Low G. or
Friesic) "We now use fraught only as a
pp. ^."E. frahten, fragten, only in the
^^. fraught, Cf. Swta. frakta, to fraught or
freight, from frakt, a cargo ; Dan. jragte,
from fragt, a cargo; E. Fries, fracht,
fragt, (i) a cargo, (2) charge for trans-
port; also Du. bevrachten, from vracht;
G. frachten, from fracht. See further
under Freight.
Fray (i)> ^^ affray. (F.— L.) Short
for affray, or effray, orig. * terror/ as
shewn by the use olfray in the sense of
terror, Bruce, xv. 255. See Affray.
frM- (2), to terrify. (F.-L.) Short
for affray ; see Affray. '
Fray (3), to wear away by rubbing.
(F.-L.) O. F. freier (also froier), to
rub (Godefroy). — L.^rfV^r^, to rub.
Freak (i), a whim, caprice. (E.) A
quick movement ; from M. E. frek, quick,
vigorous. — A. S. free, bold, rash ; whence
frician, to move briskly. + Icel. frekr,
voracious ; Swed. frdck, impudent, Dan.
frcek, audacious; G.frech, saucy, O. H. G.
freJif greedy ; Goth, faihufriks, covetous.
Freak (2), to streak. (E.) A coined
word; to streak capriciously (Milton);
from Freak (i).
Freckle, a small spot. (Scand.) We
find hoih. frekell Budifreken oxfrakin.^
l<x\,freknur, pi., freckles ; Svfed.frdkne,
T>an,fregne, a freckle. Cf. Fleok.
97
FREE
FRIEND
K (E.) M.E.//-^. A.S.>«7.+
Du. vrij; Goth, freis; G. /ret. Tent,
type */rijoz ; allied to Skt./ry'a-, beloved,
agreeable: also to E. Friend. Orig. sense
♦dear, beloved'; hence applied to those
of the household who were children, not
slaves ; cf. L. Itdertj free, also * children.'
Der. freedom, A. S. freodom ; free-stone^
transl. of F, pier re franc he »
Free-booter, a rover, pirate. (Du.)
Borrowed from Du. vrijbuiter^ a free-
booter, robber. — Du. vrijbuiten^ to rob;
vrijbuUf plunder, lit. * free booty.* Du.
vrii =^^, free. And see Booty, p. 56.
Freeae. (E.) M. E. fresen. A. S.
freosan ; pp. _^^^«.+Icel. frjosa, Swed.
frysay 'Ds^.fryse, Du. vriezen^ G,frieren,
Teut type ^freusan-, L. prurire, to itch,
originally to bum (cf. prutna, hoarfrost),
^Vi.plosha-y a burning. Bmgm. i. § 562 ;
ii- § <557. (VPREU.)
Freight, a cargo. (F. - O. H. G.) M. E.
freyte ; later freygkt ; an altered spelling
of F. frety the freight of a ship, the ^
being inserted by (a true) connexion with
fraught, q. v. — F. fret, * the frai^ht or
freight of a ship, also, the hire that^ paid
for a ship;' Cot.— O. H. O.frlht, 'earn-
ings,' hire. This O. H. G.freht is thought
to be the same as Q.frachty a cargo ; and
freht has been supposed to represent a
Teut. t)rpe *fra-aihttz\ from fra-, prefix
(see Fret), and ♦a/^/w>A.S. 5^/, ac-
quisition (from dgan, to own). See Own.
Frenzy. (F.— L.— Gk.) M.E.frenesye,
— O. F. frenisie.^'L, phrenesis. — Late
Gk.^/>^t'97(ri;,for Gk. ^cfms, inflammation
of the brain.— Gk. <pptV'^ base of <l>pfjv,
midriff, heart, senses. See Frantic.
Frequent. (F.-L.) yi,Y. frequent,
^Ij.frequentem, ace. oifrequens, crowded,
frequent; pres. part, of a lost verb *frequerey
to cram, allied to farctre, to cram ; see
Faroe. Brugm. ii. § 713.
Fresco. (Ital.-O.H.G.) A painting
ovi fresh plaster.- Ital.y9r^<rtf, cool, fresh.
— O . H . G. frisc (G. frisch) . See below.
fresli. (E. ; andY.-TtvX.) M.E.
fresh ; zXsofersh, representing A. S.fe^sc,
The form fresh is from O. F. freSj freis
(fitm, fresche) ; cf. mod. Y.frais^ fresh.—
O. n. G. frisc (G. frisch), fresh. Teut.
type *friskoz. Allied to Lith. priskas,
sweet, unsoured, i. e. unleavened (applied
to bread) ; Russ. priesnuii, fresh.
Fret (i), to eat away. (E.) A.S.
fretan, for Teut *fra-etan, to devour
entirely. + Goth, fra-itan, to devour
entirely, from fra-, entirely, and itan, to
eat; Du. vreten, G.Jressen (t^ver-essen).
See For- (2) and Eat.
Fret (2), to ornament, variegate.
(F. — L. ; and E.) M.E. fretten, to adorn
with interlaced woik. — O. F. freter, to
strengthen (as with iron), also to adorn ;
also spelt /ifr/^r. — O. F. /r^/"^, a ferrule
rCot), also 2, fret (in heraldry) ; see Fret
(3). Probably influenced by M. 'E.fretien,
A. S. frcetwan, to adorn ; from frcetwe,
ornament.
Fret (3)> a kind of grating. (F.-L.)
Common in heraldry. — O. F. frete, a
ferrule ; frettes^ pi., an iron grating (Diez) ;
fretter, to hoop ; fretti, fretty (in heraldry).
[Cf. Span, fretes, frets (in heraldry) ; allied
to ItaL ferriata, an iron grating.] — F.^r,
iron. — L. ferrum, iron.
fi^t (4)1 a stop on a musical instru-
ment. (F. — L.) Frets are bars across the
neck of the instrument ; probably the same
word 2&fret (3). See N. E. D.
Friable, easily crumbled. (F.— L.)
M. Y. friable. — L. friabilis. — L. frtdre, to
rub, crumble.
Friaor. (F.-L.) M.E. ^^r<f.-O.F.
frere, freire, lit. a brother. — L. frdtrem,
ace. oifrdter, a brother. See Brother.
Fribble, to trifle. (F.-L.) Of imita-
tive origin ; but prob. suggested by obso-
lete /nw/, adj. frivolous, lli.'E. frevol.^
Y,frivole. — "L.friuolus; see Frivolous.
Fricassee, a dish of fowls cut up.
(F.) F. fricassie, a fricassee ; fem. of pp.
oifricasser, to fricassee, also, to squander
money. A fricassee is made of chickens,
&C. cut up into small pieces. Of unknown
origin. Some have suggested L. frigere,
to roast, or L. fricdre, to rub (Korting).
Friction. (F. — L.) Y. friction. — L.
ace. frictionem, a rubbing. — L. frictus,
contr. pp. oi jfricdre, to rub; allied to
fridre, to rub ; see Friable.
Friday. (E.) K,S. frfge-dteg, trans-
lating L. dies Veneris ; -whtrt frige is gen.
oi Frig, the wife of Woden. Teut. type
*frijdy fem. of *frijoz, dear, beloved, alsa
'free * ; Skt. priyd, wife, loved one. See
Free, Friend.
Friend. (E.) M.E. frend. A.S.
freond, orig. * loving,* pres. pt. oifreogan,
to love.+Icel./r^«dy, lisin.frande, Swed.
frdnde, only in the sense of * kinsman ' ;
also Du. vriend, Gfreund; Goih.fri/ffndSf
a friend, pres. pt. of fryon, to love. Cf.
198
FRIEZE
Skt. prf, to love. Allied to Free.
Brugm. i. § 567. Der. friend'Ship^ A. S.
friwid'Scipe,
Priese (i), a coarse woollen cloth. (F.
- Du. ?) M. F. frize, /rise, * frise ; ' Cot.
Perhaps due to drap de frise, i. e. cloth of
Friesland ; with which Cotgrave identifies
it. — Du. Vriesland, FriesUnd, Vries, a
Frieslander, belonging to Friesland. So
also cheval de Frise , a horse of Friesland ;
whence chevaux de Frise, spikes to resist
cavalry, a jesting term. ^ Hence O. F.
friser, to cover with a nap, to curl hair,
tofrizz. See Korting.
nies6 (2), part of the entablature of a
column. (F.) M. Y.frize^ * the broad and
flat band that's next below the cornish
[cornice], or between it and the architrave ;*
Cot Span. frisOi a frieze ; allied to Ital.
fregioy a fringe, lace, border, ornament.
The Ital. fregio represents L. Fhrygium
{opus), Phrygian work.
Fri^te. (F.-Ital.) M.F. fregate,
' a frigate ; ' Cot.— Ital. ^r^a/a, a frigate.
Origin uncertain.
Fright. (E.) M. E./fyghf. O. North-
umhTJryhffi, A. S. fyrhto, fyrhtu, fnght,
allied ioforht, timid.-f O.Sax./^r>i/a, Dan.
frygt, Swed. fruktan, G. furcht, Goth.
faurhteit fright ; allied to O. Sax. forht,
O. H. G,faracht, Goth, faurhts, fearful.
lUgio. (L.) L..frJgidus, cold, adj.—
'L,frT^rty to be cold. ^"L./rigtis, cold, sb.
+Gk. filtyos, cold. Brugm. 1. § 875.
Frill, a ruflae on a shirt. (F. ?)
[Frilly vb., was a term in hawking ; a hawk
that shivered, from feeling chilly, was said
to frill. ^O.F, Jriller, to shiver with
cold. Hence some have deduced the
sense of a hawk ruffling his feathers ; but
for this there is no authority. The sb.
answers, in sense, to O. F. Jresel, freisel,
a ruffle, frill; cf. mod. F, /raise, a frill.
It is remarkable that both Y,fraise and
£. frill mean ' the mesentery of a calf.']
Perhaps from M.F. vrille; Cot has:
< vrilles, hook-like edges, or ends of leaves,
. . . scrols.' F. vrille also means a gimlet,
a tendril ; prob. from Dan. vrilde, to twist,
from vride^ to writhe ; see Writhe.
Frixitf6« a border of loose threads. (F.
-L.)M. E. fringe, - O. F. frenge (Pals-
grave), oldest form of F. f range, fringe ;
the Wallachian form is frimbie, for *fim-
brie (by metathesis).— "L, fimbria, fringe ;
allied Xofibra, a fibre ; see Fibre.
r, worn-out clothes, trash.
FRIZ
(F. - L.) Stuff sold by a fripier. - M. F.
fi^P^9 ' ft fripier, or broker, trimmer up
of old garments, and a seller of them so
mended ; ' Cot. — O. F. frepe (also ferpe,
felpe), frayed out fringe, old clothes.
Prob. from 'L.fibra, fibre (Korting).
Frisk, to skip about (F.-Teut.)
From the ad}, frisk , brisk. — M. Y,f risque,
* friske, blithe, briske;' Cot ; O.Y.frique.
— O. H. G.frecht greedy, M. H. G. vrtch,
bold, lively. Cf. A. S. free, bold. See
Freak (i).
Fritll (1)) an enclosure, forest, wood.
(£.) Obsolescent; M. E.^'M, peace, also
enclosure, park. Cf. \f.ffridd, park, forest,
which is borrowed from M. £. — A. S»fri9,
peace; fridu, peace, security, asylum.
Cf. Icel. fribr, Dan. Swed. fred, Du.
zn^ede, G. friede, peace. Teut. type
*frithuz ; from ♦/W-, base of *fri'joz, free.
See Free. ^'Ihit M.E. frith is also
*■ wooded country.' This is prob. a different
word ; A. S. gefyrhCe (Birdi, iii. lao).
Frith (a), Furth., an estuary. TSouid.)
M. E. ^rM. — IceL f/drtfr, a firm, bay;
"DtLn.Jwrd, Swed. f/'drd, the same. Allied
to Ford. Brugm. ii. 108.
Fritillary, a plant. (L.) So named
because the chequered markings on the
corolla were in some way associated with
tifritillus.^'L.fritilliis, a dice-box.
nittar (i), a kind of pancake. (F.—
L.) M. K frytowre, fritoure, [C£ F.
friteau, «a fiitter,' Cot]-0. F. /r»/«r.f,
a fiying, dish of fried fish.— O. F. yW/,
fried. ^'L.frictus, pp. oifrtgere, to fry. .
Fritter (2),afragment; Shak. (F.-L.)
0.¥. freture.^lj. fractara, a fracture.
See Fracture.
firitter away, to diminish, waste.
(F. -L.) A derivative itom fritter {2) ^
a fragment; whence yW//^r, vb., to cut
up into fragments. See above.
FrivolonSv trifling. (L.) From L.
friuol-us, silly ; with suffix -ous. The orig.
sense seems to have been ' rubbed away ;
hence friuola meant broken potsherds,
&c. — L. fridre, fricdre, to rub ; see
Friable.
Fris, FrisZf to curl, render rough.
(F. - Du. ?) M. F.frizer, * to fiizle, crispe,
curie;* Cot. [Cf. Span. ^Jar, to frizzle,
raise the nap on frieze, from frisa, frieze.]
Similarly the F. f riser is ixom. frise, frize,
frieze ; see Frieae (i). Der.frizz-le, fire-
quent form, in commoner use ; c£ O. Fries.
jrisl€,fresk^ a. lock of hair.
199
FREE
FRIEND
(E.) M. E. fre, A. S. >«>.+
Du. vnj\ Goth. freis\ G. fret, Tcut.
type *frijoz ; alliea to Skt./n(ya-, beloved,
agreeable: also to E. Friend. Orig. sense
* dear, beloved ' ; hence applied to those
of the household who were children, not
slaves ; cf. L. libert, free, also ' children.'
Der. freedom, A. S. freodom ; free-stone,
transl. of F. pierre franche,
Free-booter, a rover, pirate. (Da.)
Borrowed from Da. vrijbuitery a free-
booter, robber. i-Du. vrijbuiten, to rob;
vrifbuitf plander, lit. ' free booty.* Da.
vnt^^»free. And see Booty, p. 56.
Freeie. (E.) M. E. fresen, A. S.
freosan ; pp. ,^r^«.+Icel. frjosa^ Swed.
fry say Dan. /rj'W, Du. vriezen, G/frieren.
Teat type yreusan-, L. prurtre, to itch,
originally to bum (cf. pruina, hoarfrost),
^Vt. pldsna-f a burning. Bnigm. i. § 56a ;
ii. § ^57. (V^REU.)
Freiglit, a cargo. (F. - O. H. G.) M. E.
freyte ; later freyght ; an altered spelling
of F. frety the freight of a ship, the ^
being inserted by (a true) connexion with
fraught^ q. v. — F. fret^ * the fraaeht or
freight of a ship, also, the hire that^ paid
for a ship;' Cot.-O. H. G.frikt, 'earn-
ings,* hire. This O. H. G.freAt is thought
to be the same as G,fracn/, a cargo ; and
/reht has been supposed to represent a
Teut. type *fra'aihtiz\ from fra-, prefix
(see Fret), and *aihtiz>A,S. Sht, ac-
quisition (from dgan, to own). See Own.
Freniy. (F. — L. — Gk.) M. 'E.frenesye,
— O. F. frenisie.^lH phrenisis, — Late
GV,<ppivfi<TiSyioi Gk. ^tviTii, inflammation
of the brain.— Gk. ^/>cv-, base of ^p^*',
midriff, heart, senses. See Frantlo.
Frequent. (F.-L.) Vi.Y. frequent,
— lu.frequentem, ace. 01 frequens, crowded,
frequent; pres. part, of a lost verb ^require,
to cram, allied to farctre, to cram ; see
Farce. Brugm. ii. § 713.
Fresco. (Ital. ~0. H. G.) A painting
on fresh plaster. — Ital. ^^j^^, cool, fresh.
— O. H. G. fHsc (G. frisch). See below.
fresh. (E. ; <WMfF.-Teat.) M.E.
fresh ; also/?/-jA, representing A. S.fetsc,
The form fresh is from O. F. freSf frets
(fem. fresche) ; cf. mod. F. fratSy fresh. —
O. n. G. fnsc (G. frisch), fresh. Teut.
type *friskoz. Allied to Lith. preskas,
sweet, unsoured, i. e. unleavened (applied
to bread) ; Russ. priesnuii, fresh.
Fret (i), to eat away. (E.) A.S.
fretan^ for Teut ^fra-etan^ to devour
entirely. ^ Goth, fra-itan, to devour
entirely, from fra-t entirely, and fVa/i , to
eat; Du. vreten, G.Jressen {^ver-essen).
See For- (a) and Bat.
Fret (a), to ornament, variegate.
(F. — L. ; and E.) M.E. fretten, to adorn
with interlaced woik. — O. F. freter^ to
strengthen (as with iron), also to adorn ;
also spelt /rr/^.—O.F. //v/^, a ferrule
(Cot.), also ^fret (in heraldry) ; see Fret
(3). Probably influenced by M. ^E^freiien^
A. S. fratwan^ to adorn ; from frtetwe,
ornament.
Fret (3), a kind of grating. (F.-L.)
Common in heraldry. — O. F. frete, a
ferrule ; frettes, pi., an iron grating (Diez) ;
fretter, to hoop ; fretti, fretty (in heraldry).
[Cf. Span, fretes, frets (in heraldry) ; allied
to ItaL ferriaiaj an iron grating.] — F.y^rr,
iron. — L. ferrum, iron.
firet (4)9 a stop on a musical instru-
ment. (F.— L.) Frets are bars across the
neck of the instrument ; probably the same
word 9&fret (3). See N. E. D.
Friable, easily crumbled. (F.— L.)
M. ¥, friable, — L. friabilis, — L. fridre^ to
rub, crumble.
Friar. (F.-L.) M.E. >>-^r^.-O.F.
frere^ freire^ lit. a brother. — L. frdtrem^
ace. oifrdterf a brother. See Brother.
Fribble, to trifle. (F.-L.) Of imita-
tive origin ; but prob. suggested by obso-
lete /nw/, adj. frivolous, M..1S,, frevol.^
Y ,frivole,^\..friuolus\ see Frivolous.
Fricassee, a dish of fowls cut up.
(F.) Y.fricassiej a fricassee; fem. of pp.
oifricasser, to fricassee, also, to squander
money. A fricassee is made of chickens,
Blc cut up into small pieces. Of unknown
origin. Some have suggested L. frtgere,
to roast, or \u.fricdrey to rub (Korting).
Friction. (F.-L.) Y.friction,^\„
ace. frictidnem, a rubbing. — L. frictus,
contr. pp. oi fricdre, to rub; allied to
fridre^ to rub ; see Friable.
Friday. (E.) A. S. /n~pjp-(/<!J^, trans-
lating L. diis Veneris ; where/nj?^ is gen.
oi Fngy the wife of Woden. Teut type
*frijdt fem. of ^frijoz, dear, beloved, also
'free * ; Skt. priyd, wife, loved one. See
Free, Friend.
Friend. (E.) M.E. frend. A.S.
freondf orig. * loving,' pres. pt. oifreogan,
to love.+Icel./r^fwSV, Daii.yn?«flfe, Swed.
frdnde^ only in the sense of ' kinsman ' ;
also Du. vriend, Gfreund\ Goi\i. frijdnds^
a friend, pres. pt. of frij9n, to love. Cf.
198
FRIEZE
FRIZ
Skt. /rf, to love. Allied to Free.
Bmgm. i. § 567. Per. fritnd'Ship, A. S.
friond'Scipe,
Ari0ie (i), a coarse woollen cloth. (F.
- Du. ?) M. F. frize, /rise, • frise ; * Cot.
Perhaps due to drap defrise^ i. e. cloth of
Friesland ; with which Cotgrave identifies
it. — Du. Vriesiand, Friesland, VrteSf a
Frieslander, belonging to Friesland. So
also cheval de Frise ^ a horse of Friesland ;
whence chevaux de /m^, spikes to resist
cavalry, a jesting term. ^ Hence O. F.
friser, to cover with a nap, to curl hair,
Xofrittz. See Korting.
nioiO (3), part of the entablature of a
column. (F.) M. Y.frize, * the broad and
flat band that's next below the cornish
[cornice], or between it and the architrave ;*
Cot. Span, friso, a frieze ; allied to Ital.
fregio^ a fringe, lace, border, ornament.
The Ital. fregio represents L. Phrygium
{epus), Phrygian work.
Fri^te. (F.-Ital.) M.F. fregate,
* a frigate ; * Cot— Ital. y^^o/a, a frigate.
Origin uncertain.
Fnght. (E.) M. Y^fryght O. North-
umb. JtyhtOy A. S. fyrntOy fyrhtu^ fright,
allied Xaforht, timid. -fO.Sax.^r^/a, Dan.
frygtt Swed. fruktan^ G. fiircht, Goth.
faurhtei, fright ; allied to O. Sax. forhty
O. H. G.forachty Goth, faurhts, fearful.
Frigid. (L.) L.yVf;fjVi«. cold, adj. -
'L.JrIgeret to be oold, ^'L.friguSy cold, sb.
4>Gk. fiyot, cold. Brugm. i. $ 875.
nill, a ru6ae on a shirt. (F. ?)
{Frilif vb., was a term in hawking ; a hawk
that shivered, from feeling chilly ^ was said
to ^y/.-O.F. frillery to shiver with
cold. Hence some have deduced the
sense of a hawk ruffling his feathers ; but
for this there is no authority. The sb.
answers, in sense, to O. F. fresely freisel^
a ruffle, frill; cf. mod. T, /raises a frill.
It is remarkable that both ¥,f raise and
£. frill mean ' the mesentery of a calf.*]
Perhaps from M.F. vrille; Cot has:
' vril/es, hook-like edges, or ends of leaves,
. • . scrols.' F. vrille also means a gimlet,
a tendril ; prob. from Dan. vrilde, to twist,
from vride, to writhe ; see 'Writhe.
Fringaf a border of loose threads. (F.
-L.)M. E. fringe, - O. F. frenge (Pals-
grave), oldest form of F. frange^ fringe ;
the Wallachian form is frimbity for *fim'
brie (by metathesiB).— i^fimbriay fringe ;
allied ioftbrOy a fibre ; see Fibre.
ft iyp t ry , wom«oat clothes, trash.
(F. - L.) Stuff sold by a fripier, - M. F.
fripier^ 'a fripier, or broker, trimmer up
of old garments, and a seller of them so
mended ; ' Cot. - O. F. frepe (also ferpe^
felpe\ frayed out fringe, old clothes.
Prob. from 'L.fibray fibre (Korting).
Frisk, to skip about (F.-Teut.)
From the ad), frisk, brisk. — M. Y.frisgtte,
* friske, blithe, briske;* Cot ; 0,¥.frique.
— O. H. G.frecht greedy, M. H. G. ifrtchy
bold, lively. Cf. A. S. frec^ bold. See
Freak (i).
Frith (1)) an enclosure, forest, wood.
(£.) Obsolescent; M. R^'M, peace, also
enclosure, park. Cf. V^.jpidd, park, forest,
which is borrowed from M. £. — A. S.frid,
peace ; fridu, peace, security, asylum.
Cf. Icel. friir, Dan. Swed. fred^ Du.
vrede, G. friede, peace. Teut. type
*frithuz ; from *fri't base of ^fri'joZy free.
See Free. % The M. E. frith is also
' wooded countiy.* This is prob. a different
word; A. S. genrhSe (Birch, iii. 120).
Frith (a), Firthy an estuary. (Scemd.)
M. E. fi^lh, — IceL fjorHry a firth, bay ;
Ti^iL, fiord y Swed, f/drd, the same. Allied
to Ford. Brugm. ii. 108.
Fritillary, a plant. (L.) So named
because the chequered markings on the
corolla were in some way associated with
Kfritillus, — 'L.fritilluSt a dice-box.
Fritter (i), a kind of pancake. (F.—
L.) M. K frytcwre, fritoure. [C£ F.
friteait, «a fritter,' Cot] - O. F. /rtViir^,
a fiying, dish of fried fish.— O. F. y^,
fried. '''L.frictuSy pp. oifrigere, to fry. .
Fritter (2 ), a fragment ; Shak. (F. - L.)
0,Y, freture.^lj, fractaray a fracture.
See Fracture.
fSritter away» to diminish, waste.
(F. -L.) A derivative from Jritler {2) ,
a fragment; yihtncit fritter^ vb., to cut
up into fragments. See above.
Frivoloiie, trifling. (L.) From L.
friuol-us, silly ; with suffix -ous. The orig.
sense seems to have been ' rubbed away ;
hence friuola meant broken potsherds,
&c. — jL. friare, fricdre^ to rub ; see
Friable.
Frilf FrilBi to curl, render rough.
(F. - Du. ?) M. ¥,frizer, * to frizle, crispe,
curie;* Cot. [Cf. Span.ywar, to frizzle,
raise the nap on frieze, from frisa, frieze.]
Similarly the F. f riser is tiom frise, frize,
frieze ; see Friese (i). DeT.frizX'le, fze-
auent form, in commoner use ; cfl O. Fries.
/risle,JresU, a lock of hair.
199
FRO
FRUMP
Fro. (Scand.) The Scand. form of
/ww. — lcel. frd^ Dan, /ra, from. See
Prom.
Frock. (F.-LowL.) M. E. /r<?>6.-
O. Y.froc ; Low Y^froccus^ a monk's frock,
also spelt Jloccus (Ducange). Prob. so
called because woollen ; see Flock (3).
Cf. Port, froco^ a snow-flake, from L.
Jloccus » ^So Diez; but Brachet derives
it from O. H. G. hroch (G. rocU)^ a coat,
in which the initial h is unoriginal.
Frog (i), an animal. (E.) Ul.'E.frogge.
A. S. frogga^ frocga. Also A. S. frox,
a frog. + Icel. jroskry Du. vorschy G.
frosch.
Frog (3), a substance in a horse's foot.
(L. ?) It is shaped like a fork ; perhaps
a corruption oiforfc, q. v. ; the F. name is
fourchette. In any case, it has been con-
formed to Frog (i).
X^rolic, adj., sportive, ^u.) XVI cent.
Orig. an adj.->Du. vrohjk^ frolic, merry.
^G,/rdhlichj merry. Formed with suffix
'lijk ( = E. like, -ly) from the O. Sax.
fro- (as in frff-liko, adv.), O. Fries, fro
( = G. froh)^ merry. Der. froliCy sb. and
verb.
From, away, forth. (E.) A. S. frottty
fram. + Icel. frd, from ; O. H. G. fraftiy
forth ; Goth, framy from. Cf. also Icel.
franiy adv. forward (Swed. fram, Dan.
frem)\ Goth./rami>, adv., further. Allied
to Frame.
Frond, a branch. (L.) 'L.frond-, stem
oifrons, a leafy branch.
Front. (F.-L.) U,E. frvn/, fore-
head.— O.F. /fwi/, forehead, brow. — L.
frrontetn, ace. oifrdns, forehead, brow.
frontal, a band worn on the forehead.
( F. — L. ) O. F. fronted — L. fivntdle, an
ornament for a horse's forehead. — la, front-,
stem ^ifronsy forehead.
frontier. (F.-L.) O.T.frontiere,
fein. — Late 'L.fronleriayfrontdria, border-
land. — L. fovnt-^ stem of frons, front
(hence, border).
frontispieee. (F.— L.) For fronlls-
ftce; through the influence of piece. "F.
fron/isplce, * the frontispiece or fore-front
of a house ; ' Cot. — Late h.fronlispictu/n,
a front view. — L. frvnli-, decl. stem of
fr^^ns ; specerOy to see ; see Species.
frontlet. (F.-L.) O. F. fiwtel-et,
dimin. of O. F. frontel\ see flrontal
(above).
Frmre, frozen. (E.) A. S. fivren, pp.
offriosan, to freeze. See Freeie.
frost. (E.) M. E. frost, first ; A. S.
forst (for /r^j/).+Du. vorst, Icel. Dan.
Swed. G. frost, "Teut. types *frustoz^ m. ;
*frustom, n. From yrus-, weak grade of
*freusan-, to freeze. See Freeze.
Froth. (Scand.) M.E, frotke. "lech
froda, fraud, Dan. fraade [Swed. fradlga"],
froth, foam on liquids. From the Teut.
verb *freutAan-, to iroih up; as in A. S.
dfrecifan.
ROnnce, to wrinkle, curl, plait.
(F.— L.) The older form oijlounce; see
Flounce (2).
Froward, perverse. (Scand. and E.)
M. E. froward, commonly froward
(Northern). From Icel. frd, fro; and
ward. Cf. A. S. fromweard, only in the
sense ' about to depart ' ; but we still
keep the orig. sense of from-ward, L e.
averse, perverse. (Cf. wayward , i. e.
away- ward.) And see Toward.
Frown. (F.— Teut.) M.E. frounen."
O. F. frongnier, whence F. refrogner,
to frown, look sullen. Cf. Ital. iu'
frigno, frowning, Ital. dial. (Lombardic)
frignare, to whimper, make a wry face.
Of Teut. origin. From Teut. ^frunjan-,
as in Swed. dial, fryna, Norw. frdyna, to
make a wry face. (Korting, § 3324.)
Frncti^. (F.-L.) Y.fructifier,"!..
friUtiJicdrt, to make fruitful.— L.^^^f/t-,
for jructusy fruit ; "ficdre, for facere, to
make. See firuit.
frugal, thrifty. (F.-L.) Y. frugal.
"la. frugdlisj economical; lit. belonging
to fruits. — L. frug't, frugal ; orig. dat. of
frux (pi. friiges), fruit of the earth.
Allied to fruit.
fruit. (F.-L.) M.E.>wi^.-0. F.
fruit. — L. fructum, ace. of fructus, fruit.
— L. frUctus, pp. of frui, to enjoy ;
allied to Brook (i). (-/BHREUG.)
Brugm. i. § iii ; ii. § 532.
frnition. (F.-L.) O.Y. fruition,
enjoyment. — Late L. fruitionem, ace. of
fruitio, enjoyment. "la. fruit-us, the same
SiS friictus, pp. oifrut, to enjoy.
frnmenty, nirmety, wheat boiled
in milk. (F.— L.) 0.¥. fromentee, f. ;
'furmenty, sodden wheat;' Cot. Lit
made witii wheat; the suflix •/f=L. -dta,
made with. — O. Y.froment, wheat — Late
la^frHmentum ; l^frHmentum, com; allied
to la.fiiigis, fruit
Arnrnp, an ill-tempered person. (E.)
Of doubtral origin ; but cf. frampold. A
frump fonnerly meant a 'sneer/ or
aoo
FRUSTRATE
I'UN
expression of contempt. Cf. Low. Sc.
frampU, to disorder ; frumpU, to crease ;
frump, an unseemly fold : Dan. vrampet^
warped.
Fril8trate» to render vain. (L.) From
pp. of L. frustrdrif to render vain.—
L„frustrd, in vain ; orig. abl. fem. of obso-
lete zA]. friistros ( = yr«</-/fvj), deceitful.
Allied to Fraud.
Tmstuill, a piece of a cone or cylinder.
(L.) 'L.frusium, a piece cut off. Cf. Gk.
Bpavfffta, a fragment, from Opaiuv, to break
in pieces. Prellwitz ; Brugm. i. § 853.
Fry (I \ to dress food. (F. -L) M. E.
frien.^O. F. frire — L. frigere, to roast
C£ Gk. ipp^uvj to parch ; Skt. bhrajj^ to
fry.
Fry (2), spawn of fishes. (Scand.)
A. F. fry ; M. E. /«, also used (like the
Goth, word) in the sense of * offspring.* —
Icel. friB^ fKi^y spawn, fry ; Dan. Swed.
^i/.+Golh. fraiw, seed, offspring. Teut.
type *fraiwomy neut. Brugm. i. § 1029. *
Fnolisia, a flower. (G.) Named after
Z. Fuchs, German botanist, ab. 1542.
Fudge. (F.) Picard fuche ! feuche I
an interjection of contempt (Corblet).
F110L (F.-L.) M. E>«e;^// (Barbour).
A. F. fewaile^ O. F. jouaille (Low L.
/oallia)f fuel. — Late L* focdlia, pi. of
focdUy fuel. M L. focus, a heartii. See
Foous;
Fugitive. (F.-L) O.Y.fugitif^
L. fugitiuuSt fleeing aWay. — L. fugit-utn,
supine oi fugere, to flee. + Gk. ip€^y€iv,
to flee; Skt. dkuf to bend, turn aside.
Allied to Bow (1). Der. centrift^al,
q. V. ; febrifuge y feverfew,
Fugleuan, the leader of a file. (G.)
Yoifluglentan, — G. fliigelmann, the leader
of a wing or file of men. — G.fiUgelj a wing,
from flug, flight, from fiiegen, to fly ;
piann, a man. See Fly.
Fugue, a musical composition. (F. —
Ital. - L.) ¥, fugue. - Ital. fuga, a fugue,
lit. a flight. -L. fuga, flight. See Fugi-
tive.
Fulcrum, a point of support. (L.)
"L. fulcrum, a support. — 'L.fulcire, to prop.
FulfiL (E.) M. E. fulfillen. A. S.
fulfyllan, to fill full, fulfil. - A. S. /«/,
full ; fyllan, to fill. See Full, FiU.
Fulgent, shining. (L.) From stem of
pres. pt. of L. fulgere, to shine. + Gk.
^kiyuv, to burn; Skt. bhrdj, to shine.
J>er. ef -fulgent {ef'^'L ex); re-fulgent.
Fuliginous, sooty. (L.) 'L^fuligind-
sus, sooty, ^h, fultgin-y stem oi fuHgp,
soot. Cf. Skt. dku'li-, dust. Allied to
Fume. Brugm. i. § 481.
Full (I), complete. (E.) A. S. /«/.+
Du. voly \c.^,fullr, Vnn.fuld (for full),
Svrcd.full, Goth, fiills, G. voll, Teut.
type *fulloB ; Idg. type *p9lnos, Cf. Lith.
pilnas, full, filled ; Russ. polnuii, full ;
O. Irish Idn (<*pldn), full ; W. llawn ;
Sku puma-, Pers./«r; cf. Gk. vXYiprjs, L.
plenus. Idg. root *p9l, ^ple^ to fill. Brugm.
i- §§ 393> 461. J>et, ^11, fulfil, fulsome.
Full (2), to full cloth, felt. (F.-L.)
O. F. fuler, F. fouler, * to full, or thicken
cloath in a mill ; ' Cot. Also ' to trample
on.' — Late L. fulldre, (1) to cleanse
clothes, (2) to full.*L./»//0, a fuller.
fbller, a bleacher of cloth. (L.)
A. S. fullere, a bleacher. — L. fullo, a
fuller, bleacher. (See above.)
Fulminate, to thunder, hurl lightning.
(L.) From pp. of V,.fulmindrey to ^\3Xi-
der. mmh. fulmin-, for fulmen, a thunder-
bolt {^yulg-men^,^h.fulgere, to shine.
Fulsome, cloying. (£.) M,E.fulsum,
from M. E.ful, full ; with suffix -sum ( » £.
-some as in winsome). See Full (i).
Fulvous, Fulvid, tawny. (L.) From
L.y^/wKj, tawny ; LateL.y^/fifi(/MJ,some-
what tawny. Cf. Yellow; Brugm. i.
5 363-
Fumble, to grope about. (Du.) XVI
QBUt. — Du. fommelen, to fumble. + Swed.
fumla (also famla) ; Dan. famle. Ap-
parently ml is for Im ; cf. Icel. fdlma, to
grope about, from the sb. appearing as
A. S. folm, the palm of the hand, allied
to L. palma ; see Palm.
Fume. (F. — L.) O. F. fum, — L.
fumumy ace. of fUmus, smoke. 4- Skt.
dhUma'y smoke ; Gk. 9vfi^s, spirit, anger.
(V[>H£U.) Allied to Fuliginous.
Aimigate. (L.) From pp. of L.
fUmigdre, to fumigate. — L. /Sw-, for
fUmuSy vapour; -ig&re, for agerCy to drive
about.
ftimito^, a plant. (F.— L.) Formerly
fumiter, — F. fumeterre, fumitory (for
fume de terre), — Late L. fUmus terrce,
smoke of the earth ; so named from its
abundance (and perhaps its curly appear-
ance). Cf. G. erdrauchy fumitory, lit.
* earth-smoke * ; W. cwd y mwgy lit. * bag
of smoke.*
Fun, merriment. (E.) XVIII cent. It
orig. meant ' a trick ' ; from an obs. vb.
fun, to cheat, hoax ; prob. from M. £.
aoi
H3
FUNAMBULIST
fon^ fonn$y a foolish person. See Fond.
Cf. Irish fonn^ delight, pleasure, song ;
Gael.y^MM ; prob. borrowed from £.
FmUUnbllliBty a rope-dancer. (Span.
— L.) Formerly funambulo. — Span, fun-
ambuloy a funambulist. — h,/un-isj a rope ;
anibul'drey to walk ; see Amble.
Tunctioilt performance, office. (F. —
L.) M. ¥. function (F. fonction) . — L. ace
functioneni^ performance. "L.y%f»^/»j, pp.
oi fungi f to perform, orig. to use. + Skt.
bhuhjf to enjoy. Bmgm. ii. § 628.
Fimdi a store. (F.— L.) M.F. fond,
* a bottom, a merchant's stock ;* Cot. «
L. fundus, bottom; cognate with £.
BottonL
fimdament, base. (F.-L.) M. £.
fundement. * O. F. fondemeni, fomidation.
i- 'L.funddtnentumf foundation. — L.. fund-
are ; see Found (i).
Foneralf relating to a burial. (F. - L.)
O F. funeral, — Late L. funerdlis, adj.,
from i^funer- (for *funcS'\ stem oifunus,
a burial. "Det.funercHdi homL fumre-us,
funereal.
FonfflUI, a spongy plant. (L.) L.
fungus. 4- Gk. irw6yyoSf a sponge ; see
Sponge.
Funnel. (F.-L.) U.E.fonel. Prob.
from an O. F. *foni/, preserved in Bret.
fount/, a funnel; cf. Span, font/, Port.
funi/t Prov. fount/, enfouni/h. • Late L.
fundHnUum (Lewis and Short); L. iV
fundibu/um, a funnel. — L. infundere, to
pour in. — L. in, in ; fundere^ to pour.
Pup. (F. -O. Low G.) M. Y..forre.^
O. F. forre,fuerrc, a sheath, case, whence
the vb. forrer, to line with ftir ; Chaucer
translates forree by * furred,* R. R. 408.
[Cf. Span, forro, lining for clothes, Ital.
foderOi lining, fur, scabbard.] — Goth.^Wr,
scabbard, orig. 'protection;' IciA* fodr,
lining ; allied to G. f utter, a case, lining,
fur. 4 Skt. pdtra^m), a receptacle ; cf. Gk.
irw/io, a cover. Brugm. i. % 174.
Furbelow, a flounce. (F.) Prov. F.
far/fo/a, a flounce, in the dialect of
Hainault (Diez); the usual form is F.
Span. Ital. Voti. fa/ba/a, a flounce. Origin
unknown.
Fnrbiahy to polish, trim. (F.-O.H.G.)
O. F. forbiss-, inceptive stem of forbir,
to furbish, polish. — O. H. G. *furbjan,
M. H. G. fiirban, to purify, clean, rub
bright.
Furl, to roll up a sail. (F. — Arab.)
Formerly spelt furd/e, farthe/, to roll up
FURTHEST
in a bundle. From farde/, a bundle ; see
FardeL Cf. F. farde/er, 'to truss, to
make into fardles;* Cot. \Y.fer/er, to
furl, is from £.]
Furlong, ith of a mile. (£.) A. S.
fur/ang, ong. a furrow-long, or the length
of a furrow. — A. S. furh, a furrow ; /ang,
long.
Fnrloil|dl, leave of absence. (Du.—
Scand.) C)rig. twr/offe, — Du. ver/of,
leave, furlough ; the same as Dan. for/ov,
Swed. for/of leave. Cf. G. ur/aub, fur-
lough; Dan. or/ov, p. As to the prefix,
Du. ver; Dan. for-, Swed. for-, are the
same as E.for' ; whilst Dan. or-, G. ur- —
Goth, us, out. The syllable, /of, leave, is
shortened from -/of, the equivalent of G.
'/aub; as seen in G. er-/aub-en, to permit,
and in A. S. /eaf, permission. See Iieave
(2) ; also Believe, Lief.
^nrmety ; see Frumenty.
Furnace, an oven. (F.— L.) M. £.
fomeis, — O. F. fomaise. — L. fomdcem,
ace. Q>i fomax, an oven. — L. fomus^ an
oven; idlied io formus, warm. Cf. Skt.
gharma'y warmth, glow. See Warm.
Brugm. i. § 146.
Furnish, to fit up, equip. (F.^O.H.G.)
O. Y . foumiss; inceptive stem oi foumir,
to furnish, of which an older spelling is
fornir, the same word as Prov. formir,
fromir, — O. H. G. frumjan, to provide,
fumish; cf. O. H. G.fruma, utility, profit,
gain ; G,fromm, good. Allied to Former^
Frame. And see Veneer.
Furrow. (E.) M. E. forwe, A. S.
fur/t, a furrow.+Du. voor, Icel. for, Dan.
fure, Swed. f2tre\ G. furche, a furrow.
Tent type *furh-, f. Cf. W. r/iych, a
furrow; L. porca, a ridge between two
furrows. 'DeT.fur-/ong,
Further. (E.) Probably the comp.
of fore, but also explained as comp. of
forth. M. E. furHer. A. S. furHra, adj.
m. ; furdor, further, adv.+Du. vorders,
adv., further ; O. Fries, fordera, adj. ;
O. Sax. forthora, adj. ; O. H. G. fordar,
G. vorder, adj. Teut. type *furthero- (i. e.
*fur'ther'0-) answering to Gk. ir/w-rf/Hos,
comp. of frp6, % In this view the comp.
suffix is 'tker (Gk. -rep-). Der. further,
vb., A. S. fyrHran, formed from furtior
by vowel-change of u to y,
ftirthesty a late form, made as the
superl. of forth, and due to regarding
further as the comp. of the same. The
true superl. oi fore i% first.
2oa
FURTIVE
Furtive. (F.-L.) M. Y.furtif^ fem.
furtive, — L. furttuuSy stolen, secret. — L.
furiutfiy theft. — L. furdri^ to steal. — L.
fur^ a thie£4-(^^' *P^9i & ^iti^ allied to
^pHv^ to bear, carry (away). (^BHER.)
Bmgni. ii. § i6o (3).
Fury. (F. - L. ) F. furU, - L. furia,
x^<t.'^\i. jfurerCy to rage.
Fume. (E.) yi,Y.. first, k,^,fyrs\
older lQitm.fyrc5,
FOSCOIUI, brown. (L.) L. fusc-us,
brown ; with suffix 'Ous.
Fuse (i)) to melt by heat. (L.) A late
word. Due to fus-ible (in Chaucer),
fus'um, in Sir T. Browne. — L. fusus^ pp.
oifutuiere, to pour, melt. Allied to Gk.
xUiv (for *xef -cii'), Goth, giutany to pour.
(VGHEU.) Der. fus-ibU (from O. F.
fusible) ; fus-ion. See Qush.
Fuse (2) ; see Fusee (i).
Fusee (i) Fuse. (F.-L.; <?rltal.-
L.) ' Fuse y fusee f a pipe filled with wild-
fire, and put into tne touch-hole of a
bomb ;' Kersey (17 15). i. Fuse is from
Ital./Mr^, a spindle, a shaft (of a column) ;
also, a fuse. — L..fiisust a spindle, a . Fusee
is from F. fus^ey a fiisee, i. e. a spindle-
shaped pipe ; see below.
nUBee (a)» a spindle in a watch. (F.—
L.) O. F. fusliy orig. a spindleful of
thread.— Late 1^, fUsatay the same; fem.
of pp. of fUsdre^ to use a spindle. — L.
ffisus, a spindle.
Fufldl (i)» a light musket. (F.-^L.)
Orig. not the musket itself, but the steel
against which the flint struck. From F.
fusily * a fire-steele for a tinder-box; ' Cot.
Also in mod. F., a fusil. [Cf. Span, fusi/y
a fusil.] — L.y2>d/f, a steel lor kindling fire.
"h. focus, a hearth; see Foous. Der.
fusil-eery jitsillade,
Fiudl (3), a spindle, in heraldry. (L.)
A. F. fusel (see O. F. fuisel in Godefroy).
Dimin. oCL.fusus, a spindle.
Fusil (3), easily molten. (L.) 'L,fusilis,
easily molten.— ll/i/^»j, pp. o( fundere,
to pour. See Fuse (i).
Fuss, haste, flurry. (E.) Probably of
imitative origin, descriptive of spluttering
and puffing. Cf. fujrl i. e. to puff, and
Aiss. f It cannot be connected with
M. £. fiiSy adj., eager ; A. S. fus, eager,
prompt.
Fust (1), to become mouldy. (F.— L.)
In Hamlet, iv. 4. 39. Coined from fusly
(a. u. 1398), answering to O. F. fusl^,
* fusty, tasting of the cask,* Cot.-O.F.
GABARDINE
fusl, a cask ; orig. a stock, trunk, log. —
lL0.fustem, ace. oifustisy a cudgel.
fust (2), the shaft of a column. (F.~
L.) In Kersey (1715). — O.F. fusty a
trunk. — L./w/tf^i, ace. offuslisy a cudgel,
thick stick.
FustiaUy a kind of coarse cloth. (F. —
Ital. — Low L. — Egypt ) M. E. fustane ;
also ftistian ; A. F. fustiatUy fustain ;
O. F. fusiaine. — Ital. fustagno ; Low L.
fustdneum, — Arab, fustdty a suburb of
Cairo, in Egypt, whence the stuff first
came. % Introduced through Genoese
commerce.
Fustigate, to cudgel. (L.) From
pp. of L. fustigdrey to cudgel. — L. fust-y
stem oifustiSy a cudgel ; -igdre, for agerey
to drive, wield.
FusW; see Fust (1).
FutUe, vain. (F.-L.) ¥. futile, ^L.
futilisy futtilisy that which easily pours
forth, also vain, empty, futile. From L.
*fii'y allied to funderey to poiu: ; cf. Gk.
xUiv. See Fuse (i).
FuttockSy certain timbers in a ship.
(E.) ^ Futtocksy the compassing timbers
in a ship, that make the breadth of it ; '
Kersey (17 15). Called foot-stocks in
Florio, s. v. stamine. The first syllable
is iox foot 'y futtocks is thought to be for
foot' hooks y and was so explained in 1644 ;
hcok referring to the bent shape of the
timbers. Bailey gives the form foot- Aooks,
Future, about to be. (F.-L.) O.F.
futur, fem. future, — L. futHruSy about to
be ; fut. part, from fu-i, I was ; allied to
Be. (yBHEU.)
Fuuball, a sjpongy fungus. (E.) Cf.
prov. E. fiizzyy jozy, light and spongy ;
Low G. jussigy loose, weak ; Du. voos,
spongy.
J^lfot, a peculiarly formed cross. (£.)
Modem; and due to a mistake. MS.Lansd.
874, leaf 190, hs^fylfoty meaning a space
in a painted window at the bottom, that
fills the foot. Erroneously connected with
the ' gammadion.'
G.
Gabardine, Gaberdine. (Span.-
Teut.) Span, gabardinay a coarse frock.
We also find M. E. gawbardyne ; which is
from O.F. galvardiney ^l9irdiney a
loose frock. Perhaps a * pilgrim's' frock ;
from M.H.O. walfaH (G. wallfahrt)y
203
QABBLE
QALAXY
pilgrimage. ■■ M. H. G. walUn^ to wander ;
fart^ travel, from faraUj to go (E,/arg).
Gabble, to prattle. (£.) Frecjuent. of
gad, to prattle. Of imitative origin ; cf.
JMer, % The M. £. gabben^ to mock, is
from O. F. gaber, to mock, which is also
perhaps of imitative origin, or is allied to
gape.
Gabion. (F.-Ital.-L.) F. gabion,
a gabion, large basket filled with earth. —
Ital. gabbiane, a gabion; augment, of
gabbiay a cage, also sptXtgaggiay and allied
to Span, gavia, a cage (for madmen).
— L. cauea, a hollow place, cage, den,
coop ; see Cage.
Gable, a peak of a honse-top. (F.~
Scand.) M. E. gahle, - O. F. g^U, — Icel.
gajly Dan. gavl, Swed. gafoel, a gable. +
A. S. geafel, a fork ; Du. gaffel, a fork ;
G. gabel^ a fork. Further allied to O. Irish
gaSuly a fork, gallows ; W. gafl^ the fork
of the thighs. With a different gradation,
we find Goth, gibia, pinnacle, G. giebel,
Du. gevel, gable; O. H. G. gebal, head,
Gk. «(c^aXi^, head (root-form *ghebh'). See
Oaff.
Gaby, a simpleton. TScand.) M. Dan.
gahe, a fool \ Dan. dial, gabenar, a sim-
pleton, allied to Dan. gain!, to gape (Dan.
nar means 'fool'). Cf. Icel. ga^ty a
heedless man ; gapamuSr (lit gape-
mouthed), the same ; Icel. gapa, to gape ;
Norw. gaiaj stupid.
Gad (i)) a wedge of steel, goad. (Scand.)
M. £. gad, a goad. — Icel. gaddr, a goad,
spike, sting; cognate with Goth, gasds^
a rod, Irish gath, L. hasta, a spear.
gad (2), to ramble idly. (Scand.) In
Levins. The orig. sense was to run about.
■- IceL gadda, to goad. * Icel. gaddr
(above). Cf. on the gady on the move.
Gaff, a li^t fishing-spear, a sort of
boom. (F.— Teut.) A ship's ^<ti^ is named
from ^t forked end against the mast ; the
fishing-spear is hooked. •- O. F. gaffe, a
gaff, iron hook.— Low G. gaff el, a two-
pronged hay-fork ; E. Fries, gaffel, a fork,
a ship*s gaff; Du. gaffel, a pitchfork,
ship's gaff. Allied to G. gabel^ a fork. See
Gable.
Gaffer, an old man, grandfather. (F. —
L. ; and E.) From gramfer, West E.
form oi grand'father. See Oammer.
Gag. (E.) yi.'E, gaggen,^ to suffocate.
Apparently of imitative origin ; cf. gaggle,
guggle. Also, W. cegio, to choke; ceg,
the mouth.
Gage ( i) ) a pledge. (F. - Teut.) M. E.
gage. — Y.gage, a pledge (Low L. uadium),
— Teut *waidjom, n., a pledge; as in Goth.
w€uH, A. S. wed, a pledge. See "Wed ;
and see Wage. From the same source
are Ital. gaggiOf Span, and Port, gage^
a pledge.
Gage (a), to gauge ; see Gauge.
GagglOf to cackle as geese. (E.) A
frequent, form from the imitative base^^.
Cf. cackle, gabble; also Icel. gagl, a wild
goose ; gagg, the cry of a fox ; Lith.
ga^ti, to gaggle.
Gaiety. (F.-Teut) F. gaieU.^Y,
gat, gay. See Gay.
Gain (0, profit. (F.-Teut.) O.F.
gainf F. gagne, firom the verb below. [It
partly displaced the M. E. gain, advantage,
which was of Scand. origin ; from Icel.
gf^g^i gain, advantage ; Swed.^^, profit,
Dan. p»v«.]
gam (2), to win. (F.-Teut) <Yea,
though he gaine and cram his purse with
crunes ; ' and again, ' To get a gatne by
any trade or kinde ; * Gascoigne, Fruits
of War, St. 69 and st 66. — O. F. gaigner,
F. gagner, to gain. This F. gagner, O. F.
gaagnier (Ital. guadagnare), is from
O. H. G. weidenon > weidenen, to pas-
ture, which was the orig. sense of the F.
word; from O. H. G. weida (G. weide),
pasture-ground. Cognate with G. weide are
A. S. wd6t Icel. vetOr, hunting, the chase.
Cf. L. ue-ndn, to hunt. Der. regain.
Gainly ; see Ungainly.
Gainsay, to speak against (Scand. and
£.) The prefix is Icel. ^^, against; cf.
A. S. gegn, gean ; see Against.
Gait, manner of walking. (Scand.) A
particular use of M. E. gale, a way ; see
Gate (2). See also Gantlet (2).
Gaiter, a covering for the ankle. (F.-
Teut) F. gttitre, formeTly gueslre (Cot.).
The spelling with gu shews the word to
be Teutonic {gu<.G. w). Origin doubt-
ful; possibly allied to M. H. G. wester ^
a child's chrisom^cloth, lit. a covering;
Goth, wcuti, clothing ; see Vest.
Gala. (F. - Ital. - M. H. G.) F. gala,
borrowed from Ital. gala^ festive attire;
whence di gala, merrily ; cf. galante, gay,
lively. See Gallant.
Galaay) the milky way. (F. — L. — Gk.)
M. E. galaxie, — O. F. galaxie, — L. ga-
laxiam^ ace. oi galajcias.»^Gk, ya\a(ias,
milky way. — Gk. toXcmcs-, for yakaKr^f
stem of 7<iAa, milk. See Iiaoteal.
204
QALE
Gale (i)) a strong wind. (Scand.)
XVI cent. Of doubtful origin ; but cf.
Dan. galy furious; Norweg. ein galen
storm f a furious storm, eit galet veer^
stormy weather. Cf. Icel. galinuy furious,
from galtty to cry out. See Tell. Note
F. galeme, a north-west wind.
Gale (a), the bog-myrtle. (E.) A. S.
gageL-^T^yoi. gagel
Galeated, helmeted. (L.) lj,galedtus,
— L. galeat a helmet.
Galillgalei the pungent root of a
plant. ( F. — Span. — Arab. — Pers.) M. E.
galingale, — O. F. galingal, garingaL —
Span, galanga, galingale. i- Arab, kha-
lanjdftj galingale. •- Pers. khulanjdn, galin-
gale ; said to be of Chinese origin.
Galiot ; see Qalliot.
Gall (i), bile. (E.) M.E.gal/e, O.Merc.
ga/la, + Du. gaif Icel. ga//, Swed. ga/iaf
Dan. galdc (for gaUle), Gi gal/e ; L. /?/,
Gk. xo^4« Allied to Yellow. Cf. Russ.
je/cA(e)^ gall (j = zh) ; j'eUuii^ yellow.
Gall (3)f to rub a sore place. (F.— L.)
M. Y.gailer ; M. F. galle, a galling, itching.
Cf. Ital. galla, gala, ' a disease called a
windgalle ; ' Florio. Also Late L. galla^
a soft tumour ; app. the same word as L.
galla, a gall-nut ; see below. % But also
partly K ; cf. A. S. gealla, (i) gall, bile,
(a) a gall on a horse. So also Da. gal.
Gall (3), a gall-nut. (F,-L.) O. F.
galle.'^'L.galla, a gall-nut, oak-apple.
OollflAt, gay, splendid » brave. (F.—
M. H.G.) O.F. gallant^ better galant,
with one /. Orig. pres. part, of O. F.
galer, to rejoice. — O. F. galcy shows, mirth,
festivity. (Cf. Ital. Span. Port, gala,
festive attire.) Perhaps from M. H. G.
wallen, O. H. G. wallSn, to go on pilgrim-
age.
Galleoiiy a large galley. (Span.) Span.
galeoHy a galleon. ^ Late L. galea, a galley.
See Galley.
Gallery. (F.) U.¥,galleru,galeriey
a gallery to walk in.— Late 'L.galeriay a
long portico, gallery. Of unknown origin ;
possibly from Gk. iniXov, w'ood, timber
(Korting). See below.
Galley, a low-built ship. (F.—Late L.
- Gk. ?) M. E. galeie, - O. F. galie ; Late
'L, galea, a galley ; Late Gk. 70X^0, '^oKaTa.
Orig. unknown. Korting suggests Gk.
KoKov, wood, also sometimes a snip.
GaUiardy a lively dance. (Span. - C. ?)
Span, gallarda (with // as ly), a kind of
QALLOW
lively Spanish dance ; perhaps through
F. ; cf. gcUop gaillard, * the galliard ; '
Cot. — Span, gal/ardo, gay, lively. M. F.
gaillard meant valiant, or bold ; perhaps
of Celtic origin ; cf. Bret, galloud, power,
W. gallad, able, gallu, to be able; O,
Irish gal, boldness (Thumeysen).
GalliaS, a sort of galley. (F. — Ital. —
Late L.) O.F. galeace. ^ItoA. galeazza, a
heavy galley. — Ital. and Late L. galea ;
see GaUey.
GalligaskillS, large hose or trousers.
(F. — Ital. — L.) Corruption of F. gar-
guesques, greguesques, * slops, gregs, gallo-
gascoins, Venitians;' Cot.-— Ital. Grechesco,
Greekish. — Ital. Greco, a Greek. — L.
Gracus, Greek. The name was given
to a particular kind of hose worn at
Venice.
GallinaceoiUI. (L.) L. galltnace-m,
belonging to poultry; with suffix -ous.^
L. gallinay a hen. — L. gallus, a cock.
G«lliot, small galley. (F.— Late L.)
O. Y,galiote\ Late L galeota, small galley;
dimin. oi galea ; see Galley.
Gallipot, a small glazed earthen pot.
(F.) From galley and pot, as being
brought over in galleys. So also galley*
tile ; cf. galy-halfpeny^ a galley-halfpenny,
coin brought over by galley-men^ who
landed wines at a place called Galley-key
(Thames Street).
Gallon. (F.) M. E. galon, galun, -
O. F. gallon, jalon, a gallon ; orig. * a large
bowl;' augmentative form of the word
which appears as mod. F. jale, a bowl.
Orig. unknown.
Galloon. (F.-M.H.G.) F. galon,
*■ galoon-lace,* Cot. ; cf. O. F. galoner, to
adorn the head (with ribbons, &c.). [Also
Span, galon, galloon.] — O. F. gale. Span.
gida, festivity ; see Gadlant.
Gallon. ( F. — Scand. ) M. E. galopen;
also spelt walopen. — O. F. galoper, vb. ;
galop, walop (Bartsch), sb. [Hence was
borrowed O. H.G. walopieren, to gallop ;
so that it is not of O. H. G. origin.]
— O. Norweg. *walUhopp, '^oxw.vallhopp^
a gallop (Aasen) ; lit. a bounding over
a neld, * field-hop.' — Norw. *'wall-, later
vail', Icel. vbllr, a field, plain (cognate
with E. Wold) ; and hopp, Dan. £>p, a
jump, skip, from hoppa, to jump; see
Hop (i).
GallOW, to terrify. (E.) King Lear,
iii. a. 44. M. E. galwen. A. S. galwan,
to terrify ; in comp. dgalwan.
ao5
GANNET
Oambol, a frisk, caper. (F. — Ital. — L.)
Formerly gambold^ gambauld^ gambaud. —
M. F. gambade, 'a gambol! ;* Cot -Ital.
gambaiaf a kick. — Ital. gamba, the leg;
the same as F. jambe, O. F. gambe. Late
L. gamba, a joint of the leg. Cf. Gael,
and W. cam, crooked, answering to O.
Celt. *kambos (fem. *kambd), crooked;
Stokes-Fick, 78.
Game. (£.) M. £. game, also gamen.
A. S. gamen, sport. + Icel. gaman, Dan.
gammen, M. Swed. gamman, O. H. G.
gaman, joy, mirth. See G-ammon (2).
Gammer, an old lady, grandmother.
(F. — L. ; and K) For grammer, West.
E. form oi grand-mother.
Gammon (i)» the preserved thigh of a
hog. (F.— L.) M.E. gambon. A.F.
gambon (F. jambon), a gammon; from
O. F. gambe, leg. See G-ambol.
Gammon (a)> nonsense; orig. a jest.
(£.) M. £. gamen, a game ; see Game.
And see Backgainxnon.
Gamnt. (F.— Gk. ; and "L^ Comp.
of O. F. game, gamme^ and ut. Here
gamme represents the Gk. yafi/m (7),
because the musical scale was represented
by a, b, c, d, e, /, g, the last being g^y,
Ut is the old name for do, the ist note in
singing, becanse it began an old hymn to
St. John, * Ut qneant laxis,' &c., used in
learning singing. Gamut is the scale,
from 7 {/) to ut (a).
Gander. (£.) M. £. gandre, A. S.
gandra, also spelt ganra (the d being, in
&ct, excrescent). •f-Du^ gander » C£ also
Low G. gante, a gander (see ganta in
Pliny). Teut. type *ganron-, m. Allied
to Gannet and G-oose.
Gang (1)1 a crew of persons. (£.)
A. S. gang, a going, progression ; but the
Galvani of Bologna, Italy ; about A. D. J sense was affected by the related word
genge, a gang.
gang (2), to go. (Scand.) Icel.^n^a,
to go; cf. A. S. gang, a going, path,
course (whence £. gang-way) ; see G-o.
Ganglion, a tumour on a tendon. (L.
— Gk.) L. ganglion. ^G\i, 7077X10^.
Gaa^grene, a mortification of the flesh.
(F. — L. — Gk.) M. F. gangrene. — L. gan-
grana.^Gk. ydyfpaiva, an eating sore.
Allied to yip-cjy, an old man, from
^ySp, to grow old; cf. Skt. jaras, old
age, jaraya, to consume (see Prellwitz).
Gannety solan goose, a sea-fowl. (£.)
A. S. ganot.^ljoyr G. gante, Du. gent, a
I gander ; M. H. G. gunze, O. H. G. ganazo.
GALLOWAY
Galloway, a nag, pony. (Scotland.)
Named from Galloway ^ Scotland.
Gallowglas, Galloglas, a heavy-
armed foot-soldier. (Irish.) Irish gallo*
glach, a servant, a galloglas. i- Irish gall,
a foreigner, an £nglishman; oglack, a
youth, servant, soldier (from og, youn^,
O. Ir. dac, be, cognate with £. TooniO-
It meant ' an £nglish servitor,' as explained
by Spenser, View of the State of Ireland,
Globe ed. p. 640. (See N. and Q. 6 S. x.
Gallows. (£.) M.£.^flf/zwj.pl. A.S.
gcdga, gealga, cross, gibbet ; whence mod.
E. gallow, the s being the pi. termina-
tion.-!- Icel. galgi, Dan. Swed. galge, Du.
galg, Goth, galgay a cross, G. galgen,
Teut. type *galgon'\ cf. Lith. ialga, a
pole (i = sA).
Galoohe, a kind of shoe. (F. — Late L.
— Gk.) F. galoche^ answering to a
Romance type *galopia, *caJopia ; formed
from *calopus, sing, of Late L. calopodes,
wooden snoes; we also find Late L.
calopedia (see Brachet), a clog, wooden
shoe, and calopodium, — Gk. KdKorrvhiov,
dimin. of /voAoirovs, itdK&irovs, a shoemaker's
last. — Gk. KoXo-v, wood ; irovi, a foot.
Galore, in plenty. (C.) Irish goleor,
Gael, gu leor, gu leoir, sufficiently. Formed
from Irish and Gael, leor, sufficient, by
prefixing go or gu, lit. * to,' but used to
turn an adj. into an adverb.
Gait (I), Ganlt, clay and marl.
(Scand.) Norweg. gidd, hard ground,
a place where ground is trodden hard;
Icel. gald, hard-trodden snow.
Gait (a)» a boar-pig. (Scand.) M. £.
gait. — Icel. goltr, galti ; Swed. Dan. gait,
a hog. Cf. O. H. G. galzA, a sow.
Galvanism. (Ital.) Named from
1792.
Gambado, an £. substitution for F.
gambade ; see G-axnboL
Gambit, an opening at chess. (F.—
Ital. — L.) F. gambit. 'mltaX. gambetto, a
tripping up. — Ital. gamba, the leg ; see
Gambol.
Gamble. (£•) A late word, put for
gamm-le or gam-le, a frequent, form which
has taken the place of M. £. gamenen, to
play at games. — A. S. gametiian, to play at
games ; from gamen, a game. See Game.
Gamboge. (Asiatic.) A corruption of
Cambodia, in the Annamese territory,
whence it was brought after a. d. 1600.
306
GANTLET
QARNER
a gander. From a base gan-; see
Qander.
Gantlet (i) ; see Ganntlet.
Gaatlet (a), Gantlope, a military
pmiishment. (Swed.) ¥ ormeily gantlope ;
corrupted by conftision with gauntlet.
Again, gantlope is a cormption of Swed.
gathppt lit. ' a running down a lane ; ' to
* mn the gantlope ' is to run between two
files of soldiers, who strike the offender as
he passes. » Swed. gata, a lane, street (see
Gate (a)); and /?//, a running, from lopa^
to run, cognate with £. Leap.
Gaol, Jaily a cage, prison. (F.-L.)
A. F. gaole, geioh (F. gedle)^ a prison,
birdcage. « I^te L. gdiolay caveoloy a
cage, dimin. of L. cauea^ a den, cave,
cage — L. c€muSy hollow ; see Gage.
Gap. (Scand.) M. £. gappe. • Icel. and
Swea. gap, a gap, abyss. — Icel. and Swed.
gapa, to gape (below).
fape. (Scand.) M, E. gapen,^lce\,
Swed. gapa, Dan. gabe.^K. Fries, and
Du. gapeny G. gufin. Cf. Skt. jadAj
jamdn, to gape.
Gar (I), Oarfishy a fish. (£.) A fish
with slender body and pointed head.
From A. S. gar, a spear ; ex. Garlio. So
also plie, geS,
Gar (a ^t to cause. (Scand.) Icel.^j^a
(Noreen), Swed. gvra, Dan. gjbre^ to
make, cause; lit. to make ready. — Icel.
g^^gorr^ ready ; see Yare.
garb (i), dress. (F.-O. H.G.) In
Shak. — O. F. garbt, a garb, good fashion.
— O. H. G. garawtj garwt, dress, prepara-
tion; cf. O. H. G. garawen, M. H. G.
garwen, to get ready. — O. H. G. garo^
ready ; cognate with £. yare ; see Q«ar.
Gflkrb {2)y a wheatsheaf, in heraldry
F.--0. H. G.) A. F. and Picard garbe,
". gerbe^ a shea£ — O. H. G. garba (G.
garbe)y a sheaf. Lit. * what is grabbed '
or caught up into a bundle by grasping.
Cf. £. graby Swed. grabba^ to grasp ; Skt.
grahy Vedic graJbh^ to seize. Brugm. i.
§ 531.
garbage, refuse. (F. > O. H. G.)
M. E garbage, entrails of fowls. This
agrees in form with O. F. garbage, gerbage,
a tax paid in garbs or sheaves. Prob.
similarly formed from O. F. gatbe^ in the
sense of ' handful/ small bundle, a sense
which occurs for Low L. garba.
Garble, to select for a purpose ; hence,
to corrupt an account (F. — Span. — Arab.)
Grig, to pick out, sort, sift out.— O. F.gar-
9^
beller (see N. E. D.), the same m grabeller,
to garble or sort out n>ices, orig. to sift.
The same as Span, garbillar, Ital. garbeU
lare, to garble or sift wares.- Span, gar-
billo, a coarse sieve. — Pers. gharbtl, Arab.
ghirbal, a sieve ; Arab. gharbakU, sifting,
searching. Rich. Diet. p. 1046.
Garboil, a commotion. (F.) M. F.
garbouil, *a garboil, hurliburly;' Cot.
Cf. Span, garbullo, a crowd ; Ital. gar-
huglio, a garboil, disorder. Of unknown
origin. Prob. imitative. Florio has Ital.
garabullare, to rave.
Garden. (F. - O. Frankish.) M.£.
gardin. - A. F., O. North F. and Picard
gardiny F. jardin.'^O* Frank, gardin
(O. H. G. gartin), gen. and dat. of gardo,
a yard, cognate with £. Yard, q. v. Cf.
O. H. G. garttn-dri, a gardener.
Ckurfiak; see Gar (i).
Gargle. (F.> Late L.-Gk.) Modified
from ]f . gargvuiller, * to gargle ; ' Cot. —
F^ gargouilU, the weasand of the throat,
also a gargoyle, or mouth of a spout. So
also Span, gargola, a gargoyle ; Ital. gar^
gozza, the gullet. From an imitative base
garg-, as seen in L,. garg-arizdre, to gargle,
from Gk. yapy^pHtiv, to gargle ; cf. Gk.
yjLprfjiptijv , the uvula. Hence also Ital.
gargagliare, to murmur, gargatta, the
throat. The parallel L. base is gurg- ;
see Gorge, Gurgle.
gargoyle, a spout. (F.-L.) Y.gar-
gouille (above).
Garieh, staring, showy. (£.) Also
formerly spelt gaurisk. Allied to M. £.
gauren, to stare (Chaucer). Cf. M. £.
gawen, to stare ; Icel. gH, to heed, mark.
Garland. (F.-Teut.?) U.Kgerlond.
— O. F. garlonde, Cf. Span, guimalda,
Ital. ghirlanda (whence Mod. F. guir-
lande), a garland. Prob. formed, with
suffix -<inde, from M. H. G. *wierelen,
frequentative of tuieren, to adorn, from
O. H. G. wtara, M. H. G. wiere, refined
gold, fine ornament, crown. Cf. Wire.
Garlic, a plant. (£.) A. S. gdrliac,
lit. * spear-leek.* — A. S. gdr^ a spear ; leac,
a leek, plant. See Gore (3) and Leek.
Garment. (F. • o. Low G.) M.E.
gamement. — O. F. garnement, garnitnent,
a robe (defence). — O. F. garnir, to pro-
tect ; see Garnish.
Gamer. (F.-L.) M.E. garner.^
O. Y.gemier, variant of grenier, a granary.
— L. grdndrium, a granary. — L. grdnum,
corn ; see Grain.
ao7
GARNET
GAUGE
tfamet. (F.— L.) M. K^r^/, also
spelt granat. — O. F. granate ; M. F.
grenaij ' a precious stone called a granat
or garnet,* Cot.; Late L. grdnatus. So
called from its resemblance to the seeds of
the pomegranate, or malum grdndtum,
lit. seeded apple. — L. grdnum^ a grain,
seed.
Garnish. (F.— O.LowG.) Alsow^ir-
nish, — O. F. gamis-y wamis-, stem of
pres. pt. oigarnir, wamir, to defend one-
self, fortify, garnish. — O. Frank, ^wam-
Jan ; cf. O. H. G. warnan^ M. H. G.
warwn, to guard against, provide one-
self with ; cf. O. H. G. wama, foresight,
care. See "Warn.
garniture. (F.-O. Low G.) F.
garniture f garnishment. — Low L. gamt"
tiira. — Low L. gamiiuSy orig. pp. of
garmrcy to adorn, which is merely a
Latinised form of O. F. gamir (above).
Garret. (F. - G.) M.E. ^ar*V<f.-
O. F. garite (F. guiriti)^ place of refuge,
watch-tower. — O. F. garir^ warir, to
-preserve. — O. H. G. warjan, to defend.
Allied to "Wary.
Garrison. (F.— O.LowG.) Confused
with M. E. garisoun, warisoun, a reward ;
but the true form is M. E. gamisony war-
nison^ defence, stores, supply. « O. F.
gamison, store, supply. — O. F. garms-ant,
pres. pt. of gamir, to supply, garnish ;
see Garnish. And see Warison.
Garrote, Garrotte. (Span. - C.)
Span,garrotey a cudgel, tjring a rope tight,
strangling by means of an iron collar.
Formed, with dimin. suffix -o/€y from Span.
gUrra, a claw, talon, clutch, grasp. *
Bret., W., and Corn, gar, the shank of
the leg (Diez). See Garter.
Ganruloos. (L.) L. garrulus, talk-
ative. *L. garrtrey to chatter. Brugm. i.
§638.
Garter. (F.-C.) K,Y. garter 'y O.F.
gartier (North of France, H^cart), spelt
jartier in Cotgrave (^,jarretiire),''0. F.
and Norm, ^r^/ (^. Jarret), the ham of
the leg ; a dimin. form. — Bret, gar, W.
gary shank of the leg ; Celt, type ^garris.
Gas. (Du.) The Belgian chemist Van
Helmont (died A. D. 1644) invented two
terms, gas and blas\ the latter did not
come into use. He tells us that gcu was
suggested by the Gk. x<ioJ. See N. E. D.
(Sasconade, boasting. (Gascony.) F.
gascannade, boasting ; said to be a vice of
Gascons ; at any rate named from them.
Gash, to hack , cut deeply. ( F. — Late L.
— Gk.) Formerly garshy garse. — O. F.
garser, to scarify, pierce with a lancet. —
Late L. caraxdrey short for incaraxdrCy
incharaxdre, to pierce, incise. Cf. Late L.
garsa, scari^cation, by making incisions
in the skin, called in Gk. fyx^P^t^l
whence the Late L. vb. was formed. See
Character.
Gasp. (E.) M. E. gaspen, gaispen.
The latter answers to Icel. geispa^ Swed.
gdspay to yawn (cf. Dan. gispe). The
former represents the cognate A. S. *gds-
pan (not found). Icel. geispa is for *geip-
sa ; cf. Du. gijpeuy to gasp ; A. S. gipung,
a gaping.
GaS'mc, belonging to the belly. (Gk.)
Coined from Gk. yaffTp6'y from yaarffp,
the belly.
Gate (i), a door, hole, opening. (E.)
l/i.E, gate yy ate. A.S,gaty geat, a gate,
opening (whence M. E. yate) ; pi. gatu
(whence M. E. gate). + Du. gaty a hole,
opening, gap; O. Fries., O. Sax., Icel.
gaty an opening.
Gate (2), a street. (Scand.) Common
in the North; it also means 'a way.' —
Icel. gatay Swed. gata, a way, path, street,
lane ; Dan. gade ; cf. Goth. gatwOy G.
gasse. Perhaps allied to Gate (i), and
also to the vb. Go. p. Gate (i) answers
to Teut. type *gatomy n., but gate (3) to
Teut. type ^gatwon^y f. See Gait and
Gantlet (2).
Gather. (E.) M. E. gaderen, A. S.
gaderiany gadriany to collect, get together.
— A.S. gader-y together; 3so gador-y
geador. + Du. gadereny to collect, from
{te)gadery together. Cf. A. S. gad, a com-
pany, society (whence also A. S. gade-
ling, a comrade ; ge-gaday a companion) ;
Du. gade, &* spouse, G. gattey a husband ;
Goth. gadii^ggSy a cousin. Perhaps allied
to Good.
Gaud, a show, ornament (L.) M. E.
gaude. — L. gaudiumy gladness, joy ; hence,
an ornament. — L. gauderey to rejoice (base
gduid'y as in gduisus sum, used as pt. t.)<
+Gk. yrfihtVy to rejoice ; allied to yaiuv
(se •ya^-ictp), to rejoice; yavpos, proud.
Brugm. i. § 589 ; ii. $ 694. Der. gaud-y,
adj.
Gauge, Gatfe, to measure the content
of a vessel. (P . —Low L.) Spelt gage in
Shak. — O. North F. gauger, F. Jauger, * to
gage,' Cot. - O. North F. gaitgey F.
jauggy * a gage, instrument wherewith a
ao8
GAUNT
cask is measured/ Cot. ; Low L. gaugia
(a. D. 1446). Of unknown origin.
Gaunt, thin, lean. (Scand. ?) An East-
Anglian word; perhaps Scand. Also spelt
gant (1691). Cf. Norweg. gand, a thin
stick, a tall and thin man, an overgrown
stripling (Aasen) ; Swed.dial.^a;fi(,alean,
half-starved horse (R|etz). Doubtful.
.Gauntlet. (F.- Scand.) 0,¥.ganie-
let, a double dimin. of gant^ a glove. — O.
Swed. wantCy a glove; Dan. vante, a
mitten, Icel. vbttr (stem vantu-), a glove.
Cf. Du. wanty a mitten (prob. borrowed
from Scand.). Prob. from Wind, verb
(Noreen) ; cf. G.gewand, a garment ; Low
G. want, cloth (Liibben).
• Gauntlet ; see Gantlet (2).
Gause. a thin silken fabric. (F.—
Palestine.) l/i,Y,gaze\ Span. ^ofa. Cf.
Low L. gazzdtum, gauze ; gazetufn^ wine
from Gaza. Said to be from Gaza, in
Palestine, whence it was first brought.
Gavelkind, a sort of tenure. (£.)
M. E. gauelkynde ; answering to an A. S.
form *gafol'Cynd. — A. S. gafol, tribute,
payment ; and cynd, kind, sort, condition.
The A. S.^d/-tf/ (whence Low L. gabulum)
is from Teut. ^gab, 2nd grade of Give, q. v.
Gavial. the crocodile of the Ganges.
(F. — Hina.) F. gavial (a corrupt form).
■> Hind, ghafiyal, a crocodile.
Gavotte, a dance. (F.) M. F. gaoote,
orig. .a dance of the Gavois, Gavot is a
sobriquet, in Provence, of the moun-
taineers of the Alps (see Hatzfeld).
Gawk, Gawky, awkward. (F.-
Scand.) From £. dial, gawk^handed,
gaulick'handed, left-handed ; gawk, clumsy.
Here gawk is short for gau/'Uk, where
'ick is a suffix. Of F. origin ; cf. Burgund.
gfi/e, numb with cold, said of the fingers.
^Swed. Dan. vaien, benumbed; whence
Swed. dial, val-hdndt, Norw. val-hendt,
having numbed hands. % Prob. not from
¥.gauck€{J^,E. D.).
Cm'. (F. - O. H. G.) O. F. gai. -
O. H. G. ivdhi, fine, beautiful.
Gaie. (Scand.) M. E. ^j^if. — Swed.
dial, gasa, to gaze, stare at.
Gaselle, an animal. (F. — Span.—
Arab.) Formerly gazsL — O. F. gazei,
^02^//(r.— Span, gacela,^ Ax^h, ghazdl, a
wild goat, gazelle.
Gaiette. (F. - Ital.) O. F. gazette, an
abstract of news, issued at Venice. — Ital.
gazzetta, a gazette ; the orig. sense is
either (x) a magpie, from Ital. gazzetta.
GENEALOGY
a magpie, dimin. of gazza, a magpie,
whence it may have meant ' tittle-tattle * ;
or (2) a very small coin (perhaps paid for
the privilege of reading the news), from
Ital. gazzetta, a coin less than a farthing,
probably from Gk. ya^a, a treasury.
Gear, dress, harness, tackle. (Scand.)
M. E. gere. — Icel. gervi, gorvi, gear,
apparel. Cf. gorr, geyrr, skilled, dressed,
pp. of giira, to make.<4-A. S. geanve, fem.
pi., preparation, dress, ornament; A. S.
gearo, ready; see Tare. And see Gar
(2), Garb (i).
Geek, a dupe. (Du.) In Tw. Nt. v.
351.— Du. geky formerly geck^ a fool, sot ;
cf. G. geek, the same ; Dan. gjek, fool ;
Icel. gikkr, a pert, rude person. ^ Not
to be confused with A. S. geac, cuckoo ;
nor with gowk ; nor with gawky.
Gecko, a nocturnal lizard. (Malay.)
Also F. gecko, -■ Malay gekoq, a gecko;
so named from an imitation of its cry.
Gedy the fish called a pike. (Scand.)
Icel. gedda, Swed. gaddet Dan. giedde, a
ged ; allied iogaddr, a goad ; see Qad (i).
Named from the sharp, thin head ; hence
also called pike.
Gelatine. (F.- Ital- L.) Y.gilatine,
kind of jelly. » lta\.ge/attna. ■- L. geldtus,
pp. oi geldrti to freeze. — L. gelu, frost;
see Gelid.
Geld, to emasculate. (Scand.) M.£.
gelden, — Icel. gelda, Dan. glide, Swed.
galla (for galda) ; cf. Icel. getdr, Swed.
gall, barren. Perhaps related to Goth.
giltha^ a sickle. Cf. Gait (2). Der.
geld'ingt ^^'om Icel. gelding, the same.
Gelid, cool. (L.) L. gelidus, — L. gelu,
frost. Allied to Cool. Brngm. i. § 481.
Gem. (F. — L.) M. E. gemme, - F.
gemme.'m'L, gemma, a bud; also a gem,
jewel. Brugm. i. § 413 (4).
Gemini. (L.) L. gemini, twins ; pi.
of peminus, double.
Gender (i), kind. (F.-L.) M. E.
gendre (with excrescent df). — O. F. genre,
kixA^'mh. genere, abl. case oi genus, kind,
kin. % The unusual deriv. from the abl.
case is due to the common phrases genere
ndtus, hoc genere^ omnl genere ; so also
Ital. genere, kind.
gender (2), to produce. XF- - L.)
M. E. gendren. — O. F. gendrer (Gode-
froy). " L. generdre, to beget— L. gener^,
for *genes, stem of genus (above). And
see Engender.
Genealogy. (F.-L. -Gk.) M.E.
ao9
GENERAL
gemalogie. — O. F, genealogU. — L. gened-
/ogia.^^Gk, y€V€ct\oyia, an account of a
family, pedigree (i Tim. i. 4). — Gk. 7cv€4,
birth (allied to yivoif see genus) ; and
Xoyiaj an account, allied to Kiyos (see
Logic).
Goneral, relating to a genus, common.
(F. — L.) O. F. general. '^ L» genera lis y
belonging to a genus (stem gener-, for
*genes) ; see genus. Hence general^ sb.,
a leader ; generaUissimOy from ItaX. general'
tssimo, a supreme commander, with superl.
suffix 'issinio.
generate. (L.) From pp. of L.
getierdre, to produce. — L. gener-y decl.
stem oi genus.
generic, pertaining to a genus. (L.)
Corned from L. gener-^ ded. stem of
genus,
generous. (F.-L.) 0,F.genereus,
later ginheux, — L. generosuSy (properly)
of noble birth. ■> L. gener-y as above.
Qenesifly creation. (L. — Gk.) L.
genesis, — Gk. 7cF«<r«y, origin, source;
related to 7€i'09, race ; see genus.
Genet, an animal. (F. — Span. — Arab.)
F. genette^ * a kind of weesell ; ' Cot. —
Span, gineta. -■ AxKh, j'ameit (Dozy).
GemaL (F.-L.) O.F. genial. ^l^
genidliSy pleasant ; adj. from genius ; see
genius.
Oenicnlate, jointed. (L.) In botany.
From L. geniculumy a little knee, joint in
a plant; double dimin. oi genii , a knee.
Allied to Knee.
Oenie, a demon ; see Jinn.
Genital. C^. - L) O. F. genital. - L.
genitalis y generative. — L. genit-unty supine
oigignere, to beget.
genitive. (F.-L.) 0,Y, genitif,^
L. genetiuusy belonging to birth, applied
in grammar to a certain case of nouns. -■
L. genitum (above).
geninSy inborn faculty. (L.) L.
geniusy the tutelar spirit of any one ; also
wit, lit. * inborn nature.* Allied to genus.
GJennet ; see Jennet.
Genteel. (F.-L.) XVI cent.; F.
gentil. — L. gentiliSy belonging to the same
clan, a gentile (afterwards applied to mean
well-bred, &c.). — L. genti-y decl. stem of
gensy a clan, tribe. Allied to genus.
Gentian, a plant. (F. — L.) O. F. gen-
tiane, ^\., gentidna\ named after GentiuSy
an Illyrian king, abt. B.C. 180.
Gentile. (F. - L.) O. F. gentil, - L.
genttlisy gentile ; see Qenteel.
GERUND
gentle. (F.-L.) 0,F, gefttil(abo\e\
gentry. (F.-L.) M.E.^^if/rr>, high
birth; shortened from M.£. gentrise, the
same. — O. F. genterise, another form of
gentilise, rank ( = Late L. *genttlitia),^
L. gentilis ; see G-enteel.
Genuflection, Gennflezion, a
bending of the knee. ,(F. — L.) M.F. genu^'
Jlexion,^\^it L. ace. geniiJlexidnem.^'L,
genUy knee ; Jlex-us, pp. of Jlectere, to
bend.
Gennine. (L.) L. genumus, of the
true genus or stock ; allied to L. genus
(below).
genne, kin. (L.) L. genus (gen.
generisy for *geneses\ kin, race. + Gk.
7^1^09, race ; A. S. cyny kin. See Kin.
(VGEN.) Brugm. i. § 604.
Geography. (F.-L.-Gk.) M.F.
gtographie, — L. geographia, — Gk. 7€fltf-
ypa<piay lit. earth-description. — Gk. 7c«- »
7170-, a combining form of yrjy earth;
•ypatpiay description, from ypi^iVy to
write.
geometry. (F. - L. - Gk.) O. F.
geometrie, — L. geotnetria, » Gk. ytaffitrpla,
land-measurement.-* Gk. 7cay- (as above) ;
'furpiay measurement, from fi€Tp4w, I
measure, fiirpovy a measure ; see Metre.
geoxgic. (L.-Gk.) L. geofgicus,
relating to husbandrv. ~ Gk. ytwpyiKSv,
the same.-> Gk. ytcapyiay tillage. — Gk. y€oa-
(as above) ; *tpytty>ipBtiyy to work. See
Work.
Geraninniy a plant. (L.— Gk.) L.
geranium, Latinised from Gk. ytpaviWy a
geranium or crane's bill (from the shape
of the seed-pod). <^ Gk. yipavosy a crane ;
allied to Orane.
Gerfolcon ; see Gyrfaloon.
Germ, a seed. (F.-L.) F.germe,^
L. germen (stem gemiin')y a sprout, germ.
Der. gertnin-ate (from the stem).
german, germane, akin. (F.-L.)
Cousins-german are cousins having the
same grandfather. Formerly spelt germain,
— M. F. gemiain.^'L. germdnumy ace. of
germdnuSy closely akin. Allied to Germ.
Germander. (F.-L.-Gk.) Y.ger^
mandr^ey germander; O.F. germandreey
getnandru (Godefroy, Supp.) ; cf. G. ga-
f/iander. ^"Ltitc L. gamanaria, a popular
alteration of Late Gk. x'*-V^*'^^P^i Z'^'
mander.— Gk. xaiiaihpvty germander; lit.
* ground-tree,* i.e. low tree.— Gk. xaitai,
on the ground ; ipvsy tree.
Gemnd, a part of a Latin verb. (L.)
10
GESTATION
L. gerundium, a gerund. ~ L. gernndus^
that which is to be done or carried on ;
a verbal adj. from gerere (pp. gtS'tus\ to
carry on, perform, bring. (^^GES.)
ffestatioil, the carrying of the young
in the womb. (F, — L.) M. F. gestation* —
L. ace. gestdtionem, a carrying. — L. gestd-
fus, pp. ofgestdre, to carry, frequent, form
of gerere {pp, ^est-us), to bring.
(festiciUAto, to make gestures. (L.)
From pp. of gesticuldri, to make mimic
gestures. « L. gesticulusy a gesture, double
dimin. oigestus^ a gesture.— L.^j/mj, pp.
oi gerere. ^
gefftnre. (L-) Late L. gestura, a
mode of action.— L.^j/MJ, pp. oi gerere.
Get. (Scand.) M. £. getenf pt. t. gaty
pp. geten, — Icel. geta, pt. t. gat, pp. getinn.
+A. S. 'getauy pt. t. -gat^ pp. "geteriy to
get, obtain ; Goth, 'gitan ; cognate with
L. 'hendere (base hed), in prehendere^ to
seize ; Gk. xa'^^'^^ti' (base x^^^^)* ^^ ^i^ s
Russ. geuktte, to conjecture. (^GHwED.)
Der. be'getyfor-get, Brugm. i. $ 63 a.
GewgaWi a plaything, specious trifle.
(F.) Formerly ^i^^^cRV, (perhaps) answering
to M.E. giuegoue, Ancren Riwle, p. 196.
The pron. of M. E. giuegoue is uncertain.
Origin unknown; prob. F. One sense of
^,gewgaw is a Jew s harp ; cf. Buigundian
gawey a Jew*a harp (Mignard). Cf. Swed.
dial, guvay to blow ; Norw. guvUy gyva
(pt t. gauv),
Ooysir. (Icel.) Icel.^r^^xir, lit. 'gusher.*
— Icel. geys€^ to gush ; allied to gj'dsa (pt.
t,gaus)y to gush. See Gush.
OlUMtlyv terrible. (E.) U.'E.gastly.
Formed from M. E. gastetty A. S. gastaUy
to terrify; allied to Goth, usgaisjauy to
terrify. See Aghast. Allied woids are
gastedy terrified, K. Lear, ii. i. 57; gast-
nessy 0th. v. i. 106. See Ghost.
Ghantf a landing-place, quay, way
down to a river ; mountain-pass. (Hind.)
Hind, ghdty Bengali ghat. See Wilson.
Qlieef boiled or clarified butter. (Hind.
- Skt.) Hind, ght, - Skt. ghftay clarified
butter; orig. pp. oighfy to sprinkle.
Qherkm, small cucumber. (Du.—
Slav. -Low L.-Gk.-Pers.) Short for
^agherkin, — Du. agurkjey a gherkin (of
which an older form was doubtless
*agurken {-agurk'ken)y because M. Du.
used the dimin. suffix -ken where mod.
Du. uses 'je ; in fact, the form augurken
is preserved in E. Friesic). Without the
final Hy we have Du. agorke (Sewel).-
G1BLETS
Pol. ogureky ogorek, ogorkay a cucumber;
Bohem. okurka. — M. Ital. anguria, a
cucumber (Florio) ; Lo\^L. angQriuSy a
water-melon. — Byzantine Gk. dyyoTuptoy,
a water-melon. — Pers. d^ff^amA, a melon,
a cucumber; Rich. Diet., p. 194.
Ghost, a spirit . (K ) M. K gosty goost,
A. S. gdst. + Du. geest, G. geist. Tent
tyue*gaistoz. Of uncertain origin; perhaps
allied to Icel. geisa, to rage (like fire),
and to Goth, us-gais-jan, to terrify.
Brugm. i. § 816 (2).
GuoqI, a kind of demon. (Arab.) Pers.
gA^l, an imaginary sylvan demon; Arab.
ghuwaly a demon of the woods ; from Arab.
ghawl, attacking suddenly.
Giant. (F.-L.-Gk.) M.K giant,
geanty geaunt,'^\,¥, and O. F. giant y
geant.^la, gigantemy ace. of^^ox.- Gk.
7170? (stem 7*701^-), a giant. Der.
gigant'iCy from L. gigant-y stem oigigas.
Giaour, an infidel. (Pers.) Giaour is
an Ital. spelling usual among the Franks
of the Levant (Byron). Pers. gawry an
infidel, a fire-worshipper ; variant of Pers.
gabr, a Gueber ; see Gueber.
Gibberish, idle talk. (Arab. ?) The
hard g separates it from the verb gibber,
to gabble, which is the frequentative of
jibey and allied to jabber. Fuller has
Geberishy and Camden GebrisA; apparently
in allusion to Gebir, an Arabian alchemist
of the 8th century, and to the jargon of
alchemy. Or it may be merely imita-
tive.
Gibbet. (F.) M,E. gibbety gibet,^
O. F. gibbet (F. gibet), a gibbet. Prob.
allied to O. F. gibety a large stick, perhaps
a dimin. of O. F. gibe, gibbe, a sort of
stick shod with iron, an implement for
stirring up earth. Or is gib-et a dimin.
from M. Du. wippey * a gibbet,' in Hexham ?
Gibbon, a kind of ape. (F.) F.gibbony
in Buffon ; of unknown, origin.
Gibbons, humped, swelling. (L.)
From L. gibbosusy humped (whence also
gibbose). — L.gibbuSygibbay a hump, hunch ;
cf. gibbus, bent.
Gibe, Jibe, to mock. (E.) Of imitative
origin ; cf. E. Fries, gibelny to mock, Du.
gijbeUny to sneer. Note also Icel. geipay
to talk nonsense, Icel. geip, idle talk;
Norw. geipOy to make grimaces.
GibletSi the intenial eatable parts of
a fowl, removed • before cooking. (F.)
M.E. gibelet,^O.Y, gibelety which, ac-
cording to Littr6, answers to mod. F.
an
QIDDY
QINQER
gihelotte^ stewed rabbit. Of unknown
origin ; perhaps related to F. gibier, game.
(Hddv. (E.) • M. E, gidi, gedy, adj. ;
late A. b.gidigf insane, answering to earlier
*gydig, which would mean * possessed by
a god * ; cf. A. S. gyden, a goddess. From
A. S. god.
Gier-eagl6, a kind of eagle. (Du. and
F.) The hrst 'syllable is from Du. gier^
a vulture ; cf. G. geier^ M. H. G. gir, a
vulture. Allied to G. gUr-ig^ greedy, and
to E. Yearn.
Gift. (E.) M. E. gift.yifL - A. S.^//,
a gift (rare) ; common in the pi. giftay
nuptials ; E, Fries, gift. — A. S. gifan^ to
give.+Icel.^]^^, "Dm. gift, G. -gift (in mit-
giftf a dowry). % The hard g is due to
Scand. influence. See Q-ive. Der. gift-ed,
Gi|f , a light carriage, light boat. (Scand.)
In Shak. , a gig is a boy*s top. M. E. giggty
apparently a whirling thing, Ch. Ho.
Fame, iii. 852 (whence E. whirligig.
Prob. of Scand. origin ; cf. Icel. geiga, to
take a wrong direction, to rove at random.
Cf. Jig. Prob. of imitative origin.
Gigfantic ; see Giant.
Gi|fgle, to titter. (E.) Of imitative
origin; cf gaggle. Cf. E. Fries. gtcAeln,
Low G. giggsln (Danneil), G. kichemy to
gJRfle.
Glgldty Gifitloti a wanton woman.
(E.?) Dimin. of gigle^ a flirt, used by
Cotgrave (s. v. gadrouillette) ; from M. E.
S^gg^i ^'^ same, Plowm. Tale, 759. Per-
haps allied to Gig or Giggle.
Oild, to overlay with gold. (E.) M.E.
giUen, A. S. gyldan., to gild ; cf. A. S.
gylden, golden. Formed (with vowel-
mutation from Teut. u (>A. S. ^) to y)
from goldf gold. See Gold.
Gill (i), organ of respiration in fishes.
(Scand.) M . E. gilh. — Dan . gialle, Swed.
gdly a gill ; M. Dan. galle^ M. Swed. gel.
Gill (2), a ravine/ chasm. (Scand.) Also
ghyll. — Icel. gily ravine ; Norw. gil.
Gill (3\ with g soft, a quarter of a pint.
(F. - Late L.) M. "E^gille. - O. F. gelle, a
sort of wine-measure. Late L^gella ; cf. Late
L. gillOf a wine-vessel.
GlU (4)> ^i^^ g" soft) A woman*8 name,
a pitcher, ground-ivy. (L.) Short for
Gillian^ from L. lulidna, a fem. name
due to L. Julius ; see July. Der. flirt-
gill or gill-flirt, jilt.
Gillie, a boy, page. (C.) Gael, gille,
giolltty Irish giolla^ boy, lad ; O. Irish
gilla^i a servant
GiUsrflower, a flower. (F.-L.-Gk.)
Formerly ^V^r, geraflour. Formed (by
confusion yni^ flower) from M. F. giroflie^
' a gilloflower ; * Cot. From F. clou de
girofle^ the same. ■- Late L. caryophyllum^
Latinised from Gk. icapv6(f>v?iXov, a clo^e
tree, lit. * nut-leaf.* — Gk. KapuO'V, a nut ;
<pvWov, leaf.
Gimbals, a contrivance for suspending
a ship's compass, to keep it horizontal.
(F. — L.) Formerly gimmals ; also called
gemmow or gemmow-ring, a double ring,
with two or more links. The forms gem-
mow and gimmal correspond to M. F.
gemeau, and O. F. gemel, a twin. — L. gemel-
lus, a twin, a dimin. foim of L. geminus^
double.
Gimlet, Gimblet. (F.-Teut) M.F.
gimbelety * a gimlet or piercer ; ' Cot. ;
gtiimbelety Godefroy (F. gibelet) ; Norman
dial, guinblet. Of M. H. G. origin ;
formed from a base wind-, to turn or
wind ; cf. mod. G. wendel-bohrer^ a
wimble. Note also Icel. vindla, to wind
up, vindill, a wisp. See Wimble, of
\ih\c\i gimlet is the dimin.
Gimmal-ring ; see Gimbals.
Gimp, a kind of trimming, made of
twistedsilk, cotton, or wool. (F.— O.H.G.)
See Bailey's Diet. vol. ii., ed. 1731. Named
from a resemblance to some kind of
wimple. — M. F. guimpe, a nun's wimple ;
also guimple (see index to Cotgrave, s.y.
wimple). ^O. H. G. wim^al, a light robe,
a fillet for the head; G.wimpelyVi streamer ;
see Wimple. % Prob. confused with F.
guipure^ a thread or silk lace. See Gui-
pure.
Gin (i), to begin. (E.) Obsolete ; often
needlessly written *ginj as though be- were
omitted. M. E. ginnen. A. S. ginnan,
to begin, commonly on-ginnan (pt. t.
onganHy pp. ongunnen). •^Goth, ginnan,
in the comp. du-ginnan, to begin. Brugm.
i. §376.
Gin (a), a trap, snare. (F.— L.) M. E.
gifty short for M. E. engitiy a contrivance.
See Engine.
Gin (3), a kind of spirit. (F.-L.) Short
for geneva, corruption of M. F. genevre,
juniper. -iL. ace. iHniperum; see Juni-
per.
Ginffer, the root of a certain plant.
CF. - L. - Gk. - Skt.) M. E. ginger, gin-
geuere {=gingevere),''0.¥, gengibre (F.
gingembre). ^IjoXt l^.gingiber\ h, zingiber,
- Gk. fi77i/9«/)if . - Skt. fr^gavera, ginger ;
2ia
GINGERLY
GLAIR
lit. ' horn-shaped/ from the horns on it. —
Skt. frHga^ a horn ; vera, a body.
Gingerly, with soft steps. (F.— L.)
From the adj. *ginger, soft, delicate (with
soft g). Apparently adapted from O. F.
genzoTj gensor, more delicate, comp. of
gent, fine, delicate, noble ; orig. * well-
born/ — Folk-L. *gentum, L. gettitum,
ace. oi genitusy bom (well-bom), pp. of
gignere, to beget. (N.E.D.)
GilUfliaillt ^ kind of cotton cloth.
(F. —Malay.) ■ F. guingan. — Malay ging-
gang, striped cloth, gingham. — Malay and
Javanese ginggang, striped (C. P. G. Scott).
Gingle ; the same as Jingle.
Gipsy ; the same as Gypay.
GinuBCOf a long-legged animal. (F.—
Span. — Arab.) M. F. giraffe (F.
girafe), — Span, girafa, — Arab, zaraf,
zardfa(t).
Gird (i)) to enclose, bind round. (£.)
M. E. gurden, girden. A. S. gyrdan, to
gird.+O. Sax. gurdian, Du. gorden, Icel.
gyrtSa, to gird, Dan. giorde^ G. giirten.
Tent, type *gurdjan- ; from *gurd-, weak
grade of Teut. *gerdan- (pt. t. *gard), to
enclose; cf. Goth, bigairdan, to begird.
Allied to Garth, Garden, and Yard.
Gird (2), to jest at, jibe. (E.) A peculiar
use o- M. E. girden, gurden, to strike, cut.
To gird at^to strike at, jest at ; a gird
is a cut, sarcasm ; Tam. Shrew, v. 2. k8.
Girdle. (E.) A. S. ^r^l^/, that which
girds. — A. S.gyrdan, to gird ; see Gird ( i ).
4-Du. gordel, Icel. gyrHill, Swed. gordel,
G,gurteL
CKrl. (E.) M.E. girle, gerle, gurle,
often used to mean *■ a boy ' ; a child.
Answering to an A.S. form ^gyreU, Teut.
*gurtl-f a dimin. form from Teut. base
*gur-. Allied to N. Fries, gor, a girl ;
Lo'w G. gor, gore, a child. Cf. Swiss
gurre, gurrli, a depreciatory term for a
girl (Sanders, Ger. Diet.).
Giron, Gyron, in heraldry, the eighth
part of a shield, made by drawing a dia-
gonal line from the top comer to the centre,
and from the centre horizontally towards
the same side ; a right-angled triangle.
(F.-O. H. G.) F.^>^«, agiron (Littre).
— O. H. G. gerun, ace. of giro, a lance,
spear ; M. H. G. gere, a gore or gusset in
a garment, a triangular piece. — O. H. G.
gir, a spear, cognate with A. S. gar, a
spear. See Gore (2). (Diez, Schade.)
Girth. (Scand.) M.E. ^i?^A.-Icel.
gjorfi^ a girdle, girth; getii, girth round
the waist ; Dan. giord.J^Qo'Cti, gairda, a
girdle. Teut. type *^jfr^a. See Gird (j).
Gist, the pith of a matter. (F.— LO
The. gist is the point wherein the matter
lies.-O.F. gist (,mod. F. ^(), it lies;
whence the proverb *c*est la que gtt le
lifevre,' that is where the difficulty is, lit.
* that's where the hare lies.* From the F.
verb ^«/r (now^<^«>), to lie. — L. iacere,
to lie. (O. ¥,gist= L. iacet,) See Jet (1) .
Gittem ; see Cithern.
Give. (Scand.) M. E.^/" (Northern),
geuen, yeuen (Southern) ; pt. t. gaf (N.),
yafi^^y -pp.gifen (N.),yit4en,youen (S.).
— Icel. ge/a, Dan. give, Swed. gijva. +
A. S. gifan, pt t. gcaf, pp. gif^ \ Du.
geven ; Goth, giban, G. geben, Teut. lype
*geban-, pt. t. *gab» Cf. O. Irish gab-im,
I give, I take.
Gizsard. (F.-L.) M.E. giser (the
d being added). — O. F. gezier, Jugier,
juisier (F. gisier),^!^, gigerium, only in
pl« gigiria (Late L. gizeria), cooked
entrails of poultry.
GlabrouSy smooth. (L.) From L.
glaber^ smooth. Idg. stem *gladh*ro- ;
see Glad. Brugm. i. § 589.
Glacial, icy. (F.-L.) Y, glacial, ^^l.,
glacidlis, icy. — L. glacies, ice,
glacier, a mountain ice-field. (F.— L.)
F. glacier (a Savoy word ). — F. ghice, ice. —
Folk-L. ^/aa'fl, for L. glacies, ice.
glacis, smooth slope. (F.— L.) F.
glacis. — M. F. glacer, to cover with ice. —
F. glcue (above).
Glad. (E.) A. S. ^/<:?d^, shining, bright,
cheerful, glad.+Du. glad, smooth, bright,
Icel. glddr, bright, glad, Dan. Swed. glad,
G. glatt, smooth, polished. Cf. Russ.
gladkii, even, smooth ; L. glaber, smooth ;
see Glabrous.
Gladden, Gladen, a plant; Iris
pseudacorus, (L.) A.^. gladene', altered
from L. gladiolus, a sword-lily. Dimin.
of L. gladius, a sword ; see Gladiator.
Glade, an open space in a wood. (E.)
The orig. sense was prob. an opening for
light, passage through a wood ; from A.S.
glced, bright, shining. Cf. Swed. dial.
glad-yppen, completely open, said of a
lake whence the ice has all melted away.
Gladiator, a swordsman. ' (L.) L. gla^
didtor. — L. gladius, a sword.
Glair, the white of an egg. (F. — L.)
M. E. gleyre. — O. F. glaire. — L. cldra,
fem. of cldrus, bright ; Late L. cldra mi,
the white of an egg.
313
GLAIVE
Glaive, a sword. (F.— L.) K^Y^glaive^
a sword ; O. F. glaive^ a sword, lance. *
lu, gladiunij ace. oigladius, a sword.
Glamour ; see Gramarye.
Glance, a swift dart of light, quick
look ; as a verb, to glide off or from, to
graze, to flash. (F.— L.) The sb. is from
the verb. A nasalised form (influenced
by M. E. gUnteUy to glance) of O. F.
glacer, glacier, to glide, slip, glance. — F.
glace, \ix\ see Glacial. 2. M. H.glenten
answers to the causal form of the strong
verb glinta, to shine, still found in Swed.
dialects ( Rietz) . See Glint.
Gland, a fleshy organ in the body,
secreting fluid. (F. — L.) M. F. and F.
glande, a gland ; O. F. glandre, — L. glati-
dula, a gland; dimin. of glans (stem
gland-), an acom.<^Gk. 0d\ayo5, an acorn.
Brugm. i. § 665.
glanders, glandular swellings. (F. -^
L.) M. F. glandresy pi. ■- Lat. pi. ace.
glandulds^ swollen glands ; from L. glans
(above).
Glare, to shine brightly. (E.) M. E.
glaren ; cf. A. S. gl^^ amber. + Low
G. glaren, to glow. Perhaps allied to
Glass. Cf. Dan. glar, Icel. gUr, glass
(below).
Glass. (E.) A. S. glas. 4- Du. glas,
G. glcts \ cf. Dan. glar^ M. Swed. glcer,
Icel. gler, glass. Orig. sense prob. * shin-
ing.' See above.
Glancons, grayish blue. (L.-^Gk.)
L. glauc-us ; with suffix -ous, — Gk. 7\av-
Kos, gleaming, bluish.
Glase, to furnish with glass. (E.)
M. E. glasen •* M. E. glas, glass ; see
Glass.
Gleam, a beam of light. (E.) A. S.
glatn ; Teut. type *glaimiz, + O- Sax.
glifiio, brightness ; O. H. G. glimo, gleimo,
a glow-worm (from base *gleim-). Allied
to Gk. x\i-ap6s, warm. See Glimmer.
Glean. (F.) M. E. glenen - O. F.
glener, glaner (F. glaner), to glean ; Low
L. glendre (A.D. 561) ; cf. Low L. glena,
gelina, geliftia, a handful. Of unknown
origin. The A. S.gilm, a handful, whence
prov. K j^elmt to provide handfuls of straw
ready for a thatcher, will not account for
the O. F. forhi. % We also find the form
iogleame (Levins), also s'^Xigleme.
Glebe, soil. (F. - L.) M. F. gUbe,
' glebe, land belonging to a parsonage ; '
Cot. — L. gleba, soil, a clod of earth.
Glede C^,> a kite, a bird so called. (^E.)
GLINT
•
M. E. glede, A. S. gluia, a kite, lit
^ glider, from its smooth flight. «■ A. S.
gild; weak grade of gltdan, to glide ; see
Glide. Cf. Icel. gleda (the same).
Glede (2), Gleed, a glowing coal.
(E.) A. S. gled (where e is from 0, by
vowel-change). — A. S. glSwan, to glow;
see Glow. Cf. Dan. Swed. glod, the same.
Glee, joy, smgmg. (E.) A. S. glee,
earlier gliu, joy, mirth, music. 4- Icel. gly,
glee, gladness ; Swed. dial, gly, mockery.
Cf Gk. x^^^i a jest. Brugm. i. § 633.
Gleek (i)> a scoff, jest. See Nares.
Prob. a particular use of Gleek (2).
Gleek (2), a game at cards; in which
a gleek meant three cards alike (as three
kings). (F. — Du.) See Nares.— O.F.
glic, a game at cards ; also spelt ghelicqtu
(Godefroy). — M. Du. gelijck, alike.— M.
Du. ge^, gke-, Du. ge-, prefix (=A. S. ^-,
Goth.^u-) ; M. Du. 'lijck, Du. -lijk, cognate
with E. like ; see liike. % Hexham has
gelijk ofte ongelijk spelen, to play at even
or odds.
Glen, a narrow valley. (C.) Gael, and
Irish gleann, O. Irish glenn ; W. glyn, a
valley, glen. Celtic type *glennos.
Glib (i), smooth, voluble. (E.) Cf.
E. Fries, glibherig, slippery ; glippen, to
^^.^\i\3i. glibherig, slippery, glibberen, to
slide ; Du. and Low G. glippen, to slip
away.
Gub (2), a lock of hair. (C.) Irish and
Gael. gUb, also Ir. clib, a lock of hair.
Glib (3), to castrate. (E.^) The same as
libf with prefixed ^- -s A. S. ge-, a common
prefix. Cognate with Du. lubben, to cas-
trate, M. Du. lubben See Left.
Glide. (E.) M. E. gliden, pt. t. glood.
A. S. gltdan. + Du. glijden, Dan. glide,
Swed. glida, G. gleiten, Teut. type *glei'
dan-, pt. t. *glaid, pp. *glidanoz.
Glimmer, verb. (E.) M. E. gli-
vteren. + Low G. glimmem^ frequent, of
glimmen, to shine ; Dan, glimre, vb., cf.
glimmer, sb., glitter ; Swed. dial, glimmer,
vb., glimmer, sb., glitter. Frequent, of
Dan. glimme, Swed. glimma, to shine. Cf.
Swed. dial, glim, a glance, A. S. gUomu
(for *glimt^, splendour; from ^glim-,
weak grade of *gleim' ; see Gleam.
glimpse, a slight gleam. (E.) For-
merly gltmse ; M. £. glimsen, to glimpse ;
formed with suffix -j- from *glim (above).
Glint, to shine, glance. (Scand.) M. £.
glenten, — Swed. dial, gldnta, gliuia, to
shine ; nasalised from Icel. glila, to shine.
214
QLISTEN
'^M.KXj.^Unzeu, to glint, SvteA, glindra.
See QUtter.
Glisten, Glister, to glitter. (£.)
Extended from base glis- of M. £. glisten,
to shine. A. S. glisian ; whence also
giisnian^ to shine. We also find M. £.
glisieren, giistren, to glitter. Cf. Du.
glinsteren, to glitter ; Swed. dial, glisa.
Glitter. (E.) M. E. gliteren^ to shine.
A. S. glitinian^ to shine ; extended from
A.^, glitiaHf to shine. •f'Icel. glitra^ to
glitter, frequent, of glita^ to shine ; Swed.
glittra^ to glitter ; gliiter, sb., a sparkle.
Cf. Goth, glit-munjan^ to glitter. From
*glit-^ weak grade of *gieit'^ as in O. Sax.
glttatty G. gleisstHt to shine.
Gloaming, twilight. (E.) A Scot,
form of glooming^ i. e. the time of becom-
ing dusk; A. S. Sfen-glommung, gloom of
eve, Hymn. Surtees, 16. 16. See Oloom.
Gloat, to stare, gaze with admiration.
(E.) Formerly glote (XVI cent.). + Icel.
giotta, to grin, smile scornfully; Swed.
dial. gloUa, giuttaf to peep ; G. glotzen, to
stare. Cf. Kuss. gliadiet{e\ to look at.
Globe. (F.-L.) O. F. ghbe. - L.
globunti ace. oi globus, a ball ; cf. glomus,
a ball, cine.
Glomerate. (L.) From pp. oi glo-
fnerdre,io collect mto a hz\\,^L,.glomer;
for *glomes, stem of glomus, a ball or
clew of yam. See Globe.
Gloom. (E.) A. S. glifm, gloom, twi-
light; cf. A.S. 'glommung, twilight (see
Glounixig), and prov. ISs^glum, overcast.
+Norw. glyma, an overcast sky ; Low G.
glum, turbid. See Glum.
Glory. (F. - L.: M. E. glorie, - A. F.
and O. F. glorie (F. ghire), — L. gldria.
Gloss (I ), lustre. (Scand.) I'cxX, glossi,
a blaze, glys, finery ; Swed. dial, glossa,
to glow ; "SoTv/.glosa, to glow.+M. H. G.
glosen, to glow, glos, lustre ; Dn. ghren
(Franck), £. Fries, ghren*
Gloss (a), a commentary, explanation.
(F. - L. - Gk.) M. E. glose, - O. F. glose,
^a glosse;* Cot^L. gldssa, a diincult
word requiring explanation. — Gk. '{Kwiaa,
the tongue, a language, word needing ex-
planation. Der. gloss, vb., gloze.
glossary. (L.-Gk.) L, gUfssarium,
a glossary ; formed with suffix ^drium
from L. gldss-a (above).
glOSSOgraplier. (Gk.) Coined from
glosso-, from Gk. yXSiiTva, a hard word;
Tpd^iy, to write.
glottis. (Gk.) Gk. 7X«tWs. the
31
QNARL
month of the windpipe. •- Gk. ^XcDrra,
Attic form of 7X0)^^0, the tongue. Der.
epi-glotUs,
Glove. (£.) A. S. gldf, a glove ; cf.
Icel. glfffi, prob. borrowed from A. S. gldf.
Possibly from g- (for ge-), prefix; and
Icel. Idji, Goth. Idfa, the palm of the hand.
"Det, fox-glove.
Glow. (E.) M. £. glowen, A. S.
glSwan, to be ardent, to shine brightly. 4*
Icel. gUfa, Dan. gloe, to glow, stare, Swed.
glo, to stare, Du. gloeijen, G. gliihefi.
Brugm. i. % 156. D&t.glede (2).
G£>wer, to look frowningly. (£.) E.
Fries, gluren, Cf. Low G. ghtren, M. Du.
gloeren, *to look awry, to leare,' Hex-
ham ; Du. gluren, % M. £. gloren, to
stare, is allied to glare*
Glose. to interpret, flatter. (F.- L.-
Gk.) M. E. glosen, to make glosses.*
M. E. glose, a gloss ; see Gloss (2).
Glue. (F. - L.) O. F. glu. - Late L.
glutem, ace. of gliis (gen. glutis), glue ;
allifed to L. gluten, glue, glutus, tenacious.
4-Gk. ^\oi6^, mud, gum. Allied to Olay.
Brugm. 1. % 639.
Ghun, sullen. (£.) M. £. gloni/nen,
glomben, gloumen, to look gloomv. E.
Fries, glumen, glumen^ to look sullen. 4*
Low G. gluum, a sullen look, glummen,
to make turbid ; Norw. glyme, a sullen
look, glyma, gloma, to look sullen. See
Gloom.
GlnmOy a bracteal covering, in grasses.
(L.) L. gluma, a husk, hull. — L. glubere,
topeel, take off the husk. See Cleave (i).
Crlllt, to swallow greedily. (F. — L.)
M.E. glotien, wmO. F. glotir, ghutir^^Yj,
glutire^ gluttire^ to swallow ; cf. gula, the
throat. Der. glutton*
Glutinous, ^luey. (L.) Uglutinosus,
sticky.^L. glutin-, for gluten, glue.
Glutton. (F. - L.) M.E. gloton. -
O. F. gloton. * L. gluttdnem, glutdnem,
ace, a glutton. — L. ^/^/ir^, to devour.
G^oerine, a viscid fluid, of sweet
taste. rF.-Gk.) Y*glyUrine\ from Gk.
7Xv/rcp0f , sweet ; from Gk. 7Xv4ri;s, sweet.
Glyptio, relating to carving in stone.
(Gk. ) Gk. '{KxntJiKln, carving. — Gk.
7XvirT^f, carved. — Gk. '^K'o^tw, to hollow
out. engrave. See Cleave (i).
Gnarl, to snarl, growl. (E.) Frequen-
tative oignar, to snarl, an imitative word.
Cf. A. S. gnyrran, to creak ; E. Fries.
gftarren, to creak, snarl.^Dn. knorren,
Dan. knurre, to growl, Dan. knarre, to
5
GNARLED
creak; Swed. knorra, G. knurren, to
growl, G. knarren, to creak.
Qxiarledyknotty, twisted. (E.) Gnarled
is fall of gnarU, where gnat^/ is a dimin.
of gnar or knar, M. £. knarre, a knot in
wood. See Knurr.
Onash. (E.) M. E. gnasten, to gnash
the teeth. E. Fries, gnastem^ gndstem,
to gnash.4-Swed. knastra, to crash (be-
tween the teeth) ; Dan. knaske, to gnash ;
Icel. gnasiattf sb., a gnashing, ^n^x/a (pt. t.
gnast), to crack ; G. ktuisiem, to crackle.
Imitative ; so also Dan. knase^ to crackle ;
Icel. gnlsta, to gnash, E. Fries, gnisen.
Qnat. (E.) A. S. gnatt. Said to be
named from the whirring of the wings;
cf. Icel. g^ata, to clash, gnaty clash of
weapons.
Qnaw. (E.) M. E. gnawen^ pt. t. gnew^
gtiow, A. S. gnagan, to gnaw, pt. t. gnohy
pp.^/w^(?«.+Du. knagen, Low G. gnauen,
O. Icel. knagUj mod. Icel. naga^ Dan.
gnave, Swed. gnaga. Without the g^ we
have G. nagen ; also Dan. nage^ to gnaw,
Swed. naggGy whence prov. E. nag, to
worry.
Gneiss, a rock. (G.) G, gneiss; from
its sparkling. — O. H. G. gneistan, to
sparkle ; gneista, a spark. 4" A. S. gndst,
Icel. gneistiy a spark.
Gnome, a kind of sprite. (F.-Gk.)
F. gnome y a gnome ; a word due to Para-
celsus ; from the notion that gnomes could
reveal secret treasures. — Gk. yva/ftrj, intelli-
gence.— Gk. yvSnrcUy to know. (j/GEN.)
gnomon, index of a dial. (L. — Gk.)
L. gnomon. ^Gk. yv^/jwy, an interpreter
(one who knows) ; the index of a dial. —
Gk. yvSfvaty to know.
gnostic, one of a certain sect. (Gk.)
Gk. yvo)(rTiK6s, wise, good at knowing.—
Gk. yywardsy from yvonSs, known. — Gk.
yvwcuy to know.
Gnu, a kind of antelope. (Hottentot.)
Found in S. Africa. Said to belong to the
Hottentot language.
Go, to move about, proceed, advance.
(E.) M. E. gon, goon. A. S. gdn. 4-Du.
gaan^ Dan. gaae^ Swed. gd ; G. geAen ;
O. H. G. ganygen. % * The Teut. gai- ( =
A.S. gd'y O. H. G. ge-^ supplanted the
Idg. y^I, to go, in Lat. ire, Gk. Uvaxy
Skt. i. Since Teut. gai- has no old primi-
tive noun-derivatives in Teut., and takes
the place of Idg. ^I (the Goth, aorist
iddja = A. S. eode still remains), and as it
is inflected after the -mi- conjugation, the
QOD
supposition arises that Teut. *gaimy *gars,
*gai//i are contracted from the verbal
particle ga- and the inherited tm, tz, iik »
Skt. imi, ishiy it%\ cf. Gk. cTfu.* — Kluge.
But this is mere conjecture.
Goad. (E.) M.E. .^fjMfe. A.S.gad.
Teut. t)rpe *gaiddy f. 4- Lom bardic gaida,
a gore (Due.) ; from the base *gai-y Idg.
*ghai-y whence also A. S. gd-ry Icel. gei'tr,
O. Irish ^1, a spear; see Gore (2).
Goal, the winning-post in a race. CE.)
M. E. goly Shoreham, p. 145. Answering
to A. S. *gdly prob. * an impediment ;
whence A. S. galaUy to impede. Goal
may have meant * stopping-place.*
Goat. (E.) M.E.,^/. A.S.^.+
Du. geity Dan. ged, Swed. gety Icel. geit^
G. geiss, geisse ; Goth, gaits. Teut. base
*gait- ; allied to L. hadus.
Gobbet, a mouthful, a small piece.
(F. — C.) M. E. gobety a small piece. —
O. F. gobety a morsel of food (see Littr^) ;
allied to M.F. goby a gulp (in swallowing),
— O. F. gobeTy to devour. — Gael, gob, beak,
bill, movith ; Irish gob, mouth, beak.
gobble (I), to devour. (F.-C.) Fre-
quentative, with suffix 'Uy from O. F,
gob-er, to devour ; see Qobbet.
Gobble (2), to make a gabbling noise.
(E.) Imitative ; a variant oi gabble.
Gobelin, a French tapestry. (F.)
Named from Giles Gobelin, wool-dyer of
Paris, in the 15th cent.
Goblet. (F. - L.) F. gobeUt, ' a
goblet ; * Cot. Dimin. of O. F. gobel, a
cup.— Late L. cupellum, ace. of ciipelluSy
a cup ; dimin. of L. cupa, a vat ; see
Ooop. Cf. Picard gobey a great cup.
Goblin. (F.-L.-G.) O.F. gobelin.
— Low L. gobelinuSf a goblin ; properly
* a household-god ' ; cf. A. S. cof-godas,
* penates.' — M. H. G. kobely a hut ; dimin.
of M. H. G. kobey a stall, cognate with
Icel. ko/if a hut, A. S. co/a, a chamber
(Kluge). See Cove.
Goby, a fish. (L. - Gk.) For l.,gobiuSy
orig. applied to the gudgeon. — Gk. Koj0i6^y
a kina of fish, gudgeon, tench. Der.
gudgeon,
God. (E.) A. S. ^.+Du. gody Icel.
gody gudy Dan, gud, Swed. gudy Goth.
gut A, G. gott. Teut. type *guthom ; Idg.
type *ghutom, perhaps * the being wor-
shipped,* a pp. form ; from Idg. root *gAuy
to worship, as in Skt. AUy to sacrifice
(to), whence huta-, one to whom sacri*
nee is offered. ^ JVot allied to good^ adj.
316
GODDESS
goddess. (E. ; with F. suffix,) M. £.
goddcssc {godesse). Made from god by
adding the O. F. suffix '€sse (=L. -issa'*
Gk. 'i(r<ra).
godfather. (E.) M. E. godfader,
father in baptism ; from god 9xA fader.
JrodlieacL (E.) M. E. godhed, also
hod\ the suffix answers to A. S. hSdj
office, state, dignity ; see -hood (suffix).
Godwit, a bird. (E.) Origin un-
known. Can it mean 'good creature'?
A. S. god wiht^ a good wight, good crea-
ture {wiht being often applied to animals
and birds). See Wight.
Goffer* Gauffer, to plait or crimp
lace, &C. (F.-O. Low G.) M. F. gauf-
frer^ to goffer ; orig. to mark like the
edges of wafers. ^ M. F. gauffrcy goffre, a
wafer ; see Wafer.
Goggle-eyed, having rolUng and
staring eyes. (E.) H.E.gogil-eyid. *They
gog/e with their eyes hither and thither ; *
Holinshed, Descr. of Ireland, c. i. Cf.
Irish and GaeL gogshuilcachf goggle-eyed,
having wandering eyes, from gog^ to move
slightly, and suii, eye. But gog seems to
be from E., and of imitative origin. Cf.
prov. E. coggUj Bavar. gageln, to be un-
steadv.
Goitre. (F.— L.) F. goitre y a swelled
throat ; from O. F. goitron, the same, esp.
in Savoy. — Late L. ace type *giUtridnem,
from L. guttur, throat.
Gold. (E.) A.S. ^/i/.-l-Du. goud {{or
gold), Icel. gu//, Swed. "DsLa.guld, G. gold,
Goth. gu/tA, Teut. type *gu/'t/iom, n. ;
Idg. type *gh9l-tom ; cf. Russ. solotOy Skt.
Aataka-f gold ; also Pers. zar, gold, Zend
zaranya-, Skt hiranya-. Named from its
colour. Allied to Yellow. (VGHEL.)
Der. mari-gold, gild.
Golf, a game. (Du.) Mentioned a. d.
1457 (Jam.). The name is from that of a
Dn. game played with club and ball. — Du.
kolf a club used to strike balls with.+
Low G. kulf, hockey-stick; Icel. kolfrt
clapper of a bell, kyl/a^ a club ; Dan. kolbe,
butt-end of a weapon, kohft holt, shaft,
arrow, Swed. kolff butt-end, G. kolb€y club,
mace, knob.
Golosh ; the same as Oaloche.
Gondola. (Ital.-Gk.-Pers.?) Ital.
^mdola^ dimin. of gonda, a boat. — Gk.
/v^i'dv, a drinking-vessel ; from the shape
(Diez). Said to be of Pers. origin; cf.
Pers. kandHj an earthen vessel.
Gonfhnoiii Gonfidon, a kind of
GOOSEBERRY
banner. (F.— M. H. G.) M,E. gon/ancn.
— O. F. gonfanon,^'hlL, H. G. gundfano^
lit. * battle-flag.' -M. H. G. gund, guttt,
battle; fano \0. fahne), a banner, flag.
Here gunt is cognate with A. S. gUd (for
*gunth)y battle, war ; cf. Skt. Han, to kill.
Fano is allied to Vane.
Gong. (Malay.) Mvlzj agong oi gdng^
the gong, a sonorous instrument.
Good. (E.) M. E. good, A. S. god,-^
Du. goed, Icel. gfftirj Dan. Swed. god,
Goth. godSi G. gut, Teut. type *g^z ;
from *gdd-i strong grade of *g€ul-y * fit ; *
see Gather. Allied to Kuss. godnuii,
suitable, O. Slav. godH^ fit season. Der.
goods J sb. pi., i. e. good things, property ;
good'will, &c. Also good-man, i. e. master
of the house, good- wife, mistress of the
house.
GoodbjTOy farewell. (E.) A familiar,
but meaningless, contraction of God be
with you, the old form of farewell;
very common; often written Cod b'wy,
% Not for God be by you ; the form God
buy you ^ God be-with-you you {you re-
peated).
Goodman ; see Good.
Goose, a bird. (E.) A. S. gos, pi. gei
(lengthened caused loss of n, and ^Jx—
*gons < *gans). + Du. guns, Dan. gaas^
Swed. gas, Icel. gds, G. gans. Teut. type
*gans; Idg. type *ghans'; cf. L. anser,
Gk. x^y ; Skt. harftsa, a swan ; O. Irish
gtis, a swan ; Lith. iqsis, a goose.
Gooseberry. (E. ; cf. F.-M. H. G.)
In Levins. From goose and berry; cf.
goose-grass, &c a. We also find North.
E. grosers, gooseberries ; Bums Yuisgrozet,
a gooseberry. Apparently from O. F.
*grose, *groise, a gooseberry, not recorded,
but occurring not only in the O. F. dimin.
form groisele, grosele,B, gooseberry, but also
in Irish grois- aid, Gael. groi^-eidt^.gr^s,
a gooseberry, all borrowed from M.E. The
spelling groisele is as old as the 13th
century (Bartsch); and answers to the
form crosela in the dialect of Como
(Monti), p. The orig. O. F. *groise or
*grose was borrowed from M. H. G. kriis,
curling, crisped, whence G. krausbeere, a
cranberry, a rough gooseberry. Cf. Swed.
krusbdr, a gooseberry, from krus, crisp,
curled, frizzled. The name was first given
to the rougher kinds of the fruit, from the
curling ludrs on it; similarly, Levins
gives Sie Lat. name as uua crispa (frizzled
grape).
ai7
QOPHER
QOSSIP
Qopker, a kind of wood. (Heb.) Heb.
gopher^ a wood.
UOrbellied, having a fat belly. (E.)
Compoonded of E. gore^ lit. filth, dirt (also
the intestines) ; and belly. So also Swed.
dial, girbdlg, a, iat paonch, from gdr, dirt,
contents of the intestines, and ddlg^ belly.
See G-ore (i).
g O X Cro W f carrion-crow. (£.) Le.
g&rC'Crow ; see above.
GordiaJi. (L.— Gk.) Only in the phr.
' Gordian knot,' i.e. intricate knot. Named
from the Phrygian king Gordius (r<$p&(w),
who tied it. An oracle declared that who-
ever undid it should reign over Asia.
Alexander cnt the knot, and applied the
oracle to himself.
Gore (i), clotted blood. (E.) It for-
merly meant filth. A. S. gor, filth, dirt 4-
Icel gor^ gore; Swed. gor, dirt ; M. Dn. goor\
O. H. G. gor^ filth. Origin uncertain.
Ckire (3)1 a triangular piece let into a
garment, a triangular slip of land. (E.)
M. E. gore. A. S. gdra, a gore, project-
ing piece of land ; from gdr^ a dart, a
spear-point. Named from the ^ape. [So
also Icel. geiriy 2U triangular slip of land,
from geirr, a spear ; G. gehre^ a wedge,
rset, gore ; Du. geer^ a gusset, gore.]
The A. S. gar (Icel. geirr, O. H. G.
ger^ is from Teut type *gaizaZf m.;
allied to Gaulish L. gaesum, a javelin,
O. Irish got J a spear.
Gore (3), to pierce. (E.) From A.S.
gdr, a spear-point (with the usual change
from d to long 0).
Gorge, the throat, a narrow pass. (F.
— L.) O. F. gorge J throat. — Late L. gorgUy
variant of L. gurgiSy a whirlpool, hence
(in Late L.) the gullet, from its voracity.
Cf. L. gurguHoy gullet 4-Skt. gargara-, a
whirlpool. ^
gorgeous, showy, splendid. (F.-I^)
O. F. and M. '^.gorgias^ 'gorgeous;' Cot
The O. F. gorgias also meant a gorget ;
the sense of * gorgeous ' was orig. proud,
from the swelling of the throat in pride.
Cotgrave gives F. se rengorger^ * to hold
down the head, or thrust the chin into the
neck, as some do in pride, or to make
their faces look the fuller ; we say, to
bridle it.* Hence the derivation is from
F. gorge, throat (above).
gorget, armour for the throat (F. —
L.) From gorge, i. e. throat.
Gorgon, a monster. (L.-Gk.) L.
Gorgon f Gorgo. mmGk. Topy^, the Gorgon.
^*»y.
— Gk. yopy69, feaiibL 4* O. Ir.
fierce.
GoriUay a kind of large ape. (O. Afri-
can.) An old word revived. In the Peri-
plus of Hanno, near the end, some creatures
are described ' which the interpreters called
Gorillas* — ^in GredE, yopiXXas.
Gormandise ; see Gourmand.
Gorse. (£.) Formerly ^orr/.-A.S.
gorst, gone. Cf. Skt krsk, to bristle.
Goshawk. (£.) lit 'goose-hawk.*
A. S. goske^.^/LS. gffSy goose; Aq/iic,
hawk.
gosling. (£.) Formed from A. S.
gos, goose ^M. E.^ar), with double dimin.
suffix 'l-tng.
Gospel, the life of Christ (£.) M. £.
gospel. A. S. godspeU.^K. S. god, God,
L e. Christ ; spell, a story. Lit ' narrative
of God,* i. e. life of Christ % Orig. gifd
spell, i. e. good spell, a translation of Gk.
^vanniXiov ; but soon altered to godspell;
for the £. word was early introduced into
Iceland in the form guSsp/all (where gtdi-
sgod, as distinguished from ^(5-== good),
and into Gennany as O. H. G. gotspell
(where got =s god, as distinguished from
guot, good).
Gossamer. (E.) M. E. gossomer,
gosesomer, lit * goose-summer * The prov.
£. name (in Craven) is summer-goose.
Named from the time of year when it is
most seen, viz. during St Martin's summer
(early November); geese were eaten on
Nov. II formerly. Cf. LowL Sc. go-
summer (popular variant), Martinmas. %
Also called summer-colt (Whitby) ; also
summer-gaute. Cf. G. sommerfaden (lit.
summer -threads), gossamer; Du. eomer-
draden, Swed. sommertrdd, the same. [But
in G. it is also called mddcAensommer,
lit. Maiden-summer, der aliweibersommer^
the old women's summer ; which also
means St. Martin's summer.] It would
appear that summer is here used in the
sense of ' summer-film,' so that gossamer =^
goose-summer-film. (Better spelt gossomer
01 gos summer.)
Gossip. (E.) Now a crony ; formerly
a sponsor in baptism. M. £. gossib, also
godsib, lit. * related in god.' — M. E. god,
god; sib, related, from O. Northumb.
sibbo, pi. relatives, allied to Goth, sibja^
relationship, G. sippe, affinity, sippen,
kinsmen. Cf. Skt. sabkya-, fit for an
assembly, trusty, from sabhd, an assembly.
Brugm. i. §§ 124 (4), 567.
ai8
QOUQE
GoilMf a hoUow-bladed chisel. (F. —
Low L.) F. gouge, — Low L. *gobia^
*gubia^ only recorded in the form guvia
(Span. ^tf^Vx). Cf. Ital. sgorbia^ gouge;
Gascon goujo,
Gonra. (F.— L.) F. gourde , formerly
gouhourde and cougourde (Cot.).«iL. cu»
curbita^ a gourd.
Gourmand, a glutton. (F.) F. gour-
mand, * a glutton, gormand, belly-god ; *
Cot. Etym. unknown. Der. gormandise
(for gourmand'ise),
Qont (i), a drop, disease. (F. — L.)
M. E. goute, a disease supposed to be due
to defluxion of humours. — O. F. gouiet
goutte, a drop.«-L. gutta^ a drop.
€k>nt (2), taste. (F.-L.) F. goi^t,
taste,"!,. gustiis, taste ; see Oust (2).
Goirem. (F. - L. - Gk. ) M. E. gouer-
nen. — O. F. govemer. — L. gubemdre^ to
steer a ship, rule. •- Gk. /cvfi€pvavj to steer.
Cf. Lith. kumbritii to steer.
GowaHi a daisy. (Scand.) North. E.
gowlofif ^, yellow gowan, com marigold.
Named from the colour. — Icel. gulr^ Swed.
gt*li Dan. gtiulf Noi-w. gul^ guul, yellow.
See Yellow.
Gowk, a simpleton. (Scand.) Icel.
gaukr^ a cuckoo, Swed. gok.^Q. gauche a
cuckoo, simpleton.
Gown, a loose robe. (C.) M. E. goune,
— W. gwtiy a loose robe. [Irish gunn,
Gael, and Com. gun^ Manx goon^ are from
£. O. F. goune is Gaulish.] Stokes-
Fick, p. 281.
Grao, to seize. (£.) Cf. E. Fries.
grabbig, greedy ; grabbeleftj to grab at ;
Du. grabbel, a scramble, grabbelen, to
scramble for; Low G. grabbeln, to grab
at; Swed. grcdfbc^ to grasp.^-Skt. grah^
O. Skt. groSbh^ O. Pers. and Zend grab^
to seize. See Garb (2). Cf. Grasp.
Grace. (F.-L.) O. F. grace, - L.
gratia, favour. — L. gratus, dear, pleasing.
Brugra. i. §§ 524, 632.
Grade, a degree. (F.-L.) ¥. grade,
a degree. « L. gradum, ace. of gradus, a
degree, step.-iL. gradi (pp. gressus)^ to
step, walk, go. (yGHREDH.) Brugm.
i. § 635 ;^ ii. § 707.
ffrJEKLient, a gradually rising slope.
(L!) L. gradient; stem of pres. pt. of
gradly to walk, advance.
Ifradnal, advancing by steps. (L.)
Orig. gradual, sb., a service-book called
in Lat. graduate, and in E. gradual or
grayl.^ljfXt L. gradualis, only in neut.
QRAMERCY
graduate, a service-book of portions sung
in gradibth, i.e. on the steps (of the
choir). — L. gradu-s, a step.
gradnate. (L.) Late L. gradudtm,
one who has taken a degree ; pp. of Late
L. gradudre. — L. gradU'S, degree.
Graft, Graff, to insert buds on a stem.
(F.— L. — Gk.) Graft is a later form of
grajffl and due to confusion with graffed,
pp. Shak. has pp. graft, Rich. Ill, iii* 7*
127. M. E. graffen, to graff, from graffe,
sb. — O. F. graffe, a sort of pencil, also a
slip for grafting, because it resembled a
pointed pencil in shape. — L. graphium, a
style to write with.«Gk. ypatpiov, ypa-
iptioVj the same. — Gk. yp^uptiv, to write.
Grail (i), a gradual, a service-book.
(F.-L) M.E. graile, grayU, - O.F.
graeL"\jdX<t L. gradate, also called gra'
dudle ; see gradual.
Grail (2), the Holy Dish at the Last
Supper. (F. — L. — Gk.) The etymology
was very early falsified bv an easy
change from San Great (Holy Dish) to
Sang Real (Royal Blood, strangely taken
to mean Real Blood). —O. F. graal, great,
grasal, a flat dish; with numerous other
forms, both in O. F. and Late L. It
would appear that the word was cormpted
in various ways from Late L. type *crdtdlis
(cf. Late L. grdddle, a bowl) ; from Late
L. crSt-us, a bowl, equivalent to L. crater,
a bowl ; see Crater. (Diez.)
Grail (3), fine sand. (F. — L.) In
Spenser, F. Q. i. 7. 6 ; Vis. Bellay, st. 12.
— O.F. graiste, graile (F. gr^le), thin,
small. — L. gracitem, ace. of gracilis,
slider.
Grain. (F. - L.) M. E. grein, - O. F.
grain, "L. grdnum, a grain, com. 4- Irish
gran, W. gronyn. Cognate with E. Corn.
Grallatory. (L.) A term applied to
wading birds. — L. gralldtor, a walker on
stilts. —L.^a//<? (for ^grcuita), stilts.— L.
gradus, a step ; gradi, to walk.
Gramarye, magic (F.-L.-Gk.)
M. E. gramery, skill in grammar, and
hence skill in magic — O. F. gramaire,
grammar ; see Grammar. Cf. O. F.
gramaire, (i) a grammarian, (2) a ma-
gician. % The word glamour is a mere
corruption of gramarye or grammar,
meaning (i) grammar, (2) magic.
Gramercy. thanks. (F.-L.) For-
merly ground mercy, Chaucer, C. T.
8964. — F. grand merci, great thanks ; see
Grand and Meroy.
a 19
GRAMINEOUS
GRATUITY
Giramineoiui. (L.) YiomL,. ^mm-,
for grdfnettf grass ; with sufiix -e-ous.
Grammar. (F. — L. — Gk.) M. £.
grammerc^O, F. gramaire (XIII cent.).
» Late \j, grammatical grammar (Schwan).
«Gk. '^paiiiiarneijy grammar. — Gk. 7/xz/a-
fMTiieds, knowing one's letters ; see below.
grammatical. (F.-L.-Gk.) M.F.
grammaiual\ from L^grammaticus, gram-
matical.— Gk. ypafifmTiK6sy versed in one's
letters. — Gk. ypainmr-, stem of yp&fjuia^
a letter. — Gk. ypaupciVj to write. See
Graphic.
GriunpilS, a large fish. (F. — L.) Spelt
grampassey a. d. 1655. — A. ^' grampais ;
Blk. Bk. Adm. i. 152. — L. grandem piscem,
ace. oigrandis piscis^ great fish.
Granary« store-house for grain. (L.)
h,grdndnaf pi.^'L.grdnum, com. See
Gamer.
Grand, great. (F.-L.) 0,Y, grand,
— L. grandem^ ace. oigrandis, great.
ffrandeOf a Spanish nobleman. (Span.
— L.) Span, grandey great; also, a
nobleman. — L. grandem^ ace. of grandiSf
great.
grandeur, greatness. (F.-L.) F.
grandeur \ formed with suffix -eur (L.
'drem)j from grandf great.
grandiloquexLty pompons in speech.
(L.) Coined Trom L. grandi-y decl. stem
of grandisy great ; and loqtunt'y stem of
pres. pt. of loqut^ to speak ; see Iioqua-
oious. The true L. form is grandi-
hquus.
Grange, a farm-honse. (F.-L.) O.F.
grange y a barn, a farm-house. — Late L.
grdneay a hsum. ^h, grdnum, com.
fanite, a hard stone. (Ital.— L.)
granitOy granite, speckled stone.—
Ital. granitOy pp. of granirCy to reduce to
grains (hence, to speckle). — Ital. granoy
a grain. — L. grdnumy a grain ; see Grain.
Grant. (F.-L.) M. E. graunten,^
O. F. graanter, grauntery later spelling of
crdanter, creanter, to caution, assure,
guarantee; whence the later senses, to
promise, yield; Late L. creantdrCy for
*cridentdre. — L. credent-y stem of pres.
pt. of credere, to trast. See Creed.
Grannie, a little grain. (L.) L. grd-
nulum, dimin. of grdnumy a grain.
Grape. (F.-M. H. G.) A. F. grape,
M. F. grappe, * bunch, or cluster of grapes; *
Cot. [In £., the sense has chang^, from
cluster to single berry.] The orig. sense
of grappe was 'a hook/ then clustered
fruit. -M. H. G. krapfe^ O. H. G. krapfoy
a hook. Allied to (^amp. The senses
of 'hook' and 'cluster' result from that
of * clutching.'
Crraphic, descriptive, pertaining to
writing. (L. — Gk.) L. graphicusy bdong-
ing to painting or drawing. — Gk. ypcufHXcls,
the same. — Gk. ypd«p€iVy to write. Allied
to Carve.
Grapnel, a grappling-iron. (F. —
M. H. G.) M.E. grapenel. Dimin. of
M. F. grappiny a grapnel. — O. F. grappe,
a hook. — O. H. G. krapfOy a hook; see
Grape.
grapple, to clutch. (F.— M. H. G.)
Properly to seize with a grapnel. — M. F.
grappil, sb., ' the grapple of a ship ; * Cot.
— O. F. grappe, a hook (above).
Grasp. (E.) M. E. graspeny used in
the sense ' to grope.' Also grapsen, in
Hoccleve. Prob. for ^grab-sen, closely
allied to Grab, q. v. Cf. £. Fries.
grapseny to clutch ; Low G. grapsen ;
E. Fries. grapSy a handful; also Lith.
grdp-tiy to grab (Kluge).
Grass. (E.) M.E. gras, gresy also
gers. A.S. garSy grces,^T>\i» Icel. Goth.
G. gras ; Swed. graSy Dan. gras. Teut.
type *gra-somy n. ; from *gra-y the sense
of which is doubtful ; cf. grow.
Grate (0* ^ framework of iron bars.
(Late L. — L.) M. E. grate. — Late L.
grdta, crdtay a grating. — L. crdtes, hurdles.
See Crate.
Grate (a), to rob, scrape. (F.— Teut.)
O. F. grater (F. gratter),^Syfed. kratta,
Dan. krattey to scrape ; O. H. G. chrazzon
(< *krcUtdn)y to scrape.
Grateftll, pleasant. (Hybrid; F.-L.
and E.) The first syllable is from O. F.
graty pleasing, from L. grdtus ; with £.
suffix -fid.
gratiiy. (F.-L.) M.Y.grattfier.^
L. grdtificdrey grdtificdrty to please. — L.
grdti-y for grdtus y pleasing ; and -ficdrey
ioxfacerey to make. Der. gratific-at-ion.
gratis, freely. (L.) L. grdtiSy adv.,
freely; for grdtiiSy abl. pi. of grdtiay
grace ; see Grace.
natitude. (F.-L.) ¥. gratitude.
— Late L, grdtitadinemy ace. oi grdtitOdoy
thankfulness. — L. grdtus y pleasing.
gratoitons, freely given. (L.) L.
grdtutt-usy freely given ; with suffix -ous.
From grdtus.
gratu ity, a present. (F. — L.) O. F.
gratuiti, * a free gift ; ' Cot. — Late L.
aao
QRATULATE
QRIDDLE
gratutWem, ace. of grdiuitSs.wm'L, gra-
tutius faboye).
gratnlatey to congratulate. (L.)
From pp. of L. grdtuldri, to wish a per-
son joy. As if for *grdti-tuldri \ from
L. grdtus, pleasing. Bmgm. i. § 986.
Chrave (i)> to cut, engrave. (£.) M. £.
grauen. A.S. grafan^ pt. t. ^^+Du.
graven^ Dan. grceoe^ Icel. grafa^ M. Swed.
grafuay Goth, graban, G. graben. Tent,
type *graban't pt. t. *grdb, Cf. Russ.
^r^^*, a tomb, grave. Der. grave, sb., a
thing cut or dug out ; A. S. graf.
Grave ( 2) , sad. (F. - L.) F. grave. -
L. grauem, ace. of grauis, heavy. + Goth.
kaurus; Gk. fiapvs, Skt. guru-, heavy.
Brugm. i. $ 665.
GraveL (F. - C.) M. E. grauel.'^
O. Y,gravele, dimin. of O. F^^rave, gravel.
Of Celtic origin ; from Celt, base *gravO',
as in Bret, grottan, gravel, Com. grow^
gravel, W. gro, pebbles.
Grayy. (E.) F oimtiXj greavy^ orig.
an adj. formed from greave (for greaves,
q.v.), refuse of tallow. Hence gravy is (i )
tallowy, (2) fat, gravy.
Gray. (E.) M.E. gr<^, grey. O.
Merc.^^, A. S. grag.'^Vu. graauw, Icel.
grdr, Dan. graa, Swed. grd, G. grau,
O. H. G. grd (gen. grSw-es). Teut. stems
*gr&g-^ *gr&itf'j <*gr&gwoz.
Gziue (i), to scrape slightly. (E.?)
Formerly grase. Apparently a peculiar
use of grau, to crop grass ; perhaps con-
fiised with rase, i. e. to scrape. See Base ;
and see Olanoe. (Doubtful.)
Graie (3), to feed as cattle. (E.) M.E.
grasefti vb. A. S. grasian.'^A. S. gras,
grass; see Graaa. Der. grass^i-er (cf.
oaw-y-er, law-y-er).
Grease. (F.-L.) M.E. grese, grece,
— A. F. greisse, craisse, fatness, Ps. xvi.
ID. « Late L. type *crassia.''h. crassus,
thick, fat. See Orasa.
Great. (E.) M. £. gret, greet A. S.
great,^t>u, groot^ G. gross, Teut. type
*grautoz.
Greaves (1), Graves, sediment of
melted tallow. (E.) E. Fries, grdfe ; pi.
gr&fen^ greaves.^'M. Swed. grefivar, dirt ;
IJuS'grefwar, Ut. * light-dirt, refuse of tal-
low in candle-making ; Swed. dial, grevar,
pi., greaves ; Low G. greven, greaves; G.
griebe, O. H. G. griubo, griupo.
Greaves (a), leg-armour. (F.) O. F.
greveSf 'boots, also greaves;* Cot. Cf.
Span, grebasy greaves, pi. of greba, — O. F.
greve^ Picard greve, the shank, shin.
Origin unknown.
Grel>e, a bird. (F.) F. gribe. Cot.
gives griaibe, * a sea-mew,* as a Savoyard
word. Of unknown origin.
Greedy. (E.) \.S, gr&dig, gredig,-^
Du. grettg, Icel. grdSugr, Dan. graadig,
Goth, gridags ; cf. Skt. grdhra-, greedy,
from grdh, to be greedy. The sb. greedy
hunger, answers to IceL graSr, Goth.
gredus, hunger ; Teut. type *grdduz.
Greexi. (£.) M.E, green. A.S,grgne,
4-Du. graen, Icel. grann, Dan. Swed.
griin, G. griin. Teut, type *grdnjoz,
earlier type ^gro-niz (Sievers). Cf. A. S.
gro-wan, to grow. Allied to Grow.
Green is the colour of growing herbs.
Der. greens^pl, sb. See Sward.
Greenga^et a green plum. Named
from Sir W. Gcfge, of Iiengrave Hall,
near Bury, before a. D. 1725. There is
also a biue Gage, a yellow Gage, and a
purple Gage,
Greet (I )) to salute. (E.) M.E. grelen.
A.S.grelan, to visit, address. +Du.^(0^/«9f,
G. griissen ; O. Sax. grotian. Teut. type
*grdt'jan- ; from the sb. *grdt't as in Du.
groet, G. gruss, a salutation.
Greet (a), to cry, weep. (E.) M. E.
greten. A. S. grcttan, gritan, +Icel. grdta^
Dan. grade, Swed. gr&ta, Goth, greian.
Gregarious. (L.) L. gregSrius, be-
longing to a flock. — L. greg', stem of grex,
a flock. 4*0. Irish graig, a herd of horses.
Grenade, a war-missile. (F.— Span.—
L.) Formerly also granado, which is like
the Span. form. Named from its likeness
to a pomegranate, being filled with com-
bustibles as that is with seeds. — E. grenade,
' a pomegranet, a ball of wild-fire ; ' Cot.
* Span, granada, the same ; granado, full
of seeds, ^h, grdndtus, full of seeds. — L.
gr&num, a grain; see Grain. Der.
grenad'ier,
Qreyz the same as Gray. y
Greynoimd. (E.) M,E, greihound, Y
grehound. A.S.grtghund; where grig- =^
grieg' (Icel. grey^, for Teut *graujO'.
Cf. Icel. greyhundr, a greyhound, from
Icel. grey, a dog, hundr, a hound; grty^
baka, a bitch. % Not allied to gray,
which is represented in Icelandic hy grdr,
Griddlep a pan for baking cakes.
(F. - L. ) Also girdle, M. E. gredil. -
O. F. gredil (Moisy, Diet, of Norman
patois), greil (Godefroy) ; cf. grediller,
vb., to grill (same), i- Late L. *crlUtculum,
aai
QRIDE
GRISLY
for L. crlUTculaj a gridiron, dimin. of
crd^is, a hurdle. Der. Hence M. £.
gredire^ a griddle, afterwards turned into
gridiron^ by confusion with M. E. ire—
£. iron. See Grill and Creel.
Gride, to pierce, cut through. (£.) See
Spenser, F. Q. ii. 8. 36. A metathesis of
gird, M. £. girdeftf to strike, pierce ; see
aird (2).
Oridiron ; see Griddle.
Grief. (F.-L.) U,li. grief, gnf,^
O. F. grief, gref burdensome, sad, heavy.
— L. grauis, heavy ; see Grave (2). Der.
grieve, vb., O. F. grever, L. graudre, to
burden; fiom grauis.
GrifELn, Griffon. (F. - L. - Ok.)
Better^yi^ii. M. E. griffon. — F. griffon ;
formed from Late L. griffus, a griffon. —
L. gryphusy extended form of gryps, a
griffon. *Gk. 7/)w^ (stem ypwr-), a griffon,
a fabulous animal supposed to have a
hooked beak. — Gk. ypviros, curved, hook-
beaked. % Confused with Gk. ySn/f, a
vulture.
Gri{fp a small eel, a cricket. (£.)
App. of imitative origin. Cf. crici, still
preserved in crick-et; Lowl. Sc. crick, a
tick, louse; Du. kriek, a cricket. % In
phr. 'as merry as 2l grig,' grig is for Greek
(Troil. i. 2. 118) ; Merygreek is a character
in Udall's Roister Doister ; from L. gra^
cSrt, to live like Greeks, i. e. luxuriously.
Grill, to boil on a gridiron. (F.— L.)
F. grilier, to broil. — F. gril, * a gridiron,'
Cot.; O. F. greil, grai/.^lAte"L. *crdti'
culum, for crSticula, a small gridiron
(whence F. grille, a grating). *L. cr&tis,
a hurdle. See Orate, Creel, and Griddle.
Grilse, the young salmon on its first
return from the sea to fresh water. (C. ?)
Said to represent Irish grealsach, the name
of a fish.
Grim, fierce. (£.) A. S. grim ; allied
to gram, fierce, angry, furious. + Icel.
grimmr, grim, gramr, angry ; Dan. grim,
grim, gram, angry ; G. grimm^ fiiry, gram,
hostile. From Tent, root ^grtm- (2nd
grade, *gram'>^. Allied to Gk. xp^\i^'
ri(€iv, to neigh, xP^f"!} XP^V^^t noise.
Brugm. i. § 572.
Grimace. (F.-Teut.) F. grimace,
* a crabd looke ; ' Cot. Of uncertain origin .
Perhaps from Icel. grimmr, Dan. grim,
grim, angry (above); cf. E. Fries, and
Low G. grimlaehen, to laugh mali-
ciously. Derived by Diez from Icel. grima,
a mask.
GrimaDdll,acat ("E^; partly 0,li.G.)
Prob. for gray Malkin, the latter being a
cat's name. Mcdkin^ Maid-kin, dimin.
of A. F. Mald= Maud, i. e. Matilda ; from
O. H.G. Mahthilt, Here »itfA/ = might;
hilt means battle. Cf. Macb. i. i. 8.
Grime. (Scand.) Swed. dial, grima, a
smut on the face; Dan. grim, griim,
lamp-black, soot, grime. Cf. Low G.
grimmeln, to become smutty; £. Fries.
gremen, to begrime.
Grin, to snarl, grimace. (£.) M. £.
grennen, A.S. grennian, to grin.+Icel.
grenja, to howl. Perhaps cf. Du. grijnen,
to weep, fret ; Dan. grine, to grin, simper,
Swed.^y»«tf, G.greinen (Noreen, § 149).
See Groan.
Grind. (£.) A. S. grindan, pt. t.
grand, pp. grunden. Allied to L. fren-
dere, to gnash.
Grip, sb. (K) M. E. gripe, A. S.
gripe, a grip; from the weak grade of
gripan (below).
gri^. (£.) A. S. gripan, pt. t. grdp,
pp. gripen, to seize. 4*1^^. grijpen, Icel.
gripa, Swed. gripa, Dan. gribe, Goth.
greipan, G. greifen. Tent, type ^greipan-,
pt. t. *graip, pp. *gripanoz* Cf. Lith.
graihyti, to grasp at
Grise, Grize, a step. (F.— L.) Also
spelt greeccy greese, &c. The proper
spelling is grees, and the proper sense is
'a flight ot steps,' though often used as
meaning a single step. Grees is the pi. of
M. £. gree, gre, a step. — O.F. gre, a step
(Roquefort) ; cf. F. de-gri, E. de-gree.^'L.
grmus, a step. Der. Prov. E. (Norf.)
grissens, steps ^gree-s-en-s, a treble plural.
Grisette, a gay young Frenchwoman
of the lower class. (F. - M. H. G.) F.
grisette ; named from the cheap gray dress
which they used to wear. — F. gris, gray ;
see GhriEBly.
GrisUn. (Scand.) The lit. sense is
' little pig,' now spine of a hog. Dimin.
from M. E. gris, a pig. — Icel. griss, a
young pig; Dan. griis, Swed. gris, pi^.
% Or is it for *gris-skin, where sktn
represents Dan. skinne, a splint? Cf.
Grizsly.
Grisled ; see GrlBsly.
Grisly, terrible. (£.) A. S. grfslic,
terrible. Formed with suffix -Re (like)
from gris-an (pt. t.grds), to shudder. E.
Fries, grtselik, terrible, from grtsen, to
shudder. 4* ^u* of-grij^i^lv^^ horrible ;
af-grijten^ horror.
aai
QRIST
GROUNDS
Grist, a supply of com to be ground.
(E.) A. S. grist. From the base of
GhrincL
gristle. (E.) A. S. gristel^ cartilage ;
allied to grist^ and A. S. grfstHtian^ to
gnash the teeth. From the base oi grind,
with reference to the necessity of cmtich-
ing it if eaten. So also Dn. Jknars^eu,
gristle, from knarsen, to crunch.
Grit, coarse sand. (E.) ^ormttly greety
A. S. ireoi, grit. + O. Fries, gret, Iccl.
grfot, G. gries. Allied to Orout, Groat
(I).
GrixsljfGviBsled, grayish. (F.-M.
H. G.) From M. E. grisel, a gray-haired
man. — F. gris^ gray. — M. H. G. gris, gray ;
cf. G,gretSy a gray-haired man.-f-Du.^r^>)
O. Sax. griSy gray.
Groan. (E.) M. E. gronen, A. S.
grdntatty to groan. Tent, type ^graitUfjan-y
from *grainy and grade of ^greitum-y as
in O. H. G. grtnafty G. greinen, to weep,
grin; Du. grijnen^ to weep. Perhaps
allied to Grin.
Groat (i)> a particle, atom. (E.) M.E.
grot, A. S. grot. From *grut-y weak
grade of *greut'' (as in A, S. greot). See
Grit, Grout.
Groat (a), a coin worth 4^. (Du. — Low
G.) M. E. grote, — M. Du. groote. — O.
Low G. grotty a com of Bremen ; meaning
'great,* because large in comparison with
the copper coins ^chwaren) formerly in
use there; c£ Du. groot, great, cognate
with E. great.
Groatii grain of oats. (E.) M.E.
grotes, A. S. grdtan, pi. groats; A. S.
Leechdoms, iii. 292.
Grocer. (F.— L.) Formerly ^^xj^ or
engrosser, a wholesale dealer.— O. F. gros-
ster, a wholesale dealer. — O. F. groSy great ;
see Gross. Der. grocer-yy formerly gros-
sery, .
grogi spirits and water. (F. — L.)
Short tor grogram ; it had its name from
Admiral Vernon, nicknamed Old Grogy
from his grogram breeches (ab. A. D.
'745) » l^c ordered the sailors to dilute
their rum with water.
grogram, a stuff. (F. — L.) Formerly
grogran, so called from its coarse grain. —
M. F. grosgrainy program. -■ O. F. groSy
coarse ; grainy gram.
Groin, the depression of the human
body in front, at the junction of the thigh
with the trunk. (Scand.) [Confused with
F. Cot. gives * groin deporc, the head or
upper part of the shoulder-blade,' and
groiny 'snowt of a hog.* The O. F.
groin also means 'extremity, headland.*—
Late L. type *grunmumy from "L.grun-
nirey to grunt.] It answers to prov. E.
grain, the place where the branch of a
tree forks, the groin (Drayton, Pol, i. 495).
— Icel. greiny a branch, arm ; Dan. greeny
Syrtd.greny branch, arm, fork. Der. groin-
edy having angular curves that fork off.
Gromwell, a plant. (F.-L.) For-
merly gromelle, grunulhy gromely grumel,
— O. F. gremily grenii, 'the herb gromil,
or graymil ;* Cot. Prob. from L. grdnunty
a grain ; from its hard seeds.
Groom. (Low G. or ¥. — Low G.)
M. E. gronie. Either from M. Du. grotn,
Icel. gromr, a boy, lad (Egilsson) ; or
from O. F. *gromey in the dimin. gromet,
a lad, boy, servant, valet (whence F.
gourmet) y which is prob. from the same
M. Du. grom. And see Bridegroom.
Der. grummet.
Groove. (Du.) Du. groefy groevey a
trench, a channel, a groove. — Du. graven
(pt t. groef), to dig; see Grave (i).+
M. E. grofe, a cave.
Grope. (E.) A.S. grdpiany to seize,
handle; hence, to feel ones way.— A.S.
grdpy and grade of gripan, to seize. See
Gripe.
Gross. (F.-L.) O. F. gros (fem.
grosse)y gross, great. — L>. grossus, fat,
thick.
Grot. (F.-Ital.-L.-Gk.) Y.grotte,
a cave. — Ital. grotta. — L. crypta, — Gk.
Kpvwriiy a vault ; see Orypt.
grotesque. (F. - Ital. - L. - Gk.)
F. grotesque, ludicrous. — Ital. grotesca,
curious painted work, such as was em-
ployed on the walls of grottoes. — Ital.
grotta (above).
grotto. (Ital. - L. - Gk.) Better
grotta. — Ital. grotta (above).
Chronnd. (E.) A. S. grund, + Du.
gnmd,G.grund; Goih, grundu', Teut.
type *grunduz; also *gruntAuz, whence
Icel. grunnry Dan. Swed. grund,
groundling, a spectator in the pit
of a theatre! (E.) From ground^ with
double dimin. suffix -l-ing, with a con-
temptuous force.
gronndSf dregs. (E.) So called
from being at the bottom. Cf. GaeL
grunndas, lees, from grunnd, bottom,
ground ; Irish gruntas, dregs, from grunnt,
3ie bottom.
Ui
GROUNDSEL
gronndsel, a small plant. (E.) Also
groundswell (Holland's tr. of Pliny). A. S.
giundeswelge^ as if * ground-swallower,*
but really from the older ioxvagundeswelgey
lit. ' swallower of pus/ from its supposed
healing qualities ; from A. S. gundy pus.
groundsill, threshold, (E.) From
ground and silly q. v. Also spelt grunsel
(Milton).
Group. (F.-Ital.-G.) Y, grmpe.^
Ital. groppo^ a knot, heap, group. — O.H.G.
kropfi a crop, wen on the throat, orig. a
bunch ; Low G. kropp ; see Crop.
Grouse, a bird. ^F.— L.~Gk.) Grouse
appears to be a fuse form, evolved from
the old word grice^ which seems to have
been taken as a pi. form (cf. mousey mice),
— M. F. griescJuy gray, speckled ; perdrix
grieschey the gray partridge, poule grieschty
^ a moorhen, the hen of the grice or moor-
game ; * Cot. The oldest form is greoches
(13th cent., in Litto^, s. v. griiche), variant
of Grieschty fern, adj., Greek. — Late L>.
Graeciscay f. of GraeciscuSy Greekish.-*
L. Graecus, Greek. — Gk. rpcuiv^v, Greek.
% The meaning was changed to < gray ' by
the influence of F. gris, grav.
Grout, coarse meal; GroutS, dregs.
(E.) M. E. grut. — A. S. griUy coarse
meal. Cf. Du. grut ; Icel. grautr, porridge,
Dan. grody Swed. groty boiled groats ; G.
grUtzey groats ; allied to Lithnan. grudaSy
corn ; L. ruduSy rabble. Cf. Grit.
Grove, a collection of trees. (£.) M.E.
groue (with ««»).— A. S. grOf, a grove.
Grovelf to fall flat on the ground.
(Scand.) Due to M.E. grovelingy pro>
perly an adv., signifying flat on the ground;
also spelt grojlingy groflingeSy where the
suflixes 'Hngy -linges are adverbial; cf.
head-longy aSirk'ling.^loA. grUfay in phr.
liggja a grUfUy to lie grovelling, symja a
grUfUy to swim on the belly; cf. also
grQfay gruflay to grovel; Swed. dial.
gruva, flat on one's frice, ligga & gruve, to
lie on one's face.
Grow. (E.) A, S. growcMy pt. X^greciWy
pp. growen,^T^}i, groeijeny Icel. groay Dan.
groe^ Swed. ^10. Esp. to produce ^oots,
as herbs; allied to Ghreen. "Dvr.groW'ihi
from Icel. groSry growth.
Growl, to grumble. (F.-Low G.)
Picard grouler.^Y^, Fries, grullen) cf.
Du. grolieHy to grumble; G. grollen, to
rumble; Norw. grykty to growl. (See
grol in Franck.)
Grub, to grope in dirt. (E.) M.E.
QUANO
grobben, Cf. E. Fries, grubbelfty to grope
about + Low G. grubbelny the same;
Qt^griibelny O. H. G. grudildn,to rake, dig,
grub. Allied to Orave (i).
Grudge, to grumble. (F.) M. E.
grocheny gruccheny to murmur. — O. F.
grouciery grouchery to murmur; Low L.
groussdrey A. D. 1358. ViohabXy gru-dggy
gru-nty groithl are all from the same imi-
tative base ; cf. Gk. fpvy a grunt.
Gruel. (F. -O. Low G.) O. F. gruel
(F. gruau), — Low L. *gruteUumy dimin.
of grOtumy meal. — O. Low G. gmty Du.
gruity grout, coarse meal ; see Grout.
Gruesome, horrible. (Scand.) Dan.
grusom, cruel. — Dan. grUy horror ; with
suffix -somy as in virk-som, active. Cf.
Dan. gruey to dread, gruelig, horrid.-f Du.
gruwzaamy G. grausam ; M. H. G. grusamy
grUwesamy from M. H. G. gruwey horror.
Allied to O. Sax. ^irwri, A. S. gryrey horror,
A. S. be-greosany to overwhelm with terror.
Gruf^ rough, surly. (Du.) Du. ^^
big, coarse, loud, blunt. 4" G. grob, coarse
(whence Swed.^vi^, Dan. gro^ ; O. H. G.
gerob ; E. Fries, gruffig.
Grumble, to murmur. (F.~G.) F.
grommeler (Cot). -• Low and prov. G.
grummeleny to grumble, frequent, of
grummcHy grommeUy to grumble ; M. Du.
grommeleny frequent of grommen. From
^grumm-y weak grade of Tent, ^gremman-y
to rage, as in M.H.G. and A. S.grimman^
to rage. Cf. G. gram, anger, and E. Chdxn.
Grame, a clot of blood. (F.— L.)
Rare. M . F.grumey a cluster. — L. grUmusy
a little heap.
Grummet, Gromet, a ship-boy, a
ring of rope. (F.— Tent.) 0,¥,gromel,
a serving-boy ; cf. Span, grumetey a ship-
bov.— M. T>vi.gromy a boy; see Qrooxn.
Grunsel ; see GrouncUill.
Grunt. (E.) M.E. grunten. .A. S.
grunnettany extension of A.S. gruniaUy
to grunt+Dan. ^y^)^^, Swed. ^T^^xv/a, G.
grunzen ; so also L,grunmre, Gk. yp^itiv.
All imitative ; cf. Gk. ypvy the noise made
by a pig.
Guaaacum, a kind of resin, from lig-
num vitae. (Span. — Hayti.) Span, guay-
acoy guayacaHy lignum vitae. From the
language of Hayti.
Guanaco, a kind of Peruvian sheep.
(Span. — Peruv.) Span, guanaco (Pineda) .
— Peruv. huanacuy a wild sheep.
Guano. (Span. -Peruv.) S^pui. guano,
huano. — Peruv. huanu, dung.
334
GUARANTEE
Ouavaatee, sb. (F. - O. H. G.) For-
merly gitaranty or garanty^ which are
better spellings. — O. F. garantte^ garran-
ii€f a warranty ; fern, of pp. of garantir^
to warrant. ^ O. F. garant, warant, a
wan*ant ; see Warrant. Der. guarantee,
vb. ; cf, F. garantir.
Guard, vb. (F.-O. LowG.) O.F.
garder^ earliest form warder^ to guard. ~
O. Sax. xvardon, to watch ; cognate with
A. S. weardian^ to watch, from weard^
sb. ; see Ward. Der. guard'tan ; see
Warden.
Ouava. (Span.-W.Ind.) Span.^ay-
aba ; borrowed from the native name in
Guiana.
Ondgeon. (F. -L. - Gk.) M. E. go-
iofte»^t\ goujon,*^!., g&dianem, ace. of
g^o, a by-form of ^iMf.-«Gk, iwfii6Sf a
gudgeon, tench.
Oueber, Oheber, a fire-worshipper.
(F.-Pers.) F. CPf^^fV. - Pers. gaSr, a
priest of fire- worshippers ; Rich., Diet.,
p. laaS.
Onelder-rOSe. (Dn.) Here guelder
stands for Gueldre, the F. spelling of the
province of Gelderland in Holland.
Ouardon, recompense. (F.— O. H. G.
and L.) O.F. guerdon (Ital. guidar"
don€),^Zjoyr L. widerdffnumf a singular
compound of O. H. G. widar, back, again,
and L. donum^ a gift. The word is really
a half-translation of the true form O. H. G.
widariony a recompense. Here imdar^-
G. wieder, back again ; and Idn (G. lohn) is
cognate with A. S. lian^ Du. looHy a
reward, allied to L. /u-crum, gain ; Brugm.
i. § 490. So also A. S. wiCer-iean, a
recompense.
Guerilla, Guerrilla, irregular war-
fare. (Span. — O. H. G.) Sptm* guerrii/a,
a skirmish, lit. 'little war;' dimin. of
guerra, war. ■- O. H. G. iverra, war ; see
War.
Gueee. (Scand.) M. E. ^jj^.—Dan.
gisse, Swed. gissa, to euess.+E. Fries, and
Du. gisseny Icel. gisAa ; N. Fries, gezze,
gedse. Allied to Dan. gfetfe, to guess ;
the Icel. giska may be {0T'*gii-skaj a deno-
minative vb. from a base *gii^isko; in-
genious, acute, from geta, to get, also,
toeuess. See Get.
Craeet. (Scand.) M. E. gest - Icel.
gesh-y Dan. giestt Swed, giisf,^ A, S, gast,
giest; Du. gast^ Goth, gasis, G. gast,
Teut. type *gastig\ Idg. type ^ghostis \
cf. Rubs. gost{e\ a guest, alien ; L. hostisy
aa
QULF
a stranger, also an enemy. Allied to
Hostile.
Guide. (F. - Ital. - Teut.) M. E.
gyden (also gyen). — F. guider^ to guide. —
\\xiX.guidare \ cf. O. F. guier. Span, guiar,
Thegu (for w) shows the word to be of
Teut. origin.— O. Sax. wtfau (A. S. wUan),
to pay heed to ; O. H. G. wtzan. Allied
to Wit. Cf. Guy*rope.
Guild, Gild. (Scand.) The spelling
guild indicates the hard g, M. £. gilde,
— Icel. gildiy a payment, a guild; Dan.
gilde. ^lQt\. gjalda (pres. t. geld), to pay;
cognate with A. S. geldan, to pay, yield ;
see Yield.4-Du.^7d^; whence G. ^'/(d&f.
Guilder, a Du. coin. (Du. — G.)
Adaptation of M. Du. gulden, ' a gilder,*
Hexham. From Teut. adj. type *gulthi'
noK, golden, from Teut. ^gulln'Om, gold.
See Gold.
Guile, a wile. (F. - O. Low G.) O. F.
guile. From a Low G. *wtli cf. A. S.
wtlf a wile (A. S. Chron. 1 1 a8). Der. de-
guile, vb., with E. prefix be- (-^y).
Guillotine. (F.) Named after a
French physician, y. /. Guillotin, died
A. D. 1814. First used, *i 79a.
Guilt, crime. (£.) M. E. gilt, A. S.
gylt, a trespass; also, a fine for a tres-
pass. Teut. type *gulliz, m. ; perhaps
related to A. S. geldant to pay, yield ; see
Yield.
Guinea. (African.) First coined of
African gold from the Guinea coast, A. D.
1663. Der. guinea'fowl (from Guinea),
% Th 
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