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I
1 *»k .^
•^ "3 0 ?
' ^i
Cfairenton {ptm Series
CONCISE
ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY
OF THE
ENGLISH LANGUAGE
SKEAT
HENRY FROWDE, M.A.
PUBLISHER TO THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD
LONDON, EDINBURGH, AND NEW YORK
A CONCISE
ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY
/
OF THE
ENGLISH LANGUAGE
BY THE REV.
.N.
WALTER W^^KEAT
LiTT.D., LL.D., D.C.L., Ph.D.
BLRINGTON AND BOSWORTH PROFESSOR OF ANGl6-SAX0N IN
THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE
NEW EDITION
RE-WRITTEN AND RE- ARRANGED
•Were man to live co-eval with the sun,
The patriarch-pupil would be learning still.'
Young, Night Thoughts, vii. 86
OXFORD
AT THE CLARENDON PRESS
1901
Oxford
PRINTED AT THE CLARENDON PRESS
BY HORACE HART, M.A.
PRINTER TO THE UNIVERSITY
• «
CONTENTS
■\
*->
PAGB
INTRODUCTION vii
Key to the General Plan of the Dictionary . . . xi
List of Abbreviations xii
^' CONCISE ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY OF THE
^ ENGLISH LANGUAGE i
:^ APPENDIX :
Q L List of Prefixes 624
11. Suffixes 630
HI. Select List of Latin Words . ' . . . 632
Select List of Greek Words 644
IV. Homonyms 647
V. List of Doublets 648
VI. Distribution of Words according to the Languages
from which they are derived . . . . .652
SUPPLEMENT 662
INTRODUCTION
The first edition of my ' Concise Etymological Dictionary of the
English Language' was published in 1882, and it has since passed
through several editions.
Each successive edition contained several corrections and additions,
in order that the work might be, to some extent, brought up to
date.
Meanwhile, numerous and important contributions have been
made, by many writers, to the study of Indo-germanic philology;
more exact* methods of analysing phonetic changes have been
adopted, and important advances have been made at many points.
Such works as Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of German, Franck's
Etymological Dictionary of Dutch, Godefroy's Dictionary of Old
French, the Modern French Dictionary by Hatzfeld and Darmesteter,
in addition to other highly important books such as the Comparative
Grammar of the Indo-germanic languages by Brugmann, have all
contributed to a much clearer and more exact view of the science of
comparative philology. Hence the time has come when partial
emendations of my Concise Dictionary, however diligently made,
have (as I fear) failed to keep pace with the requirements of
the present day; and I have accordingly rewritten the book from
beginning to end, making improvements in nearly every article,
whilst at the same time introducing into the body of the work
words which have hitherto necessarily been relegated to a con-
tinually increasing Supplement. The result is less a new edition
than a new book.
Since the year 1882 above-mentioned, a great advance has been
made in English lexicography. An entirely new edition of Webster
appeared in 1890, and The Century Dictionary, of which the publication
viii INTRODUCTION
was begun in 1889, was completed in 189 1. In both of these works my
name appears in the ' List of Authorities cited ' ; though it is seldom
expressly mentioned except in cases of considerable difficulty, where
the writer preferred not to risk an opinion of his own. But the chief
event during this period has been the publication of The New
English Dictionary on Historical Principles, the unique value of
which is even now too little understood and respected by the
general public. The first part of this great national work appeared
in 1884.
The chief difference between the second and later editions of my
Concise Etymological Dictionary and the present one can now be
readily explained. The former editions were mainly reproduced from
the first edition, at a time when, from the nature of the case, litde
help could be had from the works above-mentioned, owing to the
fact that they either did not exist or could not be much utilised.
But in the present work, I have endeavoured to glean from them all
their most important results. The* work has been collated with the
Century Dictionary throughout, and with the New English Dictionary
from A to H (excepting a small portion of G). I have endeavoured
to make good use of Kluge, Franck, Brugmann, and other autho-
rities ; and have gladly adopted a large number of corrections. In
particular, I have now marked the quantities of all the vowels
in Latin words, as this often throws much light upon Romance
phonology. And in many cases where the result is tolerably certain
I have given the primitive types of Teutonic and even of Indo-germanic
words.
In all former editions, I endeavoured, by help of cross-references,
to arrange derivative words under a more primitive form. Thus
ex-ate, in-cite, re-cite and resus-cii-ate were all given under Cite.
But experience has shewn that this endeavour was more ambitious
than practical, often causing needless delay and trouble. Hence the
only truly practical order, viz. an alphabetical one, has been here
adopted, so that the required word can now be found at once. But
in order to retain the chief advantages of the old plan, I have pre-
pared two lists, one of Latin and one of Greek words, which account
for a large number of derivatives. These will be found in the
Appendix, § III, at pp. 632 and 644.
I have much pleasure in mentioning two more circumstances by
which I have been greatly assisted and encouraged. Some few years
INTRODUCTION ix
ago, my friend fhe Rev. A. L. Mayhew was so good as to go patiently
through every word of the Concise Etymological Dictionary, making
hundreds of suggestions for improvement; and finally sent me the
copy in which all these suggestions were entered. They .have all
been carefully considered, and in a very large number of instances
have been fully adopted. Againj while the revises were passing
through the press, they were read over by Mr. H. M. Chadwick, M.A.,
Fellow of Clare College, Cambridge, author of * Studies in Old
English' published by the Cambridge Philological Society in 1899;
and his exact knowledge of Indo-germanic phonology has been
suggestive of many improvements. I have only to add, in justice to
these scholars, that they are not responsible for all the results here
given. In some few cases I have held to my own preconceived
opinion ; perhaps not always wisely. Still it was best that the final
form of each article should be left to the author's decision ; for the
reader is then sure as to where he must lay any blame.
Many articles which, in former editions, appeared only in the
Supplement have now been incorporated with the rest, so that the
number of words now explained (in alphabetical order) amounts to
more than 12,750.
Considerable pains have been taken to ensure accuracy in the
printing of the forms cited ; and I have received much help from the
care exercised by the press-reader. At the same time, I shall be
thankful to any reader who will kindly send me a note of any error
which he may detect. I have myself discovered, for example, that
under the word Cemetery the * Skt. p ' is an error for the * Skt. gu
A few belated corrections appear at pp. 662-3.
As I frequently allude to the ordinary vowel-changes in the course
of the work, I may note here those which are the most elementary
and common. They deserve to be learnt by heart at once.
ANGLO-SAXON. The most usual vowel-change is that produced
by the occurrence of an / or/ (which often disappears by a subsequent
contraction of the word) in the following syllable. Owing to this, we
X INTRODUCTION
frequently find that the vowels, as arranged in row (i) below, are
changed into the corresponding vowels in row (2).
{1) a, u {0), eay eo, 5, 3, «, ea, eo,
(2) e, y, te{y\ ze{y), ob, e, y, ie{y, O. Merc, e), ie{y).
Example \—fyllan, to fill, for *fulljan ; ftova/ully full.
Moreover, substantives and secondary verbs are often formed from
bases seen in the past tense singular, past tense plural, or past participle
of a strong verb, rather than from the infinitive mood Thus band and
bend are from the base seen in the A. S. band^ pL t. of bindan, to bind ;
whilst bundle is derived from that which appears in the pp. bund-en.
By way of distinction, I refer to bind- as the * prime grade,' to band-
as the * second grade,' and to bund- as the * weak grade.'
Lastly, our modem words of native origin belong rather to the
Midland (or Old Mercian) dialect than to the 'Anglo-Saxon' or
Wessex ; and Old Mercian employs a (mutated to e) where the A. S.
has ea^ and sometimes e for A. S.'^^.
ICELANDIC. This language abounds in somewhat similar vowel-
changes, but very few of these appear in English, But we must not
pass over the frequent formation of derivatives from the past tenses
(singular or plural) and the past participles of strong verbs. Thus
bait, Icel. beita, lit. * to cause to bite,' is the causal of bitay to bite ; its
form may be explained by the fact that the pt. t. of btta is beii.
Again, as regards the Romance languages, especially French, it
must be borne in mind that they are also subject to phonetic laws.
These laws are suflSciently illustrated in Mr. Paget Toynbee's trans-
lation of Brachet's Historical French Grammar. In particular, I may
note that most French substantives are derived from Latin accusatives ;
and that to derive bounty from bonitds (nom.), or honour from Lat.
honor (nom.), is simply impossible.
For fuller information, the reader is referred to my Principles of
English Etymology, First and Second Series ; the former deals chiefly
with the native, and the latter with the foreign elements of the
language. My Primer of English Etymology contains some of the
more important facts.
I subjoin a key to the plan of the work, and a list of abbreviations.
INTRODUCTION xi
KEY TO THE GENERAL PLAN OF
THE DICTIONARY.
§ I. Order of Words. Words are given in their alphabetical
order; but a few secondary derivatives are explained under some
more important form. Thus campaign is given under Campy and
cannon under Cane,
§ 2. The Words seleoted. The word-list contains nearly all
primary words of most frequent occurrence, with a few others that are
remarkably prominent in literature, such as unaneled. Homonymous
forms, such as bay (used in^z;^ senses), are numbered.
§ 3. Definitions. Definitions are omitted in the case of common
words ; but explanations of original forms are added wherever they
seemed to me to be necessary.
§ 4. Language. The language to which each word belongs is
distinctly marked, in every case, by means of letters within marks of
parenthesis. Here the symbol — or - is to be read as 'derived
from.' Thus Abbey is (F. -- L. — Gk. — Syriac) ; i.e. a French word
derived from Latin ; the Latin word being, in its turn, from Greek,
whilst the Greek word is of Syriac origin.
The order of derivation is always upward or backward, from late
to early, and from early to earlier forms.
The symbol + is employed to distinguish forms which are merely
cognate, and are adduced merely by way of illustrating and confirming
the etymology. Thus, bite is a purely English word, derived from the
Anglo-Saxon bitan. The other Teutonic forms, viz. the Du. bijteny
Icel. btta, Swed. bita, Dan. bide, G. beissen, and the other Indo-
germanic forms, viz. \j^\.,findere (pdLSefid-) and Skt. bhid, to cleave,
are merely cognate and illustrative. On this point, there commonly
exists the most singular confusion of ideas; and there are many
Englishmen who are accustomed to derive English, of all things, from
Modern High German / I therefore introduce this symbol + by way
of warning. It has its usual algebraical value of plus or additional]
and indicates 'additional information to be obtained from the com-
parison of cognate forms.'
xu
INTRODUCTION
The sjrmbol > means * older than/ or * more primitive than ' ; the
symbol < means ' younger than/ or * derived from/
§ 5. Symbols of Languages. The symbols, such as F.=French,
are not used in their usual vague sense, so as to bafBe the enquirer
who wishes to find the words referred to. Every symbol has a special
sense, and has reference to certain books, in one at least of which the
word cited may be found, as I have ascertained for myself by looking
them all out. I have purposely used, as far as was practicable, the
most easily accessible authorities. The exact sense of each symbol is
given in the list below.
§ 6. Boot4Si. In some cases, a word is traced back to its original
Indo-germanic root. The root is denoted by the symbol -v/, to be
read as *root.' Thus bear, to carry, is from \/BHER. Some of
these roots are illustrated by the lists in § III of the Appendix.
§ 7. Deri^tives. The symbol Der., i. e. Derivatives, is used to
introduce forms related to the primary word. Thus, under Act, I
note such derivatives as aci'ton, aci-ive, &c., which cause no difficulty.
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.
Arab. — Arabic ; as in Richardson's Per-
sian and Arabic Diet., ed. F. John-
son ; 1829. See also Devic*s Sup-
plement to Littre's F. Diet.
A. S. — Anglo-Saxon ; as in the diction-
aries by Bosworth and Toller, Ett-
miiller, and Grein ; in the Vocaba-
laries edited by T. Wright and Prof.
Wiilker; and in Sweet's Oldest
English Texts.
Bavar. — Bavarian; as in Schmeller's
Bayerisches Worterbnch ; 1827-
1837.
Bret. — Breton ; as in Legonidec's Bret.
Diet., ed. 182 1.
Bmgm. — Bmgmann, Gmndriss der ver*
gldchenden Grammatiky &c. ; vol. i.
(2nd ed.), 1897 ; vol. ii. 1889-90.
C. — Celtic ; used as a general term for
Irish,Gaelic, Welsh, Breton, Cornish,
&c.
Com. — Cornish; as in Williams' Diet.;
1865.
Dan. — ^Danish ; as in Ferrall and Repp ;
1861.
Dan. dial. — Danish dialects ; as in
Molbechy 1841.
Dn. — Dutch; as in Calisch and in the
Tauchnitz Dutch Diet. Middle
Dutch words are from Oudemans,
Hexham (1658), or Sewel (1754).
E. — Modem English; as in N. E. D.
(New English Dictionary) ; and in
the Century Dictionary.
M.E. — Middle English (, English from
the thirteenth to the fifteenth cen-
turies inclusive); as in Stratmann's
Old English Diet., new edition,
1891.
F. — French. Most of the forms cited
are not precisely modem French, but
from Cot. = Cotgrave's Dictionary,
INTRODUCTION
xiu
ed. 1660. This accounts for citation
of forms, such as F. recreation,
without accents; the F. accents
being mostly modem. Such words
are usually marked M. F. (Middle
French). See also the dictionaries
by Hatzfeld and Littr^.
O.F. — Old French; as in the dic-
tionaries by Godefroy, Bnrgny, or
Roquefort.
Fries. — Friesic ; as in Richthofen, 1840.
Gael. — Gaelic ; as in Macleod and
Dewar, 1839; ^^ Macbain, 1896.
G. — German ; as in Fliigel, 1883.
Low G. — Low German; as in the
Bremen Worterbuch, 1767.
M. H. G. — Middle High German ; as
in Schade, Altdentsches Worter-
buch, 1883.
O. H. G. — Old High German ; as in
the same volnme.
Gk. — Greek; as in Liddell and Scott^s
Lexicon.
Goth. — Mceso - Gothic ; as in Balg's
Glossary, 1887-9.
Heb. — Hebrew; as in Gesenitis' Dict.»
1893.
Hind. — Hindustani ; as in Forbes, Bate,
or Wilson's Glossary of Indian
Terms,
loel. — Icelandic ; as in Cleasby and Vig-
fusson, 1874.
Idg. — Indo-germanic ; the family of
languages which includes Sanskrit,
Greek, Latin, English, &c
Irish. — Irish ; as in O^Reilly, 1864.
Ital. — Italian; as in Meadows, 1857;
Torriano, 1688 ; and Florio, 1598'.
L. — Latin ; as in Lewis and Short, 1 880.
Late L. — Late Latin ; as in the latest
edition of Ducange ; by L. Favre,
1884-7. (Low L.-> Late L. words
of non-Latin origin.)
Lith. — Lithuanian; as in Nesselmann's
Diet., 1 85 1.
Low G. — Low German ; see under G.
above. |
Malay. — As in Marsden's Diet., 1813;
cf. Notes by C. P. G. Scott.
Mex. — Mexican; as in the Diet, by
Simeon, Paris, 1885.
M.E.— Middle English; s^ee under E.
above.
M. H. G. — Middle High German ; see
under G. above.
Norw, — Norwegian ; as in Aasen's Norsk
Ordbog, 1873.
O. F. — Old French ; see under F. above.
O. H. G. — Old High German; see under
G. above.
O. Sax.— Old Saxon ; as in the Heliand,
&C., ed. Heyne.
O. Slav. — Old Slavonic ; as in Mik-
losich, Etym. Diet., Vienna, 1886.
Pers. — Persian ; as in Richardson's Arab.
and Pers. Diet. ; or in Palmer's Pers.
Diet., 1876 ; cf. Horn, Neupersische
Etymologic, 1893.
Peruv. — Peruvian; as in the Diet, by
Gon9ales, Lima, 1608.
Port. — Portuguese ; as in Vieyra, 1857.
Prov. — Proven9al ; as in Raynouard's
Lexique Roman, and Bartsch's
Chrestomathie Proven9ale.
Russ. — Russian; as in ReifTs Diet.,
1876.
Scand.^-Scandinavian ; used as a general
term for Icelandic, Swedish, Danish,
and Norwegian.
Skt, — Sanskrit ; as in Benfey's Diet.,
1866.
Span. — Spanish; as in Neumann, ed.
Seaone, 1863; Pineda, 1740; or
Minsheu, 1633.
Swed. — Swedish ; as in the Tauchnitz
Diet.; or in Widegren, or in Oman.
Swed. dial. — Swedish dialects; as in
Rietz(i867).
Tent. — Teutonic; a general term for
English, Dutch, German, Gothic,
and Scandinavian.
Turk.— Turkish ; as in Zenker's Diet.,
1866-1876.
W.— Welsh; as in Spurrdl, 1861.
XIV
INTRODUCTION
OTHER ABBREVIATIONS.
ace. — accusative case.
adj. — adjective.
adv. — adverb.
A.V. — Aathorised Version of the
Bible, 1611.
cf. — confer, i. e. compare.
Ch. — Chaucer,
comp. — comparative,
conj. — conjunction,
dat. — dative case.
decl.« — declensional.
Der. — Derivative,
dimin. — diminutive.
f. or fem. — feminine,
frequent. — frequentative,
gen. — genitive case.
L e. — id est, that is.
inf. — infinitive mood,
interj . — interjection,
lit. — literally,
m. or masc. — masculine,
n. or neut. — neuter.
nom. — ^nominative case.
obs. — obsolete.
orig. — original or originally.
pi. — plural.
pp. — past participle.
prep. — preposition.
pres. part. — present participle.
pres. t. — present tense.
prob. — probably.
pron. — pronoun.
prov. — provincial.
pt. t. — past tense.
q. V. — quod vide = which see.
s. V. — sub verbo = under the word.
sb. — substantive.
Shak. — Shakespeare.
sing. — singular.
str. vb. — strong verb.
superl. — superlative.
tr. — translated, or translation.
trans. — transitive.
vb. — verb.
Some of the longer articles are marked off into sections by the use
of the Greek letters p, y. This is merely intended to . make matters
clearer, by separating the various statements from each other.
Notes at the end of an article are marked off by beginning with
the symbol H. XIV, XV, XVI, mean that the word was introduced
in the 14th, 15th, or i6th century, respectively. Hyphens are freely
introduced to shew the etymological division of a word. Thus the
word concede is derived from Lat. con-cedere ; meaning that concedere
can be resolved into con- and cedere. This etymological division is
often very different from that usually adopted in printed books when
words have to be divided ; thus capacious can only be divided, etymo-
logically, as cap-ac-i-ous^ because cap^ is the root-syllable ; whereas,
when divided according to the pronunciation, it becomes ca-pa-ci-ous.
Theoretical forms are marked by an asterisk preceding them. Thus,
under Barrow (i), the Teutonic type *hergoz, a hill, is the primitive
Teutonic form whence the A. S. heorg and the G. herg are alike de-
scended ; and under Beetle (2), the A. S. form lytel must have been
*hetel in Old Mercian.
INTRODUCTION xv
The symbols 8 and ]> are both written for /A. In Icelandic, J> has
the sound of /h in /Am, and 8 that of M in /ha/; but the M.E. and A.S.
symbols are confused. The M.E. symbol 5 commonly represents j^ at
the beginning of a word, and gh in the middle. A. S. short and long
vowels, such as a and a, are as distinct from each other as e and 17,
or o and « in Greek.
The distinction between the two values of A. S. long cb (as
made by Dr. Sweet in his A. S. Diet.) has been carefully observed.
Thus the A. S. a invariably represents the mutation of A. S. a (as
usual), and corresponds to Goth, at; but A. S. (^ represents the
Wessex sound corresponding to the Anglian and Kentish e^ and to
Goth, e. For example, heal is from A. S. h^Jan, cognate with Goth.
hailjan, G. heilen; but deed is from O. Merc, ded (Wessex ddd),
cognate with Goth, deds^ G. /ha/.
CONCISE ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY
OF THE
ENGLISH LANGUAGE
-M-
(E.)
(E.)
Here a- =
Here a-«
Ay indef; art (K) See An.
A- (i)y as in a-down^A.S, of dune,
(E.) Here a- -A. S. of\ see Of, Oflt
A^ (a), as in a-foot, (£.) For on
foot ; see On. % TUs is the commonest
valne of the prefix a-,
A- (3)> as in Orlong,
A. S. and- ; see Along.
A- (4)* as in a-rise.
A. S. a- ; see Arise.
A- (5), as in a-chievCy astringent. (F.
— L. ; or 'h.) Here a=F. prefix a = L.
a/, to ; see Ad-.
A- (6), as in a-vert. (L.) Here a-^
L. a; see Ab- (i).
A- (7), as in a-tmnd. (L.) Here a-mend
is for e-mend\ and «- « L. ^ or ^jt ; see Sz-.
A- (8), as in a-las. (F.) See Alas.
A- (9), as in a-byss, (Gk.) Here a- «
Gk. d- or dy- ; see Un-, Abyss.
A- (10), as in a-do, (£.) For at do\
see At, Ado.
A- (ii)y as in a-ware.
for M. £. ^-, J-, A. S. j^tf- ;
A- (la), as in a-vast,
houdvast\ see Avaat.
Ab- (i), prefix. (L.)
(E.) Here a- is
; see Aware.
(Du.) For Du.
, ,, ^ , , L. /i^, from;
cognate with £. ^; "see Of. In F., it
becomes a- or av- ; see Advantage.
Ab- (3), prefix. (L.) For L. a</, to,
by assimilation ; see Abbreviate.
Abaok. (K) For on hack. A S.
<mbac\ see A- (2) and Back.
Abaft. (£.) From the prefix a- (2),
and b'aft^ short for bi-afty by aft. Thus
a-b-aft-wi. by aft, i.e. at the part which
ABBEY
lies to the aft. Cf. M. E. biaften. Gen.
and Exod. 3377 ; A. S. beaftan. See A-
(2), By, and Aft.
Abandon. (F.-Low L.-O.H.G.)
M. £. abandounen, vb.— F. adamionner. —
F. d bandony at liberty ; orig. in the power
(of). •- L. adf at ; Low L. bandum, bannum,
an order, decree ; from O. H. G. ban,
summons, ban ; see Ban.
Abase. (F.-L.) 'M.^. abasen, from
A- (5) and Base ; imitating O.F. abaissier,
to lower.
Abash. (F.) M. £. abascAen, abais-
chen, abasen. — O. F. esbaiss-, stem of pres.
part, of esbair (F. ibahir)^ to astoni^.—
O. F. €5' ( as L. ex, out, very much) ; and
boAr, bahir, to cause astonishment, a
word of imitative origin from the interj.
bah ! of astonishment. % Sometimes con-
fused with abase in M. £. See Bashfiil.
Abate. (F.-L.) ^ M. £. abaten.-^
O. F. abatre. — Late L. *abbatterey to beat
down (as in Ital.). — L. ad^ to; and batere,
for baiuere, to beat. See Batter. % Hence
bate, for a-bate, Cf. Ab- (2).
Abbot. (L.-Gk.-Syriac.) M. E.
abbot y abbody A. S. abbod. — L. abbdt- (nom.
a^^),an abbot, lit. a father — Gk. d^/3as.
— Syriac abba, 9, father; Rom. viii. 15.
abbess. (F. - L. - Gk. - Syriac.)
M. £. abbesse.^O. F. abesse, abaesse, »
Late L. abbdt-issa. — L. abbot- (as above) ;
and 'issa = Gk. -ia<7a, fem. suffix.
abbey. (F. - L. - Gk. - Syriac.)
M. £. abbeye. — O. F. abeie. — Late L.
abbdt'ia. ^h, abbdt' (above).
ABBREVIATE
Abbreviate. (L.) From pp. of L.
addreuidre, to shorten. ••L. a^, for ai/,
to, by assimilation; and ireuis, short.
See Ab- (2) and Brief.
Abdicate. (L.) From pp. of L. ad-
dicdre, to renounce. » L. ah, from ; dicdre,
to proclaim. Allied to Diction.
Abdomen. (L.) L> abdomen (stem
abd5nnn'\ lower part of the belly.
Abduction. (L.) L. abductiomm,
ace. of ahducHOt a leading away.— L. 03-
ducere^ to lead away. — L. o^, from ; ducere,
to lead. Cf. Duke.
Abed. (£.) For on bed\ set Jl- (2)
and Bed.
Aberration. (L.) From ace. of L.
aberrdtio, a wandering from ; from pp. of
L. ab-errdre.^lj, aby from; err are ^ to
wander, err. See Err.
Abet, to incite. (F.-Scand.) O.F.
abeter^ to excite, set on (Godefroy). — F.
a- (Lat. ad') ; and O. F. beter^ to bait (a
bear), to set on, from Icel. beita^ to make
to bite, cansal of bita^ to bite. See Bait,
Bite. Der. bet^ short for abet, sb.
Abejrancey expectation, suspension.
(F. — L.) A. F. abeiance^ suspension,
waiting (Roq.)' — F. a \ and beanty pres. pt.
of O. F. beer (F. bayer\ to gape, expect
anxiously. — L. ad^ at ; and baddre^ to gape.
Abhor. (L.) L. ab-horrere, to shrink
from in terror.— L. ab^ from; horrere, to
dread. Cf. Horrid.
Abide (i), to wait for. (£.) A.S.
d-btdan ; from a-, prefix, and btdan, to
bide. See A- (4) and Bide.
Abide (2), to suffer for, pay for. (E.)
In Sh. ; corrupted from M. £. abyen, to
pay for, lit. to buy up, redeem.— A. S.
dbycgany to pay for. See A- (4) and Buy.
Abject, mean, lit. cast away. (L.)
L. aO'ieciuSy cast away, pp. of ab-icere, to
cast away. — L. ab, away ; iacere^ to cast.
Cf. Jet (i).
Aljure. (L.) L. ab'iurdre, to deny;
lit. to swear away from. — L. ab^ from ;
iurdre, to swear. — L. iur-^ from nom. iusy
law, right. Cf. Jury.
Ablative. (L.) L. ahldtmus, lit.
taking away. — L. ab, from; and latum
( = tldtuni)y to bear, take ; allied to tottered
to take. See Tolerate.
Ablaie. (E.) For on blaze \ see A-
(a^ and Blase.
Able, powerful, skilful. (F. - L.)
M. E. able, kahle.^O. F. habile, able, able.
— L. haJbilis, easy to handle, active. — L.
ABRIDGE
habere^ to have. Cf. Habit. Der. ability
from L. ace. habilitdtem.
Ablution. (F.-L.) F.; from L.
ace. ab'lutionem, a washing away. — L.
ablutus, pp. of edhluere, to wash away.—
L. ab, from ; luere, to wash.
Abnegate. (L.) From pp. of L. ab-^
negdre, to deny. — L. ab, from ; negdre, to
sav no. Cf. Negation. '
Aboard. (E.) For on board ; see A-
(2) and Board.
Abode, sb. (E.) M. K abood, delay,
abiding. Formed as if from A. S. dbdd^
2nd stem of dbidan, to abide. See Abide.
Abolisb. (F.-L.) F. aboliss-, stem
of pres. pt. of abolir.'^L, abolert, to
abolish.
Abominate. (L.) From op. of L.
ab-omindri, to turn away from tnat which
is of ill omen. — L. ab, away; dmin-, for
omen, an omen.
AborigineSf original inhabitants.
(L.) L. aborigines, the nations which,
previous to historical record, drove out
tlie Siculi (Lewis and Short). Formed
from L. ab ortgine, from the beginning;
where ortgine is the abl. of ortgo (Vergil,
^n. i. 642).
Abortion. (L.) From ace. of L.
abortio, an untimely birth. — L. abortus,
pp. of ab-oriri, to fail.— L. ab^ away;
oriri, to arise, b^[in. Cf. Orient.
Abonnd. (F.-L.) A. F. abunder,
O. F. abonder. — L. ab-unddre, to overflow.
— L. ab, away ; unda, a wave.
About. (E.) M. E. abuten, abouten,
A.S. dbUtan, onbiitan; short for on-be-
atan ; where be answers to E. by, and titan,
outward, is related to Ht, out. See A- (3 ),
By and Out.
Above. (E.) M.E. aboven, abufen,
A.S. dbufan, for on-be-ufan; where be
answers to E. by, and trfan^ upward, is
extended from Goth, uf, up. See A- (2),
By, Up. (A.S. ufauM^G. oben. A.S.
he-ufan = Du. boven,)
AbradCi to scrape off. (L.) L. tUf-
rddere, to scrape off.- L. ab, off; rddexe,
to scrape. Ber. abrasion (from L. pp.
abrdsus).
Abreast. (E.) Put for on breast;
see A- (2) and Breast.
Abridge. (F.-L.) M.E. abreggen.
A. F. abregger, O. F. abreger, cdtregier, to
shorten. — L. abbreuidre, to shorten. — L.
ab-, put for ad-, to; and breuis, short.
Cf. Brief. Doublet, abbreviate.
ABROACH
ACCLIVITY
Abvoaoh, to set. (£. and F.) Put
for to set on hroach\ see A- (a) and
Broach.
Abroad. (£•) M,^,abrood\'^vXioTon
brood\ lit. on broad ; see A- (2) and Broad.
AbrOifate. (L*) From pp. of L. ab-
rogdre^ to repeal a law. — L. ab, away;
romre, to ask, propose a law.
Abrupt. (L.) L. abruptus, pp. of
<tb-rumpere, to break off. — L. aby off;
runtpercy to break.
ADSCess. (L-) A gathering of humours
into one place; lit. a going away.—L.
abscessus, a going away ; abscess (Celsus).
— h,absc£ssuSf pp. of abs-cedere, to go
away. — L. abs, away; cedere, to go, cede.
Absoi&d. (L.) From L. ab-scindere,
to cut off.- L. abf off; scindere, to cut.
Der. abscissa, from fem. of L. abscissus,
pp. oiabscindere.
AbflCOndy to go into hiding. (L.) L.
abscondirCy to hide. — L. absy away; condere,
to hide. Condere is from con- {cum), to-
gether, and 'dere, to ^ put, allied to Skt.
dhdf to put. ( VDHE, to place ; Bmgm.
i. § 589.) See Do.
Absent, adj. (F.-L.) XIV cent.
O. F. absent, adj.— L. absent; stem of ab-
sens, being away. — L. ab^, away; -sens,
being, occurring also in pra-sens, Cf. Skt.
santyjpes. pt. otas, to be ; from ^ES, to
be. CfL Present, Sooth. Der. absence,
F. absence, L. absentia,
Absolllte, unrestrained, complete.
(L.) .L. absoiatus, pp. of cUf-soluere, to
set free.- L. ab, from ; soluere, to loosen.
absolve. (L:.) L. ab-soluere, to set
free Tabove). Der. absohU-iony from the
pp. above.
Absorb. (L.) L. absorbere, to swal-
low.—L. aJb, away; sorbere, to sup up.+
Gk. fio<^tiv, to sup up. (Brugm. ii.
§ 801.) Der. absorpt-ion, from pp. ab-
SOfptUSm
Abstain. (F.-L.) F. abstenir (O.F.
astentr), — L. abs-tinere, to refrain from. —
L. abSf from ; tenhy, to hold. Der. abs-
tinence, F. abstinence, from L. abstinentia,
sb. : abstent'ion, from the pp.
Abstemions. (L.) L. abstemius,
refraining from strong drink. — L. abs, fix>m ;
temetum, strong drink, whence iemu-lentus,
drunken.
Abstract. (L.) L. abstractus, pp.
of abs'trahere, to draw away.— L. aos,
awav ; trahere, to draw.
Aostmse. (L.) L. abstrususy diffi-
cult, concealed; pp. of abS'triidere, to
thrust away. — L. als, away; triiderey to
thrust. See Intrude.
Absurd. (L.) L. ctbsurdus, inhar-
monious, foolish.— L. aby from; surdus,
deaf, inaudible, harsh. Cfl Surd.
Abundance. (F.-L.) F. abondance,
— L. abundantia. See Abound.
Abuse, vb. (F.-L.) F. abuser, to
use amiss.— L. abHsus, pp. of ab-iitty to
use amiss.— L. ab, away (amiss); ^//,
to use.
Abut, to project towards. (F.— L. and
G.) O.F. abouieTy to thrust towards.—
L. ady to; O.F. boutery boter, to thrust.
See A- (5) and Butt (i).
Abyss, a bottomless gulf. (L.-Gk.)
Milton. L. abyssus, — Gk. Afiwraosy bottom-
less.-Gk. d-, short for dv-, neg. prefix;
and fivffffSsy depth. See A- (9), Un- (i).
Acaci&, a tree. (L.— Gk.) L. acacia »
— Gk. dKcucia, the thorny Egyptian acacia.
— Gk. dicir, a point, thom. (^AK.) See
Brugm. ii. § 52 (4).
Acaden^. (F. - L. - Gk.) F.
acad/mie.^L, academid," Gk. djeaHi/jfAtia,
a grove where Plato taught, named from
the hero Akademus,
Accede. (L.) L. cu-cedere, to come
towards, assent to. — L. ac- (for ad), to;
cederey to come, cede.
Accelerate. (L.) From pp. of L.
accelerdre, to quicken. — L. ac^ (for ad),
to ; celery quick. Cf. Oelerity.
Accent. (F. — L.) F. accent y sb. - L.
ace. accentupiy a tone.— L. ac- (Ibr ad);
cantusy a singing, from canere, to sing.
Accept. (F.— L.) F. accepter, ^h.
acceptdre, frequentative of ac-cipere, to re-
ceive. — L. ac- (for ad)y to ; capere, to take.
Access. (L.) L. accessusy a coming
unto. — L. accessuSy pp. of cu-cedere y to
accede.— L. ac- (for ad), to; cedere, to
come, cede.
Accident. (F.— L.) F. accident, a
chance event (Cot.). — L. accident- y base of
pres. pt. of ac-ciderey to happen. — L. cu-
(for <?</), to; cadere, to fall. Der. ac'
cidence, F. accidence, L. accidentia.
Acolftim. (L.) Formed from L. ac-
cldmdre, to cry out at — L. ac- (for a/),
at ; cldmdre, to cry out For the spelling,
cf. Claim.
AcoUvity. (L.) XVII cent. From
L. accRuitdtem, ace. of acctiuitas. — L. or-
(for cut) ; and cliu-us, sloping, a slope ; see
I<ean (x). (^KLEI; Brugm. i^ § 463.)
._i
ACCOLADE
ACME
AooolAdA, the dnbbing of a knight.
(F. -Ital. - L.) F. accollade, in Cotgrave,
ed. 1660 ; lit. an embrace roond the nedc,
then a salutation, light tap with a sword
in dubbing a knight. «Ital. accollata, fern,
of pp. of itccoilare, to embrace about the
neck (Florio). — L. ac- (for ad), to, about;
co//um, the neck.
Accommodate. (L.) From pp. of
L. accommaddret to fit, adapt. « L. M' (for
ad)f to; and commodus, fit — L. com- (»
cum)t with ; and modus, measure, mode.
Accompany. (F.-L.) F. accom-
pagner^ to accompany. — F. a (L. ad), to ;
and O. F. compaing, ■ companion ; see
Company.
Accomplice. (F.-L.) Put for a
complice ; a is the indef. art. — F. complice,
'a complice, confederate;* Cot. — L. ace.
complicem, from complex^ confederate, lit.
' interwoven.* « L. com- (cum), together;
and stem pUc', allied to plicdre, to weave.
Cf. Ply.
Accomplish. (F.-L.) M.E. acom-
plisen, * O. F. acomplis-, stem of pres.
part, of acomplir, to complete. — L. ad, to ;
' complete J to fulfil. — L. com' {cum), to-
gether ; plere, to fill.
Accord. (F.-L) A. ¥, acorder, to
agree. — Late L. accorddre. « L. ac- (for ad) ,
to ; and cord-, stem of cor, heart Cf.
Concord.
Accordion, a mnsical instrument.
(Ital. — L.) From Ital. accord-are, to
accord, to tune an instrument ; with suffix
'ion (as in clar^ion), '^Lats L. accorddre,
to agree. See above.
Accost, to address. (F.-L.) F.
accoster, lit. ' to go to the side of.* — Late
L. accostdre (same).'-L ac- (for ad), to;
casta, rib, side. See Coast.
Account, vb. (F. — L.) A. F. acounter,
acunter, — O. F. a, to ; confer , compter, to
count «L. ad\ and com-putdre, to com-
pute, from com- {cum), and putdre, to
think.
Accontre. (F.— L.?) F. accoutrer,
formerly also accoustrer, to dress, array.
£tym. quite uncertain ; perhaps from O. F.
coustre, coutre, a sacristan who had charge
of sacred vestments, from Late L. cusior
s L. custos^ a custodian, keeper.
Accretion, increase. (L.) From ace.
of L. accretiOf increase. •• L. accretus, pp.
of ac-crescere, to increase. — L of- (for ad) ;
crescere, to grow, inchoative form from
cie-are, to make. Cf. Create.
Accmef to come to by way of increase.
(F.— L.) From A. F. curu, O. F. acreu,
pp. of acroistre (F. accrottre), to increase.
— L. accrescere ; see above.
Accumulate. (L.) From pp. of L.
ac'cumuldre, to amass. — L. cu- {ad), to ;
cumuldre, to heap up, from cumulus, a
heap.
Accurate. (L.) From pp. of L.
accHrdre, to take pains with.*L. ac- {ad),
to ; cHrdre, to care for, from cura, care.
See Cure.
Accursed, cursed. (£.) Pp. of M.E.
acursicn. A. S. d; prefix ; and cursian,
to curse ; see A- (4) and Curse.
Accuse. (F.-L.) A.F.actiser,^L,
accusdre, to lay to one*s charge. «L ac-
{ad), to ; and causa, caussa, a suit at law,
a cause.
Accustom. (F.-L.) A.¥.acustu9ner
(F. accoutumer), to make usual. •F. a
(from L. ad, to) ; and A. F. custume,
custom. See Custom.
Ace, the 'one 'on dice. (F.-I Gk.?)
M.E.oj.-O.F.fltf.-Laj. [Saidtobethe
Tarentine &i, for Gk. cfs, one.]
Acephalous, headless. (Gk.) Gk.
&ici<pcLK-m, headless; with suffix -^Mf.-iGk.
d-, un- ; and «c0aX^, head. See A- (9).
Acerbity. (F.-L) XVI cent. F.
acerbity. — L. ace. acerHtdtem (nom. cLcer-
bitas), bitterness. — L. acer-b-us, bitter;
cf. dc-er, sharp, lit. piercing. •- L. ctcere, to
be sour.
Ache, verb. (£.) M.E. aJken, vb.;
pt. t. 00^. A. S. acan. (V^^i ^^ drive.)
^ Spelt acke by confusion with M. £.
ache, sb., from A. S. ipce, a pain. The verb
survives, spelt as the obs. sb.
Achieve. ( F. - L.) M. E. acheven. -
A. F. cuhever, to achieve ; lit. to come to
a head.— O. F. a chef, to a head.— L. cid,
to ; caput, a head. Cf. Chief.
Achromatic, colourless. (Gk.) See
A- (9^) and Chromatic.
Acid, sour, sharp. (F.-L; or L.)
F. acide.'m'L. ac-idus, lit. piercing. (^AK,
to pierce.) Der. acid-i-ty; acid-ul-at ed
(from L. acid-ul-us, dimin. oiacid-us).
Acknowledge. (E.) XVI cent.
M. £. knowlechen ; fi-om the sb. knowleche,
mod. E. knowledge', see Knowledge. The
prefix is due to M. E. aknowen ( » A. S.
oncndwan), with the same sense; hence
the prefix is A- (2).
Acme, top. (Gk.) Gk. &K'iKfi, top,
sharp edge. {j^AK, to pierce.)
ACOLYTE
Aeolytev a servitor. (F.— Low L.—
Gk.) F. acolyte^ Cot— Late l^acolythus,
■■Gk. &k6\ovBo5, a follower. — Gk. d-,
with (akin to Skt. sa-y with) ; k^Acv^os, a
path ; so that ijc6k€vOoi = a travelling-com-
panion.
Aconite, monk's-hood. (F. — L.—
Gk.) F. aconit'm'L, acont^um, "Gk.
dK6yTTov, a plant ; perhaps so called from
growing iv dxSvais, on steep sharp rocks.
- Gk. dK-6vijj a whetstone, sharp stone.
Acorn. (£•) M.E, acam. A,S.acerft,
fruit; properlv 'fruit of the field/ from
A. S. acer, a held ; see Acre.4*Icel. akam^
Dan. agem, Goth, akran, fruit ; from Icel.
akr, Dan. ag^r, Goth. aJkrs, a field. ^ Not
from oak.
AconirtiC. (Gk.) Gk. dKovcnicds,
relating to hearing (or sound). — Gk.
dxo^uvy to hear.
Acquaint. (F.— L.) M.£. acqueyn-
tefty earlier acmnien.^O.Y. tuointer,
acainiier, to acquaint with. —Late L.
adcognitdre, to make known (Brachet).—
L. ady to; and *cognitdrey formed from
cognttusy pp. of cognoscere, to know. See
Quaint.
Acquiesce. (L.) L. acquiescerey to
rest in.— L. ac- (for ad), to ; quiescerCy to
rest. See Quiet.
Acquire. (L.) L. acquirerty to get,
obtain. — L. ac- (for ad)y to; quarerey to
seek. Der. acqutsit-ion ; from pp. ac-
quJsitus,
Acquit. (F.-L.) M.£. aquiten.^
O. F. aquiter, to settle a claim ; Late L.
acquieidre.'m'L, ac- (for ad)y to; quietarey
vb., formed from qtiietiiSy discharged, free,
orig. at rest. See Quiet.
A(Bre. (E.) M. £. aker, A. S. acer.-^
Dn. akkeVy IceL akry Swed. akevy Dan. ager,
Goth. akrSy G. acker \ L. ager^ Gk. <l7p($s,
Skt. ajra, Teut. type *akroz ; Idg. type,
*agros. The orig. sense was 'pasture.*
(VAG."^ Der. acor-n, q. v.
Acrid, tart. (L.) Coined by adding
-</ to L. dcri-y stem of deer, sharp; on
the analogy of ac-id.
Acrimony. (F. ->L.) F. acrimoine.
— L. dcrt'fnon-i'a,"!^. dcri-y stem of deer
(above).
Acrobat, a tumbler. (F.-Gk.) F.
acrobate. - Gk. dxpSffaroSy lit. walking on
tiptoe. — Gk. SxpO'Vy a point, neut. of
dut'pot, pointed ; and Par6sy verbal adj. of
fiaSvuvy to walk ; see Come.
Acropolis, a citadel. (Gk.) Lit.
ADDRESS
' upper city.* — Gk. dnpo-Sy pointed, upper;
and nSKtSy a city.
Across. (£. a»^Scand.) Vox fin cross \
see A- (2) and Cross.
Acrostic, a short poem in which the
initial letters spell a word. (Gk.) Gk.
dKpoarixli.^GV, &Hpo-Sj pointed, also
first ; and urixosy a row, line, from weak
grade of artixto't to go. (-^ STEIGH.')
Act, sb. (F. — L.) F. ac/e,"h. actusy
m., and acium, n. — L. actus, done ; pp. of
<7^^r^,to do,drive. See Agent. "Der, act'
ion ; act-ive (F. cutif) ; act-or; act-u-al (L.
cutudlis) ; act-uary (L. actudrius) ; act-u-
ate (from pp. of Late L. actudtey to per-
form, put in action).
Acumen. (L.) L. ac-U'inetty sharp-
ness, acuteness. Cf. acuere, to sharpen.
Acute. (L.) L. acutuSy sharp ; pp. of
ac-u-erey to sharpen. (^AK, to pierce.)
Ad-y prefix. (L.) L. ady to, cognate
with £. At. %'L. ad becomes ac' before
c ; of- bef./; ag- bef. gi al- bef. / ; ««•
bef. n ; ap- bef. / ; ar- bef. r ; as- bef. 5 ;
a/- bef. /.
Adage, a saying. (F.-L.) ¥. adage.
— L. addgium. ^L, ad; and dgium, a say-
ing ; cf. didy I say.
Adamant. (F. - L. - Gk.) M. £.
adamaunty a diamond, a magnet. — O.F.
adamant. — L. adamantay ace. of adamas.
— Gk. dSafuxr, a very hard metal or stone ;
lit. * unconquerable.' — Gk. d- ( — £. un-) ;
and lapAniy I conquer, tame. See Tame.
Adapt. (F.-L.) £arly XVII cent. -
F. adapter. "'L. adaptdre, to fit to. — L.
ad, to ; aptdrey to fit, from apttiSy fit, apt.
Add. (L.) M. £. adden."\,. adderey
lit. to put to.— L. cui\ and -derey to put.
See Abscond.
Adder, a viper. (£.) M. £. addere;
also naddere, neddere. \An adder resulted
from a nadder, by mistake.] A. S. n^drCy
ndddrey a snake.^-G. natter y a snake; also
cf. Icel. na^ry Goth, nadrs (with short a).
Addict. (L.) From L. addict-uSy pp.
of ad-dicere, to adjudge, assign. — L. ady
to ; dicere. to say, appoint. Cf. Diction.
Addlea, corrupt, unproductive. (£.)
Due to an attributive use of the M. £. sb.
adely filth, used in the compound cuiel-eyy
lit. * filth- egg* — Late L. ovum urinciy
urine-egg; mistaken form of L. duum
urtnuniy wind-egg, due to Gk. o^qv a/of,
wind-egg. Orig. *mud,* from A.S. adelay
mud (Grein). Cf. Low G. adely a puddle.
Address, vb. (F.-.L.) F. adresser.
ADDUCE
ADROIT
— F. a, to; dresser f to direct, dress; see
Dress.
Adduce. (L.) L. ad-dtlcere, to lead
to, bring forward. » L. ad^ to ; diicere, to
lead, bring.
Adept, a proficient. (L.) L. adept us ^
one who has obtained proficiency ; pp. of
adipisciy to obtain. ^L. ad, to; apisci^ to
obtain, perhaps related to apttis, fit.
Cf. Apt.
Adequate. (L.) L. adaqudtus, pp.
of adaqudre, to make equal to. *L. ad,
to ; aqudre, to make equal, from aqtmSy
equal.
Adhere. (L.) L. ad-harerey to stick
to. — L. ady to; harere, to stick.
Adieu, farewell. (F.) M.E. a dieu.
— F. ^ dieu, (I commit you) to God. — L.
ad Deum, to God. See Deity.
Adipose, fatty. (L.) Late L. adi-
posusj fatty. — L. adip-, stem of adeps, sb.,
fat. Connection with Gk. &\^vpa, fat, is
doubtful.
Adit, access to a mine. (L.) L. adit'Us,
approach, entrance. — L. adit-um, supine of
ad'tre, to go to. — L. ad, to ; ire^ to go.
A^acenti near to. (L.) From base
of pres. pt. of L. ad-iacere, to lie near. —
L. ad, near ; iacere, to lie.
Adjective. (F.-L.) Y.adjectifiS^m,
'ive). — L. ad-iecttuus, lit. put near to. —
L. ad-iectus, pp. of ad-icere, to put near. —
L. ad, to ; iacere, to cast, throw.
Acyoin, tolienextto. (F.-L.) O.F.
adjoindre, » L. ad-iungere (pp. adiunctus),
to join to. M L. ad, to ; iungere, to join.
Acyoum, to put off till another day.
(F. — L.) O. F. ajomer, properly to draw
near to day, to dawn ; also, to appoint a
day for one. — Late L. adjurndre, 'diem
dicere alicui;' Ducange.— L. ad, to; and
Late h.jurnus {Ital.giomo), a day, from
L. adj. diurnus, daily. — L. dies, a day.
Adjudge. (F.-L.) M.£. adiugen\
also aiugen {=^ajugen),^0. F. ajiiger, to
decide. — L. adiUdicdre, to award. — L. ad,
to ; iadicdre, to judge, from iodic-, base
of index, a judge. See Judge.
A^udicate. (L.) From pp. of L.
adiUaicdre (above).
Adjure. (L.) L. ad-iUrdre, to swear
to ; in late L., to put to an oath. — L. ad,
to ; iUrdre, to swear. See Jury.
AcUust, to fit exactly. (F.-L.) From
F. adjuster, * to adjust, place justly ; * Cot.
L. ad, to ; iustus, just, exact ; see Just.
% A new F. formation, due to misunder-
standing the sense of O. F. ajoster, to
put side by side, arrange. — L. ad,Xo't and
iuxtd, near ; see Joust.
Ac^utant, lit. assistant. (L.) From
L. adiatant-em, ace. of pres. part, of
adiatdre, to assist, frequent, of ad-iuudre,
to aid. — L. ad, to ; iuudre, to help. Cf.
Aid.
Administer. (F.— L.) M. £. a;/»;»-
istren. — O. F. aministrer, — L. ad-minis'
irdre, to minister (to). — L. cui, to ; miniS'
trdre, to serve, from minister, a servant.
See Minister.
Admiral. (F. — Arab.) M. £. ad-
miral, more often amiral, — O. F. amiral,
amirail, also amire ; cf. Low L. admi-
raldus, a prince, chief. — Arab, amtr, a
prince; see Emir. The suffix is due to
Arah. al in amir-al-dahr, prince of the sea.
Admire. (F.-L.) ¥, admirer {O.F.
amirer).^L, admirdri, to wonder at.—
L. ad, at ; mirdri, to wonder.
Admit. (L.) L. ad-mittere, to let
to, send to. — L. ad, to ; mittere, to send.
Der. admisS'ion ; from pp. admiss-us.
Admonisli. (F.— L.) M.E. amon-
esten ; so that admonish has taken the
place of amonest, with changed suffix due
to verbs in -ish. * I amoneste or wame *";
Wyclif, I Cor. iv. 14. — O.F. amonester.wm
Late L. admonestdre, new formation from
L. admonere, to advise. — L. o^/, to; mohere,
to advise. Cf. Monition.
A-do. to-do, trouble. (£.) M. £. cU
do, to do ; a Northern idiom, whereby at
was used as the sign of the infin. mood, as
in Icel., Swedi^, &c. See Do (i).
Adolescent, growing up. (L.) L.
adolescent-em, ^Qx^ of pres. pt. oi ad-olescere,
to grow up. See Adult.
Aiopt. (L.) L. ad-optdre, to adopt,
choose. — L. du/, to ; optdre, to wish.
Adore. (L.) L. ad-or&re, to pray to.
— L. ad, to ; ordre, to pray, from os (jgen.
or-is^, the mouth. Cf. Oral.
Adorn. (L.) L^ ad-omdre, to deck.
— L. ad, to ; omdre, to adorn.
Adown, downwards. (£.) M. £.
aduTie. A. S. of-dUne, lit. from a down or
hill. — A. S. of, off, from ; and dUne, dat.
of dan^ a hill ; see A- (i) and Down (2).
Adrift. (£.) For on drift-, see A-
(2) and Drift.
Adroit. (F. — L.) F. od&viV, de3cterous.
-F. a droit, rightfully. -F. h (L. «/)> to;
Late L. directum, right, justice, neut of
L. directus, pp. of di-rigere, to direct,
ADULATION
from L. di- (for </m-)j apart, and regere^ to
rule.
Adulatioily flattery. (F.-L.) F.
adulation, ^la, ace. aduldtidnem, from
aduldtiOy flattery.— L. aduldtus^ pp. of
aduldrl^ to flatter.
Adult. (L.) L. adultus, grown up ;
pp. of ctd-olescere, to grow up. — L. ad^ to ;
*oUscere, inceptive form related to alere, to
nourish ; see Aliment
Adulterate, to corrupt. (L.) XVI
cent. — L. ctdulierdtus, pp. of aduUerdre, to
corrupt. — L. adulter^ an adulterer, a de-
baser of money.
Adultery. (F.-L.) M.E. avouiri€\
but a later form was adulterie, in imita-
tion of Latin . Cf. O. F. avoutrie, avouterie,
adultery; from cn/outref an adulterer,
which represented L. adulter (see above) ;
so that avoutrie was equivalent in sense to
L. adiilterium^ adultery.
Adumbrate. (L.) From pp. of L.
ad-umbrdre^ to shadow forth. — L. ad^ to ;
umbra, a shadow.
Advance, to go forward. (F. - L.)
XVI cent. A mistaken form ; for M. E.
auancen, avanccn, — F. avancer^ to go for-
ward or before. — F. avant, before. — L. ab,
from ; ante^ before. See Ante-, Van.
Advantage, profit. (F.-L.) Amis-
taken form for M. £. avantage. — F. avant-
age ; formed with suffix -^ge from avant,
before ; see above.
Advent, approach. (L.) "L.aduentus,
approach. oL. aduentus, pp. of ad-uentre,
to approach. <-L. ad, to; uentre, to come.
Cf. Venture.
Adventnre. (F.-L.) MJS,.aventure;
with F. a- replaced by L. ad-. — F.
aventure, a chance, occurrence.— L. ad-
nentura, fem. of aduenturus, about to
happen, fut. part, oiaduenire, to approach;
see above.
Adverb. (F.-L.) Used to qualify a
verb. F. adverbe, — L. aduerbium, - L. ad,
to ; uerbum, a word, a verb.
Adverse. (F.-L.) l/L.Y,advers{0.¥.
awrs).^h, aduersus, turned towards, also
opposed to ; pp. of L. aduertere, to turn
to (see below). Der. adver's-ary, adversity.
Advert. (L.) L. ad-uertere, to turn
to, regard, heed. — L. ad, to; uertere, to
turn ; see Verse. Der. in-advert-ent, not
regarding.
Advertise. (F. - L.) M. £. avertisen,
later advertise. From the base of aver-
tiss-ant, pres. pt. of avertir, to inform,
AFFECT
warn. — Late L. aduertere, put for L. aduer^
tere, to turn to, heed ; see above.
Advice. (F.— L.) M.E. auis {avis),
without d. — O. F. avis, an opinion ; orig.
a compound word, put for a vis, i. e. ac-
cording to my opinion. — L. ad, according
to ; uisum, that which has seemed good
to one, orig. neut. of utsus, pp. of uidere,
to see.
Advise. (F. — L.) M. E. aduisen, also
auisen {avisen), without d. — O. F. aviser,
to be of opinion. — O. F. avis (above).
Advocate, sb. (F.-L.) M. F. advocat,
*an advocate;* Cot. — L. aduocdtus, an
advocate, one 'called upon* to plead.—
L. aduocdtus, pp. of ad-uocdre, to call to,
call upon. — L. ad, to ; uocdre, to call.
Advowson. (F.-L.) A. F. avoeson,
also advouson, patronage ; hence the right
of presentation to a benefice (Roquefort).—
Late L. aduocdtionem, ace. of aduocdtio,
patronage. — Late L. aduocdtus, a patron ;
the same as L. aduocdtus, an advocate.
Adse, a cooper's axe. (E.) M. E. adse,
adese. A. S. cidesa, an adze.
Aerial. (L. — Gk.) Formed with sufiix
-a/ from L. aSri-us, dwelling in the air.—
L. aUr, air. — Gk. d^p, air ; see Air.
Aerolite^ a meteoric stone. (Gk.)
Also (Urolith, which is a better form.—
Gk. dfpo-, from di7/>, air ; XiO-os, a stone.
Aeronaut, a balloonist. (F.— Gk.)
F. a/ronaute, ^Gk, aipo-, from daip, air;
vavT'Tjs, a sailor, from vaw, a ship.
Aery, an eagle's nest, brood of eagles or
hawks. (F. — Late L.) — F. aire, * an airie
or nest of hawkes ; * Cot. — Late L. drea, a
nest of a bird of prey ; of uncertain origin.
U Sometimes misspelt eyry, by confusion
with M. E. ey, an egg ; see Egg.
JSsthetic, refin^. (Gk.) Gk. alcBij'
tik6s, perceptive. — Gk. olaOiaBai, to per-
ceive. (VAW ; see Brugm. ii. § 841.)
anSBStbetiCf relieving pain, dulling
sensation. — Gk. dv-, not ; and cXaOrfriK&s,
Afar. (E.) Yotonfar,
Affable. (F.-L.) ¥ , affabh.^l.. affd-
bills, easy to be spoken to. — L. af-^ad,
to ; fdrl, to speak.
Affair. (F.-L.) M. E. a^tfr<?.-O.F.
afeire, afaire, a business ; orig. a /aire,
i. e. (something) to do. - L. ad, to ; facere,
to do.
Affect. (L.) L. affectdre, to apply
oneself to (hence, to act upon) ; frequent, of
afficere, to aim at, treat. —L. a/- « ad, to ;
facere, to do, act. Der. dis-affect.
AFFEER
AGATE
Affeor, to assess, confirm. (F. — L.)
O. F. afeurer, to fix the price of a thing
(officially). — Late L. affordre, to fix a
price. ^\j,af' (for ad) ; Bud forum, market,
price.
Affiance. (F.— L.) O.F.^«<:^, trust;
cf, affierj ajier, to trust (whence E. affy). —
►' O. F. fl (L. ad)y to; wa^fidant', stem of
Eres. pt. of Late L. fiddre, to trust, from
ufidere, to trust. Cf. Late 1^. fidantia^
a pledge.
Affidavit, an oath. (L ) Late L. affi-
dduitf 3 p. s. pt. t. of affiddrty to pledge. —
h. a/' ^ ad, to; Late V,.fiddre^ for L.fiderey
to trust.
Affiliation. (F.-L.) F. affiliation,
an adoption as a son. — Late L. ace. afftlid-
tionem. — L. a/"- = ad, to ; ftlius, a son.
Affinity. (F.-L) F. affinitl^U
affinitdiem, ace. of affinitas, nearness. — L.
affiniSf near, bordering on. •■ L. af- (for adj,
to, near; /)»«, boundary, end.
Affirm. (F.-L.) M. E. affermen.'^
O. F. afermer, to fix. — L. affirntdre, — L.
(rf- (for flrf;, to ; fimidre, to make firm,
Kom firmus, strong ; see Firm.
Affix. (L.) Late L. o^^/*^ (Ducange),
frequent, of L. afftgere (pp. affix-us), to
fasten to.— L. a/"- (for ad), io\figere, to fix.
Affiiot, to harass. (L.) XVI cent. — L.
affiictuSf pp. of affligere, to strike to the
ground. — L. o/^ (for ad) , to ; KtAfligere, to
dash . So also conflict, from pp. con flic tus ;
inflict ; and cf. proflig-ate.
Affinence. (F.-L.) F. affluence.^
L. affluentia, abundance. — L. affluent-em
(ace.), flowing towards, pres. part, of
affluere, to flow to, abound. — L. af- (for
€Ld\ to ; fluere, to flow. •
Afford. (E.) Altered from aforth,
M.E. aforthen, to provide, P. PI. B. vi.
20I. — A. S. geforiiian,fordian, to further,
promote, provide. ■- A. S. ge-, prefix ; and
for8, forth, forward ; see Forth.
Afeay, to frighten. (F. - L. and Tent.)
XIV cent. M. E. affrayen. — O. F. effraier,
esfreUr, to frighten. — Low L exfriddre, to
break the king's peace, cause an affray or
fray; hence, to disturb, frighten. — L. ex\
and O. H. G.fridu {G,friede), peace. (See
Romania, 1878, vii. lai.) Der. affray, sb.,
also spelt /my ; and afraid, q. v.
Affreightment, the hiring of a vessel
to convey cargo. (F. — L. and G.) An
E. spelling of F. affretement^ now written
affritement, the hiring of a ship. — F.
affreter (now affriter), to hire a ship. — F.
af, for L. ad', prefix ; and F. fret, the
freight of a ship. See Fraught, Freight.
AiUgllt, to frighten. (E.) The
double/is late. From M. E. af right, used
as a pp., affrighted. — A. S. dfyrht, dfyrhted,
pp. affrighted; from infin. dfyrhtan (not
used). — A. S. d-, intensive; 2S16. fyrhtan,
to terrify, iiomjyrhto, fright ; see Fright.
Affront. (F.-L.) IIL.1S,, afronten.^
O. F. afronter, to confront, oppose face to
face. — Late L. affrontdre. — L. af (for ad),
to ; front-em, ace. of from, forehead,
brow.
Afloat. (E.) For on float.
Afoot. (E.) For on foot.
Afore. (E.) For on fore \ A. S. on*
foran, afore.
Afraid. (F.-L. and Teut.) Orig.
affrayed, i. e. 'frightened.' Pp. of Affiray,
q.v.
Afresll. (E.) For on fresh or of fresh ;
see Anew.
Aft, After. (E.) A. S. ceftan, be-
hind; cefter, after, both prep, and adv.4-
Icel. aptan, behind, aptr, ^/r, backwards;
Dan. and Swed. efter, Du. achter, O. H. G.
aftar, prep, and adv. behind. |3. Aftan
is extended from Goth, af, off; see Of.
After is a comp. form, likeGk. iwca-Tipa),
further off; it means more off, further off,
hence behind. Der. ab-aft, q v. ; after-
ward (see Toward).
Aftermath, a second crop of mown
grass. (£.) Here after is an adj. ; and math
means *■ a mowing,' unaccented form of
A. S. map. Allied to Mead, Mow. Cf.
G. mahd, a mowing ; nachmahd, aftermath.
Aftermost, hindmost. (E.) A. S.
aftemesty Goth, aftumists; but affected
by after and most. The Goth, af-tu-m-
ists is a treble snperl. form. See Aft.
Affa, Agha, a chief officer. (Turk.)
Turk, aghd, master.
Again. (North E.) Cf. M.E. ayein,
aTsT ongegn {ongean)," h.S. on; and
gegn, of which the primary meaning seems
to have been * direct,* or * straight.'
(N.E.D.)+Dan. igien, Swed. igen, again.
Uainst. (North E.) The t is added.
CfTM. E. ayeines, against ; extended from
M. E. ayein, against, with adv. suffix -es.
— A. S. ongean, against ; the same as A. S.
ongean, ongegn, again ; see above.<4-Icel.
t gegn, G. entgegen, against.
Aimte. (F. - It. - L. - Gk.) O.F. agate,
agcUhe. — Ital. agcUa, agcUha, an agate
(Florio). — L. achdtem, ace. ot achates, m.
8
AGE
Gk. axortjs, an agate ; so named from being
found near the river Achates (Sicily).
Age. (F. — L.) O. F. aage, edage, -i Late
L. atdticum, -• L. atdti', stem of aids (from
*aui'ids)f age.— L. auum, life, period. 4-
Gk. alar; Goth, aiws; Skt dyus, life.
Brugm. ii. § 1 1 a .
Agent. (L.) XVI cent. L. agent-,
stem of pres. pt of agere (pp. actus), to do,
drive, conduct. "fOk. aycty ; Icel. aka ; Skt.
aj\ to drive. (^ AG.)
Agglomerate, to mass together. (L.)
From pp. of L. agglomerdre, to form into
a mass. — L. ag- ( ■> ad) ; and glonur', stem
of glomus, a mass, ball, clue of thread,
allied Xq globus, a globe; see Qlobe.
Agglutinate. (L.) From pp. of
aggUitindre, to glue together. — L. dtg'-
( ^ fl</), to ; glutin-, "for gluten, glue.
Aggrancmie. (F.-L.) M.Y.aggran-
diS', stem of pres. pt. of aggrandir, to
enlarge. Also agrandir (with one ^) . — F.
0 (for L. odf) ; and grandir, to increase,
from L. grandlre, to enlarge, which is
from L. grandis, great.
Aggravate. (L.) From pp. of L. ag-
graudre, to add to a load. — L. ag- {=ad),
to; graudre, to load, from grauis, heavy.
Aggregate. (L.) From pp. of L. ag-
gregdre, to collect into'a flock. — L. ag- (for
od), to ; greg', stem oigrex, a flock.
Aggress, to attack. (F.~L.) M.F.a^-
gresser.^h. aggressits, pp. of aggredi, to
assail.— L. a^- (for ad), to; ^od^f, to ad-
vance.
Aggrieve. (F.— L.) M.JL,agreveft.^
O. t . agrever, to overwhelm. — O. F. a, to ;
grever, to burden.— L. oflf, to;^j«<?r^, to
weigh down, from grauis, heavy, grave.
See Grave (2).
Agliast, horror-stmck. (£.) Misspelt
for agast, which is short for agasted, pp. o^
M. E. agasten^ to terrify ; Ch. C. T. 2341 ;
Leg. of Good Women, Dido, 248. — A. S.
a-i prefix ; and gctstan, to terrify, torment.
p. A. S. gSstan is from the base gas- =
Goth, gats- in us-gais-jan, to terrify. (^
GHwAIS.) Brugm. ii. § 802.
Agile. (F.-L.) XVI cent. F. agile,
—L. tigilis, nimble; lit. easily driven
abont— L. agere^ to drive.
Agistment, the pasturage of cattle
by agreement. (F. — L.) From the F. vb.
agister, to assign a resting-place. — F. a
( ^ V,,ad)^,o ; and 0.¥,giste, a couch, lodg-
ing, verbal sb. from O. F. gesir (F. gisir),
to lie, from L. iacere, to lie.
AGREE
Agitate. (L.) L. agitdtus, pp. pf
agitdre, to keep driving about, frequent of
agere, to drive ; see Agent. (VAG.)
Aglet, a tag of a lace. (F. — L.) Also
aygulet, Spenser, F. Q. ii. 3. 26. — F. aiguil-
lette, dimin. ol aiguille, a needle.— Late L.
cuHcula, dimin. of ac- us, a needle, pointed
thing. Cf. Acme. (VAK.)
Agnail, (i) a com on the foot, (2) a
sore beside the nail. (£.) The sense has
been confused or perverted. From A. S.
angnagl, a com on the foot (see A. S.
Leechdoms, ii. 81, § 34); with which cf.
O. Friesic ogneil, ongneil, apparently used
in a similar sense. From a prefix ang-,
signifying afflicting, paining, and A. S.
nagl, a nail (as of iron), hence a hard
round-headed excrescence or wart fixed in
the flesh ; see Anger and NaiL p. Soon
misunderstood as referring to the nails of
the toes or fingers, and so made to mean
* a sore beside the nail ' ; prob. by com-
paring (wrongly) the Gk. vapovvxio, a
whitlow (lit. beside the nail), or by con-
fusion with F. angonaille, a sore (Cot.).
See N. E. D.
Agnate, allied. (L.) L. agndtus,
allied ; pp. of agnasct=^ ad-gnasci, — L. ad,
to ; nasci, earlier form gnascJ, to be bora.
AffOy Agone, gone away, past. (£.)
M. £. ago, agon, agoon, pp. ot the verb
agon^ to pass by, pass away. A. S. dgan,
pp. of dgdn, to pass away. See A- (4)
and Qo.
AgOg| in eagerness. (F.) For a-gog,
in activity, in eagerness, where a- is
the prefix A- (2). Adapted from O. F.
en gogues (Littre), or a gogue (Godefroy),
in mirth. Cot. has estre en ses gogues, ' to
be frolicke, ... in a veine of mirth.' The
origin of O. F. gogue, fun, diversion, is
unknown.
Agony. (F. - L. — Gk.) M. E. agonie,
— ir.agonie. — L. agonia^^Gk. dyoaviay orig.
a contest. — Gk. dy^y contest. — Gk. dytiv,
to drive. (V AG.)
Agouti, a rodent animal, of the guinea-
pigfamily. (F. — Sp. — Brazil.) F. agouti,
— Sp. A^//. — Brazil, aguti, acuti.
Agraffe, a kind of clasp. ( F. - O.H.G.)
F. agrafe ; also agraphe (in Cotgrave),
a hook, clasp; agrafer, to clasp. The
verb is from F. a ( = L. ad), to ; and
M. H. G. kraPfe, O. H. G. crapo, chrapfo^
a hook, which is allied to E. cramp.
AgreOf to accord. (F.^L.) O. F.
agreer, to receive favourably. — O. F. agre,
B 3
AGRICULTURE
ALBUM
favourably. — O. F. « ( = L. am/), according
to ; grCf grety pleasure, from L. grdtum^
neut. oigrdtus, dear, pleasing. Cf. Grace.
Der. dis-agree.
Agriciutnre. (L.) L. agrl cultura,
culture of a field. — L. c^i, gen. of ciger^
a field ; and cultura. See Acre and Cul-
ture.
Agrimony, a plant. (F.-L.-GkO
M. E. agremoinef egremoine.^'M.. F. aigri-
nioine. — L. argemoniay argemoni^^QV.
dpy€fjidfV7j. (I^ewis and Short, L. Diet.)
Aground. (E.) For on ground.
Ague, a fever-fit. (F. — L.) Lit.
* acute ' attack. — O. F. ague^ fem. of agu
(F. aigu), acute. — L. acuta {Jebris)y acute
(fever) ; fem. of aciitus ; see Acute.
Ah! (F.-L.) M.E. a!-O.F. a!-
L. aA!
Ahead. (E.) For on heady i.e. in a
forward direction. See A- (a).
Ai. a sloth. (Brazil.) From Brazil, ai.
Aid. (F.-L.) M.E. aiden. - O. F.
aider. ^Yj. adiuldre, frequent, ofadiuudrej
to assist — L. ad; and tuudre, to help, pp.
tUtus. Cf. Brugm. ii. § 583.
Ail, V. (E.) M.E. ei/en. A.S. egian^
to pain ; cognate with Goth, agljan. —
A. S. egley troublesome (allied to Goth,
aglusy hard). Cf. A.S. ege^ terror, orig.
pain ; see Awe.
Aim, to endeavour after. (F.—L.) M.E.
eimen. From confusion of (i) A. F.
esmer, from L. astimdre, to estimate, aim
at, intend ; and (2) O. F. aismer^ from L.
ad-cestimdrey comp. with prefix ad-y to.
See Esteem.
Air (i). (F.-L.-Gk.) M. E. air, eir.
— F. air. — L. der. — Gk. dijp, air.
air (2), mien, affected manner ; tune.
(F. — It. — L. — Gk.) F. air, look, tune. —
Ital. ariay * a looke, . . a tune ; ' Florio. —
Folk-L. neut. pi. deray treated as a fem.
sing. (Diez). — L. tf<?r. — Gk. d^p (above).
Alrt, a point of the compass. (Gael.)
Gael, airdy a quarter or point of the
compass. Cf O. Irish airdy a point, limit.
Aisle, the wing of a church. (F. — L.)
Better spelt aile. — F. aile. — L. dloy a wing.
Prob. for *axia, dimin. of Axis.
Ait. (E.) SeeEyot.
Aitch-bone, the rump-bone. (Hyb. ;
F. — L. and E.) Grig, spelt nache bone. —
O. F. nacJUy sing, of naches, the buttocks ;
and E. bofie. Naches -= Late L. ncUicds, ace.
of naticcBy dimin. of L. nateSy the but-
tocks.
Ajar. (E.) From a chary on char^ on
the turn (G. Douglas, tr. of Virgil, b. vii,
prol.). — A.S. on cierrCy on the turn ; cf. A.S.
cyrran, cierran, to turn. See Char (2).
Akimbo, in a bent position. (Scand.)
M. E. in kenebowe, Beryn, 1838. Perhaps
from Icel. t kengy into a crook; with
E. hoWy i.e. bend, superfluously added.
Here keng is the ace. of kengr, a crook,
twist, kink. Cf. also Icel. kengboginn^
bent into a crook, from kengr^ a crook,
twist, kink, and boginn, bowed, pp. of
lost verb bjUga, to bow. See Kink and
Bow (i). (Very doubtful ; a guess.)
Akin, of kin. (E.) Tot of kin.
Alabaster. (F. - L. - Gk.) M.E. ala-
bastre.^O.Y. alabastre (F. aibdtre).^!^
alabaster, a/abastrum,'^ Gk. dkA^arpov,
dKafiaaros. Said to be derived from Aia-
bastron, a town in Egypt. (Pliny.)
Alack. (E.) Prob. a corruption of M.E.
a ! lack ! alas ! a shame ! lit. ' lack.* (It
cannot be the same as alcu^
Alacrity. (L.) Formed by analogy
with celerity y from L. alacritdtem, ace. of
alacritdSy briskness. — L. alacer, brisk.
Alarm, a call to arms. (F. — Ital. — L. )
M. E. alarme. — Y.alamie. — Ital. alVarvtey
to arms ! for aJle arme. — Late L. ad
illas armas, for L. ad ilia arma, to
those arms ! to your arms !
alarum. (F. — Ital. - L.) The same
word, with an old pronunciation, in which
the r was strongly trilled.
Alas! (F.-L.) M.E.fl/flj.-O.F.a/oj
(cf F. h^las), - O. F. a, ah ! and las,
wretched that I am ! — L. ah\ and lassusy
tired, wretched. (Allied to Late.)
Alb, a white vestment. (F.—L.) M.E.
albe — O. F. a/^d. — Late L. alba, sb.; orig.
fem. of L. albus, white.
Albacore, a kind of tunny. (Port.—
Arab.) Port, albacor, albacora. Said to
be of Arab, origin.
Albatross, a large sea-bird. (Port. —
Span. — Arab. — Gk.) Formerly also alga-
/rm. — Port, alcatraz, a cormorant, alba-
tross; Span, alcatraz, a pelican —Port.
alcatruz, a bucket, Span, arcaduz, M. Span.
cdcaduz (Minsheu), a bucket on a water-
wheel. —Arab al-qddUSy the same (Dozy).
Similarly Arab, saqqdy a water-carrier, a
pelican, because it carries water in its
pouch. (Devic; supp. to Littre.)
Album, lit. tliat which is white. (L )
L. alburn^ a tablet, orig. neut. of albus ^
white.
10
ALBUMEN
ALIVE
alblllll61l, white of egg. (L.) L.. albu-
men out (also album out), white of tgg,^
L. albus, white.
Alcaydei a jndge ; see Cadi.
Alchemy. (F.-Arab.-Gk.) O. F.
alchemie. — Arab, al, the ; and kimidy
alchemy.— Late Gk. x^/xcta, chemistry;
probably confused with -xyiuiaj a ming-
ling, from Gk. x^^"'* ^^ 'povn out, mix.
jQcohol. (Med. L— Arab.) Med. L.
alcohol, applied to pure spirit, though the
orig. sense was a fine impalpable powder.
•- Arab, al, the ; and kohl or kulj^l, a
collyrium, verv fine powder of antimony,
used to paint the eyelids with.
Alcoran ; see Koran.
AlcovOi a vaulted recess. (F. — Span. ^
Arab.) F. alc&ve. — Span, alcoba, a recess
in a room. V Arab, al, the; and qobbah, a
vault, dome, cupola ; hence a vaulted space.
Aldar, a tree. (E.) M. £. alder, aller
{d being excrescent). — A. S. alor {aler,
fl/r).4'Du. els] Icel. olr (Jor plr) ; Swed.
al; Dan. elle, el; G. erle; O. H. G. erildj
earlier elira; Span, aliso (from Gothic).
Teut. stems *aluz', *aliz', *alis'. Allied
to Lith. alksnisy L. alnus (for *alsnos) ;
Russ. ollfkha ; and perhaps to Blm.
Alder-f prefix, of all. In alder-liefest
(Sh.) ; here alder is for aller, O. Merc.
aira, A. S. ealra, gen. pi. of al, eal, all.
Alderman. (E.) Merc, aldorman,
A. S. ealdorrtutn.'^yicTC. aldor (ealdor), a
chief; and ptan, man. Allied to O. Fries.
alder, a parent; G. ellem, pi. parents;
and to L. al-tor, a bringer up, from alere,
to nourish. Cf. Old.
Ale. (E.) M. £. ale, - A. S. ealu, gen.
alo} (stem *a/M/).-f Icel., Swed., and Dan.
dl\ Lithuan. alus; Russ. oUrvina,
Alembic, a vessel for distilling. (F. —
Span. — Arab. — Gk.) M. E. alembyk, — F.
alambique (Cot.). — Span, alambique. —
Arab, al, the ; and anbiq (pronounced am-
btq\ a still. «-Gk. djifit^, a cup, goblet;
cap of a still. Cf. Ijimbeok.
Alert. (F.-Ital.-L.) Y.alerte; for-
merly allerte, and (in Rabelais) a Pherte,
i.e. on the watch.— Ital. alVertay on the
watch; from the phr. stare alterta, to
stand erect, be on one's guard. — Ital. alia
(for a la), at the, on the; eria, fem. of
erto, erect — L. ad, to, at ; illam, fem. ace.
of tile, he ; erectam, fem. ace. of erectus,
erect ; see Xreot.
Algelira. (Late L.- Arab.) Late L.
algebra, computation. — Arab, a/, the ; and
jadrr, setting, repairing ; also, the reduction
of fractions to integers in arithmetic ; hence,
algebra. — Arab, root jabar a, to set, con '
solidate.
Allfuaiil, a police-of)icer. (Span.—
Arab.) Span, alguazil. — Arab, al, the ;
Tvaztr, a vizier, officer ; see Viaier.
Al^^nm, sandal-wood. (Heb. — Skt.)
In 2 Chron. ii. 8, ix. lo; spelt almug,
I Kings x. 1 1. — Heb. algummim, or (trans-
posed) edmugim ; a borrowed word. Sup-
posed by Max Muller {Set. Lang. i. 332) to
be from Skt. valgU'ka, sandal-wood; where
'ka is a sufHx.
Alias. (L.) L. alias, otherwise. — L.
alius, another ; see Alien.
alibi. (L.) L. aiibi, in another place.
— L. ali-, as in alius ; and sufHx -bi as in
i-bi, there, u-bi, where. See below.
alien. (F.-L.) M.E. a/iV«<?.-O.F.
alien. — L. alienus, strange; a stranger. — L.
alius, another, -f- Gk. &>Jkos, another; O.
Irish aile, W. aill, all; Goth, aljis (stem
aljo-), other ; see ISlse.
Alight (1)1 to descend from. (E.) M. £.
alihten, to alight from horseback ; A. S.
dlihtan, the prefix a- being— A. S. a-.
The simple form lihtan also occurs in A. S.,
meaning to make light, relieve of weight,
alight (from a horse) ; from liht, light,
adj. See Light (3).
alight (2), to light upon. (E.) M.E.
alihten, with reference to the completion of
the action of alighting. See above.
Align ; see Aline.
AliSe, similar. (£.) M. E. alike, olike.
A. S. onlic, like ; from Itc, like, with prefix
on' = on, prep.
Aliment, food. (F.— L.) F. aliment.
— L. alimenhim, food ; formed with
sufBx 'mentum- from alere, to nourish.
(VAL.)
alimony, money allowed for a wife's
support upon her separation from her
husband. (L.) L. alimonia, nourishment.
— L. edere, to nourish ; see above.
Aline* Align, to range in a line. (F.
— L.) Adapted from m<S. F. aligner, to
range in a line. From the phr. d ligne,
into line. — L. ad, to ; llnea, a line. See
Iiine. {Aline is the better spelling for
the E. word.)
Aliquot. (L.) L. aliquot, some, several
(hence, proportionate).— L. aliens, other;
and auot, how many.
Alivei in life. (£.) From A. S. on life,
II
ALKALI
ALLOW
in life; where life is dat. of ///*, life; see
Iiife.
Alkali, a salt. (Arab.) Arab, al^ the ;
and gall, ashes of salt-wort, which abounds
in soda.
All. (E.) M. £. al, sing. ; aiie, pi. •
p. Merc, al, a//; A. S. ea/t pL ea/ig.^lce\.
aUr\ Syfed.ai/i Dan. al ; Du. al; O. H. G.
al ; Goth, alls, pi. allai. Teut. type *al-
ftoz ; allied to Irish uiU, all, from Idg.
type *ol/os,
all, adv., utterly. In the phr. all-fo
brake (correctly a/l lo-brake) , Judges ix. 53.
Here the incorrect all-lo, for * utterly/ came
up about A.D. 1500, in place of the old
iaiom which linked to to the verb ; cf. *J4l
is iobrosten thilke regioun,' Chaucer, C. T.
2757. See To-, pr^x,
almost. (£.) A. S. eal-mast, i. e. quite
the greatest part, nearly all ; affected by
mod. £. f/tost. See Most*
alway, always. (E.) {i)K,S.ealne
weg, every way, an accus. case. (2) M. E.
alles weiSf in every way, a gen. case.
Allay. (E.) M. E. aleyettt alaien, the
stem ot which is due to A. S. dleg-es, dleg-
^, 2 and 3 pres. t. sing, of A.S. dlecgan, to
lay down, put down, which produced also
M. £. aleggeuy to lay or' set aside. — A. S.
a-, prefix ; and lecgan, to lay, place ; see
A- (4) and Lay (i). p. But much con-
fused with other forms, especially with M. E.
aleggeny to alleviate, from O.F. aUger,
alegier^ L. alleuidre ; and with old forms
of alloy. See N. E. D.
Allege. (F.— L.) M.li. alegen, aleggen.
In form, the word answers to A. F. alegier,
aligier^O,Y, esligUr (see Godefroy) ;
from A. F. fl- = 0. F. «-, and ligier.^'L,
ex-\ and litigdrey to contend '(Ducange),
from L. lis (gen. Itt-is), strife. Latinised
as adiegidre (Ducange), and treated as if
allied to L. allegdre (F. alUgiter) ; hence
the sense usually answers to that of L.
allegdre,, to adduce. — L. al- (for a</), to ;
legdre, to dispatch, to tell, from leg-, base
of lex, law.
Allegiance, the duty of a subject to
his lord. (F. — O. H. G.) Hi.^^alegeaunce.
Formed from F. « (=L. ad), to; O.F.
Hgance^ ligeance, homage, from O. F. l^;e,
liege, liege. See Liege. % The form
ligance (Godefroy) was due to a supposed
connexion with L. ligdre, to bind.
Allegory. (L.*Gk.) XVI cent L.
allegorta.^TjV.. dKKtfyopia, a description
of one thing under the image of another. —
Gk. d\kffyop€tv, to speak so as to imply
something else ; Galat. iv. 24. — Gk. dXXo-,
stem of oXAos, other ; and dyoptv€iv, to
speak, from dyopd, a place of assembly ; cf
&y€ip€iy, to assemble. Gk. AWos * L. alius;
see Alien.
Allegro, lively. (Ital.-L.) lia\, alle-
gro, — L. alacretn, ace. of alacer, brisk.
Alleluia. (Heb.) See Hallelujah.
Alleviate. (L.) From pp. of Late L.
alleuidre, used for L. alleudre, to lighten.
L. al' (for o^), to ; lettdre, to lift, lighten,
from leuis, light.
Alley, a walk. (F.-L.?) M. £. aley.
mO. F. alee^ a gallery ; a participial sb. —
O. F. aler, to go ; F. aller. fi. The ety-
mology of aller, much and long discussed,
is not yet settled ; the Prov. equivalent is
atiar, allied to Ital. andare, to go.
Alliance; see Ally.
Alligator. (Span. - L.) Lit. * the
lizard.* « Span, el lagarto, the lizard, i. e.
the great lizard. —L. ille, he, that ; lacefta,
a lizard. S>ee Iiisard.
AlUteratioily repetition of initial
letters. (L.) Corned from L. al- (for ad^,
to ; and litera, a letter ; see Letter.
Allocatei to set aside. (L.) From
pp. of Late L. allocdre, to allot. ^-L. cd-
{=ad), to; locdre, to place, from locus, a
place. Cf. Allow (i).
Allocutioil, an address. (L.) From
L. allocutio, an address. ->L. al- (for ad),
to ; locttiid, a speaking, from locHtus, pp.
of loaui, to speak.
AllodiaL (LateL. — O.Frankish.) Late
L. allddidlis, from allodium, alddium, a
derivative of alodis, a free inheritance
(Lex Salica). It means * entirely (one's)
property,* from O. Frank, cddd ; where a/-
is related to £. ail, and od signifies ' pro-
perty ' or * wealth.* This O. Frank, dd is
cognate with O. H. G. ot, A. S. ead, IceL
aiSir, wealth. Cf. Goth, audags, blessed.
Allopathy, a treatment by medicines
which produce an opposite effect to that of
disease. (Gk.) Opposed to homoeopathy,
q. v. — Gk. 6x\o-, for dAXof, other; and
ira0-cri', to suffer ; see Alien and Pathos.
AUotf to assign a portion to. (F. - L.
and E.) A. F. aloter,^h,Y, a, from L.
ad, to ; and M. £. lot, A. S. hlot ; see Lot.
Allow (i)) to assign, grant. (F.— L.)
F. allouer, to let out for hire, assign for
an expense. « Late L. allocdre, to allot.—
L. al- (for ad), to ; and locdre, to place,
from locus i a place.
12
ALLOW
Allow (2), to approve of. (F. — L.)
M. E. alouen.^O. F. alouer, later allouery
to approve of.— L. allauddre.^'L, al- (for
ad), to; iauddre, to praise, from laud-,
stem of iaus, praise.
Alloy,, a due proportion in mixing
metals. (F.— L.) Formerly o/Zb^ ; M. E.
ah^, — O. F. alay, aUy^ alloy. — O.F. aleier,
aleyer^ to combine. — L. cUligare^ to bind
together ; see Ally. The O. F. dUiy sb.,
became aioi, which was misunderstood as
being h loi-\a. ad legem, according to rale
or law (Littr^).
Allude. (LO L. alladere, to laugh at,
allnde to (pp. alliisus),^!^. al- {=ael),
at; lildere, to sport. Per. allus-ian,
AllvrOy to tempt by a bait (F.-L.
and G.) A. F. alurer ; from F. a leurre
— to the bait or lure. — L. <i</, to ; M. H. G.
luoder (G. luder\ a bait. See Iiure.
AIIwIaIi washed down, applied to
soil. (L.) L. alluui'US^ alluvial. — L. al*
(^=ad), to, in addition ; luere, to wash.
Ally, to bind together. (F.-L.) M.E.
alien, ^O, F. alier^ to bind up. — L. ad,
to ; ligdre, to bind. Der. alli-ance, M. £.
aliaunce.
Almanac, Almanack. (Late L.)
Late L. almanach, % Origin unknown ;
not of Arab, origin (Dozy).
Abniffhty. (E.) O. Merc, almcehtig,
A. S. dJmihtig. The prefix is O. Merc.
al-, O. Sax. aXo-, O. H. G. ala-, related to
All. And see Mights
Almond. (F.-L.-Gk.) M.E. aU
maund^O. F. almatidre, more correctly,
amandre ; the al being due to Span, and
Arab, influence; mod. F. amande.^
L. amygdala, amygdalum, an almond ;
whence the forms amygdala, amydUa,
amyndla, amyndra (see Brachet). — Gk.
fifiVT&iXi;, df(<^8aXov, an almcHid.
Almoner; see Alms.
Almost. (E.) A. S. ealmSst\ see All.
Alms. (L.— Gk.) 'b/i.'E,almesse,\2XtT
almes» A. S. almasse. — Folk-L. *rt//-
mosina (whence O.F. almosne, F. au-
mSne, Ital. limosind) ; Late L. eleSmosyna,
— Gk. iK«fj/uMr{nfri, pity; hence alms.—
Gk. IXc^fMM', pitifol.— Gk. ikttiv, to pity.
— Gk. lAcof, pity, f Thus alms is a
singular form.
almoner. (F. — L. — Gk.) O. F. a/mos-
ttiir, a distributor of alms. — O. F. almosfte,
alms; F. omxw^^.- Folk-L. *alimosina
above).
Almnif, the same as Algum, q. v.
ALTER
Aloe, a plant. (L. - Gk.) L. alo^
(Pliny). — Gk. oXlifri ; John xix. 39.
Aloft. (Scand.) Icel. a lopt (pron.
lof(), aloft, in the air. — Icel. a (=A. S.
on), in ; lopt, air. See Loft.
Alone. (E.) M.E. al one, al oon,
written apart ; here a/, adv., means * en-
tirely,' and oon is the M. E. form of one,
Cf. Du. alleen, G. allein. See All and
One.
Along (i), lengthwise of. (E.) M. E.
along, A. S. analang, along, prep, with
gen. ; orig. (like O. Sax. antlang) an adj.,
meaning complete (from end to end).—
A. S. and-, prefix (allied to Gk. <Svr<,
Skt. anti, over against) ; lang, long. The
sense is ' over against in length,' or ' long
from end to end.*+G. entlang, along. See
A- (3) and'Iiong (i) ; and see Anti-.
Alonff (2) ; in phr. all along of you,
&^c. (£) Equivalent to M. E. Hong,
Layamon, 15502.- A. S. gelang, * depend-
ing on,* as in on dam gelang, along of
that. — A. S. ge-, prefix ; lang, long.
Aloof, away. (E. and Du.) For on loo/;
answering to Du. te loef, to windward.
Cf. Du. loef houden, to keep the luff or
weather-gage, Dan. holde luven^ to keep to
the windwud ; which suggested our phrase
* to hold aloof,' i. e. to keep away (from
the leeward shore or rock). See laafP.
Alond, loudly. (E.) From a-, prefix,
due to A. S. on, prep. ; and A. S. hlud,
loud. See A- (2) ana Loud.
Alp. (L.) L. Alpes, the Alps; of
Celtic origin. Connected with L. albus,
white (Stokes). Der. trans-alp-ine, i. e.
be^'ond the Alps.
Alpaca. (Span.— Peruvian.) Span, o/-
paca', iiorti paco, the Peruvian name, with
the Arab. def. art. al prefixed.
Alphabet. ;Late L. - Gk. " Phoe-
nician. ) Late L. alphabelum, — Gk. &Kfpa,
fiijra, the names of a and $, the first two
letters of the alphabet ; Heb. dlepk, an ox,
the name of the first letter ; and deth, a
house, the name of the second letter.
Already. (E.) M. E. al redy, quite
ready; .from al, quite, representing the
neut. of O. Merc. M, all, used adverbially,
and Beady.
Also. (E.) M. E. al so, quite so ; A. S.
ealstvd ; see above.
Altar. (L.) A. S. altdre. Matt. v. 24.
— L. altdre, an altar, high place.— L.
alius ^ high.
Alter. (L.) Late L. alterdre, to alter.
13
ALTERCATION
AMBITION
— L. allert other.— L. al- (as in al-ius);
with comparative suffix -tero-.
altercation, a dispute. (F. — L.)
M. E. aitercatian. — O. F. altercation. — L.
altcrcdtidnem^ ace. oi altercdtio.^'L. alter-
cdtus^ pp. of altercdri, to dispute, speak in
turns. — L. alter, other, another.
alternate. (L.) L. altemdttis, pp.
of altemdre, to do by turns. — L. alter-
nus, reciprocal. -> L. alter (with suffix
-no-).
Although. (£.) M. £. dE/M^^^; see
Already and Though.
Altitude. (F.-L.) XIV cent.-F.
altitude, — L. altitiidOf height. — L. alius ,
high,
alto, high voice. (Ital.— L.) Ital. <7//^.
— L. alius, high.
Altogether. (£.) M. K al u- *ther,
quite together. See Already.
Altruism, regard for others. (Ital. —
L. ; with Gk. suffix.) Coined from Ital.
altruif another, others, a form of altro,
another, when preceded by a preposition.
Grig, a dat. case. — L. alteri huic, to this
other; datives of aiter, other, and hie,
this.
Alum. (F. - L.) M. E. alum. - O. F.
alum ; F. alun. — L. alUmen, alum.
Alway, Alwasrs. (£•) See AIL
A.iif|, (E.) See Are.
Amain. (E.) For en main, in strength,
with strength ; see A- (2) and Main, sb.
Amalgam. (F. or Late L. — Gk. ?) F.
atnalgame, Late L. amalgama, a mixture,
esp. of quicksilver with other metals.
Origin unknown; said by some to be a
corruption or an alchemist's anagram of
malagfiM, a mollifying application; per-
haps with Arab, al (^the; prefixed. — Gk.
It&Xiar^yjn, an emollient. — Gk. yuaXaxfauv
{{0T*fji€i\dK-yftv), tosoften. — Gk. futXcueSs,
soft.
Amanuensis, one who writes to dic-
tation. (L.) L. dmanuensis. — L. ^ manii,
by hand ; with suffix -ensis.
AT^firftTlthi an unfading flower. (L.—
Gk.) Properly amaranth as in Milton ;
but -anth is due to confusion with Greek
cEytfos, a flower. — L. amarantus. — Gk.
dfidpayroSf unfading, or as sb. unfading
flower. — Gk. &-, not; and iiapaivtiv, to
fade. (VMER.)
Amass, to heap up. (F.— L.— Gk.)
F. amasser, to heap up. — F. <J masse, into
a mass. — L. a/, to ; massa, a mass. — Gk.
/«a(a, a barley-cake. See Mass (x).
Amatory. (L.) L. amatdrius, loving.
— L. amdtor, a lover. — L. amdre, to love ;
with suffix -tor-, -tor, of agent.
Amase, to astound. (£.) M. £. amasen.
A. S. dmasian, pp. dmasod; Wulfstan's
Hom. p. 137, 1. 33. From A.S. d-
(preflx); and *masian, to perplex. See
Maze.
AmasOUy a female warrior. (Gk.) Gk.
ana^iav, one of a warlike nation of women
in Scythia. %To account for the name,
the Greeks said that these women cut off
the right breast to shoot better ; from Gk.
d-, not ; and /mfitSs, the breast. Obviously
an invention.
Amhassador, Embassador. (F.
—Late L. — C.) F. ambassadeur, — F,
ambassade, an embassy; prob. borrowed
from Ital. amhasciata. — Late L. amhascia
(Lex Salica) ; more correctly *ambactia ;
a mission, service. — L. ambactus, a servant,
emissary; Csesar, de Bell. Gall. vi. 15.
The L. word is borrowed from an O.
Gaulish (Celtic) word {ambactos T) a slave,
lit. one driven about, a pp. form from
ambi'y prefix, about, and the verb ag-,
cognate with L. agere\ cf. O. Irish imm-
agim, I drive about, send about. (Fick,
1894, ii. 34; Brugm. ii. § 79.) Cf. W.
amaethj a husbandman.
Amber. (F.- Span.— Arab.) M. £.
aumbre. — F. ambre. — Span, ambar. —
Arab, 'anbar (pronounced *ambar), am-
bergris, a rich perfume. ^ The resinous
amber was so called from a resemblance to
ambergris, which is really quite a diflerent
substance.
ambergris, i. e. gray amber. Called
gris amber in Milton, P. R. ii. 344. The
F. gris^ gray, is from O. H. G. gris, gray ;
cf. G. greis, hoary.
Ambi-» Amb-» prefix. (L.) L. ambi-,
about ; cf. Gk. d/x^i, on both sides, whence
E. prefix amphi^. Related to L. ambo,
Gk. aft^, both. Cf. A. S. ymb, Irish im,
about.
Ambienty going about. (L.) L. amb-
lent', stem of pres. part, of amb-ire, to go
about, from ire, to go.
Ambiguous, doubtful. (L.) L. amb-
iguus, doubtful, lit. driving about (with
'Ous ( = L. -osui) in place of L. -f«). — L.
amb-, about ; and agere, to drive.
Ambition. (F. — L.) F. ambition. ^h,
ambitidnem, ace. of ambitid, a going round,
esp. used of going round to solicit votes ;
hence, a seeking for preferment. — L. amb'
^
AMBLE
itum^ supine Giamh-tre^ to go about (but
note that ambttio retains the short i of
Uunty the supine of ire-, the simple verb).
Amble. (F. -L.) M. E. ambUn, - O.F.
ambler ^ to go at an easy pace. — L. atnbu'
Idre, to walk.
aillblllaJiCe« a moveable hospital. (F.
— L.) F. ambulance, i- L. ambulant-, stem
of pres. part, of ambuldre, to walk.
ambulation, a walking about. (L.)
From L. ambulation a walking about. — L.
ambu lotus, pp. of ambuldre.
Am.bro8iay food of the gods. (Gk.)
Gk. dfA0po<ria ; fern, of dfifipdaios, length-
ened form of dfifipOTOs, immortal. — Gk. d-,
not (E. un-) ; and *fjifipor6s, for *fipoT6s
(Gk. 0poT6i), mortal; see Mortal. Cf.
Skt. a-mrta, immortal. See Amaranth.
Ambzy, Aumbry, a cupboard. (F. -
L.) M. E. awmebry, awmery, Prompt:
Parv. ; the b is excrescent. — O. F. aumaire,
almaire, armarie, a repository ; properly,
for arms ; but also a cupboard. — Late L.
armaria^ a cupboard ; armdriumy a re-
pository for arms. — L. art?ta, arms.
Ambulance, -ation ; see Amble.
Ambuscade. (Span. — Late L.) From
Span, emboscada, an ambush. Orig.
Ep. of emboscar, to set in ambush. — Late
at. imboscdre, lit. to set in a bush or
thicket.— L. im- (for in), in ; and Late L.
boscum^ a bush. See Bush.
ambush. (F. — Late L.) Formerly
embush.>^0.¥. embusc/ier, embuissier, to
set in ambush. — Late L. imboscdr,e; as
above.
Ameer, the same as Emir, q. v.
Ameliorate. (F.-L.; with L. sujix.)
Formed with suffix -ate («L. -dtus) from
F. af/i^liorer, to better, improve. — F. <i
L. ad), in addition ; -meliorer ( = Late
. meli5rdre\ to make better. — L. melidr-,
from melior, better.
Amen. (L. — Gk. — Heb.) L. dmen, —
Gk. ditliVj verily. — Heb. amen, verily, so be
it— Heb. dmen,fam, true. — Heb. dman,
to confirm ; orig. * to be firm.*
Amenable, easy to lead. (F.— L.)
From F. amener, to lead to, bring to. —
F. d, to ; mener, to conduct, drive. — L. ad,
to ; Late L. mindre, to conduct, lead about,
also to drive out, chase away ; L. mindrty
to threaten.— L. mina, threats.
Amend. (F. — L.) M. E. amenden. —
F. amender.'^'L, emenddre, to free from
fault. — L. e, from ; mendum, a fault.
amends. (F. — L.) M. E. amendes.
£
AMITY
sb.pl. -O.F. amende, reparation. — O.F.
amender (above).
Amenity, pleasantness. (Fi-L.) M F.
and F. amenitS-^'L. amanitdtem, ace. of
amanitds, — L. amanus, pleasant. Cf. L.
amdre, to love.
Amerce, to fine. (F.-L.) A. F. (not
O. F.) amerder, to fine. — O.F. a (= L, ad),
to ; merder, to pay, acquit, but usually to
thank ; cf. Late L. mercidre, to fix a fine.
Cf. O. F. mercit (F. merci)^ thanks, pardon.
— L. mercedem, ace. of merces, reward,
wages, also pity, indulgence, thanks
(passing into the sense of 'fine').- L.
mere-, stem of merx, merchandise, traffic.
Amethyst, a gem. (L. - Gk.) L. ame-
tAystus.^Gk, dfUBvarosy an amethyst; so
called because supposed to prevent drunk-
ennv ^ .- Gk. dfi4$vaTos,uot drunken. — Gk.
d-j^A'bt ; and fjnOvdVy to be drunken, from
lJL(9v, strong drink; see Mead.
Amiable. (F.-L.) O.F. amiable,
friendly ; also loveable, by confusion with
aimable (from L. amdbilis).^L.amicdbilis, .
friendly. — L. amicus, a friend. — L. amdre,
to love.
amicable. (L.) L. amicabihs, friendly ;
as above.
Amice (i)> an oblong piece of linen,
variously worn by priests. (F. — L.) M. T.
amyse, and (earlier) amit. — O. F. atftis,
amit (Burguy). — L. amict-us, a covering.
— L. amictus, pp. of amicire, to throw
round. — L. am- {amb-), around ; icuere, to
cast.
Amice (2), a pilgrim's robe. (O. F.—
Span. ? — Teut. X) * In amice gray ; ' Milton,
P.R. iv. 427. — O. F. aumuce (F. atwiusse);
Late L. cdmucia. — Span, almucio (Pineda) ;
where al seems to be the Arab. def. art.
(cf. Port, murfa). — G. miitze, a cap (cf.
Lowl. Sc. mutch). But G. miitze may be
from Late L.
Amid, Amidst, in the middle of. (E.)
Amids't is lengthened from M. £. amiddes.
Again, amidde^s was due to adding the
adv. suffix -s to aptidde'^A.S. on middan,
in the middle ; where middan is the dat. of
midde, sb., the middle. — A. S. mid, midd,
adj., middle. Amid'=K. S. on middan (as
before). See Mid.
Amiss, adv. wrongly. (E. or Scaud.)
M. £. <?;i misse, i. e. in error. — Icel. a misy
amiss. — Icel. 5 ( = A. S. on), in ; mis, adv.,
wrongly (due to an older lost pp.). See
Miss (i).
Ami^. (F. — L.) O. F. amiste, amisted.
15
AMMONIA
amistet, ^ Late L. *amtcitdtemy ace. oi*amU
citdSt friendship. — L. amicus, friendly.—
L. amdre, to love.
Ammoniay an alkali. (L.«-Gk.—
Egyptian.) Suggested by L. sal am-
moniacum, rock-salt. — Gk. AfifiaivicucSv,
sal ammoniac, rock-salt. — Gk. Afifujifi^y
Libyan. — Gk. diitiw¥, the Libyan Zens-
Ammon ; a word of Egyptian origin ;
Herod, ii. 4a. ^ It is said that sal am-
moniac was first obtained near the temple
of Ammon.
ailllllOilitBi a fossil shell. (Gk.) Coined
with suffix -ite (Gk. -iti;s) from the name
Ammon; because the shell resembles the
twisted ram*s horn on the head of the
image of Jupiter Ammon.
Ammuiutioily store for defence. (F. —
L.) From Mid. F. amunitiony a soldier's
corruption oi munition, due to substituting
Vamunition for la munition (Littr^). — L.
ace. munitionem, a defending. — L. miini-
tuSf pp. of mUntre, to defend.
AmnestYf lit. a forgetting of offences.
(F.— L.— Gk.) F. amnestic, '^'L. amnes-
tia, ^Gk, afivTiariaf forgetfulness, esp. of
wrong. — Gk. A/Jtyrjinos, forgotten. — Gk. d-,
not ; and /ja^dofjuu, I remember. (^MEN.)
Among, Amongst. (£.) The earliest
M. £. form is amende, whence amonges
with added s (a common adverbial suffix) ;
and hence amongS't with excrescent A —
A. S. onmang, prep., among. — A. S. on, in ;
mang, a mixture, crowd. Cf. Mingle.
Amorous. (F.~L.) O. F. amoros\ F.
amoureux. — L. amordsus. — L. amor, love.
Amorphous, formless. (Gk.) From
Gk. d-, not ; and fxofxp^, shape, form.
Amount, to mount up to. (F.-L.)
O. F. amonter, to amount to. — O.F. a
mont, towards a mountain or large heap.
— L. ad, to; montem, ace. of mons, a
mountain.
Amour. (F.— L.) F. amour, — L.
amor em, ace. of amor, love.
Amphi-, prefix, (Gk.) Gk. Aitf^, on
both sides, around ; see Ambi*.
AmpMbious. (Gk.) Gk. dfut>l0ios,
living a double life, on land and water.
— Gk. AfjKf>i, on both sides ; filoi, life.
Amphibrach, a foot in prosody.
(Gk.) The foot composed of a short
syllable on each side of a long one (u-J).
Gk. Aiuplfipayw, — Gk. Ajjupi, on both sides ;
and fipaxvSf short; see Amphi- and
Brief. ^ ^ , „ ,^ ,
Amphitheatre. (Gk.) Gk. d/i^t^^s- 1 Gk. V^ctir,' to write.
16
ANAGRAM
rpovj a theatre with seats all round the
arena. — Gk. d/upl, around; BiSrpov, a
theatre.
Ample, full. (F. — L.) F. ample. - L.
amplus, spacious.
J^putate. (L.) From pp. of L.
amputdre, to cut off round about. — L. am",
short for amh-, ambi-, round about;
putdre, to cleanse, also to lop or prune trees.
— L. putus, clean.
Amulet. (F.— L.) F. amulette.^'L,
amuletum, a talisman hung round the neck.
[Once thought to be of Arabic origin ; but
now given up.]
Amuse, to divert. (F. — L.) F. amuser,
' to amuse, make to muse or think of, to
gaze at;' Cot. — F. ^ (»L. atf), to, at;
O. F. muser, to gaze at, stare at, muse ; see
Muse (i).
AUy Ay indefinite article. (E.) A is
short for an ; and an is an unaccented form
of A. S. an, one ; see One.
An-, Af, neg. prefix, (Gk.) Gk. dy-,
d-, cognate with L. in-, and £. un- ; see
UTn-, In-, A- (9).
An, if. See And.
Ana-,An-,/r^jr. (Gk.) Gk.dNi-,dv-;
from Gk. Ava, upon, on, up, back, again;
coenate with K ^» ; see On.
Ana, Anna, a sixteenth of a rupee.
(Hind.) Hind, ana, a sixteenth part, esp..
of a rupee. (H. H. Wilson.)
Anaoaptist. (Gk.) One who baptizes
again. Coined from Gk. ivA, again ; and
baptist. See Baptise.
Anachronism, error in chronology.
(Gk.) Gk. 6vaxpovian6i.^Gk, AvaxpovU
(fiv, to refer to a wrong time. — Gk. di'd,
up, back (wrong) ; xft&poi, time.
Anaconda, a large serpent. (Ceylon.)
Now used of a S. American boa ; but at
first applied to a large snake in Ceylon.
The Tamil dnai-kondra means ' whieh
killed an elephant ' (Yule).
Awftitijft.^ bloodlessness. (L.— Gk.) A
Latinised form of Gk. Avaifua, want of
blood. — Gk. dv-, not ; atfta, blood.
An8BSthetic, rendering insensible to
pain. (Gk.) Coined from Gk. dy>, not ;
and alaBrjTiKSs, full of perception ; see An-
and .Esthetic.
Anagram, a change in a word due to
transposition of letters. ( F. — L. — Gk. ) F.
anagramme,'»'L, anagramma, '^Gk. Mr
ypafifM, — Gk. di'd, up, here used distribu-
tively ; 7pd/</ia, a letter of the alphabet.-
ANALOGY
ANGEL
Analoffy* proportion. (F.— L.— Gk.)
F. anahgte. — L. analogia, *^ Gk. dyctKoyioj
equality of ratios. — Gk. dyd, upon,
throughout ; -Xoyia, from Ady-os, a word,
statement, from Xiy^tv^ to speak.
Analysis. (Gk.) Gk.dvoXvo'ts, a resolv-
ing into parts, loosening. » Gk. di^oAi^civ, to
imdo, resolve. — Gk. &y&, back ; and Xvtiv,
to loosen. (^^LEU.) Per. analyse, verb, a
coined word.
Ananas, the pine-apple plant. (Span.
•>Braz.) Span, ananas (Pineda); mod.
Span, anana. — Brazil, nanas or nana.
^ The Peruv. name is achupalla,
Anapasty Anapest, a foot in pros-
ody. (Gk.) L. anapasttis.^Gk, d^d-
mtaros, stmck back, rebounding ; because
it is the reverse of a dacM. — Gk. dvaira/c<y,
to strike back, i- Gk. dya, back ; and ira/eiv,
to strike.
Anarchy. (F.-L.-Gk.) XVI cent.
Y, anarchic. ^\a, anarchia.'mQ^, dyapxi^^j
lack of government. -• Gk. ayapx^s, without
a ruler. — Gk. dv-, neg. prefix; dpxos, a
ruler, from Apx^^'^t ^o ^^> ^o ^ ^^t>
Anathema, sl curse. (I^— Gk.) L.
ana/Aema. 'mGk. oMtyia, a thing devoted
or accursed.- Gk. dvariBrifu, I devote.—
Gk. Ayd, up; W^/u, I place, set. Cf.
Theme.
Anatomy. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. ana-
/omie.^Lu analoptia. ^^Gk, ayarofuaj the
same as iofaroisfi, dissection. — Gk. dvorifir
ytty, to cut up. — Gk. dv&, up ; riiivtiy, to
cut Cf. Tome.
Ancestor. (F. — L.) M. £. ( i ) ancestre,
O. F. ancestre, from L. antecessor, nooL,
a predecessor, foregoer ; and M. £. (2) an-
cessaur, O. F. ancessour, from L. ante-
cessorem, ace.— L. ante, before; cessrus,
pp. of cedere, to go.
Anchor. (L.— Gk.) The current spell-
ing imitates the false L. form, anchora.
A. S. ancor, — L. ancora (wrongly anchora) .
— Gk. dytcvpa, an anchor, lit. a bent hook ;
cf: Gk. d7iK&r, a bend. (/ANQ.)
Anchfiwet, Anchorite, a recluse.
F. — Late L. - Gk ) F. anachorete (Cot.) .
— Late L. anachoreta. "Gk. dyax^apTpr-ffSf
one who retires from the world. — Gk. dva-
X^pttyf to retire. -Gk. dj'd, back; and
X«p<2)^y to withdraw, from xwpos, space,
room. (VGHE, GHO.)
Anchovy, a fish. (Span. -Basque?)
Span, anchcva ; cf. Basque anchoa, anchua,
an anchovy. Perhaps * dried fish ' ; firom
Basque antvtta, dry.
(I), old. (F.-L.) With
excrescent t. M. E. auncien."F. ancien.
— Late L. antianus,- old, belonging to
former time. Formed with suffix -dntis
from ante, before.
Ancient (2) , a banner, standard-bearer.
(F. — L.) Confused with ancient ( i) ; but
from O. F. enseigne, m. * ensigne, auncient,
standard-bearer ; ' Cot. ; also for O. F. en-
seigncy f., ' a banner;' Cot. See Ensign.
And. (£.) A. S. and^ end, 4- O. Fries.
anda, ende ; O. H. G. anti, unta, G. und,
Prob. related to L. ante, before, Gk. dj/Ti,
over against.
an, if. (E.) Formerly also and;
Havelok, 2861, &c; the same word as the
above. An if^ if if, a reduplication. But
andi/^hut if if; Matt. xxiv. 48.
Andante, slowly. (ItaL) Ital. andante,
moving slowly, pres. pt. of andare, to
go-
Andiron, a fire-dog. (F.— L.) Not
connected with iron, but corrupted from
M. E. andeme, aundeme, aundire, — O. F.
andier ; mod. F. landier, put for tandier,
where t is the def. art. Cf. Late L. ande-
rius, attdena^ a fire-dog.
Anecdote. (F.-L.~Gk.) F. anec-
dote.-'ljaXe L. anecdota, orig. aneut.pl.—
Gk. dy^«8oTa, neut. pi. of dyixioros,
unpublished ; hence an unpublished story,
story in private life. — Gk. dv-, not; i/c,
out ; and 9ot6s, given, allied to SiSw/ii, I
give.
Anemone, a flower. (Gk.) Gk. di^c-
/Mduvi;, lit. wind-flower. — Gk. 3v€fios, wind.
Anent, regarding, with reference to.
vE.) M.E. anent, anentis; older form
onefent, where the t is excrescent. A. S.
anefen, onefen, near ; later form onemn.
— A. S. on, OH', efen, even. Hence onefn =
even with, on an equality with. Cf. G.
neben, near (for in eoen). See Sven.
Aneroid, dry, applied to a barometer
having no liquid mercury in it. (Gk.)
Coined firom Gk. d-, not; »^-J, wet;
c78-o(, form, kind.
Aneiuysm, a tumour due to dilata-
tion. (Gk.) Gk. dyt^pvfffui, a widening.
— Gk. dv', for dyd, up; and c^pvvciv, to
widen, from titpvs, wide. Also aneurism.
Anew. (E.) M.E.o/-ne7ve. A.S.^
niowe, John iii. 7 (Rushworth). From Of
and If ev^
Angel. (F.-L.-Gk.) O.F. ange/e.
— L. ang^elus. "Gk. Ayytkos, a messenger.
Cf. Gk. dyyapos, a mounted courier, from
ANQER
ANNUL
O. Persian. Der. arch-angel, q. v., ev-
angel'ist, q. v. % The A. S. form was
engel, directly from L. angelus.
Anger. (Scand.) M. £. anger, often
with the sense of vexation, trouble. — Icel.
angr, grief; Dan. anger, Swed. dnger, re-
gret. 4" L. angor, a strangling, anguish.
(VANGH.) See below.
Angina, acute pain. (L.) L. angina,
quinsy, lit. cYioVing.^L., angere, to choke.
Angle (i), a comer. (F. — L.) M.E.
angle, '^Y. angle.^L,. angulus, an angle.
Cf. Gk. dyicvkos, bent.
Angle (2)» ^ hook, fish-hook. (£.) A. S.
angel, B. fish-hook ; dimin. of anga, onga,
a sting, prickle ; cf. Icel. angi, a prickle,
G\i,' ayicvpa, a bent hook, Skt. ahka{s),
a hook.-j-Dan. angel ; G. angel, dimin. of
O. H. G. ango, a prickle, fish-hook. Allied
to Anchor. Der. angle, verb, to fish.
Anguish. (F.— L.) M.E. anguise,
angotse, — O. F. anguisse ; F. angoisse. ^ L.
angustia, narrowness, poverty, perplexity.
— L. angustus, narrow. — L. angere, to
choke. CVANGH.)
Anilinef ^ substance which furnishes
a number of dyes. (F. — Span. — Arab. —
Pers.— Skt) Formed, with suffix -tne, from
anil, a dye-stuff. — F. fl«i7. — Span. aHil,
azure. — Arab, an^nil; for al-ntl, where al
is the def. art., and nil is borrowed from
Pers. nil, blue, or the indigo-plant — Skt.
nila, blue ; nili, the indigo-plant
Animal. (L.) L. a»ma/, a living crea-
ture.—L. anima, breath, life. (-^AN.)
animadvert, to censure. (L.) L.
anintaduertere, to turn the mind to, hence,
to criticise. — L. anim-, for animus, the
mind (allied to anima, breath) ; ad^'to ;
and uertere, to turn (see Veree).
animate. (L*) L< animatus, pp. of
aniffidre, to endue with life. — L. anima,
life. Der. in-animate, re-animate.
animosity. C^*— LO Y ', animositi.
^\^, animositdtem, ace. of animositds,
vehemence. — L. animosus, vehement, full
of mind or courage. — L. animus, mind,
courage, passion.
Anise, a herb. (F.— L. — Gk.) M.E.
anese, anys.^Y. anis (Cot). — L. anisum ;
also anethum^'^GV, aviaovy avtjaov, orig.
&^ov, anise.
AnkSTi a liquid measure. (Du. — LateL.)
Du. anker, the same. — Late L. anceria,
the same. 4" Swed. ankare ; G. anker \ from
the same.
Ankle« (E.) M.E. ancle*, also an-
clowe. — O. Fries, ankel; also A.S. ancleow,
with a longer suffix (cf. O. Fries, onklef),'^
Dan. and Swed. ankel \ Icel. bkkla (for
onkla — *ankula) ; Du. and G. enkel. Per-
haps allied to Skt. artguli, a finger, anga,
a limb.
Anna, a small coin ; see Ana.
Annals. (F.— L.) F. annates, pi. sb.
— L. annates, pi. adj., for li^i annates,
yearly books, chronicles; from anndlis,
yearly. — L. annus, a year.
Anneal, to temper by heat. ( (i) E.;
( 2 ) F. — L.) Two distinct words have been
confused. 1. M. E. anelen, to inflame,
kindle, heat, melt, bum. A. S. onalan, to
bum, kindle; from on, prefix, and atan, to
bum. Cf. A. S. aled, fire. 2. M. E. anelen,
to enamel glass. — Prefix a- (perhaps = F. d,
L. ad) ; and O. F. neeter, nieler, to enamel,
orig. to paint in black on gold or silver. —
Late L. nigetlare, to blacken. —L. nigellus,
blackish ; from niger, black.
Annex. (F. — L.) F. annexer. — L. an-
nexus, pp. of annectere, to knit or bind to.
— L. an- (for ad), to ; and nectere, to bind.
Annihilate. (L.) L. annihitdtus, pp.
of annihitdre, to reduce to nothing. — L.
an- (for ad), to ; and nihil, nothing.
Anniversary. (L.) For 'anniver-
sary memorial.' — L. anniuersdrius, re-
turning yearly. — L. anni- (from anno-),
from annus, a year ; and uersus, pp. of
uertere, to turn (see Verae).
Annotate, to make notes on. (L.)
From pp. of L. annotdre, to make notes
on.— L. an- (for cut), to, on; notdre, to
mark, from nota, a mark. See Note.
Announce. (F-L.) Y.annoncer.^^
L. annuntidre, to announce. — L. an- («=
ad)fio\ nuntidre, to bring tidings, from
nuniius, a messenger. See Nunoio.
Annoy, to vex. (F.—L.) lA,'E,anoien,
anuien. — O. F. anoier, anuier, to annoy. —
O. F. anoi, anui (F. ennui), vexation. Cf.
Span, enojo, O. Venetian inodio, vexation.
— L. in odio, lit. in hatred, common in the
Late L. phr. in odio hahui, lit. I had in
hatred, I was annoyed with ; cf. L. in odio
esse, to be hated by (Cicero). —L. in, in;
odio, abl. oi odium, hatred.
Annual, yearly. (F.— L.) M. E. an-
nuel. — F. annuel. — L. annudlis, yearly. —
L. annus, a year.
annuity. (A. F. — L.) A. F. annuity;
A. D. 1304. — Late L. annuitdtem, ace. of
annuitds.'^'L. annus, a year.
Annul. (L.) L. annul Idre, to bring to
18
ANNULAR
nothing. i-L. aft' {for ad), to; nui/us, no
one ; see Null.
Annulary like a ring. (L.) L. annu-
laris, adj. ; from annuTuSt a ring, eariier
spelling anulus ; dimin. of L. anus, a
rounding, a circular form (Lewis).
Anocmiey a dmg to allay pain. (L.—
Gk.) aVi cent. Late L. anodynus, a
dmg relieving pain. — Gk. ov6i^vo^^ free
from pain. «• Gk. dv-^ not; and hlxnn^y
pain.
Anoint. (F.— L.) M. E. a^i^'n/, used
as a pp.Banointed.— O. F. enoint, pp. of
enoindre, to anoint. — O. F. en, upon ;
oindre^ to smear. — L. in, upon; ungere^
to anoint. See Unguent.
Anomaly. (Gk.) Gk. dw/iaX^a, de-
viation from rule. — Gk. df ^^ioAor, uneven.
— Gk. dv-y not ; and 6/iaXos, even, related
to hyM, one and the same.
Anon, immediately. (£.) M . £. awm,
anoon ; also <man, A. S. on an, lit. *■ in
one moment.' — A. S. on, on, in ; dn^ one.
Anonymous, nameless. (Gk.) Gk.
itvifm/H'Os, nameless ; with -ous added. *•
Gk. iy-, BSg, prefix ; and oyo/M, name.
AnotiMT* (£0 For an otAer, one
other.
Answer, to reply. (£.) A. S. and-
swerian, anaswarian, to answer, speak in
reply; a weak verb. —A. S. andswaru, a
reply. — A. S. and', against, in reply ;
swtrian, to speak, to swear. The A. S.
and' = G. ant' (in ani-worten) = Gk. i»ri ;
ste Anti- and Swear.
Ant. (E.) M. E. anUe, short for amete,
A. S. Smeite, an emmet, ant. Doublet,
emmet, q. v.
Antagonist, an opponent. (L.— Gk.)
Late L. antaganista.'^Gk, dvraycaiftffTfis,
an opponent. — Gk. Avt', for dtrrt, against ;
and 6rfcavi(oftai, I struggle, from Aydnf, a
contest. (VAG.)
Antarctic. (L.— Gk.) 1^ antarcticus.
— Gk. darrapieTtK6s, southern, opposite to
arctic. •Gk. dyr-, for dvri, opposite to;
and dpKTiK6f, arctic. See Arotio.
Ante-y prefix, before. (L.) L. ante,
before. Allied to Anti-, q. v.
Anteccdont. (L.) L. antecedent-,
stem of pres. part, of antecedere, to go
before. » L. ante, before ; cedere, to go.
Antediluvian, before the flood. (L.)
L. ante, before; diluuium, deluge, a
washing away.«*L. diluere, to wash
away. • L. di-, apart ; luere, to wash.
Antelope. (F.-L.-Gk.) In Spenser,
ANTICIPATE
F. Q. i. 6. 26.-0. F. ante/op. -mLaie L.
anta/opus.^Late Gk. 6»0o\ov-, the stem
of dy$6Ko^, used by Eustathius of Antioch
to signify some uncertain quadruped. Of
unknown origin.
Antennae, feelers of insects. (L.) L.
antenna, pi. of antenna, properly the yard
of a sail.
Antepennltinia, the last syllable but
two in a word. (L.) L. ante, before;
P^enultima, fem. adj., last but one, from
pcen-e, almost, ultima, last.
Anterior. (L.) L. anterior, former,
more in front, compar. adj. from ante,
before.
Anthem. (L.—Gk.) FoTmetly antem.
A. S. antefn. ^htite L. antiphona, an an-
them.—Gk. darri<pcg»a, considered as fem.
sing., but really neut. pi. of &irri^>wvoi,
sounding in response to ; from the alternate
singing of the half-choirs. — Gk. 6yri, over
against ; ^«^4}, voice, sound.
Anther, the summit of the stamen of
a flower. (Gk.) From Gk. di^^^s, bloom-
ing. — Gk. &tfB€tv, to bloom ; wOos, a young
bud or sprout.
anthology, a collection of choice
poems. (Gk.) Lit. a collection of flowers.
— Gk. &vBo\<rp.a, a gathering of flowers. —
Gk. Av$o\6yo^, flower-gathering. — Gk.
&ifO<y', for Moi, a flower; and Xi'^av, to
cull.
Anthracite, a kind of hard coal.
(Gk.) Gk. dyBpouclrfj^f resembling coals.
— Gk. dvBpcuC', stem of &vBpa^, coal.
Anthropophagi, cannibals. (Gk.)
Lit. * men-eaters.* — Gk. dvBpamwjMyoi,
man-eating. — Gk. Mponros, a man; and
<payuv, to eat. (-^BHAGw; Brugm. i.
§ 641.)
Anti-, Ant-y prefix, against. (Gk.)
Gk. 6vri, against; allied to L. ante^
before. Cf. Skt. anti, over against, allied
to anta, end ; see End. % In anti-cipate,
the prefix is for L. ante*
Aniac, fanciful, odd; as sb. a trick.
(Ital. -L.) Orig. an adj. Adopted in
the XVI cent, from Ital. antico, with the
sense of * grotesque * ; lit. antique, old. —
L. antiquus, old. See Antique.
Antichrist. (F. - L. - Gk.) O. F.
Antecrist.^L. Antichristus (Vulgate).
— Gk. dyrixpiffTos (i John ii. 18). — Gk.
dyri, against; xP^ffroSf Christ.
Anticipate. (L.) From the pp. of L.
anticipdre, to take beforehand.— L. anti-,
before ; and capere, to take.
ANTICLIMAX
APHORISM
AntieliluaaE. (Ok.) From Anti- and
Ollmaz.
Antidote. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. anti-
dote. «> L. antidotum^ a remedy. — Gk. tuvri-
doroi', a remedy; a thing given as a
remedy. *iGk. di^rc, against; ^r6v^ neat,
of ^r6%^ given, from SlSojfu, I give.
Antimony, a metal. (Late L.) Late
L. antimonium, (XI cent.) Origin un-
known.
Antipathy. (Gk.) From Gk. avTirt&'
Ofia, antipathy, lit. * a suffering (feeling
strongly) against.' * Gk. dvri, against ;
noBtty, to suffer. See Pathos.
Antiphon. (L.-Gk.) L&ie Isanti-
phma^ an anthem ; see Anthem.
Antiphrasis. (Gk.) SeeAnti-and
Phrase.
AntioodeS. (Gk.) Gk-at^rtVoScr^pl.,
men with feet opposite to ours, from nom.
sing. dKTiirovs. — Gk. ^vri^ opposite to ; and
rr€m^ foot, cognate with Foot.
Antique, old. (F.-L.) T. antique,^
L. antiquuSf also antuus, formed with
sufRx 'tcus from ante, before ; as posticus is
from post, behind. Doublet, antu.
Antiseptic, counteracting putrefac-
tion. (Gk.) Gk. dvri, against ; and
fffjirTiKos, putrefying, <njin'-6s, rotten, from
(rfyirtiVy to rot.
Antistrophe. (Gk.) From Anti-
and Strophe.
Antithesis. (Gk.) From Anti- and
Thesis.
Antitype. (Gk.) From Anti- and
Type.
Antler. (F.) M. E. auntelere, for
auniolier (^).^0. F. antoillier^ said to
have been once in use (Littre). In this
case the O. F. word is supposed to be
equivalent to a Late L. ^antoculdrem^ ace,
i. e. the branch (of the horn) in front of
the eyes; cf. G. augen-sprosse, a brow-
antler (lit. eye-sprout). See Romania^ iv.
349. From ante, before, and oculus, the
eye.
Anns, the lower orifice of the bowels.
(L.) L. anus.
AnviL (F.) M. E. anvelt, anfeld, an-
felt, A. S. anfilte, onfiUi. — A. S. an, on,
on, upon; and a verb *JUltan (see below),
causal of *fealtan, to infix, redupl. verb
cognate with O. H. G. *falzan, M. H. G.
v(3zen, whence G./alz, a groove, fl" Some
derive it from on and jealdan, to fold ;
however, the O. H. G. anafalz, an anvil,
is not derived from ana, on, ^n^faldan.
to fold up, but from M. H.G. valzen^ as"
above. Cf. L. incus, an anvil, from in,
on, and cUderCy to strike; and note the
A. S. gloss: ^ Cudo, percutio, anfilte;*
Voc 217. 5.
Anxions. (L.) L. anxi-us, distressed ;
with sufiix -ous.^'L. angere, to choke,
distress.
Any. (E.) A. S. anig, any ; from dtt,
one, with sufiix -ig (E. -y). + Du. eenig,
from een, one; G. einiger, from ein, one.
See One.
Aorta. (L.— Gk.) Late L. aorta. ^
Gk. dio^Ti\, the great artery * rising ' from
the heart. — Gk. dtiptffOai, to rise up ;
ddfxtv, to raise.
Apace. (E. and F.) For a pace, i. e.
at a (good) pace ; where a is put for
on (cf. a-/oot) ; see A- (2). Pace, M. E.
pas, is from F. pas (L. passus). See
Pace.
Apart, aside. (F.-L.) F. a part,
apart, alone, singly; Cot.^L. ad partem,
lit. to the one part or side, apart. — L. ad,
to ; partem, ace. oipars, a part.
apartment, a separate room. (F. —
ItaL — L.) F. appartement. — Ital. appar-
tamento,Bn apartment, a partition, lit. sepa-
ration. — Ital. appartare, to separate. —
Ital. a parte, apart. — L. <»/ partem ; see
above.
Apathy. (Gk.) From Gk. dithB^ia,
want of feeling. • Gk. d-, not ; itaBuv, to
suffer. See PathoSi
Ape. (E.) M. £. ape ; A. S. ri/a.4-Du.
cutp; Icel. api\ Swed. apa-, G. affe\
Irish apa (from E.) ; O. Bohem. op.
Aperient. (L.) XVII cent. Lit.
* opening.' — L. aperient-, stem of pres. pt.
of apertre, to open. Perhaps from ap-, old
form of aby from, away, and -1/^-3= Lith.
wer- in werti, to move (to and fro),
whence Lith. ai-werti, to open. Brugm.
i. § 361.
Apex. (L.) L. apex, summit.
Aph-, prefix. (Gk.) See Apo-.
Aphsoresis, the taking away of a
letter or syllable from the beginning of
a word. (L.~ Gk.) Late L, apkaresis.'^
Gk. dxpcupeais, a taking away. — Gk. d<p', for
ano, away ; atptois, a taking, from alptiv,
to take. See Heresy.
Aphelion, the point in a planet's orbit
farthest from the sun. (Gk.) Coined from
Gk. dfj>-, for d'n6, from ; jfAios, the sun.
Aphorism, a definition. (Gk.) Gk.
d<l>opifffji6s, a definition. «-Gk. d(popi^uv, to
20
APIARY
define, limit. « Gk. axp-, for diro, off;
6pi{ftv, to limit, from SpoSj a boundary.
Apiary, a place for bees. (L.) L. api-
drium, neat, of apidrius, belonging to
bees. — L. api-, stem of apis, a bee.
Apiece. (£. aftd F.) Orig. (at so
mncn) a pUce^ where a is the indef. article.
JLj^^ prefix, off. (Gk.) Gk. &ii6, off,
from ; cognate with £. of, off\ see Of. It
becomes c^h- before an aspirate.
Apocalyvse. (L.-Gk.) M.£. apo-
caltps (Wyaif). — L. apocalypiis, — Gk.
diro«dAv^<;, a revelation. — Gk. dvoKakknt-
T€tv, to uncover, reveal. — Gk. dir6, off;
and itaAvirrccy, to cover. Cf. Koktd, a cot.
Apocope. (L.— Gk.) L..apoccpe. ^Gkx
diroKowff, a cutting ofif (of a letter). —
Gk. dwi, off ; and K6nTttv, to hew, cut.
ApocrTplUk (Gk.) Lit. 'hidden
things ; * nence, uncanonical books of the
Old Testament. — Gk. dwSnpwpa, neut. pi.
of dw6Kfn^, hidden. — Gk. dwoKf^vnTuv,
to hide away.— Gk. diro, from, away;
HpvwTfiPf to hide.
ApolfeCy the point of the moon's orbit
furthest from the earth. (F. - L. - Gk ' F.
apogie (Cot.). — L. apogatim, — Gk. dir^-
yaicfv, neut. of dv^aiof, away from earth.
— Gk. dird, away from ; 7$, earth.
Apologue, a fable, story. (F.-.L.-
Gk.) F. apologue, — L. apologus, - Gk.
dnoXoyoi, a fable. — Gk. aitd, off; A^09,
speech, from \4yuv, to say.
apology, a defence. (L. — Gk.) L.
apo/ogia. ^Gk, diroKoyUiy a speech made in
defence. — Gk. dw6, off; A^os, a speech
(above).
Apophthegm, Apothegm. (Gk.)
Gk. dw6ip$€yfta, a thing uttered, a terse
saying. — Gk. dH, off, out ; and tpOiYtoiuu,
I cry aloud, utter.
Apoplexjr. (F.-Late L.-Gk.) F.
apoplexie.^LAie L. apoplexia^^Gk, dwo-
wK^ia, stupor, apoplexy. — Gk. dironK'^ir-
attv, to cripple by a stroke. — Gk. dir6,off;
wK^aativ, to strike.
Apoetanr. (F.-Late L.-Gk.) F.
aposlasie. — Late L. apostasia, mmGk. diro-
arturia^ late form for dvoaraan, revolt, lit.
'a standing away from.* — Gk. ditd, off,
away; arcurif, a standing, from era-,
base allied to i^rrtf/u, I place. Cf. Statics.
apostate. (Late L. - Gk.) M. £.
apostata, — Late L. apostata, ^Gk, dwo-
ardrfitf a deserter, apostate. — Gk. diro, off ;
ffrdriTr,, standing, from era' (see above).
Apoitle. CL.-Gk.} A. S. aposfoi.^
APPEAL
L. apostolus. — Gk. dudcToKos, one who is
sent ofif. — Gk. diro, off; <rrikKtiv, to send.
Apostrophe. (L. — Gk.) L. apo-
strophe, — Gk. dvoarpoipij, a turning away ;
in rhetoric, a turning away to address
some one else. — Gk. dvo^ away ; aTpi<p€tv,
to turn. % In the sense of a mark used to
denote an omission, it should be apostroph
(L. apostrophus, Gk. dvSirrpotpos).
Awthecary. (F. - Late L. - Gk.)
M. E. apotecary, potecary,'^0, F. apote^
caire.^LAie L. apothecdrius, lit. a store-
keeper.—Late L. apotheca, a store-house
(esp. for drugs). — Gk. diro^#ri;, a store-
house.—Gk. dir^, away ; ri'$rf'/u, I put.
Apotheosis, deification. (L. — Gk.}
L. apotheosis.^ Gk, dwo$iojffis, deification.
— Gk. diro$€6ci, I deify, set aside as a god.
— Gk. dir^, Kway, fully ; Bfoi, a sod.
Appal, to terrify. (F.~L.) l^e present
sense is late ; the M. £. apalled meant
* rendered pale ' ; cf. Chaucer, C. T., 10679
(F365). — O.F. apallir, apalir, appalir,
to wax pale, also to make pale (Cot.).—
O. F. a-, prefix ; O. F. pale, palle, pale. —
L. ad, to ; pallidus, pale. Cf. Fale.
Appanage, Apanage, provision for
a dependent, &c. (F. — L.) O. F. apanage
(also appanage), properly, a provision for
maintenance. — O. F. apaner, lit. to supply
with bread (Late L. appdndre).^!^. ap-
(for ad), to, for ; pdn-is, bread.
Apparatus, gear. (L.) L. apparatus,
preparation. — L. appardtus, pp. of appa-
rare, to prepare for. — L. ad, for ; pardre,
to get ready.
Apparel, to clothe. (F.— L.) M. £.
aparailen, — O. F. apareilier, to dress,
apparel. — O. F. «, to ; pareiller, parailler,
to assort, put like tmngs with like, to
arrange, from pareU, like, similar. — L.
ad, to; Med. L. pariculus (Ducange
has paricla, paricula), similar, from L.
pari', stem oipar^ equal. Cf. Far. Der.
aptarel, s.
Apparition. (F.-L.) Y.apparitiofu
— L. ace. appdritidnem.^h. a^drere, to
appear. See Appear.
apparitor, an officer who attends
magistrates to execute their orders; an
officer who serves the process of a spiritual
court. (L.) L. apparitor, an attendant,
lictor.— L. appdrere, to appear as attend-
ant, wait on. See Appear.
Appealf V. (F.-L.) M. £. apeUn, -
O. F. apelcr, to call. — L. appeildre, to
address, call upon; a secondary form,
.21
APPEAR
from appelUrey to drive to, incline towards ;
from ll ap' (for ad)^ to ; pellere, to drive.
Appear, to become visible. (F.— L.'
M. £. aperen. — O. F. aper-^ tonic stem (as
in pres. subj. apere) of O. F. apareir^
aparoir^ to appeiir. — L. appdrere. ^L.. ap-
(for ad\ to, forth ; pdrere, to come in
sight, also spelt /arr^r^. Cf. Apparition.
Appease. (F. — L.) M. £. apesen,
apatsen, — A. F. apeser^ apeiser^ O. F.
apeser (F. apatser)^ to bring to a peace.—
O. F. a peisy a pais, to a peace. * L. a/
pdceniy to a peace. See Peace.
Appellant. (F.-L.) F. appellant,
pres. pt. of appelUr, O. F. apeler, to
appeal ; see Appeal.
Append, to attach. (F.— L.) Formerly
also M. £. apenden^ to pertain to. — O. F.
apendre, to depend on. — L. append^re, for
L. appenderey to hang to or npoii. — L. ap-
(for cui)y to ; pendere, to hang.
appendix, an addition. (L.) L.
appendix, — L. appendlfre, to suspend upon.
— L. ap- (for aii)y to ; pendSre, to weigh.
Appertain. (F.-L.) M. E. aper-
tenen, —OF. apartenir (F. appartenir)^
to belong to. — L. ap' (for ad)y to ; per-
tinere, to belong. See Pertain.
Appetite. (F.-L.) O. F. appetit.'^
L. appetituSy an appetite ; lit ' assault
upon. — L. appeterey to attack. — L. ap- (for
€id)y to ; petere, to seek, attack.
Applaud. (L.) L. applauderey to
applaud. — L. a/- (for ad)y at ; plaudere, to
applaud, clap (hands). Der. apploMsCy
from pp. applausus,
Apple. (£.) ME. <i;^/. K,S.appel,
apl.'^DvL. appel\ Icel. <r^/t; Swed. <z//f ;
Dan. <;^Z;; G.apfel'y liizh. ahhal\ Gael.
ubhal\ W. ^/; Russ. iabloko\ Lithnan.
obolys. Origin unknown. Some connect
it with Abella in Campania ; cf. Verg.
^n. vii. 740.
Apply. (F.-L.) M.E.fl/^^».-O.F.
aplur.^'L. applicdre, to join to, turn or
apply to. — L. ap- (for ad)y to ; plicdre, to
fold, twine. Der. appli-ance \ also appli-
caiion (K. amplication),
Appoggiatura, a grace-note or passing
tone prenxed, as a support, to an essential
note of a melody. (Ital. — L. and GV.^
Ital. appoggiaturay lit. a support. — Ital.
appoggiare, to lean upon. — Ital. ap- (for
ad\ to, upon ; poggioy a place to stand or
lean on, &c. — L. ady to ; podium, an ele-
vated placet A balcony, from Gk. nobiov.
See Few.
APPROPRIATE
Appoint. (F. - L.) M. E. apoifUen. -
O. F. qpointery to prepare, arrange, settle.
— Late L. appufutdrey to repair, appoint,
settle a dispute ; Ducange. — L. ap- (for euL) \
Late L. pufutdrCy to mark by a point, from
Late L. pututa, a prick, fem. of punctus,
pp. ; see Point. Der. disappoint.
Apportion. (F.— L.) F. apportiotur,
to portion out to. — F. ap- (put for a before
/, in imitation of L. aP'^ad)y to; portunty
a portion ; see Portion.
Appose. (F. — L.) Y,app05er\ formed
to represent L. appdnerCy on the analogy of
composer y exposer, and other presumed re-
presentatives of compounds of L. pdnere ;
but really formed on F. poser (Irom L.
pausdre). See Pose.
Apposite. (L.) L. appositusy suitable ;
pp. of apponerey to put near. — L. ap^ (for
ad)y to ; pdnere, to put. See Position.
Appraise. (F.-L.) .M. E. a/rai>^i{,
to vame. — O. F. *apreiser (cf. O. F. apre-
tier in Roquefort). — O. F. a-, prefix ;
Preiser y to value, from preis, value, price.
— L. cidy at ; pretium, a price.
appreciate. (L.) From pp. of L.
appretidrey to value at a price.— L. 0/-
(for ad\y at ; pretium, a price.
Apprehend. (F.-L.) Y , apprehendre
(Cot.). — L. apprehendere, orig. to lay hold
of. — L. ap- (ror ad)y to, k\.\ prehettdere,
to grasp. See Prehensile.
apprentice. ^F.—L.) O.Y.aprentiSy
nom. of aprentif (see Godefroy, s.v.
aprentic). The O. F. aprentis, aprentif y
represent Late L. *apprenditlvuSy nom.,
and *apprenditivumy ace, from a Late L.
*apprenditusy used as a pp. of L.
apprendere, to leani, short for L. appre-
hendere, to lay bold of (above).
apprise, to inform. (F. — L.) From
the m.. E. sb. aprise, information, teach-
ing. — O. F. aprisey instruction. — O. F.
appriSy aprisy pp. oi aprendre, to learn.—
L. apprendere (above).
Approach. (F.-L.) lA,Y,,approchen,
aprocken. — O. F. aprochier, to approach. —
L. appropidrey to draw near to (Exod. iii.
5). — L. ap- (for ad)y to; prope, near.
Approbation. (F.-L.) Y. approba-
tion. — L. ace. approbatidnem, approval. —
L. approbdtusy pp. ofapprobdre, to approve.
See Approve.
Appropriate. (L.) From pp. of L.
appropridrcy to make one's own. — L. ap-
(for cui)y to; proprius^ one's own. See
Proper.
32
APPROVE
ARCH
Approve. (F. — L.) O. F. approver. -
L. approbdre^ to approve. — L. ap- (for ad),
to ; probdrey to lest, try, esteem as good.
Der. apprtHval\ dis-afiprovt.
Apf^ximate. CL.) From pp. of L.
approximdre, to draw near to.*L. ap-
(for ad),X.o\ proximuSy very near, superl.
adj. {roxxLpropey near.
Appurtenance. (F.-L.) h'.¥,apur'
ienaunce (O. F. apartenance)y that which
l)elongs to. — O. F. aparteniry to belong to.
Siee Appertain.
Apncot. (F.-Port. - Arab. - Gk.-
L.) Formerly also apricocky from Port.
albricoque directly. Also abricot, — F.
abricoty * the abricot, or apricock plum ; '
Cot. — Port, albricoque, — Arab, al barquqy
where al is the def. art. ■- Mid. Gk. vpcuKo-
luov (Dioscorides) ; pi. vpaiK6/cia. The
pi. vpaiK6«ia was borrowed from L. pra-
coguay apricots, neut. pi. of pracoquusy
another form of pracoxy precocious, early
ripe (Pliny; Martial, 13. 46). — L. /«?,
beforehand; and coquerey to cook, ripen.
See FrecooiouB and Cook. % Thus the
word reached us in a very indirect manner.
April. (L.) L. Aprilis ; said to be so
named because the earth then opens to
produce new fruit. — L. a/^ri>v, to open;
see Aperient.
Apron. ( F . — L. ) Formerly napron. —
O. F. naperoHy a large cloth ; augmentative
form of O. F. ftapey a cloth (F. nappe), '^
L. viappay a napkin, cloth (with change of
m to Hy as in F. ttaite^ a mat). See
Map.
Apse. (L. — Gk.) Now used of a recess
at tne end of a church; formerly apsey
apsisy a turning-point of a planet's orbit. —
L. apsis y pi. apsides y a bow, turn. — Gk.
iaffiSy a tying, fastening, felloe of a wheel,
curve, bow, arch. — Gk. &vruvy to tie, bind.
Apt, fit. (L.) XIV cent. L. apt us y
usea as pp. of apisciy to reach, get, but
really pp. of O. Lat apere^ to fit or join
to|;ether. ^
Aquatic. (L.) L. aqUaticuSy pertain-
ing to water. — L. aqua, water.
aqua-fortis. - L. aqua fortiSy strong
water.
aqnarinm.-L. aqudriutHy a water-
vesscl. -■ L. aquUy water.
aqnarins. — L. aqudriusy a water-
bearer.— L. aaua, water.
aqiiedlIci.-L* aquaduclusy a con-
duit ; from aqua, gen. of aquUy water, and
ductus f A duct ; see Duot.
aqueous. As if from L. *aqueuSy adj.,
a form not used. — L. aquOy water.
Aquiline, like an eagle. (F. — L.) F.
aquilin ; hence nez aquilitty ^ a nose like
an eagle ; * Cot. — L. aquilinusy adj. from
aquila, an eagle. Cf. £agle.
Arabesque. (F.-Ital.-Arab.) XVll
cent. F. Arabesquey Arabian-like; also
full of flourishes, like fine Arabian work.
— Ital. Arabesco; where -esco^'E, -ish.^
Arab. *araby Arabia.
Arable. (F. — L.) F. arable, - L.
ardbilisy that can be ploughed. — L. ardre,
to plough. (VAR.) See Ear (3).
Arbiter. (L.) In Milton. — L. arbitery
a witness, judge, umpire.
arbitrary. (L.) In Milton. - L.
arbitrdriuSy orig. like the decision of an
umpire. — L. arbitrdre, to act as umpire.
— L. arbiter (above).
arbitrate. (L.) From pp. of L.
arbitrdre y to act as umpire (above).
Arboreous, belonging to trees. (L.) .
L. arbore-us, adj. from arbor, a tree ; with
suffix 'OUS.
Arbour, a bower. (F.— L.) The word
seems to be really due to M. E. herbere,
also erberey from O. F. herbiery L. her-
bdriuffiy a herb-garden, also an orchard. —
L. herbay grass, herb. The special sense
was due to confusion with L. arbory a
tree.
Arc. (F.-L.) XIV cent. Y.arc.^
L. arcuniy ace. of arcus, a bow, arch, arc.
arcade. (F.—Ital.— L.) F. arcade.
— Ital. arcatay an arched place ; fern, of
pp. of arcare, to arch. — Ital. arcOy a bow,
— L. ace. arcum (above).
Arcana. (L.) L. arcdnoy things kept
secret, secrets. — L. arcerCy to keep.
Arch (0, a vault, &c. (F.-L.) O. F.
arcJUy a cnest, box (L. area, see Ark) ;
also, by confusion, an arch, owing to the
use of Med. Lat. area with the sense of
L. arcuSy a bow, arch. See Arc.
Arck (2), roguish, waggish. (L.— Gk.)
* So arch a leer ;' Tatler, no. 193. The
examples in the New £. Dictionary prove
that it is nothing but the prefix Arch-,
chief (for which see below), used separately
and peculiarly. Cf. ' The most arch act *
in Shak. Rich. III. iv. 3. a ; 'An heretic,
an arch one;' Hen. VIII. iii. 3. loa.
Also ' Byends ... a very arch fellow, a
downright hypocrite' ; Bnnyan's Pilgrim's
Progress. A. S. arce-y O.F. arche-y L.
archi'y Gk. d/»x*" (prefix). See below.
n
ARCH-
Arch-, i^efix^ chief. (L.-Gk.) The
form arch^ is due to A. S. arce-y as in ca^ce-
bisceop^ an archbishop, and to O. F. arche-,
as in arche'diacre, an archdeacon. This
form was borrowed from L. archi'^G\i,
cLpxi'y as in dpx(-cto''^o*o^) <^ archbishop.
— Gk. &pxfaff to be first, to mle ; cf. Gk.
^XVf beginning. Der. arch-biskop, arch-
deacon^ &c. ; bat, in arch-angely the ch
remained hard (as k) in the Romance
languages, on account of the following a.
Cf. Ital. arcangeloj Span, arcangel.
arclL»0l0gy. (,Gk.) Gk. dpx«oAo7ta.
— Gk. dpxa<V>s, ancient, which is from
^PX4} the beginning ; and the suffix -logy^
Gk. -Xo7(a, due to Khfo^^ discourse, from
X^7C(y, to speak.
arohaic. (Gk.) Gk. dpxcuK6sy antique,
primitive. — Gk. ipxiuos, old.-»Gk. <i/>x4i
a beginninjg.
arcluusm. (Gk.) Gk, dpx(uafi6s, an
antiquated phrase. ^ Gk. Apx^^C^^t to
speak antiquatedly. -• Gk. &px<uoSj old
(above).
Arohier. (F.— L.) M. £. archer. ^
A. F. archer; O. F. archier, a bow-man.
*Late L. arcdrius, a bow-man; from
arcus, a bow.
ArohetSTpOi the original type. (F.-
L. — Gk.) F. archetype, * a principall
type ; * Cot. — L. archetyprum, the original
pattern. — Gk. &px€Tvwov, a model ; neut.
of dpxtTvnos, stamped as a model. — Gk.
d/>xc-B<ipx(-f prefix (seeArchi-); rihros,
a type.
jUChi-i prefixy chief. (L.— Gk.) L.
archi'y for Gk. apxi- ; see Arch-.
archima]idxite.(L.-Gk.) l^archi-
piandrita, a chief or principal of monks,
an abbot. — Late Gk. dpxifov^rriSf the
same. — Gk. ApxH chief; in&vhpa, an en-
closure, fold, .afterwards a monastery. See
Aroh- and Madrigal.
archipelMOy chief sea, i. e. Aegean
sea. Jtal.— Gk.) Ital. 0n*f^^/a^i0, modified
to archipelago. — Gk. d/)x*-, chief; and
viXayos, sea.
architect. (F,-L.-Gk.) Y,archi-
tecte.'^lj, architectuSy the same as archi-
tectdn,^Gk, dpxiriKrafy^ a chief builder
or artificer. — Gk. dpxi-, chief (see Archi-) ;
riicTWy a carpenter, builder.
architrave. (F. — Ital. - L. attd Gk.)
In Milton. — F. architrave,^liaX. archi-
iraoe, the part of an entablature resting
immediately on the column. A barbarous
compound ; from Gk. d^X'** prefix, chief,
ARGENT
principal, and Lat. trabem, ace. of trcU^s,
a beam. See Trave.
ArchiveSy s. pi., public records ; but
properly an archive is a place where re-
cords are kept. (F.— L.— Gk.) F. ar-
chify pi. archives; Cot. — L. archiuuniy
archium, — Gk. dpxtiovy a public building,
residence of magistrates. — Gk. dpyrj, a
beginning, a magistracy.
Arctic. (F.-L.-Gk.) M.E.ariik.^
O. F. artique; F. antique. ^h. arcticus.
— Gk. dpKTiK6sy near the constellation of
the Bear, northern.- Gk. dpm-osy a bear.
Cognate with L. urstis ; see Ursine.
Der. ant'arctic.
Ardent. (F.-L.) XIV cent. M.E.
ardaufU.^O.Y. ardant, pres. part, of
ardre, to bum. — L. ardent-em, ace of
pres. pt. of ardere, to bum.
ardour. (F.— L.) O.F. ardour, ardor,
heat. — L. ardorem, ace. of ardor, a burn-
ing, fervour.— L. ardere, to bum.
Arduous. (L.) L. ardu-us, steep,
difficult, high; with suffix -^t^.+Irish ard,
high ; Gk. hpOhs, upright.
ArCy pres. pi. of the verb substantive.
(E.) O. Northumbrian aron, O, Merc.
^rM^i, as distinguished from A.S.(Wessex)
sint, sind, sindon,. Cf. led. er-u, they are.
From the Idg. V^> to be ; from whence
also are Skt. s-anti, Gk. c2(r-/v, L. S'unt,
G. s-ind, Icel. er-u (for *w-»),they are.
am. O. Northumb. am, O. Merc, earn,
A. S. eom.'^SV.t. as-mi, Gk. el-/", Goth.
i-my Icel. e-m ; &c.
art. O. Northumb. arU, O. Merc. ear6 ;
A.S. eart (with / due to -/ in sceal-t, shalt,
&c). Icel. est, ert.
is. A. S. fV.^-Icel. eSy later er. Cf. also
Goth, and G. is-t, Skt. as-ti, Gk. ctr-rt, L.
es't. See also Be, "Was.
Area. (L.) XVI cent. L. area, an
open space.
Areca, a genus of palms. (Port.—
Canarese.) Port, areca. — Canarese a^iH,
a^ike, areca-nut ; r being substituted for
the cerebral d (H. H. Wilson). Accented
on the first syllable.
Are&ction; see Arid (below).
Arena. (L.) L« arenay sand ; the
sanded space in which gladiators fought.
Orig. harena ; cf. ^^hia.tfasenay sand.
^Axgent. (F.-L.) White; in heraldry.
— F. argent.^'L, argentum, silver; from
its brightness. Cf. Gk; dpyvpos, silver,
Skt. arfuna(s), white. (^ARG, to shine.)
Bnigm. i. §§ 529, 604. See below.
34
ARGILLACEOUS
Argillaceous, clayey. (L.) L. ar-
gilldceus^ adj. from argilla, clay, esp.
white clay. Cf. Gk. <l/>7(5s, white.
Argonaut. (L. — Gk.) Y.. argonauta.
»Gk. ApyovavrrjSj one who sailed in the
ship Argo. — Gk. ipy^, the name of Jason's
ship (lit. swift, from dpy6Sf swift) ; and
yavrrji, a sailor ; see Xafaxitical.
ArgOSYf a merchant-vessel. (Dalma-
tian.) ^rmerW spelt arguze and ragusy
(see N. and Q. 0 S. iv. 490 ; Arber's Eng.
Gamer, ii. 67). The orig. sense was *a
ship of Ragnsa,' which is the name of a
port in Dalmatia. Ragnsa appears in
XVI cent. E. as Aragouse,
Al^e. (F.-L.) M.E. arguen,^
O. J*". arguer,^\A\.^ L. argutdre (L. ar-
^/7/ar/), frequent, of arguere, to prove by
argument, lit to make clear ; cf. argutus^
clear.
Arid, dry. (L.) XVII cent. "L.driduSy
dry. — L. drere, to be dry.
arefioctioil. (L.) XVI cent. Coined
from L. drefacerey to make dry. — L. dre-re^
to be dry ; and/acere, to make.
Arignt. (£.) For ^n^/i/, in the right
way.
Ariso. (E.) M. E. arisen, A. S.
drtsan. — A. S. ^-, prefix ; rtsan^ to rise.
Sec Bise.
Aristocracy. (C^k.) Modified from
Gk. Apurrotcpariaf government by the
nobles or *best' men. — Gk. dpiaro-, for
dptarot, best; and Kparttv, to be strong,
govern, from Kparvs, strong. The form
ap-iaros is a superlative from the base
dp- seen in d^crJ}, excellence. TieT, aristo-
cratic', whence aristocrat, for ' aristocratic
person.*
Arithmetic. (F.-L.~Gk.) In Sh.
— F. arithmitique ; Cot. — L. arithnietica.
— Gk. dpi$/ifjTiicriy the science of numbers;
fem. of dpi0firjriit6sy adj., from dpiOpU'UVy
to number. — Gk. dptOfds, nun^ber, reckon-
ing.
Ark, a chest, box ; hence a large float-
ing vessel. (L.) A. S. arc.^h. arcay a
chest, box ; cf. L. arcerty to keep.
Arm (i)} part of the body. (E.) M.E.
arm. A. S. ^<ir«.+Du. arm ; Icel. armr\
Dan., Swed., and G. arm ; Goth, arms;
L. armusy the shoulder; Russ. ramoy
shoulder. See Brugm. i. § 524.
Arm (3), to furnish with weapons. (F.
— L.) F. armer, » L. armdrCy to fur-
nish with arms. — L. armay arms.
anaada, a fleet. (Span.-L.) Span.
ARRACK
amiaday an armed fleet ; fem. of armadoy
pp. of armary to arm. — L. armdrcy to arm
(above). Doublet, army,
armadillOf an animal. (Span. — L.)
Span, armcuiilloy lit. * the little armed one,'
because of its hard shell. Dimin. of ar-
madoy pp. of armar, to arm ; as above.
armament. (L-) L. armdmentum,
an equipment. — L. armdrCy to arm, equip.
— L. armay arms.
armature, doublet of armour.
armistice. (F.— L.) Y. armistice,^
Mod. L. *armistitiumy coined on the
analogy of sof^titiumy i. e. solstice. — L.
armi-y for armay arms ; and -stitiumy for
'Statium (through atonic position), from
statumy supine of stdre^ to stand. (Cf.
Solstioe.)
armour. (F. — L.) M. E. armoury ar-
murC'^O. F. armurCy armeUre.^'L. ar-
mdtUray armour. — L. armdtuSy pp. of
armdre, to arm. — L. arma, arms. Doublet,
armature.
arms, s. pi. weapons. (F.— L.) M. E.
armes. — O. F. armesy pi. — L. armay neut.
pi., arms, lit. * fittings. (V-^^j ^^ ^^0
s^rmy, (F. — L.) O. F. armee, fem. of
pp. of armery to arm. — L. armdtay fem.
of pp. of armdrey to arm. — L. arma,
arms.
Aroint thee ! begone ! Origin un-
known. The usual reference to ryntye in
Ray does not help us.
Aroma, a sweet smell. (L.— Gk.)
Late L. ^rJ/na.- Gk. dpojftOy a spice,
sweet herb. Der. aromat-icy from the
Gk. stem dpatpar;
Around, prep, and adv. (E. and F. —
L.) M. E. around; for on round; see
A- (2) and Bound.
Aronse. (£• ^^ Scand.) From A- (4)
and Bouse.
Arquebus, a kind of gun. (F.— Du.)
F. arquebusey *an harquebuse, or hand-
gun,' Cot. ; Walloon harkibuscy dialectal
variation of Mid. Du. haeckbusse, Du.
haakbuSy lit. ' a gun with a hook.* This
refers to the hook whereby it was attached
to a point of support. — Mid. Du. haecky
Du. haaky a hook ; and Mid. Du. bussCy
Du. busy a hand-barrel, a gun. See
Haokbut.
Arrack, an ardent spirit. (Arab.)
Arab. *araqy sweat, juice, essence', distilled
spirit. — Arab, root *araqay to sweat.
% Sometimes shortened to Rcuk; cf. Span.
raque, arrack.
n
ARRAIGN
ARTILLERY
_ (F. — L.) M. E. araintH. —
O. F. aretsnier, to speak to, discourse
with, cite, arraign. »0. F. a (L. ad), to ;
reisner, retsoner, to reason, from O. F.
resort, ratson, reason, advice, from L. ace.
raiionem ; see Beason.
Anange. (F. - L. and O. H. G.)
M. E. arayngtn, arengen, — O. F. arengier,
to put into a rank. >0. F. a (L. ad), to ;
rangier, rengier, to range, from O. F.
rang, reng, a rank. See Bank.
Arranty knavish, notoriously bad. (F.
— L.) This word is now ascertained to
be a mere variant of errant (cf. parson for
person). Chaucer has theeferraunt, arrant
thief, C. T. 1 71 73; and see Piers Plow-
man, C. viL 307. See Errant.
Anras, tapestry. (F.) So named from
Arras, in Artois, north of France.
Array, verb. (F. — L. and O. Low G.)
O. F. arraier, to array. — O. F. arrai,
arroi, preparation. — L. ad (becoming ar-
before r),\.o, for ; O. Low G. and O. Fries.
rede (cf. Goth, garaid-s), ready, A. S.
rade, ready ; so that to array is ' to get
ready.' See Beady.
Arrears, sb. pi. (F.~L.) FromM.E.
arere, adv., in the rear. — O. F. arere (F,
arrive) , behind. — Late L. ad retro, back-
ward.—L.iu/, to; rd/r<7, behind, fl What
we now call arrears answers to M. E.
arerages, s. pi. formed from M. E. arere
with F. suffix -age.
Arrest, to stop. (F.— L.) O. F. ares-
ter (F. arriier), to stay.— O. F. a ( = L.
ad), to; L. restore, to stay, remain, from
re-, back, and stare, to stand ; see Best
Arrive. (F.— L.) F. <irrrwr. — Late
L. arrtpare, adrtpdre^ to come to shore,
land. — L. ad, to ; rtpa^ shore, bank. Der.
arriv-al.
Arrogate. (L.) From pp. of L. arro-
gdre, to ask, adopt, attribute to, add to. —
L. ar- (for ad), to ; rogdre, to ask. Der.
arrogant, from the pres. pt.
Anrow. (E.) M,E. ar ewe, arwe, A.S.
arwe, and ear A (rare).4- Icel. or, an arrow
(gen. orvar) ; allied to Goth, arhwazna,
an arrow. From Teut. base arhw- ; cog-
nate with L. arC'Us, a bow.
arrow-root. (£.) So called, it is said,
because the tubers of the Maranta were
used as an antidote against poisoned
arrows.
Arse. (E.) M. E. ars, ers. A. S. ars.
+Gk. 6^poSf the rump. Idg. typ« *orsos.
ArsenaL (Span.— Arab.) Span, ar-
senaJy a magazine, dock-yard, arsenal;
longer forms, atarazanal, atarazana, where
the a- answers to Arab, a/, def. article.
Cf. Ital. darsena, a wet dock. — Arab, ddr
af-ftnd*aA, a house of construction, place
for making things, dock-yard. — Arab, ddr,
a house ; a/, the ; and finaah, art, trade,
construction.
Arsenic. (L. — Gk. — Arab. - Pers.)
Late L. arsenicum. — Gk. dpfffvticov, arsenic ;
seeming to mean a male principle(the alche-
mists had a strange fancy that metals were of
different sexes). But really borrowed from
Arab, az-zemtkh ; where az is for al, the,
def. art., and zemikh, orpiment, is from
Pers. zemi, orpiment, yellow arsenic (from
zar, gold). See Devic, p. 4.
Arson, incendiarism. (F.— L.) O. F.
arson, incendiarism.— Late L. ace. ar-
sidnem, a burning.- L. ars-us, pp. of
ardere, to bum. See Ardent. '
Art (i), 2 p. s. pres. of verb. (£.) See
Are
Art (2), skill. (F.-L.) M.E. art.^
O. F. ar/.— L. artem, ace. oiars, skill.
Artery. (L.— Gk.) L. ar/^rM, properly
the wind-pipe; also, an artery. — Gk. aprri-
pia, wind-pipe, artery.
Artesian, adj. (F.) Artesian wells SlK.
named from F. ArtisUn, adj. formed from
Artois^ a province in the north of France,
where these wells were early in use.
Articlioke. (Ital. -Arab.) lULor//-
ciocco, a corrupt form ; Florio also gives
the spellings archiciocco, archicioffo ; also
(without the ar, which answers to the
Arab. def. art. a/, the) the forms carciocco,
carcioffo, Cf. Span, dkachofa, an arti-
choke. — Arab, al kharshufy or jiarshaf, an
artichoke. % Not Arab, ardi shaukl
(Diez), which is a modem corrupt form
borrowed from Italian.
Artidev a small item, part of speech.
(F. — L. ) F. article. — L. articulus, a joint ,
knuckle, article in grammar ; lit. ' a small
joint.' Dimin. of artus^ a joint, limb.
articulate. (L.) L. articuldtus, dis-
tinct; pp. of articuldre, to supply with
joints, divide by joints.— L. articulus^ a
joint (above).
Artifice. (F.-L.) In MUton.-F.
artifice, ^L.. artificium, a trade, handi-
craft; hence skill. —L. arti-t stem of ars,
art ; and -fie-, for facere, to make. Der.
artific'er, a skilled workman.
artillery. (F.-L.) O.Wartillerie,
26
ARTI8AN
equipment of war, machines of war, in-
cliu&ig cross-bows, &c., in early times. •
O. F. ariilier, to equip.— Late L. *artil'
Idre^ to make machines; a verb inferred
from the sb. artillator^ a maker of machines.
Extended from arti-j stem of ars^ art. We
also find artillidtor, answering to an older
*articuldtor\ also Late L. articulum, arti-
fice; arfuuh,wct,
aartiBaa, a workman. (F. - Ital. — L.)
F. ariisan.mmJtsih artigianOy a workman.—
Late L. *arttfidnus, not found, but formed
from L. artitus, cunning, artfril. — L. or/t-,
stem of arSf art
ASy conj. (£.) M. £. or, ais, alse, also,
al so, As\bk contraction of also. (Proved
by Sir F. Madden.) See Also.
▲satotidav Assafotidav a gum.
(Med. L. — Pers. and L.) From Pers. dzd,
mastic; the "L. faetida, fetid, refers to its
offensive smell. See Fetid.
Asbestos, a mineral. (Gk.) Gk. &-
afitarotf unquenchable; because it is in-
combustible.—Gk. d-, neg. prefix; and
•afitOTOs, quenchable, from afiivyv/u, I
quench, extinguish. See Brugm. i. § 653.
Ascend. (L.) L. ascendere, to climb
up.— L. ad, to; scandere, to climb. See
Scan. Per. ascens-unty from pp. ascensus.
Ascertain. (F. - L.) From O.F.
acertainer, acertener, to make certain
(with s inserted). ^¥,a {^L..ady to) ; and
certain, certain. See Certain.
Ascetic. (Gk.) Gk. a<rictjriK6s, given
to exercise, industrious ; applied to hermits,
who strictly exercised themselves in reli-
gious devotion.— Gk. dir^n/T^s, one who
practises an art, an athlete. — Gk. iantiv,
to work, exercise; also, to mortify the
body, as an ascetic.
AscititionSf incidental. (L.) Coined,
as if from L. *ascittcius, from ascitus, pp.
of asciscere, ox adsciscere, to receive, learn.
— L. a/, to; sciscergf to learn, inceptive
form of sdr^, to know.
Ascribe. (L.) L. ascrfbere, to write
down to one's account —L. <i- (for euf), to ;
scriberiy to write.
Ash, a tree. (£.) M. £. asch, A. S. asc,
4> Dn. esch ; Icel. askr ; Dan. and Swed.
ask\ G. esche, Teut. type *askiz, Cf.
Russ. iasem, Lith. £jf>, ash.
Asluuned. (£•) A. S. dscamod, pp. of
dscamtan, to put to shame.— A. S. d-, ex-
tremely ; scamian, to shame, from scamu,
shame. ^. Or for A. S. ofscamody with the
same sense (with prefix if-^ off, very).
ASPECT
I. (£.) The pi. of ashy which is
little used. M. £. aschty axty sing. ; the
pi. is commonly aschefty axen, but in North-
em £. it is aschesy askes, A. S. asce, pi.
ascan, axan, ascan.^Du. asch ; Icel. and
Swed. aska\ Dan. aske\ Goth. azgOy pi.
azgon ; G. ascht, Teut. stems *askdn-y
*azgdn'.
Ashlar, Ashler, a facing made of
squared stones. (F.— L.) It consists of
thin slabs of stone for facing a building ;
formerly applied to a square hewn stone ;
and, probably, so called because it took
the place of the wooden beams used for
the same purpose.— O. F. aiseler (Livre
des Rois), extended frt>m O. F. aiselUy
aisieUy a little board, dimin. of ais^ a
plank. — L. axilla, dimin. of L. axis an
axis, also, a board, a plank.
Ashore. (£.) For on shore.
Aside. (£•) Fox on side.
Ask. (£.) M. K ashen, axien, A. S.
dsciany dhsian, dcsian ; the last answers to
prov. £. ax, ^ Du. eischen ; Swed. dska ;
Dan. aske ; G. heischeny O. H. G. eiscdft,
Teut. types *a$shdny *aiskdjan. Cf. Russ.
ishatey lAih. jiskoti, to seek ; Skt. ichchhd,
a wish, desire, eshy to search.
Askance^ obliquely. (Ital.— L.^ Spelt
a-scance by Sir T. Wyat ; ascanche by Pals-
grave, who gives de trotters, en lorgnant,
as the F. equivalent. £tym. doubtful ; but
prob. due to Ital. scansarcy * to go a-slope
or a-sconee, or a-skew, to go sidelin ;' Florio.
— Ital. J- ( = Lat ex, out of the way) ; and
catisare, ' to go a-slope, give place ; ' Florio.
This is derived, according to Diez, from L.
campsdrey to turn round a place, bend
round it ; cf. Gk. teAinrrHVy to bend.
Askew, awry. (O. Low G.) For on
skew ; Hexham gives M. Du. scheefy* askew,
awry ; ' see Skew.
Aslant. (Scand.) For on slant.
Asleep. (£•) For on sleep ; Acts xiii.
36.
dILslope. (£•) For on slope.
Asp, Aspic* a serpent. (F. - L. - Gk.)
F. aspe, asptc.'^'L. aspidem, ace. of aspis,
— Gk. ikartii (gen. iavihoi), an asp.
AsparagnSf a vegetable. (L. — Gk.—
Pers.'/) L. asparckgus,^Qi\i. dcvipayos.
Supposed to be of Pers. origin ; cf. Zend
fPareghay a shoot, a prong; Lithuan.
spurgas, a shoot (Fick, Prellwitz).
Aspect. (L.) L. aspectuSy look. — L.
aspectuSy pp. of aspicerey to look. — L. a-
Jor ad), to, at ; specere, to look.
37
ASPEN, ASP
Aspen, Asp, a tree. (£.) M. £. aspy
Chancer, C. T. 2923 ; aspen is an adj. (like
goUUn), and is used for aspen-tree ; cf. Cb.
C. T. 7249. A. S. aspe, aps. 4- Do. esp ;
IceL ospy Dan. and Swed. asp ; G. espe, dspe.
Cf. Lithnan. apuszis ; Ross, osina.
Asperity. (F.-L.) Y.aspMtl^l..
asperttdiem, ace. oiasperitds, roughness. *
L. asper, rough.
Asperse, to cast calumny upon. (L.)
From L. aspersus, pp. of aspergere, to
besprinkle. — L. as- (for ad) ; spargere, to
spatter.
Asphalt. (Ok.) Gk. dff<t)a\TOS, SiffipaK-
ToVy asphalt, bitumen. A foreign word.
AspJiOdeL (Gk.) Gk. da<p69€\os, a
plant of the lily kind. Der. daffodil,
q. V.
Asphyida, suffocation. (Gk.) Gk. d-
ffipv^la, a stopping of the pulse; cf. d-
<r<fwKTos^ without pulsation. * Gk. d-, not ;
and ff<pv^iSf the pulse, from <r<pv(tiv, to pul-
sate ; cf. a^vyfioSf pulsation.
Aspire. (F.—L.) F.aj/iV.fr, to breathe,
covet, aspire to. — L. aspirdre, lit. to breathe
towards. — L. a- (for ad), to; splrare, to
breathe. Der. aspir-atey v. to pronounce
with n full breathing.
Ass. (C.~L.) Vi.'E,. asse. A.S. assa.
— Irish assan.^lj. asinus; whence also
W. asyn, Swed. dsna, Icel. asni. Hence
also (or from L. dimin. aselius) came Irish
asal, Du. ezel, Dan. and G. esel, Goth.
asilus, Prob. of Semitic origin ; cf. Arab.
atdn, Heb. dthmy a she-ass.
Aff#f^-81. (F. - L.) M. E. asaiUn. - O. F.
asaillir, to attack.— Late L. assaitre ; L.
assiltre. — L. ad, to ; salire, to leap, rush
forth. See Salient.
Assart, the offence of grubbing up trees
and destroying the coverts of a forest. (F.
— L.) From A. F. assarter, F. essarter^ to
grub up, clear ground of shrubs. — L. ex,
out, thoroughly ; Late L. sartdre, frequent,
of L. sarrire, sanre, to grub up weeds.
Assassillf a secret murderer. (F. —
Arab.) ¥. assassin. From Arab. Jjiashdshin,
pi., eaters of ' hashish,' the name of a
sect in the 13th century ; the * Old Man of
the Mountain ' roused his followers' spirits
by help of this preparation, and sent them
to stab his enemies, esp. the leading cru-
saders. — Arab, fyaskish, an intoxicating
preparation from the dried leaves of Can-
nabis indica, a kind of hemp. Cf. Arab.
ftasAty, dry.
Assault. (F.-L.) o.F. «jm//.-l.
ASSOCIATE
ad, to ; saUus, a leap, attack, from saltus,
pp. of salire^ to leap. See A Mail.
Assay, s. ; the same as Essaj, q. v.
Assemble. (F.—L.) 0.¥. assembler.
— Late L. assimuldre, to collect (different
from L. assimuldre, to feign). — L. as- (for
ad), to ; simul, together.
Assent. (F.—L.) O.F,assenlir.^'L.
assentire, to assent, agree to. — L. as- (for
ad), to ; sentzre, to feel, perceive.
AssCKrt. (L.) From L. assertus, pp.
of asserere, to add to, claim, assert. — L.
as- (for ad), to ; serere, to join, connect.
Assess, to fix a tax. (F.—L.) O.F.
assesser.^LaXt L. assessdre, to sit as as-
sessor, to assess ; cf. L. sb. assessor, one
who adjusted taxes ; orig. a judge's assis-
tant, one who sat by him. — L. assessus,
pp. of assidere, to sit near. See Assize (i).
Assets, sufficient effects of a deceased
debtor. (F. — L.) O. F. assez (pron. assets),
sufficient (to pay with) ; properly an adv.,
but, in £., mistaken to be a pi. sb. — L. ad
satis, up to what is enough.
Asseverate. (L.) L. asseuerdtus, pp.
of asseuerdre, to speak in earnest. — L. as-
(for ad), to ; seuerus, earnest.
Assiduous. (L.) L. assidu-us, sitting
down to, applying closely to ; with suffix
-ous.^h. assidire, to sit near. — L. as- (for
ad), at, near ; sedere, to sit. See Sit.
Assign. (F. - L.) O. F. assigner, - 1-.
assigndre, to assign, mark out to. — L. as-
(Jot ad), to; signdre, to mark. from signum,
a mark, sign.
Assinmate. (L.) From pp. of L. as-
simildre, to make like to. — L. as- (for ad),
to ; similis, like. See Similar.
Assist. (F. — L.) F. assister. — L. as-
sistere, to step to, approach, assist. — L. as-
(for ad\, to ; sistere, to place, stand, from
stare, to stand.
Assise (i),a session of a court of justice.
(F.—L.) M. E. assise.^ O.F. assise, an
assembly of judges ; also a tax, an impost.
Probably fem. pp. of O. F. asseoir, to sit
near, assist a judge. — L. assiiiere, to sit
near ; see Assiduous, Assess.
assise (2), a fixed quantity or dimen-
sion. (F. — L.) O. F. assise, a tax, impost ;
the Late L. assisa was also used in the
sense of a fixed allowance of provisions.
The same word as the above. Another
form is Size, q. v.
Associate. (L.) From pp. of L. as-
socidre, to join to. — L. as- (for ad-\ to;
socidre, to join, associate. — L. socius, a
a8
ASSOIL
companion, lit follower. *L. sequtt to
follow. See Sequence.
Assoilf to absolve, acqnit. (F.— L.).
M. £. assoilen. — O. F. as{s)oilU, pres. subj.
of assoudrCj asoldre, to absolve. — L. d^
soluere, to absolve. — L. ab, from; soluere^
to loosen. See Solve. Doublet, absolve.
Assonant. (L.) "L. assonant-, st^moi
assonanSf sounding like ; pres. pt. ofasson-
are, to respond to. — L. as- (for oii-), to ;
sondre, to sound, from sonus, sound.
Assort. (F. — L.') O. F. assortir, to
sort, assort, match (15th century). — O.F.
OS' («L. Of-, for L. ad), to ; sort-, stem of
L. j^^rr, lot. See Sort. <
Assuage. (F.-L.) O. F. asouagier,
ascagier, to soften, appease ; (Prov. asua-
viar). — F. a ( = L. acT), to ; and L. suduts,
sweet See Sua^re.
Assume. (L.) L. assumere (pp. Af-
sumptus), to take to oneself.— L. at- (for
o^, to; sumere, to take, which is from
emere, to take, with a prefix of doubtful
origin. Der. assumpt'ion (from the pp.).
AMMta^m (F.— L.) M.E. assuren,^
O. F. aseUrer, to make secure. — O. F. a
( = L. aa), to; seiir, sure, from L. securus,
secure, sure. See Sure.
Aster, a flower. (Gk.) Gk. Aariip, a
star. See Star.
asterisk. (Gk.) Gk. Aar€plcrKos, a
little star, also an asterisk *, used for dis-
tinguishing fine passages in MSS. — Gk.
Aartp-, stem of darrip, a star.
asteroidy a minor planet (Gk.^ Pro-
perly an adj., signifying * star-like. — Gk.
daT€po-€i^St star-like. — Gk. dartpo-, for
dtrrffp, a star ; and t76-os, form, figure.
AjrtJmiay difficulty in breathing. (Gk.)
Gk. SaBfio, panting. — Gk. &&((ty, to breathe
hard. Cf. Gk. drjfju, I blow. See Air.
Astir. (£.) For on stir ; Barbour's
Bmoe, xix. 577.
Astonish, Astound. (F.-L.) The
addition of -ish, as in extingU'ish, is due
to analogy with other verbs in 'ish, M.E.
astonim, astunien, astonen ; whence later
astony, afterwards lengthened to astonish ;
also astound, by the addition of excrescent
d after ii , as in sound, from F. son. All
from O. F. estoner (mod. F. Stonner), to
amaze. — Late L. *extondre, to thunder
out, from ex, out, and tondre^ to thunder.
Ct'L.attondre, to thimder at, astound (with
prefix at' for L. ad, at).
Astray. For on stray, Barbour's Bruce,
xiiL 195. See Stray.
ATHWART
Astriction. (L.) From L. ace. as-
trictidnem, a drawing together.— L* astriC'
tuSy pp. of astringere ; see Astringent.
Astride. (£.) Fox on {the) stride.
Astringent. (L.) From stem of pres.
pt. of astnngere, to bind or draw closely
together. — L. a- (for ad), to ; stringere, to
draw tight.
Astrology. (F.-L.-Gk.) F, astro-
logie.^la. astrohgia, (i) astronomy; (2)
astrology, or science of the stars. — Gk.
dcTpoXoyia, astronomy. — Gk. darpo-, for
dffrpov, a star ; and ^Koyia^ 'allied to A0709,
a discourse, from kiyetv, to speak.
Astronomy. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. as-
tronomie.^h. astronomia, ^Gk. darpo-
vofiia, mm Gk. darpo-Vy a star; and 'vopia,
allied to v6iios, law, from vipitty, to dis-
tribute.
Astute. (L.) L. astatus, crafty, cun-
ning.—L. astus, craft.
AjBnnder. (£.) For on sunder. A. S.
on-sundran, apart See Sunder.
Asylnm. (L.-Gk.) L. durf/^m.-Gk.
davKov, an asylum ; neut of ojavKoi, adj.
unharmed, safe from violence. — Gk. d-,
not ; and trvAi;, a right of seizure ; cf.
axiKdoi, I despoil an enemy.
Asymptote, a line which, indefinitely
produced, does not meet the curve which it
continually approaches. (Gk.) Gk. djavp,-
m-arros, not falling together, not coincident.
— Gk. d-, not ; avpi, for aw, together ; and
m-orrSs, falling, from mwrtiv (pt. t vi-
VTODKo), to fall. (-/PET.)
At. (E. ) M. E. at, A. S. ^/. + Icel. at ;
Goth, at ; Dan. ad; Swed. &t\ L. ad.
Atabaly a kettle-drum. (Span. — Arab.)
Span, atabal. — Arab, at (for at, def. article) ;
tabi, a drum.
Ataghan ; see Yataghan.
Atheism. (Gk.) Coined from Gk.
d0e-os, denying the gods, without a god ;
with suffix -ism. — Gk. d-, negative prefix ;
$(6s, a god.
Athirst. (E.) M. E. ofthurst, athurst,
very thirsty; orig. pp. of a verb. A.S.
offyrsted, very thirsty ; pp. oiofj>yrstan, to
be very thirsty. — A. S. of, very (prefix) ;
2xAhvrstan, to thirst ; see Thirst.
Athlete. (L.-Gk.) L. athUta.^Gk.
dOKrjTrjSf a combatant, contender in games.
— Gk.d9X^-€cv,to contend for a prize. — Gk.
d0\oi (for dftOKoi), a contest ; 3jB\ov (for
dftOKov), a prize. See "Wed.
Athwart« across. For on thwart, on
the transverse, across ; see Thwart.
39
ATLAS
ATTORNEY
.Gk.) Named after Atlas, die
demi-^od wlho was waad to bear the worid
on his shooldcKS ; his fignre used often to
appear oo tiie thle-page of atUises.— Gk.
'ArXoff (gen. *ArXarros)j pcoh. 'the sos-
taiaer ' or bearer, from <^rrEI^ to bear.
atlaaitiCy an ocean, named after ML
Atlas» in the N.W. of Africa. (Gk.) From
'ArXam-, stem of 'ArAos; with suffix
I. (Gk.) lit. 'a sphere
of air round the eaith.' Coined from
ir/to-^ stem of dr/u9f Taponr, air; and
Splioro.
AtoUf a groap of coral islands fonning
a ring. (Maldive Islands.) 'We derive the
cxpreasioo from the hfaldive islands . . .
where the fonn of the word is ata/u. It is
prob. connected with the Snghalese prep.
aiul, inside.' (Yule.)
Atom. (F.'L.-Gk.) F.aiffme(Cct.).
* L. atamus. •* Gk. aroitoiy sh., an indivisi-
ble particle; allied toaro/iot, adj., indivisi-
ble. —Gk. d-f not ; ro/ir, ^grade of r€ftr, as
seen in tS/m^up, to cot, divide.
AtonOv to set at one, to reconcile. (E.)
Made up from the words at and ofu, and
dne to the frequent ose of the phnyse at
ooH, at one (i. e. reconciled) in Middle
English. Al at on— 2^ agreed; Rob. of
Glooc. p. 113. Tyndall has atonemaker,
Le. reconciler, Works, p. 158. Dor. atotu-
tnentj i. e. at^one'inent ; we actually find
the word onement, reconciliation, in old
authors ; see Hall, Satires, iii. 7. 69.
AtrOCi^. (F.-L.) ¥,atrocit^,Cf^^
L. atrdcitdtem, ace. of atrocitds, cnielty. —
L. atroci', from atroxj cnieL
Ateopliy. (Gk.) Gk. dr/w^, want of
nourishment or food, hunger, wasting away
of the body, atrophy.— Gk. d-, not; and
rpi^iv (pL t. ri-Tpo<^), to nourish.
Attack. (F. - Tent. ?) O. F. attaclur,
to attach, fasten.— O. F. a, for "L, ad,\.o\
and (perhaps) a Low G. word with the
sense of E. tack, a nail. See Tack. Cf.
Picard attaker, to attach ; Bret, tacha^ to
fasten, from tach, a tack, nail ; and see
Detach, Attack. Der. attach-ment,
attack. (F.>Ital.-Teut.?) F.a//a-
^»^.— Ital. attaccare, to fasten, attach;
atttucare battaglia, * to ioyne battell,*
Florio. Cognate with F. attacher; so that
attack is a doublet of cUtach,
Attain. (F.-L.) M. £. ateinen.^
O. F. ateign-f pres. stem of ateindre,
ataiftdre, to reach to. — L. attingere, to
attain. — L. at- (for ad), to; tangere, to
toodi.
attaisdAT. (F.-L.) From the O.F.
aUindre^ vert>, to convict; used snbstan-
tivdy ; see above.
atteint, to convicL (F. -L.) From
M.E. atteynt, ateynt, convicted, whence
the verb has been evolved ; orig. pp. of
O. F. ateindre (above). ^^ In no way
alHed to taints
Attar of RpiIBBj (Arab.) Also, less
correctly, otto ofrmes, i.e. perinme. — Arab.
'itr, peifume. —Arab, root 'atara, to smell
sweetly.
Attcttaper. (F.-L.) 0,Y , atemprer,
to modify. — O.F. a ( « L. ad)^ to ; temprer,
temperer, to temper.— L. temperare, to
amxirtion, r^;nlate, qualify. See Temper.
Attempt. (F.-L.) 0,V. atempter,
to undertake.- L. attentdre, to attempt —
L. at' (for ad)^ to; tentdre, to try; see
Tempt.
Attend. (F.-L.) O.IP. atemlre, to
wait— L. attendert (pp. attentus), to
stretdi towards, give heed to.— L. at- (for
ad), to ; tendere, to stretch. Der. attent-
ion (from the pp.) ; attent, adj., 2 Chron.
vi. .40, viL 15.
Attenuate. (L.' From pp. of L. at-
tcmtdre, to make thin. —L. a/- (for ad), to;
tenu'is, thin. See Thin.
Attest. (L.) L. attestdri, to be witness
to.— L fl/- i=ad), to; tf start, to be
witness, from L. testis, a witness.
AttiCy a small upper room. (L — Gk.)
It orig. meant the whole of a parapet wall,
terminating the upper fa9ade of an edifice.
Named from the Attic order of architecture ;
see Phillip, ed. 1706.— L. ^//fVifx.- Gk.
'AttucAs, Attic, Athenian. Cfl F. attique,
an attic ; Attique, Attic
Attire. (F.-Teut?) M.E,atir,atyr,
sb. ; atiren, atyren^ verb.- O. F. atirier,
to adom (Roquefort). — O. F. a (=L a</,
prefix); andO. F. tire, iiere, a row, file ;
so that atirier is properly * to arrange.* Cf.
O. Prov. tiera, a row (Bartsch). See Tier.
Attitude. (Ital. — L.) Orig. a painter's
term, from Italy. — Ital. attitudine^ aptness,
skill, attitude.- L. aptitudinem, ace. of
aptitado, aptitude. — L. aptus^ apt.
Attorney. (F. - L.) M. E. attoume,
- O. F. atome [L e. atom4], lit. * one ap-
pointed or constituted ; ' pp. oiatomer, to
direct, prepare, constitute. — F. « ( = L. ad),
to ; O. F. tomer, to turn, from L. tor-
ndre. See Tom.
30
ATTRACT
AUSTRAL
Attract* (L<) ¥TomL..a/tractus,pp,
of aUrahere, to attract.— L. «/• {=ad),
to ; trahere, to draw.
Attribute. (L.) Yiom a/tributiis, pp.
of L. aitribiieref to assign. — L. a/- ( =«</),
to ; tribuerCi to assign ; see Tribute.
Attrition. (L.) From L. ace. attrt-
iioneniy a nibbing or wearing away. — L.
€Utritus, pp. of atterere^ to mb away. — L.
at' ( ^ad), at ; terere, to mb. See Trite.
Attuney to bring to a like tune. (L.
and L.— Gk.) From L. at- {'*ad), to;
and £. Tune, q. v.
Atllnim. (F. - L.) M. E. adortu, au-
bume,ong. citron-coloured or light yellow.
— O. F. a/bome, aubome, blond (Godefroy) .
— Late L. a/bumus, whitish, light-
coloured. Torriano explains Ital. albumo
by ' that whitish colour of women's hair
called an aburu colour.' Cf. L. alburnum,
the sap-wood or inner bark of trees
(Pliny). — L. aibus^ white.
Anctioil. (L*) L* auciionem, ace. of
auctio^ a sale by auction, lit. 'an increase,'
because the sale is to the highest bidder.—
L. auciust pp. of augere, to increase. See
Eke.
AndacioiUi. (F.~L.) F. audacieux,
bold, audacious. — L. *auddctdsuSj not
found; extended from L. auddci-, from
audaxy bold. — L. auderet to dare.
Audience. (F. ~ L. ) F. audience, * an
audience or hearing ; ' Cot. — L. audienHa,
a hearing. -^L. audUnt-, stem of pres. pt.
oiaudire, to hear. For *auisdtre ; cf. Gk.
aloBiaOtu, to perceive, for &fta$€trOai,
Bmgm. i. § 340.
audible. (L.) Late L* audibiUs, that
can be heard. — L. audtre, to hear.
audit. (L.) From L. audiius, a
hearing. —L. audtre, to hear ; whence also
audi'ior,
Aoifer. (£.) Totnauger. M,E,naue-
gar ( B nazfegar), nauger, a tool for boring
holes —A. S. nafogdr, an anger, lit. nave-
piercer, tor boring holes in 5ie nave of a
wheel. — A. S. nctfu, a nave ; gdr^ a piercer,
that which gores; see Nave (i) and
Oore (fO* 4* ^u* ovegaar (for navegaar) ;
IceL mtfarr ; Dan. naver ; Swed. nafvare ;
O. H. G. nabager.
Aught. (£.) M. E. aht, aght, aught,
A. S. aht, earlier awiht ; from a, ever, and
wiht, a creature, wight, whit ; lit ' e'er a
whit' See Whit.
Augment. (F. - L. ) F. augmenter, -
h.augmentdrefiotsA9iXgt, >- L. augmentum,
an increase. — L. augere, to increase. Sec
Auction.
Augur. (L.) M. £.af/^r.— L. a/^^r,
a sooth-sayer ; said to mean a diviner by
the flight and cries of birds. Hence a sup-
posed etymology (not certain) from auis, a
bird, and -gur, telling, allied to ^rrTr^, to
shout. Cf. L. aU'ceps, a bird-catcher.
August. (L.) L. augustus, venerable;
whence E. august, venerable, and August,
the month named after Augustus Caesar.
Cf. Skt djas, strength. Brugm. i. $ 213.
Auky a sea-bird. (Scand.) Swed. alka ;
Dan. alke ; led. alka, dlka, an auk.
Aunt. (F.-L.) M,E.aunte.^A,¥.
aunte; O. F. ante (mod. F. t'anie).^Y.,
amita, a father's sister. Cf. G. amtne, nurse.
Aureate. (L.) Late L.atfr(fa/i/j, gilt',
from aureus, golden; in place of L. au-
rdtus, gilded, pp. of aurdre, to gild. — L.
aurum, gold ; O. L. ausum. Der. aur-
elia, a gold-coloured chrysalis ; aur-e-
ol-a, aur-e-ole, the halo of golden glory
in paintings ; auriferous, gold-producing,
ixoxaferre, to bear.
Auricula, a plant. (L.) L. auricula,
the lol^e of the ear ; used to mean the
* bear's ear,' a kind of primrose ; see below.
auricular, told in the ear, secret. (L.)
Late L. auriculdris, in the phr. auriculdris
confession auricular confession. — L auri-
cula, the lobe of the ear ; double dimin.
from auri'S, the ear. See Ear.
Aurora, the dawn. (L.) L. aurora,
the dawn ; from prehistoric *ausdsa.'\'Ci\i,
iEolic avws, Ion, ^s, dawn, from pre-
historic *avaws. See East. ^
Auscultation, a listening. (L.) L.
auscultdtionem, ace. of ausculidtio, a
listening; from the pp. of auscultdre, to
listen. — L. *aus', base of auris^ the ear.
See Ear.
Auspice, favour, patronage. (F.-L.)
F. auspice, a token of things by the flight
of birds, an omen, good fortune. — L. au-
spiciutn, a watching of birds for the pur-
pose of augury. Short for *auispicium, —
L. aui; for auis, a bird ; and spicere,
specere, to spy, look into.
Austere. (F. - L. - Gk.) M. E.
austere, — O. F. austere, — L. austerus,
harsh, severe. — Gk. aiKrrijpSs, making the
tongue dry, harsh.- Gk. aiav, to dry.>
Austral. (F.-L.; orh,) We find F.
austraU, 'southerly;' Cot— L. Austrdlis,
southerly.— L. Austir, the South wind.
31
AUTHENTIC
Antkentic. (F.-.L.-Gk.) M.Kau-
ten/ike, autentik.'^O, F. auientiquef later
authentique (Cot.). — L. autheniicus,
original, written with the author's own
hand.^Gk. avBtvrtKSty vouched for, war-
ranted.—Gk. Mhrrpf also ahro-ivrris, one
who does things with his own hand, a
'self-worker'; see Auto-, p. Gk. Ivrris
(for *(rivT'rii) is prob. allied to L. sons
(gen. sontis), guilty, responsible.
Author. CF. — L.) M. £. auiour,
alitor ; later author (with th once sounded
as /, but now as th in thin).— O. F. autor
(Bartsch). — L. auctorgm, ace. of auctor, an
originator, lit. ' increaser, grower.' — L.
augere,, to increase. Cf. Auction.
AutO-y prefix. (Gk.) Gk. avro-, stem
of ainiii, self. Der. auto-biography y a
biography written by oneself (see Bio-
STftphy); autography something in one's
own handwriting, from Gk. yp&4>€iVj to
write (see Qraphio).
autocracy. (Gk.) Adapted (with
suffix '{y for Gk. -rcia) from Gk. avro-
Kp&T(ia, absolute power. — Gk. avro-, self;
'Kp&rtia (in compounds), power, from
KparUiVy to rule. — Gk. icparjkf strong;
cognate with £. Hard.
antouatoiiy a self-moving machine.
(G.) Gk. avrdfMToVf neut. of airrSfjiaroSf
self-moving. — Gk. abrd-, for o6t<Js, self;
and -fiaros, cognate with Skt. maids,
thought, considered, known, pp. of man,
to think. (VMEN.)
autonomy, self-government. (Gk.)
Gk. oirroyofAia, independence. — Gk. abrS^
yofAos, free, living by one's own laws.— Gk.
aW6-, self; and yofxos, law, from viftofjuu,
I sway, vifuiv, to distribute.
autopsy, personal inspection. (Gk.)
Gk. aitroif/la, a seeing with one's own eyes.
— Gk. axtro-, self; S^s, sight (see Optic).
Anto-da-fb. (Port -L.) Lit. ' decree
of faith ; ' a judgment of the Inquisition,
also, the execution of such judgment, when
the decree or sentence is read to the
victims. — Port auto, action, decree; da,
short for dg a, of the ; }?, faith. [The Span,
form is auto de fS, without the article
'/a — Port, a.]— L. actum, ace. of actus,
act, deed ; de, prep. ; i7/a, fem. of ille, he ;
fidcm, ace. oi fides, faith.
Autumn. (F.— L.) l/L,'K, autumpne,
— O.F. autompne, — L. autumnus, auctum-
nus, autumn. (Perhaps allied to augire,
to increase.)
Auxiliary. (L.) L. auxilidrius^
AVERAGE
helping, assisting. — L. auxilium, help.—
L. augtre, to increase.
AvadaTaty a finch-like £. Indian bird.
(Arab, and Pers.) Formerly amadavat
(N. £. D.) ; or amudavad, N. and Q. 6
S. ii. 198. Named from the city oiAhmed-
dbdd, whence they were imported. — Arab.
Ahmed, a proper name ; Pers. dbdd, a city.
Avail. (F.-L.) M.E. auailen (=
availen). Compounded of O. F. a, to ;
and vail-,toTk\c stem of O. F. valoir {paler),
to be of use. — L. ad, to ; ual'ere, to be
strong.
Avalanche. (F.-L.) F. avalanche,
the descent of snow into a valley. — F.
avaler, to swallow ; but the old sense was
' to let fall down.' — F^ aval, downward,
lit 'to the valley.'- F. « ( = L. act}, to;
val, vale, from L. uallem, ace. of uallis, a
valley.
Avarice. (F. — L.) M. £. auarice
(with u for w). — F. avarice, ^Y,. audritia,
greediness. — L. audrus, greedy; cf. L.
auidus, greedy.- L. auere, to wish, desire.
Avast, stop, hold fast. (Du.) Du. hou
zHist, houd vast, hold fast. — Du. hou, short
form of houd, imper. of houden, to hold
(see Hold) ; and tuist, fast (see Fast).
Avatar. (Skt.) Skt. avatdra, descent ;
hence, the descent of a Hindu deity in
incarnate form. — Skt. ava, down ; and trj,
to pass over, pass.
Avaunt, begone ! (F. - L.) A. F.
avaunt ; O.F. avant, forward 1 See Ad-
vanoe.
Ave, hail. (L.) Short for Aue Maria,
hail, Mary (Luke i. 28).— L. aue, hail I
imper. sing, of auere, to fare well.
Avenge. (F.-L.) 0.¥,avengier,to
avenge. — F. a (L. ad), to ; vengier, to
avenge, from L. uindicdre, to lay claim
to, also, to avenge. See Vindicate.
Aventailf the mouth-piece of a visor.
(F. — L.) A F. aventatUe ; O.F. esventail,
air-hole. — O.F. esventer, to expose to air. —
L. ex, out ; uentus, wind. See Ventail.
Avenue. (F.— L.) ¥, avenue, advenue,
access ; hence an approach to a house (esp.
one shaded by trees) ; fem. oiavenu, pp. of
F. avenir, to come to. — L. ad, to ; uenire,
to come.
Aver. (F.-L.) A. F. and O. F. tfw^itfr.
— Late L. auerdre, aduerdre, to affirm to
be true. — L. ad, to ; uerus, true.
Average* an equalised estimate. (F.)
Formerly a duty, tax, impost; then, 1 1
extra charge on goods, the incidence of
32
AVERT
snch a charge, the general estimate or
apportionment of loss of goods, &c.
Formed, with suffix 'age, from F. avar-ie,
now Qsoally ' damage (cf. Span, averia,
haberia, * the cnstom paid for goods that
are exported* (Pineda), Port, and Ital.
avaria, Late L. avaria^ averia), A
Mediterranean maritime term, orig. signify-
ing * duty charged on goods ' (G. P. Marsh,
in N. £. D.). Origin unknown ; perhaps
from Ital. avere, kavere, goods, chattels
(F. avoir), a sb. use of havere, haver (L.
habere), to possess. \ Not from Arab.
*avdry damage, which is boirowed from
Ital. avaria, in a late sense.
Avert. (L.) L. d'Uertere, to turn away.
— L. J (=«^), off, away; ueriere, to turn.
Per. averse, from L. pp. duersus.
Aviary. (L.) L. aut'drium, a place
for bixxls; neut. of adj. auidrius, belonging
to birds. — L. aui-, stem of auis, a bird.
Avidity. (F.-L.) F. awV////, greedi-
ness, eagerness.— L. auidiidtem, ace. of
auiditds, eagerness. — L. auu/us, greedy,
desirous. — L. auere, to crave.
Avocation. (L.) From L. duocd-
Honem, ace. of dttocdtio, a calling away of
the attention, hence a diversion, amuse-
ment ; afterwards used in the sense of
emplovment. — L. duocdius, pp. of d-uocdre,
to call away.— L. d (^aff), from, away;
uocdre, to call. See Vooation.
Avoid, to shun. (F.-L.) M. E.
auoiden {==avaiden), to empty, empty out,
get rid of; later, to keep away from, shun.
— O.F. esvuidier, to empty out, get quit
of.— O.F. es't prefix (L. ex, out); and
O. F. vuit, vuide (F. vide), empty, void.
See Void.
Avoirdupois. (F. - L.) Formerly
avoir de pots (Anglo-F. aveir de peis),
goods of weight, i. e. heavy articles. — F.
avoir, goods, orig. *to have;' de, of;
O. F. pais, A. F. peis, weight. — L. habere,
to have; de, of; pensutn, that which is
weighed out, neut. oipensus, pp. of pen-
dere, to weigh. 1[The F. pois is now
misspelt /mVj. See Poise.
Avoueh. (F.-L.) M.E. avouchen.
— O. F. avochier, to call upon as guarantor
(Godefroy).— L. aduocdre, to call to or
tommon (a witness).— L. ad, to; uocdre,
to call. Cf. Voaoh.
avow, to confess, to declare openly.
(F,— L.) M.E. avowen.'^O^Y. avouer,
t^ioer, — L. aduocdre, to call upon ; Med. L.
to call on as patron or client, to acknow-
AWKWARD
ledge, recognise. — L. ad, to ; uocdre, to
call. ^Another M.E. avowen, to bind
with a vow, to vow, is obsolete ; see Vow.
Doublet, avouch (above).
Await. (F.-L. a/^O.H.G.) O.F.
awaitier, agaitier, to wait for. — O.F. a
( = L. aid), for; waiiier, to wait, from
O. H. G. wahten, to watch, from the sb,
wahta (G. wacht), a watching. See "Wait.
Awake, Awaken. (E.) M.E.
cnvakien, awaken \ and awaknen, awake-
nen; both orig. intransitive. Two A. S.
verbs are confused; dwacian, wk. vb.;
and onwacnan, with wk. pres. t., but
strong pt. t. onwoc, pp. onwacen. The
prefix is either A- (2) or A- (4). See
"Wake, Waken.
Award, vb. (F.-L. and O. Low G.)
M.E. awarden.^K^Y, awarder; O.F.
eswarder, esgarder, to examine, adjudge. —
O. ¥, es- {- L. ex), out ; O. F. warder, to
ward, guard, from O. Low G., as in O. Sax.
wardon (cf. G. warten), to watch, guard.
See Ward, Guard.
Aware. (E.) A corruption of M. E.
iwar, ywar, aware (common) ; from A. S.
gewar, aware. — A. S. ge-, a common
prefix, not altering the sense ; wcer, ware,
wary ; see Wary.
Away. (E.) For on way, i.e. on
one's way, so as to depart. A.S. onweg,
away. See Way.
Awe. (Scand.) M. E. a'^e, aghe, awe,
[Also e^e, egke, eye ; all orig. dissyllabic.
The latter set are from A. S. ege, awe.] —
Icel. agi, awe, fear; Dan. ave.\-K, S. ege;
Goth, agis, fear, anguish; Irish eagal^
fear, terror ; Gk. axo^, anguish, affliction.
(V AGH .) Der. aw-ful.
Awkward, clumsy. (Scand. and E.)
Orig. an adv., signifying ' transversely,* or
'in a backhanded manner.' M.E. awk-
ward, awkwart ; ' aukwari he couth him
ta*=he gave him a backhanded stroke,
Wallace, iii. 175. p. The suffix -wardi%
E., as in for-ward, on-ward, &c. The
prefix is M. E. auk, awk, contrary, perverse,
wrong ; this is a contraction of Icel. ofug-
[Swed. afvug, in Widegren], like hawk
from A. S. hcifoc, — Icel. bfugr, often con-
tracted to bfgu, adj., turning the wrong
way, back foremost, contrary. 7. Here
of- is for af-, off, from, away; and -ug- is
a suffix. Cf. O. H. G. ap-uh, M. H. G. eb-
ich, turned away, perverse ; from apa =
G. ab, off, away, and the suffix -h, 8.
Thus the sense of awk is * turned away * ;
53
AWL
BABE
from Icel. af'^ cognate with E. of^ off,
Gk. 6.ito,
AwL (£.) M. E. awel, aul [we also find
a/, er\. A.S. awely aztmi; perhaps cog-
nate with JL. aculeus, a sting, spine, allied
to L. acuSf a needle. % The A. S. al or
Stl, an awl, seems to be a distinct word,
and allied to Icel. air ; G. ahle ; Skt. drd
(Kluge).
Awn. (E.) M. E. agune (13th cent),
awene, awne, A. S. pi. agnan, Corp. Gl
•f- Icel- bgn^ chaff, a husk ; Dan. avne,
chaff; Swed. agn, only in pi. agnar,
husks ; Goth, ahana ; O. H. G. agana,
chaff. Cf. Gk. pi. oxvai, chafif; O. L.
agna, a straw.
Awning. (O. F.?) In Sir T. Herbert's
Travels, ea. 1665, p. 8 ; the proper sense
seems to be ' a sail or tarpauling spread
above a ship^s deck, to keep off the sun*s
heat.* Perhaps from O. F. auvan, auvant,
mod. F. auventf * a pent-house of cloth
before a shop-window;' Cot. Cf. Prov.
anvan, Late L. antevanna, auvanna,
avanna. Perhaps from L. ante, before ;
uannuSy a fan (fem. sb.)*
A.wry, (E.) For on wry, on the twist;
Barbour, Bruce, iv. 705. See Wry.
Axe, A.-g, (£.) M. £. ax, ex. A. S. ax,
older forms acus, acus.'^Dvi. oaks; Icel.
ox, oxt; Swed. yxa; Dan. oxe; Goth.
akwizi ; O. H. G. accAus; G. axt ; L. ascia
(if for *acsda) ; Gk. d^ivrj.
Axiom. (Gk.) XV cent. - Gk. diiw/M
(gen. d^tcvfiaros), worth, quality; in science,
an assumption. — Gk. d£<do;, I deem worthy.
— Gk. d^ios, worthy, worth, lit. * weighing
as much as.* i- Gk. Aytiv, to drive ; ako, to
weigh. (-/AG.)
Axis, axle. (L.) L. axis, an axis, axle-
tree. + Gk. d((M>v ; Skt. aksha, an axle,
wheel, cart. Cf. also A. S. eax, an axle ;
Du. as ; G. achse ; Russ. os* ; Lith. aszis.
(^AG, to drive.) See below.
axle. (Scand.) M. E. axel. [A. S. has
eaxl, but only with the sense of shoulder.]
— Icel. oxull, axis; whence oxul-tre^ an
axle-tree ; Swed. and Dan. axel, axle.
p. It is a dimin. of the form appearing
in L. axis ; see Axis. Cf. W. echel, axle.
Der. axle-tree, where tree is a block of
wood.
Ay! interj. (E.) M. E. ey ! K natural
interjection. % The phr. ay me is French ;
O. F. aymi, alas for me ! Cf. Ital. ahimi,
Span, ay di me, Gk. oXyuai. See Ah.
Ay, Aye, yea, yes. (E. ?) Spelt / in
old edd. of Shak., &c. Origin uncertain;
perhaps a variant of Tea.
Ayahy a native waiting-maid, in India.
^Port. — L.) Port, aia, a nurse, governess
(fem. of aio, a tutor). Prob. from L. auia^
a grandmother. — L. autis, a grandfather.
Aye, adv., ever. (Scand.) M. E. ay. —
Icel. ei, ever. + A. S. <f, ever, also away
Goth, aiw, ever, case-forms from Teut.
*aiwoz (Goth, aiws), an age, which is
allied to L. auum, Gk. cdiw, an age. Cf.
Gk. alf (, dtl, ever.
Aye-Aye, a kind of lemur. (F. — Mada-
gascar.) F. aye-aye, supp. to Littre.
From the native name ai-ay in Madagas-
car ; said to be named from its cry.
Azimnth. (Arab.) Azimuthal circles
are great circles on the sphere that pass
through the zenith. Properly, azimuth is
a pi. form, answering to Arab. as-samUt,
ways, or points (or quarters) of the horizon ;
from «/ samt, sing., the way, or point (or
quarter) of the horizon. — Arab, al, the;
txAsamt, a way, quarter, direction; whence
also £. zenith. See Zenith.
Asote, nitrogen. (F.—Gk.) So called
because destructive to animal life. — F.
azote, ^Gk. d-, negative prefix; Pamela,
preserving life, from ^07-17, life, (dnv, to
live.
Ainrey blue. (F. — Arab.— Pers.) M.E.
asur, azure. — O. F. azur, azure ; a cor-
rupted form, standing for lazur, which was
mistaken for Vazur, as if the initial' /
indicated the def. article ; Low L. lazur,
an azure-coloured stone, also called lapis
lazuli. — Arab. Idzward (see Devic) . — Pers.
Idjuward, lapis lazuli, a blue colour. So
called from the mines of Lajwurd, where
the lapis lazuli was found (Marco Polo,
ed. Yule).
,, to bleat. (E.) In Shak. ; an imita-
tive word.
Babble. (E.) M. E. babelen, to prate,
mumble, chatter. The suffix -le is fre-
quentative ; the word means * to keep on
saying ha, ^a,* syllables imitative of a child's
attempts to speak. +Du. hahbelen\ Dan.
bable ; Icel. babbla ; G. bappeln ; and cf. F.
babiller.
Babe. (E.) M. E. bob, earliest forni
baban. Probably due to infantile utterance;
cf. Babble.
34
BABIRUSA, BABIROUSSA
Babimsa, Babiroussa, a kind of
wild hog. (Malay.) Malay bddt iilsa,
lit. * deer-hog/ or ' hog like a deer ' ; from
rilsa^ deer, and bdbft hog.
Baboon. (F. or Low L.) O. F. babuin,
F. babouin ; we also find M. £. babion,
babiaHf babezuim; Low L. babewynus, a
baboon (A.D. 1295). Origin uncertain.
Cf. O. F. baboUf a grimace (Godefroy).
Prob. from the motion of the lips. Cf.
Babble.
BacchaaaL (L. — Gk.) \^,Bacchdndlis,
a worshipper of Bacchus ^ god of wine. —
Gk. B(i«x^^» g^ of wine.
Bacbelor. (F. — L.) M. £. bacheUr, -
O.F. bacheUr,^\aXA L. Haccaldrisy but
only found as baccaldrius, a holder of a
small farm or estate, called in Late L.
baccaldria^ Remoter origin unknown, and
much disputed. Hardly from Late L.
bacca^ for L. uacca^ a cow.
Back. (,£.) M.£. bak. A.S. bac.-^-
Icel. bak\ O. Sax. b<ik\ O. Fries, bek,
Der, a'biuk, q. v. ; back-bite ^ M. £. bak-
biten (P. PI. B. ii. 80) ; back-ward^ M. £.
bacu/iuvl (Cursor Mundi, 2042).
backnnunon, a game. (£.) In
Butler's Hudibras, pt. iii. c. 2. The sense
is ' back-game,' because the pieces, when
taken, are put back. See eanunon (2).
Bacon. (F. -Teut.) M. E. bacoft, - O. F.
bacon; Low L. baco.^O. H. G. bac/tOj
M. H. G. bacACf butiock, ham, a flitch of
bacon. Cf. G. bachd, a wild sow ; M. Du.
^^» A pig ; M. Dan. bakigf a pig.
Bad. (£.) M. £. badiie. Formed from
A.S. baJdcly s., a hermaphrodite; and
allied to A. S. badlingy an effeminate
man.
Badffe. (Unknown.) M.F.^^^; Prompt.
Parv. JLow L. bagia^ bagea, * signum, in-
signe quoddam ; ' Ducange ; apparently,
a Latin version of the £. word. Origin
unknown.
badger. (Unknown.) Spelt bageard
in Sir T. More ; a nickname for the brock.
Dr. Murray shews that ^a^<rr= animal with
a bcuige or stripe. See above.
Baoinage, jesting ulk. (F.-Prov.-
L.) F. badinage. — F. badiner, to jest. —
F. badin^ adj., jesting. — Prov. bader («F.
bayer\ lit. to gape ; nence, to be silly. —
Late L. ^i^rip, to gape ; prob. of imitative
origin, from ba^ expressive of opening the
mouth. Cf. Babble.
Bafie, to foil, disgrace. (F.?-G.?) A
Scotch word, as explained in HalTs Chron.
BAIRN
Hen. VIII, an. 5. To baffull is * a gieat
reproach among the Scottes ' ; it means to
disgrace, vilify. Cf. Lowland So. bauchle
(XV cent, bachle), to vilify. Origin doubt-
ful ; but cf. F. beffler^ to deceive, mock
(Cot.), bafouer (Cot. baffmer^ to bafHc,
revile, disgrace) ; allied to Ital. beffare, to
flout, scofle (Florio), from beffdf a scoff;
Norman F. baffer, to slap m the face ;
Prov. bafHf a scoff. Prob. from M. H. G.
beffenj to scold ; cf. G. bdffen, Du. baffen,
to bark, yelp ; of imitative origin, like
Du. pafy a pop, a box on the ear.
Bag. (Scand.) M. £. bagge. ^ Icel. bc^ggi,
O. Swed. bagge, a bag, pack, bundle. Not
found elsewhere in Teutonic. (Gael, bagis
from £.)
bagatelle, a trifle, a game. (F. — Ital .
— Teut.) F. bagatelle, a trifle. — Ital. bagat-
tella, a trifle, dimin. of Parmesan bagata,
a little property ; from Lombard baga^
a wine- skin, of Teut. origin ; see Bag,
baggage (i).
baggage (i), luggage. rF. -Scand.)
M. E.^fl,^:^^, bagage, — O. F. bagage, a col-
lection of bundles. — O. F. bague, a bundle.
baggage (2), a worthless woman. (F.
— Scana .) The same as Baggage ( i ) , in a
depraved sense. Perhaps influenced by F.
bagasse, 'a baggage, quean,' Cot.; Ital.
bagascia, * a baggage-wench ; ' Florio.
Bail (i), security ; as verb, to secure.
(F.— L.) O.F. bail, s. custody; from
bailler, a law term, to secure, to keep in
custody. *L. bdiuldre,^ to carry a child
about, to take charge of a child. — L.
bdiulusy a porter, carrier.
bailiff. (F.-L.) M.E.baili/.~>O.F.
baillif, Cot. — Late L. bdjulivum, ace. of
bdjulivus, a custodian, &c. — L. bdiuldre
(above).
bailiwick. (F.-L.; and 1£.,) From
M. £. baili, short for bailif (above) ; and
M. £. wik, A. S. wic, a district ; hence,
* district of a bailiff; ' later, * office * of the
same.
Bail (2), a bucket. See Bale (3).
Bail (3), at cricket. (F.-L.?) O.F. bail,
an iron-pointed stake ; Godefroy adds that
* in the arrondissements of Vervins and
Avesnes, bail is the name of a horizontal
piece of wood fixed upon two stakes.'
Perhaps from L. baculum, a stick.
(Doubtful.)
Baim, a child. (E.) M. £. bam, A. S.
beam. + Icel., Swed., Dan., and Goth.
barn. Lit. * that which is born ; * Teul.
35
BAIT
BALLAST
type *harnofn, neut. sb., from ba>'^ 2nd
grade of der-an, to bear ; with snfBx -if^-.
See Bear (i).
Bait, to feed. (Scand.) Lit. * to make
to bite ; * a dait is * an enticement to bite.'
M. £. batten f beiten, — Icel. beita, to make
to bite, causal of bita^ to bite ; Swed. beta,
to pasture ; Swed. bete, Dan. bed, a bait.
See Bite.
Baize, coarse woollen stuff. (F.~L.)
An error for bayes, pi. of F. baye, * the
cloth called bayes ; * Cot. — O. F. bai, bay-
coloured. — L. badiuSy bay. From the orig.
colour. Cf. Span, bayo^ bay, bayeta,
baize; &c. See Bay (i).
Bake. (E.) M. £. baken. A. S. bacon,
pt. t. boCy pp. bacen. + Icel. and Swed.
baka ; Dan. bage ; Dn. bakken ; G. backen ;
cf. Gk. 0<&Y«tv, to roast. (V BHOG.)
Bakshish, Backsheesh, a present,
small gratuity. (Pers.) Pers. bakhshish,
a gratuity ; from bakhshtdan, to give ;
baksh, a share, portion. Cf. Zend, iitksh,
to distribute ; Skt. bhaj\ to divide.
Balance. (F.— L.) M,E, balance.^
F. balance^ * a ballance, pair of weights or
ballances;* Cot. Cf. Ital. bilancta, — L.
bilancem, ace. of bilanx, having two scales.
— L. bi-, for biSy double, twice; and lanx,
a dish, platter, scale of a balance.
Balas-mby, a variety of ruby, of a
pale rose-red or orange colour. (F.—
Low L. — Arab. — Pers.) Formerly balais,
-> F. balais ; Med. L. balascus, balascivs. ^
Arab, balakhsh, a ruby (Devic). — Pers.
badakhsht, a ruby ;* named from Badakh-
shan, N, of the river Amoo (Oxus).
BaJcony. (ItaL— Teut.) Ital. balcone,
palcone, ong. a stage. — O. H. G. balcho, a
beam. 4*0. Sax. ^o/i^, a beam. See Balk(i).
Bald. (C.) M. £. balled; the orig.
sense was 'shining, white,* as in * bald-
fated stag,* a stag with a white streak on
its face ; cf. prov. K bally a white-faced
horse. — Gael, and Irish bal, ball, a spot,
mark, speckle (properly a white spot or
streak) ; Bret, bal^ a white streak on an
animal's face; W. bait, whiteness in a
horse*s forehead. Cf. Gk. 0aA(os, white,
<pa\riKp6i, bald-headed ; Lith. baltas,vfhite.
Baldachin {pronounced baoldakin or
bseldakin), a canopy over an altar, throne,
&c. (F. or Ital. — Arab.") F. baldaquin \
Ital. baldacchino, a canopy, tester, orig
hangings or tapestry made at Bagdad.—
Ital. Baldacco, Bagdad. — Arab. Baghdad,
Bagdad.
Balderdash, poor stuff. (Scand. ?) It
formerly meant a jumbled mixture of
liquors. Cf. Dan. balder, noise, clatter;
and daske, to slap, flap. Hence it appears
(like slap-dash) to have meant a confused
noise ; secondarily a hodge-podge (Halli-
well) ; and generally, any mixture. (Un-
certain.)
Baldric, a girdle. (F.-M. H. G.-
L.) O. F. *baldric (not recorded), older
form of O. F. baldret, baldrei ; Low L.
baldringus.^Vi, H. G. balderich, a girdle;
extended from O. H. G. balz^ a belt. — L.
balteus, a belt See Belt.
Bale (i)> a package; see Ball (2).
Bale (2), evil. (£.) U.^^bale. A.S.
bealu, balu, evil. + O. Fries, and O. S.
balu ; Icel. boly misfortune ; O. H. G.
balo, destruction. Teut. *balwom, neut. of
HcUwoz, adj. evil; cf. Goth, balwawesei,
wickedness. Der. bale-ful.
Bale (3)» to empty water out of a ship.
(F.-Teut.) XVH cent. It means to
empty a ship by means of bails, i.e.
buckets. i-F. bailie, a bucket. Cf. Du.
balie, a tub; Swed. balja, Dan. bailie^ G.
balje, a tub. — Late Lat. *bacula (Diez),
dimin^ fromDn. bak, M.Du. back, a trough.
Balk (i)» a beam, ridge of land. (£.)
M. £. bcUke, A. S. balca, a ridge, heap ;
which explains balked » laid in heaps,
I Hen. IV, i. i. 69. 4- O. Sax. balko, a
beam ; Du. balk, a beam, bar ; Swed. baJk,
a beam, partition ; G. balken. Tent, stem
Halkon-, a bar. Cf. Phalanx.
baJk (2), hanlk, to hinder. (£.)
M. £. balken. To put a balk or bar in a
man*s way.
Ball (i)y a spherical body. (F. —
O. H. G.) M. £. bal, balle. - F. balle. -
M.H.G. balle, O. H. G. ballo (G. ball),
a ball, sphere. -f> Icel. bdllr,
bale (i), a package. (F.— O. H.G.)
M. £. bale.'-F, bale, a ball, also a pack,
as of merchandise ; Cot. The same as F.
balle, a ball ; hence, a round package.
Ball (2), a dance. (F.-Late L.) F.
bal. — F. bailer, to dance. — Late L. balldre,
to dance.+Gk. fiaXKl^uv, to dance.
ballad. (F. -Prov.- Late L.) M.E.
balade.^O,¥, balade\ F. ballade. ^Vvoy,
balada, a song for dancing to.— Late L.
balldre, to dance.
Ballast, aload to steadya ship. (Scand.
or O. Low G.) Three forms are found :
(i) O. Dan. barlast, i.e. bare load, mere
weight, Swed. barlast; (2) O. Low G.
36
BALLET
ballast i i.e. ' bale last/ useless load, Du.,
Dan., £. Fries, ballast ; (3) Dan. bag-last^
i.e. back load. Of these, (3) seems dne to
popular et3rmology; and (a) arose out of
(i). See Iiast (4) ; also Bare, Bale (2),
Back. Cf. M. Da. bal-daedt, evU deed
(Hexham).
Ballet. (F.-LateL.) Y . ballet, 6\m\n,
oibaly a dance. See Ball (2).
Balloon, a large ball. (F.^D. H. G.)
Formerly biUoon^ a ball used in a game like
football ; (also ballone, from ItaC ballone,
in Florio).-O.F. balm, 'a little ball, or
pack ; a football or baloon ; ' Cot. Mod.
F. biiilon ; Span, balofi ; Ital. pallone ;
augmentative form of F. Ifalle, &c., a ball.
See BaU (i).
ballot. (Ital. -O. H. G.) Ital. ballot-
tare, 'to cast lots with bullets, as they
vse in Venice;* Florio. — Ital. ballotta, a
little ball used for voting ; dimin. of Ital.
balla, a ball. See Ball (i ).
Balm. (F. - L. >- Gk.) A modiBed
spelling; M. £. basme, bame, bautne,'^
O. F. Sasnte.'^'L, balsamum. ^Gk, fiaKaa-
ftor, fragrant resin of the fid\<rafws, or
balsam-tree. Prob. Semitic; df. Heb.
bdsam, balsam.
balJMUn. (L.— Gk.) L. balsamupt;
as above.
Baluster, a rail of a staircase, small
colunm. (F. — Ital.— L.— Gk.) F. balus-
ire\ balustreSf 'ballisters, little, round,
and abort pillars, ranked on the outsides of
cloisters, terraces,^ &c. ; Cot. <^ Ital. balaus-
tro fB, baluster; so called from a fancied
resemblance to the flower of the wild
pomegranate. — Ital. balausto, balaustra^
the flower of the pomegranate. » L. balaus-
tium, mB Gk. fiakai^iov^ the flower of the
wild pomegranate. Per. balustr-ade, F.
balustrade, from It&hbalaustrata, furnished
with balusters.
Bamboo. (Malay — Canarese.) XVI
cent. Malay bambtl.^ Canarese banbu,
or bamtm, bamboo.
BambooxlOy to hoax. (Unknown.)
Baa, a proclamation. (£.) Chiefly in
the pi. banns (of marriage). M. £. ban,
A. S. gebann, a proclamation (the prefix
gC' midcing no difference). Cf. A. S. dban-
nan, to summon, order out. Influenced
by 0« F. ban, of G. origin (as below). +
Du. ban, excommunication; Icel. and
Swed. bann^ Dan. band, O. H. G. ban, a
ban. All from Teut. strong vb. Hannan-,
to proclaim ; as in O. H. G. bannapt, Cf.
BANG
L./dma, a rumour. (^BHA.) Brugm.
i. § 559-
Banana, the plantain>tree. (Span.)
Span, banana, fruit of the banana ; said to
be of African origin (from Guinea).
Band (i), Bond. (Scand.) M.£.
band; variant, bond, ^IceL band; Swed.
band; Dan. baand; cf. Du. and G. Mnd.
Teut. *banddm, n. ; from band-, 2nd grade
of bind-an, to bind ; see Bind.- Allied to
A. S. bend, Goth, binindi, a band. Cf. Skt.
bandha^ a binding. Der. band- age (F.
bandage^ ; band-box ; bandog, q. v.
band (2), a company of men. (F.—
Teut.) F. bande ; Cot ; whence G. bande,
A |[iLng, set. — Low Lat. banda, a gang ;
allied to Low L. bandum, a banner. See
Banner and Bind.
Bandanna, a silk handkerchief with
white spots. (Hind.) lAindi, b(indhnu,^9i
mode of dyeing in which the cloth is tied
in different places, to prevent the parts tied
from receiving the dye ... a kind of silk
cloth ; ' Shakespear's Hind. Diet.
Bandicoot, a large Indian i-at.(Te1ugu. )
Telugu pandi'kokku, lit. pig-rat (Yule) . —
Tel. pandi, a pig, kokku, a rat.
Bandit. (Ital.-O. H. G.) In Sh.-
Ital. bandito, outlawed, pp. of bandire, to
proscribe. • Low L. banntre, to proclaim.
— O. H. G. bannan, to summon; whence
O. H. G. ban, cognate with £. ban.
Bandog, a large dog. (£.) Orig.
banddog, a dog that is tied up. See
Prompt. Parv. p. 43. See Band (i).
Bandy, to beat to and fro, contend.
(F. - Teut.) Orig. to band (Turbenrile).-
F. bander, ' to bind ; also, to handle, at
tennis;' Cot. .S^ ^aWiff, to league against.
— F. bande, a band ; see Band (2).
bandy-legged, bow-legged. (F.-
Teut. a/m Scand!) Prob. from bandy, for-
merly the name of a bent stick for playing
a game called bandy, in which a ball was
bandied about. See above.
Bane, harm. ^.) A. S. bona, a mur-
derer, bane.4-0. Sax. and O. H. G. bano\
Icel. bani^ Dan. and Swed. bane, death,
murder. Teut. stem *banon', m. Cf. Goth.
banja, a wound. Bar. hane-ful.
Bang (i), to beat. (Scand.) In Sh.
— Icel. banga, Dan. banke, to beat; O.
Swed. bing, Icel. bang, a hammering. Cf.
G. bengel, a cudgel.
Bang (2), a narcotic drug. (Pers.—
Skt.jf ers. ^«^. — Skt. bhangd, hemp ; the
drug being made from the wild hemp.
37
BANGLE
BARBAROUS
Bangle, a kind of bracelet. (Uind.)
Hind. Bangrty a bracelet, bangle. (H. H.
Wilson.)
Banian ; see Banyan.
Banish. (F.-O.H.G.) M. £.^amV.
shen. — O. F. bants- , stem of pres. part, of
banir, bannir, to proscribe. — Low L. ban-
nfrgf to proclaim ; see Bandit.
Banisters; a corruption of Balusters.
BanjOy a six-stringed musical instru-
ment. (^Ital. — Gk.) A negro corruption
of bandorgy bandora^ or pandore,^\\s\.
pandora, a musical instmment, usually
with three strings. ■• Gk. rtavhovpa, the
same. Perhaps of Egypt, orig.
Banlc (i)) a mound of earth. (Scand.)
M. E. banke, — O. Scand. ^banke, orig.
form of Icel. bakki^ ridge, eminence, bank
of a river; cf. Dan. bakke, Swed. backe,
bank ; whence also Norman F. banquet a
bank. Teut. stem *bankon-. Cf. O. Sax.
and Du. bank, O. H. G. banchy A. S. bene,
a bench (see Bench).
bank (a), for money. (F. — Teut.) F.
banque, a money-changer*s table or bench.
— M. Du. banck, M. H. G. banc, a bench,
table. See above.
bankmpt. (F. — Ital. — Teut. and
I^.) Modified from F. banqueroute, bank-
ruptcy, by a knowledge of the relation of
the word to L. rtiptus, broken. — Ital. banca
rotta, a broken bank, due to the money-
changer's failure. — M. H. G. banc, a bench
(see above) ; and L. rufta, fem. of ruptus,
pp. of rumpere, to break.
Banner. (F.— Teut.) M. E. banere,
— O. F. banere (supp. to Godefroy, s. v.
baniere), also baniere. ■- Low L. *banddria
(Ducange gives banderia)^ a banner. — Low
L. bandum, bannum, a standard. From
a Teut: (Langobardic) source ; cf. Goth.
bandwoy a sign, token. * Uexillum, quod
bandum appellant;' Paulus, de Gestis
Langob, i. 20. Prob. allied to Band (i)
and Band (2).
banneret, orig. a knight who had
men under his own banner. (F. — Teut.)
M. Ys.baneret. — O. F. baneret ( F. banneret) ;
lit. * bannered.'— O. Y, banere (above) ; with
suffix -et = L. pp. 'dtus.
Bannock, a cake. (C — L. ?) Gael.
bannachy a cake. Perhaps from L. pdni-
cium^ a thing baked ; fTom pdni-s, bread.
Banns, pi. of Ban, q.v.
Banquet. (F.- Ital. -Teut.) F.<5fl«-
quef.-mlial. banchetto (Torriano), a feast;
also a bench ; dimin. oi banco, a bench.—
M. H. G. banc, a bench, table ; see bank
(2).
BansbeOf a female spirit supposed to
warn families of a death. (C.) Gael.
beanshithy a banshee, from Gael, bean, a
woman ; sitk, a fairy ; O. Irish ban-side y
fairies (Windisch, s. v. side), from O. Ir.
ben (ss£. quean), a woman, side, fairies.
Bantam. (Java.) A fowl from Bantam y
in Java.
Banter, raillery. (Unknown.)
Bantling, an infant. (G.?) Prob.
considered as band-ling, one wrapped in
swaddling bands; with double dimin.
suffix -l-ing; but really an adaptation of
G. bdnkling (with the same sense as bank-
art), an illegitimate child; from bank, a'
bench ; i. e. ^ a child begotten on a bench,'
not in the marriage-bed (Mahn). Cf.
bank (2).
Banyan, a tree. (Port.— Skt.) An
English, not a native name for the tree. So
called because used as a market-place for
merchants or ' bannyans,' as we termed
them; see Sir T. Herbert, Travels, ed.
i665,pp.5i,i23. — Port, baniany an Indian
merchant. — Skt. banij, a merchant.
Baobab, a tree. (African.) The native
name in Senegal (Adanson).
Baptise, Baptise. (F.-L.-Gk.)
Formerly baptise ; M. £. baptisen. — O. F.
baptiser.^la, baptizdre. '^Gk. iSanTiffiv;
from fidwrttVy to dip. Der. baptist. Gk.
fiawTterffSj a dipper ; baptisniy Gk. ^arma'
fM, fidwrifffiosy a dipping.
Bar, a rail. (F. — Late L.) M. E. barre.
— O. F. barre. — Late L. barra, a bar.
Barb (i), hook on an arrow. (F.— L.)
F. barbe. — L. barba, a beard. Hence O. F.
flesche barbelie, * a bearded or barbed
arrow ;' Cot. See Beard.
barbel, a fish. (F. — L.) M.E. bar-
belie. — O. F. barbel. — F. barbeau. — L. bar-
bellus, dimin. of barbus, a barbel. — L.
barba, a beard. % Named from four
beard-like appendages near the mouth.
barber. (F,— L.) M.E. barbour.^
A. F. barbour, with suffix -our=\jsX, ace.
'dtorem ; cf. O. F. barbier, a barber.
— F. barbey a beard; from L. barba,
beard.
Barb (2), a horse. (F. - Barbary.) F.
barbey a Barbary horse; named from the
countiy.
Barbarous. (L.-Gk.^ L. barbar-us;
with suffix -tf«j. — Gk. fiap^ap'is, foreign,
lit. stammering ; a name given by Greeks
38
BARBED
to express the strange sound of foreign
languages. Cf. L. balbus, stammering.
Barbed, accoutred, armed ; said of
horses. (F.— Scand. ?) Also (more cor-
rectly), barded.^Y. bareU, 'barbed as a
horse,' Cot. — F. barde^ horse-armour.—
Icel. barii, a brim, edge; also, a beak
or armed prow of a warship (cf. barHit a
shield) ; wh Ace it may have been applied
to horses (Diez).
Barbel, Barber; see Barb (i).
Barberry, Berbernr, a shrub.
(Med. L.) From Med. L. barbarism a bar-
berry-tree; of unknown origin. Hence
also M. F. berberiSf Sp. berberis, and even
mod. Arab, barbdrts. % The spelling
should be berbery or barbary\ no con-
nexion with berry.
Barbican. (F.) M. £. barbican, — F.
barbaeamy a barbican or outwork of a
castle ; also, a loop-hole ; also, an outlet
for water. Hardly from Arab, barbakh,
an aqueduct, a sewer (Devic).
Bard. (C) W. bardd, Irish and
Gael, bard, a poet. Cf. Gk. <^pa^tiVy to
speak.
Bare. (£•) M. £. bar. A. S. beer, -f-
Icel. berr\ G. bar, boar. Teut. type
*bazoz; cf. Lith. basas, O. Slav, bost^f
barefooted.
Bargain. (F. - Late L.) M. £. bar-
gayn, sb. — O. F. bargaignier, bargenir, to
chaffer.— late L. barcdnidre, to change
about Remoter origin unknown.
Barffe. (F. — LateL. — C?) m.^. barge.
— F. barge. ^LAte L. barga, variant of
barca ; see Bark (i).
bark (i), barque. (F.-Late L.-
C. ?) Bark is an K spelling of F. barque,
a little ship. — Late L. barca, a sort of ship
or large boat, a lighter. Perhaps of Celtic^
origin (Thumeysen).— O. Irish bare (fem.
a-stem), a bark.
Bark (2), the rind of a tree. (Scand.)
M. E. bark. — Swed. bark ; Dan. bark ;
Icel. borkr, Teut. type *barkuz.
Bark (3), to yelp as a dog. (£.) M. £.
berken. — A. S. beorcan, to bark. Cf. Icel.
berkja, A. S. borcian, to bark. Perhaps
of imitative origin.
Barley. (£.) M. E. barli. — A. S. barlic.
Cf. A. S. bere, barley (Lowl. Sc. bear) ; and
^ 'lie, for iTCy like. Cf. also Goth, barizeins,
made of barley ; lu.far, com.
bam. (E.) yi,Y..berne. h.S.bem,
J contr. form of ber-ern (Luke iii. 17).—
A. S. bere, barley j and em, cent, a place
BARRATOR
for storing. A. S. am is for *ran{it),
cognate with Icel. rann ; see Bansack.
Barm (i), yeast. (£.) M. E. bertfte.
A. S. beorma. + Low G. barm ; Swed. ^
bdrma ; G. bdrme. Teut. stem Hermon- ;
perhaps allied to Ferment.
Barm (2), the lap. (p:.) M. £. barm.
A. S. bearm, lap, bosom. -fO. Sax., Swed., k
Dan. barm; Icel. barmr\ Goth, barms.
Teut. type *barmoz ; from bar-, 2nd grade
of ber-an, to bear ; see Bear (i).
Barn. (£.) See Barley.
Barnacle (i), a kind of goose. (F.-
Med. L.) Dimin. from F. beittaqiu (Cot.) ;
Med. L. bernaca. * Bernacce, aues aucis
palustribus similes ; ' Ducange. Used by
Giraldus Cambrensis. Cf. Port, bernaca,
bernacha\ Span. ^^;i>«V/a (Neuman). (See
Max Miiller, Lectures, 2nd Series.)
barnacle (2), a sort of shell-fish. (F.
— Med. L.) The same as Barnacle (1).
See N. £. D. ; and Max Miiller, Lect. on
Science of language, ed. 7, ii. 583.
Barnacles, spectacles, orig. irons put
on the noses of horses to keep them quiet.
(F.) The sense of 'spectacles* is late,
and due to a humorous allusion. M. E. ber-
fiak, dimin. bernakill. * Bernak for hors,
bernakilly Chamus' (i.e. L. camus)\ Prompt.
Parv. We find bernac in A. F. (in an
Eng. MS.) ; Wright's Vocab. i. 100, 1. 3.
Origin unknown.
Barometer, an instrument for measur-
ing the weight of the air. (Gk.) Gk. iSapo-,
for fiapoSy weight ; and nirpovy a measure ;
see Metre.
Baron, a title. (F.-Late L.) M.E.
baron. ''Y. baroft; older form ber, nom.
(Pro v. bar)y the suffix -on marking the ace.
case (Diez). Cf. Ital. barone, Sp. varon.
Port, vardo. — Late L. baro, ace. -onem, a
man, a male. Origin unknown.
Baronche, a carriage. (G. — Ital. — L.)
G. barutsche. '^liaX, baroccio, biroccio, a
chariot, orig. a two-wheeled car. — L. bi'
roitiSy two-wheeled; with suffix -occio
assimilated to that of carr-occio, a chariot
(Diez\ — L. bi^y double ; and rota^ a wheel.
Barracks. (F. — Ital.) F. baraque.
— Ital. barcucay a tent for soldiers ; cf. Sp.
barraca. Prob. connected wlh Late L.
barray a bar, pale.
Barrator, one who incites to quarrels
and lawsuits. (F.) Formerly barratoury
baratour ; from M. E. baraty deceit, strife.
— F. baraty * cheating, deceit, guile, also
a barter,* Cotgrave. Allied to Barter.
39
BARREL
BASK
V
f Influenced by Icel. baratta^ a fight, a
turmoil.
BarreL (F.) M.E.^«/v/.-O.F. (and
F.) bariL Perhaps from Late L. ban-ay a
bar, pale ; from the staves of it.
Barren. (F.) M. E. barain.^K,Y.
barain^ -e ; O. F. brehaing^ fem, bre-
haingrUy baraigne\ F. br^haigne, sterile.
Of unknown origin.
Barricade. (F.-Span.) F. ^^m-
r«^<r. — Span, barricada, a barricade, lit.
one made with barrels full of earth. —Span.
barrica, a barrel. Perhaps from Span.
barra^ a bar ; see Barrel.
Barrier. (F.) M.E. bamrc^O.Y.
barrere (Godefroy, s. v. basseih) ; F. bar-
ritre, — F. barrer, to bar up. — F. barre, a
bar. See Bar.
barrister. (Low L.) A barbarous
word ; formed with suffix -ister ( = Low L.
-istarius) from the sb. bar, Spelman gives
the Low L. form as barrastertus,
Barrow (i), a burial-mound. (E.) For
berrow (like parson for person^ &c.).
M. E. berghy berw, a hill, mound. O.
Merc. berg\ A. S. beorg, beorh^ a mountain,
hill, mound. + O. Sax., Du., G. berg,
Teut. type Hergoz, a hill. Cf. O. Irish bri,
a mountain ; Skt. brhanty large.
Barrow (2), a wheel-barrow. (E.) M.E.
barewc^A.S. bar^f 2nd grade oi ber-an^
^ to bear, carry. Cf. M. H. G. rade-ber,
wheel-barrow, from raJy wheel.
Barter, to traffic. (F.) U,E.barfryn.
— O. F. bareier, barater, * to cheat, beguile,
also to barter ; ' Cot. O. F. baraf, * cheat-
ing, also a barter;* Cot. p. Of doubtful
origin ; perhaps Celtic (Littr^). Cf. Bret.
barady treachery, Irish broth ^ W. brad^
treachery, Gael, brath^ advantage by unfair
means; Irish bradach, Gael, bradach^
thievish, roguish ; W. bradu, to plot.
Barton, a court-yard, manor. (E.) O.
Northumb. bere-iun (Matt. iii. 12).— A. S.
berty barley; and tun^ an enclosure; see
Barley and Town.
Barytes, in chemistry. (Gk.) Named
from its weight. — Gk. fiapvnjs, weight. —
Gk. Papiis, heavy. See G-rave (2).
barytone. (Ital.-Gk.) Better ^an-
/one ; a musical term for a deep voice. -^
Ital. baritone f a baritone. — Gk. fiatpv-Sj
heavy, deep ; and t6vos, a tone ; see Tone.
Basalt. (L.) Also basa/tes. L. ba-
saltes, a hard kind of marble in Ethiopia.
An African word (Pliny).
Base (i), low. (F. — Lk) M. E. bass,
base. -* Y, bos, m., basse, fem. — Late L. bets-
sus, low; the same word as L. Bassus,
proper name, which seems to have meant
* stout, fat,* rather than merely * low.*
Base (2) , a foundation. (F. — L. — Gk.)
M. E. bas. — F. base, — L. basis. — Gk. fidms,
a step, a pedestal, base. — Gk. base 0a-,
to go (as in ^vuv, to eo); with suffix
•ffi' (for -ri-); cf.Skt.^-^/(x), a going, from
^am, to go. See Come.
Basement, lowest floor of a building.
(F. — Ital. — L.) Appears in F. as soubasse-
ment, the basement of a building ; formed
from sous, under, and -bassement, borrowed
from Ital. bassamento, lit. an abasement. —
Ital. bassare, to lower. — Ital. basso, low. —
Late L. bassus \ see Base (i).
Basenet, Basnet; see Basinet.
Basbaw ; the old form of Pasha.
Bashftll. (F. and E.) For abash-fiti;
see Abash. Prob. by confusion with abase
and base.
Basil (i), a plant. (F.-L.-Gk.) O.F.
basile (Supp. to Godefroy) ; short for
basilic ; cf. F. basilic, * herb basill ; ' Cot.
— L. basilicum, neut. of basilicus, royal. —
Gr. fiaaiXixdut basil ; neut. of fia(Ti\iK6s,
royal. — Gk. fiaat\€vs, a king.
pasiUcay a large hall. (L.-Gk.) L.
basilica, fern, of basilicus, royal.
basilisk, a fabled serpent. (L. — Gk. )
L. basiliscus. — Gk. fiacri\iatc6s, lit. royal ;
also a lizard or serpent, named from a spot
on the head like a crown (Pliny, viii. 21).
— Gk. fiaffikfj^s, a king.
Basil (2), the hide of a sheep tanned.
(F.-Span,— Ajab.) A. F". baseyne (Liber
Albus, 225). — F. basane, M. F. bctssane.^
Span. badana,2i dressed sheep-skin. — Arab.
bitdnahy the [inner] lining of a garment,
for which basil-leather was used. Cf. Arab.
batn, the inside.
Basin. (F\ — Late L.) M.E. bcLcin,
basin.^O.Y. bacin, bachin; F. bassin.'^
Late L. bachtnus, bcuchtnus, a basin
(Due). Supposed to be from Late L.
ba^ca, water-vessel (Isidore). Cf. Du. bck,
a bowl, trough.
basinet, basenet, basnet, a light
helmet. (F.— LateL.) In Spenser; F. Q.
vi. I. 31. — O.F. bacinet, dimin. of Inutn,
a basin ; from its shape.
Basis. (L. — Gk.) L. basts. — Gk. ^(n% ;
see Base (2).
Bask. (Scand.) M. E. baske^ to bathe /
oneself. Palsgrave ; and cf. bathe hire, to >/
bask herself, Ch. C. T. Nonnes Prestes
40
BASKET
BATTER
Talc, 447. — Icel. *da8asl' (later />a6asl),
for 6adn stk, to bathe oneself. Cf. also
Swed. dial, ai basa sig i solen, to bask in
the sun, badfisk, fishes basking in the son
(Wedgwood). See Bathe. ^Formed
Basket. (F. ?) M. £. basket. Mod.
Norman F. basquette (Moisy). Origin
unknown*
Basnet ; see Basinet.
Bass (i)» the lowest part, in music.
(F. — L.) The same word as Base (1) ;
but so spelt in imitation of Ital. basso y
base.
Bass (2), Barse, a 6sh. (£.) M. £.
barse\ also base^ bace (with loss of r).
/ A. S. bars, a perch. +Du. baars ; G. bars,
^ barsch, a perch. Named from its prickles.
From *bars', 2nd grade of Teut. root
Hers, whence also Bristle, q. v, Cf. Skt.
bhrshti^ pointed. .
Bassoon, a base instrument. (F. - L.)
F. basson, augmentative from F. basse,
base (in music), fem. of bos, base. See
Base (i).
Bast. (£. "i M. £. bast ; bast-tre, a lime-
tree. A. S. bast, inner bark of a lime-
. tree ; whence bast is made. 4* Icel., Swed.,
^ Dan., G. bast. Often spelt bass,
Bastaard, an illegitimate child. (F.)
M.E. bastard, applied to Will. I.-O.F.
bastard, the same as fits de bast, lit. * the
son of a pack-saddle, not of a bed. [The
V expression a bast ibore, illegitimate, occurs
in Rob. of Glouc. p. 516.] — O.F. bast, a
]>ack-saddle (F. bAt) ; with suffix -ard, from
O. H. G. hart, hard, first used as a suffix
inproper naifies and then generally.
Saste (1)1 to beat. (Scand.?) The
form bas-it occurs as a pp. in 1553. Cf.
Swed. basa, to strike, beat, whip.
Baste (2), to pour fat over meat. (Un-
known.) InSh. ' To baste, \\vi\x^\^ Levins,
ed. 1570.
Baste (3), to sew slightly. (F.-M.
H.G.) M.E. basten.'^O.Y. bastir, F.
bdtir, to sew slightly; a tailor's term.*
M. H. G. besten (for *bastjan), to bind;
orig. to tie with bast. * G. bast, bast. See
Bast.
Bastile, a fortress. (F.) O.F. Itastilie,
a building. — O.F. bastir (F. bdtir), to
build. Origin uncertain ; perhaps allied to
Baton.
Bastinado* (Span.) Fiom Span, bas-
ionada, a beating. — Span, baston^ a stick. —
i.ate L. bastanem, ace ; see Baton.
Bastion. (F.- Ital.) ¥ , bastion.^WtA,
bastiofie, part of a fortification. — Ital. bas-
tire, to build ; allied to O. F. bastir, to
build. See Bastile.
Bat (i), a cudgel. (£.) M. £. batte.^
A. S. batt (£ng. Studien, xi. 65). Cf. Irish
bata, bat, a staff. Ber. bat-iet, with double
dimin. suffix -l-et.
Bat (2), a winged mammal. (Scand.)
Bat has taken the place of M. £. bakke. —
Dan.3a^^«,now only in comp. a/ten-bakJke^
evening-bat. Cf. O. Swed. natt-backa,
* night- bat* (Ihre) ; for which we find
Swed. dial, natt-batta (Rietz).
Batoli. (£.) A batch is as much as is
baked at once ; hence, a quantity. M. £.
bacche, a baking; from A.S. bacan, to
bake. See Bake.
Bate (1)} to beat down, diminish.
(P'. — L.) Short for Abate, by loss of a.
Bate (2), strife. (F.-L.) M.£. bate\
a dipt form of Debate, in the sense of
strife. ^ So tX'sa fence for de-fence,
Bath. (£.)' M. E. ^/ A.S. ^<r9.+
Icel. ba6\ O. H.G. bad', Swed., Dan.,
Du.,G. /W. Teut. -*^-/<7»i, neuter. The
orig. sense was a place of warmth ; cf.
O. H. G. bdjan (G. bahen^, to foment.
bathe. ^E.) A. S. Mian, to bathe.—
A. S. b(e9, a bath. And see Bask.
Bathos. (Gk.) Lit. depth, sinking. —
Gk. ^^oy, depth ; cf. $aSvi, deep.
Baton, Batoon, a cudgel. (F.) F.
bdton, O.F. bcuton.^\A\A L. bastonem,
ace. of basto, a cudgel. Origin doubtful ;
connected by Diez with Gk. fiaar&itiy, to
support.
Battalion. (F. - Ital. - L.) F. bataillon.
— Ital. battaglione, a battalion. — Ital. bat-
taglia, a battle ; see Battle below.
Batten (i), to grow fat; to fatten.
(Scand.) Orig. intransitive. — Icel. ^a/»a,
to grow better, improve, recover. Cf.
Goth, ga-batnan, to be bettered ; Icel.
bcU-i, s., improvement, £. Better, q-v.,
and Boot (2). Cf. also Du. baten, to
yield profit ; boat, profit.
Batten (2), a wooden rod. (F.) To
batten down is to fasten with battens. Batten
is merely another spelling of Baton.
Batter (1), to beat. (F.-L.) M.E.
bcU-ej^-en ; with frequentative suffix -er-.
— F. battre, — L. bcUtere, popular form of
battuere, to beat.
batter (2), a compound of eggs, flour,
and milk. (F. — L.) M. E. batour, bature.
— O.F. bature, a beating. — F. battre, to
4»
C3
BATTERY
beat (above). So called because beaten
up.
battery. (F. — L.) Y.bater'u^batterie^
'beating, battery;* Cot. — F. bcUtrCfKo beat.
battle. (F.-L.) ViJ£.,bataille,bataile.
-O. F. bataille, (i ) a fight, (a) a battalion.
— Folk-L. battalia^ neut. pi. (turned into
a fem. sing.), fights; Late L. battudliay
neut. pi. of adj. battudlis, fighting. — Late
L. baltturty to beat.
battledoor. (Prov.-L.) M. E.<Ja/y/-
dourcy Prompt. Parv. — Prov. batedor^ Span.
batidoff a washing-beetle, which was also
at first the sense of the E. word. [The
corruption to battledoor was due to con-
fusion with battlcy vb. to fight.] — Prov.
bcUre^ Span, batir^ the same as F. battre, to
beat ; with suffix -dor, which in Prov. and
Span. = L. suffix 'torem^ ace form from
nom. 'for, expressing the agent.
Battlement. (F.) M. E. batelment,
batilment*bateillement, from O.F, bateil'
luTt to fortify; formed from ^afV/f, battle,
fight, but confused with O. F. bastilier, to
fortify, derivative of O. F. bastir, to build.
See Battle and Bastile.
Bauble (i)) a fool's mace ; (2) a play-
thing. (F.) (I) M.E. babyll, bable, babel,
Gower, C. A. i. 224; (2) M.E. babel,
Tudor E. bauble. From O. F. baubel,
babel, a child's plaything (Godefroy).
Perhaps connected with M. Ital. babbola,
a toy (Florio) ; and with L. babulus, a fooL
Cf E. Babble.
Bavin, a faggot. (F.) Prov. E. (Wilts.)
bavin, a faggot ; hence, as adj., soon kin-
died and burnt out, i Hen. IV. iii. 2. 61. —
O. F. baffe, a faggot, bundle (Godefroy,
Roquefort). Remoter origin unknown.
Bawdy a procurer or procuress, go-
between. (F. -O. H. G.) The full M. E.
form is bawdstrot, P. Plowm. A. iii. 40
(another MS. has bawde), — O. F. *balde-
strot (found only in the later form baude-
trot), equivalent to Lat. pronuba, a bride-
woman. -O. H.G. bald, bold, gay, lively
(cognate with E. Iwldy, and M. H. G.
strotzen^ vb. (E. strut).
Bawl. (Scand.) Icel. baula, to low as
a cow ; Swed. bola, to bellow : see Bull,
Bellow.
Bay (i), reddish brown. ^F.^L.)
M. E. bay.'^O. F. bai.^'Y.. badius, bay-
coloured.
bayard. (F.-L.) A bay horse;
from the colour ; also, any horse. The
suffix -ard is Teutonic ; see Bastard.
BEADLE
Bay (3), a kind of laurel ; properly, a
berry- tree. (P'. -L.) M. E. bay, a berry
— F. bate, a berry. — L. baca, a berry.
Bay (3), inlet of the sea. (F.-L.) F.
bale, an inlet. — Late L. baia, a harbour
(Isidore), p. Confused with bay, a recess
in a wall.— O.F. baee, a gap.— Late L.
baddta, fem. of pp. of baddre, to gape.
Bay (4), to bark as a dog. (F. — L.)
M. E. bayen, — O. F. baier, to yelp (Gode-
froy). Cf. Ital. baiarCt *to barke,' Florio.
From the sound.
Bay(5\inphr.fl^^^. (F.-L.) Fox at
abay.^F. abois, abbots', itre aux abois, to
be at bay, lit. ' to be at the biying of the
dogs.* PI. of F. aboi, the bark of a dog ;
verbal sb. from F. aboyer^ O. F. abater, to
yelp, bay. — O. F. a (for L. ad) ; and baier
(above).
Bay-window; from Bay (3, sect P)
and Window.
Bayonet. (F.) XVIIcent. ¥, baton-
nette ; bayonette, a knife ; Cot. Probably
named from Bayonne (France), where
first made or used.
Basaar. (Pers.) Pers. bdzdr, a mar-
ket.
BdeUinm. (L.-Gk.-Heb.) A pre-
cious substance. — L. bdellium. — Gk. ^%kK-
Aiov.- Heb. bedolakh (Gen. ii. 12).
Be-, prefix. (E.) A.S. be-, prefix;
often causative, as in be^numb, to make
numb. Note also be-head, to deprive of
the head ; be-set, to set upon, set round ;
be-mire, to cover with mire ; &c.
BOi to exist. (E.) M. E. been. A. S.
beon, to be.+W. bod, to be ; Russ. buile ;
L. fore (pt. t. fta) ; Gk. <pvuv ; Skt. bhft.
(VBHEU.)
Beacb. (E.?) XVI cent. Orig.
' shingle.' Prob. E., and the same as^
prov. £. bache, a valley; also, a sandbank*
near a river. A. S. bcec, a valley ; Kemble,
Cod. Dipl. iii. 386.
Beacon. (E.) M. E. beken. A.S.
beacn, been. + O. Sax. bokan ; O. H. G.
bouhhan, Teut. type Haukftom, neut
Bead. (E.) Orig. ' a prayer ; ' hence
a perforated ball, for counting prayers.
M. E. bede, a prayer, a bead. A. S. bed^
gebed, a prayer. — A. S. biddan ( «■ Hidjan),
to pray. + Du. bede ; G. . bitte ; Goth.
bida, a prayer. See Bid (i).
Beadle. (F.-Teut.) M.E.bedel.'^
O. F. bedel, F. bedeau, a beadle ; lit. * pro-
claimer,* or * messenger.' — M. H. G. biltel,
O. H. G. btitil. - O. H. C;, bttt-, weak
4a
BEAGLE
grade of biotan, G. bieten ; cognate witi)
A.S. beddan, to bid. Cf. A. S. byclely a
beadle, from beodan. See Bid (2).
Bea^lef a dog. (Unknown.) M. £.
bej^ty Squire of Low Degree, 1. 771.
Beak. (F.-c.) M.E. ^<ff.-F. A?^.-
Late L. beccus, of Gaulish origin. Cf.
Irish bacCy W. bach, a crook, a hook.
Beaker. (Scand. — L. — Gk.) M . £.
bikcTy bykgr.^loel, bikarr, a cup. ^ O.
Sax. biieri; Du. beker; G. becher\ Ital.
bicckiere, p. Perhaps ^om Late L. bicd-
riunty a wine-cup. — Gk. P^kos, an earthen
wine- vessel ; a word of Eastern origin.
Beain (i)y a piece of timber. (E.)
M.E. beem. A.S. beam, a tree. +I>u.
^^m ; G. battm. Cf. also Icel. badmrt a
tree ; Goth, bagms.
Beam (2), & ray. (£.) [Usually iden-
tified with Beam (i), specially used to
signify a colmnn of light; cf. A.S. byr-
nende beam, * the pillar of fire.'] But A. S.
becttHy a beam (as in sunne-beatHy a sun-
beam) answers to a Teut. tjrpe *bau-fnoz,
prob. cognate with Gk. tpav-aisy light, <p&os
(for <pdfos), also *pws, light. See Fhos-
phoros.
Bean. (E.) M. E. bene. A. S. bean.
<^Du. boon; Icel. baun; O. H. G.pona,
bona (G. bokne). Teut. ^pe *baund, f.
Bear (i), to carry. (E.) M. E. beren.
A. S. beran.^lce\. herd ; O. H. G. beran ;
Goth, bairan ; also X»^ferre'y Gk. if>4p(tv ;
Skt. ^Ar ; O. Ir. berim, I bear ; Russ. bra/e,
to take, carry; Pers. burdan, to bear.
CyBHER.) Der. upbear.
Bear (3), an animal. (E.) M. E. bere.
A.S. ^nj.4'Icel. bera {bjam); O. H. G.
bero, perOy G. bar\ Du. beer. Cf. Lith.
^i^f, brown (Kluge). Teut. type *^^r£?«-.
Beard. (E.) M,E.berd. A.S. beard.
^DvL.baard ; G. barf. Teut. type *bardoz.
Allied to Russ. boroda ; Lith. barzda ; L.
barba, beard ; from Idg. type *bkardhd.
Beast. (F.-L.) M.E. beste.^O.Y,
bcste (F. bfie'),'^'L. bestia^ a beast.
Beat. (E.) M. E. beten. A. S. beatan.
4-IceL bauta ; O. H. G. potany M. H. G.
boiin, Teut. type ^bautan-.
Beatify. (F.-L.) F. bSatifier.^ll.
bedtificdre, to make happy. — L. bedii-y for
btatuSy pp. ofbedre, to bless, make happy;
and •^•, for facere, to make.
beatitude. (F.-L.) V. beatitude.
— L. bedtiiudinem, ace. from nom. ^^a/i-
/i?<^, blessedness. — L. bedtt'y for beaiusy
blessed ; with suffix -ttldo.
BEDRID, BEDRIDDEN
Beau, a dressy man. (F.— L.) F. beau ;
O. F. bel.^L,. bellusy fair. For *ben-lus ;
from ^^/i- (as in ben-e), variant of bon-^ as
in bon-usy good. Brugm. ii. § 67.
beaulhr. (F. - L.) M. E. beute. - A. F.
beutCy O. F. beauiey beltet. — L. bellitdteniy
ace. of bellitdSy fairness. — L. beHus, fair
(above). Der beauti-fuly beaute-ous.
Beaver (i), an animal. (E.) M. E.
bever. A. S. befer, beofor. + Du. bever ;
Icel. bj6rr ; Dan. Asz^^r ; Swed. bdfver ;
G. biber ; Russ. ^r* ; Lith. bebrtis ; L.
yf^^r. Skt. babhrus (i) brown ; (2) a large
ichneumon. Teut. type *bebruz ; Idg. type
*bhebhrusy reduplicated deriv. of bhru-y
brown, tawny. Brugm. i. § 566. See
Brown.
Beaver (3), Bever, lower part of a
helmet. ;F.) Altered by confusion with
beaver-hat, — M. E. baviere. — O. F. bavilre^
a child*s bib ; also, the bever (beaver) of
a helmet. — F. bavery to slaver. — F. bavey
foam, slaver. Perhaps from the move-
ment of the lips ; cf. Bret babouz, slaver.
Beaver (3), Bever, a short imme-
diate repast. (F. — L.) M.E. beuer ( =
bever). — A. F. beivre, a drink ; substantival
use of O. F. bevrey beivre, to drink. — L.
bibere, to drink.
Becalm, to make calm. See Be- and
Calm.
Because. (E.afi^F.-L.) See Cause.
Bechance. (E. find F. — L.) See
Chance.
Beck (i), to nod, give a sign. (E.)
M. E. bek-yny the same as bek-nyny to
beckon (Prompt. Parv.). See Beckon.
Beck (2), a stream. (Scand.) M.E.
bek. — Icel. bekkr ; Swed. back ; Dan. bah ;
a stream. Teut. type *bakkiz. Also
Teut. type *bakiz ; whence Du. beeh, a
beck ; G. bach.
Beckon. (E.) M.E.beknen. A.S.
becnan, beacnian (also btecnan\ to make
signs. — A. S. beacny a sign. See Beacon.
Become. (E.) A. S. becuman^ to
arrive, happen, turn out, befall. 4 Goth.
bi'kwiman\ cf. G. be-quetHy suitable, be-
coming. From Be- and Come.
Bed. (E.) M. E. bed. A. S. bed, bedd.
+Du. bed\ Goth. badi\ G. bett. Teut.
type ^badjonty n.
bedrid, bedridden. (E.) M.E.
bedrede (Ch. C. T. 7351); bedreden (P.
PI. B. viii. 85). A. S. bedridoy bedreda, lit.
* a bedrider ; * one who can only ride 011 a
bed, not on a horse. — A. S. bedy a bed ; and
43
BEDSTEAD
BEHOOF
*rid'af one who rides, from the weak
grade of ridan, to ride.
bedstead. (H.) M. E. bcdsude, —
A. S. bed, a bed ; and stede, a stand,
station ; see Stead.
Bedabble. Bedaub, Bedassle,
Bedew, Bedim, Bedisen. See
Dabble, Daub, &c.
Bedell. (Low L. - Teut.) From the
Latinised form {pedelltis), of O. F. and
M. E. bedel ; see Beadle.
Bedlam. (Palestine.) M. £. bedlem,
corruption of Bethlehem, in Palestine.
Now applied to the hospital of St. Mary
of Bethlehem, for lunatics.
Bedouin. (F.-Arab.) O.F, bedoutn,
a wandering Arab ; orig. pi. — Arab, bada-
win, pi. of Arab. Inidawly, wandering in
the desert. — Arab, beuiw, a desert.
Bedridden, Bedstead ; see Bed.
Bee. (E.) M. E. bee, A. S. bco, earlier
bio.-^Dvi. bij\ O. H. G. bia. Cf. G.
bie-fie ; Lith. bi-tU ; Ir. bea-ch. Perhaps
* flutterer * ; cf. Skt. bhl, to fear ; O. H. G.
bi-betty to tremble.
Beecb. (E.) A. S. boece, bece, a beech ;
becen^ adj., beechen ; both derivatives (by
mutation) from the older form boc. See
Boole.
Beef. (F.-L.) M.E. beef,^K.¥, be/;
O. F. boe/ (F. bceu/).^h. bouem^ ace. of
bos, an ox.^'Gk. /Sot/s, ox ; Ir. bd,. Gael, bb,
W. biiw, Skt.^tf, A. S. ciiy a cow ; see Cow.
beef-eater, a yeoman of the guard.
(Hyb.) Lit. * an eater of beef; ' hence, an
attendant. Cf. A. S. hldf-ata, a loaf-eater,
a servant. ^ The usual derivation (from
Mr. Steevens' imaginary beaufetier, later
spelt buffetier) is historically baseless.
seer. (E.^ M. E. bere. A. S. beor. +
Du. and G. bier ; Icel. bjorr.
Beestings ; see Biestings.
Beet. (L.) M.E. ^^/^. A, S, bete.''
L. beta, beet (Pliny).
Beetle (i), an insect. (£.) Pro v. E.
bittle, A. S. bitela, lit. * biting one.' - A. S.
bit', weak grade of bitan, to bite ; with adj.
suffix 'ol ; cf. waC'Ol, wakeful. See Bite.
Beetle (2), a large mallet. (E.) M. E.
beteL A. S. bytel ( = O. Wes. Hletel,
O. Merc. *betel) ; cf. Low G. botel, Teut.
ty^*baut'itoz, * a beater ; * from*/'a«/-a«-,
to beat ; see Beat.
Beetle (3), to overhang. (E.) From
the M. E. adj. bitel-brouwed, 'beetle-
browed ; ' P. Plowm. A. v. 109. Orig.
sense doubtful; either from M. E. bitel,
^harp, or from M. E. bilil^ a beetle. In
either case from bit-, weak grade of bitan,
to bite.
Befall, Befool, Before; see Fail,
&c.
Beg. (F.) M. E. beggen. A. F. begger,
Langtoft, i. 248 ; used as equiv. to be-
guigner, Britton, I. 22. § 15. Formed
from the sb. beggar ; see below.
Beget, Begin ; see Get, Gin (i).
Beggar. (F.) M. E. beggare\ cf.
iff<r§5Pfr=a Beguin or Beghard, Rom. Rose,
7256 (F. text, Beguin).^0,¥, begard, be-
gart, Flemish beggaert. Late L. Beghardus.
Formed, with sufhx -ard (^G. -hart), from
B^gue, a man's name. See Beguine.
Begone, Begnile ; see Go, Guile.
Beguine, one of a class of religious de-
votees. (F.) Chiefly used in the fem. ; F.
biguine. Low L. beghhia, one of a religious
order, first established at Liege, about a. i).
1207. Named after Lambert Le Begue,
priest of Liege (12th c.) ; •whence also
Beguin, Beghard, masc. Le Begue means
* stammerer,' from the verb bigui, to stam-
mer, in the dialect of Namur; allied to
Picard b^giter, F. hegayer.
Begnm, in the E. Indies, a lady of tlic
highest rank. (Pers. — Turk.) Pers. be-
gum, a queen, lady of rank.* Turk, beg,
bey, a bey, governor. See Bey.
Beba£f, interest. (E.) Formerly in the
M. E. phrase on my behalue » on ray
behalf, on my side; substituted for the
A. S. phr. on {mm) healfe, on the side of
(me\ by confusion with be healfe (t/ie),
used in the same sense. From A. S. be,
by ; and heat/, sb., side. See Half.
sebave. (E.) I. e. to be-have oneself,
or control oneself ; from have with prefix
be-, the same as prep, by,
bebavionr. (E. ; with F. j«^.)
Formed abnormally from the verb to
behave ; confused with F. sb. avoir, (1)
wealth, (2) ability. Cf. Lowl. Sc. havings,
(i'; wealth, (2) behaviour.
Bebead. (E.) From Be- and Head.
Bebemotb. (Heb. - Egypt.) Heb.
behemoth, said to be pi. of bekemdh, a
beast ; but probably of Egypt, origin.
Bebest, Bebind, Bebold. (£) See
Heat, Hind, Hold (i).
Beboof, advantage. (E.) M. E. /^ bi-
houe, for the advantage of. A. S. beho/
advantage. 4" O. Fries, biho/, Du. l}ehoe/,
advantage ; G. behu/; Swed. beho/\ Dan.
behorv, need. p. The preBx be is A. S. be^
44
BEHOVE
BEND
E. by. The simple sb. appears in Icel.
hof^ moderation, measure; cf. Goth, ga-
hobainsj temperance, self-restraint. From
A. S. ho/y 2nd stem of the vb. Heave.
behove, to befit. (E.) A. S. behofiany
verb formed from the sb. behof above. +
Du. behoeveuy from sb. behoej\ Swed. be-
hof va ; Dan. behove.
Belabour, Belay; see liabour,
Xiay.
Belch. (E.) M. E. belken, A. S.
bealcian, baican, to titter ; translating L.
eructdre^ used figuratively. Cf. bcelc^ sb.+
Du. balken^Xohr^y, See Bellow and Bell.
Beldam. (F. — L.) Ironically for ^^Z-
datne^ i.e. fine lady. — F. belle dame.'m'L.
bella, fern, of bellus^ fair ; and domina,
lady, fem. o{ dominus, lord. See Beau.
Beleaguer. (Du.) Seelieaguer. '
Belexnnite, a fossil. (Gk.) Gk.
fi€\fftviTfjSf a stone shaped like the head
of a dart. — Gk. fi4\€ftvoVf a dart. — Gk.
fiA\X€tv, to cast. (-v'GwEL.)
Bel&y. (F.-G.) Orig. *a watch-
tower.' Corrupted (partly by influence of
bell) from M. E. berjray^ betfrey, a watch-
tower.— O.F. berfreiy betfroi, belfroi (F.
beffroi), — M. II. G. bercfrity a watch-tower.
— M. H. G. berc'y for berg-y base of bergerty
to protect; and M. H.G. frit y /tide y a
place of security, a tower, the same word
as G. friede, peace ; hence the lit. sense
is * a protecting shelter,* watch-tower.
Allied to Borough and Free.
Belie. (E.) A. S. beUogaUy to tell lies
about. From be-y by, prefix ; and leogan,
to lie. See Iiie (2).
Believe. (E.) Vi,l£„ beleuen (beleven).
The prefix be- was substituted for older
ge-. — O. Merc getefatty A. S. geliefauy ge-
lyfaUy to believe; lit. to hold dear.-f>Du.
geUxmen ; O. H. G. gilouban^ G. g-lauben ;
Goth, gorlaubjan. Teut. type Vaubiany
with A. S. ge-y prefix ; from lauby 2nd
stem of Teut. root */^«^-:Idg. VLEUBH,
to like. See Iiief.
Bell. (E.) M. E. belle, A. S. belUy
a bell.^-l^a* bel. ' Perhaps named from its
loud sound; cf. A. S. bellan, to roar,
bellow. See Bellow.
Belle, a fair lady. (F.-L.) V, belle,
fem. of F. beaUy O. F. bely fair. — L. bellusy
fair, fine. See Beau.
beUadoima. (Ital.-L.) It&l.bella
donnay fair lady. — L. bella domina ; see
Beldam. A name given to the nightshade,
from the use of it by ladies to give ex-
pression to the eyes, the pupils of which
it expands.
Belligerent. (L.) More correctly,
belligerant.^la, belligerant-y stem of pres.
pt. of belligerarey to carry on war. — L.
Mli'y for bello-y stem of bellunty war ;
gererty to carry on (war). Bellum is for
O. Lat. duellum ; see Duel.
Bellow. (E.) M. E. belwen (c. 1300).
Not fully explained. It may have resulted
from confusion of A.S. bellatiy to roar,
bellow, with the str. verb belgan^ to be
angry, or with the rare verb bylgiatty to
bellow (which would have given billaiu).
See Bell. Cf. Bull.
Bellows. (Scand.) M. E. beliy bely^
belowy a bag, but also used in the special
sense of * bellows.* Bellows is the pi. of
M. E. below y a bag, from Icel. belgr ; and
M. E. beli (from A. jS.) also means belly.
Cf. G. blase-balgt a * blow-bag,* a pair
of bellows ; A. S. blast-belgy bellows, lit.
* blast-bag.' See below.
belly. (E.) M. E. bely. K.S. balg,
belg, a bag, skin (for holding things) ;
hence (later), belly. + Icel. belgr, bag;
Du. balgy skin, belly; Swed. b^lg, belly,
bellows ; Dan. balgy husk, belly ; G.
balg ; Goth. balgSy bag. Teut. type *balgiz.
From balg'y 2nd stem of Teut. root belg
( = Idg. VBHELGH), to swell. Cf. Irish
bolg, bag, belly ; bolgaim, I swell ; W, boly
belly. Der. bellows, q. v.
Belong, Beloved, Below; see
Long, Love, Low.
Belt, a girdle. (L.) M. E. belt, A. S.
belt.'^lcel, belli ; Irish and Gael, baity a
belt, border ; O. H. G. balz ; Swed. bdl/e ;
Dan. balte. All borrowed from L. balteusy
a belt.
Beltane, Old May-day. (C.) O.Irish
bel'tene ( W indisch) ; lit. ' fire-kindling/ from
an old custom. Celtic type *belO'te{p)nid ;
where belo- is cognate with A.S. b&ly a
blaze, and tepnid is from *tepnoSy type of
O. Irish teuy fire ; cf. L. tep-ere, to be warm
(Fick. ii. 125, 164).
Bemoan. (E.) From Be- and
Moan.
Benoh. (E.) M. E. benche, — A. S.
^^;i^.-f>Du. banky a bench, table, bank for
money ; Swed. biink ; Dan. hank ; Icel.
bekkr-y G. bank. Teut. type Hankiz,
Doublet, bank.
Bend (i), to bow, curve. (E.) M. E.
benden. A. .S. bendan, orig. to string a
bow, fasten a band or string to it ; cf. A. S.
45
BEND
BESEECH
hetid, a band ( « Teut. *bandiz) ; from battdi
2ud stem of hind-an^ to bind. See Bind.
So also Icel. bendaj to bend a bow ; allied
to band, a cord.
bend (2), an oblique band, in heraldry.
(F. - G.) O. F. bende, also bande, a
band ; see Cotgrave. The same word as
F. bandCj a band of men ; see Band (a).
Beneath. (£.) M.E. benethe, A.S.
beneodan, prep, below. — A. S. be-, by;
neoSaHf adv. below, from the base mod-
in neoS-eray nether ; with adv. suffix -an,
Cf. G. nied-en^ nied-er ; see Nether.
Benediction. (F.~L.) F. bMdU-
Hon. — L. benedictionem, ace. of befiedictio,
a blessing. — L. benedictus^ pp. of bene-
^cere, to speak well, bless. —L. bene, well ;
<«. 1 dicere^ to speak (see Diction).
benison. (F. — L.) Vi.Ys. beneysun,
— O. F. beneison. — L. acc. benedictionem.
Benefactor. (L.) L. benefactor, a
doer of good. — L. bene^ well ; and factor,
a doer, from^o^^r^, to do.
benefice. (F.— L.) M.E. benefice,
— F. binifice (Cot.). —Late L. beneficium,
a grant of an estate ; L. beneficium, a,
well-doing, a kindness. — L. bene, well ;
2Jidifacere, to do.
benefit. (F.-L.) Modified (badly)
from M. E. benfet, - O. F. bienfet (F.
bienfait), — L. ^^nefcutum, a kindness con-
ferred ; nent. -of pp. of benefcuere, to do
well, be ki*- ^
Benevoience. (F.-L.) Y^b^nhw-
lence (Cot.). — L. beneuolentia, kindness.—
L. acc. bene uolentem, kind, lit. well-
wishing.— L. bene, well; and uolentem,
acc. 01 uolens, wishing, from uolo, I wish
(see Voluntary).
BeHigbted. (E.) See Night.
Benign. (F. - L.) O. F. benigne (F.
bMn), — L. benignus, kind ; short for *be'
nigenus, — L. beni-, for *benus, variant of
bonus, good; and -genus, bom (as in
indigenus), from genere, old form of
gignere, to beget.
Benison, blessing; see Benedic-
tion.
Bent-grass. (E.) M. E. bent, A. S.
beonet, for earlier *binut, bent-grass (in
place-names). 4-0. H. G. binuz, G. btnse,
bent-grass.
Benumb. From Be- and Numb.
Bensoin, a resinous substance. (F. —
Ital. — Arab.) F. benjoin, *gum beizoin
or gum benjamin ; ' Cot. — Ital. ben-
zoino, bengim (Torriano). The Ital. io
hengivi seems to have been substituted for
the Arab, name, Itibdn jdwi, lit. frankin-
cense of Java. (Further corrupted to gum
benjamin.)
Be^neatb. (E.) A.S. becwedan to
assert, bequeath. — A. S. be; prefix; and
cwetfau, to say, assert. See Quoth.
bequest. (E.) M. E. biqueste, bi-
quiste. Formed, with added -te (cf. M. E.
requeste), from A. S. *bicwiss, *bec%viss
(not found), sb. due to becwetSan, to be^;-
queath, assert, say. Th^: components (nL
this form occur ; viz. be-,^ bi-, prefix, and
cwiss (in ge-cwis), a saying. Cwiss is
from Teut. *kwessiz, Idg. *g(w)ettis, formed
(with suffix -ti-) from Idg. base *g(w')et-,
whence cwedan, to say (Sievers, A. S.
Gr. § 232) ; and becwiss is thus a regular
deriv. of becweban, to bequeath.
Bereave. (E.) A.S. bereafian, to
dispossess ^ see Beave.
Bergamot (i)» an essence. (Ital.) Ital.
bergamotta, the essence called bergamot. —
Ital. Bergamo, a town in Lombardy.
Bergamot (2), a kind of pear. (F.—
Ital. -Turk.) F. bergamotte (Cot.).-
Ital. bergamott-a (pi. -^), * a kind of excel-
lent pears, come out of Turky ; ' Torriano.
— Turk, beg armiidi, 'prince's pear.' —
Turk, beg, prince ; armild, pear.
BerrjT- (E.) M. E. berie, A. S. berie,
+Du. Oes, bezie; Icel. ber; Swed. bar;
Dan. bar; G. beere; Goth, bast. All
from a base baS', Lit. ' edible fruit ; * cf.
Skt. bhas, to eat. Dep. goose-berry,
&c.
Bertb. (E.) Formerly *■ convenient
sea-room ' ; prob. from the M. E. ber^en,
to bear; as if *bearing-off room.' Cf.
prov. E. berth, a foothold, grasp, position.
See Bear (i) ; and cf. Birth.
Beryl. (L.-Gk.-Skt.) U.KberiL
-O. F. beril.'^L. bery //us. '^Gk. fi^pvX-
Xos ; cf. Arab. bi//aur, crystal, beryl.—
Skt. vaidiurya (Prakrit ve/Hriyd), orig.
beryl, brought from Vidiira in S. India
(Yule; Bohtlingk).
Besant, Bezant, a gold circle, in
heraldry. (F.-L.-Gk.) Intended to
represent a gold coin of Byzantium.—
O. F. besant, * an ancient gold coin ; '
Cot. — L. Byzantium. ''Gk, Bv(6,vriw, the
name of Constantinople.
Beseecb. (E.) M. £. besechen. From
be-, prefix; and sechen, Southern form
corresponding to Northern sehen, to seek.
See Seek.
46
BESEEM
BEZONIAN
Beseem, Beset, Beshrew, Be-
side, Besiege; see Seem, Sit, Shrew,
&c.
Besom, a broom. (E.) M. £. desum,
besme, A.S.desma.-^'Du.dezem; G^besen,
Tent, type *besmon; m.
Besot, BespeaJc ; see Sot, Speak.
Best ; see Better.
Bestead ; from Be- and Stead.
Bestial. (F.-L.) F. bestial. - L.
bestidiisj beast-like. -^ L. bestia^ a beast.
See Beast.
Bestow, BestreWf Bestride ; see
stow, &c.
Bet, to wager. (F. — Scand.) Short for
abet J in tbe sense to maintain, or ' back,*
as abet is explained in Phillips, ed. 1706.
See Abet. Der. bety sb.
Betake. (£. and Scand.) See Take.
Betel, a species of pepper. (Port.—
Malayalim.) Port, betel, oetele. — Malaya-
lim vetXila, i. e. veru Ha, mere leaf ( Yjile).
Bethink, Betide, Betimes, Be-
token ; see Think, &c.
Betray. (F. -L.; wttk E. ffrejix,)
From be; preBx ; and O. F. trair (F.
trahir), to deliver up, from L. trddere,
% The preBx bC' was due to confnsion
with bewrav. See Tradition.
Betroth. (E.) See Troth.
Better, Best. (E.) 1. From the
Tent, base ^bat, good, was formed the
Tent. comp. stem ^batizon-, as in Goth.
batiza, better^ A. S. betera (with mutation
from a to e), M. E. better. The A. S. bet,
M. E. bet, is adverbial and comparative.
3. From the same base was formed Goth.
baiista, best, A.S. betst [iox bet»ist), M.E.
best. Similarly Du. beler, best ; Icel. betri,
beztr; Dan. bedre, bedst; Swed. battre,
bast; G. besser, best. Der. (from the
same base) batten, boot (3).
Between. (E.) A. S. betweonan, be-
tween ; earlier betweonum, — A. S. be, by ;
tiueonum, dat. pi. of tweone, double, allied
to twd, two ; see Two. Here tweonum
^also twtnum) answers to Goth.twet'/tnaim,
dat. pi. of tweihnai, * two eadi.* Cf. L.
btnT.
betwixt. (E.) (M.E. bettvix; to
which / was afterwards added. — A. S.
betwix, betwux, betweox, betweoks, appa-
rently extended from A. S.betwih, between.
From A. S. be, by ; and *twth, answering
to tweih' in Goth, iweihnai, two each.
See above.
Bevel, sloping; to slope, slant. (F.)
In Sh. Sonn. 121.-O. F. *bivel, ^buvel,
only found in mod. F. biveau, and in F.
buveau, * a kind of squire [carpenter's rule],
having moveable and compasse branches,
or the one branch compasse and the other
straight ; some call it a bevell ; ' Cot. Cf.
Span, haivel. Origin unknown.
jSever, a potation ; see Beaver (3).
beverage. (F.-L.) O.F. bevrage
(Supp. to Godefroy), drink. —O. F. bevre,
boivre, to drink. — L. bibtre, to drink.
bevy. (F.-L.) It answers to O. F.
bevee, a drink ; from O. F. bevre, to drink
(above). Cf. Ital. beva, a bevy (Florio) ;
also, a drink (Torriano).
Bewail, Beware, Bewilder,
Bewitch; see IT^ail, Ware, Wild
Witch.
Bewray, to disclose. (E.) Propeily
to accuse. M. E. bewraien, biwreyer, to
disclose. A, S. be^ prefix (see Be-) ; and
wregan, to accuse (for older *%vrogian,
with mutation from o to e), Cf Icel.
ragja (for vrcegjd), to slander, Swed. rdja,
to discover ; O. Fries, biwrogia, to accuse ;
Goth, wrohjan, to accuse ; G. riigen, to
censure, p. These are causal verbs, from
the base wroh- seen in Goth, ivrohs,
accusation, Icel. rog, a slander.
Bey, a governor. (Turk.) Turk, beg
(pron. nearly as bay), a lo^^, prince.
Beyond. (E.) M.E:ieyonde, A.S.
begeondan, beyond. » A. S. ^.ijjfpr be or bi,
by ; and geond, prep, across, ocyond, from
geon, yon. Cf. Goth, jaindre, thither,
jaind, there ; from jains, that, yon. See
Yon.
Beiel, the part of a ring in which the
stone is set. (F.) Also spelt basil \ it
also means a sloping edge. ^ O. F. bisel
(Roquefort) ; mod. F. biseau,2i bezel, basil,
slant, sloped edge. Cf. Span, bisel, the
slanting edge of a looking-glass. Per-
haps from L. bis, double.
Besi^ue, a game at cards. (F. — Pers.)
F. besigiie (with ^) ; also bisy (Littre).
/3. The first form* Pers. bdzichah, sport, a
game ; the second — Pers. bdzi, play. —
Pers. bdzidan, to play. [A guess.]
Besoar, a stone. (F.— Span. — Arab.
— Pers.) O. F. bezoar, F. b^zoard.^^^zxi,
bezoar. — Arab, bddizahr, — Pers. pdd-zahr,
bezoar ; lit. ' counter-poison,* from its
supposed virtue. ^ Pers. pdd, expelling ;
and zahr, poison.
Besonian, a beggarly fellow. (F.)
In 2 Hen. IV. v. 3. 118. Formerly
47
Bl-
BIGOT
bisonian ; made by adding E. -ian to
V. bisogne, spelt bisangne^ in Cotgrave,
* a filthe knave . . . bisonian/ Or from
Ital. bisognoy need, want ; whence bisogni^
pi. * new-levied souldiers, such as come
. . . needy to the wars'; Torriano (not in
Florio). Origin unknown.
Bi-, prefix. ( L.) L. bi-^ for V«/-, twice.
— L. duo^ two. So also Gk. 8t-, Skt. dvi.
See Two.
Bias. (F- — L.) F. biais^ a slant,
slope ; hence, inclination to one side. Cf.
Ital. s-biescOy s-biesdo^ oblique. Origin
unknown.
Bib. (L.) A cloth under a child^s
chin ; from M. E. bibben, to drink. — L.
bibere^ to drink. Hence wine-bibber
(Luke vii. 34) ; L. bibens utnum (Vulg.).
Bible. (F.-L.-Gk.) U.E.bibie,^
F. bible. — Late L. biblia, fem. sing. ; for
L. biblia^ neut. pi. — Gk. fiifiKiuy collection
of writings, pi. of /SijSXioi', little book,
dimin. of ffi^Kos, a book. — Gk. iSv/SXos,
Egyptian papyrus ; hence, a book.
bibUograpby. (Gk.) Gk. $t&Kio-,
for fii0\iov ; and ypaxpeiv, to write.
bibliomania. (Gk.) Gk. fiifiKio-,
for fii^kiov ; and Mania.
Bice. (F.) Properly * grayish ' ; hence
biew byce, grayish blue. — F. bis, dusky.
Cf. Ital. bigio, gray. Origin unknown.
Bicker, to skirmish. (Uncertain.)
M. E. biker, a fight ; bikeren, to skirmish.
Cf. M. E. beken, to peck ; biken, to thrust
with a pointed weapon. Apparently from
O. F. bequer, to strike with the beak (see
Beak) ; or from A.S. becca, & pick-axe.
Cf. Du. bikken, to notch a mill-stone ; also
E. Fries., bikkern, to hack, gnaw, from
bikketty to hack, bikke, a pickaxe (G.
bicke).
Bicycle. (Hybrid.) In use since 1868.
Coined from Bi- and Cycle.
Bid (i), to pray. (E.) Nearly obso-
lete ; preserved in bidding-prayer, and in
to bid beads (pray prayers). M. E. bidden.
A.S. biddan. '^Du. bidden; G. bitten;
leal, bidja; Goth, bidjan. Teut. type
Abidjan-, allied to L. fido^ I trust ; Gk.
irc/^o;, I prevail upon ; froni-^BHEIDH.
See Bnigm. i. § 589 ; ii. § 890.
Bid (2), to command. (E.) M. E. beden.
— A. S. beodan, to command. +Du. bieden^
to offer ; Icel. bjotia ; G. bieten ; Goth.
anabiudan ; Gk. vtvOofjuu, I enquire ; Skt.
budA, to understand. Teut. type *beudan-.
(VBHEUDH.) Confused with Bid (i),
the forms of which have taken the place of
those of Bid (2).
Bide, to await, wait. (E.) M. E. biden.
A. S. btdan. + Du. beiden ; Icel. bi6a ;
Swed. bida ; Dan. bie ; Goth, beidan ;
O. H. G. bttan. Teut. type *bTdan-.
Biennial, lasting two years. (L.)
Formed as if from bienni-um, a space of
two years ; the true L. word is bienndlis.
— L. bi' two ; and anndlis, lasting .a year,
yearly. — L. annus. So also tri-ennial,
from tri- (for tres)^ three ; quadr-ennial,
more correctly quadri-ennial, from quadri-
(for quadrus), belonging to four ; quinqui-
ennial, from quinqui' (for quinque), five ;
dec-ennial, from dec- em, ten; cent-ennial,
from centum, a hundred; mill-ennial,
from mille, a. thousand, &c.
Bier, a frame on which a corpse is
borne. (E.) M. E. beere, bare, A.S.
b^r, ber. — A. S. bdr-, 3rd stem oiberan, to
carry. + Du. boar ; O. H. G. bdra (G.
bakre); allied to Icel. barar, fem. pi.;
\jjeretrum ; Gk. (pipfrpov.
Siestings, Beestings, the first
milk given by a cow after calving. (E.)
A. S. by sting, byst (for *biest), thick milk.
From A. S. beost, first milk after calving.
+Du. biest ; G. biest-milch.
Bifurcated, two-pronged. (L.) Late
L. bifurcdtus, pp. of bifurcdri, to part in
two directions. — L. bi-furcus, two-
pronged; from bi-{s), double; furca, a
fork.
Big. (Scand. ?) M. E. big ; also bigg,
rich (Hampole). Not A. S. Cf. prov, E.
bug, big, hog, boastful. Prob. of Scand.
origin. Cf. Norw. bugge^ a strong man.
Bigamy, a double marriage. (F.->L.
and Gk.) F. /^2]^mi>. — Late L. bigamia ;
a clumsy compound from L. bi', double
(see Bi-), and Gk. -yafxia, from y^nos,
marriage. It should rather have been
digamy (Gk. btyaiua).
Bi|fgen, a night-cap. (F.J M. F.
begutn, ' a biggin for a child ; * Cot.
Named from the caps worn by beguines ;
see Beguine.
Bight, a coil of rope, a bay. (E.)
M. E. bight, A. S. byht, as in wateres
byht, a bight (bay) of water (see Grein). —
A. S. bug', weak grade of bugan, to bow,
bend ; with mutation of w to^.+G. bucht,
Teut. type *buktiz. See Bow (1).
Bigot, an obstinate devotee to a creed.
(F.) F. bigot, * an hypocrite, supersti-
tious fellow;' Cot. Applied by the
48
BIJOU
BIRCH
French to the Normans as a term of
reproach (Wace). Of unknown origin.
It is an older word than heguine^ with
which it seems to have been somewhat
confused at a later period.
Bijon, a trinket. (F.-C?) Y, btjou.
Perhaps from Bret, inzou^ a ring with a
stone, a finger-ring, from biz^ a finger.
Cf. Com. btsou (the same), from bis^
beSf a finger; W. by son ^ ring, from bys^
finger.
Klberry, a whortle-berry. (Scand.)
Dan. bdllebary a bilberry ; where bar is E.
berry. In M. Dan., holle had the sense of
Dan. bugle, i. e. boss (Kalkar). Cf. Norw.
bola^ a swelling, tumour. ^ North Eng.
blea-berry = blue-berry \ see Blaeberry.
In both cases, -berry takes the E. form ;
see Berry.
Bilbo, a sword; BilboeS, fetters.
(Span.) Both named from Bilboa or
Bilbao in Spain, famous for iron and
steel.
Bile (i)i secretion from the liver. (F.
— L.) F. bile.^'L, bilis, L. biHs is for
*bislts, Brugm. i. § 877 ; cf. W. bus/ly
Bret, besllt bile (Fick, ed. 4. ii. 1 75). Der.
bili'ous.
Bile (a), a boil. (£.) See BoU (2).
Billfe. (F.— C.) A variant of bi/lgie,
which orig. meant the bottom of a ship's
hull ; whence bilge-water (N. E. D.). See
Bulge.
Bill (i), a chopper, sword. (£.) M. E.
bil, sword, axe. A.S. bill, sword, axe.
-I- O. Sax. bil, O. H. G. bill, n. ; (cf. G.
bille, axe, f.). Teut. type ^biljoni, n.
bill (2). a bird's beak. (E.) M. E.
bile. A. S. btU (Teut. type *biliz ?). Allied
to Bill (I).
Bill (3), a writing, account. (F.— L.)
A. F. bille. — Late L. billa, a writing ; the
dimin. is billeia, bulleta, shewing that billa
is a corruption of L. bulla, a papal bull,
&c. ; see Bull (1).
billet (I), a note. (F.-L.) A. F. bil^
lette. • Late L. billetta, billeta, dimin. of
billa, a writing ; see Bill (3) above.
Billet (2), a log of wood. (F.) . F.
billette, billot^ a billet of wood. Dimin.
of bille, a log, stump. Origin unknown.
biUiarde. (F.) F.^fV/an/,'abillard,
or the stick wherewith we touch the ball
at billyards ; ' Cot. Formed with suffix
-ard (G. -hart) from bille, a log, stick, as
above.
Billion ; see Million.
Billow, a wave. (Scand.) Icel. i>ylgya,
a billow; Swed. bblja; Dan. bblge.'^-M..
H. G. bulge, a billow, a bag. Lit. * a
swell * or surge ; cf. Icel. belgja, to inflate,
puff out. The Icel. bylgja has mutation
of « \Qy, and, like M. H. G. bulg-e, is from
bu^g-y 3rd stem of belgan, to swell with
anger.
Bin. (E.) M. E. binne. A. S. binn,
a manger; Lu. ii. 7.+DU. hen, G. benne,
a sort of basket. Perhaps of Celtic origin ;
cf. Gaulish Lat. benna, body of a cart ; W.
hen, a cart.
Binary, twofold. (L.) L. bmdrius,
consisting of two things. — L. btnus, two-
fold. — I^. bf-, double ; see Bi-.
Bind. (E.) M.E.binden. A.S. bin-
dan. 4- Du. and G. bittden ; Icel. and
Swed. binda ; Dan. binde ; Goth, bindan ;
Skt.^ bandh, to bind. (-/BHENDH.)
Binffy a heap of corn ; obs. (Scand.) In
Surrey s Poems. — Icel. bingr, Swed. binge,
a heap.^M. H. G. hige, a heap of corn ;
whence Ital. bica. ^ Distinct from Inn,
though perhaps confused with it.
Binnaclef a box for a ship's compass.
(Port.— L.) A singular corruption of the
older word bittacUy by confusion with Inn,
a chest. — Port, bitacola, a bittacle (i.e.
binnacle) ; Vieyra. Cf. Span, bitacora,
F. habitcule, the same. The Port, bitacola
stands for *kabitacola, the first syllable
being lost. — L. habitdculum, a little dwell-
ing, i. e. the * frame of timber in the steer-
age of a ship where the compass stands *
(Bailey).— L. habitdre, to dwell; frequent,
of habere, to have.
Binocular, having two eyes. (L.)
From Lat. bln-i, two each ; ocul-us, eye ;
with suffix -dris.
Binomial, having two terms. (L.)
From Late L. binomi-ns, equiv. to L.
binominis, adj. having two names ; with
suffix -dlis. From L. bi-, two ; nomin-,
for nomen, a name.
Biography. (Gk.) A written ac-
count of a life ; from jSio-, for iS/os, life ;
and ypdfpdv, to write. The sb. fiios is
allied to Quiok.
biology. (Gk.) Science of life ; from
Gk. /3to-, for /9«oy, life ; and •\oyia, a dis-
coursing, from \6yos, a discourse.
Biped. (L.) L. biped', stem of bi/ies,
two-tooted ; from bi-, two ; pes, foot.
Birch, a tree. (E.) M. E. birche.
A.S. birce, f.+G. birke, f.<Teut. Hirk-
jon: p. Also A. S. here, beorc, + Du.
49
BIRD
BIZARRE
*befk ; Icel. bjork^ Swed. hjork, Dan. birk
(cf. North E. Wr>&).<Teut. *berkd, f. Cf.
also O. Slav, briza^ Rass. berUza ; Lith.
berlas. Also Skt. bhurja, a kind of birch.
Bird. (E.) M. E. brid (the r being
shifted) ; A. S. bridd, a bird, esp. the
yonng of birds.
Birettay a clerical cap. (Ital.— L.—
Gk.) Ital. beretta (Torriano) ; cf. Late
L. birretum, orig. a scarlet cap. — Late L.
birriis^ burruSy reddish. See Bureau.
Birth. (Scand.) M. E. burthe, birtke,
Cf. Icel. burdr, m. ; Swed. bord, Dan.
byrd, f. ( = O. Icel. byrtf, f.). + A. S.
gebyrd, f. ; O. II. G. giburt (G. geburt) ;
Goth, gabaurihs, f.<Teut. *burtiiz = \<Ag.
*bhrtis (Skt. bhrtis^ f. nonrishment). All
from the weak grade of -v/BHER, to
bear. See Bear (i).
Biscuit, a kind of cake. (F. — L.) F.
biscuiiy lit, twice cooked. — F. bis (L. bis)^
twice ; and cuii, cooked, from L. coctum,
ace. of coctus, pp. of coquere^ to cook.
Bisect. (L*) From L. bi-^ short for
bisi twice ; and sect-wn^ supine of secure^
to cut.
Bishop. (L.-Gk.) A.S. biscop,^L.
episcopus. '^Gk, Matcovoiy a bishop; lit.
* overseer.'- Gk. ivi, upon; aieorroSf one
that watches, from cicoir-, o-grtide of aic€v-f
as in aKin-To/jMi, I spy, overlook. See
Species.
Bismuth, a metal. (G.) G. bismu/A ;
also spelt wismutj wissmul, 7uissmuih,
Origin unknown.
BiSOXli a quadruped. (L.— Teut.) L.
bison (Pliny) ; Late Gk. fiiaosv. Not a L.
word, but borrowed from Teutonic;
O. H. G. wisuntf G. wisent^ a bison ;
A. S. weosendy a wild ox ; Icel. msundr.
See O. H. G. wisunt in Schade.
BisseztilCy a name for leap-year.
(L.) Late L. bissextilis annus ^ bissextile
year.— L. bissextus, an intercalary day; so
called because the intercalated day (for-
merly Feb. 24) was called the sixth of
the calends of March; there being thus
two days with the same name. — L. bis,
twice ; sexfus, sixth, from seXy six.
Bisson, purblind. (E.) In Sh. M. E.
bisen. O. Northumb. bisen, blind (Matt,
ix. 28). Origin unknown.
Bistre, a dark brown. (F.-G.?) F.
bistrej a dark brown. Perhaps from prov.
G. biestcTy dark, gloomy, also bistre (FlU-
gel).
Bit (1% a mouthful, small piece. (E.)
M. £. bite (a syll.). A.S. bita, a morsel.
From A. S. bit-, weak grade of btiany to
bite.+Dn. beef\ Icel. biti\ Swed. bil\
Dan. ^/V/.<Teut. type Hiton-, m.
bit (2), a curb for a horse. (E.) M. E.
biit. A. S. biie^ m. a bite, a biting. <Teut.
type *biiizy a bite ; cf. bitoly a curb.+Dii.
gebit\ Icel. bitill (dimin.) ; Swed. bett'\
Daxi. bid; G.gebiss.
Bitch. (E.) M. E. bicA^f bicche. A. S.
^/Vf*^.^Icel. bikkja ; also grey-haka.
Bite. (E ) M. E. biten, A. S. bitan,
4" Du. bijten ; Icel. btta ; Swed. bita ;
Dan. bide ; G. beissen. Teut. type *bttan-.
Allied to l^findere (pt. i.f}fdi)f to cleave ;
Skt. bkid, to cleave. (-/BHEID.)
bitter. (E.) M. E.^iV^r. K.S.bHer,
bitoty lit. 'biting.'— A.S. bit-y weak grade
of bitany to bite.^-Du. bitter \ Icel. hitr;
Swed., Dan., G. biiter.
Bittern, a bird. (F.-LateL.) The
n is added. M. E. botory bitaure, — F.
butory *a bittor [bittern];' Cot. Prob.
named from its cry; cf. L. but ire y bubdre,
to cry like a bittern ; whence also L. bUtiOy
said to mean * bittern/ though the same
word as biiteo, i.e. buzzard.
Bitts, naval term. (Scand.?) The
bitts are two strong posts on deck to
which cables are fastened. Prob. from
Icel. bitiy a bit, mouthful (see Bit (i));
also, a cross-beam in a house ; a thwart
(L. transtrum) in a ship. [F. bites, bitts
(see Cot.), Span. bitaSy may have been
borrowed from E.] Cf. also A. S. bietingy
a cable for holding a ship, from bietan^
to restrain, curb, equivalent (in form) to
Icel. beita ; see Bait. Also Swed. betingy
a bitt, whence betingbuliy a bitt-bolt, bitt-
pin ; Dan. beding : used also on land for
tethering horses, as in Swed. beiingbultj a
peg for tethering, from beta, to pasture, bait.
Bitumen. (L.) L. bitumen, mineral
pitch. Cf. Brugm. i. § 663.
Bivalve. (F.-L.) From Bl- and
Valve.
Bivouac. (F.-G.) ¥. bivouac yOng.
^/z/dkT. — Swiss G. beiwachty an additional
watch at night (Stalder); cf. bei-gebeuy
to add. — G. bet, in addition ; wachty a
watch, from wacheny to wake. Sec Wake
(iV Cf. G. beiwache.
Bizarre, odd. (F.— Span.) F. bi-
zarrey strange, capricious ; orig. ' valiant.'
— Span, bizarroy valiant, gallant. Perhaps
of Basque origin; cf. Basque bizarray a
beard. Cf. Span, homhre de bigote, a man
50
BLAB
BLAZON
of spirit; where bigoti means * mous-
tache.*
Blaby to tell tales. (£.) M. £. blabbe,
a tell-tale ; blaberen^ to babble. Cf. Dan.
blabbre, to babble ; Dan. diaL blaffre, G.
plappem, to babble, prate. Of imitative
origin ; cf. Gael.//a^, a soft noise ; plabair,
a babbler ; blabaran, a stammerer, biabA-
dach, babbling, garrulons.
Black. (£.) M. £. blak, A. S. blac,
blac [which editots have often confused
with blSc^ bright, shining]. Cf. Icel.
blakkr, dark ; also A. S. biacy Low G. blak,
O.H. G. black, Icel. blak, Swed. bUck, Dan.
bhsk, all meaning < ink.* Connexion with
Dn. blaken, to scorch, is doubtful.
blacknardy a term of reproach. (£.
and F.) i*rom black void, guard, A name
given to scullions, turnspits, and kitchen
menials, from the dirty work done by
them. See Trench, Select Glossary.
Bladder. (£.) Vi.lS., bladdre, A.S.
blctddre, blkdre, a blister, bladder (lit.
blowing out).+Du. blaar [Icel. blatira 1] ;
O. H. G. bldiara (G. blatter), Teut. type
Hl&dron-y wk. fern. From Teut. stem
HI&-, to blow (see Blow (i) ); with suffix
'dron similar to Gk. -7/)d (cf. X^^P^> ^ pot).
Blade, a leaf, flat of a sword. (£.)
M. £. blade, A. S. blad, a leaf.+Icel.
blaSf Swed., Dan., Du. blad, a leaf, blade ;
G. blatt. Teut. type Hla-dom, neut., with
sense of * blown,* i.e. * flourishing;* pp.
form (with suffix -ch- = Idg. -td-) from
VBHLd. See Blow (a).
Blaeberry, Bleaberry, a bilberry.
(Scand. and £.) From North £. blae,
livid, dark ; and berry. The form blae is
from Icel. bld-r, livid ; see under Blue.
Blain, a pustule. (£.) M. £. blein,
A. S. blegen, a boil. Hh I^u. blein ; Dan.
bl^n. Cf. O. H. Q.plehen-ougi, weak-eyed.
Blame, vb. (F.-L.-Gk.) M.£.
blamen,^0,Y, blasmer^ to blame. — L.
blaspkemdre, to speak ill, also to blame.
— Gk. &\aa<pfriiittv ; see Blaspheme.
Blaacb (i), to whiten. (F.-O.H.G.)
From F. blanckir^ to whiten. — F. blanCy
white ; see Blank below.
Blancb (2), the same as Blench.
Bland. (L.) L. blandus, mild,
blandisll, to flatter. (F.-L.) M. £.
blandisen.^O.Y, blandis-, stem of pres.
part of blandir^ to flatter. — L. blandtrt, to
caress. — L. blandus^ bland.
Blank, white. (F. - O. H. G.) In
Milton, P. L, X. 656. - F. blanc, - O. H. G.
blanckf white. Nasalised form from
O. H. G. blaky shining; cf. Gk. ^A<$7-€or,
flaming, shining, from ^Xcy-ctv, to shine.
blanket. (F.-O.H.G.) Orig.ofa
white colour. M. £. blanket. — A. F. blan-
ket (F. blancket), dimin. from blanc, white;
see above.
Blare, to make a loud noise. (£.)
M. E. blaren, Cf. Du. blaren. Low G.
blarren, to bleat ; M. H. G. bleren, bkr-
ren (G. pliirren), to bleat, blubber. Prob.
imitative, like bleat \ but cf. Blaze (2).
Blason ; see Blason.
Blaspheme, to speak injuriously. (L.
— Gk.) L. blaspkemdre, ''Gk, fiXaa^"
yLiiv, to speak ill of. — Gk. fi\da<fnjfju>s, adj.,
speaking evil. — Gk. pXaa-^ for *$ka0ei-,
i. e. hurtful (cf. iSAiiiS-i;, hurt) ; and 0i7/u, I
say : see Fame. Brugm. i. § 744.
Blast, a blowing. (E.) M.£. blast,
A. S. bli^st, a blowing ; cf. Icel. bldstr, n
breath, blast of a trumpet ; O. H. G. blast.
Formed with Idg. suffix to- from the old
base of Blase (a).
Blatant, noisy, roaring. (E.) Spenser
has * blatant beast"; F. Q. vi. la (head-
ing) ; also blattanl, id. vi. i. 7. Prob.
imitative. Cf. Lowl. Sc. blad, to abuse ;
blatter^ a rattling noise ; G. platz, a crash.
Blay, a bleak (fish). (£.) A.S. blage,
4-Du. blet\ G. bleike.
Blase (i)> a flame. (£.) M. £. blase,
A. S. blasef a flame, in comp. bdl blcesCy
a bright light ; blase, f. a torch ; <Teut.
type *blasdn, Cf. M. H. G. blasj a torch ;
also G. bldsse, Icel. blest, a *■ blaze ' or
white mark on a horse, Swed. bids, the
same.
Blase (a)i to proclaim, noise abroad.
(Scand.) Mark i. 45. M. £. blasen. —
Icel. bldsa, to blow, blow a trumpet, sound
an alarm ; Swed. bl8sa, to sound ; Dan.
blase, Du. blazen, to blow a trumpet ; G.
blasen. Also Goth, uf-blesan^ to puff up.
<Teut. type *bl&S'an; to blow; whence
A.S. bl&sty £. blast. Much confused with
blazon.
Blason (i), Blason, a proclamation.
Hamlet, i. 5. ai ; Shak. Son. 106. A cor-
ruption from Blaze (2), M. E. blasen^ to
proclaim ; due to confusion with Blazon
(2) below.
slason (2), to pourtray armorial bear-
ings. (F.) M. E. blason, blasouny a shield;
whence blazon, verb, to describe a shield.
— F. blason, a coat of arms, orig. a shield
(Brachet). Cf. Span, blason, heraldry,
51
BLEABERRY
BUSS
blazonry, glory, hacer blason^ to blazon,
hlasonar, to blazon, brag, boast ; suggest-
ing a (very doubtful) connexion with G.
hlaseuy to blow the trumpet, as done by
heralds, to proclaim a victor's fame ; see
Blaze (2) above. (See Scheler.) Or if the
orig. sense was a bright mark on a shield,
it is allied to Blaze (i).
Bleaberry; see Blaeberry.
Bleach. (E.) Orig. ' to whiten ; ' M. E.
blechen, Ancren Riwle, p. 324, 1. i. A. S.
OLecan, * A. S. bide, shining, bright, pale.
See bleak below. -4" Icel. bktkj'a ; Du.
bleeken ; G. bleichen ; <Teut. *blaikjan;
bleflbk (i)) orig. pale. (Scand.) M. E.
bieik. — Icel, bleikr, pale ; Swed. biek ;
Dan. bleg.'^X. S. bide ; Du. bleek ; G.
bleich, Teut. type *blaikoz. From *blaik'f
strong grade of Teut. *bleikan- (A. S.
blican), to shine.
bleak (2), a fish. (Scand.) From its
pale colour.
Bleaiveyed, having watery, inflamed,
or dim eyes. (E.) M. E. bleer-eyed.
Cognate with Low G. blarr-oged, blear-
eyed ; cf. blarr-oge^ an eye wet with tears,
from blarren, to howl, weep ; which seems
to be allied to E. blare.
Bleat. (E.) M. E. bleten. A. S. bl^-
tan, bletan, to bleat as a sheep. 4- Du.
blaten ; O. H. G. pldzan. Cf. Rnss. bk-
Jate, to bleat ; h.^erg, to weep.
Bleb, Blob, a small bubble or blister.
(E.) Cf. M. E. blober, a bubble on water ;
blubber^ a bubble. By comparing blobber,
blubber J with bubble^ having much the same
meaning, we see the probability that they
are imitative, from the action of forming
a bubble with the lips.
Bleed. (E.) M. E. bleJen, A. S. blh
dan, formed (by mutation of 0 to e) from
A. S. bl5d, blood. < Teut. type *blddjan-, to
lose blood >Icel. blcelia.
Blemish, to stain. (F.) M. E. ble-
misshen. — O. F. blemis-, stem of pres. part,
of blemir^ blesmir, to wound, stain, make
pale. — O. F. bleme, blesme, wan, pale. Of
unknown origin.
Blench, to shrink from. (E.) M. E.
blenchen, to avoid, elude. A. S. blencan,
to deceive ; as if from a Teut. type *blank'
jan-y causal of *bltnkan', to blink. But
proof is wanting.
Blend, to mix together. (Scand.)
M. E. blenden. Due to blend-, base of the
pres. indie, of Icel. blamia i^Swed. blanda,
Dan. blande), to blend ; cognate with
A. S. and Goth, blandan, str. redupl. vb.,
O. H. G. blantan, to mix.
Bless, to consecrate, &c. (E.) The
orig. sense may have been *to consecrate
by blood,* i. e. either by sacrifice or by the
sprinkling of blood, as the word can be
clearly traced back to blood. M. E. blessen,
A. S. bleisian, O. Northumb. bledsia, bloed-
sia (Matt. xxv. 34, xxvi. 26), which can
be explained from blod, blood^with the usual
vowel-change from 0 to oe or e, Teut. type
*blddison, Cf. bleed, (Suggested by Sweet ;
Anglia, iii. 156.)
Blight. (E.) XVII cent. Of unknown
origin ; perhaps allied to M. E. blichening,
mildew. And cf. M. H. G. blicze, G. bliiZf
lightning.
Blind. (E.) A.S. blind.-^^'DvL, blind;
Icel. blindr; Sw., Dan., G. blind ;<.Teut.
type Hlindoz (^Idg. base Hklendh'), Cf.
Lith. blfsli-s (3 pr. s. blendzia-s), to become
dim (of the sun).
blindfold, vb. (E.) M.E. blind-
folden, verb (Tyndale) ; corruption of
blind/elden (Palsgrave), where the d is
excrescent. The true word is blindfellen,
to * fell ' or strike blind, Ancren Riwle, p.
106. — A. S. blind, blind; s^difellan, to
strike ; see Fell.
Blindman'sbnff; see Buff.
Blink, to wink, to glance. (E.) M. E.
blenken, to shine, to glance ; whence mod.
E. blink, by change of en to in, as in
many words; Allied to A. S. blanc, while
(as in blanc-a, & white horse), cognate with
O. H. G. blanch, M. H. G. blatic ; see
Blank. Cf. Du., G. blinken, Swed.
blinka, Dan. blinke, all late forms; and
A. S. blTcan, to shine.
Bliss. (E.) See Blithe.
Blister. (F.-Teut.) Vl,^. blester,
blister. (Not found before 1300.) — O. F.
blestre, * tumeur,* Godefroy. Of Teut.
origin ; cf. Icel. bldstr (dat. bliestrt), a
blast, also a swelling, allied to E. Blast.
From the notion of blowing out.
Blithe. (E.) M.E. blithe. A.S.
blide, sweet, happy.+O. Sax. bltSi, bright,
glad ; Du. blijde,blij \ Icel. blifir\ Swed.,
Dan. blid\ O.H. G. blidi, glad; Goth.
bleiths, merciful, kind.
bliss. (E.) M. E. blis. A. S. blis,
bliss ; contr. from A. S. blids, happiness,
lit. blitheness. — A. S. bliSe (above). +
O. Sax. blTzza, blTdsea, happiness. Teut.
stem Hlissid ; with ss <,tt, the suffix being
■tid^ as in L. laefi-tia.
5a
BLOAT
BLUNDERBUSS
Bloat, to swell. (Scand.) We now
generally use bloated to mean 'puffed
out * or * swollen,' as if allied to blow.
But the M. E. form was blout^ soft ; con-
nected with Icel. blautr, soft, effeminate,
imbecile, blotna, to become soft, lose
courage. Cf. Swed. bldt, Dan. blod, soft,
pulpy, mellow. Allied to Icel. blaudr^
soft ; A. S bleaff G. blode^ weak.
bloater, a prepared herring. (Scand.)
A bloater is a cured fish, cured by smoke ;
but formerly a * soaked 'fish. — Icel. blautr^
soft. Cf. Swed. blbtfisk^ soaked fish ; from
blotUy to soak, steep; from blot, soft
(above).
Blob, a bubble. (E.) See Bleb.
Blocx, a large piece of wood. (F. —
M. H. G.) M. E. blok, - O. F. bloc,^
M. H. G. blocJif a block ; cf. Du. blok^ Dan.
bloky Swed. block, Der. block-ade.
Blond. (F.) XV cent. F. blond, m.
blonde f fem. 'light yellow;' Cot. Referred
by Diez to Icel. blandinnj mixed j cf. A. S.
blonden-feaXf having hair of mingled
colour, gray-haired. See Blend. % But
the Low L. form is blundusy pointing to
a Teut, type ^blundo-, answering to Skt.
bradhna-s, reddish, pale yellow (Kluge).
Cf. O. Slav. bron\ white ; Brugm. i.
§814.
Blood. (E.) ^.Y.. blod, blood, A.S.
A/A/.+Du. bloed, Icel. bloU, Swed. blod,
Goth, bloth ; G. blut\ <Teut. tyj^e *blodom,
n. Hence bleed.
Bloom, a flower. (Scand;) M. E.
blome\ not in A. S. — Icel. bldm, bldmi, a
flower; Swed. blovtma.) Dan. blomme.'^
Du. bloem ; Goth, bloma ; allied to O. Ir.
bltith, \a,flds ; see Flower. And see below.
blossom. (E.) M. £. blostne, also
bios t me, A. S. blosttna, a blossom ; from
base bid' of A. S. bid-wan, with suffixes
-5t and -ma (Teut. •/;w«).-f"Du. bloesem ;
M. H. G. bluest (with suffix -st). See
above.
Blot ( 0, a spot. (Scand. ?) M. E. blot,
blotte. Origin unknown. It has some
resemblance to Icel. blettr, a blot, stain ;
Dan. dial, blat^ a spot, a blot.
Blot (a), at backgammon. (Scand.)
A blot is an ' exposed * piece. — Dan. blot,
bare, naked ; whence give sig blot, to lay
oneself open, expose oneself; Swed. blott,
naked ; blotta, to lay oneself open.^-Du.
bloot, naked, blootstellen^ to expose ; G.
bloss, naked. Allied to Icel. blautr, soft ;
see Bloat.
Blotch, a large blot. (E.) A mod.
variant of blot, perhaps suggested by botch.
Blouse, a loose outer frock. (F.)
From F. blouse, a frock much used by
workmen (XVIlIcent.). Origin unknown.
Blow (1), to puff. (E.) M. E. blowen.
A. S. bUnvan. + G. blcihen, O. II. G. Ha-
han ; allied to \u, flare.
Blow (2), to bloom, flourish as a flower.
(E.) M.E. blowen. A,S. bldwan-^Du.
bloeijen ; G. bliihen, O. H. G. bluojan.
Allied to L. florere ; see Flourish.
Blow (3), a stroke, hit. (E.) M. E.
blowe. Not in A. S. ; but we find M. Du.
strong verb blouwen (pt. t. blau\ to strike,
dress, flax by beating ; O. H. G. bliuwan,
whence G. bldiien,io beat; Goth, bliggwan,
to strike ; all from Teut. ^bliwivan-, to
strike. (History obscure.)
Blubber. (£•) M. E. blober, a bubble ;
bloberen, to bubble up, to weep copiously.
Of imitative origin; cf. Blob. The
blubber of the whale consists of bladder-
like cells filled with oil. Blubber-lipped.
with swollen lips. Cf. E. Fries, blubber,
a bubble, a blob of fat; blubbern, to
bubble.
Bludgeon. (E. £?rF.) XVIII cent.
Of unknown origin.
Blue, a colour. (F.-O.H.G.) M. E.
blew, bleu.^K.Y. blu, blew, O. F. bleu,
blue. — O. H. G. bldo, blue, livid, G. blau.
4-Icel. bldr, livid ; Swed. bla, Dan. blaa ;
A. S. bldw (O. E. Texts, p. 588 . ; < Teut.
type '^blitwoz. Cognate with \j3\.flduus^
yellow.
Bluff, downright, rude. (Du.?) A
bluff IS a steep headland. It appears to be
Dutch. M. Du. blaf, flat, broad ; blaffaert^
one having a broad flat face, also, a
boaster (Oudemans) ; blaf van hct voor-
hooft, * the flat of a forehead ' (Hexham) ;
blaffen, bleffen, to mock (id.). Cf. E.
Fries, bluffen, to make a noise, bluster,
impose on.
Blunder, to flounder about, err.
(Scand.) M. E. blondren, to confuse, to
move blindly or stupidly. Formed (as a
frequentative) from Icel. blunda, to doze,
slumber ; Swed. blunda, to shut the eyes ;
Dan. blunde, to nap. Cf. Icel. blitndr,
Dan. and Swed. blund, a doze, a nap.
From the sense of ^confusion.' Allied to
Blend and Blind.
Blunderbuss, a short gun. (Hyb.)
In Pope. Formerly spelt blanterbusse,
plantierbusse (Palmer, Folk- Etymology);
53
BLUNT
BOHEA
i. e. 'a gun on a rest.* Apparently from
L. plantdre, to plant (see Plant); and
Du. huSy a gun, orig. a box, barrel; see
Box (i). But the corresponding Dn. word
is donderbus, i. e. thnnder-gnn.
Blunt, dnll. (Scand.?) M,E. d/ufU,
blontj dull, dulled. Origin unknown;
perhaps allied to Icel. hlunda^ Dan.
bluftde^ to sleep, doze ; see Blunder.
Blur, to stain ; a stain. (Scand. ?)
Properly * to dim * ; metaphorically, * to
deceive. We find : ' A blirrey deceptio ;
to blirrty fallere ; ' Levins (1570). Of
uncertain origin. Cr Swea. dial, blura^
to blink, partially close the eyes; Swed.
pliray Swed. dial, biiraf to blink ; biirra
fojr augu, to quiver (be dim) before the
eyes, said of a haze caused by heat;
Bavarian pletTf a mist before the eyes.
Blurt, to utter impulsively. (£.)
Lowl. Sc. blirtj to make a noise in weep-
ing ; cf. M. £. bUren, to make a loud
noise, to blare. Of imitative origin.
Blush. (£•) M. £. bluschetiy blusshen,
to glow. A. S. blyscan, used to translate
L. ruiildre, to shine (Mone, Qnellen, 355) ;
cf. dblysian, dblisiany to blush ; from A. S.
blys in bal-blysy lit. *a fire-blaze.* 4'I^'i-
blozetty to blush, from bios, a blush ; Dan.
blusse, to flame, glow, from blus, a torch ;
Swed. blossa, to blaze, from bloss, a torch.
From Teut. root Hleus, to glow.
Bluster, to be boisterous. (E.) Doubt-
less associated in idea with blast (Icel.
bldstr, Swed. blBst), Cf. E. Fries, blus-
tern, to be tempestuous (esp. of wind) ;
bluster y bliiser, a breeze ; bliisen^ to blow
strongly ; bliise, wind.
Boa, a large snake. (L.) L. boa
(Pliny); perhaps allied to ^^j, an ox ; from
its size.
Boar, an animal. (K.) '^JL.boreykoor,
A. S. /wr. 4* Du. beer\ M. H. G. ber,
Teut. type *bairoZy m.
Board (i). (£.) M. E. bord. A.S.
hordy board, si^e of a ship, shield. 4-Du.
hoord\ Icel. borHy plank, side of a ship ; G.
bord\ Goth, -baurd in fotu-baurdy a foot-
stool. Cf. Irish, Gael., W., and Cora.
bordy a board (from E.). Teut. type
*bordomy n. % The sense * side of a ship *
explains star-boardy lar-boardy on hoard,
over-board. Der. board, to have meals as
a lodger ; from board, a table.
board (2), to go on board a ship, to
accost. (F.— Teut.) The sb. ^^n/ is E.,
but the verb, formerly spelt bordey bordy is
short for aborde, used by Palsgrave. — F.
aborder, ^ to approach, accost, abboord,
or lay aboord ; * Cot. — F. a, to (L. atl) ;
bordj edge, brim, side of a ship, from
Icel. bordy Du. boord, side of a ship. See
Board (i).
Boast. (E.) M. E. bost. [W. bost.
Corn, bosty Irish and Gael, bosd, are all
borrowed from E.] Origin unknown, but
perhaps a late formation (with suffix -st)
from A. S. bogan, bon, to boast ; cf prov.
E. bogy to boast.
Boat. (E.) M. £. boot, A. S. bat.
Cf. Icel. bdtr ; Swed. b&t ; Du. boot ; Rnss.
bof ; W. bad; Gael, bdta, a boat, fi. The
Icel. word is borrowed from A. S. ; and
the other forms either from £. or Icel.
Teut. type *battoz, m.
boat-swain. (£.) Lit. ' boat-lad ; *
Icel. sveinn, a lad ( » A. S. swan).
Bob, to jerk. (£.) Perhaps imitative.
Bobbin, a wooden pin on which thread
is wound; round tape. (F.) Formerly
bobin.^Y, bobine, 'a quil for a spinning
wheele, a skane; * Cot. Orig. unknown.
Bode, to foreshew. (E.) M. K boden,
bodian, — A. S. bodian, to announce. » A. S.
boda, a messenger ; hod, a message. From
bod; weak grade of beodan, to command,
announce. See Bid (2).
Bodice, stays. (E.) A corruption of
bodies (pi. of body), which was the old
spelling. (Cf F. corset, from corps,)
Bod£in, orig. a small dagger. (?)
M. E. boydekiHy Ch. Origin unknown.
Body, the frame of an animal. (£.)
M. E. bodi'y A. S. bodig.-^O, H. G. potach,
Boer ; the same as Boor.
Bo|f. (C.) Irish bogach, a bog, from
bog, soft; cf. Irish bogaim, I shake ; a bog
being a soft quagmire. So also Gael.
bogan, a quagmire ; bogy soft, moist ; bogy
to soften, also to agitate. Cf. O. Irish
bocc, soft.
Bognrd, Bogirart, a specti^. (C. ;
with F. suffix,) From bogy variant of
Bug (i); with suffix -ard, -art (F. -ard
as in bcLst-ard), See below.
Boggle, to start aside, swerve for fear.
(C?) Prob. coined from prov. E. boggle,
bogie, a spectre. Cf. W. bwg, a goblin;
bygel, a scarecrow; bwgwly a threat,
bygylu, to threaten; bwgwth^ to scare.
See Bug (1).
Bohea, a kind of tea. (Chinese.) So
named from the Bohea hills; the moun-
tain called Bou-y (or Wu-t) is situated in
54
BOIL
BOOBY
the province of Fokien or Fukian^ on the
S. £. coast of China.
Boil (i), to bubble up. (F.-L.) O.K.
Mllir^ to boil (F. bouilHr), — L. buUire^ to
bubble up, boil.«>L. htlla^ a bubble; see
Bull (a). Cf.' Norman F. boiilir, to
boil.
Boil (3), a small tumour. (£.) Prov.
E. bile ; prob. affected by botl{i), M. E.
Me, A. S. ^i, a boil, swelling.+Dn.
Sut7; G. beuie, Cf. Goth, ufbatdjan^ to
puff up ; Icel. beyla^ a hump (with muta-
tion). See Bowl (2).
Boisterous. (F.) Lengthened from
M. E. boistous, Ch. ; lit. * noisy.' Batsious
answers to O. F. boistaus, lame, but the
difference in sense is remarkable. The
O. F. boisious also meant < rough,' as
applied to a bad road; hence perhaps
M. £. boisiausj rough, coarse, noisy.
Bold. (E.) M.E. boldy bald] A.S.
beaidy bald^ ^^.-flcel. ballr\ Du. boud\
O.H.G. bald\ cf. Goth, bcdthaba, adv.,
boldly. Teut. type ^bcUpoz,
BoxOf stem of a tree. (Scand.) M. E.
bole,^lct\, bolr, bulr^ the trunk of a tree,
stem; Swed. b^l\ Dan. buL Cf. Gk.
tpaX-ay^f a log, trunk. Cf. Balk (i).
Bolledf swollen. (Scand.) Earlier
forms are M. E. bol lefty pp., and bolnedy
pp. The latter is the pp. of M. E. bolneuy
to swell.— Dan. bulne, Swed. bulna, Icel.
bolgna, to swell, inchoative forms from
wk. grade of belg- (cf. Icel. belgt'a, to in-
flate). Cf. A. S. belgan (pp. bo^en), to
swell with anger. See Bellows, Billow.
Bolster. (E.) A. S. bolster, with suffix
'Ster as in holster. From its round shape.
^Du. bolster, bulster; Icel. bolstr; O.
H. G. bolstar (G. polster), Teut. type
*bul-stro8; from Teut. *bul, weak grade
of *beul, to puff up. See Boil (3). (See
Franck.)
Bolt (1)) a stout pin of iron, an arrow.
(E) A. S. bolt.'^Bu. bout, formerly b<flt ;
I)an. bolt] G. boh, bolzen. Root unknown.
Bolt (a), Boult, to sift meal. (F. -
L.-Gk.) Spelt bonlte in Palsgrave.—
O. F. bulter ; mod. F. bluter ; oldest form
buleter, a corruption of *lmreter, to sift
through coarse cloth ; cf. M. Ital. burat'
tare, to boult (Florio). - O. F. and F.
bure^ coarse woollen cloth. — Late Lat.
bura, burra, coarse red cloth. — Lat.
burrus, reddish. — Gk. irvppds, reddish.—
Gk. wvp, fire. See Bureau and Fire.
BoluSv a large pill. (L.-Gk.) Late
L. bolus (not L. bSlus), a Latinised form
of Gk, fiSiKoi, a clod, lump.
Bomb, a shell for cannon. {¥.or Span.
— L. — Gk.) F. bombe ; Span, bomba, — L.
bontbus, a humming noise. — Gk. fi6fjifioSf
the same. See Boom (i).
bombard. (F.- L.-Gk.) The verb
is from E. bombard, a great gun ; Sh. — F.
bombarde, a cannon; extended from F.
bombe ; see Bomb. Per. bombard-ier, ¥.
bombardier (Cot.). •
Bombasti orig. cotton wadding; hence
padding, affected language. (F.— L.-
Gk.) From O. F. bombace (with added /),
cotton wadding.— Late L. bombacem, ace.
of bombax, cotton ; for L. bombyx. — Gk.
fi6/jifiv^, silk, cotton; orig. a silkworm.
Cf. * to tulk jTustian:
bombasine, bombasine, a fabric
of silk and worsted. (F. — L. — Gk.) F.
bom basin, — I.ate L. bombdcinum, — L. bom-
bpcinus, adj. silken; from bombyx, silk;
see above.
Bond. (E.) See Band (I ).
Bondage, servitude. (F. — Scand.)
M. E, ana A. F. bondage, servitude ; the
sense being due to confusion with the verb
to bind. But it orig. meant the condition
of a bondman, called in A. S. bonda, a
word borrowed from Icel. bdndi, a hus-
bandman. And bdndi =^biiandi, a tiller;
from Icel. bHa, to till, prepare, cognate
with A. S. biian, to dwell, and G. bauen.
Thus A.S. bonda is allied in sense and
origin to E. boor^ q. v.
Bone. (E.) M.E. boon*, A.S. ban,
4-Du. been ; Icel. bein ; Swed. ben ; Dan.
been ; O. H. G. bein. Teut. type *bainom,
bonfire. (E) Orig. a bone-fire.
' Bane'fire, ignis ossium ; * Catholicon
Anglicanum, A. d. 1483; where bane is
the Northern form of bone, Cf. Picard^
d'^os, a bonfire.
Bonito, ^ kind of tunny. (Span.—
Arab.^ Span.* bonito, — Arab, baynith,
a bonito.
Bonnet. (F.) Y, bonnet \ O.F. bonet
(a. d. 1047), the name of a stuff of which
bonnets or caps were made. Origin
unknown.
Bonny, fair. (F.-L.) YxomY, bonne,
fair, fem. of bon, good. — L. bonus, good ;
O.L. duonus.
Bonse, a priest. (Port.- Japanese.)
Port. bonzo^^J&p, bonzo, a religious man.
Booby. (Span.— L.) Span, bobo, a
blockhead, booby (related to F. baube.
55
BOOK
BOTANY
stammering). — L. balbus, stammering;
hence, stupid.
Book. (E.) M. £. book ; A. S. bd<y «i
book ; also, a beech-tree. The orig.
* books ' were pieces of writing scratched
on a becchen board. 4- Du. boek \ Icel. bok \
Swed. bok ; Uan. bog\ G. btuh ; all in the
sense of * book * ; Goth, boka, a letter, pi.
^JXw, writings, p. With A.S. boc^ beech, cf.
].. fagtis, a beech, Gk. ^ijyoSf a tree with
edible fruit. •
Boom (i)» to hum. (E.) M. K. bom-
fMfttf not found in A. S.4-i^U' lH>mmeftf
to boom, to give out a hollow sound like
an empty barrel. An imitative word;
like L. bombuSy Gk. fiSfxfioSf a humming.
Boom (2), a pole. (Du.) Du. boom ;
the Du. form of Baam (i).
Boomorangf y a wooden missile weapon.
(Australian.) From the native Australian
name.
Boon (1)) a petition. (Scand.) M. E.
bone, Ch. — Icel. bon ; Dan. and Swed./v«,
a petition.+A. S. boen, ben (whence bene
in Wordsworth). The sense of * favour *
.irose from confusion with Boon (2).
Boon (2), good. (F. — L.) In the phr.
* boon companion.' — F. bon, good. — L.
bonus. See Bonny.
Boor I a peasant. (Du.) Du. /wer, a
j)easant, lit. * tiller of the soil.' — Du.
bouwen, to till. + A. S. btian, to dwell in,
whence gebfir^ s., a peasant (only preserved
in ncigh-boitr). So also G. bauen, to till,
whence bduer^ a peasant; Icel. btla^ Goth.
batMH, to dwell. Teut. stem *bu-j related
to Be. (Streitberg, § 90.)
Boot (i), advantage, proht. (£.) M. E.
bo/e, boot. A.S. bot^ profit. 4- Du. boete;
Icel. b^/ (cf. bati)f advantage, cure; Dan.
/W, Swed. bo/f remedy ; G. busse, atone-
ment; Goth. bota. Teut. type *bdtdy f.
From bot; strong grade of baf*; see
Better. Der. boot-less, profitless.
Boot (a), a covering for the foot. (F.)
M. E. bote. — O. F. bote (F. boffe) ; cf. Span.,
Port., Late L. bota. Origin unknown.
Booth. (Scand.) M. E. bo/Ae. - M.
Dan. bof/i (Kalkar), Dan. bot/; Swed. bod
(cf. Icel. btld, a dwelling, booth). — Dan.
/w, Swed. bo, Icel. bt7a, to dwell ; see
Boor. + G. bu(/e, a stall. Teut. type
*bupd, f. Cf. also Irish both, a hut,
W. bdd, a residence ; Lith. buta, butt as,
a house. See Build.
Booty. (F.-LowG.) Formerly spelt
itutin. — F. butiUf * a booty, prey ; ' Cot.
— M. Du. bute, Du. butt \ cf. Icel. byti,
Dan. bytte, Swed. byte, exchange, barter,
also booty, spoil ; G. beute, spoil.
Borage. (F. - Span. > Arab.) For-
merly pourage, — F. bourrache. — Span.
borraja, ''Avdih, abft raskh, lit. * father of
sweat ; ' because it is a sudorific.
Borax. (Low L. — Arab. ~ Pers.) Low
L. borax \ also boracum, ^ hivih, biiraq, —
Pers. bftrah, borax (Vullers).
Border, an edge. (F. — Low L. —
Teut.) M. E. bordure, bordeure.^O.Y.
bordeiire (Span, bordadurd), an edging. —
Low L. borddtftra, edging. — Low L. bor-
ddre (Ital. bordare. Span, bordar, F.
border), to edge. — Low L. bordus (F.
/;^/v/;. — Teut. (O. Low G.) bord, side; see
Board.
Bore (1), to perforate. (E.) M. £.
borien, A.S. ^^rra^. 4- Du. boren; Icel.
bora; Sw&l.borra; "Dan. bore; G. bohren.
Also h./ordre, to bore; Gk. tftapdav, to
plough. Brugm. i. $ 510. (y^BHER,
to cut.)
bore (a), to worry. (E.) Possibly a
metaph. use of the verb above ; Hen. VIII,
i. I. 128.
Bore (3), a tidal surge in a river.
(Scand.?) Perhaps from Icel. bdra, a
billow caused by wind ; Norw. baara^ a
billow, swell in the sea.
Boreas, the north wind. (L. — Gk.)
L. Boreas, ^Gk, Bopias, Bo^fids, the N.
wind.
Borough. (E.) M. E. bur^h, borgh ;
also bonve. A.S. burh, burg (gen. and
dat. byrig), a fort. Perhaps from Teut.
burg*, weak grade of *bergan-, to' pro-
tect ; whence Goth, bairgan, to hide, keep ;
see Barr6w. <4- Du. burg; Icel. borg;
Swed. and Dan. borg; G. burg; Goth.
baurgs. See below. Brugm. i. § 566 ; ii.
§ 160.
borrow. (E.) M. E. borwen ; A. S.
borgian, lit. to give a pledge. — A. S. borg,
borh, a pledge. — A.S. //<7r^-, weak grade
of beorgott, to keep, protect; see Bar-
row and Borough.
Bosom. (E.) M. E. bosom. A. S.
/w/z/.+Du. boeum ; G. busen.
Boss, a knob. (F. - O. H. G.) M. E.
boce, bos.'^O.Y . boce (F. bosse); cf. Ital.
bozza, a swelling; M. Ital. bozzare, to
rough-hew, to bungle. Prob. from O. H.
G. bozan, to beat ; a bump being the
eflfect of a blow. Cf. botch, beat.
Botany. (F. - Gk.) F. botanique,
56
BOTARQO
orig. an adj.^Gk. fioraviKAs, belonging
to plants. — Gk. fiordinj, grass. — Ok.
fiiaietiv, to pasture; cf. fioroVf a grazing
animal.
BotargO. a cake made of the roe of the
sea-mnllet. (ital. — Arab.) M.Ital. dotargo,
^\,Marghe\ see Florio and Torriano.—
Arab, butarkha^ botargo ; given by Devic.
Supposed to be composed of bu^ Coptic
del. article, and Gk. rdpixos, dried fish
(Joum. des Savants, Jan. 1848, p. 45).
jSotoh (1)1 to patch. (£.) Origin
unknown. Similar is M. Du. duisen, to
strike, beat, also to patch up; cf. Du.
botsen, to beat.
Botoh (a), a swelling. (F. - G.)
M.E. Atff^^.-0. North F. bo€he\ Picard
boche ; O. F. boci (F. bosse\ a swelling; see
Bom.
Both. (Scand.) M.E. bafe, Scot.
A0fM.*-Icel. bd9ir, both, dual aqj. ; Dan.
baade\ Swed. b9da,^Q. beide. And cf.
A. S. bdf both ; Lat. -bo in afnbo\ Gk. -^
in Afi-^ ; Skt. -bha in u-bha^ both. Icel.
'tiir is for 0^iV, they, the ; so that bo-th
was orig. two words ; of. Goth, bafoskipa^
both the ships (Luke v. 7).
Bother, vb. and sb. (E.) In Swift. Cf.
pother \ prov. Y*,puddtrt confusion ; M.E.
putheren, to bestir oneself. Origin un-
jcnown.
Bots. small worms. (E.) Lowl. Sc.
bats. Of unknown origin.
Bottle (i), a hollow vessel. (F.~
Late L. - Gk.) M. E. botel - F. bouteilh,
•-Late Lat. buticulct, double dimin. of
Late L. butts, buttis, a cask, a butt ; see
Butt (2).
Bottle* (a), a bundle of hay. (F.-
O. H. G.) M. E. boteL - O. F. bote/, /tot-
elle, a small bundle, dimin. of botte^ a
bundle, as of hay. oO. H. G. bozo^ a bundle
of straw or flax ; allied to O. H. G. bozatty
to beat (see Beat); perhaps from the
beating of fiax.
Bottom. (E.) M. E. botum^ bothonu
A. S. A^/m.^Du. liodem ; Icel. botn ; Swed.
botten\ Vtm* bund; G,boden\ Lui./uftdus;
Gk. wv$fi^v; Vedic Skt. budhndf depth,
Sound. Allied to Irish bonn, sole of the
ot ; Gael, bonn, sole, bottom ; W. bon,
base, stock. See Fundament. Brugm.
i. %% 103, 704.
Boudoir. (F.) F. boudoir, a private
room for a lady ; lit. a place to suIk in. —
K. bouder, to sulk. Cf. E. pout.
Bough, (E.) H*'E, bough, A.,S, bog,
BOURD
boh; of which the orig. sense was *an
arm.'+Icel. bogr, Swed. bog, Dan. bov,
the shoulder of an animal, hence the bow
(shoulder) of a ship; G. bi^; Gk. ir^x*^^*
the fore-arm ; Skt. bahus, the arm. Teut.
type *boguz; Idg. type *bhdghus. See
Bow (4). Brugm. i. | 184.
Bought, a bend, turn, fold. (Low G.)
In Spenser, F. Q. i. i. 15. Low G. bugt,
a bend; Du. bogt, bocht; Dan. bugt, Cf.
G. bucht. The E. form is Bight. And
see Bout.
Boulder, a large stone. (E. ?) Etym.
obscure; cf. Swed. dial, bultersteen, a
large rolling stone; so called from its
rolling down stream with a crash.— Swed.
butlra, to thunder, roar; and steen, a
stone. Danish has buldre, to roar, bulder,
a crash.
Boult, to sift meal ; see Bolt (a).
Bounoe, to jump up quickly. (E.)
M. E. bunsen, to beat. Cf. Low G. bun-
sen, to beat, knock at a door; Du. bottzen,
to bounce, throw, from Du. bons, a bounce,
thump; G. bumps, bounce; Icel. bops,
bump ! Prob. imitative.
Bound (0, to leap. (F.-L.-Gk.)
F. bondir, to oound ; but orig. to resound.
i-L. bombitdre, to resound. «iL. bombus,
a humming sound. — Gk. fidfAfios, the same.
Dop. re^bound (F. rebondir).
Bound (a), a boundary. (F.-C?)
M. E. bounoe t Ch. ; with excrescent d, as
in soun-d, A. F. bounde, bunde; O. F.
bonne, a boundary ; also spelt bodne (Bur-
guy); Late Lat. bodina (contr. form
bound) ^ a bound, limit. Perhaps of Celtic
origin ; Thumeysen, 91. Der. bound-ary.
Bound (3), ready to go. (Scand.) In
*■ the ship is bound for Spain,* &c.
Formed, with excrescent d, from M. E.
boun, ready, Ch. C. T. 11807. - Icel.
buinn, prepared ; pp. of bua, to till, pre-
pare.-f* A. S. biian ; see Boor.
Bounden. the old pp. of Bind. (E.)
As in ' bounaen duty.*
Bounty, orig. goodness. (F. - L.)
M. E. bountee, •- O. F. bontet, •- L. ace.
bonitdtem, from bonitds, goodness. — L.
bonus, good. See Bonny.
Bouquet. (F. — Late L.) F. bouquet;
O. F. bosquet, orig. ' a little wood,' dimin.
of O. F. bos (F. bois), a wood. « Late L.
boscum, buscum, ace. of boscus, buscus, a
wood ; of unknown origin. Cf. Bush.
Bourdi a jest ; to jest. (F.) M. E.
bourde, sb.; bourdett, v.-l«. bourde, a
5!
BOURN
BRACELET
game ; bourder^ to play. Of unknown
origin. (Not as in Diez.)
Bonm (i)y a boundary. (F.) In Sh.
— F. borne, a bound ; for O. F. bodne,
variant of O. F. bonne, a boundary ; see
Bound (2).
Bonm (2), Bom, a stream. (£.)
M. £. bourne, A. S. burna, a fountain,
stream, welL+Icel. brunnr; Swed. brunn;
Dan. brond; G. brunnen; Goth, brunna,
a spring, well.
Bouse, Bonze, Boose, to drink
deeply. (Dn.) M. E. bousen (ab. 1300).
— M. Du. *busen, later buyzen, to drink
deeply. i^M. Du. buse (Latinised as busa
by Erasmus), buyse, a large cup, also a
tap, a conduit (Kilian) ; Du. buis, a con-
duit, pipe. Cf- O. F. buse, a conduit ;
G. bausen, to bouse.
Bont, a turn, a round, occasion. (Low
G.) The same as Bought (above) ; prob.
in^uenced by about.
Bow (i), to bend. (E.) M. E. bowen,
bogen, bitgen, A. S. bu^an.^Vu. buigen ;
O. H. G. biogan ; Goth, biugan ; Teut.
type Heugan- or *bugan-', Cf. Skt. bhuj,
to bend ; Lat. /up€re, to take to flight,
give way ; Gk. (ptv^tiVf to flee. Brugm. i.
§§ 658. 701.
bow (2), a bend. (E.) From the
verb.
bow (3), a weapon to shoot with. (E.)
M. E. f^vwe. A. S. boga, a bow ; because
it is bent or bowed.^'Dn. boog; Icel. bogi;
Swed. bSge ; Dan. bue ; O. H. G. bogo ;
G. boggn. From A. S. bog- ; cf. bog-en, pp.
of biigan, to bend.
bow-window. (E.) A window of
semi-circular form ; not the same as bay-
window.
Bow (4), the * shoulder ' of a ship.
(Scand.) From Icel. bogr, shoulder; see
Bougli.^Du. boeg, bow of a ship.
BoweL (F.-L.) M. E. boueL^O. F.
boSl\ (mod. F. boyau), — Lat. ace. botellum,
a sausage ; in Late L., an intestine ;
dimin. of botulus, a sausage.
Bower, an abode, chamber, arbour.
(E.) M. E. bour, A. S. bur, a chamber.
— A. S. bi7an, to dwell. 4" Icel* ^^^* a
chamber; Dan. buur, Swed. bur\ O. Sax.
bur; O. H. G. bur, Teut. types Hurom,
n., *buroz, m. ; see Boor. Cf. Booth.
Bowl (1)1 a round wooden ball. (F.~
L.) M. E. bouIe.^F. bou/e,'^'L. bulla, a
bubble ; hence, a round thing, a ball.
Bowl (2), a drinking-vessel. (E.)
M.E. bolle. A. S. bolla\ from its round
fonn.+Du. bol, ball ; Icel. bolli, O. H. G.
bolla, bowl (G. bolle\ From Teut. *bul-,
weak grade of *beul-, to swell ; cf. Goth.
uf-bauljan, to puff up. See Boil (2).
Bow-line. (Scand.) Not so called
because it keeps a sail bffived (for it rather
keeps it straight), but because fastened to
the ship's bow, — Norw. and Swed. bog-
Una, bow-line, from bog, bow of a ship;
Du. boeglijn, from boeg, bow. For the
pronunciation, cf. bow-sprit. See Bow (4)
and Iiine.
Bow-window; see Bow (i).
Box (i)> the name of a tree. (L. — Gk.)
M. £. box ; A. S. box, ^ Lat. buxus, the
box-tree. — Gk. vv^os, the box-tree.
box (2), a chest or case to put things
in. (L. — Gk.) M. E. box ; A. S. box, — L.
buxum, anything made of box-wood;
hence, a box. — Lat. buxus, the box-tree.
(Hence a box at a theatre ; a shooting-^^jr ;
a Christmas box or present; &c.) Cf.
Pyx.
Box (3), to fight with fists; a blow.
(E.) The verb is from M. E. box, sb.,
a blow. Cf. N. Fries, bakke. Silt bokke,
a blow (Outsen) ; M. H. G. buc, a blow ;
Du. beuken, G. pochen, to beat.
Box (4), in phr. ' to box the compass.'
Apparently one of the numerous uses of
the vb. formed from box (2). See
N. E. D.
Boy. (E.) M. E. boi, boy. Preserved
in E. Friesic boi, boy, a boy (Koolman) ;
allied to M. Du. boeve, a boy, Du. boef,
a knave. 4* Icel. boH, a knave ; G. btibe.
Bavarian bueb, bua, bui, a boy. Cf. A. S.
Bofa, personal name.
Boycott, to combine with others in re-
fusing to have dealings with any one. (E.)
From the treatment accorded to Capt. Boy-
cott, of Lough Mask House, co. Mayo, Ire-
land, in Dec. 1880.
Brabble, to quarrel. (E.) Cf. Du.
brabbelen, to stammer, confound ; whence
brabbeltaal, foolish talk. See Blab,
Babble.
Brace, orig. a firm hold. (F. — L.)
From the notion of embracing. — O. F.
brace, the two arms (Bartsch) ; hence a
measure of 5 feet, formed with extended
arms (Cot.) ; and hence, a grasp. — Lat.
brdchia, pi. of brdchium, the arm. + Irish
brae, W. braich, the arm ; Gk. fipaxiojv,
bracelet. (F. — L.) F. bracelet ;
dimin. of O. F. bracel^ an armlet (Bartsch).
58
BRACH
BRAND
^L. brdchidle, an armlet. ■■L. brdchium^
an arm.
Bradly a kind of huntiog-dog. (F. —
G.) M. K. brachiy pi. branches, ^ A. F.
brach€z, pi. of bracket^ dimin. of O. F.
brcu (F. ^A-fl^w^).— O. H. G. brctcco (G.
brack), a dog that hmits by the scent.
Brackexit fem. (Scand.) M. £. bra-
ken. From O. Icel. *brakni, not fonnd ;
represented by Swcd. brdken^ Dan. brepu^
fem ; cf. Icel. burkni^ fem.
BraclEet, a corbel, &c. (F — C?)
Formerly spelt bragget^ as in Minsheu, ed.
1627. So named from the resemblance to
the front part of a pair of breeches, as
formerly made. — F. bragiutte, * a cod-
piece/ Cot. (the front part of a pair of
breeches) ; the allied Span, bragueta also
meant a projecting mould in architecture,
a bracket or corbel. Dimin. of O. F.
brogue, ' a kind of mortaise,' Cot. ; from
braguesy breeches; so also Span, bragueta
is the dimin. of Span bragas, breeches.—
L. brdca, breeches; said to be of Celtic
(or Teutonic ?) origin. See Breeohes.
Brackish. (Du.) Du. brak, briny,
nauseous; older form wrack, brackish
(Hexham) ; allied to M. Du. wracke, a
wreck, Du. wraken, to reject, blame, dis-
approve.—Du. wrakj orig. 2nd grade of
wreken, to wreak; orig. to drive. See
"Wreck. [So also wrang^ sour, is allied
to wrin^en^ to wring. See Franck.]
Bract. (L.) Lat. bractea, a thin plate
or leaf of metal.
Brad. (Scand.) M. £. brod, ^IccX,
broddr, a spike ; Swed. brodd, Dan. brodde,
a frost-nail. 4> A. S. brord^ a spike. Teat,
type *brozdoz. Cf. O. Irish brot, Ir. brod,
AV. brath, a sting.
BraCf brow of a hill, steep bank, slope.
(Scand.) M. E. bra, ^r J (North). — Icel.
bra, brow; hence, brow of a hill; see
Brow.
Brag, to boast. (Uncertain.) M. £.
braggen, to sound loudly, to vaunt. Etym.
unknown ; cf. Gael, bragky an explosion,
crack; A.S. gebrccc, a breaking, crash,
noise; Icel. brak, a creaking, braka, to
creak ; cognate with L. fragor, noise.
Also (late) M. F. braguer, * to flaunt,
brag,' Cot. ; M. F. bragard, * gay, gallant,
braggard,* whence E. braggart. We find
also W. bragal, to vociferate (from E.) ;
'BifX.braga, to brag (from F.). Cf. Bray.
Braggct. (W.) M.E.^nz^/.-W.
bragpt, a kind of mead; allied to Irish
bracat, malt liquor. — W. brag, malt ; Irish
and Gael, braich, malt, fermented grain.
Cf. Gael, brack, to ferment.
Bralmiaa, Brahmin. (Skt.) Skt.
brdkmcasa, a brahman, holy man. — Skt.
brahman, prayer; also devotion, lit. *a
greatness * of the soul ; cf. brhatUy great.
(VBHERGH, to be great.) '
Braid (i), to weave. (E.) M.E. breiden.
A. S. bregdan, bredan, to brandish, weave,
braid. •4- Icel. bregUa, to brandish, turn
about, change, start, braid, &c. ; whence
bragd, a sudden movement.
braid (2), full of deceit. (E.) In
All's Well, iv. 2. 73, braid is short for
braided, i. e. full of braids or tricks. M.E.
braid, trick, deceit. — A.S. brcegd, deceit;
from A. S. bragd, 2nd grade oi bregdan, to
draw out, weave, knit, braid.
Brail, a kind of ligature or fastening.
(F. — C. ?) O. F. braiel, a cincture ; orig. for
£Eistening up breeches. — F. braie, breeches.
— L. braces, breeches.
Brain. (E.) l^^.Ys.brayfu. K.S.bragn,
bragen, the brain. + Du. brein. Cf. Gk.
fip€x/i6s, the top of the head.
Brake (i)» a machine for breaking
hemp; a name for various mechanical
contrivances. (O. Low G.) M.E. brake.
— Low G. brake f a flax-brake; M. Du.
braecke, * a brake to beat flax ; ' Hexham ;
Du. braak. — Du. brak, 2nd grade oibreken,
to break ; see Break. ^^
Brake (2), bush. (E.) U.Y..' brake.
+Low G. brake, willow-bush (Bremen);
also stumps of broken trees, rough growth.
From A. S. brecan, (pt. t brccc), to break.
% In the sense of *fem,* modified from
Bracken.
Bramble. (E.) yi.Y..brembil. A.S.
bremel, brembel. Allied to Du. braam, a
blackberry ; Swed. brom-bdr, Dan. brom-
bcer^ G. brombeere, a blackberry. Here Du.
braam^ G. brofu (O. H.G. bidnia) answer
to A. S. brom (see Broom) ; of which A.S.
brem-el{lox TQ\xt.*br^miioz) is the diminu-
tive).
Bran. (F.) M.E. bran. -^O.Y. bran,
bren. Cf. W. bran, Irish bran, husks,
chaff (from E.) ; Bret, brenn, bran (from F.).
Branch. (F.— L.) Y.bran€ke.^L.2X&
L. branca, the paw of an animal.
Brandy a burning piece of wood, scar
of fire, a sword. (E.) M. E. brand, A. S.
brandy a burning, a sword : from brann,
2nd stem of Teut. ^brennan-, to burn ; see
Bum. + l^cl. brandr, a fire-brand, sword-
59
BRANDISH
BREACH
blade (from its flashing) ; Swed. and Dan.
brand f fire-brand; fire ; M. H. G. brants
a brand, sword.
Imuidish. (F.-Scand.) ViJS..braun-
disen. ■- F. brandisS'Onf, pres. pt oibrandir,
to brandish a sword. » A. F. brand, a
sword. — Icel. brandr ; see Brand above.
brandy. (Du.) Formerly brand-
ivine, brandy-wine \ whence brandy, — Du.
brandC'Wijn, M. Du. brandwijn, brandy ;
lit. 'burnt' (i.e. distilled) vrine (or, ace.
to Kilian, because it easily bams). — Do.
branden, to bum; and wijn, wine; see
Bum.
BrankSf a punishment for scolds. (£.)
See Jamieson. Hence were borrowed
Gael, brangas (O. Gael, brancas), a sort
of pillory; Gael, brang, Irish brancas, a
halter. ^ Du. pranger, pincers, bamacle,
collar; G. franger, a pillory; Du.
prangen, to pmch. Cfl Goth, ana-praggan,
to harass.
Bran-new. (£•) Short for brand-niw,
i. e. new from the fire. See Brand.
Brant-fojc, Brant-gooaeorlirent-
ffOOSe. The prefix is Scand., as in Swed.
brandra/t a brant«fox, brandgh^ a brent-
goose. The orig. sense is *bumt,' with
the notion of redness or blackness.
Braaier . Brasier, a pan to hold coals.
(F.— Scand.; F. brasier.^Y, braise, live
coals. — Swed. brasa, fire (below).
Braaa. (£.) M.E. bras. A. S. bras,
Terhaps allied to the verb seen in Icel.
brasa, to harden by fire; Dan. brase, to
fry ; cf. Swed. brasa, fire. Der. braz-en,
A. S. brasen.
braae (Oi to harden. (£.) K. Lear,
i. I. II. It means to harden like brass;
see below.
' braie (a), to ornament with brass.
(£.) In Chapman, tr. of Homer, Od. xv.
J 1 3 ; from brass, sb. ' Aero, ic brasige ; *
iClfric, Gram. p. 215.
Braaaart, the piece of armour which
protected the upper part of the arm. (F. —
L.) F. brassart (Cot. J, brassard (Littre);
also brassal, Formea with suffix -ard
from F. bras, arm. — L. brdchium, arm.
Brat (1)) a cloak, rough mantle. (C.)
It also meant a rag, clout, or pinafore.—
Gael, and Irish brai, a cloak, rag ; O. Irish
brai, a rough cloak ; W. brethyn, woollen
cloth, f W. brat is from E.)
Brat (a)i a child ; esp. ' a beggar's brat^
Perhaps ' a rag,' the same as Brat (i).
Bratti06| a fence of boards in a mine.
;(F.-Teat.?) M.E. bretasc/u, bretasce,
bruiaske, a parapet, battlement — O.F.
bretesche, a small wooden outwork, battle-
ment; cf. Prov. bertresca, Ital. bertesca,
the same. A difficult word ; prob. formed
from G. breU, a plank.
Brayado. (Span.) See Brave.
Brave. (F.— Ital.) ¥. brave, 'hnvc,
gay, fine, proud, braggard, valiant ; ' Cot
— Ital. bravo ; the same as Span, and
Fort bravo; TroY.brau. £tym. unknown;
none of the explanations are satis£Eictory ;
the Bret brav, O. Swed. brqf, appear to
be borrowed from F.
bravado. (Span.) Altered from Span.
bravada, *9 bravado;' Minsheu's Span.
Diet.— Span, bravo, brave.
bravOy a daring villain. (Ital.) Ital.
bravo^ brave ; as a sb., a cut-throat, villain.
bravo! well done! (Ital.) li^. bravo,
brave ; used in the voc. case masc.
Brawl (i), to quarrel. (£.?) M.E.
brawlen. Perhaps £. Cf Du. brallen,
to brag, boast; Dan. bralle, to prate,
chatter; G.prahlen, to brag.
Brawl (2), a sort of dance. (F. —Scand.
<?r O. H . G.) * A French brawl,* L. L. L. iii.
9. — F. bransle, ' a totter, swing, . . . braivl
or dance ; ' Cot. — F. bransler^ to reel ; mod.
F. branUr, Allied to O.F. brandeler
(Littr^), brandiller, to shake (Cot.),
frequent forms of F. brandir, to brandish.
See Brandish.
Brawn, muscle. (F.-O. H. G.) M. E.
braun, jnusclci boards flesh. — O. F. braon^
a slice of flesh ; cf. Prov. bradon, the same.
— O. H. G. braton, ace. of brdto^ a slice
of flesh for roasting. — O. H.G. brdtan
(G. bratefC), to roast.-|- A. S. br&dan.
Bray (i), to braise, poimd. (F. — G.)
M. £. brayen. — O. F. breier (F. broyer), —
O. Sax. brekan (G. brechen), to break;
see Break.
Bray (a), to make a roaring noise.
(F.-C.) A. F. braier\ F. braire (Med.
Lat bragire). Of Celtic origin; cfl Gael.
bragh, a burst, explosion, braigh, to crackle
(Thumeysen) ; and cf. lL,frag-or, noise.
Braie ; see Brass.
Brasier ; see Brasier.
Breacb. (E.) M. £. breche, a fracture.
— A. S. brec€, as in hlaf-gebrece, a piece of
bread (more commonly brice, a breaking);
O. Fries, breke. — A. S. brecan, to break.
% M. E. breche is also partly from O. F.
breche (F. briche), a fracture. — G. brcchcn.
to breidc.
60
BREAD
BRIDEGROOM
Bread. (E.) M,'E.J>reed. A, S, dread.
'^Du.hrood; Icel. drautf; Swed.andDan.
drad; G. hrot, Teut type Hraudom, n. ;
or Hraudoz, nent. form in 'Oz, It some-
times means * bit * or ' piece ' ; cf. A. S.
' breadru, fnuta pdnis^ Blickling Glosses ;
O. Northumb. bread^ a bit, morsel ; John
xiii. 27.
Breadth. (E.) The final 'th is late;
from M. E, brede^ breadth; Ch. — A. S.
bradu.'\'\'ct^, breidd; O. H. G. breiti (G.
brgi/e); Goth, bratda, f. From Teut.
*braidoz, broad ; tee Broad.
Break. (E.) M. E. breken ; pt t brak;
pp. broken. A, S. brecan^ pt t. braCf pp.
brocen.'^T>\x, breken \ Goth, brikan; G.
brechen. Cf. Icel. braka, to creak; Swed.
^rai^^, to crack ; Dan. ^r^>&i^; Lat.yra»-
^^r^, to break ; Gael, bragk, an explosion.
( VBHREG.) The orig. sense is to break
with a noise, to crack.
Bream, a fish. (F.— Tent.) M.E.breem,
-O.F. bresme (F. br^mey^U.K.G.
brahsem (G. brassen) ; O. H. G. brahsina
(Kluge). Cf. Du. brasem.
Breast. (E.) M,E. bresf,bre€sL A. S.
breosL + Icel. brjost (Swed. brostf Dan.
bTyst) : Teut. type *breustom, n. Also G.
bn4sf, Du. borst, Goth. ^;*«j/j : Teut. stem
*brust' (with weak grade).
Breath. (K) M.E.breetkfbre^k. A.S.
br^.^O. H. G. brddam, G. brodeptf broden,
brodel, steam, vapour, exhalation.
Breech. (£.) See Breeches.
Breeches. (E.) Really a double
plural, the form breech being, in itself, a pi.
form. A. S. brec, breeches; pi. oibroc, with
the same sense. -4- Du. broek, a pair of
breeches ; Icel. brdk (pi. brakr) ; M. H. G.
bruoch. Cf. L. brdca, said to be a word
of Celtic (but rather of Teutonic) origin.
See Brognies. «•
breech. (E.) M. £. breech; A.S.
brec, the breech; A.S. Leechdoms, ii.
146. Cf. A. S. brec, breeches, pi. of brae;
see above.
Breed. (E.) A. S. bredan^ to produce
or cherish a brood. —A.S. brodjti brood
^with mutation from Jto ^).+G. briiien;
from brut. See Brood.
Breeks, breeches. (Scand.) Northern
£. From Icel. brakr, pi. of brdk\ see
Breeches.
Breese (i)* a gadfly. (E.) M.E. brese.
A. S. briosa.
Breese(a),astrongwind. (F.) Formerly
brize.^O. F. brise, uMd by Rabelais in the
same sense as F. bise, the N. wind ; cf.
Span, brtsa, Port, briza, the N.E. wind;
Ital. brezza, a cold wind. Orig. unknown.
Breeze (3)> cinders. (F.— Scand.)
O. F. brese {breze in Cot.), F. braise.^ live
coals. See Brasier.
Breve. (Ital— L.) Orig. a j^^/ note;
now the longest in use. —Ital. breve, brief.
— L. breuis, short. Der. semi-breve,
brevet. (F.— L.) F. ^rw^/, * a brief,
breviate, little writing;' Cot. Dimin. from
F. bref, brief.— L. breuis, short.
breviary. (F — L.) F, brfy;iaire.^
L. breuidrtum, a summary. — L. breuis.
brevity. (F.— L.) F. briiveU.'^'L.
ace. breuttdtem, shortness.— L. breuis,
short.
Brew. (E.) M. £. brewen. A. S.
breoivan, pt. t. breaw, ]pp. gebroTven.'^'DvL.
brouwen; G.brauen; IcA.brugga; Swed.
brygga j Dan. brygge. Cf. L. de-fru-tum,
new wine boiled down ; Thracian fipvrovy
beer, (y^ BHREU, to decoct.)
Brewis, Browis, pottage. (F.-
O. H. G.) M.E. brewes, browes.^O.F,
brouez, broez, nom. of brouet, broet, soup
made with broth of meat ; dimin. of breuy
pottage (Roquefort).— O. H. G. brod^ broi,
broth ; see Broth. Also spelt brose.
Briar, Brier. (E.) M.E. brere.
A. S. brStr, O. Merc. brer.
Bribe. (F.) M. E. bnbe. - O. F. bribe,
a piece of bread given to a beggar.
Cf. briber, to beg; Span, briba, idleness,
bribar, to loiter about ; Ital. birba, fraud ;
birbante, an idle beggar. Origin un-
known ; not Celtic.
Brick. (F.-M. Du.) F. brique, a
brick; also a fragment, bit. — M.Du. bricke,
a brick ; cf. Walloon briquet^ a large slice
of bread. — Du. breken, to break. Der.
brick-bat (see Bat).
Bride. (E.) M. E. bride ; also birde,
brude, burde. A. S. bryd, a bride. + Du.
bruid\ \qx\. briHir; Swed. and Dan. ^n^/;
O.H.G. briit\ G. braut\ Goth, briiths.
Teut. type *brudiz, f.
bridal. (E.) Formerly bride-ale, a
bride-feast. A. S. bryd-ealo, a bride-ale,
bride-feast. — A. S. bryd, bride; and ealo,
ale, also a feast ; see Ale.
bridegroom. (E.) For bridegoom ;
the second r is intrusive ; by confusion
with groom. A. S. br^d-guma, lit. bride-
man; where guma is cognate with L.
homo, a man ; see Homage. 4- Du. bruide-
gom; Icel. brilSgumi; Swed. hrudgum\
61
BRIDGE
BROCADE
Dan. brudgom ; G. brdutigam^ O. H. G.
brfitigomo*
Brieve. (E.) M.E. brigge, brugge,
A. S. 3r^<:^.+Icel. bryggja ; Swed. brygga ;
Dan. brygge^ a pier ; Du. brug ; G. brilcke.
Teut. type *brugjd^ f. Allied to Icel. brii^
Dan. ^rtf, a briage, pavement; O. Swed.
bro^ a paved way.
Bridle. (E.) M.E. bndeL A. S.
brtdel, 4" Du. breidel\ O. H. G. bridely
brittil (whence F. bride), A. S. ^riV/^/
represents an earlier *brigdel (cf. brigdilsy
a bridle, O. E. Texts, p. 44, 1. 127). — A. S.
bregi-an, to pull, twitch (with change of
e Xot). See Braid.
Brief ( i ) , short. (F. - L.) M. E. bref.
— F. bref.'^lj, breuisy short. + Gk. /3/)axvy,
short.
brief (2\ a writ, &c. (F.-L.) F.
brief, a brief; Cot. The same as F. bre/
above ; from its being in a short form.
Brig, Brigade ; see Brigand.
Brigand. (F.-Ital.) F. brigand, a,
robber. — Ital. brigun/€, an. intriguer, rob-
ber ; orig. pres. part, of brigare^ to strive
after. — Ital. briga, strife, quarrel, trouble.
Orig. uncertain.
m?ig ; short for brigantine.
brigade. (F.-Ital.) ¥, brigade, a
crew, troop. — Ital. brigaia, a troop ; orig.
fem. of pp. of brigare, to strive, fight, as
above.
brigandine, a kind of armour. (F.
— Ital.) F. brigamiine, a kind of armour,
worn by brigands. — F. brigand, a robber ;
see above.
brigantine, brig, a ship. (F.-
Ital.) Brig is merely short for brigantine,
— F. brigantin, a kind of ship. — Ital.
brigantino, a pirate-ship. — Ital. brigante,
a robber. See Brigand.
Bright. (E.) M. E. bright, A. S.
beorht, berht. + Icel. bjartr ; M. H. G.
berht ; Goth, bairhts, shining. Teut. type
Herhtoz, shining. Cf. Gk. <f>opK6s, white.
Brill, a fish. (E.) Origin unknown.
Brilliant, shining. (F.-L.-Gk.—
Skt.) F. brillant, pres. part, of briller,
to glitter; cf. Ital. brillare, to sparkle.
The orig. sense was to sparkle as a beryl.
— L. beryllus, a beryl ; see Beryl.
Brim. (E.) M.E. brim. (Not in
A. S.) Cf. Icel. barmr, brim ; Swed.
bram, border, edge; Dan. bramme; M.
Du. breme ; G. gebrdme, border.
Brimstonei sulphur. (E.) M. E.
hrimston, biemstoon, also brenstoon (Wy-
clif).i"M. £. brenn-en, to bum, and stoott,
stone. So also Icel. brennisteinn, brim-
stone. See Bum.
Brindled, Brinded, streaked.
(Scand.) Icel. bronti-, as in bronddttr,
brinded, said of a cow. — Icel. brandr, a
brand, flame, sword. Thus brinded «
branded.
Brine. (E.) M. E. brine, A. S. bryrte
(for brine), brine, salt liquor. +M. Du.
briint ; Du. brijn, pickle.
tiring. (E.) A. S. bringan, also
brengan, pt. t. brdhte.^Y)Vi, brengen; G.
bringen; Goth, briggan (written for
bringan), pt. t. brdhta.
Brink. (Scand.) M. E. ^rt/iy&. — Dan.
brink, verge; Swed. brink, descent or
slope of a hill; Icel. brekka {jiotbrinka^, a
slope, crest of a hill ; allied to Icel. bringa,
a grassy slope, orig. the breast.
Brisk. (F. - Ital.) Spelt bruisk in
Lowl. Sc. (1560). — F. brusque, * brisk,
lively, quicke, rash, harsh;* Cot. — Ital.
brusco, tart, harsh ; see Brusque.
Brisket. (F.) O. F. brischet (Brachet),
s. V. brechei), also bruschet (Ducange) ;
brichet, * the brisket, or breast- piece,*
bruchet, * the craw-bone of a bird ; * Cot.
Mod. F. brechet. Cf. Bret, bruched, the
breast ; spelt brusk in the dialect of
Vannes.
Bristle. (E.) M. E. bristle, bersile,
birstle ; dimin. of A. S. byrst, a bristle.+
Du. borstel; Icel. burst \ Swed. borst;
G. borste. From Teut. *burs', weak grade
of *bers = Idg. *bhers, to bristle ; cf. Skt.
sakasra-bhrshti, having a thousand points.
See Burr.
Brittle. (E.) M.E. britel, broteU
brutel. For A. S. Hrytel^ltMX, Hrutiloz,
from brtit', weak grade of A. S. breotan,
to break. It means 'fragile.' Cf. Icel.
brjota, Swed, bryta, Dan. bryde, to break.
Broach. (F. — L.) M.E. setten on
broche»\.o set a-broach, tap liquor. — F.
mettre en broche, to tap, by piercing a
barrel. — F. brocher, • to pierce ; broche,
* a broach, spit,' Cot. ; see Brooch.
Broad. (E.) M. E. brood, A. S. brad.
+ Du. breed', Icel. breiOr; Swed. and
Dan. bred; Goth, braids; G. breit.
Brocade. (Span. — L.) Span, brocado,
brocade; orig. embroidered, the pp. of a
verb *brocar (not used) answering to F.
brocher, *to broach, also, to stitch . . . with
great stitches ; * Cot. — F. ^r<v^^. — Late L.
brocca, L. broccus ; see Brooch.
62
BROCCOLI
BROTHEL
broccoli. (Ital.— L.) Ital. broccoliy
sprouts ; pi. of broccolo^ a sprout. Dimin.
of broccOf a skewer, a shoot, stalk. — L.
broccus, projecting, like teeth.
broclmro, a pamphlet. (F. — L.) F.
brochure, a few leaves stitched together. —
F. brocher, to stitch ; see Brooade.
Brock, a badger. (C.) A. S. brbc.^
W., Com., and Bret, brock; Irish, Gael.,
and Manx broc, a badger. Named from
his white-streaked face ; cf. Gael, brocachj
speckled, grayish, as a badger ; Gk. <popK6s,
white, gray. (Cf. E. grayy a badger.)
BrOf^ctj a red deer two years old.
(F.— L.) F. brocartf the same; so called
because he has but one tine to his horn. —
F. broche, a spit, also, a tine of a stag's
horn ; see Brooch.
Brogues, coarse shoes, leggings. (C.
— £.) Gael, and Irish brog^ shoe ; M. Irish
^r^r, shoe. — A. S. broc^ breeches; or Icel.
brok. See Breeches.
Broided. braided. (£.) The wk. pp.
broided took the place of the str. pp.
broiden, woven, itself due to confusion of
browden with broider (below). Browden
represents A. S. brogden, pp. of bregdatiy
to braid. See Braid.
Broider, to adorn with needlework.
(F.) [In I Tim. ii. 9, broidered (as in
some edd.) is an error for broided; see
above.] Used as the equivalent of F.
brodery 'to imbroyder,' Cot. The oi is
due to confusion with broided, — O. F.
broader^ also brosder (Supp. to Godefroy) ;
cf. Late L. brusdus^ brosdus, embroidered
work (Ducange). Of unknown origin;
perhaps from Teut. *brozd-, whence A. S.
brordy Icel. broddr^ a spike ; see Brad.
Broil (I), to fry, grill. (F.) M.E.
broilen. — A. F. broiller (Bozon), O. F.
bruiller, to boil, roast (Roquefort). Origin
unknown; cf. O.F. bruiry to roast; per-
haps from M. H. G. bruejen^ to scald ; see
Brood.
Broil (2)1 a tumult. (F.) F. brouiller^
to jumble, confuse, confound. Cf. Ital.
brogliare^ to disturb, broglio, confusion
(whence E. im-broglio). Origin un-
known.
Broker. (F. — L.) M. E. brocour^
nn agent, witness of a transaction. * A. F.
brocoury an agent ; orig. a * broacher ' or
seller of wine. —Late L. broccator^ one
who broaches. — Late L. brocca^ i. e. spike;
see Brooch.
BrO]liilie» a chemical element. (Gk.)
Named from its ill odour. Formed, with
suffix 'ine, from Gk. /3pw/i-os, a stink.
Bronchial. (Gk.) Gk. i9/>($7x<a, neut.
pi., the ramifications of the windpipe. *
Gk. 0p^x°^i t^c windpipe; cf. /3pa7xos, a
gill. Der. bronch-itis ; from fipiyx^^'
Bronie. (F.-Ital.-L.) F. bronze,
— Ital. bronzo ; bronzinOy made of bronze
{z = ds), — L. as Brundustnufft. — L. Brurtr
dusiuniy Brindisi (in Italy) ; where bronze
mirrors were made (Pliny, xxxiii. 9).
Brooch. (F. — L.) Named from the
pin which fastens it. M. £. broche^ a pin,
peg, brooch. — F. brochCy a spit, point.—
Late L. brocca, a pointed stick ; broca, a
spike ; L. broccus, projecting, like teeth.
Brood. (E.) M. E. brwi, A. S. brod
(rare); *hi bredatf heora brod* = they
nourish their brood ; ^Ifric's Hom. ii. 10.
^T>\x,broed\ Cbruf. Teut. stem *^r^-iy-,
from a verbal base *br0', preserved in G.
brii-heUy to scald (orig. to heat), Du.
broe'ien, to brood, hatch ; from the idea of
* heat ' or * warmth.* Der. breed.
Brook (i)) to endure, put up with.
(E.) M. E. broken, brouken, A. S. brU-
can, to use, enjoy; which was the orig.
sense. + Du. gebruiken, Icel. briika, G.
brattchen, Goth, brukjan, to use; cf. L.
/rw/, to enjoy. See I'ruit. (^BHREUG.)
Brugm. i. § III.
Brook (3), a small stream. (E.) M. E.
brook. A. S. ^r«-.+Du. broek^ G. bruchy
a marsh.
brook-limep a plant. (E.) M. E.
brok-lemke, brok-lemok. From A. S. broc,
a brook, and hleomocy brook-lime.
Broom. (E.) M. E. bromcy broom.
A.S. broniy the plant broom; hence, a
besom made from twigs of it.<4-Du. brem ;
Low G. braanif broom. Teut. type *brd-
moz. Allied to Bramble, q. v.
BrOBOy a later form ofbrotvis or brewis;
see Brewis.
Broth. (E.) A.S. ^nj^.+Icel. bro9;
O. H. G. brod, Teut. type *broPomf n. ;
from bro-y bru-, weak grade of breu-, as in
A. S. breowan, to brew. Lit. * brewed.*
Brothel. (E. ; confused with F.~
Teut.) 1. M. E. brothel, a lewd person,
base wretch. — A.S. broO-en, pp. of
breodan, to perish, become vile; whence
also dbrotfen, degenerate, base. Hence
was made brothel- house, a house for vile
people (Much Ado, i. i. 256), afterwards
contracted to brothel. 2. Orig. distinct
from M. E. bordel, which was used, how-
63
BROTHER
BUCKRAM
ever, in much the same sense. — O. F. bor-
delt a hut, orig. of boards. ~ Da. bord^ a
plank, board; see Board.
Brother. (£.) M. £. brother. A. S.
brd9or,'^T>\x, breeder \ lcel.bro6ir; Goth.
brothar\ Swed. and Dan. broder; G.
bruder; Gael, and Ir. brat/iair; W.
brawd; Rnss. brat*; LaU /rater; Gk.
(ppar/fp ; Skt. b/trdtr, Teut. stem Hrother-;
Idg. stem *bArdter-,
Aroagham, a kind of carriage. (Per-
sonal name.) Date 1839. Named after
the first Lord Brougham.
Brow. (£•) M.£. browe. A.S. bru.
+Icel. bruftt eyebrow; Lith. bruwis;
Rnss. brove; Gk,b<pph; "Peis.abru; Skt.
b/irii. Brugm. i. § 554.
Brown. (E.) M. £. broun. A.S.
brtln.^Du, bruin; Icel. brunn; Swed.
brun ; Dan. brunn ; G. braun ; Lith. brunch.
Cf. Gk. <ltpwoSf a toad; Skt. ba'bkru(s),
tawny.
Browse. (F. -M. H. G.) For broust;
lit. * to feed on young shoots.' — M. F.
brouster (F. brouter), to nibble off young
shoots. — M. F. broust (F. brout)^ a sprig,
shoot, bud. — M. H. G. broz, a bud ; Bavar.
brossty brosSf a bud. From the weak grade
of O. H. G. briozany to break, also, to
break into bud ; which is cognate with
A. S. breotan. See Brittle.
Bmin. (Du.) In Reynard the Fox,
the bear is called bruin, i. e. brown. — Dn.
bruin, brown. See Brown.
Bmise. (£. ; partly F.) A. S. {to)-
brysan, to bruise. Influenced by O. F.
bruiser, briser^ to break, perhaps of Celtic
origin ; cf. Gael, bris^ to break, Irish bris-
im, I break. (The spelling ui, from A. S.
j?, occurs in S. £ng. Legendary, 295. 58.)
Bmity a rumour. (F.~L. ?) F. bruit,
a noise. — F. bruire, to make a noise.
Scheler derives F. bruire from L.. rugire,
to roar, with prefixed b, F. ^rM//=Late
L. brugitusy a clamour (Ducange) ; cf. L.
rugttus, a roaring. Partly imitative; cf.
G. briillen^ to roar.
Bnmette. (F. -G.) F. brunette, fern,
of brunet, brownish. — M. H. G. bran,
brown ; see Brown.
Bmnt. (£.) Prob. imitative; d, dint
(dunt), a blow; influenced by North £.
brunt, i. e. * burnt,* as if the * hot * part of
the fight.
Brash. (F.-Teut.?) U.^.bruschey
a brush ; also brush-wood, which is the
older sense, the orig. brush being made of | (for Ital. buchirano), late Ital. bucherame.
«4
twigs. — O. F. broce, F. brosse, brushwood ;
also, later, a brush. — Low L. bruscia, a
thicket. Derived by Diez from O. H. G.
burstdf G. borste, a bristle ; but perhaps
Celtic (Thumeysen).
Bras^uef rough in manner. (F. — Ital.)
F. brusque, — Ital. brusco, sharp, tart, sour,
applied to fruits and wine. Origin un-
certain.
Brute. (F.— L.) F, brut, fem. brute.
— L. brutusy stupid.
Bryony. (L. — Gk.) L. brydnia.^^
Gk. B/nmvia, fipvunj, bryony. — Gk. fipvtiv,
to teem, grow luxuriantly.
Bubble. (£.) Cf. Swed. bubbla, Dan.
bobte, a bubble ; also Du. bobbel, a bubble,
bobbekn, to bubble. Of imitative origin.
Buceanier. (F. — West Indian.) F.
botuanier, a pirate. — F. boucaner, to broil
on a sort of wooden frame. — F. boucan,
a wooden frame, used by hunters for
smoking and drying flesh. The word
boucan is said to be a F. spelling of a
Tupi (Brazilian) word, and to mean *a
frame on which meat is smoke-dried.'
Buck (1), a male deer, goat. (£.)
M. £. bukke, A. S. buc, male deer, buccat
a he-goat. +Du. bok, Icel. bukkr, Swed.
boch, a he-goat ; Dan. buk, a he-goat, ram,
buck ; G. bock ; also W. bwch, Gael, boc,
Irish boc. Brugm. i. § 800.
Buck (2), to steep clothes in lye. (£.)
M. £. bouken. As if from A. S. *biician,
not found. Prob. from A. S. bUc, a pitcher
(prov. £. bouk, a pail, tub) ; but M. £.
bouken has the specific sense of ' steep in
lye,' like M. H. G. bUchen, Swed. iyka,
Dan. byge, Low G. bUken, bUken (whence
Ital. bucare, F. buer),
bucket. (£.) A. F. boket (Bozon).
Formed with A. F. dimin. suffix -et from
A.S. biiCy a pitcher: Cf. Gael, bucaid^
Irish buiceady a bucket (from £. ).
Buckle. (F. - L.) M. E. bokel - O. F.
bucle (F. boucle), the boss of a shield, a
ring, a buckle. — Late L. bucula, the boss
of a shield ; buccula, beaver of a helm, boss
of a shield, buckle. — Lat. buccula, the
cheek, dimin. of bucca, the cheek.
buckler. (F.-L.) M.E. bokeler.^
O. F. bucler (F. boiulier), a shield ; so
named from the boss on it ; see above.
Buckram, a coarse cloth. (F.—
Ital.) M.E. bokeram.^O. ¥, boguerant
(F. bougran), a coarse kind of clotn ; Low
L. boquerannus or (in Italy) bUchirdnus
BUCKWHEAT
Oi%iii nncertain; perhaps from Bokhara
(Tartary).
Buekwheat. (E.) Lit. beech-wheat;
from the resemblance of its seeds to the
mast of the beech-tree. The form buck is
from A. S. bdc^ as in buck-mast , beech-
mast. So also Du. boekweiti buckwheat ;
G. buchweizen. See Beeoh.
BucoliOi pastoral. ^L. — Gk.) L. biico-
licus.^Gk. fiovKoXucoSf pastoral. -« Gk.
fiovK6\os, a cowherd. — Gk. fiov-s, an ox;
and iciXXeWf to drive.
Bud. (£.?) M.E.ba(i(fe,bud(ie,SihvLd;
budden, to bnd. Not foond in A. S. Cf.
Dn. bot, a bud ; botieny to bud, sprout.
Budge (i)) to stir. (F. - L.) F. bouger,
to stir; answering to Ital. bulicare^ to
bubble up (Diez). — L. bultirt \ see Boil
(i) above. Cf. Span. bulHrt (i) to boil,
(2) to stir.
Budge (a), a kind of fur. (F.?)
Perhaps related to O. F. bochety bouchet, a
young kid.
Blldgetv a leathern bag. (F.-C.)
F. baugettty dimin. of bouge, a bag. — L.
bulga, a leathern bag (Gaulish). — O. Irish
bolgt bole, a sack.
Baff (i), the colour of dressed buffalo-
skin. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. ^i#^, a buffalo.
— L. bufalus; see BufOEiIo.
Buff (2), in Blindman'B buff. (F.)
Formerly blindman-buff^ a game ; in whidi
game boys used to buffet one (who was
blinded) on the back, without being
caught, if possible. From O. F. bufe^ F.
bujfe^ a buffet, blow; cf. Low G. buff^
/^, a blow (Liibben). See Buffet (i).
BuflUo. (Port, or Ital. -L.-Gk.)
Port, bufaio, Ital. buffalo, oiig. a kind of
wild ox.— L» Utfalus, also ^^^m;.— Gk.
0o4fia\os, a buffalo ; a kind of deer or
antelope. (Not a true Gk. word.)
Bufm (i). and (a) ; see Buffet (i).
Buffet (i), a blow; to strike. (F.)
M. £. boffet, buffet^ a blow, esp. on the
cheek. — O. F. buftt^ a blow, dimin. of buft^
a blow, esp. on the cheek; cf. bufer, buffer ^
to puff out the cheeks, also to buffet; mod.
F. bouffer, Prob. of imitative origin, allied
Xotouffer, to puff; see Buff (a), Puff.
buffer (i), a foolish fellow. (F.) Orig.
a stammerer ; hence, a foolish fellow. M .£.
buffen^ to stammer.— O.F. bufer, to puff
oat the cheeks (hence, to puff or blow in
talking).
buflbr (a), a cushion, to deaden con-
cussion. (F.) Lit. 'a striker;' from M. £.
BULGE
buffen, to strike, orig. to buffet on the
cheek; see Buffet (ij.
buffoon. (F.) F. bouffon, a buffoon,
jester, one who makesgrimaces. — F. bouffer ,
topuff.
Buffet (a), a side-board. (F.) F. buffet ,
a side-board. Origin unknown.
Bug (i), a spectre. (C.) In Sh.-W.
bivg^ a hobgoblin, spectre ; Gael, and Ir.
bocan, a spectre. -fLithuan. ^a»^»x, terrific,
from bugti, to terrify, allied to Skt. bhuj,
to turn aside; see Bow (i). Brugm. i.
§ 701-
Bug (a), an insect. (C?) Said to be so
named because an object of terror, exciting
disgust; see Bug (i). But cf. A.S.
sceam-budda^ dung-beetle (Voc.), prov. E.
shorn-bug (Kent).
Bug-bear. (C. andlL) A supposed
spectre in the shape of a bear; see
Bug (i).
BU|gle(i)»awildox; a horn. (F.-L.)
Bugle, a horn, is short for bugle- horn \
a bugle is a wild ox.— O. F. bugle, a wild
ox. — L. ace biiculum, a young ox ; double
dimin. of bos, an ox.
Bugle (a), a kind of ornament. [Low L.
bugoH, pi., the name of a kind of pad for
the hair (a.d. 1388), throws no light on
the word.] Etym. unknown.
Bugle (3), a plant. (F.) F. bugU\
Cot. ; cf. Span, ana Late L. bugula. Cf. L.
bugillo, (perhaps) bugle.
Bugl088.aplant. (F.-L.-Gk.) Lit.
^ ox-tongue. — F. buglosse. — L. buglossa ;
also buglossus. — Gk. fiovyXvooof, ox-
tongue ; from the shape of the leaves. —
Gk. fiou-s, ox ; 7Xw<r<r-a, tongue.
Build. (£.) M.E. bulden. Late
A. S. byldau, to build. —A. S. bold, a house,
variant of botl, a dwelling, n.^Teut.
*bU'flom, from bu-, related to bu-an, to
dwell ; see Bower. Cf. A. S. bytlian, to
build, from b^l (above). [Cf. O. Swed.
bylja, to build (Ihre). — O. Swed. bol^
a house, dwelling; Icel. bol^ a house,
Dan. bol^ a small mrm.l
Bulb. (J.-L.-Gk.) F. bulbe.^l..
bulbus, a bulb. — Gk. fio\fi6t, a bulbous
root, onion.
Bulbulf a nightingale. (Pers.) Pers.
bulbul, a bird with a melodious voice,
resembling the nightingale. Of imitative
origin.
Bulge, to swell out. (F. — C.) Formed
fromM. E. bulge, a wallet, pouch. —
O.F. boulge (bouge\ a bag.— L. bulga.
65
BULK
BUNDLE
a bag (Gaulish). See Budget. Doublet,
bilge.
Bulk (i)i size. (Scand.) M. £. holke^
a heap.— Icel. btllkit a heap; O. Swed.
iwlk; Dan. bulk, a lump. Cf. Swed.
bulna, to sweH.
Bnik (2), the trunk of the body. (Du.)
In Sh. — M. Du. bu/cke, thorax (Kilian).
(Prob. confused with Du. buiA^ IceL btlkr,
the trunk ; Swed. buk, Dan. bug, G. bauck,
the belly.)
Bulk (3)} a stall of a shop. (Scand.)
Perhaps related to Balk. Cf. Dan. dial.
bti/kf a half-wall ; Icel. bd/kr, a beam, also,
a partition ; Line, bulker, a beam, a wooden
hutch in a workshop. Der. bulk-head, a
partition.
Bnll (i), male of the cow. (£.) M. E.
bole^ bule. Not found in A. S., but the
dimin. buUuc, a bullock, occurs. Prob.
* the bellower ; * cf. M. H. G. buUen^ to
roar ; and see Bellow, -f I^* ^*^^\ led*
boli\ G. bulk\ Lithuan. bullus, Ti&t,
buU-ock^ A. S. bulluCj as above.
Bull (2), a papal edict. (L.) M. E.
bui/e.^LAL bulla, a bubble, boss, knob,
leaden seal on an edict; a bull (in late
Latin).
bullet. (F. - L.) M. F. boulel, dimin.
of F. boule, a ball. — L. bulla, a boss,
knob, 8cc.
bulletm. (F.-Ital.-L.) F.bulle-
iin, a ticket. — Ital. hulUttino, a safe-
conduct, pass, ticket Dimin. of bulUtta,
a passport, lottery ticket, dimin. of bulla,
a seal, bull. ^ L. bulla, a boss, &c.
BuUace, wikl plum. (F.?) M.E.
bolas. Apparently related to O. F. beloce,
a buUace ; cf. Bret, bolos^ polos, bullace ;
LowL. bolluca ; Walloon, biloc (Remade).
Bullet, Bulletin; see Bull (2).
Bullion. (F.-L.) T\it \,¥. bullion
meant a mint, and Late L. bulliona, bullio
meant a mass of. metal, apparently, from
its being melted ; cf. P\ bouillon, a boiling.
■■ Late L. bulliottem, ace. of bullio, a boil-
ing. — L. bulllre, to bubble up, boil. » L.
bulla, a bubble.
Bully, a noisy rough fellow. (O. Low
G.) In Sh. The oldest sense, in E., is
*dear one, lover.* — M. Du. boel, a, lover
(of either sex) ; borrowed from M. H. G.
buole (G. buhle), lover.
Bnlmsh. (E.) M.E. ^f//r^jr^^. Prompt.
Parv., p. 244, col. 2. Perhaps ' stem-rush ' ;
from its stout stem.; cf. Shetl. buhoand^
a bulrush. — Dan. bul, stem, tnmk ; see
Bole. Or bull may mean Marge," >rith
ref. to a bull, Cf. bull-daisy ^ &c. (Britten).
Bulwark* (Scand.) Dan. bulvark,
Swed. bohferk (Ihre) ; cf. Du. bolwerk, G.
boll'werk (whence F. boulevard). Com-
pounded of Dan. bul, Swed. bo I, trunk of
a tree, log, Icel. bulr, bolr, the stem of a
tree; and Dan. vark, Swed. verk, a work.
Lit. * log - work,* or * bole-work ' ; see '
Bole.
Bnm-bailiify under-bailifT. (E. attd
F.) A slang term. Todd quotes passages
to shew that it arose from the pursuer
catching at a man by the hinder part of
his garment.
Bnmble-beef a bee that booms or
hums. See Boom (i).
Bnmboat. (E.) From bum nnd boat,
Orig. a scavenger's boat on the Thames
(a. d. 1685) ; afterwards used to supply
v^etables to ships.
Bump (i)y to thump; a blow. (E.)
Of imitative origin ; cf. M. Dan. bumpe,
to strike with the fist ; W. pwmpio, to
thump; pwmp, a lump; Corn, bom, bum,
a blow. The senses are : (i) to strike,
(2) a blow, (3) its effect. . See Bunch.
Bnmp (2), to boom. (E.) Imitative ;
cf. Boom (i), and Bumble-bee.
Bumper, a full glass. (E.) From
bump ; with the notion of a bumping or
full glass ; cf. thumping, i. e. great.
Biunpkin. a thick-headed fellow. (Du.)
M. Du. boomktn, a little tree (Hexham) ;
dimin. of boom, a tree, a beam, bar ; see
Beam (i). The E; bumkin also meant
a luff-block, a thick piece of wood (Cot-
grave, s. V. Chicambault, and see bumkin
in the E. index) ; hence, readily applied
to a block-head, thick-skulled fellow.
Bnn. (F.) Cf. prov. F. bugne, a kind
of fritters ; perhaps the same as O. F.
bugne, a swelling or bump due to a blow
(Burguy), also spelt bigne, 'a bump,
knob;* Cot. O. F. bitgnete, a fritter (Gode-
froy) ; also bugnet (id., Supp. p. 393).
* Signets, little round loaves, buns,* &c. ;
Cot. Minsheu has Span, bufiuelos^ ^ pan-
cakes, cobloaves, buns.' See Bunion.
(Doubtful.)
Bunch. (E.?) M.E. bunche, Cf.
M. E. bunchen, to beat. Prob. imitative,
like bumf, bounce. And see Bunk.
Bundle. (E.) M. E. buwUL Dimin.
of O. Northumb. bund, a mmdle (Matt,
xiii. 30). — A. S. bund; weak grade of
bindan, to bind.^Dn. bondel', G. biindeL
66
BUNG
Bmiflr, a stopple. (Du.— L.) M. Du.
fH>nge ^VL, bom)y a bnng; dialectal form
of *bonde^9& preserved in F. bonde^ a bang.
Cognate with Swiss punt (Weigand, s. v.
Spund). — L. puncia, an orifice ; orig. fern,
pp. of pungere, to prick. Cf. W. bwngf
an orifice, also, a bnng.
Bungalow, a Bengal thatched house.
(Hind.) Hind, bangalah^ of or belonging
ta Bengal, a bungalow; Rich. Diet. p.
293. From the name Bengal,
Bungle. (Scand. ?) Of imitative
oiigin. Cf. Swed. dial, bangkty to work
ineffectually; O. Swed. btmga, to strike
(Rietz, Ihre.) And cf. Bang.
Bunion. (F. — G.) O.F.^Mf^^;i,only
in the sense of a fritter (Gode&oy) ; but
really an augmentative of O. F. huigne
(F. btgne, *a bump, swelling,' Cot.).—
O. H. G. bungo, a lump (Graff, in
Schmellcr) ; cf. Icel. bunga, convexity.
So also Ttal. bugnom, augment, of bugno,
a boil, a swelling. See Bun.
Bunk, a wooden case or box, berth.
(Scand.) Cf. O. Swed. bunke, the plank-
ing of a ship forming a shelter for mer-
chandise, &c. (Ihre) ; the usual sense of
Swed. bunke is a heap, pile, something
prominent; M. Dan. bunke, room for
cargo.
Bnnty the belly of a sail (Scand.) It
answers in form to Dan. bundif Swed.
bunty a bundle, a bunch ; from the weak
stem of the verb to Bind. % But the right
words for 'bunt' are Dan. bug, Swed.
huk, Du. buik, G. bauch ; see Bulk (a).
Bunting (0, a bird. (£. ?) M. £.
bunting; afso buntyle ^ = bunte/), Lowl.
Sc. bunt/in. Origin unknown.
Bunting (>)} a thin woollen stuff for
flags. (E.) Perhaps ' sifting-cloth ' ; from
M. £. bonten, prov. E. bunt, to sift. Cf.
F. itamine. In the same senses.
Buoy. (Du. — F. — L.) Du. boei, a buoy ;
also a shackle, a fetter.— O. F. buie, a
fetter, F. bou^e, a buoy. — Late L. boia, a
fetter, clog. — L. boia^ pi. a collar for the
neck, oxig. of leather.
Bur, Bnrdoclc; see Burr.
Burbot, a fish. (F.) F. bourbotte
(also bar bote), ^¥. bourbetter, * to wallow
in mud,' Cot. — F. bourbe^ mud; of un-
known origin.
Bnrdon ( i ) , Bnrthan, a load carried.
(E.) A. S. byrtten, a load. From Teut.
Hur-, weak grade of ♦^tffrtw-, to bear ; see
Bear (i). 4* ^ce^- byrdr, byrtft; Swed. |
BURKE
bonla; Dan. byrde\ Goth, baurth'ei', G;
biirde ; from the same root, with varying
suffixes. For the form burden, see below.
Burden (2), the refrain of a song.
(F. — Late L.) F. bourdon, a drone-bee,
humming of bees, drone of a bagpipe;
see Cot. — Late L. burdoftem, ace. of burdo,
a drone. Prob. of imitative origin ; cf.
Lowland Sc birr, to make a whizzing
noise, £. buzz, % Confused with Bur«
den (i).
Bureau. (F. - L.) F. bureau, a desk,
writing-table; so called because covered
with brown baize. — F. bureau, O. F. buret,
coarse woollen stuff, russet-coloured. —
O. F. buire, M. F. bure, dark brown ; F.
bure, coarse cloth. — L. burrus, reddish. — .
Gk. wpp6s, reddish. — Gk. vvp, fire.
Burgeon, a bud. (F.~Teut.) F.
bourgeon, a young bud. Lengthened from
Languedoc boure, a bud, eye of a shoot
(Diez).-M. H. G. buren, O. H. G. pur-
jan, to raise, push up, push out. — M. H. G.
bor, por, an elevation ; whence G. empor
{^in por), upwards.
BuMeSB. (F. - M. H. G.) M. £. bur-
geys. — O. F. burgeis. — Low Lat. burgensis,
belonging to a fort or city. — Low Lat,
burgus, a fort. — M. H. G. bure (G. bitrg) ;
coenate with A. S. burg; see Borough.
Durgher. (Du.) Formerly ^r^^r.-
Du. burger, a citizen. — Du. burg, a city ;
cognate with £. Borough.
Durglar. (A.F.-E.) K,¥,burgler,
burg/our; Law L. burgu/dtOK^LsLW L.
burguldre, to break into a house. — A. S.
burh, burg ; see Borough.
burgomaster. (Du. a;i^F.) Du.
burge-meester, a town-master. — Du. burg^
cognate with £. Borough ; and meester^ a
master, from O. F. meistre ; see Blaster.
Burgonety a helmet. (F.) F. bmr-
guignote, 'a burganet,' Cot So called
becafise first used by the Buigundians. —
F. Bourgogne, Burgundy.
Burial. (£•) M. £. buriel, biriel^ a
tomb ; also spelt beriels, biriels. — A. S.
byrgels, a tomb. — A. S. byrgan, to bury ;
see Bury. The spelling witi^ -at is due to
association wi^^jufur-al, 8cc
BuriUy an engraver's tooL (F.~G.)
F. burin; Ital. boritto, Pirob, from
M. H. G. boren (G. bohreti), to bore; see
Bore (i).
BurkOf to murder by suffocation; to
murder, stifle. (Personal name.) From
the name of Burke, an Irishman who conn-
67
BURL
BUSS
mitted murders by sufTocation ; executed
at Edinburgh, Tan. 28, 1829.
Burly to pick knots and loose threads
from cloth. (F.— L.) To burl is to pick
off burls. M. £. burle, a knot in cloth. *
O. F. btmrle ; dimin. of F. bourre^ a flock
or lock of wool or hair. — Late L. burra,
a woollen pad ; allied to L. burra, trifles,
trash, Late L. reburrus, rough.
burlesque, comic. (F.-Ital.-L.)
F. burlesque. '^lisil. burlesco, ludicrous. »
Ital. burMf waggery, a trick. A dimin.
from L. burra, trifles, nonsense (Ausonius).
See Burl.
Burly. (£.) M. £. burli, burlUhe,
borli ; prov. £. bowerly ; Shetland boorly.
Formed by adding the snflix -ly (A. S.
•He) to A. S. bur, a bower, a lady's
chamber ; hence, the old senses of ' fit for
a bower/ stately, excellent, large, great ;
and, Anally, stout, big. £. g. 'a ourly bed.'
Bum (i ), verb. (£.) M.E. bemen ; also
brennen. Tliere are two forms, a. intrans.
A.S. beoman, iyman, strong verb, pt. t.
beam, braUy pp. bomen.'^O, Icel. brinna ;
Goth, brinnan ; Teut. type ^brennan- ; cf.
A. S. bryne, flame, p. trans. A. S. baman,
wk. vb.-^-Icel. brenna, Dan. brande, Swed.
branna ; G. brennen ; Goth, brannjan ;
Teut. type ^brannjan-, causal to the former.
Bum (2), a brook ; see Bourn (2).
Burnet, a plant. (F. -O.H. G.)
Low L. bumetd. — O. F. brunete, the name
of a flower : burnette, brunette, a kind of
dark brown cloth, also a brunette. See
Brunette. Named from the dark brown
colour of the flowers.
bumisll, to polish. (F. ~ O. H. G.)
M. £. bumishen ; also burnen. » O. F.
bumir, brunir (pres. part, bumis-ant), to
embrown, to polish. — O. H. G. brunen
(< *brunjan) . — O. H. G. briin, brown ; see
Brown.
Bumouee, Bumoose, an upper
cloak worn by the Arabs. (F. — Arab.)
F. bumotis, boumaus.^Arah. bumus, a
kind of high-crowned cap, worn formerly
in Barbary and Spain ; whence Span, al-
bomoz, a kind of cloak with a hood.
Burr, Bur. (£.) M. £. burre, knob
on a buidock; borre, roughness in the
throat. Not in A.S. N. Fries, burre,
borre, a burr, burdock. -f Swed. borre, a sea-
urchin; ^ardT^/rr, a burdock; Dan. ^^rrr,
burdock. From Teut. base *^«r8-<*^«rj-,
weak grade of Teut. root Hers, to bristle.
See Bristle. Der. bur dock.
68
Burrow, a shelter for rabbits. (£.)
M. £. borwgh, a cave, shelter ; merely a
varied spelling of borough, Der^ burrow,
verb.
Bursar. (Med. L.--Gk.) Med. L.
bursdrius, a purse-beater. « Med. L. bursa,
a purse. — Gk. fivpaa, a hide, wine-skin.
AUnrt. (£.) M. £. bersten, bresten, pt.
t. brast, A. S. berstan, to burst asunder,
break ; str. vb.+Du. bersten ; G. bersten ;
Icel. bresta ; Swed. bn'sta ; Dan. briste ;
also O. Irish briss-im (for *brest-tm), I
break.
Bury (i), vb. (E.) M. £. burien.
A.S. byrigan, byrgan, to hide in the
ground, bury. From burg-, weak grade
of beorg^an, to hide ; see Borough.
Bury (2), a town. (£.) As in Canter-
bury. •- A. S. byrig, dat. oiburh, a borough.
See Borough.
Bus, a shortened form oi omnibus, (L.)
See Omnibus.
Buell (I), a thicket. (Scand.-L.)
M. £. busch, busk, — Dan. busk, Swed.
buske,B. bush, shrub.-|-Du. bosck ; O. H. G.
busc ; G. busch. All from Late L. boscus,
a bush ; a word of unknown origin.
Busll (2), the metal box in which an
axle works. (Du. — L. — Gk.) M. £. busse.
— Du. bus, a box, barrel (of a gun) ; G.
buchse. — Late L. buxis^ a box. — Gk. irv^is,
a box.— Gk. wv{os, box-wood, box-tree.
See Pyx.
buslicil, a measure. (F.— L.— Gk.)
M. £. bushel, - A. F. bousselle, O. F. boissel ;
Late L. bustellus, a small box; for
*boistel, dimin. of O. F. botste, a box.—
Late L. buxida, ace. of buxis, a box
(above).
Busk (i\ to get oneself ready. (Scand.)
Icel. buask, to get oneself ready. — Icel.
bua, to prepare ; and -sk^ for sik, oneself.
See Bound (3) ; and cf. Bask.
Buek (2), a support for a woman*s
stays. TF.) M. F. busque, * a buske, or
buste ; Cot. Mod. F. busc. Of uncertain
origin. Cf. M. F. buc, * a busque ; ' Cot.
Buskin. (Du.) Du. broosken, buskin
(Sewel) ; mod. Du. broos, with dimin.
suflix 'ken. Or from M.F. brousequin,
now brodequin\ or from Span, borcegui.
Origin unknown.
Buss, to kiss. (£.) [The old word was
bass. — F. baiser, to kiss. — Lat. basium, a
kiss.] The modem bws, of imitative
origin, may have been partly suggested
by it. Cf. prov. G. (Bavarian) htssen,
BUST
BUZZ
to kiss ; Lith. Imczoti^ to kiss ; also Gael,
and W. buSi mouthy lip.
Bust. (F. - Ital.) F. buste. - Ital.
busiOf the bust, trunk of human body,
stays; Late L. bustum, the trunk of the
body. Etym. uncertain.
Bnirfeard, a bird. (F.-L.) Formerly
also bistard (Sherwood).— O. F. bistarde^
*a bastard; ' Cot. (Mod. F. outarde^^\,.
auis tarda, a slow bird (Pliny, N. H. x..
22). Cf. Port, abetarda, also betarda^ a
bustard. % Both O. F. bistarde and F.
outard6 are from euiis tarda ; in the former
case, initial a is dropped ; in the latter,
outarde stands for an older oustarde, where
ous s L. auis. See Diez. Auis tarda<,
lit. 'slow bird,' is far from being truly
descriptive ; so that it is prob. a substitu-
tion for some form foreign to Latin.
Bustle. (Scand.) A variant of (ob-
solete) busklct to prepare ; also, to hurry
about. Frequent, of busk, to prepare one-
self; see Busk (i). Cf. Icel. iustid, to
splash about as a fish.
Busy. ^E.) M. E. bisy. A. S. bisi^
{bysig), active ; whence bisgu^ exertion. +
Dn. bezig^ busy.
But (i), prep, and conj., except. (E.)
A. S. be-HtaUy bUtan, bUta, lit. 'without.' —
A. S. be, by ; Otan, adv. without, from t7t,
out.-4-Dn. buiten.
But (3) ; see Butt (i), Butt (2).
Butcker. (F.- G.) M. E. bocher.^
O. F. bochier, orig. one who kills goats.—
O. F. bo€ (F. b<mc), a goat — G. bock^ a
goat. See Buck.
Butler. (F.-Late L.-Gk.) M. E.
bcteler, one who* attends to bottles ; from
M. £. botel, a bottle ; see Bottle.
Butt (i), a push, thrust ^ to thrust. (F.
— O. Low G.) [The senses of the sb. may
be referred to the verb; just as F. boite,
a thrust, depends on bouter^ to strike.]
M. £. butten, to push, strike. — O. F. boter,
to push, butt, strike. — O. Frank. *bdtan,
corresponding to M. Du. booten, to beat,
M. H. G. b^en, O. H. G. bozan, to beat.
Der. butt (mound to shoot at), from M. F.
buite, the same, allied to F. btU, a mark,
from buter, O. F. boter, to hit Der.
a-but. See Beat.
Butt (2), a large barrel. (F. - L.) We
find A. S. bytt\ but our mod. word is
really F.-O.F. boute, F. botte, * the vessel
which we call a butt;* Cot— Late Lat
butta, buttis, a cask.
Butt (3), a thick end. (E.) M. E. but,
butte. Cognate with Icel. buttr, short;
see Buttock. Der. butt-end.
Butt (4), a kind of fiat fish. (£.)
Allied to Swed. butta, a turbot, M. Dan.
butte, Low G. but, Du. bot, a butt. Prob.
from but, stumpy ; see Buttock.
Butter. (L. - Gk.) M. E. botere ;
A. S. butere.^'L. bfityrum.''Gk» fioihv
pov, butter. Probably of Scythian origin.
butterfly. (E.) A. S. buttorfleoge,
lit. butter-fly. So called from its excre-
ment resembling butter, as shewn by the
M. Du. boter-schijte, a butter-fly, lit
butter-voider (Kilian). + Du. botervlieg\
G. butter-Jliege,
Buttery, a place for provisions, esp.
liquids. (F. — LateL.) A corruption of
M. E. boteierie, a butlery, properly a place
for a butler ; from M. £. boteier, a butler;
see Butler. (Thus buttery =bottlery^
Confused with the word butter.
Buttock. (E.) M.E. buttok. Formed,
with dimin. suffix -ok (A. S. -ue), from
butt, a thick end, a stump. Cf. Icel.
buttr, short, butr, a log ; Dan. but, Swed.
butt, stumpy, surly ; Du. bot, blunt, dull.
See Butt (3).
Button. (F. - O. Low G.) M. E.
boton, also, a bud. — O. F. boton (F.
bouton) , a bud, a button ; properly, a round
knob pushed out. — O. F. boter, to push,
push out ; see Butt (i).
buttresSi a support, in architecture.
(F. — O. Low G.) M. E. boteras ; Palsgrave
has bottras, butteras, Orig. a plural form,
as if for *butterets. — O. F. bouterez, pi. of
bouteret, a prop. — F. bouter, to thrust,
prop. Cotgrave also has boutant, a but-
tress, from the same verb ; see Butt (i).
Butty, ^ companion or partner in a
work. (F. — Low G.) Shortened from
boty-fehwe or booty-fellow, one who shares
booty with others. From boty, old spell-
ing of booty « F. butin, booty. Of Low G.
origin ; see Booty.
Buzom. (£.) M. E. boxom, buhsum ;
the old sense was obedient, obliging, good-
humoured. Lit. * bow-some/ — A. S. bug-
an, to bow, bend, obey ; and -sum, suffix,
as in winsome, '^'Dvi, buigzaam ; G. bieg-
sam. See Bow (i).
Buy. (E.) From A. S. byg', as in
byg-est, byg'^, 2 and 3 p. sing. pres. of
A. S. bycgan, to purchase, whence M. E.
buggen, biggen, + Goth, bugjan. Der.
abide (2), q. v. See Sweet, N. E. G. § 1 293.
BuBBa (E.) An imitative word ; cf.
69
BUZZARD
luowl. Sc. Oizz, to hiss ; Ital. htzzicarCf to
hum, whisper.
Bimara. (F. — L.) M. £. bosard,
busardt an inferior kind of falcon. — F.
btisard.^F. buse, a buzzard; with Suffix
-ard (from O.H.G. A«r/). — Late L. bttsio
== L. buieo^ a sparrow-hawk.
By, prep. QE.) M. E. bi. A. S. bi^
btg.'-^'Dw., bij \ G.bei] Goth. /'/. Cf.Skt.
dbhif Gk. dfi-(f>i.
By-law, a law affecting a township.
(Scand.) Formerly also biriaw. — Icel.
^.?-r, f^-t*y a village (gen. bajar^ whence
bir-) ; /^jf, a law. So also Dan. by-hv, a
town-law. Icel. bSr is allied to biia, to
dwell. See Boor.
Byre, a cow-house. (E.) A Northern
E. deriv. of bower. A. S. i^re, a shed,
hut— A. S.bur, a bower; cf. IceL btlr, a
pantry. See Bower.
C.
Cab (i) ; see Cabriolet.
Cab (3)1 a Heb. measure. (Ueb.) Heb.
gab, the 1 8th part of an ephah. The literal
sense is * hollow * ; cf. Heb qdbab, to form
in the shape of a vault ; see Alcove.
Cabal. (F. -«eb.) Orig. ' a secret.' F.
cahale, *■ the Jewes Caball, a hidden science ; *
Cot. — Heb. qabbdldh , reception, mysterious
doctrine. — Heb. qdbal, to receive; qibbel,
to adopt a doctrine.
Cab page (0> a vegetable. (F.-L.)
M.E. caoachej caboche*^¥. (Picard) ca-
itoche, lit. *■ great head ;* cf. Picard cabus,
F. c/ioux ca^f large-headed cabbage. — L.
cap'Ut, head ; with augmentative suffix ;
cf. Ital. capocchtay head of a nail.
Cabbage (2), to steal. (F.) From
F. cabasser, to put into a basket ; Norman
cabasser, to cabbage (and see Supp. to
Godefroy). — F. cabas, a basket; Norman
cabas y tailor's cabbage; of unknown origin.
Caber I a pole. (C.— L.) Gael, cabar,
a rafter. — L. type *caprio, a rafter; see
Chevron.
Cabin. (F.) M.E cabane.'^Y, cabane.
— Prov. cabana. — Late L. capanna, a
hut (Isidore).
cabinet. (F.) F. cabinet, dimin. of
F. cabane, a cabin (above).
Cable. (F. - L.) M. E. cable, - O. F.
r^/Vi?.— LateL. capulum^ caplum^ a strong
(holding) rope. — L. capere, to hold.
CabOOSef the cook's cabin onboard ship.
(Du.) Formerly camboos€.^T>vu kombws,
CADDY
a cook's cabin; also 'the chimney in a
ship,' Sewel. (Hence also Dan. kcUys,
Swed. kcdfysa, caboose.)
Cabriolet. rF.-ltal.-L.) Cab is
short for cabrioiel.^Y. cabriolet, a cab;
from its supposed lightness. — F. cabriole,
a caper, leap of a goat ; formerly capriole.
— Ital. capriola, a caper, a kid. — Ital.
caprio, wild goat ; copra, a she-goat. —
L. caper, goat ; fem. capra.
CacaOfatree. (Span. ~ Mexican.) Span.
caccM ; from the Mexican name {cacauatl)
of the tree whence chocolate is made.
% Not the same as cocoa,
Cachinnation* (L.) L. ace. cachin-
ndtionem, loud laughter.— L. ^tf^^m/iari^,
to lauffh. Cf. Cackle.
Cacnnclia, a dance. (Span.) Span.
cachtuha,
Caciane. a W. Indian chief. (Span. —
W. Indian.; Span, cacique, an Indian
prince. From tne old language of Hayti.
Cack, to go to stool. (L.) M.E.
cakken.'^h, ecu are,
CaoUe. (E.) M.E. kakelen, a fre-
quentative form. Not in A. S. 4* I^u.
kaJkelen; Swed. kackla; Dan. kagle\ G.
gackeln. The sense is ' to keep on saying
kak\' 0.1. gahb'le, gobb'le, gagg-U*
Cacopbony, a harsh sound. (Gk.)
Gk. KOKOipojvia, a harsh sound. — Gk. kojco-
<twyos, harsh. — Gk. koko-s, bad; and
fpofy'i, sound, Der. cacophonous (Gk. koko-
Cad, a low fellow. (F.-L.) Short
for Lowl. Sc. cadie, an errand-boy; see
]amieson,^¥, cadet; see Cadet.
Cadaverous, corpse-like. (L.) L.
cadduerosus, ^h. cadduer, a corpse.- Lat.
cad-erot to fallj fall dead.
Caddie, a kind of worsted lace or tape.
(F.) In Wint. Tale, iv. 4. 208. M. E.
cadas, explained by bombicinium in
Prompt. Parv. ; (hence Irish cadcu, cad-
dis). Though also used to denote 'wor-
sted,' it was orig. coarse silk. — F. cadarce^
* the coursest part of silke, whereof sleave
is made ; ' Cot. Cf. Span, cadarzo, coarse,
entangled silk, that cannot be spun on a
reel ; Port, cadarfo, a coarse silk. Origin
unknown ; probably Eastern. Der. cadilis-
worm, from the caddis-like shape of the
case of the Isltysl,
Caddy, a small box for tea. (Malay.)
Better spelt catty. A small padcage of
tea, less than a half-chest, is called in the
tea-trade a caddy or ra//^. — Malay kdti, a
70
CADE
CALENTURE
weight equal to i^ lb. aToirdnpois. This
weight is also used in China and Japan,
and tea is often made np in jtackages con-
tainii^ one catty.
CuMt a band, cask. (F. — L.-Gk.~
Heb.) F. cade.'^L,. caJus, a barrel, cask.
— Gk. inios, a cask, jar. — Heb. kaJ, a pail.
CadanOOy a fall of the voice. (F.—
Ital. ->L.) M. £. cadence. — F. cadence^ * a
cauience, jast fdling of words ; ' Cot. »
Ital. cadensa^^VaMt \».c€k1entia, a falling.
•«L. cadeni'j stem of pres. pt. of cadere, to
lall.-1-Skt. (ad, to fall
Cadet, orig. a younger son. (F.— L.)
y. cadets a younger brother ; Prov. capdcL
Capilet is a Gascon form = Late L. capii-
ellum (the substitution of / for // being
regular in Gascon ; P. Meyer) ; lit. a little
(younger) head, dimin. from L. caput ^ a
head.
Cadi, a judge. (Arab.) Arab, ^adf,
qazi^ a cadi or cazi, a judge. Hence Span.
alcaide^ the judge (£. cUcayde) ; where al
is the Arab. def. article.
Caducous, fallmg. (L.) L. caduc-us,
falling; with sufiix •^wf.^L. cadere, to
fall. See Cadence.
CSDBUra. (L.) L. casuroy a cutting ;
a pause in a verse. *L. cas-us^ pp. of
cadere, to cut.
Caftan, a Turkish garment. (Turk.)
Turk, qaftdn, a dress.
Cage. (F. -L.) F. tra^^.-Late L.
caveay L. cauea, a cave, den, cage.«>L.
lauuSf hollow. See Cave.
CaSqne, a boat. (F.— Turk.) ¥, caique,
» Turk, kat'k, a boat.
Calm, a pile of stones. (C.) Gael.,
Irish, W., Bret, cam, a crag, rock ; also a
pile of stones.
Caitiff. (F.-L.) M.E. ^-aiVi/.-
A.F. caitify a captive, a wretch (F. ch4iif).
— L. captiuuniy ace. of captiuus\ see
Captive.
C^fole. (F.) F. cajolery to cajole;
formerly, to chatter like a jay. Perhaps
of imitative origin ; cf. cackle.
tree
kayu
kdyuy wood; putih, white.
Cake. (K- or Scand.) M. £. cake.
N. Fries, kdky kdg, late Icel. and Swed.
kaka; Dan. kage, Teut. stem *kakdn-,
fem. ; from Teut. root *kak't of which the
strong grade is *kdk' (whence prov. E.
cookie, Du. kock, G. kuchen, a cake).
, Calabaeh, the shell of a gourd, v^**
. —Span.— Arab.— Pers,^ F. caiel^nuse.^
\ Span, calabasa (Port (Wo^tt}. — Arab. •
j Pers. kketrdtts, a melon ; lit. ' ass-^gourd,*
, i. e. large gourd. — Pers, kkar, ass (hence,
. coaise} ; buiok, odoriferous fruit, Cf. Ski,
kkara, an ass.
! Calamint, a herb. (F.-L.-Gk.)
M. F. calameni. Cot.— Late L, calamiMtkeu
— Gk. MoXafupiif.
Calamity. (^F.-L.) ¥,caJamii4.^
L. ace. caiamiidtem, a misfortune.
Calash, a sort of carriage. (F.— G
Slavonic.) F. caliche. — G. kaUscke* — Pol .
kolaska, a small carriage, dimin. of kc/asa^
a carriage; Kuss. koiiaska, a carriage. ••
Pol . kat^, a wheel ; O. Slav. kolo. ( VQEL.^
Calcareous. (,L.) Should be ca/-
carious, ^h. cakdriuSy pertaining to lime.
— L. calC'y stem of calx, lime.
calcine. (F. - L.) F. calciner,^
Mod. L. calcifidrey to reduce to a calx. —
L. calc'y stem of calx, lime.
calculate. (L.) L. ca/culdi-us, pp.
of calcuidre, to reckon by help of small
pebbles.— L. calculus, i^bble; dimin. of
calxy a stone.
Caldron, Cauldron. (,F.-L.) M.K.
cauderon, A. F. caudruu,^0. North F.
(Picard) cauderotiy for O. F. chauderou^
mod. F. chaudron (^Ital. calderone, S|)aii.
calderon), a vessel for hot w ater. Extended
from L. calddr-'ia, a hot bath. — L. caUus,
contr. form of calidus, hot. — L. calere, to
be hot.
Calendar. (L.) L. calendarium, an
account-book kept by money-changers ; so
called because mterest was due on the
calends (ist day) of each month; also, a
calendar.— L. calenda, calends.
Calender (Oj s^ machbe for pressing
cloth. (F. — L. — Gk.) F\ calattdre,^
Med. L. *calendray celendra, a calender ; an
adaptation of L. cylindrus, a cylinder ; see
Cylinder. Der. calender, a smoother of
linen, a mistaken form for calendrer.
Calender (>)» a kind of wandering
monk. (F.— Pers.) F. calender. '^'Pen,
qalandar, a kind of wandering Muham-
madan monk, who abandons everything
and retires from the world.
Calends. (L.) L. calenda, s. pi.,
the first day of the (Roman) month. Orig.
obscure ; but certainly from the base ceU',
as in O. Lat. caldre, to proclaim. 4" Gk.
KokHVy to summon. Allied to Hale (a).
CalenturOi & feverous madness. (F.
CALF
CAMEL
— Span. — L.) F. caienfure. '^SpaxL calen-
lura,^L, calent'j stem of pres. pt. of
calerct to be hot.
Calf (I). (E.) M.E. kaif, O. Merc.
calf\ A.S. ceaffi'^DvL, ka^\ IceL hdlfr\
Swed. ktUf\ Dan. kcUvx Goth. koUbd\
G. kaXb, Der. calve ^ vb., A. S. cealfian.
Perhaps allied to Skt. garbhat womb, a
foetus. Brugm. i. $ 656.
Calf (2), the thick hind part of the
shank. (£.) Perhaps the same as the above;
cf. Gaulish L. gaida, great-bellied ; Icel.
koMy calf of the leg. See Cave ixL
Caliber, CaUbre, bore of a gun.
(F.) F. calibre, size of a bore ; Span.
calibre (1623). Etym. unknown. Perhaps
from .^rab. qdlib^ a form, mould, model,
Rich. DicL p. 1 1 1 1 (Diez). Mahn sug-
gests L. qua Itbrd, with what measure.
CalieOy cotton -cloth. (E. Indian.)
Named from Calicut, on the Malabar
coast, whence it was first imported.
Calif , Caliph. (F.-Aiab.) F.cali/e,
a successor of the prophet— Arab, kha-
ItfaA, successor. — Arab, khalqfa, to suc-
ceed. Doublet, AAalifa,
Caligravhy, CaUigraphy, good
writing. (Gk.) Gk. tetiKXtypafia.^Gk,
tcaWff prefix (for KdXXos, beauty, from
MiA<$9, good, &ir) ; and ypSuptw, to write.
caluithenics, callisthenicst
graceful exercises. (Gk.) From Gk.
Ka\Xiff$€V'^s, adorned with strength. —
Gk. icaXXi- (for tcoKKos, beauty, from
tca\6s, fair) ; and aBiv-os, strength.
CaliperSy compasses. (F.) For caliber-
compeuses, i.e. compasses for measuring
diameters; see Caliber.
Calisthenics ; see Caligraphy.
Caliver, a sort of musket. (F.) Named
from its ceUiber 01 bore ; see Kersey*s Diet.
See Caliber.
Calk; usually Caulk, q.v.
Call. (£.) M. E. callen. A. S. ceallian ;
cf. hildecalla, a herald. £. Fries. kaHen.-^
Icel. and Swed. kalla ; Dan. kalde ; Dn.
kalUn\ O. H. G. challdn. Teut. type
*kalldn' or ^kallojcm-, weak verb ; cf. W.
galw, to call, Russ. golos\ voice, sound.
Callety Callatt a worthless woman.
(F.— Low L.— Low G.) In Oth. iv. 2.
131.— F. caillette, a gossip, chatterer;
lit. a little quail ; dimin. of cailUy a quail,
also a woman. Littr^ gives caille caiffSe,
femme galante. See Quail. (Doubt-
ful.)
CalloiUiyhard. (F.— L.) Y, callcux.^
L. calldsus, thick-skinned.— L. calltu, cal*
lum, hard skin.
CalloWt unfledged, bald. (L.) M.E.
calu, calewe. A. S. calu, bald.4'Du. Aaal,
bald; Swed. kal; G.kahl, TtvX.*kalwoz,
early borrowed from L. caluus, bald.
Calm. (F. — L.-Gk.) F. calme, adj.
Allied to Prov. chaume, the time when the
flocks rest ; F. chdmer {iormtxly chaumer),
to rest from work ; Ital. calma, rest — Late
L. cauma, the heat of the sun (whence,
time for rest) ; Job xxx. 30. [It is sug-
gested that the diange from au to al was
due to association with L. cal-cre, to be
hot.] — Gk. KavfM, heat. — Gk. koIuv, to
burn. Der. be-cdlm.
Calomel, a preparation of mercury.
(Gk.) Coined to express a white product
from a black substance. — Gk. teaKo-s, fair ;
and fiik-as, black.
Caloric. (F.— L.) F. calorique.^L.
calor, heat. — L. calcre, to be hot.
CalorifiCy making hot. (L.) L. caldri-
ficuSi making hot. — L. ccUori-, stem oi color ^
heat ; and ^-, ioifacere, to make.
CalthroPf Caltrap, a star-thistle, a
ball with spikes for annoying cavalry.
(L. and Teut.) M. £. kalketrappe, A. S.
caketreppe^ a star-thistle. Coined from
L. calci-^ stem of calx, the heel ; and the
Teutonic word trap. Lit. *■ heel-trap'; see
Trap. So also F. chaussetrappe, the same.
Calnmetf a kind of pipe for tobacco.
(F.— L. — Gk.) Norman F. calumet, a
pipe ; parallel form to O. F. chalemel, F.
chalumeau, a pipe. — L. calamus, a reed. —
Gk. KhXayjoi, a reed. See Shawm.
Calumny. (F.— L.) Y.ccUomnie,^!.,
calumnia, false accusation.— L. calm,
caluere, to deceive.
Calve ; see Calf.
Calx. (L.) L. calx, stone, lime (stem
calc') ; in Late L., a calx.
Calyx. (L. - Gk.) L. cafyx. - Gk.
Ka\v£, a covering, calyx (or cup) of a
flower. Allied to Helm (2).
Cam, a projection on a wheel. (Du.)
Du. kamm, a comb (see Kilian) ; Low G.
kcunm ; cf. Dan. kcun, comb, also a ridge
on a wheel, cam, or cog. See Comb.
Cambric. (Flanders.) Named from
Kamerijk, also called Cambray, a town
in Flanders, where it was first mside.
Camel. (F.~L.-Gk.-Heb.) M.E.
camel, cafnail, chamel. — O. North F. cam%l,
O. F. chamel. — L. camelus. — Gk. ledfirfKos.
^Heh.gdf/idl. CL Arab.Jcwtal,
73
CAMELOPARD
CANISTER
camelopard, ti giraffe. (L.-Heb.
and Gk .) Formerly canulopardalis. — L. ca-
meloparddlis. — Gk. mifn/Xoircip&zAcs, giraffe;
partly like a camel, partly like a pard. —
Gk. KdftrjKO'-Sy a camel (Heb. gatndl) ; and
•niLfi^aXtSy a pard ; see Fard.
Camellia. (Personal name.) A plant
named (by Linnseus) after Geo. Jos. Kamel,
a Moravian Jesuit (17th cent.), who de-
scribed the plants in the island of Luzon.
Camelopard ; see Camel.
CameOi (Ital.) Ital. camnuo, a cameo,
precious stone • carved in relief. Origin
unknown.
Camera. (L.^ L. camera, a chamber ;
hence camera obsciira, a dark chamber,
box for photography ; see Chamber.
Camlet, a stuff. (F. — Arab.) Formerly
camelot.'^M.Y. came/of, Cot.; supposed
to be named from containing came/ s hair.
Really from Arab, khamlat, khamalat^
camlet ; Rich. Diet. p. 628.
Camomile ; see Chamomile.
Camp. (F. - Ital. - L.) F. camp (Cot).
— Ital. campo, a field, camp. — L. campum,
ncc. of campus, a field, ground held by an
army. Brugm. i. § 563.
campaigU, orig. a large field. (F. -
Ital.— L.) r. campaigner campagne, an
open field. — Ital. campagna^ a field ; also
a campaign. — L. campdnia, open field. —
L. campuSy a field. (Also spelt champaign,
and even champion in old authors.)
campestral, growing in fields. (L.)
From L. campcstr^is, growing in fields;
with sufHx -al. — L. campus, a field.
Campanula. (L.) Lit. 'a little bell ;'
dimin. of L. campdna, a bell. Hence also
campani'farm,
Campnor. (F. — Arab. — Malay.) For-
merly spelt camphire (.with an inserted t),
— F". camphre, * camphire;' Cot. — Low
L. camphora (whence the form camphor).
— Arab, kdfiiry camphor ; cf. Skt. karpUra,
camphor. — Malay kdptir^ lit. chalk ; kdpur
BdriiSy chalk of Barous, a name for cam-
phof. Barous is in Sumatra.
Can (i)) I am able. (£.) A. S. can,
cann, 1st and 3rd persons sing. pres. of
cunnan, to know. The pres. t. can is
really an old perf. t. ; the same peculiarity
occurs in Du. kunnen, Icel. and Swed.
kunna, Dan. kunde^ to know, to be able ;
G. konneuy to know. p. The pt. t. is
couldf with intrusive /; M. £. coude, A. S.
crtHe ; cf. Goth, kuntha^ Du. kottde^ G.
kmnte ; shewing that A. S. cu(ic (for
^cuntie) has lost an n. y. The pp. cou/hj
A. S. ctid, known, only survives in w«-
couthf which see. Allied to Ken and
Know. (^ GEN.)
Can (2), a drinking-vessel. (E.) A. S.
canftCy a can. -f- Du. kan ; Icel. kanna ;
Swed. kanna ; Dan. ketnde ; G. kanne, a
tankardi mug. (Apparently a true Teut.
word.)
Canal. (F.— L.) F. ra#f<z/ (whence also
Du. kanaal). — L. candlis, a channel, trench.
Canary^ a bird, a wine, a dance.
(Canary Islands.) All named from the
Canary Islands.
Cancel. (F. — L. ) F. canceller, - Law
L. cancelldre, to cancel a deed by drawing
lines across it. — L. cancellus, & grsitingf pi.
cance/lif lattice-work, crossed lines; dimin.
of pi. cancrt, lattice- work.
Cancer. (L.) L. cancer, a crab ; also
an * eating' tumour. Cf- Gk. napHivos, Skt.
karkata, a crab; cf. Skt. karkara, hard.
Named from its hard shell. Brugm. i. § 464.
Candelabmm. (L.) L. candelabrum,
a candle-holder ; from candela, a candle.
Candid. (F.-L.) F. r^wflTfoV, white,
fair, sincere. — L. candidus, white, shining.
— L. candere, to shine. — L. *cand^re, to
set on fire (in comp. in'Cendere).'^^\ii.
chand{iox fchand) , to shine. ( ^SQEND.)
Brugm. i. §§ 456, 818 (a).
candidate. (L.) L. candiddtus,
white- robed ; because candidates for office
wore white. — L. candidus, white.
candle. (L.) A. S. candel. — L. can-
delay a candle. — L. candere, to glow.
candour. (F.-L.) Y , candeur,--!..
ace. candorem, brightness (hence, sincerity) .
Candy, crystallised sugar. (F. — Ital.—
Skt.) F. Sucre candi, sugar-candy; whence
F'. se candir, 'to candle;* Cot — Ital.
candire, to candy ; candi, candy ; zucchero
candi, sugar-candy. — Arab, qand, sugar;
whence Arab, qandi, made of sugar.
The word is Aryan ; cf. Skt. khdi^^ava^
sweetmeats, khan^a, a broken piece, from
khan^y to break. Der. sugar-candyy Ital.
ztuchero candi,
Candytnfb, a plant. (Hyb.) From
Candy, i. e. Candia (Crete) ; and tuft.
Cane. (F.— L. — Gk.) M. E. cane,
canne. — F. canne. — L. canfui, — Gk. icAvvay
a reed. Cf. Heb. qdnehy reed; Arab.
qandh, cane.
canister. (L. — Gk.) L. canistmm,
a light basket. — Gk. ^dficurrpoi^, the same.
— Gk. Kw\\ — KQway a reed.
73
D3
CANNON
CANZONET
cannon. ( F. ~ Ital. — L. — Gk.) F.
canon. ^Ital. cannone^ a cannon, orig. a
great tube, a gnn-barrel. — L. canna, a reed ;
see Oane. % The Span, ca^on, a tube, a
deep gorge, is cognate.
canon (0> & "ile. (L.— Gk.) A. S.
coMon. -• L. canon, a rule. — Gk. xav^f a rod,
rule, i- Gk. ic6vij » ndvvay a (straight) cane.
canon (3), a dignitary of the church.
(F.— L. — Gk.) M.E. canuny canoun.*^
O. F. canogne, now cAanoine.^LAt. canoni-
cum, ace. of canonicus, adj., one on the
church-roll or list.*-L. canon, the church-
roll ; also, a rule. See canon (i).
Canine. (L-) L- canmus, belonging
to a dog. — L. cants, a dog ; see Hound.
Canister; see Cane.
Canker. (F. — L.) North F. cancre.
(F. chancre).^\a. cancrum, ace. oi cancer,
a crab, a canker. See Cancer. ^The G.
kanker may be Teutonic (Kluge) ; so
perhaps £. canker in the sense of ' disease
of trees'; cf. Gk. yoyypos, an excrescence
on trees.
Cannel-coal. (L. and £.) Lit. a
' candle-coal,' because it bums brightly.
Prov. £. cannel, a candle. See Candle.
Cannibal. (Span. — W. Indian.) For-
merly canibaL — Span, canibal; for Caribal,
a Carib, native of the Caribbean Islands.
The W. Indian (Hayti) word carib means
* brave.' Hence also Caliban*
Cannon (i) ; see Cane.
Cannon (2), at billiards. (F. — Span.)
A corruption of carrom, shortened form of
F. caramboler, v., to make a caimon at
billiards, to touch two other balls with
one's own ; see Hoyle's Games. Orig.
sense, to touch the red ball ; whence
caramboler, to cannon (as above) and
carambolage, sb., a cannon. — Span, caram-
bola, a manner of playing at billiards, a
device, trick, cheat. Origin unknown.
Canoe. (Span. — W.Ind.) ^'^Xi,canoa\
orig. a Haytian word for ' boat.
Canon (i) and (2) ; see Cane.
Canopy. (F.- Ital.- L.-Gk.) Should
be conopy, but we find F. canopi, borrowed
from Ital. canopi. (Also F. conopie^ — L.
condpeum, Judith xiii. 9. — Gk. Kwonrtiov,
an Egyptian bed with mosquito curtains
(hence, any sort of hangings) . — Gk. Komwr- ,
stem of idn^osfff, a mosquito, gnat; lit.
' cone-faced ' or * cone-headed,' from the
shape of its head. • Gk. Kofvo-s, a cone ;
and &{f/, face, appearance, from Gk. base
on, to see (see Optics).
CanoronSy tuneful. (L.) L. canor-us ;
with suffix -ous. — L. canere, to sing. Brugm.
i. § 181.
cant (i)) to sing in a whining way,
whine. (L.) L. cantdre (whence Picard
and Walloon canter, to sing) ; frequent,
of canere, to sing. Cant was at first a
beggar's whine ; hence, hypocrisy ; see
Becant.
canticle. (L.) L. canticulum, a little
song ; dimin. of canticum, a song ; dimin.
of cantus, a song; cf. cantus, pp. of
canere, to sing.
canto. (Ital.— L.) Ital. ra»/^, a sing-
ing, section of a poem. — L. ace. cantum,
a singing, song (above).
canzonet. (Ital.— L.) Ital. canzo-
netta, dimin. of canzone, a hymn, song. .-
L. cantionem, ace. of cantio, a song.— L.
cantus, pp. of canere, to sing.
Cant (2), an edge ; as verb, to tilt. (Du.
— L.) Du. kant, an edge, comer. +Dan.
and Swed. kant, edge ; G. kante, a comer.
p. All from Late L. cantus, a comer ; which
is prob. from L. canthus^GV, tcdvBos, the
comer of the eye, felloe of a wheel.
Canteen. (F.-Ital.) F. cantine,^
Ital. cantina, a cellar, cool cave (hence
the sense of vessel for liquids). Origin
doubtful. Perhaps from Late L. cantus, a
comer.
Canter 9 an easy gallop. (Proper name.)
Short for Canterbury gallop, the pace at
which pilgrims rode thither.
Canticle, Canto; see Cant (i).
Cantle, a small piece. (F. - L. ?) O.F.
cantel, a small piece (F. chanteau), dimin.
of Picard cant (F. chant), a corner ; Late
L. cantus. Prob. from L. canthus, comer
of the eye ; see Cant (2).
Canton, aregion. (F.— Ital.) Y. canton,
— Ital. cantone, a nook, angle; also, a
corporation, township (Torriano) ; Late L.
cantonum, canto, a region, province.
Origin doubtful. % Canton (in heraldry),
a comer of a shield, is from F. canton,
a comer, Ital. cantone, from Ital. canto, an
edge ; see Cant (2).
Canvas. (F. — L. — Gk.) "M.E, canevas.
North F. canezfos.mmljaic L. canabdcius,
hempen cloth. — L. cannabis, hemp. — Gk.
K&vvafits, hemp. Cf. Skt. fcaui, hemp;
see Hemp.
canvass. (F.-L.-Gk.) Orig. to
toss in a canvas sheet, to criticize or
discuss thoroughly. From canvas, sb.
Canionet; see Cant (I).
74
CAOUTCHOUC
Caoutchouc. (F.-Carib.) ¥, caout-
chouc; orig. a Caribbean word, cahuchu.
Cap, a head-covering. (Late L.) A. S.
cceppe.^haXt L. cappa^ a cap (Isidore).
Capable. (F. — L.) F. capable. — Late
L. capdbilisy comprehensible; afterwards,
able to hold. — L. caperCy to hold (below),
capaciouSf able to contain. (L.)
Coined from L. capdci-, stem of capax^
able to hold. — L. capere^ to hold, contain ;
see Heave. Brugm. i. § 635. -(-^QAP.)
Caparison, trappings of a horse. (F.
— Span. — Late L.) O.F. caparasson.^
Span. caparazoUj cover for a saddle ; aug-
mentative from Med. L. caparo, a cowl;
from Span, capa, a cloak, cover. — Late L.
cdpa, a cape ; as below.
Cape (i)> a covering for the shoulders.
(F. -Late L.) O. North F. cape. - Late L.
cdpOj a cape (Isidore of Seville); whence
also Prov., Span., Port, capa^ Icel. kdpa,
&c. Allied to cap. Doublet, cope.
Cape (2), a headland. (F. — Ital. -L.)
F. ra/. — Ital. eapOt head, headland. — L.
caput, head.
Caper (i)) to dance abont. (Ital.— L.)
Abbreviated from capreole (Sir P. Sidney).
— Ital. capriolare, to skip as a goat. —Ital.
capriola, 'a caper in dancing,' Florio;
also, a kid ; dimin. of capra, a she-goat.
— L. capra, a she- goat ; cf. cdper, he-goat.
^Gk. Kiwpos, a goat; A.S. Aa/er, Icel.
hafr.
Caper (3)) the flower-bud of a certain
plant. (F.-L.-Gk.) M. F. capre (F.
cdpre), — L. capparis. — Gk. in&irva/Ns, caper-
plant ; its fruit ; cf. Pers. kabar, capers.
Capercailsie. (Gael.) Here z repre-
sents M. £. )y pron. as >'. — Gael, capull-
coille, great cock of the wood ; lit. horse
of the wood. — Gael, capull, a horse (see
Cavalier) ; coille, gen. of coill, a wood,
c^;nate with £. Holt.
Capillary, like hair. TL.) L. capil-
Idris, adj. ; nrom capiUus^ hair. Perhaps
allied to cap-ut, the head.
Capital ( I ), chief. (F.-L.) Y. capital,
— L. capitdlis^ belonging to the head. — L.
capit'y stem oi caput, the head.4>Skt. kapd-
la{m), skull ; A. S. hafela^ head. Brugm.
i. h 64T.
capital (2), stock of money. (F. -
L.) F. capital. "IjbXg L. capitdle, wealth;
neut. oicapitdlis, chief; see Capital (i).
^ capital (3), ^ead of a pillar. (L. ; or
F.— L.) L. capitellutUy heiad of a pillar ;
dimin, from L. caputs head. Or from O.
CAPTIOUS
North F. capitel (F. chapiieau) ; from L.
capitellum (above).
capitation, poll-tax. (F.-L.) F.
capitation. 'mljaX^ L. ace. capitdtiofum ,
poll-tax. — L. capit; stem of caput, poll,
head.
capitol. (L.) The temple of Jupiter,
at Rome, called Capitdlium.^'L, capit-,
stem of caput, a head ; but the reason for
the name is obscure; see Smith, Class.
Diet.
capitular, relating to a chapter. (L.)
Med. L. capittUdris^ adj. of capitulum^
a chapter of a cathedral, or a chapter of
a book ; see Chapter.
capitulate. (L.) IjaXt'L.capituldtuSt
pp. of capituldre, to divide into chapters,
also to propose terms (for surrender).—
Late L. capitulum, a chapter ; see Chapter.
Der. re- capitulate.
Capon. (L. — Gk.) A. S. capun.^Xu.
ace. cdponetn, from nom. capo, — Gk. K&nosv,
a capon.
Caprice. (F.-Ital.-L.?) Y. caprice.
— Ital. capriccio, a whim. Perhaps from
Ital. capro, a he-goat; so that capriccio
might mean a frisk like a goat*s; see
Caper (i).
Capricorn. (L.) L. capricotnus,
homed like a goat. — L. capri-^ for capro-,
stem of caper, goat ; and corn-u, horn.
capriole, a peculiar frisk of a horse.
(F. - Ital. - L.) F. capriole (see Cot.). -
Ital. capriola, the leap of a kid; see
Caper ^i).
Capsue, to upset. (Span.?— L.) Per-
haps from Span, capuzar, to sink (a ship)
by the head ; apparently a derivative of L.
caput, the head. (A guess.)
Capstan. (F.— Span.— L.?) F. cc^e-
stan; Prov. cabestan. '^Spsai. cabestrctnte,
cabrestattte, a capstan. Of these forms,
cabestrante is the better, and is allied to
Span, cabestrage^ a halter, or a haltering,
and to cabestrar, to halter. — L. capistrant-,
stem of pres. pt. of capistrdre, to haljer.
— L. capistrum (Span, cabestrd), a halter.
— L. cap-ere, to hold; with double suffix
'is-tro.
CapsulCf seed-vessel. (F. — L.) F.
capsule, a small case. — L. capsula, dimin.
oi capsa^ a case ; see Case (2).
Captain. (F.-L.) U.K. capitain.^
O. F. capitain. ^L&te L. capitdneus, capit-
dttus, a leader of soldiers. — L. capit-, stem
of caput, head.
Captious. (F. - L.) F. captieux, cavil-
76
CAPTIVE
CAREER
ling.^L. capiidsiis.'^l^, captiOf a taking,
a sophistical argument. i-L. captus, pp. of
capertt to hold. See Oapaoious.
captive. (F.-L.) F. captif (fcm.
captive), ^"L. captiuus, a captive. — L.
captus, pp. of capere, to take.+W. caeth,
a captive; O. Irish cacht^ a female captive.
captor. (L.) L. captor y a taker. — L.
cap'^ as in capere, to take; with suffix -tor,
capture. (F.-L.) F. capture, '^'L,
captura, a taking. — L. cap-., as in capere, to
take ; with fern, suffix -tura,
CapnohiXLy hooded friar, hood. (F. -
Ital. — Late L.) M. F. capuchin ; F.
capucin, ^ItaX, cappucino, a small hood,
hence a hooded fnar ; dimin. of cappuccio,
a cowl. — Ital. cappa, a cape ; see Cap and
Cape (i).
Car. (F.-C.) M.E.ftf^^.-0. North F.
carre, a car (Ducange, s. v. Marcelluni),
— Late L. carra, f. ; allied to L. carrus,
a car; of Gaulish origin. — Bret, karr,
a chariot; W. car, O. Gael, car, Irish
carr. Allied to L. currus, a chariot ;
Brugm. i. % 516.
Caracole. (F.— Span.) F. caracol,
carcuolcy a snail ; yAitnctfaire le caracole,
applied to a manoeuvre by soldiers, and to
turns made by a horse. — Span, caracol^
a snail, winding staircase, turning about
(from the snail-shell's spiral form). Per-
haps of Celtic origin ; cf. Gael, carach,
circling, winding ; car, a turn, twist.
Carafe, a glass water-bottle. (F. —
Span. T- Arab.) F. carafe, — Span, garrafa,
a cooler, vessel to cool wines in.— Arab.
ghirdf, draughts of water; Arab, root
gharafa, to draw water. (Dozy, Devic.)
% Or from Pers. qardbah, a large flagon ;
but see Carboy.
Carat. (F. - Ital.- Arab. -Gk.) F.
carat, a very light weight. — ItaL carato.^
Arab, qirrdt, a pod, husk, carat, 24th
part of an ounce. — Gk. /c€fl&Tiov, fruit of
the locust-tree ; also, a carat ; lit. * a small
horn.* — Gk. Htpar-, stem of Kipai, a horn ;
see Horn.
Caravan. (F.-Pers.) Y.caravane.^
Pers. kdrwdn, a caravan, convoy.
caravansary. (Pers.) Pers. kdr-
wdnsardy, an inn for caravans. — Pers.
kdrwdn, caravan ; sardy, public building,
inn.
Caraway, Carraway. (Span.-
Arab.) Span, al-carahueya, a caraway;
where al is merely the Arab. def. art. ;
also written <:am. — Arab, karwiyd-a,
karawtyd'a, caraway-seeds or plant. Cf.
Gk. icdposy K&pov, cumin.
Carbine. (F. — Gk.) Formerly cara-
bine, a musket, the weapon of a caradin,
or musketeer. — F. caradin, * an arque-
buzier ; * Cot. Perhaps from O. F. calabrin,
a light-armed soldier ; of uncertain origin.
Carbon. (F.— L.) F. carbone.^h.
ace. carbonem, a coal.
carbonado, broiled meat. (Span.—
L.) Span, carbonada, meat broiled over
coals.— Span, carbon, coal; see above.
carbnnde. L. carbunculus, (1) a
small coal, (a) a carbuncle, gem, from its
glowing, (3) a red tumour. Double
diinin. of L. carbo, coal.
Carboy, a large glass bottle^ protected
by wicker-work. ^Pers.) Pers. qardbah ^
a large flagon ; wnich is prob. of Arab,
origin. Cf. Arab, qirbah, a water-skin,
water-bottle.
Carcanet. (F. — Teut.) Dimin. of F.
car can, a collar of jewels, or of gold,—
O. H. G. querca, the throat; cf Icel.
kverkr, pi. the throat ; lAiYi, gerkle, throat,
gerti, to drink. Brugm. i. § 653.
Carcase, Carcass. (F.- Ital.) From
M. F. carquasse, a dead body. — Ital.
carcassa, a kind of bomb-shell,' a shell;
also, a skeleton, frame ; cf. Port, carcassa,
a carcase, a very old woman. Of unknown
origin.
Card (1), piece of pasteboard. (F.—
Ital. — Gk.) Corruption of F. carte, *a
card,' Cot — Ital. carta; L. charta,^Gk.
X^Vi X^P'f'Vi a leaf of papyrus. Der.
cardboard. Doublet, chart.
Card (2), an instrument for combing
wool. (F.— L.) F.carde.^Med.h,cardus,
L. carduus, a. thistle ; for wool-combing.
Cardinal. (L.) L. cardindlis, prin-
cipal, chief ; orig. relating to the hinge of
a door. — L. cardin-, stem of cardo, a
hinge.
Cardoon, a plant. (F.— Prov.-L.)
F. cardon, Cot, — Prov. cardon\ with aug-
ment, suffix from Med. L. card-usy a
thistle. See Card (2).
Care. (F.) M. £. care. A. S. caru,
cearu, anxiety. 4- O. Sax. kara, sorrow ;
O. H. G. chara, a lament ; Goth, kara ;
Teut. type ^kard, f. Hence, care, vb. ; A. S.
carian. % Not allied to L. ciira.
Careen. (F.— L.) Lit. 'to clean the
keel ; * hence to lay a ship on its side. — F.
carine, carhte, keel. — L. carina^ keel.
Career. (F.-C.) F. carriire, a race-
76
CARESS
CARP
course. * Late L. car r aria ttta), a road
for cars. — Late L. carra, L. carrus, a car ;
of Celtic origin ; see Car.
Caress. (F.— Ttal. — L.) F. caresse,
a fondling. — Ital. carezza, a caress, fondling.
— Late L. caritia^ dearness.«L. cdrus,
dear. Bnigm. i. § 637.
Caorfax. (F.—L.) M. £. carfoukes^
a place where four roads meet. — O. F. pi.
carrefourgSt the same: from sing, carre-
fourg. — Late L. quadrifurcus, four-forked.
— L. quadri" (from quatuor\ four; and
furca^ a fork. See Pork.
Car^fO. (Span. — C.) Span.ra^^freight,
load; c£ cargar^ to load.— Late L. carri^
care, to load a car ; see Charge.
caricature. (Ital.-C.) Ital. cart-
caturay a satirical picture; so called because
exaggerated or 'overloaded.* —Ital. cari'
cart, to load, burden. — Late L. carricdre,
to load a car; see Charge.
Caries. (LO L. caries, rottenness.
Carkf buiden, anxiety. (F.—C.) A. F.
karke. North. F. form of F. charge, i. e.
load ; see Charge. Cf. M. £. karke, a
load ; as in ' a karke of pepper*
Carkanet j see Caroanet.
CarminatlTey expelling wind from
the body. (F.—L.) Y,carminatif,^waA'
voiding;' Cot— L. carmindt-us, pp. of
carmindre, to card wool (hence, in old
medicine, to cleanse from gross humours) ;
with suffix 'tuus, — L. carmin-, from car-
men, a card for wool. — L. cdrere, to
card.
Carmine. (Span. — Arab. — Skt.) Span.
carmin, short form ofcarmesin, adj. ; from
carfftesi, crimson, — Arab, qirmizt, crimson ;
from ^fin7/i;;,cochineal. — Skt. krmi, a worm,
the cochineal insect.
Camatfe; see below.
CamaL (L.) L. camdHs, fleshly.—
L. cam-, stem of caro, flesh. Brugm. i.
5 5^5.
carnage. (F.-L.) F, carnage, fiesh-
time, slaugnter of animals.— Late L. car-
tid/icum, a tribute of flesh-meat ; cf.
camdtum, time for eating flesh. — L. cam-,
stem of caro, flesh.
carnation. (F.-L.) F. carnation,
flesh colour (Littre). — L. ace. carndtionem,
fleshiness. — L. cam-, stem of caro, flesh.
camiyaL (F.-Ital.-L.) V.cama-
7tal, Shrovetide. — Ital. camevale, camovale,
the last three days before Lent — Med. L.
camelevdle,carftefevdmen,ttmo\9\ of flesh.
Shrovetide. — L carne-m, Viccoi caro, flesh ;
and leudre, to lift, remove, take away,
from leuis^ light.
CanUTOrons. (L.) L. camiuorus,
flesh-tating. — L.frtr««-,decl. stem o^caro,
flesh ; and uor-dre, to devour.
Carob-tree, the locust-tree. (F. —
Arab.) M. F. carohe, caroube, — Arab.
kharriib, bean-pods.
Caroche, Carroche, a kind of coach.
(F. -Ital.-C.) Nearly obsolete; but
the present sense of carriage is due to it. —
F. carroche, variant of carrosse, * a carosse
or caroach ; ' Cot. — Ital. carroccia, car-
rozza, a chariot. Extended from Ital.
carro, a car. See Car.
Carol, a song. (F.-L.-Gk.?) For-
merly, a kinS of dance.— O.F. carole,
a (singing) dance. Godefroy (s. v. carole)
cites Swiss Rom. cor aula, a round -dance,
also a dance-song. Prob. from I/.
choraules, a flute-player to a chorus. — Gk.
Xopavkrji, the same. — Gk. x^P'^^t & chorus,
round-dance ; and avK6s, a flute.
Carotid, adj. (Gk.) Gk. tcaporrihts, s. pi. ,
the two great arteries of the neck ; it was
thought that an alteration in the flow of
blood through them caused stupor.—
Gk. Kap6cj, I stupefy ; xApos, stupor.
Carousal, (i) a drinking-bout; (2), a
pageant (i. F.-G. ; a. F.-Ital) 1.
Sometimes used as'if from the verb carouse
below. 2. But, in old authors, cdrous/i
(also carousal) means a sort of pageant,
of which some kind of chariot- race formed
a principal part; Dryden, Virgil, JEn, v..
777, — F. carrousel, a tilting-match. — Ital.
carosello, also spelt garosello, a tourna-
ment ; of uncertain origin.
Carouse. TF. — G.) F. carous, ^a ca-
rousse of drinke,' Cot. — G. garaus, right
out ; used of emptying a bumper. — G. gar,
quite ; and aus, out. (Raleigh even writes
garouse; directly from G, garaus,) Der.
carous-al, but only in one sense of that
word ; see above.
Carp (i), a fish. (F.) M. E. carpe,
XV cent -O. F. carpe (Span. Port, carpa,
Ital. carpa, Florio) ; also Du. karper-,
Icel. karfi\ Dan. karpe\ Swed. karp',
G. karpfen; O.H.G. charpho\ Russ.
karf ; Lith. karpa.
Carp (2), to cavil at. (Scand.) M. £.
car pen, which often merely means to talk,
say. — Icel. karpa, to boast; Swed. dial.
karpa, to boast, talk much. % The pre-
sent sinister sense is due to confusion with
L. carpere, to pluck.
CARPENTER
CASINO
Carpenter. (F.-C.) K,¥.carpettier\
O. North F. carpentier (^ , charpentier),'^
Late L. carpentdrius ^ sb. ; carpentdrCi to
work in timber. « L. carpentum^ a carriage ;
a word of Celtic origin. — O. Irish carpaty
Gael, and Irish carbad^ W. cerbyd^ a car-
riage, chariot, litter.
Carpet. (F. — L.) 0,F. carpi/e.-^tAte
L. carpi fa, carpeta, a kind of thick cloth ;
also carpia (F. charpU), lint. — L. car-
pere, to pluck, pull to pieces (lint being
made of rags pulled to pieces, and carpet,
probably, from shreds).
Carrack. (F.) O. F. carraque^ a ship
of burden ; Late Lat. carraca, the same.
Of unknown origin.
Carriage. (F.-C.) M.E. cartage, that
which is carried about (as in Bible, A. V.).
— O. F. cartage ; from carter, to cany ; see
Carry. % Its modem use is due to con-
fusion with caroch, a vehicle (Massinger,
Renegado, i. 2); see Caroohe.
Carrion. ( F. - L.) M.E. caroigne, a
carcase. — O. North F. caroigne \ Late L.
caronia, a carcase. — L. caro, flesh.
Carronade, a sort of cannon. (Scot-
land.) So named because made at Carron,
in Stirlingshire.
Carrot. (F.— L.— Gk.) F. carote, ca-
rotte. — L. carota, — Gk. icapuT6v, a carrot.
Carry. (F. — C.) O. F. carter. — Late
L. carrudre. — L. carrus, a car ; see Car.
Cart. (E.) A.S. crat, crat\ cf. Du.
krai. Or from Icel. kartr^ a cart ; whence,
probably, Picard carti^ a cart.
Carte, a bill of fare. (F.-Gk.) Chiefly
in the F. phr. carte blanche, lit. white
paper. — Late L. carta; see Card (i).
CarteL (F.-Ital.-Gk.) F. cartel^
Ital. cartello, lit a small paper ; dimin. of
carta, paper, bill ; see Card (i).
Cartilage. (F.-L) F. cartilage,
gristle. — L. cartildginem, ace. oicartildgo.
Der. cartilagin-ous.
Cartoon. (F. -Ital. -Gk.) F. carton, -
Ital. cartone, lit. a large paper ; from carta,
a card ; see Card (i).
cartonclie, cartridge. (F. - Ital.
— Gk.) Cartridge (with intrusive r) is for
cartidge, corrupt form of cartouche, ^Y,
cartouche, a roll of paper.— Ital. cartoccio,
a roll of paper, cartridge. — Ital. carta,
paper; LsitQh. carta; see Card (i). ^The
cartridge took its name from the paper in
which it was rolled up.
cartulary, a register. (LateL.-Gk.)
Late L. cartuldriumf chartuldrium, a
register. — Late L. chartula^ a document ;
dimin. oicharta, a paper; see Card (i).
Carve. (E.) M. £. keruen. A.S. ceorfan ;
pt. t. cearf, pi. curfon^ pp. corfen. [The
A. S. ceorfan would have given *charve ;
c was retained from the pt. pi. and pp.]
+ Du. kerven ; G. kerben, to notch, cut ;
also Dan, karve, Swed. karfva, to notch,
from the 2nd stem. Gk. ypiupfiv. Brugm.
i. § 791.
Cascade. ( F. — Ital. — L. ) F. cascade. —
Ital. ccuccUa, a waterfall ; orig. fern. pp. of
cascare, to fall. For *casicare, — L. cdsdre,
to totter. — L. cdsum, sup. oicadere, to fall.
Case (i)) an event. (F.— L.) M.E.
ccu,^Y, cas.^h. ace. cdsum, a fall, a
case.— L. cdsus, pp. oicadere, to fall.
Case (2), a receptacle. (F. — L.) O. F.
casse. — L. capsa, a box, cover. — L. capere,
to hold.
Casemate. (F. — Ital.) Y. casemate,
a loop-hole in a fortified wall. — Ital. ccua-
tnatta, a chamber built under a wall or
bulwark, to hinder those who enter the
ditch to scale the wall of a fort. It seems
to mean 'dark chamber.' — Ital. and L.
casa, house, cottage, room; and Ital.m^/'/a,
fem. of matto, orig. mad, but the Sicilian
mcUtu means ' dim.*
Casement, frame of a window. (F.—
L.) Coined with the sense of encasement,
that which encases or encloses. From
case, verb ; with suffix -nient.
Cash, coin. (F. — L.) Orig. a till or box
to keep money in. — F. casse^ a case ; see
Case (2) above. Der. cash-ier, sb., one
who keeps a money-box or cash.
Cashew-nut, the nut of a W. and £.
Indian tree. (F.— Brazilian?) Cashew h
a corruption of F. acajou, which is said to
be from the native Brazilian name acajaba
or acajaiba, (Mahn, Littr^.)
Cashier, to dismiss from service.
(Du. — F. — L.) Du. casseren, to cashier ;
merely borrowed from F. casser, * to
breake, burst, . . also to casseere, dis-
charge;* Cot. [Du. words, borrowed
from F., end in -«'^».] — L. quassdre, to
shatter, frequent, of quatere, to shidce;
which annexed the senses of L. cassdre, to
annul, discharge, from L. cassus, void, null.
Cashmere, a soft wool. (India.) So
called from the vale of Cashmere, in India.
Also spelt cassimere, kerseymere.
CaSinOf a room for dancing. (Ital. — L.)
Ital. casino, dimin. of casa, a cottage,
house. — L. ccua, a cottage.
78
CASK
Cask. (Span.—L.) Span. casco,9,B\iXkl\,
sherd, coat of an onion ; also a cask of
wine, a casque or helmet. The orig. sense
is * hnsk ' ; cf* Span, cascara^ peel, rind,
shell. Port, cascay rind. — Span, cascar^ to
burst open ; formed (as if from Lat. *quaS'
sicdre) from an extension of L. quassdre^
to break, barst ; see Quash.
cas^uet a helmet. (F.— Span.—L.)
F. fOfftf^.^Span. cascOf a helmet, head-
piece ; see above.
CaidEety a small box. (Span.— L.) Ap-
parently confused with F. cassette^ * a small
casket ; * Cot. Formally, it is a dimin. of
Cask.
Casque; see Cask.
Cassava, a plant (Span. - Hayti.)
Span, cazade; also cazavif * the bread made
in the W. Indies of the fruit called the
yuca;* Pineda. It properly means the
plant, which is also called manioc ; said to
be from the Hayti casabbi, with the same
sense. See R. ^en's works, ed. Arber,
p. 175. ^ See Tapioca.
Cassia, a species. of laurel. (L. — Gk. —
Heb.) L. casia^ cassia, » Gk. Kaola^ a spice
like cinnamon. ^ Heb. qetstothy in Ps. xlv.
8, a pi. form from qetsi *dh, cassia-bark. ^
Heb. root qdtsa*, to cut away ; because the
bark is cut off.
Cassimere ; see Cashmere.
Cassock, a vestment. (F.— Ital.) F.
casaque, « Ital. casacca^ an outer coat. Of
uncertain origin.
Cassowary, a bird. (Malay.) First
brought from Java. Malay kasuwdri.
Cast. (Scand.) Icel. kasla, to throw ;
Swed. Jkasfa ; Dan. kasfe. Der. re-cast,
CastaaetSy instruments used for
making a snapping noise. (F.— Span.^
L.— Gk.) F. castagnettes, 'finger-knack-
ers, wherewith players make a pretty
noise in some dances;' Cot — Span, cas-
iafietaSf castanets; pi. of castafUta^ a
snapping noise resembling the cracking of
roasted chestnuts. •- Span. castaHa, a chest-
nut.—Lat. casianeay the chestnut-tree.—
Gk. Koaravw ; see Chestnut.
Caste, a breed, race. (Port.— L.) Port.
ccutaj a race, orig. a * pure* breed ; a name
? liven by the Port, to classes of men in
ndia. — Port, ccutay fern, of ccuto^ pure. —
L. castus, pure, chaste.
oastii^te. (L.) h, castrgd/us, pp. of
ccutigdre^ to chasten ; lit. *■ to keep pure.* —
L. castus, chaste. Donblet, chastise.
Castle. (L.) A. S. caste/, ^L, cos-
CATAPLASM
teiium, dimin. of castrum^ a fortified
place. Der. castell-an, O. North F. caste-
lain, O. F. chastelain^ the Iceeper of a
chastely or castle ; also chdielcune (fem. of
F. chdtelain » O. F. r^of/^/aiVi), now applied
to a lady*s chain or 'keeper' of keys,
&c.
Castor. (L. — Gk.) L. castor.^QV.
Koarcapy a beaver. But of Eastern origin ;
cf. Malay kastUri, Skt. kastUrt, musk ;
Pers. khaZf beaver.
castoi^-oiL Named from some con-
fusion with castcreum, * a medicine made
of the liquor contained in the little bags
that are next the beaver's groin ; ' Kersey.
But it is really a v^etable production.
Castrate. (L.) L. castratus, pp. of
castrdre, to cut.
CasnaL (F.— L.) V.casuel,^L.cdsU'
dlis, happening by chance. — L. cdsu-,
stem of cdsus, chance. See Case (1).
Cat. (£.) A. S. cat.^ Du., Dan. hat,
Icel. hottr, Sw. halt, G. kater, katze; L.
cdtus, W. cath, Ir. Gael, cat, Russ. h0t\
hoshka, Arab, qitt, Turk, kedi, (Prob.
Eastern.)
Cata-, prefix. (Gk.) Gk. /rar^, down,
thoroughly.
Cataclysm, deluge. (Gk.) Gk.«ara-
KXvcfi&Sy a dashing over, flood. — Gk. KarA,
down ; kX^hv, to dash, wash, as waves.
Catacomb. (Ital. - L.) Ital. cata-
comba, a sepulchral vault.- Late L. cata-
cuntbas ; of which the sense and origin are
unknown.
Cata&lque« a stage or platform,
chiefly used at funerals. (F. — Ital.) F.
catafalque* ^\\»\, catafalco\ of unknown
origin. See Soaifold.
Catalepsy, a sudden seizure. (Gk.)
Formerly catalepsis, — Gk. imti&Ai;^!?, a
grasping, seizing. — Gk. Kar<i, down ; Aa^i-
^6vuv, to seize.
Catalogue. (F. - Gk.) F. ccUalogue, —
Late Lat. ace. catalogum, — Gk. learSko^os,
a counting up, enrolment. — Gk. iNird, fully ;
Xi-^tiv, to say, tell ; see Logic.
Catamaran, a sort of raft. (Tamil.)
In Forbes, Hindustani Diet., ea. 1859,
p. 289, we have *katmaran, a raft . . ; the
word is orig. Tamil, and means tied logs,* —
Tamil kaXKu, binding; Ptaram, wood
(Yule).
Cataplasm, a poultice. (F.-L.-
Gk.) F. catap/asf/te,^lj, cataplasma,^
Gk. KaravXafffia, a plaster, poultice. — Gk.
«arairA.a(r<rciK, to spread over, — Gk. Kard^
79
CATAPULT
CATTLE
fully ; and vXdaauVf to mould ; see
Plaster.
Catapult. (Late L.~Gk.) Late L.
catapulta, an engine for throwing stones. —
Glc. KaTaitikrifi, the same, i- Gk. Kara,
down ; vaWtiv^ to swing, hurl.
Cataract. (L. — Gk!) L. cataracta,
Gen. vii. ii.-iGk. Kara/ifidxTriSf as sb., a
waterfall ; as adj., broken, rushing down.
Prob. allied to Hara^fi^wfUf I break
down ; the 2 aor. /caTf^fiayfjv was used
of the rushing down of waterfalls and
storms. — Gk. ^ora, down; firiywfu, I
break.
Catarrh. (F. - Late L. - Gk.) F.
catarrhe, — Late L. ccUarrhus. — Gk.
Karap^s, a flowing down (of rheum),
a cold in the head. — Gk. ivard, down ; and
^Uiv^ to flow.
Catastrophe. (Gk.) Gk.«rara47rpo<^4,
an overturning, sudden turn. — Gk. irar<i,
down ; arpitptty, to turn.
Catch. (F.— L.) O. Picard cachter,
variant of O. F. chacier, to hunt, chase ;
hence, to catch. It answers to Ital. cac'
a'arey Late L. *captiare^ extended form of
L. captdre, to catch. — L. captuSy pp. of
capere, to seize. % We even find M. Du.
kaetsefty to catch, borrowed from Picard
cockier. The M. £. pt. t. caujie imitated
laujtCy pt. t. of M. £. lacchen^ to catch.
Doublet, chase (i).
Catechise. (L.— Gk.) IjsXe l^. cate-
chizare. — Gk. tcarrjxK^iyt to catechise,
instruct ; lengthened form of Karrix^tiv, to
din into ones ears, lit. 'to din down.'—
Gk. «ar-<i, down; iiX^iVt ^^ sound; cf.
^X^''} a nnging in the ears ; see Echo.
Category, a class. (Gk.) Gk. ivari;-
fopia, an accusation ; but in logic, a pre-
dicament or class. — Gk. KartiyoptiVy to
accuse. — Gk. icar-a, down, against ; *d7o-
pHVy with the sense o{A,yoptv€iv, to declaim,
address an assembly, from dyopd, an
assembly.
Catenary, belonging to a chain ; used
of the curve in which a chain hangs. (L.)
From L. catena, a chain ; see Cliain.
Cater, to buy provisions. (F. — L.)
Formed as a verb from M. £. catourt a
buyer of provisions (whom we should now
call a ccUer-er), Catour is short for
acatour, formed from cuat^ a buying, pur-
chase, Ch. prol. .571.— O. F. acat (mod.
F. achat)y a buying. — Folk-L. acaptuniy a
purchase ; for cucaptum, — Folk-L. cucap-
tdre, to purchase (a. d. 1060), frequent, of
cucipere, to receive, also to buy; see
Accept and Gates.
Cateran, a Highland robber. (Gael.)
Low L. cateranuSf answering to Gael.
cecUhaime, lit. * common people ; ' cf.
ceathairne-choilley s. pi., freebooters, out-
laws. From Irish cethertiy ceithern, a
troop, band ; cf. L. caterua, a band of
men. See Kern.
Catercousin. (F.-L.) Nares (ed.
1876) has : * Cater-cousins, friends so
familiar that they eat together.* If so,
the word is from cater, vb., and
cousin.
Caterpillar. (F.— L.) Adapted from
O. F. chcUepelose, a caterpillar (Godefroy) ;
the latter half of the word was assimilated
to piller, one who pills , or robs or spoils.
O. F. chatepelose is lit. * hairy she-cat.* —
O. F. chate, fem. of chat, cat; pelose,
hairy. — L. cdtus, cat ; pilosus, hairy, from
pilus, a hair.
Caterwaul. (E.) M. £. catenvawen',
coined from ccU, and wawen, to make a
wailing noise.
Cates, provisions. (F. - L.) So called
because provided by the catour, mod. E.
cater-er ; see Cater. * Cater, a steward, a
provider of r^/^j ; * Baret (1580).
Cathartic, purging. (Gk.) Gk. ica$ap'
ruc6s, purgative. — Gk. KoBaipttv, to cleanse,
purge. — Gk. teciOapSs, pure.
Catiiedral. (L. - Gk.) L. cat/ie-
drdlis ecclesia=2L cathedral church, or one
which has a bishop's throne. — Late L.
cathedra, a throne. — Gk. icaBiZpa, a seat.
— Gk. KoB', for KarA, down ; and t^pa, a
^at, chair, from %ioi»m ( = kZ^yotwn), I sit ;
see Sit.
Catholic. (L. — Gk.) L. catholicHs
(TertuUian.) — Gk. wa^oXi^os, universal.
— Gk. KoAhK-w), adv., on the whole, in
general. — Gk. koB-, for Karin, according
to ; and 5Xov, gen. of oXos, whole.
Catkin. (Du.) A loose spike of
flowers, named from its soft downy ap-
pearance.—M. Du. katteken, 'a kitling,*
Hexham. (It also meant * catkin'; cf.
F. chattons in Cot.) Dimin. of Du. kat, a
cat (M. Du. kcUte).
Catoptric, relating to optical reflec-
tion. (Gk.) Gk. KaTovrpiKSs, reflexive. —
Gk. Kdrom-pov, a mirror. — Gk. Kar-d,
down, inward ; ow-rofMi, I see, with suffix
'Tpov, of the instrument.
Cattle. (F. — L.) M.E. catel, property ;
hence, live stock, cattle. — O. North F.
80
CAUCUS
caiel. — Late L. capitdUi capital, property ;
see Capital (2) and Chattels.
GancuSy a name applied to certain
political meetings. (American Indian?)
Said to be from an Algonkin word mean-
ing to speak, to comisel, whence kaw-kaw-
jasUf a counsellor. 'Their elders, called
cawcawwassaughe5\* Capt. Smith*s Works,
ed. Arber, p. 547. * Caucorouse^ which is
captaine;* id. p. 377. ^' This is more
likely than the entirely misupported story
about caulkers* meetings.
Caudalf belonging to the tail. (L.) L:
Cauda, the tail.
Caildley a warm drink. (F. — L.) O.
North F. caudel, O. F. chaudel, a sort of
warm drink. i-O. F. chaud, chaid, hot.-i
L. calduSf for calidus, hot. .
Caul, a net, covering, esp. for the head.
(F.) O. F. cole, 'a kind of little cap ; '
Cot. Origin unknown.
Canlcbx^n ; see Caldron.
CauliflLower. (F. - L.) Formerly
colyjlory. From M. E. col (O. F. col), a
cabbage; and flory, from O. F. Jloriy
Jleurif pp. oi Jleurir, to flourish. The
O. F. col is from L. ace. caulem, from
caulis, a cabbage ; 2ixAfleurir is from I.,
yfor^r^ytoflourish. See Cole and Flourish.
CauU:, Calk. (F. - L.) M. £.
cauken, to tread ; hence, to squeeze in (as
oakum into a ship's seams). — O. F. cau-
quety to tread ; to tent a wound with lint.
— L. calcdre, to tread, force down by
pressure. — L. cak^t stem of calx, the heel.
Cause. (F. — L.) F. cause, — L. causa,
caussa, a cause. Der. cause, vb.
Cail8ewa7f a paved way, raised way.
(F.— L. ; a»tf E.) Formerly caus-ey -way;
by adding way to M. E. caus^, causte,
causey. ^O. North F. caucie (mod. F.
chauss^e, Prov. causada, Span, calzada). «
Late L. calcidta, for ccUcidta uia, a paved
way. « Late L. calcidtus, pp. of calcidre,
to make a roadway by treading it down ;
from L. ccdcdre, to tread. — L. calc-, stem
of calx, heel ; see Caulk.
Caiutio. (L. — Gk.) L. causticus. —
Gk. KavaTiK6i, burning. -» Gk. KawTr6^,
burnt. "•Gk. icaitiv (fut. KavoM), to bum.
cauterise. (F.-LateL.-Gk.) F.
cauleriser.^LoLte L. cauterizdre, to sear.
— Gk. KavTrjptd(tiv, to sear.»Gk. Jtavr^-
piw, a branding-iron. — Gk. xaleiv, to
bum (above).
Caution. (F.-L.) Y. caution, ^.l^,
ace. cautionem, heed. — L. cantus, pp. of
CEIL, CIEL
cattere, to beware. Cf. Skt. kazn(s), wise.
Bragm. i. § 635. Der. pre-cautum,
Cavalier. (F.-Ital.-L.) F. cava-
lier, a horseman. -• Ital. cavaliere, the
same. — L. caballdrium, ace. of ccUnilldrius,
the same. — L. caballus, a horse. See
Chevalier.
cavalcade. (F. - Ital. - L.) F.
cavalcade. — Ital. cavcdcata, a troop of
horsemen ; orig. fem. of pp. of cavalcare,
to ride. — Ital. cavallo, a horse. — L. ca'
ballum, ace. of caballus, a horse.
cavalry. (F. - Ital. - L.) O. F.
cavallerie. — Ital. cavalleria, cavalry. —
Ital. cavaliere, a knight ; see Cavalier.
Cave. (F.^L.) M. E. caue.^O. F.
cave, a cave. — Folk-L. cava, a cave. — L.
cauus,)io\\o\r, (^KEU.) "Det. caV'iiy\
cav-em (F. caveme, L. cauenta).
Cave in. (M. Du.) Properly to
calve in, a phrase introduced by Du.
navvies. Cf. W. Flanders inkalven, to
cave in ; E. Friesic kalfen, to calve as a
cow, whence kalfen in, to cave in. The
falling portion of earth is compared to a
calf dropped by a cow. Confused with
cave, a hollow.
Caveat, a caution. (L.) L. caueat,
lit. let him beware. — L. cauere, to beware.
Caviare, roe of the sturgeon. (F.—
Ital.) F. caviar. — Ital. caviaro ; whence
also Turk, khdvydr, caviare.
CaviL (F.-L.) O. F. caviller. ^\..
cauilldri, to banter; hence, to wrangle,
object to. — L. cauilla, a jeering, cavil-
ling.
Caw. (E.) An imitation of the cry of
the crow or daw. Cf. Du. kaauw, Dan.
kaa, a jackdaw : which are imitative.
CagrnLan, an American alligator. (Ca-
ribbean.) Also caiman. The spelling
cayman is Spanish. — Caribbean acayuman
(Littre).
Cease. (F' — L.) Y, cesser. ^\,.cessdre,
to loiter, go slowly, cease ; frequent, of
cedere (pp. cessus^_, to yield, go away,
go.
Cedar, a tree. (F. - L. - Gk.) O. F.
cedre.^'L. cedrus.^GV. KtSpos,
Cede. (L.) A late word (a. d. 1633).
— L. cedere, to go, to come, to yield.
Ceil, Ciel, to line the inner roof or
walls of a room. (F. — L.) Hence the
sb. ceil-ing or ciel-ing. M. E. ceelen, to
ceil ; from the sb. syle or cyll, a canopy. —
F. ciel, a canopy ; the same word as cid^
heaven. [Cf. Ital. cielo, heaven, a canopy,
81
CELANDINE
CENTAUR
a cieIing.]-*L. calunij heaven. % Not to
be confused with £. jj7/, nor with seal\ nor
with seel (F. siller) ; nor with L. celdre^
to hide. The L. caldre, to emboss, seems
to have had some influence on the word,
but did not originate it ; cf. M. £. celure^
a canopy, Late L. caldtura.
Celandine, a plant. (F.-Gk.) O. F.
celidoine.''ljaXe L« celidinia. *- I., cheli-
dania.^Gk, X€Xdd6viov, swallow-wort.—
Gk. x^^^^-f stem of x*^^^9 a swallow.
(The n is intrusive.)
Celebrate. (L.) L. eelehratusy pp.
of ceUbrdrey to frequent, to solemnise,
honour.— L. celeher^ frequented, populous.
Celeril^. (F.-L.) Y. ciUritL^l.,
ace. celeritdteniy speed.— L. celer, quick.
Cf . Gk. KtKri^f a runner ; Brugm. i. § 633.
Celery. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. <■//<?«, in-
troduced from the Piedmontese Ital. sel-
leri ; for Ital. selini^ pi. of selino, parsley.
— L. selinoHf parsley. — Gk. aiXtvov, a kind
of parsley.
Celestial. (F.~L.) O.F. ceUstUl
— L. calesti'S, heavenly. — L. calum,
heaven.
Celibate. (L.) The orig. sense was
* a single life * ; it wa^ afterwards an adj.,
and again a sb., meaning 'one who is
single. — L. calibdtuSt sb. celibacy, single
life. — L. calib-y stem of Calebs^ single, un-
married. Der. celibacy (for *caHbdtia),
Cell. (L.) M. £. celle. - L. cella,
small room, hut Cf. celare^ to hide.
See Helm (2). (VKEL.)
cellar. (F.-L.) U,¥,celer, A.F.
celer\ O. F.celier.^h, celldriumj a cellar.
— L. cella (above).
Celt (i)) a name originally given to the
Gauls. (C.) From L. pi. CeUat the
Celts; the word probably meant 'war-
riors*; cf. A.S. hild^ Icel. hildr^ war;
Lith. kahii to strike ; L. per-cellercy to
strike through, beat down (Rhys).
Celt (2), a primitive chisel or axe.
(Late L.) Late L. celHSf assumed nom.
of the abl. celte (=with a chisel), in the
Vulgate Version of Job xix. 24. But this
reading is due to some error, and there
seems to be no such word in Latin.
Cement. (F.-L.) O. F. cimetU.^
L. camentuMy rubble, chippings of stone ;
hence, cement. Perhaps for *cadmentumi
from cadere, to cut (Brugm. i. § 587).
Cemetery. (L.— Gk.) Late L. ^d?#»^-
terium. — Gk. Koifirfrifpiw, a sleeping-place,
cemetery. — Gk. /rot/i4w, I lull to sleep ; in
pass., to fall asleep. Allied to icttfjuu, I
lie down ; Skt. ft, to lie down.
Cenobite. (L. — Gk.) L. ccsnobtta,
a member of a (social) fraternity (Jerome).
— L. ccenobiumy a convent. — Gk. tcoivofitoy,
a convent. — Gk. Koiv6fiios, living socially.
— Gk. Kotvd'Sf common ; jScos, life.
Cenotaph. (F. - L. - Gk.) O. F.
cenotaphe, — L. cenolaphium,^Gk. Ktvo-
rdtptoy, an empty tomb. — Gk. M€y6-s,
empty ; rdt^os, a tomb.
Censer. (F. — L.) M. E. censer, »^
O. F. censier, senser (Godefroy); short-
ened from O. F. encenster,^lkx.<t L. in-
censdriumy also incensorium (whence
mod. F, encensoir). — L. incensumy in-
cense; from pp. of incendere^ to kindle.
See Incense.
Censor. (L.) L. censor ^ a taxer, vainer,
assessor, critic. — L. censere^ to give an
opinion, appraise. 4-Skt. famSy to praise.
censnre. (F. — L.) F. censure, — L.
censHra^ orig. opinion. — L. censere
(above).
census. (L.) L. census^ a register-
ing. — L. censere (above).
Cent, a hundred, as in per cent, (L.)
In America, the hundredth part of a
dollar. — L. centum, a hundred; see
Hundred.
centenary. (L.) L. centendrius,
relating to a hundred. — L. centenus, a
hundred (usu. distributively). — L. centum.
centennial. (L.) Coined to mean
relating to a century. — L. cent-um, hun-
dred ; ann-uSf a year.
centesimal. (L.) L. centesim-us,
hundredth. — L. cent-um, hundred.
centigrade. (L.) Divided into a
hundred degrees. — L. centi-, for centum,
hundred ; grad-us, a degree ; see Grftde.
centipedCfCentiped. (F.-L.) F.
centipide. — L. centipeda, a many-footed
(lit. hundred-footed) insect — L.r^f»/f-, for
centum, hundred; and ped-, stem oi pes,
foot.
centuple. (L.) L. centuplex (stem
centupHc-), a hundredfold. — L. centu-m,
hundred ; plic-dre, to fold.
centurion. (L.) L. ace. centurid'
nem, a captain of a hundred. — L. centuria
(below).
century. (F. - L.) F. centurie. -
L. centuria, a body of a hundred men ;
number of one hundred. — L. centu-m,
hundred.
Centaur. (L. — Gk.) L. Centaums.
82
CENTAURY
— Qk. tcivravpos, a centaur, a creature half
man and half horse; which some have com-
pared with Skt. gandharvas, a demi-god.
centaury, a plant. (L.— Gk.) L.
r^if/aiimx. — Gk. Ktvravpuovy centaury; a
plant named from the Centaur Chiron.
Gentenaryy Centennial, Centu-
ple, Centnnon, &c. ; see Cent.
Centre, Center. (F.-L.-Gk.) F.
centre. — L. centrum. — Gk. KivrpWy a
spike, goad, prick, centre. - Gk. Kfvriw,
I goad on. Cf. W. cetAr, a spike.
centrifagal, flying from a centre.
(L.) L. centri'y for centro-, stem of cen-
trum ; and/ug'-ere, to fly.
centripetal, tending towards a
centre. (L.) L. centri- (above) ; pet-ere,
to seek.
Ceramic, relating to pottery. (Gk.)
Gk.«c^Attiv-2s, adj. — Gk. icipayi-oi, potter's
earth. Cf. nfpdvvvfu (ftit. Ktpaav), I mix.
Cere, to coat with wax. (L.) L.
cerdrey to wax.— L. cera^ wax.+Gk. Krip6Sf
wax.
cereolotll. (L.on^E.) Lit. a waxed
cloth.
cerement. (L.) From cere-, with
suffix -ment (L. -mentum),
cerase, white lead. (F.-L.) O^F.
ceruse. ^h, cerussoy white lead.-L. cera,
wax.
Cereal, relating to com. (L.) L.
cereSlis.^L,, ceres ^ com.
Cereteal, relating to the braim (L.)
From L. cerebr-um, the brain. Cf. Gk.
irdpa, the head. Brugm. i. § 619.
Ceredcth, Cerement ; see Oere.
Ceremony. (F. - L.) M. E. cere-
monie.'^F, c&^m^nie.'^'L, cartmanta, a
ceremony, rite.
Certain. (F. - L.) O. F. certetn,
certain. '^L. cert-us, sure; with suffix
'dnus. . Allied to L. cemere, to discrimi-
nate ; Gk. KfivtiVy to separate, decide.
Certi^. (F.-L.) M.E.certtfien."
F. certifier. "'Uite L. certificdrcy to make
saie.'^'L.certi-, for certo-y stem of certus
(above) ; and -Jie-y for/ac-ere, to make.
Cemlean, azure. (L.) L. carukusy
carulus, blue; for *caluleus, *caluluSy from
ca/um, sky. Brogm. i. § 483.
Cernse, white-lead ; see Gere.
Cervical, belonging to the neck. (L.)
From L. cerutc-y stem of ceruixy neck.
Cervine, relating to a hart. (L.) L.
cerutn-us.^h. certMtSy a hart; see Hart.
Ceee, Hmit, measure. (F. - L.) In
CHAIR
I Hen. IV. ii. i. 8. Orig. a tax, rate,
rating, assessment; see Spenser, State of
Ireland, Globe ed., p. 643, col. a. For
sess'y from sess, verb, to rate; which is
short for Assess.
Cessation. (F.-L.) ¥, cessation.'-^
L. ace. cessdtidftem, a ceasing. — L. cessd-
tus, pp. of cessdre, to cease. — L. cessus
(below).
cession. (F. - L.) F. cessum. - L.
ace. cessidnem, a yielding.— L. cessusy pp.
of cederCy to yield, to cede.
Cess-pool. (Hybrid.) Most probably
equiv. to {se)cess-pooi'y see N. E. D. Cf.
Ital. cessoy a privy (Torriano) ; which is
a shortened form of secesso, a retreat.—
L. secessusy 'the draught;* Matt. xv. 17
(Vulgate).
CetaceonS, of the whale kind. (L.—
Gk.) L. cetus. - Gk. «Stos, a sea-monster.
Ch.
Chablis, a white wine. (F.) From
ChabHsy 12 mi. E. of Auxene, in the de-
partment of Yonne, France.
Chafe, to warm by friction, vex. (F. —
L.) M. E. chaufen, to warm. - O. F.
chaufer (F. chauffer), to warm ; cf. Prov.
calfary to warm. -Late L. *calefdrey to
warm; for L. calefacere, to warm, make
to glow.- L. cale-re, to glow ; facerCy to
make.
Chafer, Cockchafer. (E.) A.S.
cefer (aXso cea/or)y a kind of beetle.+Du.
J^ever ; G. kc^er.
Chaff. (E.) A.S.cea/A^tcTcJta/yhvisk
of grain. +Du. kaf; Low G. kaff. If The
verb to chaff '^ to chafe, i. e. vex. So also
chaff-waXy for chafe-wax.
chaffinch, a bird. (E.) I.e. chaff-
finch ; it frequents bam-dooi^.
Chaffer. (E.) The verb is from the
M. E. sb. chapjarcy also chaffarcy a bargain-
ing. - A. S. ceapy a bargain, and farUy a
journey, also business ; see Cheap and
Fare.
Chaffinch ; see Chaft
Chatfrin. (F.) F. chagrin, melan-
cholyT [Diez identifies it with F. chagrtn,
shagreen ; but wrongly.]
Chain. (F.-L.) O.Y.chatneyChaifne.
— L. catenOy a chain. ,
Chair. (F.-L.-Gk.) U.E.chatrey
chaere.^O. F. chaierey chaere.'^L. cathe-
drUy a throne, raised seat, chair. -Gk.
Kodkh^i a seat. - Gk. koB-, for «ot<5, down ;
83
CHAISE
CHAP
UpOf a seat, from ((ofiai (=: id-yofuu),
I sit ; see Cathedral, Sit.
diaise* a light carriage. (F. — L.—
Gk.) F. chaise, a chair, also, a chaise ; a
Parisian modification of F. chaire, a pulpit,
orig. a seat.
Clialcedoiiy, a kind of quartz. (L. —
Gk.) L. chaUedonius, Rev. xxi. 19. — Gk.
XaXtfi^Scui', Rev. xxi. 19.
Chaldvon, a coal-measure. (F.— L.)
O. F. chaldron, orig. a caldron ; see
Caldron.
Chalicei a cup. (F.-L.) K,¥. chalice;
O. F. calice, — L. calicem, ace. of calix, a
cup. Allied to calyx, but not the same
word.
Chalk. (L.) M. £. chalk, ^A^S. ctalc
(Southern). — L. calc; stem of calx, lime.
Challenge. (F. — L.) ^,Y^ chalenge,
calenge, often in the sense *a claim.' —
A. F. chalenge, O. F. chalonge, calenge, a
dispute, claim ; an accusation.— L. calum-
nia, false accusation ; see Calumny.
Chalybeate. (L. - Gk.) Used of
water containing iron. Coined from L.
chalylhs, steel. — Gk. x^^ (stem x^^^-)i
steel ; named from the Chalybes, a people
of Pontus, who made it.
Chamber. ^F.-L.-Gk.) Y.cham
bre; Prov. camora.^h. camera, camara,
a vault, vaulted room, room. — Gk. Ka/jiapa,
a vaulted place.
ohamberlain. (F.-O.H.G.-L.-
Gk.) F. chamberlain, O. F. chambrelenc, —
O. H. G. chamerlinc, M. H. G. kamerlinc,
one who has the care of rooms; formed
with suffix -Uinc (the same as E. l-ing^,
from L. camera (above).
Chameleon. (L.-Gk.) h.chama-
lean. — Gk. xa/iat-AcW, lit. a ground-lion,
dwarf-lion ; a kind of lizard. — Gk. x<>M°^
on the ground (also dwarf, in comp.) ; and
Xionr, lion. Cf. L. htimi^ on the ground.
chamomile. (LateL.— Gk.) Late
L. camomilla {chamomilla),^G\i. xaiiai-
firjKov, lit. ground-apple, from the apple-
like smell of the flower. — Gk. x«A*«*-> on
the ground (see above) ; fi^Kov, apple.
Chamois. (F. - G.) F. chamois ;
borrowed from some Swiss dialectal form;
cf. Piedmontese camossa.^M. H. G. gamz
(for *gamuz), a chamois (G. gemse).
Champ, to eat noisily. (E.) Formerly*
cham or chamm ; of imitative origin, like
jam, to crush. Cf. Swed. dial, kdmsa, to
chew with difficulty.
Champagne. (F. - L.) A wine
named from Champagfte in France, which
means * a plain ' ; see below.
champaign, open country. (F.-L.)
In Sh. F. champaigne, of which the Picard
form was campaigne ; see Campaign.
Champak, a tree. (Skt.) Skt. cham-
paka, the champak.
Champion. (F.-L.) O.Y,cham-
pion.^'L, campidfiem, ace. of campio, a
combatant (Isidore). — L. campus, a place
for military exercise; a peculiar use of
campus, a field. See Camp.
Chance, hap. (F. — L.) M. E. cheaunce,
— O. F. cheance, chaance. ^hAte L. caden-
tia, a falling, a chance. — L. cadere, to fall,
happen; see Cadence.
Chancel. (F.-L.) So called because
orig. fenced off by a latticed screen.—
O. F. chancel, an enclosure fenced oflf with
an open screen. — Late L. cancellus, a
chancel, screen ; L. cancelli, pi., a grating ;
see Cancel.
chancellor. (F.-L.) O.V.chance-
lier, — Late L. ace. cancelldrinm, a chan-
cellor; orig. an officer who stood near the
screen before the judgment-seat. — L. can-
celll, a grating ; see Chancel, Cancel.
chancery. (F. — L.) ¥or chamelfy.
M. E. chancelerie, — O. F. chancelleries —
Late L. cancelldria, the record-room of a
cancelldrius ; see Chancellor.
Chandelier. (F.-L.) 0,Y, chande-
lier, a candle-holder. — Late L. cande-
IdriuSj m. ; cf. candeldria, a candle-stick.
— L. candela ; see Candle.
chandler. (F. — L.) 0,¥.chaftdelier,
a chandler. — Late L. candeldrius, a
candle-seller. — L. candela\ sec Candle.
Der. corn-chandler, where chandler merely
means seller, dealer.
Change, vb. (F.-L.) 0,¥. changer,
changier.^ljSLte L. cambidre, to change
(Lex Salica). — L. camhtre^ to exchange.
Cf. Late L. r<z/;j^{W/, exchange; whence
F. change, E. change, sb.
Channel. (F. — L.) M. E. chanel,
caftel. '^O.F, chanel, canel, a canal.— L.
ace. canalem ; see Canal.
Chant. (F.-L.) ¥. chan/er, vh^'-L.
cantdre, to sing ; frequent, of canere, to
sing. Der. chantry, M. E. chaunterie.
Late L. cantdria ; chanti-cleer^ M. E.
chaunte-cleer, clear-singing.
Chaos. (Gk.) L. chaos, Lat. spelling
of Gk. x<^o'* chaos, abyss, lit. a cleft. CS
Gk. \6LCfKiKv, to gape. See Chasm.
Chap (t)t to cleave, crack. (E.) M. £.
84
CHAP.
CHASE
{happen^ to cut; hence, to gape open like
a woimd made by a cut. £. Fries, happen,
to cut ; not found in A. S.*f-M. Du. happen ,
to cut ; Swed. kappa, Dan. kappe, to cut ;
G. happen, to cut, lop. See Chop (i).
Chap (a) ; see Chapman.
Chapel. (F.-L.) O. F. chapele,^
Late L. cappella, orig. a shrine in which
was preserved the capa or cope of St.
Maitin (Brachet).i«Late L. capa, cappa,
cape, hooded cloak; see Cape (i).
chaperon. (F.— L.) Y, chaperon, z.
protector ; orig. a kind of hood.*- F. chape,
a cope. —Late L. cdpa ; as above.
Chapiter, the capital of a column.
(F.— L.) O. F. chapitre, usually a chapter
of a book, but representing L. capitulum,
which meant * chapiter ' as well as
' chapter.* See Chapter.
Chaplet. (F.-L.) U,^. chapeieL^
O. F. chapeUt, a head-dress, wreath. —
O. F. chapel, head-dress. — O. F. chape, a
cope ; see Chaperon.
Chapmaily a merchant. (£.) The
familiar chap is merely short for chapman.
—A. S. ceapman, a merchant •• A. S. ceap,
price, barter (see Cheap) ; and tnan, man.
Chape, Chops, the jaws. (£.) A
late word, of unknown origin; possibly
from Chap (i). % Perhaps suggested by
North E. chafts or chaffs, jaws (Cleveland
Gloss.). —Icel. kjaptr i^pt pron. 9& ft), the
jaw ; Swed. kaft, Daiv Kiceft, jaw.
Chaptsr, a division of a book, synod
of clergy. (F. — L.) M. E. chapitre, in both
senses.— F. chapitre, variant of an older
form chapitle, «- L. capitulum, a chapter
of a booic (little head) ; also, in Late L.,
a synod; dimin. oi caput, a head.
Char (i)f a turn of work. (E.) Also
chare, chore, cheivre ; M. E. cher, char,
orig. a turn, hence, a space of time, turn
of work, &c. — A. S. cerr (below). Hence ,
char'Woman, a woman who does a turn of
work. See Ajar.
char (3), usually chare, to do a
turn of work. (E.) M . E. cherren, char-
ren, to turn ; A. S. cerran, to turn. — A. S.
cerr {cierr, cyrr)^ a turn. % The sense
' bum * is later than the appearance of the
sb. char-coal.
Char (3)» a fish. (C. ?) Of unknown
origin; perhaps napoed from its red belly
[the W. name is torgoch, red-bellied, from
tor^ belly, and cock, red]. — O. Gael, ceara^
red, from cear, blood; Irish cear, red.
also blood.
Character. (L.— Gk.) h. char cuter.
— Gk. x^P^f^hpi ^^ engraved or stamped
mark. — Gk. xapaaauv, to furrow, scratch,
engrave.
Charade. (F.-Prov.) Y, charade,
introduced from Proven9al charrada, a
long talk, from charrh, to chatter (Snpp.
to Littre) ; cf. Languedoc charrade, idle
talk. Cf. also Span, charrada, speech or
action of a clown, from Span, charro, a
clown, peasant.
Charcoal. (E-) From char and coal\
but the sense of char remains unknown ;
some refer it to M. E. cherren, to turn* (as
if to turn to coal), but there is no proof
of this. See char (2).
Charge. (F.-C.) F. charger, to
load. — Late L. carricare, to load a car. —
L. carrus, a car, a Gaulish word; see
Cark, Car. Per. charg-er, a dish or horse,
because carrying a burden.
chariot. (F.-C.) F. chariot, aug-
mentative of F. char, a car. — L. carrus, a
car ; see Car.
Chariiy-. (F- - L.) O. F. charitet. -
L. ace. cdritdtcm, love. — L. cdrus, dear.
Brugm. i. § 637. % Not allied to Gk.
Xapis.
Charlatan. (F. - Ital.) F. charlatan,
— Ital. ciarlatano, a mountebank, great
talker, prattler.— Ital. ciarlare, to prattle ;
ciarla, prattle ; prob. of imitative origin.
Charlock, a kind of wild mustard.
(E.) Prov. E. carlock. — A.S. cerlic,
origin unknown.
Charm. (F.— L.) M. E. chanm, sb.
— O. F. charfne, an enchantment. — L. car-
men, a song, enchantment.
ChameL (F.— L.) Properly an adj. ;
containing carcases, as in charnel-house. —
O. F. charnel, adj. carnal ; as sb. a ceme-
tery. — Late L. carndle, glossed hyjlaschas
(flesh-house) ; Wright-Wulker, Voc. 184.
37.— L. camdlis; see Carnal.
Chart. (F. -L. - Gk.) q. F. char/e,
— L. charta, a paper. — Gk. xaprri, a leaf
of paper. Doublet, ran/ (i).
charter. (F. - L. - Gk.) M. E.
chartre, — O. F. chartre, - Late L. cartula,
a small paper or document. — L. charta, a
paper ; see above.
Chary, careful, cautious. (E.) M. E.
chari, A.S. cearig, full of care, sad.—
A. S. cearu, cam, care.^'Du. karig, G.
/^ai^, sparing. Chary xoKdocA. (i) sorrowful,
(a) heedful. See Care.
Chase (0* to hunt after. (F.-L.)
86
CHASE
CHEEK
O. F. chacierj chacer, to pursue; see
Oatoh.
Clia86 (3)> to enchase; short for en-
chase i which see.
Chase (3)) a printer*s frame. (F. — L.)
F. chdsse, a shrine. — L. capsa, a box ; see
Caae (a).
C]uunil« (L* — Gk.) L. ckasma, a
galf. — Gk. x^I*^t a yawning cleft. Allied
to x^'^^^^i to gape ; see Chaos.
Clia4rte. (F. - L.) O. F. chaste. - L.
castusy chaste ; see Caste.
cliuten. (F. - L.) Used in place of
M. E. cJiasty or chcLstien ; see below.
Cbastise. (F. — L.) l/i,l^. chasHsen;
shorter form chastien. — O. F. chastier, — L.
castigdre^ lit. * to make pure.* — L. cckstus^
chaste ; see Castigate.
Chasuble, a vestment. (F. - L.) F.
chasuble. — Late L. casubula, with the same
sense as Late L. casukty a little house;
hence, a mantle. — L. casa, a cottage.
Chat, Chatter. (E.) Ui.^.chateren,
also chiteren^ to chatter, twitter ; frequent-
ative form of chai. An imitative word ;
cf. Du. kwetterettf to warble, chatter, Swed.
kvittra, to chirp.
Chateau. (F.-L.) Y.ch&teau.O.Y.
chcuiel'^h. castellumy dimin. of castrum,
a fortiBed place. Der. casteU-an\ also
chdtelcane ; for which see Castle.
Chattels. (F.-L.) Pi. of M.E.
chcUelj property, also cattle. — O. F. chaUl^
0. North F. ccUely property; see Cattle.
Chatter ; see Chat.
ChaudrOIli entrails. (F.) Macb. iv.
1 . 33. The r is inserted by confusion with
F. chaudrotiy a caldron. — O. F. chaudufty
older forms caudun, caldutty entrails
TGodefroy). [Cf. G. kaldaunen^ entrails ;
from Mid. Low G. kaldune, the same.]
Thought to be from Late L. caldunay
a dish containing entrails (Dncange). Per-
haps from L. calidus^ warm (F. chaud).
Cfhaw ; see Chew.
Chaws, by-form of Jaws ; see Jaw.
Cheap, at a low price ; orig. a sb. (£.)
M.E. cnepy cheep, barter, price; always a
sb. Hence, goixl cheap, in a good market
(F. bon march4) ; whence E. cheap, used
as an adj. A. S. ceap^ price ; whence the
verb ceapian, to cheapen, buy. So also
Du. koop, a bargain, kocpen, to buy ; G.
kauf, purchase, kaufen, to buy; IctX.hctup,
Swed. kbp, Dan. kiobf a purchase ; Gotii.
kaupon (weak vb.), to trafEc. ^Some
say that these words are borrowed from
L. ; in particular, that O. H. G. choufo, a
huckster, is from L. caupo, a huckster.
But this is now held to be unlikely (Kluge,
Franck).
Cheat, to defraud. (F.-L.) Cheat is
merely short for escheat ; cf. M. £. chete,
an escheat (Prompt. Parv.). The eschea^
ters were often cheaters ; hence the verb.
See Bscheat.
Check, a sudden stop, repulse. (F. —
Pers.) M. E. chek, a stop ; also check !
in playing chess. The word is due to the
game, which is very old. The orig. sense
of check was ' king ! ' i. e. mind the king,
the king is in danger.— O.F. eschec, *a
check at chess-play,' Cot. — Pers. shdh, a
king, king at cness; whence shdh-mdt,
check- mate, lit. * the king is dead,* from
Arab, mat, he is dead. Similarly we have
F. ^chec, a check, repulse, defeat, pL tehees,
chess; Ital. scacco, a square of a chess-
board, also a check, defeat. See ohess
below. % Devic shews that O. F. escKec
represents Arab, esh-shdg; wjiere esh is
for al, the def. art., and shag is the Arab,
pron. of Pers. shah.
checker, chequer, to mark with
squares. (F. — Pers!; To mark with
squares like those on a chess-board. M. £.
chekker, chekere, a chess-board. (Hence
The Checkers, an inn-sign.) — O. F. esche-
quier, a chess-board, also, an exchequer.
— Low L. scaccdrium, a chess-board. —
Low L. secret, chess, pi. of scaccus, from
the Arab, form of Pers. shdh^ kins^.
checkers, chequers, an old name
for the game at draughts ; from the checker
or chess-board ; see above.
check-mate. (F. — Pers. and Arab.)
From Arab. *shdg-mdt, for shdh'ttidt, the
king is dead ; see Check.
cheque. (F. ~ Pers.) A pedantic
spelling of check, from confusion with
exchequer ; it is really a name given to a
draft for money, of which one keeps a
memorandum or counter-check.
chess, the game of the kings. (F. r-
Pers.) Equivalent to checks, i.e. kings;
see Check above.— O.F. esches, chess;
really the pi. of eschec, check, orig. * king.*
^ From Pers. shah, a king, were formed
O. F. eschec, F. 4checy E. check, Ital. scacco,
Span. xaque,jaque, Port, xaque, G. schach,
Du. schaak, Dan. skak, Swed. schack.
Low Lat. ludus scaccorutn - game of
checks, or of kings.
Cheek. (E.) M. K. cheke, cheoke, 0»
86
CHEER
CHICORY
Merc cece, A. S. cedc€t cheek. 4* I^u.
kaak, jaw, cheek ; Swed. kdky jaw.
Cheer. (F.—L.) M. K chere^ orig.
the mien ; hence, ^ to be of good cheer, ^
-■ O. F. chere, the face. — Late L. cara,
face. (Relationship to Gk. icdpay the head,
is doubtfal.) Der. cheer-fuL
ClieOSe. (L.) M. £. chese, O. Merc.
cese (A. S. cyse, for earlier *ctese<,*ceasi),
with >-matation ; prehistoric A. S. *casi
<< *c&sioz, — L. cdseuSf cheese ; whence
other forms (G. kase, Du. kaas) are bor-
rowed. Sievers, 2nd ed. % 75. 2.
Cheeta, Cheetah, the hunting leo-
pard, a leopard used for the chase. (Hind.
— Skt.) Hind. cAttd. mm Ski. Mfrakay a
cheeta; from chiira^ spotted, also visi-
ble, clear. — Skt. chit, to perceive. See
Chinta.
Chemise. (F.-L.) F. chemise. ^^
Late L. camisiaf a shirt, thin dress;
whence O. Irish caimmse^ shirt (Stokes).
Chemist, Chymist; short for ai-
chemist ; see Alchemy.
Cheque, Chequer ; see Check.
Chensh. (F. — L.) O. F. cherts- ,
stem of pres. pt. of cherir, to hold dear. —
F. cher, dear. — L. cdrus, dear.
Cherooty a cigar. (Tamil.) Tamil
shuruttu, a roll ; hence, a roll of tobacco
(Yule)*.
Cheny. (F.-L.-Gk.) U.E,cheriy&
mistake for cherts, the final s being mis-
taken for the pi. inflexion. — O. North F.
cherise^ O. F. cerise; representing Folk-
L. *ceresia, ^ceresea.^h. cerastis, a cherry-
tree. — Gk. K4paaos, a cherry-tree ; usually
said to come from Cerasos, in Pontus;
a story which Curtins doubts.
ChMrt, a kind of quartz. (?) Unknown.
Cf. Irish cearty a pebble.
Chemb. THeb.) Thetmepl. is<:>i^^t^-
flm. — Heb. hruv (pL J6^riivTm),SL mystic
figure.
Chervil, a plant (L.— Gk.) AJS.cer-
JU/e.mmh. charephylla, pi. oicharephyllum,
— Gk. x<u^^^^^''> chervil, lit. pleasant
leaf.-*Gk. x^P*^^^t to rejoice; ipi&KKoVy
leaf.
Chess; see Check.
Chest. (L. - Gk.) M. £. chesiCy chiste,
A.S. cisf.^h, cista. '^Gk, /ciaTtfy a chest,
box (whence G. kistey &c.).
Chestnut, Chesnnt. (F. - L. - Gk.)
Chesnut is i^ort for chesfnui, which is
short for chesten-nuty nut of the chestetty
which is the old name of the tree, called
in M. E. chestein,^0.¥^ chastcagne (F,
chdtai^e),^h, casianeay chestnut- tree. —
Gk. HdarapoVy a chestnut. Chestnuts are
said to have been called icaaravay or icdpva
KaaTavcuOy from K&ffravay Castana, the
name of a city in Pontus where they
abounded; but more probably from Armen.
kaskeniy a chestnut-tree, from kcuky a chest-
nut (Kluge).
CheVi^-de-frise, an obstruction with
spikes. (F.) Lit. * horse of Friesland/ a
jocular name ; the pi. chevatix-de-Frise is
commoner. See below.
chevalier. (F. — L.) F. chevalier , a
horseman. — F. cheval, a horse. — L. ca-
balluniy ace. of caballusy a horse.
Cheveril, kid leather. (F.-L.) O. F.
chevrehy fem., a little kid. Dimin. of
O.F. chevrey F. cktorcy a goat, kid. — L.
capram, ace. of capray a she-goat.
chevron, an ordinary, in heraldi^^ re
sembling two rafters of a house. (F. — L.)
(Most lucely meant to represent the saddle-
peak.) — F. chevroHy * a kid, a chevron in
building, a rafter;* Cot. Augmentative
form (S. chevrey a she-goat. — L. capray a
she-goat ; see Gaper (i). Cf. .L. capre-
oluSy which likewise means a prop.
Chew, Chaw. (£.) M. £. chewen,
A. S. ceawaHy to chew, eat.^-Du* kaauwen\
G. kauen ; O. H. G. kiuwan ; 'Rxiss.jevcUe.
Cf. also Icel. tyggjay tyggva, to chew
(Streitberg).
Chibonk, a Turkish pipe. (Turk.)
Turk, chibaky chybQky a stick, tube, pipe
(Zenker, p. 349).
Chicanery. (F.-Pers.?) F. chica-
nericy wrangung, pettifogging; Cot. — F.
chicanery to wrangle ; orig. to dispute in
the game of the mall or chicane (Brachet).
Perhaps irom the medieval Gk< T(vtc&ytoyy
a woni of Byzantine origin (id.) ; from
Pers. chaugdHy a club, bat.
Chicken. (£.) Sometimes shortened
to chick ; but the M. £. word is chiken.
A. S. ciceny earlier *cituin, -f ^Q* hiekeny
kuikeny a chicken, Low G. kiiken ; cf. G.
kUchleiny a chicken, Icel. kjitkUngy Swed.
kyckling ; related to Cook, which ^ews the
weak grade *ctiC' ; see Cock (i). Sievers,
2nd ed. § 165.
Chiccry, a plant, succory. (F. — L. —
Gk.) F. chicorU.^\u> cichorium,^Gk,
Mixopiay neut. pi. ; . also Kix^pioVy mx^p^y
succory, fi. Stucory is a corrupter form
of the word, apparently for siccory or
dchoryy from L* cichorium*
87
CHIDE
CHIRURGEON
Chide* (£•) M.£. r^tV/^/'. A,S.ctda/it
to chide, brawl ; pi. t. cidi/e.
Chief. (F. - L.) M. E. c/ie/, chief, -
O. F. chefy chief the head. — L. type
*capuffi (Ital. capo)» — L. caputs head.
Der. ker-chief q. v.
Chieftain. (F. — L.) O.F. chevetaine.
— Late L. capitaneus, ccipitdntu, a captain.
— L. capit', from caputf a head.
Chiffonier, a cupboard. (F.) Lit. a
place to put rags in. — F. chiffonier, a rag-
picker, also a cupboard. — F. chiffon, aug-
ment, of chiffe, a rag. Orig. unknown.
Chignon. (F.-L.) Hair twisted;
another spelling of F. chatnon, a link.—
F. chatfu, O. F. chaine, a chain. — L. ca-
tena, a chain.
Chilblain. (E.) A Main caused by
a chill.
Child. (E.) M. E. child, A. S. cild,
Teut. type *kiipom, neut. ; cf. Goth, kil-
thei, the womb.
Chill, cold. (E.) Orig. a sb. A. S.
ceU, cicle, chilliness. Teut. type *kaliz,
sb. ; from *hal-an, to be cold, as in A. S.
calan, to be cold, Icel. kola, to freeze. 4"
I)ii. kil, a. chill ; cf. L. gelu, frost.
Chime, sb. (F. - L. - Gk.) ^f . E.
chimbe, of which the orig. sense was cym-
bal ; henc3 the chime or ringing of a cym-
bal. Shortened from O. F. chimbale, dia-
lectal form of O. F. cimbcUe, a C3rmbal. —
L. cytnbaluni, — Gk. Kvyi&aXov ; see Cym-
baL N.B. We find M. E. chyme-belle,
which looks like a popular form for cymbal,
Der. chime, verb.
Chimera, Chimasra. (L.~Gk.) L.
chiniara, — Gk. yxyjaxpa, a she-goat ; also,
a fabulous monster, with a goars body. —
Gk. xiL\unpo^, he-goat.
Chimney. (F.-L.- Gk.) Y,cheminie,
*a chimney;' Cot. — Late L. camindta,
provided with a chimney ; hence, a chinmey.
— L. camtnus, an oven, a fire-place. — Gk.
Kiiiuvoi, oven, furnace.
Chimpansee, an ape. (African.) I am
informea that the name is tsimpanzee in
the neighbourhood of the gulf of Guinea.
Chin. (E.) M.E. chin. A.S. ««.+
Du. kin, Icel. kinn, Dan. kind, Swed.
kind ; Goth, kinnus, the cheek ; G. kinn,
chin ; L. gena, cheek ; Gk. yivvs, chin ;
cf. Skt. hanus, jaw.
China. (China.) Short iox china-ware,
or ware from China, The name of the
people was formerly Chineses; we have
dropped the final s, and use Chinese as a
pi. ; hence Chittee in the singular, by a
second dropping of se.
Chinchilla, a small rodent animal.
(Span. — L.) Span, chinchilla, lit. 'a little
bug,* as if from its smell ; but undeservedly
so named. — Span, chinche, a bug. — L. ci"
micem, ace. of cimex, a bug.
Chinchona ; the same as Cinchona.
Chincongh, whooping-cough. (E.)
For chirJi-cough', cf. Scotch kink-cough,
kink-host {host means cough), A kink is a
catch in the breath, nasalised form of a
base *kik, to gasp. 4" I^u. kinkhoest ; M.
Du. kieckhoest', Swed. kikhosta, chincough,
kikna, to gasp ; G. keichen, to gasp.
Chine. (F.-O.H.G.) 0,Y,eschine{¥,
Mine), the back-bone. —O.H.G.j'/if>fa, a
needle, prickle (G. schiene, a splint). For
the sense, cf. L. spina, a thorn, spine,
backbone.
Chink (i), a cleft. (E.) Formed with
suffixed k, from the base of M. £. chine, a
cleft, rift. — A. S. cinu, a chink. — A. S. cin-,
weak grade oicinan, to split (strong vb.).
+Du. keen, a chink, also a germ, kenen,
to bud ; cf. G. keimen, Goth, keinan, to
bud. (Germinating seeds make a crack in
the ground.)
Chink (2), to jingle. (E.) An imitative
word; cf. clink, chnk; and see Ohin-
oough. E. Fries, kinken (a strong vb.) ;
M. Dan. kinke,
Chints. (Hindustani — Skt.) ¥or chints,
pi. of chint. Hind, chhint, spotted cotton
cloth, named from the variegated patterns
on it; chhit, chintz, also a spot. — Skt.
chitra, variegated, spotted. See Cheeta.
Chip, vb. (E.) Related (with a lighter
vowel) to chap (i) or chop ; as if to cut
a little at a time. Cf. A. S. for-cyppod,
gloss to praecisus (Lye) ; E. Fries, kippen,
to cut.
Chirography, handwriting. (Gk.)
From Gk. xtipoyfKuptof, to write with the
hand. — Gk. xapo^, from x^^Pi ^^'^ hand;
ypdipeiy, to write. Cf. chiro-mancy, for-
tune-telling by the hand; chiro-pod-ist,
one who handles (and cures) the feet.
Chirp. (E.) A\so chirrup, M.E.chir-
pen. Also M. E. chirken, chirmen, to
chirp. The forms chir-p, chir-k, chir-m
are from an imitative base ; cf. Du. kirren,
to coo.
Chirargecn, the old spelling of sur-
geon, (F. — L. — Gk.) F. chirurgien,
* a surgeon ; ' Cot. — F. chirurgie, sur-
gery.—L. chirufgia,^G\i, x^^P^Pl^^^ ^
88
CHISEL
CHRIST
working with the hands, .skill with the
hands, art, surgery. — Gk. x^^P^> from
X€(p, the hand ; and tp/yuv, to work.
Chisel. (F. - L.) M. E. chisel, - A. F.
chisel, O. F. cisel (F. ciseau). Cf. Late L.
cTsellus, scissors (A. D. 1352). O. F. cisel
answers to Late L. *clsellum, with the
sense of L. cisarium, a cutting instmment
(Vegetius) ; see Scheler*s note to Diez. —
L. *ctsufn, for cas-um, supine of caclere,
to cut ; whence also Late L. incisor, a
carver, cutter ; see Csesura.
Chit (i), a pert child. (E.) M. E. chit,
a whelp, cub, kitten. Allied to kit-ling
(Icel. ketlingr), and to kit-ten; cf. G. kitze,
a female cat.
Chit (a)} a shoot, sprout. (E.) In Hol-
land's Pliny, xiii. 4. Perhaps allied to
M. E. chithe, vl ziptovX (N.E.D,).— A. S.
cidi a germ, sprout. Cf. Goth, keinan, to
produce a ^oot ; G. kdm, a germ.
Chivalry. (F.— L.) M,E, chivc^rie.''
O.V.chevalerie, horsemanship, knighthood.
* F. cheval, a horse. — Late L. caballum,
ace. of caballus, a horse.
Chlorine* a pale green gas. (Gk.)
Named from its colour. * Gk. x^^p-^h V^^
green.
chloroform. (Gk. andL.) The latter
element relates %oformyl 9xA formic acid,
an add formerly obtained from red ants. —
Xufortnica, an ant.
chocolate^ a paste made from cacao.
(Span. — Mex.) Span, chocolate, — Mex.
chocolatl, chocolate; Clavigero, Hist.
Mex. i. 433. % Not allied to cacao.
Choice. (F. - Teut.) Not E. M. E.
chois. - O. F. chois (F. choix), - O. F.
ckoistr, O. North F. coisir, to choose. Of
Teut. origin. — Goth, kausjan, to tr>',
test; causal of kiusan, to choose. See
Choose.
Chcnr. (F.-L.-Gk.) Tht choir oi Si
church is the part where the choir sit.
Also spelt quire ; M. E. queir, quer. —
O. F. cuer, later choeur, *the quire of a
church, a troop of singers;* Cot. — L.
chorum, ace. of chorus, a choir. — Gk.
Xop^t a dance, a band of dancers or
singers. See Chorus.
CnolEe. (E.) M. £. choken, cheken,
cheoken. A. S. ceocian ; only in the deri-
vative dceocung, to translate L. rumincttio,
which the glossator hardly seems to have
understood, and in the pp. dceocod, ^Ifric,
Horn. !. 316 : with change from eo to ec,
shortening of ^ to 0 in M. E«, and subse-
quent lengthening. Cf. Icel. koka, to
gulp ; kok, the gullet.
Choler, the bile, anger. (F. - L. - Gk.)
Anger was supposed to be due to excess of
bile. M.E. coler, ■- O.F. colore, — L. cholera,
bile ; also cholera, bilious complaint. « Gk.
XoKkpa, cholera ; xo^4» bile ; X^^os, bile,
wrath. See Call.
cholera. (L. — Gk.) L. cholera, as
above. And see Melancholy.
Choose. (E.) M.E. chesen, chusen.
A. S. chsan (also cedsan), to choose
(pt. t. cdcK, ceds), -f Du. and G. kiesen,
Icel. kjdsa, Goth, kiusan; Teut, type
*keus-an'. Allied to L. gus-tare, to taste,
Gk. y€6ofMi, I taste, Skt. jush, to relish.
(VGEUS.) See Gust. Brugm. 1. § 602.
Chop (i), to cut; a later form of
Chap (i).
Chop (a), to barter. (E.) Probably a
variant of chap, a verb which seems to
have been evolved from the sb. chapman,
Chopine, a high-heeled shoe. (F.—
Span.) In Hamlet, ii. 2. 447 ; for chapine.
— O.F. chapin; later chappin (Cotgrave).
— Span, chapin, a clog with a cork sole,
woman's shoe, high cork shoe. Perhaps
from Span, chapa, a thin plate (of metal),
used to strengthen the work it covers.
Chops ; see Chaps.
Chord. (L. — Gk.) L. chorda, - Gk.
XOf^t the string of a musical instrument,
orig. a string of gut. Brugm. i. § 605.
% The same word as Cord.
Chome. (L. ~ Gk.) L. chorus, a band
of singers. — Gk. x^P<>^> a dance, a band of
dancers or singers. See Choir. Der.
chor-al, chor-i-sfer,
Chongh, a bird. (E.) M.K cho^e,
chough. Not found in A. S., which has
(however) the forms ceo, cio, and the early
forms ciae, chyae. Somewhat similar forms
are seen in Du. kaauw, Dan. kaa, Swed.
kaja, a jackdaw.
Ghousei to cheat. (Turk.?) To act as a
chouse or cheat Ben Jonson has chiaus in
the sense of ' a Turk,' with the implied
sense of 'cheat'; Alchemist, i. i. The
allusion is alleged to be to a Turkish
chiaus or interpreter^ who committed a
notorious fraud in 1009.— Turk, chd^ush,
a sergeant, mace- bearer, Palmer's Pers.
Diet. ; chdvmshj a sergeant, herald, mes-
senger, Rich. Diet p. 534. Or (medi-
ately) from M. Ital. ciaus.
Chrism ; see below.
Christy the anointed one. (L. — Gk.)
89
CHRISM
CID
A. S. Crist. '^'L. Chrtstus. ^Gk. xP^ards,
anointed. — Gk. xp'X I rub, anoint. Der.
Christ' ian, Chnst-en-dorn^ 8cc. ; Christ-
mas (see Mass} ; attti-c/irist, opponent of
Christ (.from Gk. avrlt against; see
1 John ii. 1 8).
chrisilli holy unction. (L. — Gk.)
Also spelt chrisomCf whence chrisome'Child,
a child wearing a chrisomC'Cloth^ or cloth
which a child wore after holy unction ; cf.
O. F. cresme^ * the crisome, or oyle ; * Cot.
—Late L. ckrisma, holy oil. — Gk. xp*^M^f
an nnguent. — Gk. xp^m (as above).
ChroniatiOf relating to colours. (Gk.)
Gk. XP^A'A^'*^^* ^^J'^Gk* XP^t"^"^'* stem
of xP^h^i colour ; allied to xP^t ^^»
chromei chrominni. (Gk.) A
metal ; its compounds exhibit beautiful
colours. — Gk. xP^P'-^t colour.
Chronicle. (F. - Late L. - Gk.) M. £.
cronicle, with inserted /; also cronike^
cronique.^K, F. cronicie', O. F. croniquty
pi. croniques, chronicles, annals. — Late L.
chronica^ fem. sing. ; for neut. pi. —
Gk. xpov^f^f^i P^M annals. "-Gk. xp^^^*^^^>
adj. from XP^"^* ^i™®- ^®'» chron-ic
^i3ypofi/ir<$s).
OAronolOgy, science of dates. (Gk.)
From xp^^^'^f ^i™^ » -^07^01 from \6y-os,
discourse ; see Iiogic.
ollTdnomater, time-measurer. (Gk.)
From xp^^O'S, time ; fiirpov^ measure ; see
Metre.
Chrysalis, the form taken by some
insects. (Gk.) Gk. xP^ffaWir, the gold-
coloured sheath of butterflies, chrysalis. —
Gk. xp^<f-^i gold.
chrysanthemum, a flower. (L. -
Gk.) L. chrysanthemum.^^ Gk. xp^^^'
Bifiov, a marigold. — Gk. xP^^'^^t go^^!
ay$tfiov, a bloom, from dvifii't to bloom,
related to dvBos, a flower, a bud.
chrysolite, a yellow stone. (F. — L.
— Gk.) O. F. crisoiite. ^L,. chrysoiithuSf
Rev. xxi. 20. — Gk. xp^^^^^^^' ~ ^k*
Xpv(r6'Sf gold ; XSOos, stone.
chrysoprase. (L. - Gk.) L. chtyso-
prasuSf Rev. xxi. 20. — Gk. xP^^^'P^^os, a
yellow-green stone. —Gk. xP^^^'^t gold;
irp&aov, a (green) leek.
Chub, a 6sh. (E.) £tym. unknown.
Cf. Dan. kobbe, a seal, prov. Swed. kubbug,
chubby, fat; Norw. kubbetty stumpy;
Swed. kubb, a block, log. This does not
explain the ch ; but see Chmnp.
chubby, fat. (E.) Lit. * like a chub ; '
cf. prov. Swed. kubbug (above).
90
Chuck (1), to strike gently, toss. ;F. -
Teut.) Formerly written chock (Turber-
ville). — F. choquer, to give a shock, jolt. —
Du. schokkeuy to jolt, shake ; allied to K.
shock and shake.
Chuck (2), to chuck as a hen. (E.)
An imitative word ; Ch. has chuk to ex-
press the noise made by a cock; C. T.
15180(8.3464). Qt cluck, jyer.chuck-le,
in the sense 'to clucks
Chuck (5), a chicken. A variety of
chicky for chicken. See above.
Chuckle. (E.) To rAf/^>&/^ is to laugh
in a suppressed way; cf. Chock (2).
Chump, a log. (£.) Cf. Swed. dial.
kumpa^ to chop into logs; kutnping, a
log, round stict ; also Icel. kumbr, tn-
kumbry a log of wood, from Icel. kumbr,
nasalised form of kubbr, a chopping;
Icel. kubba, to chop. Der. chump-endy
i. e. thick end.
Church. (Gk.) U.lLchirckeyChireche.
A. S. cirice^ later circe ; (cf. Icel. kirkja ;
G. kirche, Du. j^ri^).— Gk. ic^aK6¥y a
church, neut. of ttvpteutosy belonging to
the Lord ; or (possibly) from Gk. /evpicucdy
pi., treated as a fem. sing. — Gk. n^pios,
a lord, orig. mighty. — Gk. ifvpos, strength.
Cf. Skt. fUra, a hero.
Churl. (E.) U.E.cher/ycheor/. A.S.
ceor/y a man. ^-Du. kere/, G. kert; Dan.
Sw. Icel. kart. Teut. types, *kerhzy
*karloz.
Chum, sb. (E.) A. S. cyrin ; older
form cirin (printed cimC)y Corp. gloss.
1866. -4- Icel. kirnay Swed. kdmay Dan.
kiemty a chum; cf. O. Swed. kertuiy
Swed. kdmay Dan. kieme^ to chum, Du.
kemeuy to chum.
Chutney, Chutay, a kind of hot
relish. (Hind.) Hind, chatnt (Yule).
Chyle, milky fluid. (F.lL.-Gk.) F.
chyle. — L. chains. — Gk. x^^^^r, juice. —
Gk. x^<w ( = X^f-<w), I pour. (VGHEU.)
chyme, liquid pulp. (L.-Gk.) For-
merly chymus.'^Y., chpmus.^Gk. xVP^h
juice. — Gk. x^"*** as above.
Chymist; see Alohemist.
Ci^Cs.
Cicatrice^ scar. (F.-L.) F. cicatrice,
— L. ctcdtrtcemy ace. of cicatrix, a scar.
Cicerone. (Ital.— L.) lta\. cicerone, a.
guide; orig. a Cicero. — L. ace. Ciceronem,
proper name.
Cid, lit. a chief or commander. (Span.
CfDER
CITE
—Arab.) Usually a title of Ruy Diaz,
the national hero of Spain. — Arab, sayytd,
ol lord ; Richardson*s Diet. p. 864.
Cider. (F. - L. - Gk. - Heb.) It
merely means strong drink. M. £. sicer,
cyder. wmY. cidre\ O. F. cisdre (for *ctsre),
-•L. j/r^ra.^Gk. aitttpa, strong drink.—
Heb. shekdrf strong drink. — Heb. shakar,
to be intoxicated.
Cieling ; see Ceil.
Cigar, Se^far. (Span.) Span, dgarro ;
whence also t . cigare.
Cinchona, Peruvian bark. (Span.)
Named after the Countess of Chinchotty
wife of the governor of Peru, cured by it
A.D. 1638. Chinchon is S.£. of Madrid.
(Should be chinchona.)
Cincture. . (L.) L. dnctura, a girdle.
— L. ctnctusy pp. oi {inhere ^ to gird.
Cinder. (£.) Misspelt for sittder (by
confusion with F. cemre = L. cinerem ;
see Cinerary). A. S. sinder^ ' scoria/ slag.
•4-Icel. sindr\ Swed. stnder; G. sinter y
dross, whence Dn. sintelSy cinders. % The
A. S. sinder occurs in the 8th centuiy.
Cinerary, relating to the ashes of the
4lead. (L.) L. cinerdrius, — L; ciner-y
stem of cinisy dust, ashes of the dead. 4-
Gk. K6viSy dust. Der. ctnerartay a flower ;
named from the ash-coloured down on the
leaves. Brugro. i. § 84.
Cinnabar, Cinoper. (L.~Gk.-
I'ers.) L. cinnabaris. — Gk. Kivv&fitipiy
vermilion. From Pers. zinjifrah, zinjatfy
red lead, vermilion, cinnabar.
Cinnamon, a spice. (L. — Gk.^Heb.)
L. cinnamomum. — Gk. kiwoimhw, — Heb.
ginndman; said to be of Malay origin
(Gesenius) . Cf. Malay kayu manis, cinna-
mon ; from kayuy wood, nianisy sweet.
Cipher. (F. - Span. - Arab.) O. F.
cifre (F. chtffre)y a cipher, zero. — Span.
cifra.'^KnXi. sifry a cipher; lit. 'empty
thing ; ' from f(^r, adj. empty ; Rich. Diet,
p. 937. (A translation of Skt. fiinyay (i)
empty; (a) a cipher.) Der. de-cipher ,
from L. de, in the verbal sense of «/i-, and
cipher ; cfl M. F. dechiffrer^ * to decypher ; '
Cot.
Circle. (F.-L.) A,S. circui; butM.E.
cerc/e. — F. cerc/e. — L. circuitts, dimin. of
circus, a ring, circle ; see Bing (i). Der.
encircUy semi-circle ; and see circum-.
oircne, a ring. (L.) L. rir^wx (above).
Circuit. (F.-L) F. circuit, ^l^
ace circuiiwHy a going round. — L. cir-
cuitus, aUo circumi/usj pp. of circumlre
(also cinutre), to go round. — L. drcutUy
round ; ire, to go.
Circnm-, prefix^ round. (L.) L.
circuftty around, round; orig. ace of
circus, a circle ; see Circle. Der. circiivi-
ambient (see Ambient) ; circum-amhulate
(see Axnble) ; and see below.'
circitmcise. (L.) L. circmncls-usy
pp. of circumctdere, to cut round. — L.
circuniy round ; and cadere, to cut.
circnmference. (L.) L. circum-
ferentiay boundary of a circle. — X». circum-
ferent'y stem of pres. pt. oicircum-ferre, lo
carry round; from /erre, to bear.
Circnmflez. (L.) L. syl/aba cir-
cutnflexay a syllable marked with a cir-
cumflex (a) or *bent' mark. — L. rtVf/////-
flexuSy pp. of circum-flecterey to bend
round ; iiomflecterey to bend.
circumjacent, lying near. (L.)
From stem of pres. part, of circum-iacerCy
to lie around ; from iacerey to lie.
circnmlocntion. (L.) L. circum-
lociitioy a periphrasis. — L. circumloctttuSy
pp. of drcum-loquiy to speak in a round-
about way ; from loquiy to speak.
circnmscribe. (L.) L. cinum-
scrtberCy to write or draw around, to limit ;
from scriberey to write.
circumspect, prudent. (L.) L. cir-
awispectusy pmdent ; orig. pp. of circnm-
spicere, to look around; from specere, to
look.
circumstance. (F.-L.) Adapted
from O. F. circonstance. •• L. circumstcuKia,
lit. a standing around, also an attribute,
circumstance (influenced by F. circon-
stance).^!^. ctrcumstant-f stem ofpres.pt.
ofdrcum-stdre, to stand round ; from stare y
to stand.
Circus ; see Circle.
Cirms, a fleecy cloud, tendril. (L.)
L. drrusy a curl, curled hair.
Cist, a sort of tomb. (L.— Gk.) L.
cista, a chest. — Gk. Hiartfy a box, chest.
cistern. (F.-L.— Gk.) Y.dsteme.
— L. cisternay a reservoir for water. — L.
cista y as above.'
Cistvaen, a British monument. (L.
and W.) W. cistfaeuy a stone chest,
monument made with four upright stones,
and a fifth on the top. — W. cist, a chest
(from L. dstcC) ; and tnaeny a stone.
Cit, Citadel ; see civil (below).
Cite, to summon, quote. (F.— L.) F.
dter. — L. dtdrey frequent, of cierCy to
rouse, excite, call. 4* G^* '^^'^'^j ^ g^*
91
^
CITHERN, CITTERN
(VK.I.) See Hie. Der. ex-cite, in-eite,
re-cite.
Cithern, Cittern, a kind of guitar.
L. — Gk.) [Also M. E. giteme ; from O.
\guiteme, a guitar.] The n is excres-
cent, as in bitter-n, in imitation of M. £.
giteme. '^'C, citkara.'^Gk. KtOdfMy a kind
of lyre or lute.
Cltiien; see Civil (below).
Citron. (F.-L.-Gk.) ¥, citron. -^
Late L. ace. citronem.^h. citrus, orange-
tree. — Gk. tcirpov, a citron ; Ktrpia, citron-
tree.
City; see Civil Cbelow).
Civet. (F.— Arab.) ¥. civette, civet;
also the civet-cat ; Ital. zibetto ; borrowed
from medieval Gk. ^aviriov (Brachet).»
Arab, zahad, civet ; Rich. Diet. p. 767.
Civil. (F. — L.) F. civil. ^Ij. ctutlis,
belonging to citizens. --L. ciuis, a citizen.
Allied to A. S. htwan, members of a
household. Der. civil-ise, civil-i-an,
cit ; short for oitisen (below).
citadel. (F.-Ital.-L.) Y.dtcuUlU.
i- Ital. cittadella, a small town, fort ;
dimin. of cittade «= cittate {cittd), a city. —
L. ciuitdtem, ace. of ciuitds, a city. — L.
ciuis, a citizen (above).
citisen. (F. — L.) M. £. citesein,
from A. F. citisein, in which s was an
insertion. — O. F. citeain (F. citoyen) ;
formed from O. F. cite {cit£) city, by help
of the suffix -ain — L. -anus ; see below.
cit^. (F.-L.) M. E. cite, citee. -
O.F. cite (F. cit^ . — Late L. tyi^*civUdtem,
for ciuitdtem, ace. of ctuitds ; see citadel.
Clachany a small village with a church.
(Gael.) Gael. clachan,{i) a circle of stones,
(2) a small rude church, (3) a small village
with a church, -i Gael, clach, a stone. So
also Irish clacAan, a hamlet ; dock, O. Ir.
clock, a stone.
Clack. (E.) M.E. clacken. Imitative;
allied to Crack. £. Fries, klakken.-^
Icel. klaka, to chatter; Du. klakken, to
clack, crack; Irish clc^, the clapper of
a mill.
Claim, to demand, call out for. (F. —
L.) O.F. clcumer, clamer.^1^. cldmdre,
to call out; cf. O. L. caldre, to pro-
claim; Gk. xaAcfv, to summon. Der.
ac-claim, de-claim, ex-claim, pro-claim,
re-claim ; also (from pp. clamdtus) ac-
clamat-ion, de-clamat-ion, ex-clamat-ion,
pro-clamat'ion, re-clamat-ion,
clamour. (F. — L.) lA.^.. clamour.
— O. F. clamour, ^ L. ace. cldmorem, an
CLARION
outcry.— L. cldmdre {^iho\e). "Det, clamor*
ous.
Clamber, to climb by graspmg tightly.
(E. ; perhaps Scand.) XV. cent M. E.
clameren, clamhren. Cf. Icel. klambra,
to pinch closely together; Dan. klamre,
to grip firmly ; see Clamp. Affected by
Climb, of which the M. E. pt. t. was
clamb, clam.
Clammy, viscous. (E.) Earliest form
clay my, perhaps* from A. S. cldm^ clay (see
Clay) ; but confused with an adj. clam^
sticky ; with which cf. £. Fries, and Du.
klam, Dan. klam, clammy, moist. See
Clamp.
Clamour; see Claim.
Clamp. (I>u.) XV. cent. Dvi.klampe,
a holdfast ; whence klampen, to clamp,
grapple, also to board a ship. •4" Dan.
klamme, a cramp-iron ; Swed. klamp, the
same ; Icel. klombr, a smith's vice ; Teut.
base *klamp, answering to the 2nd grade
of M. H. G. klimpfen, to press tightly
together. Cf. Clump.
Clan. (Gael.) Gael, clann, ofFsprmg,
children ; Irish eland, clann, descendants,
a tribe; ^. plant, pi. offspring, children.
Cf. Skt. kula(m), a nerd, family. Brugm.
i. § 669.
Clandestine. (L.) L. clandestinus,
secret, close. Allied to clam, secretly.
Clangf, to resound. (L.) L. clangere,
to resound ; whence clangor, a loud noise.
•4*Gk. it>jorffi\, a dang; allied to KKik^uv^
to clash (fut. Khari^oi). Der. clang-or.
See below.
Clank, a heavy rmging sound. (Du.)
XVII cent. — Du. klank, * a ringing ; '
Hexham. Cf. Du. klonk, pt. t. ofklin^en,
to clink. See Clink. Der. clank, vb.
Clap. (E.) M. E. clappen. [We only
find A. S. clceppetan, to palpitate; Voc.
473.] E. Fries, klappen, to clap hands.
The orig. sense is to make a noise by
striking, -f* ^cel. klappa, Swed. klappa,
Dan. klappe, Du. klappen, M. H. G. klaffen,
to pat, clap, prate, make a noise. Allied
to Clack, Clatter.
Claret. (F. — L.) Orig. a light red wine.
M. E. claret. - O. F. claret, clairet (F.
^/aiV^/), adj. ; dimin. of clair, clear. i-L.
cldrus, clear. See Clear
clarify. (F.-L.) O.Y.claHfier.^
L. cldrificdre, to make clear. — L. cldri-,
from cldrus, clear ; and -Jic-, for facere^
to make.
clarion. (F. - L.) M. E. darioun. —
92
CLASH
CLEVER
O. F. ^clarion^ claron (F. clair&n), a clear-
sounding horn, i- Late L. ace. cldrimetn, —
L. cldri' (as above).
Clasll* (E.) An imitatiye word ; sug-
gested by clcuk and crcuhf dash, 8cc Cf.
£. Fries. kJcUsen, to crack a whip.
Clasp. (£•) M*. £. claspey elapse^ sb. ;
clasptn^ clapsen, vb. The base seems to be
klap-S', extended from klap- (see Clap),
and influenced by M. £. cHppen, to em-
brace. 'Cf. G. klafiery a fathom; Lith.
giiiys, an armful ; knd cf. Orasp.
Glass. (F. — L.) F. classe^ a rank.—
L. ace. classeMf a class, assembly, fleet.
Clattdr. (F.) A frequentative of ^/a/,
which is a by-form of ClAok. A. S. clat-
rung, a clattering ; £. Fries, klaitem, to
clatter. •4- I^- klateren, to clatter. Of
imitative origin.
Clause. (F.— L.) F. r/a«<j^. — LateL.
clausa, a passage, from a book, a clause.—
L. clausus, pp. of claudere, to shut.4-
O. Fries, sluta, to shut. See Slot (i).
(^KLEU.) Brugm. i. % 795.
Cnavide, the collar-bone. (F. ~ L.)
F. cUnncule, the collar-bone. — L. cldutcula,
lit. a small key ; dimin. of clduisy a key.
Allied to claudere ; see Clause.
Claw. (E.) M..E. clau, dee, A. S.
clawu (also cled)^ a claw.4-I^u. klaauw\
G. klaue\ Icel. kid, Dan. Swed. klo.
Allied to Clew ; from a Teut. base *klau-,
and grade of *2/^m-, to draw together;
cf. O. H. G. kluwi^ forceps.
Clay. (E.) M. E. clai, cUy, A. S.
clag.'fjyxk. and Low G. k^t\ Dan. klag.
Teut type *klai'jdy fem, ; from *klai-, 2nd
grade of Tent root ^klei- ; cf. A. S. cldm
(for *klaumoz)f earthenware ; Gk. 7Xo(-<$s,
sticky matter. See Cleave (a) and due.
Claymore^ a Scottish broadsword.
(Gad!) Gael, claidheamh mor^ a great
sword. Here claidheamh is cognate with
W. cUddyf^ O. Jr. claideh^ sword ; and
Gael, mar^ great, is allied to W. mawrj
great Cf. W. cUdd, a sword.
Clean. (E.) M. E. cUne, A. S. clSne,
clear, pure. ^ O. Sax. dent, cleini ; O.
Fries, klen ; Du. klein, small ; G. klein,
O. H. G. chleini, pure, bright, fine, small.
All from Teut. *klaini', orig. ' clear, pure.'
cleanse. (E.) A. S. cklmianf to
make clean.— A. S. dane, clean.
Clear. (F. - L.) M. E. deer, der. - O.F.
der, dair, — L. ddrus, bright, clear, loud.
Cleaty a piece of iron for strengthening
the lolet of^ shoes ; a piece of wood or |
iron to fasten ropes to, (E.) M. E. dete,
a wedge (as if from A. S. *deaf)y also
elite, dote, a lump; cognate with Du.
klooty a ball, G. kloss, a clot, lump. Allied
to Clot ; and see Clout.
Cleave (!)> to split. (E.) Strong verb.
A. S. cleofan, pt. t. deaf, pp. clofen ( ■«
E. r/^^if ).4-Du. klieven, Icel. kljufa (pt. L
klauf), Swed. klyfva, Dan. kldve, G. hlie-
ben. Teut. base *kleub ; cf. Gk. 7XW-
<i^(iv, to hollow out.
cleft, Clifb. (Scand.) The old spelling
is f/i^. — Icel. kluft, Swed. klyft, Dan.
kloft, a cleft, chink, cave. — Icel. kluf-,
weak grade of kljitfa (above) ; cf. Swed*
klyfua, to cleave.
CleaTC (a), to stick. (£.) Weak verb.
The correct pt. t. is cleaved, not clave,
which belongs to the verb above. A. S.
clifian, cleofian, pt. t. clifode.'^'Dvi, kleven,
Swed, klioba stg, G. kleben, to adhere,
cleave to. All from Teut base *klib-,
weak grade of Teut. root *kleib', found in
A. S. clifan (pt t ddf), Du. be-klifoen,
to cleave to. Allied to Clay, Climb.
Clef, a key, in music. (F.— L.) F. clef,
— L. clduem, ace. of clduis, a key.
Cleft; see Cleave (i).
Clematis, a plant (Gk.) Gk. ivAi7/4art;,
a creeping plant.- Gk. kKtuMr-, stem of
icXriitay a ^oot, twig.— Gk. Kh&tw, to
hreik off, prune (Brugm. ii. % 661).
Clement. (F.-L.) F. dement, ^t,,
dementem, ace. of clemens, mild.
Clench ; see Clinch.
Clerestory, an upper story in a church,
furnished with windows, (F.— L.) Old
spelling of clear-story. The triforium
below is sometimes called the blind-story.
See Story (a).
Clerk. (F. - L. - Gk.) A. S. and O. F.
cUtrc'^'L, clericus,^Gk. tcXrfpiK^St one oi
the clergy. — Gk. KXijpos, a lot ; in late Gk.,
the clergy, whose portion is the Lord,
Dent, xviii. a, i Pet v. 3 ; cf. Acts i. 17.
(St. Jerome.)
clergT. (F.— L.) 'M.,E. clergte, often
also (a) * Teaming.' — (i) O. F. dergie, as if
from L. *clericta; (a) mod. F. dergS,
from Late L. clericdtus, clerkship. — Late
L. clericus, a clerk (above).
Clever. (E.) Cleverly is in Butler's
Hudibras, i. i. 398 (1663). For M. £.
diver, adj., meaning ready to seize, allied
to M. E. diver, a claw, and to Cleave (a).
So also E. Fries, kliifer, clever, Dan.
dial, klover, klever (Molbech). ^ It took
93
CLEW, CLUE
the place of M. £. deliver^ quick, nimble,
Ch. prol. 84. — O. F. delivrt^ free, prompt,
alert ; compounded of L. di, prefix, and
liber ^ free ; see Deliver.
Clew, Clue, a ball of thread. (£.)
M. E. clewe. A. S. cliwen^ a clew ; also
cliowe (Epinal gl. cleoutiae).'^'D\\,, kluwen^
whence kluwenen, to wind on clews (E.
clew up a sail) ; M. Low G. kluwen ; and
cf. G. knciuel \ior *klauel)y a clew. Per-
haps allied to L. gluere, to draw together.
Cf. Olaw.
Click. (E.) An imitative word, ex-
pressing a lighter and thinner sound than
Glaok. E. Fries, klikken. Cf. Du. klik-
klakken, to clash.
Client. (F.— L.) F. client, a suitor.—
L. clientem, ace. of cliens = cluens, orig. a
hearer, one who listens to advice ; pres. pt.
of cluere, to hear. (-^KLEU.)
Cliff, a steep rock, headland. (£.)
A. S. clify a rock, cliff.+Du. and Icel.
klif\ O. H.G. klep. Cf. G. and Dan.
klippe^ Swed. klippa, a crag ; and Icel.
kleif^ a ridge of cliffs.
Climate. (F. — L. — Gk.) yiJE, climat,
— F. climat.^luZXQ L. climat-^ stem of
clima.^G\i, KXifuiT-, stem of icKifia, a
slope, zone, region of the earth, climate. —
Gk. KkivtiVy to lean, slope ; see Lean.
climaeter, a critical time of life. (F.
— Gk.) M.F, climacUre, adj.; whence ran
clitnactere, * the climatericall {sic) year ;
every 7th, or 9th, or the 63 yeare of a
man s life, all very dangerous, but the last,
most;' Cot. — Gk. KkiftaKtrip, a step of a
ladder, a dangerous period of life. — Gk.
icXtfjuxK'y stem of icXifia^, a ladder, climax,
with suffix -TTjp of the agent ; see below.
climax, the highest degree. (Gk.)
Gk. K\TfM(, a ladder, staircase, highest
pitch of expression (in rhetoric). — Gk.
K\iv€iv, to slope. Der. anti-climax.
clime. (L. — Gk.) L.. clinMf B. cUmsLte.
— Gk. KXifta ; see Climate.
Climb. (E.) yi.K,climben,^\.A.clomb.
A. S. climban, pt. t. clamby pi. clumbon.-^
Du. klimmen, M.H.G. klimmen. Teut.
type *klimban; The m was orig. in-
serted in the present stem, and did not
belong to the root ; as is shewn by Icel.
klifa, to climb. Hence it is allied to
Cleave (2).
Clime ; see Climate.
Clinch, Clench, to rivet. (E.) M.E.
clenihen, ktenken, to strike smartly, to
make to clink ; causal of klinken, to clink.
CLOG
Cf. Du. klinkf a latch, rivet ; also, a blow ;
and O. H. G. klenkan, to knot or bind
together.
Cling. (E.) M. E. clingen, to become
stiff, be matted together. A.S. clingan
(pt. t. clang, pp. clungen)y to dry up,
shrivel up. -f Dan. klynge, to cluster. Allied
to Swed. klanga, to climb; O. H. G.
clunga, a clew.
Clinical. (F.-L.-Gk.) Y,clinique,
'one that is bedrid;' Cot. — L. clinicus,
the same. — Gk. «Aivi«($s, belonging to a
bed, a physician ; ^ KXivixii, his art.— Gk.
K\iinj, a bed. — Gk. xXtVciv, to lean; see
Ijean (i).
Clink. (E.) E. Fries, klinken. Nasa-
lised form of Click.^-l^n. klinken, to
sound, pt. t. kUmk, pp. geklonken ; Swed.
klinka, to jingle. Cf. Clank.
clinker, a hard cinder. (Du.) Du.
k linker, a clinker, named from the tinkling
sound which they make when they strike
each other. —Du. klinken, io cXvak; cog-
nate with E. clink,
clinqnant, glittering. (F.-Du.) In
Shak. Lit. * tinkling.' — F. clinquant, pres.
pt of O. F. clinquer, to clink. — Du.
klinken (above).
Clip, to cut. (Scand.) M. E. klippen. —
Icel. klippa, Swed. klippa, Dan. klippe, to
clip, shear hair. Cf. Snip. Der. clipper,
a ' cutter,' a fast vessel. •
Clique, a gang. (F. — Du.) F. clique, a
gang, noisy set. — O. F. cliquer, to click,
make a noise. — Du. klikken, to click,
clash ; also to inform, tell ; cf. Du. klikker,
a tell-tale. See Click.
Cloak, Cloke. (F. -C.) M. E. doke, -
O. North F. cloque, O. F. cloche, ^\jdXt\..
cloca, a bell ; also a horseman's cape, which
resembled a bell in shape : see below.
clock. (C.) The orig. sense was* bell';
bells preceded clocks for notifying times.
Either from M. Du. clocke (Du. klok), a
bell ; or from O. North F. cloque, a bell. -
Late L. cloc{c)a, a bell ; of Celtic origin. —
Irish ciog, a bell, clock ; clogaim, I ring
or sound as a bell ; O. Irish doc, a bell.
Cf. W. clock, a bell, &c. The G. glocke is
a borrowed word ; so also Du. klok, &c.
Clod. (E.) M. E. clod, clodde, A. S.
clod (in compounds), a lump of earth.
Teut. type *klU'do; from the weak grade
of Teut root *kleu; to stick together. See
Clew, Cloud. Cf. Clot.
Cloff, a hindrance; a wooden sole of
a shoe; wooden shoe. (E.) M.E. clog,
94
CLOISTER
CLUMSY
a log, clump. Not found in A. S. A late
word ; cf. Dan. klagge^ mud (Molbech).
Cloister. (F.-L.) M.E. cloister,'^
O. F. cloistre (F. cloStre\^\i, clauslrum,
lit. enclosure.— L. ciaus-us, pp. oi clau-
dere, to shut. See Claose.
dose (i>» to shut in. (F.-L.) M. £.
closen^'mO. F. clos, i pr. s. of O. F. clcrej
to shut'in. i«L. claudere (above). Der.
dose^ a' field ; dis-close, en-close, in-close,
close (a), shut up. (F.-L.) M.E.
clos, cloos.^O, F. f/«f, pp. of clap£ (above).
closet. (F. — L.) O. F. closet, dimin.
of cloSf an enclosed space. —O.F. clos,
pp. ; see close (2).
<not. (E.) M.E. clot, clotte, a ball,
esp. of eaitb. A. S. clolt, clot, a lump. 4-
G. klotz, a lump. Teut. type *klut-to-,
from the weak grade of Teut. base *kleut ;
see Cleat, Clout, Cluster.
Caoth. (E.) M. E. cloth, cloth, A. S.
cla8.'^T>VLf klud, G. kleid, a dress. Der.
clothes, A. S. clddas, pi. of cld9,
dothCf to cover with a cloth. (E.)
M. E. clot hen, clcUhen, pt. t. clothede (or
cladde), pp. clothed (or clad). Formed
from A. S. ^/(rfJJf.+Du. kleeden, from kleed ;
so also G. kleiden, from kleid, ^ But the
pt. t. and pp. clctd are of Scand. origin :
cf. IceL klcedd-r, pp. of kla^a, to clothe ;
Swed. kladd, pp. olkldda.
Cloud. (E.) M. £. cloud, orig. a mass
of vapours ; the same Word as M. £. cliidy
a mass of rock. A. S. cliid, a round mass,
mass of rock, hill. From Teut. root *kleu,
to stick together ; see Clew, Clod.
Clontfh, a hollow in a hill-side. (£.)
M. K,ciough, cloje. Answering to A. S.
*cldh, not found ; coj^nate with O. H. G.
kldh. The A.S. *cloh ( = O.H.G. kldh,
as in Klcthuelde^ Forstemann) represents
a Teut. type *klanxo-, from *klanxt 2nd
grade of HHnx ; cf. G. klinge, O. H. G.
chlinga, a dough (Acad., Aug. and Sept.
1889).
Clout, a patch. (E.) Vi,^ clout. A.S.
cliit, a patch ; whence W. clwt^ Corn, clut^
a patch, clout; Ir. and Gael, dud, the
same. Orig. sense ' mass, piece of stuff' ;
orig. Teut. type *klut-oz, from Teut. root
*klut-, *kleut-, as seen in Clot. Closely
allied to Cleat (which is from the 2nd
grade of the same root).
Clove (1)1 a kind of spice. (F. — L.)
M. E. dotv ; the change to clove, in the
XVIth cent, was due to the influence
of Ital. chiovo. — F. dott^ a nail ; clou
de girofle, *a clove,' Cot.; from the
semblance to a nail. Cf. Span. clcmOy a
nail, also a clove.»L. clduum, ace of
dduus, a nail. 4*0. Irish do, a nail.
Clove (2), a bulb, or spherical shell of
a bulb of garlic, &c. (E.) A.S. clufu, f. ;
cf. cluf-wyrt, a buttercup (lit dove-wort).
Named from its cleavage into shells.—
A. S. cluf-, weak grade oideofan, to split;
see Cleave (i). Cf. Icel. kl^, a cleft
Clove (3), a weight (F.-L.) A. F.
clou ; the same word as Clove (i).—Late
L. cImjus, a weight (for wool).
Clover. (E.) M. E. daver, A. S.
cldfre^ clSfre, tTefoil.4>L>u. hlaver, whence
Swed. klqfver, Dan. klover; Low G.
hlever; cf. G. ilee, ^ The supposed
connexion with cleave (i) is impossible.
Clown. (Scand.) Icel. /^/i/Mm, a clumsy,
boorish fellow : Swed. dial, klunn, a log,
kluns, a clownish fellow; Dan. klunt^ a
log ; cf. Dan. kluntet, clumsy. Allied to
Clump. Orig. sense ' log * or ' clod.*
Cloy. (F. — L.) Orig. to stop up, hence,
to sate. M . F. cloyer, * to cloy, stop up, ' Cot. ;
a by-form of F. clouer (O.F. doer), to nail,
fasten up. [A horse pricked with a nail,
in shoeing, was said to be cloyed^^O,Y,
do, F. clou, a nail ; see Clove (i). % Cloy
(in E.) is usually short for ac-cloy or a-cloy,
where the prefix a- represents F. en- ; see
F. endouer, endqyer in Cotgrave.
Club (0) ^ heavy stick. (Scand.) M.E.
clubbe, » Icel. klubba, klumba, a dub ;
Swed. klubb, a club, log, lump ; Dan. klub,
club, klitmp, lump. A mere variant oi
Clump below. See Golf.
club (2), an association. (Scand.)
XVII cent Lit 'a clump of people.'
Cf. Swed. dial, klubb, a clump, lump, also
a knot of people (Rietz). See above.
Cluck. (E.) M.E. clokhen, to cluck
as a hen ; a mere variant of Claok.^
Du. klokken, Dan. klukke, G. gluchen;
L. gloctre. An imitative word.
Clue ; see Clew.
Clumpi a mass, block. (E.) XVI
cent. Not in A.S., except as in clymp-re,
a clump. Cf. Dan. klump, Swed. klump ;
Du. klomp. Low G. klump, a dump,
lump, log ; (Icel. klumba, a club, with b
for p). From klump-, weak grade of
Teut *klemp-,tiS in M.H.G. klimpfen, to
press tightly together. Cf. Clamp.
Clumsy. (Scand.) Cf. M. E. clumsed,
clomsed, benumbed ; benumbed fingers are
clumsy. This is the pp. of clomsen, to
95.
CLUSTER
benumb, or to feel benumbed. Cf. Swed.
diaL klummsen, benumbed (Rietz) ; Icel.
kiumsa, lock-jawed. Cf. Dn. kiemmen, to
pinch; kleumenftohthtaviXXihediykUumschf
numb with cold ; also A. S. clontf clam, a
bond, clasp. See Olajnmy.
Cluter, a bunch. (£.) A. S. cluster,
clyster y a bunch. 4- Low G. kluster. Suggests
a Teut. type *klut'tro-, a cluster ; formed
with suffix 'tro from *klut-f weak grade of
Teut. root *kleut't to mass together; for
which see Clot, Cleat, Clout.
^utchi to seize. (£.) M. £. clucchen,
clicchen, A. S. clyccan (whence pp. ge-
clihty Somner). We find also M. £. cloke,
a claw; which was superseded by the
verbal form.
CluttOTf a clotted mass ; also clutter,
vb., to clot (£.) Clutter^ vb., is a variant
of clotter^ to run into dots ; see Clot, and
cf. £. Fries. Jklutem, to become clotted.
Clutter also meant confusion, a confused
heap, turmoil, din ; by association with
Clatter. Cf. £. Fries, kloter, a rattle.
Clyster. (L.— Gk.) L. clyster, an
injection into the bowels. *Gk. Kkvirrffp, a
clyster, syringe.— Gk. AcXvfctv, to wash. 4*
L. cliiere^ to wash. (^KL£U.)
Co-f prefix. (L.) L. co-^ together ;
used for con- {^cum\ together, l^fore a
vowel. Hence, co-efficient, co-equal^ co-
operate, cO'Ordinate. See others below;
and see Con-.
Coaoh. (F. — Hung.) F. cocAe, ^ a
coach ; * Cot. £tym. disputed. Said, as
early as A. D. 1553, to be a Hungarian
word ; from Hung, kocsi, a coach, so called
because first made at a Hung, village called
ICocsi or Kocs, near Raab ; see Littr^, and
Beckmann, Hist, of Inventions.
Coadjutor. (F.-L.) XV cent. A.F.
coadjutour, — L. co-t for con- « cum,iogetheT;
and adiutor, an assistant, from vb. adiu-
udre, to assist— L. cui-, to; iuudre, to
help.
CoagnlatO, to curdle. (L.) L. coSgu-
Idtus, pp. of codguldre, to curdle. — L.
codgulum, rennet, which causes milk to
run together. — L. co- (cupt), together ;
ag^ere, to drive.
Coal. (£.) M.E. f<)/. A.S. r<?/.+
Du. kool, Icel. Swed. kol, Dan. kul, G.
kohU, Cf. Skt. jval, to blaze.
Coalesoe, to grow together. (L.) L.
coaiescere. — L. co-yior con- = cum, together ;
and cUescere, to grow, inceptive of alere, to
nourish.
COCHINEAL
CoarS6f rough. (F.— L.) Formerly
course, an adj. which arose from the phrase
in course to denote anything of an ordinary
character; cf. mod. E. of course. See
Course.
Coast. (F. - L.) M. E. coste, - O. F.
coste (F. cdti), a rib, slope of a hill, shore.
— L. costa, a rib.
Coat. (F. -G.) M. £. cote. - O. F.
cote (F. cotte) ; Low L. cota, cotta, a coat.
— Mi H. G. kotte, kutte, a coarse mantle;
O. Sax. cot, the same.
Coax. (E. ?) Formerly cokes, vb., from
cokes, sb., a simpleton, dupe. Perhaps
allied to Cocker or to Cookney.
Cob (i), a round lump, knob. (E.) As
applied to a pony, it means short and
stout. M. K cob, a great person
(Hoccleve). In some senses, it seems to
be allied to A. S. copp, a top, summit.
cobble (i)f a small round lump. (£.)
M. E. cohylstone, a cobble-stone* Dimin.
oicob (above).
Cob (2), to beat. (£.) Cf. W. cobio, to
thump; cob, a bunch; prov. £. cop, to
strike, esp. on the cop or head. See Cob
(0.
Cobalt, a mineral. (G.) G. kobalt,
cobalt ; a nickname given by the miners,
because considered poisonous; better
spelt kobold, meaning (i) a demon, (2)
cobalt. Of G. origin (Kluge).
Cobble (i); see Cob (i).
Cobble (a), to patch up. (E.) Origin
unknown ; cf. Cob (a), of which it seems
to be the frequentative.
Cobra« a hooded snake. (Port.— L.)
Port, cobra, also cobra de capello, i. e. snake
with a hood. — L. colubra, snake ; di, of;
capellum, ace. of capellus, hat, hood,
dimin. of c&pa, a cape. See Notes and
Queries, 7 S. ii. 205.
Cobweb. (E.) M. E. copweb, coppe-
web ; from M. £. coppe, a spider, and web.
Cf. M. Du. kop, koppe, *a spider, or a cob/
Hexham. From A. S. coppa, as in dttor-
coppa, a spider; lit. poison-bunch; from
A. S. dttor, dtor, poison, and cop, a head.
Coca, a Peruvian plant. (Span. — Peruv.)
Span, coca, — Peruv. cuca\ Garcilasso, Peru,
bk. 8. c. 15. Distinct both from cocoa (or
coco) and cacao. Dor. coca-ine.
Cochineal. (F. - Span. - L. - Gk.)
F. cochenille.^S^Ti. cochinilla, cochineal
(made from insects which look like berries).
— L. coccinus, of a scarlet colour; see
Isaiah i. 18 (Vulgate). —L. cocatm, Khfjiy\
96
COCK
COD
also kemies, sapipoKd to bea henj.^Gk,
K&Mmas^ a berry, codiincaL
COGk(i),aiiiakbird. OL) M.£.<«^.
A. S. cocc ; from the bird s ay. ' Cryde
anon cok I cok!* Ch. C. T. Nnn's Piiest's
Tale, 457. Ct Skt. kukkmia, a code;
Malay bukuk, crowing of cocks. And
cf. Cackoo.
OOdkp the stop-cock of a baiiel, is the
same wcvd. So also G. kakH^ (i) a cock,
(a) a stop-cock.
COCkp pait of the lock of a gun. From
its original shape ; cf. G. den Hakn span"
fi€U, to cock a gnn.
cockade, a knot of ribbon on a hat.
(F.) F. coquartUj fern, of coquard^ sancy ;
also coquarde^ bonnet ^ la coquarde, ' any
bonnet or cap worn proudly ; ' Cot Formed
with saffix -an/ from F. caq, a cock (from
the bird's cry).
COClEercl, a yoong cock. (£.) Double
dimin. of Cock (i). Cf. pik^erel.
COCUofbf upper loft. (£. a»ul Scand.)
From cock and lofi. So also G. AaAnkaiken,
a roost, cockloft ; Dan. loftkammer, a loft-
chamber, room up in the rafters.
Cock (3), a pile of hay. (Scand.) Dan.
koky a heap ; prov. Dan. kok^ a hay-cock,
at kokke hoet^ to cock hay; loel. kokkry
lump, ball ; Swed. koka^ clod of earth.
Cock (3), to stick up abruptly. (£.)
Apparently with reference to the posture
pf a cock^s head when crowing ; or to that
of his crest or tail. Cf. Gael, coc, to cock ;
as in coc do bhoineidy cock your bonnet ;
coC'Shrowuhy cock-nosed. Ajid see Cock-
ade.
Cock (4), Cockboat, a small boat.
(F.-L.-Gk.) O. F. coque, a kind of
boat, orig. a shell. Cf. Span, coca, Ital.
cocca^ a . small ship. Derived (by Diez)
from L. concha^ a shell ; from Gk. Mdymf,
a cockle ; see Cookie (i).
Cockade ; see Cook (i).
Cockatoo, a kind of parrot. (Malay.)
Malay kakatua ; from the bird's cry. Cf.
Malay kukuk, crowing of cocks. Skt.
kukkuia, a cock. See Cook (i).
Cockatrice. (F.-LateL.-L.) By
confusion with cock, it was said to be a
monster hatched from a cock's egg, — O. F.
cocairice, — I^te L. cScdtrUem, ace. of
Cicatrix, cauc&trix^ answering to a Latin
type *caicdtrtx, i. e. ' the treader or tracker,'
used to render the Gk. Ixy^vfiory, and
afterwards transferred to mean 'crocodile'
«'see account in N. E. D.).>L. ea/cd-re, to
tread; with fem. suffix -/in>, of the
agent.
Cocker, to pamper. (E. ?) M. £.
cokeren (whence W. cocriy to fondle, in-
dulge). Cf. M. Dn. kokeleny kenitltn^
* to cocker, to foster/ Hexham ; M. F,
coqueliner^ 'to dandle, cocker, pamper
(a child) ; ' Cot Perhaps from cock^ as if
to make a nestle-codc or chick of.
Cockerel ; see Cook (i).
Cockle (i)> a sort of bivalve. (F. - L.
- Gk.) M. £. coktL [Cf. cocK a cockle
(P. Plowman, C. x. 95) ; A. S, sti^cofca ;
(where j^«sea).]— F. coanit/e, a cockle-
shell ; cf. Ital. cockigtia. •- Lat. type *cocky*
Hum, for conckytittm, a cockle, shell-fish.
— Gk. leorfxykioVf a cockle, dimin. of gey*
mikfi, from xiyicti, a cockle or mussel.
Cockle (a), a weed among com. (E.)
A. S. cocce/t tares; whence Gael, copai/f
tares, husks, cockle; cogulty corn-cockle;
Irish cogaii, com*cockle.
Cockle (.^)» to be uneven, pucker up,
(Scand.) Of Scand. origin ; cf. Norw.
kokiutt, lumpy, uneven, * cockled up ; *
from Norw. koklg, a little lump, dimin. of
kok, a lump; see Cook (a). Cf. Swed.
kokkeif dimm. of koka^ a clod.
Cockloft ; see Cock (i).
Cockney I orig. an effeminate person.
(£.) Florio has: ' CaccAcre//$\ cackllngs
of hens ; also egs, as we say cockantgs*
From M. £. cokenay^ a foolish person, Ch.
C. T. 4208. Lit. * cocks' egg y i.e. yolk-
less t%g. From M. £. coken^ gen. pi. of
coky a cock ; and ay^ ey^ A. S. ar^ egg.
See C. S. Bume, Shropshire Folk-lore,
p. a 39.
Cockroach. (Span.) From Span.
cucaracka, a wood-louse, cockroach ; from
cuca (also cuco)^ a kind of caterpillar.
Origin uncertain.
Cocoa (0) Coco, the cocoa-nut palm.
(Fort.) Port, and Span. cocOy a bugbear,
an ugly mask to frighten children ; nence
applied to the cocoa-nut on account of
the monkev-like face at the base of the
nut. Cf. Span, cocary to make grimaces.
Cocoa (a;, a corrupt form of Caoao.
Cocoon^ case of a chrysalis. (K. — L. —
Gk.) F. cocon, a cocoon ; from eoquCf a
shell. See Cook (4).
Cod (i), a fish. (£.1) Spelt codtie in
Palsgrave. Perhaps named from its round-
ed shape; cf. M. Dn. kodde^ a club ^ lex-
ham) ; and see below. Der. cod- lift f(^ a
yotmg cod ; M. E. coillyng.
97
/
/
t
coo
Cod (a)} a husk, bag, bolster. '(^)
Hence, peas-cod, husk of a pea. A. S. codd,
a bag.HKIcel. k^kidi, pillow, kodri, scrotum ;
Swed. kmlde, a cushion.
Coddle, to pamper, render effeminate.
(F. - L. ?) Perhaps for caudle, vb. (in
Shak.), to treat with caudle ; see Caudle.
Cf. prov. £. coddle, to parboil, stew.
Code*. a digest of laws. (F.~L.) F.
code. — L. codicem, ace. of codeXj a tablet,
book ; older form caudex, a trunk of a
tree.
codicil. (L.) L. codicillus^ a codicil
to a will ; dimin. of codex (stem codic-).
' Codling (0) CodUn, a kind of apple.
(C. ?) Earlier spellings querdling, quad-
ling, quodling. Apparently formed, with
£. suffix 'ling, from Irish cueirt, an apple-
tree.
Codling (2^ ; see Cod (i).
Coerce. (L.) L. coercere, to compel.
— L. CO- (cum), together; arcere, to en-
close, confine, allira to area, a diest ; see
Ark.
Coffee. (Turk. -Arab.) Turk, ^a^-
z/M."-Arab. qahwah, coffee.
Coffer. (F. - L. - Gk.) M. E. cofre.
— O. F. cofre, also cqfin, a chest. — L. ace.
cophinum, * Gk. m6<Ikvos, a basket.
coffin. (F. — L.— Gk.) Orig. a case,
chest. — O. F. cofin, as above. (Doublet
q{ cOjffer.)
Cog (i)} a tooth on a wheel-rim.
(Scand.) M. £. cogge [whence Gael,
and Irish cog, a mill-cog ; W. cacos, cocs,
cogs of a wheel]. Not in A. S. --M. Dan.
Jkogge, a cog, kogge-kjul, a cog-wheel
(Kalkar) ; Swed. kugge, a cog ; M. Swed.
kugg (Ihre).
Cog (a)* to trick. (Scand.) Prob.
to catch as with a cog; to cog a die, to
check it so as to make it fall as desired.
Cf. Swed. dial, kugg, Norw. kogga, to
dupe; Swed. kugga, 'to cheat, to cog;*
Oman.
Cogent. (L.) L. cogenl; stem of
pres. part, of cogere, to compel ; for
cO'Ogerc {^con-a^re), lit to drive to-
gether. Brugm. 1. § 968.
Cogitate. (L.) L. cogitdtus, pp. of
cogitdre, to think; for co^gitdre, from
CO-, con; together, and agitdre, to agitate,
frequent, of agere, to drive.
Cognate. (L) L. co-gndtus, allied
by birth. — L. co- (for cuni), together;
gndtus, bom, old form of ndtus, pp. of
nasci, to be bom; see 19'fttal.
COISTREL
Cognisance, knowledge, a badge. (F.
— L.) Formerly conisaunce. — O. F. con-
noissance, knowledge ; M. F. cognoissance,
— O. F. conoissant, pres. pt of O. F.
conoistre, to know. — L. cognoscere, to
know. •- L. CO- {cum), together, fully;
gnoscere, to know ; see Enow.
cognition, perception. (L.) From
ace. of L. cognitio,'mh, cognitus, pp. of
cognoscere (above).
COgnomeni a sumame. (L.) L. co-
gnomen, a sumame.— L. co- (cum), with;
ndmen, a name, altered to gndmen by con-
fusion with gnoscere, noscere, to know^
See Noun, Name.
Cohabit. (L.) L. co-habitdre, to
dwell together with. — L. co- (cum-), to-
gether; habitdre, to dwell. See Habi-
tation.
Cohere. (L.) L. co-harere, to stick
together (pp. r0^«ji/j). — L. r^, together;
harere, to stick. Per. cohes'ion, cohes-
ive, from the pp.
Cohorty a band of soldiers. (F.~L.)
F. cohorte.mm'L, acc, cohortem, from cohors,
a court, also a band of soldiers. See
Court, of which it is a doublet.
Coif, QlI0i£( a cap. (F.-G.-L.)
O. F. coije, coiffe ; Low L. cofea, a cap. —
M. H. G. kuffe, kupfct a cap worn under
the helmet ; O. H. G. chuppha ; stem
^kupp-jdn-.^O, H. G. chuph (G. kopf), a
cup ; also, the head. — L. cuppa ; see Cap.
Coign ; see Coin.
Coif (I), to gather together. (F.-L.)
' Coiled up in a cable ; ' Beaumont and
Fletcher. — O. F. coillir, to collect. — L.
colligere', see Colleot.
Coil (a)> a noise, bustle. (F. ^ L.?)
Orig. a colloquial or slang expression;
prob. from Ooil(i). We find 'a coil of
hay,* a heap ; and coiU to twist.
Coin. (F.-L.) M. E. coin. - O. F.
coin, a wedge, stamp on a coin, a coin
(stamped by means of a wedge). — L.
cuneum, ace ofcuneus, a wedge. Perhaps
allied to Cone.
coign. (F.— L.) F. coing, coin, a
comer ; lit. a wedge (as above).
Coincide, to agree with. (L.) L. co-
(for con- '^ cum, with); and incidere, to
fall upon, from in, upon, and cadere, to
fall.
Coistrel, a mean fellow. (F. — L.)
For coustrel, the older form (Palsgrave),
An E. adaptation of M.F. coustillier,
an armour-bearer, lackey ; lit. ' one who
98
COIT
COLLOP
carries a poinard.' * M. F. coustilU, a
poniard ; variant of O. F. cotistel, better
coutelj a knife.— L. cuUellum, ace. oi cul'
ieilus, a knife; dimin. of culter. See
Coulter.
Coit ; see Qnoit.
Coke, charred coal. (E. f) < Coke,
pit-coal or sea-coal charred ; * Ray, 1674.
£tym. unknown ; cf. M. £. colk, the core
(of an apple).
Colanaer. Cullender, a strainer.
(L.) Equivalent to Med. L. cdldtorium^ a
strainer ; apparently coined from L. colant-t
stem of pres. part, of coldre, to strain. —L.
colum, a sieve. Or the M. £. colindore
may have been taken from Span, colador^
a strainer (from L. coldre).
Cold. (E.) M. £. cold, kald, adj.;
O. Merc, caldy A. S. ceald, adj. 4* Icel.
kaldr, Swed. kally Dan. bold. Da. koudj
Goth, kalds, G. kalt. Tent. *kai-doz,
cold ; from Tent. *kal, to be cold (as in
Icel. kaia, to freeze), with suffix -doz » Gk.
'tSs. Cf. Lat. gel-iduSf cold; see Con-
geal, Chill, Cool.
Cole, Colewort, cabbage. (L.) For
'Worty see "Wort. M. £. col, caul, A. S.
caul, cdwel (or Icel. kdl), »- L. caulis, a
stalk, cabbage. +Gk. ieavX6s, a stalk.
Coleoptera, sheath -winged insects.
(Gk.) Gk. KoK^i-s, a sheath; wr^p^v, a
wing.
Colic. (F.-L.-Gk.) Short for coHc
pain.'^Y, colique, adj. — L. cdlicus,m^Gk.
KwKutSs, for ko\ik6s, suffering in the colon.
— Gk. tc6\oy. See Colon ^2).
Coliseum. (Med. L.—Gk.) The same
as colossium,K large amphitheatre at Rome,
so named from its magnitude (Gibbon).
The Ital. word is coliseo. See CoIossub.
Collapse^ to shrink together, fall in.
(L.) First used in the pp. collafsed.
Englished from L. collapsus, pp. of colldbt,
to fall together. — L. col- (for con-, i. e. cum)^
together ; Idii, to slip. See Iiapse.
Collar. (F. - L.) M. E. and A. F.
coler.^O, F. colter , a collar. «L. colldre, a
band for the neck.— L. collum, the neck.«f
A. S. Aealf, G. Aals, the neck.
CoUety the part of the ring in which
the stone is set. (F. — L.) ¥, collet, a
collar. — F. col, neck.— L.- collum, ntck.
Collateral. (L.) taHtl^collaterdlis,
tide by side. — L. col- (for com^^cum),
with; lateralis, lateral, from later-, for
*lcUeS'j stem of latus, side.
Collifttioiii a comparison; formerly, a
conference. (F.— L.) O. F. collatum, a
conference. — L. ace. colldtionem^ a bring-
hig together, a conferring. — L. coUdium,
supine in use with the verb conferre, to
bring together (but from a different root).
^\j,col- {(or con- = cum), together ; latum,
supine of tolUre, to take, bear. See
Tolerate.
Colleane (i), a partner. (F.-L.)
M. F. couegue. — L. collega, a partner in
office. — F. col' (for con-, cum)^ with;
legere, to choose ; see Iiegend.
Colleague (2), to join in an alliance.
(F. — L.) O. F. colliguer, colieguer, to
colleague with. — L. colligdre, to bind
together. — L. col- (for con-, cum), to-
gether ; ligdre, to bind. See League (i).
Collect, vb. (F.-L.) O.Y,collecter^
to collect money (Roquefort). — Late L.
collectdre (the same), from collecta, a col-
lection, orig. fem. of pp. of colligere, to
collect. — L. col- (for con-, cum), with;
legere, to gather ; see Legend.
collect, sb. (L.) Late L. collecta, a
collection in money, an assembly for
prayer, hence a short prayer ; see above.
Colleen, a girl. (Irish.) Irish cailin,
a girl ; dimin. of caile, a country-woman.
Gael, cailin, dimin. of caile.
Colletfe, an assembly, seminary. (F.—
L.) O . F. college. — L. collegium, society of
colleagues or companions.— L. collega, a
colleague; see Colleague (i).
Collet ; see Collar.
Collide. (L.) L. collidere, to dash to-
gether.—L. col' (for con-, cum), together;
ladere, to strike, hurt. Der. collis-ion
(from pp. colliS'Us),
CoUie, Colly, a kind of shepherd's
dog. (E.) Formerly, coalfy, coley\ prob.
the same as coal-y, coal-coloured, black.
Cf. obs. colly, adj., coal-black ; collied in
Shak. M. N. D. i. i. 145.
Collier. (E.) lA.K colter \ fromM.E.
col, coal. Cf. bow-yer, saw-yer.
Collocate* to place together. (L.)
From pp. of L. col-locdre, to place together.
— L. col- (for con-, «#»»), together; locdre,
tojplace, from locus, a place.
Collodion, a solution of gun-cotton.
(Gk.) From Gk. KoiOM-r^^, glue-like. —
Gk. KliKK-Of glue; -clSi/r, like, c75of,
appearance.
Collop, a slice of meat. (E. ?) M. £•
coloppe, col-hoppe ; pi. col-hoppes (P. Plow-
man>, whence M. Swed. kollops, Swed.
kalops. Here col- -= coal (see Coal) ; cf.
99
COLLOQUY
Swed. diaL gloi^hoppa^ a cake baked over
^ledes or hot coals. (E. Bjorkman).
CoUoony* (L.) From L. colloquium^
conversation. — L. col-loqtiiy to converse
with^ lit to speak togelner.— L. col- (for
con-^ cuni)y together; loguly to speak.
CoUudey to act with others in a fraud.
(L.) L. colludere (pp. collusus)^ to play
with, act in collusion with. — L. col-
(for con-, cum)f with; ludere, to play.
Der, collus'ion, from the pp.
Colocynth, Coloq^nmtida, pith of
the fruit of a kind ot cucumber. (Gk.)
From the nom. and ace cases of Gk.
, Ko\oKW$is (ace. Ko\otcvy$i^)y a kind of
round gourd or pumpkin.
. Colon (i)f a mark (:) in writing and
printing. (Gk.) . Gk. «ctf\or, a limb,
clause ; hence, a stop marking off a clause.
• Colon (a)i part of the intestines. (Gk.)
Gk. k6Kov, the same.
: Colonel. (F. - Ital - L.) Sometimes
coronelf whicn is the Span, spelling;
whence the pronunciation as kumeL^^Y.
colonelf colonnel, — Ital. r^^/i^/^, a colonel;
lit. a little column, as being *■ the upholder
of the regiment ; * Torriano. The colonel
was he who led the company at the head
of the regiment. Dimin. of Ital. cohnna,
a colunuL — L. columnar a column. See
Column.
Golonnada. (F. - lul. - L.) F.
colonnade, <m Ital. colonnata, a range of
columns. « Ital. colouna^ a colunm (above).
Colony. (F. - L.) F. colonie, — L.
colonia, a colony, band of husbandmen.
— L. coldnuSf a husbandman.— L. colere,
to till. Colere is for *quelere; cf. L.
inquilfnus, a sojourner. Brugm. i. § 121.
Coll^^lionf an inscription at the end of
a book, with title, and (sometimes) name
and date. (Gk.) Late L. colophon. — Gk.
KoKoifwy, a summit; hence, a finishing-
stroke. Allied to Coluxxui.
Coloqnintida ; see Coiooynth.
Colossus. (L. - Gk.) L. colossus. —
Gk. ieoKoaads, a large statue. Der. coloss-
al, i. e. large ; coliseum^ q. v.
Colour. (F.-L.) U.E.colour.^O.F.
colour (F. couleur).'^'L, ace. colorem, from
coloTf a tint.
Colporteur, a hawker of wares. (F. —
L.) Lit. 'one who carries wares on his
neck ; * F.. colporteur. — F. colporter^ to
carry on the neck.-*F. coly neck; porter ,
to carry. — L. Mllum, neck; portdre, to
carry.
COAfBUSTION
Colt. (E.) A. S. colt, a young camel,
young ass, &c.4'Swed. dial. kulH, a boy ;
Swed. kullt Dan. kuld, a brood ; cf. Dan.
dial, koltringy a lad.
Columbine, a plant. (F.-L.) M.F.
cohmbin.^lAit L. cQlumbitta, a colum-
bine; L. columbtnus, dove-like; from a
supposed resemblance. — L. columba, a
dove. See Culver.
Column, a pillar, body of troops.
(F. — L.) L. columna, a pillar; cf.
columen, culmen, a summit, colliSf a hill,
GV. Ko\w6i, 2i\i\\\. See Hill. (VQEL.)
Colure, one of two great circles on the
celestial sphere, at right angles to the
equator. (L. — Gk.) So called because
a part of them is always beneath the
horizon. The word means docked, clip-
ped.—L. colurus^ curtailed; a colure.
■- Gk. «<$Xovpo$, dock- tailed, truncated ; a
colure. — Gk. k6\'0^, docked, clipped ; and
o6p(&, a tail.
Colza oil, a lamp-oil made from the
seeds of a variety of cabbage. (F. — L. and
Du.) F. colza, better colzat.'^'DvL. koolzaad,
rape-seed, cabbage-seed. ->Du. ^ool (bor-
rowed from L. cauh's), cole, cabbage ; and
Du. zaad— £. seed.
Com*, prefix. (L.) For L. cum, with,
together; when followed by A, /, »/,
/. See Con-.
Coma. (Gk.) Gk. K&iM, a deep sleep.
Comb. (E.) A. S. camb, a comb, crest,
ridge. -I* Du. kam, Icel.kambr, Dan. Swed.
kam ; G. Mamm. Teut. type *kamboz ;
Idg. type ^£ombAos; cf. Gk. y6fupas, a
pin, peg; Skt. jamblia-s, a tooth.
Comb, Coomb, a dnr measure. (E.)
A. S. cuptb, & cup.^Du. kopi, a bowl ; G.
kumpf, kumme, a bowl.
Combat. (F. — L.) Orlg. a verb. - F.
combattrCy O. F. combatre, to fight with. —
F. com' (for L. cum), with ; and F. battre,
O. F. batre, to fight, firom *battere, for
L. battuere, to beat. Der. combat-ant,
from the F. pres. pt.
Combe, a hollow in a hill-side. (C.)
W. cwm. Com. cum, a hollow, dale;
Celtic type *kumbd, a valley ; cf. Irish
cnmar, a valley.
Combine. (L.) 'L.combTndre,ioyxm\t^
join two things together. — L. com- {cum),
together ; and bmus, twofold. See Binary.
Combustion. (F.^-L.) F. combus-
tion. — L. ace. combustioncm, a burning up.
— L. combust -us, pp. oicom-biirere, to bum
up. — L. cofn- (for cum), together; and
100
COME
COMMISSARY
(perhaps) ureret to burn, with b inserted
by association with amb-urere,
Conie. (E.) A. S. cuman, pt. t. c{w)fffpt,
pp. ctim^n,^Dvi. kcmen, Icel. koma, Dan.
kompte, Sw. komma^ Goth, kiviman, G.
kommen't L. uen-tre, (^guen'tre)^ Gk.
$aiv€tv, Skt. ^»z, to go. (VGwEM.)
Comedy. (F.-L.— Gk.) 0*Y,comedie,
*a play;* Cot— L. cdmadia,^G\i. Kwii^»
UoL, a comedy. — Gk. Kwn^h6sj a comic
actor. — Gk. lewfio-if a banquet, revel,
festal procession ; do(8<$f , a singer, from
dciSciK, to sing. A comedy was a festive
spectacle, with singing, &c. See Ode.
comic. (L. — Gk.) L. comicus. — Gk.
KcafiiKSs, belonging to a tcwfios, as above.
Comely. (E.) M. £. cofn/i, kumli.
A. S. cymlicy earlier form (ymlic, beautiful,
fair. The A. S. <^ie, exquisite, is closely
allied to O. H. G. ciimt^, weak, tender,
and to O. H. G. kttm, with difficulty (G.
kaum). The A. S. y was shortened before
////, and the M. £. comli was associated
with M. £. conien, to come, and so gained
the sense of ' becoming,' pleasing, decorous.
Cf. M. £. kimti a weak person.
Comet. (L. — Gk.) Late A. S. comtta,
— L. cometa,^QtV, leofxftrrjs, long*haired ;
a tailed star, comet. — Gk. ic6/iri, hair.^L.
coma, hair. % Also O. F. comete,
Comfiti sb., a sweatmeat. (F.->L.)
Formerly confit^ confite,^0,Y, confit, lit.
confected, prepared ; pp. of confire, — L.
confectumt pp. of conficerty to prepare, put
together. — L. con- {cum)^ together ; facer e,
to make. See Oonfeot.
Comfort, vb. (F. — L.) M. £. con-
fortertf later comforten.^O, F. conforter^
to comfort. — Late L, con-fortdre, to
strengthen. — L. con* (cum), together ;
ViTiA fort-is y strong; seeForoe (i).
Comfirey, a plant. (F. - L.) O. F.
confirey cumfirie ; Late L. cumfiria ; pro-
bably for Lat. conferua (Pliny), comfrey,
a name given to the plant from its sup-
posed healing powers.— L. conferuerey to
grow together, heal up (Celsus).— L. con-
{cum)y together; feruere^ (orig.) to boil.
% It was also called confirma (from L.
fimtarCy to make firm), and amsolida
(from L. soliddre, to make solid).
Comic ; see Comedy.
Comityy urbanity. (L.) L. comitdiemy
ace. of comitasy urbanity. — L. comtSy
friendly, courteous;
Comma. (L.— Gk.)* L. comma, ^^Gk.
Hofifia, that which is struck, a stamp, a
clause of a sentence, a comma (that marks
the clause). — Gk. Kltt^rtiv^ to hew, strike.
Command. (F. - L.) O. F. cotn-
maftdery comander, — L. commenddrty to
entrust to; confused with Late L. com-
manddrCy as if an intensive form of man'
ddre y.\o command. Both forms are from
L. com" (rt/w),. together; and manddrCy to
put into the hands of, entrust to, command.
See Mandate.
Commemorate. (L.) From the pp.
of L. commemordre^ to call to mind. — L.
com- (for cum)y together; memordrCy to
mention, from memor, mindful.
Commence. (F.-L.) Y,commemer\
O. F. comencer (with one m ; cf. Ital.
cominciare), — L. com- (cttm)y together;
initidrcy to begin ; see Initiate.
Commend. (L.) L. commendare, to
entrust or commit to ; see Command.
Commensurate. (L.) From L.
commensurdtuSy as if from *cofnmeftsttrdret
to measure in comparison with ; a coined
word.— L. com- {cum)y with; mensurUy a
measure ; see Measure.
Comment, vb. (F.— L.) Y.commenter,
— Late L. commentdre, for L. cotnmentdrfy
to consider, make a note on. — L. com^
mentust pp. oi comminiscly to devise. — L.
com- {cum)y with; -mift" for *w«i, to
think, as in me-min-t { = *me-men-t)y I
remember, and men-Sy mind. See Mental.
CommercCy traffic. (F.—L.) Y. com-
merce, ^h. commerciumy trade.— L. com-
(^ = cum), with; merc-y stem of merx^
merchandise, with suffix 'i-um,
Commination, a threatening, de-
nouncing. (F.— L.) F. commination,^
L. ace. commindtidnemy a threatening.—
L. commindtusy pp. of com-mindrty to
threaten. — L. com- {cum)^ intensive prefix;
and mindrty to threaten. See Menace.
Commingle. (L. and £.) From
Com- and Mingle.
Comminntion, a reduction to small
fragments. (L.) Formed from L. com*
minut-usy pp. of com-minuercy to break
into small pieces; see Minute.
Commiseraiion. (F. - L.) M. F.
commiseration. — L. ace. commiserdtidnemy
part of an oration intended to excite pity.
— L. commiserdrly to excite pity (pp. -dt'
us), — L. com- (cum)y with ; miserdrt,
to pity, from L. miser, wretched, pitiable.
Commiflsaryf an officer to whom
something is entrusted. (L.) Med. I^.
commissdriuSy a commissary. — L. com-
lOI
COMMIT
missus y pp. of committere^ to commit ; see
below.
COmmity to entrust to. (L.) L. com-
miiterey to send out, begin, entrust,
consign; ^p, commtssus.^h. corn- (cuni),
with; mitiere, to send, put forth. Dor.
commisS'ionf F. commission, from L. ace.
commissidnem^ perpetration.
Oommodions. (F.-L.) O.^.com-
modieux ; Med. L. commodiosus^ useful. —
L. commoduSy fit, suitable. — L. com-
{cum)i with ; modus j measure.
Conmiodore, the commander of a
squadron. (Du. — F. — L.) Formerly
spelt commandore (1695) ; also comman-
deur, as in Dutch ; Hexham has : ■' den
Commandeur van ten Stadt, The Com-
mandeur of a Towne.'— F. commandeur,
a commander. — L. ace. type ^comman-
ddtorem, from Late L. commandore ;
see Command.
Common. (F.— L.) M. £. commun,
comoun. — O. F. comun. ■■ L. communis,
common, general. » L. r^/^;- (rM/»), together
with ; and milnis, ready to serve (Plautus) ;
cf. miinus, service. (As if ' helping each
other.*) Cf. Lith. mainas, Russ. miena,
barter. Brugm. i. § 208. Per. commun-
ion, commun-ity,
COmmiUie« verb. (F. - L.) M. E.
comunen, ■■ O. F. communer, to commune
with ; Late L. commUndre. — L. communis,
common (above).
communicate. (L.) L. commUni-
cdtus, pp,oi commiinicdre,'''L, communis,
common. Der. excommunicate.
Commotion. (F.— L.) Y. commotion,
■-L. commotionem, ace. of commotio. ^"L.
commot'us, pp. of commouere^ to disturb.
— L. com- {cum), intensive; and mouere,
to move. See Move.
Commute, to exchange. (L.) L. com-
mUtdre, to exchange with. — L. com' (cum),
with ; mutdre, to change.
Compact (i), adj., fastened together,
fitted, close, firm. (F.— L.) M.Y.com-
pacte.'^'L. compcu:tus, fitted together, pp.
of compingere^^lu^ com- {cum), together;
pangere, to fasten. See Fact.
Compact (2), sb., a bargain, agree-
ment. (L.) L. compactum, sb. ^ L. com-
pactus, pp. of compacisct, to agree with. —
L. com- {cum), with ; pacisct, to make a
bargain, inceptive form of O. Lat. pacere,
to agree. See Fact.
Company. (F.— L.) M.E.companye,
— O. F. companie. [Cf. also O. F. compain,
COMPENSATE
a companion, O.F. companion (F. com-
pagnon), a companion.] — Med. L. com-
pdniem, ace. of companies, a taking of
meals together. ^-L. com- {cum), together;
and pdnis, bread; see Fantry. Der.
companion, from O. F. companion. Also
ctccompany, O. F. accompaignier, from F. a
(for L. ad) and O. F. compaigfiier^ to asso-
ciate with, from compaignie, company.
Compare* to set together, so as to
examine likeness or difference. (F.— L.)
F. comparer, — L. compardre, to adjust, set
together.— L. compar, co-equal. —L. com-
{cum), together ; par, equal.
Compartment. (F.-Ital.-L.) F.
compartiment, *a partition;' Cot. — Ital.
compartimento, — Ital. compartire ; Late L.
compartire, to share. — L. com- {cum),
together ; partire, to share, to part, from
parti-, decl. stem oipars, a part.
Compass. (F. - L.) F. compos, a
circuit, circle, limit ; also, a pair 01 com-
passes. — Late L. compassus, a circuit. — L.
com^ (cum), with; passus, a pace, step,
passage, track ; so that compassus =2. track
that joins together, circuit. See Face.
Der. compass, verb ; compasses, s. pi., an
instrument for drawing circles.
Compassion. (F. — L.) F. com-
passion, — L. compassionem, ace. of com-
passioy sympathy. — L. ^^/r{- {cum), with;
passio, suffering, hompati, to endure.
compatible. (F--L.) F* compati-
ble, * compatible, coneurrable ; * Cot. —
Late L. compatibilis, adj., used of a bene-
fice which could be held together with
another. — L. compati, to endure together
with. — L. com' {cum), with; pati, to
endure.
Compeer^ an associate. (F. — L.)
M. E. comper.^Y, com-, together; O. F.
per, a peer, equal. — L. com- {cum), to-
gether ; parem, ace. of par, equal ; see
Feer.
CompeL (L.) L. com-pellere, to com-
pel, lit. to drive together. — L. com- {cum^,
together; pellereAo drive. Der. compuls-
ion, from pp. compuls-us.
Compendious, brief. (F. — L.) F.
compendieux, — L. compendiosus, adj., from
compendium, an abridgment, lit. a saving,
sparing of expense. — L. compendere, to
weigh together. — L. com- {cum)^ with ;
pet^ere, to weigh.
compensate. (L.) From pp. of L.
compensare, to weigh one thing against
another. — L. com^ (cum), together; pen-
loa
COMPETE
sarty to weigh, frequent, of pendere^ to
weigh {^^, pensus).
Compete. (L>) L. competere* » L.
cont' {cum)y together; petere, to strive
after.
competent. (F.-L.) M. F. com-
peUtU ; orig. pres. part, of competer^ to be
sufficient for. — L. compeiere^ to be sufficient
for. — L. com' {cum)y with ; peiere^ to seek.
competitor. (L.) L. competitor^ a
rival candidate. » L. cont' {cum)^ with ;
petitory a seeker, itam. petttuSy pp. oipeterey
to seek.
Compile. (F. - L.) O. F. compiler, -
L. compildre^ to plunder, pillage, rob ; so
that the word had, at first, a minister mean-
ing.—L. com- {cum\ with ; pilare^ to rob.
See PiU (3).
Complacent. (L.) From stem of
pres. pt. of complacerey to please. — L.
com- {cupi), intensive ; p/acere, to please.
complaisant. (F. - L.) F. com-
p/aisant, obsequious, pres. part, of com-
plaircy {o please. —L. complacerey to please
(above).
Complain. (F. - L.) O. F. com-
plaign-y a stem of complaindre. — Lale L.
complangere^ to bewail. — L. com- {cum)y
with ; plangere, to bewail, lit. to strike,
beat the breast.
Complement. (L.) h^complementum^
that which completes. — L. complere
(below). Doublet, compliment,
COmpletCf perfect. (L.) L. completusy
pp. of compter ey to fulfil. — L. com" \cum\
together ; plere^ to fill. Allied to ple-nusy
full. See Plenary.
Complex. (L.) L. complexusy en-
twine<l round; hence, intricate; pp. of
complectiy to embrace. — L. com- {cum),
together ; and piectere^ to plait, allied to
plic'dre, to twine. See Pleaoh.
complexion. (F. -^ L.) F. com-
plexiotty appearance. — L. cotnplexionem^
ace. of complexioy a comprehending, com-
pass, habit of body, complexion.— L. com^
plexuSy pp. of complectiy to surround,
entwine.— L. com- {cum), together ; //f^-
terey to plait.
complicate. (L-) From pp. of L.
complicarcy to fold together. — L. com-
{cum)y together ; plicdre, to fold.
complicity. (F.— L.) F. complicitiy
* a bad confederacy ; ' Cot.*— F. complice, a
confederate. — L. complieemy ace. of com-
plex, interwoven, confederate with; see
Complex.
COMPREHEND
Compliance, Compliant; formed
with F. suffixes -cmcOy -anty from the verb
to compfyy which, however, is not of F.
origin ; see Comply.
Compliment. (F. - Ital. - L.) F.
compliment, — Ital. complimentOy compli-
ment, civility. — Ital. complircy to fill up,
to suit. — L. complerey to nil up ; see Com-
plete. Doublet, complement,
compline. (F.— L.) M. £. company
the last church-service of the day ; it was
orig. an adj. iy^^ gold-en from gold)y and
stands for complin song ; the sb. is complie
(Ancren Riwle). — O. F. complie (mod. F.
complies y which is pi.), compline. — Late
L. completa (sc hdra)y fem. of complelus,
complete; because it completed the 'hours'
of the day's service ; see Complete.
comply, to yield, accord with. (Ital.
— L.) Itnas no doubt been supposed to
be allied to ply (whence compliant, by
analogy -with pliant) y but is quite distinct,
and of Ital. origin. — Ital. complircy to fill
up, fulfil, to suit, 'also to use compli>
ments, ceremonies, or kind offices and
offers;' Torriano. Cf. Span, cotnpliry to
fulfil, satisfy. — L. complerey to fill up ; see
Complete. Cf. supply,
Comploti a conspiracy ; see Plot (i).
Component, composing. (L.) L.
component' y stem of pres. pt. oi compdnerey
to compose. — L. com- {cum)y together;
potierey to put. See Compound.
Comport, to behave, suit. (F. — L.) F.
se comporter, to behave. — L. comportdre,
to carry together. — L. com- {cum}, to-
gether ; portdrey to carry.
Compose. (F. — L. and Gk.) F.
composer, to compound, make; Cot. —
F. com- (L. cuni)y together; and ¥, poser,
to put, of Gk. origin, as shewn under
Pose, q.v. ^ Distinct from compound.
Composition. (F. — L.) ¥, composi-
tion, — L. ace. compositidnem, ace. of com-
positioy a putting together. — L. compositusy
pp. of L. compdnere ; see compound.
COmpOSty a mixture. (F.— L.) O. F.
compost, a mixture. — L. compositum, neut.
of compositus, pp. of compdnere (below).
compound. (F. — L.) The d is ex^
crescent ; M. E. compounen, — O. F. com-
ponre (Bartsch). — L. compdnere, to com-
pound, put together. — L. com- (cum),
together ; pdttere, to put. See Component.
Comprehend. (L.) L. com-prehemlere,
to grasp. — L. com- (cum)y together, and
prehendere, to seize ; see Prehenaile.
103
COMPRESS
CONCLAVE
CoinpireSS. (L*) L^ comprtssdrt, to
oppress.— L. com- {cum), together ; /r^j-
sdre, frequent. oipremerCy to press.
Comprise. (F.-^L.) From O. F.
compriSf comprised, comprehended ; pp.
of comprendrCi to comprehend. — L. cofn-
prehendere ; see Compreliend.
CompromiJief a settlement by con-
cessions. (F. — L.) F. compromise * a
compromise, mutual promise;* Cot. Orig.
pp. of F. compromettrei * to put unto com-
promise ; ' Cot. — L. compromittere, to
make a mutual promise. — L. r^/^/- {cunC),
mutually; promiUerty to promise; see
Promise.
Comptroller, another spelling of con-
troller ; see Control.
CompnlBion. (F.-L.) See Compel.
Compnnctioii, remorse. (F. — L.)
O. F. compunction. ■• Late L. ace. com-
punciidnem, ^"Lu compunctus, pp. oi com^
pungiy to feel remorse, pass, oicompungere,
to prick. — L. com- {cum) ; pungerct to
prick.
Compute. (L.) L. computdre, to
reckon. — L. com- (cum), together; putdre,
to clear up, reckon. Doublet, count (2).
Comrade. (F.— Span. — L.) Y.camar-
odS?.- Span, camamda, a company; also
an associate, comrade. — Span. camarOf a
chamber, cabin. — L. camera, a chamber.
Con (i)» to study, peruse, scan. (£.)
M. £. cunnen ; A. S. cunnian, to test.
Allied to A. S. cunnan, to know ; see
Can (1). Der. ale-conner, i. e. ale-tester.
Con (a), short for contra, against. (L.)
In the phrase * pro and con.^
Con-) prefix. (L.) For. com- (cum),
with, when the following letter is c, d, g,
jy n, q, s, t, or v. Before d, m, p, it is
com^ ; before /, col- ; before r, cor- ; before
ft m or n.
Concatenate. (L.) L. concatendtus,
pp. of concatendre, to link together. — L.
con- (cum), together; catena, a chain.
Concave. (F. — L.) F. concave. ^h.
concauus, hollow. — L. con- (cum), with,
together; cauus, hollow.
Conceal. (F.-L.) O. F. conceler.
— L. conceldre^ to hide. — L. con- {cum),
completely ; celdre, to hide. See Helm (a).
Concecle. (L.) L. concedere, to retire,
yield. — L. con- (cum), together; cedere,
to yield. Der. concess-ion (from pp. con-
cessus).
Conceit. CF. — L.) M. £. conceit, con-
ceite. Formed as if from the pp. of O. F.
concevoir, to conceive, though the real
pp. was conceu (F. confu); by analogy
with deceit, q.v. See below.
conceive. (F.-L.) M,E, conceven,
conceiven.^A, F. conceiv-, a stem of O. F.
concever, cottcevoir, to conceive. — L. con-
cipere, to conceive. — L. con- (cum), alto-
gether ; capere, lo take.
conception. (F. — L.) F. conception,
— L. conceptionem.^Ya. concept^us, pp. of
concipere, to conceive (above).
Concentre, to draw to a centre. (F.—
L. andGk,) F. concentrer, mmL. con- (cum),
together ; and centr-um, a centre, from Gk.
Kivrpo¥\ see Centre. Der. concentr-ic,
concentr-ate (modem).
Concern, vb. (F.— L.) Y.concemcr.
— L. concemere, to mix ; in Late Lat., to
refer to, regard. — L. con- (cum), with;
and cemere, to separate, decree, observe.
4" Ok. tcpiyfiv, to separate, decide ; Lith.
skir-ti, to separate, distinguish. Brugm.
ii. §613. (VSKER.)
concert. (F.-Ital.-L.) Ofien con-
fused with ccmsort in old writers. — F. con-
certer, *to consort, or agree together;*
Cot. — Ital. concertare, 'to agree or tune
together, sing in consort,' Florio ; cf. con-
certo, sb., agreement. The Ital. forms
shew that it was derived from L. concertdre,
to contend, struggle together ; indeed, we
find also Span, concertar, to settle or adjust,
covenant, bargain ; which also points to
the same origin. [It would seem that the
L. vb. took up the sense of to settle by
debate, and so, to agree.]— L. con- (cum),
together ; certdre, to contend, vie with ;
orig. * to decide by contest ; * frequent, of
cemere, to decide. See Conoem. Der.
concert, sb. , concert-ina.
Concession. (F. — L.) Y. concession.
— L. ace. concessidnenu — L. concessus, pp.
oiconcedere, to concede ; see Concede.
Concll, a marine shell. (L.~Gk.) L.
concha. — Gk. Klr^ici\ (also Kf^Ktii), a cockle-
shell.^-Skt. (ahkha, a conch. Der. con-
chology (from if^7ico-s).
Conciliate. (L.) From the pp. of L.
concilidre, to bring together, conciliate. —
L. concilium, a council ; see Council.
Concise. (F.-L. ; or L.) F. concis.
— L. concisus, brief, cut short ; pp. of con'
ctdere.'^h. con- (cum), intensive; ccedere,
to cut. Der. concis'ion.
Conclave. (F.— L.) F. conclave, a
small room (to meet in). — L. concldue,
a room ; later, a place of assembly of
104
CONCLUDE
cardinals, assembly. Orig. a locked up
place. "-L. con- (cum), together; c/duis,
a key.
€U>llcllldet (L*) L* concliidere, to
shut up, close, end. « L. con- {cum),
together; saxd 'c/ud^re^claudere, to shut
Per. conclus'ion. Similarly ex-clude, in-
cludcy pre -elude, sC'Clude ; whence in-clus-
ive, pre^clus'ton, se-dus-ion (from pp.
'Clusus * clausus).
Concoct. (L.) From L. cancoctus, pp.
of concoquere, to cook together, digest. —
L. con- {cum) ; coquere, to cook.
Concomitaat, accompanying. (L.)
From L. con* {cum), together; and
co9nitant-em^ ace. of pres. pt. of comitdri,
to accompany, from cornet-, stem of comes,
a companion ; see Count (i).
Concord. (F.— L.) F. concorde,^!^.
Concordia, agreement. — L. concord-, stem
of con-cors, agreeing. — L. con- {cum) ; cor
(stem cord'), the heart.
concordant. (F.-L.) F. concord-
ant, pres. pt. of concorder, to agree. — L.
concorddre, to agree.— L. concord- (above).
concordat. (F.— L.) F. concordat,
an agreement. — Late L. concorddtum, a
convention, thing agreed on, esp. between
the pope and F. kings ; pp. of concorddre,
to agree (above).
Conconrsc. (F.— L.) Y.concours.^m
L. ace. concursum, a running together.—
L. concursus, pp. of con-currere, to run
together.— L. con- {cum), together; and
currere, to run. See Concur.
ConcretCf formed into one mass. (L.)
L. concret'US, pp. of concreuere, to grow
together.— L. con- {cum), together; cres-
cere, to grow.
Concnbino. (F.— L.) O.Y . concubine,
— L. concudtna^^h, con- {cum), together;
cubdre, to lie.
Concupiscence. (F.-L.) ^, concu-
piscence. — L. concupiscentia, desire. — L.
concupiscere, to desire; inceptive form of
concupere,^!^, con* {cum), intensive; aud
cutere^ to long for.
Concur. (L.) L. concurrere, to run
together, agree. —L. con- {cum), together;
currere, to run. Der. concourse,
Concnseion. (P\— L.) Y , concussion,
— L. concussionem, ace. of concussio, a
violent shakine* — L. concussus, pp. of
cotuutere, to shake together. — L. con-
{cum), together; qucUere, to shake.
Condemn. (F.— L.) O.Wcondemner,
— L. ccndemudre, to condemn wholly, pro-
CONFEDERATE
nounce to be guilty. — L. con- {cum),
wholly ; damndre, to condemn.
Condense. (F.-L.) Y, condenser, '^
L. condensdre.^h. condensus, very thick.
— L. con- (cum), very ; densus, thick, dense.
Condescend. (F. - L.) F. conde-
scendre.^ljBXt L. condiscendere^ to grant
(lit to descend with). - L. cofi- {cum),mi\i ;
discendere, to descend; see Deaoend.
Der. condescens'ion, from the pp.
Condign, well merited. (F.-L.) O. F.
condigne.^lj. condignus, very worthy.—
L. con- i^cuni), very ; dignus, worthy.
Condiment. (L-) L. condimentum,
seasoning, sauce. —L. condire, to season,
spice, preserve (as fruit).
Condition. (F.-L.) Y. condition,^
L. conditionem, ace. of conditio, a late
spelling of condicio^ a covenant, condition.
— L. condicere, to talk over together, agree
upon. — L. con* {cum), together; dicerey to
speak.
Condole. (L.) L. condolhe, to grieve
with. — L. con- {cum), with ; dolere, to
grieve.
Condone. (L.) l^,conddndreAoTem\i,
pardon. — L. con- {cum), wholly; dondre,
to give ; see Donation.
Condor, a large bird. (Span. -Peru-
vian.) Span, condor, — Peruv. cuntur, a
condor.
Conduce. (L.) L. conducere, to draw
together towards, lead to. — L. con^ {cum),
together; dOcere, to lead.
conduct, sb. (L.) Late L. coftductus,
defence, protection, guard, escort. — L. r^/i-
ductus, jpp, oi con-dHcere (above).
conauit. (F.-L.) U.E,cotiduit,~'
O, F. conduit, a conduit. — Late L. con-
ductus, a defence, escort; also, a canal,
tube ; see above.
Cone. (F.-L.-Gk.) U,Y,cone.'^L.
cdnus, — Gk. Kotvos, a cone, peak, peg. +
Skt. fdna-s, a whetstone; cf. L. cos, the
same. See Hone. Brugm, i. § 401.
Coney; see Cony.
Confabulate. (L.) From pp. of L.
confdbuldri, to talk together. — L. cott-
{cum), with; fdbuldri, to converse, from
fdbula, a discourse ; see Fable.
Confecty to make up into sweetmeats.
(L.) L. confectus, pp. of conficere, to put
together, make up. — L. con- {cum), to-
gether ; facere, to put. Der. confect-ion,
confection-er. See Comfit.
Confederate. (L.) h. confxderdtus,
united by a covenant, pp. of confxderdre.
105
K3
CONFER
CONGLOMERATE
— L. con^ {cum\ together \ fader-, for
*f cedes-, stem oi foedm, a treaty. See
Federal.
Confer. (L.) From L. conferred to
bring together, collect, bestow. — L. con-
(cum)f together; fertey to bring, bear.
% Not from F.
Confess . (F. - L.) O. F. confesser. -
Late L. confessdre,^'L, confessus, pp. of
confiteriy to confess. — L. con- (cum)y fully;
fateri, to acknowledge, allied to fdriy to
speak. Cf. Gk. ^r($, a speech. Bmgm.
i. § 195.
Confide. (L.) L. cotrftdere, to trust
fully. — L. €091- (cum), fx\\y \fiderej to
tnist, allied io Jides, faith ; see Faith.
Configuration. (F. - L.) F. can-
figuraCion. — L. coftfigiiratidnem, a con-
formation. — L. configurdtuSy pp. of con-
figurarey to put together. — L. con' {cum) ;
figurdrey to fashion, from Jigura, a figure.
Sec Figure.
Confine, to limit. (F.-L.) F. con-
finery to keep within limits. ■- M. F.
confin, near; Cot. — L. conftnisy bordering
on. — L. con- {cum)y with ; /tnis, boundary.
See Final. % Mod. F. has only con/ins y
sb. pi., confines; representing O. ¥/ con-
fines, L. confiniay pi. ; whence E. coftfines,
pi.
Confirm. (F. — L.) Vi.Y., confenncn.
— O. F. confertner, — L. confirmdrey to
make firm, strengthen. — L. con- (cum),
{ally; fir mare, to strengthen, from firmus,
firm.
ConfiscatOi to adjudge to be forfeit.
(L.) L. confiscdtus, pp. of confiscdre, to
lay by in a coffer, to confiscate, transfer to
the treasury. — L. con- (cum) ; fiscus, a
purse.
Confiagration. (F. - L.) F. con-
fiagration. — L. ace. confldgrdtionemy a
great burning. — L. con- (cum), together;
fidgrdret to burn. See Flagrant.
Confiicti an encounter. HL.) L. con-
flictuSy a striking together; from the pp.
of confltgerey to strike together. — L. con-
{cum\ together ; fligerCy to strike.
Confinent. (L.) From stem, of pres.
pt. of confiuere, to flow together ; see
Fluent. So also conflux, sb., from the
pp. confluxus,
Conxorm. (F.—L.) F. conformer.'^
L. conformdrey to fashion like. — L. con-,
together ; formdrey to form, from forma,
form.
Confound. (F.->L.) Y.confottdre,^
L. confunderey to pour together, confound.
— L. con- (cum)y together ; fundere, to
pour. See Fuse (i).
Confratemi^. (F.-L.) FromL.
con- {cum)y with ; and Fraternity, q v.
Confront. (F.—L.) ¥. confronter yio
bring face to face. — Med. L. confrontdrly
to be near to. — L. con- (cum)y together;
front- y stem oifrons, forehead, front.
Confuse. (L.) M. £. coftfus, used as
a pp. in Chaucer. — L. confiisuSy pp. of
comundere, to confound ; see Confound.
Cfonfute. (F.—L.) F. confuter, - L.
confutdrey to cool by mixing cold water
with hot, to allay, also to confiate. — L con-
{cum)y together ; *futdrey to pour out (?) ;
ci.f litis y a water- vessel to pour from, from
the L. base/M-, to pour. Brugm. i. § 605.
See Futile, Befute and Fuse (i).
Congeal. (F.-L.) F. con^eler.^h,
congeidre, to cause to freeze together.— L.
con-y together ; geldre, to freeze, from gelu,
frost. See Gelid.
Congee, Cong6v leave to depart. (F.
— L.) F. congiy Mcave, dismission ; ' Cot.
O. F. congiCy cungey congiet (Buiguy) ; the
same as Prov. comjcU.^laXt L. comidtus,
leave, permission (VIII cent.) ; the same
as L. commedtusy a travelling together,
also leave of absence. — L. com- (cum)y
together; medtus, a course, from pp. of
medre, to go.
Congenial, kindred. (L.) Coined
from L. con- (cum)y with; and genial,
adj. from Y,. genius \ see Genial.
Congenital. (L.) Coined by adding
■al to the obs. word congenite (XVII
cent.). — L. congenitus, bom with. — L. con-
(cum)y with ; genitus, bom, pp. oigignerey
to produce. See Genital.
Conger, a sea-eel. (F. - L. — Gk.)
M. E. congre. — O. F. congre. — L. congrum,
ace. of congrus, by-form of conger, a sea-
eel. — Gk. yoYYpo^f the same.
CongerieSy a mass of particles. (L.)
L. congerieSy a heap. — L. congererey to
bring together.- L. con- (cum)y together;
gererCy to carry.
COXigestion, accumulation. (L.) From
L. ace. congestionem. — L. congestusy pp. of
congerere (above).
Conglooe, to form into a globe. (L.)
L. con-giobdre.^h, con- (cum)y together;
globus, a globe.
Conglomerate. (L.) From pp. of
conglomerdrCy to wind into a ball, heap
together. — L. con- {cum)y together; and
106
CONQLUTINATE
CONSIDER
glonur-^ for ^gloitus-, stem of glomus,
a ball, clew of yarn.
Conglutinate. (L.) From pp. of
L. conglutindrey to glue together. » L.
con- {cum)i together; glutindre^ to glue,
from gliiiin-, stem oiglilien, glue.
Congou, a kind of tea. (CWnese.) In
the Amoy dialect, called kang-hu U, where
kang-hu is lit ' work, labour ; * i. e. tea on
which labour has been expended (Douglas).
The true Chinese is kung-fu cJCa^ with
the same sense.
Congratulate. (L.) From pp. of L.
congrdtuldrt, to wish much joy. — L. <:<?»-
{£um)i fully ; grdtuldrt^ to wish joy, from
adj. grdtus, pleasing. See Grace.
Congregate. (L.) From op. of L.
coftgregdre, to collect into a nock. — L.
con- {cum)y together; gregdre, to assem-
ble a flock, from greg-y stem of grex^ a
flock.
CongreBS, a meeting together. (L.)
L. c<mgres5us,^\., cottgressus, pp. of con-
gredit to meet together. — L. con-^ together;
grcuit, to advance, walk.
Congrue, to agree, suit (L.) L. con-
gruerty to suit. (Root uncertain.) Der.
congru-ouSy from L. congruus^ suitable ;
congru-ity.
Conjecture. (F.— L.) F. conjecture,
— L. conUcturay a casting together, a
guess. — L. coniectusy pp. of conicercy to
throw or put together. — L. con- {cum)y to-
gether; iacercy to throw. ^
Coiyoin. (F.— L.) 0,¥, conjoittare.
L. coniungere (pp. coniunctus), to join
together. — L. con- (cum), together; tun-
gerey to join. See Join. Der. conjunct-
iofty conjunct-ivti from the pp.
COWUgali relating to marriage. (F. —
L.) F. conjugal, — L. coniugdliSy adj.—
L. coniugemy ace. of coniuxy a spouse.—
L. con-y together ; iug-y allied to iungerCy
to join, iugumy a yoke ; see Join.
COl^Ugation. (L.) Froni L. coniu-
gdtioy a conjugation (Priscian) ; lit. a
yoking together.- L. coniugdtusy pp. of
coniugdrcy to yoke together. — L. con-
{cum)y together ; iug-um, a yoke.
Conjure. (F.—L.) M.E.comuren.'^
¥. conjurer ,»^'L. conturdrcy to swear to-
gether, combine by oath. — L. con-y to-
gether ; iiirdre, to swear ; see Jury.
Connect. (L.) L. connccterey to tie
together. — L. con- {cum), together; and
necterCy to bind (pp. nexus), Der. coti-
fiex-ion [not connection"], from the pp.
107
Connive. (F. — L.) F. conniver. — L.
cofmtuirey to close the eyes at, overlook.
— L. coft- (cum), together; and ^mguere,
to wink ; cf. nic-t&rey to wink. + Goth.
hneiwany to bow ; Brugm. i. § 664.
Connoisseur, a critical judge. (F.-^
L.) F. coftnaisseur y formerly connoisseur,
a knowing one. — O. F. connoiss-anty pres.
pt. of O. F. conoistre ; see Cognisance.
Connubial. (L.) L. connubidlis, re-
lating to marriage.— L. co(ti)nubiufn,mvii*
riage. — L. con- (cum), with; niihere, to
marry. See Nuptial.
Conquer. (F. — L.) M. E. congueren,
— O. F. coft^uerre. — L. conquirere, to seek
after, go in quest of; in Late L., to con-
quer.—L. con- (cum), with; quarere, to
seek. Der. conquest, M. £. conquest e,
from Late L. conquesta, L. conqutsita,
fem. oi conquTsttus, pp. oi conquirere.
Consanguineous. (L.) From L.
consanguine-US, relaied by blood, with
sufHx 'Ous. — L. con- (cunt), together;
sanguin-y stem of sanguis, blood.
Conscience. (F. — L.) Y. conscience.
'L.conscientiayCOTi^\o\x^xits&. — h.conscient-,
stem of pres. pt. of consctre, to know along
with. — L. con- (cum), with; scire, to
know. See Science. Der. coftscionable,
an ill-contrived word, used as a contrac-
tion of conscien(ce)-able.
conscious. (L.) From L. consci-us,
aware, with suf!ix 'OUs. — L. coftscire, to be
aware of (above).
Conscript. (L.) L. cofiscriptus, en-
rolled, pp. of conscribere, to write down
together. — L. con- (cum), together; scri*
here, to write.
Consecrate. (L.) From pp. of L.
coftsecrdre, to rencier sacred. — L. con-
(cum), with, wholly; sacrdre, to conse-
crate ; see Sacred.
Consecutive. (F.— L.) M.F.consecu-
tif, Cot. Formed with suffix -^(L. -iuus)
from L. consecHt'US, pp. of consequi, to
follow together. — L. con- (cum), together ;
sequi, to follow. See Sequence.
consequent. (L.) L. consequent-,
stem of pres. pt. oi consequi (above).
Consent, vb. (F.— L.) F. consentir.
— L. consentire, to agree to. — L. con-
(cum), with ; sentire, to feel. See Sense.
Conserve, vb. (F. — L.) F. conserver,
— L. conserudre, to preserve. — 1>. con-
(cum), fully ; serudre, to keep. Der. cofp-
serve, vb ; conserv-atory. See Servo.
Consider. (F. — L.) 0.¥. consiJerer,
CONSIGN
CONTAIN
— L. cofisiderdre, to consider, orig. to con-
template the stars (Festiis). — L. con- {cum),
together; sicUr-, for * sides- ^ stem oislduSy
a star.
Consign. (F. — L.) F. consigner.^
L. consigndrCt to attest, register, record.
— L. con- (cum), together; signdre, to
mark ; see Sign.
Consist. (F.— L.) F. consister, to
consist, rest, abide, &c. — L. consistere^ to
stand together, consist. * L. con- (cum),
together ; sistere, causal form from stare,
to stand ; see State. Der. consistory.
ConSOl6. (F. — L.) F. consoler. 'mV,,
consoldri, to comfort. — L. con- (cum), with ;
soldri, to comfort ; see Solace.
Consolidate. (L.) From pp. of L.
consoliddre, to render solid. — L. con-
(cum), together; soliddre, to make solid,
from solidus, solid. Der. consols, a
familiar abbreviation for consolieiated an-
nuities.
Consonant, agreeing with. (F. - L.)
F. consonant, accordant; Cot. — L. conso-
nant-, stem of pres. pt. of consondre, to
sound together.— L. r^w- (fMw), together ;
sondre, to sound ; see Sound (3).
Consort, sb. (F. — L.) F. consort. ^
L. consort-, stem of consors, one who shares
property with another, a partner. — L. con-
(cum), together ; sort*, stem of sors, a lot,
share. See Sort.
Conspicuous. (L.) L. conspicu-us,
visible, with suffix 'Ous.'^h. conspicere, to
see thoroughly. — L. con-^ fully ; specere, to
see. See Species.
Conspire. (F. -L.) Y. conspirer.^
L. conspirdre, to breathe together, com-
bine, plot. — L. con- (cun^, together ;
splrdre, to breathe.
Constable, a peace-officer. (F.-L )
O. F. cotustable (F. connitabU). — L. comes
stabuli, lit. * count of the stable,' the title of
a dignitary of the Roman empire and after-
wards in use among the Franks. See
Count (i) and Stable.
Constant, firm. (F.— L.) F. con-
stant, — L. constant; stem of constans,
firm ; orig. pres. pt. of constdre, to stand
together. — L. con- (cum), together ; stare,
to stand; sec State.
Constellation. (F.-L.) ¥,constel-
Icttion. — L. ace. cotistelldtionem, cluster of
stars. — L. con- (f«///;, together; stelldt-us,
pp. of stelldre^ to set with stars, from
Stella, a star. See Star.
Consternation. (K'-L) Y-cott-
ster nation. — L. ace. consterfidtionem,
fright. — L. consterttdtus, pp. of conster-
ndre, to frighten ; intensive form of con-
stemere, to bestrew, throw down. — L. con-
(cum), together; stemere, to strew; see
Stratum.
Constipate. (L.) From pp. of L.
constlpdre, to join closely, press together.
— L. con- (cum), togemer ; stipdre, to
press, cram.
Constitute. (L.) L. constitatus, pp.
of constituere, to cause to stand together,
establish. — L. con- (cum), together; sta-
tuere, to set up, denom. vb. from status,
a position ; see Statute.
Constrain, to compel. (F. - L.) O. F.
cofistraign-, a stem of constraindre, later
contraindre. — L. constrifigere, to bind
together, fetter. — L. con- (cum), together;
stringere, to draw tight.
Construct. (L.) From L. construc-
tus, pp. of construere (below).
construe. (L.) L. construere, to
heap together, build, construct ; in Late L.,
to construe a passage. — L. con- (cum), to-
gether; struere, to pile, build. Der.
mis-construe.
Consul. (L.) L. consul, a consul.
Etym. doubtful; but allied to consulere,
to consult : see below.
consult. (F. — L. ) F. consumer. — L.
consultdre, to consult; frequent, form of
con-sukre, to consult. Root uncertain ;
prob. allied to sedere, to sit ; cf. solium,
a seat.
Consume. (L.) L. consHtnere, lit. to
take up wholly. — L. con- (cum), together,
wholly ; sUmere, to take up, from *sups-^
allied to sub, under, up, and emere^ to take,
buy. Brugm. i. § 240. Der. consumption,
from the pp.
Consummate. (L.) From pp. of L.
consummdre, to bring into one sum, to
perfect. — L. con- (cum), together; sum-
mare, to sum, from summa, a sum ; see
Sum.
Consumption ; see Consume.
Contact, sb. (L.) L. contactus, a
touching. — L. contactus, pp. of contingere,
to touch closely ; see Contingent.
contagion. (F.-L.) F. contagion,
— L. contdgidnem, ace. of contdgio, a
touching, hence contagion. — L. con- (cum),
with ; tag-, 2nd grade of tag', as in *tag-
tus (^tac-tus)^ pp. of tangere, to touch.
Contain. (F. — L.) From a tonic stem
of O. F. contenir.^h, continere, to hold
108
CpNTAMINATE
together, contain; pp. confenfus.'^'L, con-
(cum)f together ; tenere, to hold.
Contaminate. (L.) From pp. of L.
contdmindre, to defile. -■ L. contdmin-,
stem oicontdmen, contagion ; which stands
for *contagmen. — L. con- {cum) ; tag-y
as in tactus, for *tag-tU5t pp. of tangere^ to
touch. Bmgm. i. § 768.
Contemn. (F.-L.) VL,^. contemner,
— L. contemnere, to despise. — L. con-
(cum)y with, wholly; temnere^ to de-
spise.
contempt. (F.-L.) 111,'F. contempt-,
Cot. — L. contemptuSf scorn. — L. con-
temptus, pp. of contemnere (above).
Contemplate. (L.) From pp. of
contempldrty to observe, consider; used at
first of augurs. -L. con- {cum) ; templum^
an open space for observation (by augurs) ;
see Temple.
Contemporaneous. (L.) L. con-
tempordne-us, adj., at the same time ; with
suffix 'Ous.'mt,. con- {cum), with ; tempor-,
for *tempos', stem of tempus, time.
contemporary. (L.) L. con-, with;
and L. tempordrius, temporary, adj., from
tempor- (above).
Contend. (F.-L.) 0,Y.contendre,^
L. contendere, to stretch out, exert, fight. ^
L. con- {cum), fully; tendere, to strive.
Der. content-ion (from the pp. contentus).
Content, adj. (F.-L.) Y, content,
satisfied. — L. contentus, content; pp. of
contt'nere; see Contaiii. Der. dis-con-
tent.
Contest* vb. (F.-L.) Y,contester,^
L. contestdri, to call to witness, to bring
an action. -iL. con- {cum), together; tes-
tdri, to witness, from testis, a witness.
Der. contest, sb.
Context. (L.) L. contextuSy a joining
together, order (hence, context of a book).
—L. contextus, pp. oi contexere, to weave
together. — L. con- {cum), together;
texere, to weave.
Contignons. (L.) L. cmtigu-us, that
may be touched, near ; with suffix -ous, —
L. con- {cum), with ; and tag-, as in
tac-tus (for *tag'tus), pp. of tangere, to
touch ; see Contiiigent.
Continent. (F.-L.) F. continent,
adj., moderate. i-L. continent-, stem of
pres. pt. of continere ; see Contain.
Contingent, dependent on. (L.)
From stem of pres. pt. of contingere, to
touch, relate to.— L. con- {cum) ; tangere^
to touch. See Tangent.
CONTRIBUTE
Continue. (F — L.) F. continuer. -
L. continudre, to continue. *L. continuus
(below). Der. dis-continue,
oontinnons. (L.) L. cofttinu-us,
lit holding together ; with suffix 'Ous, —
L. continere, to hold together, contain. See
Contain.
Contort. (L.) L. contortus, pp. of
contorquere, to twist together. — L. con-
{cum), together; torquere, to twist.
Contonr, an outline. (F.— Ital.— L.)
F. contour, esp. in an artistic sense. — Ital.
contomo, a circuit ; contomare, ' to en-
circle;' Florio. — L. con- {cum), together ;
tomdre, to round off, to turn ; see Turn.
Contra-, prefix, (L.) L. contrd,
against ; orig. the abl. fem. of an obs. adj.
*con-t{e)r-us, a comparative form from con-,
prep, together ; cf. extrd from exterus.
Contraband. (Span. - Ital. - L. cmd
Teut.) Span, contrabando, prohibited goods.
— Ital. contrabbando, prohibited goods. —
Ital. contra ( = L. contrd), against; bandc,
a ban, from Late L. bannum, a word of
Teut. origin, viz. from O. H. G. ban, a
command. See Ban.
Contract (i)* to draw together. (L.)
L. contractus, pp. of contraJiere, to draw
together. — L. con* {cum), together; tra-
here, to draw.
contract (2), a bargain. (F.-L.)
M. F. contract ; Cot. — L. contractum,
ace. of contractus, sb., a drawing together,
a bargain. — L. contractus, pp. (above).
Contradict. (L.) L. contrddictus,
pp. of contradicere, to speak against. — L.
contrd, against ; dicere, to speak.
Contralto. (Ital. — L.) Ital. contr-
cUto, counter-tenor.— Ital. contra^ oppo-
site to, and alto, high. — L. contrd, against ;
altus, high.
Contrary. (F.— L.) K,Y, contrarie\
F. contraire, — L. contrdrius, contrary ;
from contrd, against ; see Contra-.
Contrast, vb. (F.— L.) Y.contrcuter,
to strive, contend against (hence to be in
opposition to, &c.). — Late L. contrdstdre,
to stand against. — L. contrd, against ;
stdre, to stand.
Contravene, to hinder. (F.— L.) F.
contrevenir, * to thwart ; ' Cot. — Late L.
contrduenire, to oppose ; to break a law.
— L. contrd, against ; uentre, to come.
Contribnte. (L.) From pp. of L.
contribuere, to contribute, lit. pay to-
gether. — L. con- {cum), together ; tri'
buere, to bestow ; see Tribute.
109
CONTRITE
Contrite. (F.-L.) Y.amtrit^l^
contrituSf thoroughly bruised, hence, peni-
tent ; pp. of L. conierere, to rub together,
bruise. «L. con^ (cum)^ together; terere^
to rub. See Trite.
Contrive. (F. — L. and Gk.) An
alteretl spelling ; M. E. contrauen, con-
treuen (sc controven^ contrevm), — O. F.
controver, to find, find out (Bartsch).—
O. F. con- (L. con-^ for cum) \ O. F. trffver^
to find; see Trover. % Contrive (cf.
retrieve^ is from M. £. contreve^ answering
to O. F. coniriW',, stressed stem of c6n-
trffuir.
Control, sb. (F. — L.) Control is short
for contre-roil, old form of counter-roll. —
O. F. contre-rol{f)e y a duplicate register, used
to verify the official or first-made roll.~
O. F. contre^ over against; rol(J)ey a roll. —
L. contrdy against; rotulum, ace. of ro-
tulusy a roll ; see Boll.
Controversy. (F.-L.) A.¥. con-
Iraversie ( 1 3 ^7). — L. controuersia, a quar-
rel. — L. controuersuSy opposed. — L.
contro-y masc. or neut. form corresponding
to fern, contrdy against; uersusy pp. of
uerterey to turn. See Contra-. '
Contumaoy. (F.-L.) A.F. contu-
piacie ( 1 303). — L. contumdciay obstinacy. —
L. contumdci-y stem of contumctXy stub-
bom. --L. con'{cum\yccf\ and *tum-axy
prob. from tum-erey to swell with pride ;
see Tumid.
Contumely. (F.— L.) M. F. contu-
melie. — L. contumeliay insult, reproach ;
prob. allied to coniumdcia\ see Con-
tiimaoy.
Contuse, to bruise severely. (L.) L.
cpntususy pp. of contundere, to bruise
severely. — L. con- (r«w), with, much ; and
tunderey to strike.<4-Skt. tudy to strike;
Goth- stautan, to strike. (V^TEUD,)
Hmgm. i. § 818.
Connndmm. (Unknown.) Formerly
used in the sense of whim, crotchet, or
hoax. Also quonundrunt'y orig. in univ.
slang ; prob. of L. origin.
Convalesce. (L.) L. conualescere, to
begin to grow well ; an inceptive form.
— L. con' {-cum), fully; ualere, to be
strong.
, Convene, to assemble. (F.-L.) F.
convenir y to assemble. — L. conuenfrCy to
come together. — L. con- (cum), together;
uenire, to oome.
convenient, suitable. (F.-L.)
From stem of L. conueniens, suitable;
CONY, CONEY
orig. pres. pt. of conuentre, to come to-
getner, suit (above).
convent. (L.) L. conuentus, an as-
sembly. — L. conuentuSy pp. of con-uentre.
convention. (F. — L.) F. cofwen-
tiony *a compact;* Cot. — L. ace con-
uentionem, a meeting, compact. — L. con-
uentuSy pp. of con-uenire, to meet.
Converge. (L.) Late L. conuergere,
to incline together (Isidore). — L. cofi^
{cum)y together; uergere, to bend, in-
cline.
Converse, vb. (F.-L.) Y.converser,
to associate with ; Cot. — L. conuersdrJ, to
live with. — L. con- {cum), with ; uersdrt,
to dwell (lit. turn oneself about), orig.
pass, of the frequent, of uertere, to turn.
convert, vb. (F.-L.) O. F. con-
z/^rft>. — Folk-L. *convertire, for L. con-
uertere, to turn wholly, change. — L. con-
{cum)y wholly ; uertere, to turn.
Convex. (L.) L. conuexus, arched,
vaulted ; related to conuehere, to bring
together (hence, to unite by an arch). — L.
con- (for cum), together ; uehere^ to carry,
bring. See Vehicle.
Convey, Convoy, vb. (F. - L.)
M.E. cofiueien, cotiuoien {conoeien, con-
voten), to convey, also to convoy. — A. F.
conveiery O.F. convoier, to convey, convoy,
accompany on the way. — Late L. conuidre,
to accompany. — L. con- {cum), with; uia,
way. % Convey is the A. F. or Norman
form ; convoy is Parisian.
Convince. (L.) L. conuincerey to
overcome by proof. — L. con- {cum),
wholly ; uincere, to conquer. Der. con-
vict y verb and sb., from A.F. convict <,h,
conuiciusy pp. of conuincere.
Convivial. (L.) Coined as adj. from
L. conutui-uniy a feast.- L. con- {cum),
together ; utuere, to live (hence, eat).
Convoke. (F.— L.) F. convoquer.^
L. conuocdrCy to call together. — L. con-,
together ; uocdre, to call.
Convolve. (L.) L. conuoluere, to toW
together, writhe about. — L. con- {cum,
together ; uoluere, to roll. Der. convolut-
ion, from pp. conuoliitus; convolv-ul-us,
L. conuoluulus, a twining plant.
Convoy ; see Convey.
Convuse, to agitate violently. (L.)
L. conuulsus, pp. of conuellere, to pluck
up,- convulse. — L. con- {cum), with,
severely ; uellerCy to pluck.
Cony, Coney, a rabbit. (F. - L.)
M. E. coni'y also conyng. Anglo-F. conil,
10
coo
CORACLE
conin\ O. F. conniL — L. cuntcuius, a
rabbit ; a word -of uncertain origin.
Coo. (E.) A purely imitative word ;
also spelt croo, Cf. cuckoo^ cock.
Cook. (L.) M. £. coken^ to cook ;
A.S. coc, a cook.— L. coquusy a cook ; co-
qturty to cook.+Gk. vicativ ; Skt. pack,
lo cook ; Russ. pech{e\ to bake. ( V^EQ ;
whence Lat. *pequere, becoming *queqtt€re
by assimilation, and then coquere; Gk.
*W^-t€iv, whence iricauv,) Bmgm. i. §
66 r . A.S.cdc^ Late L. cacus, for coquus,
OookiOy a cake ; see Cake.
Cool. (E.) A.S. <:<?/, cool. 4*^^* ^^^^»
Teut. type *k0l-uz; also, with mutation,
Dan. ioif G. kuhi ; from kd/-, 2nd grade
of kai', as in A. S. calan, Icel. kala, to
freeze ^t. t. kol) ; see Cold.
^rOOllOy Cooly, an East Indian porter.
(Hind, or TamiL) Hind, kiilt, a labourer,
porter, cooley (Forbes) ; prob. from UToIt,
a tribal name (Yule). Or from Tamil ^^/i,
daily hire' or wages; hence, a day-
labourer (Wilson).
Coomb ; see Comb.
Coop. (L.) M. E. cupe, a basket;
answering to A. S. *cupe, not found, though
cype (with /-mutation) occurs as a gloss
to (ioh'um.^L. cupa, a tub, whence also
Du. Auip, Icel. kupa, a bowl ; also Late I^
copa, whence G. ku/e, tub, vat, coop;
O. Sax. copa, a tub. Cf. Skt. ki/pa, a pit,
hollow. Der. coop-er, tub-maker.
Co-operate. (L.) From pp. of L.
co-operdri, to work with ; from co- (cum)^
witli; and ^^<fri, to work; see Operate.
Co-ordinate. (L.) From L.co- (cum),
with ; and the pp. of ordindre, to order.
See Ordinate.
Coot. (E.) M. E. cote J coote, a water-
fowl.-fDu. koett a coot. Origin unknown.
Copkl. (Span. — Mexican.) S^zn, copal,
vMex. copalli^ resin.
Co-parcener, a co-partner. (F. - L.)
Parcener is the true old spelling oi partner \
see Partner.
Cope (x)) orig. a cape. (Late L.) M. E.
cope^ earlier cape ; A. S. *cdpa, not found ;
but IceL kdpa occurs. » Late L. cdpa^ a
cape; see Cape (i). [Cf. pope, from
A. S. papa, ] Der. coping-stone.
Cope (3), to vie with. (F.-L.-Gk.)
M. eT copen, coupeti, to fight. — O. F. coper,
couper, colper, to strike (F. couper, to cut).
— O. F. cop, cotip, colp, a blow. —Late L.
colpus, L. coiaphus, a blow. — Gk. if<JAa^os,
a blow on the ear. See Coupon.
Copeck, a small Russian coin, worth
less than ^r/. ; a hundredth part of a rouble.
(Riiss.) Russ. kopieika, a copeck ; dimin.
of Russ. kopee, a lance. So called from the
figure of Ivan IV, holding a lance (1535).
See Boubie.
Copious, ample. (F.— L.) O. F. co-
pieux,^\u. copiosus, plentiful. — L. copia,
plenty; for *cO'Opia,^'L. co- (for cum),
together ; op-, base of opes, wealth. Cf.
in-opia, want.
Copper, a metal. (Cyprus.) M.E. coper,
A. S. copor, ""Late L. cuper, L. cuprum, a
contraction for Cuprium ces, Cyprian brass.
— Gk. Kwrpios, Cyprian ; Kvvpos, Cyprus,'
whence the Romans got copper.
copperas, sulplmte of iron. (F.— L.)
M. E. coperose, — O.F. coperose (couperose) ;
cf. Ital. copparosa. According to Diez,
from L. cupri rosa^ rose of copper, a trans-
lation of Gk. x<^^~<x''^o^» brass -flower,
copperas. But this is prob. only a popular
etymology ; and the Late L. cuprosa seems
to be merely an adj. form from cuprum.
See N.E.D.
Coppice, Coppy, Copse, a small
wood. (F. — L. — Gk.) Coppy is short for
coppice, and copse is contracted. —O. F.
copeiz [Low L. copecici], underwood fre-
quently cut, brushwood. — O.F. coper (F.
couper), to cut.— O.F. cop (F. coup), a
stroke. —Low L. colpus, L. colaphus, stroke,
blow. — Gk. K6\a(po%, a blow. ^ O. F.
copei% answers to a Late L. type *colpdti-
ciuMy from colpdre, to strike. Coppy arose
from coppice being taken as coppies, pi. r
and copse {cops) from reducing a supposed
pi. *coppis to cops,
Coprolite. (Gk.) Lit. * dung-stone.'
Made from Gk. Kovpo-s, dung ; and \i$-oi,
a stone. For -lite, cf. Aerolite.
Copulate. (L.) From pp. of L. copti-
Idre, to join. — L. copula, a band ; see
Couple.
Copy. (F.— L.) M.E. copy, abun-
dance ; the mod. sense is due to the mul-
tiplication of an original by means oi copies.
— O. F. copie, abundance ; also a copy. —
L. cdpia., plenty ; see Copious.
Coquette. (F.) F.r^^^we?/^^, *apratling
or proud gossip,' Cot; fem. oi coquet, a
little cock, dimin. oicoq, a cock. Cf. prov.
E. cocky, i. e. strutting as a cock.
Coracle, a light wicker boat. (W.) W.
corwgl, cwrwgl, coracle; dimin. of ^r^nc/^,
a carcase, civrwg^ a boat, frame. So Gael.
cnrachan, coracle, from curach, boat of
III
CORAL
wicker-work ; cf. Ir. corrach, O. Ir. curaek,
a boat.
Coral, (F.-L.-Gk.) O.F. coral. '^
L. corallutHy cordlium.-^Gk. tcopaWtov,
coral. See Schade, p. 1374.
Corbaili a gift. (Heb.) Heb. Jordan,
an offering to God, in fulfilment of a vow ;
from qdrab, to draw near. Cf. Arab, qur-
ban, a sacrifice.
Corbel- (F.— L.) O. F. r^r^^/, a raven,
a corbel (in architecture), from the notion
of a projecting beak, i- Folk-L. corbellum,
for corvellum, ace. of carvellusj dimin.
of L. coruus^ a raven. ^^ Distinct from
€orbeily a basket full of earth (F. corbeilie,
L. corbicula, dimin. of cordis, a basket).
Cord. (F.-L.-Gk.) M.E. corde.'^
F. r^r^. — Late L. corda, a thin rope ; the
same as L. chorda, — Gk. x^P^* ^^^ string
of a musical instrument. Der. cord-age
(F. cordage) ; cord-on (F. cordon) ; cord-
-elier (F. cordelier, a twist of rope, also
a Gray Friar, who used such a twist ; from
cordeler^ to twist ropes). See Chord.
Cordial. (F.— L.) F. <•<?;'<//«/, hearty.
* L. cordi', decL stem of cor, heart ; with
sufHx -dlis ; see Heart.
Corduroy, a thick-ribbed or corded
stuff. (F.— L.) F. corde du roi, a trade-
name, invented in England ; lit. ' king's
cord.' See Cord and Boyal.
Cordwainer, shoemaker. (F.— Span.)
M. £. cordewaner, a worker in cordewane,
i.e. leather of Cordova. — O.F. cordouan.
Cordovan leather.— Late L. Cordoa, Cor-
dova in Spain (L. Corduba),
CorOf hard centre in fruit, &c. (F. — L. ?)
Etym. doubtful. Perhaps from F. cor, a
horn, also, a com on the foot, callosity. —
L. comu, a horn, a horny excrescence.
Coriander. (F,-L.-Gk.) F. cori-
andre. — L. coriandrum (whence A. S. eel-
lendre).^G\i, Kopicarvov, H6piov, coriander.
Cork. (Span. — L.) Apparently from
O. Span, alcorqtu, a cork shoe, which
seems to be an Arab, form allied to Span.
al'comoque^ the cork-tree, where al is the
Arab. clef, art., and com-oque is formed
from L. quern-US [ioi *quercnus)y oaken,
adj. from L. quercus, an oak. % But the
bark of the tree, was called, in Span., corche,
corcho, — L. corticem, ace. of cortex^ bark.
Hence cork is often derived from Span.
corcho, though k for ch seems improb-
able.
Cormorant, a bird. (F.-L.) The /
is excrescent. — F. cormoran ; O. F. cortna-
CORNET
raniy cormoran (Littr^).— O. F. corp, a
crow ; and O. F. *marenc^ belonging to
the sea, deriv. of L. mare, sea, with G.
suffix -t»^; cf. Y.Jlamanlj flamingo. — L.
coruum, ace. of coruus, a crow; &c.
Cf. Port, corvomarinho, a cormorant ; lit.
' marine crow ; ' from L. coruus marinus.
But probably -moran was due to, or con-
fusea with, Bret morvran, a cormorant
(from mor, sea, and bran, a crow).
Com (i), grain. (E.) A. S. com.^'Dn.
koren, Icel. Dan. Swed. G. korn, Goth.
kaum, Teut. type *kumom, Idg. type
*g9mom, com; whence O. Slav. zrHno,
Russ. zemo, com. Cf. Lat. grdnum,
grain; Skt.y/"r«tf-, worn down, pp. oijri.
Doublet, grain* See Churn. Bragm. i.
% 628. (VGER.)
Com (2), a hard excrescence on the
foot. (F. — L.) O. F. corn (F. cor) , a horn,
homy swelling. — L. comii, a horn ; see
Hom.
cornea, homy membrane in the eye.
(L.) L. cornea^ fem. of comeus, homy. —
L. comii, a hom.
Cornell a shmb. (Bu.— L.) M. Du.
komelle, 'the fruit of the comelle-tree,'
Hexham ; cf. M. H. G. comelbaum, corael-
tree ; Weigand. [Cf. M . F. comille, a cor-
nel-berry; comillier, comel-tree.] — Late L.
cornolium, cornel-tree.— L. comus, a cor-
nel-tree ; from the hard, horny nature of
the wood. — L. cornH, a hom.
cornelian, a kind of chalcedony.
(F. — L.) Formerly comaline. — F. coma'
line, 'the comix or comaline, a flesh-
coloured stone;* Cot. C£ Port, come-
Una ; also Ital. comiola, (i) a comel-tree,
(2) a comelian, prob. so named because
its colour resembles that of the froit of the
comel-tree (Schade).— Late L. comiola,
comel-berry; cornolium^ cornel.- L. cor-
neus, adj. of comus, a cornel. % Altered
to carneolus in Late L. (Schade, p. 1379),
carnelian in E., and cameol in G., from
a popular etymology which connected it
with L. cam-, stem of carOy flesh. Cf.
onyx - Gk. ^Kvf, finger-nail.
comer. ( F. — L.) A. F. comere ; O. F.
comiere. — Med. L. comeria, corner, angle.
— Med.L. coma, angle.— L. comua, pi. of
coma, hom, projection ; taken as a fem.
sing.
comet. (F. — L.) M. E. comet, a horn ;
later ,..a troop of horse (who carried a cor-
nette or standard) ; also an officer of such
a troop. — F. comet, comette, dimin. of F.
13
CORNICE
CORSE
€amet a horn. •- Med. L. coma, a horn
(above).
Cornice. (F.-Ital.) M.F.andPicard
cornice ; F. comiche, — Ital. cornice, a
ledge for hanging tapestry (Florio) ;
usually, a crow (from L. ace. corntcem, a
crow). Origin uncertain ; by some identi-
fied with coronix, a square frame. *Gk.
Kopeapis, curved ; as sb., a wreath.
Corolla. (L.) L. cifrolla, dimin. of co-
rona, a crown. See Crown.
corollary. (L.) h,coro/idriumyVL 'pre'
sent of a garland, a gratuity; also, an
additional inference. »L. corolla (above).
coronal, a crown. (F.— L.) Properly
an adj.^F. coroncUy adj.«>L. corondlis,
belonging to a crown. ^"L, corona, a crown.
coronation. (L.) LateL. ace. corond-
tionem, from pp. of corondre, to crown.—
L. corona, a crown.
coroner. (F.— L.) Also €rowner\
both forms represent A. F. coruner ^coroner,
Latinised as corondrius, a crown- officer, a
coroner (afterwards Latinised as coro-
ndtor\ — O. F. corone, a crown. ■■ L. corona,
a crown.
coronet. (F.-L) Dimin. ofO. F.
corone, a crown. — L. corona, a crown.
Coronach, a dirge. (Gael.) Gael, cor-
ranachy a dirge, lit. * a howling together.' —
Gael, comh' ( « L. cum) , together ; rdnaich,
a howling, from the verb rhn, to howl,
cry, roar, which is from rhn, sb., an outcry.
So also Irish coranach, a dirge.
Corporal (i)> a subordinate officer.
' (F.— L.) O. F. corporai, ^'L6X<^ L. cor^
j>ordl%s, a captain ; a leader of a body of
troops. ■■ L. corpor-^ for *corpoS', stem
of corpus, body. % F. has now the form
caporal, from Ital. caporale, a chief of a
band; as if from Ital. capo, head (L.
caput) ; but this does not explain the -or-.
corporal (3), belonging to the body.
(F. — L.) O. F. corporal J corporeL'^'L.
cofpordlisj bodily. — L. corpor-, for *cor~
poS', stem of corpus, the body. Der.
(from L. corpor-) corpor-ate, corpor-e-al
(L. corpore-us), &c. Brugm. i. § 555.
corps, corpse, come, a body.
(F. — L.) [Here corps is F. ; corse is from
the O. F. cars,'] M. £. cors, corps. ^^O, F.
corSi M.F. corps, the body. — "LsCorpus, body.
corpulent. (F.— L.) Y. corpulent,^
I^. corpulentuSf fat. — L. corpus, body.
OOrpnscle. (L. ) L. cotpus-cu-lum,
double dimin. of corpus, body.
Corral, an enclosure for animals, pen.
(Span. — L.) Span, corral, a court, yard,
enclosure. — Span, corro, a circle, a ring of
people met to see a show. From the
phrase correr toros, to hold a bull-fight,
lit. to run bulls. — L. currere, to run (Diez).
See Eraal.
Correct, adj. (L.) L. correctus, pp.
of corrigere, to correct. — L. cor^ (for
con- =^ cum), together ; regere, to rule.
COrreffldor, a Spanish magistrate.
(Span.— L.) Span, corregidor, lit. 'cor-
rector.*-Span, corregir, to correct. — L.
corrigere (above).
Correlate, to relate or refer mutually.
(L.) Coined from L. cor- \ = cum), to-
gether ; and Belate, q. v.
Correspond. (F. — L.) Y , correspon-
dre.^h. cor- (for con-, cum), together;
and Bespond, q. v.
Corridor. (F. — Ital. — L.) F. corridor.
— Ital. corridore, a swift horse; also, a
long (ruiming along) gallery. — Ital. cor-
rere, to run. — L. currere, to run.
Corrie. (Gael.) Gael, coire, a circular
hollow surrounded with hills,^ mountain
dell ; also, a cauldron. [Cf. G. kessel, a
kettle, a ravine.] + O. Irish coire, core, a
kettle ; W. pair, A. S. hwer, a cauldron.
Brugm. i. § 123.
Corroborate. (L.) From pp. of L.
corrobordre, to strengthen.— L. cor- (for
con- ^ cum), wholly ; robor-, stem oirobur,
strength.
Corrode. (F. — L.) F. corroder. - L.
corrodere, to gnaw to pieces. — L. cor- (for
con- =» cunt), wholly ; rodere, to gnaw.
Der. corrosive, from pp. corros-us.
Corrody, Corooy, allowance, pen-
sion. (Low Lat. — Teut.) A. F. corodie, —
Low L. corrodium, earlier corredium, L.
form of A. F. conrei, preparation, pro-
vision, allowance. See Ourry (i).
Corrugate. (L.) From pp. of L.
corrUgdre, to wrinkle. — L. cor- {cum),
wholly; and rUgdre, to wrinkle, from
i-uga, a wrinkle.
Corrupt, adj. (F.— L.) k.Y.corupt,
— L. corruptus, pp. oicorrumpere, to break
wholly, corrupt.— L. cor- (for con- -cum),
wholly ; rumpere, to break.
Corsair. ( F. - Ital. - L.) F. corsaire
(Prov. corsari, one who makes the course,
corsa). — Ital. corsare, earlier corsaro, a
pirate. — Med. L. cursarius, a pirate. —
L. cursus, a course. See Course.
Corse, a body. (F. — L.) M. E. cors. -
O. F. cors. — L. corpus, a body.
n
CORSET
COUGH
corset. (F.— L.) F. corseU a pair of
stays ; dimin. of O. F. cors^ body.
corslet. (F. - L.) F. corselet, ' a little
body/ Cot.; hence, body-armour. Double
dimin. of O. F. cors^ body (above).
Cort^^e. (F. - Ital. - L.) F. cortigCy a
train, retmue. — Ital. corteggio, a retinue.
*ItaU carte, a court. -■ L. cortem, co-
hortem, ace. of cohars, a court ; see Court
(I).
COrtes, the span, national assembly.
(Span. — L.) Span, cortes, pi. of corte, a
court. — L. cortem (above).
CorteZy bark. (L.) L. cortex (gen.
corticis), bark. Der. cortical.
Coruscate. (L.) From pp. of L.
contscdre, to glitter.
Corvette, a small frigate. (F. — Port. —
L.) F. corvette. ^V on. corveta ; Span.
corbeta, a corvette.— L. corbita^ a slow-
sailing ship of burden. — L. corbis, a basket.
Cosmic, relating to the world. (Gk.)
Gk. Kofffincds, adj., from tcSfffios, order, also
the world, universe. Der. cosmo-gony,
cosmo • grap^j cosnio - logy, cosmo 'polite
(citizen of the world, Gk. itoKii^, a
citizen V
cosmetic, that which beautifies. (Gk.)
Gk. KotrjiTiTiieos, skilled in adorning ;
whence also F. cosm4tigue,'mGk, leofffiiotf
I adorn. — Gk. «d<r/io;, order, ornament.
Cossack, a light-armed S. Russian
soldier. (Russ.— Tatar.) Russ. kozak\
kazak' ; of Tatar (Tartar) origin. — Turk!
quzzdq, a vagabond; a predatory horse-
man (Yule).
Cosset, to pet. (E.) From i6th cent.
cosset f a pet-lamb, a pet Prob. the same as
A. F. coscet, cozetf a cottar; A. S. cot-s&ta,
a dweller in a cot, 'cot-sitter.' From
A. S. cot J cot ; s^ta, dweller, from sittan,
to sit. Cf. prov. G. kosscU, a cottager.
[So Ital. casiccio, pet lamb (Florio) ; from
casa, a cottage.]
Cost, vb. (F. - L.) M. E. costen. - O. F.
coster (F. coiter), to cost. — L. const are, to
stand together, last ; also to cost. — L. con-
{cum), together; and stare, to stand.
Costal, relating to the ribs. (L.) From
L. costa, a rib. See Coast.
Costermonger. (F. and K) For-
merly costerd-monger, or costard'tnonger.
a seller of costards or apples. [The suffix
-monger is E. ; see Monger.] M. E.
costard, an apple, where the suffix -ard is
F. ; prob. from O. F. coste, F. cdte, a rib ;
cf. Y. fruit cdteU, ribbed fruit (Hamilton).
Costive. (F.— L.) YromO.Y. costeu^,
— L. constipdtus, constipated. See con*
stiier in Littre ; and Constipate.
Costume. (F.— Ital.-L.) O.Y.cos-
tume, a costume. — Ital. costume ; Low L.
costuma; see Custom. Doublet of cus^
torn.
Cosy, Cosy, comfortable, snugly shel-
tered. (C. ?) Lowland Scotch cosie, cozie
(Bums). Etym. unknown; perhaps cf.
Gael, cbsctch, cbsagach, abounding in re-
cesses, also snug, sheltered ; Gael, chs, a
hollow, recess, cave ; Irish cucu^ a cave.
Cot, a small dwelling; Cote, an en-
closure. (E.) M.E. r<7/^. A. S. cot, cote, a.
cot, den ; Northumbrian cot.^Dn.kot, Icel.
kot, cot, hut ; prov. G. kot/i, cot. Der.
cott-age (with F. suffix) ; cott-ar or cott-er ;
sheep-cote.
coterie, a set of people. (F.— Teut)
F. coterie, a set of people, company ;
allied to O. F. coterie, servile tenure
(Littre) ; Low L. coteria, a tenure by
cottars who clubbed together. — Low L.
cota, a.cot. — Du. kot (above).
Cotillon, Cotillion, a dance for 4 or
8 persons. (F.-M.H.G.) ¥. cotillon, lit.
a petticoat; see Cotgrave. Formed, with
suffix -ill-on, from O. F. cote, a coat,
frock ; see Coat.
Cotton (i), a downy substance. (F.—
Span. — Arab.) M. E. and A. F. cotoun. —
F. colon. ^SpBJi, colon, algodon, cotton
(where al is the Arab. art.). — Arab, qutn,
qutun, cotton.
cotton (a), to agree. From a technical
use of cotton, to form a down upon ; from
Cotton (i); see Nares.
Cotyledon, seed-lobe. (Gk.) Gk.
KOTvXriUiv, a cup- shaped hollow. — Gk.
KorvKri, a hollow vessel, cup.
Concll, to lay down, place, set. (F. --
L.) M . E. couchen, to set, arrange. — O. F.
coucher, colcher, to place. — L. collocare, to
put together. — L. col- {cum), together;
and locdre, to place, from locus, a place.
Der. couch, db., a place on which one is
couched or laid.
Coucll-graSS, a grass which is trouble-
some as a weed. (E.) Here couch is a
variant of quitch, palatalised form of
quick ^ i. e. tenacious of life ; see Quick.
Conffh.. (E.) M. E. coughen, co^vhen.
A. sT^cohhian, only found in the deriv.
cohhetan, to make a noise. [The usual
A. S. word is hwostan.'] Cf. Du. kuchett,
to cough ; M. H. G. kfichen, G. keuchen.
IT4
COULD
to gasp. From an imitative base *keu/t,
*kuh, to gasp ; see Chincough.
Could ; see Can (i).
Coulter, part of a plough. (L.) M. £.
colter, A. S. culter, — L. cutter^ a coulter,
knife. Cf. per-cellere^ to strike.
Council. (F. — L.) F. concile. — L. con-
cilium, an assembly called together. ^iL.
coft' {cum), together; and caldre^ to
summon. % Often confused with counsel.
Counsel. (F. — L.) M.E. conseiL^
O.F. conseil.^h. consilium, deliberation.
-iL. consulere, to consult; see Consult.
% Often confused with council.
Count (i), a title of rank. (F.— L.)
The orig. sense was * companion.' A. F.
counte (not in M. E.). — O. F. conte\ also
comte. — L. comitem, ace. of comes^ a com-
panion (stem corn-it- ). — L. com- (for cum-),
together; and it-um, supine of ire, to go.
Dep. count-ess ; also count-y (below).
Count (2), to reckon. (F. — L.) F.
conter, formerly also compter, ^"L, compu-
tare, to compute ; see Compute.
Countenance. (F.~L.) o. F. con-
tenance, gesture, demeanour; also look,
visage. — L. continentia, continence, which
in Late L. meant < gesture, demeanour.* •»
la,contifient-, stem of pres. pt. ofcontinere;
see Continent. Der. dis- countenance, vb.
Counter« a piece to count with, a
bureau. (F. — L.) M. E. countour. — O. F.
conteour, countour. From O. F. conter ;
see Count (a).
Counter-y /r^i^ir. (F.— L.) F. contre,
against. »L. contra, against.
Counteract. (F.—L.) See Counter-,
prefix, and Act.
Cfounterfeit, imitated. (F. - L.)
M. E. counterfeit, — O. F. contrefait, pp.
of contrefaire, to imitate. — F. contre, over
against, like ; faire, to make. — L. contra,
against ; facere, to make.
Countermand, to revoke an order.
(F.—L.) F. contremander, to recall a
command. — F. contre (L. contra), against ;
mander (L. manddre), to command.
Countenane ( i )> a coverlet for a bed.
(F.—L.) An altered form, in place of
counterpoint, as in Shak. — M. F. contre-
poinct, the back-stitch or quilting-stitch,
also a quilt ; Cot. p. Thus named, by a
popular etymology, from a fancied connec-
tion with M. F. contrepoincter, to work the
back-stitch (from contre = L, cofttrd). But
really connected with M. F. coutrepointer,
to quilt (also in Cotgrave). In fact, contre-
COUPLE
poinct is a corruption of O. F. coutepointe,
a counterpane (see courtepointe in Liltre).
— L. culcita puncia, a counterpane, a
stitched quilt (see Ducange).— L. culcita,
a quilt ; puncta, fem. of punctus, pp. of
pungere, to prick. See Quilt.
Counterpane (2\ counterpart of a
deed. (F.—L.) M. F. contrepan, contre^
pant'. Cot. — F. contre (L. contra), over
against; pan, a piece, part ; see Pane.
Counterpoint, the composing of
music in parts. (F.—L.) M. F. contre-
poinct, ' a ground or plain song, in music ; '
Cot. The lit. sense is point against point,
from the points or dots which represented
musical notes, and were placed on staves
over or against each other in compositions
in two or more parts. — F. contre (L. con-
trS), against; point, a point ; see Point.
Counterpoise. (F.-L.) From coim-
tcr and poise ; see Poise.
Counterscarp, exterior slope of a
ditch. (F.-Ital.-L. awflf Teut.) F. con-
trescarpe ; Cot. — Ital. contrascarpa. —
Ital. cofttra, over against ; Scarpa, a scarp.
See Counter- and Scarp.
Countersign, to attest by signing in
addition. (F.— L.) F. conttesigtier, *to
subsigne ; ' Cot. — F. contre, over against ;
signer, to sign ; see Counter- and Sign.
Countertenor. (F.- Ital.- L.) M.F.
contreteneur; Cot.— Ital. contratcnore, a
countertenor, the highest adult male voice.
— Ital.^^if/m, against, over against; tenor e,
a tenor ; see Tenor.
Countervail. (F.-L.) M. E. r^w-
trevailen. — O. F. contrevail-, a stem of
contrevaloir, to avail against. — O. F. con-
tre, against; valoir, to avail. — L. contra,
against ; uatere, to be strong.
Country. (F. — L.) M.E. contree,^
O. F. contree ( = Ital. contradci).^\aX& L.
conirdda, contrdta, a region, lit. that which
lies opposite ; cf. G. gegend, country, lit.
opposite, from gegen, opposite. — L. r^»/nf,
opposite ; see Contra-.
Countey-dance. (F.) From country
and dance. ^The F. contredanse was bor-
rowed from this E. form.)
County, orig. a province governed by a
count. (F. — L.) M.E. countee. '^O.F,
counte (i. e. coun-ti), F. comti, a province.
— Late L. comifdtum, ace. of comitdtus, a
county (though the old meaning was a com-
pany or suite). — L. comit-, stem of comes,
a count ; see Cotint (i).
Couple. (F.-L.) O. F. cople, later
15
COUPON
coupie.^la. copulay a bond, band, that
which joins; short ioi *co-aP'ula,^'L, co^
{cum)f together; and O.L. apere^ to join,
preserved in the pp. aptus ; see Apt.
Coupon^ one of a series of conjoined
tickets or certificates. (F, — L. — Gk.) F.
coupon J a piece cut off, a coupon. — F. couper^
to cut, slash. — F. coupy a blow. — Late L.
colpuSy short for colaphus, a blow. — Gk.
K6Kaupos, a blow on the ear.
Courage. (F. — L.) F. courage, 0,F,
corage ; formed with suffix -age (L.-dticum)
from O. F. coTy heart. — L. cor, heart.
Der. encourage.
Courier. (^F. — Ital.— L.) l/[,F. courier,
a runner ; F. caurrier, — Ital. corriere, lit.
* runner.* — Ital. correre, to run. — L. cur-
rere, to run.
course. (F.—L.) Y, course, '^'L, cur-
sum, ace. of cursus, a course ; from pp. of
currere. Der. cours-er, a swift horse.
Court (0} a yard; royal retinue, judicial
assembly. (F. — L.) M. E. cort, curt, —
O.F. cort, curt (F. court), 2i court, a yard,
also a tribunal. — L. ace. cortem^ cohortem
(nom. cohors), a pen, enclosure, • cattle-
yard, court, also a cohort, or band of sol-
diers.—L.^^ (^-Wfw), together; and ho'>^-,
as in hort-us, a garden, yard, cognate with
yard. (VGHER.)
court (a), to seek favour. (F.—L.)
From the sb. court ; hence, to practise arts
in vogue at court.
courteous, of courtly manners. (F.
— L.) M. E. corteis, later corteous,^
O. F. corteis, courteous. — O. F. cort, a
court ; with suffix -m (L. -ensis).
courtesan. (F. - Ital. - L.) Fem.
of F. conrtisan, a courtier. — Ital. corti-
giano (in Florio cortegiano), a courtier. For
*cortesiano, an extension of cortese, cour-
teous ; from Ital. corte, court. — L. . ace.
cortem ; see Court (i ).
courtesy. (F.—L.) M.E. cortesie.
— O.F. cortesie, courtesy. — O. F. corteis,
courteous ; see courteous.
courtier. (F. — L.) M.E,courteour.
From A. F. *cortei-er (O. F. cortoi-er), to
live at court ; with suffix -our (L. -atdrem),
— O. F. cort, a court.
Court cards; a corruption of coat
cards, pictured cards, the old name.
Courteous, &c. ; see Court.
Cousin. (F. - L.) M. E, cosin. - O. F.
cosin (F. cousin ; Late L. cosinus, Ital.
ctigino, Romaunsch cusrin, cusdrin).^!^.
consohrinus, the child of a mother's sister,
KINE
a cousin.— L. con- {cum\ together; soh^T'
nus, for *swesr-inus, belonging to a sister ;
from L. soror (for *swesor), a sister; of.
Skt. svasr, a sister. See Sister. (Cf.
Brugm. i. § 319.)
CovCi a nook. (E.) A. S. cofa^ a cham-
ber, a cave. + Icel. kofi, a hut ; Swed.
kofva; G. koben, a cabin. % Distinct
from cave, coop, alcove, Brugm. i. § 658.
Covenant, agreement. (F. — L.) O.F.
covenant^ also convenant, agreement. —
O. F. co(n)venant, pres. pt. of co{n)veniry
to assemble, agree. — L. conuemre, to as-
semble, come together ; see Convene.
Cover, to hide. (F. — L.) O. F. covrir
(couT/rir),^!,, coopertre, to cover. — L. co-
(cum), wholly ; opertre, to shut, hide. For
*cp-uerfre ; cf. Lith. az-weriu, I shut,
wartai, doors, Oscan ace. veru, a door.
Brugm. i. § 350.
coverlet. (F.—L.) M.F.. cover/ite.
— A. F. coverlet, coverlit (not in O. F.),
a bed-cover. — O. F. covrir, to cover ; /j/,
a bed, from L. tectum, ace.* of lectus, a
bed.
covert. (F. — L.) O. F. covert, pp.
oi covrir, to cover (above).
Covet. (F.—L.) M.E, coueiten (co-
veiten). — A. F. coveiter (F. convoiter),
Cf. Ital. cubitare (for cupitare), to covet.
Formed, as if from L. *cupiditdre, from
cupiditd'tem, ace, eager desire, which
is from cupidus, desirous of. — L. cupere,
to desire. See Cupid.
Covey. (F. — L.) O. F. cffvee (F. cou-
vie), a brood of partridges; fem. of pp. of
cffver (F. couver), to hatch, sit. — L. cuddre,
to lie down, sit. Cf. Gk. Kv<p6s, bent.
Covin, secret agreement, fraud ; a law-
term. (F. — L.) M. E. covine. — O. F.
covine, agreement. — O. F. covenir, to as-
semble, agree. — L. conuemre, to come
together. See Convene, Covenant. (The
O. F. covine answers to Late L. convenia,
pi. of convenium, an agreement.)
Cow (i), female of the bull. (E.) A.S.
cH ; pi. cy, whence M. E. ky, and the
double pi. ky-en^kine. Teut. stem *Jt«-,
whence also Icel. >&yr. -4- Du. koe, Swed.
Dan. ko^ G. kuh ; Teut stem ^ko-. Also
Irish and Gael, bo, W. buw, L. bos (gen.
bou'is), Gk. ^ow, "Pers.gdw, Skt.gV' (nom.
gdus) ; cf. Russ. goviado, oxen. Idg.
stems *g{w)dU', *g(w)ou'-. See Beef.
kine, cows. (E.) A doub/e pi., made
by adding -n, short for -en (A. S. -an), to
M. E. fy, A. S. cy, cows. The A. S. cy,
16
cow
pi. of alt a cow, is formed by vowel-
change from il to y.
Cow (2), to dishearten. (Scand.) Icel.
kilgat to tyrannise over; Dan. kue, to
coerce, subdue; Swed. kufva, to sup-
press.
Coward. (F.— L.) A.F.^^Mar^,ahare,
a coward, F. couard^ a coward ; cf. Ital.
codardo^ a coward. Probably named from
the « bob-tailed* hare.i-O.F. coe (Ital.
codd), a tail; with F. suffix -ard, from
Teut. 'Iiart, orig. hard. — L. cauda^ 2i
tail.
Cower. (Scand.) Vi,^. couren^^lctX,
ktlra, Dan. kure, to doze, lie quiet; Swed.
A'ttraj to cower, lie quiet ; Swed. dial. kurOf
to sit hunched up. Cf. G. kauerUf to
cower.
Cowl (i)> a monk^s hood. (L.) M. £.
cule, coule. A.S. cugele^ cugle.^la. cu-
culia, a cowl ; cf, also cuculltis.
Cowl (2), a vessel carried on a pole.
(F. — L.) M.E. cotul, — O.F. cuvel {cuveau),
a little tub; dimin. of cuve, a vat, tub.-^
L. aipa, a tub. Der. cowl-staff.
Cowry, a small shell used for money.
(Hind.— Skt.) Hind, kaurt, a small shell
{Cypraa monetd) used as coin in the
lower provinces of India.— Skt. kaparda.
Cowslip, a flower. (£.) M. £. cou-
sloppe, A. S. cU'SloppCy cii-slyppey lit. cow-
slop, i. e. a piece of dimg. (Other A. S.
names of plants are of a very homely
character.) Cf. oxlip^ q. v. ; and prov. £,
bull'slopy a large kind of oxlip (Britten).
Cozcomb. (£•) A fool, named from
his cock^s cofnb, or fool's cap, cap with a
cock^s crest.
Coxswain. (F. and Scand.) For
cock'Swain; from cock (4), a boat, and
swain.
Coy. (F,— L.) O. F. coij older form
quei, quiet, still ; spelt cqy^ quoy, in Cot-
grave. — Folk-L. *quetum^ ace. of *qttetus,
tor L. quietus f still. See Quiet.
CoyotOf a prairie-wolf. (Mexican.)
From coyote y Span. pron. of Mex. coyotL
Cosen. (F. — L.) To cozen is to act
as cousin or kinsman, to sponge upon,
beguile. — F. cousiner, to call cousin, to
sponge, live on other people ; see Hamil-
ton and Cotgrave. ■> F. cousin, a cousin ;
see Cousin.
Crab (i), a shell-ash. (£.) A. S.
crabha.'^lQd. kraddij Swed. krcdfba, Dan.
krabbe, Du. krab^ G. krahbe. Allied to
K. Fries, and Dui krabben, to scratch.
I
CRANBERRY
claw ; G. irebs (O. H. G. crebiz), a crab,
Du. kreeft^ a crab. See Crayfish.
crabbed, peevish, cramped. (£.)
From craby sb. ; i. e. crab-like, snappish
or awkward. Cf. Du. krabben, to scratch,
kribbenj to be peevish.
Crab (2), a kind of apple. (E.) Cf.
Swed. krabbdple, crab-apple. Perhaps
allied to crabbed (above).
Crabbed ; see Crab (i).
Crack. (E.) A. S. cracian, to crack.
+Du. kraken, to crack, creak ; G. kra-
chen. Cf. Gael, croc, a fissure, cnac, a
crack, to crack (from £.). Imitative, like
crctke, creak J croak, crash, gnash, knock,
cracknel. (F. — Du.) Formerly ^rai&^-
nel, corruption of F. craqueHn, a cracknel.
— Du. krakeling, a cracknel. Named from
its crispness. — Du. kraken, to crack.
crake, corncrake, a bird. (£.)
From its cry; M. £. craken, to cry out.
Allied to crack, croak.
Cradle. (£.) K.^.cradol. Cf.O.H.G.
cratto, a basket ; also O. H. G. crezzo,
prov. G. krdtze, a basket.
Craft, skill. (E.) A. S. rr<5/*/.-#-Du.
kracht, Icel. kraptr^kraftr, Swed. Dan. G.
kraft, force. Cf. A. S. crafian, to crave,
demand. Der. handi-craft.
Crag. (C.) W. craig, Gael, creag,
crag, rock ; Irish creag, a rock ; cf. W.
careg^ Gael, carraig, rock, cliff, Bret.
karrek, O. Irish carricy a rock.
Crake ; see Craok.
Cram. (£>) A. S. crammian, to stuff.
+ Icel. kremja, Swed. krama, Dan.
kramme, to squeeze. From cramm-, 2nd
grade of the str. vb. crimm-an, to crumble.
And cf. Cramp.
Cramp. (F.— Teut.) F,crampc, 'the
crampe,* Cot. ; cf. crampon, * a cramp-
iron.' — Du. kramp, a cramp, spasm. From
the and grade of Teut. ^krempan-, *krim-
pan', to draw together, as in O. H. G. krim-
phan, to draw together, str. vb. Cf. E.
crimp, cramp, crumple; Icel. krappr,
cramped; kreppa, to pinch. And com-
pare Crank.
Crane, & bird. (£.) A. S. ^ra^.-f-Du.
kraan, Icel. Irani (for krant), Swed.
trana^ Dan. trane, G. kran-ich; W. and
Bret, garan, Gk. yipayos, a crane, also a
crane for raising weights. Cf. L. grus, a
crane, Lith. garnys, a stork. From
^GER, to cry out ; cf. Gk. y^fnn, voice
(Prellwitz).
cranberry. (Low G.) Modem; from
17
CRANIUM
CREAK
Low G. kraanbere (Berghaus), G. kran- , worn by the Croatiansy who were called
beere^ lit cranebcrry; cf. Dan. iranebar
(from tratu=^kranet as above); Swed.
tranbdr,
Craninin. (L.~Gk.) Med. L. cra-
nium, i- Gk. tcpavioVf sknll ; allied to icdpa,
head.
(h*ank (i), a bend. (£.) M. E. cranke.
Allied to £. Fries, krunken, pp., bent.
in F. Croates or Crovaies or Cravaies.
CroiU is a name of Slavonic origin ; cf.
Russ. Kroe^f a Croatian.
Crave. (E>) A. S. crafian, to crave,
ask. Cf. Icel. krefjaj Swed. krafvay Dan.
kravCf to demand; Icel. krafa, a de-
mand.
Craven. (F. - 1.. ?) The oldest form
Cf. Du. kronkel, a wrinkle, kronkelen^ is M. £. cravant, with the sense of beaten,
to wrinkle, turn, wind. Teut. base *krenJ(>,
variant of *kreng-, Cf. Cringe, Crinkle.
crank (2), easily upset, as a boat.
(E.) L e. easily bent or twisted aside.
Cf. Du. kranky ill, poor ; also krengen, to
careen a boat; Swed. krdnga^ Dan.
krangej to heel over ; see Cringe.
crank (3), lively. (E.) The same
word, from the idea of turning quickly.
Cf. Norw. kringf active, brisk ; Dan. dial.
krteng, dexterous.
Cranny. (F. - L. ?) M. E. crany,
— F. cratty a notch ; with E. suffix -y.
Allied to Ital. crena ftmoizh. (Florio). Cf.
Late L. crena, a notch (a word of doubt-
ful authority). See Crenellate.
CrantSy a garland. (M. Du.— G.) M.
Du. kraniSi Du. krans, a garland, wreath
(whence Dan. krands, Sw. krans). All
from G. kranZf a wreath.
Crape. (F.-L.) F. ^r^/^, formerly
crespe, * frizzled, crisped, crisp ; * Cot.
From its wrinkled surface. — L. crisfus,
curled. See Crisp.
Crare* a small ship. (F.) In Cymb.
iv. 2. 205. M.E. crayer,'mO,Y, crater,
creer, a war-vessel. Of unknown origin.
Crash, vb. (E.) Of imitative origin ;
closely allied to crack, Cf. ciasky (&sA ;
and see Craze.
Crasis. (Gk.) Gk. Kpatns, a mixing ;
hence, contraction. — Gk. K(p6yyvfUf I
mix.
Crass. (L.) L. crassus, thick, dense.
Cratch, a crib, manger. (F. -O.H. G.)
M. E. crecche, — O. F. creche {criche) ;
Prov. crepcha. — O. H. G. crippea (whence
G krippe)y a crib. See Crib.
Crate. (L.) L. crates, a hurdle ; hence,
a wicker-case, &c.
Crater. (L. - Gk.) L. crdtir, a bowl,
a crater. — Gk.' Hparrjp, a large bowl in
which things were mixed. — Gk. Kfpdvvvju,
I mix.
foiled, or overcome, i. Mr. Nicol sug-
gested that it is a clipped form of O. F.
crcpvanU, pp. explained by Cotgrave by
* oppressed, foiled'; this is the pp. of
O. F. cravanter, to break, oppress «: Late
L. *crepantdre, formed from crepant-, stem
of pres. pt. of crepdre, to crack, break.
Cf. Span, quebraniar, to crack, break.
2. But it seems rather to be due to a con-
fusion of the E. vb. to crave with M. £.
creaunt, used in the precise sense of
recreant, craven, beaten; this answers to
O. F. creant, trusting, from Lat. ace.
credentenit believing; from credere^ to
believe, in Late L., to yield, to fear (cf.
re-creatU), Cf. prov. E. cradden, cradant,
a coward; prob. from an A.F. form of
L. cridentem.
Craw, crop of fowls. (E.?) M. E.
crawe. As if from A. S. *craga, the neck ;
not found; N. Fries, krage^ neck, craw.
Allied to Du. kraag, G. kragen, neck,
collar (whence Late Icel. kragi, Swed.
krage, Dan. krave, a collar). Note also
Dan. kro, the craw of a bird ; Swed. krdfva.
Crawfish, the same as Crayflsh.
CrawL (Scand.) Prov. E. craffle,
croffle, to crawl. — Icel. krajla, to paw,
crawl ; Swed. krafla, to grope ; Dan.
kravlct to crawl. Cf. N. Fries, krabli,
krawH, to crawl ; Low G. kraueln. Fre-
quentative from Teut. base *krab-, to
scratch, claw ; see Crab.
Crayfish. (F. - O. H. G.) Altered
from M. E. crevise. — O. F. crevisse, es-
crevisse (Jcrevisse), — O. H. G. crebiz, G.
krebs, a crab ; allied to G. krabbe, a crab ;
see Crab (i).
Crayon. (F.— L.) F. miyi^w; extended
from F. crate, chalk. — L. creta, chalk.
Crase. (Scand.) M. E. erased, i. e.
cracked. — Swed. krasa, Dan. krase, to
crackle ; whence also F. ^eraser, to break
in pieces. Cf. Swed. sl& in kras, Dan.
Cravat. (F. — Slavonic.) F. cravcUe, slaae i krasy to break in shivers.
(i) a Croatian, (2) a cravat. Cravats Creak. (E.) M. E. kreken. Allied to
were introduced into France in 1636, as i crctke^ crack, Cf. Du. kriek, a cricket,
118
CREAM
CRIB
M. F. criquer, to creak, allied to craquer^
to crack. Of imitative origin.
Cream. (F. — L. — Gk.) O. F. cresme
(F. crime) ; really the same word as O. F.
crestne (F. chrSnie)^ chrism ^though con-
fused with L. cremor, thick juice). — Late
L. cArisma, consecrated oil.>-Gk. xp^fffMy
an unguent; see Chrism.
Grease (!)» a wrinkle, as in folding
paper, &c. (F.-^L.) Earliest spelling
creast, a ridge (later, a furrow). Variant
of crest t ridge (as of a roof). Cf. Walloon
cress, a crest, ridge of a roof, kretUf
wrinkled (Remade) ; Prov. crest, creis, a
ridge; and prov. £. crease, a ridge-tile of
a roof. {Athen, Sept. 18, 1897.)
Crease (a), Creese, a dagger. (Ma-
lay.) Malay kris, *a dagger, kris, or
creese;' Marsden.
Create. (L.) From pp. of L. credre,
to make.'^Skt kf^ to make. Der. creat-
ure, O. F. creature, L. cre&tura. And see
Crescent. Brugm. i. {641.
Creed. (L.) M. £. crede ; A. S. creda,
— L. credo, I believe : the first word of
the creed, -f O. Irish cretim, I believe ;
Skt. frcui'dadhdmi, I believe. Der. cred-
efue (O. F. credence, L. credential ; cred'
ible ; credit (L. pp. creditus) ; cred-uUms
(J^ credulus), &c. Brugm. i. § 539.
Creek. (£• ?) M. K. creke, a creek .4-
Du. kruk, M. Du. kreke ; cf. Icel. kriki, a
crack, nook (whence F. crique). The
orig. sense is * a bend,* as in Swed. dial.
amtkrik, bend of the arm ; krik, an angle,
nook.
Creelf an angler*s osier basket. (F.—
L.) O. F. creif, wicker-work (Ducange,
8.V. cleia).^!^. type *crdticulum, for
crdiicula, wicker-work, double dimin. of
crdtes, a hurdle. See Orate and OriU.
Creep. (£.) M. £. crepen ; A. S.
creopan,'\'T>Vi, kruipen, loel. krjUpa, Swed.
krypa, Dan. krybe, to crawl. Teut. type
*krenpan; str. vb.
Creese ; see Crease (a).
Cremataon, burning. (L.) L. cremd-
tidttem, aoc. of cremdtio \ from pp. of ere-
mare, to bum.
Crenatei notched. (L.) From Late
L. crma, M. Ital. crena, a notch.
orenellate. (LateL.»F.— L.) From
Sp. of Late L. crSnelldre^ to furnish with
attlements.*0. F. rr^ff^/y a battlement;
dimin. of O. F. cren, F. cran, a notch,
from Late L. crhta (above).
Creole, one .born in the W. Indies, but
of European blood. (F. — Span. — L.) F.
^r/i9/(f . — Span, criollo, a negro corruption
of *criadillo, dimin. of crtado^ one edu-
cated, instructed, or brought up ; hence, a
child of European blood. Criado is pp.
of criare, to cieate, also, to educate. — L.
credre, to create, make, fl" Cf. Span.
criadtlla, dimin. of criada, a servant-maid.
Creosote, a liquid distilled from tar.
(Gk.) Lit. * flesh- preserver.'— Gk. «/>«>-,
for Kpias, flesh ; and awr; short for owt'Tip,
preserver, from aiiitiv^ to preserve. (Ill-
formed.)
Crescent. (L.) The 'increasing'
moon. — L. crescent-, stem of pres. pt. of
crescere, to grow, increase (pp. crhtus),
inchoative form allied to cre-dre, to
make ; see Create.
Cress. (E.) M. E. cres, also kerse (by
shifting of r), A. S. ccerse, cerse, cresset,
+Du. kers, M. Du. and Low G. kerse, G.
kresse, O. H. G. cressa.
Cresset. (F. - L.) M. E. cresset,
a light in a cup at the top of a pole. —
O. F. cresset, craisset, a cresset (with
grease in an iron cup).— O. F. craisse (F.
grcUsse), grease; Littre. — Folk-L. *crassia,
grease, from L. crassus, thick, dense. So
also Walloon crachi, a cresset, from
crachCt grease.
Crest. (F.-L.) O. F. creste (F.
crite,) — L. crista, a comb or tuft on a
bird's head, crest.
CretaceOILS, chalky. (L.) L. crh
tdce-us, adj. from creta, chalk ; w ith suffix
-cus.
Crevice, Crevasse. (F.~L.) M.E.
crevice, crevase, crevasse. — O. F. crezuisse,
a rift (Late L. crepdticL).'»0. F. creuer, to
burst asunder. — L. crepdre, to crackle,
burst.
Crew. (F.— L.) Formerly fz-wtf, short
for accrue, a re-inforcement. — O. F. ac-
creue, increase ; orig. fem. of pp. of ac-
croistre, to increase. — L. accrescere, to
grow to. — L. aC' (for cut), to ; crescere, to
grow.
Crewel, a thin worsted yam. Origin
unknown.
Crib, a manger. (E.) A. S. crib.'^
O. Sax. kribbia, Du. krib, G. krippe ;
allied to Icel. Swed. krubba, Dan. krybbe.
Allied perhaps to M. H. G. krebe, a basket;
but not to Du. korf, G.- korb, if these are
from L. corbis, Der. crib, verb, to put by
in a crib, purloin ; crihb-age, where crib is
the secret store of cards
119
CRICK
CROP
Crick, a spasm or twist in the neck,
(£.) M. £. crykkc ; also nsed in the sense
of wrench. Prob. allied to Craok.
Cricket (O* ^^ insect. (F.—Tent.)
M. E. criket, — O. F. crequet^ criquety
cricket. — O. F. criquer, to creak, rattle,
chirp. -• Da. kriek^ a cridcet ; krikkrakken^
to rattle. From the imitative base kHk ;
cf. proy. E. crocket, creaker^ a cricket.
Hexham has M. Du. kricken, * to creake.*
Cricket (2), a game. (F. — Du.) The
game was once played with a hooked
stick (Cot., s. V. crosse),"' O. F. criquet,
* biton servant de but au jeu de boule ; *
Godefroy. — M. Du. krick, kricke, a crutch;
Hexham. Cf. A. S. cricc^ crycc, a cratch,
staff.^
Crime. (F. — L.) ¥. crime. '^'L. cri-
men, an accusation, fault (stem crtmin-) ;
allied to cemere, to decide, -f ^k. ^pT/m,
xpcfia, a decision ; xpiveiv, to judge. Ber.
crimin-cU, crimin-ate \ hence, recriminate
Crimp, to wrinkle. (£.) In late use ;
answering to an A.S. *crempan, E. Fries.
krempen, causal deriv. of Cramp. The
orig. str. vb. occurs as E. Fries, and Du.
krimpen, O. H.G. krimfan\ Teut. type
*krempan' {Jtrimpan-\ to draw oneself
together, shrink up ; pt. t. *kramp, pp.
^krumpiano'. See Cramp and Crumple.
Crimson. (F. — Arab. — Skt.) M. E.
cremosin, — O. F. cramoisin, cramoisyne
(,see cramoisi in Littre) ; Low L. crame-
sinus, also carmesinus, crimson (Span.
carmesi, Ital. cAerptisi),'mArBh, qirmizt,
crimson ; from qirmiz, the cochineal in--
sect. — Sict. krmi{s), a worm. Bmgm. i.
§ 41?-
Cringe. (E.) M. E. crengen ; causal
derivative of A. S. cringan, crincan, to
sink in battle, fall beneath the foe.
Crincan is a strong verb; see Crank,
Crinkle.
Cringle, an iron ring. (Low G.)
Low G. kringel, a ring (LUbben); E. Fries.
kringel\ allied to Icel. kringla, a circle
{ci.kringary pi., the pullies of a drag-net).
Dimin. of E. Fries, kring, a ring, Du.
kringy a circle ; allied to Crinkle, Crank
(i), and Cringe.
Crinkle. (E.) M. E. crinkled, crencled,
twisted. A frequent, form of the causal
deriv. of crink, which occurs in the A. S.
str. vb. crincan, to sink in a heap; see
Cringe.
Crinolinef a lady*s stiff skirt. (F.—
L.) Y. crinoline, (i) hair-cloth, (2) crino-
line. — F. crin (L. ace. crinem), hair ;
and lin, flax, hence thread, from L. Itnum,
flax, also, a thread.
' Cripple. (E.) M. E. crepelj crtipel ;
O. Northumb. crypel, Luke v. 24. Lit.
* a creeper.* — A. S. crup-, weak grade of
creopan (pt. t. crjeap), to creep ; with suffix
-el (for 'il(h) of the agent.^Du. kreupel,
Icel. kryppill, G. krUppel, Cf. Dan. krbb-
ling^ (from krybe, to creep). See Creep.
Crisis ; see Critic.
Crisp, wrinkled, curled. (L.) A.S.
crisp. — L. crispus, curled. Brugm. i. § 565.
Critic. (L. — Gk.) L. criticus.^Gk,
KfHTiKos, able to discern ; cf. tcfHTijs, a
judge. — Gk. icpi-v€iv, to judge. Der. crit-
erion, Gk. Hpniipiov, a test ; dia-critic,
from Gk. IkaitpiTiKdsy fit for distinguishing
between.
crisis. (Gk.) Gk. «p/(ri9, a discerning,
a crisis. — Gk. Kpi-vuv, to judge.
Croak. (E.) Cf. A. S. cracetung, a
croaking. Of imitative origin. Allied to
crake, creak.
Crochet. (F.— LateL.) Y, crochet, di
little hook ; dimin. of croc, a crook. — Late
L. croccum, ace. of croccus, a hook.
Crock, a pitcher. (C.) A.S. crocca.
Of Celtic origin. Cf. E. Irish crocan, Gael.
crog, Irish crogan, W. crochan, a pitcher,
pot.-f-Gk. HpcootrSs (for lefWKySs), a pitcher.
So also Du. kruik, Icel. krukka, Swed.
kruka, Dan. krukke, G. krug.
Crocodile. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. croco-
dile.^ L. crocodilm*^ Gk. /vpox^SccAos, a
lizard, a crocodile.
Croons. (L. — Gk.) L. crocus. — Gk.
KpoKOi, crocus, saffron. Perhaps Semitic ;
cf. Arab, karkam, Heb. karkdm, saffron.
Croft. (E.) A. S. croft, a field.+Du.
krocht, kroft, a field on the downs.
Cromlech.. (W.) W. cromlech, a flag-
stone laid across others. — W. crom, fem.
of crwm, crooked, bent ; llech, flat stone.
CronCi an old woman. (F. — L.) Tusser
has crone, an old ewe. Prob. from Picard
carone, carrion ; whence' M. Du. karonie,
kronie, an old sheep. See Carrion.
Crony, an old chum. (Gk.?) Pepys
has chrony (N. E. D.). Perhaps for Gk.
Xp6vios, a 'long-lasting' friend ; as it arose
in college slang (Skinner). Butler rimes
cronies with monies,
Crooky a hook, bend. (Scand.) M. E.
crok (Ancren Riwle). — Icel. krokr, Swed.
krok, Dan. krog, hook, bend, angle.
Crop. (E.) A. S. cropPi the top of a
J 20
CKOUP
CRUMPET
plant, the craw of a bird ; orig. a bunch.
[Hence the verb to crop, to cut off the
tops; and hence crop, a harvest.] 4*1^0*
krop, G. kropf, bird's crop ; Icel. kroppr,
a hunch; Swed. kropp, Dan. krop, trunk
of the body. . Cf. W. cropa, Gael, and Ir.
sgroban, bird's crop. [To crop out is to
bunch out]
croup (2), hinder part of a horse. (F.
— Teut.) Y, croupe f crupper; orig. pro-
tuberance.—Icel. kroppr, a hunch (above).
crupper. (F.— Teut.) F. croupiire
(O. F. cropiere),^Y , croupe (O. F. crope,
above).
Cro^ueftf a game. (F.—Late L.) From
N. French croquet^ a little hook, bent
stick; the same as F. crochet. See
Croohet.
Crosier. (F.— LateL.) yi.'E. crocer,
croser, &c. Formed, with suffix -er, from
M. £. croce, in the same sense of *■ bishop's
staff.*— O. F. croce, *a crosier,' Cot. ; mod.
F. crosse ; Late L. crocia* — O. F. croc, a
hook ; see Crochet. % Not from cross,
though early confused with M. £. croisier,
a coinage from O. F. crois, a cross.
Cross. (L.) M. £. cros\ from Icel.
kross, adopted from O. Irish cros,^ L.
cruc-em, ace. of crux, a cross. Der.
a-cross,
crosSy adj. (L.) Orig. transverse,
from the shape of a cross; hence, peevish.
Crotchet, in music. (F.^Late L.)
F. crochet, *a small hook, a quaver in
music ; ' Cot. (The hooked mark now
called a quaver was called crochet in
French.) See Crochet.
Croton, plant. (Gk.) Gk. nporw, a
tick, which the castor-berry resembles.
CrOQCll. (F.— LateL.) M. E. rr^w-
chen, to stoop, bend. — O. F. crochir,
to grow crooked (Godefroy). — O. F.
croche, a crook; also ^ri^r.— LateL. croc-
cum, ace. of croccus, a hook.
Croup (i), a disease. (£.) From Low-
land Sc. croupe, crope, to croak, make a
harsh noise. Of imitative origin ; asso-
ciated with crow, croak, and with North
E. roupj rope, to call, shout hoarsely, from
Icel. hrdpa, weak vb., to cry out. Cf. A. S.
hropan (pt t. hreop), to cry out ; G. rufen
. (pt. t. rief).
Croup (2), of a horse; see Crop.
CrOW(i),vb. (E.) A. S. fra7f«i« (pt. t.
creotu), to crow.+Du. kraaijen, G. krdhen,
weak verbs ; and cf. O. Slav, grajati, Lith.
groti, to crow. Of imitative origin
crow (2), a bird. (E.) A.S. crawe
(s^e above). +0. S. krdia, Du. kraai, G.
krahe, Der. crow-bar, bar with a crow-
like beak.
Crowd (i), to push, throng. (E.) A. S.
^criidan (pr. s. crydef, pt. t. cread), to
push ; whence croda, gecrod, a crowd,
throng. ■4' M. Du. kruyden, kruyen, Du.
kruien, to push along ; E. Fries, kroden,
kriiden. Teut. type ^krudan-^ str. vb.
Crowd (2), a fiddle. (W.) M. E.
croudc^Vf, crwth, a trunk, belly, crowd,
violin, fiddle ; Gael, cruit^ \aj^ ; O. Irish
crot, harp.
Crown. (F.— L. — Gk.) M.'E.corone,
coroune (whence croufte).^0.¥, corone
(F. couronne), — L. corona, a wreath. — Gk.
Kopdnnff, end, tip ; Kopivn, a wreath, gar-
land.—Gk. Kopairds, bent, curved. Cf.
Gk. KVfnSs, L. curuus, bent.
Crucial. (F. - L.) F. crucial, ' cross-
like;' Cot — L. cruet', decl. stem of crux,
a cross ; with suffix -diis.
crucifir- (F--L.) 0,V,cruciJter,^
Late L. *cructficdre, for L. cruciftgere
(pp. cructjixus), to fix on a cross. — L.
cruet, dative of crux ; figere, to fix ; see
Fix. Der. crucifix, -ion.
Crucible. (L.) From Late L. cruci-
bolum, (i) a night-lamp, (2) a vessel for
melting metals. The lamp may have
been so named from having four nozzles
with wicks, forming a cross (still a com-
mon Ital. pattern) ; as if from cruci-, decl.
stem of crux, a cross ; with suffix -bolum
= -bulum, as in iuribulum, a censer.
Crude. (L.) L. crudus, raw. Allied
to Baw.
cruel. (F. - L.) O. F. cruel. - L.
crudelis^ cruel ; allied to crUdus, raw
(above).
Cruet. (F.— Teut.) A. F. cruet, a
small vessel (Godefroy) ; dimin. of O. F.
cruie, crue, pot.— Low L. cnlga, a pitcher.
— O. H. G. kruog, G. krug, a pitcher ;
allied to Crock.
Cruise. (Du.— L.) Du. kruisen, to
cruise, cross the sea. — t)u. kruis, a cross.
— L. ace. criic-em, from crux, a cross ;
with lengthening of ii.
Crumb. (E.) Prov. E. croom, A. S.
crUma. (The final b is excrescent.) +Du.
kruim, Dan. krumme, G. krume, a
crumb. Cf. Ital. grumo, a clot. Der.
crumb-le, verb; cf. Du. kruimelen, G.
krUmeln, to crumble.
Crumpetf a kind of cake. (£.) Wyclif
121
CRUMPLE
CUFF
has crompid cake to render Lat. ia^a-
num (Ex. xxix. 23) ; cf. prov. E. crumpy
cakdy ciisp cake. -For crump- td, pp. of
M. E. crumpen^ to curl np (whence £.
crumple), Cf. G. kriimpen^ krumpen, to
crumple, curl up; krumm, curved; Du.
krommen^ to crook, curve. See below.
Crumple, vb. (E.) Frequentative of
obs. crump, to curl up. From crump^^
weak grade of A. S. *crimpanf str. vb. ;
see Orajnp and Crimp.
CmnclL. (E.) An imitative word.
Cf. prov. ^ crinch, cranck^ to crunch. .
Crupper ; see Crop.
Gmral. (L.) L. crurdHsy belonging
to the leg. — L. crur-y stem of crus^ the
leer.
Crusade. (F. and Span. -L.) The
form is due to confusion of F. croisade
with Span, cruzada. — Late L. crucidtay
sb. fern., a marking with the cross, pp. f.
of crucidrey to cross. — L. cruH-y decl.
stem of cruXy a cross.
Cruse, a small pot. (E.) M. E. cruse,
W. Fries, krbssy E. Fries, kros. + Icel.
kriis, a pot; Swed. krusy Dan. kruuSy a
mug; Du. kroeSy cup, pot, crucible;
M. H. G. kruse^ G. krausey mug.
Crush. (F.-Teut.) O. F. crusir,
cruisiry croissiry to crack, break ; (Span.
cruxiry Ital. crosciare). From a Teut.
type *kraustjan' (see Diez), causal form
from Goth, kriustcmy to gnash with the
teeth.
Crust. (F. - L.) O. F. crouste (F.
cro^te),^Lu, crusta, crust of bread. Cf.
Gk. Kpvosy frost; see Crystal. Der.
crust-y, hard like a crust, stubborn,
harshly curt (of people).
Crutch.. (E.) M. E. crucche ; from
A. S. cryccy a crutch, staff. + Du. kruky
Swed. kryckay Dan. krykkey G. krucke.
Crr. (F.— L.) yi,E, crien.'^Y, crier,
(Fuller forms occur in Ital. gridarey Span.
gritar^ Port. gritar,)^L, quiritdre, to
shriek, cry, lament (Brachet) ; lit. * to
implore the aid of ^he Quiriies* or Roman
citizens (Varro).
Crsrpt. (L. - Gk.) L. crypta. - Gk.
KpunT-qy a vault, hidden cave ; orig. fern.
of Kpwrr6iy hidden. — Gk. HpwrrfiVy to hide.
Crystal. (F.-L.-Gk.) Formerly
crista/, — O. F. cristal, — L. crysiallumy
crystal. — Gk. ifpuaToAAoy, ice, crystal.—
Gk. /cpvaToivfiVf to freeze. — Gk. le/rt^os,
frost.
Cubi (E.?) Etym. unknown. Cf.
Shetl. cood, to bring forth young, applied
only to a seal ; Icei. koddiy kapr, a young
seal.
Cube. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. £:«Af.-L
ace. atdum. — Gk. «vfios, a cube, die.
Cubeb, a spicy berry. (F. — Span.-
Arab.) F. cudede, in Cotgrave. — Span.
cubeba, — Arab. kabdba{f)y pi. kabdbahy
cubeb, an aromatic.
Cubit. (L.) L. cubitusy an elbow,
bend; the length from the elbow to the
middle finger's end. . Allied to L. cubdre,
to lie down, recline ; see Covey,
Cuckold. (F. ; with G. sujffix,) M. E.
kokewoldy kokeweldy cokold,^0, F. cucu-
aulty coucual (Godefroy), a cuckold. —
O. F. cucu (F. coucou)y a cuckoo ; with
depreciatory suffix -at^//, -cd, from G.
'waid (Diez, Gram. ii. 346). Cf. O. F.
cucu (F. coucou\ a cuckoo; secondly, a
man whose wife is unfaithful. (There are
endless allusions to the comparison be-
tween a cuckoo and a cuckold ; see Shak.
L. L. L. V. 2. 930, &c.)
Cuckoo. (F.) F. coucou; from the
bird's cry. Cf. L. cuculus, a cuckoo ; Gk.
KoKKv^j a cuckoo; K6KKVy its cry; Skt.
kokila-y a cuckoo; Irish cuach, W. cog,
Cf. cocky cockatoo. And see Ooo.
Cucumber. (L.) Thesis excrescent;
M. E. cucumer.'m'L, cucumeremy ace. of
cucumisy a cucumber.
Cud. (E.) M. E. cudey codey quide,
A. S. cwiduy cweodu, cudu, Teut. type
*k7vedu'om, neut. Cf. Skt.yfl/«-, lesin;
also Icel. kwdday resin. Orig. sense,
'glutinous substance.'
Cuddle. (E.) Perhaps for ^couthUy to
be familiar, to fondle; from coutk^ adj.
familiar, well known; A. S. ciifiy known,
pp. of cunnaUy to know. See Can(i). Cf.
prov. E. coutk, loving ; coot/ey to fondle.
Cudgel. (E.) M.E. kugget. A.S.
cycgel'y in Gregory's Pastoral Care, ed.
Sweet, p. 397. Cf. Cog.
Cudweed. (E.) Yxomcud^iAwud'y
* the plant being administered to cattle
that had lost their cud.' So also cud-
wort.
Cue, for an actor. (L. ?) Sometimes
written q or qu in the i6th cent., and
supposed to be for L. quando, when.
Cuff (i), to strike. (Scand.?) Cf.
Swed. kujfay to thrust, push, M. Swed.
kuffUyio strike, to cuff (Ihre).
Cuff (2), part of the sleeve. (L. ?)
M. ¥, ctiffty coffe, Cf. Late A. S. cuffiey a
123
CUIRASS
kind of cap (Leo) ; M. H. G. kupfe^
kuppe, kuffisy a coif; see Coif. [Very
doubtful.]
Cuirass. (F. - Ital. - L. ) Formerly
curace, — O. F. cuimce (F. cuirasse), — Ital.
corazza^ a cuirass. Formed from L.
coridceuSy leathern. » L. corium, leather
(whence F. cuir, leather).
CnisseSypl. (F.-L.) O.F.cuissauXy
armour for the thighs. — F. cuisse, thigh. —
L. coxaj hip. Brugm. i. § 609.
Culdee. (C.) Irish ceiUde, a Culdee, a
servant of God. — Ir ceile (O. Irish ceU)^
servant; and di, gen. of iitay God.
Culinary. (L.) L. cuRndriuSy be-
longing to the kitchen, -i L. cultna,
kitchen.
Cull, to collect, select. (F.-L.) M.E.
culien, — O. F. coilliry cuilliry to collect. —
L. colligerey to collect. See Coil (i) and
Collect.
Cullender ; see Colander.
Cullion, a wretch. (F. — L.) A coarse
word. F. couillon (Ital. ccgiione),^!^.
coleus.
CuUis, a strong broth, boiled and
strained. (F.— L.) Foimeily cofysy coleys.
fc- O. F. col^is, coule'iSy later couliSy * a
cullis/ Cot. ; substantival use of coleis,
later couliSf 'gliding,* Cot.i-L. type *cdla-
ttcius ; from cdlSrty to strain. Cf. Fort-
oullis.
Culm, a stem. (L.) L. culmus, a
stalk ; allied to calamuSy a stalk. See
Haulm.
Culminate. (L.) From pp. of L.
culmindrey to come to a top. — L. culmin-y
stem of Oilmen ( = colunien)y a top. See
Colnmn.
Culpable. (F.-L.) M.E. coupable.
O. F. culpabUy colpablty coupable (F. coup-
able). — L. culpdbilisy blameworthy. — L.
culpdrCy to blame.— L. culpUy a fault.
culprit. (F.— L.) In Dryden. Not
orig. a single word, but due to a fusion of
A.F. cul' (for culpabUy i. e. guilty) and
prist or prest (i. e. ready to prove it) ;
signifying that the clerk of the crown was
ready to prove the indictment (N. E. D.).
Culter ; see Coiilter.
Cultivate. (L.) Late L. cultivdtuSy
p. of cultivdre, to till. — Late L. cultivuSy
t for tilling.— L. cultusy pp. of colerey to
till. Brugm. i. $ 121.
OUlture. (F.-L.) F. culture. "L,
cultilra' allied to culUuSy pp. of colere^
to till.
I
CUPREOUS
Culver. (E.) A. S. culfrcy a tiove.
Culverin. (F.— L.) Corrupt form,
for *culevrin. — F. coulevritUy a culverin ;
a piece of ordnance named from its long
shape, like a snake. — O. F. couleuvrin^
adder-like; from couleuvre, an adder. — L.
colubray coluber, an adder.
Culvert, an arched drain. (F.— L.)
Of doubtful origin ; perhaps formed, with
added /, from O. F. coulouere, * a channel,
gutter,* Cot. — F. couler, to trickle. — L.
coldre, to strain, drain. Compare Port-
cullis and Cullis.
Cumber. (F.— LateL.) M.E. com-
bren. — O. F. combrer, to hinder (rare) ;
usual form en-combrer. — Late L. cumbrusy
a heap, a barrier ; of doubtful origin.
[Cf. L. cumulus y a heap; but also G.
kummery grief, oppression, prov. G. kutfi'
meTy rubbish. Thus cumber =*X.o put a
heap in the way.] Der. en-cumber ^ from
O. F. encombrery to encumber, load.
Cumin, Cummin, a plant. (L.-
Gk. — Heb.) M. E. comin, A. S. cumin j
cymen.^'L. cuminumy Matt, xxiii. 33.-
Gk. KVfuvoy. — Heb. kammon, cumin.
Cumulate. (L.) From pp. of L.
cumuldrey to heap up.— L. cumulus y a
heap.
Cuneate, wedge-shaped. (L.) Formed,
with suffix 'CUe, from L. cune-usy a wedge.
Allied to Gone. Der. cunei-form ; i. e.
wedge-shaped. See Coin.
Cunning, adj. (£.) Grig. pres. pt. of
M. £. cufineny to know ; heuce, * knowing.*
From A. S. cunnany to know ; see Can (i).
cunning, sb. (E.) M. E. cunninge.
From A. S. cunnany to know. Perhaps
suggested by Icel. kunnandi^ knowledge ;
from Icel. hunnay to know.
Cup. (L.) A. S. cuppey a cup. — Late L.
cuppay variant of L. ciipd, a tub, in Late
L., a drinking-vessel ; whence also Du.
Dan. kop, F. coupe, &c. See Coop.
cupboard. (L. and £.) M. E. cup-
bordcy orig. a side-board for holding cups ;
Allit. Poems, B. 1440; Morte Arth.
206.
Cupid, god of love. (L.) L. cupidOy
desire. — L. cupere, to desire. '^ Skt. kupy
to become excited. Der. cupid-i-tyy F.
cupiditSy from L. ace. cupiditdiem.
Cupola. (Ital. — L.) Ital. cupola, a
dome; from its shape. — L. cUpuhy a small
cask, a little vault ; dimin. of L. cUpay a
cask.
Cupreous, coppery. (,L.) L.cupre-us;
laa
CUR
of copper ; with suffix -ous. — L. cuprum,
copper.
Cur. (E.) M. £. kur-dogge^ (ab. 1225).
•4*M. Du. korre, a house*dog; cf. Swed.
diaL kurre^ a dog. Named from growling.
Cf. prov. £. curr, to purr; Low G.
kurren, to snad (Liibben) ; Icel. kurra,
to murmur, grumble; Swed. kurra, to
rumble.
Curate; see Core.
Curb. (F. — L.) M. £. courben, to
bend. — F. courber^ to bend, bow. — L.
curudre^ to bend ; from curuus, bent.
Curd. (E.) M. E. curd, crud, Prob.
from A. S. crud-, related to criidan,
to crowd, press together. Ct Ir. gruthy
Gael, gruthy curds. (Fick, ii. 1 19.)
Cure. (F.-L.) O. F. cure,^\.. cura,
attention (prim. Ital. *koiza). Brugm. i.
§ 874. % Not allied to care,
curate. (LO Med. L. cUrdtus, a
priest, curate; cf. curdtum beneficium,
a benefice with cure of souls. —ll cura^
cure.
cnrioiLS. (F.— L.) o. F. «^<?j.-L.
curidsusy attentive. — L. cura, attention.
Curfew. (F.-L.) A. F. coeverfu,
covrefeUy curfeu\ O.F. covrefeu (F. couvre-
feu)f a fire-cover, covering of fires, time
for putting out fires. — O. F. covrir, to
cover ;^«, fire {<X^ focuMt ace. oi focus,
hearth, fire) ; see Cover and Fooua.
Curious ; see Cure.
Curl, sb. (E.) M. E. crul (with shift-
ing of r) ; from M. E. crul, adj., curly
(A.D. 1300). Not in A.S. E. Fries.
krulia, krull, krul, a curl.<4-Du. krui, a
curl, krullen, to curl ; Dan. krolle, sl curl,
Swed. krullig, curly ; G. krolle, a curl,
M. H. G. kriU/e. Cf. Norw. krt4/l, a curl,
something rolled together ; krulla, to curl,
bend or bow togfther. Allied to E. Fries.
krillen, to bend, turn, wind; Low G.
krellen, to turn; N. Fries, krall, close-
twisted ; suggesting Teut. base *krellan-y
to wind, str. vb. (Franck, Koolman).
Curlew, a bird. (F.) M. F. corlieu,
*a curlue;* Cot. Cf. Ital. chiurlo, a cur-
lew, chiurlare, to howl, Swed. kurla, to
coo ; so that it is named from its cry.
Curmudgeon. (E.?) Origin unknown.
In one instance spelt corn-mudgin (Phil.
Holland), as if a hoarder of com, hence,
a stingy fellow; where mudgin is for
mudging^ pres. pt. of mudge, to hoard,
also spelt mooch (M. E. muchen), to skulk ;
from O. F. mucer, to hide. But this is a
CURTAIL
forced spelling, giving a wrong clue. Iii
1596, we find cormullion, with the same
sense. The first syllable seems to be cur,
a whelp ; and we find Lowl. Sc. murgeon,
to mock, to grumble ; mudgeon, a grimace.
Currant. (F. — L. — Gk.) Formerly
raysyns ofcoraunt, — F. raisins de Corinthe,
• currants ; ' Cot. Hence, currant is a cor-
ruption of Corinth (L. Corinthus, Gk.
Kopiv0os),
Current, running, flowing. (F.—L.)
M. E. currant, O. F. curant, pres. pt. o£
curre, corre (F. courir), to run.— L. cur^
rere, to run. Prob. for *cursere, Brugm.
i. §§ 499, 516. Perhaps allied to Horse.
curricle. (L.) L. curriculum, a
running; also, a light car.^L. currere,
to run.
Curry (0, to dress leather. (F.—L.
and Teut.) O.F. correier (Godefix)y),
earlier forms conreder, conreer, later con-
royer, courroier, to curry, dress leather,
orig. to prepare. —O.F. conrei, older form
cunreid, gear, preparation. A hybrid
word; made by prefixing con- ( = L. ^^«,
cum) to O. F. ret, order (Ital. -redo in
arredo, array), fi. This O. F. rei is of
Scand. origin ; from Dan. rede, order (also
to set in order), Icel. rei6i, tackle. Pre-
cisely the same O. F. rei helps to form E.
ar-ray ; see Array. % To curry favour
is a corruption of M. E. to curry favel, to
rub down a horse ; Favel was a common
old name for a horse.
Cur^ (2), a seasoned dish. (Tamil )
From Tamil kari, sauce, relish for rice
(Yule).
Curse. (E.) A. S. cursian, verb ; curs,
sb., an imprecation. Cf. O. Ir. cursaigim,
* 1 reprehend ' (Windisch) . Der. ac- cursed,
from M. E. acorsien, to curse extremely,
where the prefix flE- = A.S. a-, very; see
A.(4)._
Cursive. (L.) Med. L. curstvus, flow-
ing ; said of handwriting. — L. curs-us, pp.
of currere, to run. See Current.
cursory. (L.) Late L. cursorius,
hasty. — L. cur sort-, decl. stem of cursor,
a runner. — L. curs-us (above).
Curt. (L.) L. curtus, short, cut short.
curtail. (F.—L.) It has nothing to
do with tail, but is an alteration of the
older form curtal, verb, to dock ; from the
adj. curtal, having a docked tail (All's
Well, ii. 3. 65). — O. F. courtault, later
courtauti ' curtail, being curtailed ; ' Cot.
The same as Ital. cortaldo, *a curtail, a
124
CURTAIN
CYGNET
horse without a taile,' Florio. Formed,
with suffix -auU (=Ital. -aJdo^ Low L.
'OlduSf < C TvaUy power), from O. F.
court, short. -"L. curtus^ short.
Curtain. (F.— L.) M. £. cortin.^
O. F. cortim.^Jjate L. corttna, a curtain
(Exod. xxvi. I, Vulgate), a screen, plain
wall of a fort, orig. a small yard.-«L.
cort-em, ace. of cors^ a court. See Court.
Cvrtleaze. (F.— L.) A perversion
of cuttleax, which was a perversion of
cuitelasj an old spelling of cutlass. See
Cutlass.
Cuxtsey. (F. — L.) The same word as
courtesy^ i. e. a courtly act.
CnrTe. a bent line. (L.) Late L.
curzms, L. curuus, bent. ^ Gk. ivvpros,
bent. Der. curV'Oturc, L. curudtiira,
from pp. of curudrCy to bend ; from
curuus,
cnrvet. (Ital.— L.) Ital. corvetta^ a
curvet, leap, bound ; dimin. from M. Ital.
corv-o (Ital. curvo), bent.-^L. curuus
(above).
Cnshatf the ring-dove. (£.) A. S. cu-
sceote^ a wild pigeon ; also cuscote. Here
sceote probably means 'shooter, darter,'
from sceotan, to shoot (cf. A. S. scSota^ a
kind of trout) ; and perhaps cil refers to
the * coo * of the bird. Cf. Lowl. Sc. cow-
shot y a cushat.
ChuMon. (F. — L.) M. E. quisshiny
cussAin.^O,¥. coissin, coussin^ a cushion.
[It is supposed that O. F. coissin was the
true form, altered to coussin (perhaps) by
the influence of O. F. coute^ a quilt.]— L.
type *coxtnumf a support for the hip,
from coxa, hip, thigh (like L. cubital,
elbow-cushion, from cubitus, elbow). Cf.
Ital. cuscino, cushion, coscia, hip; Span.
co/in, cushion, cuj'a, hip. {/Romania f 189a,
p. 87.)
. Cusp. (L.) L. cuspis, a point.
Custard. (F.-Ital.-L.) ForM.E.
crustcuie, by shifting of r. Formerly cus-
tade, crustade, and orig. used wiUi the
sense of * pasty.' *F. croustade, a pasty.
i» Ital. crostata^ * a kinde of daintie pye ; '
Florio. — L. crustdta, fem. pp. oi crustdre,
to encrust. — L. crusta, a crust.
Custody. (L.) L. custodia, a keeping
guard. — L. custod\iy, stem of custos,
a guardian ; lit. *■ hider.' Cf. Gk. K€i&$ttv,
to hide. See Hide. (VKEUDH.)Brugm.
i. % 699.
Custom. (F.-L.) M. £. custume,^
O. F. custuwe^ costume (F. coutume).
From a L. type *costumne, for *cos-
tudne, shortened form of consttetudinem,
ace. of consuetudo, custom. — L. consuetus,
pp. of consuescere, to accustom, inchoative
form of *consuire, to be accustomed. — L.
con- {cum), together, very; suescere (pp.
suitus), to be accustomed ; possibly from
suus, own; so that suescere ^io have it
one's own way.
Cut. (Scand.) M. £. cutten, a weak
verb. Of Scand. origin, but the traces of
it are not many. Cf. Mid. Swed. kotta,
to cut (Ihre); Swed. dial, kuta, kdta,
to cut small with a knife, also spelt
kvbta, kdta, kdta ; kuta, or kytti, a knife
(Rietz) ; \cit\, kuti, a little knife; Norw.
kyttel, kytel, kjutuU a knife for barking
trees.
Cuticle. (L.) L. cuticula, double
dimin. of cutis, hide, skin. See Hide.
Dep. cut-an-e'ous, from cut-is.
Cutlass. (F.— L.) F. coutelas, * a cut-
telas, or courtelas, or short sword ; ' Cot.
(Cf. Ital. coltellaccio, * a curtleax,* Florio ;
which is the same word.) — O. F. coutel^
cultel (F. couteau), a knife ; cf. Ital. col-
telle, knife; with ace. suffix -dceupi.^lj.
ace. cultellum, a knife ; dimin. of cutter, a
coulter. % The F. -as, Ital. -ck:cio='L,
•dceum; but F. coutelas was actually
turned into £. curtleaxe. Yet a curtle-
axe was a sort of sword !
cutler. (F.— L.) M. E. coteler,mm
O. F. cotelier. — Late L. cultelldrius, knife-
maker. — L. cultellus, a knife (above).
Cutlet. (F.-L.) F.<:^/^/^//^, a cutlet;
formerly costelette, a little rib; dimin. of
O. F. coste, rib.— L. costa, a rib; see
Coast.
CuttlCf a fish. (E.) Formerly cudele,
A. S. cudele, a cuttle-fish. Cf. G. kuttel-
fisch (perhaps from E.).
Cvcle. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. cy cicala,
cycfum, ace. of cyclus, — Gk. H{nt\o%, a circle^
cycle. + Skt. chakra-, • a wheel, circle.
Allied to Wheel. Der. cyclone *= Gk.
kvkXwv, whirling round, pres. pt. oiievKkow,
I whirl round ; epi-cycle ; bi-cycle,
Cyi^ety a young swan. (F.— L. — Gk.)
Dimin. of O. F. eigne, a swan. Strangely
enough, this O. F. word is not immedi-
ately from L. cycnus, a swan ; but the
oldest O. F. spelling was cisne (as in
Spanish), from Late L. cicinus, a swan,
variant of cycnus, ^G\i. kvkvos, a swan.
Cf L. ciconia, a stork. See Diez ; 4th ed,
p. 714.
125
CYLINDER
DAQQER
•. (F.-L.-Gk.) O.F. HU
indre^ later cylindre, — L. cylindrus, — Gk.
K^XjybpoSy a roller, cylinder. — Gk. xvXtvSctv,
to roll; from irvAtW, to roll. Cf. O. Slav.
ko/o, a wheel. (VQEL.)
Cymbal. (F.— L. — Gk.) M.E.cimdalg,
— O. F. cimbale. — L. cymbalum, — Gk.
KVfi0a\oVf a cymbal ; named from its cnp-
like shape. — Gk. KVfifiri, a cnp. 4- Skt.
kumbka-, a jar. Allied to Cup ; and see
Comb (3). (VKEUBH.)
CyniCf lit. dog-like. (L. — Gk.) L. cynt-
cus. — Gk. KvviKoSf dog-like, a Cynic. — Gk.
KVV', as in Kw-d^j gen. of kvwv, a dog (E.
hound),
cynosure. (L. — Gk.) L. cynosHra,
the stars in the tail of the constellation of
the Lesser Bear ; one of these is the Pole-
star (hence, a centre of attraction). --Gk.
Kw6covpa, the Cynosnre, tail of the Lesser
Bear ; lit. * dog's tail.* — Gk. tci^os, gen. of
Kvoiv, a dog ; ovpA, a tail.
Cy;pre88 (D, a tree. (F.-L.-Gk.)
M* E. apres. — O. F. cypres, later cyprh, —
L. cupressuSy cyparissus^^QrV, icvirapi<rffoSf
cypress-tree, Cf. Heb. ^^^r.
Cypress (a), a cloth of gold, a kind
of satin, a kind of crape. (F.— L.) Pals-
grave explains F. crespe by * a cypres for
a womans neck ' ; Cotgrave has * crespe,
cipres, cobweb lawri ' ; which suggests
some confusion of cypress with crape.
The origin of cypress is doubtful ; but
it occurs as cipres y cypirs in Piers Plow-
man, and as cyprus in Sir Degrevant, It
seems to have been imported from the isle
of Cyprus,
Cyst, a poach (in animals) containing
morbid matter. (L. — Gk.) Formerly
written cystis, « Late L. cystis, * Gk. nn/^rts,
a bag, pouch.
Czar, the emperor of Russia. (Russ. —
TeuL— L.) Russ. tsare (with e mute), a
king. O. Slav. ^/jrarT. — Goth, kaisar.^
L. CcBsar, ^This has been disputed;
but see Matt. xiii. 34 in Schleicher,
Indogermanische Chrestomathie, p. 375,
where O.Slav, cesarstvo occurs for Russ.
JsarstvOy kingdom; &c. Der. czarowUz,
from Russ. tsarevich\ czar*s son ; czaritsa,
from Russ. /xanVja, . empress ; czar-ina,
with Ital. suffix -ina, from G. fern, suffix
•in,
D.
Dab (Oi to strike gently. (E.) M. E.
dabben ; also cUibbe^ a blow. Not in A. S.
Cf. M. Du. dabben, to pinch, fumble,
dabble; G. tappen, to grope, prov. G.
tappe, fist, blow. See Dub, Tap.
oabble. (E.) To keep on dabbing;
frequent, of dab, 4> M. Du. dabbelen, to
fumble, dabble ; frequent, of M.Du. dcibben
(above).
Dab (a)» expert. (E.?) Prob. from
^^ (^) : perhaps influenced by dapper or
\iy adept.
Dab (3), a fish. (£.) M. E. dabbe.
Prob. allied to dab, a light blow, a soft
mass dabbed down. See Dab (i) , dabble.
Dabble ; see Bab (i).
Dab-chick. (E.) YoxmtiXy dap-chick,
dop-chick. Cf. A.S.<iS:^-^»idr, a moorhen,
lit. ^ dipping duck ; ' doppettan, to dip often,
immerse ; Du. dobber, a float. See Dip.
Dace. (F. — O. Low G.) Formerly
darce, — O. F. dars, nom. case of the word
also spelt dart, meaning (i) a dart, (3) a
dace. The fish is also called a dart or
a dare, from its swift motion. See Dare (a) ,
Dart.
Dacdt, a robber. (Hind.) Hind.
ddkdit, a robber belonging to an armed
gang; from 4^^i robbery by a gang
(Wilson). Der. dacoii-y, robbery.
Daclnrl. (L.— Gk.) L. dactylus, the
metrical foot marked -ww. »Gk. SairrvXo;,
a finger, a dactyl.
Dad. (E.) A child's word for < father.'
So also W. tad, Irish daid, Bret, tat, tad,
father ; Gk. rata, Skt. tcUa, dad.
Dado. (Ital. — L.) Formerly used of
the die, or square part in the middle of the
pedestal of a column ; afterwards applied
to the part of an apartment between the
plinth and the impost moulding.— Ital.
dado, a die, cube, pedestal. (Cf. Prov.
dat'%, a die.) — Folk-^. datum, assumed to
mean ' a die ' ; lit. ' a thing given, a lot.* —
L. datum, neut. of pp. of dare, to give.
See Die i2\.
Daffodil! (F.-L.-Gk.) The aT is a t/
later addition ; perhaps from M. F. fleur
daffrodille, translated ' daffodil-flower.*
M. E. affadille ; Prompt. Parv. — M. F. as-
phodile, also affrodiile, * th'affodill, or
asphodill flower ; * Cot. — L. asphodeius, —
Gk. do'0^8cXos, a kind of lily. See As-
phodel.
Daft, foolish ; the same as Deft.
Dagger. (F.) M.E, daggere; allied to
daggen, to pierce. — F. dague, a dagger;
of unknown origin (not Celtic). Cf. Ital.
Span, dc^a^ Port, adaga, dagger. The
a6
DAQQLE
DANDELION
Port, form suggests an Eastern origin ;
cf. Heb. ddkh&hf to strike.
' Sagflflei to moisten, wet with dew or
spray. (Scand.) Frequentative verb from
Swed. daggf Icel. dogg (gen. daggar), dew.
Cf. Icel. dbggva^ to bedew. See Dew.
Da^erreotype. (F. and Gk.)
Formed by adding -o-/^ to F. Daguerriy
a personal name, the inventor (A. D. 1 838).
Ilalllia. (Swed.) Named after Dahly
a Swedish botanist (A.D, 1791).
Dainty, a delicacy. (F.—L.) M. £.
deintee^ qrig. a sb., a pleasant thing ; cf.
A. F. deyniee^ greediness (Bozon). ■•
O.F. daintU (i. e. daintif)^ agreeableness.
» L. ace. digniiatem\ see Dignity.
% The O. F. daintie is the true popular
O. F. form ; digniteit is a pedantic form ;
cf. O. F. dain, old spelhng of digne^
worthy.
Dairy. (Scand.) M. £. deyeryty a
room for a deytf i. e. a milk- woman, farm-
servant.— O. Norw. dHgja, Swed. deja^ a
maid, dairy-maid, who was also the bread-
maker; theorig. sense is 'kneader of dough.'
■- Teut. type ^daig-jan-y sb. f., as if from
(Goth.) deigan (pt. t. daig)^ to mould;
whence also Goth, daigs, Icel. deigj Swed.
deg, dough ; see Dough. % The cognate
or borrowed A. S. dage occurs once only ;
pee Thorpe, Dipl, p. 641.
Dais, a raised floor in a hall. (F. — L.
~Gk.) Now used of the raised platform
on which the high table in a hall stands.
Properly, it was the table itself] but was
also used of a canopy over a seat of ^tate,
or of the seat of state. M. £. dgi^t deys, •-
A. F. deis^ O. F. dois^ a high table (Supp.
to Godefroy).>*L. discumy ace. of discus,
a quoit, platter ; in Late L, a table. — Gk.
blaaoSf a quoit, disc. See Diao.
Dailiy. (E.J) M. £. dayifsya (4 sylla-
bles). A. S. dages eage, eye of day, i. e.
the sun, which it resembles.
Dala, a valley. (£.) M. £. dale.^
A. S. dal (pi. dai'U), -f Icel. daJr, Dan.
Swed. dal, a dale; Du. dai; Goth, dais;
G. fAai; aUo O. Slav, do/a (Russ. dpi') ;
cf. Gk. 06KOS, a vault. Der. deii.
Daily, to trifle. (F.-Tent.) M. £.
daiien, to play, trifle. - A. F. and O.F.
daiier, to converse, chat, pass the time in
light converse (Bozon). Of Teut. origin ;
cf. Bavarian dalen, to speak and act as
children (Schmeller) ; mod. G. (vulgar)
dahieUy to trifle.
DalmatiOt a vestment. (F. ^ Dal-
matia.) F. daintatique. •- L. daimatica
{uestis) ; fem. of Daimaticus, belonging to
Dalmatia.
Dam CO) a mound, bank against water.
(E.) A. S. datum, only in the derived
yeih for-demman, to dam up; O. Fries.
dam ; North. Fries, dam. -f Du. dam^
Icel. dammr, Dan. dam^ Swed. damm,
M. H. G. tam, G. ddmm, a dam, dike,
Cf. Goih. faurdammjanf to dam up.
Dam (2), a mother, applied to animals.
(F— L.) The same word as Dame.
Damage. (F.~L.) U.IE., damage.^
A. F. damage (F. dommage); cf, Prov.
damnatje, answering to Late L. *damndti-
cum, harm ; we find Late L. damndiicus,
condemned to the mines. i-L. damndius,
pp. of damndre ; see Damn.
Damask. (Ital. — Syria.) M.£. da-
masJie, cloth of Damascus. » Ital. damasco.
— Heb. dmeseq, damask, Dammeseq, Da-
mascus (Gen. xiv. 15). Der. damask*
rose ; damask-im, to inlay with gold (F.
damasquiner, from damasqu-in, adj.).
Dame. (F.-L.) M. £. </rtw^.-O.F.
dame, a lady.^-L. domina; fem. of domi-
nus, a lord. See Don (2).
Damn, to condemn. (F.— L.) M. £.
damnen, dampnen, * F. damner. — L. dam-
ndre, to condemn, fine. • L. damnum, loss,
fine, penalty. Brug. i. § 762.
Damp. (E.) Cf. M. £. dampen, to
suffocate; £. Fries, damp, vapour. -f-Dn.
damp, vapour, steam; Dan. damp, G.
dampf, vapour ; Swed. damb, dust. From
the 2nd grade of Teut. ^dempan-, pt. t.
*damp, pp. *dumpano-, as in M, H. G.
dimpfen, timpfen, str. vb., to reek; cf.
Swed. dial, dimba^ str. vb., to reek. See
Dumps.
Damsel. (F.— L.) M.E. damosti.^
O. F. danuiseie, a girl, fem. of dameisei, a
young man, squire, page. •- Late L. domi-
ceiius, a page, short for *dominiceiius,
double dimin. of dominusj a lord. (Pages
were often of high birth.)
Damson. (L.— Syria.) M. £. dama'
scene, — L. , Damascenum (^prunum), plum
of Damascus. See Damask.
Danoe. (F. - O. H. G.) M. E. daun-
cen, — O. F. danser, — O. H. G. danson, to
drag alon^ (as in a round datice).i-
O. H. G. dans, 2nd grade of dinsen, to
pull, draw ; allied to E. Thin. • Cf. Goth.
at'thinsan, to draw towards one.
Dandelion, a flower. (F.-L.) F. \/^
dent de Hon, tooth of a lion ; named from
127
DANDLE
DASTARD
the jagged leaves. >L. dent^m^ ace. of
denSy tooth ; di^ prep. ; honem^ ace. of
leoy lion.
. Dandle. (£•) Prob. of imitative origin ;
cf. M. F. dodtner, dodeliner, ' to rock,
dandle, loll/ Cot. ; M. Ital. dandolare,
dondolare, ' to dandle or play the baby/
Florio; dandokty dondola^ a toy. Gode-
froy gives M. F. dandirur, to balance or
sway the body. Cf. £. Fries, diiuiannen,
to walk unsteadily, sway from side to side.
Daadriffi scurf on the head. (£.)
Formerly also dandruffs. Of unknown
origin ; bat cf. prov. 'E.dan, scurf, dander,
a slight scurf on the skin ; and (perhaps)
drib, a driblet, or driftj a fine shower.
% The W. marw'don, dandriif, is from
marw, dead, and hm, skin.
Dandy, a beau (£. ^). Origin unknown.
Prov. £. dandy, gay, fine. Note M. Dan.
dande, brave, excellent. Dandy is also a
form of Andrew, [F. dandin, 'a mea-
cock, noddy, ninny,' Cot., is unsuitable.]
Danger. (F.— L.) M. £. daungere,
power, esp. power to harm. — O. F. dan-
gler (F. danger), also dongier (XIII cent.),
absolute power, irresponsible authority.
This answers to a Late L. type *domnid-
rium, *dotninidriumy not found, but regu-
larly formed from Late L. ^m{t)nium^
power, authority. •Late L. domnus, L.
dominuSy a lord.
Danffle« to swing about. (Scand.)
Dan. wtn^e, Swed. dial, dangla^ to swing
about; cf. Swed. and Icel. dinghy Dan.
dingle, to swing about; frequentative
forms from ding (pt« t. dang), to throw
about. See Ding.
Dank, moist. (Scand.) M. £. dank,
wet (esp. with ref. to dew). — Swed. dial.
dank^ marshy ground; Icel. dokk (stem
*dankwd-) , a pool. Cf. Swed. dial, ddnka,
to moisten, Dan. dial, donke, dynke, Norw.
dynka, to wet ; also Dan. dial, dunkel,
moist, Swed. dial, dunkelhet, moisture ;
North. £. danker, a dark cloud; Sw«d.
dial, and M. Dan. dunken, musty; G.
dunkel, dark.
Dapper. (Du.) Orig. good, valiant ;
hence brave, fine, spruce. XV cent.— Du.
dapper, brave.^-O. H. G. taphar, weighty,
valiant, G. tapfer, brave ; Russ. dobrui,
good. Brugm. i. § 563.
Dapple, a spot on an animal. (Scand.)
dape, a pool, a wet splotch ; whence the
idea of * splash ' or ' blot.*
Dare (i)» to venture. (£.) M. £. dar,
I dare ; pt. t. dorste, durste, A. S. ic dearr,
I dare ; he dearr, he dare ; pt. t. dcrste ;
infin. *durran, + Goth, ga-dars, I dare,
'daursta, Idurst, infin. -daursan ; O. H. G.
tar, I dare, infin. turran. Also Gk. Bap-
aiiv, to be bold, Bpatrik, bold ; Skt. drsA,
to dare. (VDH£RS.) Brugm. i. $ 502.
Dare (3), a dace. (F.— O. Low G.)
A new form, made by taking darce (old
form of dace) as a pi. form {=dars), and
thence making a singular dar, now dare.
See Dace.
Dark. (£.) M. E. derk. A. S. decre,
with a broken vowel ; for . older *derc.
The O. H. G. tarchanjan^ to hide (answer-
ing to W. Germ. *dark'n-jan) is from the
and grade *dark of the same base. Cf.
also 0. Sax. der-ni, A. S. deme, O. H. G.
tar-ni, secret, dark ; see Tarnish.
darUinff, in the dark. (£.) Formed
with adv. s^x -ling, as m flat-ling, M. E.
hedling (headlong), A. S. bac-ling, back-
wards
Darling. (£.) M.E. derling, A.S.
diorling, a favourite. — A.S. d^or^e (in
comp. deor-), dear; with double dimin.
suffix 'l-ing. See Dear.
Dam. (£.) XVII cent. Prob. from %/
M. £. dernen, to conceal, from deme, adj.,
secret, hidden; cf. prov. E. dern, dam,
to hide, to stop up a hole. — A. S. deme,
dyrne, secret, hidden. + O. Sax. demi,
O. H. G. tami, secret. See Dark.
Darnel. (F.) M.E. darnel, demel.
From an O. F. word, now only preserved
in Walloon (Rouchi), darnelle^ darnel
(H^art). Hitherto unexplained; but cf.
Swed. d&r', as in d&r-repe, or repe, darnel
(Lowl. Sc. domel) ; and O. F. nielle, nelle
(Late L. nigella), darnel (Godefroy). The
Swed. d&ra means to stupefy (as with
lolium temulentum) \ cf. Dan. daare, a
fool ; Walloon damise, daurnise, drunken
(Grandgagnage) .
Dart. (F. - O. Low G.) M. K dart, -
O. F. dart (F. dard). Of Teut. origin ; cf.
A. S. dardli, a dart, Swed< dart, a dagger,
Icel. darraJHr, a dart, O. H. G. tart, a
dart.
Dasll. (£•) M. E. daschen. Cf. Ix)w G.
daschen, to thrash (Berghans) ; Dan.
Icel. depill, a spot, dot ; a dog with spots , daske, to slap, Swed. daska, to beat ; we
over the eyes is also called depilL The I speak of water dashing against rocks,
orig. sense is * a little pool,' from Norweg. | Dastard. (Scand. ; with F. suffix.)
ia8
DATE
DEAF
M,E, dastard; where -atd is a F. suffix,
as in duU-ard, slugg-ard. Dost appears
to be for dazed\ cf. Icel. dastr^ exhausted,
pp. of d^Esa^ to be out of breath ; daseiSr,
exhausted, weary, pp. of dttsask^ to be
weary ; see Dase. Cf. Icel. eUuiy a lazy
fellow, M. Du. dasaerty a fool (whence
M.£. das-art (i.e. daz{e)ard), a dullard,
in N. £. D.) ; Low G. ddskopp^ a block-
head (Berghaus). The orig. sense is ' slug-
gard.*
^ Date (i)» a given point of time. (F.—
^ L.) M. £.^a/^.-F. date^ date. -Late L.
daia^ a date ; L. daia^ neut. pi. of dcUus^
given, dated.— L. dare^ to give.+Gk. 8f-
Sa;/M, I give ; ^roi, given ; Skt. daddmiy
I give; Russ. dcUe^ to give. (^DO.)
Brugm. i. %% 167, 168.
V^ Date (a), fruit of the palm. (F.-L.-
Gk.) M. E. date, - O. F. date (F. datte),
also daielty a date. — L. dactylum, ace. of
dactylus.^'Gk, tAservKos, a finger; also a
date (somewhat like a finger). But it is
probable that SdrrvAos, a date, was a word
of Semitic or^n, assimilated to the word
for * finger.' Cf. Aramaic digid, a palm-
tree (see Gen. x. 27) : Arab, daaa/.
Daub. (F.~L.) U,E.dauSm.''0.¥.
dauber y to plaster ; answering to an older
form ^ddlber, — L. dealbdre, to whiten,
plaster.— L. d?, down, very ; albdrty to
whiten, from aibus, white ; see Alb. Cf.
S^n.jaibegar {^*d€tMcdre)y to plaster.
Der. be-daub.
y Daughter. (E.) M. E. doghter, doh-
ter. A. S. dohtor,'\'iyvi, dochter^ Dan. dat-
ter, dotter, Swed. dotter, Icel. doitiry Goth.
dauhiar, G. tochter\ Russ. doche^ Lith.
dukte^ Gk. Ovyd-njpy Pers. dukktarj Skt.
duhUf, Orig. sense doubtful.
Daunt. (F.-L.) M. £. daunten,^
O. F. danter\ also donter,^!^ domitdre,
to tame, subdue ; frequent, of domdre^ to
tame ; see Tame.
Danphin. (F. - L. - Gk.) F. dauphin,
a dolphin ; see Dolphin. A title of the
eldest son of the king of France, who took
it from the province of Dauphiny (a.d.
1349) \ <^^ ^^^ province had formerly had
several lords named Dauphin.
Daviti a support for ship*s boats.
(Heb. ?) Formerly spelt David , as if from
a proper name (a. D. i6a6). Also called
daviot in A. F., a dimin. of O. F. Davi,
David.
Daw. (£.) From the noise made by
the bird ; cf. caw.^O, H. G. taha^ a daw ;
dimin. tahele (now G. dohle), a daw;
whence Ital. taccola, a daw (Florio). Der.
Jack-daw.
Dawky transport by relays of men and
horses. (Hindi.) Hindi ifdky post, trans-
port, &c. (Yule).
Dawn ; see Day.
Day. (E.) lli.E. day, dai, dm, A.S.
dag, pi. ^^Ar.«4-Du. Dan. Swed. dag, Icel.
dagr, G. tag, Goth, dags. Allied to Lith.
dagos, hot time, autumn ; digti, to bum.
Teut. type *dagoz ; Idg. type *dhoghos ;
firom VDHEGH, to bum ; Skt. dah, to
bum, ni-d&gha-^ hot season. Day is the
hot, bright time; as opposed to night.
% In no way allied to L. dies,
dawiLi vb. (Scand.) M. E. dawnen ; l/
from the older sb. dawning,^SwtA, Dan. '
dagning, a dawning, dawn ; as if from a
verb *dag-na, to become day, from Swed.
Dan. d^, day. 2. We also find M. E.
dawen, to dawn ; from A. S. dagian, to
become day, dawn.— A. S. dag-, base of
dag, day. {Cf./azvn, vb.)
Daywoman, dairy-woman. (Scand.
and £.) In Shak. L. L. L. i. 2. 137.
The addition of woman is needless. Day
« M. £. d^e, «» O. Norw. deigja, a maid ;
esp. a dairymaid ; see Dairy.
OBMibm (Scand.) M. E. d&iJM, to stupefy.
—Swed. disa, to lie idle ; Icel. dasask, to
be wearied, lit. to daze oneself, where -sk
is the reflexive suffix ; dasi, a lazy man ;
dasinn, lazy ; Dan. dial, dase, to be idle ;
Low G. ddsen, dosen, to be listless ; in *n
das* sein, to be in a * daze' (Berghaus).
dasiley to confiise. (Scand.) From
daze; with firequent. suffix -U, Der. be-
dazzle,
De- {i),prejfix, (L. ; ^F.-L.) L. di,
down, away, from, very; hence sometimes
Y,d4-,de-, O.F. flfe-.
De- (a) , prefix, (F. - L.) F. aB?-, O. F.
des' ; from L. dis- ; see Dis-.
Deacon. (L. — Gk.) M. E. deken.
A. S. diacan.^'L, diaconus.^GV., SiAkovos,
a servant, a deacon. Cf. ky-Kovi«a, I am
quick, ly-Koyis, a maid-servant.
Dead. (E.) M. E. deed. A. S. dead,
dead.4-Du. daod, Dan. diki, Swed. difd,
Icel. daudr, Goth, dauths, Teut. type
*dau-9oz, orig. a pp. with Idg. suffix -to-
(Teut. -d(h) from the vb. *dau-jan- (Icel.
deyjd), to die. See Die (i).
Deaf. ( E.) M. E. deef, A. S. deaf.-^
Du. doof, Dan. dav, Swed. dofy Icel. daufr.
Goth, daubs, G. taub, Orig. ' obfuscated ;
139
p
DEAL
allied to Gk. rv<poSf smoke, darkness,
stupor, Twp'Kos, blind. (VDHEUBH.)
Deal (i), a share. (£.) M. £. deel.
A. S. dSif a share, -f Dn. deel, Dan. deel,
Swed. del, Goth, dails, G. tkeil. Cf.
O. Slav. d^liHf a part. Bmgm. i. § 279 (2).
deal (2), to divide, distribute. (£.)
M. £. delen, A. S. dalan.^A.S. dal, a
share (above). 4* ^u* deelen, Dan. <^/($,
Swed. ^/a, Icel. <^27a, Goth, dailjan, G.
tketlen ; cf. the respective sbs. Tabove).
Deal (3), a thin board. (Du.) Da. <^/,
aplank.HhG. </iV/i?; see Thill.
Dean. (F.-L.) M. E. flfe«^.-0. F.
deien (F. doyen),^Li. decdnum, ace. of
decdnus, one set over ten soldiers, or over
ten monks, a dean.— L. decern, ten.
Dear. (£.) M. E. dere, A. S. deore,
c^re, dear, precious. + Dan. and Swed. dyr,
dear, costly, Icel. dyrr, dear, precious;
O. Sax. diurt'j G. theuer,
\J dearthf scarcity. (£.) M. E. derthe,
deamess; hence, dearth. Not in A. S. ;
but formed as heal-th, warm-th, &c.<4-
Icel. dyrfi, value, from dyrr (above) ; O.
Sax. diuritha^ value, from diuri, dear,
precious; O. H. G. tiuridaf from Hurt
(G. theuer).
Death. (E.) M.E.deelA. A.S.deaS.
4-Du. dood, Dan. Swed.d^V/, Goth, dauthus,
G. tod\ cf. Icel. dauOi. Tent, type *dau-
duz, formed with Idg. suffix -tu-, Tent.
-9m-, from the base *Mu- ; see Dead.
Debar (F.) F. Ofdarrer; O.F. des-
barrer. From De- (2) and Bar.
Debase. (L** and F.-L.) Formed
from base by prefixing L. di, down.
Debate. (F.~L.) M. E. debaten.^
O.F. debatre, to debate, argue. — L. <^,
down ; battere, to beat. See Batter (i ).
Debauch. (F.-L. tz^^Teut.) O.F.
desbaucher, (F. dibaucker), * to debosh,
mar, seduce, mislead ; ' Cot. Diez sup-
poses that the orig. sense was *■ to entice
away from a workshop* ; it is certainly
derived from the O. F. prefix des' (L. dis^,
away, and O. F. bauche, explained by
Roquefort as ' a little house,* and by Cot-
grave as ' a course of stones or bricks
in building.' Cf. M. F. embaucher, to use
in business, employ, esbaucher, to rough-
hew, frame.* Godefroy gives desbaucher
only in the sense of ' rough-hew,* but his
Supp. adds — ' detach from one's service,
turn aside, distract.' The orig. sense of
bauche was prob. ' balk,' i. e. beam, hence
frame oi a building, course in building.
DECAGON
small bidlding, &c. ; of Teut. origin ; see
Balk.
Debentlirei acknowledgment of a
debt. (L.) Formerly debentur (Bacon).
— L. debentur, lit * they are due,' because
such receipts began with the words deben-
tur tnthi (Webster); pr. pi. pass, of
debeo, I owe ; see Debt.
Debilitate. (L.) From pp. of L.
debilitdre, to weaken. — L. debilts, weak. —
L. de, away, not ; -bilis, prob. allied to
Skt. bala-^ strength; cf. dur^bala- (for
dus'bala-)^ feeble. Bmgm. t % 55,^.
Debonair. (F-) M. E. debanere, de-
bonaire ; A. F. debonaire for de bon
aire, lit. of a good stock. — 'L.de, of; bon-us,
good; and O. F. aire, place, stock, race,
a word of uncertain origin. Diez
suggests that it represents Lat. ace
eigrum, field.
Debonch. (F.— L.) F. diboucher, to
uncork, to emerge firom ; hence, to march
out of a narrow pass. — F. ^ ( «= O. F. des-
<L. ^<V-), away; and bauche, mouth,
opening, from L. bucca, mouth.
Debris, broken pieces. (F. — L. and
Teut.) F. debris, fragments. - O. F. de-
brisier, to break to pieces. — O. F. de-,
from L. de, down ; and brisier (F. briser)^
to break ; see Bruise.
Debt. (F. — L.) A bad spelling of
dett, M. E. dette. - O. F. dette (but in M. F.
misspelt debte).'^'L, debita, a sum due;
fem. of dibitus, owed, pp. of debere, to
owe. Debere '^de-hibere (Plautus), Le. to
have away, have on loan.— L. de-, down,
away ; habere, to have. Der. debt-or,
M. £. det-tur, from O. F. deteur, L. ace.
dibitarem.
Debut. (F. - L. and O. H. G.) A first
appearance in a play. — F. d^but, a first
stroke, first cast or throw at dice, first play
in the game of bowls ; verbal sb. oidibuter,
M. F. desbuter, * to put from the mark he
aimed at * (at bowls). Cot. ; hence, to come
in first, be entitled to lead. From L.
dis', from, and F. but, mark. See Butt (i \
Decade. (F.~L.-Gk.) Y, decade,* 2,
decade,' Cot; i.e. an aggregate of ten.—
L. decadent, ace. of decas, — Gk. Sc^dSa,
ace. of 8c«df, a company of ten. — Gk.
hkKa, ten ; see Ten.
decagon. (Gk.) Named from its ten
angles.— Gk. hkna, ten; *fW'ia, a comer,
angle, allied to fhw,. knee ; see Knee.
Der. hendeca-gon {tvh^Ka, eleven) ; dodeca-
gon {JMtKa, twelve).
130
DECAHEDRON
deoahedron. (Gk.) Named from its
ten sides or bases. • Gk. S^isra, ten: i^-pa,
a base, lit. 'seat/ from tio/juu (for ifyofAai)^
T sit ; see Sit. Der. do-deca-fudron (Gk.
8ci;8<ica, twelve).
deoalogne. (F.-L.-Gk.) Y,dica-
iogue.'^'L.aecaJogum, ace. of decalogus.^
Gk. h€K&koyoi, the ten commandments. -^
Gk. ZiKa, ten; kirfoSf a speech, saying;
see Logic.
decasyllabic, having ten syllables.
(Gk.) Gk. hUay ten ; avWa^ri, a syllable.
Der. hendecasyllabic (Gk. tvl^na^ eleven).
Decadence, decay. (F. — L.) Y. deca-
dence, — Med. L. decctdentia^ ^ L. diy down;
cadentia^ a falling ; see Oadenoe.
Decamp, to depart. (F~L.) L. di-
camper ; O^ F. descamper, orig. to remove
a camp.— L. dis-, away; and campus, a
field, later, a camp. See De- (a) and
Oamp.
Decanal. (L.) Belonging to a dean,
i- \., decdnus, a dean ; with suffix -al (L.
-dits) ; see Dean.
Decant. (F.-L. a;f</Gk.) F. decan-
ter (Span. flSfrrtw/ar). — Med. L. decanihare
(a word of the alchemists), to pour out.—
I^. ^f from ; canthus^ the * lip of a cup,
a peculiar use of Gk. k6.v6w^ comer of the
eye (Hatzfeld). Der. decant-er, a wine-
vessel.
Deca^tate. (L.) From pp. of Late
L. dicapitdrey to behead. — L. di^ off; and
capit', stem of caput, head.
i)eca7f to fail into ruin. (F. — L.)
O. North F. decair (Span, decaer) ; vari-
ant of O. F. dechair, decheoir.^O, F. de^ ;
and cheoir (F. choir\ to fall. — L. de, down ;
and Folk-L. cadire, cadire, to fall, variants
of L. cadtre, to falL
Decease. (F.— L.) M. £. deces,^
O. F. deces (F. d^cis), death. — L. ace.
dicessum, departure, death. — L. dScessus,
pp. of dicldere, to depart.— L. di, from ;
eidere, to go away.
Deceive. (F. — L.) A. F. deceivre ;
O. F. deceveir, decevoir, pres. subj. deceive,
— L. dicipere, to take away, deceive. — L,
diy away ; and capere^ to take. Der. de-
ceit^ from O. F. deceit, pp. o{ deceveir,
December. (L. ;^rF.-L.) O. F.
Decemdre.^L, December, '^'L. decern, ten;
as it was the tenth month of the Roman
year.
Decemvir, one of ten magistrates.
(L.) L. decemuir, one of the decemuiri,
or ten men joined in a commission.— L.
DECOLLATION
decern, ten (see Ten); and uir, a man
(see Virile^.
Decennial, belonging to ten years.
(L.) For L. decenn-alis, of ten years;
cf. H-enniaL^'L, dec-em, ten; annus, a
year.
Decent. (F.-L.) 0,Y, decent, ^l^
decentem, ace. of pres. pt of decere, to
become, befit ; cf. decus, honour.
Deception. (F. — L.) 0,Y. deception,
— L. ace. deceptidnem,^!^ deceptus, pp.
of decipere, to deceive ; see Deceive.
Decide. (F.-L.) Y , didder.^!., di-
cidere^ pp. dictsus, to cut off, decide. — L.
de, down; and asdere, to cut. Der. de-
cis'ion (from pp. cUcisus),
Deciduous, falling off. (L.) L. di-
cidu-us, that falls down ; with suffix -(ms,
— L. dicidere, to fall down. — L. de, down ;
and cadere, to fall. See Decay.
Decimal. (F. — L.) 0,¥, decimal.^
Late L. decimalis, belonging to tithes.—
L. decima, a tithe ; fem. of cKcimus, tenth.
Cf. L. decem, ten.
decimate. (L.) From pp. of L. de-
cimdre, to select every tenth man, for
punishment. — L. decem, ten.
Decipher. (F. and Arab.) Formed
after F. dichiffrer, to decipher. — F. di-,
O. F. des-, L. dis-^ apart ; Cipher, q. v.
Deck, to cover. (Du.) Du. dekken, to
cover ; dek, a cover, a ship*s deck. Cog-
nate with E. Thatoh, q.v.
Declaim. (L.) Formerly declame.'^
L. diclUmdre, to cry aloud. — L. di, down,
fully ; cl&mdre, to cry ; see Claim.
Declare. (F.-L.) O.F. declarer,^
L. dlclSr&re, to make clear, declare. — L.
di, fully ; clSrus, clear.
Declension. (F.— L.) O.F. dedinai-
son, used for the * declension ' of a noun.
— L. diclinStidnem, ace. of dicUftdtio, de-
clination, declension. — L. diclindtus, pp.
of diclindre (below).
decline. (F.-L.) O.F. decliner.^
L. diclinare, to lean or bend aside from. —
L. di-, from ; -clindre (only in comp.), to
lean ; see Incline, Lean (i).
DecUvity. (F.-L.) F. didiviti.^
L. dicliuitdtem, ace. of decliuit&s, a
downward slope. — L. dicliuis, sloping
downward. — L. di, down; cliuus, a slope,
hilL See Lean (i).
Decoct. (L.) L. dicoctus, pp. of di^
coquere, to boil down. — L. di, down,
away ; coquere^ to cook.
Decollation, a beheading. (F.-L.)
131
DECOMPOSE
DEFEASANCE
O. F. decollation, ^JjEiit L. ace. dScolld-
tidnem. From pp. of dicolldre, to behead.
— L. de^ off; coilumy the neck.
Decompose. (F.-L. a;^^/ Gk.) F.
decomposer (XVI c.) ; from flife-, prefix, and
composer, to compose. See Compose.
Decorate. (L-) From pp. oidecordrCy
to adorn. — L. decifr- (for *decoS'), stem of
decus, honour, ornament ; cf. L. decire, to
be fit.
deconun. (L.) L. decorum, seemli-
ness; nent. of decorus, seemly. i-L. decor-,
stem of decor, seemliness, allied to decus
(above). Der. ift'decorum.
Decoy, a contrivance for catching wild-
dacks. (F. andDvL.) Coined from prov. E.
coy, a decoy, by prefixing the E. de- (F.
dif-, "L, df). £. coy is from Du. kooi, a
cage, decoy, M. Du. koye, older form
kouwe (Hexham) ; from L. cauea, whence
also F. and £. cage ; see Cage. % The
prefixing of d^- was probably due to con-
fusion with M. E. coy en f to quiet ; so that
de-coy seemed to mean a ' quieting down.*
Decrease. (F.— L.) A. F. descrees,
descreis, O. F. descrois, sb., a decrease ;
from descroistre, vb., to decrease.— Late L.
discrescere, used for L. dicrescere, to
diminish (pp. decrStus), -* L. dS, down,
away ; crescere, to grow.
decrement. (L.) L. dicrSmentum,
a decrease. — L. dicrS-tus, pp. of dicres-
cere.
Decree. (F.-L.) M. £. decree, -
O.F. decrel.-mL, dicritum.^l^ dicritus,
pp. of decernere, to decree, lit. to separate.
— L. <//, away ; cemere, to distinguish.
decretal. (F.-L.) O.F. decretal.
— Late L. dicrltdJe, a decree. — L. dicritus.
Decrepit. (L.) L. dicrepitus, noise-
less, creeping about like an old man, aged.
— L. di, away ; crepitus, noise, allied to
crepitus, pp. of crepdre, to crackle, make
a noise..
DeclTTf to condenm. (F.— L.) O.F.
descrier^ to cry down, disparage. — O. F.
des- (L. dis-), implying the reversal of an
act, and here opposed to * cry up * ; crier,
to cry. See Ory.
DeCUSSatef to cross at an acute angle.
(L.) From pp. of h. decussdre, to cross,
to put into the form of an X,^Li,decussis,
a coin worth ten asses (as-es), and there-
fore marked with X, i.e. ten.— L. decern,
ten ; assi-, stem of as, an ace ; see Ace.
Dedicate, to devote. (L.) L. cUdicd-
tus, pp. of didicdre, to devote.— L. de.
down ; dicdre, to proclaim ; from dic',
weak grade of die-, as in dicere, to say.
Deduce. (L.) L. didOcere, to bring
down (hence, to infer).— L. di, down;
dOcere, to bring. See Duke.
deduct. (L.) Orig. to derive from.
— L. diduct-us, pp. of didOcere, to bring
down (above).
Deed. (E.) M. E. deed, O. Merc, did,
A.S. ^^.-fDu. daad, Icel. ddfi, Swed.
dSid, Dan. daad, Goth, dids, G. thai,
O. H. G. tdt. Teut. type *d&di% ; Idg.
type *dhetis ; from ^DUE, to place, put,
do. See Do.
Deem. (E.) M. E. demen, A. S. dl-
man, to judge, give a doom. — A. S. dom,
a doom ; see Doom. Cf. Du. doemen,
Icel. dcema (for dcemd), Swed. doma, Dan.
domme, Goth, domjan, O. H. G. tuomian,
Teut. type *ddmjan-, from *ddmoz, doom.
Deep, profound. (E.) M. E. deep.
A.S. diop.^Dvi, diep, Dan. dyb, Swed.
djup, Icel. djupr, G. tuf, Goth, diups,
Teut. type *deupoz ; see Dip.
deptk, deepness. (E.) From deep;
cf. IceL (^pO, depth, from djupr, deep.^
Du. diepte ; Goth, daupitha.
Deer. (E.) M.E. deer, an animal.
A. S. dior, a wild animal. -fDu. ditr, Dan.
dyr, Swed. djur, Icel. c^, Goth, dius,
G. ihitr. Teut type *deusom ; Idg. type
*dheusom, i^roh. ^ vjAmtX* ; from *dheus-,
to breathe (Kluge). Bmgm. i. § 539 (2).
Der. wilder-ness, q. v.
Defkce. (F.-L.) M. £. defacen.^
O. F. desfacier, to deface, disfigure. —
O.F. des- (<L. ^w-), apart; face^ face;
see Face.
Defalcate, to abate, deduct. (L.)
From pp. of Late L. diffalcdre or dtfcU-
cdre, to abate, deduct, take away. — L. dif-
( =dis'), apart, or else d^, away; Late L.
falcdre, to cut with a sickle, from L. falx
{iXtvcifalc-), a sickle.
Defiuue. (F. — L.) M.E. defamen,
diffamen, — O. F. diffamer, to take away a
man's character. — L. diffdmdre, to spread
a bad report.— L. dif- (for dis-), apart;
fdma, a report. See Fame.
Default. (F.-L.) M. E. defaute,^
O. F. drfaute, a default, from defaiUir, to
fail ; imitating faute from faillir. See
De- (i) and Fault.
Defeasance, a rendering null. (F. —
L.) A.F. law-term defesance, a rendering
void. — O. F. drfesant, defeisant, pres. part,
of defaire, des/aire, to render void. — O. F.
13a
X
DEFEAT
DEGRADE
des- (L. dis"), apart ; /aire (L. facere), to
make.
defeat. (F.-L.) M.£. defaiten, to
defeat. * A. F. defeter^ioTrnt^ from O. F.
defait^ desfait, pp. of defaire^ desfaire, to
render void (above).
Defecate. (L.) From pp. of difae-
care J to free from dregs. »L. di^ out;
faec', stem oifaex^ ^hfaecis, dregs.
Defect. (L.) L. defectusy a want. • L.
defectus^ pp. of dificere, to fail, orig. to
nndo. — L. ^/, away; facere, to make.
Der. drfect-ion, -ive.
Defend. (F.-L.) M.E. defenden. —
O. F. defendrc^L.. difendere, to defend,
lit strike down or away. — L. de^ down;
*fendere, to strike, only in comp. de-fendere,
offendere. Cf. G. Otivtiv, to strike ; Skt.
han, (VGHwEN.) Biugm. i. § 664.
defence. (F.~L.) M.£. defence,^
O. F. defensc^'L. defensa^ a defending
(Tertnllian). — L. difens-us, pp. of di'
fendere (above). Also M. E. defens^ O, F.
defensy from L. difensum^ neat.
Defer (i), to delay. (F.-L.) M.E.
differren,^0. F. differer^ to delay.— L.
tafferre, to bear different ways, delay. — L.
dif' (for dts-\ apart ; ferre, to bear.
defer (3), to lay before, submit one-
sell (F.— L.) O. F. defereTy to admit or
give way to an appeal.— L. diferre, to
bring down, bring before one. — L. fl5?,
down ; ferre, to bear, carry.
Deficient. (L.) From stem of pres.
pt. of dificere, to fail ; see Defect.
deficitf lack. (L.) L. deficit, it fails;
3 p. 8. pres. oi dificere (above).
Defile (0> 'o pollute. (F.— L.; con-
fused with L. and %,) M. E. defoulen, to
trample under foot ; later spelling defoyle\
see Foil (i). This word is obsolete, but
it suggested a hybrid compound made by
prefixing L. di, down, to the old word
file, to defile (Macb. iii. i. 65) = A. S.
fylan (for *fuljan), to defile, make foul,
formed (by vowel-change oi U Xjq y) from
A. S.ftll, foul ; see Foul.
Defile (2), to march in a file. (F.— L.)
F. difiler, to defile. - F. aS^- -= O. F. des- (L.
dis')f apart ; filer, to spin threads, from L.
Jilum, thread. Der. defile, sb., F. difili^
a narrow passage ; orig. pp. of difiler.
Define. (F.-L.) O.F. definer, to
define, conclude.— L. deftnire, to limit.
— L. <^ down ; finire, to end, from finis,
end.
Defiect. (L.) L. deflectere^ to bend
down or aside. — L. di, down ; flectere, to
bend. Der. defiex-ion, from deflex-us,
pp.
Defionr, Defiower. (F.-L.) M.E.
defiouren,'^0,¥. defieurer, Cotg. — Late
L. diflordret to gather flowers.— L. di,
away ; fior-, ioifios, a flower.
Deflnzion. (L.) From ace. of L. di-
fluxio, a flowing down. — L. di, down ;
fluX'Us, pp. oifiuere, to flow.
Deforce, to dispossess. (F. — L.)
Legal. — A. F. deforcer, to dispossess (Med.
L. difforcidre).^0. F. de-^des- (L. dis-),
away ; and Y, force. See Force.
Deform. (F.— L.) M.E. deformen,
chiefly in pp. deformed, — O. F. difformer,
to deform ; Godefroy. — O, F. dtfforme,
adj., deformed, ugly; Cot— L. diformis,
ugly.— L. di, dLV/By, forma, shape, beauty.
De&and. (F.-L.) O.F. defrauder.
— L. difrauddre, to deprive by fraud. — L.
di, away ; frauds, stem oifraus, fraud.
Defray. (F. -L. and O. H. G.) O. F.
desfrayer, to pay expenses ; Littr^. — O. F.
des' (L. fl&V-); fraier, to spend. Fraier
is from O. F. *frai, *fre, IsXtTfrait, mostly
used in the pi. frais, fres (F. frais), ex-
penses ; cf. Low L. fredum, a fine, com-
position. — O. H. G. fridu (G. friede),
peace ; also, a fine for a breach of the
peace. See Afflray.
Defb, neat, dexterous. (£.) M. E. deft,
daft. A. S. dafte, as seen in ge-dafte, mud,
gentle, meek; ge-dceftltce, fitly, season-
ably; daftan, to prepare. Cf. A. S. ge-
daj-en, fit, pp. of a lost strong vb. *dafan\
Goth, gcukiban, to befit, gadobs, fitting.
DeAincty dead. (L.) L. defunctus,
i. e. having fully performed the course of
life, pp. oi,difungi, to perform fully. — L.
di, fully ; and fungi, to perform ; see
Function.
DeQr. (F--L-) M.E. defyen,^O.Y.
defier, dejfier, desfier, orig. to renounce
one*s faith. — Late L. difflddre^ to renounce
faith. — L. dif (for dis-), apart; fiddre
(from fidus, faithful), to trust; cf. L.
fidere, to trust. See Faith.
Degenerate. (L.) From pp. of L.
digenerdre, to become base. — L. digener,
adj., base. — L. di, down; gener- (for
*genes'\ stem oi genus, race. See Oenos.
Deglutitiony swallowing. (F. — L.)
F. diglutition,^L„ di, down; glUtitus,
pp. oiglatire, to swallow.
Degrade. (F.-L.) O.F. degrader,
to deprive of rank or office. — Late L. di*
111
DEGREE
DELVE
gradare^ the same.— L. di^ from ; gradus,
rank. See Qrade.
degree. (F--L-) O.Y.degre^degret,
a step, rank ; orig. a step d<nvn (used of
stairs). — L. di, down ; gradus, a step.
Dehiscent, gaping. (L.) L. dehi-
scent'^ stem of pres. pt. of dihiscere^ to
gape open. — L. de^ down ; hiscere, to
gape, inceptive of hiare^ to yawn; see
Hiatus.
Deify, Deist ; see Deity.
Deign. (F. — L.) M. £. deigtien,^
A. F. deign-., a stem of O. F. digf^t)er^ to
deign. — L. digndre, by-form of digndrf, to
deem worthy. — L, dignus, worthy. Brugm.
ii. § 66.
Deity. (F.-L.) M.E. deite.^O,¥.
deite.'^. deitatemt ace. of deitds, deity,
Godhead. — L. dei-^ for deus, God ; of.
diuus, godlike. Cf. W. duw, Gael, and
Ir. dia, Skt. d^a-, a god ; Gk. dioSf Skt.
daiz/a-y divine. See Tuesday.
deiff. (F. - L.) M. E. dei^en, -
O. F. aeifier, ' to deifie ; * Cot. — Late L.
deificdre, — L. deificus, accounting as gods.
— L. dei', for deus^ a god ; and -Jic-f for
facere^ to make. Der. deificat-ion^ due to
pp. of deificHre,
deist. (F.-L.) F. diiste. From L.
de-US ; with suffix -ist.
Deject, to cast down. (L.) From L.
deiectus, pp. of deicere {deiicere), to cast
down. — L. diy down ; iacere^ to throw.
Delay, Vb. (F.-L.) O. F. delayer,
dilaier\ also deleer (Godefroy). It answers
in sense to L. dil&tdre, to defer, delay,
put off ; which would properly give O. F.
dileer, Dildtdre is from dildtus^ deferred,
put off; from L. di- {dis-), apart ; Idtus,
borne, pp. of toilere, to lift, sustain, bear.
% The O. F. spelling with ai causes a
difficulty. Der. delay, sb. ; O. F. delau
Delectable. (F.-L.) Late M. E.
delectable. '^Y . delectable. ^\,. dilectdbilis,
delightful. — L. delectdre, to delight; fre-
quent, of delicere, to allure. See De-
Uoious.
Delegate, a chosen deputy. (L.) L.
delegatus, pp. of delegare, to depute, ap-
point—L. di, away; legdre, to depute.
See Legate.
Delete, to erase. (L.) L. diletus, pp.
of dilere, to destroy. See below.
Deleterious. (Gk.) Late L. dele-
teri-us, with suffix -ous. For Gk. 817X17-
rfifHos, noxious. — Gk. hrfXrjrtip, a destroyer.
— Gk. 817X^0^101, 1 harm, injure.
Delf. (Dn.) Earthenware first made at
Delft, formerly Delf, a town in S. Holland,
about A. D. 1 310 (Haydn). The town was
named from its delf 01 canal ; cf. Delve.
Deliberate, carefully weighed and
considered. (L.) L. deliberdtus, pp. of flS?-
liberdre, to consult.— L. di, thoroughly;
librdre, to weigh, from libra, a balance.
Delicate, dainty, refined. (L.) L.
dilicdtus, luxurious ; probably allied to
dilicia (or dilicia, pi.), pleasure, delight,
and to L. dilicere, to amuse (below).
delicions. (F.— L.) Hi. Y, delicious,
— O. F. delicious, — Late L. diliciosus,
pleasant. — L. dilicia, pleasure.— L. di-
licere^ to amuse, allure. — L. di, away;
lacere, to entice.
deliffht. (F. - L.) Misspelt for delite.
M. E. aeliten, verb.- O. F. deliUr, delei-
ter. — L. dilectdre ; see Delectable.
Delineate. (L.) From pp. of L.
dillnedre, to sketch in outline.- L. di,
down ; Itnedre, to mark out, from linea^
a line. See Iiine.
Delinquent, failing in duty. (L.) L.
dilinauent', stem of pres. pt. oidilinquere,
to fail, to omit one's duty.- L. di, away,
from ; linquere, to leave.
Deliquesce, to become lic|uid. (L.)
L. deliquescere, to become liquid.— L. d^,
away; liquescere, inceptive form oiliquerc,
to be wet. See Iiiquid.
Delirious. (L.) A coined word (with
suffix 'Ous), from L. dUtri-um, madness,
which is also adopted into English.- L.
delirus, mad ; lit. *' going out of the
furrow.* — L. di, from ; and lira, a furrow.
Cf. O. H. G. leisa, G. g-leise, a track.
Deliver. (F. — L.) O. F. delivrer, to
set free. — Late L. deliberdre, to set free. —
L. di, from ; Itberdre, to free, from liber,
free.
Dell, a dale. (E.) M. E. delle, A. S.
dell, neut. ; Cart. Sax. i. 547; ii. 71.
Teut. type *daljom ; see Dale.
Delta. (Gk.) Gk.dcXra, the letter A;
answering to Heb. daleth, the name of the
4th letter of the alphabet ; orig. ' a door of
a tent.' (Orig. Phoenician.) Der. deltoid.
Delude. (L.) L,diliidere{pp,deliisus),
to mode at, cajole.— L. di, down ; liidere,
to play. Der. delus-ion, from the pp.
Deluge. (F.-L.) O.F. deluge. -^"L,
diluuium, a washing away. — L. diluere,
to wash away. ^ h, dt- {dis-), apart ;
luere, to wash, allied to Lave.
Delve, to dig. (E.) M. E. delucn.
134
DEMAGOGUE
DENOMINATE
A. S. delfatty pt. t. dealf, pp. dolfen.'^'Dvi.
delven ; M. H. G. telben. Cf. Rnss. doU
bite J to hollow out. Bnigm. i. § 521 (2).
Demagogue. (F.-Gk.) F. (Uma-
gogue. — Gk. SrjfjLayoaySs, a popular leader.
— Gk. drjfi'os, people; d7ci;7os, leading,
from &y-€iVf to lead.
Demand. (F.— L.) F. demander, to
demand, require. — L. demanddrey to en-
trust ; in late L., to demand. — L. de,
away ; tnanddre^ to commission, order.
Demarcation. (Span. - L. and
M. H. G.) From Span, demarcacion (see
N. E. D.) ; whence also F. demarcation.
— L. de, down ; and Span, marcar, to
mark, a word of German origin; see
Marque.
Demean (i), to conduct; reflex,^ to
behave. (F. — L.) M. E. afew^w^w. — O. F.
demener, to conduct, guide, manage. —
O. F. flfe ( = L. de) , down, fully ; mener^ to
conduct, from Late L. mindre, to drive
cattle, conduct, from L. mindrt ^io threaten.
See Menace.
demeanour. (F. - L.) M. E. demen-
ure (XV cent.) ; a coined word, Irum
M. E. demenen^ to demean, behave; see
Demean (i).
Demean (3), to debase, lower. (Hy-
brid; L. and £.) Made, like debase^
from the prefix De- (i), and the adj.
mean. See Mean (2).
Demented, mad. (L.") Pp. of the old
verb to dement. ^\., dementdre, to drive
out of one's mind. — L. de^ from ; ment-,
stem of mens^ mind.
Demerit, ill desert. (F.— L.) Also
merit, in z. good sense; Cor. i. i. 276.—
O.F. demerite, desert; ^also a fault, de-
merit.—Late L. demeritum, a fault; from
pp. of L. demerere^ demerert, to deserve
(in 9^ good sense). —L. de^ fully; merere,
mererty to deserve. See Merit.
Demesne. (F.— L.) A. F. demeine^
demene^ also demesne (with silent s) ; other
spellings of Domain, q. v.
Demi-, half. (F. - L.) O. F. demi,
half. — L. ace. dimidium^ half. — L. di- =■
dis-j apart ; mediuSj middle ; see Medium.
^ Demyohn, a kind of large bottle.
(F.) t rom F. dame-jeanne ; cf. Span.
damajuana. Much disputed, but not of
Eastern origin. The F. form is right as
it stands, though often much perverted.
From F. dame (Sp. damd)^ lady; and
Jeanne (Sp. Juana)^ Jane, Joan. See
N. E. D.
Demise, transference, decease. (F. — L.^
O. F. demise, desmise, fem. of pp. of
desmettre^ to displace, dismiss. — L. dtmit-
tere ; see Dismiss.
Democracy. (F.-Gk .) Formerly de-
mocraty (Milton). — M. F. democratie ; Cot.
— Gk. iijfioKpariay popular government,
rule by the people. ■- Gk. Srjfio-, for S^ftos,
a country-district, also the people ; and
Kparfiv, to rule. Cf. O. Ir. dam, a retinue.
Demolish. (F. — L.) O.Y.demoliss-y
inchoative stem of demolir, to demolish. -•
L. demolirif demoHre, to pull down. — L.
de, from ; molesy heap, mass.
Demon. (L.— Gk.) Y oTmtxXy damon,
» L. damon. — Gk. Saifjuuv, a god, genius,
spirit. Cf. baiofiai, I impart.
Demonstrate. (L.) From pp. of L.
demonstrdre^ to show fully. — L. ^, down,
fully ; monstrdre, to show, from monstrum,
a portent. See Monster.
Demoralise, to corrupt in morals.
(F.-L.) Mod. F. dimoraliser.^Y . d4-,
O. F, des (L. dis-), apart ; moral, moral ;
with suffix 'ise («F. -iser^ for Gk. -ifcii^).
See Moral.
Demur, vb. (F.— L.) O. F. demotirer,
demeurer, to tarry ; hence, to hesitate.—
L. demordrt, to delay fully —L. fl^, fully;
mordrty to delay, from mora, delay.
Demure. (F. — L.) XIV cent. Coined
by prefixing de- (see De- (i)), to M. E.
mure^ mature, calm, demure. — O.F. w«<r
(F. mi^r^, mature. — L. mdturus\ see
Mature.
Demy ; a spelling of demi-.
Den. (E.) M. E. den\ A. S. denn, a
cave, allied to denu, a valley. -f M. Dn.
denne, a cave (Kilian).
Denary, relating to tens. (L.) L.
dendrius, containing ten. — L. dent ( « *deC'
ni), pi. ten by ten. — L. dec-em, ten. Hence
denier, L. dendrius, piece of ten (as-es).
Dendroid. (Gk.) Gk. Uvhpov, a tree ;
-uhrjs, like, from c?8os, form, shape.
Denisen, a naturalised citizen, inha-
bitant. (F. — L.) Formerly deynsein.'^
A. F. and O. F. deinzein (also denzeifC),
used in the Liber Albus to denote a trader
within the privilege of the city franchise,
as opposed Xoforein, Formed by adding
the suffix -ein ( = L. -dneus) to O. F. deinz,
now spelt dans, within. '"L. de intus, from
within. — L. de, from ; intus, within, allied
to Interior.
Denominate. (L.) From pp. of L.
dendmindre, to name. — L. de, down, fully ;
135
DENOTE
ndminSrty to name, from ndmin^^ stem of
nomen, a name ; see Noun.
Denote. (F.— L.) V,d4noter,m.'L,de'
notdrey to mark out. ^ L. dij down ;
notdre, to mark, from nata^ a mark. See
Note.
Denonement, the undoing of a
knot. (F.— L.) ¥, denouement ySh,,itom
d^noueTy to undo a knot. — L. dis-, apart ;
noddre, to knot, from nodus, a knot. See
Node.
Denounce. (F.— L.) 0,Y,denoncer:
—L. dinunti&re, to declare. — L. diy down,
fully ; nuntidre^ to tell, from nuntius, a
messenger. See Nuncio. "Der.denunciat-
ion^ from L. pp. dinuncidtus.
Dense. (L.) L. demus, thick.<4-Gk.
Sflurt^, thick. Brugm. L § 851. Ber. con-
dense.
Dent ; see Dint.
Dental. (L.) Formed with suffix -al
(F. -a/, L. 'd/is) from L. denl-, stem of
denSf a tooth, cognate with £• Tooth.
dentatedi furnished with teeth. (L )
L. dentdtus, toothed. *L. dent-, stem of
iienSf a tooth.
denticle, a little tooth. (L.) L. den-
ttcuius, double dimin. of dens, a tooth.
dentifrice, tooth-powder. (F.— L.)
F. dentifrice, — L. denti/ricium (Pliny). —
L. denti-, decl. stem of dens, a tooth;
fric-dre^ to rub.
dentist. (F.-L.) ¥,dentiste. Coined
from L. dent; stem of dens, a tooth.
dentition. (L.) L. dentltidnem, ace.
oidentitio, cutting of Xtt\h.'^Y,.dentitus,
§p. of dentire, to cut te«th.>L. denti-,
ed. stem of dgns, a tooth.
DenudOf to lay bare. (L.) L. d^nH-
dare, to make fully bare.— L. d^, fully;
nOddre, to lay bare, from nOdus, bare.
See Nude.
Denunciation ; see Denounce.
Deny. (F.-L.) M.E. flfe»i<f«.-M.F.
denier, earlier form deneier, — L. denegdre,
to deny fully.— L. di, fully; negdre, to
deny. See Negation.
Deodandy lit. a thing to be given to
God. (L.) From L. dT^^, dat. of ^^j, God ;
dandum, neut. of dandus, to be given,
from dare^ to give.
Depart. (F.-L.) 0,Y,departtr,des'
partir, to divide, to part from.— L. dis-,
away from; partire, to part; see Fart.
Cf. L. dispertire.
Depend. (F.— L.) O. F, dependre, to
depend, haog on ; Cot. — L. dipendere, to
DEPOSITION
hang down qr from.— L. di, down, from ;
pendere, to hang. See Pendant.
Depict. (L*) Formerly used as a pp. —
L. d/ipictust pp. of dSpingere, to depict,
lit. paint frilly.— L. di^ fully; pingere, to
paint. Cf. Picture.
Depilatorjr, removing hair. (L.)
Formed, in imitation of ^f. F. depilatoire
(Cot.), from a L. adj. *dipildtdrius, not
found. — L. depild-re, to pluck out hair. —
L. di, away; pildre, to pluck away hair,
from, pilus, hair.
Depletion. (L.) *Depletion,zxitmpty-
ing ; Blount. Formed, in imitation of
repletion, from L. diplitus, pp. of diplire,
to empty.— L. di, away; plire, to fill.
See Plenary.
Deplore. (F.-L.;<7rL.) O.F. de-
plorer,^la. diplordre, to lament over.—
L. di, fully; pldrdre, to cry out, wail,
weep. Brugm. i § 154.
Deploy, to open out, extend. (F.— L.)
F. aeployer, to unroll, unfold ; O. F. des-
ploier, to unfold. — L. dis-, apart ; plicdre,
to fold. A doublet of DiBplay.
Deponentf one who testifies. (L.) L.
diponent', stem of the pres. pt. oitiipdnere,
to lay down, also (in late L.) to testify. —
L. di, down ; ponere, to lay. See Position.
Depopnlate. (L-) Frompp. of L.<i;f-
popuTdre, to lay waste ; in Late L. to de-
prive of people or inhabitants. Orig. to
ravage by means of multitudes.- L. di,
fully ; pipuldre, to populate, fill with
people, frovapopuluSj people ; see People.
Deport. (F. - L.) M. F. deporter, to
bear, endure ; se deporter, to forbear, quiet
oneself. — L. diportdre, to carry down, re-
move ; with extended senses in Late Latin.
Der. deportment^ O. F. deportement, be-
haviour. ^For the varying senses, see
¥. deporter.
Depose. (F.-L. and Gk.) O.F. de-
poser ^ to displace. — O. F. de- (L. de), from ;
and F. poser, to place, of Gk. origin, as
shown under Pose. % Much confused
with derivatives from h, pdnere, to place.
See below.
Deposit, vb. (F.-L.) Obs. F. de-
positer, to entrust. — Med. L. dipositdre, to
lay down. — L. dipositum, a thing laid
down, neut. of pp. of diponere ; see De-
ponent.
deposition. (F.-L.) p. F. deposi-
tion,'^L. ace. dipositionem, a depositing.
— L. dipositus, pp. of diponere, to lay
down (above).
>36
DEPOT
depot, a store. (F.-L.) F. dipdt\
O. F. deposL - L. dlpositum^ a thing laid
down (hence, stored) ; neut. of dipositus,
pp. of diponere ; see Deponent.
Deprave. (F. ~ L.) M. £. deprauen, —
O. F. depraver, mmlj, deprduare, to make
crooked, distort, vitiate. i-L. di^ fully;
prauust crooked, depraved.
Deprecate. (L.) From pp* of L.
diprec&rly to pray against, pray to remove.
— L. di, away; precdrl^ to pray. See
Freoarious.
De^eciate. (L.) From pp. of L.
depretidre, to lower the price of.^L. di,
down ; pretium, price. See Freoious.
Depredate. (L-} From pp. of L.
dgprad&rty to plunder. — L. flS?, fully; pra-
dart, to rob, from pngda, prey ; see Prey.
Depress. (F.— L.) O. F. depresser
(Godefroy).— L. type *dipressdre; from
L. dipressus, pp. of dsprimere, to press
down. — L. diy down ; pretnere^ to press.
Deprive. (F. — L) O. F. depriver
(Godefroy). — Late L. deprtvdre^ to de-
prive of office, degrade. — L. de^ fully;
priuare, to deprive. See Private.
Deptil ; see Deep.
Depute. (F.-L.) U. F. deptaer; Cot,
— L. diputdre^ to cut off, also to impute,
destine.— L. <//, down ; putdre, to cut off,
orig. to cleanse. Der. deput-y^ M. F.
deputS, one deputed, pp. of deputer.
Derange. (F. - L. and O. H. G.) F.
dhranger^ to disarrange; formerly des-
rangier, mmJa. dis-^ apart; O. F. rangier y
rengierj to range ; see Bange.
Derc^Ctioily complete abandonment.
(L.) L. ace. direlicHmenty complete neg-
lect. — L. direlictuSf pp. of derelinquerey to
forsake. — L. ^, from ) relinquere, to leave
behind, from re-^ back, and linquere, to
leave. See Belinquiah.
Deride. (L*) L* dSridlre^ to laugh
down, laugh at; from de^ down, and
ridlre^ to laugh. Der. deris-ive, from
pp. dirJsus.
Derive. (F.— L.) O. F. deriver, to
derive, also to drain. — L. diriudrey to
drain off water. — L. dif from ; riuuSf a
stream. See Bivulet.
Derm, skin. (Gk.) Gk. 8^p;ia,skin.—
Gk.8^pciy, to flay; cognate with £. Tear,
vb., to rend.
Dierogate. (L.) From pp. of L. difro-
gdrcy to repeal a law, detract from. — L.
di, away ; rogdre^ to ask, propose a law.
See Bogation.
DESIGN
Derrick, a kind of crane. (Du.) Orig.
the gallows; and named from a Dutch
hangman ; see T. Dekker, Seven Deadly
Sins of London, ed. Arber, p. 17. — Du.
Dierryk, Dirky Diederik ; answering to G.
Dietrichy A. S. peodriCy * ruler of the
people.'
Dervis, Dervish, a Persian monk,
ascetic. (Pers.) Pers. darvlshy poor; a
dervish, who professed poverty. Cf. Zend
dri'^u-y poor ^Hom).
Descant. (F.— L.) Orig. a variation
in a song. — O. North F. descant {O, F. des-
chant)y a kind of song. -LateL. discantus,
a refrain, kind of singing. — L. dis-, apart;
and cantus^ a song. See Cant (i).
Descend. (F.-L.) M. F. descendre ;
Cot. — L. discendere, lit. to climb down. —
L. di, down ; scandere, to climb ; see
Scan.
Describe. (L.) l^descrtbereyXQ^rA^
down, describe fully ; pp. descriptus
(whence descriptioti). — L. dij down;
scribere^ to write. See Scribe.
descry. (F.—L.) M.E,desefyenyto
discern. — O. F. descrire, short form of
O. F. descrit/re, to describe. — L. descrtbere.
% Sense affected by O. F. descrier, to pro-
claim, publish ; from O. F. des- (L. dis')^
and crier, to cry.
Desecrate. (L.) From pp. of L. de-
secrdre or disacrdre, to consecrate ; (with
change of sense due to O. F. dessacrer^ to
profane, from L. dis-, apart). — L. de^ fully ;
scurdrCy to account as sacred ; see Sacred.
Desert (i), a waste. (F.-L.) O.F.
desert y a wilderness.— L. disertum, neut.
of disertuSt waste; pp. of deserere, to
desert, abandon.— L. diy away (negative) ;
serere, to join.
Desert (2), merit. (F.-L.) O.F.
desert, fem. deserte^ lit. a thing deserved,
pp. of deserviry to deserve ; see below.
deserve. (F. — L.) O.Y.deservir.mm
L. deserutrey to serve fully ; in Late L., to
deserve. — L. dSy fully; serutre^ to serve.
See Serve.
Deshabille, careless dress. (F.-L.)
F. dishabille^ undress. — F. d^shabillery to
undress. — Y.cUs (L. dis-)y apart, away, un- ;
habillery to dress ; see Habiliment.
Desiccate, to dry up. (L.) From pp.
of L. disiccdrey to drain ary. — L. diy away ;
siccdrey to dry, from siccusy dry.
Desiderate ; see Desire.
Design, vb. (F. - L.) O. F. desigfur,
to denote, to design.— L. disigndre, to.
*37
*'3
DESIRE
denote, mark down.^L. di^ down; sig'
ndrcj to mark, from signum^ sign. Per.
design-ate,
I>esire,tolongfor. (F.-L.) O.F. ^-
sirer^ desirrer.^L., disiderdre^ to long for,
regret, miss. Perhaps (like considerdre)
allied to sidus, a star, as if to turn the eyes
from the stars, to r^[ret, miss.
desiderate. (L.) h.destderd/us,]^p,
oidisiderdre (above).
Desist. (F.-L.) O.F. desister, to
cease. xL. disistere^ to put away, also to
desist. •L. diy away; sistere, to put, also
to stand still, from st&re, to stand.
Desk, a sloping table. (L. — Gk.)
M. £. desket desk; in Chaucer, C.T., F.
1 1 28. « Med. L. desca, a desk; c£ Ital.
descOf ' a desk ; * Florio. ^ L. discum,
ace. o( discus,' Si disc, table. See Disc,
Dish.
Desolatef solitary. (L.) "L^disoldtus,
forsaken; pp. o( desd/dre, to forsake. *L.
d^, fully; so/are, to make lonely, from
sffiuSf alone.
Despair : see Desperate.
Despatch; see Dispatoh.
Desperatef hopeless. (L.) L. dispe-
rdtusy pp. of desperdre^ to lose all hope. ~
L. <U, from ; sperare, to hope ; from spgr-,
as in sper-eSf O. Lat. pi. of spest hope.
despair, vb. (F.— L.) M.£. des-
peiren, desperen, -■ O. F. despeir-y tonic
stem oidesperer, to despair. *L. dispirare
(above).
desperadOi a desperate man. (Span.
— L. ) M. Span, desperado, « L. dispirdtus,
pp. of dispir&re (above).
Despise, to contemn. (F.—L.) M.E.
despisen,^0. F. despis-, stem of the pres.
part., &c., of despire, to despise.— L. dS'
spicerCy to look down, look down on
(below). Der., despic-e^le, from L. di-
spicari, to look down on, allied to di-
spicere.
despite, spite, hatred. (F. — L.) M.£.
despit,^0,¥, despit, 'despight, spight ;'
Cot. — L. despectum, ace. of dispectus,
contempt.— L. dispectus, pp. of despicere^
to despise. — L. di, down ; spccere, to look ;
see Species.
Despoil. (F.-L.) 0,¥.despoiller(J.
d^pouuler), to despoil.— L. dispoliare, to
plunder. — L. di, fully ; spoli&re, to strip
of clothing, from spolium, spoil ; see
Spoil.
Despond. (L.) L. dispondire, (1) to
promise fully, (a) to give up, yield (hence,
DETAIL
to despair). — L. di, (i) fully, (a) away;
spondire, to promise.
Despot, a tyrant. (F L.~Gk.) O.F.
despot. — Med. L. despotus. — Gk. 8co'ir($ri;s,
a master ; lit. ' master of the house.' The
syllable 8«<r- = Idg. *dems, ' of a house ; '
of. Skt. dam-pati', master of the house.
The syllable vox- is allied to Gk. vocn,
husband, Skt. pati-, lord, and to Potent.
Brugm. i. § 408.
Desquamation, a scaling off. (L.)
From pp. of L. desqu&m&re, to remove
scales. — L. dl^ off; squ&ma, a scale.
Dessert. (F.—L.) O.F. dessert, ^^
last course at dinner. — O. F. desservir, to
do ill service to ; also, to take away the
courses at dinner. — O. F. des-, from L. dis-,
away ; servir, from seruire, to serve.
Destine. (F.—L.) O.F. destiner, to
ordain. — L. distindre, to destine, ordain;
allied to L. distina, a prop, support. — L.
di, down ; and *standre, to cause to stand,
derivative of stare, to stand. Cf. Cretic
arcarum, I set. Brugm. ii. § 603.
Destitute. (L.) L. distitatus, left
alone ; pp. of distituere, to place alone. —
L. di, away ; statuere, to place, causal of
stare, to stand.
Destroy. (F.—L.) lA^'E. destroien,
destruien.^ O.F, destruire (Y.dJtruire;
Ital. distruiggere).mmh. type *destrugere,
for L. distruere, to pull down, unbuild,
overthrow (pp. destru€tus),^lj, di, down;
struere, to pile up.
destmction. (F.-L.) O.F. de-
structiim.'^'L. ace. distructionem \ from
distruct'US, pp. oi distruere (above).
Desuetude, disuse. (L.) L.,disuitiido,
disuse. — L. disuitus, pp. of desuescere, to
grow out of use, opposed to ccn-suescere ;
see Custom.
Desultory, jumping from one thing
to another. (L.) L. disultorius, orig. be-
longing to a disiUtor ; hence, inconstant. —
L. disultor, one who leaps down, or from
horse to horse. — L. disultus, pp. oidisilire,
to leap down.— L. de, down; satire, to
leap.
Detaell. (F.-L.a»^G.) Y, detacher,
to unfasten. — F. di'=0, F. des- (L. dis-),
apart ; F. tache, a nail, tack ; see Tack.
Der. detachment. Cf. Attach.
Detail, a small part. (F.-L.) O.F.
detail, ' a peece-mealing, also retaile, or a
selling by parcels ; * Cot. — O. F. detailler,
to cut into pieces. — O. F. de- (L. di^,
down fully; tailler, to cut; see Tailor. '
138
DETAIN
DEVOIR
Per. detaily verb (which is from the sb.
in £., thongh in F. it is the other way).
Detain. (F. — L.) From a tonic stem
of O. F. detenir. .- L. diiinire, to hold
back ; pp. ditentus. ^ L. de, down ; tenirey
to hold. Der. detention (from the pp.).
Detect. (L.) From L. ditectus, pp.
of dStegere^ to micover, expose. — L. dS^
away ; tegere, to cover. See Tegument.
Detention; see Detain.
Deter. (L.) L. dSterrSre^ to frighten
from. — L. di^ from; iet^ire, to frighten.
See Terror.
Deterge, to wipe off. (L.) L. deter-
girey to wipe off. — L. di, off ; tergere^ to
wipe. Der. deterg-ent^ from the pies. pt.
Deteriorate. (L.) L. deterior&tus,
pp. of deteriardre, to make worse. — L.
deterufTy worse. Formed from diy away,
from; with comp. suffixes -ter-ior, (So
also in'ter-ior from in.)
Determine. (F.-L.) O.F. deter-
miner, mmh, determindre, to bound, end.—
L. de, down, fully ; temiinare, to bound,
from terminusy a boundary; see Term.
Der. pre-determine.
Detest. (F — L.) M.F. detester, to
loathe.— L. detestariy to execrate, impre-
cate evil by calling down the gods to wit-
ness. — L. dSy down ; testari, to witness,
from testisy a witness.
Dethrone. (F.— L. ^ii»/Gk.) M.F.
desthronery * to unthrone ; * Cot. — O. F.
des- (L. dis')i apart; L. thronusy from
Gk. $p6voSy a throne. See Throne.
Detonate, to explode. (L.) L. d^to-
ndtusy pp. of detan&rey to explode.— L. diy
fully ; tondrey to thunder.
Detour, a winding way. (F.— L.) F.
cUtoury a circuit; verbal sb. from F.
ditoumeTy to turn aside.- F. d4~ (L. dis-^y
aside, apart ; toumery to turn. See Turn.
Detraction. (F. — L.) O.F. detrac-
(ion*^L. dgtractionenty ace. of ditractioy
a withdrawal ; hence a taking away of
one*s credit.— L. ditractusy pp. of ditra-
herey to take away, also to disparage.—
L. dgy away; traherey to draw. See
Trace (i).
Detriment. (F.-L.) 0,F, detriment.
— L. dilrimentttmy loss ; lit. * a rubbing
away.' — L. ditrt-tusy pp. of ditererey to
rub down ; with suffix -ntentum. — L. diy
down ; tererey to rub. See Trite.
Detrude. (L.) L. ditrOderey to thrust
down. — L. diy down ; truderey to thrust.
Dence (■)> &two, at cards. (F. — L.)
1
O. F. deus (F. deux)y also dous, two.— L.-
duosy ace. of dudi two.
deuce (a), the devil. (LowG.— F.—
L.) Low G. de duus ! the deuce ! (Bre-
men Worterbuch) ; G. der daus ! Orig.
an exclamation on throwing the deuce or
two at dice, as it was a losing throw.—
O. F. dotiSy two (above).
Deuteronomy. (L.— Gk.) LateL.
deuteronomium. — Gk. d€VT€pov6fuoUy a
second giving of the law. — Gk. Sci^rcpo-s,
second ; vdfi-oiy law.
Devastate. (L.) From pp. of L. de-
uastdre, to lay , waste. — L. de, down ;
uastdre, to lay waste, from adj. uastus,
waste.
Develop, to unfold, open out. (F.—
L. and Teut.) F. divelopper^ O. F. des-
velopery desvoluper, — O. F. des- (L. dis-^y
apart ; and the base velop- or vdlup-y which
appears also in envelope. This base repre-
sents Teut. wlap'y as in M. £. wlappen, to
wrap up ; see Ijap (3), Wrap.
Devest, to unclothe. (F.— L.) From
M.F. desvestiry to devest.— L. dis-y off;
and uestirey to clothe. Doublet, divest.
Deviate. (L.) From pp. of L. de-
uidrey to go out of the way.— L. diy from ;
uiay way.
devious. (L.) L..diui'USygomgGxiX
of the way; with suffix -^m5. — L. diy
from ; uia; way.
Device, a plan. (F. — L.) M. £.
deuysy deuise {devySy devise). ^O. F. deznsy
devisey a device, also a division.— Late L.
dtuisumy diuisay a division ; also a judg-
ment, device ; orig. neut. and fem. of
pp. of diuidere, to divide ; see Divide.
devise, to plan. (F.^L.) tA.E.de-
uisen {devisen), — O. F. deviser, — O. F.
devis or devisey sb. (above).
Devil. (L.-Gk.) A.S.dio/uIydio/oi.
— L. diabolus.^Gk. bidfioKoi, the slan-
derer, the devil. — Gk. StafidW€iv, to throw
across, traduce, slander. — Gk. Sid, through,
across; fidWeiVy to throw; see Belemnite.
Devious ; see Deviate.
Devise ; see Device.
Devoid, quite void. (F. — L.) M. £.
deuoid\ due to deuaidedy pp. of deuoiden
{devoiden)y to empty. — O.F. desvuidier,
desvoidiery to empty out. — O. F. des-
(L. dis-^ ; voidiery to empty, from voidey
vuidey adj. empty ; see Void.
Devoir, duty. (F.— L.) lA.E. deuoir.
— M.F. devoir, O. F. deveiry to owe ;
used as a sb. — L. dibirey to owe ; see Debt.
39
DEVOLVE
DIAPASON
Dovo1t6. (L.) L. deuoluere^ to roll
down, bring or transfer to. ~ L. de^ down ;
uoluere^ to roll. % A frequent old sense
of devolve was ' to transfer.* Der. devolut-
ion^ from the pp. divolutus.
Devotei vb. (L.) L. deuotus, pp. of
diuouercy to devote, vow fully. — L. di,
fully ; uouirej to vow. See Vote.
Devonr. (K.— L.) O.F. devorer (i p.
s. pr. devoure),^\^, deuorare, to consume,
eat up. — L. diy fully; uordre, to gulp
down. See Voraoity.
Devout. (F. ~ L.) M. £. deuot (devoi) ,
also spelt devoute» — O. F. devot, devoted. —
L. deudlusyjpp, of diuouere ; see Devote.
Dew. (E.) M. £. deuy dew, A. S.
diaWy dew.^-Dn. dauw^ Icel. dogg (gen.
di^gvar), Dan. dug^ Swed. dagg, G. than,
Teut type *dauwo-, Perliaps allied to Skt.
dhSVy to rufi, flow ; Gk. OUtVj to run.
Dexter. (L.) L. dexter^ on the right
hand side, right. 4* Gk. Sc^t^s, right, Skt.
dakshina-, on the right or south, Goth.
taihswa^ right hand, W. deheu^ right,
southern, Gael, and Irish deas (the same).
The Skt. dakshina- is orig. * clever ' ; of.
Skt. daksha-y able, daksh, to be strong.
DejT, a governor of Algiers. (F. — Turk.)
F. t£^.— Turk, ddiy a maternal uncle;
afterwards, in Algiers, an officer, chieftain.
Dhow, a slave ship (?). Mod. Arab.
ddOy but not an Arab, word (Yule). Orig.
language unknown.
Dl- (i), prefix; apart. (L.) L. di-,
shorter form of dis- ; see Dia-.
Di- (2), prefix; twice, double. (Gk.)
Gk. 8t- (for 8tf), twice. 4* L. bis, bi- ; Skt.
dvis^ dvi-. Allied to Two.
Dia-, prefix. (Gk.) Gk. hia, through,
between, apart ; allied to Di- (3', and to
Two. ^In nearly all words beginning
with dia-^ except dialy diamond, diary.
Diabetes, a disease accompanied with ,
excessive discharge of urine. (Gk.) Gk.
htafiiyrt^s, a pair of compasses, a siphon,
diabetes. — Gk. Sta/Sacyctv, to stand with ,
the legs apart (like compasses or a siphon).
— Gk. 8(a, apart; fiaiptiv, to go; see
Come.
Diabolieal. (L.-Gk.) h.diabolic-us,
devilish. — Gk. SiafioXiKSs, devilish. — Gk.
itdffoKos, the devil ; see Devil.
Diaconal, belonging to a deacon.
(F, — L. — Gk.) F. diaconal, 'm hsitc L.
diacondliSy from L. didconus, a deacon ;
see Deaoon.
(Gk.) Gk. hiaHf>iriK6s, dis-
tinctive. — Gk. htwcpiv^iv, to separate.—
Gk. 8(a, apart ; Kpivuv, to judge.
Diadem, a fillet, crown. (F. - L. — Gk.)
M.E. and O.F. diademe.^1^, diadema.^
Gk. didirffm, a fillet. — Gk. Sea, apart,
across ; 5^-a;, I bind, allied to Skt. dd,J.o
bind (whence dr<f;//<7;f, a garland). (^D£.)
Brugm. ii. § 707.
DSsBresis, a mark (*) of separation.
(L. — Gk.) L. diaresis.mmGV, biaiptais, a
dividing. — Gk. Siwi, apart; tuptms, a taking,
from alpuv, to taRe.
Diagnosis, scientific determination of
a disease. (Gk.) Gk. Ziayvmais, a dis-
tinguishing.—Gk. hia, between; yvwcuj
enquiry, from f^wvat, to know.
Diagonal. (F. ~ L. — Gk.) F. diagonaJ,
— L. aiagondlis, running from comer to
comer. — Gk. hia'^inmn (the same). — Gk.
Sid, through, between ; ywvia, an angle,
bend, allied to y6vv, knee ; see Knee.
Diagram. (1 — Gk.) L„diagramma,
a scale, gamut (hence, sketch, plan). — Gk.
^idypafXfM, a figure, plan, gamut. — Gk.
Biayp6jip€iv, to mark out by lines, describe.
— Gk. 9fa, through ; ypi<puv, to write.
Dial. (L.) M. E. dial. - Med. L. didlis,
relating to a day ; hence a plate for shew-
ing the time of day. — L. dies, day. Bmgm.
i. §233.
Dialect, a variety of a language. (F.—
L. — Gk.) F. dialecte.^h. diitleclus, f.—
Gk. bidKticTos, f., discourse, language,
dialect. — Gk. Sia\4yofAai, I discourse. —
Gk. bid, between ; kiyuv, to speak.
dialogue, a discourse. (F.-^L. — Gk.)
F. dialogue. '^h. dialogum, ace. oidicUogus.
— Gk. bidXoyoi, a conversation.— Gk. bia-
Xiyofiai, I discourse (above).
Diiuneter, the line measuring the
breadth across or thickness through. ( F.
— L. — Gk.) Mid. F. diametre, * a dia-
meter ; ' Cot. — L. diametros. — Gk. Std-
fifTpos, f. — Gk. bid, through; /Urpcv, a.
measure ; cf. iitrpttv, to measure.
Diamond. (F.-L.-Gk.) M.E. ^tVx-
mant.'^O.Y. diamant, altered form of
adamant', so also Ital. Span. diamatUe,
G. diamant, dernant. See Adamant.
Diapason, a whole octave, harmony.
(L. — Gk.) L. diapason, an octave, con-
cord of a note with its octave. — Gk. hux'-
w&ff&y, concord of first and last notes of an
octave, lit. * through all ' the notes. — Gk.
bid, through ; naawu, gen. pi. fem. oi vas,
all (xopbSf¥ being understood) ; see Fan-»
prefix.
140
DIAPER
DIET
Diaper, figured linen cloth. (F.^L.—
Gk.) Cf. O. F. diapri^ diapered ; from
the verb diaprer^ to diaper, dr * diversifie
with flourishings ; ' Cot. The verb is
formed from O. F. diaspre^ later diapre^ a
fine cloth, often described as blanc (white).
—Late L. diasprusy adj., also used as a sb.
(tunica de diaspra alba), — I^ite Byzantine
Gk. Siaoir/Ms, adj., pure white ; from &-a,
wholly, iffvpos, white (see N. E. D.).
^ Not the same as Ital. diasproy a jasper ;
but cf. Prov. diaspeSy diaspres^ diaper,
costly cloth (Bartsch) ; also Late L. aspert^
white money (Ducange).
BiapliailOlUlf transparent. (Gk.) Gk.
liwpav-'fiiy transparent ; with suffix -ous, ■«
Gk. 8ta, through ; ^av-, allied to tpaivuv^
to shew. Bruem. i. § 195.
Diajpllore'laCf causing perspiration.
(L.— Gk.) L. diaphoreticusy sudorific —
Gk. ii€uftopriTtic6s (the same). — Gk. dia-
tt>6fnjaiSf perspiration.— Gk. dta^pcu^, to
carry off (by perspiration). -• Gk. Bid,
through ; ^o^ciV, to carry, allied to fpiptiv,
to bear ; see Bear.
Diaphragm, a dividing membrane.
(F.-L.-Gk.J F. diaphrasme.^'L, dia-
phragtna,^GK.» hiiippayi»a, partition, mid*
riff. — Gk. 8f(i, between ; <pp&ffcca (fut.
<l>p6(ej), I fence in, enclose.
biarrlUBa. (L. — Gk.) L. diarrhaa, —
Gk. Jkdfifioiay lit. 'a flowing through.' —
Gk. BiafifiittVj to flow through.— Gk. Bid,
through ; fiitiv, to flow.
Diary. (I^*) L< didrium^ a daily
allowance, also a diary.— L. di?s, a day.
See Dial.
Diastole, dilatation of the heart. (Gk.)
Gk. BiaaroK^y a drawing asunder, dilata-
tion.—Gk. btcurriKKfiVy to put aside or
apart. — Gk. Std, apart ; ot^XXcif, to put.
biatonic. proceeding by tones. (Gk.)
Gk. BtaroviKoSy from Bidrovof (lit. stretched
out), diatonic— Gk. Biartivtiv, to stretch
out.— Gk. Bidj fully ; rtivtiv, to stretch.
Diatribe. (F.-L.-Gk.) ¥. diatribe.
— L. diatriba, a learned disputation.—
Gk. Biarpifiiffy a wearing away of time,
waste of time, discussion.— Gk. Biarpi'
puVfto waste time, to discuss. — Gk. 8«i,
thoroughly; rpifieiv, to rub, waste away
(with long 1).
Dib, to dab lightlyf (E.) A lighter
form of dab. Hence dibber, a dibble ; see
below.
dibblei an instrument for setting plants,
by making holes. (E.) M.E. debil, de-
bylU ; apparently formed from Dab ,* see
above.
Dice, pi* of Die (a), q. v.
Dicker, half a score. (L.) 'M^.E.diker
(cf. Icei. dekr),^L, decuria, a set often.—
L. dec-em, ten.
Dicotyledoili a plant with two seed-
lobes. (Gk.) From Gk. 8c-, double;
KOTvKfjBdw, a cup-shaped hollow, from
Konukijy a cup.
Dictate. (L.) L. dictattis, pp. of dic'
tare, to dictate, frequentative of dicere, to
say (below). Der. dictat-ar,
diction, talk. (F. - L.) F. diction, -
L. dictidfteniy ace. of dictio, a saying. — L.
dictusy pp. of dfcere, to say, appoint ; allied
to dicdrey to tell, publish.^Gk. MxyvfUy I
shew ; Skt. dify to shew ; Goth, gateihan,
to announce, G. zeigen, to accuse, point
out. Bmgm. i. % 207. (VDEIK.)
dictionary. (L.) Late L. dictiond-
riuniy foimed irom diction', stem oidictiOy
a saying, word (above).
DidactiCf instructive. (Gk.) Gk. 81-
BaKTiit6iy instructive. — Gk. BiBdaiciiVy to
teach ( « HiBoK-aicuv) ; allied to BoKHVy to
think, BiieofAaiy Ionic for BixofjuUy I accept ;
cf. L. discerey to learn, docere, to teach.
Brupn. i. § 707. (-/DEK.)
Didapper, Divedapper, a bird;
see Dive.
Die (i), to lose life. (Scand.) M.E.
dyeny deyen ; Late A. S. de^an, — Icel.
aeyja\ Swed. diiy Dan. doe, to die.+
M. H.G. touwen\ cf. Russ. davit{e)y to
strangle. The Teut. base is *daUy whence
*dau'jan (Icel. cUy-ja), Cf. Dead, Death.
Die (3), a small cube for gaming. (F.—
L.) Used as sing, of M. E. dysy more
usually deeSy dice — O. F. dez, dice, pi. of
dety a die (F. df), Cf. Prov. dat, Ital.
Span. dadOy a die.— Late L. datumy lit. a
thing given or decreed ; hence applied to
a die for casting lots. — L. datuSy pp. of
dare, to give. See Date ( i ).
Diet (i\ regimen. (F.-L.-Gk.^ M.E.
diefe,^0,Y, diete, daily fare.— Late L.
dietay diceta, a ration of food. — Gk. Bkaiia,
noode of life, diet. Brugm. i. § 650.
(2), an assembly. (F.— £.— Gk.)
M.F. dietey * a dlete, parliament;' Cot.—
Med. L. diatay a public assembly ; also a
ration of food, diet. — Gk. {(atra, a mode of
life, diet; see Diet (1). % The peculiar
use of the word was due to a popular
etymology which connected diata (often
spelt dietct) with dies, a day ; we even
DIFFER
DIMITY
find diata used to mean ' a day's journey *;
and dieta for * a day's work ' and * a daily
office or dnty ' ; Dncange.
Differ. (F.-L.) M. F. differer.^'L,
differre, to carry apart, to diifer. — L. dif-
(for dis-), apart; ferre, to bear. Cf. Defer.
BiffiCQltj. (F.-L.) U.E,difficultee.
— O. F. difficulte.^l^. difficult ateniy ace.
of difficuUas (for *diffic%lttaSy \\\it facultas
foryiwz7«/af), difficulty. — L. difficilis^ hard.
— L. dif- (for diS')y apart; facilis^ easy ;
see Facile.
Diffident. (L.) L. diffident-, stem of
difftdenSf pres. pt. oi difftdere^ to distrust.
— L.£/^-( = flfw-), apart; fidere^ to trust,
allied Xafides^ faith. See Faith.
Diffuse. (L.) L. diffususj^^. oidif-
fundere, to shed abroad. — L. dif- {^dis-)y
apart ; fundere, to pour ; see Fuse (i).
Dig. (F.— Du.) F. diguer, to make a
dike. — F. digue, a dike.— Flem. a^Du.
dijk, a dike ; see Dike.
Dlgesty to assimilate food. (L.) M. £.
digest, used as a pp. » digested.— L. diges-
tus, pp. of dtgerere, to carry apart, sepa-
rate, dissolve, digest. — L. di- (for dis-),
apart ; gerere, to carry.
bight, adorned. (L.) Z?i]fii/ as a pp. is
short for dighted, from the obs. verb dight,
to arrange, prepare, M. E. dikien, to pre-
pare. A.S. dthtan, to set in order, arrange ;
borrowed from L. dictdre, to dictate, pre-
scribe I see Dictate.
Digit, a finger, figure. (L.) L. digitus,
a finger ; hence a figure, from counting on
the fingers.
Dignity. (F.-L.) M.E. dignitee.'^
O. F. dignet^, — L. dignitatem, ace. of
dignitas, worthiness. — L. dignus, worthy.
Brugm. i. § 762 (3).
dignify. (F.-L.) 0,Y,dignifier,^
Med.L. dtgnificdre,Xo make worthy. — L.
digni', for dignus, worthy; -ficdre, for
facere, to make.
Digress, lit. to step aside. (L.) L.
digressus, pp. of dtgredt, to go aside.— L.
di- (for dis-), apart; gradi, to go. See
Qrade.
Dllce, A trench, trench and embankment,
bank. (£.) M. £. dik. A. S. die, masc.
+D11. dijk, Icel. diki, Dan. dige, Swed.
dike, G. teich, pond, tank. Dep. dig, q. v.
See Ditch.
Dilacerate. (L.) From pp. of L.
dilfuerare, to tear apart. — L. di- (for dis-),
apart ; lacerdre, to tear. See Iiaoerate.
Dilapidate, to pull down stone build-
ings, to ruin. (L.) From pp. of L. dih*
ptddre, to scatter like stones. — L. di- (for
dis-), apart ; lapid-, stem ol lapis, a stone.
Dilate. (F.-L.) O. F. dilater, to
widen. — L. dildtdre, to widen. — L. di-
(for dis-\ apart ; Idtus, broad. See Lati-
tude. Der. dilat'ory, A. F. dilator ie.
Dilemma, a perplexity. (L.-Gk.) L.
dilemma.^ Gk, biXrjfiftaf a double proposi-
tion, or argument in which one is caught
between two difficulties. — Gk. 8/-, twice,
double; Xrjiiiui, an assumption, premiss.
See Lemma.
Dilettante, a lover of the fine arts.
(Ital.-L.) Ital. dilettante, lit. 'delight-
ing in.' — Ital. dilettare, to delight. — L.
dUectdre, to delight ; see Delectable.
Diligent, industrious. (F.-L.) O.F.
diligent, ^Yj. diligent-, stem of diligens,
careful, diligent, lit. loving (fond); pres.
pt. of diligere, to love, select, lit. choose
between. — L. ^- ( =• dis-^, apart ; legere, to
choose. See Legend.
DiU, a plant. (E.) M. E. dille, A. S.
^/i/ff.-f- Du. dille, Dan. dild, Swed. dill, G.
dill, dille, O. H. G. tilli.
Dilute. (L.) lu^diiatus^Y^^oidiluere,
to wash away, also to mix with water.— I^.
di- (for dis-), apart ; luere, to wash.
Dim. (E.) M. E. dim, A. S. dim, dark.
4- Icel. dimmr, dim ; M. Dan. dim, Cf.
M. H. G. timmer, dim ; Swed. dimma, a
fog, haze ; O. Irish deim, dark.
Dime, the tenth part of a dollar. (F.—
L.) F. dime, O. F. disme, tenth. — L.
decima, a tithe ; fem. of L. decimus^ tenth,
allied to decem, ten. See Ten.
Dimension. (F.-L.) 0,Y,dimen-
sion.'^L. ace. dimensionem, a measuring.
— L. dimensus, pp. of dimetiri, to measure
off.- L. di- (for dis-), apart; metirt, to
measure. See Measure.
Diminisll, to lessen. (F.—L.) Coined
from L. di- {*=dis-), apart, and E. minisA;
in imitation of L. diminuere, to diminish
(below). See Minish.
diminntion. (F.—L.) F. diminu-
tion, ^h. ace. dtminOtidnem, diminntion.
— L. diminiitus, pp. of diminuere, to
lessen.— L. ^/- (■sd?'w-), apart; minueret
to lessen. See Minute.
Dimissor^, giving leave to depart.
(L.) L. dimissoPius, giving leave to go
before another judge.— L. dimissus, pp. of
dimittere, to send away. — L. di- (for dis-),
away ; mittere, to send.
Dunitj, a white stuff. (Ital. — L. - Gk.)
X4a
DIMPLE
DIRGE
Ital. ditnito (jA,dimtti)f ' a kind of course
cotton or flanell ; ' Florio.^Late L. dimi'
turn (pi. dimita), silk woven with two
threads.— Gk. ^/uroSf made vrith a double
thread. — Gk. di-, double ; /dros, a thread
of the woof.
Dimolei a small hollow. (E. ?) M. E.
dympuU, Perhaps from a base *dump',
allied to dip, Cf. Dan. dial, dump^ a
hollow in a held ; dybbel^ a pool, a hollow
in the upper lip (Molbech) ; Du. dompelen^
to dive; G. dumpfel, M. H. G. tUmpfel,
O. H. G. tumphiloy a deep pool. Also
Lith. dhhuSf hollow ; dkbti, to be hollow
(pres. t. dumd-u),
iHn, clamour. (E.) M. £. dtfts, dune,
A. S. dyne, dyn ; dynnan, to resound. ^
Icel. dynr, Swed. d&n, Dan. dan^ noise;
Skt. dkuni'f roaring, </Azum-, a din, dAvan,
to resound.
Dine. (F.-L.) M. E. dinen,m.O. F.
disner, F. dfner, to dine. — Late L. *diS'
iiindre, short for ^disiHundre^ to break
one's fast. — L. dis^ ; iiiundre, to fast, from
iiiunus, fasting. (Romania, viii. 95.)
dinner. (F.— L.) yL,E, diner \ from
O. F. disner, to dine ; the infinitive mood
being used as a sb.
Dingy to throw violently, beat. (E.?)
M. £. aif^genf pt. t. dan^, pp. dungen ; as
a strong verb ; though not found in A. S.
Cf. IceL dengia, Dan. dange^SyftA^ddngOy
to bang; all weak verbs. Cf. M. Dan.
dinge, to blunt an edge by beating on it ;
O. H. G. tangol, a hammer. From a Teut.
type *dengan'.
Dingle, a deejp dell. (E. cr Scand.)
M. E. dingle, Cf. dimble^ in a similar
sense. Of uncertain origin. Cf. Dimple.
Dingo, the native dog of Australia.
(New S. Wales.) New S. Wales dingOy
written teingo in 1798 (Morris).
Dingy, dirty. (E.) Ong. soiled with
dung. Cf. A. S. dingiung (for *dyng{i>ung^
with g as/), a dunging ; from dung^ dung ;
so also Swed. dyngig^ dungy, from dyng^
dung ; see Dung. For the pronunciation,
cf. stingy (allied to sting).
Dingy (with hard g)^ Dingey^ a small
boat. (Bengali.) ££eng. dingy, a small
boat ; * it has become legitimately incor-
porated in the vocabulary of the British
Navy, as the name of the smallest ship's
boat • (Yule).
Dinner; see Dine.
Dint, a blow, force. (E.) M. E. dint^
dunt\ also dent, A.S. dynt^ a blow.+
Icel. dyntr^ a dint, dynta^ to dint ; Swed.
dial, duntf a stroke, dunta^ to strike.
Diocese. (F.-L.-Gk.) M. E. duh
m*.— O. F. diocise (F. dioc^se),^h, dice-
cisis, — Gk. hiohtfiaa. administration, a
province, diocese. — Gk. SiotWo;, I keep
house, govern. — Gk. &- (for did), through-
out ; oiWoi, I dwell, occupy, from oTiro;, a
house ; see Wiok, a town.
Dioptrics, the science of the refraction
of light. (Gk.) Gk. rd fiioirrpcKd, dioptrics.
— Gk. lkowTpiK6sf relating to the btowrpa^
an optical instrument for taking heights,
&c. — Gk. Ik'd, through; base *o|r- (fut.
S^ofjuu), to see; -rpa, fem. instrumental
suffix. See Optics.
Dioramai a scene seen through a small
opening. (Gk.) Gk. di- (for 8i<i), through ;
ipa/Mif a sight, from dpAwj I see.
Dipi to plunge, immerge. (E.) M. E.
dippen, A. S. dyppan^ later dippan ; for
*dt4p'jaHf causal form from the base dup-^
weak grade of deup-t as seen in A. S. dic^^
deep ; see Deep. Cf. Dan. dyppe, to dip.
Diphtheria. (Gk.) From Gk. 81^
Bipa, leather ; from the leathery nature of
the false membrane formed in the disease.
CT. Gk. dc^ciV, to make supple.
Diphthongi a union of two vowel-
sounds in one syllable. (F.— L.— Gk.)
Formerly dipthong (Ben Jonson).-iM. F.
dipthongue, — L. ace. diphthongum^ f. — G.
bitpBoYfos, with two sounds.— Gk. 8i- (for
81s), double; <p$&yyos, sound, from tpOiyyo^
fiaif I cry out.
IHploma. ^.-Gk.) L. diploma^ a
document conferring a privilege. — Gk.
8(irA.a>fia, a thing folded double ; also, a
licence, diploma (prob. orig. folded
double).— Gk. 8iirX^o$, double. — Gk. 81-
ipii)t double; -irX^o;, folded. Der. di-
plomat'iCt from 8(irAar/iar-, stem of SivAw/m.
Diptera« two-winged insects. (Gk.)
From Gk. 81- {pii) , double ; irrcp^v, a wing,
from the weak grade of virofMif I fly.
Diptych, a double-folding tablet. (L.
-Gk.) Late L. pi. diptycha, - Gk. 8/-
•nrMxa^ a pair of tablets ; neut. pi. of 8f-
iTTvxoy, folded in two. — Gk. li- (8fs),
double ; irrvx^?* a fold, ftritao^w^ to fold.
Dire. (L*) i'* dirus^ fearful.
Direct, adj. (L.) L. dtrectus, pp. of
dtrigerey to direct. — L. df- (for dis-), apart ;
regerty to rule.
dirge. (L.) Formerly dtrige\ from
the first word of the anthem ^ dirige, Do*
minus mens,' in the office for the dead.— L.
143
/
DIRK
DISEMBARK
dirige^ direct thou (cf. Ps. v. 8) ; a p. imper.
sing, oidirigere above).
Dirk, a dagger. (Da.?) Spelt dork
(a. d. 1002) ; also durk. Perhaps from Da.
dolk^ a dagger ; a word of Slavonic origin.
Cf. Polish tulichf a dagger. % Irish duirc,
a poniard, is borrowed from E.
Dirt. (Scand.) From M. E. drit (with
shifted r). — Icel. drity dirt, excrement of
birds. Cf. Icel. dritat to void excrement.*}-
M. Du. dretCj Du. dreei, sb., drijten, vb.
Dis-, prefix, (L.) L. dis-, apart ; cf.
Gk. 8t-, apart ; see Di-. Hence O. F.
des'y which sometimes becomes dis- in E.,
and sometimes de-^ as in de-feat. The
prefix dis' commonly expresses the re-
versal of an acti somewhat like the K.
verbal prefix un-. For most words be-
ginning with this prefix, see the simpler
forms. For example, for dis-abuse, see
abuse ; and so on.
Disaster. (F. — L.) M. F. desastre,
<a disaster, misfortune;' Cot. Lit. Mil-
fortune.' — O. F. des'f for L. dis-^ with a
sinister or bad sense ; and M. F. astre,
a star, planet, also destiny, fortune, from
L. astrum, a star.
Disburse. (F.-L. and Gk.) O. F.
desbourser^ to take out of a purse. ~0. F.
des- (L. dis-)t away; F. bourse, a purse,
from Late L. bursa^ Gk. fi^poa, a skin
(hence, a bag). See Bunar.
Disc* Disk, a round plate. (L.-Gk.)
L. discus, a quoit, a plate. i-Gk. Hiaieos, a
quoit. — Gk. Aiciiv, to cast, throw. Brugm.
i. $ 744. See Dish, Desk, Dais.
Discern. (F.— L.) F. discemer.^la,
discemere, to separate, determine. -> L. dis-^
apart; cemere, to separate. Cf. Con-
oem.
Disciple. (F.-L.) F. disdpU.^lu,
discipulum, ace. of discipulus, a learner.
— L. discere, to learn ; alUed to docire, to
teach; see Dooile. Der. discipUine^
O. F. discipline, L. disciplina, learning.
Disclose. (F.-L.) M. E. disclosen.
— O. F. cUscloS', pres. stem of desclorre, to
unclose, open. — L. disclaudere, to unclose.
— L. dis', apart ; claudere, to close. See
Clause.
Discomfit. (,F. — L.) M. E. discomfit
(Bruce). — O.F. disconfit, discomfited, pp.
of desconfire, * to discomfit, vanquish,* Cot.
— O. F. deS' ; and confire, to preserve, make
ready. — L. dis-, apart; and conficere, to
preserve, complete, from L. con- (cum),
together, facere, to put, make. See Fact.
Disconsolate. (L.) Late L. discon-
soldtus, comfortless. — L. diS", apart ; con'
solatus, pp. of consdldri, to console ; from
con- {cum), with, soldrl, to comfort. See
Solace.
Discord, sb. (F.— L.) O.Y.descord,
discord, variance ; formed from O. F. des-
corder, vb., to be at variance. — L. discorddre
(the same).- L. discord-, stem of discors,
adj. discordant. — L. dis-, apart ; cord-,
stem of cor, heart.
Discount, verb. (F. — L.) Formerly
discompt, — O. F. descompter, to reckon
back or off. — O. F. des- (L. dis-^, away ;
compter, to count ; see Count (2).
Discourse. iF. — L.) O. F. discours,
sb. — L. discursum, ace. of discursus, a
running about ; also, conversation.— L.
discursus, pp. of discurrere, to run about.
— L. dis-, apart ; currere, to run.
Discover. (F. — L.) M.E, discoueren
{discoveren). — O. F. descouvrir, to un-
cover, disclose. — O. F. des- (L. dis»),
apart ; couvrir, to cover. See Cover.
Discreet, prudent. (F. — L.) O. F.
discret.^V., discretus, pp. of dis-certtere,
to discern ; see Discern. Der. discret'
ion.
Discrepant, differing. (F.-L.) M.F.
discrepant. '''L. discrepant-, stem of pres.
part, of discrepdre, to differ (in sound).—
L. dis-, apart ; crepdre, to crackle, sound.
Discriminate. (L.) L. discrimind-
tus, pp. of discrimindre, to separate. — L.
discrtmin-, stem of discrtmen, a separa-
tion. — L. discernere (pt. t. discrS-ui), to
distinguish. — L. diS', apart ; cemere, to
separate.
Jjiscorsive. (L.) From L. discurs-
us, pp. of discurrere, to run about ; with
suffix -ive. See Discourse.
Discuss. ^L.) M. E. discussed, pp.
driven away.— L. discussus, pp. of ats-
cutere, to shake asunder; in Late L., to
discuss. — L. dis-, apart ; qucUere, to shake.
Disdain, sb. (F. — L.) M. E. disdeyn.
— O. F. desdein, sb. — O. F. desdegnier, to
disdain.- O. F. des- (L. dis-), apart ; degn^
ier (L. digndrt), to think worthy, from
dignus, worthy. ^ O. F. desdegnier seems
to have been substituted for L. dedigttdri,
to disdain (wiih prefix di-, down).
Disease. (F.) O. F. desaise, want of
ease. — O. F. des- (L. dis-) ; aise, ease.
Disembark. (F.) M.F. desembar-
quer.^O. F. des- (L. dis-), away ; embar-
quer, to embark ; see Embark.
»44
DISEMBOGUE
DiMllibogliey to flow into the sea, as
a river. (Span.— L.) Span, desemhocar,
to disembogue. — Span, des- (L. dts-),
apart ; embocar, to enter the month, from
•em' (L. in) J into, and boca (L. bucca),
mouth.
Disgorge. (F.-L.) O.F. desgorger.
— O. F. (US' (L. dis')^ away; gorge y the
throat ; see G-orge. *
Bisgrace. ^F.— Ital.-L.) M.F. ^irV
grace,^\X.2X. disgrazia.^'L. dis-, apart;
gratia^ grace. See Grace.
DisglliBef vb. (F.-L. and O. H. G.)
O. F. desguiser^ to disguise. — O. F. des-
(L. dis'), apart ; and guise j guise ; see
Guise. Lit. ' to change the guise of.*
Bisgnst, vb. (F.-L) M. F. des-
gouster, *to distaste, loath;* Cot. — O. F.
deS' (L. dis')y apart ; gouster^ to taste, from
L. gustare^ to taste ; see Gust (2).
Bish, a platter. (L. - Gk.) M. £.
disch, A. S. disCy a dish.— L. discus , a
quoit, platter ; see Disc.
Bisnabille ; see Deshabille.
Bishevil. (F.-L.J U,¥.discheveier
(Cot.), * to dischevell,- i. e. to disorder the
hair. — O.F. des- (L. dis-)^ apart; chevel
(F. cheveu), a hair, from L. capillumy ace.
oi capilluSy hair.
Bisinterested. (F. - L.) From
Dis- (2) and interested', see Interest (2).
Bisk ; see Diso.
BiBlocatay to put out of joint (L.)
From pp. of Late L. dislocare, to put out
of place. — L. dis', apart ; locdre, to place,
from locus y |)lace.
BismaL (F.-L.) Orig. A. F. dis
mat, unlucky days (A. D. 1256). [The
phrase was misunderstood, and dismal was
treated as an adj., with the addition of
days; and later, of other sbs.] — L. dies
malty evil days. Cf. F. Lun-di « Mon-day.
Bismantle. (F.-L.) M.¥. desman-
teller, * to take a mans cloake off his backe;
al^, to rate walls; * Cot. — O. F. des- (L.
dis-) J apart ; manteler, to cloak, from
mantely sb. ; see Mantle.
Biraiayi to discourage. (F. — L. and
O. H. G.) O. F. *desmayery not found
except dismay iy pp., in Palsgrave, p. 519).
but exactly the same as Span, desmayar
(Port, desmaier, Ital. smagare), to dismay,
tierrify. The O. F. *desmayer was early
supplanted by esmayer in the same sense,
which only differed in substituting the
prefix es' (L. ex-) for des- {L.dis-), The
latter part {-mayer) of these words is from
. DISPOSITION
O. H. G. magan (G. mdgen)y to have
power, be able. Hence *desmayer and
esmayer y at first used in the intrans. sense,
to lack power, faint, be discouraged, but
afterwards, actively, to discourage. Cf.
Ital. smagare (for *dis-magare)y orig. to
lose courage, also to dismay (Florio).
See May (i).
BismisSf to send away. (F. — L.) A
coined word ; suggested by F. desmettrCy
pp. desmiSy * to displace, dismiss ; * Cot.
The true L. form is dJ mitt ere y to send
away.— L. di- (for diS')y apart, away;
mitterCy to send.
Bisparagey to offer indignity, to lower
in ranK or esteem. (F.-L.) M. E. des-
paragen,^0, F. cUsparager.'^O. F. des-y
apart; paragCy rank. — L. dis-, apart;
Late L. paraticumy society, rank, equality
of rank, from L. par, equal (Diez). See
Par.
disparity. (F.-L.) F. disparity
(Montaigne). From L. dis^y apart ; and
F. paritiy equal ity ; see Parity. Suggested
by L. dispary unequal.
Bispatoh, Bespateh. (Span.-L.)
Formerly spelt dis-y not r/<p.f-. — Span, des-
pachary to dispatch, expedite. — L. dis-y
away ; and L. type *pactdrey to fasten, fix,
from pactuSy pp. of pangere, to fasten.
(See N. E. D.) Cf. Ital. spacciare, to dis-
patch (Florio), answering to a L. type
^distCLctidre,
BlSpel. (L.) L. dispellere, to drive
asunder, — L. dis-y apart ; pelierCy to drive.
Bispense. (F.-L.) O.F. dispenser y
to dispense with. — L. dispensdrCy to weigh
out, frequent, form of dispenderCy to weigh
out. — L. diSy apart ; pendere, to weigh.
Bisperse, to scatter abroad. (F.-L.)
M. F. disperser. From L. pp. dispersuSy
pp. of dispergerey to scatter abroad. — L.
di- (for dis-)y apart ; spargere, to scatter.^ -
Bisplay. (F.-L.) A. F. desphyei^, ^
O. F. desploiery to unfold, shew. — L. dis-, -
apart ; plicdre, to fold. Doublet, deploy.
Bisport. (F. - L.) M. E.. disporteny
to amuse. —O.F. se desportery to amuse
oneself, orig. to cease from labour; later
deportery and confused with Deport.- L.
dis-t away, port drey to carry (hence, to
remove oneself from or cease from labour).
Hence sporty q. v.
Bispose. (F.-L fl«flfGk.) 0.¥. dis-
poser, to arrange. — O.F. dis- (L, dis^y
apart ; F. poser, to place ; see Pose.
Bispositioii. (F.-L.) F. disposi-
145
DISPUTE
DISTICH
fion.^h. ace dispositionemy a setting in
order. — L. dispositus^ pp. of disponere^ to
set in various places, to arrange. --L. dis-^
apart ; ponere^ to place, put.
Dispute. (F.-L.) F. disputer.^\„
disputdre, to argue. — L. dis-^ apart;
putdre, to think. See Putative.
Dis^lliaitiony an investigation. (L.)
From L. disquisTtio, a search into. — L.
disqutsitusy pp. of disqutrere^ to examine.
L. dis-y apart ; quarere, to seek.
Disruption. (L.) YromL. dtsrup^io,
dtruptioy^ breaking asunder. — L.dr;Vrw/-
tus^ diruptusj pp. of disrumpere^ dtrum-
perCy to break apart. — L. dis-y di-y apart;
rumpere^ to burst.
Dissect. (L.) From L. dissect-usy pp.
oidissecdre, to cut apart. — L. dis^y apart ;
secdre, to cut.
Dissemble. (F. ^ L.) O. F. dis-
(L. dis-^y apart ; sembleTy to seem, appear;
cf. O. F. dissimuler^ to dissemble. — L. dis-,
apart, away; simularey to pretend; cf. L.
dissimuldrey to pretend that a thing is not
See Simulate.
Dissemixiate. (L.) From pp. of L.
dissemindre^ to scatter seed. — L. dis-y
apart ; simindrey to sow, from semin-, for
semen, seed.
Dissent, vb. (L.) L. dissenttre (pp.
dissensus), to differ in opinion. — L. ^/r-,
apart ; senttre, to feel, think. Der. dri>-
senS'toHf from the pp. dissensus.
Dissertation, a treatise. (L.) From
L. dissertdttOy a debate.— L. dissertdtus,
pp. of dissertdrey to debate ; frequent, of
dissererCy to -disjoin, discuss. — L.. ^/x-,
apart ; sererty to join.
Dissever. (F.-L.) 0,'P,dessevrer,
— Late L. dissepardre, — L. ^;rV-, apart ;
separdrcy to separate.
Dissident. (L.) L. dissident-^ stem
gf pres. pt. of dissidirey to sit apart, to
, disagree. — L. dis-, apart ; sederCy to sit.
• ' Dissimilar, unlike. (F.-L.) M. F.
dissimilaire.^O.Y. dis- (L. dis-), apart;
and similairey like ; see Similar.
dissimilitnde, dissimulation;
from L. diS', apart, and similitude, simu-
lation.
Dissipate. (L.) From pp. of L.
dissipdrey to disperse. — L. dis-, apart;
and O. L. supdrcy to throw ; we find also
insipdrCy to throw into. Cf. Skt. kship^ to
throw. Brugm. i. § 761.
Dissociate. (L.) From the pp. of L.
dissocidrCy to separate from. — L, dis-y
apart ; socidrty to associate, from socius, a
companion. See Sociable.
Dissolute. (L.) L. dissolHtits yWcexi'^
tious ; pp. of L. dissoluere (below).
dissolve. (L.) L. dissoluere, to dis-
solve, loosen, relax. — L. dis'y apart; sol-
uerey to loosen. See Solve. Der. dis-
soluUion (from pp. dissolOtus).
Dissonant. (F.— L.) M. F. disso-
nant-. Cot. — L. dissonant-y stem of pres.
pt. oi dissondrey to be unlike in sound.—
I^. dis-y apart; sondre, to sound, from
sonusy sound.
Dissuade. (F.-L.) F. dissuader;
Cot. — L. dissuddirey to persuade from.—
L. dis-y apart ; suddirey to persuade ; see
Suasion.
Distaff. (£.) A distaff is a staff
bedizened with flax, ready to be spun on.
* I dysyn a dystaffy I put the fiaxe upon
it to spynne ; ' Palsgrave. M. E. distaf,
dysestaf, A. S. distcef. The A. S. distc^
stands for *dtse-st(sfy where staf=^ E. staff
and *dise^'Low G. diessey the bunch of
flax on a distaff (Bremen) ; also spelt dise,
disene (Liibben) ; E. Fries, dtssen. See
Dizen.
Distain. (F.— L.) M,E, disteinen.^*
O. F. desteign-y a stem of desteindrey to
distain, take away colour. — O. F. des^
(L. dis-)y away; and teindre, from L.
tingere, to dye.
Instant. (F.-L.) O.F, distant,^!,,
distanteniy ace. of distans, pres. pt. of
distdre, to stand apart.— L. di-y apart;
stdrey to stand.
Distemper (i), to derange the tem-
perament of body or mind. (F.-L.) M.E.
distemperen.^O,Y, desteniprer, to mix;
whence pp. destempri, immoderate, exces-
sive.—O.F. des- (L. dis-^y apart; temprer
(mod. F. tremper), from L. temperdrey to
regulate. See Temper.
distemper (a), a kind of painting.
(F. — L.) O. F. destemprery later destrem-
per, * to soake, steepe, moisten, make fluid,
liquid, or thin,' Cot.; the same verb as
above.
Distend. (L.) L. distenderey to stretch
apart. — L. dis-, apart ; tenderey to stretch;
see Tend. Der. distent-ion (from the
pp. distent-us).
Distich, a. couplet. (L.-Gk.) L.
distichusy distichon, — Gk. Bianxov, a coup-
let (in verse) ; neut. ofdiarixosy having two
rows. — Gk. 81- (81s), double; <rrlxos, a row,
allied to artixuvy to go. (-/STEIGH.)
146
DISTIL
iMstil. (F.-L.) O.Y, distiller. ^U
distilldrey destilldre^ to drop or trickle
down. — L. flS?, down; stilldre, to drop,
from stillaj a drop. See Still (2).
Bistini^shy to mark off. (F.-L.)
O. F. disttnguer, to distinguish ; the suffix
'ish has been added by analogy, and cannot
be accounted for ia. the usual way. --L.
distinguere, to mark with a prick, dis-
tinguish (pp. distin€ttis).^\a, di- (for dis\
apart; *stinguere (not in use), to prick,
allied to Gk. ari(uv, to prick, and £.
stick, vb. ' See Instigate. Brugm. i. § 666.
dlStinot. (F.-L.) O.F. distinct,^
L. distinctus, distinguished ; pp. of dis-
tinguere.
Distort. (L.) L. distortuSf pp. of
dtstorquerCj to twist aside. —L. dis-, apart ;
torquere, to twist ; see Tortare.
DistractyVb. (L.) From h.distractus,
pp. oi distrahere, to draw apart.— L. dis;
arart ; trakere, to draw ; see Trace (i).
XHstrain. (F.— L.) O. F. destreign-,
a stem of destraindre^ to strain, press, vex
extremely, constrain (hence to seize goods
for debt).— L. disttingere, to pull asunder
(see below). — L. di- (dis-) , apart ; stringere,
to draw tight ; see Stringent.
distress, calamity. (F.— L.) O.F.
destresse, oldest form destrece ; from a
Folk-L. *cUstrictia (not used), regularly
formed fipom L. dtstrictus, pp. of distritp-
gere, to pull asunder (in Late L. to punish,
afflict) ; see Distrain.
Distrauffht. (L.) A modification of
district ( ^distracted) ; from L. distract-us ;
see Distract.
Distribute, to allot, deal out. (L.)
From distribut-us, pp. of L. distribuere,
to deal out, allot separately.— L. diS',
apart ; tribuere, to assign ; see Tribute.
District, a region. (F. — L.) M. F.
district, — Late L, districtus, territory
wherein a lord has power to enforce justice.
— L. districtus f pp. of distringere \ see
Distrain.
Disturb. (F.^L.) M.£. destorhen,
distourhen^ — O. F. destorber, to vex. — L.
disturbdre, to disturb. — L, dis-, apart ;
turbdre, to disorder, from turba, a tumult,
crowd. See Turbid.
Ditch. (£.) M.E. dicAe; cf. A.S.
dice, dat of die, fem. [also masc.], a dike ;
see Dike.
Ditliyramb, a kind ofhvmn. (L. — Gk.)
L. ditAyrambus, mm Gk, Mvpa/ifiost a hymn
in honour of Bacchus.
DIVIDE
Dittany, a plant. (F. - L. - Gk.) M.E.
dytane, — O. F. ditan, dictam, — L. die-
tamnum, ace. of dictamnus. — Gk. ficx-
rafjLvos, tucraiofov, dittany ; named from
Moimt Dicti in Crete, where it grew.
Ditto. (Ital.~L.) Ital. dittOy detto,
that which has been said.— L. dictum,
neut. of pp. of dicere, to say.
Ditl^. (F.-L.) M. E, ditee.^0. F.
diti, a kind of poem. — L. dictdtum, a thing
dictated ; neut. of dictdtus^ pp. of dictdre,
frequent, of dicere ; see Dictate.
DluretiCf provoking discharge of urine.
(F.-L.-Gk.) lll,¥.diureHque] Coi.^!.,
diHreticus, ^Gk, SiovprjrtKos, '^ Gk, diov-
p4fiVy to pass urine.— Gk. St-d, through;
oZpov, urine ; see Urine.
Diurnal. (L.) L. diumdlis, daily. —
L. diumuSf daily. — L. dies, a day.
Divan, a council-chamber, sofa. (Pers.)
Pers. d^vdn, a tribunal ; Arab, ddywdn, a
royal court, tribunal, council of state.
iDivaricate, to fork, diverge. (L.)
From pp. of L. aiudricdre, to spread apart.
«iL. dt- (for dis-) J apart ; udricus, stradd-
ling, from udrus, crooked.
Dive. (E.) M.E. diuen, duuen (u=v),
A. S. dyfan, to immerse, weak verb ; con-
fused with dafan, strong verb (pt. t. deaf,
pp. cbfen), to dive. •4- Icel. dffd, to dip.
Allied to Dore, Deep, Dip.
didapper« a bird. (E.) Short for dive-
dapper, Cf. A. S. dafedoppa, a pelican.'
Here dapper (=A.S. dcppd) means a
dipper or diver; and dive-dapper ^dxwt-
dipper, a reduplicated word.
Diverge. (L.) Coined from L. di- (for
dis-), apart; and verge, vb. See Verge
(2).
Divers, Diverse, various. (F.-L.)
O. F. divers, masc., diverse, fem., * divers,
differing ; ' Cot. — L. diuersus, various ;
orig. pp. of diuertere, to turn asunder,
separate, divert (below).
divert. (F. - L.) M. F. divertir, ' to
divert, alter ; * Cot — L. diuertere, to
turn aside.— L. dt- {dis-), apart; uertere,
to turn. Der. divers-ion, from pp.
diuersus.
Divest. (L.) Late L. diuesttre, in
place of L. deuesttre, to strip off clothes.
— L. di- (for oKr-), apart, substituted for
L. de-, down, away ; uestire, to clothe,
from uestis, clothing. See Vest.
Divide. (L.) L. diuidere, to divide,
separate (pp. diuisus),mmlj, di- {dis-),
apart ; ana *uidere, a lost verb, prob.
147
DIVINE
DOOM A
meaning < to separate ' ; see Widow.
(VWIDH.) Brugm. i. § 589, ii. 528.
Der. divis'ion (from the pp.).
Bivine. (F.-L.) M. E. «&»?«. -O.F.
devin, — L. dtutnuSy divine, god-like ;
allied to dtuus, godlike, deus, god; see
Deity.
Bivorce, sb. (F.— L.) O.Y.dworce.^
L. dtttortium, a separation. — L. dJuorfere^
the same as diuertere, to turn aside, sepa-
rate ; see Divert.
Divulge. (F.— L.) Y. divulgturj^ to
divulge, reveal ; * Cot. — L. dtuulgdre, to
publish abroad. — L. di^^ for dis-^ apart;
uulgdre^ to publish, from uulgus^ the
people, a crowd ; see Vulgar.
BI86II1 to deck out. (E.) To dizen was
orig. to furnish a distaff with flax, hence
to deck out. See Distaff. Der. be-dizen,
BiSB7. (E.) M.E. dysy, dust. A.S.
dysigy toolish, stupid. + E. Fries, dusig^
dizzy, foolish ; O. H. G. tustc. From
Teut. *du5-t as in Low G. dusen^ to loiter
(Lflbben) ; allied to Teut. V«j-, as in Du.
duizeleny to be dizzy. Perhaps further
allied to A.S. div&s^ Du. dioaas, foolish
(Franck), from Teut. stem ^dwSts-,
Bo, to perform. (E.) M. E. dwm, A. S.
d5n^ pt. t. dyde^ pp. gedon ; the orig. sense
is 'put' or * place.' 4- Du. daen^ O. H. G.
tuon^ G. thun, Teut. stem ^do-. Allied
to Gk. ri'Orf'fUf I put, Skt. dAd, to place.
(VDHE.) Brugm. i. § 129.
Bocile. (F.— L.) ¥. docile, ^lj,docilis,
teachable. — L. docere^ to teach. Allied to
Disciple and Didactio.
doctor. (F.— L.) M.E. doctour.^
O. F. dbctaur.^'L, doctortmy ace. oi doctor ,
a teacher. — L. docere^ to teach.
doctrine. (F.— L.) ¥. doctrine, ^1^
doctrina, lore, learning. — L. doctor, a
teacher.— L. docere, to teach.
doCTUUeilt. (F.— L.) F. document,
^\^. docufftentunti a proof.— L. docere^ to
teach, shew.
Bock (i), to curtail. (E.?) From
dock^ sb., the stump of a tail, stump, cut
end. Cf. E. Fries, dokke, dok, a bundle,
bunch (as of straw) ; Du. dok, a little
bunch (of straw) ; Dan. dukke, a skein,
short column, baluster ; G< docke, a skein,
rail, plug, peg; Low G. dokke, a bunch,
stump, peg (Berghaus).
Bock (2), a plant. (E.) A. S. docce.-^
M. Du. docke (as in docken bladereny dock-
leaves, Mexham) ; M. Dan. &'dokka, water-
dock (Kalkar). So also Gael, dogha^ a
burdock ; Irish meacan-dogha, a great bur-
dock, where meacan means a tap-rooted
plant, as a carrot. Der. bur-dock.
Bock (3)} a basin for ships. (Du.?)
M. Du. docke, a harbour (whence Dan.
dokke, Swed. docka, G. docke) \ Du. dok,
% History obscure.
Bocketf a label, ticket. (E. ?) Orig. an
abstract; apparently allied to Dock (1).
% History obscure.
Boctor, Boctrine, Bocnment;
see Docile.
Bodecagon. (Gk.) Named from its
12 angles. Formed like decagon, with
Gk. &i;de«o, twelve, instead of 8c«a, ten.
See Decagon.
Bodecahedron. (Gk.) Formed with
Gk. &i;5€>ra, twelve, in place of Se^a, ten ;
see Decahedron.
BodgOf to go hither and thither, to
quibble. (E.) XVI cent. Orig. to walk
unsteadily, hence to go from side to side
as if to escape ; perhaps allied to prov. £.
cUtde, to walk unsteadily, Scotch doddle,
doddle, to waddle, dod, to jog, dodge, to
jog along, dodgel, to hobble. North E.
dodder, to shake, totter, dculge, dodge, to
walk clumsily. (Very doubtful.)
BodO, an extinct bird. (Port.) Port.
doudo, silly, foolish ; the bird being of a
clumsy make. Said to be borrowed from
Devonsh. dold, stupid, the same as E. dolt
(Diez). See Dolt.
Boe. (E.) M.E. fi^. A.S. ^.4-Dan.
daa, Swed. dof-, in dofhjort, a buck, may
be allied toG. damhirsch,VL\i\Mi^, wherein
the syllable dam- is thought to be borrowed
from L. ddma, a deer. But A. S. da may
be Teutonic.
Boff, to put off clothes. (E.) Short for
do off, \,^, put off. Cf. don, dup.
Bog. (E.) M. E. dogge, A. S. docga.
(Du, dog^ Swed. dogg^ a mastiff; Dan.
dogge, a bull-dog ; Low G. do^e, F. dogiie ;
all borrowed from E.) Der. dog, verb, to
track, follow as a dog ; dogg-ed, sullen ;
dog-cheap, very cheap (see N. E. D.) ;
dog-wood.
Boge^ A duke of Venice. (Ilal. — L.)
Ital. doge, prov. form of *doce, a duke. — L.
duc-em, ace. of dux, a leader. See Duke.
Boggerely wretched poetry. (E.?)
M.E. dogerel, Ch. C. T. 13853. Origin
uncertain ; but prob. formed from dog.
Cf. dog-rime, poor verses (N. E. D.).
Bogxna, a definite tenet. (Gk.) Gk.
807/io, an opinion (stem So7/4aT-). — Gk.
48
DOILY
DONJON
boKtojj I am of opinion. Allied to Do-
cile. Der. dogmat-ic, dogtuat-ise.
DoilYf a small napkin. (Personal name.)
Fonneny we read of ^ doily stuff,' and
' doily petticoats.' Said to be named after
* the famous Doily ' ; Spectator, no. 283,
Jan. 24, 1 71 2. Mentioned in Dryden's
Kind Keeper, iv. i (1679).
Doit, a small coin. (Da.— Scand.) Du.
duit^ a doit. —Icel./z/^iV, a piece, bit, small
coin, doit-ilcel. *hvUa (pt. t. *fvfit)y to
cut, a lost verb, but the same as A.S.
Jywitan ; see Thwite.
DolOf a portion. (£.) M. E. dol^ dale,
A. S. ddly a division (Exod. viii. 23). A
variant of Deal (i), q.v.
DolefU, sad. (Hybrid ; F. - L. and E.)
The suffix 'ful is £. M. E. doel^ duel^ dol
(Scotch doot)y sorrow, grief. —O.F. doel^
dol (F. dmU), grief; verbal sb. of O. F.
doloir^ to grieve. — \a*dolium^\xi cor-doliumt
grief of heart. —L. dolere, to grieve.
dolour. (F. — L.) M. £. dolour, —
O. F. dolour, ^L,, doloreniy ace oi dolor ,
grief. — L. doliret to grieve.
Doll. (Gk.) From Doll, for Dorothy ;
a familiar name, of Gk. origin (see
N. £. D.). Cf. Lowl. Sc. doroty, a doll.
Dollar. (LowG.— G.) \,o\i Q, daler\
Du. daalder, a dollar. Adapted and
borrowed from G. thaler^ a dollar. The
G. thaler is short iox Joachimsthaler, a
coin made from silver found injoachims'
thai (Joachim's dale) in Bohemia, ab.
A.D. 1519.
DolmULy a kind of loose jacket. (F. —
G. - Hung. - Turk.) F. dolman, - G. dol-
man^ dollman, mmHving. dolffiany. ^^TuTk.
ddldman, ddldmeth^ a kind of long robe.
Dolnon, a monument of two upright
stonts, with a third across them. (F. — C.)
F. dolmen. — Bret dohten, lit. ' stone-
table ; ' Legonidec. — Bret, tol, taol^ a
table (from L. tabula) ; and men, a stone ;
according to Legonidec. But (see N. E D.)
this is due to some mistake ; the F.
dolmen seems to represent the Cornish
tolmen, stone with a hole beneath ; from
Com. toll, a hole (W. twU)^ and men
(W. maen)y a stone.
Dolomite, a kind of rock. (F.)
Named in 1794 from M. Dolomieu, a
French geologist (1750-1 801).
Dolour ; see Doleftil.
Dolphin, a 6sh. (F.-L.-Gk.) M.E.
dolphtne,^0. F. daulphin (now dauphin).
■- Folk-L. dalfinum^ for L* delphinum,
ace of delphinus, a dolphin. -» Gk. dcX^.>>,
stem of Sf \0<s, a dolphin.
Dolt. (£.) Cf. Devonsh. dold, a dolt.
M. E. dull {=^ dulled)', from M.E. dtil,
dull ; see Dull.
Domain. (F.— L.) F. domaine, sb. ;
from O. F. demaine, adj., belonging to as
one's own.— L. dominicus, adj., belonging
to a lord (the neut. dominicum was used
for L. dominium, lordship). — L. dominus,
a lord; allied to L. domdre, to tame,
subdue ; see Tame. Doublet, demesne.
Dome. (F. - Ital. - L.) F. ddme,^
Ital. duomo, domo, a cathedral church
(house of God). — L. domum, ace. of
domus, a house, a building. (<^DEM.)
See Timber. Brugm. i. § 138.
domestic. (F. — L.) F. domestique,
— L. domesticus, belonging to a household.
— L. dom'Us, a house (above).
domicilew (F.-L.) O. F. domicile,
a ' mansion. — L. domicilium, a habitation.
— L. domi', for domus, a house; and
'Cilium, possibly allied to Cell.
Domesday ; see Doom.
Dominate. (L*) From pp. of domi-
ndrt, to be lord over. — L. dominus, a
lord.
domineer. (Du.~F.~L.) M. Du.
domineren, to feast luxuriously (Oude-
mans) ; borrowed from O. F. dominer, to
govern, rule. — L. domindri,, to be lord
over (above).
dominical. (F.-L.) 0,¥, domini-
cal, — Late L. dominicdlis, belonging to the
Lord's day, or to the Lord. — L. dominie-
us, belonging to a lord.— L. dominus, a
lord.
dominion. (F. - Late L.) O. F.
dominion. ^L&te L. dominionem, ace. of
dominio, lordship; allied to L. domin-
ium, lordship.— L. dominus (above\
domino. (£• — L-) E. domino, a
masquerade-dress ; orig. a master's hood.
— L. dominus, a master (above). Der.
dotninoes, sb. pi., a game.
Don (i)) to put on clothes. (E.) Short
for do on, i.e. put on. Cf. doff, dout,
dtip. •
Don (a), a Spanish title. (Span.-L.y
Span, don, sir. — L. dominum, ace. of
dominus^ a lord.
Donation. (F.— L.) F. donation. '-
L. ace. ddndtidnem, a gift, from the stem
of the pp. of dondre, to give. — L. donum,
a gift. Cf. Gk. ^pov, a gift.
So^Jon ; see Dungeon.
149
DONKEY
DOUQH
Donkey. (C. and E.) Double dimin.
with sufifix -k-ey ( = Lowl. Sc. -ick-icy as
in hors'ickie, a little-little horse, BanfFsh.),
from dun, familiar name for a horse, from
its colour (Romeo, i. 4. 41); see Dun (i).
% So also M.£. don-eky prov. £. dunnock,
a hedge-sparrow, from its colour. Donkey
(first found in 1 785) was a prov. E. word,
which seems to have rimed with monkey
(whence the spelling). Cf. Somersets.
duung'kee, pron. of donkey.
Donna. (Ital.-L.) Ital. donna. — h,
domina, mistress, fern, of dominus, a
master. Doublet, duenna.
Doom, a judgment, decision. (£.)
M. E. dom, A. S. dom, lit. a thing set or
decided on ; from don, to set, do; see Do.
+ Swed. Dan. dom, Icel. domr^ Goth.
domsy O. H. G. tuoni, Teut. type *ddmosi,
a statute. Cf. Gk. Oiiws, law (from riBrj/Uy
I set). Der. deem,
doomsday, domesday. (E.) A.S.
domes dag, day of doom or judgment.
Door, a gate. (E) M. E. dore, dure.
A. S. dor, n. ; duru, f. + O. Sax. dor, Goth.
dour, G. thor, n. ; and Icel. dyrr, f. pi. ;
Dan. dor, Swed. dorr, Du. deur, G. thiir,
f. sing. Teut types *durom, n. ; *dures, f.
pi. Cf. L. fores, Lith. durys^ i. pi. ; O.
Irish dorus, n., W. drws, m.; Russ. dver{e),
Gk. Ovpa, Skt. dvdr, f. Brugm. i. § 462.
Dormant, sleeping. (F.-L.) Y.dor^
mant, pres. pt. of dormir, to sleep. ^L.
dormtre, to sleep. + Skt. drd, to sleep ;
Gk. dap9dv€iv,
dormer-window. (F. and Scand.)
A dormer was a sleeping-room. — O. F.
dormeor,'^'L, dormltdrium (below).
dormitonr- (L.) L. dormltdrium, a
sleeping-chamber ; neut. of dormitdrius,
adj., belonging to sleeping. —L. dormitory
a sleeper. — L. dormtre, to sleep.
Dormouse. (F. and E.) M. £. dor'
mous. The prefix is perhaps short for
North £. dortn, to doze (whence dorm^
mouse), Cf. Icel., Norw., and Swed. dial.
dorma, to doze; all apparently from F.
dormir, to' sleep ; see Dormant. We find
also prov. E. dorjrer, a sleeper, as if from
dor, to sleep.
DomiclE, a kind of cloth; obsolete,
(Flemish.) Named from Flem. Domick,
better known by the F. name of Toumay
(Lat. Tomacus),
DorsaL (F.— L.) F. r^^o/, belonging
to the back. — Late L. dorsdlis. — 'L, dor-
sum, the back.
Dory, a fish ; see John Dory.
Dose. (F.-L.-Gk.) O. F. dose, a
quantity of medicine given at once. —
Med. L. dosis, ''Gk, 8<5<rts, a giving. —Gk.
^Bcjfu (stems Bej-, do-), I give. Brugm. i.
§ 167.'
Dot. (£.) A. S. dott, only in the sense
* head of a boil.' Cf. Du. dot, a little bundle
of spoilt wool, &c. , goodfor nothing (Sewel) ;
Swed. dial, dotty a little heap, small lump;
M. Dan. dot, a bunch ; £. Fries, dot, dotte,
a heap, bunch, lump. Cf. Norw. dotten,
pp. of detta, to fall, to fall to pieces.
Dote. (£.) M. E. dotien, doten, to be
foolish (Layamon).+ M. Du. doten, to
dote, mope; Du. dutten, to doze; Icel.
dotta, to nod with sleep, M. H. G,getotzen,
to doze, tazen, to mope.
dotage. (E. ; with F. sujjix,) M. E.
dotage ; from M. £. dot-en ; with F. suffix
-age (L. 'dticuni), Cf. F. radotage, from
radoter, to dote.
dotard. (E. with F. suffix,) From
dote, with F. suffix -ard (O. H. G. kart),
dotterel, a kind of plover. (E.) A '
bird easily caught; from dote, vb., with
suffix as in cock-erel.
Donble. (F.-L.) O. F. doble, later
double, — L. duplus, lit. twice-full. — L.
du'O, two ; -plus, allied to plinus, full.
doublet. (F.-L.) M.E. dobbelet,-
O. F. doublet, an inner (double) garment.
— F. double, double; with.suffix -et,
doubloon. (F.— Span.— L.) F. dou-
blon,^SpsLa, doblon, a coin, the double of
a pistole. — Span, doblo, double. — L. du-
plus (above).
doubt. (F. — L.) M. £. douten.—
O. F. douter, — L. dubitdrey to be- of two
minds; allied to dubius, doubtful; see
Dubious.
Douceur. (F.— L.) F. douceur, lit.
sweetness (hence, pleasant gift). — L. dul-
corem, ace. oidulcor, sweetness. — L. dulcis,
sweet. See Dulcet.
Douche, a shower-bath. (F.— Ital.—
L.) F. douche, a shower-bath. — Ital.
doccia, a conduit, water-pipe. — Ital. docci-
are, to pour; equivalent to Late Lat.
*ductidre, derivative of L. ductus, a duct ;
see Duct.
Dough. (E.) M. E. dah, dogh, A. S.
ddh (stem ddg-'),^T>VL, deeg, Dan. deig,
^^td.deg, Icel. deig, Go\}i,daigs, a kneaded
lump, G. teig. The Goth, daigs is from
daig, 2nd stem of deigan, to knead; see
Dike. (-/DHEIGH.) Brugm. i. § 604.
150
DOUGHTY
Doughty. (£.) M.E. dohti, duhti,
valiant. A. S. doktig^ earlier form dyhtig^
valiant. — A. S. dugatiy to be worth, be
strong.-f Dan. dygtig, Swed. dugtigy Icel.
dvgdugr yG. tUchtig\ variously formed from
the Tent, verb *dugan:
Douse, to immerse. (£.?) Allied to
M. Du. aoeseny 'to smite with violence*
(Hexham). See Dowse (i).
Dout, to extinguish. (£.) Short for do
outy i. e. put out.
DovOy a bird. (£.) A. S. dufe, only
in comp. dtife-dopfay lit. a diver. — A. S.
dufan^ to plunge into. + O. Sax. duiHiy
Goth, duboy G. tcuibCy a dove, lit. diver.
[So also L. columhay a dove, is allied to
Gk. KoKvfxfiis, a diver, sea-bird. First
applied to sea-gulls, &c.]
dOTOtail, to. fasten boards together.
(K.) From dove and taii; from the shape
of the fitted ends of the board (C]).
Dowager, a widow with a jointure.
(F.— L.) O.F,dinu^ere; from douagfy
an endowment. Again douage is coined
(with suffix -age) from F. dou-ery to endow.
-•L. dS^a/v, to endow.— L. dot-y stem of
dos^ a gift, dowry« Allied to do-nuMy a
gift, darey to give. Der. en-doWy from
F. en and dauer» Brugm. i. § 167.
dower, an endowment. (F. — L.)
M. E. dawere.mmO, F. doaire^ later douaire,
—Late L. ddtdrium,^'L, doiarCyio endow
(above). Der. dowr-yy short for dower-y.
Dowdy; see Duds.
Dowlas, a coarse linen. (Bret.) From
Daotdasy S. £• of Brest, in Brittany.
Down (i), soft plumage. (Scand.)
M. £. down* ■- Icel. diinny Swed. duUy
Dan. duufiy down ; whence Dn. dons.
Down (3), a hill. (C.) A.S. dun, a
hill. — Irish diiny a fortified hill, fort ;
Gael, duny W. din, a hUl-fort. + A. S.
iiin ; see Town.
down (3), prep, and adv. (£. and C.)
A corruption of adown^K, S. ofdune^on
the hill, downwards. — A. S. of, off; dune,
dat. of dun, a hill ; see Down (2).
dune, a low sand-hill. (C.) XVIII
cent. — F. dune, — M. Du. dune (Du.
duin); of Celt, origin. See Down (a).
Dowse (1), to strike in the face.
(£.?) Apparently the same as Douae
(above). Cf. Norw. dus, a push, blow ;
M. Du. doesen, to strike, £. Fries, dossen,
to strike.
Dowse (3), to immerse; see Douse.
Prob. the same as Dowse (1).
DRAQOON
DOD^se (3), to extinguish. The same
as Dowse (i) ;, sense perhaps suggested
hydouty q. v,
Dozology. (L.-Gk.) L. doxologta,
— Gk. dof 0X07/0, an ascription of praise.
— Gk. ^(o-y for W^a, glory, orig. a
notion ; -A.0710, from \iy€iv, to speak.
Dozy. (M. Du.) A cant term. Cf.
£. Fries, doktje, dimin. of dokke, a doll.
Prob. introduced from the Netherlands. —
M. Du. docke, a doll. Cf. O. H. G. toccha,
a doll, also a term of endearment (G.
docke).
Dose. (Scand.) Swed. dial, dusa, Dan.
dose, to doze, mope ; Icel. dusa, to doze ;
M. Dan. dhse, to be torpid. Allied to
Dizsy.
Dosen, twelve. (F.~L.) O. F. do-
saine (F. douzaine) , a dozen . — O. F . doze (F.
douze)y twelve; with suffix -aine (L. -ena,
as in cent-ena),^L, duodecimy twelve. — L.
duo, two ; deceniy ten. See Two and Ten.
Drab (i), a slut. (£.) Cf. Irish ^Tra^^^,
Gael, drabagy a slut; Gael, drabach, dirty ;
Irish draby a spot, stain (all from £.). £.
Fries, drabbe, puddle-water. Also Du.
drabbe, f. dregs, draff; allied to Draff.
Drab (2), dull light brown. (F.-L.)
The colour of undyed cloth. — F. drapy
cloth. See Drape.
Draelun; see Dram.
Draff, dregs. (E.) M. £. draf (Laya-
mon).<4-Du. drafy hogswash, drably draff;
Icel. drafy Sw^d. drafy Dan. draVy dreps ;
G. trdbery pi. [Cf. Gael, and Irish drabh,
draff, from £.]
Draft ; see Draught.
Drag, vb. (Scand.) M. £. draggen ; a
Northern form allied to Icel. draga, to
draw. Cf. Swed. draggy a drag, grapnel ;
draggay to drag. See Draw.
Dragoman, an interpreter. (Span.—
Arab.) Span, dragoman; [Late Gk. Zpa-
Tov/MvofJ, an interpreter. — Arab, tar^
jumSn, an interpreter, translator; see
Targum.
Dragon. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. dragon,
— L. ace draconem, from nom. draco. ^
Gk. ZpoKoiVy a dragon, lit. ' seeing ; ' from
his supposed sharp sight. — Gk. hfiOK-,
weak grade of dipnofuu, I see. % Such is
the usual account.
dragoon. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. dragon,
a dragoon ; so called because the dragoons
orig. had a dragon on their standard ; or
rather, because they were armed with a
short carbine called (in F.) dragon*
151
DRAIN
Drain. (E.) A. S. drihnigean^ drlh-
niafty to drain away, strain off, Matt,
xxiii. 24, also spelt driahnian ; orig. * to
become dry.* — A. S. *driag' = Tent.
*draug-t second grade of Teut. *dreug-an-t
to be dry. Cf. Icel. draugr^ a dry log.
See Dry.
Drake, male of the duck. (L.— Gk.?)
M. £. drake* Not foond in A. S. ; cf.
drake, a drake, in Low G. (Bremen) ;
M. Swed. drake, (i) a dragon, (2) a drake,
(3) a boy*s kite. Supposed to correspond
to the latter part of Swed. and-draRet a
drake (a form thought to be borrowed from
Low G.). Cf. Swed. and, duck, anddrake,
drake ; Low G. anderik^ drake (Liibben) ;
G. entey duck; enterich, drake; O. H. G.
antrahho, a drake, p. The Swed . and, A. S.
enedy a duck, is cognate with L. ancu
(stem anat-), a duck. The M. E. drake
may be the same as A. S. draca, a dragon,
borrowed from L. draco ; see Dragon.
Dtem, Drachm. (F. > L. - Gk.)
M. F. dranie, drachme, *a dram, eighth
part of an ounce ; ' Got. « L. drachma, —
Gk. dpaxtt'if & handful, a drachma, used
both as weight and coin ; cf. dpAy/jiaf as
much as one can grasp. — Gk. bpd<r<rofmt, I
grasp. Brugm. i. § 509.
Drama. (L.-Gk.) L. drama,^ Gk»
Spa/ia (stem Spci/iar-), an act, a drama.—
Gk. Spdca, I perform; cf. Lith. darau, I
make. (-^DAR.) Der. dramat-ic (from
BpafuiT') ; &c.
drastic, effective. (Gk.) Gk. Upoff-
riKQS, effective; allied to hpaarios, verbal
adj. of hp&cjy I perform.
Drape, to cover with cloth. (F.-L.)
F. draper, to make cloth. — F. drop, cloth ;
Late L. drappus. Of unknown origin.
Der. drap-er, drap-er-y\ and see drah (2).
Drasl^c ; see Dramia.
Draw. (£.) M. E. drawen, A. S.
dragan (A. S. ^aga- becoming M.E. -awe-^,
+ Du. dragetiy Icel. Swed. draga, Dan.
drage, Goth, dragan, G. tragen, to pull
along, carry. Teut. type ^dragan-, pt. t.
*drdg,
draught, draft. (E.) Draft is a
phonetic spelling. M. E. draught, draht.
From A. S. drag^un; with suffixed /.+
Du. dragt, a load, from dragen, to carry ;
Dan. drat\ Icel. drCUtr, a draught of
fishes ; G. trcuht^ a load, from tragen.
drawl. (Du.) Frequentative of ^raw;
parallel to draggle from drag. Introduced
from Du. drdien, to be slow ; from dragen,
DRESS
to draw. 4- E. Fries, draulen ; Low G.
draueln.
dray. (E.) A.S. drage, that which is
drawn ; as in drage , drag-net, a draw-net.
+Swed. drag, a sledge, dray.
Dread, vb. (£.) A. S. *dradan, in
comp. on-drddan, to dread, fear.-^O. Sax.
ant-drddan ; O. H. G. in-tratan. Teut.
type *drddan;
Dream, a vision. (E.) M. E. dreem,
A. S. *dream, a dream ; not found. [Quite
distinct from K,S,dream, asweet sound, har-
mony, also joy, glee, happiness.] «f>0. Sax.
drdm, dream ; Du. droom, Icel. draumr,
Dan. Swed. ^mn,G./m»m. Kluge suggests
comparison with G. trug-bild, a phantom ;
if correct, the Teut. sb. was *draugmoz,
m. ; from Teut. *draug, strong* grade of
Teut. *dreugan- (O. H. G. triogan, G.
triigen), to deceive. From the Idg. root
*dhreugk, whence also Skt. drdgha{s), a
crafty wounding; O. Pers. drauga (Pers.
durugh), a deceit, lie ; Icel. draugr, a
ghost. Brugm. i. §§ 681, 689.
Dreary, Drear. (E.) /^r^/- is short
{qx dreary, M.,E.drefy. A.S.dredrtg,Md;
orig. * gory ; * formed with suffix -ig from
A.S. dreor, gore. —A. S. dreosan, to drip.
+Icel. dreyrigr, gory, from dreyri, gore ;
G. traurig, sad, orig. gory, from O. H. G.
tror, gore. From Teut ^dreusan-, vb.
Dredge (0, a drag-net. (E.) North £.
dreg. Answering to A. S. *drecg, *drecge
(not found), for *drag-j(h', from A.S.
dragan ; see Draw. And see Dregs.
Diredge (3)1 to sprinkle flour on meat.
(F. - Late L. - Gk.) To dredge is to
sprinkle, as in sowing dredge (M: £. drage^
or mixed corn. — O. F. dragie, mixed
com ; also a sweetmeat, sugar-plum.
[Prov. dragea', Ital. treggea, a sngar-plum.]
— Late L. dragdta, drageia, a sugar-plum ;
altered form of tragemctta, pi. of tragema,
— Gk. rpdyrf/ia, something nice to eat —
Gk. Tparyeiv (2 aor. irpayov), to gnaw.
Dregs, lees. (Scand.) Pi. of M. E.
dreg, mire ; we also find M. £. dregges,
dregs. — Icel. dregg, pi. dreggjar, dregs ;
Swed. drdgg, pi. dregs, lees. Perhaps
from Icel. drag-a, to draw. Distinct from
'L^fraces, dregs of oil ; Brugm. i. § 41 7.
Drench, vb. (E.) M. £. drenchen,
A. S. drencan, causal of drincan ; hence
'to make drink.' +I^u*^^^'^^^» Icel. drek-
kja, Swed. drdnka, Goth, dragkjan, G.
trdnken. See Drink.
Dress. (F. - L.) O. F. dresser, drescer,.
152
DRIBBLE
to eiecty set up, dress ;. answering to a Late
L. form *dtrectidre,'m'L, directus, pp. of
dttigtre, to direct ; see Direct.
Uribble- (£•) Frequentative of obs.
£. dribf to drip slightly; which is a
weakened form of drip. Cf. drib-let. See
Drip. So also Dan. dial, dribie,
IMft; see Drive.
Dzill (i), to pierce, to train soldiers.
(Du.) Borrowed from Du. drillen^ to drill,
to bore, to turn round, shake, brandish,
drill soldiers, form to arms. Allied to
M. H. G. drellen, to turn round (pp. ge-
drollen). Low G. drally twisted tight.
Teut. t^ *threlian- (pt. t. *thrall), to
twist ; cf. A. S. Pearly strict. ^ Perhaps
allied to ThriU.
IDrill (a), to sow com in rows. (£.)
The same as drillj to trickle, which seems
to be a variant of trill, to trickle.
2>ril]illff| a coarse cloth used for
trousers. (G.— L.) Corrupted from G.
drillicht ticking, huckaback. — L. trilic-^
stem of triliXy having three threads. — L.
tri'y from tres, three; Itcium, a thread.
See Three.
Drink. (£.) A.S. drincan, pt. t. dranc,
pp. druncen.'^'Dxi.. drinken, Icel. drekka,
Swed. dricka, Dan. drikke, Goth, drigkan
( = drinkan) , G. trinken. Teut. ^drenkan-.
Drip. (Scand.) M. £. £fr|^^». — Dan.
dryppCy to drip ( = Teut. *drup-jan-)»
From Teut. ^drup-^ weak grade of *dreu-
pan-y as seen in Icel. drjUpa, to drip, A. S.
dreopan (obs. E. dreep)y G. triefen. Cf.
O. Ir. truchty a dew-drop. See Drop.
Drive. (£-) M. £. ^nW». A,S. dri/an
(pt. t. drd/, pp. dri/en).^!)}!. dri/ven;
Icel. drifa, Swed. dri/va, Dan. drive, Goth.
dreibaftj G. treiben, Teut. *dreiban-,
drift. (E.) M. £. drift. Formed from
drif'^ weak grade of drifan ; with sufl&x -t,
+ Du. drifty Icel. drift, Swed. Dan. drifts
G. trift, Der. a-drift =■ on the drift ; see
A- (2).
drove. (£.) M. E. drof, A. S. drdfy
a drove. From drdf, 2nd grade of drifan,
DrivelyVb. (£.) M,E. drevelen. A. S.
dreftiatty to dribble or rmi at the nose.
Cf. M. £. draveleuy to drivel. From the
base draft as in M. £. draf, draff. See
Draff:
DriBSle« to rain slightly. (£.) For-
merly drisd or drislCy to keep- on dripping.
Frequent, form of M. £. dresen, A. S.
dreosauy to drip ; see Dreary. Cf. Dan.
drysse, to fall in drops ; Swed. dial drbsla.
DROWN
Droll. (F.-Du.) M.F.fl&t»/tf,*a plea-
sant wag ; ' Cot. — Du. drollig, odd, strange ;
M. Du. droly * a juglar ; ' Hexham. Per-
haps from Du. droU-y pp. stem of drilletty
to turn, wheel, whirl about ; see Drill (i).
Dromedarv-. (F.-L.-Gk.) M. E.
dromedarie. — O. F. dromedaire (older form
*dromedarie) . — Late L. dramaddrius, ■■ L.
droniad'y stem of dromas, a dromedary, -i
Gk. hpoytah-y stem of tpopast fast running.
— Gk. Spa/ico', to run.4'Skt. dram,io run.
Drone ( I ), to hum. (£.) "M.E. dronen
(also drounen). Not in A. S. Cf. Icel.
drynjay Swed. dronay Dan. drdncy to drone,
roar, rumble, &c. Cf. Goth, drunjusy a
sound, Gk. Bpijyos, a dirge; Skt. d^ra^,
to sound.
Drone (2), a non-working bee. (Low
G.) M. E. dran. A. S. drdn ; which (like
£. Fries, drdne) was prob. borrowed from
O. Sax. drdn, Cf. M. H. G. treno (G.
drohne being borrowed from Low G.).
Teut. stems *drStn-y *dren'\ cf. Gk.'dy-
Bpiivq^ a wild-bee, OpSjva^ (Hesychius).
% With the parallel stems Vr.£^-, *dren-y
cf. the stems of Queen and Quean.
Droop ; see below.
Drop, sb. (E.) M.E. dropCy ^h.'y hence
dropieny dro^n, vb. — A. S. dropay sb. ;
dropiany vb. These are from the weak
grade *drup- (A.S. drop-) of the Teut.
vb. *dreupan- (A. S. dreopan)y to drop,
drip.+Du. drcpt sb., Icel. dropiy Swed.
droppCy Dan. draabe, G. tropfen. See also
Drip.
droopf to sink, fail. (Scand.) M. £.
droupen,^\<cx\, drUpOy to droop; weak
vb., allied to drjQpay strong vb., to drip=
Teut. *dreupan' (whence also G. triefen) ;
see above. Cf. ' I am ready to drop, i. e.
I droop.
DropSV ; see Hydropsy.
Drosh&yi Dros]nr,akind of carriage.
(Russ.) Russ. drozhki, drojkiy a low four-
wheeled carriage (the j sounded as in
French). Dimin. of drogiy a waggon ;
which was orig. pi. of droga^ a perch (of
a carriage).
Dross. (£.) M. E. dros. A. S. drosy
dross, dregs ; cf. also obs. £. droseuy A. S.
drosnay pi., lees, dregs. + M. Du. droesy
lees (Kilian) ; Du. droeseniy dregs, lees,
G. drusen, pi. dregs ; O. H. G. trusana,
truosanuy husks of pressed grapes.
Drought, Drouth; see Dry.
Drove ; see Drive.
Drown. (Scand.) M. E. drouneny dru'
^65
DROWSE, DROWZE
tun.^'M., Dan. drukney drougnej drovne,
drongf to sink, be drowned (Kalkar) ; Icel.
drukna. The -nkn- was preserved in Swed.
drunknaj A. S. druncnian, to be drunk,
also to sink, to be drowned. See Drun-
ken. (£. Bjorkman.)
Drowse, Drowse, to be sluggish.
(E.) Formerly drouse, A. S. driisian, to
be sluggish ; allied to A. S. dreosan, to
fail ; also to drip, to fall. See "DTedoj'
Der. drowz-y.
Drab, to beat (Arab.?) * Drub, to
beat the soles of the feet with a stick, a
punishment used in Turkey;' (Phillips).
Apparently a travellers* word. Perhaps
from Arab. 4^rb (zard), a beating with a
stick ; from Arab, root daraba {zarabd) ,
he beat ; Rich. Diet. p. 952. (N. E. D.)
Drudge, vb. (E.) M.E. druggm,
A. S. ^drycgean, not found ; but regularly
formed from drug-y weak grade of dreogan^
to work, perform, endure (=Teut. ^dreu-
gan-y Goth, driugan, Lowl. Sc. dree). Qi.
Jcel. drjug'Virkr, one who works slowly
but surely. The Gael, drugair, a drudge,
is from £.
Drag. (F.) M.E. drogge, drugge.^
O. F. arogiie^ a drug. Also Ital. and Span.
droga. Origin unknown ; perhaps Ori-
ental, Der. drugg'ist.
Dragget. (F.) M.F. fi&v^«/, 'akmd
of stufffliat's half silk, half wool ; ' Cot.
Dimin. of drogue, used in the sense of
rubbish, poor stuff; from the coarseness
of the material; cf. £. 'a drug in the
market.* •![ Probably not the same word
as F. drogue, a drug.
Draid, a priest of the ancient Britons.
(F. - L. - C.) F. Druide. - L. (Gaulish)
pi. Druides, Druidae (Lewis and Short).
Cf. O. Irish druid, dat. and ace. of drui,
a magician, sorcerer; Ir. draoi, druidh,
Gael, druidh (whence also A. S. dry, a
magician).
Dram. (Du.) XVI cent. Imperfectly
adapted from M. Du. tromme, trommel^ a
drum; Low G. irumme; Du. trom,'^
O. H. G. trumbd, trumpd, M. H. G.
trumme, a pipe, trumpet ; Icel. trumba,
a pipe, trumpet [So also Ital. tromba.
Span, trompa?^ Of imitative origin.
Drunkard. (E. ; with F. suffix>j
From A. S. drunc-, base of pp. oidrincan,
to drink ; with F. suffix -ard (G. hart),
drunken, drank. (E.) A. S. dnm-
cen, pp. of drincan, to drink.
D^TUpe, a fleshy fruit containing a stone.
DUCK
(F. ^ L. — Gk.) F. drupe, — L. drupa, an
over-ripe olive. — Gk. Sp&mnL, the same.
Dry. (E.) M,E.dru)e. A,S.dryge,
Cf. Du. droogy dry; G. trocken, dry;
Icel. draugr, a dry log.
drongnt. (E.) M. E. dro^e, drou^te ;
also drouthe (P. Plowman). A. S. drtlgad,
drought. —A. S. drugian, to be dry ; dryge,
dry.+Du. droogte, drought; from droog,
dry. Doublet, drouth (Milton).
Dryad, a nymph of the woods. (L. —
Gk.) L. Dryad', stem of Dryas, a wood-
nymph. «Gk. 5/n;a8-, stem of hpvas, the
same. — Gk. 5pG-f, a tree ; see Tree.
Dual, consisting of two. (L.) L. dualis,
dual. — L. duo, two ; see Two.
Dub, to confer knighthood by a stroke.
(F.) M.E. dubben. A.S.dubban; A.S.
Chron. an. 1086. [So also Swed. dubba.']
Usually derived from O. F. aduber, adou-
ber, adober, to dub a knight ; a Romanic
word of unknown origin (Ital. addobbare,
O. Span, and Prov. adoSir, O. Port, adubar),
% Diez derives adouber, conversely, from
dubban; which is haidly tenable; see
N. E. D.
Dubious. (L.) From L. dubiosus,
doubtful. —L. dubium, doubt; neuter of
L. dubius, doubtful, moving in two direc-
tions.—L. dU'O, two. See Two.
Dncal. (F.-L.) F. ducal, adj. ; from
due, a duke ; see Duke.
ducat, a coin. (F.— Ital.— L.) O.F.
ducai. — Ital. ducato, a ducat, also a duchy ;
named from L. ducdtus (duchy of Apulia)
alluded to in the legend upon it; see
duohy below.
duchess. (F.— L.) O.F. duchesse
(Late L. ducissa), fem. of due, duke ; see
Duke.
duchy. ( F. — L.) F. duch^, — Late L.
ducdtum, ace. of ducdtus, a dukedom. —
L. duc'^ stem of dux, a duke. ^Also
O. F. duch4e, fem., as if from Late L.
^ducitatem.
Dack (i), to dive, bob the head. (£.)
yi,E,duken, douken. Not in A. S.4-Du«
duiken, to stoop, dive ; G. tauchen, to
plunge, dive. Teut. type *deukan', pt. t.
*dauk (whence G./a«fA-tf»), pp,*duh'afW',
From the weak grade duk- we have Dan.
dukhe, Swed. dyha ; to which the shorten-
ing of the vowel in mod. E. duch may have
been partly due.
duck (2), bird. (E.) M.E. dohe,
duke. Lit. * diver ; * the suffix -e repre-
sents the A. S. f. suffix of the agent. A. S.
154
DUCK
diUey a duck. From the verb above.
Cf. Dan dukandj lit. ' diving duck ; '
Swed. dykflgelf 'diving fowl? Dor.
duck-l-ingy with double dimin. suffix.
Ihick (3), a pet, darling. (E.) Appa-
rently the same as Duok (2).
I>ack (4)» light canvas. (Du.) A nauti-
cal word.— Du. doekf linen cloth, canvas.
4-Dan. dug, Swed. duk^ Icel. dukry G.
ttuk, O. H. G. tuoh,
IHlOty a conduit-pipe. (L.) L. ductus,
a leading (hence, a duct).— L. ductus ^ pp.
of ducere^ to lead. See Duke.
ductue. (F.— L.) F. ductile y malle-
able.—L. ductilis, easily led. — L. duct-us,
pp. of ducere (above).
bade* an exquisite, a dandy. Of un-
known origin. (Ab. 1883.)
Ihldgeon (i)y resentment. Of unknown
origin.
Ihldgeon (a), haft of a dagger. (Un-
known!) M. £. dogeoHy a kind of wood
used for the handles of daggers. £tym.
unknown.
DudSf clothes. (Scand.) Jamieson has
dudis as well as duds ; the u was prob.
once long. — Icel. duH^ swaddling clothes ;
dufiay to wrap up. Cf. £. do^od^ a woman-s
cap, a slut ; dowd-y^ ill-dressed.
Bne. (F.— L.) M. £. dew, dewe.^
O. F. deu, masc., dme^ fem. ; pp. of de-
vair, to 0X76,^1,, deiere. See Devoir.
DoeL (Ital.-L.) lUl. du€il0, a duel.
— L. duellum, a fight between two men
(archaic form of L. bellum^ war). — L. du^o^
two.
duet. (Ital.— L.) Ital. duetto, music
for two.— Ital. due, two.— L. duo, two.
Pnennft. (Span.— L.) Span. dueHa,
a married lady, duenna.- L. ebmina, fem.
of dominus, a lord. See Donna.
Duet : see Duel.
Dnifely coarse woollen cloth. (Du.)
Du. duffel) so called from Duffel, a place
near Antwerp.
Duffer, a stupid person. (Scand.)
Lowl Sc. dowfartt formed with suffix -art
from the adj. dowf, stupid, dull ; lit. 'deaf.'
— Icel. dauf-r, deaf; see Deaf.
Dug, a teat. (Scand.) Perhaps allied
to Swed. ddgga, Dan dagge, to suckle.
Cf. Goth, daddjan, O. H.G. taan, to
suckle. % But cf. Skt. duh, to milk.
Dugong, a sea-cow. (Malay.) Malay
duvongy duyong, a sea-cow.
Dnko, a leader. (F.— L.) M.£. ^i#^.—
O. F. due, ace. formed from O. F. nom.
DUMPS
dTfcx.- L. duxy a leader.— L. ducere ^ to
lead. (VDEUK.) ^ The L. aoc. dTK^^m
would have given O. F. dois, F. doix\
like F. noix from nucem, croix from
crucem. (N. £. D.) Brugm. i. $ 59a.
Dnlcet, sweet. (F.-L.) M. F. doucet
(Cot), refashioned after L. dulcis (cf.
Itol. dolcetto). - O. F. dots (F. doux),
sweet.— L. dulcis, sweet.
dnldmer. (F.-Span.-L.) Roque-
fort has F. doulcemer (undated) ; cf.
O.F. doulcemele (Godefrov).— Span, dulce-
mele, a dulcimer ; named from its sweet
sound. — L. dulce melos, sweet sound ; see
Melody.
Doll, stupid. (£.) M. £. dtU ; cognate
with Low G. dull\ answering to Teut.
*dul'joz. Closely allied to A. S. dol,
foolish, cognate with Du. dot, mad, G. toll,
mad, answering to Teut. *dul'Oz. Both
are from Teut. *dul* {<*dwul)^ weak
grade of ^dwel-an, as seen in A. S. dwelan,
to err, to be stupid ; see Dwell. Cf. A.S.
gedwol-god, a false god, idol ; Irish and W.
doll, blind. Brugm. i. % 375 (6\
Dulse, an edible seaweed. (C.) Irish
duileasg, Gael, duileasg, dulse. According
to Macleod, it means * water-leaf,* from
Ir. and Gael, duille, leaf, and uisg{e),
water.
Dumb. (£.) M.£. ddmd, A.S. dumb,
mute. 4* I^Q* dofUf Icel. dumbr, Swed.
dumb, Dan. dum, Goth, dumbs, G. dumm,
O. H. G. tumb, tump, stupid. The orig.
sense seems to have been 'stupid,' and
perhaps Goth, dumbs is allied to Goth.
daubs, deaf; see Deaf. Der. dummy
{=dumb'y\
Dump (i)) &n ill-shapen piece. (£.?)
Prov. £. dump, a clumsy lump, a bit ;
dumpy, short and thick. Probably * a thing
thrown down in a mass* ; see Dump (a).
dTUnpling, a kind of pudding. (E. ?)
A small solid ball of pudding ; dump-l-ing
is a double dimin. oidump (i).
Duinp (a) I to strike, fling down.
(Scand. ?) Cf. Lowl. Sc. dump, to beat.
Dan. dumpe, to plump, plunge; Norw.
dumpa\ Swed. dial. <i^/a.— Swed. dial.
dump-, as in dump-id, supine of str. vb.
dimpa, to fall down plump.
Diuups, melancholy. (Scand.) Swed.
dial, dumpin, melancholy, orig. pp. of
dimba, to steam, reek ; Dan. dump, dull,
low.+Du. domp, damp, hazy, G. dump/,
damp, dull. Allied to Damp ; cf. * to
damp one's spirits.*
155
DUN
DUTY
Dim (i)> brown. (C.) A,S.dunn,6axk.
-i Irish and Gael, dtmni brown; W. dwn,
dun, dusky. Celtic type *donnos.
Dim (2), to urge for payment. (Scand.)
Said (in 1708) to be derived from the
name oi Joe Dun, a famous bailiff in the
time of Henry VII. But perhaps from
the notion of noisiness. Cf. M. £. dunning'^
a loud noise. — Icel. duna^ to thunder;
koma einum dynfyrir dyrr, to make a din
before one*s door ; Swed. dhna, to make a
noise. Allied to Din.
Duncey a stupid person. (Scotland.)
From the phr. ' a Duns man/ i. e. a native
of Dunse, in Berwickshire. In ridicule of
the disciples of John Z^MW^Scotus, school
man, died a. d. i 308. ^Not to be confused
with John Scotus Erigena, died a. d. 875.
Dane, a low sand-hill. (F.— Du.— C.)
F. dune.'^M, Du. dune (Du. duin) ; cog-
nate with A. S. dun, a down ; see
Down (2). Brugm. i. § 112.
Dong- (£•) A. S. dung.^Svred. dynga,
dung; Dan. dynge, a heap, mass; G.
dung. Root uncertain; it answers, in
form, to the pp. of Ding; as if it were
*■ what is thrown down or away.' Cf.
Swed. ^^siX:dong^ (i) heap, (2) dung.
Dungeon, Doajon. (F — L.) M. £.
dangeon. 'mO.Y, donjon, the chief tower
of a castle. — Late L. domnionem, ace. of
domnio, a dungeon-tower, chief-tower;
shortened from dominio, properly domi-
nion, feudal power; see Dominion.
Dliniwassaly a Highland gentleman,
yeoman. (C.) In Sir W. Scott's Botmy
Dundee, — Gael, duine uasal, gentleman. ■■
Gael. duinCy a man (W. dyn) ; uasal,
noble, gently bom (W. uchel), orig.
' exalted ;* see Brugm. i. § 219 (4).
Dnodedmo. (L.) Jnduodecttno*^'wiih
12 leaves to the sheet. *L. duodecimo, abl.
of duodecimus, twelfth ; cf. L. duodecim,
twelve ; see Dozen.
Dnodemmi, the first of the small
intestines. (L.) Late L. duodenum^ so
called because about 12 finger-breadths
long. •- L. duodeni, twelve apiece, distribu-
tive form of duodecim, twelve ; see Dozen.
Dup. (£•) Short for do up, i.e. lift up
(a latch) ; to open a door.
Dnpe, a person easily deceived. (F.)
F. dupe, a dupe. The M. F. dupe meant
a hoopoe ; whence dupe, a dupe, because
the bird was easily caught. (So also Bret.
houperik, a hoopoe, a dupe.) Perhaps of
imitative origin.
Duplicate* two-fold. (L.) L. dupU-
cdius, pp. of duplicdre, to double. ->L.
duplic-, stem of duplex, two-fold (below).
duplicity. (F.-L.) Lit. doubleness.
— F. dupliciti. — L. ace. duplicitdtem. * L.
duplici', decl. stem oi duplex, two-fold.—
L. du-o, two ; plic'dre, to fold.
Durance, Duration ; see Dure.
Durbar, a hall of audience, levee.
(Pers.) Pers. darbdr, a prince's court,
levee; lit. 'door of admittance.'— Pers.
dar, door ( = £. door); and bdr^ admit-
tance, court.
Dure, to last. (F.— L.) Y, durer,^
L. dUrdre, to last. >■ \s. dUrus, hard, lasting,
-f- Irish and Gael, dur, firm ; W. dur,
steel. Cf. Gk. hvvayus, force. Der. dur-
ing, orig. pres. pt. of dure ; dur-cdtle, &c.
durance, captivity. (F.— L.) The
orig. sense was long endurance of hardship.
O. F. durance, duration. — F. durer, to
last ; with sufhx -ance ; see above.
duration. (F.~L.) O.F. duration.
— Late L. dUrdtiottem, ace. of dUrdtio, A
coined word ; from the pp. of L. dUrdre,
to last.
duress, hardship. (F L.) M. £.
duresse. — O. F. duresce, — 'L,diiritia, harsh-
ness.—L. dUrus, hard, severe.
Durian, a fruit. (Malay.) Malay du-
rian, a fruit with a prickly rind. — Malay
dari, a thorn, prickle.
Dusk, dim. (Scand.) Properly an adj.
M. £. dosk, dark, dim; deosc, the same.
Prob. a Northern form (as the sk did not
become sh), Cf. A. S. dox (for *dosc),
translating "L./lSuus; Vocab. 239. 36.—
Swed. dial, chiska, to drizzle ; duskug,
misty, dim ; Korw. dusk, mist, duskregn,
fine rain. Der. dusk, sb. ; whence dusk-y,
adj.
Dust. (£.) A. S. dust.-^-Dyi, duist,
Icel. dust, dust, Dan. dyst, meal ; G.
dunst, vapour, fine dust. All from a
Teut. base *dunst' (for *dwuns-t-), the n
being lost except in G. C£ Skt. dkvaihs,
to fall to pieces (pp. dhvas'ta-).
Dutch, belonging to Holland. (G.)
Formerly applied to the Germans. — G.
Deutsch, German; lit. belonging to the
people ; M. H. G. diut-isk, where the
suffix -isk^Y^. 'ish, and diut is cognate
with A. S. peod, Goth, thiuda, a people,
nation ; Ir. tuath, a people ; cf. Oscan
touto, a city. Brugm. i. § 218.
Duty. (A. F.-L.) U.E. duete[e).''
A. F. dueti, duty (O. F. has only devoir).
86
DWALE
A coined word ; from A. F. deut fl^«> dne,
and the suffix -t^ (L. -tatetn). See Due.
]>wale ; see Dwell.
Dwarf. (£.) M.E. dwer^^ dwergh ; the
/represents the guttural. O. Merc, diverge
A.S. dw^rg, a dwarf. -fDu. dwergh Jcel.
dvergr^ Swed. Dan. dverg^ G. zwerg. Tent,
type *dwerg-oz,
Ilwell. (£.) M. £. dwelhn, to linger.
A. S. dwellan, in the active sense to retard,
also to seduce ; also dweliatiy to go astray,
err, tarry, dwell. Causal of A. S. *dwelan
(pt. t. *dwal, pp. dwolen), to be torpid or
dull, to err.-f Icel. dvelja, to dwell, delay,
orig. to hinder; Swed. dvdljas^ to dwell
(reflexive) ; Dan. ^^/$, to linger; M.H.G.
iwellen, to hinder, delay. Teut. type
*dwaljan^ causal of the str. vb. ^dwelan-
(pt. t. *dwalf pp. *dwulano-)j to be torpid,
to cease, to err (A. S. *dwelan, O. H. G.
gi-iwelan), Cf. Skt. dhvr, to bend aside,
dhur-ta; fraudulent. (y^DHWEL.) And
see Dull.
dwale, deadly nightshade. (Scand.)
Named from its soporific effects. Dan.
dvale. stupor, dtmledrik^ a soporific,
' d wale-drink ; ' Swed. dvakiy a trance.
Cf. K,S. dtuala, an error, stupefaction,
from the 2nd grade of A. S. *dwelan
(above).
Bwmdle. (£.) The frequent, form of
M. E. dztnneHf to dwindle, A. S. dwinan
(pt. t. div&ti), to dwindle, languish. -f
Icel. dvtna; Swed. /znna, to dwindle,
pine away; Du. ver-dwijnen^ to vanish.
X^yO, to colour ; a colour. (E.) M. E.
deyen^ vb. ; dek^ sb. A. S. diagian, vb.,
to dye ; from diah, sb., dye, colour. A. S.
diah (gen. diag-e)^ sb. f., ahswers to Teut.
type *dattg-d, % Not allied to L./ucus,
which is from Gk. <ftvKos,
2)3rlce ; see Dike.
Dynamic, relating to force. (Gk.)
Gk. iwafUKds, powe^l. ^ Gk. 8tW|it;,
power. —Gk. wafiai, I am strong; see
Dure. (VDEU.)
dmBMty^ lordship. (F.-L.-Gk.)
F. c^mastii, ^ Late L. dynasiia, - Gk. Sv-
vaartla^ lordship. — Gk. ^wA<Trri9, a lord.
— Gk. i^ivafiotf I am strong.
Dysentery, disease of the entrails.
(L. — Gk.) L. dysenteria, — Gk. hwr^v-
rcp(a.»Gk. 9v(r-, prefix, with a bad sense;
tvrtpa, pi., the inwards, bowels, from
IvTOf, within, Ik, in ; see Interior.
Dyai^epsy, indigestion. (L.-Gk.) L.
dyspepsia, ^m Gk. Zvair^ia, « Gk. di/cnrcirTos,
EARN
hard to digest. — Gk. 5i;<r-, prefix, with a
bad sense ; wlnrtiv^ to cook, digest ; see
Cook. Der. dyspeptic (from Swcircirr-os).
E-, prefix; see Ez-.
Eakcn, every one. (E.) M. E. eche^ elch,
A.S. mc^ each, short for a-gi-lic^ i.e.
aye-like (ever -like or ever alike). ^Du.
elk, each; O. H. G. eogalih, M.H.G.
iegelich^ G^jeglicker, See Aye.
Eager. (F.-1j.) M.E. <^r^.-A.F.
egre (F. aigre).^L, acre/n, ace. of ac-er,
sharp. See Acid. Der. vin-egar.
Eagle. (F. - L.) M. E. egU. - A. F.
egle, O. F. aigle (F. aigie).^L, aquila. See
Aquiline.
Eagre, tidal wave in a river. (F.— L.)
O. F. cdguere, a flood (Godefroy). — Late
L. aquaria^ a conduit; c€ aqudre^ to
irrigate. — L. aqua, water. See Ewer.
Eanling, a lamb. (E.) Eanling is
from the verb ean^ which v^y-ean without
the prefix ^- ( -= A. S. ge-). See Yean.
Ear (i), organ of hearing. (E.) M. E.
ere, A.S./ar^.+Dn.^Wjlcel.^^aySwed.
bra, Dan. ore, G. ohr, Goth, auso, Teut.
type *auzon', Cf. also Russ. ucho, L.
auris, Lith. ausis, Gk. 0S9, O. Irish o,
earwig, an insect. (£.) A.S. far-
wicga, from its being supposed to creep
into the ear. Cf. A. S. wicga, a kind of
insect ; prov. E. wiggle, to wriggle.
Ear (a), spike of com. (£.) M.E. er.
A. S. iar (pi.) ; Northumb. ^^r.4>Du. aar,
Icel. Dan. Swed. ax (for ahs), Goth, ahs,
G. dhre, Teut. type *ahoz, *ahiz', cognate
with L. acus (gen. aceris). Brugm. i.
§ 182. Allied to Awn. (VAK.)
Ear (3), to plough. (E.) M. E. eren,
A.S. erian, to plough. 4- Icel. etya, Goth.
arjan, L. ardre, Lith. arti, Russ. orat{e) ;
also Irish araim, I plough, Gk. Ap6at, I
plough. (VAR.)
EarL (£.) M. E. erl. A. S. eorL +
Icel. j'arl, O. Sax. erl, a man. O. Norse
(runic) type erilaR,
Early, soon. (E.) M,E.erly. A.S.
Srlice, adv. ; from *arlTc, adj., not used. —
A. S. ar, soon ; lie, like. See Ere.
Earn. (£•) M.E. emien. A.S. eamian.
+0. H. G. amon (cf. also G. emten, co
reap, from emte, harvest). Teut. type
*az{a)ndjan, to pet the profit of labour ;
from the sb. *az\a)n& (Icel. onn), labour;
157
EARNEST
ECLECTIC
cf. O. H. G. aran^ Goth. asanSy a harvest.
(VAS.) f Others connect it with Gk.
&pwfjuu, I earn.
ZSamest (i-) , seriousness. (£.) Properly
a sb., as in * in earnest.* M. £. emest, sb.
A. S. eomost^ sb.<^Dn. emsty sb. ; G. ernsi^
O. H. G. emust. Tent, type *emusitz.
Bamest (2), a pledge. (F.-L.-Gk.
— Heb.) The t is added. M. E. er?tes;
also spelt eriesy arles. Dimin. of O. F.
erres^ arres (F. arrhes\ f. pi.— L. arrha,
arrAado.'^Gk. Appafidw, a pledge. — Heb.
'erSvon, security; from 'drav, to give
security.
Earth. (E.) M.E.eriAe. A.S,eor5e,
+Du. aarde^ lce\. jord, Dan. Swed. jord,
Goth, airthaf G. erde. Teut. types *erthdf
*erthon'y f. Cf. Gk. cpa, earth.
Earwig; see Ear (i).
Ease. (F.) M. E. ^j^. — O. F. a<V«, ease.
Cf. Ital. agiOj ease, Port, azo^ occasion.
Orig. unknown. Der. dis-ease^
Easel. (Dn.— L.) Du. ezel^ an ass;
also a support, a painter's easel. [G. esel\
Goth. oy/Zi/x.] — L. asellus, dimin. of L.
annus, ass.
East, the quarter of sun-rise. (E.) M.E.
est. A. S. easfy adv., in the east ; eastany
from the east.4"Du. oost^ G. ost^ Dan.^.f/;
Swed. dstan, G. osten ; Du. ooster-^ G.
oster-, Dan. Swed. oster^ Icel. austr (gen.
austr-s), Teut. types *aus-to-<t ^aus-to-no' ;
also *aust-rO' , for \Ag,*aus-ro- (see easier).
Cf. L. aur-ora dawn, Gk. ijttv, ^o;;, ava;s,
dawn, Skt. ushds, dawn. Brugm. i. § 218
(4).
easter. (E.) M. E. ester, A.S. iastor-,
in comp. ; eastre, Lu. xxii. i, Easter.—
A.S. eastre, a goddess whose festivities
were at the vernal equinox ; see Beda, De
Temporum Ratione, c. 15. Cf. Lith.
auszra, f. dawn ; Skt. usra-, m. a ray.
Eat. (E.) M. E. eten. A. S. etan,'^
Du. efen, Icel. eta^ Swed. ata, Dan. ade,
Goth. jVa«, G. ^i-j^«. Teut. type *etan-.
Cf. L. ^flKfr,^, Gk. iBtiv, Skt. ai, to eat.
(••ED.)
EaveSf the clipped edge of a thatched
roof. (E.) Also E. dial. (Essex) oavis.
M. E. euese; pi. eueses {'^eaveses);
also ouese. A.S. e/es^ a (clipped) edge
of thatch, whence e/esian^ to shear, also
*oe/es, whence oefsung^ Corp. gl. 474.+
Icel. ups^ Swed. dial, uffs ; Goth, ubizwa,
a porch, from the projection of the eaves ;
O. H. G. opasa. Teut. type *obeswd.
Prob. allied to Over. Der. eavesdropper ,
one who stands under droppings from the
eaves, a secret listener.
Ebb. (E.) llL.Y..ebbe, h.^.ebba, thh
of the tide. + Du. eby ebbe^ sb. [whence
Dan. ebbe^ sb. and vb., Swed. ebb^ sb.].
Perhaps the Teut. type is *afjon'^ with the
sense of going off ; see Off.
Ebony, a hard wood. (F. - L. - Gk. —
Heb.) Formerly ^^^/«tf. — M.F. ebene^ ebony.
— L. hebenus, ebenus.'^Gk. ifitvos, k$4vrj,
— Heb. hovmm^ pi. ebony wood ; prob. a
non-Semitic word.
Ebriety, drunkenness. (F.-L.) F.
ibrUt^.<^\^, ace. ebrietdiem,^\.. ehrius,
drunken. Der . in ebriate^ to makedrunken.
Ebullition, a boiling over. (F.-L.)
O. F. ebullition. ^L., slcc. ebullitionem ; a
rare word, from ebullitus^ pp. of ibulltre^
to bubble up.— L. /, out; bullire^ to
bubble; see Boil (i).
£oartif a game at cards. (F.— L. and
Gk.) In this game, cards may be discarded
and exchanged ; hence the name. — YJcat^i^
discarded, pp. of icarter^ to discard.— L.
ex^ out, away ; F. cctrte^ from Late L. carta ^
from Gk. xaprtj, a leaf of paper, hence a
card.
Eccentric, departing from a centre,
odd. (F.— L. — Gk.) F. excentrique.^
Late L. eccentricus.^GV, tKKivrp-os, out
of the centre; with suffix -{V«j.— Gk. Ik,
out ; tefvrpoVj centre. See Centre.
Ecclesiastic. (L.— Gk.) LAteh.eccle-
siasticus, ^Gk, iKKXrftnaortKbs, belonging
to the (KKkrjffiaj i. e. assembly, church.—
Gk. €«K\rjTos^ summoned. — Gk. iK/coKica^ I
call forth. — Gk. c«, out ; «aA.c<v, I call.
Echelon. (F.~L.) F. Melon, an
arrangement of troops in parallel divi-
sions ; orig. a round of a ladder. — F.
Melle, a ladder (O. F. eschiele). -''L.
sc&la, a ladder; see Scale (3).
Echo. (L. — Gk.) M.E. ecco.'^L, Md,
— Gk. 4x<^> a sound, echo; cf. ?x®*» "^XVf
a ringing noise. Der. cat-eck-ise^ q. v.
Eclat. (F.-Teut.) F. /clat, splen-
dour ; lit. * a bursting forth.' — F. iclater,
to burst forth; O.F. s^esclater, to burst.
Origin doubtful ; perhaps from L. type
*exclappitare, formed from Low G. klap-
pen, to clap, make a noise ; see Clap.
Eclectic, choosing out; hence, a
philosopher who selected doctrines from
various sects. (Gk.) Gk. IicA€*ti«^s,
selecting; as sb. an Eclectic— Gk. Ik-
\iy€ty, to select. — Gk. I*, out ; Kiyeiv, to
choose.
158
ECLIPSE
Eclipse. (F. - L. - Gk.) M. £. eclip,
clips, ^O, F, eclipse, — L. eclipsis,^ Gk.
itcK€i^is, a failure, esp. of light of the sun.
i*Gk. iicKtiiruv, to leave out, fail, suffer
eclipse.— Gk. I«, out; \€ln€iv, to leave.
Ecloifaey a pastoral poem. (L.^Gk.)
L. eclciga (the F. word was /^logiie).^ Gk,
iickoY^, a selection, esp. of poems. — Gk.
kic\4y€iv^ to choose out ; see Bcleotio.
Economy. (F.— L. — Gk.) Formerly
teconomy, — M. F. ctconomie, ■■ L. oeconotnia,
— (]k. oiKovofJuaj management of a house-
hold.-Gk. ot/cov6fios, a steward. — Gk.
olfeo-y for cJtcos, a house; and vifttiv, to
deal out.
Ecstasy. (F.-L.-Gk.) O. F. «r.
lasie (H.). — Late L. ecslasis, a trance.—
Gk. iicffrauiSt displacement; also, a trance.
— Gk. kiCj out ; OT^etSf a standing, allied
to iffrafjuUf I stand.
Ecumenical^ general. (L.' - Gk.)
Late L. acHmenicus] with suffix -a/. — Gk.
ot/eovftfvne6s, universal. — Gk. oltcoufUvrf
(sc. yrf), the inhabited world, fern, of
olKoii/ievos, pres. pt. pass. ofoMo), I inhabit.
— Gk. oTivo;, a house. Brugm. i. § 6ii.
Ecsema, a breaking-out of pustules on
the skin. (Gk.) Gk. fuCtfJui, a pustule. *■
Gk. iitiUiv, to boil over.— Gk. in, out;
C^tiv, to boil. See Yeast.
Eddy. (Scand.) M.E. ydy {^idy).
Icel. idOf an eddy, whirlpool ; cf. i6a^ to
whirl about ; Swed. dial. i6a, icl&, Dan.
dial, ide, an eddy. Perhaps formed from
Icel. id', A. S. ed-, Goth, id" (prefix),
backwards. Cf. Brugm. i. § 574.
Edge. (E.) M. £. egge, A. S. ecg, an
edge, border. +Du. egge, Icel. Swed. egg,
Dan. eg, G. ecke. Teut. type *agj&, Cf.
L. acies, Gk. axis, a point, Skt. apH-, edge,
coiner. (^AK.)
EdiblCff eatable. (L.) Late L. edibilis,
— L. edere, to eat ; see Eat.
Edict. (L.) L. idictum, neut. of pp.
oiidicere, to proclaim. — L. /, out; dicere,
to speak.
Edity. (F.-L.) O. F. fflTe/f^r. - L.
adijic&re, to build (hence, instruct). — L.
adi; stem of adis, a building, orig. a
hearth ; -fie-, for facere, to make. Der.
edifice, F. idifice, L. adificium, a building;
edile, L. adilis, a magistrate who had the
care of public buildings. Brugm. i. § ao2.
Edition. (F. - 1,.) O. F. edicion (H.). -
L. iditionem, ace. of iditio, a publishing. —
L. Iditus, pp. of /dSfTif , to give out, publish.
— L. /, out; dare, to give. Der. edit, a J
1.59
EFFLUENCE
coined word, from the sb. editor (L.
iditor).
Educate. (L.) From L. iducOtus,
pp. of iducdre^ to educates allied to L.
idHcere, to bring out.— L. /, out ; ducere^
to bring.
educe. (L.) L. idOcere, to bring out.
Der. eduction (from pp. iduct-us).
Eel. (E.) M.E. //. A.S. i^/.^-Du.
oa/, Icel. a//, Dan. az/, Swed. J/, G. oa/.
Teut. type *t^loz.
Eery, timid, affected by fears, melan-
choly, strange. (E.) Seejamieson. M.E.
«r^, arh, are), ar)e, erje, timid ; spelt eri
in Cursor Mundi, 1 7685. — A. S. eatg, earh,
timid, cowardly. Cf. Icel. argr, ragr;
G. arg\ Du. erg, bad.
Ef&ce. (F.-L.) F. effacer.^Y, ef-
(L. ef-^ for eXj out) ; zxAface, from Folk-
L. T&ria (for Y,, faciem, ace. oifaciis),
face. See Pace.
Effect. (F.-L.) A. ¥. effect (J^,effci),
— L. effectum^ ace. of effectus, an effect.-
L. effectus, pp. of efficere, to work out. —
L. ^-, for «f, thoroughly ; fcuere^ to do.
Effeminate. (L.) From pp. of L.
effeminare, to make womanish.— L. ^,
lor ex, thoroughly; femina^ a woman.
See Feminine.
Effendi, sir, master. (Turkish— Gk.)
Turk, efendi, sir. — Mod. Gk. d^^yn;;, for
Gk. av$€VTrfs, a despotic master, ruler ; see
Authentio.
Effenresce. (L.) h.efferuescere.-^L.
ef-, for ex^ out ; feruescere, to begin to
boil, inceptive oiferuire, to boil.
EffetCi exhausted. (L.) L. effitus,
weakened by having brought forth young.
— L. ef; for ex, out ; fttus, that has
brought forth ; allied to L. fui, I was
(Brugm. i. \ 361 ; ii. $ 587).
Emcacyy force, virtue. (L.) L. effi-
cScia, effective power. — L. efficSC', stem of
efficax, efficacious. — L. efficere; to effect
(below).
efllcient. (L.) From stem of pres.
pt. of efficere, to enect ; see Effeot.
Efigy. (F.-L.) F. effigU.^lu. effi-
giem, ace. of effigies, an image. — L. effig-,
base of effingere, to form. — L. ef-^ for ex,
out \fingere, to form. See Figure.
Efllorescence. (F.-L^ F. efflore-
scence, lit. *a flowering.' rrom L. efflo'
rescere, inceptive form of efflorire, to
blossom out.— L. ef^^ex, out ; fidrire, to
blossom. See Floral.
EfBLuencCv a flowing. (L.) From the
EFFORT
ELASTIC
pres. pt. of effluere^ to flow out. — L. ef-^
for ex^ out ; fluere, to flow. See Fluent.
Effort. (F.-L.) F. ejforty an effort;
verbal sb. from F. s^efforcer^ to endeavour.
i-Med. L. exfortidrCy to use force. -^L.
tx^ out ; fotii-s, strong. See Force.
SfErontery. (F.-L.) XVIII cent.
— F. effronterity ' impadency ; * Cot. —
0. F. tffrontiy shameless. ^ 0»Y, ef- (L.
rf'i for ex)y out ; front, face, forehead (as
if putting forward the forehead). Cf. F.
af-fronter, to oppose face to face. See
Front.
Effulgent, bright. (L.) From stem
of pres. pt. of L. effulgire, to shine forth.
— L. ef-y for exy out ; fulgire, to shine.
Effose. (L.) L. effususy pp. of effun-
derty to ponr out. — L. ef-^ for ex, out;
fundere, to pour.
E|fSf (i), the oval body whence chickens,
&c. are hatched. (Scand.) M. £. eg, pi.
^g^j.^Icel. iggy Dan. agy Swed. agg.'^
A.S. Sg (s= M. E. ey)'y Du. «, G. «.
Prob. allied to Irish ugh, Gael, ubhy W.
wyy L. ouutUy Gk. d><$v, egg. Brugm. i.
§ .^09 (a).
Egg {2), to instigate. (Scand.) M. £.
fSS'^f*-''^ce\.eggya, to goad on.^Icel. eggy
an edee (point). See Edge.
Egumtine. (F.-L.) F. ^glanHtu,
M.F. aiglatUitu, cUglantter, sweet-briar.
— O. F. aigianty the same. «• L. type
*aculent'US, prickly (not found). «- L. cuu-s,
a needle ; -lenius (as in uiru-lentus), Cf.
L. aculeusy a prickle, dimin. of acus. See
Aglet. (VAK.).
Egotist, Egoist, a self-opinionated
person. (L.) doined from L. ego, I ; see
1. Cf. F. ^goiste (a. d. 1755).
Egrep^onS, excellent. (L.) L. igre-
gi-uSj chosen out of a flock, excellent ;
with suflix -ous.'^'L, /, out; greg-^ stem of
grex, a flock.
Egress, a going out. (L.) h^igressus,
— L. ggressuSy pp. of igredi^ to go out. -■
I^. /, out ; gradi, to go.
Egret, the lesser white heron. (F.—
O. H. G.) M. F. egrette, aigrette, dimin.
of a form *aigre (whence also Prov. aigr-
orty O. F. hair-on, E. ^r-^»).— O. H. G.
heigir, heiger, a heron. See Heron.
Eh ! interj.' (E.) M. E. ey. Cf. A. S.
ga\ Du. he! G,ei! F.eh/
Eider-duek. (Swed. and E.) The £.
dtuk is here added to the Swed. spelling
of Icel. aOr, an eider-duck (a pronouncea
like f in time) ; whence Dan. ederfugl
(eider-fowl), Swed. ejder; and cf. Swed.
dial. 8d, Der. eider down, Icel. adardUn,
Eight. (E.) M. E. eightL A. S.
eahta, ^ Du. achty Icel. Stta, Dan. otte,
Swed. &tta, Goth, ahtau, G. acht\ Irish
ocht. Gael, ochd, W. wyth, L. octo, Gk.
bicrii, Pers. hasht, Zend ashta, Skt. ashtau,
Idg. type *oktff{u). Der. eigh-teen, A. S.
eahtatene, eahtatyne; eigh-ty, A. S. (hund)-
eahtatig; eigh-th, A. S. eahtoOa.
Eisel, vinegar. (F.-L.) In Shak.
M. E. eisei, eisil, aisiL^O, F. aisil, eisil,
also aisi, vinegar (Godefroy). Aisil ap-
pears to be a dimin. form of aisi. — Late L.
acitus, bitter; closely related to L. tuetum,
vinegar. The Goth. aJteit, vinegar, A. S.
ecid^ G. essig, is due to Late L. acitum or
L. acitum.
Eisteddfod, a congress of (Welsh)
bards. (W.) VV. eisted^od^ a sitting, con-
gress, -i W. eistedd, to sit.
Either. (E.) M.E. either, aither.
A. S. agper^ contracted form of Sghwafer.
Comp. of d^gi-hwafer; where d = aye, gi
(forge.') is a prefix, and ^wd^A^a whether.
+Du. ieder, G.jeder, O. H. G. iohwedar,
IQaculate, to jerk out an utterance.
(L.) From pp. of L. Haculdrt, to cast
out.— L. i, out; iaculum, a missile, from
iacere, to cast.
eject. (L.) L. iiectHre, frequentative
of L. Hcere, to cast out. -> L. /, out ; iacere,
to cast.
Eke (i)> to augment. (E.) M.E. eken.
O. Merc, ican, A. S. tecan, weak vb.
Tent type ^aukjan-, weak vb. ; allied to
Icel. auka, Goth, aukan (neuter), str. vb. ;
cf.L.augfre. (^AUGw.) Brugm. i.§ 635.
eke (2), also. (E.) M. E. eek, eke,
A. S. Ai^.4*DU' ooh, Icel. auk, Swed. och
(and), Dan. og (and), G. auch. All from
the Teut. base auk- above.
Elaborate. (L.) L. HaborStus, pp.
q{ ilabordre, to labour greatly. — L. /, out,
greatly ; laborSre, to work, from labor-,
stem of labory labour.
Eland, a S. African antelope. (Du. — G.
— Lith.) Du. eland, an elk. — G. elend. —
Lithuan. ilnis, an elk. Cf. W. elain, a
hind, Russ. olene, a stag. See Elk.
EUtpse, to glide away. (L.) From L.
Haps MS, pp. oiilabi, to glide away.—L. e,
away ; Idbi, to glide.
Elastic. (Ck.) Formerly elastick,
Gk. H\aaTiK6i, propulsive, coined from
Gk. kx&oi^hxavvwy I drive (fiit. iX&a-cS),
Cf. Gk. kXacrfii, also kXaHip, a driver.
60
ELATE
ELL
Elat6| lifted up, proud. (L.) L»i/d/uSf
lifted up.—L. /, out ; /d^us, used as pp. of
/erre, but allied to tollere^ to lift.
Elbow, the bend of the arm. (E.)
M. £. elbowe, A. S. elboga, also ein-dcgu*
— A. S. e/fi, signifying * ell,* orig. * arm ;*
and dogu, a bow, a bending (see Bow).
A. S. ein is allied to Goth. aUinay a cubit,
W. elin^ Irish uile^ L. ulna^ Gk. itkivrj^
Skt. aratni'i the elbow. See £11.4>Du.
elle-boog^ Icel. oln-hogi^ Dan. al-bue^ G.
ellen-bogin.
Eld, old age. (£.) M.E. elde, old
age ; O. Merc, aldo, old age ; from ald^
old. Cf. A. S. ieldu, yldu ; from ecUd^ old.
4* Icel. elH ; Dan. aUk, See Old.
elder (i), older. (E.) Both as adj.
and sb. O. Merc, celdra (A. S. yldrd)^
elder, adj.; comparative of aid (A. S.
eald)^ old.
eldest. (E.) O. Merc, aldesta (A. S.
yldesta), superl. oiald (A. S. eald)^ old.
Elder (a), a tree. (E.) The d is excre-
scent. M. £. ^//ipr. A. S. ellen^ ellam,^
Low G. elloom, ^ Distinct from <Uder»
Elecampane, a plant. (L.) A. S.
eohne, elene^ perverted from L. inula ; and
M.F. enule-campane (Cot.) . • L. inula cam-
pUna^ elecampane. Here campdna prob.
means wild, growing in the nelds; from
L. campuSf a field.
Elect, chosen. (L.) L. ilectus, pp. of
iligeret to choose out.^L. i, out; le^^ere,
to choose.
Electric. (L.-Gk.) Coined from L.
ilectrumy amber, which has electric pro-
perties.—Gk. 1j\t/tTpovy amber, also shin-
ing metal; allied to ^jKUrcap^ gleaming.
Slectliary, a kind of confection. (F.
-L.-Gk.) M. E. letuaHe, - O. F. lee-
tuaire^ M. F. electuaire. « Late L. ilectud-
rium, //f^/^Wwm, a medicine that dissolves
in the mouth. Perhaps for *e{c) lict-drium^
from Gk. I/kXchct^i', an electuary, from
iKktlxuvy to lick out.— Gk. I«, out;
K^ixtiVf to lick.
Eleemoeynary, relating to alms.
(Late L.— Gk.) Late L. eleimosyndriuSj
an almoner; from eleentosyna^ alms.— Gk.
iAci7f(o<ri/yi7 pity, alms. See Alms.
Elegaax, choice, neat. (F.-L.) M.F.
elegant, — L. ilegant-y stem of ilegans,
tasteful, neat.— L. /, out; leg-^ base of
legerey to choose.
JSlegy, a funeral ode. (F.- L.-Gk.)
M. F. elegie. — L. elegta, — Gk. IX<7c/a,
fem. sing., an elegy; orig. neut. pi* of
iK^yuoVf a distich (of lament). — Gk.
iXtyoiy a lament. Der. elegi-ac.
Element. (F.-L.) 0.¥, element, ^^
L. elemenium^ a first principle.
Elephant. (F. -L.-Gk.) M.E.
elyphaunty oltfaunt.^O. F. olifant^ ele-
fant, — L. elepkantem^ ace. of elephas, —
Gk. Ix/^ctf, an elephant. Origin unknown ;
some compare Heb. elephf an ox.
Elevate. (L.) Frompp. ofL. //wJr^,
to lift up.— L. /, out; leudre, to lighten,
lift, from leuisy light. See Iievity.
Eleven. (E.) M. E. enleuen, A. S.
en{d)leofanf endlufon\ O. Northumb.
^//(5/9i^.+Du. elfy Icel. ellifu, Dan. elleve^
Swed. elfva, Goth, ainlif, G. elf^ O. H. G.
einlif, p. A compound of Teut. *ain',
one; and -/^»Lithuan. -lika (in v^no'
lika, elevenV Lith. -lika perhaps means
* remaining ; cf. L. linquere^ to leave.
Brugm. ii. % 175.
Elf. (E.) M. E. elf, O. Merc. «y.-|-
Icel. dlfry Dan. alf\ also G. alp^ a night-
mare. Der. elf-in, adj., for ^elf-en ; but
prob. suggested by the M. E. gen. pi.
elvene^ of elves (in the Southem dialect).
Elicit, to coax out. (L.) From pp.
of L. Ulcere y to draw out by coaxing.—
L. i, out ; laceref to entice. And see
Laoe.
Elide. (L.) L. ilidere, to strike out. -
L. iy out ; kedere^ to dash. Der. elis-ion
(from pp. iliS'Us),
El^ble. (F.-L.) F./ligidle.^Utd.
L. lligibiliSy fit to be chosen.— L. iligere^
to choose out ; see Elect.
Eliminate. (L.) From pp. of L.
ilimindrey to thrust out of.— L. ^, forth;
Itmin-f stem of Itmeny a threshold. See
Limit.
Elieion. see Elide.
Elixir. (Ar.-Gk.) Med. L. elixir;
for Arab, el iksir, the philosopher's stone,
esp. a sort of powder (Devic) ; where el is
the definite article. — Gk. (r/P^ov, dry pow-
der, or irjp6y. dry (residuum).
Elk, a kina of deer. (G.) Prob. adapted
from M. H. G. elch^ an elk ; O. H. G. etaho,
Cf. Icel. elgTj Swed. elg, an elk; Russ.
oleney a stag; L. alces, Gk. akxTf. (His-
tory obscure.) Found in A. S. as elch^ elh.
Ell. (E.) Vi,^,elleyelne, A.S.<f/(i>,
a cubit. 4-Dq* ^/^» ^l\ Icel. aliny the arm
from the elbow to the tip of the middle
finger ; Swed. aln^ Dan. aleny Goth, aleina^
G. elle^ ell ; L. ulna, elbow, cubit ; Gk.
(i;\^n;, elbow. Ell=el-'v[i el-baw.
161
ELLIPSE
EMBERS
Ellipse. (L.-Gk.) FoTtnerlyel/tpsts.
»L. el/rpsis. ^Gk, i\\€t\f/iSf a defect, an
ellipse of a word ; also, an oval figure,
because its plane forms with the base of
the cone a less angle than that of a para-
bola, i- Gk. cXAciir((v, to leave in, leave
behind. •- Gk. cA-, for h, in ; Xdvuv, to
leave, cognate with L. linquere, "D&r,
elliptic^ adj., Gk. kWtiirriKos.
Elm, a tree. (E.) A. S. elm^-^O, H. G.
elm ; cf. Icel. almr^ Dan. alm^ Swed. aim ;
also L. ulmus (whence G. ulme^ Du. olm).
Elocution. (L.) From L. elocutio-
nem^ ace. of ilocutio^ clear utterance. — L.
ilocutus, pp. of iloqul^ to speak out.— L.
iy out ; hqul^ to speak. Cf. £loqaent.
EloiCfn, Eloiu, to remove and keep
at a distance, to withdraw. (F. — L.)
O. F. esloigner^ to remove, keep away
(Law L. exlongdre). — O. F. «, away;
loing (F. loin), far off. — L. ex, away;
longiy adv. far off. See Long.
Elope. (A.F.— Scand.) A. F. aloper,
to run away (from a husband ; see N. £. D.) .
— A. F. a- prefix (perhaps for O. F. es-,
away, as in £. a-bash) ; and M. E. lopen^
to run (Cath. Anglicnm), from Icel. hUuipa,
cognate with £. Iieap. p. Or from A. S.
ofihlop-en, pp. of dphleopan, to escape ;
from A. S. dp-, away, and hliopan, to run,
to leap.
Eloauent. (F.— L.) M. £. eloquent.
— O. F. eloquent. — L. eloquent-, stem of
pres. pt. of eloqui, to speak out or clearly.
— L. i, out ; loqui, to speak.
ElSOf otherwise. (£.^ A. S.,elleSy adv. ;
stem *a^((?-, signifying 'other,* as in Goth.
alj'iSf other.-fSwed. elj'est; allied to L.
alias, and to Alien. The suffix -es marks
the gen. case, neuter.
ElucidAte. (L.) From pp. of Late L.
elOciddre, to make clear. — L. e, out, very ;
lUcid-us, lucid, clear. See Lucid.
Elude, to avoid slily. (L.) L. glOdere
(pp. ilusus), to mock, deceive. — L. i, out ;
ladere, to play. Der. elus-ory, from the
El^TSium, a heaven. (L.— Gk.) L.
elystum,^G\i. ^K^aiov, short for ^kvcrtov
veiiov, the Elysian field (Od. 4. 563).
^IXk'rpre^x. (F.— L.) F,em-<.L.im-
(for in), in, before d and p. Hence em-
J>alm, to anoint with balm ; em-bank, to
enclose with a bank, cast up a bank ; em-
body, to invest with a body, &c.
Emaciate. (L.) From pp. of L.
itnaciare, to make thin. — L. e, ytry ;
maci', base of macies, leanness ; cf. macer,
lean.
Emanate. (L.) From L. emdndtus,
pp. of emdndre, to flow out. — L. e, out ;
mdndre, to flow.
Emancipate. (L.) From pp. of L.
imancipdre^ to set free. — L. /, out ; man-
cipdre, to transfer properly. — L. mancip-,
stem of man-ceps, lit. one who takes pro-
perty in hand or receives it.— L. man-us,
hand ; capere, to take.
Emasculate, to deprive of virility.
(L.) From pp. of L. imasculdre.'^lL., e,
9Lyiz.y from; masculus, male. See Mas-
culine.
Embargo. (Span.) Span, embargo,
an arrest, a stoppage of ships; lit. a put-
ting a bar in the way. — Late L. type
Hmbarricdre, to bar in. Formed with
prefix em- ( = Lat. m) from Span, barra^
a bar. See Bar, Barricade.
Embark. (F.—Late L.) F. embcu^-
quer.^LatQ L. imbarcdre, to put in a
bark. — L. im- (for in), in ; barca,2i bark ;
see Bark (1).
Embarrass. (F.-Span.) F. embar-
rasser, to perplex ; lit. to hinder, put a
bar in ones way. — Span, embarazar, the
same. — Span, em^ (L. im-, for in), in;
barra, a bar. Cf. Embargo ; and Bar.
Emoassy, a mission. (F. — Late L.—
C.) A modification of O. F. ambassee;
cf. M. F. embassade, Ital. imbasciata, weak-
ened form of ambasciata. All from Late
L. ambascidta, sb., orig. fem. of pp. of
ambascidre, to send on a mission, from
ambascia, a mission. See Ambassador.
Embattle, to furnish with battle-
ments. (F.) M. E. embattelen, — O. F.
em- (L. im-, for in-, prefix) ; and O. F.
bastiller, to fortify. See Battlement.
Embellish. (F.~L.) M. £. embe-
lissen. — O. F. embeliss-, stem of pres. pt.
of embellir, to beautify. — O.F. em- (L.
ifi) ; and bel^ fair. See Belle.
Ember-days. (£.) M. E. ymber,
as in ymber-weke. A. S. ymbren-, prob.
from ymbryne, a circuit, or period ; the
ember-days are days that recur at each of
the four seasons of the year. The A.S.
ymb-ryne is lit. *a running round.' — A. S.
ymb, round ( = G. um, Gk. d/t^Q ; and
ryne, a run, course; see Bun. Prob.
confused with L. quatuor tempora, four
seasons ; whence G. quatember.
Embers, ashes. (E.) M. £. emeres,
A. S. amyrgean, embers; A. S. Leech-
163
EMBEZZLE
EMIT
doms, iii. 30 (rare). + IceJ- cimyrfa,
Dan. emnier^ Swed. morja^ O. H. G.
eimutja^ sb. ember. Cf. Icel. eim-r^ vapour ;
prov. E. ome ( = A.S. *«»i), vapour.
Embenle, to filch. (F.) A.F. en-
hesiler^ to make away with (a. D. 1404).—
O. F. en- (for L. I'w-, prefix) ; and O. F.
hesiUier^ to maltreat, destroy, apparently
from O. F. bes- (Late L. bis-, used as a
pejorative prefix). Cf. O. F. besil^ ill-
treatment, torture ; and see Bezsle in the
N. E. D. % Certainly influenced, in the
1 6th cent., by a supposed etymology from
imb^cill, to weaken, an obsolete verb
formed from the adj. imbecile^ q.v.
Emblem. (F. - L. - Gk.) M. F. em-
bUme,^ L. emblima. — Gk. tfi$\fifia, a
thing put on, an ornament. ^Gk. kfi-, for
|y, in, on ; fiAXkfiv^ to throw, to put. See
Belenmite.
EmblemenjbSy the produce of sown
lands, crops which a tenant may cut after
the determination of his tenancy. (F.— L.)
O. F. efnbfaenunt, harvest. — O. F. em-
bicigr, emblader (F. etnblavtr)^ to sow
with com. — Late Lat. imblad&re, to sow.
— L. im- (for in), in; Late L. bladum
»L. abl&tum, a crop, com, lit. 'what is
carried away' (F. bli).
Embolism. (F. - L. - Gk.) O. F.
embolisme. — L. embolistnus, — Gk. kiifio-
A<(r/u$s, an intercalation or insertion of
days, to complete a period. — Gk. j/i, for Iv,
in ; fiiXKfiVj to cast ; cf. ififioX^, an inser-
tion.
Embonpoint, plumpness of person.
(F. — L.) F. embonpoint, plumpness.
For gfi bon point, in good case. -* L. in,
in ; bonu/n, neut. of bonus, good ; punc-
tum, point
Emboss (i), to adorn with bosses or
raised work. (F.— L. and G.) From
Em-, prefix ; and Boss.
Emboss (a), to take shelter, or drive
to shelter in a wood, &c. (F.— LateL.)
O F. embosquer, to shroud in a wood. —
O. F. em- (L. in), in ; O. F. bosc, a wood;
see Bouquet.
EmbonGbnre. (F.-L.) Y, embou-
chure, the mouth or opening (of a river).
— F. emboncher, to put in or to the mouth.
— L. in, in j F. bouche, from bucca, the
mouth.
Embrace. (F.— L.) O.F. embracer,
to grasp in the arms. — O. F. em-y for en
(L. in) ; and brace, the grasp of the
arms; see Brace.
E'
Embrasure. (F.) F. embrasure^ an
aperture with slant sides. *«M . F. embrcuery
to slope the sides of a window.— O.F. rm-
(L. m),in; M.F. braser, *to dcue, or
chamfret ; * Cot. (Of unknown origin.)
Embrocation, a fomenting. (F.—
Late L. — Gk.) O. F. embroccUion, — Med.
L. embrocdtus, pp. of embrocAre, to foment.
— Gk. ifji$poxfiy a fomentation. — Gk. Ift-
iS/Mxcty, to soak in. — Gk. 4/«-»|y, in;
Ppix^^yf to wet, soak.
Embroider. (F.) From Em- and
Broider. Cf. O.F. embroder, to em-
broider.
Embroil. (F.) From F. embrouiUer,
to confuse. — F. em- (L. im-, for m) ;
brouiller, to confuse. See Broil (a) ;
and cf. Imbroglio.
Embryo. (F. — Gk.) Formerly em-
bryon. — M. F. embryon, — Gk. Hfifipvov,
the embryo, foetus. — Gk, I/*- « iv, within ;
fipvov, neut. of pres. pt. of fip^uv, to be
full of, swell out.
Emendation. (L.) Coined from the
p. of L. gmendSre, to free from fault. »
. i, free from ; mendum, menda, a fault.
Emerald, a green gem. (F. - L. - Gk.)
M. £. emeraude, — O. F. esfneraude (Span.
estneraJdc^ ; also esmeragde. — L. sma-
ragdum, ace. of smaragdus. — Gk. aijuk-
paydoi, an emerald. Cf. Skt. niarakata-y
an emerald.
EmersfCf to rise from the sea, appear.
(L.) L. Smergere, to rise out of water. —
— L. e, out ; mergere, to dip ; see Merge.
Emerodis ; see Hemorrhoids.
EmenTf ^ hard mineral. (F.— Ital.~
Gk.) Formerly emerii; XVII cent.-
F. ^meri; M.F. emeriif esmeril^^ltsX,
smeriglio. — Gk. a/Jt^fjpis, Cfivptif emery.
Emetic. (L.— Gk.) L. emeticus,^
Gk. ififTiKds, causing sickness. — Gk. ifiioj,
I vomit ; see Vomit.
Emi^prate. (L.) From pp. of L. i-
migrdre, to wander forth. — L. i, out ;
migr&re, to wander ; see Migrate.
Eminent, excellent. (L.) L.Jminenf',
stem of pres. pt. of imin^e, to project,
excel. -L.^, out ; *minire, to project ; for
which cf. im-minentypro-miftent.
Emir, a commander. (Arab.) Arab.
amir, a nobleman, prince. — Arab, root
amara, he commanded. Der. admir-ai.
Emit, to send forth. (L.) L. SmitierCy
to send forth; pp. Smissus.^h, <?, out;
mittere, to send. Der. emission^ emiss-
ary, from the pp.
163
EMMET
ENCHANT
Emmetf an ant. (£.) M. £. emetCy
amote. A. S. amette, or amette, an ant.+
G. ameise, O. H. G. dmeiza^ or ameiza^ an
ant. Doublet, CMt,
Emiiidw; seeBnew.
Emollientf softening. (F.— L.) M.F.
emollient. ^\^. emollient'^ stemof pres. pt.
of emollire, to soften. — L. <?, out, very ;
molltre^ to soften, from mollis ^ soft.
Emolument, gain. (F.-L.) O. F.
emolument. '^h. emolumentum^ what is
gained by labour.— L.^/«J/frf, to work out,
accomplish. — L. e, out, greatly ; moliri^ to
work, from moles^ heap, also effort. % So
usually explained; but the short vowels
in -mdlH- suggest a derivation from imd-
lere, to grind thoroughly.
EmOuOn. (L.) Coined from L. imdtus,
pp. of emouire^ to move away or much. —
L. e, out, much ; mouire^ to move.
Emperor, a ruler. (F.— L.) O. F.
empereor.^\j. imper&torem^ ace. of im-
perator, a ruler.— L. imperare^ to rule.—
L. im- (for i«-), upon, oytr \ pardre^ to
make ready, order. Der. empr-ess.
Emphasis, stress of voice. (L. — Gk.)
L. emphasis. — Gk. HfupafftSy a declaration,
emphasis ; orig. appearance. — Gk. kfi(pai-
vofMiy I appear. — Gk. I/*- (li'), in;
tpalvofjuUf I appear, whence ^darn^ an
appearance ; see Phase. Der. emphatic,
from Gk. ifi<paTiK6s, significant.
Empire. (F.— L.) F, empire. '^L.im-
perium, command. —L. im- (in-)^ upon,
over ; pardre, to make ready, order.
Empiric, a quack doctor. (F.— L.—
Gk.) M. F. empirique, — L. empiricus. —
Gk. ifiir€ipiK6Sf experienced ; also one of
a certain set of physicians. — Gk. kfi-^^h,
in; vftpa (— ♦irepia), a trial, experience,
allied to v6pos, a way, and to £. Fare.
Brugm. i. § 293.
Employ. (F. — L.) M. F. employer, to
employ. — L. implicdre, to implicate (in
Late L., to use for, employ). — L. im- (for
in-), in ; plic&re, to fold ; see ImpUoate,
Imply.
Emporium, a mart. (L. — Gk.) L.
emporium. — Gk. ifjivSpiov^ a mart ; neut. of
kfiw6pios, commercial. — Gk. ifivopia, com-
merce, ifiwopos, a traveller, merchant.—
Gk. f:i- = Iv, in ; vSpos^ a way ; see Fare.
Emprise, enterprise. (F.— L.) M. E.
emprise. — O. F. emprise ; orig. fem. of
empris, pp. of O. F. emprendre, to take in
hand.— L. im- {in-), in; prehendere, to
take. See Comprehend.
Empty, void. (E.) HL.'E. evipti, A.S.
amtig, (enutig, lit. full of leisure. — A. S.
(imta, femetta, leisure, older form imoia
(Epin. Glos. 680). Perhaps ametta is for
*i£mdtjon^ from 5-, prefix, privative, and
mdt, a meeting for business.
Empyrean, Empyreal, pertaining
to elemental fire. (L. — Gk.) Adjectives
coined from L. empyree-tis, Gk. *kfiirvp-
aioSj extended from ifi-vvpos, exposed to
fire. — Gk. kfi- = |y, in ; vvp, fire ; see Fire.
Emn, Emeu, a bird. (Port.) Port.
ema, an ostrich.
Emulate. (L.) From pp. of L.
(Bmuldrt, to try to equal.— L. (smulus,
striving to equal.
Emulsion, a milk-like mixture. (F. —
L.) M. F. emulsion ; formed from L.
Smuls-us, pp. of emulgere, to milk out. —
L. /, out ; mulgere, to milk ; see Milk.
En-, prefix, (F. - L. ) F. en- . - L. in- ,
in ; sometimes used with a causal force, as
en-case, en-chain, &c. See Em-.
Enact. (F.-L.) In Shak.-F. en,
in (L. in) ; and Act. Lit. ' to put in act.'
Enamel, vb. (F.-O. H. G.) M. E.
enamaile, sb., enamelen, vb. — A. F. ena-
meller, enamailler, vb. — F. en (L. in), on ;
amaile, for O. F. esmail, enamel ( ^ Ital.
smalto), from O. Low G. smalt (Lubben).
See Smalt.
Enamour. (F.-L.) O.Y . enamorer,
to inflame with love. — F. en amour, in
love; where F. en is from L. in, in, and
amour from L. ace. amorem, love.
Encamp. (F.— L.) Coined from en-
(F. en, L. in) and camp ; hence * to
form into a camp.* See Camp.
Encase. (F.— L.) Cf. F. encaisser,
* to put into a case ; * Cot. — F. en, in (L.
in) ; and M. F. caisse, casse, a case ; see
Oase (2).
Encaustic, relating to designs burnt
in. (F.— L. — Gk.) F. encaustique.^L.
encausticus. — Gk. i'yKav<rrtK65, relating to
burning in. — Gk. iv, in ; Koloa, I bum.
See Oalm.
Enceinte, pregnant. (F. — L.) F. en-
ceinte. — Late L. incincta, ungirt, said of a
pregnant woman, fem. of pp. of cingere,
to gird, with neg. prefix in-. ^ Isidore
explains Late ll incincta as meaning
* ungirt* ; so also Ital. incinta (Florio).
Enchant. (F.— L.) Y . enchanter, io
charm. — L. incantdre, to repeat a chant. —
L. in-, upon; and cantdre, to sing; see
Cant (I '.
64
ENCHASE
ENEW
Enchase. (F< —I^-) M. F. enchasser,
* to enchace or set in gold ; * Cot. Hence
to emboss. — F. ettf in (L. in) ; and chasse
(F. chdsse^, the same as casse, a case ; see
Case (2).
Encircle. (F.— L.) From En- and
Circle.
Encline. (F. — L.) M. E. endinen. -
O.F. en€lin€r.m,'L. tncitndre; see Incline.
Enclitic. (Ok.) Gk. iyxKiriKSs, en-
cUning, dependent ; used of a word which
Means* its accent upon another. — Gk.
iyxXivdVy to lean upon, encline. —Gk. iv,
on; HXlvdv, to lean; see Lean (i).
Enclose. (F.— L.) From En- and
Close (i), Cf. A.F. endos, pp. of en-
dorriy to shut in.
Encomium, commendation. (L. — Gk.)
Latinised from Gk. iyH&juov, neut. of
iytc&fiios, laudatory, full of revelry. — Gk.
€v, in ; leSffios, revelry.
Encore, again. (F.— L.) F. gttcore
(^= Ital. ancora), still, again. — L. Aanc
horam^ for in hanc horam^ to this hour ;
see Hour. ^ Somewhat disputed.
Encounter, vb. (F. - L.) o. F. en-
contrerf to meet in combat — F. en, in;
contre, against. — L. in, in ; contra^ against.
EncOUrMe. (F. - L.) F. encourager\
from F. en (E. in) and courage ; see Cou-
rage.
EncrinitCy the ' stone lily ' ; a fossil.
(Gk.) Coined from Gk. kv, in ; Kpivov, a
lily ; with suffix -irrjs.
Encroach. (F.-L. a;/^Tent.) Lit.
to hook away, catch in a hook. — O.F.
encrochier, to seize upon. — F. en, in ; croc^
a hook ; cf. F. accrocher, to hook up.— L.
/«, in; and M. 'Dvi.krokei Icel. krokr, &c.;
see Crook.
Encumber. (F.—L. ?) O.F. encom-
brer, to block up (a way). — Late L. in-
combrdre, to obstruct. — L. in-, in; and
Late L. cotnbrus, an obstacle. See Cum-
ber.
Encyclical, circular, said of a letter
sent round (ecclesiastical). From Gk.
*^7icv#fA«-os, circular (said of a letter) ; with
suffix -^-fl/. — Gk. Iv, in ; kvkKo-^, a circle.
encyclopaedia. (L.-Gk.) Latinised
from (a coined) Gk. *€yKVK\oiraiB€ia, for
iynvKkios ircuScm, circular (or complete)
instruction; from iyx^HKios (above), and
vcuHtla, instruction.
End, sb. (£.) M.£. ende. A.S. ende,
sb.+Du. eindet Icel. ettdir, Sw. dnde, Dan.
ende^ Goth, andeis, G. ende, Teut. type
*and'joz. Cf. O. Irish ind, Skt. anfa-,
end, limit. % Hence the prefixes ante;
anti', an- in answer.
Endeavour, to attempt. (F. - L.)
Coined from the M. E. sb. dever, devoir ^
duty, with F. prefix en- (= L. in).
Compare the old phrase * to do his dever *
= to do his duty (Ch. C. T. 2598) ; see
Devoir.
Endemic, peculiar to a district. (Gk.)
Gk. tvh-qix-os, belonging to a people.—
Gk. kv, in ; S^/ios, a people ; see Demo-
cracy.
Endive, a plant. (F.—L.) F. endive
(Ital. endivia).^'La.t type *iniibea, adj.;
from L. intibus, intubus, endive.
Endogen, a plant that grows from
within. (F. — Gk;) F. endogine (1813).
From Gk. tvZo-v, within; ytv-f base of
yiyvofjLcu, I am bom, allied to y4vos, race.
Endorse. (F.—L.) Yormtrly endosse,
0. F. endosser, to put on the back of. — F.
en, on ; dos, the back, from L. dorsum, the
back (whence the spelling with rs).
Endow. (F.—L.) A.F. endower.
From F. en- and doner, ^Y.. in-, in, and
dotare, to give a dowry, from ddt-^ stem
of dos, a dowry ; cf. dare, to give.
Endne (i), to endow. (F.-L.) An-
other spelling oi endow, XV cent.— O. F.
endoer (later endouer), to endow (Burguy).
— L. in, in; and dotare, to endow; see
above. % Confused both with O.F. en-
duire, to introduce (from L. indiicere\
and with Endue (2) below.
Endue (2), to clothe. (L.) A corrup-
tion of indue ; as in ' endue thy ministers
with righteousness.* — L. induere, to
clothe. See Indue (2) ; and see above.
Endure. (F. — L.) M. £. enduren,wm
F. endurer, — F. en (L. in) ; and durer
(L. durSre), to last. See Dure.
Enemy. (F. — L.) M. £. enemi. —
O.F. enemi. ^h. inimtcus, unfriendly.—
L. in, not ; amicus, friendly, from L.
amdre, to love.
Energy. (F.— L.-Gk.) O.Y.energie,
— Late L. energia,^ Gk. ivipytia, vigour,
action. — Gk. kv€py6s, at work, — Gk. kv,
in ; ipyov, work ; see Work.
Enervate. (L.) From pp. of L.
enerudre, to deprive of nerve or strength.
— L. e, out of; neruus, a nerve; see
Nerve.
Enew. (F.—L.) Misspelt emmew in
Shak. ; read eneiv, to drive into the water.
— F. en, in; A.F. ewe (F. eau), water.
i«6
ENFEOFF
ENSIGN
from L. aqua, Cf. O. F. enewer^ to soak
in water (.Godefroy).
Enfeoff, to endue with a fief. (F. — L.
and O. H. G.) The spelling is Norman
F. ; formed from F. en (L. in), in ; and
fief, a fief. See Fief.
JBnfilade, a straight line -or passage.
(F. — L.) F. enfilade, a long string (of
things). — F. enfiler, to thread. — F. en-
(L. in),\n\Jil, a thread, from \„ filum,
a thread. See Pile (i).
Engage. (F.-L.) O. F. engager, to
bind by a pledge. — F. en (L. in), in;
gage, a pledge; see Gaere. Der. dis-
engage.
Engender, to breed. (F.— L.) M. £.
engendren. ^ 0,¥ , engendrer.^h. ingen-
erare, to produce. — L. in, in; getterare,
to breed, from gener- (for *genes-), stem
of genus, a race, See G-eniu.
Engine. (F.-L.) O. F. engin, a
tool. — L. ingenium, natural capacity, also,
an invention. — L. in, in; geni-, as in
genius ; see Genius.
English, belonging to the Angles. (£.)
A. S. Englisc, ^ngtisc. — A. S. Engl-e,
Mngl-e, pi., the Angles ; with suffix -wr,
-ish. Cf. A. S. Angel'cynn, Angle kin
{gens Anglorum).
Engrailedf indented with curved lines;
in heraldry. (F.— L. fl«flf Teut.) O.F.
efigresle, pp. of engresler, to engrail (indent
as with hailstones). — O. F. en, in; gresle
(F. griU), hail. — L. i«, in ; and (plerhaps)
G,gries, grit. See Grail (3).
Engznin, Ingrain, to dye of a fast
colour. (F. — L.) M. E. engreynen^ to
dye in grain, i.e. of a fast colour. Coined
from F. en (L. in) ; and O. F. graine,
* the seed of herbs, also grain, wherewith
cloth is died in grain, scarlet die, scarlet
in graine ; * Cot. From Late L. grdna,
the cochineal * berry * or insect ; a fern. sb.
formed from the pi. {grand) oigrdnum, a
grain.
Engrave. (F. atul £.) From En-
and Grave (i) ; imitating O. F. engraver
(from L. in and O. H. G. graban, Low G.
graven, cognate with E. grave).
Engross, to write in large letters, to
occupy wholly. (F. — L.) The former
(legal) sense is the older. A. F. engrosser.
From F, en grosse,\, e. in large characters.
— L. in, in ; Late L. grossa, large writing,
from L. grossus, thick.
Enhance, to raise, exalt, increase.
(F. — I ..) A. F. enhauncer, a form of O. F.
enhaucer, enhaucier, to lift (Ital. inttal-
eare),'^lj. in; and Late L. aliidre, to
lift, from alius, high.
Enigma. (L. — Gk.) L. anigtna. —
Gk. aiviyfjui (stem cuviy/MT-)^ a riddle,
dark saying. — Gk. alvlaaoiiat, I speak in
riddles. — Gk. dlvos, a tale, story. Der.
enigtnat'ic (from the stem).
EaJoin, to bid. (F.-L.) O.F. en-
joindre (i p. pres. enjoin-s), — L. iniun-
gere, to bid, ordain, orig. to join into.—
L. in, in ; iungere, to join. See Join.
Exyoy, to joy in. (F.— L.) M. E. en-
ioien ( = enjoy eti) ; A. F. enioier. — F. en
(L. j«); O.F. ioie, Y,joie\ see Joy.
Enlighten, vb. (E. ; with F. pre-
fix ^^ Coined with F. prefix en- (L. ?«),
from lighten, vb. ; see Lighten.
Enlist, to enter on a list. (F. — G. ;
with F. — L. prefix) Coined by prefixing
F. en (L. in) to Ijist (2).
Enmity. (F.— L.) M. £. enmite.^
A. F. enemite ; O. F. enamistie{t). — O. F.
en- (L. in-), neg. prefix; and amistie{t)^
amity; see Amity.
Ennui. (F.— L.) Mod. F. ennui, an-
noyance ; O. F. anoi. See Annoy.
Enormons, great beyond measure.
(F. — L.) Formed from enomt (obsolete) ;
with suffix -ous. — M. F. enorme, liuge. — L.
enormiSj out of rule, huge. — L. /, out of;
norma, rule. See Normal.
Enough. (£.) M. £. inoh, enogh ;
'^. inohe, enoghe. A,S. genoh, genog, pi.
gendge, sufficient ; allied to A.S. geneah,
it suffices. -f-Icel. gnogr, Dan. nok, Swed.
nog, Du. genoeg, G. genug, Goth, ganohs.
The ge- is a prefix. Cf. L. nancisci, to
obtain (pp. nac-tus) ; Skt. na^, to attain.
Enquire. (F. — L.) M. E. enqueren\
altered from enqiiere to enquire, and later to
inquire, under the influence of the L. form.
— O. F. enquerre ,enquerir, ^1^. inquirere,
to search into. — L. in, in; qucerere, to
seek. Der. enquiry, often turned into
inquiry; enquest (now inquest), from
O. F. enqueste, L. inqutstta {res), a thing
enquired into.
Ensample. (F. — L.) M.'E, ensample,
— A. F. ensample, corrupt form oiessample,
exemple. — L. exemplum^ a sample, pattern.
— L. eximere, to select a sample.— L. ex^
out ; emere, to take. Der. sample.
Ensign. (F. - L.) O. F. ensigne,
more correctly enseigne, *a sign, en-
signe, standard;' Cot. —Late L. insignia^
pi. of L. insigne,2i standard. — L. insignis^
166
EPITHET
ERMINE
$CL\afuov, bridal song. — Gk. Jn-t, upon,
for ; &dkafios, bride-chamber.
Epithet. (L.— Gk.) la, epitheion.^
Gk. imBfroVy an epithet; neut, of kviOtTos,
attributed. -• Gk. M^ besides ; 0€'t6s,
placed, from 0*-, weak grade of rlOrjfu, I
place.
Epitome. (L. — Gk.) L. epitomS.^
Gk. imrofifif a surface-incision, also an
abridgment. — Gk. kvl, upon ; riiwuv, to
cut.
Epodl. (L. — Gk. ) Late L. epocka, —
Gk. lirox4» a stop, pause, fixed date. « Gk.
Irr- (lirQ, upon; ix^*^t ^o hold, check.
(VSEGH.) Brugm. i. § 602.
Epode. (F. - L. - Gk.) O. F. epode. -
L. epddos.^Gk, irr^h6i, an epode, some-
thing sung after. — Gk. lv-<, upon, after;
dciSctv, to sing.
Equal. (L*) L. cequdlis, equal. —L.
€equtis, just, exact.
eqnanimity, evenness of mind. (L.)
From L. aquanimtfas, the same. — L.
aquanimis, of even temper, kind. ■- L.
aqU'Us, eoual ; animus, mind.
eqnfttlOIly a statement of equality.
(L.) L. ace. cBqudtionem, an equalising ;
from pp. of aqudre, to make equal. ■■L.
aquusy equal. So also equator<X'* aqua-
tor,
equilibrium, even balancing. (L.)
L. (Equilibrium. ■■ L. aquiltbris, evenly
balanced, i- L. aqui-, for aquus, even ;
/idra, a balance ; see Iiibrate.
eqninOZ. ( F. — L.) F. ^quinoxe. — L.
aquinociium^ time of equal day and night.
—L. aqui'y for aquus \ nocti-, decl. stem
of noXf a ni£ht ; see Night.
eqnipolienty equally potent. (F. — L. )
O. l*. equipolent.'^'L, aquipoHent-, stem of
aquipotlens, of equal power. —L. aqui-y for
aquus : pollensy pres. pt. of pollirey to be
strong.
equity. (F.-L.) O.F. equiti.'^l.,
aquttdtemy ace. of aquiiasy equity. — L.
aquus y equal.
eqniralent. (F.-L.) M.F. equi-
valent.'^L. aquiualent-y stem of pres. pt.
of aquiuaUre, to be of equal force.— L.
aqui'y for aquus ; uaUrey to be worth ; see
Value.
eqiliTOOaL (L.) Formed from L.
aqutuoc-uSy of doubtful sense. — L. aqui-,
aquus \ uoC'y stem of uocdre, to call;
see Voice. Der. equivoc-ate, to speak
doubtfully. % So also equi-angulary equi-
multipUt &c.
Eqiierry« an officer who has charge of
horses and stables. (F.-O.H. G.) Pro-
perly equerry means a stable, and mod. E.
equerry stands for squire of the equerry, —
F. 4curiey O. F. escurie, a stable ; Low L.
scuriuy a stable. — O. H. G. skiiray skiura
(G. sckeuer), a shelter, stable; allied to
O. H. G. skt2ry a shelter. Brugm. i. § 109.
(VSKEU.) f Altered to equerry by
confusion vrith equusy a horse.
Equestrian ; see Equine.
EquUibrium; see Equal.
Equine. (L.) L. egumusy relating to
horses. — L. equus, a horse. 4- Gk. tmtos,
(Ukos) ; Skt. Ofva ; Pers. asp ; O. Irish ecA ;
A. S. eoA. Brugm. 1. § 116.
equestrian. (L.) Formed from L.
equestri-y stem of equestery belonging
to horsemen.— L. equesy a horseman.— L.
equuSy a horse.
Equinox ; see Equal.
Equip, to furnish, fit out. (F.-Scand.)
M. F. equipery O. North F. esquiper, to
fit out ; A. F. eskipper. — Icel. skipay to set
in order, perhaps allied to skipy a ship.
Der. equip-agey -ment.
Equipollent, Equity ; see Equal.
Equivalent, Equivocal ; see
Equal.
Era. (L.) L. ara, an era, fixed date.
From a particular sense of aray counters
(for calculation), pi. of as, brass, money.
Eradicate. (L.) From pp. of L.
erddicdre, to root out.— L. e, out; rddi-
cdrey to root, from rddic-y stem of rddiXy
root. See Badiz.
Erase. (L.) L. erasusy pp. of erddere,
to scratch out. — L. /, out ; rddere^ to
scrape.
Ere, before. (E.) M. £. er. A, S.
ary soon, before ; adv. prep, and conj.4-
Du. eer, O. H. G. er, G. eher; Goth.
airisy sooner, comp. of air, Icel. dr, adv.,
early, soon. ^ The two last are positive,
not comparative, forms. Cf. Gk. fpi,
early.
early, soon. (£.) M. E. erly. A. S.
ariice, adv. ; from *SrltCy adj., not used. —
A. S. ar, soon ; /£:, like.
erst, soonest. (E.) M. E. erst, A. S.
Sresty superlative of 5r, soon.
Erect, adj. (L.) L. Irectusy upright ;
pp. oi irigerey to set up straight.— L. /,
out, up ; regere, to make straight, rule.
Ermine, a beast. (F. — O. H. G.)
M. E. ermine. — O. F. ermine (F. her-
mine).'^0. H. G. hanniHy ermine-fur (G.
169
^3
ENVY
on the way. — L. in niam, on the way.
Cf. Ital. inviare^ to send.
Envy, sb. (F.—L.) M.E. enuie (^«-
»/V;. — 0. F. eftvie.'-'h. inuidiay envy; see
Invidious.
Epact. (F. - Late L. - Gk.) O. F.
(and F.) epacte, an addition, the epact
(a terra in astronomy). -i Late L. epacta.^
Gk. lira/iTTiJ (for \itaxr6% ^yikpii)^ late fern,
of lira«Toy, added. — Gk. k-aar^uv^ to bring
in, add. — Gk. Ijt-, for Im, to ; and a'/eii',
to lead, bring. (^AG.)
Epaulet, a shoulder-knot. (F.— L.—
Gk.) F. ipaulette\ dimin. from ipaule
(O. F. espaule), a shoulder. — Late L.
spatula, shoulder-blade ; L. spatula, a
broad blade ; see Spatula.
Epergae, an ornamental stand for the
centre of a table. (F.— L. ««</G.) F.
ipergne^ commonly spelt ipargne^ lit.
thriftiness, sparingness. So called from
the method of ornamentation; the F. taille
(T^pargne is applied to a sort of ornamen-
tation in which certain parts are cut away
and filled in with enamel, leaving the design
in reliefs i. e. spared or left uncut. See
Littre, and Cotgrave (s. v. espargne), — F.
4pargner\ O. F. espargner, espergner^ to
spare. — O. H. G. sparon^ G. sparen^ to
spare ; see Spare.
Ephah, a Hebrew measure. (Heb.—
^gyp^*) Heb. ephah ^ a measure ; of
Egyptian origin ; cf. Coptic opi^ measure.
Ephemera, sing. ; orig. pi. , flies that
live for a day. (Gk.) XVII cent. - Gk.
€(p^fjt€pa, neut pi. of €«prifA€pos, lasting for
a day. — Gk. l0- = lir(^ for; 'fiiiipa, a day.
Der. ephemer-al^ adj.; ephemer-is (Gk.
fiprjfjifpiSj a diary).
Ephod, part of the priest's habit.
(Heb.) Heb. iphod, a vestment. — Heb.
aphadj to put on.
Itfi-, prefix. (Gk.) Gk. Iirt, upon, to,
besides; spelt eph- in eph-emeral^ ep- in
ep'isode, ep-och^ ep-ode.
Epic, narrative. (L. — Gk.) \a, epicus.
— Gk. €ir(/foy, narrative. — Gk. ttro^^ word,
narrative, song ; see Voice.
Epicene, of common gender. (L.—
Gk.) L. epicanus.'^QV. imtcoivosy com-
mon. — Gk. kniy among ; Hoivds^ common.
Epicure, a follower of Epicurus. (L.
— Gk.) L. JSpicHrus.^Gk.'EmKovpoSj a
proper name ; lit. * assistant.'
Epicycle, a small circle, with its
centre on the circumference of a larger one.
(L. — Gk.) L. epicyclus, mm Ok. iniKVKXos.
EPITHALAMIUM
— Gk. Iirt, upon; «iJ/rXos, a circle; see
Cycle.
Epidemic, affecting a people. (L.-
Gk.) Formed from L. epidemiis, epi-
demic—Gk. IviSijfjioSf among the people,
general. — Gk. ivi, among ; S^fios, people.
See Endemic.
Epidermis, cuticle.^ (L. — Gk.) L.
epidermis, ^Gk. hmhfp^ls, upper skin. —
Gk. hiri, upon ; Bipfi-a, skin. See Derm.
Epiglottis, the cartilage forming a
lid over the glottis. (Gk.) Gk. kmyXuTris.
— Gk. knl, upon ; ykwTris, glottis ; see
Glottis.
Epigram, a short and pithy poem or
saying. (F.— L.-Gk.) F. /pigramme.
— L. epigramtna. ^Gk. kviypafifia, an
inscription, epigram. — Gk. kmypatpeiv, to
inscribe. — Gk. ivl, upon; ypdj>tiv, to
write. See Orammar.
E]pilepsy. (F. - L. - Gk.) M. F. epi-
lepste, 'the tailing sickness;' Cot.— L. epi'
Upsia, m^Gk, im\tj\f/la, km\rf\f/ts, a seizure.
— Gk. km\afi0av€iyf to seize upon. — Gk.
M, on ; Xaft0dv€iv, to seize. Der. epi-
leptic (Gk. kniXrjvTiKds).
Epilogue. (F. -L. - Gk.) F. ^pt'logue.
— L. epilogus, mm Gk. hikoyos, a concluding
speech. —Gk. ini, upon; \6yos, a speech.
Epiphany, Twelfth Day. (F.- L.-
Gk.) O. F. epiphanie. -^h. epiphania.'^
Gk. Iiri^di'm, manifestation ; orig. neut.
pi. of (iri^i'io;, manifest, but used as
equivalent to liri(/>av(ca, sb. — Gk. jm^cu-
vtiVy to shew forth —Gk. Iir/, to, forth;
<palvfiv, to shew. See Phantom.
Episcopal. (F. - L. - Gk.) O. F.
episcopal. '^h. episcopalis, belonging to a
bishop. — L. episcopHSy a bishop. —Gk. k-ni-
(jKovos, an over-seer, bishop. — Gk. Irtl,
upon; <r*07r<5j, one that watches. See
Scope.
Episode, a story introduced into an-
other. (Gk.) Gk. iirua6hiov^ orig. neut.
oi kvHaihioSf coming in besides. — Gk. ktr-
{kirf)y besides; etVoStor, coming in, from
«Zs, in, 6h6sy a way.
Epistle, a letter. (F. - L. - Gk.)
O. F. epistle, also epistre.^'L, epistola^
Gk. kmarokii^ message, letter. — Gk. cirt-
arkKK^iV, to send to. — Gk. kni, to ; <7T€A.-
Kuv, to equip, send.
Epitaph. (F.-L.-Gk.) Y.ipitaphe.
^\u. epitaphium.'^Gk. kirirdipios, upon a
tomb. — Gk. kni, on; rd(f)OSf a tomb.
Epi tK ftl ftini n Vlt , a marriage - song.
(L. — Gk.) L. epithalamium. '^Gk. kvi-
i68
EPITHET
ERMINE
$a\afuoVf bridal song. '^ Gk. c^t, upon,
for ; 0d\a/ios, bride-chamber.
Epithet. (L. — Gk.) L. epitheton. ^
Gk. imOfTov, an epithet; neut. of kni$€Tos,
attributed. -■ Gk. Mf besides; Oe-rSs,
placed, from Oe-, weak grade of rlOrjfu, I
place.
Epitome. (L.-Gk.) L. epHomi.^
Gk. imrofifi, a surface-incision, also an
abridgment. « Gk. ivi, upon ; rifu/tiVj to
cut.
Epocli. (L. — Gk.) lAie lu. epocAa,^
Gk. inox^f a stop, pause, fixed date. — Gk.
Iw- (l»0» upon; ix^iv, to hold, check.
(ySEGH.) Bmgm. i. § 602.
Epode. (F. - L. - Gk.) O. F. epode. -
L. epochs. ^Gk. €V(pS6s, an epode, some-
thing sung after. — Gk. Iir-t, upon, after;
dfideiVy to sing.
Equal. (L.) L. aqudliSf equal. ^-L.
aquus, just, exact.
equanimity, evenness of mind. (L.)
From L. lEquanimitas, the same. — L.
aquanimis, of even temper, kind. — L.
aqU'USi eaual ; animus y mind.
equation, a statement of equality.
(L.) L. ace. aquationem, an equalising ;
from pp. of aqudre, to make equal. i»L.
aquuSj equal. So also equator<,h. aqua-
tor,
eqnilibrilim, even balancing. (L.)
L. (Equilibrium. — L. aquilibriSi evenly
balanced. — L. isqui-y for isquus, even ;
lidra, a balance ; see Librate.
eqninoz. ( F. — L.) F . ^quinoxe, — L.
iequinociium, time of equal day and night.
— L. aqui-, for aquus ; nocti-, decl. stem
of ncXf a night ; see Night.
equipollent, equally potent. (F. — L. )
O. }f. equipolent.'^lj, (Equipollent'^ stem of
aquipoilens, of equal power. — L. aqui-, for
aquus : pollens^ pres. pt. of pollire, to be
strong.
e^nity. (F.-L.) O.F. equity, ^l.,
aquUdtemy ace. of aquitas, equity. — L.
aquus y equal.
equivalent. (F.-L.) M.F. equi-
vaUnt.^h. aquiualent-y stem of pres. pt.
of aquiualere, to be of equal force. —L.
aqui-, for aquus ; ualire^ to be worth ; see
Value.
equivocaL (LO Formed from L.
aqutuoC'USy of doubtful sense. — L. aqui-,
aquus \ uoc-f stem of uocdre, to call;
see Voice. Der. equivoc-ate, to speak
doubtfully. % So also equi-angular, equi-
mulliplg, &G.
Equerry I an officer who has charge of
horses and stables. (F. — O. H. G.) Pro-
perly equerry means a stable, and mod. E.
equerry stands for squire of the equerry. —
P\ icurie, O. F. escurie, a stable ; Low L.
scHria, a stable. — O. H. G. skara, skiura
(G. scheuer\ a shelter, stable; allied to
O. H. G. skUry a shelter. Brugm. i. § 109.
(VSKEU.) f Altered to eqturry by
confusion with equus, a horse.
Equestrian; seeSquine.
Equilibrium; see Equal.
Equine. (L.) L. equinus, relating to
horses. i-L. equus, a horse. 4- Gk. tinroy,
{iKKos) ; Skt. ofva ; Pers. asp ; O. Irish ecA ;
A. S. eok. Brugm. i. § 116.
equestrian. (L.) Formed from L.
equestri-y stem of equestery belonging
to horsemen.— L. eques, a horseman. —L.
equusy a horse.
Equinox ; see Equal.
Equip, to furnish, fit out. (F.— Scand.)
M. F. equipery O. North F. esquipery to
fit out ; A. F. eskipper. — Icel. skipay to set
in order, perhaps allied to skipy a ship.
Der. eouip-age, -ment.
Equipollent, Equity ; see Equal.
Equivalent, Equivocal ; see
Equal.
Era. (L.) L. aray an era, fixed date.
From a particular sense of aray counters
(for calculation), pi. of as, brass, money.
Eradicate. (L.) From pp. of L.
eradtcdrey to root out. — L. /, out; rddt-
cdrey to root, from rddic-y stem of rdtdiXy
root. See Badix.
Erase. (L.) L. erasusy pp. of erdderey
to scratdi out. »L. /, out ; radere^ to
scrape.
Ere, before. (£.) M. £. tr. A. S.
ary soon, before ; adv. prep, and conj.-f-
Du. eery O. H. G. /r, G. eher\ Goth.
airisy sooner, comp. of air, Icel. dr, adv.,
early, soon. % Tne two last are positive,
not comparative, forms. Cf. Gk. ^pi,
early.
early, soon. (£.) M. £. erly. A. S.
arlice^ adv. ; from *arltCy adj., not used. —
A. S. ar, soon ; lie, like.
erst, soonest. (£.) M. £. erst, A. S.
arest, superlative of or, soon.
Erect, adj. (L.) L. erectusy upright ;
pp. of erigerey to set up straight. — L. /,
out, up ; regere, to make straight, rule.
Ermine, a beast. (F. — O. H. G.)
M. £. ermine, — O. F. ermine (F. her-
wi»«).— O. H. G. hartnin, ermine-fur (G.
169
ti3
ERODE
kermelin), — O. H. G. harmOf an ermine.
4- A . S. hearma ; Lithuan . szarm&j a weasel .
fl'But Hatzfeld supports the derivation from
Armenius ptiis, an Armenian mouse ; cf.
Ponticus mus^ supposed to be an ermine.
Erode. (F. — L.) F. ^oder.^'L. ero-
dere, to eat away. — L. e, out ; roJere, to
gnaw. Dsr. eros-ion (from pp. eros-us).
Erotic. (Gk.) Gk. kpojTiKdSf relating
to love. — Gk. ipojTi-, crude form of I/mus,
love ; allied to ipaiiai, I love.
Err, to stray. (F. — L.) M. E. erren, —
O. F. errer. — L, errare, to wander (for
*ers-dre).'^G. irren, to stray, Goth, atrz-
jan, to make to stray. Brugm. i. § 878.
erratuXO., an error. (L.) L. erra-
tum ^ neut. of pp. of errdre, to make a
mistake. •
erroneous, faulty. (L.) Put for L.
errone-uSf wandering; with sufhx -ous.^
L. errare (above).
error. (F. — L.) M. E. errour. —
O. F. errour, ^'L, errdrem^ ace. of error ,
a mistake. — L. errare (above).
EmV>^d. (E.) M. E. erende, A. S.
^rende, a message, business. +0. Sax.
drundi, O. H. G. drunti, a message ; cf.
IceL eyrendi, orendi^ Swed. drende^ Dan.
cerende. Usually connected with A. S. dr^
Icel. drr, Goth, airus^ a messenger; which
is hardly possible.
Errant, wandering. (F. -L.) ¥. er-
rant ^ pres. pt. of O. F. errer, eirer, to
wander. — Late L. iterdre, to travel. — L.
iter^ a journey. ^T I^ sometimes repre-
sents the pres. pt. of errare, to wander.
Doublet J arrant.
Erratum, Erroneons, Error ;
see Err.
Erst ; see Ere.
Erubescent. (L.) L. irubescent-,
stem of pres. pt. of erubescere, to grow red.
— L. ?, out, much; rubeschre^ to grow red,
inceptive form of rubere, to be red. See
Red.
Eructate. (L.) From pp. of L. Sruc-
tdre, to belch out. — L. e, out; ructdre,
to belch ; allied to e-riigere, to belch ; cf.
Gk. kptvytaOai. Brugm. i. § 221.
Erudite, learned. (L.) L. erudttus,
pp. of Srudtre^ to free from rudeness, to
teach. — L. e, from; rudis, rude.
Eruption. (L.) From L. eruptionem,
ace. of iruptiOy a breaking out. — L. eruptus,
pp. of erutnpere, to break out. — L. ?, out;
rumpere, to break. See Bupture.
Erysipelas, a redness on the skin.
ESCUTCHEON, SCUTCHEON
(L, — Gk.) L. erysipelas. — Gk. IpvaitrfKas,
redness on the skin. — Gk. kpvai-, allied to
ipvO-p6s, red; iriAAa, skin. Cf. ^pvalfirj,
red blight on corn.
Escalade, a scaling of walls. (F.—
Span. — L.) F. escalade. — Span, escalado,
escalada, a scaling ; from escalar, to scale.
— Span, escala, a ladder. — L. scdla, a
ladder ; see Scale (3). Cf. Ital. scalata,
an escalade ; Florio also has ' Scalada,
an escalado/ from Spanish.
Escape. (F.— L.) M. £. escapen.'^
O. North F. escaper (F. ^chopper) ^io escape,
lit. to slip out of one's cape; F'icslt^ &(jper.
— L. ex cappdj out of one's cape; see
Oape (i).
Escarpment. (F.— Ital.— Teut.) F.
escarpement. Formed from F. escarpe, a
scarp ; with suffix -ment (L. omentum) ;
see Soarp.
Escheat. (F. ~ L.) M. £. eschete
(also chete)j a forfeit to the lord of the fee.
— O. F. eschete, rent, that which falls to
one, orig. fem. pp. of escheoir (F. ^choir),
— Late L. excculere, to fall to one's share.
— L. ex, out ; and cadere, to fall. Hence
checU.
Eschew, to shun. (F. — O. H. G.)
M. E. eschewen. — O. F. eschiver, eschever,
to shun. — O. H. G. sciuhan, to frighten,
also to fear. — O. H. G. *scioh, M. H. G.
schiech, shy, timid. See Shy.
Escort, a guide, guard. (F. — Ital. - L.)
O. F. escorte,^\\.iiX, scoria^ a guide; fem.
of pp. of scorgere, to see, perceive, guide
(orig. to set right). - L. ex, entirely;
corrigere, to correct ; see Correct.
Escrow, a deed delivered on condition.
(F. — Teut.) A. F. escrouwe, M. E. scroue^
scrowe ; the orig. word of which scro-ll is
the diminutive. — O. F. escroe, a slip of
parchment. — M. Du. schroode, a shred, slip
of paper (Kilian) ; cf. O. H. G. scrot, a
shred. See Shred and Scroll.
Escuage, a pecuniary satisfaction in
lieu of feudal service. (F. — L.) O. F.
escuage < Late L. scutdgium. Formed
with suffix -age from O. F. escu, a shield ;
because escuage was first paid in lieu of
service in the field. —L. scutum, a shield.
Esculent, eatable. (L.) 'L.esculentus,
fit for eating. —L. esca, food. For *ed-sca,
— L. edere, to eat. Brugm. i. § 753.
Escutcheon, Scuteheon, a painted
shield. (F. — L.) Formerly escochon ;
XV cent.; A. F. escuchon,^0. North F.
escuchon, O. F. escusson, the same ; answer-
170
ESOPHAGUS
ETHNIC
ing to a Late L. ace. *scutidnemj extended
from L. scutum, a shield.
Esophagus, gullet. (L.-Gk.) Late
L. (esophagus. — Gk. oltro^yoSf the gullet,
lit. conveyer of food. — Gk. olao- (of doubt-
ful origin) ; ^07-, base of <^7€rv, to eat.
Esoteric. (Gk.) Gk. kawrtpiK6sy
inner; hence, secret. »Gk. I<7(£rrc^$, inner,
comp. of 1(701, adv., within; from ir=c{s,
into, prep. Opposed to exoteric.
Espalier^ frame-work for training trees.
(F. - Ital. - L. - Gk.) M.F. espallur\
Cot. — Ital. spalliera^ back of a chair, sup-
port, espalier. » Ital. spalla, shoulder. —L.
spatula ; see Epaulet.
Especial. (F.-L.) O. F. especial.^
L. specialisy belong to a special kind. — L.
species, a kind. Doublet, special.
Espionage; see Espy.
Esplanade, a level space. (F.— Ital.
— L.) M. F. esplanade y *a planing, level-
ling, evenning of ways ; * Cot. Formed
from O. F. esplaner, to level; the suffix
being due to an imitation of Ital. spianata,
an esplanade, a levelled way ; from spia-
fiare, to level.— L. expldndref to level.—
L. ex, out; pl&ndre, to level, from planus,
flat. See Plain.
Espouse. (F.— L.) O. F. espouser, to
espouse, wed.— L. sponsdre, to betroth.-
L. sponsus, pp. of spondire, to promise.
See Spouse, Sponsor.
Espy, to spy, see. (F. — O. H. G.) M. E.
espyen.^O, F. espier.^O, H. G. spehon
{{jr. spd/ien), to spy ; see Species. Der.
espi-on-age, F. espionnage, from M. F.
espiofty a spy, borrowed from Ital. spione,
a spy, from O. H, G. spekdn, to spy.
ZiSqilire, a shield-bearer. (F. — L.)
M. E. sguyer.'mO.Y. escuyer, escuier, a
squire. —Late L. scUtdrius, a shield-bearer.
— L. scUt'um, a shield, cover (F. icu^.
(ySKEU.) Brugm. i. § 109. Doublet,
sauire.
Essay, Assay, an attempt, trial.
(F. — L. ) O. F. essai^ a trial. — L. exagium,
a trial of weight ; cf. e.vdtnen, a weighing,
a swarm. — L. ex, out; ag-ere, to drive,
impel, move. (V'AG.)
Essence, a quality, being. (F.-L.)
F. essence — L. essentia, a being. — L. *es-
sent-y fictitious stem of pres. pt. of esse,
to be. Der. essenti-al ; and see efttity.
Essoin, an excuse for not appearing in
court. (F. — L. a«r/Teut.) O.Y. essdne,
M. F. exaine, * an essoine, or excuse ; ' Cot.
— O. F. essoniery to excuse (Godefroy).—
17
O. F. eS' (L. ex\ awAy ; and Low L.
sunnia, O. H. G. sunne (for *snfuijdy
Braune, xiv. 9), lawful excuse. Cf. Goth.
sunjon sik^ to excuse oneself, ga-sunjon,
to justify, from sunja, truth ; Skt. satja-,
true. Brugm. i. § 287.
Establish. (F.-L.) M. E. establis-
sen.^O. F. establiss-, base of pres. pt. of
establir, to establish. — L. stabiltre^ to
establish.— L. stoHlis, firm; see Stable
(2).
Estate. (F.-L.) O.F. estat.^la.
statum, ace. of status, state ; see State.
Esteem, to value. (F.-L.) O.F.
estimer.^h. astimdre, O. L. astumdre, to
value. Allied to Goth, aistan, to regard.
Brugm. ii. § 692.
estimate. (L.) From pp. of L. asti-
mdre, to value (above).
Estop, to bar. (F. — L.) The same as
Stop.
Estovers, supplies of various neces-
saries. (F. — L.) A. F. estovers, M. E.
stovers, \A. oi stover; see Stover.
Estrange, to make strange. (F. — L.)
O.F. estranger, to make strange. —O. F.
estrange, strange. — L. extrdneum, ace. of
extrdneus, foreign, on the outside. — L.
extrd, without ; see Extra.
Estreat, a true copy, in law. (F.— L.)
Lit. * extract.' A. F. estrete, fem. of pp.
of estraire, to extract. — L. extracta, fem.
of pp. of extrahere ; see Extract.
Estnary, mouth of a tidal river. (L.)
L. astudrti4m, the same. — L. astudre, to
surge, foam as the tide. — L. astus, heat,
surge, tide. Allied to Ether.
Etch, to engrave with acids. (Du. — G.)
Du. etsen, to etch. — G. dtzen, to corrode,
etch ; orig. * to make to eat ; ' causal of
G. essen, to eat. See Eat.
Eternal. (F.— L.) M. E. etcrnel.^
O.F etentel.^'L, atemdlis, eternal. —L.
atemuSj lit. lasting for an age; for aui-
temus. — L. aui-, for auum, an age. See
Age.
Ether, pure upper air. (L. — Gk.)
L. other. ^Gk. cd0rjp, upper air; from
its brightness. — Gk. aiBtiv, to glow.
(-^AIDH.) Brugm. i. § 202.
Ethic, relating to morals. (L. — Gk.)
L. Jthicus, moral. —Gk. ^6ik6s, moral.—
Gk. ^0os, custom, moral nature ; cf. c0o9,
manner, custom. 4- Skt. svadhd-, self-will,
strength, from sva, self, dhd, to place ; cf.
Goth, sidus, G. sitte, custom.
Ethnic, relating to a nation. (L. ^ Gk.)
ETIOLATE
EVENT
L. ethnicus.^Qik. k$viic6s^ national. — Gk.
€9vos a nation.
Etiolate, to blanch plants. (F.— L.)
F. 4tioler ; with suffix -«/^. From a
dialectal form answering to iiteuler^ to
grow into haulm or stalk, like etiolated
plants.— F. iteulCy O. F. esieule, a stalk.
— Late L. stupula^ for L. stipula^ straw.
See Stubble.
XStiq[uettey ceremony. (F. — G.) F.
itiqtutte^ a label, ticket, also a form of
introduction ; cf. M. F. etiqtut (O. F.
estiquet), *a little note, such as is stuck
up on the gate of a court/ &c.; Cot —
G. stecken, to stick, put, set, fix ; causal
of G. stecken, to stick, pierce. See Stick
(i). Doublet, ticket.
Etymon, the true source of a word.
(L. — Gk.) L. etymon, — Gk. trvfiov ; neut.
of €Tv/tos, real, true.
etymology. (F.-L.-Gk.) F,etv-
ifiologie.'^L.. etymoiogia,'^Gk. mfxo\oyiaj
etymology. — Gk. Itv/io-s, true ; -\oyia,
account, from Xc7cty, to speak.
Eu-y prefix, well. (Gk.) Gk, €5, well ;
neut. of €vs, good. Cf. Skt. vasu, wealth.
Eucalyptus, a genus of trees, includ-
ing the blue gum-tree. (Gk.) Latinised
from Gk. €u, well ; xaXwrSsy covered,
surrounded. The reference is to the hood
protecting the stamens.
Encluuristy the Lord's Supper, lit.
thanksgiving. (L. — Gk.) L, eucharistia,
— Gk. €vxap«7Tia, a giving of thanks.—
Gk. cS, well ; xapi^onaiy 1 show favour,
from x°-9^^i favour. Cf. Yearn.
Eulogy, praise. (L. — Gk.) From L.
eulogium, — Gk. €uXo7ta, praise, lit. good
speaking; with suffix suggested by L.
ilogium, an inscription. — Gk. cS, well;
A^76ti/, to speak.
Etmucll, one who is castrated. (L.—
Gk.) L. eunuchus. — Gk. cui'oCxos, a
chamberlain ; one who had charge of
sleeping apartments. — Gk. cvn;, a couch ;
€X€ii', to keep, have in charge.
EnpliemisiII, a softened expression.
(Gk.) Gk. €v<prjfiiafi6sj the same as cu-
^fda. the use of words of good omen. —
Gk. €0 well ; <l>rjtii, I speak. ( -/BHA.)
Euphony. (Gk.) Gk. €v<lxuvia^ a
pleasmg sound. — Gk. ^wpwvosy sweet-
voiced. _— Gk. cS, well; ^vij, voice.
(VBHA.)
Euphrasy, the plant eye-bright. (Gk.)
Supposed to be beneficial to the eyes ; lit.
^ delight.' — Gk. ^vfppaaia^ delight'. — Gk.
€wf>paiv€iVy to delight, cheer ; cf. ^wppwv,
cheerful. Allied to Gk. cS, well; ^pev-,
stem of f^ptjVy midriff, heart, mind.
Euphuism, affectation in speaking.
(Gk.) So named from a book Euphues,
by J. Lyly (1579). — Gk. €v<f>vrii^ well-
grown, excellent. — Gk. «5, well ; ^tn;,
growth, from ipvoiuu^ I grow. (-^BHEU.)
EurodydoUp a tempestuous wind.
(Gk.) Gk. (vpoickvdojv^ supposed to mean
' a storm from the east.' — Gk. c9po-s, S. £.
wind; KKvdav^ surge, from kKv^uv, to
surge, dash as waves. ^ Only in Acts
xxvii. 14; where some read tvpaKv\<uVf
i. e. Eur-aqm/o; from L. .£»r-Mj,£. wind,
and Aouilo, N. wind.
Eutnanasia, easy death. (Gk.) Gk.
€v0ayaaiaj easy death; cf. tvOdvaroSy dying
well. — Gk. €?, well ; Oavftv^ to die.
Evacuate. (L.) From pp. of L.
euacudre^ to empty.— L. ^, out; uacuus,
empty.
EvadOy to shun. (F.— L.) F. &vader.
— L. iuddere (pp. iudsus), to escape. —L.
/, away ; uddUre, to go. Der. evas-ion
(from the pp.).
Evanescent. (L.) From stem of
pres. pt. of L. eudnescere, to vanish away.
— L. /, away ; udnescere^ to vanish, from
udnuSy emptjr, vain.
Evangelist, writer of a gospel. (F. -
L. — Gk.) O. F. evangeliste. — L. euangei-
ista.m,Gk, €va77€Xi<TTiJs. — Gk. €vo77€A/-
(ofjim, I bring good news. — Gk. cS, well ;
d77€Aia, tidings, from dyj^Xos, a mes-
senger ; see Angel.
Evaporate. (L.) From pp. of L.
iuapordrcj to pass off in vapour. — L. e^
out ; uapor, vapour.
Evasion ; see Evade.
Eve, Even, the latter part of the day.
(E.) Eve is short for even, (For evening^
see below.) M. E. eue, euen, A. S. S/en,
efen.'^O. Sax. dtand^ Du. avond, G. abend.
Of doubtful origin. Der. even-tide^ A. S.
&fentid, Brugm. i. § 980.
evening, even. (E.) M.E. euening,
A. S. &fnung ; formed from St/nian^ to
grow towards evening, with suffix 'Ung\
from Sbfen^ even (above).
Even, level. (E.) ^.Yj. euen {even),
A. S. efen^ ^.4"Du. «'^«,Icel./a/w, Dan.
jcEvn^ Swed.yflW«, Goth, ibns^ G. eben.
Event, result. (L.) L. euentus, euen-
tum^ sb. — L. euentusy pp. of euentre^ to
come out, result.— L. ^, out; uenire^ to
come, allied to Come.
I -
172
EVER
% (E.) M. E. euer (ever), A. S.
afre,tytv. Related to A.S. 5, Goth, aiw,
ever. Der. ever-lasting^ ever-more,
every, each one. (E.) M. E. eturi^
euerich. — A. S. afre^ ever ; and alc^ each.
Ever-y = ever-each ; see Each.
everywhere. (E.) M. E. eueri-
hwar. — A. S. afrey ever ; gekw^, where.
The word really stands for ever-ywhere^
i. e. ever- where ; j/- is a prefix {=ge-).
Evict. (L.) From L. euict-uSf pp. of
guincere^ to evmce; also, to expel. See
Evince.
Evident. (F. — L.) O. F. evident.^
L. etiident'y stem of euidens^ visible, pres.
pt. of euidere^ to see clearly. —L. /, out,
clearly ; uidere, to see.
Evil. (E.) M. E. euel. A. S. yfel, adj.
and sb.+Du. euvel^ G. iibelj Goth, ubils.
Tent, type *ubiloz, Prob. allied to over
(G. uber)y as meaning 'excessive.*
Evince. (L-) L* euincere, to conquer,
to prove beyond doubt. —L. tf, out, ex-
tremely ; uincere, to conquer.
Eviscerate, to gut. (L.) From pp.
of L. euiscerdre^ to gut. — L. ^, out ;
uiscera, entrails.
Evoke. (F.— L.) F. 4voquer, -L. Euo-
cdre^ to call forth. —L. ^, forth; uocdre^ to
call. See Vocal.
Evolve. (L.) ,L. iuoluere^ to unroll,
disclose. — L. /, out ; uoluere, to roll. Der.
evolut-ion^ from pp. euolutus.
Ewe. (E.) M. E. ewe, A. S. ewe^
Laws of Ine, 55 ; eowu^ a female sheep. 4-
Dn. ooiy Icel. or, M. H. G. ouwe ; Lithuan.
oz'M', a sheep^ Russ. ovtsa^ L. ^//f>, Gk. 6iSy
O. Irish ^J ; Skt. avi-, a sheep. Cf. Goth.
awi'Str, a sheep-fold.
Ewer. (F.— L.) M. E. «ef^f. — A. F.
rtc/^r, *eweire ; spelt ««;^r, Royal Wills,
pp. 24, 27. — L. aquarium, a vessel for
water ; cf. A. F. ezve, water; mod. F. eau.
— L. aqua^ water.
Ex-, E-, prefix, (L.) L. ex, /, out. +
Gk. ki€t i^. out; Russ. fV, Lith. isz.
EKacerbate, to embitter. (L.) From
pp. of exacerbare, to irritate. — L. eXj very;
acerbuSy bitter ; see Acerbity.
Exact (0} precise. (L.) From L. ex-
actus, pp. of exigere, to drive out, weigh
out. -"L. ex, out; and agere^ to drive.
exact (2) , to demand. (F. — L.) From
M. F. exacter; Cot. (obsolete). — Late L.
exae/dre.'^L, ex, out; and a^tus, pp. of
a^ere (above).
(L.) From pp. of L.
EXCHEQUER
exaggerdre, to heap up, amplify.— L. ex,
very ; ags^r, a heap, from ag- = ad, to ;
gerere, to bring.
Exalt. (F. - L.) F. exalter. - L. exal-
tare, to lift out, exalt. — L. ex, out ; aitus^
high.
Examine, to test. (F.-L.) F. ex-
aminer. mm\_„ exdmindre, to weigh care-
fully. — L. exdmin-, stem of exdmen, the
tongue of a balance, for *exdgmen ; cf.
exigere, to weigh out.— L. ex, out ; agere,
to drive, move. Brugm. i. § 768.
Example. (F. — L.) O.Y, example \
F. exemple,^\u, exemplum, a sample.— L.
exim-ere, to take out ; with suffix -luvt ;
for the inserted p cf. the pp. exem-p-tus, —
L. ex, out ; emere, to take, procure.
Exasperate, to provoke. (L.) From
the pp. of exasperdre^ to roughen,' provoke.
— L. ex, very ; asper, rough.
Excavation. (F.-L.) F. excava-
tion,^\.. ace. excaudtionem, a hollowing
out. — L. excaudtus, pp. of excaudre, to
hollow out. — L. ex, out; caudre, to hol-
low, from cauus, hollow.
Exceed. (F.— L.) O.Y,exceder.^'L,
excedere^ lit. to go out, — L, ex^ out ;
cedere, to go.
Excel, to surpass. (F. — L.) O. F. ex^
celler, — L. excellere, to rise up, surpass.
— L. ex, out ; *cellere, to rise, only in
comp. ante-, ex-fpra-cellere, and in cel-sus,
high, orig. 'raised.* Cf. Lithuan. k^lti,
to raise ; see Hill. Brugm. i. § 633.
Except, to exclude. (F.— L.) ¥» ex-
ceptery to except ; Cot. — L. exceptdre,
frequent, of excipere, to take out. — L. ex,
out; capere, to take. Der. except, prep. ;
except-ion.
Excerpt, a selected passage. (L.) L.
excerptum, an extract ; neut. of pp. of
excerpere, to select- L. ex, out; carpere,
to cull. See Harvest.
Excess. (F.— L.) O. F. exces,^\..
ace. excessum, lit. a going out or beyond.
— L. excess-y as in excessus, pp. of excc'
dere\ see Exceed.
Exchange. (F.— L.) 0,¥.esckange,
sb. ; eschangier, vb., to exchange. —O.F.
es- (< L. ex) ; and O. F. change, sb.,
changier, to change. See Change.
Exclieq,ner, a court of revenue. (F. —
Pers.) M. E. eschekere,^0. F. eschequier,
a chess-board; hence, a checkered cloth
on which accounts were reckoned by means
of counters (Low L. scaccdrium),^0, F.
eschec, check ; see Check.
173
ERODE
hemielin), — O. H. G. karmoy an ermine.
•^A.S.hearma; Lithuan.jazrwS, a weasel.
^But Hatzfeld supports the derivation from
Armenius muSf an Armenian mouse ; cf.
Ponticus mils^ supposed to be an ermine.
ZSrode. (F. — L.) F. iroder.^'L. ero-
dere, to eat away. — L. ^, out ; rddere^ to
gnaw. Der. eros-ion (from pp. iros-us).
XSrotic. (Gk.) Gk. l/wTt'cos, relating
to love. — Gk. kpojTi'f crude form of l/wwy,
love ; allied to ipapLox, I love.
ZSrr, to stray. (F. — L.) M. E. erren, —
O. F. errer.'^'L. errdre, to wander (for
*ers-are).^G. irren, to stray, Goth, airz-
jatit to make to stray. Brugm. i. § 878.
erratnxu, an error. (L.) L. errd,-
tum^ neut. of" pp. of errare^ to make a
mistake.
erroneous, faulty. (L.) Put for L.
errone-us, wandering ; with suffix -ous. —
L. errdre (above).
error. (F. — L.) M. E. errour, —
O. F. tfrr(^«r.— L. errdrem, ace. of erroTy
a mistake. —L. errdre (above). .
Erri^d. (E.) M. E. erende, A. S.
drende, a message, business. ^O. Sax.
drundi, O. H. G. dntntii a message ; cf.
Icel. eyrendiy orendi, Swed. drende, Dan.
oerende. Usually connected with A. S. dr,
Icel. drry Goth, airus^ a messenger; which
is hardly possible.
Errant, wandering. (F. — L.) F. ^r-
ranty pres. pt. of O. F. errer^ eirer, to
wander. — Late L. iterdre^ to travel. — L.
iter^ a journey. ^ It sometimes repre-
sents the pres. pt. of errdre^ to wander.
Doublet, arrant.
Erratum, Erroneous, Error ;
see Err.
Erst ; see Ere.
Erubescent. (L.) L. erubescent-,
stem of pres. pt. of erubescere, to grow red.
— L. ^, out, much; rubeschre, to grow red,
inceptive form of rubere^ to be red. See
Red.
Eructate. (L.) From pp. of L. iruc-
tdre, to belch out. — L. e, out; ructdre^
to belch ; allied to e-rugere, to belch ; cf.
Gk. kpevy€a0ai. Brugm. i. § 221.
Erudite, learned. (L.) L. eruditus,
pp. of erudtre^ to free from rudeness, to
teach. — L. e, from; rudis, rude.
Eruption. (L.) From L. Sruptidnem,
ace. of eruptio, a breaking out. — L. eruptus,
pp. of erumpere, to break out.— L. S, out;
rumpere, to break. See Bupture.
Erysipelas, a redness on the skin.
ESCUTCHEON, SCUTCHEON
(L. — Gk.) L. erysipelas. — Gk. hpyaintXas^
redness on the skin. — Gk. ipv<rt-y allied to
4pv$-p6sj red; iriXKa, skin. Cf. ipvaifirj,
red blight on corn.
Escalade, a scaling of walls. (F.—
Span. — L.) F. escalade. — Span, escalado,
escalada, a scaling ; from escalar, to scale.
— Span, escala^ a ladder. — L. scdla^ a
ladder ; see Scale (3). Cf. Ital. scalata^
an escalade ; Florio also has ' Scalada,
an escalado/ from Spanish.
Escape. (F.—L.) M. £. escapen.^
O. 'i^orthY.escaper (F. Mapper) ^io escape,
lit. to slip out of one's cape; Picard Reaper,
— L. ex cappd^ out of one's cape; see
Cape (i).
Escarpment. (F.-Ital.-Teut.) F.
escarpement. Formed from F. escarpe, a
scarp ; with suffix -ment (L. 'inentitni) ;
see Scarp.
Escheat. (F. — L.) M. E. eschele
(also chete\ a forfeit to the lord of the fee.
— O. F. eschete, rent, that which falls to
one, orig. fem. pp. of escheoir (F. ichoir).
— Late L. excadere, to fall to one's share.
— L. eXy out; and cadere, to fall. Hence
cheat.
Eschew, to shun. (F. — O. H. G.)
M. E. eschewen. — O. F. esckiver, eschever,
to shun. — O. H. G. sciuhan, to frighten,
also to fear.- O. H. G. *scioh, M. H. G.
schiechf shy, timid. See Shy.
Escort, a guide, guard. (F. — Ital. - L.)
O.F. escarte.^lXsX, scoria, a guide; fem.
of pp. of scorgere^ to see, perceive, guide
(orig. to set right). - L. ex, entirely ;
corrigere, to correct ; see Correct.
Escrow, a deed delivered on condition.
(F. — Teut.) A. F. escrouwe, M. E. scroue,
scrowe ; the orig. word of which scro-ll is
the diminutive. — O. F. escroe, a slip of
parchment. — M. Du. schroode, a shred, slip
of paper (Kilian) ; cf. O. H. G. scrot, a
shred. See Shred and Scroll.
Escuage, a pecuniary satisfaction in
lieu of feudal service. (F. — L.) O.F.
escuage < Late L. scutdgium. Formed
with suffix -age from O. F. escu, a shield ;
because escuage was first paid in lieu of
service in the field. —L. scutum, a shield.
Esculent, eatable. (L.) L. esculentus,
fit for eating. — L. isca, food. For *ed-sca,
— L. edere, to eat. Brugm. i. § 753.
Escutcheon, Scuteheon, a painted
shield. (F. — L.) Formerly escochon ;
XV cent.; A. F. escuchon.^0. North ¥.
escuchon, O. F. escusson, the same; answer-
170
ESOPHAGUS
ETHNIC
ing to a Late L. ace. *scutidnemj extended
from L. scutum, a shield.
EsopliagllS, gullet. (L.-Gk.) Late
L. asophagus, — Gk. oXtjo^foiy the gullet,
lit. conveyer of food. — Gk. oXao- (of doubt-
ful origin) : ^07-, base of ^7crK, to eat.
Esoteric. (Gk.) Gk. iffwrtpinSs,
inner ; hence, secret, -i Gk. ka^rtpos, inner,
comp. of iffo), adv., -within; from Is=c2s,
into, prep. Opposed to exoteric.
Espalier, frame-work for training trees.
(F. - Ital. - L. - Gk.) M.F. e5pallier\
Cot. — Ital. spallieray back of a chair, sup-
port, espalier. »Ital. spalla, shoulder. »L.
spatula ; see Epaulet.
Especial. (F.-L.) O. F. especial,^
L. specialist belong to a special kind.— L.
species, a kind. Doublet, special,
Espionaffe ; see Espy.
Esplanade, a level space. (F.— Ital.
— L.) M. F. esplanade J *a planing, level-
ling, evenning of ways ; ' Cot. Formed
from O. F. esplaner, to level; the suffix
being due to an imitation of Ital. spianata,
an esplanade, a levelled way ; from spia-
nare, to level. —L. expl&ndre^ to level.—
L. ex^ out; pldndre, to level, from planus,
flat. See Plain.
Espouse. (F.— L.) O. F. espouser, to
espouse, wed.— L. sponsdre^ to betroth.—
L. sponsus, pp. of spondire, to promise.
See Spouse, Sponsor.
Espy,tospy,see. (F.-O.H.G.) M. E.
espyen.^Q,Y, espieK^O. H. G. spelion
(G. spdhen), to spy ; see Species. Der.
espv-on-age, F. espionnage, from M. F.
espiatt, a spy, borrowed from ItaL spione,
a spy, from O. H. G. spehon, to spy.
ASqnire, a shield-bearer. (F. — L.)
M. E. squyer, — O. F. escuyer, escuier, a
squire. —Late L. scUt&rius, a shield-bearer.
— L. scut'um, a shield, cover (F. dcu).
(VSKEU.) Brugm. i. § 109. Doublet,
stiuire.
Essav, Assay, an attempt, trial.
(F. — L.y O. F. essai^ a trial. — L. exagium,
a trial of weight ; cf. exdvun^ a weighing,
a swarm.- L. ex, out; ag-ere, to drive,
impel, move. (y'AG.)
Essence, a quality, being. (F.-L.)
F. essetue — L. essentia^ a being. — L. *es'
sent', fictitious stem of pres. pt. of esse,
to be. Der. essenti-al ; and see etttity.
Essoin, an excuse for not appearing in
court. (F.-L. a«//Teut.) 0,¥, essoine,
M. F. exoine, * an essoine, or excuse ; ' Cot.
— O. F. essonier^ to excuse (Godefioy).—
O. F. es- (L. ex), away ; and Low L.
sunnia, O. H. G. sunne (for *sufuljd,
Braune, xiv. 9), lawful excuse. Cf. Goth.
sunjon sik^ to excuse oneself, ga-sunjon,
to justify, from sunja, truth; Skt. satja-,
true. Brugm. i. § 287.
Establish. (F.-L.) M. £. establis-
sen.^0. F. estadliss-, base of pres. pt. of
establir, to establish. — L. stabilire, to
establish.— L. stabilis, firm; see Stable
Estate. (F.-L.) O.F. estate \.,
statum, ace. of status, state ; see State.
Esteem, to value. (F.-L.) O.F.
estimer.^V,. astimdre, O. L. astumdre, to
value. Allied to Goth, aistan, to regard.
Brugm. ii. § 692.
estimate. (L.) From pp. of L. cesti-
mare, to value (above).
Estop, to bar. (F. — L.) The same as
Stop.
Estovers, supplies of various neces-
saries. (F. — L.) A. F. estovers, M. E.
stovers, \i\. oi stover; see Stover.
Estrange, to make strange. (F.-L.)
O.F. estranger, to make strange. — O. F.
estrange^ strange.- L. extrdneum^ ace. of
extrdneus, foreign, on the outside. — L.
extrd, without ; see Extra.
Estreat, a true copy, in law. (F.— L.)
Lit. * extract.' A. F. estrete^ fem. of pp.
of estraire, to extract. — L. extrcuta, fem.
of pp. of extrahere ; see Extract.
Estuary, mouth of a tidal river. (L.)
L. astudrtum, the same. — L. astudre, to
surge, foam as the tide. — L. astus, heat,
surge, tide. Allied to Ether.
Etcll, to engrave with acids. (Du. — G.)
Du. etsen, to etch. — G. dtzen, to corrode,
etch; orig. *to make to eat;' causal of
G. essen, to eat. See Eat.
Eternal. (F.— L.) M. £. etcmel.^
O.F etemcl^l^, atemdlis, eternal. —L.
atemuSy lit. lasting for an age; for aui-
temus. — L. aui-, for auum, an age. See
Age.
Ether, pure upper air. (L. — Gk.)
L. cether.'^Gk, cdSrjp, upper air; from
its brightness. — Gk. aWttv, to glow.
(VAIDH.) Brugm. i. § 202.
Ethic, relating to morals. (L. — Gk.)
L. ethicus, moral. —Gk. i}0(«<$s, moral.—
Gk. ^Ow, custom, moral nature ; cf. lOos^
manner, custom. Hh Skt. svadhd-, self-will,
strength, from sva, self, dhd, to place ; cf.
Goth, sidus, G. sitte^ custom.
Ethnic, relating to a nation. (L. — Gk.)
171
EXPIATE
make fiiU trial of.^L. ex, thoroughly;
and *perirtf an obs. vb. of which the pp.
perltus is common. See Feiil.
Expiate. (L.) From pp. of L. ex-
pire, to atone for fully. — L. ex^ fully;
piarCy to propitiate, from plus, devout.
Expire. (F.-L.) O.F. expirer.^l..
expirdrcy txspirare^ to breathe out, die. —
L. eXt out ; sptrare, to breathe.
Explain. (F.— L.) M. F. explaner,
Cot. — L. expldndre, to make plain. — L. ex^
thoroughly ; pldndre, to make plain, lit. to
flatten, from pldnus^ flat. See Plain.
Expletive. (L.) L. expletluus, filling
up. — L. explitus, pp. of explere, to fill
up. — L. ex, fully ; pilre, to fill. See
Plenary.
Explicate, to explain. (L.) From
pp. of L. explicdre^ to unfold, explain.—
L. ex^ out ; plic&re^ to fold.
explicit. (1^0 L* explicituSy old pp.
oi explic&re^ to unfold, make plain (above).
Cf. F. explicite.
ExplodCi to drive away noisily, burst.
(F. — L.) M. F. exploder, *to explode,
publicly to disgrace or drive out ; * Cot. —
L. explsdere (pp. expUfsus), to drive off
the stage by noise (the old sense in £.).
— L. eXy away; plddere, plaudere^ to
clap hands. Ber. explos-ive, -ion, from
the pp.
Exploit. (F.-L.) M.E. esploif, suc-
cess, Cjower, C. A. ii. 258. — O. F. esploit^
revenue, profit ; later, an exploit, act. — L.
explicitum, a thing settled, ended, or dis-
played ; neut. of explicitus\ see explioit.
Cf. Late L. explicta, revenue.
Explore. (F.— L.) F. explorer, ^^1^,
expldrdre, to search out, lit. to make to flow
out. — L. ex^ out ; plorare^ to make to flow.
Cf. de-plore, im-plore* Brugm. i. $ 154.
Exponent. (L.) L. exponent-, stem
of pres. pt. of expdnere, to expound, indi-
cate. — L. ex, out ; pdnere, to put.
Export. (L.) L. export&re, to carry
away. — L. ex, away ; portdre^ to carry.
Expose. (F.-L. a»^ Gk.) 0.¥, ex-
poser, to lay out. — O. F. ex- (L. ex), out ;
'P^oser, to place, lay. See Pose (i).
Exposition. (F.-L.) F. exposition,
— L. ace. expositidnem.^h, exposUus, pp.
of expdnere y to set forth, expound. See
Expound.
Expostnlate. (L.) From pp. of \.
expostuldre, to demand earnestly.— L. ^j:,
fully ; postuldre, to ask.
Expound. (L.) The d is excrescent.
EXTINGUISH
but was suggested by the form of the O. F.
infinitive. M. E. expounen, — O. F. es-
pondre, to explain. — L. expdnere, to set
forth, explain. — L. ex, out; pdnere, to
put. See Exposition.
Express, adj., exactly stated. (F. — L.)
O.F. expres.'^L. expressus, distinct; pp.
of exprimere, to press out. — L. ex^ out;
premere, to press ; see Press.
Expulsion; see Expel.
Expnnge. (L.) L. expungere, to
prick out, blot out. [In MSS., expunction-
of a word is denoted by dots under »/.] — L.
ex, out; pungere, to prick. Der. ex-
punct-ion, from the pp. expunctus.
Expurgate. (L.) Prom pp. of L.
expurgdre, to purify thoroughly. — L. ex,
thoroughly ; purgdre, to purge, purify ; see
Purge.
Exquisite, sought out, excellent. (L.)
L. exqutsitus, pp. of exquirere, to seek
out. — L. eXy out ; quarere, to seek.
Exsequies; see Exequies.
Extanty existing. (L.) Late L. ex-
tant-, stem of extans, for exstans, pres. pt.
of exstdre, to stand forth, exist. — L. ex,
out ; stdre, to stand.
Extasy ; see Ecstasy.
Extempore. (L.) From L. ex tem-
pore, at the moment. — L. ^:ir, from, out of;
tempore, abl. oitempus, time.
Extend. (L.) M. £. extenden.^la,
extendere, to stretch out; j^p. extentus,
extensus.'^'L. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch.
Der. extens-ion, -ive (from the pp.).
extent. (F.— L.) O. F. extente,
commonly estente, extent. — Late L. ex-
tenta^ fem. of extentus, pp. of extendere
(above).
Extenuate. (L.) Frompp.ofL. ^jr-
tenudre, to thin, reduce, palliate.- L. ex,
out, very ; tenu-is, thin. See Thin.
Exterior, outward. (F.— L.) For-
merly exteriour, — M. F. exterieur. — L. ex-
teridrem, ace. of exterior, outward, com-
parative of exterus or exter, outward. — L.
ex, out ; with compar. suffix -tero-.
Exterminate. (L.) From pp. of L.
extermindre, to put or drive beyond
bounds.— L. ex, out; terminus, hovxAm,
External, outward. (L.) From L.
extem-us, outward, extended form from
exterus, outward. See Exterior.
Extinguish. (L.) Coined, with suffix
-ishfiiom. L. extinguere,\ittitt exstinguere
(pp. extinctus, exstinctus), to quench.—
L. ex, out ; *stinguere, to prick, also to
76
EXTIRPATE
FABRIC
quench. "Der. extinct (from ^i^.extitjcius).
Cf. Distinguish.
Extirpate. (L.) From pp. of L. ex-
tirp&re^ to root out, better spelt exsitrp-
drCy to pluck up by the stem. — L. eXy out ;
stirp-s, stirp-es^ the stem of a tree.
Extol. (L.) L. extollere, to lift or
raise up. — L. ex, out, up ; tollere, to lift.
Extort. (L.) L. extort-us, pp. of ex-
torqtiSrey to twist out, wring out. — L. ex,^
out ; torquere, to twist.
Extra. (L.) L. extrdy beyond, beyond
what is necessary ; O. L. extrad, allied to
L. exter ; see Szterior.
extraneous. (L.) L. extrane-us,
external, with suffix -ous ; extended from
extra (above). Cf. Strange.
Extract, vb. (L.) L. extrcut-us, pp.
of extraherey to draw out. — L. exy out;
trahere, to draw.
Extraordinary. (L.) lu.extrd'crdi-
ndrius, beyond what is ordinary, rare. — L.
extra, beyond ; ordindrius, ordinary. See
Ordinary.
Extravagant. (F.-L.) F. ^jf/ra-
vagant.^ljgXQ L. extrdvagant-, stem of
extrdvagans, extravagant, lit. wandering
beyond. — L. extrdy beyond; uagans, pres.
pt. of uagdrt, to wander.
ExtravasatOf to force (blood) out of
its (proper) vessel. (L.) Coined from
exfrdt beyond ; udSf a vessel ; with suffix
'Ote.
Extreme. (F. — L.) 0,F, extreme. -^
L. extremuSf superl. of exterus, outward ;
see Exterior.
Extricate. (L.) From pp. of L. ex-
trlcdre, to disentangle. — L. eXy out of;
tric(By impediments, perplexities.
ExtrinsiCy external. (F.— L.) It should
rather be extrinsec^O, F. extrinseque,
outward. —Late L. ace extrinsecum, auj. ;
allied to L. extrinsecusy adv., from without.
— L. extrin { = *extrim)y adverbial form
from exter^ outward ; and secus, beside;
so that extrin-secus^oa the outside; cf.
interim. Secus is allied to secundum,
according to, from sequty to follow; see
Sequenoe.
Extmde. (L.) L. extmderey to
thrust out. — L. eXy out ; trudere, to
thrust. Cf. Intrude.
Exuberant. (L.) From stem of pres.
pt. of L. exUberdrCy to be fruitful or
luxuriant. — L. ex, very ; and Oberdre, to be
fruitful, from uber, fertile, allied to Hbery
an udder, fertility ; see Udder.
Exnde. (L.) From L. exaddre, better
exsUddrCy to sweat out, distil. — L. ex, out ;
suddrcy to sweat. See Sweat.
ExiQt, to leap for joy. (F.-L.) F.
exuiter.^h, exultdre, better ^pelt exsul-
tdrCy to leap up, exult. — L. exsulius, pp.
of exsilere, to leap out — L. ex^ out ; satire,
to leap. See Salient.
ExnviSB, cast skins of animals. (L.)
L. exuuia, things stripped off. — L. exuere,
•to strip off. Cf. induuice, clothes.
EyaiS, a nestling. i^F.-L.) Yox nias',
by substituting an eyas for a nias.^F,
niais, a nestling ; Cot. He also gives
niard, yfhGnci&faulcon niard, * a nias faul-
con.' Cp. Ital. nidiace, or nidaso falcone,
* an eyase-hawk, a young hawk taien out
of her nest; * Torriano. Formed as if from
Late L. *ntddcem, ace. of *nTdax, adj.
from L. nidus, a nest. See Nest.
Eye. (E.) M.E. eye, eighe; pi. eyes,
eyen (whence eyne), O. Merc, ege-, A. S.
eage, pi. eagan.'\'T>Vi. oog, Icel. auga, Dan.
die, Swed. oga, Goth, augo, G. auge.
Perhaps allied to Russ. oko, L. oculus
(dimin. of *ocus) ; Gk. ocae (dual) ; Lith.
akis, Skt. akshi. Brugm. i. § 68 1. Der.
dais-y, q. v. ; window, q. v.
Eyelet-hole. (F.-L.; and E.)
Eyelet is for M. E. oilet, from M. F.
oeillet, *■ a little eye, an oilet hole,* Cot. ;
dimin. of O. F. oeil, from L. oculum, ace.
q{ oculus, eye.
Eyotf a little island. (E.) Also spelt
ait, eyet, eyght. Late A. S. yget (Kemble,
Cod. Dipl. V. 17, I. 30); for A.S. tgo6,
tgeod, a dimin. from ig, teg, an island ; see
Island.
Eyre, a circuit. (F.— L.) "M.E, eire,
circuit, esp. of a judge. — O. F. eire,
journey, way. — O. F. etrery to journey,
wander about. — Late L. iterdrCy to journey
(for L. itinerdre) ; from L. iter, a journey.
See Errant.
P a nest ; see Aery.
P.
Fable, a story. (F. - L.) F. fable. -
la.filbttla, a narrative. — L._/S-ri, to speak,
tell. See Fate.
Fabric. (F. — L.) Y. fabrique.^lj,
fabrica, workshop, fabric. — L. fabri', for
faber, a workman. From L. base ^fab-,
to be skilful ; cf. Lith. dab-inii, I adorn,
77
FApADE
clean ; Goth, ga-dab-ithy it is 6t ; Rnss.
dod-ruiij good. See Deft. Der. fabric-
ate J from pp. of 'L./abricdrt, to construct ;
ixomfabrica (above). Brugm. i. § 563.
Fa9aide, face of a building. (F.— Ital.
— L.) M. ¥. facade (Cot.). — IXsX.facciatay
face of a building. — Ital.y^fw, face.—
Folk-L. y^iVi, for \j,faciS5 (below).
face. (F. - L.) F. face. - Folk-L.
fcu:iay for l^.faciis, the face, appearance.
Facetions. (F.-L.) F. facitieux
(Cot.). — M. Y.facetief * witty mirth,' id. —
L. faceiia^ wit ; common in pi. — L. face-
tuSy witty, courteous ; orig. * fine.'
Facile, easy to do. (F. — L.) F.
facile. — \j.facilisy i. e. do-able. '»'L,facerey
to do. Der. facility ; faculty,
fac-sixnile. (L.) For fac similcy
make thou like. — L.^or, imp. s. oi facerey
to make ; simiUy neut. of similisy like ;
see Similar. <^f We also find factum
similey i. e. made like.
fact, a deed, reality. (L.) L. factum y
a deed ; orig. neut. oifactusy pp. oifacerey
to make, do.
faction. (F. — L.) Y./dctiotty a sect.
— L. factionemy ace. of /actio, a doing,
taking part, faction. —L. foetus y pp. of
facerCy to do.
£EU;titi0U8. (L.) 'L.factiii-us, artifi-
^ cial; with suffix -^«j. — L. foetus y pp. of
' focerCy to make.
factotum. (L.) A general agent.—
'L.fac{ere) tdtrntiy to do everything:
faculty, facility to act. (F.-L.)
M. E. facultee.^Y, fcuultS.^'L. faculta-
tcMy ace. oi facultcu {—facilitas\ facility.
'^'L^faciliSy easy ; see Facile.
Pad, a folly. (F.-Prov.-L.) Ap-
parently shortened from Y.fadaisey fiddle-
faddle; cf.*^flfej«, follies, toyes, fooleries ;*
Cot.-Prov. fadezay folly (Hatzfeld).-
Vroy.fot (Gascon^/^),foolish. — l^.fatuus,
foolish.
Fade, vb. (F. — L. ) O. F. fader ; from
F. fodcy adj., tasteless, weak, faint. — L.
uapidumy ace. of ucipidus, vapid. See
Vapid. % VadCy {ox fade, is from M. Du.
vadden ; from O. Y, fader,
Fadge, to fit, suit, be content with,
succeed. (E.) Formed, in some unex-
plained way, from the Teut. base fc^-y to
suit, whence also O. Sax. fogiatiy A. S.
figaity to join, suit, M. E. fe^eUy to adapt,
fit, G. filgeuy Du. voegen (see Kluge and
Franck). Cf. Goth, fulla-fahjany to
satisfy, O. H. 0,^gifagy content, Du. vage-
I
FALCHION
fuur, cleansing fire, purgatory. See
Pair.
Fieces. (L.) L. fcedSy dregs; pi. of
fcBXy the same. "D&r. fec-ulent, L./tsc-u-
lentuSy adj. from fcex.
Faff, to drudge. (E.?) ^Tofagy defi-
cere ; Levins (1570% The orig. sense was
*to droop.' Perhaps a corruption oiflag\
see Flag (i) ; and see below.
Fag-end, remnant. (E.?) In Mas-
singer, Virg. Mart. ii. 3. Perhaps for
flag-end =\oosc end ; see above. Cf. * the
flagg or ihefaggfcderis ' (feathers) ; Book
of St. Albans, fol. B ia»
Fanrgot, Fagot. (F.-Ital.-L.?)
F. fagot y * a fagot, a bundle of sticks ; '
Cot. Of doubtful origin; perhaps bor-
rowed from \\.2\, fagottOy * a faggot,' Florio;
a dimin. from L fag-us, a beech-tree
(Korting).
Fail. (F.-L.) ¥, faillir-y cf. Ital.
ya///r^. — Folk-L. *fallirey forL.fallere, to
beguile, also, to be defective ; fallf, to err.
Brugm. i. § 757.
Fain. (E.) M,E.fayn. A.S.fagcfty
glad.+O. Sax. ya^«. Ice), feginfty glad.
Cf. A. S. gefeon (pt. t. gefeak), to rejoice.
Teut. root *feh-, as in A. S. ^-fion (for
*'feh-an) ; cf. Goth, foh-ethsy joy.
Faint. (F.-L.) M.E. /««/.- O. F.
feinty weak, pretended; orig. pp. of
feindrey to feign. — L. ^«^r^, to form,
feign. See Figure.
Fair (i), pleasing, beautifiil. (E.)
M. Y,fayry A. S. fcegery fair.-flcel. fagr\
Dan. Swed.^^.?^, Go\.\\,fagrs^ fit,O.H.G.
fagar. Teut. type *fagroz, Cf. Gk. ir^-
vv/*i, I fasten. Brugm. i. §§ 300, 701.
Fair (2), a holiday. (F.-L.) M. E.
feire* — A. F. feire (F. foire), — "L-feria, a
holiday, later, a fair; commoner as pi.
fericBy for *feS'iay feast-days; allied to
Feast. Bnigm. ii. § 66.
Fairy. (F.-L.) 'M.Y^faerieyfayryey
enchantment. [The mod. use of the word
is new ; fairy == enchantment, the old
word for * elf* being fay J] — O. F. faeney
enchantment. — O. Y.faey a fay; see Fay.
Faith. (F.-L.) M. E. feith'y also
fey. Slightly altered from O. F. feid, fei,
fiiiih.^L.fdem, ace. oi fides y faith ; allied
to fidere, to trust. Cf. Gk. triansy faith.
(VBHEIDH.) Allied to Bide. Brugm.
i. § 202.
Falchion, a sword. (F. — Ital. — L.)
M. E. fauchon, — O. F. fauchon. — Ital.
falcione {ci pron. as rA). — Late V,, falcio-
78
FALCON
FARCE
nem^ ace. oi falcio, a bent sword. — L.
falci; decl. stem of/a/or, a sickle. Allied
Xojlectere^ to bend.
falcon. (F. - L.) M. K faucon, -
O. Y.fauconyfaulcon.^LAit L. falconem,
ace. oi falco, a falcon, so named from its
hooked claws.— L.^A--, stem oi falx, a
sickle.
Faldstool, a folding-stool. (Low L.—
O. H. G.) Low 'L. faldistolium, — O. H. G.
fald-an, to fold ; stuol (G. stuhl), a stool.
Cf. Y.fauteuil, See Fold.
Fall, to drop down. (E.) M. ^, fallen.
O. Merc, fallan ; A. %.feallan,'^\^Vi. Val-
letta lce\. /alia, Dan. /aide (for^//<f),Swed.
/alia, G. /alien. Teut. */allan-. Cf. Lith.
puUi, to fall ; and perhaps L. /allere, to
deceive, /allt, to err. Brugm. i. § 7C7.
Der. be/all, from A. S. be/eallan, to fall,
out, happen ; y^// (i).
Fallacy. (F.-L.) Formed by adding
-y to M. E. /allace, a fallacy, deceit. — F.
/allace.^'L, /allacia, deceit. —L. /alloc-,
stem ol/allax, deceitful. — L. /allere, to
deceive. See above.
fallible. (L.) L. /allibilis, liable
to err. — L. /allt, to err; /allere, to de-
ceive.
Fallow (i). orig. ' harrowed ; ' of land^
(E,) A.S. falging, fallow-land. —A. S.
/ecUh, a harrow. Cf. E. Fries, /algen, to
fallow land ; O. H. G,/elgd, a harrow.
Fallow (2), used with reference to
colour. (E.) O. Merc, /alu ; A. S. foalu,
/ecUo, pale red, yellowish. +Du. vaal, Icel.
filr, pale, G. jahl, pale, also /alb ; Lith.
palvas\ cf. also L. pallidus, Gk. ito\i6s,
gray, Skt./a/fVtf-, gray. See Pale. •
False. (F.-L.) M. p:. /als. - O. F.
yb/j (¥. /aux).^!!, /al^us, false; pp. of
/allere, to deceive.
Falter, to totter, stammer. (E. ?)
M. E. /altren, to totter; frequentative
from a base jaJt-, Of obscure origin.
Perhaps connected with Icel. refl. vb.
/altra-sk, to be cumbered, to be puzzled.
Fame, report. (F. - L.) F. fame, - L.
/Stna, report. — L. /&ri, to speak ; see
Fate.
Family. (F.-L.) F. /amille. - L.
/amilia, a household. — L. /amulus, a
servant, Oscan /amel ; cf. Oscan /aamat,
he dwells. "Det./amili-ar (L. /amiliHris),
Famine. ( F. — L.) F. /amine, — Late
L. */amTna, unrecorded, but plainly an
extension from L. /ames, hunger. Der.
/am-ish^ formed (by analogy with lan-
guish, &c.) from L. /am-es, hunger; cf.
O. F. a/amer, to die of hunger.
Fan, an instrament for blowing. (L.)
A. S.^««. — Late L. vannus, L. uannus,
a fan (whence also F. van) ; see Van (2).
Brugm. i. § 357.
Fanatic, religiously insane. (F.-L.)
¥,/anaiique,^lj,/dndticus, (i) belonging
to a temple, (2) inspired by a divinity,
enthusiastic— L. ^»2<m, a temple; see
Fane.
Fancy. (F. - L. - Gk.) . Short for M. E.
/antasie. — O. F. /antasie, — Late L. phan-
tasia.'^G]/:, <pavraaia, a making visible
(hence, imagination).— Gk. ^pavra^Hv^ to
display ; see Phantom.
Fandango, a Spanish dance. (Span.)
Span, /andango, * a dance used in the W.
Indies ; * Pineda (1740).
Fane« a temple. (L.) L. /dnum, a
temple ; shortened from an earlier form
*/asnom ; cf. Oscan /isnam, a temple ;
allied to 'L,/istus,/eria, Brugm. ii. § 66.
FanfarOi a flourish of trumpets. (F. —
Span. ?) F. /an/are, Prob. of imitative
origin, or borrowed from f^^tiVi,/an/arria,
bluster, vaunting, which is of similar for-
mation. "DeT./an/arr-ofi-ade, bluster.
Fangf, a talon, claw. (E.) A. S,fang;
lit. a seizing. — A. S. *folian, to seize, only
used in the contracted form f^, pt. t.
feng, pp. gefangen ; the pp. form having '
alone survived, evolving an infin. mood
in dialects. 4- Du* vangen, to catch; Icel.
fa (cf. fang, sb., a catch of fish), Dan.
fctae, Swed.y3, Goth. ^Aa«, G.fangen,
to catch, fang, sb., a catch, also a fang.
Allied to L.pangere; Brugm. i. § 421.
Fantastic. (Gk.) Gk, ipavTaariK^,
able to represent or shew. — Gk. <pavTa(tiv,
to display. See Fancy.
Fantasy, older form of Fancy, q. v.
Faquir, Faldir, an Oriental religious
mendicant. (F. — Arab.) Y. faquir, fakir.
^kTSih.faqtr, one of a religious order of
mendicants; lit. 'poor, indigent;* Richard-
son's Diet. p. 1096.
Far. (E.) M. E./fr. A.S.^^r.+Du.
ver, \zx^,fjarriy Syft6. ^'erran, adv., Dan.
fjentyG. fem\ Goth. y&/rr«, adv. Allied
to Gk. ttipoM, beyond ; Skt. paras^ beyond,
para-, far. (VPER«) The zomT^. farther
[for M. E. ferrer (i. e. far-er)"] is due to
confusion 'w\t\i further, comp. of Forth.
Farce. (F. — L.) The orig. sense is
* stuffing * ; hence, a jest inserted into a
comedy. — F. farce, stuffing, a farce. — F.
179
FARDEL
farcir, to stuff. — L. ^rrfr(tf, to staff. 4-Gk.
(ppdaattv (for *<ppdK-yuv)f to shut in.
Fardel, & pack, bundle. (F.— Arab.)
M. E. fardel. '-'O. F. fardel (F. fardeau).
Dimin. of O. F. farde, a burden. Prob.
from Arab, fardah, a package (Devic).
Perhaps borrowed through Spanish ; cf.
Spsn. fardel J fardOy a bundle.
Fare, to travel, speed. (E.) A. S.
faratiy to go, travel. + Du. varen, Icel.
Swed. faray Dan. fare, G. fahren, Goth.
faratty to go; Teut. ^faran- (pt. t. ^r).
Cf. Gk. iToptvofiaiy I travel ; L. experlor,
I pass through, Skt. /.;*, to bring over.
{^PER,) Der. fare-welly i.e. may you
speed well; tnoroughfarey a passage
through; welfarey successful practice or
journey.
Fanna, ground com. (L.) L. fariruiy
meal. — L. fary a kind of grain ; allied to
Barley. 'Der.farinaceouSy from 'L.fartnd-
ceus, Brugm. i. § i8o.
farrago. (L.) L. farrago, mixed
food for cattle, a medley.— L.yar (gen.
farr-is)y grain (above).
Farm. (L.) yi.'E, ferme, [Cf. A. S.
feorniy a feast, food, property, use.] — I^ate
l^.firmay a feast, farm, tribute; fem. of L.
firmusy durable. (From the fixed rent ;
also food, from its support^ See Firm.
Farrier. (F.— L.) Formerly yjfrr/>r,
a worker in iron. — O. Y.ferrier (the same) .
'^'L,ferrariuSy sl blacksmith.— L.y^rr«»?,
iron.
Farrow, to litter pigs. (E.) From the
sb. farrow y a litter of pigs. — A. S. fearhy
a pig ; pi. fear as. + M. H. G. varchy a
pig; (j.ferk-el\ h.poreus; see Fork.
Farther; see Far.
Farthing, fourth part of a penny.
(E.) M. E.ferlkmg. A. S.ferfingyfeor-
titngy older ioim. feorfling.^ A.. S. feor8-a,
fourth; with dimin. suffix -ing or -Uing.
Allied to A.S.feower, four.
Farthingale, Fardingale, a
hooped petticoat. (F. — Span. — L.) M. F.
verdugalley ' a vardingall ; ' Cot. — Span.
verdugadOy a farthingale, lit. 'provided
with hoops.* — Span. verdugOy young shpot
of a tree, rod, hoop. — Span, verdey green.
— L. uiridisy green. See Verdant.
Fascinate. (L.) From pp. of L.
fascindrey to enchant. — L. fascinum, a
spell.
Fascine, a bundle of rods. (F.— L.)
F. fascine. — L. fascinay a bundle of twigs.
^h.fasctSy a bundle.
FATIGUE
Fashion. (F. - L.) O. F. facem,
fachotiy make, shape. — L.y&f//<7WOT, ace.
olfactiOy a making ; see Faction.
Fast (i), firm. (E.) A. S. /^j/.+Du.
va^ty Dan. Swed. y^j/, Icel.yJw/r, G.fesl;
Armen. Aasl. Der. fasl (2), fast (3).
Brugm. ii, § 79.
£eist (2), to abstain from food. (E.)
A. S. fcestatiy orig. to make fast, observe,
be strict ; from fasl ( above). +Du. vaslen,
Dan. fasley Swed. and Icel. fasta, G.
fasten ; Goth.faslafty to observe, fast
fast (3), quick. (Scand.) A peculiar
use of fast (i) above ; this use is Scand.
Cf. Icel. drekka fasty to drink hard, sofa
fasty to be fast asleep, fastr t verkum,
hard at 'woikyfylgfafasty to follow fast, &c.
It means firm, close, urgent, quick.
fasten. (E.) A. S.fastntany to make
fast or firm. — A. S. fasty firm.
fastness. (E.) M.E. festnesy fast-
ness, orig. ' strength.' — A. S. fcestnesSy the
firmament, a fastness ; orig. that which is
firm. — A. S, fasty firm.
Fastidious. (L.) 'L.fastzdiosusy dis-
dainful.- L.^j/m/2W/;, loathing; perhaps
for *fastutidium (Vanicek).— L. fastu-s,
arrogance ; tadiuniy disgust ; so thatyaj/f-
d^t»x» = arrogant disgust.
Fastness ; see Fast.
Fat ( I), gross. (E.) M.K fatty fety fat.
A. S. fatty orig. a pp., contr. from ^fietedy
fattened, enriched. +0- H. G. feizit (G.
feist) y pp. of a Teut. vb. *faitjan'ty formed
from Teut. adj. *fait0Zy which is represented
by Icel. feitr (Swed. fety Dan. fed)y fat.
Cf. Gk. irtav, Skt. pwan, fat.
Fat (2), a vat ; see Vat.
Fate, destiny. (F.-L.) U.E. fate.^
O. F. faty fate (not common). — L. fatuniy
what is spoken; neut. of pp. oi fdri, to
speak. +Gk. 017/^t, I say. Perhaps allied to
Boon (i). Brugm. i. § 187. (^BHA.)
Father. (E.) M. E. fader. A. S.
fader. The pron. with th is due to dialectal
influences. + Icel. ,^J5iJ»V, Du. vader^ Dan.
Swed. fader, Goth, fadary G. vaiery L.
pater, Gk. rtariipy O. Irisla athir, Pers.
pidar, Skt. pitr. Idg. type ^pater-.
Fathom. (E.) M. E. fadme, A. S.
fadniy the space reached by the extended
arms, a grasp, embrace.-fDu. vadem, Icel.
fadmr, a fathom, Dan.yaz/«, Swed. famn,
an embrace, G. faden. Allied to Patent.
Fatigue, sb. (F.-L.) O. Y. fatigue ;
from fatiguery to weary. — L. fatigare, to
weary.
80
FATUOUS
FEEBLE
Fatuous. (L.) L. fatwus, silly,
feeble ; with suffix -ous, Der. in-fahtate^
from pp. of L. infatuare, to make a
fool of.
Fauces. (L.) L./i«f/j, pi., the upper
part of the throat.
Faucet, a spigot, vent. (F. - L.?)
F. fausset, a faucet ; faulset^ Cot.
Origin unknown ; but cf. M. F. faulser,
to falsify, forge ; also faulser un escu^ to
pierce a shield ; hence, to pierce. — L.
falsdre, to falsify. — L.ya/jwj, false.
Fault. (F. — L.) Formerly faut,
M. 'E.fatite.^O, Y.faute, a fault. (Span,
and lts\. fcUta, a defect.) — Folk-L. *faUita,
a defect, fem. of *fallitus^ new pp. of
falUret to deceive ; cf. F. faillir. See
Fail, Fallible, False. Hence also O. F.
fauter, Span. faUar^ Ital. faitare, to be
lacking.
Faun, a rural (Roman) deity. (L.) L.
/annus, i- 'L.fauere, to be propitious (?)
Fauteuily an arm-chair. (F. — Low L.
-O. H. G.) F. fauteuil, O. F. faulde-
tueil (Cot.).— Low 'L,faldistoitum, a fald-
stool ; see Faldstool.
FavoUTp sb. (F. — L.) O.Y. favour,
^\., faudrem^ ace. of ^«<7r, favour. — L.
fatiirei to befriend, orig. * to venerate.*
fiftVOUrite. (F. - Ital. - L.) M. F.
favorit\ c£ ¥,favort, pp. of O. Y.favorir^
to favour. But the final / is really due to
borrowing from \\s\,favorito^ pp. and sb. ;
orig. pp. of favorire, to favour. ■- Ital.
favore^ i2i.yoyxx,^\^ fauoreni (above).
Fawn (i)» to cringe to, rejoice servilely
over. (E.) A. S,fahnianffagniant to re-
joice ; variants o( fagenian^ to fawn, from
fcBgen, fain, glad.HhIcel. /o^yia, to rejoice,
welcome one ; allied to feginn, fain. See
Fain.
Fawn (2), a young deer. (F.-L.)
O. F. faftf faon, earlier feon, a fawn ;
answering to a Late L. form *fetdnem
Cnot found), ace. of *fiio^ a young one. —
"L^tuSy foetus^ offspring. See Fetus.
Fay, a fairy. (F.-L.) F. //^, O.F.
fae^ a fay. Cf. Port, fada, Ital. fata^ a
fay. — Late L. fata, a fate, goddess of
destiny, a fay. — L. jf^a, pi. of L. fdtum,
fate. See Fate. "Dex. fai-ry.
Fealty, true service. (F. — L.) O. F.
fealie^feelteit, fidelity. — 'L.fuiiiitdtem, ace.
oi fidllitHs, fidelity. -L.jiki^/w, faithful;
Uomfidis, faith.
Fear. (E.) M. E. fecr. A. y. far, a
sudden peril, danger, fear. Orig. used of
the peril of travelling. — A. S. far-, 3rd
stem of faran, to go, travel. +lcel. far,
harm, G. gefahr, Du. gevaar, danger. Cf.
'L^pertculum, danger.
Feasible, easy to be done. (F.— L.)
[Also feisable,'] — M. F, faisible, faisable,
* feasible, doable ; * Cot. — O. F. fais-, as
in fais-ant, pres. pt. of faire, to do. — L.
facere, to do. See Fact.
Feast. (F. - L.) M. E. feste. - O. F.
feste (F.y?/^). — Late L.fesia, fem. sb.— L.
festa, lit. festivals, pi. of festum. See
Festal.
Feat, a deed well done. (F.— L.) M.E.
feet, fete, ^K.¥.fet\ O. F. fait, - L. fac-
tum^ a deed; see Faot.
Feather. (E.) U.'E. fether. A.S.
feder. + Du. veder, Dan. fiader, Swed.
fjdder^ Jcel. fjo^r, G. feder\ L. penna
(for *petsna), Skt." patra-, Gk. vr(p6v, a
wing. See Pen. (VPET.)
Feature, make, form. (F. — L.) M.E.
feture. — A. F. feture\ O. F. faiture,
fashion. — L.^^/Mr(0, work, formation.—
\j.f actus, pp. ol facere, to make.
Febrile, relating to fever. (F. — L.)
Y^fibrile, — L. febrilis. — l^»febri-s, fever.
February. (L.) L. frbruarius, the
month of expiation. — L.y5f^/vtf, neut. pi.,
a festival of expiation on Feb. 15. — L.
februum, purification ',februare, to expiate.
Of Sabine origin.
Feckless, ineffective. Also fectless ;
short for effect- less ; see Fflbct.
Feculent, foul. (F.-L.) Y.ficulent.
— L. facuUntus, full of dregs. — L. faces,
dregs. See FsBoes.
Fecundity. (F.-L.) U.Y.focondit^
(Cot.). — L. SkQQ. fecunditatem, fruitfulness.
— L. ficundus, fruitful: allied to fetus,
offspring. See Fetus.
Federal. (F. - L.) F. fid^ral
Formed, with suffix -a/, from L. feeder-
(for *f cedes-) y stem of fadus^ a treaty.
Akin X.O fides, faith.
Fee, a lordship, a payment. (F. —
O. H. G. ?) A. Y.fu, O. F./f« (F. fief),
a fee, fief. —Late L. fetmm, a fief (Du-
cange). Prob. from O. H. G. fehu, pro-
perty.+Du. vee, Icel. fe, Dan. fa, Swed.
fa, Goth, faihu, L. pecus ; Skt. pafu-,
cattle. (VPEK.) So also A.S, feoA,
cattle, whence M. £. fee, cattle, property,
now obsolete. ^ We also find Late L.
feudum ; see Feudal.
Feeble. (F.-L.) M.E.febie.^A,F.
febte, M. V.faibley O. Y.Jleb/e (Godefroy) ;
181
FEED
FERN
cf. Ital. fievole {Kflevole\ feeble [since
Ital. yf </?]. — L. JlebiliSt doleful; hence,
weak. — L. Jlere^ to weep. Brugm. ii.
§ 50O.
Feed^ to take food, give food. (E.)
M.E. jeden. A. S. fidan ; for *fddtan ;
with vowel-change from J to ^. — A. S./oda,
food.+Du voedetiy Icel./ceda, Swed./dda,
'Dsin./odef O. H. G./uoian, Goth, fddjan ;
Tent, type *fddjan'. See Food.
Feel. (E.) M. E./^/^». K.^.felan,'\'
Du. voeletty G. fiihlen. Tent. *fdljan-;
from Tent, base fal- (and grade, /^/-),
whence also Icel. faltna^ to grope, A. S.
yi?/w, palm of the hand (L. palma). Allied
to Palm (i).
Feeze, Feaze, Pheese. (E.) Pro-
perly * to put to flight, drive away, chase
away, harass, worry ' ; often misexplained
by ' whip.' M. E. fesen ; O. Merc. /esiany
A. S. JysiaHj to drive away quickly,
chase. Cf. N orw, /oysa ("-Icel. */eysa),
Swed. /dsa, to drive. From Teut base
*/aus- (sense unknown). ^ Distinct from
A S./ysaHf to hurry, from/«j, prompt.
Feign. (F.-L.) M.E./«w».-O.F.
/eigtt-, as in feign anf J pres. pt. oifeindre.
— L.^«^^«r, to form, feign. See Fig:ure.
Der. feint (from F. pp.^iw/).
FeldspapT, a kind of mineral. (G.)
Corrupted from G. feldspath, lit. field-
spar.
Felicity. (F.-L.) 0,F, /eiicitl^U
ace felicitdtem, — L. feiici-, decl. stem of
ft'Hx, happy, fruitful ; allied to Feline.
Feline. (L.) L. feltnus, belonging to
cats. — L. felesj a cat ; perhaps allied to
Gk. BrfXvSy female.
Fell (i), to cause to fall. (E.) O.Merc.
ficliauy A. S. fy Hatty causal of O. Merc.
fallaUy A. ^,feallany to fall. So also Du.
velletiy Dnn,/a/de, Swed.^/Aj!, Icel./ella,
(t. fallen ; all causal forms. Teut. type
*failjan-, causal of fallan-y to fall. See
Fall.
Fell ( 3) , a skin. (E.) M. E. fel. A. S.
fel, fell +Du. vely Icel. fell, Goth, -filly
M. H. G. vel'y L. pellis^ Gk. nkKKa, skin.
D oublet, pell ; cf. fil-m.
Fell (3), cruel, dire. (F. — Late L.—
L. ?) M. E./?/. - O. F fely cruel (cf. Ital.
felloy cruel). — Late L. felloy felOy a male-
factor, felon, traitor. Perhaj^s from \^.fely
gall (N. E. D.) ; cf. Du. dial, fely sharp,
biting, acrid (Molema). See Felon.
Fell (4), a hill. (Scand^ M. E./r/.-
Icel. fjall, fell, a hill ; Dan. field y Swed.
fjdlly a fell. Allied to G. felSy a rock
(Kluge).
Fellah., a peasant. (Arab.) VX.fellahtn,
— Arab, felldhy falldhy a farmer, peasant.
— Arab, xooi falahay to plough, till.
Felloe ; see Felly.
Fellow, a partner. (Scand.) M. E.
felawe.'^lctX.fela^y a partner in a * felag.'
— \(it\,felagy companionship ; lit. a laying
together of property. — Icel. fey property ;
lagy a layine together, a law ; see Law.
The Icel. fi is cognate with A. S. feohy
cattle, property, L. peats, cattle.
Felly, Felloe, part of a wheel-rim.
(E.) }Jl, E. felwe. A. S. felgy felga, a
felly.+Du. velgy 'Dan.falgey G. felge.
Felon, a wicked person. (F.— LateL.
— L. ?) M. E. felun.^ O. F. felon, a
traitor. — Late \u, feldnem, ace. oifelOyfellOy
a traitor, rebel. See Fell (3).
Felt. (E.) Hi. ^, felt. A. S. /«//.+
Du. vilty Low G., Swed., Dan. filty G.
filz. Teut. type *feltoZy n. ; allied to G.
falzeny to groove, join together. Der.
filter^ feuter,
I Felncca, a ship. (Ital. — Arab.) Ital.
feluca, — Arab, fiilk, a ship. (See Devic.)
Female. (F.-L.) Yorfemellyhycon-
fusion with male. M.E. femelle,^O.Y.
fenulle, — L. femella, a young woman-;
dimin. oifentinay a woman (below).
feminine. (F.—L.) 0,¥, feminin.
— L. fhnininus, womanly. — L. fimittay a
woman. Ctfilare, to suckle ; Gk. drjKvsy
female, OriXii, the breast; Skt. dhdtriy a
nurse.
Femoral, belonging to the thigh. (L.)
L. femordlis ; adj. from femor-, stem of
femur y thigh.
Fen, a bog. ^E.) M. E. fen, A. S.
y^ww. + Du. veen, Icel. feny Goth, fani,
mud. Teut. type *fanjom, n.
Fence ; short for defence ; see Defend.
Fend ; short for Defend, q. v.
Fender; short ioi defender.
Fennel, a plant. (L.) M. E. fettel.
A. S. final yfinugle. — L faenicultimy fennel ;
double dimin. oifaenum, hay.
Fenugreek, a plant. (F.-L.) F.
fenugrec. — L. faenum Gracum, lit. Greek
hay.
Feoff; see Fief.
Ferment. (L.) L. fermentum (short
for *fertti-mentum)y leaven. — 'L.feruerey to
boil. See Fervent.
Fern. (E.> h.^. feam.'^-Dvi. varen\
G. farft{kraut) ; Skt. parna-^ a wing,
82
FEROCITY
feather, leaf, plant, the orig. sense being
'feather.* Brugm. i. § 973. Cf. also
Lith. papariis, Russ. paporot{e)y Irish
raith, W. rhedyn^ fern; Gk. vripiSf fern,
vr€p6v, a wing, feather.
Ferocity. (F.-L.) U.Y, ferociU.'^
L. ace. ferociidtem, fierceness. — L. ferdci-j
decl. stem of ferox, fierce. — L. feruSf
fierce, wild. Brn^. i. § 319.
Ferreous. (L!) L. ferreus, made of
iron ; with suffix -ous^^h./errum, iron.
fermginoUfl. (L.) l^. ferruginous j
same as ferrugineus^ rusty ; with suffix
'0us,^\„ ferriigin-y stem oi ferriigo, rust
of iron. ^L„ferrum, iron.
Ferret (i ). an animal. (F. - Low L. -
L. ?) O. ¥,fureiy a ferret. — Late \j,furh
tuSyfurectus, a ferret. Also/«rJ; said to
be the same as Late L. furoy a thief, from
L. fur, a thief. Cf. Gk. ^p, a thief;
from the strong o-grade of <p4ptiv, to bear,
carry off.
Ferret (a), a kind of silk tape. (Ital.
— L.) From Ital. fiorUtiy * little flowers,
flonrishings; also foret or ferret silke,'
Florio. Fl. oi fiortttOy dimiu. oi fiore, a
flower. — L. floremy ace. oijlds, a flower ;
8ee Flower. Cf. F. JUuret, ferret ; from
fleur^ flower.
Ferruginous ; see Ferreous.
Ferrufe* a metal ring at the end of a
stick. (F.T-L.) Corrupted spelling (due
to confusion with ferrum, iron) of the
older form znrrol; XVI cent. — O.F. virol
(F. virole)j a ferrule ; Late L. viroia, the
same. From L. uiriolay a little bracelet ;
dimin. of *mria, an armlet, only found in
pi. uiria. (Diez.) Doubtful.
Ferry, vb. (E.) M. li.ferun, A. S.
fert'an, to convey across ; causal of A. S.
faratty to go. •^ Icel. ferja^ to carry;
causal of fara^ to go ; Goth, farjatiy to
travel by ship. See Fare. (N. E. D.)
Fertile. (F.-L.) Y^fertiU^^'l., fer-
tilise fertile. — L. ferre^ to bear. See
Bear (0.
Fernley a rod or bat for punishing
children. (L.) Formerly ferula, — L.
ferula^ a rod ; orig. the plant ' giant-
fennel.'
Fervent, hot, zealous. (F, — L.) O.F.
fervent. '^'L. feruent-, stem of pres, pt, of
ferutre^ to boil. Allied to O. Irish berb-
aiffiy I boil. Der. fervour^ from O. F.
fervour<X'* 2lcc. feruoreniy heat; fetvid,
from h,feruiiius,
FOMy a horizontal band in heraldry.
FETTER
(F. — L.) 0,F. f esse (Roquefort); mod.
F.fasce, a fess.^h, fascia , a girth; allied
io fasc is y a bundle ; see Fascine.
Festsil. vF.-L.) O.F. festal. Formed
(with F. suffix -«/<L. -dlis) from L. fest-
ttw, a feast, orig. neut. of festus, festive,
joyful. Allied to Fair (2) and Fane.
festival. (F.-Late L.-L.) Pro-
perly an adj. — O. F, festival, festive,—
Late h.festtvdlis,'^'L,festiuus (below),
festive. (L*) h.festtuus, belonging
to a feast. — 'L.festunit a feast.
Fester, a sore. (F.—L.) 0,¥,festre,
also spejt Vfj//g, an ulcer ; whence festrir,
to fester (Godeiroy). — L,. fistula, a running
sore. See Fistula.
Festival, Festive ; see Festal,
Festoon. (F.-Ital.-L.) Y»feston,^
garland, festoon. — Ital. festone, a garland.
Usually derived from h.festum, a feast.
Fetch. (E.) M. £. fecchen, pt, t.
fehte^ fcehte, A. S. feccan, to fetch, Gen,
xviii. 4 ; Luke xii. 20. Prob. fecc{e)an is
a later form oifetian^ to fetch (Anglia, vi.
177). Allied to K,B. faty a pace, step,
journey ; Icel. fet, a step, foot-measure ;
and to L. pes (gen. ped-is), a foot. ^ Cf.
A.S. gefeccan, O. E. T., p. 1 78, Der.
fetch, sb., a stratagem.
Fdte. (F.-L.) Mod. F./^/^, the same
as O. ¥. teste ; see Feast.
Fetich, Fetish, an object of super-
stitious dread. (F. — Port. — L.) F.
fitiche. — Port, y^iVift?, sorcery, lit, artificial ;
also, a name given by the Port, to the
roughly made idols of Africa, — L. factitius,
artincial, — L. fact-us, pp. of facere, to
make.
Fetid. (F. - L.) O. F. fetide. - L,
fetidus, foetidus, stinking. — L, fetere, to
stink.
Fetlock. (Scand.) As if the Mock'
or tuft of hair behind a horse's pas-
tern-joint, Cf. Low {^,fitlock (Lttbben);
M. H, G. vizuloch (Kluge), The syllable
4'ock is due to a double suffix, but was
thought to refer to Icel. lokkr, A. S. locc,
a lock of hair, Fet- is prob. allied to
Icel.yif/, a pace, step,y5r/j' a pacer (used
of horses) ; and to Icel. fotr, a foot ; cf.
G. fessel, pastern ; and see Fetch, Foot.
(Kluge, s. v. Fuss^
Fetter, a shackle. (£.) M. E. feter.
A. S, fetor, a shackle for the foot ; from
^et-, ^grade oifot, foot.+Du. vcter^ Icel.
fjbturr; cf. L. ped-ica and com-pes, Gk.
ir^8»y, a fetter. "Det. fetter, vb.
183
r'
FETUS .
Fetus, offspring. (L.) L. fettts, a
bringing forth, offspring. — L. *fuere, an
obsolete verb, to generate, produce ;
allied to fu-it I wns ; see Future, Be.
Brugm. i. § 361, ii. § 587.
Feu, a fief ; a variant of Fee.
. Feud (i), hatred, perpetual hostility.
(F. - O. H. G.) M. "E.fedejeid, Modi-
fied in spelling in some unexplained way,
perhaps by the influence of foe. — O, F.
feid€y faide, fide, perpetual hostility, i-
O. H. G. fehida (G. fihde)^ enmity ;
cognate with A. S. faMj enmity, from
A. ^.fdh, hostile. See Foe.
Feud (2), a fief. (Low L. — F. -
O. H. G.) Low L. fiuduniy a Latinised
form allied to O. F. fiu, also spelt fief\
see Fee, Fief. (The intrusive d is un-
explained.) "Dev. fiud-al, adj.
Feuter, to lay spear in rest. (F. —
Teut.) From M. E. fiuter, a rest for a
spear. — O. F. feutre^ older filtre, a piece
of felt, also a rest fprob. at first felted) for
the lance. Cp. ItaL filtro, felt. Of Teut.
origin; from Low G. filt^ felt. See
Felt.
Feuterer, a dog-keeper. (F. — Low L.
— C.) In Ben Jonson, Every Man out
of his Humour, ii. 1 ; see Nares. Older
spelling vewter, for veutr-er. — O. F.
ventre f mod. ¥. vautre, a mongrel between
a hound and a mastiff. — Low Lat. ace.
veltrum ; for L. vertagus, vertagra^ ver-
traga, a greyhound. Said to be Celtic.
Perhaps from Celtic ver-, intensive prefix,
and trag-f to run ; see Fick, ii. 136, 283.
Fever, a kind of disease. (L.) M. E.
finer (fever). A. ^.fefir^fifor ; see Matt.
viii. 15 ; A. Y.fevre.^L,. febris, fever.
feverfew, a plant. (L.) . A. S.jfefer'
fuge ; A. F. feverfue. — Late L. febri/uga,
for L. febrifugia, * fever-dispelling.' — L.
febri'Sy fever ; fngdre, to put to flight.
Few. (E.) M. ^.fewe. A. S. ^.fiawe.
+Icel. fdry Dan. faa^ Swed. fl. ; Goth.
fawai, pi.; cf. L. patuus^ Gk. iravpo;,
small.
Fey, doomed to die. (E.) K.'i^. fage,
doomed to die. +IceLyi?i^/', Du. veeg\ G.
feige^ cowardly; Swed. feg, Dan. feig,
cowardly.
Fez, a red Turkish cap, without a brim.
(F. — Morocco.) F. and Turk, fez] s. cap ;
so called because made at Fez, in
Morocco.
Fiasco, lit. *a bottle.' (Ital.) Ital.
far fiasco, to make a bottle, also, to fail,
J 84
FIELDFARE
break down. See Flask. (Origin of
phrase unknown.)
Fiat, a decree. (L.) L. fuU, let it be
done. — L. fio, I become ; used as pass, of
facere, to do, but really allied to fui, I
was. Cf. A. S. beOy I am. Brugm. i.
§ 282.
Fib. (Low G.) Allied to fob, fub off,
to delude (Shak.) ; cf. G.foppen, to banter
(formerly, to lie) ; Westphal. fip-ken, a
small lie, fib (WoCsteV
Fibre. (F.-L.) F. fibre.^U fibra,
a thread.
Fickle. (E.) U.Y..jfikel. A.S.Jico/;
from *^dan, to deceive, in comp. be-fician,
to deceive ; zi.ficy sb., ixzyx^,fcecne, deceit-
ful ; fdcen, fraud.
Fiction. (F.-L.) Y. fiction. ^\u,fU'
tidntm, ace. oifictio, a feigning. — L.y?^/«j,
pp. oifingere, to feign. See Figure.
Fiddle, a violin. (L.) U.E.Jitkel;
A. S.fidete \ cf. Icel. fidla, Dzn. fiddel, Du.
vedel, G.fiedel. Apparently borrowed from
Late L. uitula, uidula, a viol ; see Viol.
Fidelity. (F. - L.) M. Y. fidelity - L.
fidelitdtem, ace. oifideiitdSy faithfulness. «
L. fideli-, stem of fidelis^ faithful. — L.
fixies, faith. See Faith.
Fidget. (Scand.) A dimin. form of
fidge^ to be continually moving up and
down, X^tfike in North of England, M. E.
fiken, to fidget, to hasten. Cf. \c€i.fika, to
climb up nimbly, as a spider ; Swed.yfifea,
to hunt after, ^oxyi.fika, to take trouble,
fika etter, to hasten after, pursue.
Fiducial, shewing trust. (L.) From
Late L.. fidnctdlis, a.dj.mm'L, fidncia, trust.
— h.ftdere, to trust.
(F.-L.) M.E.fy.^Y.fi.^h.fi,
Cf. Icel.;5?, Dan.^, Swed.j5^. G. p/m,
Lat. pAu, phy, Skt. phut^ expressions
of disgust.
Fie^ land held of a superior. (F.—
O. H. G.) O. F. fief, formerly spelt fiu
(Roland). See Fee. 'D&r.fioff, vb., to
put in legal possession ; from A. Y.feoffer,
to endow with Vifiof or fief hS&o feoffee,
A. Y.feoffli, pp. oifeoffer.
Field: (E.) U.y..feld. A.S. feld.^
Du. veid. G. fe/d (whence Dan. fe/t,
Svred.falt). Allied to A.S. foide, earth,
land. Teut. type *feltkuz. Cf. Russ. poU,
a field ; Skt. prthivt, earth. Brugm, i.
§ 502-
fieldfare, a bird. (E.) A.^. filde-
fare [miswritten feldeware], lit. * field-
traveller ; ' see Fare.
FIEND
FIN
Fiend. (E.) U.E./em{. A.S.fiond,
fiond, lit. * a hating one/ an enemy, the
enemy ; orig. pres. pt. of fiog\e)an, to
hate. + Du. vijand, Dan. Swed. fiende ;
\QK\.fjandi, pres. pt. oifjd^ to hate ; Goth.
fjands,ixov[kJijan,X.Q\i2Xt\ G,feind. Cf.
Skt. piy, to hate (Fick). See Foe.
Fierce. (F.-L.) M.E. fers.^O.Y.
fers^ fiers^ old nom. of O. F. fer, Jier,
fierce {F,fier, proud). — L./ifrwj, wild.
Fife. (F.-O. H.G.-L.) F. fifre.'^
O. H. G.pftfa, G. f>feife, a pipe. - O. H. G.
p/tfen, to blow, whistle.— Late 1j, pipdre,
to pipe ; L. pipdre^ to chirp (as a bird).
See Pipe.
Fig. (F.-Prov.-L.) Y.Jtgue. ^Vro\.
7%fl. ■- Folk-L. ytca^ used for 'L.ftcuSy a
fig. (Cf. O. F. Jie, a fig ; immediately
from /lira.)
Fight. (E.) U.lLJihten,fehien,yh.
O. Merc, fek/an, to fight ; fektef a fight. +
Da. vechteut G. fechien, to fight (whence
'Dzxi.fegte, Swed./difd). Teut. ^fehtan-.
Fij^ment. (L.) L. figtnentum^ an in-
vention.—L.^^-, base oi fingere^ to feign
{j^^.ju'ius, for *fig'tus),
fignre. (F. - L.) F. figure, - L.
figiiray a thing made. — L. fingere (base
fig-)i to make, fashion, feign. + Goth.
deigan^ to knead, Skt dih, to smear.
(VDHEIGH.) Brugm. i. % 589. Der.
dis-fgure^ pre-figurBf trans-figure,
Fllaiuent. (F.-L.) F. filament. -
Late L. Jtidmentum, thin thread. — Late
L. fildre, to wind thread. — L. filum^
thread ; see Pile (i).
Filbert, fruit of hazel. (F.-O. H.G.)
Formerly philiherd (Gower) ; short for
Philiberd or Philibert nut^ from the
proper name Philibert; (S. Philibert*s
day is Aug. 22) ; North F. noix de filbert
(Moisy). — O. H. G.filu-berht, very bright ;
from filu (G. viel), greatly, berht, bright.
% Called in Germany LambertsnusSj i. e.
nut from Lombardy (Weigand).
Filch. (E.) Etym. unknown ; possiblv
related to M. E./elen, to conceal. Cf. Icel.
felnj to hide, bury; Goth, filhan, to hide.
File (i), string, line, order. (F.-L.)
Partly from O. F.file, a file, from filer, to
thread; from Late L. fildre (see Fila-
ment) ; partly from F. fil^ thread, from
'L^ilum, a thread.
File (3), a steel rasp. (£.) O.Merc.
fil ; A. S.yfe/.+Du. vijl, O. H. G.fihala,
G. feile ; as if from a base *fenh-. The
Icel. form is///, as if from a base *thenh-.
185
File (3), to defile. (E.) A. S. fylan,
to make foul; for *fulian,^k.^. fill,
foul. See Defile (i) and Foul.
Filial. (L.) From L. flli-usy a son,
fllia^ daughter ; orig. infant : cf. L. fildre^
to suck. Cf. Feminine. (-/DHE.).
Filibuster, a freebooter. (Span. — Du.)
Span, filibuster^ a mere coiruption of Du.
znijbuiter, a freebooter. — Du. vrijbuiten^
to rob, plunder. — Du. vrij^ free; buit^
booty, plunder. See Booty.
Filigree. (F.-Ital.-L.) Formerly
filigrane \ XV II cent. — Y.filigrane, — Ital.
filigranay filigree-work, fine wrought work.
— Ital. filOf a thread or row, filaret to
spin ; granot grain or texture ; so called
because the chief texture of it was wrought
in silver wire. From L. filutn, thread ;
grdnum, grain. ^ The Sp&n.filigrana is
merely borrowed from Italian i^Monlau).
Fillf vb. (E.) A. S. fyllan ; formed
iTovufulj i. e. full, by vowel-change from u
to ^.+Du. vullen, Icel. fylla, 'Dsca./ylde,
Sv:ed.fylla, Goth. ful/jaUf G, fallen.
Fillet. (F. - L.) M. E. filet. - O. F.
filety dimin. of yf/, a thread. — -L. filunii a
thread. See File (i).
Fillibeg, FhiUbeg, a kilt. (Gaelic.)
Gael, feileadh'beagy the modern kilt.—
Gael, feileadhf feile^ a kilt, prob. from L.
uelunty a veil (Macbain) ; and beag, little,
small. ^ Cf. W. bach, little.
Fillip, to strike with the finger-nail,
whenjerked from the thumb. (E.) Another
form oifiip ; see Flippant.
Fills, used for thills, (E.) See Thill.
Filly, a female foal. (Scand.) Icel.
fyljai a filly, allied to foli^ a foal , cf.
Dan. Svied, Jolf G.fUlien, See Foal.
Film, a thin skin. (E.) A. S. filmen
{fylmen), neut, membrane (O. Fries. >f/-
meney i.t skin). For W. Teut. *filmin-jo-f
from *fsltfteny -mon-y as in A. S. agerfelma,
skin of an tgg. Extended from the base
fel- in A. S.yjf/, skin, Goth, fill, skin. See
Fell (2).
Filter, to strain. (F. - O. Low G. ) F.
filtrer, orig, to strain through felt. — F.
filtre, a strainer, orig. felt (Littr^).— Low
G^//, felt ; see Felt.
nlth, foul matter. (E.) K.^.Jyld.'^
A. S. fftly foul (by vowel-change of u to
y). So also O. ^zx. fUlithdy filth, from
/«/, foul. See Foul.
Fin. (E.) A.S.finn, a fin.-I'Du. vin,
Swed. fisnat Dan. finne ; L. pinna. See
Pin.
I
FINAL
Final. (F. - L.) O. F. Jifial, - L.
ffndltSf 6nal. — L./mw", end.
FinanCOf revenue. (F. — L.) O. F.
finance. 'mljaiit L. ftnantia^ payment.—
Late L. flndre, to pay a fine. — Late L.
finis y a settled payment, 9, finish or end,
i. e. final arrangement ; V,, finis ^ end.
Finoll, a bird. (E.) M. E. finch. I (M. Du.) M. E. ferdekin. From Du.
A.S. _/?«^.+Dn. i^/w^, t>2tn. finhgf Swed.
and G. /?»>&. Cf. W. /f«f, a chaffinch ;
Gk. o"irt77os, cirtfa, a finch; prov. E.
Spink. Der. chaffinch^ q. v., bullfinch^
&c.
Find. (E.) K,S.findan.'\r^^'Vinden,
"Dan.finde^ Swed. and Icel.y?««fl ( =fin^)^
Goth.finfhan, G.finden. Teut. ^fenth-an- ;
Idg. base *pent', whence O. Irish et-aim,
I find. Perhaps allied to L. petere, to
seek after; see Petition. Bnigm. ii.
§ 634.
Rli6 (i), exquisite, thin. (F. — L.)
O. F. fin, witty, perfect. — Late L. finus^
fine; used in place of L. ftnttus, well
rounded or ended, said of a sentence
(Brachet), orig. pp. q{ finire^ to end. — L.
finis, end. *^ Finns is a back-formation
from finire.
fine (a}f a tax. (Law L.) Law L.
finis, a fine, a final arrangement ; L.
, 1 finis, end. See Finanoe (above).
.. \J Finger. (E.) A. S. /«[^r.+Du.
vinger, Icel. fingr, Dan. Swed. G. finger,
Goth, figgrs l^fingrs). Teut. type yin-
groz ; orig. sense unknown.
Finial. (L.) A coined word ; firom L.
finis, end. Ci. final.
finicid. (F.— L.) A coined word;
extended from Fine (i) above.
finish, vb. (F. - L.) Vi.'E. finischcn.
— O. ¥.finiss', base of pres. pt. o'ifinir, to
finish. — 'L.finire, to end. — L finis ^ end.
finite, limited. (L.) l^.fimtus, pp.
oifintre (above).
Fiordi a sea-loch, deep inlet of the sea.
( Scand . ) Norw. fjord, Dan . fiord, fjord ;
Icel. fjchiJr. See Frith.
Fir, a tree. (Scand.) M. E.fir; answer-
ing to a mutated form due to A.S.furh,
which occurs in furhitmdu, a pine-tree ;
but prob. of Scand. origin. Cf. Icel.
fyri-skogr, a fir- wood (written fyriskogr) ;
from Icel.y«rfl, a fir; cf. Dan._^^, Swed.
fura -^G.fdhre, W. pyr. Cognate with L.
querctis, an oak ; and O. Lombardic^rMtf ,
* sescnlus.*
Fire. (E.) A. S.^r.+Du. vuur, Icel.
fyri, Dan. and Swed-^J^r, G. fetter, M. li.G.
FIST
viur, O. H. G. fair. Teut. type ^fU-ir.
Cognate with Gk. irvp. Cf. ^\^ pavaka-
(from pii), purifying, also fire. (^PD.)
Firk, to conduct, drive, beat. (E.)
A. S.fercian, to conduct, support. Prob.
from A,S.far, a journey; allied to Fare.
,, the fourth part of a barrel.
vierde, fourth ; with suffix -kin (as in kiU
der-kin) answering to the M. Du. double
dimin. suffix -k-in (G. -ch-en in mddchen).
Vierde is from Du. vier, four ; see Four.
Firm (i), adj. (F. — L.) M.E. ferme,
— O. F. and F. femte.^'L. firmus^ stead-
fast. "Dev.farm.
firm (a)i a partnership. (Span. — L.)
The older sense was 'signature' of the
house or (as we call it) the firm.— Span.
firma, a signature. — Span, firmar, to
confirm, %\^.^\,. firmare, to make firm.
^Yj.firmus, firm (above).
fizmament, celestial sphere. (F. — L.)
O. F. firmament. — L. firmdmentum, a
support ; also, expanse of the sky (Vul-
gate).—L. ^rw^r^?, to strengthen; from
firmus, firm.
Firman, a mandate. (Pers.) Pers.
fermdn, a mandate, order ; O. Pers. fra^
mdna (Horn) ; cf. Skt. pramdna-f a
decision, from pra, before (Gk. •irp6) and
md, to measure.
First. (E.) A. S. fyrst, the superl. of
fore, with vowel-change of u (A. S. 0) to
y. ^lce\. fyrs/r ; DvLQ.forste ; Hwed.fdrsia.
Teut. type *furisioz, superl. from the base
*fur- ; see Fore.
Firth ; see Frith.
Fiscal, pertaining to the revenue.
(F. — L.) O. F. fiscal. — Late L. fiscdlis. —
h^scus, a basket of rushes, also a purse.
fish. (E.) A.S.fisc.'^Du.vischflcel.
fiskr, Dan. and Svfed. fisk, G.fisch ; Golh.
fishs. Teut. t3rpe *fiskoz. Cognate with
L. piscis, Irish and Gael, iasg, O. Ir. iasc
(with loss of initial /).
Fissnre. (F.-L.) O.'F. fissure. ^l^.
fissHra. — L. fissus, pp. of findcre, to
cleave. +Skt. bhid, to cleave ; A. S. bitan^
to bite. (-/BHEID.) And see Vent
(i). Brugm. i. § 567.
Fist. (E.) U.'E. fist, fesi, fust. A. S.
yJj/.-fDu. vuist, G. fausty O. H. G. fUst.
Teut. *fiistiz. % If the orig. Teut. form
was *funhstiz, it may be identified with
Russ. puiste, fist, O. Slav, p^sti; from an
Idg. base *p9nksti-, which is allied to
Five.
186
FISTULA
FLAMINGO
Fistula, a deep, narrow abscess. (L.)
From the shape ; 'L. fistula, a pipe.
Fit (i), to suit ; as adj., apt. (Scand.)
M. E. fittefty to arrange. — Icel. and Norw.
fitja, to knit together; Swed. ^iaX. fitija,
to bind together ; cf. (j,fitzen^ to bind into
skeins, from fitze, a skein. From Icel. fit,
a hem, also * web ' of a bird's foot ; cf.
M. 'Dan.fiddey to knit ; Dan, fid, a skein.
Perhaps allied to Fit (2). ^ Influenced
as to sense by M. E./etg, well done ; from
O. Y.faity \jaX, foetus \ see Peat.
Fit (2), a part of a poem, attack of ill-
ness. (£.) M,E, fit. A. S.^//, (i) a song,
(2) a struggle; which perhaps are the
same word. Cf. Pit (i).
Fitclly the same as Vetoh, q. v.
Fitchet, Fitchew, a pole-cat. (F.~
M. Du.) Fitchew is from Vicard ficheux,
M. ¥,fissaUy a polecat ; older iovoiyfissel,
^M,'Du,fisse, a polecat; from the smell.
Cf. Icel. fisdy to make a smell.
Fitz, son. (A. F.— L.) Formerly ^2
(with z as ts).^A.¥. fiz (with z as ts);
also O. F.fi/z,fits.^lj./t/tuSf a son.
Five. (E.) M. E. fif; sometimes fiue^
as a plural. A. S. /^ (for *fim/). + Du.
tnjft Dan. Swed. /em, Icel. fimrn, Goth.
fimf, G. funf\ W. pump, O. Ir. coic, L.
quinque, Lith. penkiy Gk. irci^re (iEol.
jri/Jiirf), Skt. paHcha. Idg. type *penqe,
"D&r.fifith, A.S./t/ta; fifteen, A.S./t/-
tene ; fifity, A. S.ftftig.
Fix. (F.-L.) O. F. fix, fixed. - L.
fixus, fixed ; pp. oiftgere, to fix.
Fizz. (Scand.) Imitative; cf. Icel.
ftsa, DAU.fise, with the sense oi'L.pedere.
Flabby 1 weakened form oiflappy ; see
Flap. Cf. Low G.fiabbe, a hanging lip ;
flabhsig, flabby (Danneil).
Flaccid. (F. — L.) F. flaccide. — L.
fiaccidus, limp, ^h.fiaccus, flabby.
Flaif (i), to droop, grow weary. (E.)
"Weakened form of fiack, to hang loosely ;
M. E. fiakken, to flap about. From the
base fiaC' of A. S. flac-or, flying, roving.
+Icel. fiakka, to rove ; fiaka^ to flap ;
flbkra, flbgra, lytm.fiagre, to flutter; G.
fiackerttj to flutter. All from the imitative
base fiak', allied to fiap^ flicker. And
partly from O. Y,flaquir, to be limp ; from
O. Y.flaque, limp, 'Cfiaccus.
flaff (^2), an ensign. (Scand.?) Dan.
flag, Swed. fiagg, a flag ; from base of
loitl.fidgra, to flutter (above).
flag (3)1 a reed ; the same word 2Afiag
(2) ; Irom its waving in the wind.
Plagf (4)» Flagstone, a paving-stone,
mo.!
(Scand.) Icel. flaga, a flag or slab of
stone. This might give E. dial.y?-aw (see
Flaw), but cf. \qi^. flagna, to flake off,
Dan. dial, flag'torv, Sc. flag, a cut turf.
A weakened form of Flake.
Flagellate. (L.) From pp. of L.
flagelldre, to scourge. -• L. flagellum,
dimin. oiflagrum, a scourge. See Flail.
Flageolet, a sort of flute. (F. — Prov.)
M. ¥. flageolet, dimin. oi flageol, with the
same sense. — Vtoy. flajolstflaujols, a flage-
olet; which cannot represent a Late L.
*flautiolus, a little flute, as suggested by
Diez.
Flagitious. (L.) L. fldgitids-us,
shametul ; with suffix -ous. — L. flagitium,
a disgraceful act ; cf. \a.fldgitarey to act
with violence. Perhaps allied to Flagrant.
Flagon. (F. — Late L.) O.Y.flacon,
another form oi flcucon,^\sXe "L. flasco-
nem, ace of flasco, a flask. -• Late L.
flasca, a flask. See Flask.
Flagrant, glaring, as a fault. (F.-L.)
O. F. flagrant, properly burning. — L.
flagrant-, stem of pres. pt. oiflagrdre, to
bum.4*Gk. <l>\(y€iv, to bum ; Sk. bhraj,
(VBHLEG.) Brugm. i. § 539 (2).
Flail. (L.) U,l£., fli^l,fle)l,fleiL
[Later,y?ay^/(from O. ¥.flael>¥.fl^au).']
From 'L. flagellum, a whip, in Late L.,
a flail ; dimin. oiflagrum, a scourge. See
Flagellate.
Flake, a thin slice. (Scand.) Norw.
flak, a slice, an ice-floe ; cf. Icel. flakna,
flagna, to flake off, Swed. flaga, a flake.
Perhaps allied to Play.
Flajnbeau. (F.-L.' ¥. flambeau, a
torch ; dimin. of O. Y.flambe (below).
flame, sb. (F. — L.) 0.¥. flame,
flamme\ zlso flambe.^'L. flamma ^flag-
mat), a flame; perhaps from the base .
flag-, to bum. See Flagrant.
Flfunen. (L.) L. fldmen, a priest of
Rome. Prob. for *flag-nun, he who
bums the sacrifice; d. flagrare, to bum.
Or else allied to Goth, bldtan, to sacrifice.
Flamingo. (Span.— Prov. —L.) Span.
flamenco, a flamingo; but said to be a
Proven 9al word; the Prov. form is
flamenc, where the suffix -enc is supposed
to be an adaptation of the Teut. suffix
-ing. The F. form Kzflamant, lit. * flaming,*
but it seems to have been confused with F.
Flatnand, a Fleming, whence the peculiar
form of the Prov. form may have arisen ;
Palsgrave has ' Flemmyng, flammant^
'87
FLANGE
FLEDQE
Still, the etymology is certainly from L.
Jlatnma^ a flame; from the flame-like
colour of the bird.
I^augdy a projecting rim. (F. — Teut.)
The same as pro v. K.Jlanchf a projection ;
cf. Jlanch in heraldry, an ordinary on each
side {ox flank) of the shield. — O. Y.flanche
(A. Y.flanke)^ fem. sb. allied to ¥,flanc,
side. See below.
flank, the side. (F.-Teut.) M. E.
flanc. — K. flanCy side. — O. H. G. hlancka,
lattka, hip, bend, loin ; cf. Mid. Du. ' de
Lanckej the flancks;' Hexham. Allied
to A. S. hlancy slender ; see Lank. (Dis-
puted ; but probable ; see Klage, s. v.
Geknk.^
Flannel. (W.) Prov. 'E.flannmy a
better form. — W. gwlanen, flannel, from
gwlatiy wool. Allied to Wool.
Flap, to beat with the wings. (£.)
M. E. flappen^ to beat ; not in A. S.
E. Yrit%. flappen. Imitative ; \^<& flacky to
beat ; see Flag (0.+Du.y?a//ew, to flap.
"D&r. flabby (flappy) ; flap^ sb.
Flare ; see below.
Flashy to blaze. (E.) M. E. flaschen^
to dash ; cf. Swed. dial, flasa^ to bum
violently ; Icel.^aja, to rush, flas^ a swift
rushing.
flare* (Scand.) Norweg. flara, to
blaze ; apparently a variant of Swed. dial.
flasa (above).
Flask. (Late L. ?) A. S. flasce, flaxe ;
we also find \Qx\,flaskay "Daxi.flaske, Swed.
flaska, G.flasche ; but it is hardly a Teut.
word. — Late L. flasca^ a flask ; cf. also
^.fflasg, GsitX.flasg (from E.). Remoter
origin uncertain. See Flagon.
Flat. (Scand.) M.E./a/.-Icel./a/r,
Swed. flat^ Dan.flad.
Flatter. (F.-Teut.; ^r E.) M.E.
flateren^ a frequentative form. Either,
with suffix -er-f from O. Y^flat-er, mod. F.
flatter, to flatter; or formed from an E.
base flat-y of imitative origin ; cf. M. Du.
flatt&en^ to flatter (Hexham) from O. F.
flater, which is from Icel.^a/-r, flat ; from
the notion of making smooth. Cf. the base
flak-, seen in M. Svft6..fleckrat to flatter,
Swed. dial, fleka, to caress ; also M. E.
flakketty to move to and fro, and G. flach,
flat ; see Flag (i). The sb. flattery is
plainly adapted from O. F. flaterie, F.
flatterie.
Flatulent, windy. (F.-L.) M. ¥. fla-
tulent. — Late L. fldtulentus, — 'L. flatus ,
breath.— L.y?tfr^, to blow; see Blow (i).
Flannty to display ostentatiously.
(Unknown.) It seems to have been par-
ticularly used of the display of fluttering
plumes, &c. Of unknown origin ; most
words in -aunt are French. Somewhat
similar is Swed. dial, flahkt, flutteringly,
loosely, from flanka, to waver ; perhaps
allied to flakka, to waver, answering to
M. K,flakken ; see Flag (i).
Flavour. (F.— L.) The form seems
to have been influenced by that of the
word savour. O. LowL Sc. flewoure,
flewer.^O. F. fleur, fleiur, flaur^ smell.
Ct. Ital. fiatore, a bad odour ; answering
to Late L. ace. yidtorem. — L. flatus, pp.
oi flare, to blow. (Korting, § 3316.)
Flaw, a crack. (Scand.) M. E. flawe,
— Swed. flaga, a crack, flaw, also a flake ;
see Flake. Cf. prov. £. flaw, a flake
(as of snow) ; also, a gust of wind, like
Du. viaag.
Flawn,akindoif custard. (F.-O.HG.)
M. Y^flaun. — Y,flan, O. ¥,flaon, a flawn ;
(cf. Span, flaon, Ital. fladone).^0. H. G.
Jflado, a broad flat cake ; G. fladen.
Allied to Gr. wAotw, broad.
Flax, a plant. (E.) A. S. fleax,^Ty\x.
vlas, G. flacks. Perhaps allied to Goth.
flah'ta, a plaiting, Gk. rtXiK-^iv, to weave.
Flay, to strip off skin. (E.) M.E.
flean, A. S. flean, to flay.+Icel. fld, pt.
i* flo, \i^. fleginn, Teut. type ylahan-
(pt. t. *fldK), to strike. Cognate with Lith.
plakh, I strike ; cf. Lat. pldga, a stroke.
See Plague. Brugm. i. § 569.
Flea. (E.) M. ^..flee, ^\.fleen, A. S.
fleah, a flea.4-Du. vloo^ Icel. fld, G. floh.
Teut. base ^flauh-, or perhaps ^flauh-,
allied to the verb to flee. See Flee.
Fleam, a kind of lancet. (F. — L. — Gk. )
O. F. flieme, F. flamme, a fleam ; Hamil-
ton.—Late L. fletoma, a lancet (Vocab.
400. 11); shortened from Late "L, flevo-
tomum, phlebotomum, a lancet. — Gk.
ipkcfioTOfxoy, a lancet — Gk. 0X€/3o-, decl.
stem of <t>\i^, a vein ; to/*-, o-grade of
T^fxveiv, to cut. Hence also M. H. G.
fliedeme, G.fliete, Du. vlijm, a fleam.
Fleck, a spot. (Scand.) M. E. flek,^
Icel.flekir, a spot ; flekka, to stain ; Swed.
flack, a spot.+Du. vlek, G. fleck.
Flection ; see Flexible.
FledMf to be furnished with feathers.
(E.) The pp. fledged is now used in the
place of M. E. flegge, adj., ready to fly.
Pi^gg^ is a Kentish form of M. E. flygge,
ready to fly. From A. S. *flycge ; found
88
FLEE
FLIPPANT
in the compound unjlycge, as in ' inpiumesy
nnfligge,' Academy, 2 June, 1894 (Napier).
E. Fries. Jlugge, + Du. vlug (M. Du.
vlugge) ; O. H. G. flucchi. Tent, type
*fiugjo%, adj. ; from ^flug-^ weak grade of
*Jleugan', to fly. See Fly.
FleOf to escape. (E.) M. 'E^.Aeen^ pt. t.
Jlehyjleih. [The M. E. pt. t. also appears
as Jteebie, whence mod. E. Jled, of Scand.
origin.] A. S.Jleon (pt. t.fieak),'^0. Sax.
Jliohan, G. ftiehtH ; also Icel. fl^ja (pt. t.
floy also /^a) ; Swed. fly (pt. t. flydde) ;
Goth, thliuhan, Teut. type *thleuhan'
(pt. t. thlauK) ; so that^ was orig. M/, and
there was ff^ orig. connexion with the
verb to fly, which has from an early date
been confused with it.
Fleece. (E.) M. ^. flees. A. ^,fleoSf
ezxWer fltus \ also^J.+Du. vlies, M.H.G.
vlius ; cf. G.fliess ; also G.flanSy a woollen
coat, M. H. G. vliis, a sheep- skin. Teut.
stems *fleust-, *fleuso-^ fliiso-; possibly
allied to 'L.piu-ma, See Flume.
Fleer, to mock. (Scand.) M. E.
flerien, — Norw. flira^ to titter, giggle ;
also spelt flisa ; Dan. dial, flire^ to jeer ;
Swed flissa, to titter.
Fleet (i\ a number of ships. (E.)
M. E. flete, fleote, A ^. fleet y a ship ; or
(collectively) a number of ships. — A. S.
fleotan, to float. + O. Sax. fliotan, Du.
vlietetty to flow ; O. H. G. fliozzan^ to
float, flow, G. fliessen, to flow; Icel.
fljota, Swed. flyta, Dan. flyde* Teut.
^fleutan- (pt. t. flaut, pp. flutanoz) ; Idg.
base *pieudy as in Lith. pliidts, a float of
a fishing-net. (VPLEU.) Cf. Gk. irA^civ,
to sail, Skt. plu, pru^ to swim, float,
flow.
fleet (3), a creek. (E.) A. S. fleot^ a
creek, a place where water flows ; fleote ^
a stream. — A. S. fleotan^ to float, swim;
see fleet (i). Cf. O. Fries, flet, stream,
fleet (3), swift. (E.) C{.A.H.fliottg,
swift ; Icel.j^l^r, swift. From the verb;
see Fleet (i).
fleet (4), vb., to move swiftly. (E.)
From A. S.fleotan ; see Fleet (i).
Flesh. (E.) M.E. flescA. A.S. fl^sc,
flesh. + Icel. flesk, bacon ; Dan. flesk^
.Swed. flask y bacon : Du. vleesch ; G.
fleisch. Teut. type *flaiskoZf n.
Fleur-de-liSy flower of the lily.
(F. - 1^) O. F. fleur de lis. Here lis =
Late L. liliusy cornipt form of L. Itliunit
a lily ; see Flower and Lily.
Flexible. (F. - U ) M. Y. flexible. - L.
flexibilis, easilv 'bent. ^"L. Jlexus, pp. of
flectere^ to bend. Der. in-flexible,
flection, a bending. (L.) Better
flexion ; from L. ace flexianem, a bend-
ing.—L.^<?a:«j, pp. oi flectere. So also
flex-OTyflex-ure. (Cf. F.flexionS)
FliclCy a light blow. (E.) Imitative;
ci.flip. E. Fries, flikf a flick ; flikflakken,
to strike lightly.'
FHckeP, to flutter. (E.) U.F..flikeren.
— A. ^.flicorian, to flutter. Imitative ; a
weakened form oi flacker , frequent, of M. E.
flakken, to flap about. Cf. A. S. fltuor^
adj., flying; G.flackern, to flutter. See
Flag (I).
Flight, act of flying. (E.) A,S, flyht,
allied to flyge^ flight+Swed. flykt, G.
fluckt, Du. vlueht, Teut. *fluhti- ; from
flug-y weak grade of *fleugan-y to fly. See
Fly.
Flimsy, weak, slight. (E) Modem ;
first recorded in 1703 (Kersey). Prob.
imitative, and suggested hyfllm ; note E.
Fries. flem, flinty a film; Dan. ^idX.flemSy
flimSy a skim on milk. * For the ending,
cf. tipsy y humpsy\ also limpsyy given by
Webster as a U. S. synonym of flimsy ' ;
N. E. D.
Flinch. (F.-Teut.?) XVI cent-
0,F , flenchiry flainchiry flechiry to turn
aside, bend. Of unknown origin ; perhaps
from O. H. G. *hlencany answering to G.
lenkeUy to turn, bend. The G. lenken is
from O. H. G. hlancay the side (Kluge) ;
see Flank, Flange. ^ The initial fl
would then be accounted for precisely as
in the case oi flank y viz. from O. H. G. hi.
Cf. Link (I).
Fling. (Scand.) Cf. Swed. fldnga, to
use violent action, romp, race about; i
fldngy at full speed (taking oiie*s fling) ;
M. Swed. ^(f«|^tf, to strike; lce\.flengjay
to whip; T>2in, flengey to slash; i fleng,
indiscriminately. These forms presuppose
a strong verb yUnga, which the E. form
perhaps represents.
Flint. (E.) A.S.flint.-^Btin. flint;
Swed. flinta. Perhaps cognate with Gk.
nKivBWy a brick. Brugm. i. §§ 575, 704.
Flip (i), vb., to fillip, jerk lightly. (E.)
Of imitative origin, like^^iV^. Cf. Flap.
Flip (a), a mixture of beer and spirit
with sugar, heated. (E.) Prob. iroxaflipy
to beat up. Moisy (Diet, of Norman
patois) spells it phlippey as if from F.
Philippe ; but wrongly.
Flippant. (Scand.) Flippant is for
189
FLIRT
flippand, the North. M. E. pres. pt. ; flip-
pand- prattling, saucy. Or else, the suffix
-ant imitates the French (heraldic) suffix
in ramp-ant^ &c. Cf. prov. "E-flipy nimble,
flippant ; from the base flip-, as in Icel.
fleipa^ to prattle; Swed. dial, flepa^ to
talk nonsense ; cf. Swed. dial._/?«]^, the lip.
Plirt. (E.) Often writtenyf«r/, mean-
ing to mock, gibe, scorn ; the oldest sense
of flirt was to jerk lightly away. . Of
imitative origin ; cf. flip, flick. So also
E. Ynts^flirry flirty a light blow j fltrtje^
a giddy girl.
Flit, to remove from place to place.
(Scand.) M. E. flitten.^ Icel. flytja, to
cause to flit ; ^yftdi.flyttay to flit, remove ;
Dan. flytte ; causal of Icel. fljota, Swed.
flyta, T>SiVi. flyde, to float. See Fleet (i),
Float.
Flitch, side of bacon. (E.) M. E.
flicche, A. S. flicce, '\'lct\. flikki, a flitch ;
flik, a flap, tatter. Perhaps allied to G.
flick- y a patch ; and to E. Fleck.
Float, to swim on a liquid surface.
(E.) yi.E. floieuy flotien. A.S. flotian.
^Idti.flotay Du. vlotten. Teut. *flutdjan-,
wk. vb. ; from *flut-y weak grade of *fleU'
tan; to float, whence mod. E. fleet. See
Fleet (i). ^ Confused with F. flatter
(O. F. floter)y to float, from the same
Teut. base *flut'.
Flock (i). a company of sheep, &c.
(E.) M.Kflok, A.S.flocc.-^lceLflokkTy
hsLii.flok, Swed. flock.
Flock (2), a lock of wool. (F.— L.)
O. F.floc, — L. floccuSy a lock of wool.
Floe, a flake of ice. (Dan.) Dan.
flage ; as in iisflage, an ice-floe, lit. * ice-
flake.' Cf. Norw. isflak, isfloky the same.
See Flake.
Flog, to beat. (L. ?) A late word ; and
(in 1076) a cant term. Ci. flack \ or pro-
bably suggested by flagellate y q. v. . Cf.
Low G.floggeTy a flail, variant of G.flegely
a flail, from Late 'L, flagellumy a flail; see
FlaU.
Flood. (E.) A. S. flody a flood ; from
flowauy to flow.+Du. vloedy Icel. floSy
Swed. Dan. flady Goth, flodusy a river, G.
fluth. Teut. *fl5-t5uzy act of flowing, also
a flood ; from Teut. base *fld- ; see Flow.
Floor. (E.) A. S. yfJr.+Du. vloery G.
flur. Teut. *fl5ruz\ cognate with W.
llaiVTy Bret, leur, Irish Idr. Idg. *pldrusy
a floor ; from *pld-y to spread out, whence
also L. pld-nusy plain. See Plain.
Floral, pertaining to flowers. (L.) L.
FLOUNDER
flordlisy belonging to Flora, goddess of
flowers. — L. flor-y as the stem of flos,
a flower ; cf. florerey to flourish, allied to
Blow (2) and Bloom.
flond. (L.) Y,.floriduSy lit. abound-
ing with flowers; hence, rosy. — L.yf^rr-,
decl. stem oiflffSy a flower (above).
florin, a coin. (F. — Ital. — L.) M. E.
floren (about A. D. isos^). — O. Y.floriuy a
florin. — Ital. yf<7nVw {=florino)y a coin of
Florence, so called because it bore a lily,
the symbol of that town. — Ital. fiore, a
^ower. ^h.florem, ace. of^Jj, a flower.
floscnle. (L.) 'L, flosculusy a little
flower ; double dimin. oiflos.
Floss, rough silk ; as in floss-silk.
(F. — L.) From yi.Y. ftosche; Cot. has:
* soye floschey sleave silke.* [So also Ital.
flosciOy Venetian HossOy soft, weak ; floscia
settty floss-silk.] An adj. formation from
O. ¥, floe her y to form into * flocks * or tufts.
^Y.floc'y see Flock (2).
Flotilla. (Span. -Teut.) Span.yf^-
tillay a little fleet ; dimin. oiflotay a fleet,
cognate with O. F. flotey a fleet of ships,
a crowd of people. This O. Y.flote (fem.),
Y.flotte (whence G.flotte) is from a Teut.
source ; cf Du. vlooty Icel. floti, a fleet,
A. S.flotay a ship. From the base *flut' ;
see Float. Cf. M: E.flotey a fleet. (Kor-
ting, § 3349)
flotsaUL, goods lost in shipwreck, and
floating on the waves. (Law F.— E.) An
A. F. law-term, formerly flotson. (Blount).
A. F. floteson ; O. F. flotaisotty a flooding
of fields (Godefroy). — Low L. type *flot'
tdtionenty from ^flottdrey to float, to flood
{E.flotter). From the Teut. base 1yf«/- (as
above). Cf. Jetsam.
Flounce (i), to plunge about. (E.)
Cf. Swed. dial, and M. Swed. flunsay to
plunge. Of imitative origin.
Flounce (2), a plaited border on a
dress. (F. — L. ?) Changed from M. E.
frounccy a plait. — O. Y./ronser^fronceVy to
gather, plait, wrinkle ; fronser le front y to
knit or wrinkle the forehead. Prob. from
Late L. *frontidrey not found, but regu-
larly formed from fronti y decl. stem of
frons. forehead ; see Front. (Korting,
§ 3477-)
Flonnder (i), to flounce about. (E.)
XVI cent. An imitative word ; perhaps
suggested hy flounce (i) 2irA flood. Cf-
Dn. floddereny to dangle, flap, splash
through mire ; Svfed.fladdra, to flutter.
Flounder (2), a fish. (F.— Scand.)
190
FLOUR
FLY
h,Y, floundre,^0,Y. flondre (in Nor-
mandy).--Swed. Jiundra, Dan. flynder^
Ictl.^yOra ; E. Ynt&,Jlunder,
Flour, finer part of meal. (F. — L.)
Short for * flower of wheat.' — F. Jleurt
short ioijleur de faring, flour; see Flower
below (which is a doublet).
flonrishy vb. (F. — L.) M. E. floris-
shin.^0. Y, JlorisS'y stem of pres. pt. of
florir, to flourish. •- Folk-L. Jldrire, for
L. Jldrire^ to blossom ; cf. L. florescere,
inceptive form oifldrere. See Floral.
Floutf to mock. (F.) Prob. from M. E.
flouten, to play the flute. Similarly, M. Du.
fluyten (Du. fluitm), to play the flute,
also had once the meaning *■ to mock, jeer';
Oudemans. See Flute.
Flow* to stream. (£.) M. E. flowen \
A. S.Jlffwant pt. t.Jiiow\ cf. Du. vloeijen^
to flow; lcel.y?<^, to flood. Teat, base
^fld' ; cognate with Gk. tX^iv, to float.
See Flo<xl.
Flower, sb, (F. - L.) M. E. flour, -
O. F. flour (F. fleur), — L. flSrem^ ace. of
fldSf a flower. See Floral.
Flactuatey to waver. (L.) From pp.
oi fluciudrif to float ihovX*^'L.flucius, a
wave. •- L. fluctus^ old pp. of fluere^ to
flow.
Flue (i), a chimney- pipe. (F. — L.?)
Of doubtful origin, [//m^, in Phaer*s
Virgil, X. 209, is prob. a misprint for
flute."] Prob. from M. E. fluen^ to flow,
as the pipe conducts the flow of the smoke;
*To ^VLtyfluere* Cath. Angl. - F. yfi/^r,
' to flow, glide ; * Cot. — 'L.fliure, to flow.
Fine (3), light, floating down. (E.?)
Cf. prov. Y^ fluffy flue. Perhaps a deri-
vative of the verb Fly (cf. A. S. pt. t pi.
flug'on). We find Low Q.flog^ E. Fries.
fl^K^flog. flue ; cf. Q.flug, flight.
Fluent. (L.) From stem of pres. pt.
of L. fluere, to flow.
fluid. (F. - L.) O. F. flttide, - L.
JluiduSy flowing. — \.,fluer€^ to flow.
Fluke (I), a fish. (E.) M. E. floke,
fluke. A,^,flffCy a kind of plaice. .^Icel.
fldki, a kind of halibut. Lit. 'flat' fish.
The base *flik' is the strong grade of Teut.
*fla€'y as seen in G.flach, flat.
Fluke (3), part of an anchor. (E.?)
Also s^li flook. Perhaps ' the flat ' end ;
and the same word as^i^(i). Appa-
rentl3L distinct from G.flunkifilLe hook of
an anchor.
Flummery, a light food. *(W.) W.
llymrUy llymruwd^ flummery, sour oat-
meal boiled and jellied. Cf. W. llymus,
sharp, tart.,
Flunkey, a footman. (F. — O. H.G.)
Modern. Lowl. Sc. flunkU, a servant in
livery. Apparently from F. flanqueur^ a
scout (see flanker in N. E. D.). — F. flan-
quer\ * to flank, to be at one's elbow for
a help at need ; * Cot. — F. flanc^ side ;
see Flank.
Fluor, Fluor-spar, a mineral. (L.)
The L. fluor (lit. a flowing) was formerly
in use as a term in alchemy and chemistry.
^Y,. flu ere ^ to flow.
Flurry, hurry. (E.) Swift \i2A flurry ^
a gust of wind. From flurr, to whirr
(N. E. D.). Imitative ; cf. Swed. dial.
flurigy disordered (as hair) ; flur, dis-
ordered hair, whim ; Norweg. flurtUt,
shaggy, disordered. And cf. Y.. flutter,
FluML (i), to inundate. (E.) Appa-
rently of imitative origin ; ci, flush, to fly
up quickly (N. E. D.). Perhaps influenced
by Y.flux, 'a flowing, a flux ; also, k flush
at cards ; * Cot. See Flux. Cf. flusch, a
pool of water (G. Douglas) ; M. Du.fluy-
sen, to gush or break out violently (Hex-
ham) ; Dan. dial, fluse, to gush out.
FlUjBh (2), to blush, to redden. (E.)
XVIII cent. Perhaps thesame as Flush (i),
but much influenced by Flash. Cf. Swed.
dial, flossa, to bum, flare ; Norweg. flosa,
passion, vehemence. And see Fluster.
Flueh (3), level. (E.?) This is a
derived sense; it meant in full flow,
abundantly full; hence, level. From
Flush (i).
Fluster, to heat with drinking, con-
fuse. (Scand.) Jct\. flaustra, to be flus-
tered ; flaustr, fluster, hurry ; cf. E. Fries.
fldstem,flustemf to rustle (as wind). Cf.
Flush (2) and Flash.
Flute, a musical pipe. (F.) M. E.
flonvtey floite. — O. ¥.flaute,fleuteiflahutey
flehutey a flute (mod. F. fliite). Prov.
flauta. Of uncertain origin. They? may
have been suggested by 1^. flare ^ tablow.
Flutter, to flap the wings. (E.) M. E.
floteren, to fluctuate. A. S. flotorian, to
float about; cf. A,S.flot, the sea; flota,
a ship.« A.S. flot-, stem offlot-en, pp. of
fleotany to float. Cf. E. ¥nes.fluttem.
Flux. (F. - L.) O. F. flux, a flux. -
L. fluxum, ace. of fltlxus, a flowing ;
from the pp. of fluere, to flow.
Fly 0), to float in air. (E.) M. E.
fle$en,jiijen, A^ S.fleoguft; ptt. fliah;
pp.flogen.^Du. vliegen, lce\.fljugafT>an.
191
FLY
FOLLOW
JlyvefSviftA,Jlyga,0,fliegen. Teut. type
yieu^n-, Cf. L, plutna^ a feather.
(VPLEUGH.) Not allied to Plee. Der.
Jly^ an insect, A. S. fleoge^flyge ; G.Jliege,
Ply (a), a vehicle. (E.) A name given
to a kind of four-wheeled vehicle dra>vn
by men at Brighton, in 1816. Calledyf^-
coach in 181 8 (Scott, Heart Midi. ch. i).
From^, vb. See above.
Foal. (E.) M. E./^Af, A. S.>/a.+Du.
veuUfiy Icel. folit Dan. foUy Swed. faUj
Goth, fula, G. foklen, Teut. *fulon-.
Cognate with L. pulluSy young of an
animal ; Gk. ireuXor.
Foam. (E.) M. E. fotne, A. S. fdm.
+Prov. G. faim ; O. H. G. feim. Teut,
*faimO', Cognate with Russ. piena^ foam ;
Skt. phena, foam ; and prob. with Lat.
spuma (for *spoima), foam, and Lat. pu-
mex, pumice. Allied to Spume.
Fob, watch-pocket. (O.LowG.) An
O. Low G. word, only preserved in the
cognate H. G. (Prussian) y«//^, a pocket ;
for which see Bremen Wort. i. 437.
Focus, a point where light- rays meet.
(L.) L. focus i a hearth ; hence, a centre
of fire.
Fodder, food for cattle. (E). M. E.
fodder. A.S. fodor, fdddor\ extended
form ctifodtty food.+Du. voeder^ Icel.y^^r,
Dan. Swed. foder^ G,fuiter, Teut. type
*fodrom, neut. Allied to Food, q. v.
Foe. (E.) M. E. foo. A. S. fih, adj.
hostile. Teut. type iJ/aM^??; ldg.*pot'^os
(whence Irish oecA, a foe, with loss of
p). From the weak grade *pig' we have
Gk. mKp6s, bitter, Lith. pihas, unkind.
Brugm. i. § 646.
FoBtus ; see Fetus.
Fog. (E.) In several senses ; M. E.
filgi^ is 'coarse grass*; hence foggy,
mossy, boggy, murky (whence perhaps
the sh. fogy a mist). Origin unknown; cf.
Dan. fog, as in snee-fog, a blinding fall
of snow, fyge, to drift (as snow) ; but
there \t no clear connexion.
Foible, a weak point in character.
(F.-L) 0,¥, foible, Y, faible, weak,
feeble ; see Feeble.
Foil (I), to defeat. (F.-L.) M.E.
foylen, to trample under foot. — O. F.
fouler^ to trample on, also to oppress,
foil, over-charge extremely (Cot). — Late
'L.fulldre,foldre, to full cloth; see Full
(3). "Der, foil, a blunt sword, for practice
m foiling, 1. e. parrying ; foil, a defeat.
Foil (2), a set-off, as in setting a gem.
(F.— L.) M. F. huille, a leaf, *also the
foyle of precious stones,' Cot ; Norman
foiUe, fem. ; cf. Ital. foglia^ Span, hoja,
a leaf. — L. folia, pi. qI folium, a leaf;
afterwards used as a fem. sing. See
Foliage. h\^oO.Y.fueil,foil,m,\ from
"L, folium.
Foin, to thrust with a sword. (F. — L.)
Obsolete. Lit. *to thrust with an eel-
spear or trident.* — O. F. foine, foisne, an
eel-spear. — L. fuscina, a trident, the
weapon used by a retidrius, or gladiator
with a net
Foison, plenty. (F.-L.) O. Y.foisoii, '
abundance. — Folk-L. fUsionem, for L.
fUsionemy ace. of fOsio, a pouring out,
hence profusion. —L./«j«j, pp. oifundere^
to pour. See Fuse.
Foist, to palm or put off, to intrude
surreptitiously. (Du.) XVI cent — Du.
vuisten, to take in the fist or hand; see
N. E.D. (Low G. vHsten, to take in the
hand) ; hence, to ' palm ' a die, to cheat.
— Du. vuist, fist ; see Fist.
Fold (i), to double together. (E.) M. E.
f olden, O. Merc, faldan, A. S.fealdan (pt.
t.feold), to fold.+Dan./^ii/^f, Swed./a//rt
(^faldcC), Icel. falda, Goth, falthan, G.
fatten. Teut. type ^falihan-. Allied to Gk.
ht'itXAffioiy doubled ; ir\d<ra€iVf to form,
mould. See Plaster. *Der. fold, sb.,
a plait ; -fold, suffix, as in twofold, &c.
Fold (2). a pen for sheep. (E.) A. S.
fald, also fcUod, falud. Not connected
withy^/<f (1), but with 'D^ca^fold, a sheep-
pen ; Du. vaalt, a dung-pit ; Low G.faal.
Foliatfe, a duster of leaves. (F. — L.)
Modifieafrom M. Y.fueillage, from M. F.
fueille, a leaf.— L. y&/w, pi. oi folium, a
leaf; used as fem. sing. ^ Gk. tpdWov,
leaf. Cf. Foil (2).
folio. (L.) P'rom the L. phr. in folio,
yfYiQTQ folid is the abl. oi folium, a leaf,
sheet.
Folk, a crowd of people. (E.) A. S.
folc.'\'\Qe\. folky Dan. Swed. ^Zt; Du. G,
volk. Teut. type *folkom, neut. ^ Lithuan .
pulkas, a crowd, Russ. polk\ an army,
were probably borrowed fat an early date)
from Teutonic.
Follicle, seed-vessel. (F. — L.) F.
follicule, little bag. — L. folliculus, double
dimin. oifollis, a bag.
Follow. (E.) M.E. folwen. A.S.
folgian^ ^X'Stofylgan, weak verb, to follow.
+0. Fries, folgia^ fulia, O. Sax. folgon,
Du. volgen ; lct\.jfylgja, hsLn.fdlge, Swed.
192
FOLLY
filja ; G. folgm. We also find A. S./«/.
gangaftf (pt. t. ful-eode)^ -with the same
sense, bat derived from A. S,/ul, full, and
gangan, to go; and, in like manner,
O. H. G. folUgdn, Hence the orig. sense
was, perhaps, ' to go in full nombers,' to
go in a crowd, to accompany ; and it is a
derivative of Tent. *fulloz, foil. See Full.
Cf. A,S, fylstan^ to SLSsistf/u/tum^ assis-
tance ; also from A. S./u/I,
Folly. (F.-L.) M.E. folye.^O.Y.
fo^ie Jolly. ^O.F./o/,{oo\ish. SeeFool(i).
Foment. (F.— L.) M.F./omenter.^
L. fdmefU&re.^la, fdmentuniy short for
*fouimentum, a warm application, lotion.
^\j.fouire^ to warm.
Fond, foolish. (K) M. £. fond^ more
commonly y^»-^df, pp. oifonnen^ to be
weak, to act as a fool ; from the M. £. sb.
fon, fontUf a fool. The sb. answers to
O. Fries, famne, fomne^ Fries, font (see
Hettema), E. Yncs.fone^fanf a maid, girl,
weakling, simpleton (see Koolman). All
allied to A. S. famne^ a virgin. Der.
fond-U, vb.
Font (i), basin of water. (L.) A.S.
/w/.— L, fontem, ace. oi fons, a fount.
See Fount.
Font (a),Foiint9an assortment of types.
(F. — L.) Y,fonU^ a casting of metals. —
l^^ondre, to melt. See Found (a).
Food. (£.) M.E. fode. A.S. fida,
what one eats. The A.S. fdd- is the
strong grade of the base *fad, corresponding
to Gk. var- in var-cco'^cu, to feed. From
the Idg. root pd'^ to feed, whence L. pa-
nts, bread, pd'bulum, food, and pd-scere,
to feed. See Pasture. "Det, fodder ; feed.
Fool (i), a jester. (F.-L.) M. E. ffl,
sb. and adj. O. F. fol ( F.fau), a fool. - L.
fo/Iem, ace. of foIUs, a wind-bag ; pi. foi/es,
puffed cheeks, whence the term was easily
transferred to a vain or foolish person ; as
in Late 'L,follis, a fool. * Der. be-fooL
fool (2;, a dish of crushed fruit, &c.
(F.— L.) From Fool (i) ; named like
irifU, Florio has: * Mantiglia, a kind
of clouted creame, called v^fooU or a trifU
in English.'
fo<M8-cap, paper so called from the
water-mark on it.
Foot. (E.) M. Y.,fotjoot, ^\.fei,feet,
A. S. fift, pi. fit, + Du. voei, Icel. fotr,
Dan. fodj Swed. fot, Goth, fitus, G,/uss,
Tent, type *fiff (consonant-stem), corre-
sponding to Idg. type *pddf with the
valiants *pedf *pod, Cf. L. pes, foot (gen.
FORBEAR
ped-is) ; Gk. vo^s (iEolic irt&s), foot (gen.
fro5-6s), fr€(6s (^irtfy6s), on foot; Skt
pad, a foot (gen. pad-as), Cf. Fetter,
Fetlock, Fetch. Brugm. i. § 578.
Footy, paltry, mean. (E.) A variant
oifoughty, musty (N. E. D.). Orig. * damp ; *
from A. S,fuht, damp, with suffix ■^.+Du.
vochtig, damp ; S^e^.fuktig, T>an.fugtig.
Cf. Q.feucht, O. H. G.fuhH,fuht, From
a Teut. type *fuhtuz, damp; from Teut.
base *feuky as in Icel. fjiika, to drift as
snow or dust, whence also Norw, fuk,
vapour (Franck).
Pop, a coxcomb. (E.) M.E. fop, a
fool. Cf. Du. foppen, to prate, cheat ;
fopper, a wag; fopperij, cheating ( = E.
fopUry), Cf. fob off, to delude (Johnson) .
For (i), prep, and conj. (E.) Orig.
a prep. A.S. for, fore, before, for; see
Fore.+Du. voor, Icel. fyrir, Dan. for,
Swtd. for, G.fUr, Cf. L. prff, for; Gk.
vp6f before, irapa, near.
For- {2),prejix, (K) For- has usually
an intensive force, or preserves something
of the sensfe of from, to which it is related.
(Quite distinct from fore-, though ulti-
mately allied to it.) A.S.^r-; Icel, for-,
Da.n.for-, Swed. /ifr-, Du. ver-, G. ver-,
Goth, fra-, fair-, Skt. para-. The Skt.
para is an old instrumental sing, of para-,
&r; perhaps the orig. sense was 'away'
or * forth. Der. for-bear, for-bid, for-
fend, for-go {rmssoeXX fore-go) , for^get, for-
give, for-hrn, forsake, for-swear; see
Bear, Bid, &c.
ToX'iz)) prefix, (F.-L.) Only in /pr-
close (misspelt foreclose), for-feit, which
Forage* fodder, chiefly obtained by pil-
lage. (!• . — Low L. — Teut.) M. ^.forage,
fourage, — O. F. fourage, — O. F. forrer, to
forage. — O. Y.forre i^,feurre), fodder. —
Low L. fddrum, fodder. — Teut tjrpe
*fidrom, fodder ; see Fodder.
Foraminated, perforated. (L.) From
L. foramin-, stem of foramen, a small
hole. — "L.fordre, to bore ; see Bore.
Foray, Torrsj. a raid for foraging.
(F. — Low L. — Teut.) Foray, forray are
old Lowl. Scotch spellings, with the sense
of ' foraging expedition.* Apparently
coined from the M. E. forrier, forreyer,
a forager. — O. F. forrier, a forager ;
from O. ¥. forrer, to forage ; see Forage.
Forbear (i), vb. (E.) From For- (2)
and Bear. A. S,forberan.
Forbear (2), sb., an ancestor. (E.)
193
H
FORBID
M. E. forbear (Wallace). For fore-he-er,
one who is before. See Fore and Be.
Forbid. (E.) From For- (a) and
Bid ( 2) . A. S f&rbfodan, -f Du. verbieden^
Goih, faurbiuaan, G. verbieten.
Force (i). strength. (F.-L.) M.E.
force y fors, — O. F. force. — Late L. fortia^
stren^h.^'L. forti', decl. stem of fortis,
strong; CL.forctis, Allied to Borough.
Bnigm. i. §( 566, 756. Cf. Fort.
Force (3)} to stuff fowls ; see Faroe.
Force (3), Fobs, waterfall. (Scand.)
Dan. foSy Swed. fors, Icel. fors, foss, a
waterfall.
Forceps* pincers. (L.) L. forceps,
orig. used for holding hot iron ; for *for-
miceps (VaniSek). — L. formus, hot ;
capere, to hold.
Ford. (E.) M.E. ford; also /tt/A.
A. S.ford, a ford , passage. •^G.yiir^. Teut.
type *furduz. From Idg. *p9r, weak grade
of ^PERy to go ; see Fare. Allied to L.
porfus, a harbour, O. Welsh (p)rit, Welsh
rhydf a ford, and to frith ; see Frith and
Fore. Brugm. ii. § 108.
Fore, in front, coming first. (E.) A. S.
fore, for, before, prep. ; forefforan, before,
adv.4-I)u. voor, G. vory Goth.faura ; cf.
Icel. fyrir, Dan. for, Swed. for. Allied
to Gk. iropof, before ; Skt purcu, before,
in front, Skt. purdj formerly. Also to
For- (i), prefix, q. v. Der. fore-arm,
'bode, -cast, -ccutle, -date, -father, -finger^
'foot, front, -go (in the sense * to go
before only), -ground, -hand, -head,
•judge, -know, -land, -loch, -man, -noon,
-ordain, -part, -rank, -run, -see, -ship,
-shorten, -show, -sight, -stall (A. S. fore-
steally sb. lit. ' a position in ifront *), -tcute,
•tell, -thought, -token, -tooth, -top, -warn ;
all easily understood.
Foreclose, to preclude, exclude. (F. —
L.) Better spelt forclose, — O. F. forclos,
pp. oi forclorre, to exclude, shut out —
O. F. for-, from L. forts, outside ; and
clorre, to shut, from L. claudere. See
Forfeit and Close.
Forej^O, to relinquish ; see Forgo.
Foreign. (F.-L.) The g is wrongly
inserted. M. E. foraine, foreyne,^0, F.
forain, alien, strange. — Folk-L. *fordnus ;
for Late L. fordneus, adj., from la. fords,
out of doors, adv. with ace. pi. form, allied
to L,. fores, doors \ cf. "L, forum, a market-
place, and £. door.
Forejudge (i), to prejudge. From
Fore and Judge.
FORJUDGE
Forejudge (a) ; see Fozjudge.
ForemoStf most in front. (E.) A
double superl., the old snperl. form being
misunderstood. For M.E.formest, through
secondary influence oimost. • K,%.formest,
by-form of the regular fyrmest {<.*fur-
mistot), through me influence of A. S.
forma, which is cognate with Goth.
fruma, first, Gk. irp(^or, 7rp6fJU)t, first.
Further allied to Gk. vpo, before. Brugm.
i. § 518-
ForensiCf belonging to law-courts.
(L.) Coined from L. forens-is, belonging
to the forum. ^ L. forum, market-place,
meeting-place ; orig. a vestibule or door-
way. Allied to L. foris, doors, and E.
door.
forest. (F.-L.) O.F. forest. ^lAte
h.forestis, free space of hunting-ground ;
foresta, a wood (medieval writers oppose
the forestis, open hunting-ground, to the
parous, enclosed park).— L. .^wfr, out of
doors; adv. allied to L. fores, doors.
Der. forest-er, tiXsoforster, foster.
Forfeit^ a thing forfeited or lost by
misdeed. (F. — L.) M . E. forfete ; whence
forfeten, yh.^K.¥. forfeit, O,¥.forfait,
a crime punishable by fine, a fine ; also a
pp. of O. Y. f Off aire, f or sf aire, to trespass.
— Late L,.forisfactum, a trespass, fine ; orig.
pp. (neut.) oi forisfacere, to trespass, lit.
* to do beyond.' — L. foris facere, to do or
act beyond or abroad; from forts, out
of doors ; and facere, to do. See Fore-
close.
Forfend, Forefend, to avert. (Hy-
brid ; E. and F.) M. E. forfenden. An
extraordinary cofhpound of 'E.for-, prefix,
with fend, a familiar abbreviation of de-
fend. See For- (a) and Defend; also
Fend, Fence.
Forge. (F. -L.) O. F. forge, a work-
shop. — Folk-L. *faurga, for *favrega
(Schwan) ; for L. fabrica, a workshop.
See Fabric. "Der, forge, vb.
Forget. CE) From For- (2) and
Oet. A. S.forgetan (E. E. T.), forgitan.
•4-Du. vergeten, G. vergessen.
Forgive. (E.) From For (a) and
Give. A. S. ^r^^«.+Du. vergeven, G.
vergeben ; Qoih.fragiban, to grant.
Forgo, Forego, to give up. (E.)
Better forgo. A. S. f organ, to pass over.
From For- (a) and Go.
Foxjudge, to deprive of by a judge-
ment. ( F. — L.) O. Y.fotyugier. — Low L.
forisjudicdre. —L.^m, outside : and iiidi'
194
FORK
FOTHER
caret to judge. See Forfeit and
Judge.
Fork. (L.) A. S. forca.^'L.furcay a
fork. Der. bi-furcated.
Forlorn, <|uite lost (E.) M. E. for-
lorn, A.^, JorloreUy pp. oi forleosan^ to
lose utterly ; ivom for-^ prefix, and leosan^
to lose; see For- (2) and Ijose. So also
Dan. forloren^ Du. and G. verioren, simi-
larly derived.
Form. (F.— L.) O. F. forme, ^ Lu
fortna^^hsij^, Brugm.ii.$72. (-^DHER.)
<^ O. F. forme also means ' a bench/ like
'E^orm. Der. form-uia.
Former, more in front. (E.) Not
early ; XII cent. ; a false formation, to
suit M. E. firmest, i. e. foremost ; see
Foremost. Formed by adding -er to the
base form- of A. S. form-a, first, really a
superl. form, where -m- \% vca. Idg. superl.
suffix. Cf. L. pri-muSy first.
Formic, pertaining to ants. (L.) For
formic-ic ; from "L. formica, an ant.
Formidable, causing fear. (F.-L.)
F. formidable. ^V,. formiddbilisy terrible.
^informtddrey to dread ; formidoy fear.
Formula, a prescribed form. (L.) L.
formuhy dimin. 9^ forma^ a form. See
Form.
Fornicate. (L*) From pp. of'L.for-
nicdriy to commit lewdness, seek a brothel.
^'L,fomtc-y base oi fornix , a vault, arch,
brothel. Perhaps allied to Furnaoe ; cf.
O. L. fomtiSy L. fumusy an oven (of
vaulted shape).
Forsake. (E.) l/L.^ forsaken. A. S.
forsacan^ to neglect, orig. to contend
against, or oppose ; from for- y prefix, and
sacan, to contend, whence the E. sb. sake.
See For- (2) and Sake. So also Swed.
forsaka, Dan.forsagey Du. verzaken.
Forsooth. (E.) M. E. for sothey for
a truth. A,S* for so6e; where for ^ for y
and sffde is dat. of sdd, truth ; see Sooth.
Forswear. (E.) From For- (a) and
Swear. A. S.forswerian,
Fort. (F. -L) O. F. forty sb., a fort ;
a peculiar use of F. fort, adj., strong.— L.
ace. fort-em, from nom. fortiSy strong.
See Foroe.
fortalice, small fort. (F.-L.) O.F.
fortelesce ; Late L. fortalitia ; see For-
tress (below).
forte, loud. (Ital. — L.) Ital. forte, -
L. ticc, fort-em, strong (above).
forniy. (F.-L.) 0,Y, fortifier y to
make strong. ^-L. fortificdre,wm1„ forti-y
decl. stem oi fortis, strong; -ficare, for
facerey to make.
fortitude. (F.~L.) F . fortitude,^
'L.fortitudoy strength. — L. forti-s, strong ;
with suffix -tado.
Forth, forward. (E.) M. E. forth,
A. S. forp, adv. ; related to fore, be-
fore; see Pore. + Du. voort, from voor\
G. fort, M. H. G. vort, from vor; cf.
Goth, faurthis, further, from faur^a, be-
fore. Teut. type ^fur-fo- ; Idg. type */pr-
to-. See Further.
Fortify, Fortitude ; see Fort.
Fortnight, two weeks. (E.) M. E.
fourtenight \ Vilso fourten nigkt.^M.E,
fourten, i. e. fourteen ; night, old pi., i. e.
nights. A. S. feowertyne niht. So also
sennight ^ seven night.
Fortress. (F.-L.) M. E, fortresse,
— O. F. forteresce, fortelesce, — Late L. for-
talitia, a small fort. -i Late L. fortis
{domus), a fort; 'L, fortis y strong. See
Fort, Fortalice.
Fortune. (F. — L.) O. F. fortune. - L.
fortHna, chance. — 'L./ortU-y allied io f or ti-,
decl. stem of fors, chance ; orig. < that
which is brought,' or 'an event'; from
ferre, to bring ; see Fertile.
fortuitous. (L.) L. fortuit-usy
casual ; with suffix -ous, — L. fortU- (as
above).
Forty; see Four.
Forward. (E.) 1A,E. forward, A. S.
foreweardy adj. — A.S.y5?r^, before; weardy
suffix; see Toward. Der. forwards,
M. E. forwardesy where -es is the suffix of
gen. case, used adverbially. And see
Further.
Fosse. (F.-L.) Y,fosse.'^'L, fossa, a
ditch. — L. fossay fem. of fossusy pp. of
fodere, to dig. Brugm. i. ( 166.
fbssil, petrified remains obtained by
digging. (F.-L.) M. F. /miA?, * that
may be digged;' Cot.— L. fossilis, dug
up. — L./7JJ-WJ, pp. oi fodere (above).
Cosset, a spigot ; see Faucet.
Foster, to nourish. (E.) A. ^.fistrian,
vb. — A. %.fdstor, nourishment ; Teut. type
*ftstromy for *f5d-trom, neut.; allied to
fikia, food.+Icel. ftstr, nursing, whence
fdstra,Xo nurse ; Swed.yoj/ra, Y^zii^fostre,
to rear, bring up.
Fother, a load, heavy mass. (£.) A.S.
fi^er,^yi. Du. voeder^ Du. voer\ O. H. G.
fuodar, G.fuder, Teut. type *fdh-rom, n.
From yof'y strong grade of %^» see
Fathom.
195
FOUL
Ponl. (E.) M.E./W/. A.S./ul.-^
Du. vuily Icei./«//, Daxi. fuuiy Swed./«/,
Goth. fu/Sy G. faui. Teut. type */u'hz ;
cf. Icel. /u'inny rotten. Akin to Putrid.
(-/PtJ.) Brugm. i. § 113.
foumart, a polecat. (£.) M. E./ui'
niarty fulniard\ comp. of }A,E, ful, foul
(as above), and A.S. Pt^ard, a marten.
See Marten.
Found (i)) to lay the foundation of.
(F. -L.) M. E. founden. - O. F. fonder,
— L. funddre, to found, -i L. fundus^ a
bottom, foundation. See Fund. Der.
found-aiton.
Found (3), to cast metals. (F. — L.)
O.Y. fondn^^'L, funderey to pour, cast
metals. (VGHEU.) See Fuse (i).
Ty&r.found-ryy ¥,fand-eru.
Founder, to go to the bottom. (F.—
L.) M. Y^,joundr'eny said of a horse fall-
ing. — O. F, fondrer, chiefly in comp.
qfondrer (obsolete), effondrery to fall in
(still in use) ; orig. to sink in. — F. fondy
bottom.- 1*, fundus, bottom. See Found
(0.
Foundling, a deserted child. (E.)
M. E. fundling ; formed with suffix -l-ing
from A. S. fund-y weak grade of findan,
to find.+Du. vondeling. See Find.
Fount ( I ) , a spring. (F. — L.) Formed,
by analogy with mount, from F. font, — L.
fontem, ace. of fonsy a fountain. Der.
fount-ainy O. F. fontaine. Late L. fon-
tana.
Fount (3)1 Font, an assortment of
types. (F.— L.) O. F. fontCy a casting of
metals. — O.F. fondre, to cast—L. foin-
derty to pour, cast metals. See Found (2).
Four. (E.) yi.Y^.feowuryfoTveryfour,
A. S. flower, + Icel. fjSriry Dan. firty
Swed. fyra, Du. vier, Goth, fidwor, G.
vicr'y als^ W. pedwar, Gael, ceithiry O.
Irish cethir, L. guatuor, Gk. rhrapHy
riffffoptSy viffvptSy Russ. chetveroy Lith.
petuHy Pers. chehdry Skt. ckatvdras. Idg.
type, *qetwer-, "D&r.four-ih , A. S.fiorfa ;
four-teeny A. S. flowertine ; for-ty, A. S.
fiaivertig,
FowL (E.) M. E. fouly A, S. fugoly a
bird.4'Du. vogei, Icel. fugl, Dan. f*£^t
Syred, fogeiy Groth. /«s^, G. vogel. Teut.
type yugiozy masc. ; prob. for *flugloz^ by
oissimilation ; the form ftuglas, pi. occurs
in Matt. xiii. 33 (Rush worth gloss), and
cf. the adj. flugol, flying. From ^flug,
weak grade of Teut. yleug-an-y to fly.
See Fugleman and Fly. Brugm. i. § 491.
FRAME
(E.) A. S. fox. -f Du. voSf G.
fuchs. Teut. type *fuh-S'^ masc. We also
find Icel. foa, Goth, fauho, fem. a vixen ;
Teut. type *fuhd. A connexion with Skt
piichchha-y * tail,* is doubtful. Der. vix-en,
q. V.
foxglove. (E.) A,S, foxes gtfffa,\,t,
fox's glove j a fanciful name. Cf. Norw,
revhfoUay a foxglove ; lit. * fox-bell.'
Foyy a parting entertainment, by or to
a wayfarer. (Du. — F.) From Du- foot
(in Hexham, ^5?^, *a banquet given by one
at parting from his friends'). — F.y2>j, lit.
faith, from L. ace. fidem\ cf. L^te L.
fides y in the sense of 'payment.* (So
Franck.) But rather from F. voUy a way ;
L. uia. Cf. Voyage.
Fracas. (F.-Ital.-L.) Y, fracas y a
crash. — F. fracasser, to shatter. — Ital.
fracassarey to break in pieces. — Ital. fray
prep.) among, and cassare, to break: (imi-
tated from L. interrumpere). Ital. fra is
from L. infrdy below. Cassare — ^L. quas-
sdre, to shatter ; see Quash.
Fraction. (F.-L.) Y, fraction.^Y.,
ace. fractionem, a breaking. — L. fractusy
pp. oi frangerey to break. Cognate with
break ; see Break. •
fracture. (F.-L.) O.Y, fracture,
^\>, fracturtty a breach.— L.^or/iAf, pp.
oifrangerey to break.
Fractious, peevish. (E.; and ¥.-!.,)
A prov. E. word, as if from North. E.fratcA,
to squabble, chide; the same as M. £.
fraccheny to creak as a cart. But it also
occurs (in 1705) in the sense of refractory,
being formed homfractiony in me sense
of * dissension,* a sense now obsolete ; see
N. E. D. See Fraction.
Fragile. (F.-L.) Y, fragile. ^"L.
fragilts, easily broken. — L. ^flf^-, base of
frangere, to break. See Fraction.
Doublet, /rafV.
fragment. (F.-L.) Y, fragment.'^
"L,, fragmentuniy a broken piece. — L./«^-,
base oi frangere ; with suffix -mentum.
Fragrant. (F.-L.) Y, fragrant.^
la. frdgrantemy ace. of frdgrans, pres. pt.
oifrdgrdrey to emit an odour.
Frail. (F.-L.) U.Y.. freel, freyl.'^
O. F. fraiUy brittle. — L. fragilem, ace of
fragilts ; see Fragile.
name, to construct. (E.) M. E. fra-
mien; also fremien. A,S, framian, to
be profitable, avail; cf. also fremieny
fremmany to promote, effect, do, lit. to
further. — A. S. fram, strong, good, lit.
196
FRAMPOLD
forward; dnfrantt prep., from, away; see
'FrGm..'^lcs\.frama,fremjay to further,
from framr, adj., forward, fy'am, adv.,
forward, allied iofrd, from. Cf. G,fromm,
good. "Det.framet sb.
Frampoldy qnarrelsome. (Low G.)
Obsolete. Ai&oframj^ldyfrompalL Allied
to prov. E. rantipoUy a romping child. Cf.
E. Fries, frante-pot, wrante-poty a peevish
man ; M. Da. wranten, to chide, Dan.
vraniCf to be peevish, vranten, peevish.
Cf. also Dan. vrampet, warped; Low G.
wrampachtigh^ morose (Liibben); E. Fries.
frantettj wrantcn, to be cross. Note also
Sc. frampUf to disorder, and E. frump.
The second element is prob. from E. poll,
head.
FraACi a French coin. (F. — G.) M. E.
frank, ^C>,Y.franc\ said to be short for
Francorum Rex (on a coin of 1360). See
Prank.
firanchise. (F.-G.) M. E. fran-
chise. — O. F. franchise, privileged liberty.
— O. F. franchis', stem of pres. pt. of
franchir, to free. — O. F. franc ^ free; see
Frank. Der. disfranchise, enfranchise.
Frangible. (L.) IjsXtL., frangibilis,
breakable; a coined yroidL,^lj, frangere,
to break. See Fraction.
Franion, a dissolute person. (F.— L.)
O. H.fraignant, one who infringes (law) ;
pres. pt. oi fraindre, to break, hence to
infringe. -• L. frangere, to break. See
Frag^e.
X^aak, free. (F.-Low L.-0. H. G.)
O. F. franc, ■■ Low L. francus, free ;
orig. a Frank. — O. H. G. JrankOy a Frank ;
pemaps named from a weapon ; cf. A. S.
franca, a javelin. The Franks were a
Germanic people.
£railkal2lloigIl| the name of the
tenure by which most church-lands are
held. (F.-O. H. G. fl«//L.-Gk.) Lit.
* free alms.* — F. franc, free ; Anglo-F.
almoine = O. F. almosne, alms. See Frank
and Almoner.
franlcmoense. (F. - G. and L.)
O. F. franc encens, pure incense; see
Frank (above) and Incense.
franklixiy a freeholder. (F. — G.)
M. E. frankelein. — A. F. fraunkelayn,
Langtoft, ii. 2x2; Zjovf 1^, francaldnus,
franchildnus, — Low L. francus, free ; see
Frank (above). The suffix is possibly
from O. H. G. 'line («E. -l-ing as in
dar-ling) ; precisely as in chamberlain.
Frantic. (F.-L.-Gk.) U.^Jrene-
FRECKLE
tik, shorter form frentik, — O. F. frena-
tique.^l^. phreneticus, phrentticus, mad.
— Gk. <Pp€vitik65, mad, suffering from
(ppeviTis, frenzy. See Frenzy.
Fraternal. (F. — L.) O.f.fralemeL
— Late L. frdtemdlis, the same as L.
frdlemus, brotherly. — L. f rater, cognate
with E. Brother.
featemity. (F.-L.) 0,¥, f rater-
nitee.'^L. Sicc, frdternitdtem, brotherhood.
— L. frdtemus, brotherly. — L. frdter,
brother. Der. confraternity,
fratricide (i). murderer of a brother.
(F. - L.) O. Y, fratricide. - \a, frdtricida,
a brother-slayer. •- L. frdtri-, stem of
frdter, brother; -cida, a slayer, from
cadere, to kill ; see CaBsura.
fratricide (a)i murder of a brother.
(F.-L.) 0.¥, fratrecide (Littr6). - L.
frdtricidium, the killing of a brother. — L.
frdtri-, stem of ^^fl/^r, brother; 'Ctdium,
a slaying, from ccedere, to kill.
Frand. (F.-L.) O.F. fraude,^\j,
fraudem, ace. oifraus, deceit, guile.
Franghti to lade a ship. (Low G. or
Friesic) "We now use fraught only as a
pp. ^."E. frahten, fragten, only in the
^^. fraught, Cf. Swta. frakta, to fraught or
freight, from frakt, a cargo ; Dan. jragte,
from fragt, a cargo; E. Fries, fracht,
fragt, (i) a cargo, (2) charge for trans-
port; also Du. bevrachten, from vracht;
G. frachten, from fracht. See further
under Freight.
Fray (i)> ^^ affray. (F.— L.) Short
for affray, or effray, orig. * terror/ as
shewn by the use olfray in the sense of
terror, Bruce, xv. 255. See Affray.
frM- (2), to terrify. (F.-L.) Short
for affray ; see Affray. '
Fray (3), to wear away by rubbing.
(F.-L.) O. F. freier (also froier), to
rub (Godefroy). — L.^rfV^r^, to rub.
Freak (i), a whim, caprice. (E.) A
quick movement ; from M. E. frek, quick,
vigorous. — A. S. free, bold, rash ; whence
frician, to move briskly. + Icel. frekr,
voracious ; Swed. frdck, impudent, Dan.
frcek, audacious; G.frech, saucy, O. H. G.
freJif greedy ; Goth, faihufriks, covetous.
Freak (2), to streak. (E.) A coined
word; to streak capriciously (Milton);
from Freak (i).
Freckle, a small spot. (Scand.) We
find hoih. frekell Budifreken oxfrakin.^
l<x\,freknur, pi., freckles ; Svfed.frdkne,
T>an,fregne, a freckle. Cf. Fleok.
97
FREE
FRIEND
K (E.) M.E.//-^. A.S.>«7.+
Du. vrij; Goth, freis; G. /ret. Tent,
type */rijoz ; allied to Skt./ry'a-, beloved,
agreeable: also to E. Friend. Orig. sense
♦dear, beloved'; hence applied to those
of the household who were children, not
slaves ; cf. L. Itdertj free, also * children.'
Der. freedom, A. S. freodom ; free-stone^
transl. of F, pier re franc he »
Free-booter, a rover, pirate. (Du.)
Borrowed from Du. vrijbuiter^ a free-
booter, robber. — Du. vrijbuiten^ to rob;
vrijbuUf plunder, lit. * free booty.* Du.
vrii =^^, free. And see Booty, p. 56.
Freeae. (E.) M. E. fresen. A. S.
freosan ; pp. _^^^«.+Icel. frjosa, Swed.
frysay 'Ds^.fryse, Du. vriezen^ G,frieren,
Teut type ^freusan-, L. prurire, to itch,
originally to bum (cf. prutna, hoarfrost),
^Vi.plosha-y a burning. Bmgm. i. § 562 ;
ii- § <557. (VPREU.)
Freight, a cargo. (F. - O. H. G.) M. E.
freyte ; later freygkt ; an altered spelling
of F. frety the freight of a ship, the ^
being inserted by (a true) connexion with
fraught, q. v. — F. fret, * the frai^ht or
freight of a ship, also, the hire that^ paid
for a ship;' Cot.— O. H. O.frlht, 'earn-
ings,' hire. This O. H. G.freht is thought
to be the same as Q.frachty a cargo ; and
freht has been supposed to represent a
Teut. t)rpe *fra-aihttz\ from fra-, prefix
(see Fret), and ♦a/^/w>A.S. 5^/, ac-
quisition (from dgan, to own). See Own.
Frenzy. (F.— L.— Gk.) M.E.frenesye,
— O. F. frenisie.^'L, phrenesis. — Late
Gk.^/>^t'97(ri;,for Gk. ^cfms, inflammation
of the brain.— Gk. <pptV'^ base of <l>pfjv,
midriff, heart, senses. See Frantic.
Frequent. (F.-L.) yi,Y. frequent,
^Ij.frequentem, ace. oifrequens, crowded,
frequent; pres. part, of a lost verb *frequerey
to cram, allied to farctre, to cram ; see
Faroe. Brugm. ii. § 713.
Fresco. (Ital.-O.H.G.) A painting
ovi fresh plaster.- Ital.y9r^<rtf, cool, fresh.
— O . H . G. frisc (G. frisch) . See below.
fresli. (E. ; andY.-TtvX.) M.E.
fresh ; zXsofersh, representing A. S.fe^sc,
The form fresh is from O. F. freSj freis
(fitm, fresche) ; cf. mod. Y.frais^ fresh.—
O. n. G. frisc (G. frisch), fresh. Teut.
type *friskoz. Allied to Lith. priskas,
sweet, unsoured, i. e. unleavened (applied
to bread) ; Russ. priesnuii, fresh.
Fret (i), to eat away. (E.) A.S.
fretan, for Teut *fra-etan, to devour
entirely. + Goth, fra-itan, to devour
entirely, from fra-, entirely, and itan, to
eat; Du. vreten, G.Jressen (t^ver-essen).
See For- (2) and Eat.
Fret (2), to ornament, variegate.
(F. — L. ; and E.) M.E. fretten, to adorn
with interlaced woik. — O. F. freter, to
strengthen (as with iron), also to adorn ;
also spelt /ifr/^r. — O. F. /r^/"^, a ferrule
rCot), also 2, fret (in heraldry) ; see Fret
(3). Probably influenced by M. 'E.fretien,
A. S. frcetwan, to adorn ; from frcetwe,
ornament.
Fret (3)> a kind of grating. (F.-L.)
Common in heraldry. — O. F. frete, a
ferrule ; frettes^ pi., an iron grating (Diez) ;
fretter, to hoop ; fretti, fretty (in heraldry).
[Cf. Span, fretes, frets (in heraldry) ; allied
to ItaL ferriata, an iron grating.] — F.^r,
iron. — L. ferrum, iron.
fi^t (4)1 a stop on a musical instru-
ment. (F. — L.) Frets are bars across the
neck of the instrument ; probably the same
word 2&fret (3). See N. E. D.
Friable, easily crumbled. (F.— L.)
M. Y. friable. — L. friabilis. — L. frtdre, to
rub, crumble.
Friaor. (F.-L.) M.E. ^^r<f.-O.F.
frere, freire, lit. a brother. — L. frdtrem,
ace. oifrdter, a brother. See Brother.
Fribble, to trifle. (F.-L.) Of imita-
tive origin ; but prob. suggested by obso-
lete/nw/, adj. frivolous, lli.'E. frevol.^
Y,frivole. — "L.friuolus; see Frivolous.
Fricassee, a dish of fowls cut up.
(F.) F. fricassie, a fricassee ; fem. of pp.
oifricasser, to fricassee, also, to squander
money. A fricassee is made of chickens,
&C. cut up into small pieces. Of unknown
origin. Some have suggested L. frigere,
to roast, or L. fricdre, to rub (Korting).
Friction. (F. — L.) Y. friction. — L.
ace. frictionem, a rubbing. — L. frictus,
contr. pp. oi jfricdre, to rub; allied to
fridre, to rub ; see Friable.
Friday. (E.) K,S. frfge-dteg, trans-
lating L. dies Veneris ; -whtrt frige is gen.
oi Frig, the wife of Woden. Teut. type
*frijdy fem. of *frijoz, dear, beloved, alsa
'free * ; Skt. priyd, wife, loved one. See
Free, Friend.
Friend. (E.) M.E. frend. A.S.
freond, orig. * loving,* pres. pt. oifreogan,
to love.+Icel./r^«dy, lisin.frande, Swed.
frdnde, only in the sense of * kinsman ' ;
also Du. vriend, Gfreund; Goih.fri/ffndSf
a friend, pres. pt. of fryon, to love. Cf.
198
FRIEZE
Skt. prf, to love. Allied to Free.
Brugm. i. § 567. Der. friend'Ship^ A. S.
friwid'Scipe,
Priese (i), a coarse woollen cloth. (F.
- Du. ?) M. F. frize, /rise, * frise ; ' Cot.
Perhaps due to drap de frise, i. e. cloth of
Friesland ; with which Cotgrave identifies
it. — Du. Vriesland, FriesUnd, Vries, a
Frieslander, belonging to Friesland. So
also cheval de Frise , a horse of Friesland ;
whence chevaux de Frise, spikes to resist
cavalry, a jesting term. ^ Hence O. F.
friser, to cover with a nap, to curl hair,
tofrizz. See Korting.
nies6 (2), part of the entablature of a
column. (F.) M. Y.frize^ * the broad and
flat band that's next below the cornish
[cornice], or between it and the architrave ;*
Cot Span. frisOi a frieze ; allied to Ital.
fregioy a fringe, lace, border, ornament.
The Ital. fregio represents L. Fhrygium
{opus), Phrygian work.
Fri^te. (F.-Ital.) M.F. fregate,
' a frigate ; ' Cot.— Ital. ^r^a/a, a frigate.
Origin uncertain.
Fright. (E.) M. E./fyghf. O. North-
umhTJryhffi, A. S. fyrhto, fyrhtu, fnght,
allied ioforht, timid.-f O.Sax./^r>i/a, Dan.
frygt, Swed. fruktan, G. furcht, Goth.
faurhteit fright ; allied to O. Sax. forht,
O. H. G,faracht, Goth, faurhts, fearful.
lUgio. (L.) L..frJgidus, cold, adj.—
'L,frT^rty to be cold. ^"L./rigtis, cold, sb.
+Gk. filtyos, cold. Brugm. 1. § 875.
Frill, a ruflae on a shirt. (F. ?)
[Frilly vb., was a term in hawking ; a hawk
that shivered, from feeling chilly, was said
to frill. ^O.F, Jriller, to shiver with
cold. Hence some have deduced the
sense of a hawk ruffling his feathers ; but
for this there is no authority. The sb.
answers, in sense, to O. F. Jresel, freisel,
a ruffle, frill; cf. mod. F, /raise, a frill.
It is remarkable that both Y,fraise and
£. frill mean ' the mesentery of a calf.']
Perhaps from M.F. vrille; Cot has:
< vrilles, hook-like edges, or ends of leaves,
. . . scrols.' F. vrille also means a gimlet,
a tendril ; prob. from Dan. vrilde, to twist,
from vride^ to writhe ; see Writhe.
Frixitf6« a border of loose threads. (F.
-L.)M. E. fringe, - O. F. frenge (Pals-
grave), oldest form of F. f range, fringe ;
the Wallachian form is frimbie, for *fim-
brie (by metathesis).— "L, fimbria, fringe ;
allied Xofibra, a fibre ; see Fibre.
r, worn-out clothes, trash.
FRIZ
(F. - L.) Stuff sold by a fripier. - M. F.
fi^P^9 ' ft fripier, or broker, trimmer up
of old garments, and a seller of them so
mended ; ' Cot. — O. F. frepe (also ferpe,
felpe), frayed out fringe, old clothes.
Prob. from 'L.fibra, fibre (Korting).
Frisk, to skip about (F.-Teut.)
From the ad}, frisk , brisk. — M. Y,f risque,
* friske, blithe, briske;' Cot ; O.Y.frique.
— O. H. G.frecht greedy, M. H. G. vrtch,
bold, lively. Cf. A. S. free, bold. See
Freak (i).
Fritll (1)) an enclosure, forest, wood.
(£.) Obsolescent; M. E.^'M, peace, also
enclosure, park. Cf. \f.ffridd, park, forest,
which is borrowed from M. £. — A. S»fri9,
peace; fridu, peace, security, asylum.
Cf. Icel. fribr, Dan. Swed. fred, Du.
zn^ede, G. friede, peace. Teut. type
*frithuz ; from ♦/W-, base of *fri'joz, free.
See Free. ^'Ihit M.E. frith is also
*■ wooded country.' This is prob. a different
word ; A. S. gefyrhCe (Birdi, iii. lao).
Frith (a), Furth., an estuary. TSouid.)
M. E. ^rM. — IceL f/drtfr, a firm, bay;
"DtLn.Jwrd, Swed. f/'drd, the same. Allied
to Ford. Brugm. ii. 108.
Fritillary, a plant. (L.) So named
because the chequered markings on the
corolla were in some way associated with
tifritillus.^'L.fritilliis, a dice-box.
nittar (i), a kind of pancake. (F.—
L.) M. K frytowre, fritoure, [C£ F.
friteau, «a fiitter,' Cot]-0. F. /r»/«r.f,
a fiying, dish of fried fish.— O. F. yW/,
fried. ^'L.frictus, pp. oifrtgere, to fry. .
Fritter (2),afragment; Shak. (F.-L.)
0.¥. freture.^lj. fractara, a fracture.
See Fracture.
firitter away, to diminish, waste.
(F. -L.) A derivative itom fritter {2) ^
a fragment; whence yW//^r, vb., to cut
up into fragments. See above.
FrivolonSv trifling. (L.) From L.
friuol-us, silly ; with suffix -ous. The orig.
sense seems to have been ' rubbed away ;
hence friuola meant broken potsherds,
&c. — L. fridre, fricdre, to rub ; see
Friable.
Fris, FrisZf to curl, render rough.
(F. - Du. ?) M. F.frizer, * to fiizle, crispe,
curie;* Cot. [Cf. Span. ^Jar, to frizzle,
raise the nap on frieze, from frisa, frieze.]
Similarly the F. f riser is ixom. frise, frize,
frieze ; see Frieae (i). Der.frizz-le, fire-
quent form, in commoner use ; c£ O. Fries.
jrisl€,fresk^ a. lock of hair.
199
FREE
FRIEND
(E.) M. E. fre, A. S. >«>.+
Du. vnj\ Goth. freis\ G. fret, Tcut.
type *frijoz ; alliea to Skt./n(ya-, beloved,
agreeable: also to E. Friend. Orig. sense
* dear, beloved ' ; hence applied to those
of the household who were children, not
slaves ; cf. L. libert, free, also ' children.'
Der. freedom, A. S. freodom ; free-stone,
transl. of F. pierre franche,
Free-booter, a rover, pirate. (Da.)
Borrowed from Da. vrijbuitery a free-
booter, robber. i-Du. vrijbuiten, to rob;
vrifbuitf plander, lit. ' free booty.* Da.
vnt^^»free. And see Booty, p. 56.
Freeie. (E.) M. E. fresen, A. S.
freosan ; pp. ,^r^«.+Icel. frjosa^ Swed.
fry say Dan. /rj'W, Du. vriezen, G/frieren.
Teat type yreusan-, L. prurtre, to itch,
originally to bum (cf. pruina, hoarfrost),
^Vt. pldsna-f a burning. Bnigm. i. § 56a ;
ii. § ^57. (V^REU.)
Freiglit, a cargo. (F. - O. H. G.) M. E.
freyte ; later freyght ; an altered spelling
of F. frety the freight of a ship, the ^
being inserted by (a true) connexion with
fraught^ q. v. — F. fret^ * the fraaeht or
freight of a ship, also, the hire that^ paid
for a ship;' Cot.-O. H. G.frikt, 'earn-
ings,* hire. This O. H. G.freAt is thought
to be the same as G,fracn/, a cargo ; and
/reht has been supposed to represent a
Teut. type *fra'aihtiz\ from fra-, prefix
(see Fret), and *aihtiz>A,S. Sht, ac-
quisition (from dgan, to own). See Own.
Freniy. (F. — L. — Gk.) M. 'E.frenesye,
— O. F. frenisie.^lH phrenisis, — Late
GV,<ppivfi<TiSyioi Gk. ^tviTii, inflammation
of the brain.— Gk. ^/>cv-, base of ^p^*',
midriff, heart, senses. See Frantlo.
Frequent. (F.-L.) Vi.Y. frequent,
— lu.frequentem, ace. 01 frequens, crowded,
frequent; pres. part, of a lost verb ^require,
to cram, allied to farctre, to cram ; see
Farce. Brugm. ii. § 713.
Fresco. (Ital. ~0. H. G.) A painting
on fresh plaster. — Ital. ^^j^^, cool, fresh.
— O. H. G. fHsc (G. frisch). See below.
fresh. (E. ; <WMfF.-Teat.) M.E.
fresh ; also/?/-jA, representing A. S.fetsc,
The form fresh is from O. F. freSf frets
(fem. fresche) ; cf. mod. F. fratSy fresh. —
O. n. G. fnsc (G. frisch), fresh. Teut.
type *friskoz. Allied to Lith. preskas,
sweet, unsoured, i. e. unleavened (applied
to bread) ; Russ. priesnuii, fresh.
Fret (i), to eat away. (E.) A.S.
fretan^ for Teut ^fra-etan^ to devour
entirely. ^ Goth, fra-itan, to devour
entirely, from fra-t entirely, and fVa/i , to
eat; Du. vreten, G.Jressen {^ver-essen).
See For- (a) and Bat.
Fret (a), to ornament, variegate.
(F. — L. ; and E.) M.E. fretten, to adorn
with interlaced woik. — O. F. freter^ to
strengthen (as with iron), also to adorn ;
also spelt /rr/^.—O.F. //v/^, a ferrule
(Cot.), also ^fret (in heraldry) ; see Fret
(3). Probably influenced by M. ^E^freiien^
A. S. fratwan^ to adorn ; from frtetwe,
ornament.
Fret (3), a kind of grating. (F.-L.)
Common in heraldry. — O. F. frete, a
ferrule ; frettes, pi., an iron grating (Diez) ;
fretter, to hoop ; fretti, fretty (in heraldry).
[Cf. Span, fretes, frets (in heraldry) ; allied
to ItaL ferriaiaj an iron grating.] — F.y^rr,
iron. — L. ferrum, iron.
firet (4)9 a stop on a musical instru-
ment. (F.— L.) Frets are bars across the
neck of the instrument ; probably the same
word 9&fret (3). See N. E. D.
Friable, easily crumbled. (F.— L.)
M. ¥, friable, — L. friabilis, — L. fridre^ to
rub, crumble.
Friar. (F.-L.) M.E. >>-^r^.-O.F.
frere^ freire^ lit. a brother. — L. frdtrem^
ace. oifrdterf a brother. See Brother.
Fribble, to trifle. (F.-L.) Of imita-
tive origin ; but prob. suggested by obso-
lete/nw/, adj. frivolous, M..1S,, frevol.^
Y ,frivole,^\..friuolus\ see Frivolous.
Fricassee, a dish of fowls cut up.
(F.) Y.fricassiej a fricassee; fem. of pp.
oifricasser, to fricassee, also, to squander
money. A fricassee is made of chickens,
Blc cut up into small pieces. Of unknown
origin. Some have suggested L. frtgere,
to roast, or \u.fricdrey to rub (Korting).
Friction. (F.-L.) Y.friction,^\„
ace. frictidnem, a rubbing. — L. frictus,
contr. pp. oi fricdre, to rub; allied to
fridre^ to rub ; see Friable.
Friday. (E.) A. S. /n~pjp-(/<!J^, trans-
lating L. diis Veneris ; where/nj?^ is gen.
oi Fngy the wife of Woden. Teut type
*frijdt fem. of ^frijoz, dear, beloved, also
'free * ; Skt. priyd, wife, loved one. See
Free, Friend.
Friend. (E.) M.E. frend. A.S.
freondf orig. * loving,' pres. pt. oifreogan,
to love.+Icel./r^fwSV, Daii.yn?«flfe, Swed.
frdnde^ only in the sense of ' kinsman ' ;
also Du. vriend, Gfreund\ Goi\i. frijdnds^
a friend, pres. pt. of frij9n, to love. Cf.
198
FRIEZE
FRIZ
Skt. /rf, to love. Allied to Free.
Bmgm. i. § 567. Per. fritnd'Ship, A. S.
friond'Scipe,
Ari0ie (i), a coarse woollen cloth. (F.
- Du. ?) M. F. frize, /rise, • frise ; * Cot.
Perhaps due to drap defrise^ i. e. cloth of
Friesland ; with which Cotgrave identifies
it. — Du. Vriesiand, Friesland, VrteSf a
Frieslander, belonging to Friesland. So
also cheval de Frise ^ a horse of Friesland ;
whence chevaux de /m^, spikes to resist
cavalry, a jesting term. ^ Hence O. F.
friser, to cover with a nap, to curl hair,
Xofrittz. See Korting.
nioiO (3), part of the entablature of a
column. (F.) M. Y.frize, * the broad and
flat band that's next below the cornish
[cornice], or between it and the architrave ;*
Cot. Span, friso, a frieze ; allied to Ital.
fregio^ a fringe, lace, border, ornament.
The Ital. fregio represents L. Phrygium
{epus), Phrygian work.
Fri^te. (F.-Ital.) M.F. fregate,
* a frigate ; * Cot— Ital. y^^o/a, a frigate.
Origin uncertain.
Fnght. (E.) M. Y^fryght O. North-
umb. JtyhtOy A. S. fyrntOy fyrhtu^ fright,
allied Xaforht, timid. -fO.Sax.^r^/a, Dan.
frygtt Swed. fruktan^ G. fiircht, Goth.
faurhtei, fright ; allied to O. Sax. forhty
O. H. G.forachty Goth, faurhts, fearful.
Frigid. (L.) L.yVf;fjVi«. cold, adj. -
'L.JrIgeret to be oold, ^'L.friguSy cold, sb.
4>Gk. fiyot, cold. Brugm. i. $ 875.
nill, a ru6ae on a shirt. (F. ?)
{Frilif vb., was a term in hawking ; a hawk
that shivered, from feeling chilly ^ was said
to ^y/.-O.F. frillery to shiver with
cold. Hence some have deduced the
sense of a hawk ruffling his feathers ; but
for this there is no authority. The sb.
answers, in sense, to O. F. fresely freisel^
a ruffle, frill; cf. mod. T, /raises a frill.
It is remarkable that both ¥,f raise and
£. frill mean ' the mesentery of a calf.*]
Perhaps from M.F. vrille; Cot has:
' vril/es, hook-like edges, or ends of leaves,
. • . scrols.' F. vrille also means a gimlet,
a tendril ; prob. from Dan. vrilde, to twist,
from vride, to writhe ; see 'Writhe.
Fringaf a border of loose threads. (F.
-L.)M. E. fringe, - O. F. frenge (Pals-
grave), oldest form of F. frange^ fringe ;
the Wallachian form is frimbity for *fim'
brie (by metathesiB).— i^fimbriay fringe ;
allied ioftbrOy a fibre ; see Fibre.
ftiyptry, wom«oat clothes, trash.
(F. - L.) Stuff sold by a fripier, - M. F.
fripier^ 'a fripier, or broker, trimmer up
of old garments, and a seller of them so
mended ; ' Cot. - O. F. frepe (also ferpe^
felpe\ frayed out fringe, old clothes.
Prob. from 'L.fibray fibre (Korting).
Frisk, to skip about (F.-Teut.)
From the ad), frisk, brisk. — M. Y.frisgtte,
* friske, blithe, briske;* Cot ; 0,¥.frique.
— O. H. G.frecht greedy, M. H. G. ifrtchy
bold, lively. Cf. A. S. frec^ bold. See
Freak (i).
Frith (1)) an enclosure, forest, wood.
(£.) Obsolescent; M. R^'M, peace, also
enclosure, park. Cf. V^.jpidd, park, forest,
which is borrowed from M. £. — A. S.frid,
peace ; fridu, peace, security, asylum.
Cf. Icel. friir, Dan. Swed. fred^ Du.
vrede, G. friede, peace. Teut. type
*frithuz ; from *fri't base of ^fri'joZy free.
See Free. % The M. E. frith is also
' wooded countiy.* This is prob. a different
word; A. S. genrhSe (Birch, iii. 120).
Frith (a), Firthy an estuary. (Scemd.)
M. E. fi^lh, — IceL fjorHry a firth, bay ;
Ti^iL, fiord y Swed, f/drd, the same. Allied
to Ford. Brugm. ii. 108.
Fritillary, a plant. (L.) So named
because the chequered markings on the
corolla were in some way associated with
Kfritillus, — 'L.fritilluSt a dice-box.
Fritter (i), a kind of pancake. (F.—
L.) M. K frytcwre, fritoure. [C£ F.
friteait, «a fritter,' Cot] - O. F. /rtViir^,
a fiying, dish of fried fish.— O. F. y^,
fried. '''L.frictuSy pp. oifrigere, to fry. .
Fritter (2 ), a fragment ; Shak. (F. - L.)
0,Y, freture.^lj, fractaray a fracture.
See Fracture.
fSritter away» to diminish, waste.
(F. -L.) A derivative from Jritler {2) ,
a fragment; yihtncit fritter^ vb., to cut
up into fragments. See above.
Frivoloiie, trifling. (L.) From L.
friuol-us, silly ; with suffix -ous. The orig.
sense seems to have been ' rubbed away ;
hence friuola meant broken potsherds,
&c. — jL. friare, fricdre^ to rub ; see
Friable.
Frilf FrilBi to curl, render rough.
(F. - Du. ?) M. ¥,frizer, * to frizle, crispe,
curie;* Cot. [Cf. Span.ywar, to frizzle,
raise the nap on frieze, from frisa, frieze.]
Similarly the F. f riser is tiom frise, frize,
frieze ; see Friese (i). DeT.frizX'le, fze-
auent form, in commoner use ; cfl O. Fries.
/risle,JresU, a lock of hair.
199
FRO
FRUMP
Fro. (Scand.) The Scand. form of
/ww. — lcel. frd^ Dan, /ra, from. See
Prom.
Frock. (F.-LowL.) M. E. /r<?>6.-
O. Y.froc ; Low Y^froccus^ a monk's frock,
also spelt Jloccus (Ducange). Prob. so
called because woollen ; see Flock (3).
Cf. Port, froco^ a snow-flake, from L.
Jloccus » ^So Diez; but Brachet derives
it from O. H. G. hroch (G. rocU)^ a coat,
in which the initial h is unoriginal.
Frog (i), an animal. (E.) Ul.'E.frogge.
A. S. frogga^ frocga. Also A. S. frox,
a frog. + Icel. jroskry Du. vorschy G.
frosch.
Frog (3), a substance in a horse's foot.
(L. ?) It is shaped like a fork ; perhaps
a corruption oiforfc, q. v. ; the F. name is
fourchette. In any case, it has been con-
formed to Frog (i).
X^rolic, adj., sportive, ^u.) XVI cent.
Orig. an adj.->Du. vrohjk^ frolic, merry.
^G,/rdhlichj merry. Formed with suffix
'lijk ( = E. like, -ly) from the O. Sax.
fro- (as in frff-liko, adv.), O. Fries, fro
( = G. froh)^ merry. Der. froliCy sb. and
verb.
From, away, forth. (E.) A. S. frottty
fram. + Icel. frd, from ; O. H. G. fraftiy
forth ; Goth, framy from. Cf. also Icel.
franiy adv. forward (Swed. fram, Dan.
frem)\ Goth./rami>, adv., further. Allied
to Frame.
Frond, a branch. (L.) 'L.frond-, stem
oifrons, a leafy branch.
Front. (F.-L.) U,E. frvn/, fore-
head.—O.F. /fwi/, forehead, brow. — L.
frrontetn, ace. oifrdns, forehead, brow.
frontal, a band worn on the forehead.
( F. — L. ) O. F. fronted — L. fivntdle, an
ornament for a horse's forehead. — la, front-,
stem ^ifronsy forehead.
frontier. (F.-L.) O.T.frontiere,
fein. — Late 'L.fronleriayfrontdria, border-
land. — L. fovnt-^ stem of frons, front
(hence, border).
frontispieee. (F.— L.) For fronlls-
ftce; through the influence of piece. "F.
fron/isplce, * the frontispiece or fore-front
of a house ; ' Cot. — Late h.fronlispictu/n,
a front view. — L. frvnli-, decl. stem of
fr^^ns ; specerOy to see ; see Species.
frontlet. (F.-L.) O. F. fiwtel-et,
dimin. of O. F. frontel\ see flrontal
(above).
Frmre, frozen. (E.) A. S. fivren, pp.
offriosan, to freeze. See Freeie.
frost. (E.) M. E. frost, first ; A. S.
forst (for /r^j/).+Du. vorst, Icel. Dan.
Swed. G. frost, "Teut. types *frustoz^ m. ;
*frustom, n. From yrus-, weak grade of
*freusan-, to freeze. See Freeze.
Froth. (Scand.) M.E, frotke. "lech
froda, fraud, Dan. fraade [Swed. fradlga"],
froth, foam on liquids. From the Teut.
verb *freutAan-, to iroih up; as in A. S.
dfrecifan.
ROnnce, to wrinkle, curl, plait.
(F.— L.) The older form oijlounce; see
Flounce (2).
Froward, perverse. (Scand. and E.)
M. E. froward, commonly froward
(Northern). From Icel. frd, fro; and
ward. Cf. A. S. fromweard, only in the
sense ' about to depart ' ; but we still
keep the orig. sense of from-ward, L e.
averse, perverse. (Cf. wayward , i. e.
away- ward.) And see Toward.
Frown. (F.— Teut.) M.E. frounen."
O. F. frongnier, whence F. refrogner,
to frown, look sullen. Cf. Ital. iu'
frigno, frowning, Ital. dial. (Lombardic)
frignare, to whimper, make a wry face.
Of Teut. origin. From Teut. ^frunjan-,
as in Swed. dial, fryna, Norw. frdyna, to
make a wry face. (Korting, § 3324.)
Frncti^. (F.-L.) Y.fructifier,"!..
friUtiJicdrt, to make fruitful.— L.^^^f/t-,
for jructusy fruit ; "ficdre, for facere, to
make. See firuit.
frugal, thrifty. (F.-L.) Y. frugal.
"la. frugdlisj economical; lit. belonging
to fruits. — L. frug't, frugal ; orig. dat. of
frux (pi. friiges), fruit of the earth.
Allied to fruit.
fruit. (F.-L.) M.E.>wi^.-0. F.
fruit. — L. fructum, ace. of fructus, fruit.
— L. frUctus, pp. of frui, to enjoy ;
allied to Brook (i). (-/BHREUG.)
Brugm. i. § iii ; ii. § 532.
frnition. (F.-L.) O.Y. fruition,
enjoyment. — Late L. fruitionem, ace. of
fruitio, enjoyment. "la. fruit-us, the same
SiS friictus, pp. oifrut, to enjoy.
frnmenty, nirmety, wheat boiled
in milk. (F.— L.) 0.¥. fromentee, f. ;
'furmenty, sodden wheat;' Cot. Lit
made witii wheat; the suflix •/f=L. -dta,
made with. — O. Y.froment, wheat — Late
la^frHmentum ; l^frHmentum, com; allied
to la.fiiigis, fruit
Arnrnp, an ill-tempered person. (E.)
Of doubtral origin ; but cf. frampold. A
frump fonnerly meant a 'sneer/ or
aoo
FRUSTRATE
I'UN
expression of contempt. Cf. Low. Sc.
frampU, to disorder ; frumpU, to crease ;
frump, an unseemly fold : Dan. vrampet^
warped.
Fril8trate» to render vain. (L.) From
pp. of L. frustrdrif to render vain.—
L„frustrd, in vain ; orig. abl. fem. of obso-
lete zA]. friistros ( = yr«</-/fvj), deceitful.
Allied to Fraud.
Tmstuill, a piece of a cone or cylinder.
(L.) 'L.frusium, a piece cut off. Cf. Gk.
Bpavfffta, a fragment, from Opaiuv, to break
in pieces. Prellwitz ; Brugm. i. § 853.
Fry (I \ to dress food. (F. -L) M. E.
frien.^O. F. frire — L. frigere, to roast
C£ Gk. ipp^uvj to parch ; Skt. bhrajj^ to
fry.
Fry (2), spawn of fishes. (Scand.)
A. F. fry ; M. E. /«, also used (like the
Goth, word) in the sense of * offspring.* —
Icel. friB^ fKi^y spawn, fry ; Dan. Swed.
^i/.+Golh. fraiw, seed, offspring. Teut.
type *fraiwomy neut. Brugm. i. § 1029. *
Fnolisia, a flower. (G.) Named after
Z. Fuchs, German botanist, ab. 1542.
Fudge. (F.) Picard fuche ! feuche I
an interjection of contempt (Corblet).
F110L (F.-L.) M. E>«e;^// (Barbour).
A. F. fewaile^ O. F. jouaille (Low L.
/oallia)f fuel. — Late L* focdlia, pi. of
focdUy fuel. M L. focus, a heartii. See
Foous;
Fugitive. (F.-L) O.Y.fugitif^
L. fugitiuuSt fleeing aWay. — L. fugit-utn,
supine oi fugere, to flee. + Gk. ip€^y€iv,
to flee; Skt. dkuf to bend, turn aside.
Allied to Bow (1). Der. centrift^al,
q. V. ; febrifuge y feverfew,
Fugleuan, the leader of a file. (G.)
Yoifluglentan, — G. fliigelmann, the leader
of a wing or file of men. — G.fiUgelj a wing,
from flug, flight, from fiiegen, to fly ;
piann, a man. See Fly.
Fugue, a musical composition. (F. —
Ital. - L.) ¥, fugue. - Ital. fuga, a fugue,
lit. a flight. -L. fuga, flight. See Fugi-
tive.
Fulcrum, a point of support. (L.)
"L. fulcrum, a support. — 'L.fulcire, to prop.
FulfiL (E.) M. E. fulfillen. A. S.
fulfyllan, to fill full, fulfil. - A. S. /«/,
full ; fyllan, to fill. See Full, FiU.
Fulgent, shining. (L.) From stem of
pres. pt. of L. fulgere, to shine. + Gk.
^kiyuv, to burn; Skt. bhrdj, to shine.
J>er. ef -fulgent {ef'^'L ex); re-fulgent.
Fuliginous, sooty. (L.) 'L^fuligind-
sus, sooty, ^h, fultgin-y stem oi fuHgp,
soot. Cf. Skt. dku'li-, dust. Allied to
Fume. Brugm. i. § 481.
Full (I), complete. (E.) A. S. /«/.+
Du. voly \c.^,fullr, Vnn.fuld (for full),
Svrcd.full, Goth, fiills, G. voll, Teut.
type *fulloB ; Idg. type *p9lnos, Cf. Lith.
pilnas, full, filled ; Russ. polnuii, full ;
O. Irish Idn (<*pldn), full ; W. llawn ;
Sku puma-, Pers./«r; cf. Gk. vXYiprjs, L.
plenus. Idg. root *p9l, ^ple^ to fill. Brugm.
i- §§ 393> 461. J>et, ^11, fulfil, fulsome.
Full (2), to full cloth, felt. (F.-L.)
O. F. fuler, F. fouler, * to full, or thicken
cloath in a mill ; ' Cot. Also ' to trample
on.' — Late L. fulldre, (1) to cleanse
clothes, (2) to full.*L./»//0, a fuller.
fbller, a bleacher of cloth. (L.)
A. S. fullere, a bleacher. — L. fullo, a
fuller, bleacher. (See above.)
Fulminate, to thunder, hurl lightning.
(L.) From pp. of V,.fulmindrey to ^\3Xi-
der. mmh. fulmin-, for fulmen, a thunder-
bolt {^yulg-men^,^h.fulgere, to shine.
Fulsome, cloying. (£.) M,E.fulsum,
from M. E.ful, full ; with suffix -sum ( » £.
-some as in winsome). See Full (i).
Fulvous, Fulvid, tawny. (L.) From
L.y^/wKj, tawny ; LateL.y^/fifi(/MJ,some-
what tawny. Cf. Yellow; Brugm. i.
5 363-
Fumble, to grope about. (Du.) XVI
QBUt. — Du. fommelen, to fumble. + Swed.
fumla (also famla) ; Dan. famle. Ap-
parently ml is for Im ; cf. Icel. fdlma, to
grope about, from the sb. appearing as
A. S. folm, the palm of the hand, allied
to L. palma ; see Palm.
Fume. (F. — L.) O. F. fum, — L.
fumumy ace. of fUmus, smoke. 4- Skt.
dhUma'y smoke ; Gk. 9vfi^s, spirit, anger.
(V[>H£U.) Allied to Fuliginous.
Aimigate. (L.) From pp. of L.
fUmigdre, to fumigate. — L. /Sw-, for
fUmuSy vapour; -ig&re, for agerCy to drive
about.
ftimito^, a plant. (F.— L.) Formerly
fumiter, — F. fumeterre, fumitory (for
fume de terre), — Late L. fUmus terrce,
smoke of the earth ; so named from its
abundance (and perhaps its curly appear-
ance). Cf. G. erdrauchy fumitory, lit.
* earth-smoke * ; W. cwd y mwgy lit. * bag
of smoke.*
Fun, merriment. (E.) XVIII cent. It
orig. meant ' a trick ' ; from an obs. vb.
fun, to cheat, hoax ; prob. from M. £.
aoi
H3
FUNAMBULIST
fon^ fonn$y a foolish person. See Fond.
Cf. Irish fonn^ delight, pleasure, song ;
Gael.y^MM ; prob. borrowed from £.
FmUUnbllliBty a rope-dancer. (Span.
— L.) Formerly funambulo. — Span, fun-
ambuloy a funambulist. — h,/un-isj a rope ;
anibul'drey to walk ; see Amble.
Tunctioilt performance, office. (F. —
L.) M. ¥. function (F. fonction) . — L. ace
functioneni^ performance. "L.y%f»^/»j, pp.
oi fungi f to perform, orig. to use. + Skt.
bhuhjf to enjoy. Bmgm. ii. § 628.
Fimdi a store. (F.— L.) M.F. fond,
* a bottom, a merchant's stock ;* Cot. «
L. fundus, bottom; cognate with £.
BottonL
fimdament, base. (F.-L.) M. £.
fundement. * O. F. fondemeni, fomidation.
i- 'L.funddtnentumf foundation. — L.. fund-
are ; see Found (i).
Foneralf relating to a burial. (F. - L.)
O F. funeral, — Late L. funerdlis, adj.,
from i^funer- (for *funcS'\ stem oifunus,
a burial. "Det.funercHdi homL fumre-us,
funereal.
FonfflUI, a spongy plant. (L.) L.
fungus. 4- Gk. irw6yyoSf a sponge ; see
Sponge.
Funnel. (F.-L.) U.E.fonel. Prob.
from an O. F. *foni/, preserved in Bret.
fount/, a funnel; cf. Span, font/, Port.
funi/t Prov. fount/, enfouni/h. • Late L.
fundHnUum (Lewis and Short); L. iV
fundibu/um, a funnel. — L. infundere, to
pour in. — L. in, in ; fundere^ to pour.
Pup. (F. -O. Low G.) M. Y..forre.^
O. F. forre,fuerrc, a sheath, case, whence
the vb. forrer, to line with ftir ; Chaucer
translates forree by * furred,* R. R. 408.
[Cf. Span, forro, lining for clothes, Ital.
foderOi lining, fur, scabbard.] — Goth.^Wr,
scabbard, orig. 'protection;' IciA* fodr,
lining ; allied to G. f utter, a case, lining,
fur. 4 Skt. pdtra^m), a receptacle ; cf. Gk.
irw/io, a cover. Brugm. i. % 174.
Furbelow, a flounce. (F.) Prov. F.
far/fo/a, a flounce, in the dialect of
Hainault (Diez); the usual form is F.
Span. Ital. Voti. fa/ba/a, a flounce. Origin
unknown.
Fnrbiahy to polish, trim. (F.-O.H.G.)
O. F. forbiss-, inceptive stem of forbir,
to furbish, polish. — O. H. G. *furbjan,
M. H. G. fiirban, to purify, clean, rub
bright.
Furl, to roll up a sail. (F. — Arab.)
Formerly spelt furd/e, farthe/, to roll up
FURTHEST
in a bundle. From farde/, a bundle ; see
FardeL Cf. F. farde/er, 'to truss, to
make into fardles;* Cot. \Y.fer/er, to
furl, is from £.]
Furlong, ith of a mile. (£.) A. S.
fur/ang, ong. a furrow-long, or the length
of a furrow. — A. S. furh, a furrow ; /ang,
long.
Fnrloil|dl, leave of absence. (Du.—
Scand.) C)rig. twr/offe, — Du. ver/of,
leave, furlough ; the same as Dan. for/ov,
Swed. for/of leave. Cf. G. ur/aub, fur-
lough; Dan. or/ov, p. As to the prefix,
Du. ver; Dan. for-, Swed. for-, are the
same as E.for' ; whilst Dan. or-, G. ur- —
Goth, us, out. The syllable, /of, leave, is
shortened from -/of, the equivalent of G.
'/aub; as seen in G. er-/aub-en, to permit,
and in A. S. /eaf, permission. See Iieave
(2) ; also Believe, Lief.
^nrmety ; see Frumenty.
Furnace, an oven. (F.— L.) M. £.
fomeis, — O. F. fomaise. — L. fomdcem,
ace. Q>i fomax, an oven. — L. fomus^ an
oven; idlied io formus, warm. Cf. Skt.
gharma'y warmth, glow. See Warm.
Brugm. i. § 146.
Furnish, to fit up, equip. (F.^O.H.G.)
O. Y . foumiss; inceptive stem oi foumir,
to furnish, of which an older spelling is
fornir, the same word as Prov. formir,
fromir, — O. H. G. frumjan, to provide,
fumish; cf. O. H. G.fruma, utility, profit,
gain ; G,fromm, good. Allied to Former^
Frame. And see Veneer.
Furrow. (E.) M. E. forwe, A. S.
fur/t, a furrow.+Du. voor, Icel. for, Dan.
fure, Swed. f2tre\ G. furche, a furrow.
Tent type *furh-, f. Cf. W. r/iych, a
furrow; L. porca, a ridge between two
furrows. 'DeT.fur-/ong,
Further. (E.) Probably the comp.
of fore, but also explained as comp. of
forth. M. E. furHer. A. S. furHra, adj.
m. ; furdor, further, adv.+Du. vorders,
adv., further ; O. Fries, fordera, adj. ;
O. Sax. forthora, adj. ; O. H. G. fordar,
G. vorder, adj. Teut. type *furthero- (i. e.
*fur'ther'0-) answering to Gk. ir/w-rf/Hos,
comp. of frp6, % In this view the comp.
suffix is 'tker (Gk. -rep-). Der. further,
vb., A. S. fyrHran, formed from furtior
by vowel-change of u to y,
ftirthesty a late form, made as the
superl. of forth, and due to regarding
further as the comp. of the same. The
true superl. oi fore i% first.
2oa
FURTIVE
Furtive. (F.-L.) M. Y.furtif^ fem.
furtive, — L. furttuuSy stolen, secret. — L.
furiutfiy theft. — L. furdri^ to steal. — L.
fur^ a thie£4-(^^' *P^9i & ^iti^ allied to
^pHv^ to bear, carry (away). (^BHER.)
Bmgni. ii. § i6o (3).
Fury. (F. - L. ) F. furU, - L. furia,
x^<t.'^\i. jfurerCy to rage.
Fume. (E.) yi,Y.. first, k,^,fyrs\
older lQitm.fyrc5,
FOSCOIUI, brown. (L.) L. fusc-us,
brown ; with suffix 'Ous.
Fuse (i)) to melt by heat. (L.) A late
word. Due to fus-ible (in Chaucer),
fus'um, in Sir T. Browne. — L. fusus^ pp.
oifutuiere, to pour, melt. Allied to Gk.
xUiv (for *xef -cii'), Goth, giutany to pour.
(VGHEU.) Der. fus-ibU (from O. F.
fusible) ; fus-ion. See Qush.
Fuse (2) ; see Fusee (i).
Fusee (i) Fuse. (F.-L.; <?rltal.-
L.) ' Fuse y fusee f a pipe filled with wild-
fire, and put into tne touch-hole of a
bomb ;' Kersey (17 15). i. Fuse is from
Ital./Mr^, a spindle, a shaft (of a column) ;
also, a fuse. — L..fiisust a spindle, a . Fusee
is from F. fus^ey a fiisee, i. e. a spindle-
shaped pipe ; see below.
nUBee (a)» a spindle in a watch. (F.—
L.) O. F. fusliy orig. a spindleful of
thread.— Late 1^, fUsatay the same; fem.
of pp. of fUsdre^ to use a spindle. — L.
ffisus, a spindle.
Fufldl (i)» a light musket. (F.-^L.)
Orig. not the musket itself, but the steel
against which the flint struck. From F.
fusily * a fire-steele for a tinder-box; ' Cot.
Also in mod. F., a fusil. [Cf. Span, fusi/y
a fusil.] — L.y2>d/f, a steel lor kindling fire.
"h. focus, a hearth; see Foous. Der.
fusil-eery jitsillade,
Fiudl (3), a spindle, in heraldry. (L.)
A. F. fusel (see O. F. fuisel in Godefroy).
Dimin. oCL.fusus, a spindle.
Fusil (3), easily molten. (L.) 'L,fusilis,
easily molten.— ll/i/^»j, pp. o( fundere,
to pour. See Fuse (i).
Fuss, haste, flurry. (E.) Probably of
imitative origin, descriptive of spluttering
and puffing. Cf. fujrl i. e. to puff, and
Aiss. f It cannot be connected with
M. £. fiiSy adj., eager ; A. S. fus, eager,
prompt.
Fust (1), to become mouldy. (F.— L.)
In Hamlet, iv. 4. 39. Coined from fusly
(a. u. 1398), answering to O. F. fusl^,
* fusty, tasting of the cask,* Cot.-O.F.
GABARDINE
fusl, a cask ; orig. a stock, trunk, log. —
lL0.fustem, ace. oifustisy a cudgel.
fust (2), the shaft of a column. (F.~
L.) In Kersey (1715). — O.F. fusty a
trunk. — L./w/tf^i, ace. offuslisy a cudgel,
thick stick.
FustiaUy a kind of coarse cloth. (F. —
Ital. — Low L. — Egypt ) M. E. fustane ;
also ftistian ; A. F. fustiatUy fustain ;
O. F. fusiaine. — Ital. fustagno ; Low L.
fustdneum, — Arab, fustdty a suburb of
Cairo, in Egypt, whence the stuff first
came. % Introduced through Genoese
commerce.
Fustigate, to cudgel. (L.) From
pp. of L. fustigdrey to cudgel. — L. fust-y
stem oifustiSy a cudgel ; -igdre, for agerey
to drive, wield.
FusW; see Fust (1).
FutUe, vain. (F.-L.) ¥. futile, ^L.
futilisy futtilisy that which easily pours
forth, also vain, empty, futile. From L.
*fii'y allied to funderey to poiu: ; cf. Gk.
xUiv. See Fuse (i).
FuttockSy certain timbers in a ship.
(E.) ^ Futtocksy the compassing timbers
in a ship, that make the breadth of it ; '
Kersey (17 15). Called foot-stocks in
Florio, s. v. stamine. The first syllable
is iox foot 'y futtocks is thought to be for
foot' hooks y and was so explained in 1644 ;
hcok referring to the bent shape of the
timbers. Bailey gives the form foot- Aooks,
Future, about to be. (F.-L.) O.F.
futur, fem. future, — L. futHruSy about to
be ; fut. part, from fu-i, I was ; allied to
Be. (yBHEU.)
Fuuball, a sjpongy fungus. (E.) Cf.
prov. E. fiizzyy jozy, light and spongy ;
Low G. jussigy loose, weak ; Du. voos,
spongy.
J^lfot, a peculiarly formed cross. (£.)
Modem; and due to a mistake. MS.Lansd.
874, leaf 190, hs^fylfoty meaning a space
in a painted window at the bottom, that
fills the foot. Erroneously connected with
the ' gammadion.'
G.
Gabardine, Gaberdine. (Span.-
Teut.) Span, gabardinay a coarse frock.
We also find M. E. gawbardyne ; which is
from O.F. galvardiney ^l9irdiney a
loose frock. Perhaps a * pilgrim's' frock ;
from M.H.O. walfaH (G. wallfahrt)y
203
QABBLE
QALAXY
pilgrimage. ■■ M. H. G. walUn^ to wander ;
fart^ travel, from faraUj to go (E,/arg).
Gabble, to prattle. (£.) Frecjuent. of
gad, to prattle. Of imitative origin ; cf.
JMer, % The M. £. gabben^ to mock, is
from O. F. gaber, to mock, which is also
perhaps of imitative origin, or is allied to
gape.
Gabion. (F.-Ital.-L.) F. gabion,
a gabion, large basket filled with earth. —
Ital. gabbiane, a gabion; augment, of
gabbiay a cage, also sptXtgaggiay and allied
to Span, gavia, a cage (for madmen).
— L. cauea, a hollow place, cage, den,
coop ; see Cage.
Gable, a peak of a honse-top. (F.~
Scand.) M. E. gahle, - O. F. g^U, — Icel.
gajly Dan. gavl, Swed. gafoel, a gable. +
A. S. geafel, a fork ; Du. gaffel, a fork ;
G. gabel^ a fork. Further allied to O. Irish
gaSuly a fork, gallows ; W. gafl^ the fork
of the thighs. With a different gradation,
we find Goth, gibia, pinnacle, G. giebel,
Du. gevel, gable; O. H. G. gebal, head,
Gk. «(c^aXi^, head (root-form *ghebh'). See
Oaff.
Gaby, a simpleton. TScand.) M. Dan.
gahe, a fool \ Dan. dial, gabenar, a sim-
pleton, allied to Dan. gain!, to gape (Dan.
nar means 'fool'). Cf. Icel. ga^ty a
heedless man ; gapamuSr (lit gape-
mouthed), the same ; Icel. gapa, to gape ;
Norw. gaiaj stupid.
Gad (i)) a wedge of steel, goad. (Scand.)
M. £. gad, a goad. — Icel. gaddr, a goad,
spike, sting; cognate with Goth, gasds^
a rod, Irish gath, L. hasta, a spear.
gad (2), to ramble idly. (Scand.) In
Levins. The orig. sense was to run about.
■- IceL gadda, to goad. * Icel. gaddr
(above). Cf. on the gady on the move.
Gaff, a li^t fishing-spear, a sort of
boom. (F.— Teut.) A ship's ^<ti^ is named
from ^t forked end against the mast ; the
fishing-spear is hooked. •- O. F. gaffe, a
gaff, iron hook.— Low G. gaff el, a two-
pronged hay-fork ; E. Fries, gaffel, a fork,
a ship*s gaff; Du. gaffel, a pitchfork,
ship's gaff. Allied to G. gabel^ a fork. See
Gable.
Gaffer, an old man, grandfather. (F. —
L. ; and E.) From gramfer, West E.
form oi grand'father. See Oammer.
Gag. (E.) yi.'E, gaggen,^ to suffocate.
Apparently of imitative origin ; cf. gaggle,
guggle. Also, W. cegio, to choke; ceg,
the mouth.
Gage ( i) ) a pledge. (F. - Teut.) M. E.
gage. — Y.gage, a pledge (Low L. uadium),
— Teut *waidjom, n., a pledge; as in Goth.
w€uH, A. S. wed, a pledge. See "Wed ;
and see Wage. From the same source
are Ital. gaggiOf Span, and Port, gage^
a pledge.
Gage (a), to gauge ; see Gauge.
GagglOf to cackle as geese. (E.) A
frequent, form from the imitative base^^.
Cf. cackle, gabble; also Icel. gagl, a wild
goose ; gagg, the cry of a fox ; Lith.
ga^ti, to gaggle.
Gaiety. (F.-Teut) F. gaieU.^Y,
gat, gay. See Gay.
Gain (0, profit. (F.-Teut.) O.F.
gainf F. gagne, firom the verb below. [It
partly displaced the M. E. gain, advantage,
which was of Scand. origin ; from Icel.
gf^g^i gain, advantage ; Swed.^^, profit,
Dan. p»v«.]
gam (2), to win. (F.-Teut) <Yea,
though he gaine and cram his purse with
crunes ; ' and again, ' To get a gatne by
any trade or kinde ; * Gascoigne, Fruits
of War, St. 69 and st 66. — O. F. gaigner,
F. gagner, to gain. This F. gagner, O. F.
gaagnier (Ital. guadagnare), is from
O. H. G. weidenon > weidenen, to pas-
ture, which was the orig. sense of the F.
word; from O. H. G. weida (G. weide),
pasture-ground. Cognate with G. weide are
A. S. wd6t Icel. vetOr, hunting, the chase.
Cf. L. ue-ndn, to hunt. Der. regain.
Gainly ; see Ungainly.
Gainsay, to speak against (Scand. and
£.) The prefix is Icel. ^^, against; cf.
A. S. gegn, gean ; see Against.
Gait, manner of walking. (Scand.) A
particular use of M. E. gale, a way ; see
Gate (2). See also Gantlet (2).
Gaiter, a covering for the ankle. (F.-
Teut) F. gttitre, formeTly gueslre (Cot.).
The spelling with gu shews the word to
be Teutonic {gu<.G. w). Origin doubt-
ful; possibly allied to M. H. G. wester ^
a child's chrisom^cloth, lit. a covering;
Goth, wcuti, clothing ; see Vest.
Gala. (F. - Ital. - M. H. G.) F. gala,
borrowed from Ital. gala^ festive attire;
whence di gala, merrily ; cf. galante, gay,
lively. See Gallant.
Galaay) the milky way. (F. — L. — Gk.)
M. E. galaxie, — O. F. galaxie, — L. ga-
laxiam^ ace. oi galajcias.»^Gk, ya\a(ias,
milky way. — Gk. toXcmcs-, for yakaKr^f
stem of 7<iAa, milk. See Iiaoteal.
204
QALE
Gale (i)) a strong wind. (Scand.)
XVI cent. Of doubtful origin ; but cf.
Dan. galy furious; Norweg. ein galen
storm f a furious storm, eit galet veer^
stormy weather. Cf. Icel. galinuy furious,
from galtty to cry out. See Tell. Note
F. galeme, a north-west wind.
Gale (a), the bog-myrtle. (E.) A. S.
gageL-^T^yoi. gagel
Galeated, helmeted. (L.) lj,galedtus,
— L. galeat a helmet.
Galillgalei the pungent root of a
plant. ( F. — Span. — Arab. — Pers.) M. E.
galingale, — O. F. galingal, garingaL —
Span, galanga, galingale. i- Arab, kha-
lanjdftj galingale. •- Pers. khulanjdn, galin-
gale ; said to be of Chinese origin.
Galiot ; see Qalliot.
Gall (i), bile. (E.) M.E.gal/e, O.Merc.
ga/la, + Du. gaif Icel. ga//, Swed. ga/iaf
Dan. galdc (for gaUle), Gi gal/e ; L. /?/,
Gk. xo^4« Allied to Yellow. Cf. Russ.
je/cA(e)^ gall (j = zh) ; j'eUuii^ yellow.
Gall (3)f to rub a sore place. (F.— L.)
M. Y.gailer ; M. F. galle, a galling, itching.
Cf. Ital. galla, gala, ' a disease called a
windgalle ; ' Florio. Also Late L. galla^
a soft tumour ; app. the same word as L.
galla, a gall-nut ; see below. % But also
partly K ; cf. A. S. gealla, (i) gall, bile,
(a) a gall on a horse. So also Da. gal.
Gall (3), a gall-nut. (F,-L.) O. F.
galle.'^'L.galla, a gall-nut, oak-apple.
OollflAt, gay, splendid » brave. (F.—
M. H.G.) O.F. gallant^ better galant,
with one /. Orig. pres. part, of O. F.
galer, to rejoice. — O. F. galcy shows, mirth,
festivity. (Cf. Ital. Span. Port, gala,
festive attire.) Perhaps from M. H. G.
wallen, O. H. G. wallSn, to go on pilgrim-
age.
Galleoiiy a large galley. (Span.) Span.
galeoHy a galleon. ^ Late L. galea, a galley.
See Galley.
Gallery. (F.) U.¥,galleru,galeriey
a gallery to walk in.— Late 'L.galeriay a
long portico, gallery. Of unknown origin ;
possibly from Gk. iniXov, w'ood, timber
(Korting). See below.
Galley, a low-built ship. (F.—Late L.
- Gk. ?) M. E. galeie, - O. F. galie ; Late
'L, galea, a galley ; Late Gk. 70X^0, '^oKaTa.
Orig. unknown. Korting suggests Gk.
KoKov, wood, also sometimes a snip.
GaUiardy a lively dance. (Span. - C. ?)
Span, gallarda (with // as ly), a kind of
QALLOW
lively Spanish dance ; perhaps through
F. ; cf. gcUop gaillard, * the galliard ; '
Cot. — Span, gal/ardo, gay, lively. M. F.
gaillard meant valiant, or bold ; perhaps
of Celtic origin ; cf. Bret, galloud, power,
W. gallad, able, gallu, to be able; O,
Irish gal, boldness (Thumeysen).
GalliaS, a sort of galley. (F. — Ital. —
Late L.) O.F. galeace. ^ItoA. galeazza, a
heavy galley. — Ital. and Late L. galea ;
see GaUey.
GalligaskillS, large hose or trousers.
(F. — Ital. — L.) Corruption of F. gar-
guesques, greguesques, * slops, gregs, gallo-
gascoins, Venitians;' Cot.-— Ital. Grechesco,
Greekish. — Ital. Greco, a Greek. — L.
Gracus, Greek. The name was given
to a particular kind of hose worn at
Venice.
GallinaceoiUI. (L.) L. galltnace-m,
belonging to poultry; with suffix -ous.^
L. gallinay a hen. — L. gallus, a cock.
G«lliot, small galley. (F.— Late L.)
O. Y,galiote\ Late L galeota, small galley;
dimin. oi galea ; see Galley.
Gallipot, a small glazed earthen pot.
(F.) From galley and pot, as being
brought over in galleys. So also galley*
tile ; cf. galy-halfpeny^ a galley-halfpenny,
coin brought over by galley-men^ who
landed wines at a place called Galley-key
(Thames Street).
Gallon. (F.) M. E. galon, galun, -
O. F. gallon, jalon, a gallon ; orig. * a large
bowl;' augmentative form of the word
which appears as mod. F. jale, a bowl.
Orig. unknown.
Galloon. (F.-M.H.G.) F. galon,
*■ galoon-lace,* Cot. ; cf. O. F. galoner, to
adorn the head (with ribbons, &c.). [Also
Span, galon, galloon.] — O. F. gale. Span.
gida, festivity ; see Gadlant.
Gallon. ( F. — Scand. ) M. E. galopen;
also spelt walopen. — O. F. galoper, vb. ;
galop, walop (Bartsch), sb. [Hence was
borrowed O. H.G. walopieren, to gallop ;
so that it is not of O. H. G. origin.]
— O. Norweg. *walUhopp, '^oxw.vallhopp^
a gallop (Aasen) ; lit. a bounding over
a neld, * field-hop.' — Norw. *'wall-, later
vail', Icel. vbllr, a field, plain (cognate
with E. Wold) ; and hopp, Dan. £>p, a
jump, skip, from hoppa, to jump; see
Hop (i).
GallOW, to terrify. (E.) King Lear,
iii. a. 44. M. E. galwen. A. S. galwan,
to terrify ; in comp. dgalwan.
ao5
GANNET
Oambol, a frisk, caper. (F. — Ital. — L.)
Formerly gambold^ gambauld^ gambaud. —
M. F. gambade, 'a gambol! ;* Cot -Ital.
gambaiaf a kick. — Ital. gamba, the leg;
the same as F. jambe, O. F. gambe. Late
L. gamba, a joint of the leg. Cf. Gael,
and W. cam, crooked, answering to O.
Celt. *kambos (fem. *kambd), crooked;
Stokes-Fick, 78.
Game. (£.) M. £. game, also gamen.
A. S. gamen, sport. + Icel. gaman, Dan.
gammen, M. Swed. gamman, O. H. G.
gaman, joy, mirth. See G-ammon (2).
Gammer, an old lady, grandmother.
(F. — L. ; and K) For grammer, West.
E. form oi grand-mother.
Gammon (i)» the preserved thigh of a
hog. (F.— L.) M.E. gambon. A.F.
gambon (F. jambon), a gammon; from
O. F. gambe, leg. See G-ambol.
Gammon (a)> nonsense; orig. a jest.
(£.) M. £. gamen, a game ; see Game.
And see Backgainxnon.
Gamnt. (F.— Gk. ; and "L^ Comp.
of O. F. game, gamme^ and ut. Here
gamme represents the Gk. yafi/m (7),
because the musical scale was represented
by a, b, c, d, e, /, g, the last being g^y,
Ut is the old name for do, the ist note in
singing, becanse it began an old hymn to
St. John, * Ut qneant laxis,' &c., used in
learning singing. Gamut is the scale,
from 7 {/) to ut (a).
Gander. (£.) M. £. gandre, A. S.
gandra, also spelt ganra (the d being, in
&ct, excrescent). •f-Du^ gander » C£ also
Low G. gante, a gander (see ganta in
Pliny). Teut. type *ganron-, m. Allied
to Gannet and G-oose.
Gang (1)1 a crew of persons. (£.)
A. S. gang, a going, progression ; but the
Galvani of Bologna, Italy ; about A. D. J sense was affected by the related word
genge, a gang.
gang (2), to go. (Scand.) Icel.^n^a,
to go; cf. A. S. gang, a going, path,
course (whence £. gang-way) ; see G-o.
Ganglion, a tumour on a tendon. (L.
— Gk.) L. ganglion. ^G\i, 7077X10^.
Gaa^grene, a mortification of the flesh.
(F. — L. — Gk.) M. F. gangrene. — L. gan-
grana.^Gk. ydyfpaiva, an eating sore.
Allied to yip-cjy, an old man, from
^ySp, to grow old; cf. Skt. jaras, old
age, jaraya, to consume (see Prellwitz).
Gannety solan goose, a sea-fowl. (£.)
A. S. ganot.^ljoyr G. gante, Du. gent, a
I gander ; M. H. G. gunze, O. H. G. ganazo.
GALLOWAY
Galloway, a nag, pony. (Scotland.)
Named from Galloway ^ Scotland.
Gallowglas, Galloglas, a heavy-
armed foot-soldier. (Irish.) Irish gallo*
glach, a servant, a galloglas. i- Irish gall,
a foreigner, an £nglishman; oglack, a
youth, servant, soldier (from og, youn^,
O. Ir. dac, be, cognate with £. TooniO-
It meant ' an £nglish servitor,' as explained
by Spenser, View of the State of Ireland,
Globe ed. p. 640. (See N. and Q. 6 S. x.
Gallows. (£.) M.£.^flf/zwj.pl. A.S.
gcdga, gealga, cross, gibbet ; whence mod.
E. gallow, the s being the pi. termina-
tion.-!-Icel. galgi, Dan. Swed. galge, Du.
galg, Goth, galgay a cross, G. galgen,
Teut. type *galgon'\ cf. Lith. ialga, a
pole (i = sA).
Galoohe, a kind of shoe. (F. — Late L.
— Gk.) F. galoche^ answering to a
Romance type *galopia, *caJopia ; formed
from *calopus, sing, of Late L. calopodes,
wooden snoes; we also find Late L.
calopedia (see Brachet), a clog, wooden
shoe, and calopodium, — Gk. KdKorrvhiov,
dimin. of /voAoirovs, itdK&irovs, a shoemaker's
last. — Gk. KoXo-v, wood ; irovi, a foot.
Galore, in plenty. (C.) Irish goleor,
Gael, gu leor, gu leoir, sufficiently. Formed
from Irish and Gael, leor, sufficient, by
prefixing go or gu, lit. * to,' but used to
turn an adj. into an adverb.
Gait (I), Ganlt, clay and marl.
(Scand.) Norweg. gidd, hard ground,
a place where ground is trodden hard;
Icel. gald, hard-trodden snow.
Gait (a)» a boar-pig. (Scand.) M. £.
gait. — Icel. goltr, galti ; Swed. Dan. gait,
a hog. Cf. O. H. G. galzA, a sow.
Galvanism. (Ital.) Named from
1792.
Gambado, an £. substitution for F.
gambade ; see G-axnboL
Gambit, an opening at chess. (F.—
Ital. — L.) F. gambit. 'mltaX. gambetto, a
tripping up. — Ital. gamba, the leg ; see
Gambol.
Gamble. (£•) A late word, put for
gamm-le or gam-le, a frequent, form which
has taken the place of M. £. gamenen, to
play at games. — A. S. gametiian, to play at
games ; from gamen, a game. See Game.
Gamboge. (Asiatic.) A corruption of
Cambodia, in the Annamese territory,
whence it was brought after a. d. 1600.
306
GANTLET
QARNER
a gander. From a base gan-; see
Qander.
Gantlet (i) ; see Ganntlet.
Gaatlet (a), Gantlope, a military
pmiishment. (Swed.) ¥ ormeily gantlope ;
corrupted by conftision with gauntlet.
Again, gantlope is a cormption of Swed.
gathppt lit. ' a running down a lane ; ' to
* mn the gantlope ' is to run between two
files of soldiers, who strike the offender as
he passes. » Swed. gata, a lane, street (see
Gate (a)); and /?//, a running, from lopa^
to run, cognate with £. Leap.
Gaol, Jaily a cage, prison. (F.-L.)
A. F. gaole, geioh (F. gedle)^ a prison,
birdcage. « I^te L. gdiolay caveoloy a
cage, dimin. of L. cauea^ a den, cave,
cage — L. c€muSy hollow ; see Gage.
Gap. (Scand.) M. £. gappe. • Icel. and
Swea. gap, a gap, abyss. — Icel. and Swed.
gapa, to gape (below).
fape. (Scand.) M, E. gapen,^lce\,
Swed. gapa, Dan. gabe.^K. Fries, and
Du. gapeny G. gufin. Cf. Skt. jadAj
jamdn, to gape.
Gar (I), Oarfishy a fish. (£.) A fish
with slender body and pointed head.
From A. S. gar, a spear ; ex. Garlio. So
also plie, geS,
Gar (a ^t to cause. (Scand.) Icel.^j^a
(Noreen), Swed. gvra, Dan. gjbre^ to
make, cause; lit. to make ready. — Icel.
g^^gorr^ ready ; see Yare.
garb (i), dress. (F.-O. H.G.) In
Shak. — O. F. garbt, a garb, good fashion.
— O. H. G. garawtj garwt, dress, prepara-
tion; cf. O. H. G. garawen, M. H. G.
garwen, to get ready. — O. H. G. garo^
ready ; cognate with £. yare ; see Q«ar.
Gflkrb {2)y a wheatsheaf, in heraldry
F.--0. H. G.) A. F. and Picard garbe,
". gerbe^ a shea£ — O. H. G. garba (G.
garbe)y a sheaf. Lit. * what is grabbed '
or caught up into a bundle by grasping.
Cf. £. graby Swed. grabba^ to grasp ; Skt.
grahy Vedic graJbh^ to seize. Brugm. i.
§ 531.
garbage, refuse. (F. > O. H. G.)
M. E garbage, entrails of fowls. This
agrees in form with O. F. garbage, gerbage,
a tax paid in garbs or sheaves. Prob.
similarly formed from O. F. gatbe^ in the
sense of ' handful/ small bundle, a sense
which occurs for Low L. garba.
Garble, to select for a purpose ; hence,
to corrupt an account (F. — Span. — Arab.)
Grig, to pick out, sort, sift out.— O. F.gar-
9^
beller (see N. E. D.), the same m grabeller,
to garble or sort out n>ices, orig. to sift.
The same as Span, garbillar, Ital. garbeU
lare, to garble or sift wares.- Span, gar-
billo, a coarse sieve. — Pers. gharbtl, Arab.
ghirbal, a sieve ; Arab. gharbakU, sifting,
searching. Rich. Diet. p. 1046.
Garboil, a commotion. (F.) M. F.
garbouil, *a garboil, hurliburly;' Cot.
Cf. Span, garbullo, a crowd ; Ital. gar-
huglio, a garboil, disorder. Of unknown
origin. Prob. imitative. Florio has Ital.
garabullare, to rave.
Garden. (F. - O. Frankish.) M.£.
gardin. - A. F., O. North F. and Picard
gardiny F. jardin.'^O* Frank, gardin
(O. H. G. gartin), gen. and dat. of gardo,
a yard, cognate with £. Yard, q. v. Cf.
O. H. G. garttn-dri, a gardener.
Ckurfiak; see Gar (i).
Gargle. (F.> Late L.-Gk.) Modified
from ]f . gargvuiller, * to gargle ; ' Cot. —
F^ gargouilU, the weasand of the throat,
also a gargoyle, or mouth of a spout. So
also Span, gargola, a gargoyle ; Ital. gar^
gozza, the gullet. From an imitative base
garg-, as seen in L,. garg-arizdre, to gargle,
from Gk. yapy^pHtiv, to gargle ; cf. Gk.
yjLprfjiptijv , the uvula. Hence also Ital.
gargagliare, to murmur, gargatta, the
throat. The parallel L. base is gurg- ;
see Gorge, Gurgle.
gargoyle, a spout. (F.-L.) Y.gar-
gouille (above).
Garieh, staring, showy. (£.) Also
formerly spelt gaurisk. Allied to M. £.
gauren, to stare (Chaucer). Cf. M. £.
gawen, to stare ; Icel. gH, to heed, mark.
Garland. (F.-Teut.?) U.Kgerlond.
— O. F. garlonde, Cf. Span, guimalda,
Ital. ghirlanda (whence Mod. F. guir-
lande), a garland. Prob. formed, with
suffix -<inde, from M. H. G. *wierelen,
frequentative of tuieren, to adorn, from
O. H. G. wtara, M. H. G. wiere, refined
gold, fine ornament, crown. Cf. Wire.
Garlic, a plant. (£.) A. S. gdrliac,
lit. * spear-leek.* — A. S. gdr^ a spear ; leac,
a leek, plant. See Gore (3) and Leek.
Garment. (F. • o. Low G.) M.E.
gamement. — O. F. garnement, garnitnent,
a robe (defence). — O. F. garnir, to pro-
tect ; see Garnish.
Gamer. (F.-L.) M.E. garner.^
O. Y.gemier, variant of grenier, a granary.
— L. grdndrium, a granary. — L. grdnum,
corn ; see Grain.
ao7
GARNET
GAUGE
tfamet. (F.— L.) M. K^r^/, also
spelt granat. — O. F. granate ; M. F.
grenaij ' a precious stone called a granat
or garnet,* Cot.; Late L. grdnatus. So
called from its resemblance to the seeds of
the pomegranate, or malum grdndtum,
lit. seeded apple. — L. grdnum^ a grain,
seed.
Garnish. (F.— O.LowG.) Alsow^ir-
nish, — O. F. gamis-y wamis-, stem of
pres. pt. oigarnir, wamir, to defend one-
self, fortify, garnish. — O. Frank, ^wam-
Jan ; cf. O. H. G. warnan^ M. H. G.
warwn, to guard against, provide one-
self with ; cf. O. H. G. wama, foresight,
care. See "Warn.
garniture. (F.-O. Low G.) F.
garniture f garnishment. — Low L. gamt"
tiira. — Low L. gamiiuSy orig. pp. of
garmrcy to adorn, which is merely a
Latinised form of O. F. gamir (above).
Garret. (F. - G.) M.E. ^ar*V<f.-
O. F. garite (F. guiriti)^ place of refuge,
watch-tower. — O. F. garir^ warir, to
-preserve. — O. H. G. warjan, to defend.
Allied to "Wary.
Garrison. (F.— O.LowG.) Confused
with M. E. garisoun, warisoun, a reward ;
but the true form is M. E. gamisony war-
nison^ defence, stores, supply. « O. F.
gamison, store, supply. — O. F. garms-ant,
pres. pt. of gamir, to supply, garnish ;
see Garnish. And see Warison.
Garrote, Garrotte. (Span. - C.)
Span,garrotey a cudgel, tjring a rope tight,
strangling by means of an iron collar.
Formed, with dimin. suffix -o/€y from Span.
gUrra, a claw, talon, clutch, grasp. *
Bret., W., and Corn, gar, the shank of
the leg (Diez). See Garter.
Ganruloos. (L.) L. garrulus, talk-
ative. *L. garrtrey to chatter. Brugm. i.
§638.
Garter. (F.-C.) K,Y. garter 'y O.F.
gartier (North of France, H^cart), spelt
jartier in Cotgrave (^,jarretiire),''0. F.
and Norm, ^r^/ (^. Jarret), the ham of
the leg ; a dimin. form. — Bret, gar, W.
gary shank of the leg ; Celt, type ^garris.
Gas. (Du.) The Belgian chemist Van
Helmont (died A. D. 1644) invented two
terms, gas and blas\ the latter did not
come into use. He tells us that gcu was
suggested by the Gk. x<ioJ. See N. E. D.
(Sasconade, boasting. (Gascony.) F.
gascannade, boasting ; said to be a vice of
Gascons ; at any rate named from them.
Gash, to hack , cut deeply. ( F. — Late L.
— Gk.) Formerly garshy garse. — O. F.
garser, to scarify, pierce with a lancet. —
Late L. caraxdrey short for incaraxdrCy
incharaxdre, to pierce, incise. Cf. Late L.
garsa, scari^cation, by making incisions
in the skin, called in Gk. fyx^P^t^l
whence the Late L. vb. was formed. See
Character.
Gasp. (E.) M. E. gaspen, gaispen.
The latter answers to Icel. geispa^ Swed.
gdspay to yawn (cf. Dan. gispe). The
former represents the cognate A. S. *gds-
pan (not found). Icel. geispa is for *geip-
sa ; cf. Du. gijpeuy to gasp ; A. S. gipung,
a gaping.
GaS'mc, belonging to the belly. (Gk.)
Coined from Gk. yaffTp6'y from yaarffp,
the belly.
Gate (i), a door, hole, opening. (E.)
l/i.E, gate yy ate. A.S,gaty geat, a gate,
opening (whence M. E. yate) ; pi. gatu
(whence M. E. gate). + Du. gaty a hole,
opening, gap; O. Fries., O. Sax., Icel.
gaty an opening.
Gate (2), a street. (Scand.) Common
in the North; it also means 'a way.' —
Icel. gatay Swed. gata, a way, path, street,
lane ; Dan. gade ; cf. Goth. gatwOy G.
gasse. Perhaps allied to Gate (i), and
also to the vb. Go. p. Gate (i) answers
to Teut. type *gatomy n., but gate (3) to
Teut. type ^gatwon^y f. See Gait and
Gantlet (2).
Gather. (E.) M. E. gaderen, A. S.
gaderiany gadriany to collect, get together.
— A.S. gader-y together; 3so gador-y
geador. + Du. gadereny to collect, from
{te)gadery together. Cf. A. S. gad, a com-
pany, society (whence also A. S. gade-
ling, a comrade ; ge-gaday a companion) ;
Du. gade, &* spouse, G. gattey a husband ;
Goth. gadii^ggSy a cousin. Perhaps allied
to Good.
Gaud, a show, ornament (L.) M. E.
gaude. — L. gaudiumy gladness, joy ; hence,
an ornament. — L. gauderey to rejoice (base
gduid'y as in gduisus sum, used as pt. t.)<
+Gk. yrfihtVy to rejoice ; allied to yaiuv
(se •ya^-ictp), to rejoice; yavpos, proud.
Brugm. i. § 589 ; ii. $ 694. Der. gaud-y,
adj.
Gauge, Gatfe, to measure the content
of a vessel. (P . —Low L.) Spelt gage in
Shak. — O. North F. gauger, F. Jauger, * to
gage,' Cot. - O. North F. gaitgey F.
jauggy * a gage, instrument wherewith a
ao8
GAUNT
cask is measured/ Cot. ; Low L. gaugia
(a. D. 1446). Of unknown origin.
Gaunt, thin, lean. (Scand. ?) An East-
Anglian word; perhaps Scand. Also spelt
gant (1691). Cf. Norweg. gand, a thin
stick, a tall and thin man, an overgrown
stripling (Aasen) ; Swed.dial.^a;fi(,alean,
half-starved horse (R|etz). Doubtful.
.Gauntlet. (F.- Scand.) 0,¥.ganie-
let, a double dimin. of gant^ a glove. — O.
Swed. wantCy a glove; Dan. vante, a
mitten, Icel. vbttr (stem vantu-), a glove.
Cf. Du. wanty a mitten (prob. borrowed
from Scand.). Prob. from Wind, verb
(Noreen) ; cf. G.gewand, a garment ; Low
G. want, cloth (Liibben).
• Gauntlet ; see Gantlet (2).
Gause. a thin silken fabric. (F.—
Palestine.) l/i,Y,gaze\ Span. ^ofa. Cf.
Low L. gazzdtum, gauze ; gazetufn^ wine
from Gaza. Said to be from Gaza, in
Palestine, whence it was first brought.
Gavelkind, a sort of tenure. (£.)
M. E. gauelkynde ; answering to an A. S.
form *gafol'Cynd. — A. S. gafol, tribute,
payment ; and cynd, kind, sort, condition.
The A. S.^d/-tf/ (whence Low L. gabulum)
is from Teut. ^gab, 2nd grade of Give, q. v.
Gavial. the crocodile of the Ganges.
(F. — Hina.) F. gavial (a corrupt form).
■> Hind, ghafiyal, a crocodile.
Gavotte, a dance. (F.) M. F. gaoote,
orig. .a dance of the Gavois, Gavot is a
sobriquet, in Provence, of the moun-
taineers of the Alps (see Hatzfeld).
Gawk, Gawky, awkward. (F.-
Scand.) From £. dial, gawk^handed,
gaulick'handed, left-handed ; gawk, clumsy.
Here gawk is short for gau/'Uk, where
'ick is a suffix. Of F. origin ; cf. Burgund.
gfi/e, numb with cold, said of the fingers.
^Swed. Dan. vaien, benumbed; whence
Swed. dial, val-hdndt, Norw. val-hendt,
having numbed hands. % Prob. not from
¥.gauck€{J^,E. D.).
Cm'. (F. - O. H. G.) O. F. gai. -
O. H. G. ivdhi, fine, beautiful.
Gaie. (Scand.) M. E. ^j^if. — Swed.
dial, gasa, to gaze, stare at.
Gaselle, an animal. (F. — Span.—
Arab.) Formerly gazsL — O. F. gazei,
^02^//(r.— Span, gacela,^ Ax^h, ghazdl, a
wild goat, gazelle.
Gaiette. (F. - Ital.) O. F. gazette, an
abstract of news, issued at Venice. — Ital.
gazzetta, a gazette ; the orig. sense is
either (x) a magpie, from Ital. gazzetta.
GENEALOGY
a magpie, dimin. of gazza, a magpie,
whence it may have meant ' tittle-tattle * ;
or (2) a very small coin (perhaps paid for
the privilege of reading the news), from
Ital. gazzetta, a coin less than a farthing,
probably from Gk. ya^a, a treasury.
Gear, dress, harness, tackle. (Scand.)
M. E. gere. — Icel. gervi, gorvi, gear,
apparel. Cf. gorr, geyrr, skilled, dressed,
pp. of giira, to make.<4-A. S. geanve, fem.
pi., preparation, dress, ornament; A. S.
gearo, ready; see Tare. And see Gar
(2), Garb (i).
Geek, a dupe. (Du.) In Tw. Nt. v.
351.— Du. geky formerly geck^ a fool, sot ;
cf. G. geek, the same ; Dan. gjek, fool ;
Icel. gikkr, a pert, rude person. ^ Not
to be confused with A. S. geac, cuckoo ;
nor with gowk ; nor with gawky.
Gecko, a nocturnal lizard. (Malay.)
Also F. gecko, -■ Malay gekoq, a gecko;
so named from an imitation of its cry.
Gedy the fish called a pike. (Scand.)
Icel. gedda, Swed. gaddet Dan. giedde, a
ged ; allied iogaddr, a goad ; see Qad (i).
Named from the sharp, thin head ; hence
also called pike.
Gelatine. (F.- Ital- L.) Y.gilatine,
kind of jelly. » lta\.ge/attna. ■- L. geldtus,
pp. oi geldrti to freeze. — L. gelu, frost;
see Gelid.
Geld, to emasculate. (Scand.) M.£.
gelden, — Icel. gelda, Dan. glide, Swed.
galla (for galda) ; cf. Icel. getdr, Swed.
gall, barren. Perhaps related to Goth.
giltha^ a sickle. Cf. Gait (2). Der.
geld'ingt ^^'om Icel. gelding, the same.
Gelid, cool. (L.) L. gelidus, — L. gelu,
frost. Allied to Cool. Brngm. i. § 481.
Gem. (F. — L.) M. E. gemme, - F.
gemme.'m'L, gemma, a bud; also a gem,
jewel. Brugm. i. § 413 (4).
Gemini. (L.) L. gemini, twins ; pi.
of peminus, double.
Gender (i), kind. (F.-L.) M. E.
gendre (with excrescent df). — O. F. genre,
kixA^'mh. genere, abl. case oi genus, kind,
kin. % The unusual deriv. from the abl.
case is due to the common phrases genere
ndtus, hoc genere^ omnl genere ; so also
Ital. genere, kind.
gender (2), to produce. XF- - L.)
M. E. gendren. — O. F. gendrer (Gode-
froy). " L. generdre, to beget— L. gener^,
for *genes, stem of genus (above). And
see Engender.
Genealogy. (F.-L. -Gk.) M.E.
ao9
GENERAL
gemalogie. — O. F, genealogU. — L. gened-
/ogia.^^Gk, y€V€ct\oyia, an account of a
family, pedigree (i Tim. i. 4). — Gk. 7cv€4,
birth (allied to yivoif see genus) ; and
Xoyiaj an account, allied to Kiyos (see
Logic).
Goneral, relating to a genus, common.
(F. — L.) O. F. general. '^ L» genera lis y
belonging to a genus (stem gener-, for
*genes) ; see genus. Hence general^ sb.,
a leader ; generaUissimOy from ItaX. general'
tssimo, a supreme commander, with superl.
suffix 'issinio.
generate. (L.) From pp. of L.
getierdre, to produce. — L. gener-y decl.
stem oi genus.
generic, pertaining to a genus. (L.)
Corned from L. gener-^ ded. stem of
genus,
generous. (F.-L.) 0,F.genereus,
later ginheux, — L. generosuSy (properly)
of noble birth. ■> L. gener-y as above.
Qenesifly creation. (L. — Gk.) L.
genesis, — Gk. 7cF«<r«y, origin, source;
related to 7€i'09, race ; see genus.
Genet, an animal. (F. — Span. — Arab.)
F. genette^ * a kind of weesell ; ' Cot. —
Span, gineta. -■ AxKh, j'ameit (Dozy).
GemaL (F.-L.) O.F. genial. ^l^
genidliSy pleasant ; adj. from genius ; see
genius.
Oenicnlate, jointed. (L.) In botany.
From L. geniculumy a little knee, joint in
a plant; double dimin. oi genii , a knee.
Allied to Knee.
Oenie, a demon ; see Jinn.
Genital. C^. - L) O. F. genital. - L.
genitalis y generative. — L. genit-unty supine
oigignere, to beget.
genitive. (F.-L.) 0,Y, genitif,^
L. genetiuusy belonging to birth, applied
in grammar to a certain case of nouns. -■
L. genitum (above).
geninSy inborn faculty. (L.) L.
geniusy the tutelar spirit of any one ; also
wit, lit. * inborn nature.* Allied to genus.
GJennet ; see Jennet.
Genteel. (F.-L.) XVI cent.; F.
gentil. — L. gentiliSy belonging to the same
clan, a gentile (afterwards applied to mean
well-bred, &c.). — L. genti-y decl. stem of
gensy a clan, tribe. Allied to genus.
Gentian, a plant. (F. — L.) O. F. gen-
tiane, ^\., gentidna\ named after GentiuSy
an Illyrian king, abt. B.C. 180.
Gentile. (F. - L.) O. F. gentil, - L.
genttlisy gentile ; see Qenteel.
GERUND
gentle. (F.-L.) 0,F, gefttil(abo\e\
gentry. (F.-L.) M.E.^^if/rr>, high
birth; shortened from M.£. gentrise, the
same. — O. F. genterise, another form of
gentilise, rank ( = Late L. *genttlitia),^
L. gentilis ; see G-enteel.
Genuflection, Gennflezion, a
bending of the knee. ,(F. — L.) M.F. genu^'
Jlexion,^\^it L. ace. geniiJlexidnem.^'L,
genUy knee ; Jlex-us, pp. of Jlectere, to
bend.
Gennine. (L.) L. genumus, of the
true genus or stock ; allied to L. genus
(below).
genne, kin. (L.) L. genus (gen.
generisy for *geneses\ kin, race. + Gk.
7^1^09, race ; A. S. cyny kin. See Kin.
(VGEN.) Brugm. i. § 604.
Geography. (F.-L.-Gk.) M.F.
gtographie, — L. geographia, — Gk. 7€fltf-
ypa<piay lit. earth-description. — Gk. 7c«- »
7170-, a combining form of yrjy earth;
•ypatpiay description, from ypi^iVy to
write.
geometry. (F. - L. - Gk.) O. F.
geometrie, — L. geotnetria, » Gk. ytaffitrpla,
land-measurement.-* Gk. 7cay- (as above) ;
'furpiay measurement, from fi€Tp4w, I
measure, fiirpovy a measure ; see Metre.
geoxgic. (L.-Gk.) L. geofgicus,
relating to husbandrv. ~ Gk. ytwpyiKSv,
the same.-> Gk. ytcapyiay tillage. — Gk. y€oa-
(as above) ; *tpytty>ipBtiyy to work. See
Work.
Geraninniy a plant. (L.— Gk.) L.
geranium, Latinised from Gk. ytpaviWy a
geranium or crane's bill (from the shape
of the seed-pod). <^ Gk. yipavosy a crane ;
allied to Orane.
Gerfolcon ; see Gyrfaloon.
Germ, a seed. (F.-L.) F.germe,^
L. germen (stem gemiin')y a sprout, germ.
Der. gertnin-ate (from the stem).
german, germane, akin. (F.-L.)
Cousins-german are cousins having the
same grandfather. Formerly spelt germain,
— M. F. gemiain.^'L. germdnumy ace. of
germdnuSy closely akin. Allied to Germ.
Germander. (F.-L.-Gk.) Y.ger^
mandr^ey germander; O.F. germandreey
getnandru (Godefroy, Supp.) ; cf. G. ga-
f/iander. ^"Ltitc L. gamanaria, a popular
alteration of Late Gk. x'*-V^*'^^P^i Z'^'
mander.— Gk. xaiiaihpvty germander; lit.
* ground-tree,* i.e. low tree.— Gk. xaitai,
on the ground ; ipvsy tree.
Gemnd, a part of a Latin verb. (L.)
10
GESTATION
L. gerundium, a gerund. ~ L. gernndus^
that which is to be done or carried on ;
a verbal adj. from gerere (pp. gtS'tus\ to
carry on, perform, bring. (^^GES.)
ffestatioil, the carrying of the young
in the womb. (F, — L.) M. F. gestation* —
L. ace. gestdtionem, a carrying. — L. gestd-
fus, pp. ofgestdre, to carry, frequent, form
of gerere {pp, ^est-us), to bring.
(festiciUAto, to make gestures. (L.)
From pp. of gesticuldri, to make mimic
gestures. « L. gesticulusy a gesture, double
dimin. oigestus^ a gesture.— L.^j/mj, pp.
oi gerere. ^
gefftnre. (L-) Late L. gestura, a
mode of action.— L.^j/MJ, pp. oi gerere.
Get. (Scand.) M. £. getenf pt. t. gaty
pp. geten, — Icel. geta, pt. t. gat, pp. getinn.
+A. S. 'getauy pt. t. -gat^ pp. "geteriy to
get, obtain ; Goth, 'gitan ; cognate with
L. 'hendere (base hed), in prehendere^ to
seize ; Gk. xa'^^'^^ti' (base x^^^^)* ^^ ^i^ s
Russ. geuktte, to conjecture. (^GHwED.)
Der. be'getyfor-get, Brugm. i. $ 63 a.
GewgaWi a plaything, specious trifle.
(F.) Formerly ^i^^^cRV, (perhaps) answering
to M.E. giuegoue, Ancren Riwle, p. 196.
The pron. of M. E. giuegoue is uncertain.
Origin unknown; prob. F. One sense of
^,gewgaw is a Jew s harp ; cf. Buigundian
gawey a Jew*a harp (Mignard). Cf. Swed.
dial, guvay to blow ; Norw. guvUy gyva
(pt t. gauv),
Ooysir. (Icel.) Icel.^r^^xir, lit. 'gusher.*
— Icel. geys€^ to gush ; allied to gj'dsa (pt.
t,gaus)y to gush. See Gush.
OlUMtlyv terrible. (E.) U.'E.gastly.
Formed from M. E. gastetty A. S. gastaUy
to terrify; allied to Goth, usgaisjauy to
terrify. See Aghast. Allied woids are
gastedy terrified, K. Lear, ii. i. 57; gast-
nessy 0th. v. i. 106. See Ghost.
Ghantf a landing-place, quay, way
down to a river ; mountain-pass. (Hind.)
Hind, ghdty Bengali ghat. See Wilson.
Qlieef boiled or clarified butter. (Hind.
- Skt.) Hind, ght, - Skt. ghftay clarified
butter; orig. pp. oighfy to sprinkle.
Qherkm, small cucumber. (Du.—
Slav. -Low L.-Gk.-Pers.) Short for
^agherkin, — Du. agurkjey a gherkin (of
which an older form was doubtless
*agurken {-agurk'ken)y because M. Du.
used the dimin. suffix -ken where mod.
Du. uses 'je ; in fact, the form augurken
is preserved in E. Friesic). Without the
final Hy we have Du. agorke (Sewel).-
G1BLETS
Pol. ogureky ogorek, ogorkay a cucumber;
Bohem. okurka. — M. Ital. anguria, a
cucumber (Florio) ; Lo\^L. angQriuSy a
water-melon. — Byzantine Gk. dyyoTuptoy,
a water-melon. — Pers. d^ff^amA, a melon,
a cucumber; Rich. Diet., p. 194.
Ghost, a spirit . (K ) M. K gosty goost,
A. S. gdst. + Du. geest, G. geist. Tent
tyue*gaistoz. Of uncertain origin; perhaps
allied to Icel. geisa, to rage (like fire),
and to Goth, us-gais-jan, to terrify.
Brugm. i. § 816 (2).
GuoqI, a kind of demon. (Arab.) Pers.
gA^l, an imaginary sylvan demon; Arab.
ghuwaly a demon of the woods ; from Arab.
ghawl, attacking suddenly.
Giant. (F.-L.-Gk.) M.K giant,
geanty geaunt,'^\,¥, and O. F. giant y
geant.^la, gigantemy ace. of^^ox.- Gk.
7170? (stem 7*701^-), a giant. Der.
gigant'iCy from L. gigant-y stem oigigas.
Giaour, an infidel. (Pers.) Giaour is
an Ital. spelling usual among the Franks
of the Levant (Byron). Pers. gawry an
infidel, a fire-worshipper ; variant of Pers.
gabr, a Gueber ; see Gueber.
Gibberish, idle talk. (Arab. ?) The
hard g separates it from the verb gibber,
to gabble, which is the frequentative of
jibey and allied to jabber. Fuller has
Geberishy and Camden GebrisA; apparently
in allusion to Gebir, an Arabian alchemist
of the 8th century, and to the jargon of
alchemy. Or it may be merely imita-
tive.
Gibbet. (F.) M,E. gibbety gibet,^
O. F. gibbet (F. gibet), a gibbet. Prob.
allied to O. F. gibety a large stick, perhaps
a dimin. of O. F. gibe, gibbe, a sort of
stick shod with iron, an implement for
stirring up earth. Or is gib-et a dimin.
from M. Du. wippey * a gibbet,' in Hexham ?
Gibbon, a kind of ape. (F.) F.gibbony
in Buffon ; of unknown, origin.
Gibbons, humped, swelling. (L.)
From L. gibbosusy humped (whence also
gibbose). — L.gibbuSygibbay a hump, hunch ;
cf. gibbus, bent.
Gibe, Jibe, to mock. (E.) Of imitative
origin ; cf. E. Fries, gibelny to mock, Du.
gijbeUny to sneer. Note also Icel. geipay
to talk nonsense, Icel. geip, idle talk;
Norw. geipOy to make grimaces.
GibletSi the intenial eatable parts of
a fowl, removed • before cooking. (F.)
M.E. gibelet,^O.Y, gibelety which, ac-
cording to Littr6, answers to mod. F.
an
QIDDY
QINQER
gihelotte^ stewed rabbit. Of unknown
origin ; perhaps related to F. gibier, game.
(Hddv. (E.) • M. E, gidi, gedy, adj. ;
late A. b.gidigf insane, answering to earlier
*gydig, which would mean * possessed by
a god * ; cf. A. S. gyden, a goddess. From
A. S. god.
Gier-eagl6, a kind of eagle. (Du. and
F.) The hrst 'syllable is from Du. gier^
a vulture ; cf. G. geier^ M. H. G. gir, a
vulture. Allied to G. gUr-ig^ greedy, and
to E. Yearn.
Gift. (E.) M. E. gift.yifL - A. S.^//,
a gift (rare) ; common in the pi. giftay
nuptials ; E, Fries, gift. — A. S. gifan^ to
give.+Icel.^]^^, "Dm. gift, G. -gift (in mit-
giftf a dowry). % The hard g is due to
Scand. influence. See Q-ive. Der. gift-ed,
Gi|f , a light carriage, light boat. (Scand.)
In Shak. , a gig is a boy*s top. M. E. giggty
apparently a whirling thing, Ch. Ho.
Fame, iii. 852 (whence E. whirligig.
Prob. of Scand. origin ; cf. Icel. geiga, to
take a wrong direction, to rove at random.
Cf. Jig. Prob. of imitative origin.
Gigfantic ; see Giant.
Gi|fgle, to titter. (E.) Of imitative
origin; cf gaggle. Cf. E. Fries. gtcAeln,
Low G. giggsln (Danneil), G. kichemy to
gJRfle.
Glgldty Gifitloti a wanton woman.
(E.?) Dimin. of gigle^ a flirt, used by
Cotgrave (s. v. gadrouillette) ; from M. E.
S^gg^i ^'^ same, Plowm. Tale, 759. Per-
haps allied to Gig or Giggle.
Oild, to overlay with gold. (E.) M.E.
giUen, A. S. gyldan., to gild ; cf. A. S.
gylden, golden. Formed (with vowel-
mutation from Teut. u (>A. S. ^) to y)
from goldf gold. See Gold.
Gill (i), organ of respiration in fishes.
(Scand.) M . E. gilh. — Dan . gialle, Swed.
gdly a gill ; M. Dan. galle^ M. Swed. gel.
Gill (2), a ravine/ chasm. (Scand.) Also
ghyll. — Icel. gily ravine ; Norw. gil.
Gill (3\ with g soft, a quarter of a pint.
(F. - Late L.) M. "E^gille. - O. F. gelle, a
sort of wine-measure. Late L^gella ; cf. Late
L. gillOf a wine-vessel.
GlU (4)> ^i^^ g" soft) A woman*8 name,
a pitcher, ground-ivy. (L.) Short for
Gillian^ from L. lulidna, a fem. name
due to L. Julius ; see July. Der. flirt-
gill or gill-flirt, jilt.
Gillie, a boy, page. (C.) Gael, gille,
giolltty Irish giolla^ boy, lad ; O. Irish
gilla^i a servant
GiUsrflower, a flower. (F.-L.-Gk.)
Formerly ^V^r, geraflour. Formed (by
confusion yni^ flower) from M. F. giroflie^
' a gilloflower ; * Cot. From F. clou de
girofle^ the same. ■- Late L. caryophyllum^
Latinised from Gk. icapv6(f>v?iXov, a clo^e
tree, lit. * nut-leaf.* — Gk. KapuO'V, a nut ;
<pvWov, leaf.
Gimbals, a contrivance for suspending
a ship's compass, to keep it horizontal.
(F. — L.) Formerly gimmals ; also called
gemmow or gemmow-ring, a double ring,
with two or more links. The forms gem-
mow and gimmal correspond to M. F.
gemeau, and O. F. gemel, a twin. — L. gemel-
lus, a twin, a dimin. foim of L. geminus^
double.
Gimlet, Gimblet. (F.-Teut) M.F.
gimbelety * a gimlet or piercer ; ' Cot. ;
gtiimbelety Godefroy (F. gibelet) ; Norman
dial, guinblet. Of M. H. G. origin ;
formed from a base wind-, to turn or
wind ; cf. mod. G. wendel-bohrer^ a
wimble. Note also Icel. vindla, to wind
up, vindill, a wisp. See Wimble, of
\ih\c\i gimlet is the dimin.
Gimmal-ring ; see Gimbals.
Gimp, a kind of trimming, made of
twistedsilk, cotton, or wool. (F.— O.H.G.)
See Bailey's Diet. vol. ii., ed. 1731. Named
from a resemblance to some kind of
wimple. — M. F. guimpe, a nun's wimple ;
also guimple (see index to Cotgrave, s.y.
wimple). ^O. H. G. wim^al, a light robe,
a fillet for the head; G.wimpelyVi streamer ;
see Wimple. % Prob. confused with F.
guipure^ a thread or silk lace. See Gui-
pure.
Gin (i), to begin. (E.) Obsolete ; often
needlessly written *ginj as though be- were
omitted. M. E. ginnen. A. S. ginnan,
to begin, commonly on-ginnan (pt. t.
onganHy pp. ongunnen). •^Goth, ginnan,
in the comp. du-ginnan, to begin. Brugm.
i. §376.
Gin (a), a trap, snare. (F.— L.) M. E.
gifty short for M. E. engitiy a contrivance.
See Engine.
Gin (3), a kind of spirit. (F.-L.) Short
for geneva, corruption of M. F. genevre,
juniper. -iL. ace. iHniperum; see Juni-
per.
Ginffer, the root of a certain plant.
CF. - L. - Gk. - Skt.) M. E. ginger, gin-
geuere {=gingevere),''0.¥, gengibre (F.
gingembre). ^IjoXt l^.gingiber\ h, zingiber,
- Gk. fi77i/9«/)if . - Skt. fr^gavera, ginger ;
2ia
GINGERLY
GLAIR
lit. ' horn-shaped/ from the horns on it. —
Skt. frHga^ a horn ; vera, a body.
Gingerly, with soft steps. (F.— L.)
From the adj. *ginger, soft, delicate (with
soft g). Apparently adapted from O. F.
genzoTj gensor, more delicate, comp. of
gent, fine, delicate, noble ; orig. * well-
born/ — Folk-L. *gentum, L. gettitum,
ace. oi genitusy bom (well-bom), pp. of
gignere, to beget. (N.E.D.)
GilUfliaillt ^ kind of cotton cloth.
(F. —Malay.) ■ F. guingan. — Malay ging-
gang, striped cloth, gingham. — Malay and
Javanese ginggang, striped (C. P. G. Scott).
Gingle ; the same as Jingle.
Gipsy ; the same as Gypay.
GinuBCOf a long-legged animal. (F.—
Span. — Arab.) M. F. giraffe (F.
girafe), — Span, girafa, — Arab, zaraf,
zardfa(t).
Gird (i)) to enclose, bind round. (£.)
M. E. gurden, girden. A. S. gyrdan, to
gird.+O. Sax. gurdian, Du. gorden, Icel.
gyrtSa, to gird, Dan. giorde^ G. giirten.
Tent, type *gurdjan- ; from *gurd-, weak
grade of Teut. *gerdan- (pt. t. *gard), to
enclose; cf. Goth, bigairdan, to begird.
Allied to Garth, Garden, and Yard.
Gird (2), to jest at, jibe. (E.) A peculiar
use o- M. E. girden, gurden, to strike, cut.
To gird at^to strike at, jest at ; a gird
is a cut, sarcasm ; Tam. Shrew, v. 2. k8.
Girdle. (E.) A. S. ^r^l^/, that which
girds. — A. S.gyrdan, to gird ; see Gird ( i ).
4-Du. gordel, Icel. gyrHill, Swed. gordel,
G,gurteL
CKrl. (E.) M.E. girle, gerle, gurle,
often used to mean *■ a boy ' ; a child.
Answering to an A.S. form ^gyreU, Teut.
*gurtl-f a dimin. form from Teut. base
*gur-. Allied to N. Fries, gor, a girl ;
Lo'w G. gor, gore, a child. Cf. Swiss
gurre, gurrli, a depreciatory term for a
girl (Sanders, Ger. Diet.).
Giron, Gyron, in heraldry, the eighth
part of a shield, made by drawing a dia-
gonal line from the top comer to the centre,
and from the centre horizontally towards
the same side ; a right-angled triangle.
(F.-O. H. G.) F.^>^«, agiron (Littre).
— O. H. G. gerun, ace. of giro, a lance,
spear ; M. H. G. gere, a gore or gusset in
a garment, a triangular piece. — O. H. G.
gir, a spear, cognate with A. S. gar, a
spear. See Gore (2). (Diez, Schade.)
Girth. (Scand.) M.E. ^i?^A.-Icel.
gjorfi^ a girdle, girth; getii, girth round
the waist ; Dan. giord.J^Qo'Cti, gairda, a
girdle. Teut. type *^jfr^a. See Gird (j).
Gist, the pith of a matter. (F.— LO
The. gist is the point wherein the matter
lies.-O.F. gist (,mod. F. ^(), it lies;
whence the proverb *c*est la que gtt le
lifevre,' that is where the difficulty is, lit.
* that's where the hare lies.* From the F.
verb ^«/r (now^<^«>), to lie. — L. iacere,
to lie. (O. ¥,gist= L. iacet,) See Jet (1) .
Gittem ; see Cithern.
Give. (Scand.) M. E.^/" (Northern),
geuen, yeuen (Southern) ; pt. t. gaf (N.),
yafi^^y -pp.gifen (N.),yit4en,youen (S.).
— Icel. ge/a, Dan. give, Swed. gijva. +
A. S. gifan, pt t. gcaf, pp. gif^ \ Du.
geven ; Goth, giban, G. geben, Teut. lype
*geban-, pt. t. *gab» Cf. O. Irish gab-im,
I give, I take.
Gizsard. (F.-L.) M.E. giser (the
d being added). — O. F. gezier, Jugier,
juisier (F. gisier),^!^, gigerium, only in
pl« gigiria (Late L. gizeria), cooked
entrails of poultry.
GlabrouSy smooth. (L.) From L.
glaber^ smooth. Idg. stem *gladh*ro- ;
see Glad. Brugm. i. § 589.
Glacial, icy. (F.-L.) Y, glacial, ^^l.,
glacidlis, icy. — L. glacies, ice,
glacier, a mountain ice-field. (F.— L.)
F. glacier (a Savoy word ). — F. ghice, ice. —
Folk-L. ^/aa'fl, for L. glacies, ice.
glacis, smooth slope. (F.— L.) F.
glacis. — M. F. glacer, to cover with ice. —
F. glcue (above).
Glad. (E.) A. S. ^/<:?d^, shining, bright,
cheerful, glad.+Du. glad, smooth, bright,
Icel. glddr, bright, glad, Dan. Swed. glad,
G. glatt, smooth, polished. Cf. Russ.
gladkii, even, smooth ; L. glaber, smooth ;
see Glabrous.
Gladden, Gladen, a plant; Iris
pseudacorus, (L.) A.^. gladene', altered
from L. gladiolus, a sword-lily. Dimin.
of L. gladius, a sword ; see Gladiator.
Glade, an open space in a wood. (E.)
The orig. sense was prob. an opening for
light, passage through a wood ; from A.S.
glced, bright, shining. Cf. Swed. dial.
glad-yppen, completely open, said of a
lake whence the ice has all melted away.
Gladiator, a swordsman. ' (L.) L. gla^
didtor. — L. gladius, a sword.
Glair, the white of an egg. (F. — L.)
M. E. gleyre. — O. F. glaire. — L. cldra,
fem. of cldrus, bright ; Late L. cldra mi,
the white of an egg.
313
GLAIVE
Glaive, a sword. (F.— L.) K^Y^glaive^
a sword ; O. F. glaive^ a sword, lance. *
lu, gladiunij ace. oigladius, a sword.
Glamour ; see Gramarye.
Glance, a swift dart of light, quick
look ; as a verb, to glide off or from, to
graze, to flash. (F.— L.) The sb. is from
the verb. A nasalised form (influenced
by M. E. gUnteUy to glance) of O. F.
glacer, glacier, to glide, slip, glance. — F.
glace, \ix\ see Glacial. 2. M. H.glenten
answers to the causal form of the strong
verb glinta, to shine, still found in Swed.
dialects ( Rietz) . See Glint.
Gland, a fleshy organ in the body,
secreting fluid. (F. — L.) M. F. and F.
glande, a gland ; O. F. glandre, — L. glati-
dula, a gland; dimin. of glans (stem
gland-), an acom.<^Gk. 0d\ayo5, an acorn.
Brugm. i. § 665.
glanders, glandular swellings. (F. -^
L.) M. F. glandresy pi. ■- Lat. pi. ace.
glandulds^ swollen glands ; from L. glans
(above).
Glare, to shine brightly. (E.) M. E.
glaren ; cf. A. S. gl^^ amber. + Low
G. glaren, to glow. Perhaps allied to
Glass. Cf. Dan. glar, Icel. gUr, glass
(below).
Glass. (E.) A. S. glas. 4- Du. glas,
G. glcts \ cf. Dan. glar^ M. Swed. glcer,
Icel. gler, glass. Orig. sense prob. * shin-
ing.' See above.
Glancons, grayish blue. (L.-^Gk.)
L. glauc-us ; with suffix -ous, — Gk. 7\av-
Kos, gleaming, bluish.
Glase, to furnish with glass. (E.)
M. E. glasen •* M. E. glas, glass ; see
Glass.
Gleam, a beam of light. (E.) A. S.
glatn ; Teut. type *glaimiz, + O- Sax.
glifiio, brightness ; O. H. G. glimo, gleimo,
a glow-worm (from base *gleim-). Allied
to Gk. x\i-ap6s, warm. See Glimmer.
Glean. (F.) M. E. glenen - O. F.
glener, glaner (F. glaner), to glean ; Low
L. glendre (A.D. 561) ; cf. Low L. glena,
gelina, geliftia, a handful. Of unknown
origin. The A. S.gilm, a handful, whence
prov. K j^elmt to provide handfuls of straw
ready for a thatcher, will not account for
the O. F. forhi. % We also find the form
iogleame (Levins), also s'^Xigleme.
Glebe, soil. (F. - L.) M. F. gUbe,
' glebe, land belonging to a parsonage ; '
Cot. — L. gleba, soil, a clod of earth.
Glede C^,> a kite, a bird so called. (^E.)
GLINT
•
M. E. glede, A. S. gluia, a kite, lit
^ glider, from its smooth flight. «■ A. S.
gild; weak grade of gltdan, to glide ; see
Glide. Cf. Icel. gleda (the same).
Glede (2), Gleed, a glowing coal.
(E.) A. S. gled (where e is from 0, by
vowel-change). — A. S. glSwan, to glow;
see Glow. Cf. Dan. Swed. glod, the same.
Glee, joy, smgmg. (E.) A. S. glee,
earlier gliu, joy, mirth, music. 4- Icel. gly,
glee, gladness ; Swed. dial, gly, mockery.
Cf Gk. x^^^i a jest. Brugm. i. § 633.
Gleek (i)> a scoff, jest. See Nares.
Prob. a particular use of Gleek (2).
Gleek (2), a game at cards; in which
a gleek meant three cards alike (as three
kings). (F. — Du.) See Nares.— O.F.
glic, a game at cards ; also spelt ghelicqtu
(Godefroy). — M. Du. gelijck, alike.— M.
Du. ge^, gke-, Du. ge-, prefix (=A. S. ^-,
Goth.^u-) ; M. Du. 'lijck, Du. -lijk, cognate
with E. like ; see liike. % Hexham has
gelijk ofte ongelijk spelen, to play at even
or odds.
Glen, a narrow valley. (C.) Gael, and
Irish gleann, O. Irish glenn ; W. glyn, a
valley, glen. Celtic type *glennos.
Glib (i), smooth, voluble. (E.) Cf.
E. Fries, glibherig, slippery ; glippen, to
^^.^\i\3i. glibherig, slippery, glibberen, to
slide ; Du. and Low G. glippen, to slip
away.
Gub (2), a lock of hair. (C.) Irish and
Gael. gUb, also Ir. clib, a lock of hair.
Glib (3), to castrate. (E.^) The same as
libf with prefixed ^- -s A. S. ge-, a common
prefix. Cognate with Du. lubben, to cas-
trate, M. Du. lubben See Left.
Glide. (E.) M. E. gliden, pt. t. glood.
A. S. gltdan. + Du. glijden, Dan. glide,
Swed. glida, G. gleiten, Teut. type *glei'
dan-, pt. t. *glaid, pp. *glidanoz.
Glimmer, verb. (E.) M. E. gli-
vteren. + Low G. glimmem^ frequent, of
glimmen, to shine ; Dan, glimre, vb., cf.
glimmer, sb., glitter ; Swed. dial, glimmer,
vb., glimmer, sb., glitter. Frequent, of
Dan. glimme, Swed. glimma, to shine. Cf.
Swed. dial, glim, a glance, A. S. gUomu
(for *glimt^, splendour; from ^glim-,
weak grade of *gleim' ; see Gleam.
glimpse, a slight gleam. (E.) For-
merly gltmse ; M. £. glimsen, to glimpse ;
formed with suffix -j- from *glim (above).
Glint, to shine, glance. (Scand.) M. £.
glenten, — Swed. dial, gldnta, gliuia, to
shine ; nasalised from Icel. glila, to shine.
214
QLISTEN
'^M.KXj.^Unzeu, to glint, SvteA, glindra.
See QUtter.
Glisten, Glister, to glitter. (£.)
Extended from base glis- of M. £. glisten,
to shine. A. S. glisian ; whence also
giisnian^ to shine. We also find M. £.
glisieren, giistren, to glitter. Cf. Du.
glinsteren, to glitter ; Swed. dial, glisa.
Glitter. (E.) M. E. gliteren^ to shine.
A. S. glitinian^ to shine ; extended from
A.^, glitiaHf to shine. •f'Icel. glitra^ to
glitter, frequent, of glita^ to shine ; Swed.
glittra^ to glitter ; gliiter, sb., a sparkle.
Cf. Goth, glit-munjan^ to glitter. From
*glit-^ weak grade of *gieit'^ as in O. Sax.
glttatty G. gleisstHt to shine.
Gloaming, twilight. (E.) A Scot,
form of glooming^ i. e. the time of becom-
ing dusk; A. S. Sfen-glommung, gloom of
eve, Hymn. Surtees, 16. 16. See Oloom.
Gloat, to stare, gaze with admiration.
(E.) Formerly glote (XVI cent.). + Icel.
giotta, to grin, smile scornfully; Swed.
dial. gloUa, giuttaf to peep ; G. glotzen, to
stare. Cf. Kuss. gliadiet{e\ to look at.
Globe. (F.-L.) O. F. ghbe. - L.
globunti ace. oi globus, a ball ; cf. glomus,
a ball, cine.
Glomerate. (L.) From pp. oi glo-
fnerdre,io collect mto a hz\\,^L,.glomer;
for *glomes, stem of glomus, a ball or
clew of yam. See Globe.
Gloom. (E.) A. S. glifm, gloom, twi-
light; cf. A.S. 'glommung, twilight (see
Glounixig), and prov. ISs^glum, overcast.
+Norw. glyma, an overcast sky ; Low G.
glum, turbid. See Glum.
Glory. (F. - L.: M. E. glorie, - A. F.
and O. F. glorie (F. ghire), — L. gldria.
Gloss (I ), lustre. (Scand.) I'cxX, glossi,
a blaze, glys, finery ; Swed. dial, glossa,
to glow ; "SoTv/.glosa, to glow.+M. H. G.
glosen, to glow, glos, lustre ; Dn. ghren
(Franck), £. Fries, ghren*
Gloss (a), a commentary, explanation.
(F. - L. - Gk.) M. E. glose, - O. F. glose,
^a glosse;* Cot^L. gldssa, a diincult
word requiring explanation. — Gk. '{Kwiaa,
the tongue, a language, word needing ex-
planation. Der. gloss, vb., gloze.
glossary. (L.-Gk.) L, gUfssarium,
a glossary ; formed with suffix ^drium
from L. gldss-a (above).
glOSSOgraplier. (Gk.) Coined from
glosso-, from Gk. yXSiiTva, a hard word;
Tpd^iy, to write.
glottis. (Gk.) Gk. 7X«tWs. the
31
QNARL
month of the windpipe. •- Gk. ^XcDrra,
Attic form of 7X0)^^0, the tongue. Der.
epi-glotUs,
Glove. (£.) A. S. gldf, a glove ; cf.
Icel. glfffi, prob. borrowed from A. S. gldf.
Possibly from g- (for ge-), prefix; and
Icel. Idji, Goth. Idfa, the palm of the hand.
"Det, fox-glove.
Glow. (E.) M. £. glowen, A. S.
glSwan, to be ardent, to shine brightly. 4*
Icel. gUfa, Dan. gloe, to glow, stare, Swed.
glo, to stare, Du. gloeijen, G. gliihefi.
Brugm. i. % 156. D&t.glede (2).
G£>wer, to look frowningly. (£.) E.
Fries, gluren, Cf. Low G. ghtren, M. Du.
gloeren, *to look awry, to leare,' Hex-
ham ; Du. gluren, % M. £. gloren, to
stare, is allied to glare*
Glose. to interpret, flatter. (F.- L.-
Gk.) M. E. glosen, to make glosses.*
M. E. glose, a gloss ; see Gloss (2).
Glue. (F. - L.) O. F. glu. - Late L.
glutem, ace. of gliis (gen. glutis), glue ;
allifed to L. gluten, glue, glutus, tenacious.
4-Gk. ^\oi6^, mud, gum. Allied to Olay.
Brugm. 1. % 639.
Ghun, sullen. (£.) M. £. gloni/nen,
glomben, gloumen, to look gloomv. E.
Fries, glumen, glumen^ to look sullen. 4*
Low G. gluum, a sullen look, glummen,
to make turbid ; Norw. glyme, a sullen
look, glyma, gloma, to look sullen. See
Gloom.
GlnmOy a bracteal covering, in grasses.
(L.) L. gluma, a husk, hull. — L. glubere,
topeel, take off the husk. See Cleave (i).
Crlllt, to swallow greedily. (F. — L.)
M.E. glotien, wmO. F. glotir, ghutir^^Yj,
glutire^ gluttire^ to swallow ; cf. gula, the
throat. Der. glutton*
Glutinous, ^luey. (L.) Uglutinosus,
sticky.^L. glutin-, for gluten, glue.
Glutton. (F. - L.) M.E. gloton. -
O. F. gloton. * L. gluttdnem, glutdnem,
ace, a glutton. — L. ^/^/ir^, to devour.
G^oerine, a viscid fluid, of sweet
taste. rF.-Gk.) Y*glyUrine\ from Gk.
7Xv/rcp0f , sweet ; from Gk. 7Xv4ri;s, sweet.
Glyptio, relating to carving in stone.
(Gk. ) Gk. '{KxntJiKln, carving. — Gk.
7XvirT^f, carved. — Gk. '^K'o^tw, to hollow
out. engrave. See Cleave (i).
Gnarl, to snarl, growl. (E.) Frequen-
tative oignar, to snarl, an imitative word.
Cf. A. S. gnyrran, to creak ; E. Fries.
gftarren, to creak, snarl.^Dn. knorren,
Dan. knurre, to growl, Dan. knarre, to
5
GNARLED
creak; Swed. knorra, G. knurren, to
growl, G. knarren, to creak.
Qxiarledyknotty, twisted. (E.) Gnarled
is fall of gnarU, where gnat^/ is a dimin.
of gnar or knar, M. £. knarre, a knot in
wood. See Knurr.
Onash. (E.) M. E. gnasten, to gnash
the teeth. E. Fries, gnastem^ gndstem,
to gnash.4-Swed. knastra, to crash (be-
tween the teeth) ; Dan. knaske, to gnash ;
Icel. gnasiattf sb., a gnashing, ^n^x/a (pt. t.
gnast), to crack ; G. ktuisiem, to crackle.
Imitative ; so also Dan. knase^ to crackle ;
Icel. gnlsta, to gnash, E. Fries, gnisen.
Qnat. (E.) A. S. gnatt. Said to be
named from the whirring of the wings;
cf. Icel. g^ata, to clash, gnaty clash of
weapons.
Qnaw. (E.) M. E. gnawen^ pt. t. gnew^
gtiow, A. S. gnagan, to gnaw, pt. t. gnohy
pp.^/w^(?«.+Du. knagen, Low G. gnauen,
O. Icel. knagUj mod. Icel. naga^ Dan.
gnave, Swed. gnaga. Without the g^ we
have G. nagen ; also Dan. nage^ to gnaw,
Swed. naggGy whence prov. E. nag, to
worry.
Gneiss, a rock. (G.) G, gneiss; from
its sparkling. — O. H. G. gneistan, to
sparkle ; gneista, a spark. 4" A. S. gndst,
Icel. gneistiy a spark.
Gnome, a kind of sprite. (F.-Gk.)
F. gnome y a gnome ; a word due to Para-
celsus ; from the notion that gnomes could
reveal secret treasures. — Gk. yva/ftrj, intelli-
gence.—Gk. yvSnrcUy to know. (j/GEN.)
gnomon, index of a dial. (L. — Gk.)
L. gnomon. ^Gk. yv^/jwy, an interpreter
(one who knows) ; the index of a dial. —
Gk. yvSfvaty to know.
gnostic, one of a certain sect. (Gk.)
Gk. yvo)(rTiK6s, wise, good at knowing.—
Gk. yywardsy from yvonSs, known. — Gk.
yvwcuy to know.
Gnu, a kind of antelope. (Hottentot.)
Found in S. Africa. Said to belong to the
Hottentot language.
Go, to move about, proceed, advance.
(E.) M. E. gon, goon. A. S. gdn. 4-Du.
gaan^ Dan. gaae^ Swed. gd ; G. geAen ;
O. H. G. ganygen. % * The Teut. gai- ( =
A.S. gd'y O. H. G. ge-^ supplanted the
Idg. y^I, to go, in Lat. ire, Gk. Uvaxy
Skt. i. Since Teut. gai- has no old primi-
tive noun-derivatives in Teut., and takes
the place of Idg. ^I (the Goth, aorist
iddja = A. S. eode still remains), and as it
is inflected after the -mi- conjugation, the
QOD
supposition arises that Teut. *gaimy *gars,
*gai//i are contracted from the verbal
particle ga- and the inherited tm, tz, iik »
Skt. imi, ishiy it%\ cf. Gk. cTfu.* — Kluge.
But this is mere conjecture.
Goad. (E.) M.E. .^fjMfe. A.S.gad.
Teut. t)rpe *gaiddy f. 4- Lom bardic gaida,
a gore (Due.) ; from the base *gai-y Idg.
*ghai-y whence also A. S. gd-ry Icel. gei'tr,
O. Irish ^1, a spear; see Gore (2).
Goal, the winning-post in a race. CE.)
M. E. goly Shoreham, p. 145. Answering
to A. S. *gdly prob. * an impediment ;
whence A. S. galaUy to impede. Goal
may have meant * stopping-place.*
Goat. (E.) M.E.,^/. A.S.^.+
Du. geity Dan. ged, Swed. gety Icel. geit^
G. geiss, geisse ; Goth, gaits. Teut. base
*gait- ; allied to L. hadus.
Gobbet, a mouthful, a small piece.
(F. — C.) M. E. gobety a small piece. —
O. F. gobety a morsel of food (see Littr^) ;
allied to M.F. goby a gulp (in swallowing),
— O. F. gobeTy to devour. — Gael, gob, beak,
bill, movith ; Irish gob, mouth, beak.
gobble (I), to devour. (F.-C.) Fre-
quentative, with suffix 'Uy from O. F,
gob-er, to devour ; see Qobbet.
Gobble (2), to make a gabbling noise.
(E.) Imitative ; a variant oi gabble.
Gobelin, a French tapestry. (F.)
Named from Giles Gobelin, wool-dyer of
Paris, in the 15th cent.
Goblet. (F. - L.) F. gobeUt, ' a
goblet ; * Cot. Dimin. of O. F. gobel, a
cup.— Late L. cupellum, ace. of ciipelluSy
a cup ; dimin. of L. cupa, a vat ; see
Ooop. Cf. Picard gobey a great cup.
Goblin. (F.-L.-G.) O.F. gobelin.
— Low L. gobelinuSf a goblin ; properly
* a household-god ' ; cf. A. S. cof-godas,
* penates.' — M. H. G. kobely a hut ; dimin.
of M. H. G. kobey a stall, cognate with
Icel. ko/if a hut, A. S. co/a, a chamber
(Kluge). See Cove.
Goby, a fish. (L. - Gk.) For l.,gobiuSy
orig. applied to the gudgeon. — Gk. Koj0i6^y
a kina of fish, gudgeon, tench. Der.
gudgeon,
God. (E.) A. S. ^.+Du. gody Icel.
gody gudy Dan, gud, Swed. gudy Goth.
gut A, G. gott. Teut. type *guthom ; Idg.
type *ghutom, perhaps * the being wor-
shipped,* a pp. form ; from Idg. root *gAuy
to worship, as in Skt. AUy to sacrifice
(to), whence huta-, one to whom sacri*
nee is offered. ^ JVot allied to good^ adj.
316
GODDESS
goddess. (E. ; with F. suffix,) M. £.
goddcssc {godesse). Made from god by
adding the O. F. suffix '€sse (=L. -issa'*
Gk. 'i(r<ra).
godfather. (E.) M. E. godfader,
father in baptism ; from god 9xA fader.
JrodlieacL (E.) M. E. godhed, also
hod\ the suffix answers to A. S. hSdj
office, state, dignity ; see -hood (suffix).
Godwit, a bird. (E.) Origin un-
known. Can it mean 'good creature'?
A. S. god wiht^ a good wight, good crea-
ture {wiht being often applied to animals
and birds). See Wight.
Goffer* Gauffer, to plait or crimp
lace, &C. (F.-O. Low G.) M. F. gauf-
frer^ to goffer ; orig. to mark like the
edges of wafers. ^ M. F. gauffrcy goffre, a
wafer ; see Wafer.
Goggle-eyed, having rolUng and
staring eyes. (E.) H.E.gogil-eyid. *They
gog/e with their eyes hither and thither ; *
Holinshed, Descr. of Ireland, c. i. Cf.
Irish and GaeL gogshuilcachf goggle-eyed,
having wandering eyes, from gog^ to move
slightly, and suii, eye. But gog seems to
be from E., and of imitative origin. Cf.
prov. E. coggUj Bavar. gageln, to be un-
steadv.
Goitre. (F.— L.) F. goitre y a swelled
throat ; from O. F. goitron, the same, esp.
in Savoy. — Late L. ace type *giUtridnem,
from L. guttur, throat.
Gold. (E.) A.S. ^/i/.-l-Du. goud {{or
gold), Icel. gu//, Swed. "DsLa.guld, G. gold,
Goth. gu/tA, Teut. type *gu/'t/iom, n. ;
Idg. type *gh9l-tom ; cf. Russ. solotOy Skt.
Aataka-f gold ; also Pers. zar, gold, Zend
zaranya-, Skt hiranya-. Named from its
colour. Allied to Yellow. (VGHEL.)
Der. mari-gold, gild.
Golf, a game. (Du.) Mentioned a. d.
1457 (Jam.). The name is from that of a
Dn. game played with club and ball. — Du.
kolf a club used to strike balls with.+
Low G. kulf, hockey-stick; Icel. kolfrt
clapper of a bell, kyl/a^ a club ; Dan. kolbe,
butt-end of a weapon, kohft holt, shaft,
arrow, Swed. kolff butt-end, G. kolb€y club,
mace, knob.
Golosh ; the same as Oaloche.
Gondola. (Ital.-Gk.-Pers.?) Ital.
^mdola^ dimin. of gonda, a boat. — Gk.
/v^i'dv, a drinking-vessel ; from the shape
(Diez). Said to be of Pers. origin; cf.
Pers. kandHj an earthen vessel.
Gonfhnoiii Gonfidon, a kind of
GOOSEBERRY
banner. (F.— M. H. G.) M,E. gon/ancn.
— O. F. gonfanon,^'hlL, H. G. gundfano^
lit. * battle-flag.' -M. H. G. gund, guttt,
battle; fano \0. fahne), a banner, flag.
Here gunt is cognate with A. S. gUd (for
*gunth)y battle, war ; cf. Skt. Han, to kill.
Fano is allied to Vane.
Gong. (Malay.) Mvlzj agong oi gdng^
the gong, a sonorous instrument.
Good. (E.) M. E. good, A. S. god,-^
Du. goed, Icel. gfftirj Dan. Swed. god,
Goth. godSi G. gut, Teut. type *g^z ;
from *gdd-i strong grade of *g€ul-y * fit ; *
see Gather. Allied to Kuss. godnuii,
suitable, O. Slav. godH^ fit season. Der.
goods J sb. pi., i. e. good things, property ;
good'will, &c. Also good-man, i. e. master
of the house, good- wife, mistress of the
house.
GoodbjTOy farewell. (E.) A familiar,
but meaningless, contraction of God be
with you, the old form of farewell;
very common; often written Cod b'wy,
% Not for God be by you ; the form God
buy you ^ God be-with-you you {you re-
peated).
Goodman ; see Good.
Goose, a bird. (E.) A. S. gos, pi. gei
(lengthened 0 caused loss of n, and ^Jx—
*gons < *gans). + Du. guns, Dan. gaas^
Swed. gas, Icel. gds, G. gans. Teut. type
*gans; Idg. type *ghans'; cf. L. anser,
Gk. x^y ; Skt. harftsa, a swan ; O. Irish
gtis, a swan ; Lith. iqsis, a goose.
Gooseberry. (E. ; cf. F.-M. H. G.)
In Levins. From goose and berry; cf.
goose-grass, &c a. We also find North.
E. grosers, gooseberries ; Bums Yuisgrozet,
a gooseberry. Apparently from O. F.
*grose, *groise, a gooseberry, not recorded,
but occurring not only in the O. F. dimin.
form groisele, grosele,B, gooseberry, but also
in Irish grois- aid, Gael. groi^-eidt^.gr^s,
a gooseberry, all borrowed from M.E. The
spelling groisele is as old as the 13th
century (Bartsch); and answers to the
form crosela in the dialect of Como
(Monti), p. The orig. O. F. *groise or
*grose was borrowed from M. H. G. kriis,
curling, crisped, whence G. krausbeere, a
cranberry, a rough gooseberry. Cf. Swed.
krusbdr, a gooseberry, from krus, crisp,
curled, frizzled. The name was first given
to the rougher kinds of the fruit, from the
curling ludrs on it; similarly, Levins
gives Sie Lat. name as uua crispa (frizzled
grape).
ai7
QOPHER
QOSSIP
Qopker, a kind of wood. (Heb.) Heb.
gopher^ a wood.
UOrbellied, having a fat belly. (E.)
Compoonded of E. gore^ lit. filth, dirt (also
the intestines) ; and belly. So also Swed.
dial, girbdlg, a, iat paonch, from gdr, dirt,
contents of the intestines, and ddlg^ belly.
See G-ore (i).
gOXCroWf carrion-crow. (£.) Le.
g&rC'Crow ; see above.
GordiaJi. (L.— Gk.) Only in the phr.
' Gordian knot,' i.e. intricate knot. Named
from the Phrygian king Gordius (r<$p&(w),
who tied it. An oracle declared that who-
ever undid it should reign over Asia.
Alexander cnt the knot, and applied the
oracle to himself.
Gore (i), clotted blood. (E.) It for-
merly meant filth. A. S. gor, filth, dirt 4-
Icel gor^ gore; Swed. gor, dirt ; M. Dn. goor\
O. H. G. gor^ filth. Origin uncertain.
Ckire (3)1 a triangular piece let into a
garment, a triangular slip of land. (E.)
M. E. gore. A. S. gdra, a gore, project-
ing piece of land ; from gdr^ a dart, a
spear-point. Named from the ^ape. [So
also Icel. geiriy 2U triangular slip of land,
from geirr, a spear ; G. gehre^ a wedge,
rset, gore ; Du. geer^ a gusset, gore.]
The A. S. gar (Icel. geirr, O. H. G.
ger^ is from Teut type *gaizaZf m.;
allied to Gaulish L. gaesum, a javelin,
O. Irish got J a spear.
Gore (3), to pierce. (E.) From A.S.
gdr, a spear-point (with the usual change
from d to long 0).
Gorge, the throat, a narrow pass. (F.
— L.) O. F. gorge J throat. — Late L. gorgUy
variant of L. gurgiSy a whirlpool, hence
(in Late L.) the gullet, from its voracity.
Cf. L. gurguHoy gullet 4-Skt. gargara-, a
whirlpool. ^
gorgeous, showy, splendid. (F.-I^)
O. F. and M. '^.gorgias^ 'gorgeous;' Cot
The O. F. gorgias also meant a gorget ;
the sense of * gorgeous ' was orig. proud,
from the swelling of the throat in pride.
Cotgrave gives F. se rengorger^ * to hold
down the head, or thrust the chin into the
neck, as some do in pride, or to make
their faces look the fuller ; we say, to
bridle it.* Hence the derivation is from
F. gorge, throat (above).
gorget, armour for the throat (F. —
L.) From gorge, i. e. throat.
Gorgon, a monster. (L.-Gk.) L.
Gorgon f Gorgo. mmGk. Topy^, the Gorgon.
^*»y.
— Gk. yopy69, feaiibL 4* O. Ir.
fierce.
GoriUay a kind of large ape. (O. Afri-
can.) An old word revived. In the Peri-
plus of Hanno, near the end, some creatures
are described ' which the interpreters called
Gorillas* — ^in GredE, yopiXXas.
Gormandise ; see Gourmand.
Gorse. (£.) Formerly ^orr/.-A.S.
gorst, gone. Cf. Skt krsk, to bristle.
Goshawk. (£.) lit 'goose-hawk.*
A. S. goske^.^/LS. gffSy goose; Aq/iic,
hawk.
gosling. (£.) Formed from A. S.
gos, goose ^M. E.^ar), with double dimin.
suffix 'l-tng.
Gospel, the life of Christ (£.) M. £.
gospel. A. S. godspeU.^K. S. god, God,
L e. Christ ; spell, a story. Lit ' narrative
of God,* i. e. life of Christ % Orig. gifd
spell, i. e. good spell, a translation of Gk.
^vanniXiov ; but soon altered to godspell;
for the £. word was early introduced into
Iceland in the form guSsp/all (where gtdi-
sgod, as distinguished from ^(5-== good),
and into Gennany as O. H. G. gotspell
(where got =s god, as distinguished from
guot, good).
Gossamer. (E.) M. E. gossomer,
gosesomer, lit * goose-summer * The prov.
£. name (in Craven) is summer-goose.
Named from the time of year when it is
most seen, viz. during St Martin's summer
(early November); geese were eaten on
Nov. II formerly. Cf. LowL Sc. go-
summer (popular variant), Martinmas. %
Also called summer-colt (Whitby) ; also
summer-gaute. Cf. G. sommerfaden (lit.
summer -threads), gossamer; Du. eomer-
draden, Swed. sommertrdd, the same. [But
in G. it is also called mddcAensommer,
lit. Maiden-summer, der aliweibersommer^
the old women's summer ; which also
means St. Martin's summer.] It would
appear that summer is here used in the
sense of ' summer-film,' so that gossamer =^
goose-summer-film. (Better spelt gossomer
01 gos summer.)
Gossip. (E.) Now a crony ; formerly
a sponsor in baptism. M. £. gossib, also
godsib, lit. * related in god.' — M. E. god,
god; sib, related, from O. Northumb.
sibbo, pi. relatives, allied to Goth, sibja^
relationship, G. sippe, affinity, sippen,
kinsmen. Cf. Skt. sabkya-, fit for an
assembly, trusty, from sabhd, an assembly.
Brugm. i. §§ 124 (4), 567.
ai8
QOUQE
GoilMf a hoUow-bladed chisel. (F. —
Low L.) F. gouge, — Low L. *gobia^
*gubia^ only recorded in the form guvia
(Span. ^tf^Vx). Cf. Ital. sgorbia^ gouge;
Gascon goujo,
Gonra. (F.— L.) F. gourde , formerly
gouhourde and cougourde (Cot.).«iL. cu»
curbita^ a gourd.
Gourmand, a glutton. (F.) F. gour-
mand, * a glutton, gormand, belly-god ; *
Cot. Etym. unknown. Der. gormandise
(for gourmand'ise),
Qont (i), a drop, disease. (F. — L.)
M. E. goute, a disease supposed to be due
to defluxion of humours. — O. F. gouiet
goutte, a drop.«-L. gutta^ a drop.
€k>nt (2), taste. (F.-L.) F. goi^t,
taste,"!,. gustiis, taste ; see Oust (2).
Goirem. (F. - L. - Gk. ) M. E. gouer-
nen. — O. F. govemer. — L. gubemdre^ to
steer a ship, rule. •- Gk. /cvfi€pvavj to steer.
Cf. Lith. kumbritii to steer.
GowaHi a daisy. (Scand.) North. E.
gowlofif ^, yellow gowan, com marigold.
Named from the colour. — Icel. gulr^ Swed.
gt*li Dan. gtiulf Noi-w. gul^ guul, yellow.
See Yellow.
Gowk, a simpleton. (Scand.) Icel.
gaukr^ a cuckoo, Swed. gok.^Q. gauche a
cuckoo, simpleton.
Gown, a loose robe. (C.) M. E. goune,
— W. gwtiy a loose robe. [Irish gunn,
Gael, and Com. gun^ Manx goon^ are from
£. O. F. goune is Gaulish.] Stokes-
Fick, p. 281.
Grao, to seize. (£.) Cf. E. Fries.
grabbig, greedy ; grabbeleftj to grab at ;
Du. grabbel, a scramble, grabbelen, to
scramble for; Low G. grabbeln, to grab
at; Swed. grcdfbc^ to grasp.^-Skt. grah^
O. Skt. groSbh^ O. Pers. and Zend grab^
to seize. See Garb (2). Cf. Grasp.
Grace. (F.-L.) O. F. grace, - L.
gratia, favour. — L. gratus, dear, pleasing.
Brugra. i. §§ 524, 632.
Grade, a degree. (F.-L.) ¥. grade,
a degree. « L. gradum, ace. of gradus, a
degree, step.-iL. gradi (pp. gressus)^ to
step, walk, go. (yGHREDH.) Brugm.
i. § 635 ;^ ii. § 707.
ffrJEKLient, a gradually rising slope.
(L!) L. gradient; stem of pres. pt. of
gradly to walk, advance.
Ifradnal, advancing by steps. (L.)
Orig. gradual, sb., a service-book called
in Lat. graduate, and in E. gradual or
grayl.^ljfXt L. gradualis, only in neut.
QRAMERCY
graduate, a service-book of portions sung
in gradibth, i.e. on the steps (of the
choir). — L. gradu-s, a step.
gradnate. (L.) Late L. gradudtm,
one who has taken a degree ; pp. of Late
L. gradudre. — L. gradU'S, degree.
Graft, Graff, to insert buds on a stem.
(F.— L. — Gk.) Graft is a later form of
grajffl and due to confusion with graffed,
pp. Shak. has pp. graft, Rich. Ill, iii* 7*
127. M. E. graffen, to graff, from graffe,
sb. — O. F. graffe, a sort of pencil, also a
slip for grafting, because it resembled a
pointed pencil in shape. — L. graphium, a
style to write with.«Gk. ypatpiov, ypa-
iptioVj the same. — Gk. yp^uptiv, to write.
Grail (i), a gradual, a service-book.
(F.-L) M.E. graile, grayU, - O.F.
graeL"\jdX<t L. gradate, also called gra'
dudle ; see gradual.
Grail (2), the Holy Dish at the Last
Supper. (F. — L. — Gk.) The etymology
was very early falsified bv an easy
change from San Great (Holy Dish) to
Sang Real (Royal Blood, strangely taken
to mean Real Blood). —O. F. graal, great,
grasal, a flat dish; with numerous other
forms, both in O. F. and Late L. It
would appear that the word was cormpted
in various ways from Late L. type *crdtdlis
(cf. Late L. grdddle, a bowl) ; from Late
L. crSt-us, a bowl, equivalent to L. crater,
a bowl ; see Crater. (Diez.)
Grail (3), fine sand. (F. — L.) In
Spenser, F. Q. i. 7. 6 ; Vis. Bellay, st. 12.
— O.F. graiste, graile (F. gr^le), thin,
small. — L. gracitem, ace. of gracilis,
slider.
Grain. (F. - L.) M. E. grein, - O. F.
grain, "L. grdnum, a grain, com. 4- Irish
gran, W. gronyn. Cognate with E. Corn.
Grallatory. (L.) A term applied to
wading birds. — L. gralldtor, a walker on
stilts. —L.^a//<? (for ^grcuita), stilts.— L.
gradus, a step ; gradi, to walk.
Gramarye, magic (F.-L.-Gk.)
M. E. gramery, skill in grammar, and
hence skill in magic — O. F. gramaire,
grammar ; see Grammar. Cf. O. F.
gramaire, (i) a grammarian, (2) a ma-
gician. % The word glamour is a mere
corruption of gramarye or grammar,
meaning (i) grammar, (2) magic.
Gramercy. thanks. (F.-L.) For-
merly ground mercy, Chaucer, C. T.
8964. — F. grand merci, great thanks ; see
Grand and Meroy.
a 19
GRAMINEOUS
GRATUITY
Giramineoiui. (L.) YiomL,. ^mm-,
for grdfnettf grass ; with sufiix -e-ous.
Grammar. (F. — L. — Gk.) M. £.
grammerc^O, F. gramaire (XIII cent.).
» Late \j, grammatical grammar (Schwan).
«Gk. '^paiiiiarneijy grammar. — Gk. 7/xz/a-
fMTiieds, knowing one's letters ; see below.
grammatical. (F.-L.-Gk.) M.F.
grammaiual\ from L^grammaticus, gram-
matical.—Gk. ypafifmTiK6sy versed in one's
letters. — Gk. ypainmr-, stem of yp&fjuia^
a letter. — Gk. ypaupciVj to write. See
Graphic.
GriunpilS, a large fish. (F. — L.) Spelt
grampassey a. d. 1655. — A. ^' grampais ;
Blk. Bk. Adm. i. 152. — L. grandem piscem,
ace. oigrandis piscis^ great fish.
Granary« store-house for grain. (L.)
h,grdndnaf pi.^'L.grdnum, com. See
Gamer.
Grand, great. (F.-L.) 0,Y, grand,
— L. grandem^ ace. oigrandis, great.
ffrandeOf a Spanish nobleman. (Span.
— L.) Span, grandey great; also, a
nobleman. — L. grandem^ ace. of grandiSf
great.
grandeur, greatness. (F.-L.) F.
grandeur \ formed with suffix -eur (L.
'drem)j from grandf great.
grandiloquexLty pompons in speech.
(L.) Coined Trom L. grandi-y decl. stem
of grandisy great ; and loqtunt'y stem of
pres. pt. of loqut^ to speak ; see Iioqua-
oious. The true L. form is grandi-
hquus.
Grange, a farm-honse. (F.-L.) O.F.
grange y a barn, a farm-house. — Late L.
grdneay a hsum. ^h, grdnum, com.
fanite, a hard stone. (Ital.— L.)
granitOy granite, speckled stone.—
Ital. granitOy pp. of granirCy to reduce to
grains (hence, to speckle). — Ital. granoy
a grain. — L. grdnumy a grain ; see Grain.
Grant. (F.-L.) M. E. graunten,^
O. F. graanter, grauntery later spelling of
crdanter, creanter, to caution, assure,
guarantee; whence the later senses, to
promise, yield; Late L. creantdrCy for
*cridentdre. — L. credent-y stem of pres.
pt. of credere, to trast. See Creed.
Grannie, a little grain. (L.) L. grd-
nulum, dimin. of grdnumy a grain.
Grape. (F.-M. H. G.) A. F. grape,
M. F. grappe, * bunch, or cluster of grapes; *
Cot. [In £., the sense has chang^, from
cluster to single berry.] The orig. sense
of grappe was 'a hook/ then clustered
fruit. -M. H. G. krapfe^ O. H. G. krapfoy
a hook. Allied to (^amp. The senses
of 'hook' and 'cluster' result from that
of * clutching.'
Crraphic, descriptive, pertaining to
writing. (L. — Gk.) L. graphicusy bdong-
ing to painting or drawing. — Gk. ypcufHXcls,
the same. — Gk. ypd«p€iVy to write. Allied
to Carve.
Grapnel, a grappling-iron. (F. —
M. H. G.) M.E. grapenel. Dimin. of
M. F. grappiny a grapnel. — O. F. grappe,
a hook. — O. H. G. krapfOy a hook; see
Grape.
grapple, to clutch. (F.— M. H. G.)
Properly to seize with a grapnel. — M. F.
grappil, sb., ' the grapple of a ship ; * Cot.
— O. F. grappe, a hook (above).
Grasp. (E.) M. E. graspeny used in
the sense ' to grope.' Also grapsen, in
Hoccleve. Prob. for ^grab-sen, closely
allied to Grab, q. v. Cf. £. Fries.
grapseny to clutch ; Low G. grapsen ;
E. Fries. grapSy a handful; also Lith.
grdp-tiy to grab (Kluge).
Grass. (E.) M.E. gras, gresy also
gers. A.S. garSy grces,^T>\i» Icel. Goth.
G. gras ; Swed. graSy Dan. gras. Teut.
type *gra-somy n. ; from *gra-y the sense
of which is doubtful ; cf. grow.
Grate (0* ^ framework of iron bars.
(Late L. — L.) M. E. grate. — Late L.
grdta, crdtay a grating. — L. crdtes, hurdles.
See Crate.
Grate (a), to rob, scrape. (F.— Teut.)
O. F. grater (F. gratter),^Syfed. kratta,
Dan. krattey to scrape ; O. H. G. chrazzon
(< *krcUtdn)y to scrape.
Grateftll, pleasant. (Hybrid; F.-L.
and E.) The first syllable is from O. F.
graty pleasing, from L. grdtus ; with £.
suffix -fid.
gratiiy. (F.-L.) M.Y.grattfier.^
L. grdtificdrey grdtificdrty to please. — L.
grdti-y for grdtus y pleasing ; and -ficdrey
ioxfacerey to make. Der. gratific-at-ion.
gratis, freely. (L.) L. grdtiSy adv.,
freely; for grdtiiSy abl. pi. of grdtiay
grace ; see Grace.
natitude. (F.-L.) ¥. gratitude.
— Late L, grdtitadinemy ace. oi grdtitOdoy
thankfulness. — L. grdtus y pleasing.
gratoitons, freely given. (L.) L.
grdtutt-usy freely given ; with suffix -ous.
From grdtus.
gratuity, a present. (F. — L.) O. F.
gratuiti, * a free gift ; ' Cot. — Late L.
aao
QRATULATE
QRIDDLE
gratutWem, ace. of grdiuitSs.wm'L, gra-
tutius faboye).
gratnlatey to congratulate. (L.)
From pp. of L. grdtuldri, to wish a per-
son joy. As if for *grdti-tuldri \ from
L. grdtus, pleasing. Bmgm. i. § 986.
Chrave (i)> to cut, engrave. (£.) M. £.
grauen. A.S. grafan^ pt. t. ^^+Du.
graven^ Dan. grceoe^ Icel. grafa^ M. Swed.
grafuay Goth, graban, G. graben. Tent,
type *graban't pt. t. *grdb, Cf. Russ.
^r^^*, a tomb, grave. Der. grave, sb., a
thing cut or dug out ; A. S. graf.
Grave ( 2) , sad. (F. - L.) F. grave. -
L. grauem, ace. of grauis, heavy. + Goth.
kaurus; Gk. fiapvs, Skt. guru-, heavy.
Brugm. i. $ 665.
GraveL (F. - C.) M. E. grauel.'^
O. Y,gravele, dimin. of O. F^^rave, gravel.
Of Celtic origin ; from Celt, base *gravO',
as in Bret, grottan, gravel, Com. grow^
gravel, W. gro, pebbles.
Grayy. (E.) F oimtiXj greavy^ orig.
an adj. formed from greave (for greaves,
q.v.), refuse of tallow. Hence gravy is (i )
tallowy, (2) fat, gravy.
Gray. (E.) M.E. gr<^, grey. O.
Merc.^^, A. S. grag.'^Vu. graauw, Icel.
grdr, Dan. graa, Swed. grd, G. grau,
O. H. G. grd (gen. grSw-es). Teut. stems
*gr&g-^ *gr&itf'j <*gr&gwoz.
Gziue (i), to scrape slightly. (E.?)
Formerly grase. Apparently a peculiar
use of grau, to crop grass ; perhaps con-
fiised with rase, i. e. to scrape. See Base ;
and see Olanoe. (Doubtful.)
Graie (3), to feed as cattle. (E.) M.E.
grasefti vb. A. S. grasian.'^A. S. gras,
grass; see Graaa. Der. grass^i-er (cf.
oaw-y-er, law-y-er).
Grease. (F.-L.) M.E. grese, grece,
— A. F. greisse, craisse, fatness, Ps. xvi.
ID. « Late L. type *crassia.''h. crassus,
thick, fat. See Orasa.
Great. (E.) M. £. gret, greet A. S.
great,^t>u, groot^ G. gross, Teut. type
*grautoz.
Greaves (1), Graves, sediment of
melted tallow. (E.) E. Fries, grdfe ; pi.
gr&fen^ greaves.^'M. Swed. grefivar, dirt ;
IJuS'grefwar, Ut. * light-dirt, refuse of tal-
low in candle-making ; Swed. dial, grevar,
pi., greaves ; Low G. greven, greaves; G.
griebe, O. H. G. griubo, griupo.
Greaves (a), leg-armour. (F.) O. F.
greveSf 'boots, also greaves;* Cot. Cf.
Span, grebasy greaves, pi. of greba, — O. F.
greve^ Picard greve, the shank, shin.
Origin unknown.
Grel>e, a bird. (F.) F. gribe. Cot.
gives griaibe, * a sea-mew,* as a Savoyard
word. Of unknown origin.
Greedy. (E.) \.S, gr&dig, gredig,-^
Du. grettg, Icel. grdSugr, Dan. graadig,
Goth, gridags ; cf. Skt. grdhra-, greedy,
from grdh, to be greedy. The sb. greedy
hunger, answers to IceL graSr, Goth.
gredus, hunger ; Teut. type *grdduz.
Greexi. (£.) M.E, green. A.S,grgne,
4-Du. graen, Icel. grann, Dan. Swed.
griin, G. griin. Teut, type *grdnjoz,
earlier type ^gro-niz (Sievers). Cf. A. S.
gro-wan, to grow. Allied to Grow.
Green is the colour of growing herbs.
Der. greens^pl, sb. See Sward.
Greenga^et a green plum. Named
from Sir W. Gcfge, of Iiengrave Hall,
near Bury, before a. D. 1725. There is
also a biue Gage, a yellow Gage, and a
purple Gage,
Greet (I )) to salute. (E.) M.E. grelen.
A.S.grelan, to visit, address. +Du.^(0^/«9f,
G. griissen ; O. Sax. grotian. Teut. type
*grdt'jan- ; from the sb. *grdt't as in Du.
groet, G. gruss, a salutation.
Greet (a), to cry, weep. (E.) M. E.
greten. A. S. grcttan, gritan, +Icel. grdta^
Dan. grade, Swed. gr&ta, Goth, greian.
Gregarious. (L.) L. gregSrius, be-
longing to a flock. — L. greg', stem of grex,
a flock. 4*0. Irish graig, a herd of horses.
Grenade, a war-missile. (F.— Span.—
L.) Formerly also granado, which is like
the Span. form. Named from its likeness
to a pomegranate, being filled with com-
bustibles as that is with seeds. — E. grenade,
' a pomegranet, a ball of wild-fire ; ' Cot.
* Span, granada, the same ; granado, full
of seeds, ^h, grdndtus, full of seeds. — L.
gr&num, a grain; see Grain. Der.
grenad'ier,
Qreyz the same as Gray. y
Greynoimd. (E.) M,E, greihound, Y
grehound. A.S.grtghund; where grig- =^
grieg' (Icel. grey^, for Teut *graujO'.
Cf. Icel. greyhundr, a greyhound, from
Icel. grey, a dog, hundr, a hound; grty^
baka, a bitch. % Not allied to gray,
which is represented in Icelandic hy grdr,
Griddlep a pan for baking cakes.
(F. - L. ) Also girdle, M. E. gredil. -
O. F. gredil (Moisy, Diet, of Norman
patois), greil (Godefroy) ; cf. grediller,
vb., to grill (same), i- Late L. *crlUtculum,
aai
QRIDE
GRISLY
for L. crlUTculaj a gridiron, dimin. of
crd^is, a hurdle. Der. Hence M. £.
gredire^ a griddle, afterwards turned into
gridiron^ by confusion with M. E. ire—
£. iron. See Grill and Creel.
Gride, to pierce, cut through. (£.) See
Spenser, F. Q. ii. 8. 36. A metathesis of
gird, M. £. girdeftf to strike, pierce ; see
aird (2).
Oridiron ; see Griddle.
Grief. (F.-L.) U,li. grief, gnf,^
O. F. grief, gref burdensome, sad, heavy.
— L. grauis, heavy ; see Grave (2). Der.
grieve, vb., O. F. grever, L. graudre, to
burden; fiom grauis.
GrifELn, Griffon. (F. - L. - Ok.)
Better^yi^ii. M. E. griffon. — F. griffon ;
formed from Late L. griffus, a griffon. —
L. gryphusy extended form of gryps, a
griffon. *Gk. 7/)w^ (stem ypwr-), a griffon,
a fabulous animal supposed to have a
hooked beak. — Gk. ypviros, curved, hook-
beaked. % Confused with Gk. ySn/f, a
vulture.
Gri{fp a small eel, a cricket. (£.)
App. of imitative origin. Cf. crici, still
preserved in crick-et; Lowl. Sc. crick, a
tick, louse; Du. kriek, a cricket. % In
phr. 'as merry as 2l grig,' grig is for Greek
(Troil. i. 2. 118) ; Merygreek is a character
in Udall's Roister Doister ; from L. gra^
cSrt, to live like Greeks, i. e. luxuriously.
Grill, to boil on a gridiron. (F.— L.)
F. grilier, to broil. — F. gril, * a gridiron,'
Cot.; O. F. greil, grai/.^lAte"L. *crdti'
culum, for crSticula, a small gridiron
(whence F. grille, a grating). *L. cr&tis,
a hurdle. See Orate, Creel, and Griddle.
Grilse, the young salmon on its first
return from the sea to fresh water. (C. ?)
Said to represent Irish grealsach, the name
of a fish.
Grim, fierce. (£.) A. S. grim ; allied
to gram, fierce, angry, furious. + Icel.
grimmr, grim, gramr, angry ; Dan. grim,
grim, gram, angry ; G. grimm^ fiiry, gram,
hostile. From Tent, root ^grtm- (2nd
grade, *gram'>^. Allied to Gk. xp^\i^'
ri(€iv, to neigh, xP^f"!} XP^V^^t noise.
Brugm. i. § 572.
Grimace. (F.-Teut.) F. grimace,
* a crabd looke ; ' Cot. Of uncertain origin .
Perhaps from Icel. grimmr, Dan. grim,
grim, angry (above); cf. E. Fries, and
Low G. grimlaehen, to laugh mali-
ciously. Derived by Diez from Icel. grima,
a mask.
GrimaDdll,acat ("E^; partly 0,li.G.)
Prob. for gray Malkin, the latter being a
cat's name. Mcdkin^ Maid-kin, dimin.
of A. F. Mald= Maud, i. e. Matilda ; from
O. H.G. Mahthilt, Here »itfA/ = might;
hilt means battle. Cf. Macb. i. i. 8.
Grime. (Scand.) Swed. dial, grima, a
smut on the face; Dan. grim, griim,
lamp-black, soot, grime. Cf. Low G.
grimmeln, to become smutty; £. Fries.
gremen, to begrime.
Grin, to snarl, grimace. (£.) M. £.
grennen, A.S. grennian, to grin.+Icel.
grenja, to howl. Perhaps cf. Du. grijnen,
to weep, fret ; Dan. grine, to grin, simper,
Swed.^y»«tf, G.greinen (Noreen, § 149).
See Groan.
Grind. (£.) A. S. grindan, pt. t.
grand, pp. grunden. Allied to L. fren-
dere, to gnash.
Grip, sb. (K) M. E. gripe, A. S.
gripe, a grip; from the weak grade of
gripan (below).
gri^. (£.) A. S. gripan, pt. t. grdp,
pp. gripen, to seize. 4*1^^. grijpen, Icel.
gripa, Swed. gripa, Dan. gribe, Goth.
greipan, G. greifen. Tent, type ^greipan-,
pt. t. *graip, pp. *gripanoz* Cf. Lith.
graihyti, to grasp at
Grise, Grize, a step. (F.— L.) Also
spelt greeccy greese, &c. The proper
spelling is grees, and the proper sense is
'a flight ot steps,' though often used as
meaning a single step. Grees is the pi. of
M. £. gree, gre, a step. — O.F. gre, a step
(Roquefort) ; cf. F. de-gri, E. de-gree.^'L.
grmus, a step. Der. Prov. E. (Norf.)
grissens, steps ^gree-s-en-s, a treble plural.
Grisette, a gay young Frenchwoman
of the lower class. (F. - M. H. G.) F.
grisette ; named from the cheap gray dress
which they used to wear. — F. gris, gray ;
see GhriEBly.
GrisUn. (Scand.) The lit. sense is
' little pig,' now spine of a hog. Dimin.
from M. E. gris, a pig. — Icel. griss, a
young pig; Dan. griis, Swed. gris, pi^.
% Or is it for *gris-skin, where sktn
represents Dan. skinne, a splint? Cf.
Grizsly.
Grisled ; see GrlBsly.
Grisly, terrible. (£.) A. S. grfslic,
terrible. Formed with suffix -Re (like)
from gris-an (pt. t.grds), to shudder. E.
Fries, grtselik, terrible, from grtsen, to
shudder. 4* ^u* of-grij^i^lv^^ horrible ;
af-grijten^ horror.
aai
QRIST
GROUNDS
Grist, a supply of com to be ground.
(E.) A. S. grist. From the base of
GhrincL
gristle. (E.) A. S. gristel^ cartilage ;
allied to grist^ and A. S. grfstHtian^ to
gnash the teeth. From the base oi grind,
with reference to the necessity of cmtich-
ing it if eaten. So also Dn. Jknars^eu,
gristle, from knarsen, to crunch.
Grit, coarse sand. (E.) ^ormttly greety
A. S. ireoi, grit. + O. Fries, gret, Iccl.
grfot, G. gries. Allied to Orout, Groat
(I).
GrixsljfGviBsled, grayish. (F.-M.
H. G.) From M. E. grisel, a gray-haired
man. — F. gris^ gray. — M. H. G. gris, gray ;
cf. G,gretSy a gray-haired man.-f-Du.^r^>)
O. Sax. griSy gray.
Groan. (E.) M. E. gronen, A. S.
grdntatty to groan. Tent, type ^graitUfjan-y
from *grainy and grade of ^greitum-y as
in O. H. G. grtnafty G. greinen, to weep,
grin; Du. grijnen^ to weep. Perhaps
allied to Grin.
Groat (i)> a particle, atom. (E.) M.E.
grot, A. S. grot. From *grut-y weak
grade of *greut'' (as in A, S. greot). See
Grit, Grout.
Groat (a), a coin worth 4^. (Du. — Low
G.) M. E. grote, — M. Du. groote. — O.
Low G. grotty a com of Bremen ; meaning
'great,* because large in comparison with
the copper coins ^chwaren) formerly in
use there; c£ Du. groot, great, cognate
with E. great.
Groatii grain of oats. (E.) M.E.
grotes, A. S. grdtan, pi. groats; A. S.
Leechdoms, iii. 292.
Grocer. (F.— L.) Formerly ^^xj^ or
engrosser, a wholesale dealer.— O. F. gros-
ster, a wholesale dealer. — O. F. groSy great ;
see Gross. Der. grocer-yy formerly gros-
sery, .
grogi spirits and water. (F. — L.)
Short tor grogram ; it had its name from
Admiral Vernon, nicknamed Old Grogy
from his grogram breeches (ab. A. D.
'745) » l^c ordered the sailors to dilute
their rum with water.
grogram, a stuff. (F. — L.) Formerly
grogran, so called from its coarse grain. —
M. F. grosgrainy program. -■ O. F. groSy
coarse ; grainy gram.
Groin, the depression of the human
body in front, at the junction of the thigh
with the trunk. (Scand.) [Confused with
F. Cot. gives * groin deporc, the head or
upper part of the shoulder-blade,' and
groiny 'snowt of a hog.* The O. F.
groin also means 'extremity, headland.*—
Late L. type *grunmumy from "L.grun-
nirey to grunt.] It answers to prov. E.
grain, the place where the branch of a
tree forks, the groin (Drayton, Pol, i. 495).
— Icel. greiny a branch, arm ; Dan. greeny
Syrtd.greny branch, arm, fork. Der. groin-
edy having angular curves that fork off.
Gromwell, a plant. (F.-L.) For-
merly gromelle, grunulhy gromely grumel,
— O. F. gremily grenii, 'the herb gromil,
or graymil ;* Cot. Prob. from L. grdnunty
a grain ; from its hard seeds.
Groom. (Low G. or ¥. — Low G.)
M. E. gronie. Either from M. Du. grotn,
Icel. gromr, a boy, lad (Egilsson) ; or
from O. F. *gromey in the dimin. gromet,
a lad, boy, servant, valet (whence F.
gourmet) y which is prob. from the same
M. Du. grom. And see Bridegroom.
Der. grummet.
Groove. (Du.) Du. groefy groevey a
trench, a channel, a groove. — Du. graven
(pt t. groef), to dig; see Grave (i).+
M. E. grofe, a cave.
Grope. (E.) A.S. grdpiany to seize,
handle; hence, to feel ones way.— A.S.
grdpy and grade of gripan, to seize. See
Gripe.
Gross. (F.-L.) O. F. gros (fem.
grosse)y gross, great. — L>. grossus, fat,
thick.
Grot. (F.-Ital.-L.-Gk.) Y.grotte,
a cave. — Ital. grotta. — L. crypta, — Gk.
Kpvwriiy a vault ; see Orypt.
grotesque. (F. - Ital. - L. - Gk.)
F. grotesque, ludicrous. — Ital. grotesca,
curious painted work, such as was em-
ployed on the walls of grottoes. — Ital.
grotta (above).
grotto. (Ital. - L. - Gk.) Better
grotta. — Ital. grotta (above).
Chronnd. (E.) A. S. grund, + Du.
gnmd,G.grund; Goih, grundu', Teut.
type *grunduz; also *gruntAuz, whence
Icel. grunnry Dan. Swed. grund,
groundling, a spectator in the pit
of a theatre! (E.) From ground^ with
double dimin. suffix -l-ing, with a con-
temptuous force.
gronndSf dregs. (E.) So called
from being at the bottom. Cf. GaeL
grunndas, lees, from grunnd, bottom,
ground ; Irish gruntas, dregs, from grunnt,
3ie bottom.
Ui
GROUNDSEL
gronndsel, a small plant. (E.) Also
groundswell (Holland's tr. of Pliny). A. S.
giundeswelge^ as if * ground-swallower,*
but really from the older ioxvagundeswelgey
lit. ' swallower of pus/ from its supposed
healing qualities ; from A. S. gundy pus.
groundsill, threshold, (E.) From
ground and silly q. v. Also spelt grunsel
(Milton).
Group. (F.-Ital.-G.) Y, grmpe.^
Ital. groppo^ a knot, heap, group. — O.H.G.
kropfi a crop, wen on the throat, orig. a
bunch ; Low G. kropp ; see Crop.
Grouse, a bird. ^F.— L.~Gk.) Grouse
appears to be a fuse form, evolved from
the old word grice^ which seems to have
been taken as a pi. form (cf. mousey mice),
— M. F. griescJuy gray, speckled ; perdrix
grieschey the gray partridge, poule grieschty
^ a moorhen, the hen of the grice or moor-
game ; * Cot. The oldest form is greoches
(13th cent., in Litto^, s. v. griiche), variant
of Grieschty fern, adj., Greek. — Late L>.
Graeciscay f. of GraeciscuSy Greekish.-*
L. Graecus, Greek. — Gk. rpcuiv^v, Greek.
% The meaning was changed to < gray ' by
the influence of F. gris, grav.
Grout, coarse meal; GroutS, dregs.
(E.) M. E. grut. — A. S. griUy coarse
meal. Cf. Du. grut ; Icel. grautr, porridge,
Dan. grody Swed. groty boiled groats ; G.
grUtzey groats ; allied to Lithnan. grudaSy
corn ; L. ruduSy rabble. Cf. Grit.
Grove, a collection of trees. (£.) M.E.
groue (with ««»).— A. S. grOf, a grove.
Grovelf to fall flat on the ground.
(Scand.) Due to M.E. grovelingy pro>
perly an adv., signifying flat on the ground;
also spelt grojlingy groflingeSy where the
suflixes 'Hngy -linges are adverbial; cf.
head-longy aSirk'ling.^loA. grUfay in phr.
liggja a grUfUy to lie grovelling, symja a
grUfUy to swim on the belly; cf. also
grQfay gruflay to grovel; Swed. dial.
gruva, flat on one's frice, ligga & gruve, to
lie on one's face.
Grow. (E.) A, S. growcMy pt. X^greciWy
pp. growen,^T^}i, groeijeny Icel. groay Dan.
groe^ Swed. ^10. Esp. to produce ^oots,
as herbs; allied to Ghreen. "Dvr.groW'ihi
from Icel. groSry growth.
Growl, to grumble. (F.-Low G.)
Picard grouler.^Y^, Fries, grullen) cf.
Du. grolieHy to grumble; G. grollen, to
rumble; Norw. grykty to growl. (See
grol in Franck.)
Grub, to grope in dirt. (E.) M.E.
QUANO
grobben, Cf. E. Fries, grubbelfty to grope
about + Low G. grubbelny the same;
Qt^griibelny O. H. G. grudildn,to rake, dig,
grub. Allied to Orave (i).
Grudge, to grumble. (F.) M. E.
grocheny gruccheny to murmur. — O. F.
grouciery grouchery to murmur; Low L.
groussdrey A. D. 1358. ViohabXy gru-dggy
gru-nty groithl are all from the same imi-
tative base ; cf. Gk. fpvy a grunt.
Gruel. (F. -O. Low G.) O. F. gruel
(F. gruau), — Low L. *gruteUumy dimin.
of grOtumy meal. — O. Low G. gmty Du.
gruity grout, coarse meal ; see Grout.
Gruesome, horrible. (Scand.) Dan.
grusom, cruel. — Dan. grUy horror ; with
suffix -somy as in virk-som, active. Cf.
Dan. gruey to dread, gruelig, horrid.-f Du.
gruwzaamy G. grausam ; M. H. G. grusamy
grUwesamy from M. H. G. gruwey horror.
Allied to O. Sax. ^irwri, A. S. gryrey horror,
A. S. be-greosany to overwhelm with terror.
Gruf^ rough, surly. (Du.) Du. ^^
big, coarse, loud, blunt. 4" G. grob, coarse
(whence Swed.^vi^, Dan. gro^ ; O. H. G.
gerob ; E. Fries, gruffig.
Grumble, to murmur. (F.~G.) F.
grommeler (Cot). -• Low and prov. G.
grummeleny to grumble, frequent, of
grummcHy grommeUy to grumble ; M. Du.
grommeleny frequent of grommen. From
^grumm-y weak grade of Tent, ^gremman-y
to rage, as in M.H.G. and A. S.grimman^
to rage. Cf. G. gram, anger, and E. Chdxn.
Grame, a clot of blood. (F.— L.)
Rare. M . F.grumey a cluster. — L. grUmusy
a little heap.
Grummet, Gromet, a ship-boy, a
ring of rope. (F.— Tent.) 0,¥,gromel,
a serving-boy ; cf. Span, grumetey a ship-
bov.— M. T>vi.gromy a boy; see Qrooxn.
Grunsel ; see GrouncUill.
Grunt. (E.) M.E. grunten. .A. S.
grunnettany extension of A.S. gruniaUy
to grunt+Dan. ^y^)^^, Swed. ^T^^xv/a, G.
grunzen ; so also L,grunmre, Gk. yp^itiv.
All imitative ; cf. Gk. ypvy the noise made
by a pig.
Guaaacum, a kind of resin, from lig-
num vitae. (Span. — Hayti.) Span, guay-
acoy guayacaHy lignum vitae. From the
language of Hayti.
Guanaco, a kind of Peruvian sheep.
(Span. — Peruv.) Span, guanaco (Pineda) .
— Peruv. huanacuy a wild sheep.
Guano. (Span. -Peruv.) S^pui. guano,
huano. — Peruv. huanu, dung.
334
GUARANTEE
Ouavaatee, sb. (F. - O. H. G.) For-
merly gitaranty or garanty^ which are
better spellings. — O. F. garantte^ garran-
ii€f a warranty ; fern, of pp. of garantir^
to warrant. ^ O. F. garant, warant, a
wan*ant ; see Warrant. Der. guarantee,
vb. ; cf, F. garantir.
Guard, vb. (F.-O. LowG.) O.F.
garder^ earliest form warder^ to guard. ~
O. Sax. xvardon, to watch ; cognate with
A. S. weardian^ to watch, from weard^
sb. ; see Ward. Der. guard'tan ; see
Warden.
Ouava. (Span.-W.Ind.) Span.^ay-
aba ; borrowed from the native name in
Guiana.
Ondgeon. (F. -L. - Gk.) M. E. go-
iofte»^t\ goujon,*^!., g&dianem, ace. of
g^o, a by-form of ^iMf.-«Gk, iwfii6Sf a
gudgeon, tench.
Oueber, Oheber, a fire-worshipper.
(F.-Pers.) F. CPf^^fV. - Pers. gaSr, a
priest of fire- worshippers ; Rich., Diet.,
p. laaS.
Onelder-rOSe. (Dn.) Here guelder
stands for Gueldre, the F. spelling of the
province of Gelderland in Holland.
Ouardon, recompense. (F.— O. H. G.
and L.) O.F. guerdon (Ital. guidar"
don€),^Zjoyr L. widerdffnumf a singular
compound of O. H. G. widar, back, again,
and L. donum^ a gift. The word is really
a half-translation of the true form O. H. G.
widariony a recompense. Here imdar^-
G. wieder, back again ; and Idn (G. lohn) is
cognate with A. S. lian^ Du. looHy a
reward, allied to L. /u-crum, gain ; Brugm.
i. § 490. So also A. S. wiCer-iean, a
recompense.
Guerilla, Guerrilla, irregular war-
fare. (Span. — O. H. G.) Sptm* guerrii/a,
a skirmish, lit. 'little war;' dimin. of
guerra, war. ■- O. H. G. iverra, war ; see
War.
Gueee. (Scand.) M. E. ^jj^.—Dan.
gisse, Swed. gissa, to euess.+E. Fries, and
Du. gisseny Icel. gisAa ; N. Fries, gezze,
gedse. Allied to Dan. gfetfe, to guess ;
the Icel. giska may be {0T'*gii-skaj a deno-
minative vb. from a base *gii^isko; in-
genious, acute, from geta, to get, also,
toeuess. See Get.
Craeet. (Scand.) M. E. gest - Icel.
gesh-y Dan. giestt Swed, giisf,^ A, S, gast,
giest; Du. gast^ Goth, gasis, G. gast,
Teut. type *gastig\ Idg. type ^ghostis \
cf. Rubs. gost{e\ a guest, alien ; L. hostisy
aa
QULF
a stranger, also an enemy. Allied to
Hostile.
Guide. (F. - Ital. - Teut.) M. E.
gyden (also gyen). — F. guider^ to guide. —
\\xiX.guidare \ cf. O. F. guier. Span, guiar,
Thegu (for w) shows the word to be of
Teut. origin.— O. Sax. wtfau (A. S. wUan),
to pay heed to ; O. H. G. wtzan. Allied
to Wit. Cf. Guy*rope.
Guild, Gild. (Scand.) The spelling
guild indicates the hard g, M. £. gilde,
— Icel. gildiy a payment, a guild; Dan.
gilde. ^lQt\. gjalda (pres. t. geld), to pay;
cognate with A. S. geldan, to pay, yield ;
see Yield.4-Du.^7d^; whence G. ^'/(d&f.
Guilder, a Du. coin. (Du. — G.)
Adaptation of M. Du. gulden, ' a gilder,*
Hexham. From Teut. adj. type *gulthi'
noK, golden, from Teut. ^gulln'Om, gold.
See Gold.
Guile, a wile. (F. - O. Low G.) O. F.
guile. From a Low G. *wtli cf. A. S.
wtlf a wile (A. S. Chron. 1 1 a8). Der. de-
guile, vb., with E. prefix be- (-^y).
Guillotine. (F.) Named after a
French physician, y. /. Guillotin, died
A. D. 1814. First used, *i 79a.
Guilt, crime. (£.) M. E. gilt, A. S.
gylt, a trespass; also, a fine for a tres-
pass. Teut. type *gulliz, m. ; perhaps
related to A. S. geldant to pay, yield ; see
Yield.
Guinea. (African.) First coined of
African gold from the Guinea coast, A. D.
1663. Der. guinea'fowl (from Guinea),
% The guinea-pig is from S. America ;
so that it may mean Guiana pig.
Guipure, a lace of cords, kind of gimp.
(F. - Teut.) F. guipure. - Teut. ^wip-an,
to wind, weave ; as in Goth, weipan^ to
crown (whence «;a/]^x, a wreath) ; G. weifen^
to reel, wind.
Guise, way, wise. ' (F. — O. H. G.)
M. E. gise, guise, — O. F. guise, way, wise,
manner. — O. H. G. wisa (G. weise), a
wise; cognate with Wise (a).
Guitar. (F.-L.-Gk.) ¥,guitare,^
L. cithara, — Gk. iciBApa, a lyre; see
Oithern.
Gules, red. (F.-L.) M. E. goules,^
F. gueules, gules, red ; answering to Late
L. gula (pi. of guld), meaning (i) mouth,
(a) reddened skin, (3) gules. (See Gula
in Dncange.') — L. gula, the throat.
Gldf. (F. - Ital. - Gk.) Formerly
goulfe, — F. golfe, — Ital. golfo, — Late Gk.
k6k^, a variant of Gk. tthXttoi, the bosom,
B I
QULL
QUY-ROPE
also, a deep hollow, bay, creek. Der.
en-gulf,
ChlU (i), a bird. (C.) Com, gullafty a
gall ; W. gwylan \ Bret, gwelan ; O. Irish
foilenn^ * aloedo.*
Gull (a)) a dnpe. (C.) The same;
from the notion that a gull was a stupid
bird. % But cf. Du. gul^ soft, good-
natured; M. Da. gulle^ *a great wench
withoat wit,' Hexham.
Chlllet, the throat (F.-L.) M. £.
goUt, - M.F. goulet (Cot.) ; dimin. of O. F.
gole^ goule (F. gueule)^ the throat.— L.
gula<i the throat. Brugm. i § 499.
ffollyi a channel worn by water. (F. —
L.) Formerly gulleL^'M.. F. goulet^ *a
gallet, a deep gutter of water ; * Cot The
same word as Gullet (above).
Gulp. (E.) M.E. gulpetty gloppen,
glubben, Cf. £. Fries, and Dn. gulpen,
to swallow eagerly; Du. gulp, a great
billow, draught, gulp. Prob. of imita-
tive origin. Cf. Swed. glupa^ to devour.
Gani (I ), flesh of the jaws. (£.) M. £.
gome. A. S. ^tna^ jaws, palate. 4" Icel.
gdmr, Swed. gom ; cf. G. gaumettj Lith.
gomurySf the palate. Brugm. i. $ 1 96.
Gum (a), resin of certain trees. (F.— L.
— Gk.) M. £. gomme,^¥. gomme.'^L..
gummi, — Gk. icoiiiu, gum. (Prob. of
Egyptian origin ; Coptic konuj gum.)
Gon. (£•?) IH^'E. gonne \ whence W.
gWHt a gun (as early as the foarteenth
cent.). Of obscure origin.
Gimny, a coarse kind of sacking.
(Hind.-'Skt) Hind, and Mahiatti goif,
gtfrit, a sack, sacking.— Skt. gvni, a sack
(Yule).
Gnnwalet upper edge of a ship's side.
(K) See gunwale or gunnel in Kersey
(1715). A waU is an outer timber on a
ship's side ; and the gun-wale is a wale
from which guns were pointed. A wale
is a ' beam * ; see Wale.
GoMley to purl. (ItaL— L.) In Spen-
ser, Thestylis, 3. Imitated from Ital.
gorgogHare^ to purl, bubble, boil ; gorgo-
gliOy gurgling of a stream. — Ital. gorgOj a
whirlpool. — L. gurges, whirlpool ; cf gur-
gulio, gullet See G-orge. So also Du.
gorgel^ G. gurgelf throat; from L. gur-
gulio, Brugm. i. % 499.
Gnmard, CKirnet, a fish. (F. - L. ;
with Teut. suffix.) Gurnard is the better
and fuller form. The word means *a
grunter,' from the sound which the fish
makes when taken out of the water.—
M.F. grongnard (F. grognard)^ grunt-
ing, grunter, whence M. F. goumauld,
grougnauty gurnard (Cot).— M. F. grogn-
er, to grunt ; with suffix -ard (^G. hart),
— L. grunntre, to grunt ; see G-mnt.
Gush. (£.) M. £. guschen, £. Fries.
gOseny to gush out.<4-M. Du*. guysen, to
gush out(Kilian) ; Icel.^MXd;, allied to gjosa
(pt t. gauss), Norw. gjosa, to gush. Allied
to Icel. gjotay to pour, Goth, giutan,
L. fundere, Cf. Du. gudsen, to gush.
(VGHEU.) See Gut, Geysir.
Gusset. (F.) F. gousset, * a gusset,'
Cot. Also ' the piece of armour by which
the arm-hole is covered,' id. Named from
its supposed resemblance to a husk of a
bean or pea ; dimin. of F. gousse, husk of*
bean or pea; cf ltBl.guscio, a shell, husk ;
of unknown origin.
Gust (i), a sudden blast, gush of wind.
(Scand.) Icel. gustr, a gust — IceL gus-^
weak grade of gJosa, to gush ; see Gush.
So also Swed. dial, gusty stream of air
from an oven, Norw. gust, a gust.
Gust (a), relish, taste. (L.) L. gustus,
a tasting; ci,gustdreyioXBSlt<t, (i^GFUS.)
Allied to Choose. Der. dis-gust.
Gut, the intestinal canal. (£.) (The
word is allied to M. £. gote, prov. £. gut,
a channel.) M.£. gutte, A. S. gut\ pi.
guttas ; orig. ' a channel.' Mone, Quellen,
P* 333i 1* 198.— A. S. gut-y weak grade
of Teut *geutan-y A. S. giotany to pour.
(VGH£U.) + Dan. gyde, a lane, M. Du.
gf^ey a channel, G. gossey a drain. See
Gush.
Gutta-peroha. (Malay.) The spell-
ing gutta is due to confusion with L.
guttay a drop, with which it has nothing
to do. —Malay ^s/a^,^»/aA, gum, balsam ;
percha, the name of the tree producing it.
Gutter. (F.-L.) M. E. gotere, -
A. F. guttere ; O. F. gutiere, goutiere
(Littr^, S.V. gouttiircy a gutter). Esp.
used for catching drops from the eaves of
a roof — F. goutte, — L. gutta^ a drop.
GuttnraJ. (F.-L.) Y,guttural.^\^
gutturdliSy belonging to the throat. — L.
guttur, the throat.
Gay. a hideous creature, fright (F.—
Ital,— Teut.) Orig. used of an effigy of
Guy Fawkes. — F. (7»y. — Ital. Guido ; of
Teut. origin. Cf. Guide.
Gay-rope, Gliyf a guide-rope, used
to steady a weight in heaving. (F. — Tent.)
O. F. guicy a guide. — O. Y,guiery to guide ;
see Guide. Cf. Span, guiay a guy-rope.
2^6
QUZZLE
Ownle. (F.) Apparently snggested
by O. F. gozilhr, gosillUr^ to vomit
(Godefroy), nnderstood to mean * to swal-
low greedily.' The O. F. desgosiller liad
both senses (Godefroy). Cf. O. F. gosillier,
the throat, allied to F. goster^ the throat.
Remoter source unknown.
Gymnasium. (L.— Gk.) lugyntna-
stum. * Gk. yvfivdffiov, an athletic school,
where men practised naked. i-Gk. yvfivd-
feci', to train naked, exercise. » Gk. yvfwSs,
naked. Der. gymnast = fviivaarfii^ a
trainer of athletes ; gymncLst-ic,
Gypsum. (L.-Gk.-Arab.) L. gyp-
sum^ c^alk.—Gk. ywffoSf chalk. Prob.
from Ters. jadsin, lime, Arah,jids, plaster,
mortar ; Rich. Diet., p. 494.
Gypsy. (F.-L.-Gk.- Egypt.) Spelt
gtpsen, Spenser, M. Hubbard, 86. Short
for M. E. Egypctgn.^O.F. Egyptien,^
Late L. jEgyptidnus ; from L. ^gyptius,
an Egyptian. — Gk. kly&nrtos. «- Gk. Ai-
ytnrros, Egypt, ^ The supposition that
they came from Egypt was false; their
original home was India.
Gyre« circular course. (L.— Gk.) L.
gyrus. — Gk. yvpos, ring, circle. Der.
gyr-atej from pp. of L. gyrdre.
Gyrfkloon, Gerfialcon, bird of
prey. (F.— Teut. atui L.) Formerly ger-
faulcon J also gire/aucon' {vised by Trevisa
to translate Lugyra/a/co). « O. Y,gerfaucon,
-M. H. G. gtrvaike.^O. H. G. gtr-, for
girt, greedy (whence also G. geter, a
vulture) ; and L. fa/co, a falcon. ^ L.
gyro/aUo is a mistidcen form.
Gyron; see Giron.
Gyves, fetters. (F.) M. £. giws,
gyues,^A,Y, gives, fetters (Godefroy).
Cf. O. H^G. be-wifen, to fetter.
k, inteij. (£.) An exclamatory sound.
Cf. O. Fries, haha, to denote laughter;
G.he\ 0,¥,hal
Haberdashery a seller of small wares.
(F.) So named from his selling a stuff
called hqpertas in A.F. ; see Liber Albus,
ed. Riley, pp. 225, 231. The name of
this stuff is of unknown origin.
Sabenreen, armour for neck and
breast. (P. -O. H. G.) M. E. habergeon,
haubergeoun.^O. F. haubergean, hauber-
Jon, a hauberk ; deriv. (treated as dimin.)
of O. F. hauberc; see Hauberk.
HACKNEY
Habiliment, dress. (F.-L.) F.;^-
illement, clothing. — F. habiller, to clothe,
orig. *to get ready.*— F. haHle, ready, fit
— L. habtlis, easy to handle, active.— L.
habere, to have ; see Able.
Habity practice, custom, dress. (F. — L.)
O. F. habit, a dress, a custom. — L. habitum,
ace. of habitus, a condition, dress. — L.
habitus, pp. of habere, to have, keep. See
Brugm. i. § 638.
habitable. (F.-L.) ¥. habitable. <^
L. habitdbilis, that can be dwelt in. — L.
habitdre, to dwell, frequent of habere, to
have.
habitant. (F.-L.) F. habitant,
pres. pt. of hcUnter, to dwell.— L. habitare,
frequent, of habere (above).
habitat, the natural abode of a plant.
(L.) L. habitat, it dwells (there) ; 3 pres.
s. of habitare, to dwell (above).
habitation, abode. (F. - L.) F.
habitation, — L. ace. habitdtionem, — L.
habitdtus, pp. of habitdre, to dwell,
frequent, of habere, to have.
habitude. (F.-L.) F. habitude,
custom. — L,habitiido,cond\tion, — L. habit-,
as in habitus, pp. of habere, to have.
Haciendai a farm, estate, farm-house.
(Span.— L.) Span, hacienda, an estate,
orig. employment [The c is pronounced
as M in thin."] O. Span. /acienda.^-'L.
facienda, things to be done; gerundive
neut. pi. oifacere, to do.
Hack (i\ to cut, nmngle. (E.) M. £.
hakken. A. S. haccian, to cut, in the
eompJd-haccian.^Hjx. hakken, Dan. hakke,
Swed. hacka, G. hacken, to diop, hack.
Teut. tvpes *hakkdn-, *hakkdjan;
Hack (2) ; see Hackney.
Hackbnt. (F.-LowG.) Also^^a;^.
— M. F. haqu^mte, ' a haquebut, a caliver '
(i. e. a sort of musket) ; Cot. A corruption
of Low G. hakebusse (Du. haakbus), an
arcjuebus; due, apparently, to some con*
fusion with O.F. buter, to thrust Lit.
' hook-gun ; ' so called from the hook on
the gun, by which it was hung on to a
support. — Low G. hake, (Du. haak),
hook ; busse (Du. bus), a gun. See
Arquebus ; and see Hook.
HacUe (i)> Hatchel, an instrument
for dressing flax ; see Heckle.
Hackle (2), long shining feathers on
the neck of a cock. (E.) Probably allied
to Haokle (i).
Hackney, Hack, a horse let out for
hire. (F.) M,E,hakefUy,^0,F,Aa^H€nee,
227
HADDOCK
HAKE
'an ambling horse;* Cot. (Cf. O. Span.
facafua. Span, hacanea, ItaL chinea^ shoit
for acchinea, the same.) Extended from
O. F. haque, O. Span, faca^ Span, haca^ a
nag, gelding ; a word of unknown origin.
^ Hack is short for hackney^ and qnite
a late form ; hence hack^ verb, i. e. to use
as a hack or hackney.
Saddoek, a fish. (£.^ M. E. haddok
(XIV cent.). Orig. doubtful ; the Irish for
' haddock ' is codog.
SadeS, the abode of the dead. (Gk.)
Gk. 4^^f <u^i7$ (Attic), dfSi/s (Homeric),
the nether world; in Homer, the god of
the nether world. Of unknown origin.
Sadji, S%ijiy one who has performed
the pilgrimage to Mecca. (Arab.) Arab.
^4^7, ' a Christian who has performed the
pilgrimage to Jerusalem, or a Muham-
medan [who has performed] that to
Mecca ; ' Rich. Diet., p. 549. Orig. the
latter.
Haunatitev Hnmorrhage ; see
Hematite, Hemorrhage.
Xaft, handle. (E.) A. S. haft, a
handle. --A. S. haf-, base of hebban^ to
lift; see Heave. •4' I^n. heft, Icel. hepti
(pron. hifti)^ G. htft, a handle. Lit.
* that which is caught up.'
Kl^r. (E.) M.E. ha^e\ with same
sense as A.S. hiEgtis, a fury, a witch,
a hag.-f>G. hexe, M. H. G. hecse, a witch,
O. H. G. hazissa, also hagazussa^ a fury.
Perhaps connected with A. S. haga, ahedge,
enclosure ; but this is uncertain.
Kl^flfard (i), wild, said of a hawk.
(F.— G.) M. F. hagard, 'wiXAi esp. used
of a wild falcon ; see Cotgrave. Perhaps
the orig. sense was hedge-falcon ; formed,
with suffix -ard (<0. H. G. hart), from
M. H. G. hag (G. hag), a hedge; see
Haw.
Haggard (2), lean, meagre. (F.-G.)
Really the same as the word above (Cot.),
We also find hagg-ed, i. e. hag-like, firom
Ad^. * The ghostly prudes with hogged
face,' Gray, A Long Story, near end.
^ Mod. G. hager may be from M. F.
hagurd; for G. hagerfalk means a haggard
hawk.
Eamis, a dish of sheep's entrails,
chopped up, seasoned, and boiled in the
sheep's maw. (E.) M. E. hagas, hageis.
Of unknown origin. Perhaps from hag,
to cut ; see Haggle (i). (The Gael, taigeis
is from E.)
Haggle (i )» to hack awkwardly, mangle.
I (Scand.^ Frequent of North E. hag, to
cut; as hackle is of hack, to cut. The
form hag is from Icel. hoggoa, to hew,
cognate with £. hew; see Hew. Cf.
Norman dial, haguer, to hack.
Haggle (2), to fa« slow in making a
baigain. (E.) In Cotgrave, s. v. harceler,
Cfl Du. hakkelen, 'to hackle, mangle,
faulter/ i. e. stammer (Sewel) ; hakieteren,
to wrangle, cavil. It is probably the
same word as Haggle (i). Cf. also
higgle, to bargain.
Kagiographa, holy writings. (Gk.)
Gk. dyiiypaxfM, \^^0Xia), books written by
inspiration. — Gk. Sr/io-s, holy ; ypcup-tiv,
to write.
Ha-ha, Haw-liaw, a sunk fence. (F.)
From F. haha, an interjection of laughter ;
hence a surprise in the form of an un-
expected obstacle (that laughs at one).
The F. word also means an old woman
of surprising ugliness, a * caution.'
Hail (i), Irozen rain. (E.) M«£.
haghely hayl, A. S. hagl, hagol. -f Icel.
hi^l, Du. Dan. Swed. G. hagel, Teut.
types *hag{a)loz, m,,*hag{a)Utn,n, Cf. Gk.
«ax^7f . a round pebble.
Hail (2), to salute, greet. (Scand.)
M.E. heiUn; a verb coined firom M.E.
heil, hail, sb. ; which is an adaptation of
Icel. heill, prosperity, good luck, a sb.
formed from the adj. heill, hale, sound,
fortunate. Cf. A.S. hal, safety, luck.
See Hale (i).
liail (3)) an exclamation. (Scand)
Icel. heill, hale, sound ; used in greeting.
This word is common in greeting persons,
Bsftir heill— farewell, kom heill, welcome,
hail! The Scand. verb is Icel. heilsa,
Swed. helsa, Dan. hilse, to greet. See
Hale (i).
Hair. (E.; influenced by Y:) Thetnie
K form was M. E. keer. From A. S. h/tr,
^/r. + Da. luutr, Icel. hdr, Dan. hoar,
Swed. h&r ; G. haar, O. H. G. hdr, Teut.
type *h&rom, neut. Further related to
Icel. haddr, hair, Teut. type *hasdoz ; and
to Lith. kassa, plaited hair ; also to Russ.
chesai(e\ to comb out, L. carere, to card
wool. p. But the mod. E. form is due
to confusion with A. S. hSere, hair-cloth,
which was replaced by M. E. haire,
borrowed from O. F. haire^ with the same
sense ; and this O. F. haire was from
O. H. G. harra (for *hdfjd), haircloth, a
derivative of O. H. G. hdr^ hair.
, a fish. (Scand.) Cf. Norw,
228
HAKIM
hakefisk^ lit. ' hook-fish ; * from the hooked
underiaw. (See Hatch (i).
Sa<illl| a physician, doctor. (Arab.)
Arab. J^im^ wise ; also, a doctor, physi-
cian.« Arab, root ^akama, he exercised
anthority.
Halberd, Halbert, a kind of pole-
axe. (F.-M.H. G.) 0,¥,haleiarde,^
M. H. G. helmbartef mod. G. hellebarie \
sometimes explained as an axe with a
long handle ; cf. M. H. G. hcUm (?), a helve
(helm), or handle. But it has been better
interpreted as an axe for splitting a helm^
i.e. helmet. ^. The O. H.G. barta^ G.
hartty a- broad axe, or axe with a broad
blade, is from G. bart^ a beard. [Similarly
the IceL skeggja, an axe, is from skegg^
a beard; and see Barb (i).] Ct Icel.
barday halberd.
Haloyoil, a kingfisher ; as adj. serene.
(L. — Gk.) Halcyon days » calm days ;
it was supposed that the weather was calm
when kingfishers were breeding, i- L.
halcyon^ akyon^ a kingfi^er. — Gk. dXirv^i/,
dA.iokU', a kingfisher.. Allied to L. alcido,
the tme L. name. % The incorrect aspirate
in Gk. was dne to a fanciful etymology
from oX-f, sea, and ip&^», conceiving.
Kale (0, whole. (£.) M. £. hale, hal,
O. Northumb. hdl, which became fuUe,
while the A. S. (Wessex) hdl became
M.E. hoolf now spelt whole. Cognate
with Goth, hails. See Whole.
Kale (2), Hanlytodrag, draw violently.
(F. - O. H. G.) M. E. halien, haUn, - F.
haler, to haul a boat, &c. (Littre). —
O. H. G. halon^ holdn (whence G. hoiett),
4* O. Sax. halm, Du. halen, O. Fries.
halia, £. Fries, halen. Low G. halen, to
pull, haul ; cf. also A. S. geholian, to
acquire, get ; L. caldre, to summon ; Gk.
Kdku¥y to summon. (^KAL). % Hale
dates from the XIV cent. ; haul Is later,
appearing as hall in 1581.
Half, adj. (£.) M. £. half, O. Merc.
half\ O. Fries. half\ A. S. healf, + Du.
half, Icel. hdifr, Swed. half, Dan. halv,
Goth, halbs, G. halb, 2. Allied to half, sb.,
from O. Merc, half, A. S. healf sb.HhIcel.
hdlfa, Goth, halba, G. halb ; in all these
languages the oldest sense of the sb. is
'side.' Der. hahfe, vb. ; be^half.
Halibut, Holibut, a fish. rE.) So
«alled because excellent eating for holi-
days ; the lit. sense is * holy (i. e. holiday)
plaice.' From M.E. halt, holy (see
H0I7), and buUCy a plaice (Havelok, 1.
HALT
75^). So also Du. heilboti halibut, from
netlig, holy, bot, a plaice; Swed. helge-
flundra, a halibut, from helig, holy,
flyndra, a flounder; Dan. heUeflynder,
a halibut, from hellig, holy, JlyntUr,
flounder. See Butt (4).
Halidom, a holy relic. (E.) M. E.
halidoM, halidam, A.S. hdligdom, holi-
ness, a sanctuary, a holy relic. — A. S.
hdligy holy ; '4dm^ sufiix, orig. the same as
dom, doom. See Holy and Dooxn.4-I)u.
heiligdom ; Icel. helgidomr, Dan. helltg-
dom, G. heiliglhum. % By my halidom
(with 'dam for -dom) was imagined to
refer to Our Lady {dame).
Hall. (E.) M. E. halU. O. Merc.
hall\ A. S. hecUl, heal, a hall, orig. a
shelter. 4- Du. hal, Icel. hall, holl, Swed.
hall, Dan. hal Teut. type *halld, for
*halnd, fem. ; from *hal, 2nd grade of
^helan', to cover (A. S. helan). Allied to
Helm (a), Hell. •
Halleliuah, Allelllia, an expression
of praise. (Heb.) Heb. halelujdh, praise
ye Jehovah.— Heb. halelu, praise ye (from
hdlal, to shine, praise) ; jdh, Jah, Jehovah.
HalUard : see HaJyard.
Halloo, sallow, to shout. (F.)
M. E. ha6nven> — O. F. halher, to pursue
with shouts. Of imitative origin.
Hallow, to sanctify. (E.) M. E. hal
wen, halewen, halowen, A. S. hdlgian, to
make holy, from hdUg, holy; see Holy.
So also Icel. helga, G. heiligm.
hallowmaSB, feast of All Hallows,
i.e. All Saints. (Hybrid; E. and L.)
Short for All Hallows* Mass, mass (or
feast) of All Saints. Here hallowi is the
gen. of hallows, pi. due to M. E. halowe or
halwe, a saint —A.S. hdlga, a saint, def.
form of the adj. hdlig, holy; see Holy
and Mass.
Hallucinatioii, wandering of mind.
(L.) From L. hallUcindtio, a wandering
of the mind. — L. hallUcindri, better allu-
cin&rJ, dlucindri, to wander in mind, dream,
rave. 4- Gk. dAiJciv, oAiJctv, to wander in
mind ; cf. 4Xc<$;, distraught.
Halm ; see Haulm.
Halo, a luminous ring. (F. — L. — Gk.)
F. halo, — L. ace. halo, from nom. halSs, —
Gk. 6Kw, a round threshing-floor, in
which the oxen trod out a circular patli.
Halser ; see Hawser.
Halt, lame. (E.) M.E. ^^7//. O.Merc.
halt\ A. S. ^a/^<f Icel. hallr, Dan. Swed.
halt, Goth. halU^ O.H.G. halz. Teat.
229
HALT
HANDSEL
type *haltoz, Cf. L. claudus^ lame. Der.
halty vb., A. S. heaitian.
Halt! (F.-G.) F. haUe.'^G. halt,
hold ! See Hold (i).
Xalter. (£.) M. £. halter (an / has
been lost). A. S. halftre, a halter. 4-M.
Du. and G. halfter, O.H.G. halftra\
O, Low G. halifira (Schade). Teut. types
*halftr', *haliftr- (Franck). From the
base *halthy app. signifying 'to hold';
see Helve. L e. ' something to hold by ; *
cf. L. capistrum^ a halter.
Halyard, Halliard, a rop»e for hoist-
ing safls. (F.— O. H. G.) As if for hale-
ox haul-yard, because it hales or hauls
the yards into their places ; but really a
perversion of M. £. halter, meaning simply
* that which hales,* See Hale (2).
(E.) M. £. hamme. A. S. hamm.
4-Dq> ham, M. Du. hanut Icel. horn (gen.
hamar); prov. G. hamme; O. H. G.
hamma, Brogmann (i. § 421) connects
these with Gk. Kv^fiij, the lower part of
the leg.
Hamadryad, a wood-nymph. (L.-
Gk.) L. hamadryad-, stem of hamadryas.
» Gk. inuxhpv&%, a wood-nymph ; the - life
of each nymph depended on that of the
tree to whidi she was attached. — Gk.
SuM^ together with ; hpni-s, tree.
Hame ; Hames* pi.) the bent sticks
round a horse-collar. (£.) M. £. hame,
-f Du. haam. Cf. Mid. Du. hamme, * a
cratch of wood to tie beasts to, or a yoke ; *
Hexham. See Hem (i).
Hamlet. (F.-Teut.) U.'E. hamelet,
dimin. of O. F. hamel (F. hameau), a
hamlet. Formed, with dimin. sufEx -el,
from O. Fries, hdm, hem, O, Sax. hem, a
home, dwelling ; see Home.
Hammer. (£.) A. S. hamor. -f IceL
hamarr^ Dan. hammer^ Swed. hammare.
Da. homer, G. hammer. Thought to be
allied to Russ. kamen{e), a stone; as if
orig. ' a stone implement ; ' Icel. hamarr
also means * a rock.'
Hammerclotll. (Du.^m^E.?) For-
merly hamer-cloth (1465). The cloth
which covers a coach-box. Origin un-
known. Perhaps orig. a cover-cloth;
adapted from Du. hemel, heaven, also
a cover, tester, canopy. ' Den hemel van
een koetse, the seeling of a coach ; * Hex-
ham. Cf. M. Du. hemelen, ' to hide, cover,
adome;' Hexham.
Hammook, a slung net for a bed.
(W. Ind.) Formerly hamaca\ Span.
hamaca, A West Indian (Caribbean)
word.
Hamper (i)} to impede. (£.) M. £.
hampren; from the same root as Icel.
hamla, to stop, hinder, Norw. hamla, to
strive against; cf. Swed. dial, hamla, to
be awkward, to grope about. Perhaps
further ^iedto Icel. hemja, to restrain, G.
hemmen, to check. See Hem (i). 2. Or
a nasalised form allied to Low G. hapern,
E. Fries, haperen, to stop short ; cf. Swed.
dial, happla, to stammer, happa^ to back
a horse; Dan. happe, to stutter. See
Hopple.
Hamper (2), a kind of basket. (F.—
G.) Formerly spelt hanaper, — O. F.
hanapier. Low L. hanaperium, orig. a
vessel to keep cups in. — O. F. Jianap
(Low L. hanapus), a drinking-cup. -i
O. Frankish "hnapp-, Du. nap, O. H. G.
hnapf, M. H. G. napf, a cup.<4- A. S. hnap,
a cup, bowl.
hanaper, old form of Hamper
(above). Hence Hanaper office, named
from the basket in which writs were
deposited.
Aaad. (£•) A. S. hand, hond,-^
Du. hand, Icel. himd, Dan. haand, Swed.
hand, Goth, handus, G. haneU Teut. type
*handuz, fem. Root unknown.
handcuff. (£•) A cuff for the hand,
% XVin cent. ; too late for connexion
with A. S. handcops, a handcuff.
handicap, a race for horses of all
ages. (£.) rrom hand i cap, hand in
the cap, a method of drawing lots ; hence,
a mode of settlement by arbitration, &c.
handicraft. (£.) A. S. handcraft,
a trade ; the i being inserted in imitation
oi handiwork (below).
handiwork. (£•) M. £. handiwerc
A. S. handgeweorc, ~ A. S. hand, hand ;
geweorc, from weorc, O. Merc, were, work.
The i is due to A. S. ^.
handle, vb. (E.) A. S. handllan;
formed from handle, a handle (below).
Cf. Du. handelen, Icel. hondla, Dan.
handle, Sw. handla, G. handeln, to handle,
or to trade.
handlCy sb. (£.) k,^, handle; C^.
Glos. 1904. — A. S. hand, hand.
handsel, haatsel, first instalment of
a bargain. (Scand.) Icel. handsal, the
conclusion of a bargain by shaking hands;,
lit. * handgiving,* expressed by * hand-
sale ' ; so also Dan. handsel, Swed. handsol,
a handsel. See Sale. % The late A. S.
330
HANDSOME
handseien^ glossed ' mandpatio/ occuis
bat once ; but cf. O. £. Texts, Charter 44,
1.8.
handsome. (E.) M. £. Aandsum,
orig. tractable, or dexterous. — A. S. Aand,
hand ; -sum, suffix, as in ivyn'sum, win-
some.^-I^Q- handzaam^ £. Fries, handsdm,
tractable, serviceable.
handy (i), dexterous. (£.) From
hand, with suffix -y, % The M. £. form
was hendi (never handi) ; A. S. kendig,
skilful ; formed from hand, hand, with
suffix 'ig and vowel-change.HhDu. handig,
Dan. handtgj behandig, Swed. hdndig,
dexterous.
hanchr (a), near. (£.) From hand^
with sumx -^. % The M. £. form was
hende ; A. S. gthende, near, at hand. —
A. S. hand^ hand.
Sanff, to suspend, to be suspended.
(£.) The history of this vb. involves that
of two A. S. and one O. Norse vb. ; viz.
(i) the A. S. hdn (for *hanhan')f pt t.
h^iig, pp. hangen ; (a) the A. S. weak vb.,
hangian, pt. t hangode\ and (3) the Icel.
causal vb. hengfay from hanga (pt. t. hekk,
for *h€nk9 pp. hanginn), Ct G. hdngm,
weak vb., from G. hangen (pt. t. hing, pp.
fthangeu). Allied to L. cunctdrt, to delay,
kt. fanky to hesitate. Brugm. i. § 420.
Kaatfer« a short sword. (£.) So
called Eecause hung from the belt.
Sangnail; for ang-naii, a form of
Agnail, q. v.
"^^^V, a parcel of skeins of yarn.
(Scand.) Icel. honky a hank, coil ; hanki,
a hasp, clasp ; Swed. hanhy a string, Dan.
hanky a handle, ear of a vessel. Cf. also
Low G. hanky a handle (Liibben), G.
henkely a handle, ear of a vessel. Prob.
allied to Hang; cf. O. H. G. henkan
{<*hangian)y to hang up.
Sanker, to long ^er. (£.) Cf. prov.
£. hanky to hanker after, of which it is a
frequent, form; cf. the phr. 'to hang
about.' From the verb to hang. Verified
by M. Du. hengelen, to hanker after
(from hangm) , hmkeren (Du. hunkeren) , to
hanker after (Sewel) ; also Dan. hangy bias,
inclination, £. Fries, hangy hanky bias.
SailseatiOf pertaining to the Hanse
towns in Germany. (F.— O. H. G.) O. F.
hanse y the hanse, L e. society of merchants ;
with L. suffix •^icus.^O.YL.G. hansa
(G, hanse), an association; cf. Goth.
nansa, A. S. hos, a band of men. (From
about A.D. 1 140.)
HARDOCK
Eanael ; see HandaeL
Hanaom, a kind of cab. (£.) From
the name of the inventor (no doubt the
same word as handsome), a. d. 1834.
ap. (Scand.) M. £. ^tf/. - Icel. ^>^,
hap, chance, good luck ; cf. A. S. gefutp,
fit. [The W. hap must be borrowed from
£.] Dep. hapihyy i.e. lucky; hap-UsSy
i e. luckless ; nap-ly, by luck {happily is
used in the same sense); mishap; per-
haps.
nappen. (Scand.) M. £. happenen,
hapneny extended from happeny i. e. to hap.
From the sb. above.
Sara-kiriy suicide by disembowel-
ment. (Japanese.) From Japan, haray
belly ; kiriy to cut (Yule).
Earangne. (F. - O. H. G.) O. F.
harangiity an oration; Low L. harenga.
The same as Span, arengay Ital. aringa,
Orig. a speech made in the midst of a
ring of people ; as shown by Ital. artngo,
an arena, lists, also a pulpit. * O. H. G.
hrinc (G. ring), a ring, ring of people, an
arena, drcus, lists. Cognate with A. S.
hringj a ring. See Bing.
Earass. (F.) F. harassery to tire
out, vex, disquiet; Cot. Perhaps from
O. F. harer, to set a dog at a beast.—
O. H. G. haren, to call out, cry out (henoe
cry to a dog).
aarblnger, a forerunner. (F. - i
O. H. G.) M. E. herbergeoury one who 1^^'
provided lodgings for a man of rank.—
O. F. herberg-eTy to lodge, to harbour ;
with suffix -our (L. 'dtdrem),^'0, F. her-
bergiy a lodging, harbour. — O. H. G.
heriberga (below).
harbour (i)) shelter. (Scand.) M. £.
hereber^ey herberwe, — Icel. herbergiy a
harbour, lit. ^ army-shelter.* — Icel. hervy
an army ; bargy and grade of bjarga^ to
shelter. So likewise O. H. G. heribergOy
a camp, lodging, from O. H. G. heri (,G.
heer)y an aimyybergany to shelter (whence
F. auberggy Ital. albergo), Cf. Harry and
Borough. Der. harbouTy vb.
Earbour (a), see Arbour.
Eard. (£.) A.S. heard \ O. Fries.
herd, 4- I^u* hard\ Icel. harSr, Dan.
haardy Swed. h&d, Goth, hardus, G.
harf, Teut. type *harduM, Idg. type
*kartiis ; cf. Gk. itpanky strong. Brugm.
i. $ 79a.
Eardook, Eordook, the corn-blue-
bottle; Centaurea cyanus. (£.) Hardokesy
pi., is the reading in K. Lear, iv. 4. 4, ed.
331
HARDS
HARPY
1623; the quartos have hordocks. The
same as haudod, used in Fitzherbert*s
Husbandry to mean the corn-bluebottle;
see Glossary, and pref. p. xxx. Mr. Wright
(note to K. Lear) shows that hardhake
meant the Centaurea nigra. Both plants
were called, indifferently, knobweed^ knot-
weedj and loggerheads. Named from the
hardness of the head of the Centaurea
nigra ; for which reason it was also called
iron-weed, iron-heads , 8cc. See Plant-
names, by Britten and Holland.
Sards, fibres of flax. (£.) M. £.
herdes. A. S. heordan, pl.4'M. Du. heerde,
herde, hards (Kilian), later hide (Hex-
ham) ; E. Fries, hede. TeuL type *hizdon-
or *hezddn^ ; cf. Meed. ^ Distinct from
hard.
Hardy, stout, brave. (F. - Tent.)
M. E. hardi.^O.Y, hardi, brave; orig.
pp. of hardir, lit. to harden. — Teut.
*hartjan, as in O. H. G. hertan^ to harden,
make strong. — O. H. G. harti (G. hart),
hard ; see Hard.
Hare. (E.) A. S. hara, -f Dan. Swed.
hare, Icel. heri (formerly here) ; Du. hcMS,
G. hase. Teut. types *hazon-, ^hason-, Idg.
type *kason'\ cf. O. Pruss. sasins (for
*kasins\ W. cein-ach, fem. (Rhys), Skt.
faffl, for (asa, a hare. The Skt. word
means 'jumper,* from faf (Idg. has-), to
jump, leap along.
hareoell. (£.) From hare and bell,
SareiUj set of apartilfents for females.
(Arab.) Also haram. — Arab, haram,
women's apartments, lit. ' sacred,* or * pro-
hibited.*—Arab, root J^ama, he prohi-
bited (because men were prohibited from
entering). The initial is the 6th letter of
the Arab, alphabet. Rich. Diet., p. 563.
Haricot (i), a stew of mutton, (2)
kidney bean. (F.) F. haricot, 'mutton
sod with little tumeps,' &c. ; Cot. The
sense ot ' bean * is late ; that of ' minced
mutton with herbs,' O. F. hericot, is old.
Origin unknown.
Hark, Hearken. (E.) U.E.herken,
also hirknen. Herknen is from A. S.
hercnian, heorcnian, to listen to. Herken
corresponds to a shorter type, A.S. *heorcian
(not found), O. Fries, herkia ; also O. Fries.
harkia (from the 2nd grade), E. Fries.
harken. Teut. type *herkan', pt. t. *harh,
pp. *hurkanoz. The O. H. G. hdrechen,
M. H. G. horchen, with long 0, must have
been associated with O. H. G. horjan, G.
horen, to hear ; cf. G. horchen. But the
Teut. type *herkan'. can hardly be related
to Hear.
Harlequin. (F.— Ital.) F. arlequin,
harlequin, a harleonin. — ItaL arlecchino,
a buffoon, jester. 1 he Ital. word seems to
correspond to the O. F. Hellequin, Herle-
kin, HierUkin; the usual O. F. phrase
was la maisnie hierlekin (Low L. harle^
quint familias), a troop of demons that
haunted lonely places at night A popular
etymology connected the word with Charles
Quint', Max Miiller, Lect. ii. 581. Prob.
of Teut. origin ; cf. O. H. G. hella cunni,
the kindred of hell ; which may have been
confused with O. F. herle, hierle, tumult.
Harlot. (F.) Orig. used of either sex,
and not always in a very bad tense ; equiv.
to mod. £. 'fellow;' Ch. C. T. 649.—
O. F. herlot, arlot, a vagabond; Prov.
arlot, a vagabond ; Ital. arlotto (Baretti),
Low L. arlotus, a glutton. Of disputed
origin. % W. herlod is from E.
aarm, &b. (£.) M. E. harm. A. S.
hearm, grief, also harm. 4- Icel. harmr,
grief, Dan. harme, wrath, Swed. harm,
anger, grief, G. harm, grief; Teut. type
*harmoz. Cf. Russ. srame, shame. Brug.
ii. § 72. Der. harm, vb.
Harmony, concord. (F.-L.— Gk.)
M. E. harmonie.^Y. harmonie.^'L. har-
monia,^Ct\i. apftovia, a joint, proportion,
harmony. ■> Gk. dpfjios, a joining. — Gk.
*dp€iv {&papiffK(ip), to fit. (-^AR.)
Harness. (F.) The old sense was
• armour.* O. F. hameis, hamois, armour ;
whence Bret, hamez, old iron, armour
(Thumeysen). Of unknown origin; the
G. hamisch is from F.
Harp. (£.) M. E. harpe. A. S.
hearpe. +DU. harp, Icel. harpa, Swed.
harpa, Dan. harpe, G. harfe, Teut. type
^harpon-, fem. ; whence F. harpe.
Harpoon. (F. — L. — Gk.) Formerly
also harpon, which is the F. spelling. — F.
harpon, a cramp-iron, a grappling-iron;
whence also Du. harpoen.^O. F. harpe, a
dog's claw or paw, a clamp, cramp-iron ;
cf. se harper, to grapple. — Late L. harpe,
a sickle-shaped sword, i- Gk. a/nn;, a
sickle. Cf. also Span, arpon, a harpoon,
arpar, to claw, rend.
Harpsichord. (F. -Teut. and Gk.)
Also harpsechord; with intrusive s. —
F. harpechorde, * a harpsichord ; * Cot.
From Teutonic and Greek ; see Harp
and Chord. Cf. Ital. arpicordo (Florio).
Harpy. (F.-L.-Gk.) O.Y.harpie.
232
HARQUEBUS
w L. harpyiay usually in pi. harpyia, -* Gk.
pi. apwiai, lit. * spoilers or * snatchers.' ■-
Gk. d/nr-, base of dpir&((iVy to seize ; allied
to L. raper(. See Bapacious.
Earq.nebll8 ; see Arquebus.
Sarridan, a jade, a wom-out woman.
(F.) A variant of M. F. haridelle, * a poor
tit, leaue ill-favored jade/ Cot. ; i. e. a
wom-out horse ; also used in the sense of
a gaunt, ugly woman (Littr^). The form
remains unexplained.
Harrier (i)» a hare-hound. (£.) For-
merly harier; from hare. Cf. bow-yer
from bow.
Harrier (2), a kind of buzzard. (£.)
I.e. hany-er^ because it destroys small
birds ; see Harry.
Harrow, sb. (£.) M. £. harwe.
North Fries, harwe. Not found in A. S.
+Icel. herfi, Dan. harv^ a harrow ; Swed.
harff a harrow. Apparently allied to M.
Dan. harge, Du. hark, Swed. karka, G.
harkey a rake. Base har- ? C£ L. car-ere,
to card wool.
Harry, to ravage. (£.) VL.'E. harwen,
herien, herjien. A. S. hergian, to lay
waste, as is done by an army.-f-Icel. herja,
to ravage, Dan. harge^ O. H. G. harjon.
Teut. type *harjon-j to harry ; from *har'
fcfz, an army (A. S. here, Icel. herr^ Dan.
hart O. H. G. nari, G. heer, Goth, harjis).
Allied to O. Pruss. karjis^ an army ; Lith.
karaSf war.
Harsh.. (Scand.) M. £. ^irj>&. — Dan.
harskj rancid ; Swed. hdrsk, rank, rancid,
rusty. + G. harsch, harsh, rough. Cf.
Lithuan. hartits, harsh, bitter (of taste);
see Hard.
Hart. (£.) M. £. her^. A. S. heorty
heoroty heruL'^l>vi. hert, Icel. hjortr, Dan.
hiort, Swed. hjort, G.hirsch, O.H.G. hiruz ;
Teut. stem *herut'. Allied to L. ceruus,
W. carw, a hart, homed animal; Russ.
sema, a chamois; cf. Gk. Kipas, a horn.
See Horn
Harvest. (£.) A. S. harfest, autumn ;
orig. *crop.' + I^u. heffst, G. herds/,
autumn; Icel. hausi, Dan. Swed. host
(contracted forms). Allied to Gk. KOfmos,
fruit; L. carpere, to gather, Lith. kerpu,
I shear. Brugm. i. § 631. And cf. Gk.
Miipuv, to shear.
Hai^y a dish of meat cut into slices,
&c. (F.-G.) [O.F. hachiSf hash.] -
F. hacher, to hack. — F. hache, an ax.—
O. H. G. *happjd, whence O. H. G. heppa,
M. H. G. hepe, a bill, a sickle.
HATCHET
Hashish, Hasheesh, an mtoxi-
cating drink. (Arab.) See Assassin.
Haslets, Hastelets, Harslets,
the inwards of a pig, &c., for roasting.
(F. — L.) From O. F. hastelet, meat roasted
on a spit.^O. F. haste, a spit.-vL. hasta,
a spit ; see Hastate.
Hasp. (£.) A. S. hcepse, a fastening,
clasp, catch of a door. 4* Icel. hespa, a hasp,
a skein (of wool), Dan. Swed. G. haspe,
hasp ; cf. M. Du. hasp, haps, a skein of
wool. Cf. Low G. happen, hapsen, to
snatch, clutch ; F. hopper, to lay hold of.
Hassock. (£.) M. £. hassok, orig.
coarse grass or sedge ; of which the old
hassocks were made. A. S. hassuc, a tuft
of coarse grass. % Not from W. hesg,
sb. pi., sedges.
Hastatei spear-shaped. (L.) L. hastd-
tus, spear-like. — L. hasta, a spear. Allied
to Yard (2).
Haste; sb. (F — Teut.) M. £. hasi,
hasU. "O.F. haste, haste (F. hdte)."V^.
Germanic *hai{f)sti-j violence; as in O.
Fries, haest (Richtofen, s. v. hast),0. H. G.
heisti, adj., violent; A. S. hast, violence.
Cf. Goth, hat/sts, fem., strife. % Du. haast,
G. Dan. Swed. hast, haste, are all borrowed
from F. Der. haste, vb.; hast-en, XVI
cent.
Hat. (£.) A. S. hat. + Icel. hbtt, a
hood, later haitr, Swed. hatt, Dan. hcU,
Teut. type *hattuz, m. If it is related
to hood, it stands for an earlier form
*hadnuz. See Hood.
Hatch (i), a half-door. (£.) M.£.
hacche ; a hatch also corresponds to North
£. heck. A. S. hac (gen. hacce), a hurdle
(?).4'Dn« hek, fence, rail, gate, Swed.
hdck, coop, rack. Teut. *ha^'d, f. Prob.
so named as being lightly fastened with
a hook. Cf. A. S. ha^-a, a fastening of a
door ; see Hake, Hook. Der. hatch-es,
pi. sb., a frame of cross-bars over an
opening in a ship*s deck ; hatch'Way.
Hatch (a), to produce a brood by in-
cubation. (£.) M. £. hacchen. + Swed.
hdcka, to hatch; Dan. hakkebuur, a
breeding-cage. Origin unknown.
HatW (3)) to shade by minute lines,
crossing each other. (F. — G.) F. hacher,
to hack, also to hatch or engrave; s^e
Hash.
Hatches ; see Hatch (i).
Hatchet, a small ax. (F.— G.) F.
hachette, dimin. of hache^ an ax. See
Hash.
aas
Id
HATCHMENT
SatduuOlltv escutcheon. (F, ~> L.)
Shortened from achievement y an escut-
cheon; which was contracted to dtchea-
ment (Feme, 1586), hachement (Hall,
1548); &c.
Hate, sb. (E.) M. £. hate, A. S. hete,
hate; the mod. E. sb. takes the vowel
from the verb hatian^ to hate.+Du. haatj
Icel. hatr, Swed. hat, Dan. hady Goth.
hatiSy G. hassy hate. Cf. Gk. KfjZtiVy to
vex ; W, cawddy displeasure. Der. hatCy vb,
hatred. (E.) M. E. hatredy hatreden.
The suffix is A. S. radetiy law, mode, con-
dition, state, as in htw-radeny a house-
hold ; and see kindred,
Sauberky a coat of ringed mail. (F.
- O. H. G.) M. E. hauberk. - O. F.
hauberc. — O. H. G. halsberc, lit. neck-
defence.— O.H. G. halsy neck; bergany to
protect. See Collar and Buxy.
Haughty. (F.-L.) ForM.E. /4fl«-
tein^ arrogant; * Hawty, haultaih ; * Pals-
grave. Cf. booty y from butin. — O. F.
hautain, *hauty;* Cot. — O. F. haut'y
oldest form halt, high. — L. altus, high;
see Altitude.
Haul ; see Hale (3).
Haulm, Halm, stalk. (E.) A. S.
healm, + Du. halniy Icel. hdlmry Dan.
Swed. halm\ Russ. solomay straw; L.
cuimus, stalk, Gk. KoXafios, reed ; W. cata/y
stalk. Brugm. ii. § 7a.
Haunch., hip, bend of the thigh. (F.
- O. H. G.) F. hanche; O. F. hanche,
hanke; Low L. hancha (1275). Of Teut.
origin ; from Frankish *hankdy represented
by M. Du. hancke, 'haunch or hip;*
Hexham. See Korting, § 3872.
Haunt, to freauent. (F.) M. E. hanten,
haunten. — O. F. nantery to haunt, frequent.
Origin disputed.
Hautboy, a musical instrument. (F. —
L.) F. hautbois. — F. haut^ high ; boiSy
wood. — L. altus^ high ; Late L. boscuSy
buscusy L. buxus, box-tree; see Box (i).
It is a wooden instrument with a high
tone. Hence Ital. oboiy E. oboe, borrowed
from F. hautbois.
Have. (E.) M. E. hauen, pt. t. haddey
pp. had, A. S. habbany pt. t. hafde, pp.
gehafd, + Du. hebben, Icel. hafa^ Swed.
hafvay Dan. havey Goth, haban^ G. haben,
Teut. stem *habi-. If cognate, as usually
supposed, with L. habere, to have, the Idg.
base must be *khabh-.
Haven, harbour. (Scand.) A. S.
hcefefiy hafenc — Icel. hofny Dan. havny
HAWSER
Swed. hamn, + Du. havetiy G. hafeny a
harbour. Cf. also M. H. G. habey haven ;
which seems to be allied to M. H. G. hah,
Icel. Swed. hafy Dan. haVy A. S. heafy sea.
Haversack, soldier's provision-bag.
(F. — G.) F. havresac. — G. habersacky
hafersacky lit. 'oat-bag.' — G. haheryhafer,
oats ; sacky a sack.
Havoc, destruction. (F.) Cf. A. F.
crier havok ; where havok is for O. F.
havot. — O. F. havoty plunder ; whence crier
havoty E. 'cry havoc* (Godefroy). Cf.
O. F. havery to grapple with a hook
(Cot.) ; and G. hcifty seizure. Prob.
from G. hebeny to lift. % The W. hafoc,
destruction, is borrowed from £.
Haw, a hedge ; also, berry of hawthorn.
(E.) M. E. hawty a yard. A. S. hagay an
enclosure, yard. -f- Icel. hagiy Swed. hage,
enclosure ; Dan. havCy garden ; Du. haag,
G. hagy hedge. Teut. base *Afl^- ; Idg.
base *kagh', as in W. caSy an enclosure ;
see Quay. Der. haw-thorn. See Hedge.
Hawk (i), a bird of prey. (E.) M. £.
hai^y hauek ( = havek), A. S. hafoc, heafoCy
a hawk.-f Du. havik, Icel. haukr, Swed.
hoky Dan. hogy G. habichty O. H. G. hapuh.
Prob. ' a seizer ; * allied to E. heavey L.
capere ; see Heave. So also Low L.
capuSy a falcon, from capere ; and L. ac-
cipiter, a hawk.
aawk (2), to carry about for sale.
(O. Low G.) A verb formed from the sb.
hawker ; see Hawker.
Hawk (3), to clear the throat. (K.)
Imitative. Cf. Dan. harkey Swed. harskay
to hawk; W. hochiy to hawk, hoch, the
throwing up of phlegm.
Hawxer, pedlar. (O. Low G.) Intro-
duced from abroad ; Du. heuker, a hawker,
M. Du. hoeckery hucker ; cf. heukeren, to
hawk, sell by retail. So also Dan. hoker^
a chandler, huckster, hokre, to hawk;
Swed. hokare^ a chandler, huckster. See
further under Huckster.
Hawse, Hawse-hole. (Scand.)
Hchvse is a round hole through which a
ship's cable passes, so called because made
in the * neck of the ship. —Icel. hdlsy halSy
the neck ; also, part of a ship's bows.+
O. Merc, halsy A. S. hecUs ; Du. G. hals ;
allied to L. collum, neck.
Hawser, a tow-rope. (F.~L.) Cf.
F. haufsiirey a hawser. But hawse-r is
from M.E. hawse y to lift. — O. F. haicier,
F. hausser, to lift, raise. — Late L. cdtidre,
to elevate. — L. altus, high. See Altitude.
334
HAWTHORN
HEAT
Cf. M.Ital. aizaniere^ * a halsier [hawser]
in a ship ' (Florio) ; from alzare, to raise.
% Not allied to Hoist.
Hawthorn ; see Haw.
Hay {})• (E.) M. E. key, O. Merc.
hig\ A. S. htg. 4" I^u. hoot, Icel. }iey, Dan.
Swed. koj Goth, hawij grass; G. heu.
Teut. type ^hau-jom^ n. Properly *cut
grass ' ; from the verb to hew ; see Hew.
Hay (2), a hedge. (E.) A. S. hege^ m.
Teut. type *hagiz. Allied to Haw and
Hedge. Der. hay-ward, i. e. hedge-
warden.
Hazard. (F. — Span. - Arab.?) F.
hasard. ~ Span, azar, a hazard ; orig. an
unlucky throw (at dice) ; cf. M. Ital. zara^
a game at dice. » Arab, al zahr, lit. the
die (Devic) ; al being the Arab. def. art.
But Arab, zahr is of doubtful authority.
Haze, a mist. (£.?) Ray has: Mt
hazes^ it misles.' £tym. unknown. We
may perhaps compare the Lowl. Sc. haar,
a sea-fog, a mist.
Hazel. (£.) M. E. hasel. A. S. hasel,
+Du. hazelaar^ Icel. hasly hesli^ Dan.
Swed. hasseli G. hasel] Teut. type "^haselo- ;
from the Idg. type *koselo- we have L.
corulus (for *cosulus)y W. and O. Irish
coll (for *cosl), a hazel.
He. (E.) A. S. hg\ gen. his^ dat. him,
ace. hine. Fem. sing. nom. hio, gen. dat.
hire, ace. hie, ht; neut. sing. nom. hit,
gen. Am, dat. him, ace. AzV. PI. (all gen-
ders), nom. ace. hie, ht, gen. hira, heora^
dat. him, heom, + Du. A(^', O. Sax. he, hi ;
Goth. neut. hita. Allied to Lith. szis, this,
L. ci-trdt on this side, Gk. k-Kti, there,
Kuvos, that one. Brugm. i. §§ 83, 604.
Der. hence^ her, here, hither.
Head. (E.) M. E. hed, heed, heued
{= heved). A.S. heafod.'^'Dyx. hoofd,
Goth. hauHth, G. haupt, O. H. G. Koubit ;
also O. Icel. haufod^ later hofuH, Dan.
hoved, Swed. hujvud, M. Swed. havud.
Teut. types *haubi4d-, ^haubid-, neut. ;
answering to Idg. types *koupot-, *koupet-,
which are not exactly represented. The
L. caput (with short a) does not correspond
in the vowel-sound, but is allied to A. S.
hafela, heafola, head. (The difficulties as
to this word are not yet cleared up.)
headlong, rashly, rash. (E.) M. E.
hedling, heuedling, hedlinges. Thus the
suffix is adverbial, answering to A. S. suffix
'I'ing, really a double suffix. Cf. A.S.
bac'ling, hSi<M.yfax^s,f^r'inga, suddenly.
Heal. (£•) M.E.^^/<;/f. A.S. ^^#i,to
make whole j formed from hdl, whole, with
i- mutation of a to a \ see Whole. So also
G. heilen, from heil; Goth, hailjan, from
hails,
health. (E.) A. S./4^/(y, health (Teut.
type *hailithd, {,), from hdl, whole ; see
Heal (above).
Heap, sb. (£.) M.E. heep, A.S.
heaPt a heap, crowd. + ^"o.. hoop (whence
Icel. hopr, Dan. hob, Swed. hop, O. H. G.
houf) ; cf. also G. hau/e, O. H. G. hii/o.
+ Lith. kaupas, O. Slav, kupii, a heap.
Brugm. i. § 431 (7). Der. heap, vb.
Hear. (E.) M. E. heren, pt. t. herde,
pp. herd, O. Merc, heran \ A. S. hyran,
pt. t. hyrde, pp. gehyred, + Du. hooren,
Icel. heyra, Dan. hbre, Swed. hbra, Goth.
hausjan, G. hbren, Cf. Gk. d-ffovcu^, to
hear. (Not allied to Ear.)
Hearken ; see Harken.
Hearsay. (E.) From hear and say,
the latter being in the infin. mood. Cf.
A. S. ic secgan hyrde = I heard say
(Beowulf, 1346).
Hearse. (F. - L.) M. E. herse, hearse.
The orig. sense was a triangular harrow,
then a triangular frame for supporting
lights at a church service, esp. at a funeral,
then a bier, a carriage for a dead body.
All these senses are found. — M. F. herce,
a harrow, a frame with pins on it. (Mod.
F. herse, Ital. erpice, a harrow.) — L. hir-
picem, ace. of hirpex, a harrow. Der.
rehearse.
Heart. (E.) M. E. herte, A. S. heorte,
+Du. hart^ Icel. hjarta, Swed. hjerla,
Dan. hierte, Goth, hairts, G. herz\ Teut.
type *herton'. Further allied to Lith.
szirdis, Irish cridhe, W. craidd, Russ.
serdtse, L. cor (gen. cordis^, Gk. Kapbia, Krjp,
Hearth. (E.) M. E. herth, herthe.
A. S. ^^^ri.+Du. haurd\ Swed. hard,
a hearth, a forge, G. herd\ Teut. type
*herthoz, m. Cf. Goth, haurja, pi, Icel.
hyrr, embers, burning coaljs. Idg. base
^ker- ; cf. L. cremdre, to bum.
Heart's-ease, a pansy. (£.) Lit.
ecue of heart, i. e. giving pleasure.
hearty. (E.) M.E. herty\ also
hertly ; from M. E. herte ; see Heart.
Heat. (E.) M.E. hete, A.S. hietu,
hato, from *haitiu, for *haitjd-, f. ;
formed from hdt^ hot, with the usual
vowel-change. + Du. hitte, Dan. hede,
Swed. hetta, Icel. hiti, G. hitze ; all from
the weak grade hit- ; see Hot. We also
find A. S. hStan, verb, to heat.
335
HEATH
Heath. (E.) M. £. Aeik, A. S. had.
^Da. G. keidey Icel. AeiOry Dan. hedg,
Swed. Aedy Goth, haithi, a waste ; Teut.
type VuUthi, fern. Cf. W. <:(V</, O. W.
coit, a wood.
lieatlieiif a pagan. (£.) A. S. hSOen,
adj. S9 also Icel. heidenn, G. heiden, a
heathen ; Goth, kaitkno, a heathen woman.
Lit. a dweller on a heath, orig. ' wild * ;
cf. Goth, haithiwisks^ wild (Mk. i. 6);
A. S. hSSen, a wild creature (Beow. 986).
From A. S. hSU^ a heath (above). [Simi-
larly L. Mgdnus meant (i) a villager, (3)
a pagan. J
Heather. (£.) Usnally associated
with heath ; but the Nhumb. form hadder
points to some different origin.
Heave. (£•) M. £. hium (^hiven).
From A. S. he/-, a pres. stem of A. S.
heddan, pt. t. hi/^ pp. hafen, 4* ^^* heffen^
Icel. he^ay Swed. hafva^ Dan. have^ Goth.
haffan, G. A^^«. Teut. type ^hafjan-^
pt. t. *A^; corresponding to L. capio^
I seize ; cf. Gk. imr\^ handle. (Distinct
from havt^
Heaven. (£.) 'M..'E,heueH{ = heven).
A. S. hecfon, hefoiu ^-O. Sax. hetan. [Icel.
himinn, Goth, himins, G. ^iimx7^/,0.H.G.
himilf O. Sax. himt7, Du. hemely heaven,
may be from a different source.] Cf.
A. S. hus'heofon^ a ceiling, so that the
sense may have been *■ canopy.'
Heavy. (£.) Hard to heave, weighty.
M. £. heui {=^hevf), A. S. he/ig, heavy,
hard to heave.* A. S. ha/-, stem of hebban
(pt. t. hof), to heave ; with i-mutation
of a. -f Icel. hofugr, hdjigr^ heavy, from
heffa, to heave ; Low G. hevig\ O. H. G.
hebtg. See Heave.
Hebdomadal, weekly. (L.-Gk.) L.
hebdomaddlis, — Gk. ifidofioZ-, stem of
ifi9ofi&s, a week.— Gk. kwriif seven; see
Seven.
Hebrew. (F.-L.-.Gk.-Heb.) F.
hdbrcu (Ju!brieu in Cotgr.).— L. Hebraus,
Gk. 'EjSpeuos. - Heb. *ivr%, a Hebrew (Gen.
xiv. 13), a name given to Israelites as
coming from K of the £uphrates. — Heb.
*av0r, he crossed over.
Hecatomb. (F.-L-Gk.) M.F.^«-
catombe, — L. heceUombi, — Gk. kKarSfjfifjy a
sacrifice of a hundred oxen. — Gk. kicaroVf
a hundred ; 0ovs, ox. See Hundred and
Cow.
Heckle, Hackle, Hatckel, an in-
strument for dressing flax or hemp. (£.)
M. £. hechelet hekeie^ £. Fries, hdkel^ hekel.
HEIFER
•^Du. hekel^ a heckle ; Dan. hegU ; Swed.
hdckla ; G. hecheJ^ a heckle. Teut. type
*hakild\ from a base hak-^ to pierce, bite,
as in O. H. G. heuhen^ M. H. G. hecken
(for *hakjan\ to pierce, bite as a snake ;
cf. A.S. hacod, a pike (fish), from its
sharp teeth. Cf. Hack (1).
Hectic, continual, as a fever. (F.—
Gk.) F. hectique (as if from Late L.
*hecti€us\ — Gk. Iirn«c($;, hectic, consump-
tive. — Gk. i^iif a possession; also, a
habit of body. — Gk. Jf^-o;, fut. of ix^iv^
to have, hold. (VS£GH.)
Hector, a bully. (L.— Gk.) From L.
Hector, — Gk. "Erro;/), the celebrated hero
of Trov. Lit. * holding fast ; ' from lxc(v»
to hold (above).
Hedge. (£.) A. S. hecf, f. (dat.
hecge) ; Teut. type ^hag-ja^ allied to haga^
a haw.+Du. hegge^ heg, allied to Jiaag,
a haw ; G. hecke^ f., a hedge. See Haw.
Heed, vb. (£.) M. £. hedm, A. S.
hedan, pt. t. hedde. Formed as if from
sb. *hddf care (not found); though we find
the corresponding O. Fries, sb. hdde^ hade,
and the G. sb. hut, O. H. G! huota,caxe.
^DvL» hoeden, from hoede, care; G. hiiten,
from hut (O. H. G. huota), care, guard.
Brugm. i. § 754. Frob. allied to Hood.
Heel (i), part of the foot. (E.) A. S.
and O. Fries, hela, heel (whence Du. hiel).
•4* Icel. hall, Dan. hal, Swed. hdl. The
A. S. hela is prob. contracted from *h5h-ila,
dimin. of A. S. hdh, heel. See Hough.
Heel (2), to lean over, incline. (E.)
Modified from M. £. helden, hilden, to in-
cline on one side. A. S. hieldan, hyldan,
to tilt, incline ; cf. niSer-heald, bent down-
wards. 4- Du. hellen (for *heldan, O. Sax.
af'heldian), to heel over ; Icel. holla (for
*hal9a), to heel over (as a ship), from
hallr {<*halth-), sloping; Dan. helde, to
tilt, cf. held, a slope ; Swed. hdlUt, to tilt.
The adj. is A.S. -heald, O. Fries, hald,
Icel, hallr, O. H. G. haldj inclined, bent
forward; Teut. type *ha/thoz. Allied to
A.S. hold, G. hold, faithful, true (to a
master), Goth, hulths, gracious.
Heft, a heaving. (£.) In Wint. Tale,
iL 1. 45. Formed from heave, just as haft
is from have,
Hegira. (Arab.) Arab, hijrah, sepa-
ration ; esp. used of the flight of Moham-
med from Mecca ; the era of the Hegira
begins on July 16, A. D. 62a. Cf. Amb.
hajr, separation.
Heifer. (£•) M. £. hay/are, hek/ere.
9Z6
HEIQH-HO
A. S. heakfore, a heifer ; also spelt heahfrt^
heahfru. The form is still unexplained.
Eeigh-ho. (E.) An exclamation ;
height a cry to call attention ; ho, an ex-
clamation.
Keight. (£.) A variant of highth
(Milton); we find M. E. highte as well
as he'^e {heghthe). A. S. hiehdu, heahSuj
height. — A. S. h^ahf hih, high. ^ Du.
hoogie, Icel. haO, Swed. ho/d, Dan. hdicfe,
Goth, hauhitha. See High.
Seinous. (F.~0. Low G.) M. E.
heinous^ hainous. * O. F. hai'nos, odious ;
formed with suffix -os (L. -osus) from
O. F. hai'm (F. haine\ hatred. -^ F. hear,
to hate. From an O. Teut form, snch
as Goth, hatjany O. Fries, hc^tay to hate ;
see Hate.
Keir. (F.— L.) M. £. ^^tV^, ^^V, also
fyr. — O. F. heir, ^r. — Late L. herem, for
L. heredem^ ace. of herSs^ an heir. Cf. Gk.
x4pa, a widow (relict). Der. heir'loom,
where horn signifies ' a piece of property,*
but is the same word as E. loom. See
Iiocm (i).
Heliacaly relating to the sun. (L.—
Gk.) From Late L. hiliacus^^Gk, i)Aia-
icdsy belonging to the sun. » Gk. ffXio;,
nm ; see Solar.
heliotrope, a flower. (F. — L. — Gk.)
F. heliotrope. — L. hSliotropium, > Gk.i)Xio-
TpSmoVf a heliotrope, lit. * sun-turner ; *
from its turning to the sun.—Gk. {jXio-s,
sun ; rpow; 2nd grade of Tpiir€iv, to turn ;
see Trope.
HeliZy a spiral figure. (L.— Gk.) L.
heh'x, a spiral. -• Gk. tXi^, a spiral, a twist.
-*Gk. ixIoatWy to turn roimd. Allied to
Volute.
Hell. (E.) M.E. heUe. A.S. hei,
gen. hei/e ; orig. * that which hides,* from
Teut. *he/an', A. S. he/an, (pt. t. hal), to
hide. 4- L)u. hei, Icel. hei, G. hoile, Goth.
ha/ja. Teut type *haljdj fem. Allied to
Oell, Gonoeal.
Hellebore. (F.-L.-Gk.) Alsoe/le-
bore, — O. F. elkhore, — L. helUborus, -• Gk.
kXXifiopos, the name of the plant.
Eelm (i), an implement for steering a
ship. (E.). Orig. the tiller or handle.
A. S. helma,^lce\, hjdlm (for *helfiu\ a
rudder; E. Fries, helm. The prov. E.
helm means *■ handle ' ; so also M. E. halm
(Gawain, 330). Prob. allied to Helve.
Helu (a)» armour for the head. (E.)
M. E. helm, A. S. helm,^T>Vi, helm ; Icel.
hjalmr^ Dan. AiV/m, Swed. hjtlm^ G. helm^
HEMLOCK
Goth, hilms, Teut. type *hehmoz^ m.;
lit. * a covering ; * from *helan», to cover.
Allied to Skt. (arman-f shelter, protection.
Lith. szalmas^ a helmet, O. Slav. shlimU^
are prob. borrowed from Teut. Brugm. i.
§ 420. Der. helm-etf dimin. form. Allied
to Hell. ^
Helminthologyy history of worms.
(Gk.) Coined from Gk. tXfuvBo-f decl.
stem of tXfuvSf a worm ; -Ao7/a, a dis-
course, from \4y€iVy lo speak. The sb.
iKfiivif also SAfur, means * that which curls
about * ; allied to Heliz.
Eelot, a (Spartan) slave. (L.-Gk.)
L. pi. I/eloles, from Gk. fixtures, pi. of
ttXoiiSf a helot, bondsman ; fabled to have
meant an inhabitant of Helos (a town of
Laconia), enslaved by the Spartans.
Help, vb. (E.) M. £. helpefiy pt. t.
halp, pp. ho^en. A. S. helpan, pt. t.
healpy pp. nolpen. + Du. helpen, Icel,
hjdipay Dan. hielpe, Swed. hjelpa, Goth.
hilpan^ G. helfen, Teut. type *helpafi..
Allied to Lithuan. szelpti, to help. Der.
helpy sb., A. S. help, helpe\ help-mcUe^
suggested by help meet (Gen. ii. 18).
Helve, a handle. (E.) M. £. helue
(■- helve), A. S. hielf^ also helfe^ a
handle. + M. Du. helue^ handle. Low G.
helft, M. H. G. halp, handle ; allied to
Halter and Helm (i).
Hem (i), border. (E.) A. S. hem,
Orig. * an enclosure ; * cf. O. Fries, ham^
hem (dat. hemme\ North Fries, ham^ an
enclosure (Outzen) ; prov. G. hamme, a
fence, hedge (Fliigel, 1861). Der. hem^
vb., to enclose within a border, hem in;
cf. G. hemmetiy Swed. hdmma,
Eem (a), a slight cough to call atten-
tion. (E.) An imitative word ; allied to
Hum. -f-M. Du. himmen, hempten, 'to
call one with a hem/ Hexham.
Eematite. an ore of iron. (L. - Gk.)
Named from the red colour of the powder.
— L. hamatttes.^GV, atfAariTris, blood-
like.—Gk. al/mT'f stem of af/xa, blood.
Eemi-, half. (Gk.) From a Lat.
transcription of Gk. ij/u-, half, cognate with
L. sepit'y half; see Semi-. Der. hemi'
sphere t &c.
hemietiolly a half-line, in poetry.
(L. — Gk.) L. hemistichium, ^Gk, i)/ji-
arixtov, a half- verse.— Gk. ijfu-, half;
arixoSf a row, verse.
Hemlock. (E.) M. E. hemlok, hum-
lok. A. S. hemlicy hymlice\ also hymblica
(Ep. Gl.). The origin of hym^ is unknown ;
'37
HEMORRHAGE
HERESY
the second syllable is perhaps an unstressed
form of A. S. //V, like.
Eemorrhagef a great flow of blood.
(F.-L.-Gk.) M.F. hemorrhagic^^,.
haniorrhagia,^G\i» alfjioppayiaf a violent
bleeding. — Gk. atfjio-, for af/ia, blood ;
P07-, a stem of fnjywiu, I burst, break ; the
lit. sense being a bursting out of blood.
Eemorrhoids, Emerods, painful
bleeding tubercles on the anus. (F.— L.—
Gk.) M. F. hemorrho'tde, sing., a flowing
of blood. — L. hamorrhoida^'^. oi hamor-
rhot'da.-^Gk. cdfMppotScSy pi. of alfioppots,
adj., liable to a flow of blood. — Gk. atfio-,
for at/My blood ; fio- (as in fio-os, a stream),
allied to fiieiy, to flow, cognate with Skt.
sru, to flow ; see Stream.
HemVf a plant. (L. — Gk.) M. £.
hem^ (short for henef), A. S. henepy
Jianep, Borrowed at a very early period
Jrom some Eastern language, whence also
L. canndbiSy Gk. wdi'va/Stf, Pers. kandby
hemp, so that the word suffered consonantal
letter- change. Cf. Skt. ^nay hemp (prob.
not an Idg. word). So also Du. hennepy
Icel. hampry Dan. hamPy Swed. hampay G.
hanf'y all of foreign origin.
Hen. (£.) A. S. henn, heny hign; a
fem. form (Teut. type *han-jd) from A. S.
hana, a cock, lit. ' a singer/ from his
crowing; cf. L. canere, to sing.+Du. hen,
fem. oihaariy a cock ; G. henne^ f. Q)lh<ihn\
Icel. hanay f. of hani ; Dan. honey f. of
kane ; Swed. honay f. of hane. (^/KAN.)
See Chant.
EencO. (£.) M.£.A^»»^j/ older form
henne (whence henne-s by adding adv.
suffix -j). A. S. heonany for *hinany adv.,
closely allied to A. S. hinCy masc. ace. of
he, he. See He.
SenchnLaily a page, servant. (£.)
Formerly hengesimany henseman, hensh-
man; cf. Hinxman as a proper name.
For hengest-many i. e. groom ; from M. E.
hengest, A. S. hengesty a horse. Cf. Du.
and G. hengsty Dan. hingsty a horse, Icel.
hestry a horse.
Eendecagon, a plane figure having
eleven sides. (Gk.) Named from its eleven
angles. — Gk. ci^Scira, eleven ; 70^^/0, an
angle ; see Deoagon.
Sennaf a paste used for dyeing the
nails, &c., of an orange hue. (Arab.)
Arab. J^innd-a, ^ind^ or ^inna-eUy the
dyeing or colouring shrub (Lawsoma in-
ermis) ; Rich. Diet., p. 582.
Sentf a seizure ; see Hint.
Eep, hip; see Hip (3).
Hepatic, relating to the liver. (F.— L.
— Gk. ) M.F. hepatiqtu, •■ L. hepaiicus, -■
Gk. iirrariKbiy belonging to the liver. — Gk.
fyiar-y stem of ^ira^, the liver.+L. iecur^
Skt. yakrty the liver. See Liver. Der.
hepaticoy liver-wort, a flower.
aeptagon, a plane seven-sided figure.
(Gk.) Lit. * seven-angled.' — Gk. Iwrd,
seven ; ywviay an angle, allied to ySvv,
knee. See Seven and Enee.
heptahedron, a solid seven-sided
figure. (Gk.) From Gk. iwrdy seven;
iSpay a base, seat (allied to E. Sit).
heptarchyy a government by seven
persons. (Gk.) XVII cent. — Gk. Iirr-,
for lirr(4, seven ; and -^pxia, from Apx-fiy,
to rule.
Her. (E.) M. E. hire ; from A. S. hire,
gen. and dat. of heOy she, fem.: of he, he ;
see He. Der. hers, M. E. hirSy hires (XIV
cent.) ; herself.
Herald. (F. - O. H. G.) M. E. heraud,
— O. F. hercUt (Low L. heraldus) ; O.H.G.
herolt (G. herold)y a herald; note also
O. H. G. Herioid, Harioldy as a proper
name, Harold, p. The proper name is
for *hari'W€Ud, i. e. army-rule. — O. H. G.
hariy an army (G. heer) ; wald, wait, rule,
power (G. gewalt\ % The precise history
of the word is very uncertain.
Herb. (F. - L.) M. E. herbe, - F.
herhe, — L. herba, grass, fodder, herb;
prob. allied to O. L. forbea, Gk. ^popfii^,
pasture.
Herd (i), a flock. (E.) M. E. herde.
A. S. heordy hiord, a flock. + Icel. hfihiSy
Dan. hiordy Swed. hjordy G. heerde^ Goth.
hairda, Teut. type herddy f. Cf. Skt
fardha{s)y a herd, troop. Brugm. i. § 797.
herd (2), one who tends a herd. (£.)
Usually in comp. shep-herd, cow-herdy &c.
M. E. herde. A. S. hierde, hirde^ keeper
of a herd ; from A. S. heordy a flock. +
Icel. hirdir, Dan. hyrde, Swed. herde, G.
hirte, Goth, hairdeis ; all similarly derived.
Cf. Lith. kerdzuSy shepherd.
Here. (£.) M.E. her, heer. A. S.
her, adv. ; related to he, he. + D^* hier,
Icel. her, Dan. her, Swed. kdr, G. hiery
Goth. her. Cf. L. cisy on this side.
Hereditary, adj. (L.) 'L.hereditdrius.
— L. hereditdrey to inherit. — L. heredi',
decl. stem of hereSy an heir. See Heir.
Heresy- (F. - L. -- Gk.) M. £. here-
sye. — O. F. heresie. — L, type *haresia ;
for L. haresis. * Gk. alp€ffts, a taking,
338
HERIOT
choice, sect, heresy. >Gk. a/pciV, to take.
Der. heretic^ L. hareticusy Gk. alp€riK6s,
able to choose, heretical (from the same
verb).
Eeriotf a tribute paid to the lord of a
manor on the decease of a tenant. (£.)
A. S. heregeatUf lit. military apparel;
hence, equipments which, after the death
of a vassal, escheated to his lord ; after-
wards extended to include horses, &c.—
A. S. herCf an army ; gecUu^ geatwe,
apparel, adornment. See Harry.
Heritage. (F.-L.) O. F. heritage.
Formed, with suffix -age (=«L. 'dticum)^
from O. F. heriter^ to inherit. — L. heredi-
tarty to inherit. See Heir.
Eemiaphrodite, an animal or plant
of both sexes. (L. — Gk.) 1^. hermaphro-
ditus. ■■ Gk. ipfuuppddiTos ; coined from
*Epfirjs, Mercury (representing the male)
and *A(f>po^Tijy Venus (representing the
female principle).
HermenentdCf explanatory. (Gk.)
Gk. kptirfvevTucdiy skilled in interpreting. —
Gk. ipfirp^€vrfis, an interpreter ; also ipfttf-
vtwy the same. Allied to L. sermo (stem
sermon-) ; see Sermon.
Eermetic. (Gk.) Low L. kermeticusy
relating to alchemy ; coined from Hermes y
from the notion that the great secrets of
alchemy were discovered by Hermes Tris-
megistus.'^Gk.^EpfifiiyMeTCVLTy. ^Her-
metically was a term in alchemy ; a glass
bottle was hermetically sealed when the
orifice was fused and then closed against
any admission of air.
Eermit. (F. - L. - Gk.) [M. E. here-
mitey directly from L. heremtta,'] — F.
Iterfnite.^ljBXe L. heremttay more com>
monly eremtta^'^GV.. iprjftlTtjSy a dweller
in a desert. — Gk. iprj/ua, a desert. — Gk.
ipfifiosy deserted, desolate. Der. hermit-
age.
Eem ; see Heron.
(L.) L. herniay a kind of
rupture.
Sero. (F.-L.-Gk.) M. F. heroii,'^
L. herotm, ace of herds y a hero. — Gk.
l^poKy a hero, demi-god. Der. hero-iCy
M. F. heroiquey L. heroicus.
heroine. (F. - L. - Gk.) M.F. heroine.
L. heroine. — Gk. ijpojtiffj, fem. of Ijpvt, a
hero.
Eeron, Eem, a bird. (F. -O. H.G.)
M.E. herouny heirony hem.^0. F. hairon
(F. h/ron, Span, airon, Ital. aghirone).^
O. H. G. heigir, M. H. G. heiger, a heron ; I
HEW
with suffixed -on (Ital. -one), -f Swed.
hdgery Icel. hegriy Dan. heirey a heron.
% Distinct from G. hdher^ a jackdaw.
heronshaw, hemshaw, a young
heron ; also (by confusion) a heronry.
(F.— O. H. G.) 1. Spenser has hemeshaWy
a heron ; M. £. heronsewey a young heron
(still called heronsew in the North). From
O. F. herounfeauy later form of herounfely
a young heron (Liber Custumarum, p.
304), dim. of hairon (above) ; cf. lionceaUy
lioncel, a young lion. The usual form is
F. hJronneau, O. F. haironneau, 2. But
heronshaWy a heronry, is due to a (false)
popular etymology from heron, a heron,
and shawy a wood ; Cotgrave has * hairon
nierey a heron's neast, a hemeshaw, or
shaw of wood 'wherein herons breed.'
Eerrin^y a fish. (£.) M. £. heering,
A. S. h&rtng. [Sometimes said to be
connected with A. S. herey a host, army ;
which seems impossible.] +Du. haringy
G. hdHng\ O. H. G. hdHr^ (Kluge).
Eesitate. (L.) From pp. of L.
hcBsitdrey to stioc fast ; intensive foi m of
harerey to stick. 4* Lithuan. gaiszti, to
tarry. (^^GHAIS.) Brugm. i. $ 627.
Eest, a command. (£.) M.E. hesty
the final / being excrescent, as in whils-ty
amongs-ty &c. A. S. haSy a command ;
Teut. type *haittizy i. ('>*haissizy with ss
for //). — A.S. hdtany to command; Teut.
type *haitan-, Cf. Icel. heity a vow, from
heita, to call, promise ; O. H. G. heiz (G.
geheiss), a command, from heizan (G.
heissen), to call, bid, command. Cf.
Goth, haitany to call, name. Der. be-hest.
See Hlght.
Eeteroclitei irregularly inflected. (L.
— Gk.) L. heteroclttus. '^Gk, iT€p6KXiTos,
otherwise (i. e. irregularly) inflected. — Gk.
irtpo-Sy another; -icKtroSy formed from
Kklvuvy to lean (hence, to vary as a case
does) ; see Lean (i).
heterodox, 0/ strange opinion, heret-
ical. (Gk.) Gk. trtpQ-Sy another; Ut^-a^
opinion, from ^KtTvy to think.
heterogeneous^ dissimilar in kind.
(Gk.) Gk. ^rcpo-;, another; 7^K-oy, kind,
kin, sort ; see Kin.
Eetman, a captain. (Pol. — G.)
Polish hetman (Russ. ataman*) y a cap-
tain (of Cossacks). — G. hauptmann^ a
captain.— G. haupty head ; manUy man.
Sew. (£.) M. £. hewen, A. S. hea-
wan, to cut.+Du. houweny Icel. hoggvay
Swed. huggay Dan. huggey G. hauen;
^39
HEXAGON
Rnss. kpvafe, to hammer, forge; Lith.
kauftf to fight; c£ Lith. kow^, battle.
Brugm. i. $ 639. Allied to L. cudere, to
beat. Der. hay, q. v.
Hexatfon, a plane six-sided figare.
(L. — Gk J L. hexagpnum. — Gk. l^<&(^arvo$,
six-cornered. — Gk. Je£, six; yonfta^ an
angle, from y6wy a knee ; see Knee.
hexameter. (L.~Gk.) L. hexa-
meter.^GV, k^d/itrpot, orig. an adj., i.e.
having six measnres or feet, i- Gk. 1^, six ;
fAfrpovy a measure, metre.
Key, interj. (E.) M. E. Aei, hay\ a
natural exclamation. ^G. and Du. hei.
heyday (i), interj. (G. or Da.) Also
keyda (Ben Jonson). Borrowed either
from G. heida^ hey there I hallo ! or from
Dq. hei daar^ hey there ! The G. da and
Da. daar both mean ' there.'
EejrcUiy (s), frolicsome wildness. (E.)
The "* heyday of youth' means the *high
day of youth.' The spelling hey is a pre-
servation of M. E. hey^ the usual spelling
of high in the 14th century.
Hiatus, a gap. (L.) L. hidtusj a gap ;
from pp. of hidre, to gape. Allied to
Tawn and Ohasm.
Hibernal, wintry. (F.-L.) Y.hiber-
nai.^'L, hibemdliSy wintry (Vulg.). — L.
hibernus, wintry ; allied to hiems, winter.
Also to Gk. x«M</Ki'^t, wintry, Gk. x*-^»
snow, Skt. hi'Ma-t frost. Der. hibern^e.
Hicoonifh, Hiconpy Hioket, a
spasmodic inspiration, with closing of the
glottis, causing a slight sound. (E.) The
spelling hiccough seems to be due to a
popular etymology from cough, certainly
wrong; no one ever so pronounces the
word. Properly hiccup, or, in old books
hicket and hickock, which are still better
forms. Hick-ety hick-ock, are diminutives
of hick or hik, a catch in the voice, imita-
tive of the sound. Cf. ' a hacking cough; '
and see Hitoh. •4- M. Du. huck»up, ' the
hick, or hock,' Hexham; M. Du. hick,
'the hick-hock,' Hexham; Du. hik, the
hiccup, hikken, to hiccup; Dan. hikke^
sb. and vb. ; Swed. hicka, sb. and vb. ;
Bret, hiky hak, a hiccough ; W. ig, a sob,
igioy to sob. And cf. Ohinoough.
ttiokoryi a N. American tree. (Americ.
Indian.) Formerly pohichery\ from the
American-Indian (Virginian) name.
Hidalgo, a Span, nobleman of the
lowest class. (Span. — L.) %^9iXi, hidalgo \
O. Span. fidalgOy Port. fidcUgo, a noble-
man; sometimes written hijodaigo (Min-
HIEROPHANT
shen). Lit. ' son of something,' a son to
whom a father has left an estate. •Span.
hijo, son; de, of; algo, something. «L.
ftlium, ace. oiftlius^ son (whence O. Span.
JigOy later hijo) ; df, of; cdiquo, something.
(So Korting. The explanation from/t/ius
Italicus is baseless.)
Hide (i), to cover. (E.) M.E. htden,
haden, A. S. hydan. 4- Gk. tc(^€iv, to
hide ; cf. W. cuddio (base *koud-\ to
hide. (-/KEUDH.)
Hide (2), a skin. (E.) M.E. hide,
hude. A. S. hydy the skin, -f Du. huid^
Icel. hiWy Dan. Swed. hud, O. H. G. hOt^
G. haui\ L. cutis, Gk. K&ros, ffKVTos, skin,
hide. (ySKEU.) ^ The roots of hid^
(i) and hide (a) are prob. connected.
hide (3), to flog. (E.) Colloquial;
to ' skin ' by flogging. So also Icel. hjfda,
to flog, from hady skin.
Hide (4)» a measure of land. (E.)
Estimated at lao to 100 acres, and less.
(Low L. hida,) A. S. hfdy a contracted
form ; the frill form is higid, Htgid and
hiwisc were used in the same sense, to
mean enough land for one family or house-
hold. They are probably closely allied
words, and therefore allied to hind (a);
for htwisc is merely the adj. formed from
htw-a, a domestic, one of a household;
see Hind (a). % Not connected with
Hide (i).
Hideous, ugly. (F. -L.?) M.E.
hidous, » O. F. hidos, hidus, later hideuXy
hideous ; the earliest form is hisdos. Sup-
posed by some to be from L. hisfiddsus^
roughish; from hispidusy rough, shaggy.
(See Korting, § 3363.)
Hie, to hasten. (£.) M. E. hien, hyen,
hi^en. A. S. higian {higian ?), to strive
after, be intent on. Cf. Du. hijgeny to
pant ; and (perhaps) Skt ftgh-ra-, quick.
Hierarchy. (F. - L. - Gk.) M. F.
hierarchic; Cot — Late L. hierarchia.'m
Gk. Upapxia, power of a lep&pxrj^, a
steward or president of sacred rites.— Gk.
Itp^y for Upis, sacred ; and dpx^iy, to rule.
^ Milton has hierarch ^Gk. UpApxt^*
hieroglyphic. (L.-Gk.) h,hiero-
glyphicus, symbolical. — Gk. IcpoyXwfttKSsy
relating to sacred writings. —Gk. hpS^s,
sacred ; yXiiip-tiv, to hollow out, engrave,
incise. See Glyptic.
hierophant, a priest. (Gk.) Gk.
Upo<piamiSy teaching the rites of worship.
— Gk. Upd-Sy sacred; <paiv€iv, to shew,
explain. See Phase.
940
HIGGLE
HIP
Higgle* to bargain. (£.) Merely a
-weakened form of Haggle,
High. (E.) M.E. heigh, hey, hy.
A. S. h^ah, hih, 4* Da. hoog, Icel. hdr,
Swed. hog, Dan. hoi, Goth, hauhs, G. hoch.
Tent, type *hauhoz. See How (a) ; and
cf. G. hilgel, a bnnch, knob, hillock ; also
Lith. kcMkaraSy a hill ; haukas^ a boil,
swelling; Skt. kucha-f the female breast.
(-/KEUK.)
highland. (£.) From high and
land; oi.up-landylow-land.
Hight, was or is called. (E.) The
only passive vb. fonnd in £. ; A^ hight ^
he was named. M. £. highte ; also hatte^
hette, A. S. hatter I am called, I was
called ; pr. and pt. t. passive of A. S. hdfan,
to call. So also Icel. hei/i, I am named,
from heita, to call ; G. ich heisse, I am
named, from heissen, to call, bid. B. Best
illustrated by Goth, haitan, to call, 3 p.
pres. tense (passive) haitada\ as in
* Thomas, saei haitada Didymns * »
Thomas, who is called Didymns, John
HSiarity, mirth. (F.-L.-Gk.) F.
hilarity, • L. ace hilaritdtem ; from
hilarisy adj., cheerfnl ; also hUarus, ^ Gk.
VkoL^t cheerfril. % Hilary Term is so
called from the festival of St. Hilary (L.
Hilarius), who died Jan. 13, 367.
Hlldiag, a base wretch. ^E.) Also
helding\ "XVI cent. Prob. from M. E.
helden, to incline, bend down. Cf. M. £.
heldinge, a bending aside; Dan. helding^
bias ; A. S. hylding, a bending ; see Heel
g«1 (E.) M. E. hil, hul, A. S. hyll.
^M. Dn. hi/; L. col/is, a hill; Lithuan.
kalnasy a hill, keltic to raise ; Gk. KoXwvdi,
a hill. Brugm. i. $ 633. Allied to Holm
and Cnlminate. Der. down-hilly up-hill.
Hilt, sword-handle. (E.) A. S. helt,
kilt. ^ Icel. hj'alty Dan. hicdte^ N. Fries.
heelt, O. H. G. helza, Cf O. F. helt, from
Tent. % Not allied to hold; rather, to
hehe, Cf. Low G. helft, ax-handle.
Him ; see He.
Hilly a liquid measure. (Heb.) Heb.
hin^ a hin ; said to be of Egyptian origin.
^nd (i ) , female of the stag. (£.) A. S.
hind, + Du. hinde ; Icel. Dan. and Swed.
hind, M. H. G. hinde, O. H. G. hinta, a
doe. Perhaps allied to Gk. utii-At, young
Hind (2\ a peasant (£.) The final d
it excrescent. M. £. hine, a domestic.
A. S. *htna, a domestic, nnanthenticated
as a nominative, and really a gen. pi., so
that hina stands for hina man'^a, man of
the domestics; cf. hfna ealdor^ chief of
the domestics, a master of a household.
Iftna s htgna, gen. pi. of htwan, domestics ;
cf. htwen, a family, hiwraden^ a house-
hold ; also G. heirath, marrias^e, Goth.
heiwa-frauja, master of a household. Cf.
L. ciuis, a citizen. Brugm. i. § 609.
Hind (3)) adj., in the rear. (£.) We
now say ' hind feet ' ; but the older form
is * hinder feet.' We even find M. E. hyn^
derere (as if hinder-er).<-A. S. hindan,
adv., at the back of, hinder, adv., back-
wards. + Goth, hindar, prep., behind;
hindana, beyond; G. hinter,pnp,t behind,
hinten, adv., behind ; O. H. G. hintaro,
comp. adj., hinder. We also find Goth.
hindumists, hindmost. In O. H. G. hin-
taro, the comp. suffix is like the Gk. -rcpo- ;
and in Goth, hin-dum-ists, the superl.
suffix is like the L. -tim-ius) in ot-timus,
followed by 'ists = £. -est. £xtenaed from
A. S. hin-, as in hin^, heon-an, hence ;
from hi-, base of ^; see Henoe.
hinder, vb. (£.) M. £. hindren, A. S.
hindrian, to put behind, keep back. — A. S.
hinder (above). 4-Icel. hindra, G. hindem ;
similarly formed. Der. hindr-ance (for
hinder-ance),
hindmost. (£.) From hind and
most; a late formation. The M.£. form
was hinderest; cf. A.S. hin-dema, hind-
most, a superl. form with suffix -dema (cf.
L. op^timus). 4* Goth, hindumists, hind-
most {'^hin-dum-ists, with double superl.
suffix).
Hinge. (£.) M.E. heng, that on
which the door hangs ; from M. £. hengen,
to hang, a later variant of M. E. hangien
(A.S. hangian), to hang; suggested by
A. S. hengen, a hanging, or by Icel. hengja,
to hang. Cf. A.S. henge-clif, a steep
cliff; and Stone-henge; Dan. dial, hinge,
hange, a hinge (Dan. htengsel). For the
sound, cf. singe, swinge. See Hang.4'
M. Du. henge, hengene, a hinge.
Hint, a slight allusion. (E.) Hint is
apparently ' a thing taken * or caught up ;
cf. Lowl. Sc. hint, an opportunitv; in a
hint, in a moment ; hint, to lay hold of.
From M. £. henten, to seize. «> A. S. hentan,
to seize. Allied to Hunt, and to Goth. '
fra-hinthan, to seize.
Hip (i)y the haunch. (E.) M.E. hipe,
hupe, A. S. hype,^T>\3i, heup, Icel. huppr.
341
HIP
HOB
Dan. hope, Swed. hoft, Goth, hups, G.
hUfte, O. H. G. huf. Perhaps allied to
Gk« K^^otf the hollow near the hips of
cattle.
Sip (2), Kepy fruit of the dog-rose.
(E.) M. E. hepe. A. S. keope, a hip;
hiopbrimel, a hip-bramble. 4*0. Sax. ^mt/^, |
M. H. G. hufe, O. H. G. >&«»>, a bramble- I
bush.
Hipniflll. (Gk.) Equivalent to hypo-
chonartacalf adj. of Hjpoohondzia» q. v.
Hence hippish » hyp-ish. The contrac- ,
tion hipped {^^ hyp d) was prob. soggested
by hipped J lamed in the hip (an older
word).
Kippopotaanui. ;L.-Gk.) l^ hippo-
potamus. — Gk. Iwvav&rafioff the riyer-horse
of Egypt. — Gk. iwwo't, horse; woraftO'S,
river. Gk. tnos is cognate with L. eguus ;
see Bqoine.
Hire, sb. (E.) U.E.hire, A,S, hyr,
hire, wages.4>Da. huur, Swed. hyra, Dan.
hyre, prov. G. ^«^, hire, rent ; Low G.
hUren, to hire. Tent, type hUr-jd^ f.
Kirrate. (L.) L. hirsHtus, bristly,
rough. Cf. L. horrire, to bristle; see
Horrid..
Hifl ; see He.
Hiss. (E.) M. E. hissettf hisshen. 4-
M. Du. hisschen; Low G. hisssn, to say
hiss I in setting on dogs ; Gascon hissa,
to hiss (Moncaut). An imitative word;
like G. zischen, to hiss.
llist, an interjection enjoining silence.
(E.) Also ist, *st, Cf. Dan. hys^ silence I
hysse^ to hnsh. Milton has hist ^ summon
silently, II Pens. 55.
Histology, the science treating of the
minute structure of tissues of plants, &c.
(Gk.) Gk. larS'S, a web (hence, tissue) ;
-Xo7ta, discourse, from \iy€iv, to speak.
Gk. hrS't (also a mast) is allied to tarrj/u,
to set, place. (-/ST A.)
HistOiry. (L.-Gk.) M.Khistorie.^
L. historta. ^Gk, larofAnf a learning by
enquiry, information, i- Gk. larop-, stem of
(&Tup, IffTcjpj knowing; for *25-ro;p.—
Gk. fi8-, base of tliivcUf to know.
(VWEID.) Allied to "Wit. Doublet,
storVf q. V.
fitistrioiiical, relating to the stage.
(L.) From L. histrionicusy relating to an
actor. —L. histriffn^f stem of histrio, an
actor.
Kit. to light upon, strike, attain to.
(Scand.) M. E. hitten. - Icel. hitta, to hit
upon; Dui, hitte; Swed. AiV/a, to find.
to move by jcrics, catch slightly.
(E.) M. £. hicch^n, to move, remove.
Cf. Lowl. Sc. hatch, hatch, to move by
jerks ; hitch, a motion by a jerk ; prov. E.
hiie, to toss, hihy, a swing. It describes
a jerky movement; cf. Jjow G. and E.
Fries, hikkeftj to peck. % Not allied to
hook.
Hithe, Hyfhe, a small haven. (E.)
M. E. hit he. A. S. hy9, a haven.
Hither. :E.) M. E. hider, hither.
A. S. hider. From the base of he, with
Idg. suffix -/(^)r.— So also Icel. hedra,
O. Icel. hidra, Goth, hidre, L. citra.
HiTe* a house for bees. (E.) A. S. hyf^
fem. ; Teut. type *^j^2!.+Du. huif^ a hive
(see Franck) ; Dan. dial, hyve ; cf. L. ciipa,
a tub, cup. Allied to Cupola.
HO9 Hoa, a call to excite attention.
(E.) A natural exclamation. Cf. Icel.
hot ho ! hda, to shout out ho !
Hoar, white. (E.) M. E. hoor. A. S.
^flr.+Icel. hdrr, hoar ; G. hehr^ exalted,
O. H. G. hiTy proud, lofty, orig. * reverend.*
Teut type *hairoz ; lit. * shining,' hence,
white : = *hai-roz. The base ^hai- occurs
in Goth. hai-Sy a torch, G. hei-ter, orig.
' bright,' Icel. hei-9y brightness ; cf. Skt.
ketu{s), a sign, a meteor (Kluge)'.
Hoard* a store. (E.) A.S. hord.'^
Icel. hodd, G. hort, Goth. huzd. Tent,
type *huzdo-, due to Idg. ^kudh-dho-^ * a
thing hidden ; ' from the weak grade of
VKEUDH, as in Gk. /vctJO-cty, A. S. hyd-
an ; see Hide ( i). Brugm. i. § 699.
Hoarding, a kind of fence. (F. - Du. ;
or Du.) Not old. Either from Du. horde^
a hurdle, or from M. F. hourd, a scaffold
(Cot., index), which is the same word
(borrowed). See Hurdle.
Hoarhonnd, Horehound, a plant.
(E.) The true hoarhound is the white,
Marrubium vulgare. The final d is ex-
crescent. M. E. hor(e)houne. A. S. hdr-
hilne, also called simply hiine. — A. S.
hdr^ hoar; hiine, hoarhound, the origin of
which is unknown.
HoarSOi having a rough, harsh voice.
(E.) The r is intrusive, but sometimes
occurs in M. E. hors, also spelt hoosy
hoarse. A. S. has, hoarse. + Dan. has,
Swed. hes, Du. heesch, G. heiser. % Icel.
hass seems distinct (Noreen).
Hoary ; see Hoar.
(Low L.) Short for hocus, i. e.
to juggle, cheat. See Hocus-pocus.
(i)» Habi the nave of a wheel,
343
HOB
part of a grate. (£.) The true sense is
* projection * ; the hob of a fire-place was
orig. ' a boss or mass of clay behind the
fire-place ' ; N. E. D. E. Fries. hobbCy a
rough tump of grassy land rising out of
water ; hubbelf a projection, -f l^u. hobbelj
a knob ; G. hiibely O. H. G. hubel, a hil-
lock. Cf. Lith. kup-stas, a tump of grass ;
Du. heuvelf a hill ; A. S. hoferj a hump.
Der. hob-nail, a nail with a projecting
head.
Hob (3)) a clown, rustic, a fairy. (F.
— O. H. G.) * Elves, hobs^ and fairies;'
Beaumont and Fletcher, Mons. Thomas,
iv. 6. Hob was a common personal name,
a corruption of liobin (like Hodge fi-om
Roger). The name Robin is F., and is
a form of Robert , a name of O. H. G.
origin. Der. hob-goblin ; see Goblin.
ttobble, to limp. (E.) M. E. hobeUn.
Equivalent to hopp-le; frequentative of
^2£.4>Du. hobbelen\ prov. G. hoppeln.
Kobbledehoy, a lad approaching
manhood. (E.) Of unknown origin.
Prob. an invention, perhaps for hobbledy^
founded on hobble (above), with the addi-
tion of hoy, an unmeaning suffix. The
Scottish h<^ means 'shout/ both as sb.
and vb.
Hobby (0> Eobby-horse, a toy like
a horse, ambling nag, a favourite pursuit.
rF.-O. H. G.^ Corruption of M. E.
hobin^ a nag ^wnenoe F. hobin^ * a hobby ; *
Cot.]. Hobtn is a variant of Robin ; see
Hob (a). Cf. Dobbin, a name for a
horse.
Bobby (a)f a small falcon. (F. —
O. Low G.) M. E. hobif hoby. From O. F.
hobet, a hobby; allied to F. hobreau
{'^ hob-er-el), *the hawke tearmed a
hobby;* Cot. — F. hober, to stir, move
about. — M. Du. hobben, to toss, move up
and down. Cf. Hop (i).
Hobgoblin; see Hob (a).
Hobnail; see Hob (i).
Hobnob, Habnab, with free leave,
at random. (E.) Compounded of ^z^ and
nab, to have or not to have, hence applied
to taking a thing or leaving it, implying
free choice, and hence a familiar invitation
to drink, as in ' to hob-nob together.* Hob
is from A« S. habban, to have ; nab is from
A. S. nabban, for ne habban, not to have ;
see Have. Cf. willy-nilly.
Hook (i) ; see Hough.
Hook (a), a wine. (G.) ¥rom Hochheim,
the name of a place in Germany, on the
HOIST
river Main, whence the wine comes. It
means * high home.*
Hookey V a game. (E.) Also called
hawkey; because played with a hooked ^iick
so called. See N. E. D.
Hoons-poons, a juggler*s trick, a jug-
gler. (Low L.) As far as it can be said
to belong to any language, it is a sort of
Latin, having the L. termination -us. But
it is merely an invented term, used by
a juggler (temp. James I) in performing
tricks ; see Todd's Johnson and N. E. D.
Cf. L. iocus, a game. Der. hocus, a
juggler, a trick ; hocus, vb., to trick, to
hciuc,
Hody a kind of trough for carrying
bricks. (F.) Modified from M. £. hotte^
F. hotte, a basket, dosser ; influenced by
hod, a prov. E. form of hold\ see Hold.
In Line, and York, hod means ' hold '
or * receptacle ' ; as in (Whitby) powder-
hod, powder-flask; cannle-hod, candlestick.
Hodsfe-podffe ; see Hotohpot.
Hoe. (F. 7-G.) Formerly howe. — F.
houe, a hoe ; Norman dial. hoe.'^O. H. G.
houwa (G. haue), a hoe, lit. a hewer.—
O. H. G. houwan, to hew ; see Hew.
Hog. (E.) M. E. hogge, * maialis, est
enim porcus carens testiculis ; ' Cathol.
Anglic p. 187. Cf. hog-sheep, one clipped
the first year. Origin uncertain; prob.
from an A. S. *hocg\ perhaps seen in
Hocges-tUn, Cod. Dipl. Moisy gives Nor-
man dial, hogge, a six-months' lamb, a pig ;
and hogastrej a two-year-old sheep ; but
these are prob. from E. % Not borrowed
from Com. hoch, W. hwch, a sow; for
which see Sow.
Hogshead. (E.) Of E. origin ; for
ho^snead', but the reason for the name
is uncertain. Hence M. Du. hockshoot,
okshoofd, oxhoofd, a hogshead; M. Dan.
hogshoved) also Dan. oxhoved, Swed. ox-
httfvud, a hogshead, but made to seem
to mean * ox-head.'
Hoiden, Hoydeili a romping girl.
(M. Du.) Formerly applied to males, and
meaning a rustic — M. Du. heyden (Du.
heiden), a heathen; also, a gipsy. See
Heathen. ^ The W. hoeden is bor-
rowed from English.
Hoist, to heave. (M. Du.) The final /
is due to the pp. hoist, used for hoised.
The verb is really hoise\ spelt hyce in
Palsgrave. (Cf. graft for graff.) - M. Du.
hyssen, Du. hijsschen^ to hoise {y sounded
as E. long f ) ; cf. Dan. heise, hiss* \ Swed.
^43
'
HOLD
htssa^ to hoist (cf. F. kisser, from Tent).
%Not allied to F, hcmsser, to elevate.
Hold (i)i to keep. (£.) O. Merc.
haldan ; A. S. healdan.^Yiw, houden, Icel.
hahla, Swed. ^J//a, Dan. holde^ Goth.
haldan, G. halten. Tent, type *haldan- ;
pt. t. *he-hald. Dep. ^Af, sb. ; also Atf-
A;^f, with prefix ^^- (E. ^^) ; up-hold.
Hold (a)) the cavity of a ship. (Dn.)
For hole, with excrescent d, due to
confusion with the verb to hold. — Du.
holj a hole, cave, esp. used of the hold of
a ship (Sewel). See below.
Hole. (E.) M. E. hoky hoi. A. S. holy
a cave. -4- ^u* ^A ^ce^* ^^A ^^Q* ^^A
Swed. A^. Teut. type *hulom, n. ; orig.
neut of *huloz, adj., hollow, as in A. S.
holy Du. hoi, Icel. Wr, Dan. ^»«/, G.
hohl. Cf. Goth, us-hulon, to hollow out,
hul-undi, a cave. B. Prob. A. S. ^^/ is
from hoi', weak grade of str. vb. helan, to
cover; see Hell. Not allied to Gk.
KoiiKosy hollow.
Holibut ; see Halibut.
Holiday, a festival. (E.) For holy day.
See Holy.
Holla, Hallo, stop! wait! (F.) Not
the same word as halloo, to shout; but
differently used in old authors. See 0th.
i. a. 56 ; As You Like It, iii. a. 257. — F.
hol(i, * an interjection, hoe there ; * Cot. —
F. ho, interj. ; and /i, there ( = L. iliac).
% The form hallo is due to a confusion
with halloo.
Holland, Dutch linen. (Du.) From
Holland, the name of the province. So
also hollands, spirits from Holland.
Hollow. (E.) M. E. holwe, adj. A. S.
holh, sb., a hollow place, also spelt holg.
Cf. O. H. G. huliwa, a pool, puddle.
Perhaps extended from A. S. hol^ hollow ;
see Hole.
Holly. (E.) M. E. holin ; so that nn
n has been dropped. A. S. holen, kolegn,
holly. +W. celyn. Com. celin, Bret, kelen,
Gael, cuilionn, Irish cuileann, holly ; Idg.
type *kolenno: Cf. also Du. hulst, G.
hUlst, holly, O. H. G. hulis (whence F.
houx).
Hollyhock, a kind of mallow. (£.)
M. E. holihoCy i. e. holy hock. Com-
pounded of hofyy and A. S. hoc, * mallow.'
[We also find W. hccySy mallows, hocys
oendigaidy hollyhock, lit. 'blessed mallow,'
where bendigatd = L. benedictus. W. hocys
is from A. S. hocccu, pi. of hoc."] In A. S.
the mallow is also called hocliaf.
HOMER
Holni, an islet in a river, flat land by a
river. (Scand.) M. E. holm.^\fS(\. holmr,
holmi, holmtj an islet, flat meadow ; Dan.
holm, Swed. helms ; whence G. holm,
island. Cf. A. S. holm, billow, sea; L.
culmen, hill-top. Allied to. Hill and
Culminate.
Holm-oak, the evergreen oak. (E.)
Here holm is a corruption of M. E. holin,
a holly. * Holme, or holy [holly] ; '
Prompt Parv. ; and see Way*s note. The
Quercus ilex, an evergreen plant ; the
leaves of which resemble those of holly.
Holocaust. (L. — Gk.) L. holocaus-
turn, Gen. xxii. 8. — Gk. dXoicavffrov, a
sacrifice burnt whole ; neut. of dkStcoufaros,
burnt whole. — Gk. 6Ko-s, whole ; and
lecdeiv, to bum. See Caustic.
Holster, a leathern case for a pistol.
(Du.-O. H. G.) Du. holsler; Low G.
holster, a pistol-case. — G. holfter, a pistol-
case (with change of// to st) ; M. H. G.
hulfter, a quiver ; from O. H. G. hulfi, a
cover, case (Kluge). Cf. M. Dan. holfte^
a gun- case. % So Franck ; who rejects
the connection with Icel. hulstr, A. S.
heolsler.
Holt, a wood. (E.) M. E. and A. S.
holt. + Du. hout, M. Du. holt ; Icel. hoU,
G. holz. Teut. stem *hultO', Idg. stem
*k9ldO'. Allied to O. Irish caill, coill
(for *caild), a wood ; W. celli, a grove,
Russ. kolSda, a log, Gk. «XdSo9, a twig.
Holy, sacred. (E.) [This word is equi-
valent to the M. E. hool, whole, with suffix
-y ; and therefore closely allied to whoU^
M. E. holi, holy. A.S. halig, holy.-f-Du.
heilig, holy, Icel. heilagr, helgr, Dan.
hellig, Swed. helig, G. heilig-, Goth.
hailag, neut. (in an inscription). Teut.
type *hailagoz, a deriv. of *hailoz (A. S.
hdl), whole, or oi^hailoz- or *hailiz-, sb.,
good omen. Cf. Irish c^l, W. coel, an
omen. See Whole.
Homage. (F. - L.) M. E. homage. -
O. F. homage, the service of a vassal to his
lord. — Late L. homdticum, hominSticum,
the service of a vassal or man.—L. hom-o
(stem homin-), a man. See Human.
Home. (E.) M. E. hoom. A. S. ham.
4-Du. heim,heem; Icel. heimr, an abode;
Dan. hiem, Swed. hem, G. heim ; Goth.
haims, a village. Teut. base *haimO',
*haimi' ; cf. Lithuan. kSmas, a village ;
and perhaps Skt. kshema-, safety, from
kshi, to dwell.
Homer, a large measure. (Heb.) Heb.
344
HOMICIDE
HOP
kkdnier^ a homer, also a heap (with initial
cheth). * Heb. root khamar, to surge up.
SomiddAp man-slaughter, also a man-
slayer. (F.— L.) F. homicide, meaning
(i) manslaughter, from L. homictdium ;
(2) a man-killer, from L. homicida,^!^,
kom-c, a man ; 'Cidium, a killing, or -cida,
a slayer, from cadere, to kill.
Homily- (L. — Gk.) L. fumiUia.'^
Gk. dfuXiat a living together ; also con-
verse, instruction, homily. »Gk. Sfukos, a
throng, concourse. — Gk. dfi'Ss, like, same,
together, cognate with £. Same; and
(possibly) 3X17, tt\tj, a crowd, from cfXciy,
to compress, shut in.
SoniilUrf maize prepared for food. (W.
Indian]) \\. Indian auhtiminea, parched
com (Webster); Trumbull gives appu-
mifUonashy with the same sense.
Honunock ; see Hummook.
HonUBOpathy. (Gk.) Englished from
Gk. 6/u><oira0€ta/likeness in feeling or con-
dition.—Gk. 5f(oio-s, like; ira0-ciK, aorist
infin. of f[6ax'tk,v, to suffer. See Same and
Pathos.
HomOganaoUSf of the same kind
throughout. (Gk.) Englished from Gk.
6fjtoy€v^f of the same race. — Gk. dfU-s,
same (cognate with £. Same), and yiv-os,
a race (cognate with £. Kin). So also
homo-logouSy corresponding, from X6yos, a
saying, Xc7civ, to say.
KoinonyxilOIlB, like in sound, but
differing in sense. (L.— Gk.) 'L.homdnym-
us\ with suffix -ous, — Gk. dft^vfios, having
the same name.i-Gk. 6fx6-5f same; Swfia,
SvoiAOj name. See Same and ISTame.
Der. homonym, F. homonyme.
Hone. (E.) A. S. hdn, a stone (with
change from a to long 0, as in ban, bone);
Birch, ii. 458. + Icel. hein, Swed. hen.
Tent, stem *haind, f. Cf. Skt. fi, to
sharpen. Brugm. i. § aoo.
Honest. (F.-L.) O. F. honeste (F.
honnite), — L. honestusy honourable ;
for hones-tus, related to honos, honour-
See Honour.
Honey. (£•) yi.-'E^huni. A,S»hunig.
4-1^ honig, Icel. hunang, Dan. honning,
Swed. honing, G. honig,
lioneycomb. (E.) A,^.hunigcamb,
a honey-comb ; where comb is the usual
E. word, though the likeness to a comb is
rather fanciful.
honeymoon. (E.) Wedded love was
compared to the full moon, that soon
wanes; Huloeti 1532, SeeN. E.D.
lloneyStLGUe. (E.) Lye gives A. S.
hunigsucle, unauthorised; but we find
A. S. hunigsUce, hunigsiige, privet, simi-
larly named. From A. S. sHcan, to suck.
Honour. (F.—L.) A. F. honur.^
L. hondrem, ace. of honor, honos, honour.
Hood, covering. (E.) A. S. ^^.-f-Du.
hoed, G. hut, O. H. G. huot, hot, a hat.
Allied to Heed and Hat.
-hood, -head, suffix. (E.) A. S.
had, state, quality; cognate with Goth.
haidus, manner, way. Cf. Skt. ketu(s\
a sign by which a thing may be recognised ;
from kit, to perceive. Brugm. ii. § 104.
HoodwinJE. (E.) To make one tuinh
or close his eyes, by covering him with a
hood.
Hoof. (E.) M. £. hoof, huf\ pi. hoves,
A. S. ^4^+Du. hoef, Icel. hojr, Dan. hov,
Swed. hof, G. huf. Tent, type *hdfoz, m.
Allied to Russ. kopuito, Skt. capha, hoof.
Hook. (E.) M.E. ^<7^. A.S. ^Jf.-h
Du. hoek ; also (with a-grade) Du. haak^
Icel. haki, Dan. hage, Swed. hake, A. S.
haca, a hook. Allied to Hake.
Hoohahp Hooka. (Arab.) Arab.
huqqa{f), a vase, water-pipe for smoking.
Hoop (1)1 a pliant strip of wood or
other material bent into a band. (E.)
M. £. hoop, hope. A. S. hop, + 1^^* hoep ;
£. and N. Fries, and O. Fnes. hop.
Hoop (2), Whoop, to call out, shout.
(F.) Al. £. houpen, to shout. — O. F.
houper, * to hoop unto ; * Cot Of imita-
tive origin ; from houp I interj. ; cf. Goth.
hwopany to boast.
hooping-OOngh, a cough accom-
panied oy a hoop or convulsive noisy catch
in the breath. (Formerly called chin-
cough.)
Hoopoe, the name of a bird. (F. — L.)
Formeny houpe, hoope.^T. huppe, ap-
parently confused with O. F. pupu, another
form of the same word.i-L. upupa, a
hoopoe ; the £. initial h is due to the F.
huppe. 4- Gk. iva^, a hoopoe. Of imita-
tive origin, f The F. huppe, a tuft of
feathers, is from huppe, ajioopoe (from
its tufted head) ; not vice vers^
Hoot. (Scand.) M. £. houten. - O.
Swed. huta, to hoot. — Swed. hut! interj.
begone ! of onomatopoetic origin. So
also Norm. dial, houier, to hoot ; W. hwt I
Irish ut! expressions of dislike. See
Hue (2).
Hop (0) ^o ^^^P ^^ o^^ l^R* (^0 ^' ^'
happen^ hiippen, A. S. hoppian, to leap,
246
HOP
dance. 4" Du. happen, Icel. hoppa^ Swed.
hoppaj Dan. hoppe^ G. hiipfen. Brugm. i.
§ 421 (7). Der. hopp-er (of a mill) ;
hopp-Uj a fetter for horses ; hop^cotch^
a game in which children hop over
scotches, i. e. lines scored on the ground.
Cf. Hobble.
Hop (2), a plant. (Du.) Introduced
from the Netherlands ; XV cent. — M. Du.
hoppe (Du. hop^i hop. + G. hopfen, hop.
We also find A. S. hymele, Icel. humatly
Swed. Dan. humle, M. Du. hommel
(whence Late L. humulus) ; also F.
houd/on, which can hardly be allied words.
Hope (0) expectation. (E.) M. £.
hope. A. S. hopaf hope ; whence hopian,
to hope. -4- Du. hoop, Dan. haadj Swed.
hopp, M. H, G. hoji, sb. ; whence Du.
hopen, Dan. haabet Swed. hoppas, G. hoffen,
to hope.
Hope (2), a troop. (Du.) Only in the
phr. *a forlorn hope,' i.e. troop. — Du.
verloren hoop = lost band, where hcop =
E. heap't see Heap. *Een hoop krijghs*
volck, a troupe or band of souldiers/
Hexham; verloren A^^/ (Kilian). (Now
obsolete in Dutch.)
Horde, a wandering tribe. (F. — Turk.
— Tatar.) F. horde. — Turk, ordu^ a camp.
— Tatar urdut * royal camp, horde of
Tatars (Tartars) ; see Pavet de Courteille,
P-54-
Hordock; see Hardock.
Horehonnd ; see Hoarhound.
Horizon. (F.-L. -Gk.) Y. horizon,
— L. horizon (stem hortzont-). — Gk.
6pi(<uv, the bounding or limiting circle ;
orig. pres. pt. of dpiCuVf to limit. — Gk.
opos, a boundary. Der. horizoni-al.'
Horn. (E.) A. S. hom.'\'lct\. Dan.
Swed. G. horn ; Du. horen, Goth, haum ;
W. Gael. Irish com, L. comu. Allied to
Gk. Kip-as, a horn, and to Hart.
Hornblende, a mineral. (G.) Kblende
named from its horn-like cleavage. G.
hornblende, — G. horn^ horn ; blende^ a
* deceitful ' mineral, yielding little ore ;
from blenden, to deceive, blind, dazzle;
from blind, blind.
Hornet, a kind of large wasp. (£.)
So called from its resounding hum. A. S.
hyrftet, a hornet. — A. S. horn, a horn, to
which the word was later conformed. Cf.
O. Sax. homo-bero, a hornet, lit. 'horn-
bearer ; * A. S. horn- bora, a trumpeter.
Hexham has M. Du. horener, homte, a
hornet, horentoren^ a wasp, from horen, a
HOSE
horn. ^ It is strange thai G. homisse,
O. H. G. homaz (without vowel-change) is
referred to a Teut. type *hurZ'naloz (cf.
Du. horz-elen, to buzz), allied to L. crdbro
(for *craS'ro)i a hornet, Lith. szirszu
(gen. szirsz-ens), a hornet; see Brugm. i.
§626.
Horologe, a clock. (F.-L. — Gk.)
O. F. horologe (later horloge).^lj, hdrolo-
gium, — Gk. &po\&^iovy a sun-dial, water-
clock. — Gk. &po-j for &pa, hour ; -Xoyiov,
teller, from Kiytiv, to tell.
horoscope. (F. — L.-Gk.) F. horo-
scope. ^"L. horoscopus, a horoscope, from
horoscopus, adj., observing the hour. — Gk.
&poaK&noi, observing the hour (also as sb.).
— Gk. ujpo-y for S)pa, hour; CKomiv, to
consider, allied to axivTOfiat, I consider ;
see Soeptio.
Horrible. (F.-L.) O. F. horrible,
— L. harribilis, dreadful. — L. horrere, to
dread (below).
horrid. (L.) Spenser has it in the
sense of * rough*; F. Q. i. 7. 31. — L. hor-
ridus, rough, bristly. — L. horrere (for
*hors'ere)i to bristle; also to dread, with
reference to the bristling of the hair through
terror. Cf. Skt. hrshy to bristle, esp. as a
token of fear or of pleasure.
horriQr. (L.) Coined, by analogy
with F. words in -fy, from L. horrificdrey
to cause terror. — L. horri-, for horrere, to
dread ; -ficdre, ioxfcLcere, to make.
horror, dread. (L.) L. horror, - L.
horrere, to dread (above).
Horse. (E.) M. E. hors, - A. S. horSy
pi. horSy it being a neut. sb.+Icel. hross,
horSy Du. ros, G. ross, O. H. G. hros, Prob.
* a runner ; * cf. L. currere (sup. curs-um) ,
to run. Brugm. i. § 516, ii. § 662.
Hortatoxy, full of encouragement.
(L.) As if firom L. *hortdtoriuSy coined
from hortdtory an encourager. — 1-- hortdri,
to encourage; prob. allied to L. horioTy
I urge, and to £. Yearn.
Horticnlture, gardening. (L.) Coined
from L. hortt, gen. case of hortus, a gar-
den ; cultHra, cultivation ; see Coltixre.
L. hortus is allied to E. yard (i).
Hosanna, an expression of praise.
(Gk.-Heb.) Gk. c&ffow(i. - Heb. hosht
-dh nndy sav6| we pray. — Heb. hoshta,
save (from ydshd)\ and ndy a particle
signif^ng entreaty.
Hose. (E.) M. E. hose, pi. hosen, A.S.
hosay pi. hosan, hose, stockings. + Du.
hoosy Icel. hosa, Dan. hosey G. hose (whencef
246
HOSPICE
HOUND
O. F. hose). Der. hos-i^er (cf. baw-yer,
iaw'yer).
Hospice. (F. — L.) F, hospice. '^h,
hospittum^ a house for guests. — L. hospiti-y
decl. stem of hospesj a host; see host
(I).
•hospitable. (F.-L.) M.F.hospit-
abU. rrom Late L. hospitdre, to receive
as a guest. — L. hospit', stem of hospes,
a host.
hospital. (F. — L.) M . £. hospital. •
O. F. hospital. '^'LaXt L. hospitdle, a large
hQuse, a sing, formed from L. pi. hospitdlia^
apartments for strangers. — L. hospit-^
stem of hospes (below).
host (i)> one who entertains guests.
(F. — L.) M. E. hosty hoste. -O. F. hoste.
Cf. Port. hospedOf a host, guest. — L.
hospitem, ace of hospes ^ (i) a host, (2) a
guest % Some make L. hospit- short for
*hostipot'fVfhere hosti' is the decL stem of
hostis, a stranger, enemy, see Host (2) ;
and 'pot- means ' lord,' being allied to L.
potens, powerful ; cf. Skt. pati-^ a master,
governor, lord ; see Possible. Thus
hospes =*hostipotis , guest*master, a master
of a house who receives guests. Cf. Russ.
gospodOi the Lord, gospodare^ a governor,
master, from goste^ a guest, and -pode
(«Skt pati-)y lord. Brugm. i. §§ 158,
a4a Der. host-ess, from M. F. hostesse,
* an hostesse,' Cot ; F. hdtesse.
Host (2), an army. (F. — L.) Theorig.
sense is * enemy * or * foreigner.* M. E.
hosty ost. ^0»F. host f 'a. host, army. — L.
hostem, ace. of hostis, an enemy (orig. a
stranger, a guest) ; hence, a hostile army,
a host. <-|- Russ. goste, a guest, stranger ;
A. S. gast; see Guest. Doublet, guest.
Host (3)1 the consecrated bread of the
eucharist (L.) L. hostia, a victim in a
sacrifice ; O. Lat fostia^ lit. < that which
is slain.* -iL. hostire, O. Lat. *fostirey to
strike.
Hostage. (F.-L.) O. F. hostage, a
hostage (F. otage^ Ital. ostaggio, O. Prov.
ostatje). We also find Ital. stalico, a
hostage; and (according to Diez), both
ostaggio and statico answer to a Late L.
form *obsiddticus y from Late L. obsiddtus,
the condition of a hostage. — L. obsid',
stem of obses, a hostage, one who remains
behind with the enemy. — L. obsidere, to
stay. — L. ob'y at, on, near; sedereyXo s\i,
% Another explanation is from Late L.
^hospitdticunty a receiving as a guest;
from L. hospit" y for hospes ^ a host; see
host (i). So Korting. The words may
have been confused.
Hostel, an inn. (F.-L.) O. F. hostel,
—Late L. hospitdU\ see hospital.
hostler, ostler. (F.-L.) Grig.
the innkeeper himself, and so named "from
his ^j/^/ (above).
Hot. (E.) M. E. hoot (with long o).
A. S. hdty hot. 4" D»i. heety Icel. heitty
Swed. hety Dan. hed, G. heiss, Teut. type
*hattoz. Allied to Icel. hitiy G. hitze, heat,
Goth. heitOy fever ; and cf. Goth, haisy a
torch, Lithuan. kaitra, heat. Der. heat.
Hotch-pot, Hodgepodge. (F. -
Du.) Hodgepodge is a corruption of
hotchpot y a confused medley. — F. hochepot^
a medley. — B'. hocheVy to shake; and poty
pot (see Cot.). Imitated or borrowed
from M. Du. hutspot (lit. shake-pot) j
hodgepodge, beef or mutton cut into small
pieces. — M. Du. hutseUy hotsen, to shake;
poty a pot. Cf. £. Fries, hotjen, to shake.
See Hustle and Pot.
Hoteli an inn. (F.-L.) Mod. F.
hdtely the same as O. F. hostel \ see
Hostel. V
Hottentot, a native of the Cape of
Good Hope. (Du.) A name given them
by the Dutch, in derision of their speech,
which sounded like stammering, or a repe-
tition of the syllables hot and tot. £n is
Dutch for 'and*; hence Du. hot en tot=
* hot * and * tot* Cf. M. Du. hateren, to
stammer, Du. tateretiy to stammer.
Houdah, Howdkh, a seat fixed on
an elephant's back. (Hind. — Arab.) Hind.
haudah.^AxK)). hawdaj\ a litter carried
by a camel, a seat placed on an elephant's
back.
Hough, Hook, the joint in the hind-
leg of an animal, between knee and fetlock ;
in man, the back part of the knee-joint.
(E.) Now usually hock; formerly hough.
M. E. hough. A. S. hohy the heel; Teut.
type *hanhoz. + Icel. hd-y the hock, in
hd-sitty hock-sinew. See Heel. Hock is
a later form; and prob. arose from the
comp. 'hough-sinew,' spelt hohsinu in
A. S. , and hdxene, hoxne in O. Fries.
(A. S. hs>x). See G. hechse (in Kluge) ;
and see Hox. Der. hough, vb. ; hoXy
q. V.
Hoimd, a dog. (E.) A. S. hund.J^
Du. honcl, Icel. hundvy Dan. Swed. G.
hundy Goth, hunds. Teut. type *hun-doz,
m. Allied to L. canisy Gk. ku6jv (gen.
icvv6s), Skt (Van-, a dog; also to Iri^ cu,
347
HOUR
HUDDLE
W. ri, a dog, Russ. suka^ a bitch, Lith.
szii (stem szuH')^ a dog. Bragm. i. $ 609.
The final 'd may have been suggested by
confusion with Teut. *henthan-y to catch.
See Hunt.
Hour. (F.-L,-Gk.) 0.¥,hore{¥,
heure),^l^ hdra^^Qik. Sfpa, a season,
hour. Allied to Tear.
Houri, a nymph of Paradise. (Pers. -*
Arab. ) Pers. J^urt, one virgin of Paradise,
iiiirdf huTy a virgin of Paradise, black-
eyed nymph. From Arab. Jjiawrd^ fern,
of ahtuar^ having fine black eyes.
House. (£•) M. £. hous, A. S. hils,
^ Du. huis^ Icel. kuSy Dan. huusy Swed.
huSf Goth, hiis^ G. haus. Teut type
*husom, n. Possibly allied to Hut,
Hoard; from yKEUDH, to hide. See
Hoard, Hide (i). Bragm. i. $ 796.
EoiUielf the eucharist. (£.) The orig.
sense is * sacrifice.* M. £. housel. A. S.
^wj«/.-f Goth, hunsly sacrifice. Allied to
Lith. szwentaSf holy, consecrated; Zend
sp^nia-j holy. Bmgm. i. § 377.
HousinffSi trappings of a horse. (F. —
Teut.) T^e old form was hous\ 'ings
has been 'added. >- F. Aotisse, a coverlet,
* a foot-cloth for a horse ; * Cot. (Low I^.
Aucia, kusia, hussta, the same). Low L.
type *Aulslia,^O.ii, G, huhl, a cover.
4- Icel. hulstr^ a case, sheath ; A. S.
heolstor^ Goth, hulistr^ a covering. From
*hul'i weak grade of Teut. *helan- (A, S.
helah)y to cover, hide; cf. O. U. G. and
Du. hulUn^ to cover.
Hovel, a small hut. (F.-Tent.?) M.£.
hovely haml, a shed. Perhaps from O. F.
*huvel-, as in huveUty a penthouse. *
O. H. G. huba (G. haube), a hood ; M. Du.
kuyve^ a tilt of a cart.
AOVer. (£.) A frequentative of M. £.
houen {^hdven)^ to be poised, to stay,
tarry, wait. Origin uncertain ; cf. heave.
^The W. hofioy to hover, is borrowed
from M. £. houen.
How(i). (£.) M.£. hou, hu\ A.S.
hii. Closely related to A. S. iizt/d, who ; see
Who. ^ O. Fries, kiiy O. Sax. hwdy Du.
hoe. Cf. Goth, htmiwa, how ; Gk. rr^.
How (2), a hill. (Scand.) M. £. hogh.
Icel. haugr, a hill ; Swed. hog, a mound ;
Dan. hoiy a hill. Allied to Icel. hdr^
Swed. hog, Dan. hoiy high ; see High.
Howdah ; see Houdah.
HowitseTf a short cannon. (G.—
Bohemian.) Borrowed from G. haubiiu,
a howitzer; formerly spelt hauffnitz,^
H8
Bohemian haufhice, orig. a sling for cast-
iii^ a stone; Jungmann, Bohem. Diet. i.
'60a. Cf. F. obuSy from the same.
Howl. (£.) M. £. houlen. 4- M. Du.
huylen\ Dan. hyle\ G. heuien, to howl.
Of imitative origin ; cf. L. uluidre, to
howl, whence O. F. huller,
HOS, to hamstring. (£.) For Ao^/b, which
is from hoch-sinew, sb., O. Fries, hffxene,
hdxney A. S. hdh-sinu, hough-sinew. «
A.S. hdhy hough; sinuy sinew ; see Hough.
Cf. £. Fries, haksene, lit. * heel-sinew/ but
also the hamstring (of a horse).
Hoy (i), a kind of sloop. (Du.) Du.
heUy heudey a flat-bottomed merchant-ship ;
M. Du. hodey heude ; Flemish huiy a hoy.
Hoy (a)» stop ! (£.) M. £. hoy. Cf. Du.
huil hoy I come 1 well! Allied to Ho.
Hoyden ; see Hoiden.
Hub. a projection ; the same as Hob (1).
HnbDILD. (£.) ImitaUve. Cf. GaeL
t^y interj. of aversion. Formerly also
whoobuby a confused noise. Hubbub was
confused with hoop'hoopy reduplication of
hoop ; and whoob$ib with whoop-hoop. See
Hoop (a), Whoop.
Huokabaok, a sort of linen cloth.
(Low G. ?) The orig. sense was prob.
< pedlar^s ware ; * cf. Low G. hukhebaky G.
huckebakt pick-a-back. See Huokster.
Huokle-berxy. (£.) The same as
hurtlt'y whortie-y hurt-y hart-berry. A. S.
heorot-bergCy i. e. hart-berry.
Huokle-bone. the hip-bone. (£.) A.
huckU is a 'small joint.' Cf. £. Fries.
hukkeHy to bend, stoop, crouch ; see below.
Hnokater. (O. Low G.) M. £. huk-
sterey hucster. Formed with the fern,
suffix 'Ster (for which see Spinster), from
M. Du. huckery Low G. hoker, a hawker,
also a stooper, bender, one who stoops,
p. The hawker or huckster was so named
from his bowed back, bent under his
burden ; from M. Du. huckeUy to stoop
imder a burden. Cf. Icel. hokinuy bent,
pp. of a lost strong verb (Teut. *heukan-) ;
also Icel. huka, to sit on one's hams, Low
G. huken, to crouch. See Du. heuker,
huiken in Franck.
Huddle. (£.) M. £. hoderen, hodreuy
which is an equivalent form, meaning to
huddle together, as under a covert or
shelter. Frequentative related to M. £.
huderty to hide; see Hide (i). % But the
mod. £. sense of huddle seems to be due
to Du. hoetelen, ' to doe a thing unskilly/.
Hexham ; cf. G. hudein, to bungle.
HUE
HUMID
Sua (i)> show, appearance, colour. (E.)
M. £. hewe^ A. S. hiw, keow, hedy appear-
aDce.4*Swed. hy, skin, complexion ; Goth.
kiwi, form, show.
Kue (a), clamour, outcry. (F.— Teut.)
In the phr. ^hue and cry;' A. F. hu et
cri, M. £. hue^ a loud cry.i-O. F. huy a
cry; huery to hoot. — M.H.G. huy intexj. ;
huzetty to hoot ; M. Swed. huta^ to hoot ;
see Hoot.
Hvff, to puff, bluster, bully. (£.) The
old sense is to puff, blow hard ; hence to
bluster, vapour. An imitative word, like
puff, Cf. Lowl. Sc. hauchy a forcible puff,
hechf to breathe hard; G. haiichefty to
breathe. % To huff, at draughts, simply
means ' to blow * ; it was customary to
bhw upon the piece removed; cf. Lowl.
Sc. blawy to blo^, also to huff at draughts ;
Dan. blase en brikke, to huif (lit. blow) a
man at draughts.
Huify to embrace closely. (Scand. ?)
XVI cent. Uncertain. Perhaps of Scand.
origin ; cf. Icel. hugga^ to soothe, comfort ;
hugga bamiO, to soothe a child, hu^, to
mind ; hugna, to please ; M. Du. heugty
joy.
Kllge«va8t. (F.-Teut.?) M.£.^f^^,
houge. An initial a has dropped. — A. K.
dhoge\ O. F. akuge, ahugue, huge, vast
(i2th Qent.). Of unknown origin ; perhaps
allied to Icel. haugr, a hill, whence O. F.
ho^y hogue^ a hill; see How (i).
Sugaenot, a French protestant. (F.
— G.) F. huguenot \ as if from the per-
sonal name Huguenot, This name was
in use two centuries at least before the
Reformation, and is a dimin. of F. Hugon^
ace. case from the nom. Hugues^ Hugh.
-M. H. G. Hug, Hugh. 2. But this form
was due to popular etymology. The orig.
form was G. eidgenoss, a confederate,
appearing as Swiss Romance eingenot,
^^^#1^, a protestant (Wedgwood). From
G. eid, an oath (see Oath), and genoss ^
A. S. geneatf a companion. ^15 false
etymologies of this word are noted by
Scheler.
Hulk, a heavy ship. (Late L.-Gk.)
M. £. hu/ke. A. S. hu/e. - Late L. hu/ka,
also hulcum, holcas, a kind of ship. — Gk.
bKKas, a ship which is towed, also a heavy
ship, merchantman. * Gk. tXKuv, to draw,
drag. Cf. L. sulcus, a furrow. Der.
hulking, i. e. bulky, unwieldy. % Distinct
from M. £. hulke, A. S. hulc, a hovel.
Soil (I), husk. (£.) U.lLhule, A.S.
huluj a husk, lit. < covering ; * from the
same root as G. hiilse, a husk, viz. Teut.
*hul', weak grade of Teut. *helan' (A. S.
helan), to cover. See Hell.
Hull (2), body of a ship. (Du.) From
Du. hoi, hold. * Het hoi van een schip,
the ship's hold or hull;' Sewel. See
Hold (aV Or the same as hull (i).
Eum (i ), to buzz. (£.) M. £. hummen ;
an imitative word. Hh ^- hufnmen, Du.
hommelen, to hum. Cf. Hem (a).
hum (a), to trick, cajole. (£0 A par-
ticular use of hunif to buzz ; it also meant
to utter a sound expressive of contempt
(Cor. V. I. 49) ; also to applaud ; see
Richardson, and Todd's Johnson. Hence
it meant to flatter, cajole, trick. So also
Port, zumbir, to buzz, zombar, to jest;
Span, zumbar, to hum, also to jest. Der.
hum, sb., a hoax.
Emuaill. (F.— L.) Formerly //f/MAiff^.
— F. humatn, * humane, manly;' Cot.—
L. ace humdnum, human. — L. homo, a
man ; lit. ' a creature of earth,' from
humus, ground ; see humble. 4* ^' ^•
guma, a man.
humane. (L.) Directly from L. hu-
mdnus, (i) human, (a) kind (above).
humble. (F.-L.) F. humble. ^L.
humilem, ace. of humilis, humble, lowly,
near the ground. — L. humus^ the ground.
Cf. Gk. x^H^y o^ the ground, Russ.
zemlia, earth, land. Brugm. i. § 604.
Eumble-bee, a humming-bee. (£.)
From the verb humble, for hummle, fre-
quentative of hum. Cf. Du. hommel, a
humble-bee, from hommelen, to hum ; G.
hummel, a humble-bee, from hummen^ to
hum ; Swed. humla, a humble-bee.
Humbug, a hoax, piece of trickery.
(£.) * Humbug, a false alarm, a bugbear,'
Dean Milles MS. (cited in Halliwell).
' Drolleries, bonmots, and humbugs ; ' about
A. D. 1 740. Compounded of hum, hoax,
and bug, a spectre, ghost, bugbear; the
orig. sense being * sham bugbear ' ; ■ see
hum (2) and Bug. Der. humbug, vb.
humdrum, dull, droning. (£!) Com-
pounded of hum, a buzzing noise, and
drum, a droning sound ; see Drum.
Humeral* belonging to the shoulder.
(L.) Late L. humerdlis, belonging to the
shoulder. — L. humerus, the shoulder;
better umerus.'^Gk. &fMs, Goth, amsa,
Skt. amsa-, the shoulder. Brugm. i. § 163.
Humid, moist. (F.-L.) F. humt'de,
'^h, humidus, better umidus, moist. — L.
a49
HUMILIATE
HURRY
humere^ umere, to be moist ; cf. uuens,
uuiduSf udtiSf moist ; Gk. vyftSs, moist.
Hvxniliate. (L.) From pp. of L.
humilidre yio humble. •> L. humiliSfhvjnXAe]
see Humble.
humilitsr. (F.-L.) yiJS^kumilitee,
— O. F. kumiliteit, humility. — L. humiU'
totem, ace. of humilitds, hamility. — L.
humiHsy humble.
Hninmock, Eommock, a momid,
hillock, rounded mass. (E.) It appears
to be a variant of hump or hunch.
Hmnoiir, orig. moisture. (F.— L.)
See Trench, Select Glossary, and Study of
Words. The four humours, according to
Galen, caused the four temperaments of
mind, viz. choleric, melancholy, phlegmatic,
and sanguine. —O. F. humor (F. humour).
— L. umoremy ace. of umoTy moisture.--
L. umere, to be moist ; see Humid.
Kninp, a lump, bunch, esp. on the back.
(£.) ' Humpy a hunch, or lump,' West'
Tnoreland;^ Halliwell. Not found in
M. £. Cf. £. Fries, humpe, humpy a bit,
lump.-^-Du. hompy a lump, bunch ; Low G.
humpely a heap. Cf. Lithuan. kumpasj
hunched. Parallel to hunch, q, v.
Simclli a hump, round mass. (£.) A
palatalised form of prov. £. hunk, a lump.
Apparently a parallel form of hump',
with nk for mp, Cf. W. Flem. hunke
broody a hunk of bread (De Bo) ; and
perhaps Du. honky a starting-post, orig.
* a stump ; ' see Franck.
Hundred. (£.) M.£. hundred, A.S.
hundred) a compound word. » A. S. hund,
a hundred; and -red, with the sense of
* reckoning ' or rate, io denote the rate of
counting. Cf. Icel. hund-raS, orig. 120;
G. hund-ert. This suffix is allied to Goth.
rafjo, number, L. ratio ; see Bate (i).
p. The A. S. hund is cognate with L.
centum, answering to an Idg. form ^k^m-
tdm, perhaps for *dek9mt6m, a decad,
allied to Goth, taihunte-hund, a hundred,
which Brugmann explains as SindScav Sexas.
Cf. also Gk. kKardvj Skt. fotam, Pers. sad,
Lith. szimtaSy Russ. sto, Irish cead, W.
cant, a hundred. Brugm. i. § 431 , ii. § 179.
See Ten.
Hnnffer. (£.) A. S. hungor. 4- Icel.
/i««;^r/Swed. Dan. hunger, Du. honger,
G. hunger ; Goth. huhruSy hunger. Teut.
types Viungruz, *hunhruz, m. Allied to
Lith. kanka, suffering. Brugm. i. § 639.
Hunty to chase wild animals. (£.)
M. £. hunten, A. S. huntian, to capture ;
cf. hunt, sb., a hunting. Related to
Teut. *hunth', weak grade of ^henthan-,
to seize ; see Hent. Cf. Brugm. i. ( 701 .
Eurdle. (£.) M. £. hurdel. A. S.
hyrdel \ a dimin. from a Teut. base
*hurd- ; see the cognate words. ^ Du.
hordoy Icel. hurU, G. hiirde, M.H.G.
hurt, a hurdle; Goth, haurds, a door.
Allied to L. crates, a hurdle, Gk. «ap-
rdKosy a (woven) basket. Cf. Skt. hrt,
to spin. The sense is a ' plaited ' thing.
Brugm. i. §§529, 633. (VQERT.)
HnrdygUrdy, a kind of violin, played
by turning a handle. (£.) From Lowl.
Sc hirdygirdyy a confused noise; also
hirdum-dirdumy the same. Cf. Lowl.
Sc. hurr, to snarl, gurr, to growl. * Som
vsej) strange wlaffyng, chytering, harryng
and garryng* =som.t people use a strange
babbling, (Mattering, snarling and growl-
ing ; Spec, of £nglish, ed. Morris and
Skeat, p. 241, 1. 163. Formed on the
model of hurlyburly. See Hurry.
Hurl. (£.) M. £. hurlen, horlen. Not
in A. S. ; perhaps of Scand. origin. Cf.
£. hurleblasty a hurricane, hurlepool,
whirlpool, hurlewindy whirlwind. Also
£. Fries, hurrel, a gust of wind ; hurreln,
to blow in gusts; hurrel-wind, a whirl-
wind. Fxplained by Swed. dial, hurra,
to whir, whirl round; whence hurrel,
a whirl, hurrel-windy a whirlvdnd. Of
imitative origin ; cf. Dan. hurre, to buzz,
Icel. hurr, a noise. So also M. H. G.
hurren, to move quickly ; from the sound.
Cf. Hurly-burly, Hurry.
Hnrlyburly, a tumult. (F.-L.) A
reduplicated word, the second syllable
being an echo of the first. [Cf. M. F.
hurluberluy tumult, in Rabelais (v. prol.).]
The short form hurly also occurs ; see K.
John, iii. 4. 169. — O. F. Ai^r/;^, a howling,
outcry, great noise ; orig. fem. pp. of
hurlery to howl. — L. ultUdre, to howl.
Prob. confused with HurL
Hurrall. (G.) From G. hurra,
M. H. G. hurra. Of imitative origin ;
see Hurl.
Hnrricane, whirlwind. (Span. —
Caribbean.) Span, huracan. — Carib.
huracan (Oviedo).
Snxry. (E.) Not allied to harry.
Formed from an older base hurr- ; like
scurr-y from shir. M. £. horien, to hurry
(AUit. Poems, ed. Morris, B. 883). -f
M. Swed. hurray to swing, whirl round ;
Swed. dial, hurray to whirl, hurr, sb.,
ago
HURST
harry, haste. Cf. Dan. hurre, to hum,
whir; Icel. hurrt a noise; M. H. G.
hurren, to move swiftly. See Hurl;
and cf. whir^ whiz, of similar imitative
origin ; whence whurry, to hurry (Nares).
Svxst, a wood. (£.) M. £. hurst \
A. S. hyrst, ^ M. H. G. hurst^ a shrub,
thicket ; G. horst ; E. Fries, kbrst.
Kurt, to dash against, to harm. (F.)
M. £. hurten, hirien, (i) to push, dash
against; (2) to injure.— O.F. hurier (F.
heurter), to strike or dash against. Of
unknown origin. Hardly from Celtic
(Thumeysen, p. 81). The Ital. form is
urtaret possibly from L. '^urtuniy unused
supine of urgire, to press on (Korting).
nnrtley to dash. (¥,) M. £. hurtleUf
frequent, of hurten (above).
Husbaad. (Scand.) Icel. husbmdi^
the master of a house, the goodman;
short for husbuandi. — Icel. hiisy house ;
buandi, dwelling in, pres. pt. of bikit to
dwell; see Boor. So also Swed. hus-
bonde^ Dan. husbond, Der. husband-man^
husband'ty,
Ensll. (£0 M. £. husht, whist,
silent; prob. taken to be a pp. Cf.
Swed. hyssja, Dan. hysse^ to hush ; Dan.
hySf hush ! A purely imitative word, allied
to hiss.
Ensk, shell. (£.) JA.Khuske, The
•i& is a dimin. suffix ; from A. S. hOs, a
house. Cf. Low G. hiiske^ a little house ;
£. Fries. hOske, a little house, core of an
apple, small case; M. Du. huysken^ a
little house, a case, a husk of fruit (Kilian).
See House.
Kusky^oarse. (£.) Apparently allied
to prov. E. husk^ dry, parched; with
reference to the dryness of husks.
KUBSar. (G. — Hungarian. — Servian.
~Gk.— L.) * Hussars ^ Husares,* Coles
( 1 684) . — G. Husar. — Hung. Huszar, —
Serv. x^usar, hussar, robber, sea-robber
(Popovic'). — LAte Gk. «ovpa<&p<or, a corsair,
pirate (Ducange). — Late L. cursdriusy a
corsair. — L. cursus, a course ; see Oorsair.
^ The word is older than the story about
Mathius Corvinus (1458) ; see N. and Q.
8 S. ii. 156; Miklosich, p. 148.
Eussif, Hussy. (E.) Short for
husitn/e, 1. e. house-w%fe\ cf. htis- in
husband \ see Husband and House.
^ In the sense of case for needles, thread,
&c./ it must mean ' house-wife's compan-
ion'; it is, however, remarkable that
Icel. hasi means ' a case.'
HYDRAULIC
EustmgS. (Scand.) The mod. use
is incorrect ; it is properly hustings sing.,
and means a council, an assembly for the
choice of a candidate. M. £. hustings
A. S. hasting, '^lcis\. husjdngy a council,
meeting. « Icel. hUs^ a house ; Pingy a thing,
also an assembly ; see House and Thing.
Cf. Swed. Norw. and Dan. ting, the same
as Icel. ping,
Eusue, to jostle. (Du.) For hutsle.
— Du. hutseleHy to shake up and down,
huddle together; frequent, of M. Du.
kutseny Du. hctseny to shake. See
Hotohpot. Cf. Du. hotteny to curdle;
hoty curds; prov. G. hotzCj a cradle, a
swing ; Lowl. Sc. hott, to move by jerks,
hotter y to jolt.
Hut. (F. - O. H. G.) M. £. hotte. - F.
huttCy a cottage ; Cotgrave. — O. H. G.
hutta (G. hiitte), a hut. -|- Swed. hydda,
a hut. Perhaps related to Hide (i).
Eutchy a box. (F.-Low L.) M. E.
huchcy hucche.^Y. huchcy a hutch, bin.—
Late L. hUticay a hutch, box ; of unknown
origin. Perhaps Teutonic; cf. O. H. G.
huotan (G. hiiten), to take care of. See
Heed.
EnsziaJiy Enrrah. (£.) Huzzah is
also written huzza, Cf. G. hussay huzzah !
M. H. G. hurra, hurrah ! So also Swed.
and Dan. hurra, hurrah I Cf. M. H. G.
hurren, to move quickly; Dan. hurre, to
hum, buzz. See Hurry.
Eracinth, a flower. (F. — L.-Gk.)
F. nyacinthe. — L. hyacinthus. — Gk. ftd-
tavBosy an iris, larkspur (not our hyacinth).
Doublet, jacinth.
Eyasna; see Hyena.
Eybridf mongrel. (L.) L. hibridoy
hybriday a mongrel, a hybrid. Some
connect it with Gk. fifipib', stem of i//3/Ms,
insult, wantonness, violation; but it may
be Latin.
Eydra, a water-snake. (L.— Gk.) L.
hydra. — Gk. i/8/>a, water-snake. — Gk.
xth-oip, water. Cf. Skt. udra-Sy a water-
animal, otter, A. S. oter. Doublet, otter.
And see Water. Brugm. i. $ 572.
hydrangea, a flower. (Gk.) A coined
name, refemng to the cup-form of the
capsule, or seed-vessel. From Gk. vhp-,
for ^hoip, water ; &rfit*^oVy a vessel.
hyorailliCi relating to water in
motion. (F. — L. — Gk.) F. hydraulique,
— L. hydraulicus, — Gk. 68fwivAi«<$s, belong-
ing to a water-organ. -i Gk. ^hfaxOMy an
organ worked by water. «Gk. Wp-, for
351
HYDRODYNAMICS
vSwp, water; ai\6sf a pipe, tube (allied to
dfjfUf I blow; see Air).
hvdrodyziailliCB, the science relating
to tne force of water in motion. (Gk.)
Gk. ddpo-f for iSettp, water; and £.
dynamics f a word of Gk. origin; see
Dynamics.
hydrogen, a very light gas. (Gk.)
The name means ' generator of water.* i-
Gk. Hdpo-t for HSwpf water ; and the base
yiv', to produce; see G-enesia.
hsrdropathy, the water-cure. (Gk.)
Gk. vbpo-f for voojpj water; vdO-os, suffer-
ing, endurance of treatment ; see Pathos.
nydrophobia, fear of water. (L. -
Gk.) Late L. hydrophobia. Coined from
Gk. j;8/>o-, for ^8a;p, water; 0<$/3or, fear,
frie^ht, allied to <l>4&ofMu, I flee. (^^BHEG.)
hydropsy, dropsy. (F. - L. - Gk.)
Formerly dropsie or yaropsie; the form
dropsie being due to loss of y-. — M. F.
hydropisic^h. hydropisiSy hydropista,^
Late Gk. *6dp(&iri(rts, not found, from Gk.
fjUponf/y dropsy, extended from Hdpo-, for
v^cjp, water. Der. dropsi-c-aL
hydrostatics, the science which
treats of fluids at rest. (Gk.) Gk. Hdpo-,
for aSvpf water ; and Statics, q. v.
Hyena, Kysena, a hog-like quad-
ruped. (L. — Gk.) [M. E. hyene\ from
O. F. hyener^ L. hyana.^Q^V, Hatvay a
hyena; lit. * sow-like.'— Gk. Us, a sow,
cognate with £. Sow; with fem. adj.
suffix 'iuva.
Hymen. (I^. - Gk. ) L. hymen. - Gk.
w/iiji', the god of marriage. Cf. Skt. siv^
to connect, lit. to sew ; see Sew.
Hsrmn. (F.-L.-Gk.) lli.'E.ympne
(with excrescent /). — O. F. ymne (later
hymne),^!^ hymnum, ace. of L. hymnus,
— Gk. vpvosy a song, festive song, hymn.
Hypallage, an interchange. (L. — Gk.)
'L»hypallage, — Gk. {maKKayrj, an inter-
change, exchange. — Gk. 6jr-<5, under;
dAAa7i7, change, from AXkaaGtiv, to change;
from oAXo;, another. See Alien.
Hyper-, prefix, denoting excess. (L. —
Gk.) L. hyper-, for Gk. vvipy above, be-
yond, allied to L. super. Hence hyper-
baton, a transposition of words from
natural order, lit. * a going beyond ' (from
fiaivuvy to go) ; hyper-bole, exaggeration,
Gk. {nr€p0o\'^ (from jSdAAciv, to throw,
cast) ; hyper-borean, extreme northern
(from fiopiasy north wind).
Hyphen, a short stroke (-) joining
two parts of a compound word. (L. — Gk.)
HYSON
L. hyphen, for Gk. if<f>iyt lit ' under one.*
— Gk. {f<p-y for vv6, under ; tvy neut. of cfs,
one (allied to L. sim' in simplex \ see
Simple).
Hjrpo-, prefix. (Gk.) Gk. {rir<$, under ;
cognate with L. sub.
Hypochondria, a mental disorder in-
ducmg melancholy. (L.— Gk.) Named
from the spleen (which was supposed to
cause it), situate under the cartilage of
the breast- bone.— Late L. hypochondria^
fem. sb. ; for L. hypochondria, s. pi. — Gk.
viroxMpia, sb. pi., the parts beneath the
breast-bone. — Glc. hit6, under; x^^P^^h &
com, grain, gristle, cartilage of the breast-
bone (cognate with G. grand, gravel, and
allied to £. grind), Der. hipp-ish, q. v.
Hypocrisy, pretence to virtue. (F. —
L. — Gk.) M . F. hypocrisie. — L. hypocrisis,
I Tim. iv. 2. — Gk. inr6icpiffis, a reply,
answer, playing a part on a stage, acting
of a part. — Gk. inrotcplvopuu, I reply, play
a part. ■> Gk. vv6, under ; Kplvofuu, I con-
tend, middle voice of xplvo), I judge. See
Critic. Der. hypocrite, F. hypocrite, L.
hypocrita, Gk. vtroKptriis, a dissembler,
Matt. vi. 2.
Hypogastric, belonging to the lower
part of the abdomen. (F. — L. — Gk.)
M. F. hypogastrigue, — Late L. hypogas-
tricus, belonging to the lower part of the
belly. — Gk. imoy&arpiov, lower part of the
belly ; see Hypo- and Oastrio.
Hypostasis. (L.-Gk.) L. hypo-
stasts.i^Gk, vvSaTaais, a standing under,
groundwork, subsistence, substance, a
Person of the Trinity. — Gk. vir6, under;
ffrdaiSy a standing, from ^STA, to stand.
See Statics.
Hjrpotennse. (F.-L.-Gk.) Also
hypothenuse (badly). — F. hypotinuse,^\a,
hypotinasa.'mGV. vworctvovca, the sub-
tending (line) ; fem. of pres. part, of imo-
rdv^iVy to subtend, lit. to stretch under.
(VTEN.)
Hypothec, a legal lien on property.
rF. - L. - Gk.) Englished from M. F.
tiypothequey a mortgage. — L. hypotheca
(the same). — Gk. hitoB^Kti, lit. * support ; *
a pledge, mortgage. — Gk. {»ir<5, under ; 6ri-,
as in n-Orf-pUy I place. (-^DHE.)
hypothesis, a supposition. (L. — Gk.)
L. nypothesis. »^Gk. {/ir6$€aiSy a placing
under, supposition. — Gk. {m6, under ; 04ffts,
a placing ; from the same root as the above.
See Thesis.
Hyson, a kind of tea. (Chinese.) In
353
HYSSOP
IDIOT
the Amoy dialect called ehhun-tiy lit.
'spring tea,' from chhufti spring, and t^,
tea. Said to have been orig. from hi
chhuftt lit. ' blooming spring/ i. e. early
crop. From Chin, hij blooming ; chhun,
spring.
EySSOp, a plant. (F. — L. - Gk. — Heb.)
M. E. ysope. — O. F. hyssope. — L. hyssopus.
— Gk. vaoQjnos, an aromatic plant (not
our h3rssop). — Heb. ^zodA^ a plant (it is
not exactly known what plant).
EyBtariCi convulsive, said of fits. (F. —
L. — Gk.) M. F. hysterique, — L. hystericus.
»Gk. if(rT(ptic6s, suffering in the womb;
hysterical. — Gk. laripaf the womb. Prob.
from Gk. SiCTtpos, latter, lower, compara-
tive from the Idg. base ud-, out ; see
Uterine and Out.
Z.
I, nom. case of first pers. pronoun. (£.)
M. E. (Northern) i>&, i\ (Southern) ichy
uchf i. A. S. fV.-4-Du. ik, Icel. gh, Dan.
Jg^, Swed. j'ag, Goth, ii, G. ich, Lith. asz,
Russ. ia, L. e^o, Gk. kyi, iydfv, Skt. aham.
Idg. base, EGH- and EG- ; Brugm. ii.
h 434* % ^^ is from a different base.
Z-, neg. pre6x; see In- (3).
ZamnCf a certain metre, a short and a
long syllable (w» -). (L. — Gk.) L. iambi-
cus, — Gk. Ia/ji^ue6s. — Gk. tafifioiy an iambic
foot, iambic verse, lampoon. (Origin
doubtful.)
Zbez, a genus of goats. (L.) -L. idex.
Zbis, a bird. (L.-Gk.- Egypt.) L.
f^rr. — Gk. J^is, an Egyptian bird. Of
Egypt, origin ; cf. Coptic hippen (Peyron).
Ice. (E.) M. E.^j, «j. A.S. w.-fDu.
ijs^ Icel. fjx, Dan. fix, Swed. f>, G. eis,
Teut. type ^tsom^ neut. Der. ice-berg^
quite a modern word ; the latter element
is the Du., Norw., Swed., and G. berg^
a mountain ; cf. Du. ijsbergy Norw. and
Swed. isbjergj Dan. iishjerg^ G. eisbergt an
iceberg; (prob. a Norw. word). Also
ice-blinkf Dan. iis-blink, a field of ice,
from Dan. blinktt to gleam.
iciol6. (E.) M. E. isikely iseyokel\
from M. E. ys^ ice, and ikely a point of ice.
— A. S. tS'gicely an icicle ; also written
tses gicel, where ises is the gen. case.
Girely O. Merc, gecile (Sweet, O. E. T.),
means 'a small piece of ice.*4*Icel. iss-
j6kuU\ though jbkull is gen. used by
itself in the sense of icicle ; Low G. is-
hekei, isjakel, 2. Icel. jokull is the dimin.
of Icel. jaki, a piece of ice, cognate with
Irish aigf W. ia, ice. Brugm. i. § 305.
Zchneumon. (L.-Gk.) L. ichmu-
man, — Gk. Ixvf^fMjy, an ichneimion
(lizard) ; lit. * a tracker,* because it tracks
out (and devours) crocodiles' eggs.^Gk.
lxvev€iv, to track. — Gk. ix^os, a footstep.
Zchor, the juice in the veins of gods.
(Gk.) Gk. Ix'^Pt juice.
Zchtbyography, description of fishes.
(Gk.) Gk. ix^?o-, from IxB^s, a fish;
•ypaipia^ from ypiiipuvy to describe. So
also ichthyology, from K6yoif a discourse,
\iyHv, to speak.
Zcide ; see loe.
Zconodast, a breaker of images.
(Gk.) Coined from Gk. tMvo-y from
^liUaVf an image; KkdffrrjSf a vine-pruner
(but lit. a breaker), from irX<&ctv, to break.
Zcosahedron, a solid figure with
twenty equal faces. (Gk.) From Gk.
fUoatf twenty; tBpa, a base, lit. a seat,
from the base ^8-, to sit ; see Sit.
Zdea. (L.-Gk.) L. idea. '^Gk. tSh,
the look or semblance of a thing, species
(hence, notion). -«Gk. tSciV, to see. {^
WEID.) See Wit.
Zdentical, the very same. (L.) For-
merly identic, identick. Formed as if
from Med. (scholastic) L. icUnticus, adj.
suggested by identi-tds ; see below.
identity, sameness. (F.— LateL.—
L.) F. iiUntit/.^LAie h. ace. identitd-
tern, sameness.— L. identi-, occurring in
identidem, repeatedly ; with suffix -tas. —
L. idem, the same.— L. f-, and -dem ; from
Idg. pronominal bases I and DE.
Zdes, the 15th day of March, May,
July, October; 13th of other months.
(F. — L.) F. ides. — L. idHs, ides.
Zdioniy peculiar mode of expression.
F. — L. — Gk.) F. idiome. — L. idioma. —
jk. Idiwfm^ an idiom, peculiarity of lan-
guage.—Gk. ldi6o), I make my own.—
Gk. iSios, own.
idiosyncrasy, peculiarity of tem-
perament. (Gk.) Cf. F. idiosyncrasie.
From Gk. tbio-s, own; avy-Kpaais, a
blending together, from avy- ( = <rui'), to-
gether, Kpaffis, a mingling. See Crasis.
idiot. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. idiot. ^L.
idiota, an ignorant, uneducated person.—
Gk. IBi^rjs, a private person ; hence, one
who is inexperienced (i Cor. xiv. 16).—
Gk. Idi6w, I make my own. — Gk. tiios,
^
own.
353
IDLE
ILLUSTRIOUS
Idle. (E.) M.E. idel. A.S. tdel,
vain, empty, useless. 4* ^^ ijdtl^ vain ;
Dan. idel^ Swed. idel, mere; G. eitel^
vain, trifling. Origin doubtful.
Idol. (F.-L.-Gk.) O.F. idoU.^U
idoium.^GV. dZmkov^ an image, likeness.
— Gk. tiSoftai, I appear, seem ; IbtTv, to
see. (VWEID.) HeT. idolatry ^0.¥,tdo-
latrie. Late L. idolcUria, shortened form of
iddWlatrTa^ from Gk. €f5a;Xo-\aTp(ia, ser-
vice to idols (where Aarpcfa, service, is
from XarpiSf a hired servant, X&rpoVf hire).
Hence idolater, &c.
idyl, idyll, a pastoral poem. (L.-
Gk.) L. idyllium.^GV.» tlhuKKiov, a short
descriptive poem. — Gk. c78os, form, shape,
figure. — Gk. €idofim, I appear (see above).
If, conj. (E.) M. E. i/ A. S. ^/.+Icel.
e/y if, O. Fries, ief, g^, ef, O. Sax. ef\
Goth, ibai^ interrog. particle,/3^af , if; with
which cf. Du.^ if, whether, G. ^^, whether ;
also O. H. G. tbu, if, lit. ' on the condition,'
dat of iba, condition, doubt. Cf. also Icel.
if J ef, sb., doubt See Kluge, s. v. ob.
Ig]lition« a setting on fire. (L.) F.
ignition. As if from L. *ignitio, — L. ig-
nitus, pp. of ignire, to set on fire.— L.
ignisy fire. + Skt. agni-, fire, base *egni- ;
cf. Russ. ogone, Lith. ugnh, fire, base
*ogni-, Brugm.l $ 148. Hence also ignis
fatuus, a vain fire ; igne-ous, adj.
Ignoble. (F.-L.) F. ignoble, not
noble. — L. i-gnobilis, where i'-^in, not;
see Noble.
Ignominy, disgrace. (F.-L.) F.
ignominie. — L. ignominia.^'L. i- (for in),
not ; gnomin-, for gnamen, old form of
nomen, name, fame ; see Noun.
Ignore, to disregard. (F.— L.) F.
ignorer,^h, ignorare, not to know. — L.
i' (for in), not; and base gnS-, as in^vi^-
scere =ttoscere,to]aiow; see Know. Der.
ignor-ant, -ance ; also ignoramus, lit. ' we
ignore* that, an old law-term.
Iguana, a kind of American lizard.
(Span. — W. Indian.) Span, iguana. Of
West Indian origin. — Hayti iuanna,yuana
(Eden.).
igoanodon, a fossil dinosaur, with
teeth like an iguana. From iguan-a, and
Gk. ddov-r-, stem of 68oi;s, tooth.
H- (i), for in-, prefix, from L. in,
prep., when / follows. Exx. : il-lapse, il-
lusion, &c.
H- (2), for in-, negative prefix when
/ follows. Exx. il'legaU iUlegible^ il-legiti-
mate, il-liberal, il-limitable, il-literate, il-
logical; for which see legal, legible, 8cc
And see illicit,
IliaCf pertaining to the smaller intes-
tines. (F. — L.) F. iliaque, belonging to the
flanks. Formed fi-om L. ilia, sb. pi., flanks,
groin. See also Jade (a).
Iliad, an epic poem. *(L. — Gk.) L.
Iliad-, stem of Ilicu, the Iliad. — Gk.
'IXi(i^, stem of IXt&i, the Iliad. -Gk.
IXtos, Ilios, commonly known as Troy;
said to have had its name from (a mythical)
Ilus, grandfather of Priam, and son of
Tros (whence Troy\
HI, bad. (Scand.) M.E. fV^.-Icel.
illr (later illr), ill, adj. ; Swed. ilia, Dan.
ilde, ill. adv. % Not allied to Evil.
Ulapse, a gliding in, a sudden entrance.
(L.) L. illapsus, sb., a gliding in. — L.
f A (for in), in ; Icipsus, a gliding, from pp.
of labi, to glide. See Iiapse.
Illation, an inference. (F. — L.) F.
illation. '^la, ace. illdtiffmm, a bringing
in, inference. — L. il- (for in), in; lotus
{=tldtus), borne, brought (—Gk. tXi/t^).
Illicit, unlawful. (F.-L.) F. illiciie,
'illicitous,' Cot — L. tllicitus, not allowed.
— L. il' (for in-), not; licitus, pp. of
licere, to be allowed. See Ijioence.
niision, a striking against. (L.) From
L. illisio, a striking against.— L. illisus,
pp. of itttdere, to strike against.- L. il-
(for in), upon; Icedere, to strike. See
Iiesion.
niude, to deceive. (F.-L.) Y.illuder,
'to illude;' Cot. — L. illUdere, to mock
at. — L. il- (for m), upon, at; lUdere, to
jest, play. See Ludicrous.
Sluminate, to enlighten. (L.) From
pp. of L. illUmindre, to throw light upon.
— L. il- (for in), upon ; lUmin-, for lumen,
light ; see Iiuminary. % We also use
illumine, illume, from F. illuminer<L,.
illumindre.
ninsion. (F.-L.) F. illusion. ^U
ace. illHsidnem. — L. illHsus, pp. oiillUdere ;
see lUude (above).
ninstrate. (L.) From the pp. of
illustrare, to throw light upon. — L. il-
(for f»), upon ; lustrdre, to shine (below).
illnstriQllS. (F.-L.;tfrL.) A badly
coined word ; either from F. illustre, or
from the L. illUstri-s, bright, renowned.
(Imitation of industrious.) p. In L.
illustris, the prefix il- ( = in), upon ; -lUstris
stands for *lou-c-stris, from the base lOc-,
as in Luoid, q. v. See Brugm. i. § 760.
264
IM-
IMMUNITY
Xm- (i)) prefix. (F.— L.) In some
words, im- stands for em-^ the O. F. form
of L. im-f prefix. Or for L. in, in, before
A, m, or/.
Im- (a)y prefix. (E.) For £. in ; as in
im-bedy for in-hed,
TjDCLr (3), prefix. (L.) L. im- (for in\ in,
when h^ m, or p follows.
Im- (4)) prefix. (F.— L. ; orl..) Nega-
tive prefix ; for L. tn-, not. Exx. : im-
tnaterial^ im-nuUuret im-tneasurabie, im-
fnemorialf im-modercUe, im-modest^ im-
moraly im-nwrtal, im-movableyim-mutable,
im-palpabUy im-parity^im-partial^ im-pass-
ablCf im-passive, im-patienty im-peccabU^
im-penetrabUy im-penitenty im-perceptibley
im-perfect, im-perishdbUy im-personaly im-
ptrtinenty im-perturbable, im-pietyy im-
piousy im-placabUy im-polite, im-politicy
im-ponderabUy im-possibUj im-potenty im-
pracHccLblCy im-probabUy im^propery im-
providentyim'prudentyim'pure'y for which
see maierialy mature, &c.
Xmaif6y a likeness, statne. (F.—L.) F.
intage.^'L. im^neniy ace. of imdgOy a
likeness. Formed, with snffix -dgOy firom
the base im- in im'itdri, to imitate ; see
Imitate.
ima|dne. (F.-L.) F. imagimry to
think. ^L. imdgindrty to picture to oneself,
imagine.— L. imdgin-y stem of imdgOy an
image, picture ; see above. Der. ima^gin-
aryt imagin-aiion.
Imam, Imanm, a Mnhammedan
priest. (A/ab.) Arab, imam, a leader,
chief, prelate, priest. — Arab, root ammay
<he tended towards.' Rich. Diet., p.
163.
Imbeoilep feeble. (F.— L.) Formerly
rare as an adj.; but the verb imbdcil, to
enfeeble, is fonnd, and was confused with
embezzle, — F. imbicile ; M. F. imbecilUy
* feeble ; * Cotgrave. — L. imblcillumy ace.
of imbicillus (also imbecilHs), feeble.
(Root unknown.)
ImbibOf to drink in. (F. — L. ; or L.)
Y, imbiber (i6th cent.). — L. imbibere, to
drink in.— L. im- (for in-)y in; bibere, to
drink.
Imbrioatedy bent and hollowed like
a gutter-tile. (L.) Botanical. From pp.
of L. imbricdrCy to cover with gutter-tiles.
— L. imbric-y stem of imbrex, a gutter-
tile. — L. imbri'y decl. stem of imber, a
shower of rain.^-Gk. dxppSsy foam; Skt.
abhra-y a rain-cloud ; Brugm. i. § 466.
" »p intrigue, perplexity. (Ital.)
Ital. imbroglio, perplexity. — Ital. imbrogli-
are, to entangle. — Ital. im- (for i»), in;
broglioy a broil, confusion ; see Broil (2).
ImbmeiEmbrae, to moisten, drench.
(F. — L.) M. F. embruer ; s'embruer, * to
imbrue or bedable himself with;' Cot.
Variant of O. F. embevrer, embreuver, to
moisten. — F. em- (L. in, in) ; and a causal
verb -bevrer, to give to drink, turned into
'brever in the i6th cent., and then into
'bruer; see F. o^^f^v^ in Hatzfeld. O.F.
bevrer answers to a L. type *biberdre, to
give to drink; from L. bibere, to drink.
See Beverage.
Im.bll6y to cause to drink in, tinge
deeply. (F.— L.) O.F. imbuer.^L.. im-
buere, to cause to drink in ; where -buere
is a causal form, apparently allied to
bibere, to drink.
Imitate. (L.) From pp. of L. imitdri,
to imitate; frequentative of Hmdre, pot
found ; cf. L. imd-go. See Image.
Immaculate. (L.) L,im-maculdlus,
unspotted. — L. i>i- (for iVi-), not; macu'
lotus, spotted. See Maoulate.
Immediate, without intervention or
means. (F. ~ L.) M. F. immediat. — L.
im- (for in-), not; medidtus, pp. of L.
medidre, to be in the middle.— L. medius,
middle. See Medium.
Immense. (F.— L.) F. immense,^
L. immensus, immeasurable. — L. im- (for
in-), not ; mensus, pp. of meiirf, to
measure. See Measure.
Immerge, to plunge into. (L.) L.
immergere (pp. im-mersus), to plunge
into. — L. im- (for in), in; mergere, to
plunge. See Merge. Der. immers-ion.
Immigrate. (L.) From pp. of L.
immigrdre, to migrate to. (/w- — in, in.)
See Migrate.
Imminenti near at hand. (L.) L.
imminent-, stem of pres. pt. of im-minere,
to project over. — L. im- (for in), upon;
•minire, to project) as .in i-minere.
Immit, to inject. (L.) In Kersey
(1 715). L. im-mittere, to send into (pp.
immissus).^lj. im- (==i«), in ; mittere, to
send. See Missile. Der. immiss-ion.
Immolate, to offer in sacrifice. (L.)
From pp. of L. immoldre, to sacrifice, lit.
to throw meal upon a victim. — L. im- (for
in), upon; mola, meal, cognate with £.
Meal (i).
Immnnityi fi'eedom from obligation.
(F.— L.) F. immunity, immunity. — L.
immUnitdtem, ace. of imnmnitds, exemp-
356
IMMURE
tion.^L. tmmunist exempt from public
services. — L. im- (for t»;, not; munts,
serving, obliging (whence also communis,
common). See Common.
InLmnre. (F-— L«) For emmure. —
M. F. emmurer, to shut up in prison, lit.
to enclose with a wall.*-L. im- {j^in),
in ; murus, a wall.
ImPf a gr^^t, offspring, demon. (Late
L. — Gk.) Formerly in a good sense,
meaning a scion, offspring. M. £. imp^
a graft on a tree (A. S. tmpe) ; impen^
to graft. — Late L. impottis, a graft (Lex
Salica) ; [whence also Dan. ympe, Swed.
ympa, G. impfen, O. H. G. impiton, to
graft]. — Gk. tfiffwros, engrafted ; James
i. 21. —Gk. (fjupv€iv, to implant. — Gk.
ifi- (for iv), in; (pvuv^ to produce, from
-/BHEU, to be ; see Be.
Zmpactf a striking against. (L.) L.
impact-usj pp. of impingere, to impinge.
See Impinge.
ZmpaiTf to make worse, injure, weaken.
(F. — L.) M. E. empeiren, — O. F. em-
peirer, later empirer, * to impaire;' Cot —
Late L. impeiorare, to make worse. — L.
im- (for f«), prep., with intensive force ;
and peior^ worse, a comparative form from
a lost positive. Cf. Pessimist.
Impale, to fix on a stake. (L.) Late
L. impdldre (whence F. empcUer). — L. im-
(for »«), on ; pdlus, a stake. See Pale (i).
Impart. (F. — L.) Vi,Y.impartir.^
L. impartire, imperitre, to give a share to.
— L. im- ( = in) , to, upon ; parttre, to part,
from parti', decl. stem of pars, a part.
See Part.
Impassive. From Im- (4) and Pas-
sive.
Impawn. From Im- (3) and Pawn ( i ) .
Impeach, to charge with a crime. (F.
— L.) The original sense was * to hinder * ;
as, ' to impeach and stop their breath,'
Holland, tr. of Pliny, b. xi. c. 3. — O. F.
empescher, * to hinder, stop, bar, impeach ; '
Cot. Older spelling empeescher, where the
s is adventitious. [Littr^ and Scheler con-
nect the modi F. empkher with Prov. em-
pedegar, from Late L. impedicdre, to fetter.
— L. im- (for ?»), on, upon; pedica, a
fetter, from ped-, stem of pes, a foot.]
p. At the same time the usual sense of £.
impeach and some (at least) of the senses
of O. F. empescher above are due to O. F.
empacher. Span, empachar, Ital. impacciare,
to delay; from a Late L. frequent, form
{^impacticare, in Korting, § 41 10) of L.
IMPORT
impingere (pp. impactus), to bind, fasten ;
see Pact. See Dispatch.
Impede, to obstruct. (L.) From L.
impeatre, to entangle the feet, obstruct. —
L. im- {—in), in; ped-, stem of pes,
foot. Der. impedi^ment.
Impel. (L.) L. im-peliere, to urge on.
— L. im- (for in), on; pellere, to drive;
see Pulsate. Der. impulse, L. impulsus,
sb., from the pp. impulsus.
Impend, to hang over. (L.) L. im-
pendere, to hang over. — L. im- (for in),
on, over; penSre, to hang. See Pen-
dant.
Imperative. (F.-L.) F. impiratif,
imperious. ^ L. imperdituus, due to a com-
mand.—L. imperdtum, a command; neut.
oiimperdtus, pp. oiimperdre, to command.
See XSmperor.
impexial. (F.-L.) 0,¥, emperial,
later impdriaL^Y,. imperidlis, belonging
to an empire. — L. imperium, an empire.
See Umpire.
Impertinent. From Im- (4) and
Pertinent.
Impervious. From Im- (4) and
Pervious.
Impetus. (L.) L. impetus, lit. ' a frill-
ing on ; ' a rush, attack. — L. im- {in), on ;
petere, to fall, fly, seek. See Petition.
Impinge, to strike against. (L.) L.
impingere, to strike against. — L. im- (»'»),
on, upon ; pangere, to fasten, also to
strike. See Pact.
Implement, a tool. (Late L.— L.)
Late X.. implimentum, an accomplishing ;
hence, means for accomplishing. — L. im-
plere, to fill in, execute. — L. im- (for itC),
in ; plire, to fill. See Plenary.
Implicate. (L.) From pp. of L. im-
plicdre, to involve. — L. im- {in), in;
plicdre, to fold. See Ply.
implicit. (F. — L.) F. implidte.^
L. implicittis, old pp. of implicdre (above).
Implore. (F. — L.) F. impiorer.^'L.
impWrdre, to implore. — L. im- ( = wf), on,
upon ; plordre, to wail. Cf. de-plore.
Imply. (F.— L.) Coined from L. im^
{in), andp/y; as if from a F. *implier;
but the F. form was impliqtier, still
earlier emploier (whence E. employ). See
Ply.
Import. (F.-L.; or L.) In two
senses : (i) to signify. — M. F. importer, to
signify. — L. importdre, to import, bring
in, introduce, cause : (2) to bring in from
I abroad ; directly from the same L. im-
56
IMPORTABLE
portare* — L. im- (i«), in ; portare, to bring.
Der. import-ant f Le, importing much.
See Fort (i).
illiportabli0ri'^^^^^^^^^> obsolete, (F.
— L. ) M. F. importable, • L. importaHlis,
that cannot be borne. ^-L. im- (m-), not;
portdrOy to bear.
Zlliportime« to molest. (F.— L.) Frgm
M.£. importune^ adj., troublesome. * F.
. importuHf Mmportnnate ; ' Cot.— L. im-
portHnuSf unfit, unsuitable, troublesome.
Orig. ' hard of access ; ' from L. im- {in-\
not ; partus, access, a harbour. See Fort
(a). Der. importun-ate, from pp. of
Late L. importHndriy to vex, dep. vb.
Zupotie. (F.— L. and Gk.) F. im-
poser, to lay upon. — F. im- (L. in\ upon ;
F. poser, to lay. See Fo«6 (i).
ZmpositioaL. (F.— L.) ¥, imposition,
— L. ace. impositiSnem, a laying on.— L.
impositus, pp. of imponere, to lay on.— L.
im- (in), on ; pffnere, to lay.
impost. (F.-L.) O. F. impost, a
tax.— L. pp. neut impositum (above), a
thing imposed.
Zinposthlllliai an abscess. (F.— L.—
Gk.) Better apostume, as in Cotgrave.—
M. F. apostume, ' an apostume, an inward
swelling full of corrupt matter.* A still
better spelling is M. r. aposteme, also in
Cotgrave.— L. apostima.»G)ii, dw6<rnjfM,
A standing away from ; hence, a separation
of corropt matter. — Gk. dw6, away ; <mj',
base of larriiu, I set, place, stand.
CVSTA.)
Impostor. (L.) L. impostor, a de-
ceiver; from L. impffnere, to impose, also,
to impose upon, cheat. See ImpoBition.
ZmpotOBOa. (F. - L.) F. (and O. F.)
impotence,^!., impotentia, inability.— L.
impotent; stem of impotens, powerless.
See Im- (4) and Fotent.
ZmpOTWisll. (F.-L.) From O. F.
empovris', stem of pres. pt. of emfovrir,
to impoverish. — F. «w- (= L. m), ex-
tremely ; O. F. povre, poor, from Lat.
pauperem, ace. of pauper, poor. See
Forerty and Foor.
Xmpreoate. (L.) Frompp.ofL.iw-
precdri, to call down upon by prayer.- L.
im- (in), upon ; precdrf, to pray. See Fre-
oariotia and Fny.
Zmprognablo. (F.-L.) The gn
orig. represented the sound of n followed
by a slight glide ; cf. M. E. regne, pron.
(ren73), whence E. reign. — F. imprenahle,
' impregnable ; ' Cot. - F. im* ( « L. in-) ,
IMPROVISE
not ; F. prendre, from L. prehendere, to
take, seize. See Frehenaile.
ZmpregnatO, to render pregnant. (L.)
From pp. of L. impragn&re^ to impreg-
nate.—L. im- (for in), in; ^pragndre,
only used in the pres. pt. pragnans ; see
Fregnant.
ZmprOBOy an heraldic device, with a
motto. (F.-Ital.-L.) In Rich. IL iii.
I. 35. Also spelt impresa (Nares). — O. F.
cmr/reftf.- Itai. impresa, 'an imprese, an
embleme ; also, an enterprise ; Florio.
Fern, of impreso, undertaken (hence,
adopted), pp. of imprendere, to undertake.
— L. in, in ; prehendere, to lay hold of.
Doublet, emprise, an enterprise, Spenser,
F. Q. iL 4. 13 ; from F. emprise, fern. pp.
of emprendre, to undertake (Cotgrave) —
Ital. imprendere, Der. impresario, an
undertaker, stage-manager ; from impresa
an undertaking.
Impress. (L*) L. impressdre, fre-
quent, of imprimere, to press upon. — L.
tm- (in), on; premere, to press. See
imprint. (F.-L.) The verb, in Sir
T. More, is formed as if from im- and
print ; hvX print itself is short for emprint,
— O.F. empreinte, ' a stamp, print; Cot.
Orig. fem. of pp. of empreindre, * to print,
stamp;* id.— L. imprimere, to impress,
press upon (above). See Frint.
blprison. (F.— L.) Y or emprison,^
O. F. emprisonner, to imprison. — O. F.
em* (for L. in), in ; prison, a prison. See
Friaon.
Impromptu, a thing said off hand.
(F. — L.) Y , impromptu, — L. inpromptu,
in readiness; where prompts is abl. of
promptus, a sb. formed from promere, to
bring forward ; see Frompt.
Impropriate, to appropriate to private
use. (L.) Coined from L. im- (in), in ;
propridre, to appropriate, from proprius,
one's own. See Froper.
Improve. (F.—L.) YormtAjemprove,
for late M. E. enprowen (Skelton), which
was itself an alteration of M. E. approwen,
to benefit.— O.F. aproer, apprower, to
benefit. - O. F. a (for L. ad, to), and
prou, sb., profit, answering to Ital. prode,
sb., benefit. Cf. Ital. prode, adj., good,
valiant ; see Froweaa. % The O. F.
sb. emprovement, improvement, occurs in
Godefroy.
Improvise. (F.-Ital.-L.) F. im-
proznser. ^litl, improwisare, to sing ex-
H7
IMPUDENT
temporaneous venes. — lUl. imfrcffvisOy
sudden, unprovided for.^L. improuisus,
unforeseen. « L. im- (for m-), not ; frff, be-
fore; uisus, pp. of uidirg, to see. See
Vision.
InLOUdentf shameless. (F.— L.) F.
impudent, — L. impudent-, stem of im-
ptuUns^ shameless. ^L. im- (for sm), not ;
pudensy modest, pres. pt. of pudire, to
feel shame.
Impilgn. (F.-L.) F.impugner.'mh,
impugndre^ to fight agamst.>-L. int" (for
e'lf) , against ; pugndre, to fight, from/^^'Wa,
a battle ; cf. pugnus, a fist.
Zmpiilse ; see Impel.
Impunity. (F. - L.) F. impunity, -
L. ace. impUnitdtemt ace. of impHnitds,
impunity.— L. impHni-Sf without punish-
ment. — L. im- ( =f»-), not ; pcena, punish-
ment. See Fain.
Impute. (F.— L.) F. imputer,^!,,
imputdrBf to aseribe. -• L. im- (t'lf), towards;
puidre, to reekon. See Putative.
In, prep. (E.) A.S. f>f.4'Dn- <*»» Icel.
iy Swed. Dan. », Goth, wi, G. wf, yf.yn,
O. Irish in, L. in, Gk. Ik, IW. L. in is
for O. L. en (as in ^n-dl!?) » Gk. Iv. Der.
inn-er, A. S. innera ; in^most, A. S. fim^-
m^j/ (i. e. inne-m-est, a double superl.
form). The form innermost is also a eor-
ruption of A. S. innemest. Also in-ward,
there-in, where-in^ with-in, in-as-mucA,
in-so-much, in-ter-y in-tra-. And see Inn.
In- (i), prefix. (£.) In some words, it
is only the prep, in in composition. £xx. :
in-born, in-bretUhe, in-bred, in-kmd. Sec,
And see Im- (i).
In- (a), prefix. (L.) In some words, it
is the L. prep, in in composition. Exx. :
in'OUguratey in-carcerate, &c Sometimes,
it has passed through French ; as in-dica-
tiony &e. % It becomes il- before /, im»
before b, my and /, ir- before r,
In^ (3), negative prefix. (L. ; or F. — L.)
From L. neg. prefix in-y cognate with E.
neg. prefix un- ; see Un- (i), An-, A- (9).
% It becomes i- before gn^ as in i-gnoble ;
il- before /; im- before b, m, and / ; ir-
before r, Der. in-abiliiy, in-accessible^
Sec, &c. ; for which see able, accessy &c.
Inanef empty, silly, useless. (L.) L.
indnis^ void, empty. Root unknown.
Der. inan-i-ty,
inanitionf exhaustion from lack of
food. (F.~L.) ¥. inanition, *&nem^ty-
ing;* Cot. From the pp. of indntre, to
empty ; from indnis (above).
INCESSANT
Inaugurate. (L.) From pp. of L.
in-augurdre, to practise augury, to con-
secrate, b^n formally. — L. in, in, upon ;
augur, an augur ; see Augnr.
l&eat a royal title. (Peruv.) Peruv.
inca, a title. Cf. Peruv. fopay kapac
Inca, king of Peru (fOpay ^ only ; iapac
a lord). Inca was orig. the chief of- a
tribe (Oviedo).
Incandescent, glowing hot. (L.)
From stem of pres. pt. of in-candescere, to
glow; where candescere is the inceptive
form of candere, to glow. See Candid.
Incantation. (F.-L.) F. incanta*
tion. — L. incantdtidnem,ticc, of incantdtio^
an enchanting. — L. incantdre, to enchant,
-i L. in, on, upon ; cantdre, to sing,
frequent, of canere, to sing. See Enchant
and Cant (i).
Incarcerate, to imprison. (L.) L.
in, in ; and carcerdtus, pp. of carcerdre,
to imprison, from career, a prison.
Incarnadine, to dye of a red colour.
(F. — Ital. — L. ) 1* . incamadiny carnation
colour (Cot.). .-Ital. incamadino, carna-
tion colour (Florio) ; also spelt incama-
tino, ^ItsX, incarnate, incarnate; also, of
flesh colour. * L. incamdtus, pp. of incar-
ndrey to clothe with flesh (below).
incarnation. (F.— L.) F. incarna-
tion. — L. ace. incamdtionem, embodiment
in flesh. *L. incamdtus, pp. of incamdre,
to clothe with flesh. •L. in, on ; and cam-,
decl. base of caro, fiesh. See Carnal.
Incendiary. (L.) L. incendidrius,
setting on fire.— L. incendium, a burning.
i-L. incendere, to set on fire. — L. in,
upon ; and ^candlfre, to bum (not found),
allied to Skt. chand, to shine.
incense (1)^ to inflame. (L.) From
L. incensus, pp. of incendere, to set on
fire ; see above.
incense (3), smell of burnt spices.
(F. — L.) F. encens, incense, burnt spices.
— L. incensum, that which is bitfnt; neut.
of pp. of incenderey to set on fire (above).
Incentive. (L.) L. incentmusy strik-
ing up a tune, inciting. — L. *incentus,
unused pp. of incinere, to sound an instru-
ment.—L. in, into ; and canere y to sound ,
sing. See Chant.
Inceptive. (F.-L.) O.F. inceptif,
adj., beginning (Godefroy).- Late L. *in-
ceptivus (not found).— L. incept-usy pp. of
incipergy to begin ; see Incipient.
Incessant, ceaseless. (F. — L.) F.
incessant, ^h, incessant' stem of incessans.
258
INCEST
INDEMNIFY
unceasing. — L. in-, not; cessans ^ ceasing,
pres. pt. of cessarCf to cease, frequent, of
cederCy to yield. See Oease and Cede.
Inceat, impurity. (F.—L.) M.£. /»-
cest.^Y. inceste, sb. m.i-L. incestus (gen.
'iis)y incest. — L. incestus, unchaste. — L.
fff-, not ; castuSy chaste. See Chaste.
Incll(i). the twelfth part of a foot. (L.
— Gk.) M. E. inche. A. S. ynce, — L.
unciay an inch ; also an ounce, one-twelfth
of a pound. — Sicilian ovyKia, the same. —
Gk. oyKos, bulk, weight. Doublet, ounce
(i). ^nd see Uncial.
Znch (a)) an island. (Gael.) Gael.
tnms, an island.+Irish mis ; W. jfnys ;
Bret, enez; Com. enys.
Incident. (F. - L.) F. incident, ' an
incident ; * Cot. — L. incident; stem of
pres. pt. of incidere, to fall upon.— L. in^
on ; and cadere, to fall. See Cadenoe.
Incipient. (L.) L. incipient-, stem
of pres. pt. of inctpere, to begin. — L. in,
upon ; capere, to lay hold of. See Capa-
cious.
Incise, to cut into. (F.— L.) F.
inciser, ^Ij. inctsus, pp. of in-cidere, to
cut into. — L. in, in ; cadere, to cut. See
CsBsura.
Incite. (F. - L.) F. inciter, - L.
incitdre, to urge on.— L. in, on; citdre,
to urge. See Cite.
IndinCi to lean towards. (F.— L.)
F. incliner.^'L. incitndre, •^ 1m in, to-
wards ; *cttndre, to lean, cognate with £.
Lean (i), q. v. Doublet, enciine.
Inclose. (F. — L.) For enclose, —
O. F. enclosy pp. of enclore, to include. —
L. incladere, to shut in. — L. in, in ;
claudere, to shut. See Clause.
include. (L.) From L. incladere
(above).
Incognito, lit. unknown. (Ital.— L.)
Ital. incognito, unknoym, ^h, in-ccjgnitus,
not known.— L. in-, not; co£ytittis,inovm.
See Cognition.
IncomCi gain, revenue. (£.) Properly
that which comes in; from in and come.
So also out-come, i. e. result.
Incommode. (F.-L.) F. incom-
moder, to inconvenience. — L. incommoddre,
to inconvenience. — L. f»; not; commodus,
fit; see Commodious.
InCOny« fine, delicate, very dear. (£.)
In Shak. For in-conny ; where in- is
intensive, as in M. £. in-fy, very ; and
coftny (also cant^) is North £., meaning
skilfuli gtntle, pleasant, &c. From £.
can, I know (how) ; cf. Icel. kunntgr,
knowing, wise.
Incorporate. (L.) L. incorpordtus,
pp. of incorpordre, to furnish with a
body ; hence to form into a body. — L. in,
in ; corpor-, stem of corpus, a body. See
Corporal (2).
Increase. (F.— L.) M.E, incresen,
encresen. — F. en (L. in) ; and A. F. creiss-j
stem of pres. pt. of A. F. creistre, O. F.
croistre (F. crottre), to grow, from L.
crescere, to grow. See Crescent. Der.
increase, sb. ; A. F. encrees,
increment. (L.) L. incrementum,
an increase. L. in, in, used intensively;
ere-, as in cre-tum, supine of crescere, to
grow, with suffix -mentum, Cf. de-cre-
ment,
Incnbate. (L.) From pp. of Lat.
incubdre, to sit on eggs to hatch them. —
L. in, upon ; cubdre, to lie down, to sit. .
incnons. (L.) L. incubus, a night-
mare.—L. in-cubdre, to lie upon (above).
Inculcate. (L.) From pp. of L. in-
culcdre, lit. to tread in, hence, to enforce
by admonition. — L. in, in ; cdlcdre, to
tread. See Calk.
Inculpate. (L.) From pp. of Late
L. inculpdre, to bring blame upon. — L.
m, upon; culpdre, to blame. See Culp-
able.
Incumbent. (L.) L. incumbent-,
stem of pres. pt. of incumbere, to recline
on, rest on or in (remain in) ; where
*cumbere is a nasalised form allied to
cubdre, to lie down. So vXso prO'Cumbent,
prostrate; re-cumbent, lying back upon;
suc-cumb, to lie under, yield to.
Incur. (L.) L. incurrere, to run
into, run upon.- L. in, upon; currere, to
run. See Current.
incursion. (F. — L.) yi,Y .incursion,
— L. incursionem, ace. of incursio^ an
inroad. — L. incursus, pp. of incurrere,
to run into, attack (above).
Incxunratef to crook. (L.) From pp.
of L. incurudre, to bend into a curve. — .
L. in, in; curudre, to bend. See Curve.
Indeed, truly. (£.) For in deed, i. e.
in fact ; see Deed.
Indelible. (F.-L.) For indeleble.
-M.F. indelebile, 'indelible;* Cot.-L.
indelebilis, indelible. — L. in-, not ; delibilis,
destructible, from delere, to destroy. See
Delete.
IndemnilJjTy to make damage good.
(L.) Ill coined ; from L. indemni-s, un-
359
INDEMNITY
INERT
harmed, free from loss ; and F. -fier^ itxt
L. 'fic-are^ for facerti to make (as in
magni'fy)^ L. tndemnis is from L. in-j
not ; and damnum, loss. See Damn.
indamxiity. (F.~L.) F. indemnity,
mL. ace. indemnitatem.^'L, in-demni'Sy
unharmed, free from loss (damnum).
Indent (i)* to cut into points like
t^th. (Law L.) A law term. — Law L.
indentdre, to notch. i-L. in^ in; dent-^
stem of densy a tooth. Der. indenture
(F. endenture) ; so called because duplicate
deeds were* cat with notched edges to fit
one another.
Indent (a), to make a dint in. (£.)
From £. in, prep. ; and dent, a dint.
See Dint. Suggested by indent (i), but
quite a distinct word.
Index. (L.) L. imiex (stem indie-), a
discloser, something that indicates. — L.
indicdre^ to point out.— L. in, in, to;
dicdre, to appoint, declare^ allied to
dicere, to say ; see Diotion.
indicate. (L.) From pp. of L. in^
dicdre, to point at, point out (above).
indict. (F. — L.) For iWiV^ (which
is the French spelling), and so pronounced.
See Indite.
indiction, a cycle of fifteen years.
(L.) O. F. indiction, an appointment of
tributes arranged for fifteen years; the lit
sense is merely 'appointment.'— L. in-
dictionem, ace. of inaictio, an appointment,
esp. of a tax.— L. indictus, pp. of indicere,
to appoint, impose a tax.— L. in, upon;
dicerty to say. See Diction.
Indigenone, native. (L.) Late L.
indigen-us, native; with suffix -MCf. — L.
indi- a O. Lat. indu, within (cf. Gk.
jfySov) ; and gen^, as in gen-i-tus, bom, pp.
oi gignere, to beget; see Ghenus.
Indigent, destitute. (F.-L.) M.F.
indigent, — L. indigent-, stem of pres. part,
of indigere, to be in want.— L. ind-, for
indu, an O. Lat. extension from in, in
(cf. Gk. IkUof, within) ; egere, to want, be
in need ; cf. L. indigus, needy. Cf. Gk.
dxi^v, poor, needy (Theocritus).
IndlgOp a blue dye. (F.-Span.— L.
— Gk. — Pers.— Skt.) F. iWi^^. — Span.
indico. — L. indicum, indigo ; neut. of
Indicus, Indian (hence Indian dye). — Gk.
lvlkK6v, indigo ; neut. of *lv1kK6t, Indian. —
Pers. Hindy India; a name due to the
river Indus. — Skt. sindhu-, the river Indus ;
a large river. — Skt. syand, to flow. % The
Persian changes initial s into h.
Indite. (F.-L.) Torendite. M.F.
endicter, O. F. enditer, to indict, accuse ;
also spelt inditer, m^lkte h, indictdre, to
point out, frequent, of indicere, to appoint.
See Indicate. Doubtless confused with
the closely related L. indicdre, to point out.
Indolence. (F. — L.) F. indolence, ^^
L. indolentia, freedom from pain ; hence,
ease, idleness.- L. in-, not; dolent-, stem
of pres. pt. of doiere, to grieve. See
Doleftil.
Indomitable. (L.) Coined from »jf-,
not; domitdre, to subdue, freqifbnt. of
domdre, to tame. See Daunt.
Indubitable. (F.-L.) l/L,T.indubi-
tcd>le. — L. indubitdhilis, not to be doubted*
— L. in-, not ; dubitdbilis, doubtful, from
dubitdre, to doubt ; see Doubt.
Indnce. (L.) L. indOcere, to lead to.
— L. in, in, to; dUcere, to lead; see
Pnke.
indnct. (L.) From L. induct-us, pp.
of inducere, to bring in (above).
Indne (i)i to invest or clothe with,
supply with. (L.) In Spenser, F. Q. iii.
6. 35.i-L. induere, to put into, put. on,^
clothe with. The prefix is ind-, not
in- (for this prefix see Indigent); cf.
ex'uuia, spoils, ind-uuia, clothes. See
liXUViSB.
Indne (s), a corruption of Shxdae, q. v.
Indulgence. (F.-L.) 'P, indulgence.
— L. indu/gentia.'^h. indulgent-, stem of
pres. pt of indulgere, to be courteous to,
indulge. (Of unlmown origin.)
IndnraPBf to harden. (L.) From pp.
of L. indurdre, to harden.— L. in, inten-
sive ; dUrdre, to harden, from dUrus, hard.
See Dure.
Industry. (F.-L.) 'P.industrie.'^
L. industrta, — L. industrius, diligent.
Origin uncertain.
Inebriate. (L.) From L. inebridtus,
pp. of tnebridre, to make drunk. — L. in^
in, very; ebridre, to make drunk, from
ebrius, drunk. See Ebriety.
InefBable. (F.-L.) F. ineffable,^
L. ineffdbilis, unspeakable. — L. in-, not ;
ef' (for ex), out ; fd^rt, to speak ; with
suffix 'biHs. See Fate.
Inept, foolish. (F.-L.) XVII cent
— M. F. inepte. — L. ineptus, improper,
foolish. — L. in-, not; and aptus, fit. (Also
inapt, from in-, not, and a//.) See Apt.
InCKrt. (L.) L. inert; stem of iners,
unskilful, inactive. — L. in-, not ; ars^ skill.
See Art (2).
260
INEXORABLE
Inexorable. (F.-L.) V,inex&rabU.
•>L. inexdrSbiliSf that cannot be moved
by intreaty.—L. I'lf-, not; exordre, to
gain by intreaty, from L. ex^ out, greatly,
and ordre^ to pray. See Oration.
Infamy. (F. — L.) F. infamie,^\j,
infamia^ ill fame. — L. infami-s^ adj., of
ill iame. — I- in^^ not, bad; fdmat fame.
See Fame.
Infant. (L.) L. infant-^ stem of i>»-
fanSf not speaking, hence, a very yonng
babe. — L. in-^ not ; fanst pres. pt. of
fdriy to speak.
infiuitry. (F.-Ital.-L.) Y.infan-
terie, — Ital. infanteria, foot-soldiers ; orig.
a band of 'infants/ as young men were
called. — Ital. infantey an mfant. — L.
infantem^ ace. oiinfans (above).
tn&tliate. (L.) From pp. of L.
infatu&re^ to make a fool of.— L. in, in,
greatly; fatuus^ foolish. See Fatuous.
Infeoty to taint. (F.~L.) M. £.
infect y as pp. ; also injfecien, vb. •- O. F.
infuif infected.— L. infecius, pp. of in-
Jicerey to put in, dye, stain. — L. in, in ;
/acercy to put. See Faot.
Infer, to imply. (F.— L.) M. F. i»-
ferer\ F. infirer.^L. inferrCy to bring in,
introduce.— L. iV», in; fcrrCy to bring.
See Fertile.
Inferior. (F.—L.) yi.Y.inferieur,^
L. inferidremy ace. of inferior y lower,
comp. of inferusy low, nether. Strictly,
inferus is itself a compar. form, which
some connect with Skt. adhara, lower;
which is doubtful. See Brugm. i. % 589
(note).
infernal. (F. — L.) F. infernal, - L.
inferti&lisy belonging to the lower regions.
— L. infemuSy lower; extended from in-
ferus (above).
Infesty to harass. (F.—L.) Y,inf ester,
— L. infestdre, to attack. — L. infestusy
attacking, hostile; orig. unsafe. Origin
doubtful.
InfideL (F.-L.) l/i.Y^infideley'm-
Bdell;' Cot. — L. infidelisy faithless. — L.
in-y noi\ fidelisy faithful, iiomfide-Sy faith.
See Faith.
Infinite. (F.-L.) O.F,infinit (F,
infini). — L. infinltus^ utaended. — L. in-y
not; finltusy pp. o{ jftnirey to end, from
finiSi end. See Final.
Infirm. (L.) L. infirmusy not strong,
weak. — L. in-y not; firmuSy firm. See
Firm. Der. inftrm-ar-yy infirm-i'ty.
Inflate. (L.) From pp. of L. infldre,
INQLE
to blow into, puff up. — L. in, in ; fldre^ to
blow. See Flatulent.
Infleoty to modulate the voice, &c.
(L.) L. inflecterey lit. to bend in. — L.
iVf , in ; flecterey to bend. See Flexible.
Inflict. (L.) From L. inflictus, pp. of
inftigerCy to inflict, lit. to strike upon. — L.
iny upon; and fltgtre, to strike. See
AfOiot.
Infloresoence, mode of flowering.
(F. — L.) F. inflorescence. From the
pres. pt. of L. infldrescere, to burst into
blossom. — L. in, into ; and Jldrescere,
inceptive form oi fldrererio bloom. See
Flourish.
Influence. (F.—L.) O. F. influence^
a flowing in, esp. used of the influence of
planets. — Late L. infiuentia. — L. influent',
stem of pres. pt. of influerey to flow into.
— L. f If . into ; fluere, to flow. See
Fluent.
inflnenia. (ItaL— L.) Ital, influenza,
influence, also used of a severe catarrh. A
doublet of Influence (above).
inflnz. (F. - L.) O. F. influx.^ L. in-
fluxusy a flowing in.— L. in, in; fluxus,
pp. oifluerey to flow.
Inform, to impart knowledge to. (F.
— L.) F. informer, '^'L, infomidre, to
put into form, mould ; also, to tell, inform.
— L. fM, into ; fomia, form. See Form.
Infiraction, violation of law. (F.—
L.) F. infraction. ^L. ace. in/ractionem,
a weakening, breaking into. — L. infractus,
pp. of in-fringere (below).
infringe. (L.) L. infringerey to
break into, violate law. — L. m, into ;
frangerey to break. See Fragile.
Ixmiriate. (Ital.-L.) liaX,inJuriato,
pp. of infuriarCy to fly into a rage. — Ital.
in furia, * in a fury, ragingly ;' Florio.—
L. i», in; furia, rage. See Fury. ^ Or
from Late L. pp. infuridtus (Ducange).
Inftiee. (F.-L.) F. in/user, ^L. in-
fususy pp. of infundere, to pour in. — L.
ins in ; funderey to pour. See Fuse (i).
Inffenions. (F.-L.) U.F .ingenieux
(Coti). — L. ingenidsuSy clever. — L. inge'n-
ium, natural capacity ; see Bngine.
ingennone. (L.) L. ingenu-us, in-
born, free-born, frank; with suffix 'Ous,^
L. iny in ; gen^y as in gen-i-tusy born, pp.
of gignerey to beget. See Genus.
Ini^e (1)1 Are. (C.I Lowl. Sc. ingle,
Are. Ferhaps from Gael and Irish aingealy
flre. Allied to Irish ongy Russ. ogone, Are.
See Ignition.
a6i
INQLE
INN
Xagla (a)i a darling, paramonr. (Du.
or Fries. — L. — Gk.) Also engU (Nares).
M. Du. ingely engel, an angel (hence, a
tenn of endearment). Koolman notes £.
Fries, engel, an angel, as being commonly
used as a term of endearment and as a
female name. — L. angelus, — Gk. &fi^oz.
See Angel.
Zn^otf a mass of nnwrought metal.
(E.) M. E. ingot, Chaucer, C. T. 16677,
&c.f where it means a mould for molten
metal. But the true sense is ' that which
is poured in,' a mass of metal.— A. S. in^
in ; and got-en, poured, pp. of geoian, to
pour, fuse metals. Cf. Du. ingieten, Swed.
ingfuta, to pour in. Also Du. gieten, G.
giesseHf Icel. g/ota (pp. gotinn), 1)211.. gyde,
Swed. gfuta, Goth, giutan, to pour, shed,
fuse; cognate with L./i<ff<iSfrif. (^GHEU.)
Henoe F. lingot, for V ingot, -f G. tin-
guss, a pouring in, also an ingot ; Swed.
ingottf tne ne(£ of a mould for metals.
llinain, to dye of a fast colour. (F. —
L.) Ai. £. tngreynen, — M. F. engrainer
(Palsg.). — F. in graint, in grain, with a
fast colour. —F. en, in (L. in); Late L.
grdna, cochineal dye, from grdnum, a
grain. See Grain and Ooohineal.
Xngrate, ungrateful. (F.-L.) F. iV
grat.^lm ingrdtus^ not pleasing. —L. in-,
not ; grdtus, pleasing. See Qrateftil.
Ingratiat6f to commend to the fiivonr
o£ (JL) Coined from L. in, in ; gratia,
favour, grace. See Grace.
Xngxedientv that which enters into a
compound. (F. — L.) F. ingredient (the
same).— L. ingredient-, stem of pres. pt
of ingredi, to enter upon, b^^ (hence to
cater into). — L. m, in ; gradt, to go. See
Grade.
inneSS. (L.) L. ingressus, an entei^
ingT— L. ittgressus, pp. of ingredt (above).
UifainaL relating to the groin. (L.)
L. i$tgmndiis (the same).— L. it^gmm-,
stem of ingnen^ the groin.
XnluOlit. (^F. - L.) M. F. inkaditer. -
L. inkMfdre, to dwell in. — L. »», In; kadi-
tdre, to dwell. See Habitation.
ZnluJe. (L.) L. itiJUUdn, to breathe
in, draw in breath. — L. ni, in ; kdiSre, to
breathe. Cf. Sxhale.
XalMr«at. (L.) L. uU^nm/-, stem
of pres. pt of im-Jk^trirt, to stickiin. Henoe
imitrt, as a verb. See Heeitale.
lahweit, (F,-L,) O.F. emJUrOer.^
lAteI^«NA«rM£f«w«,— L.ui,in; ketSd-em^
aoc of A£n&»anbdr, SeeH«ir.
Inhibit, to check. (L.) From L. in-
hibitus, pp. of inhibere, to keep in, hold
in.— L. in, in; habere, to have, keep.
See Habit.
Inimical. (L.) L. immlcalis, ex-
tended from inimicus, hostile. — L. in;
not; and amicus, friendly. See Enemy
and Amiable.
Iniqni^f vice. (F.— L.) M.E. in-
iquitee* — F . iniquity, — L. iniquitdtem,
ace. of intquitds, injustice. — L. in-, not;
aguitas, equity. See Equity.
Initial^ pertaining to the beginning.
(F.— L.) F. initial, ^la, initidlis, adj.
from initium, a beginning. — L. initum,
supine of in-tre, to go in, to enter into or
upon. — L. in, iu ; tre, to go.
initiate, to begin. (L.) From pp.
of L. initidre, to b^;in. — L. initium
(above).
Inject. (L.) From iniectus, pp. of
L. inicere, to cast in, throw inta— L. in,
in ; ieuere, to throw. See Jet (1^.
^jnnetion, command. (L.) From
L. iniunctio, an order.— L. iniunctus, pp.
of iniungere, to bid. See Enjoin.
lajnre. (F.-L.) F. injurier.^lAX&
L. iniHridre ; for L. iniHridri, to harm. —
L. iniHria, harm.— L. iniHrius, wrong.—
I., in-, not ; f fir-, for iOs, law, right. See
Just.
Ink. (F.-L.-Gk.) M.E. enJke,^
O. F. enque (F. encre), ^IaIc L. incaus-
turn; L. encatistum, the purple-red ink
used by the later Roman emperors ; nent.
of encaustus, burnt in. — Gk. iymvaros,
burnt in. — Gk. Ir, in; xofoi, I bum. (Cf.
Ital. inchiostro, ink.) See BncauBtio.
Inlcldy a kind of tape. (Origin un-
known.) Perhaps from M. Du. enckel, Du.
enkel, single, as opposed to double ; but
there is no obvious connexion.
InUintf. a hint, intimatioQ. (Scand.?)
M. £. inJutng, a whisper, murmur, low
speaking. Alexander, when in disguise,
feared 1^ was discovered, because he *herd
a nyt^kiiing of his name'; Allit romance
of Alexander, 3968; where a nyngkiting
stands for €m yngkiiing. 'To incle the
trutbe*sto hint at the truth, AUsaonder
(in wp^ to Wm. of Palone), 616. Origin
unknown; perhaps allied to Swed. enkel,
single ; dL ei emkeU ord, a single word ;
M. Do. emtkeHnge, * a fidling or a dimin-
ishing of notes; Hexham.
Xaa, sb. (£.) M.E. M,tJtii.-A.S.
•Mty M, sb., IOQ■^ dwelling.— A. S. tj».
ate
INNING
BMH, adv., within, indoors.— A.S. in, prep.,
in.^Icel.iififf, an inn ; innif adv., indoors.
See In.
inning. (E.) Properly the securing
or housing of grain, from inn, vb., due to
inn, sb. (above). Also innings, at
cricket, invariably used in the plural,
because the side which is in consists of
several players.
Xnnat6f in-bom. (L.) L. inndtus, in-
born.—L. in, in; nOtus, born; see Natal.
ZnnOC6nt. (F.—L.) F. innocent, '^L,
innocent', stem of innocens, harmless.—
L. in-, not ; nocenSf pres. pt. of nocere, to
hurt. See Noxioua.
innOOUOnS. (L.) L.fifif^rM-«j, harm-
less ; with sufi&x -0tif. — L. in-, not ; nocere,
to hurt
Znnovatei to introduce something new.
(L.^ From pp. of L. inncudre, to renew,
maice new.— L. in, in; nouus, new. See
Novel.
InnnendOy an indirect hint. (L.) Not
to be spelt inuendo. From L. innuendo^
by intimating ; gerund of innuere, to nod
towards, intimate. — L. in, in, at; nuere,
to nod. See Nutation.
Znooulate. (L.) In old authors it
means 'to engraft.'- L. inocul&tus, pp. of
iwtculdre, to engraft, insert a graft.— L.
in, in; oculus, an eye, also a bud of a
plant. See Ocular.
Inordinate. (L.) L.inordinOtus.''
L. in-, not ; ordinOtus, ordered, controlled,
pp. of crdinare; see Ordain. And see
Order.
Inqnest. (F.-L.) Later spelling of
M. £. enqueste, O. F. enqueste, — Late L.
inquesta, sb., from inquesta, fem. of Late
L. inquestus^'^'L, inqutsttus, pp. of in-
qutrere, to search mto. — L. in, into ;
quaerere, to search. See Query.
inqtnirOf late spelling of Enquire,
q. V.
inquisition. (F.-L.) F. inquisi-
tion, — L. ace. inquisXtionem, a search
into. — L. inqulsitus, pp. of inquirere ;
see Inquest (above).
Znsoribo. (L.) L. inscrtbere, to
write in or upon ; pp. inscriptus (whence
inscription),^!^, in, upon; scribere, to
write. See Boribe.
ZnsoratablOf that cannot be scrutin-
ised. (F. — L.) F. inscrutable, m^L, in-
scriitdbilis, — L. tif-, not; scrOt&n, to
scrutinise. See Scrutiny.
ZnMOt. (F.— L.) ¥, imecte.^L,iU'
INSTEP
sectum, lit. *a thins cut into,* i.e. nearly
divided, from the shape. — L. insecius, pp.
of insecure, to cut mto. — L. in, into ;
secdre, to cut. See Secant.
Insert. (L.) From L. insertus, pp.
of inserere, to introduce, put in.— L. in,
in : serere, to join, put. See Series.
Insidious. (F.-L.) F. insidieux,
deceitful. — L. insidiosus, treacherous.— L.
insidia, pi. troops of men who lie in wait,
also cunning wiles. — L. insidere, to lie in
wait, lit <to sit in.*— L. in, in; sedere, to
sit. See Sedentary.
Insignia. (L.) L. insignia, marks of
office ; pi. of insigne, which is the neuter
of instgnis, remarkable. -L. fit, upon;
signum, a mark. See Sign.
Insinuate. (L.) From pp. of L. m-
sinudre, to introduce by winding or
bending. -L. f'li, into; sinus (gen. sinOs),
a bend. See Sinus.
Insipid. (L.) L. insipidus. ^U tn-,
not ; sapidus, savoury. See Sapid.
Insist. (F. - L. ) F. insister. - L. f n-
sistere, to set foot on, persist — L. in, in;
sistere, to set, stand, from stdre, to stand.
See State.
Insolent. (F.-L.) U^M, insoknt.
— F. insolent, saucy. — L. insolent', stem
of insolens, not customary, unusual, inso-
lent—L. in-, not; solens, pres. pt. of
solere, to be accustomed, be wont.
Inspect. (L.) L. inspectdre, to ob*
serve; frequent of inspicere, to look into.
— L. in, into ; specere, to look. See
Species.
Inspire. (F.-L.) O. F. empinr,
M. F. inspirer (Cot).— L. inspirdre, to
breathe into. — L. in, into; spirdre, to
breathe. See Spirit.
InspissatSi to make thick. (L.)
From pp. of L. inspissdre, to thicken. ■■
L. in, m ; spissus, thick, dense.
Instance. (F.-L.) F. instance, 'in-
stance, urgency;* Cot — L. instantia, a
being near, urgency. — L. instant-, item
of pres. pt. of instdre, to be at hand, to
urge.— L. in, upon, near; stdre, to stand.
See State.
Instead. (E.) For in stead, i.e. in
the place. See Stead.
Instepi the upper part of the foot,
where it rises to the front of the leg. (E.)
Formerly instup and instop (MinsheQ).
These forms may be related to A. S. stsp-,
as seen in stdp-el, a footprint, O. Sax.
stdp-o, a step (cf. Du. stoep, a set of stepSi
263
e
INSTIGATE
G. stufCi a step, stair) ; from stop^ strong
grade of stapafiy to advance (whence the
secondary verb sUppan, to step). The
reference seems to be to the movement of
the foot in walking. See Step.
Institfatey to urge on. (L.) From
pp. of instigdrej to goad on. — L. iny on ;
and base *stig'y to prick, allied to L.
stinguere, to prick; see Diatiziguish.
See Bmgm. i. § 633.
ZlUltiL (F.-L.) Y. tnstiller.'^U
instilldre, to poor in by drops.— L. in^
in ; stilldre, to drop, from stilla, a drop.
See StiU (a).
Instinct. (F.— L.; ^rL.) Y. instinct ^
sb. — L. instinctum, ace of instinctus, an
impnlse. — L. instinctus, pp. of instinguere,
to goad on.— L. in, on; stinguere, to
pride. See Distingxiish.
Institute. (L.) From L. institOtus,
pp. of instiiiurty to set, establish. — L. in,
m ; stcUuere, to place, from status, verbal
sb. from stare, to stand. See State.
Instruct. (L.) From L. instructus,
p. of instruere, to build into, instruct. —
. in, in ; struere, to pile up, build. See
Strooture.
instrument. (F.— L.) F. instru-
ment.^lj, instrumentum^ an implement,
tool. — L. instruere (above); with suffix
omentum.
Insular. (L.) L. insul&ris, insular. —
L. insula^ an island. Cf. Isle.
Insult, vb. (F. - L.) F. insulter. - L.
insultdrCf to leap upon, scoff at, insult;
frequent, of insUere, to leap upon. — L. in,
on ; satire, to leap. See Salient.
Insurgent. (L.) L. insurgent-, stem
of pres. pt. of insurgere, to rise up or on,
to rebel. — L. in, on ; surgere, to rise. See
Surge.
insurrection. (F.-L.) F. insur-
rection. — L.acc. insurrectidnem,{Tomnom.
insurrectio.^L,, insurrectus, pp. of in-
surgere, to rebel (above).
Intafflio, a kind of carved work. (Ital.
— L.) ital. intaglio, a sculpture, carving.
— Ital. intagiiare, to cut into. — Ital. in
( = L. in), in ; tagliare = Late L. talidre,
taiedre, to cut twigs, to cut, allied to
tdlia^ tdlea, a slip, twig.
Integer, a whole number. (L.) L.
integer, whole, entire ; lit. untouched, i. e.
unharmed. — L. in-, not ; *tag; base of
tangere, to touch. See Tangent. Brugm.
i. 244 (3) ; ii. § 632.
Integument. (L.) L.integumentum,
INTERCOURSE
a covering, skin. — L. in, upon; tegere, to
cover ; see Tegnment.
Intellect. (F.-L.) U,F. intellect.^
L. intellectus, perception, discernment.—
L. intellectus, pp. of intelligere, to dis-
cern. — L. intel-, for inter, between ; legere^
to choose. See Ijegend.
intelligence. (F.— L.) F. intellu
gence. — L. intelligentia, perception. — L.
intelligent-, stem of pres. pt. of tntelligere,
to discern, understand (above).
intelligible. (F.-L) F. intelU-
gihle. — L. tntelligibilis, perceptible to the
senses. — L. intelligere, to discern (above);
with suffix -bilis.
Intend. (F. — L.") M. £. entenden,^
F. entendre. ^V,, intendere, to stretch to,
bend or apply the mind to, design. — L. in,
to ; tendere, to stretch. See Tend (i).
intense. (F.— L.) O.F. intense.^
L. intenS'US, stretched out, pp. of intendere
(above).
intent, design. (F.— L.) M. £. en-
tente, — F. entente, intention ; participial
sb. from F. entendre, to intend ; see Intend.
And see below.
intent, adj. (L.) L. intentus, bent
on; m. of intendere ; see Intend.
Inter. (F.-L.) M.E. enterren.^F.
enterrer, to bury. — Late L. interrdre, to
put into the ground. —L. in, in; terra,
ground. See Terrace. Der. inter-ment,
T\ enterrement.
Tntex-f prefix, amongst. (L.) L. inter,
among ; a comparative form, answering to
Skt. antar, wimin ; closely . allied to In-
terior, q. V. Also Intel- (before /).
Intercalate, to insert. (L.) From
pp. of L. intercaldre, to proclaim that
a day has been inserted in the calendar,
to insert. — L. infer, amongst; caldre, to
proclaim. See Calends.
Intercede. (F^ — L.) Y.intercider.^
L. intercedere, lit. to go between; hence,
to mediate. — L. inter, between ; cedere, to
go. See Cede. Der. intercession, from
the pp. intercess-us.
Intercept. (F.-L.) Y .intercepter,^
L. intercept-US, pp. of intercipere, lit. to
catch between. — L. inter, between ; caper e,
to take. See Capacious.
Intercourse. (F. - L.) Formerly
entercourse. — F. entrecours, intercourse,
commerce. — Late L. intercursus, com-
merce ; lit. a running amongst. — L. inter,
amongst ; cursus, a running, course, from
the pp. of currerey to run. See Course.
264
INTERDICT
Interdict, sb. (L.) Law L. ifUer-
dktumfkz. kind of excommanication ; in
Latin, a decree.— L. interdictus, pp. of
interdicerCf to pronounce a judgment
between two parties.— L. iw/^r, between;
dicere, to say. See Dlotion.
Interest (i), profit, adyantage. (F.^
L.) M. F. interest (F. int&it), an interest
in a thin^, interest for money (Cot.). — L.
interest, it is profitable; 3 pers. sing, of
interesse, to concern, lit. *be among.*— L.
inter, among; esse, to be. See Inter-
ond IDBsenoe.
interest (2), to engage the attention
of another. (F.— L.) A curious word;
formed (by partial confusion with the verb
above) from the pp. interess'd of the
obsolete verb to inter ess, used by Massinger
and Ben Jonson. — M. F. interess^, *in-
teressed, or touched in;* Cot.— L. in-
teresse, to concern (as above). Der.
Hence dis-interesied^ from the verb </fJ-
i>f/«r^j/,orig. app. and spelt disinteress* d.
Interfere. (F.-L.) Formerly m/^-
feir, to dash one heel against the other
(Blount). O. F. s^entreferir^ to exchange
blows. — F. entre, between ; ferir, to strike.
— L. inter, between; fertre, to strike.
See Ferule.
Interior. (F.^L.) 0.¥. interior,^
L. interiffrem^ ace. of interior, comp. of
intents, within. In-terus itself was orig.
a comparative form, answering to Skt.
antara-f interior. Tlie positive is the L.
in ; in ; see In. Brugm. i. $ 466.
Intei^acent. (L.) From pres. pt. of
L. intenacete, to lie between. — L. inter,
between ; iacire^ to lie. See Jet (i).
, inte:^ection. (F.~L.\ Y, interjec-
tion, an interjection, a word 'thrown in to
express emotion. — L. ace. inter iectiffnem,
a throwing between^ insertion, interjection.
— L. interiectus, pp. of L. intericere, to
cast between ; {^icere^iacere, to cast).
Interloper, an intruder. (Du. — F. > L.
and Du.) Low G. and Du. enterloper
(Brem. Wort.). Lit. *a runner between ; '
coined from F. entre (<L. inter) , between ;
and Du. hoper, a nmner, from loopen, to
run, cognate with E. leap ; see Iieap.
Intermit, to interrupt, cease awhile.
(L.) L. intertnittere, to send apart, inter-
rupt ; pp. intermissus. — L. inter, between ;
mittere^ to send. See Missile. Der. in-
termiss'ion, F. intermission, L. ace. m-
termissidnem ; from the pp.
Inteniy to confiiie within limitf. (F.—
INTERSPERSE
L.) F. intemer.^F. interne, internal,
kept within.— L. intemus, inward; from
inter, within, and sufiix ^nus. See Inter-.
internal. (L.) Cf. O. F. internet.
From L. intem-us (above); with suffix
•al (L.-d/is),
Internecine, thoroughly destructive.
(L.) L. intemectnus, thoroughly destruc-
tive.—L. intemecio, utter slaughter.— L.
inter, thoroughly (see Lewis) ; and necdre,
to kill, from nec; stem of nex, death. Cf.
Gk. viKw, a corpse. Brugm. i. $ 375.
Interpellation. (F. - L.) F. inter-
pellation.^'L, ace. interpelldtiomm.'^h,
interpelldtus, pp. of interpelldre, to drive
between, to hinder, interrupt.— L. inter,
between ; pellere, to drive. See Pulsate.
Interpolate. (L.) From pp. of L.
interpoldre, to furbish up, patch, interpo-
late.—L. interpolus, interpolis, polished
up. — L. inter, in, between ; polire, to
polish. See Foliah.
Interpose. (F.—L. aff^Gk.) F. m-
terposer, to put between. — L. inter, be-
tween ; Y, poser, to put ; see Pose (i).
Interposition. (F.-L.) F. inter-
position. — L. ace. interpositionemt aputting
Detween.— L. interpositus, pp. of tnterpo*
nere, to put between. — L. inter, between ;
pdnere, to put. See Position.
Inter]^ret,toexf>lain. (F.— L.) M. £.
interpreten. — if. F. interpreter. — L. inter-
pretdri, to expound. — L. interpret-, stem of
interpris, an interpreter, properly an agent,
broker. The latter part of the word is
perhaps allied to L. pret-ium, price ; see
Price.
Interregnnu. (L.) From L. i « /<? r,
between ; regnum, a xeign, rule, from
regere, to rule. See Begent.
Interrogate. (L.) From pp. of L.
interrogdre, to question. — L. inter,
thoroughly; rogdre, to ask. See Roga-
tion.
Interruption. (F.-L.) V. interrup-
tion. — L. ace. interruptionem, a breaking
into. — L. interruptuSf pp. of interrumpere,
to break into. — L. inter, amongst ; rumpere^
to break. See Buptnre.
Intersect. (L.) From h.intersectus,
pp. of intersecdre, to cut between or apart.
— L. inter, between ; secure, to cut. See
Secant.
Intersperse. (L.) From L. inter*
spersus, pp. of inter spergere, to sprinkle
amongst. — L. irtter, among ; spargere, to
scatter. See Sparse.
965
^l
INTERSTICE
INURE
Interstice. (F. — L.) Y. interstice.^
L. interstitiumf an interval of space. — L.
inter, between ; stdtus, pp. of sistere, to
place, from stare, to stand. See State.
Interval. (F. — L.) M,¥, interva/te,
interval. — L. interuailum, lit. the space
between the rampart of a camp and the
soldiers' tents. — L. inter,hetween ; ualium,
rampart. See VTaU.
Intervene, to come between. (F. — L.)
F. intervenir; Cot. — L. interuentre, to
come between. — L. inter, between ; uenire,
to come. See Venture.
Intestate, without a will. (F.~L.)
M. F. intestat, — L. intestdtus, that has
made no will. — L. in-, not ; testdtus, pp.
of testdrf, to make a will. See Testa-
ment.
Intestine. (F.-L.) F.iW/«r/i»,adj.,
'intestine, inward;' Cot. — L. intestinus,
inward. Formed from L. intus, within,
cognate with Gk. ivros, within ; extended
from L. in, in. Cf. Bntrails.
Intimate (i), to announce, hint. (L.)
From pp. of L. intimdre, to bring within,
to annomice. — L. intimus, inmost, snperl.
corresponding to comp. interior; see In-
terior.
intimate (2)1 familiar. (L.) This
form is due to confusion with the word
above. It is really founded on M. F. in-
time, inward, * secret,deer,entirely affected ;*
Cot. ; from L. intimus (above).
Intimidate. (L.) From pp. of Late
L. intimiddre, to frighten. —L. in, inten-
sive prefix ; timidus, timid. See Timid.
Into, prep. (£.) M. £. into ; orig. two
words. A. S. in t6, in to, where in is
used adverbially, and to is a preposition ;
see In and To.
Intone, to chant. (Late L.— L. and
Gk.) Late L. intondre, to sing according
to tone. — L in tonum, according to tone ;
where tonum is ace. of tonus, borrowed
from Gk. r6vos ; see Tone.
Intozicate. (Late L. -L. and Gk.)
From pp. of Late L. intoxicdre, to make
drunk. — L. in, into; toxicum, poison,
borrowed from Gk. to^iKdv, poison for
arrows. Gk. ro^iKov is der. from r^oi', a
bow, of which the pi. r6^a is used to mean
arrows. With Gk. r^ov cf. Gk. rkx-vr\,
art, or perhaps L. taxus, a yew-tree.
See Technical.
Intrepid. (L.) L. intrepidus, fear-
less, not alarmed. — L. in-, not ; trepidus,
alarmed. See Trepidation.
,y perplexed, obscure. (L.)
From the pp. of L, intricdre, to porplex. —
L. in, in ; trtoB, pi. sb., hindrances, vexa-
tions, wiles. See Extricate.
intritfue, to form secret plots. (F. ^
Ital. — lly F. intriguer, (also M. F. j»-
triquer, * to intricate, perplex, insnare ; '
Cot.). — Ital. intrigare (also intricare), * to
intricate, entrap; Florio. — L. intrtcdre
(above).
IntnnsiCf inherent. (F. — L.) For
*intrinsec, M. F. intrinseque, * inward ; *
Cot. — L. intrinsecus, lit. * following in-
wards.* — L. *intrim, allied to intra,
within (cf. interim) ; sec-us, lit. following,
from sequf, to follow. See Sequence.
Intro-, prefix, within. (L.) L. intrd;
an adv. closely allied to L. intrd; from
interus, inner. See Interior.
Introduce. (L.) L. introducere, to
bring in. — L. intrd, within; ducerej to
bring. See Duke. Der. introduct-ion
(from the pp. introduct-us),
Introit, an antiphon sung as the priest
approaches the altar. (F.—L.) Y, introit,
— L. ace. introitum, from introitus,
lit. 'entrance.*— L. introitus , pp. of
introire, to enter. — L. intrd, within ; ire,
to go.
Introspection. (L.) Coined from
L. introspect-us, pp. of introspicere, to
look into (with suffix -ii0»).— L. intrd-,
within ; stecere, to look. See Species.
Intrndei to thrust oneself into. (L.)
L. intrHdere, to thrust into. — L. in, in,
into ; trudere (pp. triisus), to thrust. Al-
lied to Threaten. Der. intrus-ion, from
the pp.
Intuition. (F.-L.) F. intuition.
Formed, by analogy with tuition, from L.
intuitus, pp. of intuiri, to look upon.
— L. in, upon; tuert, to watch. See
Tuition.
IntnmescencOv a swelling. (F.—L.)
F. intumescence. From stem of pres. pt.
of L. intumescere, to begin to swell.—
L. in^ very ; tumescere, inceptive form of
tumere, to swell. See Tumid.
Inundation. (F.—L.) Imitated from
F. inondcUion,^\a, inunddtionem, ace. of
inunddtio, an overflowing. — L. inunddre,
to overflow. — L. in, upon, over; unda,
a wave. See Undulate.
Inure, to habituate. (F.—L.) Also
spelt enure, i. e. en ure ; the word arose
from the phrase in (F. en) ure, 1. e. in
operation, in work, in employment, for-
a66
INVADE
IPECACUANHA
merly common. Here in is the £. prep.
in ; ure is from O. F. eure, also spelt uevre,
avrty work, action ; from L. operay work.
(Cf. tnan-ure «■ man-anvre.) See also
manure, tnanauvre. See Operate.
Invade. (F.— L.) M. F. invader,^
L. inttddere (pp. inudsus), to enter, in-
vade.—L. fff, in; uddere, to go. Per.
invas'ion, from the pp.
Znvecked, Invectedf in heraldry,
indented with successive cusps, with the
points projecting inwards. (L.) Lit
* carried in.' ■- L. inueciust pp. of inuehere,
to carry inwards.— L. in, in; uehere, to
carry. See Vehicle.
Invoiffllf to attack with words, rail.
(F. — L.) From F, envcthir, O. F. gnva'ir,
enveir, to invade, from L. inuddcre (see
Invade) ; but popularly connected with L.
inueherty to carry into or to, to introduce,
attack, inveigh against. — L. f>i, against;
f^^^rtf, to bring, p. The latter etymology
was suggested by the use of £. invective,
borrowed from F. inveeiive,* an invective;*
Cot ; from L. inueciiuus, adj., scolding,
due to inuectuSt pp. of inuehere. Hence
Cot. has ^inveciiver, to inveigh.*
Inveigle. (F.-L.) In Spenser, F.Q.
i. 12. 32. [Indirectly from F. aveugler,
to blind; cfJ £. aveugle,Xo cajole, seduce,
A.D. 1547, in Froude*s Hist. v. 132 ; and
A.D. I543> State Papers, ix. 247.] It
precisely answers to Anglo*F. enveoglir,
to blind, in Will, of Wadington's Manuel
des Peches, 1. 10639 > ^P^^t also enveogler
in N, Bozon. These are mere (ignorant)
variants of F. aveugler^ to ''blind (like im-
posthume for apostume), from F. aveugle
(A. F. enveogles in Bozon), blind.— Late
L. *abocttlum, ace of *aboculus, blind
(Ducange has avocuius,9\^o aboadis, adj.).
— L. ab, without ; oculus, eye. % Baret
(1580) has: ' invHglc ones minde, occacare
animum.*
Invent. (F. — L.) F. inventer, to de-
vise. Formed, with suffix -er (L. -tf/r),
frQm L. inuent-us, pp. of inuenire, to
come upon, find out. — L. in, upon ; uenire,
to come. See Venture. Der. invent-
ion, &C.
Inverse! opposite. (F.— L.) M. £.
iVftvrj.— M. F. im/^rx.— L. inuersus, pp.
of inuertere (below).
invert. (L.) L. inuertere, to turn
towards or up, to invert— L. in, towards;
uertere, to turn. See Verse.
Inveeti (F.— L.) F. invesUr, m^ L.
inuestire, to clothe in or with. — L. in,
in ; uestire, to clothe. See Vest.
Ibivestigate. (L.) From pp. of L.
inuestigdre, to track out. — L. in, in, upon ;
uestigdre, to trace, allied to uesiigium,
a foot-track. See Vestige.
Inveterate. (L*) L* inueteratus, pp.
of inueterdre, to retain for a long time. —
L. in, in; ueter-, for *uete>, stem of
uctus, old. See Veteran.
Invidione. (L.) Txom L.inuidiosw,
causing odium or envy. — L. inuidia, envy.
— L. inuidere, to envy, lit. to look upon
(in a bad sense).— L. in, upon; uidere, to
look. See Vision.
Invigoratet ^^ &^^ vigour to. (L.)
As if from pp. of Late L. *inuigordre, to
give vigour to. — L. tit, towards; uigor,
vigour; see Vigour. Cf. Xtal. invigorire.
Invincible. (F.— L.) F. invincible.
— L. inuincibilis.^'L, in; not; uinci-
bi/is, easily overcome, from uincere, to
conquer ; see Vanqui^.
Invite. (F. — L.) F. inviter, — L.
inHitdre, to ask, request, invite. Allied
to *uiius, willing, in in-ultus, unwilling.
Brugm. i. § 343. Doublet, vie, q. v.
Invocation. (F.— L.) Y. invocation.
— L. inuocdtionem, ace. of inuocdtio, a
calling upon. — L. inuocdtus, pp. of i»-
uocdre, to call upon. — L. in, upon ; uocdre,
to call. See Vocation.
invoke. (F — L.) F. invcguer.^L,
inuocdre, to call upon (above).
Invoice, a particular account of goods
sent out. (F. — L.) A corruption oi envois,
pi. of F. envoi, O.F. envoy ^ a sending;
see Snvoy. Cf. £. voice, from O. F. vois.
Involve. (F.-L.) F. involver, * to
involve;' Cot.— L. inuoluere, to roll in,
roll up.— L. in, in; uoiuere, to roll. See
Voluble. Der. involut-ion, involute,
from the pp. inuoliitus; also involucre ,
from L. inuolOcru/n, an envelope.
Iodine* an elementary body. (Gk.)
Named from the violet colour of its
vapour. [Cf. F. iode, iodine.] — Gk. litd-
17s, contr. form of lociSi^s, violet-like ; with
suihx 'ine, — Gk. to-v, a violet ; tH^s,
appearance. See Violet.
Iota. (Gk.-Heb.) Gk. tStra, a letter
of the Gk. alphabet. — Heb. ydd, the
smallest letter of the Heb. alphabet,
with the power of ^. (Of Phoenician
origin.) ^ee Jot.
Ipecacuanha, a medical root. rPort.
— Braalian.) Port, ipecacuanha (Span.
67
IR-
ISOLATE
ipecacuana). From the Brazilian name of
tne plant ; Guarani ip4'kaa-guafia, Ipi'^
peby small; kaa^ plant; guaHa^ causing
sickness.
It- (i), prefix, (L. ; or F.— L.) For
L. in, in, prep., when r follows.
Ip- (2), prefix. (L. ; or F.— L.) For
L. neg. prefix in-, when r follows.
Ire, (F. — L.) F. ire, — L. ira^ anger.
irajioible. (F.-L) F* irascible, ^^
L. irascibilis, cholerie; from trasctf to
become angry ; with suffix -bi/is, «- L. ira,
anger.
iSris, a rainbow. (L.— Gk.) L. «>w.-
Gk. tpis, a rainbow. Der. irid-esc-ent,
irid'ium ; from trid'^ stem of tris. And
see Orris.
Irk, to weary. (£.) M. £. irkettf erken,
to tire ; also irk, erk, adj. weary. Not in
A. S.-f M. H.G. erken, to loathe; erklich,
loathsome; Bavarian erkel, sb., nausea
(Schmeller).
Iroiii a metal. (E.) M. £. iren, also
ire, A. S. iren, older forms isem,
isaem, adj. and sb. 4"I^u. ijzer\ O.Icel.
tsam ; O. H. G. isam, G. eisen ; Goth.
eisam, sb. (whence eisameins, adj.). And
cf. W. haiam, Com. hoem, Irish iarann,
O. Ir. iamt Bret, houam, iron. p. The
Celtic forms answer to an O. Celt, form
*isamO' (*eisarno-, Stokes, in Fick, ii. 25) ;
from which the Germanic forms may have
been borrowed. At any rate, Icel. jam
and Dan. Swed, j'em are from O. Ir. iam.
Remoter origin unknown.
ironmonger, a dealer in iron goods.
(E.) From iron and monger ; see Monger.
iron-mould. (E.) See Mould (3).
Irony. (F. - L. - Gk.) F. ironie
(Minsheu). — L. Tronia, — Gk. tlpojvela,
dissimulation, irony, i- Gk. ttpuv, a dis-
sembler, one who says less then he thinks
or means. Allied to Ionic ttpofxai, Attic
ipofjicu, I ask, enquire, seek out (cf. tlporriu.
Ion. for ipojrdca, 1 ask), iptwa, enquiry,
search (base *reu ; Prellwitz).
Zrraoiate. (L.) Frompp. ofL. «mi-
didre, to shine upon. — L. ir-, for in, on;
radidre, to shine, from radius, a ray. See
Badius.
Zrrefiraffable, not to be refuted. (F.
— L.) F. trrifragable, — L. irrefrdgabtlis,
not to be withstood. — L. ir- {-in-, not) ;
refrdgdri, to oppose, thwart, from re-^
back, and (probably) L. frag-, base of
frangere, to break. (For the long a, cf.
L. suffrdgium, prob. from the same root.)
Irrigate* to water. (L.) From pp. of
L. irrtgdre, to flood. —L. in, upon ; rigdre^
to wet, moisten.
Irritate. (L.) Frompp.ofL.frrf/ar^,
to incite, excite, provoke, tease. App.
related to irrire, hirrtre, to snarl as
a dog; which is prob. an imitative
word.
Irmption. (F.-L.) F. irruption,
*a forcible entry;' Cot— L. ace. irrup-
tidnem, a breaking into.— L. iV- (for in),
into ; rupt-us, pp. of rumpere^ to break.
See Bupture.
Is, A.S. is\ from VES, to be. The
general Idg. form is ES-TI, as in Skt.
as'ti, Gk. ko-r'i, L. es-t, G. is-t*, also
O. Icel. es, £. is. See also Be, Was.
iBinglaee, a glutinous substance made
from ahsh. (Du.) A corruption ofM. Du.
huyzenblas (mod. Du. kuisbiad), isinglass,
lit. * sturgeon-bladder,' whence isinglass is
obtained; see Sewel. — M. Du. Auy^, stur-
geon ; bla^se, bladder TKilian). Cf. G. hau-
senblase, sturgeon-blaader, isinglass ; from
G. hausen, a sturgeon, blase, a bladder,
from blasen, to blow. Cf. O. H. G. hiisc,
a sturgeon.
Islam, the religious system of Muham-
med. (Arab.) Arab, islam, lit. ' submis-
sion.' — Arab, root salama, he was resigned.
See Moslem.
Island. (E.) The J is inserted by con-
fusion with F. isle, M.E. iland, A. S.
igland, — A. S. ig, an island ; land, land ;
perhaps by confusion of A.S. Tg, island,
with A.S. laland, island, lit. * water-land.'
The A. S. ig if also teg, O. Merc, ig (cf.
Angles-ey)', cognate with Icel. ey^ Dan.
Swed. o, island; G. aue, meadow near
water. The orig. Teut. form was ^ligwid^
fem. of *agwio%, belonging to water, an
adj. formed from ^ahwa, water, represented
by A. S. ia, O. H. G. aha, Goth, ahwa, a
stream, cognate with L. aqua, water.
Isle, an island. (F. -L.) O. F. isle
(F. tie), — L. insula, an island. Sec
Insular.
Isochronous, performed in equal
times. (Gk.) Gk. fao-y, equal; xp^vo$,
time (see Ohroniole). Brugm. i. § 345 c.
isosceles, having two equal legs or
sides as a triangle. (L. — Gk.) L. isosceles,
— Gk. laoffKtMfs, isosceles. — Gk. fco-r,
equal ; ck^K-os, a leg, side of a triangle.
Isolate, to insulate. (Ital.— L.) Sug-
gested by Ital. isolato, detached, used as
a term in architecture (whence also F.
268
ISSUE
ts0i/).^ltal, iso/a, an island. —L. insula^
an island. See Insular.
Zssxief progeny, result. (F. — L.) M. E.
issuey sb. ■■ F. issuey O. F. issue (eissue),
* the issae, end, event ; ' Cot. Fem. of issu,
pp. of issiry to depart, go out. — L. extre,
to go out. — L. ex, out ; tre, to go.
ZsthinilSf a neck of land connecting a
peninsula \vith the mainland. (L.— Gk.)
l^Jsthmus, « Gk. laOfUsy a narrow passage;
allied to f^fto, a step. (V^I, to go.)
It. (E.) M. E. /tiV. A. S. htty neut. of
^/, he.4*Icel. At/y neut. oi hinn\ Du. ^^/,
neut. of ^f/; Goth. hita. The old gen.
case was hisy afterwards it, and finally its
(XVII cent). See He.
Italics, a name for letters printed
thus — in sloping type. (L.) ^ Named from
Aide Manuzio, an ItcUiany about A. D.
iRoi.i-L. Itaiicus. ^"L, Italia, Italy.
Itch. (E.) North E. yuke. M. E.
iken, icchen, fuller form jiken, jichen,
A. S. giccany to itch, for *gyccan ; cf. A. S.
gyhUa, an itching. + E. Fries, jokeny Du.
jeukeny G. jucken, to itch; O. H. G.
/ucchan, Teut. type *jukjan'»
Itcnii a separate article or particular.
(L.) L. item, likewise; in common use
for enumerating particulars ; closely allied
to ita, so. Cf. Skt. itthamy thus, i/f,thus.
iteratCy to repeat (L.) From pp. of
L. iterdre, to repeat. — 1.. iterumy again ;
a compar. form (with suffix ^ter) from the
pronominal base I, as in i-tem, i-ta. Cf.
Skt. i'tara(s)y another.
Itinerailtf travelling. (L.) From
pres. part, of O. Lat itinerare, to travel.
mL. ttiner-y stem of iter, a journey. — L.
it'umf supine of ire, to go. (V^^» to go.)
Ivory. (F.-L.) M,E. iuorie(^iwrie).
■>0. F. ivuriey later ivdre.^L,. eboreus,
adj., made of ivory. -iL. ebor-y stem of
ebury ivory. Perhaps allied to Skt. ^h{hy
an elephant.
Ivy, an evergreen. (E.) A. S. ifig\ also
ifegn, + O. H. G. ebahewi (G. epheu) ;
Klnge. The A. S. if-ig seems to be
a compound word. The syllable if' is
equivalent to Du. ei- in ei-hofy ivy (where
loof^ E. leaf) ; and to eba{hy in O. H. G.
ebah' ; but the sense is unknown.
IwiSy certainly. (E.) M.E.ywiSyiwis,
A. S.gewiSy adj., certain (yrhence gezvislice,
adv., certainly).*^ Du.^)rae;{>, adj. and adv.;
G. gewisSy adv. Cf. Icel. viss, certain,
sure. From Teut. type *wissoz Tfor *wit'
toty Idg. *wid-tos)y pp. from the oase wit-
JACKET
in«/iV-fl», toknow; see Wit. (^WEID.)
f The M. E. prefix i- (A. S. ge-) is
sometimes written apart from the rest of
the word, and with a capital letter. Hence,
by the mistake of editor?, it has been
printed / wiSy and explained as ' I know.'
This is the origin of the fictitious word
wis, to know, given in some dictionaries.
J.
Jabber^ to chatter. (F.?) Formerly
jaberKxAjable, of imitative origin; similar
to gabber and gabble, Godefroy gives
O. Y.jaber as a variant of gabery to mock.
Cf. Du. gabberen, to jabber ; Sewel. See
Gabble.
Jacinthy a precious stone. ^F.— L.—
Gk.) F. jacinthe, — L. hyactnthusy a
jacinth. « Gk. {AKivOo^y a jacinth ; Rev.
xxi. 20. See Hyacinth.
Jack (i), a saucy fellow, sailor. (F. —
L. - Gk. - Heb.) M. E. Jackey Jakke,
often used as a term of reproach, as in
^ Jakke fool,* Chaucer, C.T. 3708. Gen-
erally used formerly (as now) as a pet
substitute for Johny and perhaps due to
the dimin. form Jankin. John is from
A. F. Johan. ■• L. Johannes, — Gk. 'loniw^y.
— Heb. Yehokhandn, Yokhdndn, lit. *God
is gracious.' p. Apparently confused with
F. Jacques, a common name in France.
Jaques is from L. lacobus. — Gk. 'Ifi/cw/Bos.
— Heb. Ya*aqoby Jacob; lit one who
seizes by the heel. — Heb. root 'dqaby to
seize by the heel, supplant. % The name
was extended to denote various implements,
such as a smoke-jcuky a boot-jack ; so also
Jack-o*'lentyJack'0*'laniemy Jack-pudding,
Jack-an-apes ( =Jack on apesy with on = of),
jack (2), a coat of mail. (F.— L. — Gk.
— rleb.) O. F. Jaque, * James, also a Jack,
or coat of maile ; ' Cot. Cf. Ital. giacOy a
coat of mail^ Span./tzr^, a soldier's jacket,
G. jackcy a jacket. Of obscure origin ; but
prob. due to i\it Jacquerie, or revolt of the
peasantry mcAai2imt6. Jacques BonhommeSy
A. D. 1358; and hence due to F. Jaquesy
James ; see above.
Jackal, a kind of wild animal. (Turk.
— Pers.) Turk, chak&l, — Pers. shaghdl,
Cf. Skt. ^gdla-y a jackal, a fox.
Jackanapes. For Jack on apeSy i. e.
Jack of apes. See Jack (i).
Jackex, a short coat. (F. — L. — Gk. —
Heb.) O.F./o^f^//^, a jacket; dimin. of
O. Y.jaquey a jack of mail ; see Jaok (2).
269
JACOBIN
JAR
jacollin. (F.-L.-Gk,-Heb.) M.E.
jacobin. — V, jacobin, * Late LAtJacobtnus,
adj., formed from lacobiis, and applied to a
friar of the order of St. Dominick. See
Jack (i). p. Hence one of the Jacobin
clnb in the French Revolution, which first
met in the hall of the Jacobin friars in
Paris, Oct. 1789. Also the name of a
hooded (friar-like) pigeon.
jacobitef ^n adherent of James II.
(L. — Gk. — Heb.) From L. lacdb-us,
James (above).
Jade (i)> a sorry nag, an old woman.
(Scand. ?) M. E. iade (Ch.) The initial
j' is perhaps from y. Cf. Lowland Sc.
yaud,yawd,tL)ade; DvmhaxhasyaUl. Of
unknown origin ; perhaps from Icel.
j'alda, a mare ; prov. SwA.j'dlda, a mare
(Rietz).
Jade (3)> a hard dark-green stone. F.
— Span.— L.) F.jade. The jade brought
from America by the Spaniards was called
piedra de ijada, because it was believed to
cure pain in the side ; for a similar reason
it was called nephritis (from Gk. vc^/xSs,
kidneys), — Span, ijcuia, also ijar^ the flank ;
cf. Port, ilhal, ilharga, the flank, side. —
L. tlia^ pi., the flanks.
Jag, a notch, tooth. (Unknown.) Per-
haps a variant of dag. * lagge^ or dagge
of a garment ; ' Palsg. ' I ic^e^ or cut
a garment ; ' ib. Cf. Taar. ^ Or perhaps
cf. IceL/o^', a piece of ice.
Jaggery 9 a coarse brown sugar. (Cana-
rese — Skt.) A corruption of Canarese
sharkarCt unrefined sugar ; H. H. Wilson.
— Skt. farkard\ see Sugar.
Jaguar, a beast of prey. (F. ^ Brazil.)
^Jagua in the Guarani [Brazilian] lan-
guage is the common name for tygers and
dogs; the generic name for tygers is
j'aquaretex* Clavigero, Hist of Mexico,
tr. by CuUen, ii. 318. It should be written
yagoar ; for there is no / in Tupi-Guarani
(Cavalcanti). The spelling j'aguar is F.
(in Buffon). The Diet, of Tr^voux has
janouare (error for jauouare) ; for Brazil.
ydudra^ a dog. Spelt /d^om. Hist. Nat.
Brasilise, p. 235.
Jail; see Oaol.
Jalap, the root of a plant. (Mexican.)
Named from Jalapa or Xalapa^ in Mexico.
Orig. Xalapan, *sand by the water.* —
Mex. xal(Ji)y sand ; a(//), water ; pan^ on,
near ; where -//, -// are suppressed.
Jam (i)t to press, squeeze. (E.) Prob.
a variant of cham, to chew, to champ ;
prov. £. champy to mash, crush, also to
chew ; so also champs hard, firm, i. e.
chamnud or pressed down. See Champ.
% But Ashe (1775) has : ^Jamb^ to confine
as between two posts ; * as if from Jamb,
q.v.
jam (2), a conserve of fruit. (£.) A
soft substance, like that which is chewed.
* And if we have anye stronger meate, it
must be chamnud afore by the nurse, and
so put into the babes mouthe;* Sir T.
More, Works, p. 241 A. See above.
Jamb, side-post of a door. (F.—L.)
Y. Jamie, a leg, also a jamb (seeCotgrave).
— Folk-L. gamba, a leg. See Gambol.
Der. (perhaps) y(a»f3, vb. ; see Jam (i).
Jane, Jean, a twilled cloth. (F.~
Ital.) Also ^gene fiistian,' 1580 ; cf. M. E.
Gen€y Genoa. — M. F. Genes. — Ital. Geneva^
Genoa.
Jangle, to sound discordantly. (F.~
Scand.y M. E. janglen. — O. F. jangUr^
to jangle, prattle. Of Scand. origin.—
Swed. dial, and Norw. jangla, to quarrel ;
cf. lyvi. j'angelenf to importune, frequent.
oi j'anken, to howl, yelp. An imitative
word ; cf. L. gannire, to yelp.
Janiiary. (F. - Ital. - Turk.) F.
JanissaireSf * the Janizaries ; ' Cot. — M.
Ital. ianizzeri, * the Turkes gard,* Florio.
Of Turk, origin ; it means ' new soldiery ' *
from Turk, yefti, new ; and cheri, soldiery
(Devic). And cheri is from Pers. charik,
auxiliary forces (Zenker).
January. (L.) Englished from L.
Idnudrius, a month named from the god
/anus, who was supposed to have doors
under his protection; cf. L. idnua, a
door.
Japan, a name given to certain kinds
of lacquered work. Qapan.) Named from
the country. "Der.j'apan, vb., to polish.
Jape, to mock, jest, befool. (F.)
Obsolete. M.E.japen, Apparently from
O. F.j'aper (F.j'apper), to yap (as a dog).
Imitative ; cf. E. yap.
Jar (i)) to m^e a harsh noise. (E.)
Imitative ; cf. M. 'E.garren^ to chide, M. £.
jirrenyh. S.georran, to creak ; 'DvL.gieren,
to cry ; Bavar. gurren, to jar. Parallel
to prov. E. char, to chide, M. E. charken,
to creak (Prompt. Parv.) ; cf. A. S. ceorian,
cerian, to murmur; M. Du. karren, ker-
ren, <to crake [creak] like a cart,'
Hexham ; O. H. G. kerran, to give a loud
harsh sound. Cf. Jargon and Qarralous.
Jar (a), an earthen pot (F.— Arab.)
370
JARQON
JEOPARDY
M. Y»jarey * a jarre,' Cot. ; Y, Jarre, [Cf.
Span. jarrUi jarro, Ital. giara,']^ hnb,
jarray a jar (Devic).
Jargon, a confused talk. (F.— L.?)
F. jargon, orig. the chattering of birds,
jargon; O. F. gargon, gergon. Cf. Span.
gerigonzaj jargon; Ital. gergone. Prob.
from an imitative base garg (cf. garg'le^
gurg'le) ; cf. L. garrtre^ to prate, croak.
Cf. M. £. ckarketty to creak. See Jar (i).
Jargonelle^ a kind of pear. (F. — Ital.
— Pers.?) ¥. Jargonelle J a kind of pear,
very stony (Littr6) ; formed (ace. to Littre)
from F. Jargon^ a yellow diamond, small
stone.* Ital. giargone, a sort of yellow
diamond. Perhaps from Pers. zargun,
gold-coloured (Zend gairi-gaona-) ; from
zar, gold, and gun, colour (Devic).
Jaaminey JeBsamine, a plant. (F.
—Arab. — Pers.) F. Jasmin, (So also
Span. Jazmin,) ^ knh. ydsemtn (Devic).
* Pers. ydsminy jasmine ; ydsamin, jessa-
mine.
Jasper, a precious stone. (F. — L. — Gk.
—Arab.) O. F. Jaspre (Littr^), an occa-
sional spelling oijaspe, a jasper. « L. ias-
pidem, ace. of iaspis,^Gk» Too'ircf. — Arab.
yasd, yasfj yashb, jasper ; whence Pers.
yashp, yashf/yAs^T, Cf. Heh, ydsApAeA,
a jasper.
J anndioe. (F. - L.) M. E. iaum's ; the
d being excrescent. — F. Jaunisse^ yellow-
ness; hence, the jaundice. — F.yi3r»»^ (old-
est spelling yVi/wtf), yellow. «L. galbinus^
greenish yellow. — L galdw, yellow ; (per-
haps of Teut. origin ; cf. G. geld, yellow).
aannty to ramble. (F.?) Of doubtful
origin. Cf. M . Y,Jancer un cheval^ * to stirre
a horse in the stable till he swart [sweat]
withall; or (as our) to jaunt (an old word) ;
Cot. "D&t. Jaunt, sb., an excursion.
Jannty, Janty, fantastical. (F.-L.)
Also Janty, Janiee, variants oijantyl, old
spelling oi gentle or genteel. Cf. Burgundy
JantaiSi * gentil ; ' Mignard.
Javelin. (F.-C?) tA,F. Javelin, *&
javeling,' Cot. ; allied to Javelot, 'a gleave,
dart,^ id. Perhaps Celtic. Cf. O. Irish
gabul, a fork ; gablach^ pointed, Irish
gabhla, a spear, gabhlan, a fork of a tree ;
Gael, gobhlany a prong ; W. gujly a fork,
gafiach, a dart. See Oaff.
Jaw. (F.-L.) M. E. iowe {Jowe),^
O. F. (and F.)Joue, * the cheek, the jowle; *
Cot. (Cf. Prov. gauta, Ital. gota, cheek,
jaw.) «i Late L. gadata, gavata, a bowl;
from the rounding of the jaw. (Diez,
Korting.) % Perhaps influenced hy chaw,
chew ; Palsgrave has chawe-bone for Jaw-
bone.
Jb,J^ a bird. (F.) O. F,Jay, a jay (F.
geai), CU Span, gqyo, a. )ay. Of doubtful
origin ; perhaps from O. H. G. gdhi (G.
Jd£f), quick, lively (Diez).
JealoUi. (F. ~ L. - Gk.) M. KJalous,
gelus. — O. F. Jalous (later Jaloux). — Late
L. zelosus, fuU of zeal.-iL. zelus, zeal.-i
Gk. C^Aor, zeal. See Zeal. "D&t.Jealous-y,
¥, Jalousie,
Jeer. (Du.) Doubtful; perhaps from
M. Du. phrase dengekscheeren, lit. to shear
the fool, hence to jeer at one ; whence the
word gekscheeren, or simply scheeren, to
jeer. Now spelt scheren, Cf. G. scheren,
* to shear, fleece, cheat, plague, tease ; *
FlUgrel ; E. Fries, scheren, the same.
Jwovah. (Heb.) Heb. yahdvdh, or,
more correctly, yahweh, a proper name,
rendered in the A.V. by * the Lord.*
JC(]nnef hungry, meagre. (L.) L.ieii4'
nus, fasting, hungry, dry.
Jelly. (F.-L.) Formerly gelly,^Y.
geUe, ' gelly ; ' Cot. Orig. fem. of pp. of
geler, to freeze. — L. geldre, to freeze. See
OeUd.
Jennet, Gennet, a small Spanish
horse. (F.— Span.— Arab.) hA,¥,geneite,
'a genet, or Spanish horse ; ' Cot — Span.
ginete, a nag ; but orig. * a horse-soldier.*
Of Moorish origin; traced by Dozy to
Arab, zendta, a tribe of Barbary celebrated
for its cavalry.
Jenneting, a kind of early apple.
(F.— L.— Gk. — Heb.) Prob. for Jeanne-
ton ; a dimin. from F. pomme de S, Jean,
an early apple, called in Italian tnelo de
San Gicvanniy i. e. St. John's apple. So
called because, in France and Italy, it
ripened about June 24, St. John's day.
So also, there is an early pear, called Atniri
Joannet ox Jeanette, ox petit St. Jean ; G.
Johannisbime. F . Jean<, Lat. ace. lohan-
nem ; from Gk. loMii^Ki/s, John. — Heb.
Yokhdndn, the Lord is gracious.
Jeoi^ardy, hazard. ^F.-L.) M. £.
Jupartie, later jopardye, jeopardie. — O. F.
Jeu parti, lit. a divided game ; a game in
which the chances were equal, hence, a
risk, hazard. — Late L. iocus partitus, the
same; also an alternative. — L. iocus, a
game ; partitus, pp. of partiri, to part,
divide, from partt-, decl. stem of pars, a
part. % The diphthong eo = F. eu; cf.
people ( « F. peupie), S^ Joke.
271
JERBOA
JerlKMi« a rodent quad raped. (Arab.)
Ajnb.yarliff (i) the flesh of the back or
loins, an oblique descending mnscle; (a)
the jerboa, from the use it makes of the
strong moscles in its hind legs, in taking
long leaps.
JereMf a wooden javelin nsed in mock
fights. (Arab.) Arab./tJr/V, a palm-branch
stripped of its leaves, a lance.
Jerk. (E.) yftfmi^jerk,jeri,zxi6.yerk
all used in much the same sense, orig. to
strike with a lash, whip or rod. Of these,
j'ert was regarded as equivalent to gird
(Index to Cot.) ; see Oird (a).
Jerked beef. (Peravian.) A singular
corruption of ccharqui, the S. American
name for 'jerked' beef, or beef dried in
a particular way ; see Prescott, Conquest
of Peru, ch. v. From Perav. ccharqui, a
slice of dried beef. Also called jerkin
beef\ from Peruv. ccharqttini, vb., to make
dried beef.
Jerkin, a jacket, short coat. (Du.)
Dimin. of Du. Jurk, a frock (Sewel), by
help of the once common Du. dimin. suffix
'ken, now supplanted by -je or -tje. Cf.
Westphal. /ii^r>&^ a sort of overcoat ; E.
Fries, jurien^ a child's frock. Cf. fir-kin,
kilder-kin.
Jersey, fine wool, a woollen jacket.
(Jersey.) Yxomjerny, one of the Channel
Islands.
Jessamine ; see Jasmine.
JesseSf straps round a hawk's legs.
(F.— L.) Double pi.; from M. E. ges,
jesses. -O. F. ges, gies, pi. of get, gitt, a
short thong, for throwing off the hawk ;
orig. * a cast.' Cf. M. Y,ject, a cast ; ks
jects dun oyseau, * a hawkes lesses,' Cot.
— O. F. ^eter, to cast. •• L. iactdre, to
cast ; see Jet (i).
Jest, a joke. (F.— L.) Orig. a story,
merry tale. M. E. gesfe, a stonr. — O. F.
geste, an exploit, romance, tale of exploits.
-iL. gesfa, for res gesta, a thing done,
an exploit. — L. gestus, pp. of gerere, to
carry, carry on. See G-esture, Gerund.
Jesuit ; see below.
Jesus, the Saviour. (L.-Gk.-Heb.)
L. 7?j»x.-Gk. 'Ii7<roCy.-Heb. Yishita,
Jeshua TNehem. viii. 17); contr. form of
Yehdshua, Jehoshua (Numb. xiii. 16)
signifying saviour, lit. * help of Jehovah.'
-• Heb. root ydshd , to be large, to save.
"DeT.JesU'it, one of the society of Jesus.
Jet (i), to throw out, fling about, spout.
(F.— L.) Formerly, \o Jei was to strut
JIB
about M. £. ietien, to strut. — O. F. jeitery
geter^ getter, to throw, fling, push forth. —
L. iactdre, to fling ; frequent of iacere, to
throw. Der. Jet, sb., formerly in the sense
ofguise or fashion. Sec.
Jet (2), a black mineral. (F. - L. - Gk.)
O. F. Jet, Jaet, also jayet, gaiete, jet (F.
Jais^.'^'L. gagdiem, ace. of gagdtis, jet.—
Gk. faykrtfi, jet ; so called from rdTSi, a
town in Lycia, in the S. of Asia Minor.
Jetsam. (F.-L.) Also Jettison. An
old term in Law F. for things thrown over-
board from a wrecked vessel. — A. F. get-
teson, a casting ; O. F. getaison. — L. aca
iactdtidnem, — L. iactdre, to cast; see
Jet (i).
Jetty, a kind of pier. (F.-L.) M. F.
Jettie (F. Jet^e), a cast, throw, * also a jetty
or jutty ; ' Cot. Orig. fem. of pp. of
M. F. Jetter (F. Jeter), to throw ; see
Jet(i).
Jew. (F. - L. - Gk. - Heb.) M.K
lewe, a Jew. — A. F. leu, Geu (J^, Juif).
— L. ladaus, a Jew. — Gk. lov&xTo},
an inhabitant of 'lovSaca, Judaea.- Heb.
YehUcUlh, Judah, son of Jacob, lit. * illus-
trious.' — Heb. Tool yddSh, to throw, praise,
celebrate. Der. Jew-ry, M.E. lewerie,
O. F. luerie, lit a Jews* district; also
Jews^-harp, a name given in derision ; cf.
* the harp of David.'
Jewel* a valuable ornament (F>— L.)
M. E. iowel, iuel.^O. F. Joel, Joiel,Jouel,
juel (latery'i^yai^).— Late L. iocdle, usually
in pi. iocdlia, jewels (lit. trinkets).— L.
iocdrt, to play (O. F. Joer, Jouer). — L.
iocus, play. See Joke. (Toynbee, %% 76,
H3)
Jib (i), the foremost sail in a ship.
(Dan.) So called because easily shifted
from side to side ; see jib (3) below.
Jib (2), to shift a sail from side to side.
(Dan.) *Jib, to shift the boom-sail from
one side of the mast to another;' Ash
(i 775). Also s^lt Jibe, gybe. - Dan.gibbe,
to jibe, jib ; Swed. dial, gi/fa, to jerk up.
Allied to Swed. guppa, to rock; see
Jump. % The form gibe answers to Du.
gijpen, E. Fries, gtpen^ to turn suddenly,
said of a sail.
jib (3), to move restively, as a horse.
V F. — Scand.) O. F. giber, to struggle with
the hands and feet (Roquefort) ; whence
O. F. regiber (F. regimber), to kick as a
horse. Cf. also O. F. giper, to jib, as a
horse (Godefroy). — Swed. dial, gippd, to
jerk up (above).
372
JIBE
JOURNEY
Ip the same as Oibe, q. y.
Ji^, a lively tune or dance. (F. — M. H.
G.) O. F. gige, gigue, a fiddle, dance. —
M. H. G. gtge (G. geige), a fiddle.
Jilt, a flirt (L.) YoTmerly j'iiM, dimin.
ofj'tiif a flirt, orig. Jill or Giliian, a per-
sonal name. ''h. yii/idna. See GUI (4).
Jingle, to dink. (£.) M. £. ginglen ;
a frequentative verb from the base/rif>&,
allied to chink; see Chink (a). Also
allied to Jangle.
Jinn, a demon. (Arab.) Formed from
Ara.b,jiHrta(t), demons, pi. ; the sing, form
heme jinniyf Englished ks jinnee or genie.
Job (i); to p^ with the beak. (£. ?)
Perhaps imitative. M. £. iobben, Cf.
Gael, and Irish gobj mouth, beak.
Job (2), a snmll piece of work. (F. ?)
M. £. ioby a piece, Inmp. < Gob, a lump ;
also, to work by the gob ; * Halliwell. —
O. F. goby a mouthful ; gobet^ a morsel.
Perhaps of Celtic origin. See Job (i).
Joocey. (F. - L. - Gk. - Heb.) A
North £. pron. of Jockey , dimin. of Jack
as a personal name. See Jack (i).
Jocose, merry. (L.) L. /d^erJxMx, sportive.
—L. iocus^ sport. See Joke.
Jocular. (L.) 'L.ioculdris.^l^iocu-
/us, a little jest, dimin. of iocus, a jest.
Jocund. (F.— L.) M. £. joconde.^
O. F. jocond, pleasant, agreeable (Gode-
froy).— L. idcunduSf iucundus, pleasant;
orig. helpful. -i L. iuuare (supine I'^-^Mm),
to help ; see Adjutant.
JO|p, to push slightly, jolt. (F. - Teut. ?)
M. E. iomn. Cu W. ysgogi, to wag, stir,
shake, E7 shog, M £. schoggen^ to shake
up and down ; Kentish jock^ to jolt. All
apparently from M. £. schokken ; see
Shock. % We also find Norw. and Swed.
dial. Jukka, to jump up and down, as in
riding.
Jonn Dory, the name of a fish. (F. —
L.) John dory is the vulgar name of the
fish called the dory, John appears to be
a mere sailor^s prefix, luce i\iejack in jack'
ass ; it can hardly be from an alleged F.
/aune dor^e, which would be tautological
nonsense. Dory is borrowed from F. dor^e,
a dory ; lit. 'gilded,' dor^e being the fem.
of the pp. of dorer, to gild. » L. deaurdre,
togild. ^'L.di aurff, of gold ; see Aureate.
J^in. (F.-L.) O. F. and F.joign-, a
stem oijotndre^'^'L. tungere (pp. iunctus),
to join. + Gk. Ztxrpr^ai ; ^Vt.yuj, to join.
Allied to Yoke.
joint. (F. - L.) O. F. joinct, joint, a
joint, sb. « O. Y ,joinct,joiniy pp. o{joindri,
to join ; see Join (above).
Joist, one of a set of timbers to sup-
port the boards of a floor. (F. — L.)
Sometimes pronounced yVf/ (with i as in
mice). M.E. giste.'^O.F. giste, a bed,
couch, place to lie on, a joist ; because
these timbers support the floor. * O. F.
gesir (F.^jtr), to lie, lie on.i-L. iacere,
to lie. Cf. Gist.
Joke, a jest. (L.) From L. iocus, a
jest, game. Brugm. i. § 502.
Jole ; see Jowl.
J0II7. (F. - Scand.) M. E. iofy, earliest
form to/i/. mmO, Y, jolif, later /(?/«, * jolly,
gay, trim, fine;' Cot. Orig. sense * festive.'
—Icel. joi, a great feast in the heathen
time; cognatewith A.S. ^^^t, yule. Seo
Yule.
Jolly-boat. (Port, and £.) We find
'grete bote SLndjoIywat* in 1495; but it
was also spelt galievat and galleywat
(Yule). — Port, galeota, a galliot ; seo
G-alliot. Perhaps the form of the word
has been influenced by Y.jolu See Jolly.
Jolt, to jerk. (E.) From joll, vb., to
knock ^e jole or head; cf. All's Well,
i* 3* 59* Cf. jolt-head, a stupid fellow ;
one whose head has heeajoWd or knocked
about. See Jowl.
Jonquil, a flower. (F.— Span. — L.)
F. jonquille. ^SptJi. junquillo\ named
from its rush-like leaves. * Span. yViwr^, a
rush.«>L. iuncus, a rush. See Junk (a).
Jordan, a pot. (Unknown.) M. £.
iordan, iurdan, tordeyne; Late L. iurddnus
(Prompt. Parv. and Vocab.). It was orig.
an alchemist's bottle (Halliwell, Way) ;
perhaps once used for keeping water from
the Jordan.
Joss, a Chhiese idol. (Port.— L.) Not
Chinese, but corrupted from Port. Deos,
God. Cognate with Span. Dios, God;
O. F, deus.'^L., Deus, nom., God.
Jostle, Jnstle, to push against. (F.-
L. ; 7vith E. suffix.) A frequent, form,
with suflix 'le, from M. £. jousten, to tilt,
push against. See Joust.
Jot. (L.-Gk.-Iicb.) Englished from
L. w/a, Matt. V. i8 (Vulgate). -Gk. Ivra,
a letter of the Gk. alphabet. - Heb. yod,
the smallest letter of th ? Heb. alphabet,
with the power of ^. See Iota.
Journal. (F.— L.) Properly an adj.,
signifying * daily.' — F.y<7wr;ME/, daily. — L.
diumdlis, daily ; see Diurnal.
journey. (F. — L.) M. E. ioumee. a
373
'JOUST
day's travel. •- F. joumie^ a day, orig, a
day's work. — Late L. ^diurndta^ orig.
the fern. pp. of Late L. diurndre^ to
sojourn. — L. diurnus, daily. — L. dies^ a
day.
Joust, Just, to tilt. (F.-L.) O.F.
j ouster {h\jou/er)yto tilt. — LateL. iuxidre,
to approach (hence, to approach with
hostile intent, as in tilting).— L. tuxtdf
close to, hard by (whence O. ^^jouste^ close
to), p. The form iuxtd is short for ^iug-
is-tdy fern. abl. of the superlative form of
L. iug'iSf continual. From the base tug-
of iungenj to join. (-^YEUG.) Bmgm.
i § 760. "Der, jostle.
Jovial. (F.— L.) O.F./<wia/, sanguine,
lit. born under the lucky planet Jupiter. —
L. lottidliSt pertaining to Jupiter. — L.
lout', decl. stem, of O. Lat. louts y Jove,
whence L lu-piter ( « Jove-father). louis
represents Diouis (cf. Oscan dat. £>it4v*ei),
allied to digs, day, and to deus, god ; cf.
Gk. A(os, gen. case of Zcvr. See Deity,
Tuesday. Brugm. i. §$ 120, 223.
Jowlf Jole, the jaw or cheek. (£.)
M. £. jolle ; all the forms are corruptions
of M. £. choly chauly which is a contraction
of M. E. chauel {chavet), the jowl. — A. S.
ceafly the jaw ; pL ceaflas, the jaws, chaps.
Cf. O. Sax. kafloSy pi., the jaws; Du.
kevels, pi. the gums ; G. kiefer, jaw, jaw-
bone ; also Icel. kjaptr^ Swed. kaft, Dan.
kiafty jaw. % The successive spellings are
A.S. ceafl^ chcefle (Layamon), chauel , chaul^
ckol y Jole f jowl (all found).
Joy. (F. — L.) M. E. ioye, — O. F. ioye^
joye ; oldest form goye (F, joie) ; cf. Ital.
gioja, joy, also a gaud, jewel, Span.yVya,
a gaud. — L. gaudia, pi. of gaudiuniy joy ;
afterwards turned into a fem. sing. — L.
gaudere, to rejoice. See Q-aud.
Jubilation, a shouting for joy. (L.)
From L. iubildtio, sb. — L. iubildius, pp.
of iiibildre, to shout for joy. — L. iubHufJiy
a shout of joy. % Quite distinct from
jubilee.
Jubilee, a season of great joy. (F. — L.
- Heb.) M. ^jubilee. - M. ¥,jubiU, * a
jubilee;' Cot.— L. iubilceus, the jubilee
(Levit. XXV. 11) ; masc. of adj. iubilcBus,
belonging to the jubilee (Levit. xxv. 28). —
Heb. yobel, a blast of a trumpet, shout of
joy* % Distinct from the word above.
Jnd^^e. (F. — L.) Y.juge, — L. iudiceniy
ace. of iudeXy a judge, lit. ' one who points
out law.' — L. iu'Sy law ; dic-dre, to point
out. See Jury and Diotion.
jadioature. (F.-L.) Y.jttdicaiure.
— Late L. iudicdliira, office of a judge,
judgment. — L. iudicdlus, pp. of iududre,
to judge. — L. iudic; stem of iiidex, a
judge.
judicial. (F.— L.) 'b/L.F.juduiel,^
L. iudicidlts, pertaining to courts of law.
— L. iudicium, a trial. — L. iodic-, stem
of iiidexj a judge (above).
judicious. (F.-L.) Y. ji*dicieux\
as if from a L. form *itidicidsus, — L. iHdic-,
stem of index, a judge.
JU£f*, a kind of pitcher. (Heb.) Drink-
ing-vessels were formerly called jacJ^Syjills,
and jugs, all of which represent Christian
names. Jug and Judge were usual as pet
female names, and equivalent to Jenny or
Joan\ s&eJannette,Jehannetteva.Cotgro.Ye,
Cf. Jock for John ; fem. form Jeuquetta,
Of Heb. origin ; see Jenniting.
Juifffernaut, the name of an Indian
idol. (Skt.) SVX.jaganndtha', lord of the
universe, monarch of the world (Benfey,
p. 465). — Skt.yVi,^, world; ndtha-, pro-
tector, lord.
Juggler. (F.-L.) M. E. iogelour.^
O. Y .jogleor yjougleor ; laXexjon^eur. — L.
ioculdtorem, ace. of ioculdtor, a jester. — L.
ioculdri, to jest. — L. ioculus, a little jest,
dimin. of iocus, joke. See Joke.
Jugular, pertaining to the side of the
neck. (L.) YTomh.iugul-um, or iugul'US,
the collar-bone, which joins the neck and
shoulders ; dimin. of iugum, a yoke. See
Yoke.
Juice. (F.— L.) M.E. iuce, iuse.mm
O. Y.jus, juice, broth. —L. iiis, broth ; lit.
* mixture.' +Skt. yUsha-, soup. (VYU.)
Brugm. i. §§ 911, 922.
Jl^ube, a fruit. (F. — L. — Gk.— Pers.)
M. F. jujubes y pi. (Cot.). — L. zizyphum, a
jujube ; fruit of the tree called zizyphus, —
Gk. iliwftov, fruit of the tree ^fw^s.—
Pers. zayzafun, ztzfiin, ztzafUn, the jujube-
tree.
JulePf a drink. (F. — Span. — Pers.) F.
julep, — S^bh. julepe. — Vers, juldb, julep, a
sweet drink ; also guldb, rose-water, also
julep.— Pers. gul, a rose ; db, water. For
Pers. gul, see Bose. Pers. db is cognate
with Skt. ap; water.
July. (F.-L.) 0,Y. Julie, '^L, /alius,
a month (formerly called QuinclTlis) named
after Julius Caesar, who was bom in July,
Juxiip(i)»to leap, spring, skip. (Scand.)
Swed. diahgumpaf to spring, jump, ^'w/ot,
to wag about ; allied to Swed. guppa, to
374
JUMBLE
JUSTIFY
ttiove up and down ; Dan. gumpe^ to jolt ;
Icel. goppa, to skip. -I'M. H. G. gumpen^
gampen, to jump, gumpeln^ to play the
buffoon ; prov. G. gampen, to jump, hop,
sport (Schmeller) ; M. Du. gumpen, to
dance, leap. From a Teut. str. vb. *gim-
pan- (for *gempan~)\ whence Dan. dial.
gtmpe, to swing, wag, Lowl. Sc. jimpy to
jump.
jnxabley to mix together confusedly.
(Scand.) We also find M. Y^^jombren^ Ch .
Troil. ii. 1037; ^Tid. jumper, to mix har-
moniously (More). \iii2ict,jumb-le, jomb-
ren, jutnp-er are all frequentative forms of
the verb to jumpy used transitively. Thus
jumlhle^Xo make to jump, jolt together,
make a discord; or, otherwise, to shake
together, mtike to agree. See Jump (i).
J1Ulip(2), exactly, pat ; also, as a verB.
(Scand.) From the verb above ; cf. Ham-
let, i. I. 65. Also used in the sense to
agree or tally, esp. in the phr. to jump
with, * They jump not ; * 0th. i. 3. 5 ;
cf. Tam. Shrew, i. i. 195.
Jlinotioily a joining. (L.) From L.
iunctio, a joining. — L. tunctus, pp. of
iungere, to join. See Join.
jiuiotliret a union, a critical moment.
(L.) The sense ' critical moment ' is astro-
logical, from the 'union* of planets. — !..
iunctura, a joining. — L. functus (above).
June. (F.-L.) O. F. and ¥,/uin.~
L. lunius, the name of the month and of
a Roman gens or clan.
Jungle. (Hind. — Skt.) Hisidi.jangtily
wasteland. — Skt./a^^/b-, adj., dry,desert ;
hence /Mfi^^ = waste land. % The Hind,
short a sounds like u in mud.
Junior, younger. (L.) L. tUnior,
comp. of iuueniSf young; short for
*iuuenior. See Juvenile.
Juniper, an evergreen shrub. (L.) L.
tuniperus, tiimpirus, a juniper. Of
doubtful origin.
Jnnk (i), a Chinese vessel. (Port.—
Malay. — Chin. ?) Port, (and SpSLTL)junco,
a junic. — MaXsLyjong; also ajang. Said to
be borrowed from Chinese c/i7van, a ship,
boat, bark, junk ; Williams, Chinese Diet,
p. 120.
Jnnk (2), pieces of old cordage. (Port.
— L.) Fort, junco, a rush ; also junk, as a
nautical term ; i. e. rush-made ropes. — L.
tuncum, ace. of tuncusj a rush. % Junk
also means salt meat, tough as old ropes.
{liwt junkf a lump, is for chunk,)
Jnnkety a kind of sweetmeat. (F. -^ Ital.
— L.) V, joncade (Cot.). Orig. a kind
of cream-cheese, served up on rushes,
whence its name. — Ital. giuncata, a kind
of cream-cheese on rushes, also a junket
(Florio). — Ital. giunco, a rush. — L. iun-
cum, ace. of iuncus, a rush.
Junta, a council. (Span. — L.) Span.
junta, a congress; a fem. form oi junto
(below).
junto, a knot of men, a faction. (Span.
— L.) Span, junto, united, conjoined. —
L. functus^ pp. of iungere, to join. See
Join.
Juridical, Jurisdiction, Jurist,
Juror ; see Jury.
Jury, a body of sworn men. (F. — L.)
O. F. jurie, a jury, a company of sworn
men ; orig. the fem. pp. oijurer, to swear.
— L. tiirdre, to swear, bind by an oath. —
L. i»r-, for iuSf law.^Skt.^1^, to bind.
juridical, pertaining to courts of law
or to a judge. (L.) From L. iuridtc-us,
relating to the administration of justice;
with suffix 'dlis,^!^, turi-, decl. stem of
ius, law ; dicdre, to proclaim. See Just
(i) below.
jurisdiction. (F.-L.) M,¥, juris-
diction (F. juridiction), — L. iurisdic-
tionem, ace. of iHrisdictiOj administration
of justice. — L. iuriSy gen. of iOSy law (see
Just (i) below) ; and see Diction.
% So 2X^0 juriS'prudence,
jurist, a lawyer. (F.—L.) Y,juriste
(Cot.). — Late L. iHrista, a lawyer. — L.
f «r-, for i«j, law ; with suffix 'ista ( ■« Gk.
-icn/s).
juror, one of a jury. (F.—L.) Imitated
from F. jureuTy a swearer, a juror. — L.
iHrdtorem, ace. of fwrtf/^r, one who swears.
— L. iurdre, to swear; see Jury (above).
Jury-mast, a temporary mast. (F.-
L.) Short for ajury'mctst*, where ajury —
O. F. ajuirie, aid, succour (Godefroy).
From L. adiHtdre^ to aid; see Aid.
Cf. M. £. iuwerey assistance; Prompt.
Parv.
Just (i), upright. (F.-L.) M.E.t«j/.
— F. juste, ^h, iustum, ace. of imtus,
just, according to right ; with suffix -tus.
— L. ius, right, that which is fitting ; cf.
Skt. }fu, to join.
justice. (F.-L.) F. justice, '"L,
iOstitia, justice ; Late L. iOstitia, a tri-
bunal, a judge. —L. iOsti-, for iOstus, just ;
see Just (1) above.
justify. (F.-L.) F, jusHfier,^!..
iOsti/icdre to shew to be just.— L. iusti-
76
JUST
for iustuSy jnst; -ficdre^ for facere^ to
make.
Just (a), to joust ; see Joiut.
Jnstle ; see Jostle.
Jnt, to project. (F.— L.) Merely a cor-
rnption otjet ; in the same way 9^ jetty or
pier was formerly called a jutty\ see
Jetty.
jutty* a projection. (F.— L.) For
jetty \ see above. Der, /M/(y, vb., to pro-
ject beyond.
Jute, a substance resembling hemp.
(Bengali.) Bengali jut, the fibres of the
bark of the Corchorus oHtorius (Wilson).
From jkotOt vulgarlv jhuto^ the native
name in Orissa (Ynle).
Juvenile, young. (F.-L.) M. F.
juvenile ; Y.juvenil. — L. iuuentltSy youth-
ful. — L. tuuenis, young. See Toung.
Jnxtapositioii. (L. and F. - L.)
Coined from L. iuxtd, near ; »ad position.
See Joust and Foflition.
KEN
Kail, Zale, cabbage. (L.) Northern
£. form of co/e ; see Oole.
Sails, ninepins. (Du.) Formerly also
key/es; see ^Mf7/i? in Cotgrave. These kai/s
were cone-shaped. - Du. kegigl, a pin, kail ;
met kegels spelen, to play at ninepins. 4'
Dan. kegle, a cone, kegler, nine-pins; Swed.
kagla, a pin, cone; G. kegei (whence F.
quille). Apparently a dimin. of Du. kegy
a wedge.
Kaleidosoope, an optical toy. rCk.)
From Gk. koX-Ss^ beautiful ; crSo-y, form ;
(r«oir-c(^, to behold ; because it enables one
to behold beautiful forms.
Kalendar; see Oalends.
Kaaffaroo, a quadruped. (Australian.)
Said to oe not the native Australian name,
but to have arisen from some mistake ; but
even this is doubtful (see Morris).
Kayles ; see Kails.
Kecksies. hemlocks. (C.) "Pot kecks-
es; and kecks is also written kex. See
Kez.
Ketoe (i), to warp a ship. (F. - L. ?)
To keage is to drag a ship slowly forward,
by help of a kedge-anchor, against tide.
A kedge-anchor was formerly called a
catch-anckor or catch (N. E. D.). Hence
kedge may represent ketch ; for catch,
Kedge (a), Kidge, brisk, lively. (E.)
An East-Anglian word. M. E. kygge.
kydgi. Cf. prov. E. cadgy, cheerful ; and
perhaps Dan. kaad^ frolicsome ; M. Dan,
kade, joy ; Swed. katja, to be wanton.
Keel (i), the bottom of a ship. (Scand.)
Icel. kfoir, Dan. kiol. Swed. kol, the keel
of a ship (whence G. Du. kieiy a keel).
Tent, type *kiiuz, Cf. A. S. celae, the
beak of a ship (O. E. T.). Distinct from
A. S. ceol, O. H. G. kioly M. H. G. kUl^
a ship.
keelhaul. (Scand. a»^E.) AXsokeei-'
ha/e, * to punish in the seaman's way, by
dragging the criminal under water on one
side of the ship and up again on the
other ; ' Johnson. From keet and haut or
hale, Cf. Du. kiel-halen^ G. kielholen,
keelson, kelson, a set of timbers
next a ship^s keel. fScand.J Formerly
kelsine (Chapman).— Swed. kolsvin, Dan.
kiolsviin (Norweg. kjdlsvill)^ a keelson;
E. Fries. kolswtn.'^G, kielschwein. Lit.
'keel-swine;' but this can hardly have
been the orig. sense. A better sense is
given by Norw. kjolsvill, where svill
answers to G. schwelle, E. sill\ see Bill.
This suffix, not being understood, may
easily have been corrupted to swine, and
afterwards, in English, to -son.
Keel (a), to cool. (E.) To keeltL pot
is to keep it from boiling over, lit. to cool
it.-A. S. alan, to cool; for *cdljan,^
A. S. col, cool. See Cool.
Keelson; see Keel (i).
Keen, sharp. (E.) M. E. kene, A. S.'
cine, where i is due to an older o; O.
Merc, coene. The orig. sense is * skilful,
experienced.' -f. Du. koen, bold, daring;
Icel. kcenn (for katnn), wise, also able ;
G. kiihn, bold, O. H. G. chuoni, Teut.
type *k5njoz, able ; from Teut. root *ken
( V^GEN), to know ; see Can (i).
Keep. (E.) M. E. kepen. A. S. cepan,
to observe, notice, attend to,keep.-f M.Du.
kepen, to keep, retain (Hexham). Teut.
type Hopjan- ; cf. A. S. ge-cop, fit, suit-
able.
Keg, a small cask. -(Scand.) Formerly
alsorflr^.-Icel.ifljg^;akeg; %^edi,kagge,
Norweg. kagge, a keg, a round mass or
heap. Der. kails.
Kelp, calcined ashes of sea- weed. Origin
unknown. Also spelt kilp.
Ken, to know. (Scand.) M,E. kennen,
-Icel. kenna, Swed. kdnna, Dan. kiendcy
to know; so also G. ^^«^« ; A.S.cennan
(to declare), Goth, kannjan, Teut. type
Hannjan-. Causal form of cunnan, to
76
KENNEL
know, derived from Teut. base *kann (cf.
can) by vowel-change of a to e. See
Can (i).
Sexinel (i), a house for dogs. (F. — L.)
M. £. ketuL A Norman form of O. F.
cheniJ, a kennel. — Late L. *canile, domus
canis' in Wrt. Vocab. 198. 29. — L. can-is,
a dog, with sufiix -f/tf, as in ou-ile, a sheep-
fold. Cf. Norman F. ken, O. F. chen (F.
chien), a dog, from L. ace. cafiem, a dog.
Kennel (a), a gutter. (F.— L.) A cor-
ruption of M. E. canelf a channel. — A. F.
canel, Charlemagne, ed. Michel, 1. 556;
O. F. c/uznel; see Channel.
Kerbstone. (F.-L. ; andE.) Here
kerd is for curd; so called because the
stone was sometimes placed, as round a
well, on a curved edge. See Curb.
KercMef. (F.-L.) M.£. curchief,
couerchef {coverchef), — O. F. covrechef,
lit. a head-covering. — O. F. covrir, to
cover; chef, the head; see Cover and
Chief.
KermeSf the dried bodies of insects used
in dyeing crimson. (Arab.— Skt.) See
Crimson.
(i)) Kemey an Irish soldier.
(Irish.) Irish cecUhamctch, a soldier.—
O. Irish cethem, a troop. See Cateran.
Kern (2) ; see Quern.
Kernel. (E.) A. S. cymel, a graiQ :
dimin. of A. S. com, a grain (with the
usual change from Teut u (A. S. 0) to y),
Teut stem ^kurnilo-. See Com.
Kersey I coarse woollen cloth. (E.)
Named from Kersey {pi A. S. origin;, a
village three miles from Hadleigh, in
Suffolk, where a woollen trade was once
carried on. % Not from Jersey, which
is also used as the name of a material.
Kerseymere, a twilled cloth of fine
wool. (Cashmere.; A corruption of Cctsh-
mere or Cassimere, by confusion with
kersey above.
Kestrel, a base kind of hawk. (F. — L.)
For kesrei; the / is excrescent, as in
whils-t, &c - yiJF,quercerelle,^B, kastrell;'
Cotgrave; F. cricerelle. Extended from
O. F. crecele, cercelie, M. F. quercelle, a
kestrel. Of imitative origin; cf. O. F.
cercelie^ F. sarcelle, a teal, from L. quer'
quedula^ a kind of teal.
Ketchf a small yacht or hoy. (B.)
M. E. cache, Prob. from the verb to
catch ; see N. E. D. ; s. v. Catoh. % The
Du. kits, F. qucuche, a ketch, are borrowed
from £. f Distinct from caique, q. v.
KIDDLE
Ketchnpi a sauce. (Malay.) Malay
kechap, ktcnap, a sauce ; soy. (In Dutch
spelling, ketjap,) — C. P. G. Scott
Biettle. (Scand.-L.) M. E. ketel,
Icel. keiill; borrowed from L. catillus, a
small bowl (whence also Goth. kcUils,
A. S. cetel, Du. hetel, G. kessel, &c.).
Dimin. of catinus, a bowl, deep vessel
for cooking food. Perhaps allied to Gk.
h6ivKo%, a cup (Prellwitz); see Coty-
ledon.
Kez« hemlock, a hollow stem. (W. — L.)
M.E. i^jT.- W. cecys, pi., hollow stalks,
liemlock, allied to cegid, hemlock ; Com.
cegas, hemlock; prob. borrowed from L.
cicUta, hendock. % Kex— kecks, and is
properly a plural form.
Key. (E.) M.E. keye, A. S. cag, a
key ; O. Fries, kdi^ kei, a key.
Khan, a prince. (Pers.— Tatar.) Pers.
khan, lord, prince ; of Tatar origin. Cf.
Chingis Khan, i. e. great lord, a Tatar
title (Chaucer's Cambuscati).
Bliedivev a prince. (F.-Pers.) F.
kh^dive.^'PeTB. khadtw, khidiw, a great
prince, sovereign; khidewi, the khedive,
viceroy of Egypt (Palmer). Cf. Pers.
khodd, God.
Blibe, a chilblain. (C. ?) W. cibwst, chil-
blains ; explained by Pugh as standing for
cib-gwst, — W. cib, a cup ; ffwst, a humour,
malady, disease ; hence ' a cup-like malady,*
from the rounded form. The E. word has
preserved only the syllable cib, rejecting
the latter syllable. (Doubtful.)
Kick. (Perhaps Celtic.) M.E. kiken.
Cf. W. cicio, to Kick (colloquial) ; O. W.
etc, a foot ; as in W. ciC'Wr, footman.
(Doubtful.)
KicksKawSi a dainty dish. (F.-L.)
A sing. sb. ; the pi. is kickshawses (Shak.).
A curious corruption of F. quelque chose,
something, hence, a trifle, a delicacy. Spelt
quelquechose by Dryden. — F. quelque chose,
— L. qudl'is, of what sort, with suffix
-quam ; caussa, a cause, a thing. ^Moisy
gives Norman F. quiquechose.
Kid| a young goat. (Scand.) M. E. kid,
— Dan. kid, Swed. kid, Icel. ki6, a kid.^-
G. kitze.
kidnap« to steal young children.
(Scand.) Kid, in Tudor E. slang, means a
child ; nap is our ncUr, — Dan. kid, a kid ;
nappe, to nab ; see Nab.
Aaddlei a kind of weir formed of basket-
work placed in a river to catch fish. (A.F.)
Anglo-F. kidel, pt kidmx \ O. F. cuidel
277
KIDNEY
KIPPER
(Godefroy); later form quicUau, ' a wicker
engine whereby fish is caught ; ' Cotgrave.
Late L. kidellus ; Breton kideL
XHidney. (£• ? and Scaud.) Corrup-
tion of M. £. kidnerCy kidmer ; nere is
also used alone. 1. Here kid answers to
A. S. *cyd'^ perhaps related to A. S. codd,
a bog, pod, husk, M. £. cod, belly. 2.
M.E. nere is a Scand. word. — Icel. f^ra,
Dan. nyre, Swed. njure, a kidney; cog-
nate with Da. nier, G. nierey and allied
to Gk. ye^/M$s, kidney. % The former
element is doubtful.
* Kilderkin. ( Du.) A corruption of M.
Du. kindeken, also kinneken, the eighth
part of a vat. The lit. sense is 'Uttle
child/ because the measure is a small one
as compared with a tun, vat, or barreL
Formed, with dimin. suffix -ken (now
nearly obsolete), from Du. kind, a child ;
allied to Icel. kundr, a son, and to £.
Kin. The mod. Du. name is kinnetje^
by substitution of -tje for -ken.
Blill. (E.) M. £. killeny more com-
monly allien. The M. £. cullen prob,
answers to an A. S. type *cyllan^ from
the weak grade c{w)ul' of cwel-an, to die.
Cf. E. Fries. kiiUen, to vex, strike, beat,
a parallel form ; O. H. G cholleny by-form
of quellany to vex, kill, martyr. Thus
kill is closely related to Quell, q. v. For
the loss of w, cf. dull, which is related to
dwell.
l^y^-n (L.) A. S. cylny also cylen ;
merely borrowed from L. culina, a kitchen
(hence, a drying-house) ; whence also W.
cylyn^ a kiln, a furnace. See Culinary.
Kilt. (Scand.) The sb. is derived from
the verb ktlt, to tuck up. — Dan. kiltet to
truss, tuck up ; Swed. dial, kiha, to
swaddle. Cf. Icel. kilting^ a skirt. Per-
haps related to Swed. dial, kilta^ the lap,
Icel. kjalta, lap.
Kimbo ; see Akimbo.
Kin, genus, race. (£.) M. £. kin, kun,
A. S. cynn, orig. a tribe. ^^ Icel. kyn, kin ;
O. Sax. kunni, O. H. Q. chunni ; Goth.
kuni, tribe. Teut. type *kunjom, neut
From the weak grade of Teut. root
*ken-, Idg. gen-. Allied to Qenus.
(VGEN.)
kind (i),sb., nature, sort. (£.) M. £.
kund, kind. A. S. cynd, gc-cynd, nature ;
whence the adj. below. Der. kind-ly,
natural.
kind (3), adj., natural, loving. (E)
M. E. kunde, kinde, A. S. cynde, ge-cynde.
27
natural, in-born ; allied to Goth, -kunds,
of such a nature. Allied to Kin.
kindle (i)> to bring forth young. (E.)
M. E. kindlen, kundlen ; from M. E. kindel^
kundel, sb., a progeny; from the A. S.
cynd, nature, or from the adj. cynde^
natural.
Kindle (3), to inflame. (Scand.) It
appears to be the same word as Swindle (i) ;
see Anc. Riwle. Bat it can hardly be
separated from Icel. kynda, to inflame,
kindle, Swed. dial, fynda, kinda, a sense
which seems to have been suggested by
Icel. kyndill, a torch. And Icel. kyndill
is a mere borrowing from A.S. candel \
from L. candela, a candle. See Candle.
Kindred. (E.) The former d is ex-
crescent. M. E. kinrede. i- A. S. cyn, kin ;
-raden, signifying law, state, condition (so
also hcU-red from hate). Raden is allied
to the adj. ready \ cf. Goth, ga-raideins,
an ordinance.
, cows ; see Ck>w.
_, a chief ruler. (K) A. S. cynittg,
a king ; lit. ' a man of good birth ; * (cf.
A. S. cyne-^ royal, Icel. konr, one of gentle
birth) ;> A. S. cyn, a tribe, kin, race ; with
suffix 'ing^ as in Alfred ^Pelwulfing=
iElfred the son of iEthelwulf. + O. Sax.
kuning,itomkuni, tribe; O. Fries, kining ;
Icel. konungr; Swed. konung; Dan.
konge ; Du. koning ; G. konig, O. H. G.
chuning (from O. H. G. chunni, a kin,
race). Teut. type *kuningoz, m.
kuurdom. (E.) Late M. E. kingdom ;
not re^ly a compound of king and suffix
'dom, but a substitution for early M. £.
kinedom, A. S. cynedom, a kingdom. The
A. S. cyne- signifies ' royal,' very common
in composition, and is allied to A. S. cyn^
a tribe.
Kink* a twist in a rope. (Scand.) A
Northern word. — Swed. kink, Norweg.
kink, a twist in a rope. (So also Du.
kink.) Allied to Norweg. kika, kinka, to
writhe, IceL kikna, to sink at the knees
under a burden, Icel. keikr, bent back;
Norw. keika, to bend aside, to twist.
(Teut. base *keik^, to bend.)
Kiosk, a small pavilion. (Turk. ~ Pers.)
F. kiosque. — Turk, kushk^ koshk (pro-
nounced with k as kt), a kiosk. — Pers.
kiishk, a palace, villa, portico.
Kipper, to cure salmon. (£.) This
meaning is an accidental one, arising from
a habit of curing kipper-saltnon, i. e. salmon
during the spawning season, which were
8
KIRK
KNEE
cured because of inferior quality. A sal mon ,
after spawning, was called a kipper (Pen-
nant). A.S. cypera, a kipper-salmon.
Kirky a church. (Scand. — £. — Gk.)
M. E. kirke. — IceL kirkja ; borrowed from
A. S. cirice, dree, a church. See Church.
KirtlOf a sort of gown or petticoat.
(L. ; wiM E. sufix.) M. E. kiriei. A. S.
cyrtelf a tunic ; Icel. kyrtill^ Dan. kiortel,
Swed. kjortel ; evidently dimin. forms. All
from L. curtusy short, which appears also
in Dn. kori, G. kurz^ short. See Curt.
KiS8« a salute with the lips. (E.) The
vowel i is due to the verb, which is formed
from the sb, by vowel-change. M. E. coss,
sb., a kiss; whence kissen, verb. A. S. coss,
sb.; whence cyssan, verb.4-Du. kus, Icel.
koss, Dan. kys, Swed. kyss, G. kuss, a kiss.
Teut. type *kussuz, sb. Cf. Goth, kukjan,
to kiss ; K Fries, kuk, a kiss.
BUt 0)» a milk-pail, tub; also, an outfit.
(O. Low G.) M. E. kiL - M. Du. kitte, a
wooden bowl, a tub; Du. kit. Cf.
Norweg. kitte, a corn-bin.
Bit (3), a small violin. (F.— L- Gk.)
Shortened from Norman F. quiteme
(Moisy); answering to O. F. guiteme
(Godefroy). FromL. dtkara. ^Gk» KiOdpa,
a kind of lyre. See Cithern.
Kit (3)) a brood, family, quantity. (E.)
A variant of kitk. ' The whole kit * = the
whole kith. See Kith.
Zit-cat, Xit-katy the name given to
portraits of a particular size. (Personal
name.) The size adopted by Sir G. Kneller
for painting members of the Kit'Kat club,
which used to meet at a house kept by
Christopher Kat (Haydn). Kit is for
Christopher (Gk. XpiaTo-<f>6pos, lit. * Christ-
bearing *).
Kitchen. (L.) M.E. kichene, A.S.
cycene, fl — L. coqutna, a kitchen. — L.
coquere^ to cook ; see Cook.
Kite, a bird, a toy for flying. (£.) M.E.
kite. A. S. cyta, a kite.
Kithf kindred, acquaintance. (E.) M.E.
cuSde, kith. A. S. cyd, native land, relation-
ship.« A. S. cOO, known, pp. of kunnan,
to know. See Can (i).
Kitten. (Scand. ; with F. suffix.) M.E.
kitoun, where the suffix -oun is F., sug-
gested by O. F. chatton, a kitten. Kit is
a mutated form of cat, appearing in the
£. form kit'ling, from Icel. ketlingr^ a
kitten ; and in (obs.) kittle, to produce
kittens.
:, a snap, dexterity, trick. (E.)
Imitative, like Knap. Cf. Du. knakken,
G. knacken, to crack. [The Gael, emu,
Irish cnag, a crack, W. cnec, a snap, are
borrowed from E. crack.'] It meant (i) a
snap, (2) a snap with the finger or nail,
(3) a jester's trick, piece of dexterity, (4)
a joke, trifle, toy, &c. Cf. Knock.
Knacker, a dealer in old horses.
(Scand.) It formerly meant a saddler and
harness-maker (Ray). — Icel. hnakkr, a
saddle.
Knag, a knot in wood, peg. (E.) M.E.
knagge, a peg, a knot in wood. Not in
A.S. Low G. knagge, a kind of peg ; Swed.
knagg, a knag, knot ; Dan. knag, a peg,
cog. We find also Irish cnag, a knob,
peg, cnaig, a knot in wood, Gael, cnag,
knob, pin, peg (all from E.).
Knap, to snap. (Du.) Du. knappen, to
sn^p, crack, crush, eat (whence knapper,
hard gingerbread, a lie). Cf. Dan. kneppe,
to snap; Swed. kndpp, a snap, knep, ^
trick. A parallel word to knack, and of
imitative origin. Cf. Gael, cnap, to strike,
beat, thump, Irish cnapaim, I strike ; from
E. See Knop.
knapsack. (Du.) Du. knapzak, a
knapsack, lit. a provision-bag. « Du. knap,
eating, knappen, to crush, eat ; zak, a sack
(a word of Hebrew origin) ; see Sack.
Knapweed, Knopweed, a weed
with a hard head or knop ; see Knop.
Knar ; see Gnarled.
Knave, a boy, servant, sly fellow. (E.)
M. E. knaue {knave), a boy, servant. A. S.
enqfa, older form enapa, a boy. + So also
Du. knaap, a lad, servant; Icel. knapi,
servant-boy ; G. knabe, a boy. It is
probable that the initial kn- represents
the weak grade of Teut. ^ken- (Idg. ^gen-),
to produce ; cf. Knight. But the rest of
the word remains unexplained.
Knead, to mould by pressure. (E.)
M. E. kneden. A. S. ctiedan (pt. t. *cnad,
pp. eneden), a strong verb, to knead. +
Du. kneden, Icel. kno6a, Swed. knSda, G.
kneten; (all from Teut. htise*kned-). Allied
to Russ. gnetate, gnesti, to press, squeeze ;
from the corresponding Idg. root *gnet.
Knee. (E.) M. £. kne, pi. knees ; also
cneo, pi. cneon. A.S. ^««7.+Du. knie,
Icel. kni, Dan. knee, Swed. knd, G. knie,
O. H. G. chniu, Goth. kniu. Teut. type
*knewom, n. Cf. L. genu; Gk. y6vv;
Skt. jdnu. The Idg. related bases are
*genu- Tas in L.), ^gonu- (as in Gk ),
*gneu- (whence Teut. *kneu-). Cf. Gk.
379
KN
7i'i;-ir€T€«', to fall on 'the knees. See
G-enufleotlon, Pentagon, &c.
kneelf to fall on the knees. (E.)
M. £. cneolten, knelen ; A. S. cneowlian.'^'
Du. knielen ; Low G. knelen (Liibben) ;
Dan. knale (formed from kna, knee).
Knell. Knoll, to soand as a bell, toll.
(E.) yi\. knillen^knoUen. A,S.cnyllaHy
to knock, beat noisily. Cf. Dn. knalleny to
give a loud report, Dan. knalde, to explode ;
Swed. knalla^ to resound, G. knalleny to
make a loud noise; Icel. gnella, to scream ;
M. H. G. kniillent to beat. Perhaps of
imitative origin, to denote a loud noise;
cf. Du. knalj Dan. knald, Swed. knally
G. knally a loud noise. From Teut. base
Hnel- (*knal'y *knul-).
KnicJcerbookerSiloose knee-breeches.
(Du.) Named from Diedrich JCnicker-
bocker^ the pretended author of W. Irving's
Hist, of New York ; taken as the type of
a New York Dutchman.
Knick-knack, a trick, trifle, toy. (E.)
A reduplication of knacky in the sense of
trifle, toy. Cf. Du. knikken, to snap,
weakened form of knakken, to crack.
See Knaok.
Knife. (E.) M.E. kni/y pi. kniues
(with « = z/). A. S. cntfy a knife. + Du.
knij/y Icel. kntfry Dan. knivy Swed. knify
prov. G. kneif\ Low G. knt/y kntpy a knife
i Liibben). (Cfl F. canify from G.)
Possibly related to Nip and Nibble.
Knight, a youth, servant, man-at-arms.
(E.) M. E. knight, A. S. cnihty O. Merc.
cnehty a boy, servant. + Du. knechty a
servant ; Dan. knegt^ man-servant, knave
(at cards) ; Swed. knekty soldier, knave (at
cards) ; G. knecht, p. Perhaps cneht^
^cn-ehty belonging to the kin or tribe ; cf.
Gk. yy-riffios, legitimate, from yiv-os, kin
(where yv- is the weak grade of 761'-) ;
see Kin. The suffix -ekly 'iht is adjectival ;
AS in ^forn'tkl, thorny, iromforny a thorn.
Knit. (E.) A. S. cnyttany to form into
a knot, to knot ; formed (by vowel-change)
from Teut. *knut-y the base of cnottay a
knot (Teut. type *knut'ton-)* Allied to
Icel. knytay Dan. knyttCy Swed. knytay to
knit; and to Icel. knutry Dan. knudty
Swed. knuty a knot. See Knot.
Knob, a form of knop. M. E. knobbe,
Cf. Low G. knobbey Du. knobbely a knob.
See Knop.
Knock, to strike, rap. (E.) M. E.
knocken, A. S. cnucian ; Icel. knoka. Cf.
Irish cnagaim, I knock; W. cnociOy to
KNURR
knock; Com. cnoucyey to knock. An
imitative word, from Teut. *knuk', weak
grade of Knaok.
Knoll (x), a hillock. (E.) U^E.kncl.
A. S. cnol.^Du, knoly a turnip, from its
roundness, Dan. knoldy a knoll, Swed.
knoly a bump, G. knolleny a knoll, clod,
lump. Cf. W. cnoly a knoll, hillock;
Swed. dial, knally a knoll.
Knoll (2) ; see KnelL
Knop, Knob, a bump, protuberance,
boss. (£.) M. E. knopy a rose-bud.
O. Fries, ersknopy the rump-bone. 4- Dn.
and Dan. knopy a knob, bud; Swed. knoppy
a bud, knopy a knot, G. knopf, knob,
button, knot. Apparently allied to M. £.
knapy a knob ; A. S. cnapy a hill-top,
Icel. knappvy a knob ; whence Gael, cnap,
a knob, button, boss, stud, hillock, also
a slight blow ; also the verb cnaPy to
thump, beat (hence, to raise a bump) ; W.
cnapy a knob ; Irish cnapy knob, bunch,
hillock, cnapainiy I strike. See Knap.
Knot. (E.) M. £. knoHe. A. S.
cnottay a knot. 4* '^^' knot, Cf. also
O. H. G. chnodoy G. knoteuy a knot (with a
different dental sound). Also (with a long
vowel) Icel. knutry a knot, Dan. knude,
Swed. knut. And (with orig. a) Icel.
knottr (Teut. *knattuz)y a ball.
knout, a scourge. (Russ. — Scand.)
Russ. knutCy a whip, scourge. — Swed.
knuty Icel. knutr, a knot.
KnoWf to be assured of. (E.) M. £.
knowen. A. S. cndwan (pt. t. cneow, pp.
cndwen), 4* IceL knd, O. H. G. ckndan.
Further allied to Russ. znatey to know;
L. noscere (for gnoscere) ; Gk. yi-yvcaaKtiv ;
Veis.far-zdny knowledge ; O. Irish gndthy
known, accustomed, ^^gnawd^ a custom ;
Skt. jndy to know. All from a base *^J,
a secondary form of ^GEN, to know.
knowledge. (E.) M. £. knowlegCy
knauleche ; from knowlechen, vb., to ac-
knowledge. Here -lichen « A. S. -Ictcan
(as in M. £. nehlecheny A. S. neahlacany to
approach). And -lacan is from the A. S.
'laCy the same word as A. S. Ilk, a game,
sport, play. See 'Wedlock.
&nncUe, the projecting joint of the
fingers. (E.) M.E. knokil; O. Fries.
knokele. 4> M. Du. knokely Du. kneukeiy
Dan. knokkely G. knbchely a knuckle. A
dimin. form; the shorter form appears
in M. Du. knokey a bone, knuckle, G.
knocheMy a bone, Swed. knoggj a knuckle.
f a knot in wood,
a8o
K6RAN
LACQUER
wooden ball. (O. Low G.) M. £. knar.
Not in A. S. — M. Du. knorre, a hard
swelling, knot in wood. •4- 1^^* knort,
a knot ; G. knorren, a lump. Allied to
M. £. knarre, a knot See Gnarled.
Koran, sacred book. of the Mohamme-
dans. (Arab.) Arab, qurdn, reading aloud,
recitation ; also, the Koran, i- Arab, root
qara-a, he read. (The a is long.)
alcoraa; the same word, with the
Arab. def. art. al (the) prefixed.
Kraal, an enclosure, a collection of huts,
an African village. (Du.— Port — L.) Du.
kraal y an African village. — Port, curral,
an enclosure; the same word as Span.
corral. See Corral.
Kytliey to make known. (£.) A.S.
cyfian^ to make known. — A. S. cu^y known,
pp. of cunnan, to know. See Can (i),
and ITnoouth.
L.
^abely a small slip of paper, &c. (F.)
M. £. hdeL - O. F. iade/, lambel, a label
(in heraldry), a shred ; mod. F. lambeau.
Of uncertain origin ; cf. O. Lat. lamberare,
to tear in pieces (Ascoli).
ILabial. (L.) Late L. labidliSj pertain-
ing to the lips. — L. labium, the lip. See
Lip.
labellmily a pendulous petal. (L.)
L. lobe Hum, dimin. of labium, a lip.
labiate. (L.) A botanical term. — L.
labi'Umy a lip ; with suffix -cUe (L. -dtus).
Laboratory. (L.) ¥ oTmeily elabor a-
lory (Blount). — M.F. elaboratoire {Qoi.).
Formed from L. elaboratus, pp. of elabo-
rare, to elaborate, work out. — L. e, out ;
labordre, to work, from labor, labour.
laborious. (F.-L.) M. E. labo-
rious,'^Y. laborieux.^l^. laboriosus, toil-
some. — L. labors, for lidfor, labour ; with
suffix 'OSUS,
labour, toil. (F. — L.) 'b/L,E. labour.
— O. F. labour (later labeur), — L. laborem,
ace. of labor, labos, toil.
Labnmnm, a tree. (L.) L. laburnum,
in Pliny, xvi. i8.
Labyrinth, a maze. (F. - L. - Gk. -
Egypt.) F. labyrintke,"'!,, labyrinlhus.
— Gk. \a&vpivBos, a maze, a place full of
lanes or alleys. Of Egyptian origin
(Maspero).
Lac (i)} a resinous substance. (Pers. —
Skt.) Pers. lak, gum-lac, whence crimson
lake is obtained for dyeing. — Skt. lakshd,
lac; also laktaka, raktaka^ lac; raHj, to
dye. Der. gum-lac, sheUlac.
jLac (2), a hundred thousand. (Hind.—
■Skt.) A lac of rupees = 100,000 rupees. —
Hindustani lak (also Idkk), a lac — Skt.
lakska, a hundred thousand; originally,
* a mark.'
Lace, a cord, tie. (F.— L.) M.£. las,
Idas, — O. F. las, lags (F. lacs), a snare,
noose. — L. laqueus, a noose, snare, knot.
Allied to L. Icuifre, to allure ; cf. £. elicit,
delight. See Lasso, Latohet.
Lacerate, to tear. (L.) From pp. of
L. Icuerdre, to tear. — L. lacer, mangled,
toni.^Gk. \aK€p6s, torn ; XaKis, a rent.
Lachrymal, Lacrimal, pertaining
to tears. (L.) The spelling lachrymal is
bad. — L. lacryma, better lacruma, lacrima,
a tear ; O. L. dacrima, a tear. Cognate
with Gk. Z6jefn), a tear, and E. tear\ see
Tear(i). "Der, ({ioinL>.lacrima) lachty-
mose, tearful ; lachrymatory, a tear-bottle.
Lack (i), want. (E.) The old sense is
often * failure * or * fault' M. E. lak, lac.
Not in A. S., but cf. O. Fries, lek, damage,
harm, lakia, to attack. 4- Du. lak, blemish,
stain, laken, to blame ; Low G. lak, defect,
blame ; Icel. lakr, defective, lacking.
lack (a), to be destitute of. (E.) M. E.
lakken ; weak verb ; from Ictk, sb. See
above.
Lacker ; see Lacquer.
Ltkckey, Lacquey, a footman, menial
attendant. (F. — Span. ? — Arab. ?) From
M. F. laquay, * a lackey, footboy ; ' Cot.
(F. laquais). There was also an O. F.
form alacay; Littre shews that, in the
15th cent., a certain class of soldiers (esp.
crossbow-men), were called alagues, ala-
cays, or lacays. (The prefix a- is prob.
due to Arab, a/, the def. article.) Prob.
from Span, lacayo. Port, lacaio, a lackey ;
Port, lacaia, a woman-servant in dramatic
performances. — Arab, lukct , worthless,
servile ; as a sb., a slave ; laUd, fem., mean,
servile. Cf. laka , Ictkt, servile, Ictkcti,
slovenly. % This is a guess ; it is much
disputed ; Diez connects it with Ital.
leccare^ G. lecken, to lick.
Laconic, brief and pithy. (L. — Gk.)
L. LcLconicus, Laconian. — Gk. Imuwvutli^,
Laconian. — Gk. tiiucwf, a Laconian, Spar-
tan. These men were celebrated for their
brief and pithy locution.
Lacquer, Lacker, a sort of varnish.
a8i
LACTEAL
LAMMAS
rF. - Port. - Pers. - Skt) M. F. lacre
(Cot.). — Port, lacre^ sealing-wax. — Port.
laca, gum-lac— Peis. laky gum-lac; see
Lac (i).
]bactealf relating to milk. (L.) From
L. Uute-uSf milky.— L. lact-^ stem of lac^
milk.'4-Gk. yakaxT', stem of y&Ka, milk.
Allied to lettuce.
Lad, a youth. (£.) lA.'E.ladde, Prob.
the sense was * one led/ i. e. a follower,
dependant. From M. £. lad, led, pp. of
l^ettf to lead. See Lead (x). (H. Brad-
ley, in Athenaunif June i, 1894.)
LftflMnini ; see Laudanum.
Ladder. (£.) M. £. laddre, A. S.
htctder^ hlSdder, a ladder. 4- I^u* ladder,
ladder, rails of a cart ; O. H. G. hUitra,
G. letteTf a ladder. Cognate with Gk.
K\i'/jia(, a ladder; see Climax. Named
from sloping ; see Lean (i). (^KLEI.)
Lade (i), to load. (E.) Formerly a
strong verb; we still use the pp. laden.
M. £. laden, A. S. hladan (pt. t. hlod^
pp. hladen), meaning (i) to load, heap
up, heap together, (2) to draw out water,
lade out, drain.+Du. Iculen, Icel. hlada,
Dan. lade, Swed. ladda, Goth, 'hlatkan
(^in afklathan), G. laden, to lade. Teut.
base *hlad {noX. *hlath), to lade (Kluge).
Allied to Russ. klade, a lading.
lade (3), to draw out water, drain.
(£.) The same word as Lade (i).
ladlei a large spoon. (£.) M. £.
ladel; A. S. hladel; so named from being
used for dipping out or lading water from
a vessel ; from M. £. laden, A. S. hladan,
to lade out ; see above.
Lady. (£.) Perhaps < loaf-kneader.'
A, S. hlafdige, a lady. — A. S. kl&f, a loaf;
and (perhaps) A. S. *dlge, a kneader, from
the root seen in ijo'Cci.deigan,\o knead ; see
Dike, and see Dairy. % Lady was spe-
cially used to mean the Virgin Mary;
hence lady-bird, ladf sslippert &c.
Lag, late, sluggish. (C.) W. Hag,
slack, loose, sluggish; Com. lac, loose,
remiss; Gael, and Ir. lag, weak, feeble,
faint; O. Irish Uu, weak. 4- L. laxus, lax;
see Lax, Languid, Slack.
LagaUy goods cast out in a shipwreck.
(F.) A law-term; usually explained so
as to force a false connexion with L.
ligSre, to tie. — O. F. lagan, lagand,
wreckage cast ashore (Godefroy). Low
L. laganum. Origin unknown. Perhaps
from O. Icel. laginn, *positus,* old pp.
pass, of leggfa, to lay, place (£gilsson).
also, to be driven (Vigf). Cf. also O.F.
alagane (Godefroy).
Xaagoon. (Ital.-L.) Ital. lagone, a
pool; also laguna, [Or from Span.
laguna^ The former is an augmentative
of L. locus \ the latter is from L. lacuna,
extended from locus. See Lake (i).
Laic. (L.— Gk.) L. /afVtfj, belonging
to the laity.— Gk. XmK6i (the same). See
Lay (3).
Iait, den or retreat of a wild beast.
(£.) M. £. leir. A. S. leger, a lair,
couch, bed.— A.S. stem *leg-, as in A. S.
leg', base of licgan, to lie down, rest.
See Lie (i).+Du. leger, a bed, lair, from
liggen ; G. lager, O. H. G. legar, a couch,
from O. H. G. liggan, to lie; Goth, ligrs,
a couch. Doublet, leaguer.
itaf , the lay people. (F. — L. — Gk. ;
with Y, suffix.) A coined word; from
Ic^, adj. ; cf. gaie-iy from gay, &c See
Lay (3).
Lake (i), a pool. (L.) A. F. /o^. — L.
lacusy a lake. 4- Gk. Xd««o9, a hollow,
hole, pit, pond ; O. Irish loch, A. S. lagu.
Laike (2), a crimson colour. (F.— Pers.
- Skt.) F. laque (Cot.). - Pers. Idk, lake.
—Pers. lak, gum-lac ; see Lao (i).
Lalch ; the same as Lac (a).
Lama (0, a high priest. (Thibetan.)
We speak of the grand lama of Thibet,
i. e. chief or high priest (Webster).
Lama (2) ; see Llama.
Lamb. (£.) M. £. lamb, lomb. A. S.
lambj pi. kimbru.^T>VL, lam, Icel. lamb^
Dan. lam, Swed. and G. lamm, Goth.
lamb, a young sheep. Teut. type *lamboz^
neut.
Lambent, flickering. (L.) ^K lambent
flame.'— L. lambent-, stem of pres. pt. of
lambere, to lick, sometimes applied to
flames. Allied to Lap (i).
Lame, disabled, esp. in the legs. (£.)
M.£. lame, A. S. loma.'^iyxx. lam, Icel.
lami, Dan. lam, Swed. lam, G. lahm.
The orig. sense is bruised, maimed ; from
a base ^lam-, to break. Cf. Russ. lomate,
to break ; Icel. lama, to bruise ; prov. £.
lam, to bruise.
Lament* vb. (F. — L.) Y.lamenter,^
"L. Idmentdrt, to wail. — L. Idmentumy a
mournful cry ; from the base Id-, to utter
a cry; cf. Id-trdre, to bark. Cf. also
Russ. laiate, to bark, scold.
Lamina. (L.) L. lamina, a thin plate
of metal. Cf. Omelette.
LammaSy a name for Aug. i. (£.)
282
LAMP
A. S. hldf-ntassei ^i^* 'loaf-mass;' later
spellings hlammasse, lammasse, A loaf
was on this day offered as a first-fraits of
harvest. See Mass (2).
Lamp. (F.-L.-Gk.) O. F. /tfw/^.-
L. lamias. — Gk. Xa/ivds, a torch, light. —
Gk. Aoftircii', to shine. Cf. Lantern.
Lampoon. (F.-Tent.) F. lampony
orig. a drinking-song ; from the exclama-
tion lampcns ! = let us drink (Littr^). — F.
lampeTy nasalised form of O. F. tapper^ to
lap up; of Teut. origin.— M. Du. lappen,
* to lap or licke like a dogge ; ' Heidiam.
See Iiap (i).
Laanpreyi an eel-like fish. (F.— L.)
A. F. lampreie, O. F. lamproie (Ital.
lampredct), — Late L. lampreda\ once
spelt lampetra, as if ' licker of rocks/ be-
cause the fish cleaves to them, from L.
lambere, to lick,/^/ra, a rock; but this is
doubtful. Cf. Iiimpet.
Laaoe. (F. ~ L. ) F. lance, - L. lancea,
4- Gk. A^X7, a lance. Der. lance^ vb.,
to pierce ; lanc-er.
iBJieega^t a kind of spear. (F. — L. ;
a/td F. — Span. — Moorish.) Obsolete. A
corruption of lance-zagaye, compounded of
/ance (as above), and F. zagaye, a kind of
Moorish pike. Tlie latter word answers
to Span, azagaya {jBialtagay<i)^ where al
is the Arab. de£ article, and zagaya is an
O. Span, word for *dart/ of Moorish
origin. So Port, azagaiay whence £.
assegai,
lanceolatOf lance-shaped. (L.) L.
lanceoldtusy furnished with a spike. — L.
lanceola^ a spike ; dimin. of hncea (above).
lancet. (F.— L.) M. £. launcet,^
F. lancette, dimin. of lancey a lance
(above).
lanch, another spelling of lancet vb.,
to pierce; also oi launch (below).
launch, lancH, to hurl a spear, send
(a ship) into the water. (F.— L.) M. E.
launchtny launcen^ to hurl. — O. Y.lanckiery
lancier^ Picard lancher^ F. lancer^ to hurl,
fling, dart, also to prick, pierce.— L.
lanceare^ to wield a lance.— L. lancea, a
lance.
Land. (£.) M. £. land, lond, A. S.
land. + Du. Icel. Dan. Swed. Goth. G.
land. Teut. type ^landom, neut. Allied
to Celtic t)ye *landdf fem., whence Ir.
lann^ land, W. //a», a yard, churchyard.
Com. Ian, Bret lann (whence F. lande, a
plain). See Iiawn. Der. uP'land, out'
land-ish.
LANTERN
landan, a kind of coach. (G.) Said
to be named from Landau, a town in
Bavaria. Land is cognate with £. land\
G. au is allied to i- in M. £. uland\ see
Island.
landgravOv a count of a province.
(Du.) Du. landgraaf.^'Dvi, land, land;
graaf, a count. Der. Icmdgrav-ine, from
Du. landgravin, fem. of landgraaf', see
Margrave.
landrail, a bird ;«6ee Bail (3).
landscape. (Du.) Formerly land-
skip', borrowed from Dutch painters.—
Du. landschap, a landscape, a province. —
Du. land, land ; and -scnap, a suffix cor-
responding to £. 'Ship in friend-ship,
allied to the £. verb shape. % The Du.
sch sounds to us more like sk than sh\
hence our spelling with sc.
Lane. (£.) M. £. lane, lone. A. S.
lane, lone, a lane ; O. Fries, lana, lona.^
Du. laan, a lane, narrow passage.
Language. (F.-L.) M. £. langage,
— M. Y. language (Cot.), now langage, — F.
langue, the tongue.— L. lingua, tongue.
See Lingual.
Languish. (F.-L.) M.E. languishen.
— F. languiss-, stem of pres. part, of Ian-
guir, to languish.— L. languere, to be
weak. Allied to Gk. Ka-^apbi, slack ;
Icel. lakra^ to lag; and to Lag. See
Brugm. ii. § 633. (-/SLAG.)
languid. (L.) L. languidus, feeble.
— L. languere, to.be languid or weak,
languor, dullness. (F. — L.) M. E.
languor, — F. langueur. — L. languorem,
ace. of languor, ^h. languire (above).
Laniard ; see Lanyard.
Laniferons, wool-bearing. (L.) From
ly. iSna, wool ; ferre, to bear. L. Idna is
allied to Wool.
Lank, slender, thin. (£.) M. £. lank,
A. S. hlanc, slender.
Lanner, Lanneret. a kind of falcon.
(F.— L.) ¥. lanier,*B. lanner;' Cotg.—
L. lanidrius, a butcher, one that tears and
rends. —L. laniare, to rend. (So Diez.)
Der. Hence perhaps lanyard,
Lans^nenety a German foot-soldier,
a game at cards. (F.— G.) F. lansquenet,
<a lance-knight [a mistaken form] or
German footman;* Cot.-G. landsknecht,
a foot-soldier. — G,lands,ioT landes, gen. of
land, country; knecht, a soldier (E. knight).
Thus lansquenet '^ land* S'knight ; orig. a
soldier from Germany.
I. (F.-L-Gk.) M.E./«if-
383
LANYARD
LASH
tentc. — F. lanterne. — L. laniema, IdiertuL^
a lantern (not a true L. word). Lantema
<,*lamtema<*lampterna^ borrowed from
Gk. Xafinrfip, a light, torch. »Gk. \afiv€iVf
to shine. % Sometimes spelt ianthom,
because horn was used for the sides of
lanterns.
Lanyard, Laniard, a certain small
rope in a ship. (F. — L.) Formerly spelt
lannUr^ M. £. lainere ; the final d being
excrescent, or due Xmyard, ~ M. F. lanure,
'a long and narrow band or thong of
leather ; ' also lanUres^ pi. * hawks' lunes ; *
Cot. Perhaps from F. lamer , a kind of
hawk. See Xianner.
Lap (i)> to lick up with the tongue.
(K) M. £. lappen. A. S. lapiariy to lap.
+ M. Du. lappen (Hexham) ; led. lepja,
Dan. iabe\ O. H. G. laffatty to lap up.<4-
L. lanibercy to lap. with the tongue.
(VLAB; Brug. U. § 632.) Allied to
lambent.
Lap (a), the loose part of a coat, an
apron, part of the body covered by an
apron, a fold. (£.) M. £. lappe, A. S.
lappa, a loosely hanging portion. + Du.
lap, Dan. lap, Swed. lapp, G. lappen, a
patchy shred, rag. Cf. Icel. lapa, to hang
down ; Lith. I6pas, a patch, rag. % Hence
lap-el, a flap of a coat, dimin. of £. lap ;
lapp-et, also dimin. of £. lap\ also the
verb to lap over, Cf. liimp (i).
Lap (3), to wrap. (£.) M. £. lappen,
also wlappen, another form of wrappen ;
see "Wrap. Quite distinct from lap (2).
Lapidary, one who sets precious
stones. (L.) £nglished from L. lapidd-
rius, a stonemason. — L. lapid-, stem of
lapis, a stone. Allied to Gk. Kkmos, a
bare rock, Aciris, a flake, Xktt^w, to peel
(Prellwitz). See Iieper.
Lapse, vb. (L.) From L. lapsdre, to
slip, frequent, of labt (pp. lapsus), to glide,
slip, trip. Dep. col-, e-, il-, relapse.
Lapwinffy a bird. (£.) M. £. lappe-
winke, A. S. hleapewince, as if ' one who
turns about in running ' ; from A.S. hleap-
an, to run; *wince, one who turns; see
'Winch. % But the older form is laepae-
uinccB (O. E. T., p. 504) ; the sense of
which is unknown.
Larboard. (£. ?) Cotgrave has :
^ Babort, the larboard side of a ship.'
Hakluyt (Voyages, i. 4) has the spelling
Uereboord; where leere answers to prov. £.
leer, empty, A. S. *l^re (cognate with G.
leer, O. H. G. Idri) ; whence A. S. l^rnes.
emptiness. The steersman formerly stood
on the starboard (steer-board) side; the
other side was free.
Larceny, robbery. (F.-L.) The -J'
is an £. addition. — O. F. larrecin (F.
larcin), larceny. — L. latrocinium, robbery;
formed with suffix -ctnium (as in ttrlf-
cinium) from lairo, a robber. Allied to
Gk. Adr/x9, a hfreling, used in a bad
sense ; and to XarpWy hire.
Larch, a tree. (F.-L.-Gk.) O.F.
larice (Godefroy), also laregey * the larch ; '
Cot — L. laricemy ace. oi larix, a larch. ~
Gk. \apt^, a larch.
Lard. (F.-L.) O.Y.lardm.'U lardum,
also Idrida, lard, fat of bacon. Cf. Gk.
Xapds, nice, \&piv6s, fat. Der. lard-er^
from O. F. tardier, a tub to keep bacon in
(Cot.), hence, a room in which to keep
bacon and meat Also inter^lard,
Larffe. (F.-L.) F. large.^^U largOy
fem. (AlarguSy great Cf. O. F. tare, m.
largess, a liberal gift. (F.-L.) F.
largesse, bounty. — Late L. ^targttia, not
found, for L. largttio, a bestowing. — L.
largitus, pp. of largiriy to bestow. —L.
largtiSy large, liberal.
ZiOrk (i), a bird, (£.) Another form
is lavrock (Bums). M. £. larkey also
laverock. — A. S. Idwerce, later Iduerce,
Idferce. + Icel. lavirki, a lark ; Low G.
lewerke, O. H. G. lerehha, G. lerche, Du.
leeuwrik, £. Fries, leverke, Swed. larkay
Dan. Icerke. A compound word, of un-
known origin.
Lark (2), a game, fun. (£.) The same
word as the above ; from the cheerful note
of the bird. The fuller form keorock
(whence larrick) produced the form lar^
rikin^ for larking, now used as a slang
adj., in the sense of rollicking or rowdy.
See N. and Q. 7 S. vii. 345.
Lamm ; short for Alarum.
Larva. (£.) lu. lama, a ghost, a
mask ; used as a scientific name for a cater-
pillar or grub.
Larynx. (L. — Gk.) L . larynx. * Gk.
\dpvy( (gen. \dpvyy'05\ throat, gullet,
larynx. Der. laryng-itis.
Lascar, a native £. Indian soldier.
(Pers.) Pers. Icuhkari, a soldier; from
lashkar, an army.
Lascivions. (L.) Corruptly formed
from L. lasciuus, lustful. Cf. Skt task,
to desire.
Lash (i), a thong, stripe. (E.) M. E.
lasshe, the flexible part of a whip ; cf. £.
284
LASH
Fries, laskty a bit of wood fastened on,
I^w G. laskit a flap, G. lasche^ a flap,
groove for scarfinff timber; M. Du. icLssche^
' a peece of cloatn sowne into a garment/
M.H. G. /ascAe, a shred, strip; Norw.
laskef a strip, shred, bit of wood. LasA
in the sense of thong is from its use in
lashing or binding things together ; Swed.
/aska, to stitch ; Norw. ias Ay a seam. The
verb /as At to scourge, is to use a /asA.
Lash (3), to bind firmly together.
(£.) Cf. Du. iasscAeftf to join, scarf to-
gether; iascA, a piece, joint, seam. So
also Swed. /asAa^ Dan. /asAe, to scarf;
Swed. Dan. /asA^ a scarf, joint. The verb
b from the sb. ; see above.
Lass« a girl. (Scand. ?) M. £. Atsse^
iasci (Matzner). Cf. Icel. losAr^ weak;
M. Swed. losA^ a person having no fixed
abode. Vigfasson cites O. Swed. hsAa
Aona^ a spmster. (H. Bradley; in AtA*
June 16, 1894.) Cf. Bavarian hscA^ a
woman (a term of contempt) ; Schmeller.
LMiSitude« weariness. (F.~L.) F.
tassitudt, * L. lassMUiOf weariness. — L.
icusHS, vrearied ; for ^lad'tusy and allied
to £. Lata.
LmisOi a rope with a noose, ^pan. —
L.) From Mexican Span. laso\ O. Span.
iaso, Minsheu. ^ L. iaqueus (Folk L.
iacem), a noose, snare, knot. See Lace.
% The mod. Span. has iSis^ (with m sounded
as E. voiceless M).
lASt (i)t latest; see Late.
Last (a)) a wooden mould of the foot
for a shoemaker. (E.) M. E. /asi, /est,
A. S. /Ar/, /ifs/, a foot-track, path, trace
of feet (whence the mod. sense follows). 4"
Du. /##j/, a last, form; Icel. /eisir^ the
foot below the ankle; Swed. /dis/f Dan.
/astf G. ieis/M, a shoemaker*s last ; Goth.
kusts, a foot-track. The Teut. base
appears in Goth. Aifx/-. with orig. sense
'foot-track*; from /au-, and erade of
Teut. */sisaH'; cf. Goth. ibi>, I know
(find or trace out). Cf. L. /ira, a track ;
see Delirious. Akin to Leam.*
last (3)t to endure. (£.) M. £. /asten,
/esien ; A. S. /SsiOHj to observe, perform,
last; orig. 'to follow in the track of;'
from /dst, a foot-track (above), -j- Goth.
/aisijan^ to follow after; G. /eisUHt to
follow out. Cf. Goth. laistSy G. /iisteny sb.
LMrt U), a load, large weight, ship's
cargo. (£.) M. E. /ast, A. S. A/ast^ a
buraen. Formed from A.S. A/adan, to
lade, load. ^ Dan. /ax/, cargo; Swed. Du.
LATHEF^
and G. /as/y a burden. See Lade. ^ A. S.
A/ast is for ^Aiad-sto- (> Vi/asio-) ; from
A/ad-f with suffix -sio-, Cf. Icel. A/ass
(< *A/aJ-/0-)f a cart-load.
Latoh (i)) a catch, fastening. (E.)
M. E. /accMf a latch, from /acc/uftf to
catch.** A.S. /accaftf to seize, catch hold
of.
Latoh (a), vb., to moisten. (£.) In
Shak. M.N. D. iii. a. 36. Cf. M. Du.
/oAen, to flow (Ondemans); Swed. /aAa,
to distil, fall bv drops, /oAa /^, to pour
on to ; from /oAf ana grade of Icel. /eAa,
to drip ; see Leak. Also prov. E. /e/cA,
a vessel for making Ive; A.S. /eccan,
to moisten ; Low G. /ai^, brine.
Latohet, a little lace, thon^. (F.-L.)
M.E. /acAet^O,Y. /acAety Norman and
Picard form of O. F. /ac€t, a lace ; dimin,
of O. F. /a^Sf F. /acs ; see Lace.
Late. (£•) M.E. /at; comp. /a/er,
/otter y super!, /atesty latst (Ormulum,
A168), /ast, A. S. /atf slow, late. 4- Du.
iaaty Icel. /a/r, Dan. tody Swed. /at\
Goth. /atSy slothful, G. /cusy weary. Allied
to L. /assus (for */ad'tus)y weary. From
the weak grade of the verb to /ety i. e. let
go ; /ate orig. meant slothful, slow. See
Let ^t). Brugm. i. % 197.
laitary another form of /ater (above).
last (1), latest; contracted form of
/atest»
Lateon; see Latin.
Latent, hidden. (L.) L. /atent; stem
of pres. pt. of /aterty to lie hid.
Lateral. (L.) L. /atera/isy belonging
to the side. — L. /cUer-y for */ates-t stem of'
&iti4s side.
Lath. (E.) North E. /at, M. E. /atte.
A. S. tatty a lath: pi- Ar//a. + Du. /at;
G. /atte (whence F. /atte) ; allied to G.
/adefty a board, plank, shutter. The mod.
form /atA seems to have been influenced
by W. //at A, a rod, staff, Ir. s/at, a rod ;
which is cognate.
Lathe (1)) a machine for turning wood,
&c. (Scana.) Icel. /d'6 (gen. /od-ar^ a
smiths lathe; Dan. dreie-tady a turning-
lathe.
Lathe (a), a division of a county. (E.)
A.S. /(M, M. E. /tOy a lathe, province;
Thorpe, Ancient Laws, i. 184, 455. Per-
haps allied to Icel. /eWy /eiCanFTy a levy.
Lather. (E.) M.E. /otAer, A.S.
/eaOoTy lather ; whence /piSraMf to anoint.
•f Icel. /autfry froth, foam, soap ; Swed.
/ifdery lather. For the form, cf. Gk.
a85
LATIN
LAW
hompim, a bath. AUied
Iiave.
X^tm. (F.-L.) F. Laiin,^!^ Lati-
nus, belonging to Laiium, Der. iatim-er,
an interpreter ; for Latiner,
latson, triangular, applied to sails.
(F.— L.) F. JatitUy as in voile loHne^ a
lateen sail; latine is the fern, of Latins
Latin (i. e. Roman).
Latitude, breadth. (F.-L.) M.£.
latitude. ^¥, latitude, ^it, Idtitido (stem
Idtitudin-), breadth. — L. Idtus^ broad ;
short for O. L. stlatus, Brugm. i. § 539.
ZiatteUy a mixed metal, like pinch-
beck. (F.) M.E. latoun.^O.Y, laton
(F. laiton), latten. Origin unknown. Cf.
Low L. lato, latonus ; Span. latoH ; Port.
latSo ; Ital. ottone^ latten.
lAtter; seeliste.
Lattice. (F.-G.) Formerly lattis.
M.£. latis.^F. lattis, lath-work, lattice-
work.—F. tatte, a lath. — G. latte, a lath ;
see Iiath.
Laud, to praise. (L.) M. E. lauden. —
L. /auddre, to praise. — L. laud-f stem of
laus, praise.
Lamdaniuii. (L.— Gk.— Pers.) Now
a preparation of opium, but formerly ap-
plied to a different drug. Thus Min^eirs
Span. Diet. (1623) has: ' Laudano, the
gum labdanum vsed in pomanders.'
* Laudanum, Ladanum, Zaddanum, a
sweet-smelling transparent gum gathered
from the leaves of Cistus Ledon, a shrub,
of which they make pomander, it smells
like wine mingled with spices;' Blount,
'1674. (Laudanum has a like strong
smell.) — L. Iddanum, ledanum, resin from
the shrub lada (Pliny). — Gk. Kii^wov,
X&bavov (same). — Gk. X^Sov, a certain
shrub. — Pers. iSdan, the gum-herb lada
(Richardson).
Laugh. (£.) M. £. laugfien, khghen.
O. Merc hkehhan^ A.S. hlihan (pt. t. kloh) ,
to laugh. +Du. lagchen, Icel. hlaja^ Dan.
lee, Swed. le, G. lachtn, Croth. hlahjan
(pt. t. hhh), (Base *hlah = ldig. *kiak\
cf. Lith. kleg-ttii to laugh, Gk. xXdHfauv,
to duck.) Of imitative origin. Der.
laughter, A. S. hleahtar.
Launch (i) ; see Iianch.
Launch (2), a large ship's boat.
(Span.) Span, lancka, *the pinnace of
a ship ; ' Pineda (i 740). Port, lancha, the
same. Cf. Port, lanchara, a kind of ship ;
perhaps of Malay origin (Yule).
lAUndreee, a washerwoman. (F. -
to Iiye and | L.) Formed by adding F. suffix -ess to
I M. E. launder or lavander, a washer-
woman.—O. F. lavandiere, * a launderesse
or washing-woman ;* Cot. — Late L. lauan-
dariay' dhia, (same). — L. lauand-, gerun-
dial stem of laudre, to wash. See Itave.
Der. laundr-y^launder-y,
LaureL (F.— L.) M. £. lorel, lorery
laurer. — O. F. hrier (F. laurier), a laurel-
tree.— O.F. lor (the same); with suffix
-ier (L. -drius). — L. laurum, ace. of
laurus, a laurel-tree.
laureate. (L.) L. lauredtus, crovmed
with laurel.— L. laurea, a laurel; orig.
feuL of laureus, adj. from laurus (above).
Lava. (Ital.— L.) Ital. lava, a stream
(esp. of molten rock).— L. ldudre,iowash,
lave. See Iiave.
Lave, to wash. (F.~L.) F. lover,''
L. laudre, + Gk. Xoi^ciy, to wash. Der.
lav-er, M.F. lavoir, a washing-pool (Cot.);
knhat-or-y, F. lavcdoire, L. laudidrium,
neut. of laudtorius, adj., belonging to a
washer. And cf. Iiather.
Latreer, to tack. (Du. — F. — Du.)
In Diyden. — Du. Idveeren; M.Du. latueren,
loeueren, * to saile up and downe,' Hex-
ham. — M. F. lifveer (Littr^) ; F. louvoyer,
— F. lof^ luff, weather-side. — Du. loef.
See Iiuff.
Lavender, a plant. (F.— Ital.— L.)
M. E. lavendre, the r being an K addition.
— F. lavande, lavender; Cot. — Ital. la-
vanda, lavender; used for being laid in
freshly washed linen. — Ital. lavanda, a
washing.— L. laudre, to wash. See Ijave.
Lavish, profuse, prodigal. (£.) For-
merly spelt lavish, laves; also lavy.
Formed with suffix 'ish (A. S. -isc) from
the obsolete verb lave, to pour out, lade
out water; M.E. lauen, to bale out
water, whence the metaphorical use of
lauen, to give bountifully. * He lautz
hys gyftez « God lavishes His gifts;
AUit. Poems, A. 607. It answers to
A. S. lafian, to lave, wash, pour. Cf.
Du. lav'en^ G. lahen, to refresh, if The
Tent, verb was perhaps early borrowed
from L. laudre ; see Lave. Cf. Norman
dial, lover, to spend lavishly. Der.
lavish, vb.
Law, a rule of action, edict. (Scand.)
M.E. lawi. A.S. lagu (not common;
the usual A. S. word is S) ; borrowed from
Scand. Cf O. Sax. lag, law. — Icel. Idg,
pl.y but in sing, sense, a law, from lag,
a stratum, order; Swed. lag; Dan. lav.
286
LAWN
From Teut. lag^ and stem of ^iigjany to
lie; see Lie (i). The sense is < that which
lies,' or is fixed (c£ Gk. /vcrroi v^/iof, the
law is fixed, from kuimij I Re). Der.
law-y-er (cf. saw-y-er). See Lie (i).
IawH (i)> a space of grass-covered
ground, a glade. ^F.—C.^ M,E.laund
(the d has been aropped).i-O.F. lander
' a land or laund, a yrilo* nntilled, shmbby,
or grassy plain ; * Cot. Cf. Ital. and Span.
landUf a heath, p. Of disputed origin;
referred by Littri to G. ianJ ( « E. /and)y
open country; but by Diez (rightly)
to Bret, {ann, a bushy shrub, of which
the pi. lannou, lilce F. landes^ means
'waste lands.' It comes to the same
thing ; for £. and G. land are cognate
with Irish ^»if, a piece of land. Cf. W.
//dir, Gael, lann^ an enclosure, piece of
land. See Land.
Lawn (a), fine linen. (F. place-name.)
Palsgrave has Laune fymn, prob. for Lan
fyfUHj where Lan is the i6th cent, spell-
ing of Laon^ to the N. W. of Rheims.
Lawn was also called ' cloth of Remes,*
i. e. Rheims ; see Baret's Alvearie.
LaXy slack. (L.) L. laxus^ slack,
loose. Allied to Slack. Brugm. i. % 193.
laxative, loosening. (F.-L.) F./or-
atif^'^'L, laxdttuuSy loosening. *L. laxd'
/us, pp. of laxdrtf to loosen. -"L. laxus^
lax.
Lay (i)) to cause to lie down, set. (E.)
M. £. leien^ Uggen, pt. t. leide^ pp. hid,
A.S. iecgan, pt t. ie^i, pp. geiegd;
causal of iicgan, to lie. Hh Du. ieggen, Icel.
leggja, Dan. iagge, Swed. Idggaj G. Ugitn,
Goth, lagjan. Teut. type *lag-jan', causal
verb ; from Vn^, and grade of ^ligfan-, to
lie; see Lie (i). For the modem forms,
see Sweet, E. Gr. $ i ap3.
layer, a stratum, tier, bed. (E.) Dif-
ferent from^jy-^, he who la3ni; a graphic
variant of M. E. liir^ a lair, couch,
place for lying down in ; hence a bed,
stratum, &c. See Lair.
Lay (a), a song, poem. (F.-C.) M.E.
/oi.^O. F. /af, said to be a Breton word.
Not preserved in Breton, but it answers to
Irish laaif laoidh, O. Ir. Ided, a song,
poem, Gael. laHdh, a verse, hymn, sacred
poem.
Lay (3), pertaining to the laity. (F. —
L.-Gk.) M.E. /oy.-O.F. /ai, secular.
— L. laicus. — Gk. \ai«^s, belonging to the
people. «• Gk. \a6t (Attic XcdOOtthe people.
See Laio, Laity.
LEAGUE
^7 (4)> ^ ^ Lay-flgure. (Du.)
The old word was lay-man (Richardson).
Lit. * joint-man,* i.e. man made with
joints.— Du. leeman, a lay-man. Here
Ue- is for ledi-, in compounds (Sewel) ;
and Du. leden is the pi. of lid, a joint,
cognate with A. S. /t9, Goth, lithus, G.
g'iied, a joint. Prob. allied to Limb
(Kluge).
Layer ; see Lay (i).
Laiar, a leper. (F. — L. — Gk. — Heb.)
M . E. lazar. — F. lazare, — L. Latarus. —
Gk. Adfapor, the name of the beggar in
Luke, xvi. ao; contracted from Heb.
TOkvat Eliatar^^Wth, Efazdr, he whom
God helps. Der. lazar-e/to, a plague-
hospital, ital. iazzaretto.
Laiy. (LowG.) Zo^xM (Spenser).—
Low Gr. lasichf variant of lostchy languid,
idle (LUbben) ; Idosig', lazy (Danneil') ;
Pomeran. Idsig, cf. laassam, lazy (Bremen) ;
Du. Uuziz, lazy. Allied to Loose.
Lea. Lay, Ley, a meadow. (E.)
M. E. lay, ley, untilTed land. A. S. leak,
lea (jgen. leage), a }ea ; cf. Had-leah, i. e.
Hadleigh. Cognate with prov. G. loh, a
morass, low plain, Low G. loge, Flem. loo
as in fVater^loo; also with Lithuan. lau-
has, an open field, L. liicus, a glade, open
space in a wood. Orig. 'a clearing.'
Allied to Lucid. Brugm. i. § aai.
Ziead (i), to conduct (E.) M. E.
leden, pt. t. ladde, pp. lad, — A. S. iXdan,
to lead. 4" Icel* l^^ \ Swed. Uda ; G.
leiten ; Du. leiden, Teut. type *laidjan- ;
from *laith (by Vemer*s Law), and grade
of Veithanm (A. S. ITdan), to travel. See
Lode.
Lead (a), a metal. (E.) M. E. leed,
A. S. /Ax</.^Du. lood, Swed. lod, Dan. lod,
G. lolh, M. H. G. lot, Teut. type *laudom,
neut. Cf. O. Irish luaidhe. lead.
Leaf. (E.) M. E. leef, pi. leues
{sieves), A.S. liaf, neut, pi. /Ai/+Du.
loof, foliage; Icel. lauf, Swed. Idf, Dan.
lav, Goth, hufs, G. laub. Teut. stem
*laub0'.
League (i), a bond, alliance. (Ital.—
L.) Ital. lega, ' a league ; * Florio. — Late
L. liga, a league. — L. ligAre, to bind. See
Ligament.
league (a), about three miles. (F.—
L. - C.) O. F. legue (Roquefort) ; F.
lieue (Gascon /<^).->Late L. liga, leuea ;
L. leugay leuca, a Gallic mile ; a word of
Celtic origin. Cf. Bret, led lev a league ;
also hu (in Vannes).
387
LEAQUER
LECTERN
Lea|pier, a camp. (Da.) In AlVs
Well, lii. 6. 27.i-Du. /f^r, a lair, a camp.
See Iiair, Ijie (i). Der. be-leagtur,
TMBkk, (Scand.) M. £. Uktn.^lctX,
leka, to drip, dribble, leak as a ship, str. vb.
(pt. t lak) ; cf. the causal forms seen in
Swed. Idcka, Dan. lakke^ Da. lekken, G.
lecketiy to leak, drop ; A. S. leccany to wet.
% The mod. E. word is Scand. ; not from
A. S. leccan, [We also find A. S. hlec^
leaky.] Der. leak, sb., from Icel. Uki,
a leak. Prob. allied to Iiaok (Franck).
leal, loyal, trae. (F.-L.) U.'Es, liL
— A. F. lealy O. F. Utal, legal, hence just,
loyal. — L. UgdliSy legal. Doublets, legal,
loyal. See iLegaL
Ijean (i)» to incline, stoop. (£.) M. £.
lenen. A. S. hlanan, to make to lean,
weak verb; (cf. x\. S. hlinian, to lean,
weak verb). ^ Dan. lane, Swed. Idna,
causal forms ; G. lehnen, intrans. Allied
to L. -clindre, in inclindre, to incline;
Gk. K\ivHv, to cause to lean, make to
bend. (v^KLEL)
lean (3), slender, .frail. (E.) M. E.
lene, A. S. hlane, lean ; orig. bending,
stooping, hence thin; cf. L. dicliuis,
declining. Teut. type *hlainjoz. Cf. O.
Irish clden, sloping, bad. Allied to A. S.
klanan, to lean (above).
ILeap. (E.) M. E. lepen, pt. t leep, pp.
lopen, A. S. hliapan, pt. t. hliop, to run,
jump. -^ Da. loopen, Icel. hlaupa, Dan.
lobe, Swed. Idpa, Goth, hlaupan, G.
laufeftf chiefly in the sense ' to ran.* Teat,
type *hlaupati:
Learn. (E.) M. £. lemen, A. S.
leomian. -4- G. hmtn^ to learn. Teut.
type *lizndn ; from *liz{a)noz, pp. of
*leisan', to trace out, of which the pt. t.
lais occurs in Goth, with the sense 'I
know,' i. e. have found out. Hence also
Teut. *laizjan-y to teach, as in A. S. laran
(G. lekreh), to teach. Brugm. i. § 903 (c).
And see IJast (2), Iiore.
Lease (i), to let a tenement (F.— L.)
F. laisser, to let go. — L. laxdre, to slacken,
let go. — L. laxus, loose. See Lax.
Lease (2), to glean. (£.) M. E. lesen,
A. S. lesatti to gather. <^ Du. lezen, to
gather, to read; G. lesen; Goth, lisan,
pt. t. las, to gather ; Lith. listi, to snap up.
Leasll, a thong to hold in a dog. (F.
- L.) M. E. lees. - O. F. Usse (F. laisse),
a leash. — Late L. laxa, a thong, a loose
rope. — L. laxus, slack. See Xiaz. % The
number usually leashed together was three.
_, falsehood. (E.) M,^. Using.
A. S. llasung, falsehood ; from leas, false.
Cf. Icel. lausung, falsehood; Du. loos^
false. See Iioose.
Least ; see Iieas.
Leat, a conduit for water. (E.) A. S.
ge-lStte, a course, direction. From ISttan^
to let, permit. Cf. in-let, out-lel. See
Let (I).
Leather. (E.) M. E. Uther, A.S.
leder. + Du. leder, Icel. Ie6r, Dan. lader,
Swed. Idder, G. leder, leather. Teut. type
*lethrom, neut, ; Idg. type *letrofn, as in
O. Irish lethary W. lledr, Der. leather-n.
Leave (i), to forsake, quit. (E.) M. £.
leuen {levet^. A. S. la/an, to leave a
heritage, leave behind one.+Icel. lei/a, to
leave. Teut. type *laibjan-, to leave;
firom*^2^-, as seen in A. S. Idf, a remainder,
Icel. Uif^ a heritage. And *laib is the-
2nd stem of Teut. ^leiban-, to remain, as in
A. S. be-ltfan, O. H. G. bi-ltban (whence
G. bleiben), Idg. root *leip, as in Gk.
Xivapfity^ persistent ; the weak grade *lip
appears in Skt. lip, to smear, Gk. Aiiros,
grease, Ross, lipkii, sticky, Lith. lipti, to
adhere to. See Live. Brugm. i. % 87.
Zieave (2), permission, farewell. (E.)
' To take leave * » to take permission to
go. * By your leave * = by your permission.
M. E. leue {leve). A. S. leaf, permission.
From the same root as A. S. liof, dear,
pleasing. The orig. sense was pleasore;
hence a grant, permission. +Da. -lof as
in oor-lof, permission, ver4of, leave ; Icel.
leyfi, leave, lofan, permission, lob (i)
praise, (2) permission ; Dan. lov, Swed.
lof, praise, leave; G. ur-laub, ver-lauby
leave, er-lauben, to permit, hb, praise.
From Teut. base ^leub- (whence A. S.
lgof\ 2nd grade *latib' (>A. S. Haf),
weak grade */«^- (>A. S. lufiu, love).
See Lief, Love, Furlough. (-/LEUBH.)
Leaven, ferment. (F.— L.) M. £.
leuain (Jevain). — F. levain. -• L. leudmen,
an alleviation ; here used in the orig. sense
of ' that which raises.' — L. leudre, to raise.
— L. leuis, light. See Levity.
Lecher. (F. - G.) M. K, leckur,
lechour. — O. F. lecheor, lecheur, lit. one
who licks up, a man addicted to gluttony
and lewdness. — O. F. lecher (F. lecher), to
lick. — O. H. G. lecchon (G. lecken), to
lick. See Liok.
Lectern, Lectnm, a reading-desk.
(F. — Late L.) M. £. leterone, lec-
tome, lectrone, lectrun (Prompt. Parv.).
288
LECTION
- O. F, letruH (Godefroy) ; lectrun, letrin
(Litti^, s. V. /w/riif). — Late L. lectrhtum^
a reading-desk, pulpit. i> Late L. lectrumt
a pnl pit. Prob. from Gk. \iicrpoVf a couch,
support ; akia to Gk. Kixosy a couch, bed ;
cf. L. ieetus, a couch. But other forms,
like Late L. UctOrXnum^ kctorium^ shew
that it was popularly connected with L.
iectio (below).
Lectioily a reading, portion to be read.
(L.) From L. lectio, a reading. ^ L. lectus^
pp. of legere, to read. See Ijegeud.
lecture, a discourse. (F.— L.) YJec-
turtj a reading. — Late L. Ucturay a com-
mentary. »L. iectusy pp. oi legerct to read.
Ledgei a slight shelf, ridge. (£.)
Palsjp^rave has ledge (i.e. support) of a
shelf Cf. Norfolk ledge, a bar of a gate,
rail of a chair; M. £. legge. Allied to
Swed. laggy the rim of a cask, Icel. Ibgg,
the ledge or rim at the bottom of a cask ;
Norweg. logg (pi. legger), the lowest part
of a vessel; M. H. G. lekke. Cf. also
Norw. lega, a couch, lair, bed, support on
which anything rests ; lege, a ledge, as of
rock. All from Teut. *lagy and stem of
*ligyan', to lie. Cf. A.S. licgan, Icel.
Itggjdy Swed. ligga^ Dan. ligge^ to lie.
The sense is 'support.' See Lie (i).
Ledger, a flat slab ; also, a book in
which a summary of accounts is preserved.
(£.) (We also find leger ambassadors,
i. e. such as remained for some time at a
foreign court.) A ledger-book is one that
lies always ready. Similarly, in Middle-
English, a large book was called a liggar
(^that which lies), because not portable.
From M. £. liggen, A. S. licgan, to lie;
see Lie (i). Cf. Du. legger, one that lies
down (the nether mill-stone is also so
called) ; from Du. leggen, to lie, a common
corruption of liggen, to lie (like lay for lie
in English). % Howell uses Uger-book for
' portable book,' which is from O. F. legier,
light. See ledger in Richardson.
fceei a sheltered place ; part of a ship
away from the wind. (Scand.) M. E. lee,
shelter. — Icel. hli, lee (of a ship) ; Dan.
la, Swed. /tif.^Du. lij\ A. S. hlio, Meow,
a covering, a shelter (distinct from prov.
£. lew, warm ; see Lew). % The peculiar
use is Scand. ; the pronunciation lew-ard
is due to the w ; cf. steward for sty-ward.
The Teut. type is *hlewo- (Franck).
Xreecll (i\ a physician. (£.) M. E.
ieche, A. S. l^ce, one who heals. + Goth.
l^keis, a leech ; cf. Iqel. Itrknir, Dan. lage,
LEGAL
Swed. Idkare, Also A. S. Idcnian, to heal,
Icel. lakna, Dan. lage, Swed. laka, Goth.
lekinon, to heal. Also O. Irish liaig, a
leech.
leeoh (a)» a blood-sucking Worm. (E.)
A. S. l^ce, lit. * the healer ; * the same
word as the above.
Leech (3)> Leach, the border or edge
of a sail at the sides. (£.) Cf. Icel. lik,
a leech-line ; Swed. lik, Dan. lig, a bolt-
rope.+M. Du. lyken, a bolt-rope (Sewel) ;
Du. HJk (see Franck).
Leek. (E.) M . £. leek. O. Merc, lie ;
A. S. liac. 4- Du. look, Icel. laukr, Dan.
log, Swed. lok, G. lauch. Teut. type
*lauko-\ cf. A.S. lOcan, str. vb. (pt t.
//fl^«Teut. *lauk), to weed. Der. gar-lie,
ehar-lock, hem-lock (latter syllable).
Leer, a sly look. (E.) The verb is a
development from the sb., which is an old
word. M. E. lere, the cheek, face, com-
plexion, mien; usually in a good sense,
but Skelton has it in a bad sense. A. S.
hlior, the cheek ; hence, the face, look,
mien. 4* Icel. klyr, pi., the cheeks.
Zieee, dregs of wine. (F.) PI. of a sing,
form leey not used. — F. lie, 'the lees;*
Cot. (Gascon lio, 'lie de vin.') — Late L.
lia, pi. lia, lees (loth cent.). Origin
unknown.
Leety an assembly of a township. (£.)
M. £. lete, Prob. from A. S. l&tan, to let,
permit, cause. See Let (i ).
Left, the weaker hand. (£.) M. E.
left, lift, luft, 'A.S. left\ Dr. Sweet
points out that ' inanis, left^ occurs in a
gloss (Mone, Quellen, i. 443), and that the
same MS. has senne for synne (sin) ; so
that left is for lyft, with the sense ' worth-
less ' or ' weak ' ; cf. A. S. lyft-ddl, palsy.
-#. North Fries, leeft, leefier kond, lelt
hand; M. Du. /if^/, lucht, left; E. Fries.
lUchter, left, luf, weak. p. The form of
the base is ^lub\ cf. Du. lubben (Franck).
See Lib.
Leg. (Scand.) M. E, leg fpl. legges\^
Icel. leggr, a leg ; Dan. lag, tne calf of^the
leg; Swed. lagg (the same). Brugm. i.
§647(5). . ,
Legacy. (L.) M. E. Ugacie ; a corned
word (as if«I-,. *ligdtia, not found) from
L. ligdtum, a bequest, neut. of pp. of
ligdre, to appoint, bequeath ; allied to lex
(stem lig-), the law (below).
legal, pertaining to the law. (F.— L.)
M.F. A?^/. — L. Hgdlis, legal. — L. leg-, stem
of lex, law. Allied to L. legerc, Gk.
289
LEGATE
LENIENT
\iyuv, to collect. Bnigm. i. § 134.
(-/LEG.)
legate, a commissioner. (F. — L.)
M. E. legate. ^O.F. Ugut (F. Ugat)y a
pope's am&assador. ■- L. legdtus^ a deputy ;
pp. of legdre, to appoint. — L. leg-y stem of
kXf law. See legal.
legatee. (L-; vnth F. suffix,) A
law term; coined from L. ligdt-us, ap-
pointed, with F. suffix -/ ( = L. -dtus).
See above.
legend, a marvellous story. (F. — L.)
M. E. Ugende,~0. F. legende (F. Ugende),
a legend, story. — Late L. legenda, a legend ;
fem. sing, from L. legenda^ neut. pi., mings
to be read. — L. legendus, fut. pass. part, of
legerey to read, orig. to gather, collect.+
Gk. Kiyuv, to tell, speak. (-/LEG.)
Legerdemain, sleight of hand. (F. —
L.) O. F. Ugier de ntainj lit. light of
hand. (Cf. Ital. leggiere^ leggiero, light.)
The O. F. legier answers to a Late L.
type *leuidrius, made by adding -drius to
L. leui'Sf light. F. de == L, de, of. F.
main = L. manum, ace. of nmnus, a hand.
See Levity.
leger-line, ledger-line, in music,
a short line added above or below the
staff. (F. — L.) Properly leger-line ;
where leger = ¥. /^(?r (formerly legier) ^
light ; because these lines are small and
short. See the word above. ^ So
usually explained; but mod. F. employs
the phrase lignes additionnelles.
Legible, readable. (F.-L.) O. F.
legible. '^Yu. /ff^Ww, legible. — L. legere, to
read. See legend.
legion, a large body of soldiers.
(F.— L.) M. E. legioun. — O. F. legion,
— L. legidneniy ace. of legio^ a Roman
legion, body of from 4300 to 6000 men.
— L. legerey to gather, select a band.
Legislator. (L.) L. legisldtar^ a pro-
poser of a law. — L. legis, gen. of lex, a
law ; Idtor^ a proposer, lit. bringer, from
Idtuin (for tldtum), to bear, bring, from
-/TEL ; see Tolerate. Brugm. i. § 585
(2). Der. legislate, 8cc. See legaL
legist. (F.-L.) O. F. legisle (F.
Ugisle). "L&te L. legista, one billed in
the laws. — L. leg-, stem of lex, law (with
Gk. suffix -ista = -itTrrji).
legitimate. (L.) Late L. legili-
mdtus, pp. of legitimdrty to declare to be
lawful. — L. legitimus, according to law. —
L. legi', for lex, law ; with suffix -ti-mus.
Legnme, a pod. (F. — L.) F. legume,
pulse, a pod. — L. legumen (stem legumin-^y
pulse, bean-plant. Brugm. i. § 667. Der.
legumin-aus.
Leisure, freedom from employment.
(F.-L.) M. E. leaser. - A. F. leisir (J.
loisir), leisure ; orig. an infin. mood,
meaning 'to be permitted.' — L. licere, to
be permitted. ^ The form is bad ; it
should be leiser or leisir; pleasure is in
the same case. The suffix has been
changed from -er or -ir to 'Ure (as in
measure').
Iienian, Lemman, a sweetheart.
(£.) I. e. lief man, M. E. lemman, also
leofman. — A. S. leof, dear ; mann, a man
or woman. See Iiief.
Lemma, an assumption. (L. — Gk.)
L. lemma, — Gk. Xrjmxa, a thing taken ; in
logic, a premiss taiken for granted ; allied
to Gk. €l-\rjfxfjuu, perf. pass, of Kafj^dyttv,
to take (base \a$-). Brugm. i. § 852.
Lenuning, Leming, a kind of Nor-
wegian rat. (Norweg.) Norvreg. lemende;
also occurring as lemming, limende^ lomel-
dre, lomund, lomhund, Cf. Swed. lemel,
a lemming ; Icel. Idmundr. Origin ob-
scure ; Aasen derives it from Norweg.
lemja, to strike, beat, maim, lit. ' lame,'
and explains it to mean ' destroying ' ;
from the destruction committed by them ;
see Ijame. But this is * popular etymo-
logy.' The word may be Lapp; the
Lapp name is loumek,
llemniscate, a curve like the figure 8.
(L. — Gk.) From L. lemniscdUus, adorned
with a ribbon. — L. lemniscus, a pendent
ribbon. — Gk. \ijfAvi<TKOs, a fillet. Said to
be from Gk. \rjvos, wool ; which is allied
to "Wool.
Iiemon. (F. — Pers.) F ormtTly limon.
— F. limon. — Pers. ItmHn, ItmUnd, a
lemon, citron.
Iiemnr, a nocturnal animal. (L.) L.
lemur, a ghost ; so nicknamed by natural-
ists from its nocturnal habits.
Lend. (E.) The final d is excrescent.
M. E. lenen, A. S. Ictncm, to lend. — A. S.
lan^ a loan. •4- Icel. Idna, Dan. laane, Swed.
Idna, G. lehnen, derivatives from the sb.
See Loan.
Length. (E.) M. E. lengthe, A. S.
lengdy lem. ; for *langi9d, with mutation
of a to tf. — A. S. lang, long.-fDu. lengte ;
Dan. langde; Swed. Idngd; Icel. lengd.
See Iiong. Der. length-en.
Lenient, mild. (L.) From pres. part,
of L. lenire, to soothe. — L«. lenis, soft, mild.
290
LENITY
LETHE
lanity- (F.-L-) O. F. /MfV<^, mild-
ness ^obsolete). « L. lenitiUem, ace. of
UnitaSf mildness.— L. linis (above).
ZienSy a piece of glass used in optics.
(L.) So called from the resemblance of a
double-convex lens to the shape of the seed
of a lentil.— L. iensy a lentil.
Jaenty a fast of 40 days, beginning with
Ash- Wednesday. (£.) The fast is in
spring-time; the old sense is'simply spring.
M.E. lentjenten, A.S. lencten^ the spring;
supposed to be derived from iang, long,
because in spring the days lengthen ; Kluge
suggests that it represents a Teut. form
*langi'4tno-, *long day/ where -/m^ is
allied to Skt. dina-y Lith. dfnay a day.+
Dn. iente, spring ; G. itnSf O. H. G. /enzOy
lenzin, iengizen, Der. ienten, adj., from
A. S. lencteny sb.
Lentil, a plant. (F.-L.) M. £. UniiL
-O.F. (and F.) /^n/iV/^.-L. lenticula, a
little lentil ; double dimin. of lent-t stem
of lenSy a lentiL See Lens.
ZientiBk, the mastic-tree. (F. — L.)
F. lentisque, — L. lenttscum, ientiscus,
named from the clamminess of its resin. —
L. lenifiSy sticky, pliant.
LeOy a lion. (L. ~ Gk. — Egypt. ?) L.
ieo, — Gk. Kiwy a lion. We also find Bu.
leemvy G. Idwe^ Russ. /^, Lithuan.
lavaSy a lion ; all borrowed forms. Cf.
Heb. lavVy a lion. Probably of Egyptian
origin ; see Lion.
leopard. (F.-L.-Gk.) 0,Y. leopard,
— L. leopardus, — Gk*. Xc^irapfio;, a leopard ;
supposed to be a mongrel between a pard
(panther) and a lioness. — Gk. Aco-, for
Xlmf, a lion ; ndpSos, a pard.
Leper. (F.~L.— Gk.) The sense has
changed ; iepre formerly meant the disease
itself; and what we now call a leper was
called a leprous man, * The iepre of him
was clensid ; * Wyclif, Matt. viii. 3. — M. F.
iepr^, * a leprosie ; ' Cot — L. lepra. — Gk.
Kivpay leprosy ; so called because the skin
scales oft. — Gk. \4vposy scaly, scabby.—
Gk. \iiroSf a scale ; \in«tv, to peel. Cf.
Russ. lupitey Lithuan. liipiiy to peel.
lepiaopteTa, a term applied to
insects whose wings are covered with
scales. (Gk.) Gk. Xcivido-, for Xcvis, a
scale ; vrc/xi, pi. of frrtp6vy a wing (allied
to E feather),
lieporinev belonging to a hare. (L.)
L. ieporinuSy adj., from Upor-y for *UpoSy
stem of lepuSy a hare.
Leprosy. (F. — L.— Gk.) A coined
word, from the adj. Uprom\ which is
from M. F. Upreux^'L, leprosusy afflicted
with iefray i.e. leprosy. See Leper.
Lesion, an injury. (F.-L.) M. F.
iesioHy hurt; Cot. — L. lasidnemy ace of
lasio, an injury.— L. kesnSy pp. of ladere,
to hurt. Der. (from ladere) coNide, e-iis-
ion.
Less, smaller. (E.) Used as comp. of
littiey but from a different root. M. E.
iessiy lassiy adj., les, adv. A. S. Imsa^ less,
adj. ; iasy adv. + O. Fries. Ussa^ less.
p. The form iSs-sa is for * las-ray by
assimilation. The Teut. type is *lais-i8ony
from a base *lais'\ cf. Lith. lesctSy thin,
small. The Teut. type of the adv. is
*laisiz, Der. less-er, a double comp.;
less-etty vb.
least. (E.) M. E. lestiy adj., lesty adv.
A. S. iSsesty whence last by contraction ;
a superlative form from the same base
*laiS',
lest, for fear that, that not. (E.) Not
for leasty but due to A. S. phrase Hy Ids He
= for the reason less that ; wherein Up (for
the reason) was soon dropped, and las Oe
coalesced into lest. Here ISs » less» adv. ;
and de is the indeclinable relative.
-less, suffix ; see Loose.
Lessee. (F.-L.) O.F. lesse (less^\
Sp. of lessery later laisser, to let go (lease),
ee Lease (i).
Lesson. (F.^L.) M.E, lesson, -mT,
lefon. — h. lectidneniy ace of lectiOy a read-
ing ; see Leotion. Doublet, lection,
£est ; see Less.
Let (i)> to permit. (E.) M. £. leten^
strong verb, pt. t. laty leety pp. lateny leten,
A. S. l^tan, Utan, pt. t. lety leorty pp. ISten,
4-Du. laten (liety gelaten) ; Icel. lata {lity
latinn); Dan. lade, Swed. l&ta, Goth.
litan (lailot, litans)\ G. lassen {liesSy
gelassen), Teut. type H&tany pt. t.
*leldty pp. ^l&tano%, Idg. -/LED; weak
grade LAD, whence E. Late. Brugm. i.
§478.
Let (2), to hinder. (E.) M. E. letten ;
A.S. lettanyio hinder, make late. — A.S.
laty late, slow. 4-Du. letteny Icel. letjay
Goth, latjany to tarry ; from the adj. Late.
Teut. type *lat-jan-; from *lat; slow.
Sfift Iiftte
Lethal, deadly. (F.-L.; orL.) M.F.
lethal y 'deadly;' Cot-L. lithdlis, for
letdlisy mortal. — L. litunty death.
Lethe, oblivion. (L.-Gk.) L. lithi,
-Gk. Mfiri, a forgetting; the river of
291
LETHARGY
LIBATION
.oblivion ; allied to Xa^-, base ofXayOavnv,
to lie hid.
lethargy, a heavy sleep. (F.-L.-
Gk.) M. h . lethargic, a lethargy ; Cot. —
L. lSthargia.^Qt\i. Xr^Oapyiaf drowsiness.
— Gk. KrjSapyoSf forgetful. — Gk. \Tf$fj,
oblivion (above).
Iietter, a character. (F.— L.) M. K
leUre. — F. /ettre. — L. littera, for older
iTtera (also leitera), a letter. See Brugm.
i. § 930.
Itettucei a succulent plant. (F.— L.)
M. E. letuce, — O. F. *lettue, only found in
the form lectus (Palsgrave, s. v. Leties) ;
and in the Latinised form litiisa, Wrt.
Vocab. 787. I5.i-L. *lactucea, fem. adj.
from L. hutuca, a lettuce (whence F.
laiiue, Ital. lattuga). — L. lact-y stem of lac^
milk, succulent juice. See Ijacteal.
: Levant, the E. of the Mediterranean
Sea. (Ital. — L.) Ital. levante^ E. wind,
eastern country or part (where the snn
rises). — L. leuant-y stem of pres. part, of
leuare^ to raise ; whence se letidre^ to rise.
— L. leuisy light.
leveOr ^ morning assembly. (F.— L.)
For F. le lever (Littre). — F. lever, to raise.
— L. leudre (above). ^
Level, an instrument for determining
that a thing is horizontal. (F. — L.) M.E.
liuel, leuelilivel, level), — O. F. lively later
spelling liveau; mod. F. niveau, a level.
— L. libella, a level ; dimin. of libra, a
balance. See Iiibrate. % Hence the
adj. level.
Lever. (F.-L.) yi.^,levour.^Y.
leveur^ a raiser, lifter. — L. leudiorem, ace.
of leudtor, a lifter. — L. leudre, to lift. — L.
leuis, light.
Leveret. (F. — L.) K,Y, leveret {^\,
leveres, Gaimar, Chron. 1. 6239) ; O. F.
levrault, * a leveret, or young hare ; * Cot. ;
with change of suffix. [The suffix -ault=-
Late L. -aldus, from O. H. G. wald, power,
common as a suffix.] The base lever- is
from L. lepor- for *lepos, stem of lepus, a
hare.
Leviathan. L.-Heb.) LateL. le-
viathan, Job xl. 20 (Vulgate). — Heb.
livydthdn, an aquatic animal, dragon,
serpent ; named from its twisting itself in
curves. — Heb. root iSvdh ; Arab, root
lawa\ to bend, whence lawd^ the twisting
or coiling of a serpent.
Levigate, to make smooth. (L.) Out
of use. — L. leuigdtus, pp. of leuigdre,
t« make smooth. — L. leu^is, smooth ;
-igdre, for agere, to make. Cf. Gk. Xctof,
smooth.
Levin, lightning. (Scand.) M. K
leyfnyng, lightning; Wrt. Voc. 735.42.
Prob. Scand. ; not found m A. S. Cf.
Icel. leiptr (pronounced hiftr), lightning.
Levitef one of the tribe of Levi. (L. —
Gk. — Heb.) L. Leuita. — Gk. Aevfri/s,
Lu. X. 32. — Heb. Levi, one of the sons of
Jacob.
Levity, lightness, frivolity. (L.) From
L. leuitas, lightness. — L. leuis, light.
levy, the act of raising men for an
army; the force raised. (F. — L.) F.
lev^e, * a levy, or levying of an army ; '
Cot. Fem. of pp. of lever, to raise. — L.
leudre, to raise. — L. leuis (above).
Lew, Lew-warm, tepid. (£.) M. E.
lew, Wyclif, Rev. iii. 16. A. S. hleowe,
warm (found once).+ Du. Iat4w, warm ;
Icel. hlar, hlyr ; G. lau, O. H. G. Ido
(Jaw-). Teut.base (perhaps) *hlew', hlchv-.
Lewd, ignorant, base. (L. — Gk. ?)
M. E. lewed, ignorant. A. S. iSwede, adj.,
ignorant, also lay, belonging to the laity.
[It may have been confused with the pp.
of IStwan, to betray ; cf. Goth, lewjan,
to betray, from liw, occasion, oppor.
tunity.] But it is supposed to be of
Latin origin ; answering to L. type */a»-
catus, belonging to the laity, parallel to
Late L. clericdtus (whence E. clergy). If
so, it is formed from L. Idicus, a word of
Gk. origin. See Laic. (Sievers, § 173;
Pogatscher, § 340.)
lexicon. (Gk.) Gk. X€^ik6v, a dic<
tionary; neut. of kt^iKSs, adj., belonging
to words. — Gk. X4(i-s, a saying. — Gk.
kiytiv, to speak ; see legend.
Ley, a meadow ; see Iiea.
Liable, responsible. (F.— L.) Formed,
with suffix Htdle, from F. li-er, to tie. — L.
ligdre, to tie. See Ijigament.
Liane, Liana, a climbing tropical
plant. (F. — L.) F. /w«^ (the same); from
Norman and Guernsey /m!«, aband. — L.
lig&men ; see Iiien, Ijimehound.
Lias, a formation of limestone. (F.)
F. lias, liais, O. F. Hois, a. hard freestone.
Lib, to castrate. (E.) Answers to an
A. S. type *lybban ; only found in the
cognate Du. lubben, with the same sense ;
E. Fries, and Westphal. lubben. Der.
g-lib, vb., the same (obsolete) ; cf. O. Du.
gelubt, * ffelt,' Hexham. Also lef-t, q.v.
Libation, the pouring forth of wine in
honour of a deity. (F. — L.) F. libaticn.
29a
LIBEL
LIEF
— L. ace. libdiidnem,^'L. iib&tus, pp. of
libdre^ to taste, sip, pour out.^Gk. k^ifiuv,
to pour out, shed, offer a libation. Brugm.
>. 5.553-
Zdbel« & written accusation. (F.— L.)
M.E. iibely a brief piece of writing ; A. F.
libel, ^ L. Itbellum^ ace. of libellus, a little
book, a notice (Matt. v. 31) ; dimin. of
liber ^ a book. See Library.
Liberal. (F.-L.) M.E. liberal^
O. F. liberaL — L. ItberdliSy befitting a free
man, generous. ~L. Itber^ free.
liberate. (L.) From pp. of L.
Itberdre, to set free. *• L. liber, free ; Brugm.
i. § 102.
libertine. (L.) Cf. Acts vi.p.— L.
liberltnuSy adj., belonging to a freed man,
also sb., a freed man ; later applied to
denote the licentious liberty of a certain
sect (Acts vi. 9\»L. libertusj a freed
man. i-L. liber, free.
liberty. (F.-L.) M.E. Ubertee.^
F. liberU.^L, Itbertdtem^ ace. of liberids,
freedom. — L. liber, free.
Libidinous, lustful. (F.-L.) F.
libidineux. — L. libidinosus, lustful, i- L.
libidin-, stem of libido, lubido, lust,
pleasure. "L. libet, lubet, it pleases. Cf.
Skt. lubh, to desire. Allied to Love.
Library. (F.-L.) F. librairie.^h,
librdria, a book-shop; fem. of librdrius,
belonging to books. ^ L. libr-^ stem of
liber, a book, orig, the bark of a tree (one
of the earliest writing materials). Allied
to Gk. X^ircii', to peel ; Brugm. i. § 499.
Libratei to balance, be poised, move
slightly when balanced. (L.) The verb is
rare, and due to the sb. libration (Kersey).
— L. ace. librdtimem, a poising. — L. librd-
tus, pp. of librdre, to balance. — L. libra, a
balance, a level ; also a pound of 12 oz.<4-
Gk. Xhpa, a pound of 12 oz. Brugm. i.
«589-
Licence, Ucense, leave, abuse of
freedom. (F. — L.) M.E. lycence,*^Y»
licence, ^la. licentia, freedom to act. — L.
licent-, from liclre, to be allowable. See
Brugm. ii. § 587. Der. licence^ more
usually license, vb.
licentiate* one who has a grant to
exercise a profession. (L.) Englished from
Late L. licentidtus^ pp. of Itcentidre, to
licence. — L. licentia, licence (above).
licentions. (F. — L.) ¥. licencieux,
— L. licentidsus, full of licence. — L.
licentia, licence (above).
Zdoheni a moss. (L. " Gk.) L. lichen
— Gk. Xtixh^i lichen, tree-moss ; also, an
eruption on the skin. Generally connected
with Gk. Xtlx^iv, to lick up ; from its en-*
croachment Cf. Russ. lishai, a lichen, a
tetter.
Licb^te, a churchyard gate. (£.) So
called because a corpse (in a bier) may be
rested under it. The former syllable is
M.E. lich, a corpse, but orig. the living
body ; from A. S. lie, a body ; see Like
(0-
Lick, to lap. (E.) U.'E^likken, A.S.
liccian. + Du. likken, G. lecken, A
secondary verb allied to the primary forms
seen in Goth, bilaigon (be-lick) ; Russ.
lizcUe, O. Irii^ li^m, I lick, L. linger^,
Gk. Xilx^iv, Pers. lishtan, Skt. lih,
rih, to lick. (VLEIGH.) Brugm. i.
§ 604.
Licorice,Uqnorice. (F.-L.>Gk.)
M. E. licoris. — A. F. lycorys. Liber Albus,
p. 224; M. F. liqtierice, 'lickorice;' Cot.
— L. liguiritia, liquorice; a corrupted
form 01 glycyrrhiza (Pliny, Nat. Hist,
xxii. 9. 11). — Gk. ykvKvfifiiiay liquorice,
lit. * sweet root.*- Gk. yXvKV'Sf sweet;
fii{a, root. See Wort.
Lictor, an officer in Rome. (L.) L.
lictor, perhaps * binder * ; from the fasces
or * bound ' rods which he bore, or from
binding culprits. Allied to ligdre, to bind.
See Ligament. (Doubtful.)
Lid, a cover. (E.) M.E. lid. A.S.
hlid, a lid. — A.S. hlid-, weak grade of
hltdan, to cover. -fDu* lid, a lid ; Icel.
hli6, a gate, gateway, gap, breach ;
M. H. G. lit, lid, a cover (obsolete).
Lie (0) to rest, abide. (E.) A strong
verb. M. E. lyen, also Hggen, pt. t. lay,
ley^ pp. leien, lein. A. S. licgan, pt. t.
fag, pp. /<fwi.+Du. liggen, Icel. Itggja,
Dan. ligge, Swed. ligga, G. liegen, Goth.
ligan* Related to Russ. lejcUe ; Lat. base
leg- (in lectus, bed) ; Gk. base X«X" 0^
xlxos, bed). ^(VLEGH.) f On the
mod. E. form see Sweet, E. Gr. § 1 293.
Lie (2), to tell a falsehood. (E.) M. E.
iF^en, lejen, pt. t. leh, pp. lowen. O. Merc.
ligan ; A. S. leogan, pt. t. Hag, pp. logtn,
+ Du. liegen, Icel. Ijiiga, Dan. lyve^ Swed.
Ijiiga, Goth, liugan, G. lUgen. 'i'eut. type
*leugan','pt, t. *laug, pp. *luganoz. Cf.
Russ. Igate, luigate, to lie; loje, a lie.
(VLEUGH.)
Lief, dear. (E.) M.Klee/ A.S. leaf.
+Du. lief, Icel. Ijii/r, Swed. l/uf, Goth.
Hubs, G. lieb. Teut. type *leubo», Cf.
295
LIEQE
Russ. lioboi, agreeable, liobite, to love;
L. lubet^ iibet, it pleases; Skt. lubh, to
desire. (VLEUBH.) Allied to Love.
Uoge, foithful, subject. (F.-O. H. G.)
[The sense has been altered by confusion
with L. Hgdtus^ bound. In old use, we
could speak of ' a liege lord * as meaning a
free lord, in exact opposition to the im-
ported notion.] M. £. ligCt lege ; lege
pouslee ^{ree sovereignty, Bruce, v. 165.—
O. F. Itggf liege, liege, leal ; also, free ; a
liege lord was a lord of a free Ixind, and
his lieges were privileged free men, faithful
to him, but tree from other service.—
M. H. G. ledic, lidic (G. ledi^, free, esp.
from all obligations of service. Cf. Icel.
liSugr, free, M. Du. ledig^ free. (Disputed ;
see Korting, % ^736.)
Xdeger, Zieiger, an ambassador ; see
Iiedger.
Xden. a legal claim, charge on property.
(F. — L.) F. lieUf a band, or tie, anything
that fastens or fetters. — L. ligdmenj a tie. •»
L. ligdre, to tie. See Iiigament.
Zdeu, place, stead. (F.— L.) F. lieu.
— L. locum, ace. of locus, a place. See
I100U8.
lieutenant I a 'locum tenens,* deputy,
&c. (F.— L.) F. lieu tenant. ^t,. locum-
tenent'j stem of locum tenens, one who
holds another*8 place. — L. locum, ace.
oi locus, a place ; tenens, pres. pt. oUenire,
to hold. See Tenable.
Zdfe. (E.) M. E. lif, lxf\ gen. lyues
(Jives), dat. lyue (live), A.S. l^, gen.
lifes, dat. life. From the base of Teut.
*leihan- (pt. t. *laib, pp. *libanoz), to
remain; as seen in Goth, bi-leiban, A. S.
be-lifan, G. bleiben, Du. blifven, to remain.
+Icel. lif Iffi, Dan. liv, Swed. lif, O. H. G.
lip, life (whence G. leib, the body). The
weak grade appears in Live, q. v. And
see Leave (i). (VLEIP?)
lifeffuard. (E.) From life and guard,
% Cf. G. leibgarde, a body-guard, which
is a cognate word, with tRe orig. sense of
* life-guard,' from O. H. G. lip, life.
lifelong ; better livelong, q. v.
Lift (i), to elevate. (Scand.) M. E.
liften. ^Iccl. lypta (pron. fyftc^^ to lift,
exalt in air, from lopt, air ; Dan. lofte,
Swed. lyfta^ from luft, air. The Icel.
y results, by mutation, from Teut. u ; see
Loft. Der. up-lift.
Lift (a), to steal. (£.) We speak of
a shop-lifter, a thief; see Shak. Troll, i.
a. 139. To take up; hence, to take
UQHTS
away. The same as Lift (i). % Not
allied to Goth, hliftus, a thief.
Xdgament, a band, band of tissue
connecting the moveal)le bones. (F. - L.)
F. ligament. ^la. ligdmentum, a tie, band.
— L. ligd-re, to tie ; with suffix -fnentum.
ligatnre^a bandage. (F. — L.) F. liga-
ture, a tie, bandage. — L. ligdtura, a bind-
ing^. — L. ligdtus, pp. of ligdre, to tie.
£igllt (i), illumination. (E.) M. £.
light, - O. Merc, leht ; A. S. teoht, light +
Du. and G. licht', cf. Goth, liuh-ath,
light, shewing that the / is a suffix. Tent,
ty^ *leuhtom, neut. sb. ; related to the
adj. *leuhtos, as seen in E. light, i. e. bright,
adj., G. and Du. licht. Co-radicate with L.
lux (stem lOC'), light, Gk. \tvK-6s, white,
Skt. ruch, to shine. (^LEUQ.) See
Laoid.
lighten (i), to illuminate, flash. (E.)
I. Intrans., to shine as lightning; Mt
lightens.^ M. E. lightenen^ more correctly
light-n-en, where the -»- is formative,
and gives the sense ' to become light.' 2.
Trans. This is only the intrans. form
incorrectly used with a trans, sense. The
correct trans, form is simply to light =
O. Merc, lihtan, from leoht, sb.
lightning, an illuminating flash.
(E.) Formed^with suffix -ing from M. E.
lightnen, to lighten (above).
Light (2), not heavy. (E.) M. E. light.
A. S. lioht (for *liht), + Du. lUht, ligt ;
Icel. lettr, Dan. Ut^ Swed. UUt, Goth.
leihts, G. Uicht, O. H. G. liht, lihti.
Teut. type *lihtoz, for ^linxtoz^ *lenxtoz.
Allied to Lith. lengwas, light; and to
Lung. See Brugm. i. § 684; Sievers,
§84.
light (3), to alight, settle, descend.
(E.) M. E. lihten, A.S. lihtan, vb., to
alight from, lit. to make light, relieve
a horse of his burden. — A. S. leoht (Jiht)
(above). The sense *to descend upon'
(the earth) is secondary, due to the com-
pleted action of descending from a horse.
lighten (2), to alleviate. (E.) The -en
is merely formative, as in strength-en.^
A.S. lihtan, to make light (above).
lighten (3), to alight on. (E.) Ex-
tended from light (3) above.
lighter, a boat for unlading ships.
(Du.) Borrowed from Du. ligter, a
lighter, i. e. unloader. — Du. ligt, light.
lights, lungs. (E.) So named from
their lightness. So also Russ. legkiia,
lights ; from le^ii^ light.
294
..LIGHTEN
Zdjrhten (i), to flash, lightning;
see flight (i).
Xdgnaons, woody. (L.) L. Hgne-us,
wooden ; with suffix -ous. ■■ L. lignum^
wood.
lign-aloos, a kind of tree. (F.-L.
and Gk.) O. F. lignaloes (Godef.).-L.
lignum alo^Sj lit. ^ wood of aloes.' Alois
is gen. of aloi^ from Gk. dX^i;, aloe. See
Aloe.
Uglll6f a strap-shaped petal. (L.) In
botany. — L. Hgula^ a little tongtie, also
spelt lingular dimin. of lingua^ tongtie.
See Lingual.
Xigor^f a precious stone. (L.-Gk.)
L. Itgurius.^'Gk. Xtyipiov, a sort of gem
(aml^r or jacinth) ; Exod. xxviii. 19.
Uke(t)» similar (E.) U,E. fyk, ItJk,
A.S. gt'lTc, as suffix, -Itc. 4- Du. ge-ltjk,
Icel. liArfg-likTf Dan. Itgy Swed. likj Goth.
ga-UikSi G. g-leichy O. H. G. ka-lth, p.
Lit. * having the same form/ and derived
from the sb. meaning * form, shape/ viz.
A. S. lie, form, body, Icel. Itky Goth, liik,
the body, Du. lij'k, a corpse, Dan. Hg,
Swed. likf a corpse, G. leiche, O. H. G.
/$A. See Lichgate. Cf. Lith. lygus, like,
like (a), to be pleased with. (E.) The
construction has altered ; M. £. likisthf it
pleases, is impersonal, as in mod. £. if you
like^M it may please you.— A.S. //ViVim,
to please, orig. to be like or suitable for. —
A. S. 'lie, ge-ttCy like ; see Like (i).4'Du.
lijktn^ to suit ; Icel. lika^ to like ; Goth.
leikan^ to please (similarly derived).
likeni to compare. (£.) M. £. liknen^
to liken ; but the true sense is intransitive,
vis. to be like. Cf. Swed. likna^ (0 ^^
resemble, (a) to liken, from lik^ like ; Dan.
li^y the same, from lig, like.
ZdlaOi a shrub. (Span.— Arab. — Pers.)
Span, lilac. *^hx9h, tUaky a lilac — Pers.
lllajy lllanj, lilangy of which the proper
sense is indieo-plant. The initial / stands
for M, and toe above forms are from nf/,
blue, whence ntlak {'^-Anh. Itlak), bluish.
The plant is named from the 'bluish'
tinge on the flowers in some varieties.
(Devic). Cf. Skt. mVa-, dark blue.
Zilt, to sing, dance. (Scand.) M. E.
lilling^Aom, horn to dance to ; cf. M. £.
lulUn^ to resound. Formed (with added -/)
from Norweg. lillaf to sing in a high tone.
Cf. O. Swed. lylh, to lull to sleep (Rietz).
Allied to LuU.
LUy,aplant. (L.-Gk.) A.S. AVfV.-
L. Ifnum,^ Gk. Ktipiov, a lily..
LIMN
Zdmb (1)1 a member, branch of a tree.
(E.) M. E. Urn. A. S. /fVw.+Icel. limr,
Dan. Swed. lem. Allied to A. S. /f-9,
Goth. li'lAuSf G. g-lie-dy a joint. Cf.
Lith. lem&f stature, growth. See Lay (4).
Umb (a), the edge or border of a
sextant, &c. (L.) L. limbusy a border,
edging, edge.
limbo. limbllS, the borders of hell.
(L.) The orif . phrase is in limbo, where
limbo is the abl. case of limbus, a border ;
the limbus patrum was a supposed place
on the border of hell, where tne patriarchs
abode till Christ's descent into hell.
Limbeck, the same as Alembio.
Idmber (i), active, flexible. (E.) In
Baret(i 580). ApparentlyalliedtoLimp(i).
Umber (a), part of a gun-carriage, a
frame with two wheels and a pole. (F. ?)
Cf. prov. E. limmerSf thills, shafts (the b
being excrescent). G. Douglas has lym-
naris, shafts. Probably from O. F . limonier,
adj., belonging to the shafts ; from limon,
a shaft. Cf. F. limonih-e, part of a car-
riage including the two snafts. Etym.
unknown ; perhaps allied to Icel. Urn (pi.
limar), branches of a tree.
Limbo, Umbiie ; see Limb (2).
Lime (1)1 bird-lime, mortar. (E.) M.E.
lym, liiptf viscous substance. A. S. Itm,
bitumen, cement. 4-Du. lijm, Icel.- Itm,
Dan. liim, Swed. lim, glue ; G. Mm, glue;
L. limust slime. Idg. type *leimo-. See
Loam.
Lime (a), the linden-tree. (£.) Lime is
a corruption of line, as in Shak. Temp. v.
10; and line is a corruption of lind,
the lengthening of i having occasioned
the loss of d. (Sweet, E. Gr. § 1607.)
See Lind.
Lime (3)) a kind of citron. (F.— Pers.)
F. lime. — Pers. limit, (also limun\ a lemon,
citron. See Lemon.
Umekound, a dog in a leash. (Hvbrid ;
F. — Lm attd E,) Short for liam-hound,
used by Turbendlle. The M. E. liam or
lyam means 'a leash.' — O.F. Hem, now
spelt lien, a band; Guernsey liam^ Han.
— L. Hodmen, a tie. See Lien, Liane.
Limit. (F. — L.) F. limile,a. limit. -
L. Itmitem, ace. of limes, a boundary;
akin to limen, a threshold. Cf. L. limus,
transverse.
Limn, to illuminate, paint. (F.— L.)
M. K limnen, contracted form of luminen,
to illuminate (Prompt. Parv.). Again,
luminen is for enluminen*^0. F. enlu-
395
LIMP
LINNET
miner ^ to illuminate, burnish, limn. »L.
illumindre ; see Illuminate.
Ump (i)) flaccid, pliant. (E.) Not
in early use. Apparently related, by gra-
dation, to Bavarian lamptchty flaccid, down-
hanging, from the verb lampen^ to hang
loosely down ; cf. Skt. lamoa^ depending,
lamb, to hang down.
^UUP (3)» ^^ walk lamely. (K) In
Shak. Mer. Ven. iii. 2. 130. We find
A. S. Ump-healty earlier laempi-haU (Ep.
Gl.), adj., halting; and a cognate form
in M. H. G. limphin, to limp. Cf. Low
G. lumpen^ to limp.
Umpet. a small shell-fish. (L.)
Formerly tempet (Phillips, 1706). A. S.
lempedUi orir;. a lamprey, which also
sticks to rocks. ■- Late L. Umprtda, for
L. lampedra, a lamprey. See Lamprey.
Ct * Lemprida^ lempedu;' Wright's
Vocab. ij38. 17.
ILimpidi pure, bright (F. — L.) F./im-
pide. » L. limpidusy clear. Allied to
Ij3rmpli. Brugm. i. % 102.
Unoll-piXLy a pin to fasten a wheel on
an axle. (E.) Formerly lins-pin, lit.
* axle-pin.' — A. S. fynis, an axle-tree. +
Du. luns, a linch-pin, O. Low G. lunisa.
Low G. lunse^ G. liinse, a linch-pin. Teut.
base *luntS' (cf. Goth, akw-izi, an ax) ;
from *iun-y as in O. H. G. lun, a bolt,
peg, pin.' Perhaps from Idg. root. *ieUf
(cf. Gk. Ai/-€iv), to loosen.
Lind, Linden, the lime-tree. (£.) The
true form of the sb. is /fW, and lind'en
is the adj. from it. Hence lind-en trec^
lind ; the same thing. M. £. lind, A. S.
lind^ the tree; also a shield, commonly
of this wood.4-Du« Hndey Icel. Dan.
Swed. lindf G. linde, Cf. Lith. lenta^ a
board. Doublet, lime (2).
XdnOf a thread, thin cord ; also a stroke,
row, rank, verse (L. ; ^rF. — L.). In the
sense ' cord,' we find A. S. ItrUy directly
from L. llnea. In the other senses, it is
from F. lignCf also from L. linca, p. The
L. llnea meant orig. a string made of flax,
being fem. of adj. ItmuSt made of flax. —
Li. linumy flax. Cf. Gk. Xivov, flax ; whence
perhaps the L. word. Der. out-line.
lineage. (F.— L.) F. Ugnage, a line-
age.—F. ligne^ a line, rank. — L. Itnea, a
line (above),
lineal. (L.) L. /fMe^/j, belonging to
a line. — L. lineay a line (above).
lineament, a feature. (F.— L.) M.F.
lineament. Cot. •- L. linedmcntum, a draw-
ing, delineation. •- L. Itnedre, to draw •
line. — L. Ifnea, a line (above).
linear. ( L.) L. linearis, belonging to
a line.i-L. lineaf a line (above).
linen, cloth made of flax. (L.) Used
as a sb., but really an old adj., A. S.
lin-en ; the old sb. being M. £. lin, A. S.
Itny flax. — L. linum, flax. (Cf. gold-en
from gold^ See linseed.
liiXLff (i), a fish. (E.) M. E. lenge
(Havelok). Named from its long slender
shape. Cf. A. S. lengu, length. + l)u.
lengy a ling, from lang, long ; Icel. langa,
Norw. langa, longa, a ling ; Swed. linga ;
G. Idnggj a ling, also called Idng-fisch,
long fish. See Ijong.
ZAng (2), heath. (Scand.) M. E. lyng.
— Icel. lyngy ling, heather; Dan. ling,
Swed. Ijung.
Xinger, to tarry. (E.) Frequent, form
of M. £. lengen, to tarry. — A. S. lengan^ to
prolong, put off. — A . S. /an^,long. Cf. Icel.
lengja, to lengthen, Du. leftgen,Xo lengthen,
G. verldngem^ to prolong. See Long.
XdngO, a language. (Port.— L.) Port.
lingoa (also lingua), a language. — L.
lingua, a tongue, language (below).
ungoalf pertaining to the tongue.
(L.) Coined from L. lingua, the tongue,
O. Lat. dingua, cognate with E. tongue,
lingnisty one skilled in languages.
(L.) From L. lingua, a tongue, language ;
with suffix -ista ( = Gk. -icti/s).
Zdniment, salve, ointment. (F.~L.)
F. liniment, ^lu. linimentum, ointment. ^
L. linere, to smear ; cf. Skt. It, to melt.
Brugm. i. § 476 (5) ; ii. § 608.
Lining. (L.) Formed, with suffix -f^^,
from the verb to line, i.e. to cover the in-
side of a garment with line, i.e. linen ; see
linen.
Idnk (i), a ring of a chain. (Scand.)
O. Icel. *hlenkr, whence Icel. hlekkr (by
assimilation) ; Dan. lanke, Swed. lank ;
G. gelenk, a joint, link, ring. Cf. A. S.
hlence, or hlenca (which would have given
linch). Also M. H. G. lenken, to bend,
O. H. G. hlanca, hip, loin (whence
perhaps Flank).
Unk (2), a torch ; see lanstock.
Linnet, a bird. (F. — L.) M. E. linet,
[A. S. linece^ O. F. linette ; cf. F. lifwtte,
* a linnet,' Cot. Named from feeding on
flax-seed and hemp-seed (cf. G. hdnfling,
a linnet, from hanf, hemp). — L. linum,
flax. We also find A. S. linetwige, a
linnet (whence LowL Sc. lintwhite).
296
L.
LINSEED
LITANY
linseed, flax-seed. (L.and'E,) From
M. E. lin = A. S. /m, flax, borrowed from
L. linum, flax ; and £. seed,
linsey-woolsey, made of linen and
woollen mixed. (L. and £.) Made up
from M. £. lin^ linen, and £. wool. See
linen, under Line.
LiniErtock, Idntstock, a stick to
hold a lighted match. (Du.) Formerly
lintstock (Coles, 1684) ; but properly luni'
stocky from luntf * a match to Are guns
with,' Phillips. — Du. lontstok^ * a lint^
stock/ Sewel.^Du. lonty a match; stoky
a stick (see Stook) ; cf. Dan. lunte-stok ;
from luniey a match, sioky a stick. Du.
hftt seems to have been formed from
M. Du. lotnpey 'a bundle of linnen,'
Hexham ; lit. a lump. See Iiiunp.
link (2), a torch. (Du.) A corruption
of linty as it appears in lint-^tock (above).
Cf. Lowl. Sc. lunty a torch, Du. lont, a
match (whence Dan. luniey Swed. lunta):
Unt. scraped linen. (L.) Cf. Late L.
/fWtf, from L. linteum, a linen cloth ;
neut. oi lin-teuSy linen. —L. Itnumy flax.
Zdntelf the headpiece of a door. (F. —
L.) M. E. Itnlel, — O. F. lintel (F. linteau).
«Late L. lintellus, a lintel, for *limi-
tellus, dimin. of L. limes (stem limit')y a
boundary, border ; see Iiimit.
Uon. (F. — L.—Gk. — Egypt.) ¥. lion,
—L. leoneniy ace. of leOy a lion. « Gk. XcW.
Cf. Heb. lihfi\ a lion. Prob. of Egypt
origin ; from Egypt, lahaiy lawaiy a lioness
(whence Gk. Kimva) ; see Iieo.
Xdp. (£•) M. £. Hppe, A. S. lippUt
lippCy the lip. 4" I^u. lipy Dan. Icebey Swed.
lappy G. lippey lefze. Also L. lab-runty lab-
iuniy lip ; Pers. laby lip. But the relations
are not clear. Brugm. i. § 563.
liqne^, Idqnescent; seeiiiquid.
Xiq['llidy moist. (F.— L.) F. liquide.
i»L. liquiduSy liquid. — L. liquire^ to be
clear.
liquefy, to become liquid. (F. — L.)
M. F. liquefier (see Cot.). As if from Late
L. *liquejicdrey to make liquid; but we only
find L. liquefierty to become liquid.
liquescent, melting. (L.) L. liques-
cent-y stem of pres. part, of liquescerey in-
ceptive form of liquirey to be wet.
liqnidate, to make clear; hence, to
clear off an account. (L.) From pp. of
Late L. liquidOrey to clarify, make clear. —
L. liquidusy liquid, clear.
liqilor« moisture, strong drink. (F. —
L) Al. £. licour, licur, — A. F. licur ; F.
liqueur^ moisture. — L. liqudretHy ace. of
liquor y moisture. — L. liquire, to be moist.
% Now accommodated to L. spelling ; we
also use mod. F. liqueur.
Xdqnorice ; see liicorioe.
Idsp. (£.) ^.^. lispen, lipsen. A. S.
*wlispiany to lisp, not found; regularly
formed from A. S. wlispy also wlipsy adj.,
lisping, imperfect in utterance. 4- Du./ij/^»,
Dan. iaspey Swed. Idspay G. lispeln, (Imi-
tative.)
Xissom ; see Ijithe.
iList (i), a border of cloth, selvage.
(E.) M. E. list. A. S. list. + Du. lijst,
Icel. listay Dan. listey Swed. list^ G. leiste^
O. H. G. lista, (The i was orig. long.)
list (a), a catalogue. (F.— G.) F.
listey a list, roll ; also, a list or selvage.
It meant (i) a border, strip, (2) a roll or
list of names. — O. H. G. listOy G. leistey a
border; see Iiist (i).
List (3) ; see Iiists.
Xdst (4)) to please. (£.) M. E. lusten,
listen; * if thee list' = if it please thee,
Ch. C. T. 1 183. A. S. lystan, to desire,
used impersonally. — A. S. lusty pleasure.
+Du. lusteny Icel. lysta, Dan. lystey Swed.
fysta, Goth, luston, G. geliisten ; all from
the sb. See Iiust.
Xdst (5)} to listen ; see below.
liisten. (£.) We also find list ; also
M. £. lust-n-en and lust-eny the former
being deduced from the latter by a forma-
tive n, as in Goih. /ull-n-an, to become
full. A. S. hlystany to listen to. — A. S.
hlysty hearing ; Teut. ty^e *Alus-ti-, from
a base *Alus, weak grade of Teut. base
*hleu-s. Cf. A. S. Alos-nian, to hearken ;
Icel. hlustOy to listen, from hlusty the ear ;
W. dusty the ear; also L. clu-erey Gk.
KXv-tiVy to hear, Skt frUy to hear.
(VKLEU.) Scelioud.
UstleSS, careless. (E.) The same as
lust-less \ Gower has lustlesy C. A. ii.
III. From lusty q.v. And see Iiist (4).
UstSt ground enclosed for a tourna-
ment. (F.) M. E. listeSy sb. pi., the lists.
The / is excrescent ; and liste stands for
*lisse. — M.F. lisse (F. lice), *a list or
tiltyard;* Cot. Cf. Ital. lizza. Span.
lizay Port. lifOy a list for tilting ; Late L.
liciay sb. pi., barriers ; licia duellty the
lists. Origin disputed. Cf. Late L. liciay
a stake ; perhaps from Late L. liciuSy
oaken<L. iliceus (from ileXy holm-oak).
Utanyi a form of prayer. (F. — L. —
Gk.) M. E. letanie, afterwards altered to
297
L3
LITERAL
LIVER
litanie. — O. F. letanie. — L. liianta. — Gk.
XiravHay a prayer. — Gk. Xiraivtiv, to pray.
— Gk. Xtroficu, I beg, pray, Atn^, prayer,
entreaty.
literal. (F. -L.) O. F. literal. - L.
liter alts t according to the letter. — L. litera ;
see Ijetter.
literature. (F.— L.) M.Y. literature,
— L. Itterdtura, scholarship. — L. literdtus,
learned, skilled in letters. — L. litera^ a
letter ; see Letter.
Xatharge, protoxide of lead. (F. — L.
Gk.) M. E. litarge. — F. litharge^ * litargie,
white lead ; ' Cot. — L. lithargyrtis, — Gk.
KiOdpyvpos, lit. * stone-silver.' — Gk. KiO-oSy
a stone ; dpyvposy silver ; see Argent.
Xiithe, pliant, flexible, active. (£.)
M. E. lithe. A. S. lide, ItOj gentle, soft
(for *lindef the lengthened i causing loss
of «).+G. gelinde, O. H. G. lindiy soft,
tender. Allied to Icel. /mr, L. lints,
soft ; L. lentusj pliant. Der. lissom, i. e.
litke-some.
Xather, pestilent, stagnant, dull. (£.)
In 1 Hen. VI. iv. 7. 21, * lithersVy * means
pestilent or dull lower air; cf. * luther
eir,* pestilent air, P. PI., C. xvi. 220.
M. E. luther, lither, — A. S. ^re, evil,
base, poor (hence, sickly, dull). Not to
be confused with lithe, pliant.
LitllOgp?apliy, writing on stone. (Gk.)
Coined fromGk. \i6o-s, a stone; 7pd^ciK,
to write.
lithotomy, cutting for stone. (L.—
Gk.) L. lithotomia. -> Gk. KiBoroyiia. —
Gk. Xi9o-s, stone ; to/i-, 2nd grade of rcf*-,
as in Tfixvuv, to cut ; see Tome.
Xititfation, a contest in law. (L.)
From L. Rtigdtio, a disputing. — L. liti-
gdtus, pp. oi Ittigare, to dispute. — L. lit-,
stem oilis, strife ; -igdre, for agere, to carry
on. L. lis = 0. Lat. stlis, strife.
litigiouSf contentious. (F.—L.) It
also once meant debateable. — F. litigieux,
* debatefuU ; * Cot. — L. litigiosus, adj. ;
from /i/j^«w, contention. — L. litigdre, to
dispute (above).
Xatmns, a kind of dye. (Du.) Cor-
rupted from Du. lakmoes, a blue dye-stuff.
— Du. lak, lac ; moes, pulp ; (whence G.
lackmus, litmus). See Lac (i).
Ziitter, a portable bed. (F. - L.) M.E.
litere, — O. F. litiere. — Late L. *lecticdria,
formed from lectica, a litter. — L. lectus, a
bed ; see Leotem. Allied to Gk. Xkx-^^i
a bed ; and to Lie (i).
litter, materials for a bed, heap of
straw to lie on, confused mass of things
scattered. (F.—L.) The same word ap-.
plied to a straw bed for animals, &c.
litter, a brood. (F.—L.) The same
word ; see the various senses of M. E.
lytere in the Prompt. Parv. ; and cf. F.
accoucher, E. * to be in the straw.*
Little. (E.) U.^.-litel, Intel. A.S.
lytel (or lytel), little ; we also find lyt (or
^0- + L)u. luttel, little, lutj'e, a little;
O. Sax. luttil; O. H. G. luzil, luzzil,
liuzil. Compare also A. S. lytig^ deceit-
ful, loty deceit; Goth. Huts, deceitful,
luton, to betray. All from Teut. base
*leuty orig. to stoop; see Lout. % Not
allied to less. The Icel. litill, Swed.
liten, Goth, leitils^ little, seem to be from a
different Teut. base *leit. It is difficult
to see how they can be related.
Xittoral, belonging to the sea-shore.
(L.) L. littordlis, adj., from littor- (for
*littoS''), stem oilittus or litus, sea-shore.
Xitorgy, public prayer. ( F. — L. — Gk.
O. F. liturgie, lyturgie. — Late L. liturgia.
— Gk. KtiTovpyla, public service. — Gk.
Xfrro-s, public ; fpyov, work, cognate with
E. work.
live (i), to exist. (E.) M.E. liuien
(livien). O. Merc, lifgan, A. S. libban, to
live, dwell ; orig. to remain, be left
behind.<^Du. leven, to live ; Icel. Ufa, to
be left, to live ; Dan. leve, Swed. lejfva^
Goth, liban^ to live ; G. leben^ to live,
O. H. G. leben. From Teut. *lib-, weak
grade of *leiban-, to remain. See Life.
live (2), adj., alive. (K.) Short for
alive, which is not a true orig. adj., but
due to the phrase a Hue {a liv?)=-K. S. on
life, in life, hence, alive. Life is the dat.
case of lif, life ; hence the i in live is
long.
livelihood. (E.) Corruption of M.E.
liuelode {livelocle)^ i.e. life-leading, means
of living ; older spelling liflode, liflade.
From A. S. lif, life ; lad, a leading, way,
provisions to live by, a course, a lode;
see Life and Lode.
livelong, long^asting. (£.) The
same as life-long, i.e. long as life is ; but
livelong is the older spelling.
lively. (E.) M. E. /^j/, i.e. life-like.
Xdver. (E.) M.E. Huer {= liver).
A. S. lifer. 4- Du. lever ^ Icel. lifr, Dan.
lever, Swed. lefoer, G. leber, Cf. Russ.
livei^, the pluck of animals (from Teut.").
Allied to Armen. leard, liver ; but not to
L. iecur. Brugm. i. §§ aSo, 557 (a).
298
LIVERY
Xdvery. a delivery, a thing delivered,
uniform allowed to servants. (F. — L.)
M.£. /fMr<tf {^liverif three syllables).*
A. F. liveree\ F. livrie^ *a delivery of
a thing that is given, the thing so given,
a livery ; ' Cot. Orie. fem. of pp. of livrer,
to deliver, give freely, i- L. iderdre, to set
free, give freely ; see Liberate.
lavidi discoloured. (F.—L.) ¥,livide,
— L. liuidust bluish. * L. liuire^ to be
bluish. Cf. W. lUw, O. Irish //, colour,
hue^ Brugm. i. % 94.
Zdiard, a four-footed reptile. (F.-*L.)
M. £. hsarde, — O. F. Itsarde, — L. lacerta,
a lizard. Cf. Alligator.
Uaniaf a quadruped. (Peruvian.)
Llania is a Peruvian word, meaning
' flock ' ; Prescott. But the Peruv. Diet,
gives ' liamay camero de la tierra,' sheep of
the country.
UanOy a level steppe or plain. (Span.
— L.) Commoner in the pi. llanos. —
Span. llanOt pi. llanos, a plain; from
llano ^ adj., plain, flat. — L. planus ^ flat.
See Plain.
Lo, behold! (£.) M.£. ^. A.S. /a,
an interjection.
Loaoh, Loohei a small fish. (F.) F.
tochct * the loach, Cot. ; whence also
Span, lo/a, locha, Cf. Norman loquCf a
loach, a slug (Le H^richer). Origin un-
known.
Loadi a burden. (£.) The sense of
' burden ' seems to be due to confusion
with the verb Lade (i) ; but cf. prov. £.
lead, in the sense * to carry.* M. £. ISde,
a course, way, lode ; also, a load. A. S.
lad, a lode ; also, carriage. See Lode.
ZK>ad-«tar, Load-stone ; seeLode.
Loaf. (£.) M. E. lof. loof, A. S. hl&f.
4- Icel. hleifry Goth, hiaifs^ hlaibs, G. latb,
Cf. Lithuan. kUpas, bread (from Tent.).
Loam, clay. (£.) M. £. lam, A. S.
/iiim.-f>Du. letm, G. Ithm, O. H. G. hint,
Uimo, Teut. type *laimoz, Cf. Icel. leir
(Teut. type ^laisom), loam. Akin to
Lime (i ).
Loan* a lending, money lent. (Scand.)
M. £. lone {'^lane). This corresponds to
the rare A. S. Idn, borrowed from Norse.
[The true A. S. form is lUn, a loan.] — Icel.
idn, a loan ; Dan. laan, Swed. Ihn, a loan.
4- A. S. ISn, a loan ; Du. Uen^ a grant, a
fief; G. lehn, lehen, a fief. p. All from
the verb seen in A. S. lion (pt. t. Idh), to
grant, Icel. Ijd, G. leihen, to l^d, Goth.
leikwan ; akin to L. litt^uere (pt; t« Itqut),
LOCK
Gk. Ktintiv, Skt. rich, to leave, O. Irish
lecim, I leave. (^LEIQ; Brugm. i. % 463.)
Hence the Teut. verb *leihwan- (as in
Gothic) ; and the sb. *laihwniz, *laihw'
noz, a loan, from the second grade *laihw
with suffix -niz or -noz.
Loath. (£.) U.E,lolA, A.S. Idd,
hateful, hostile.4-Icel. leidr, Dan. Swed.
led, odious; O. H. G. leit, odious, orig.
mournful. Teut. type *laithoz, where
-thoz is prob. a suffix. Allied to G.
leiden, to suffer ; but prob. nol allied to
A. S. ItSan (pt. t. IdO), to travel, sail ; as
usually said (Kluge). Der. loath-ly\
-some, suggested by M. £. wlatsotn, detest-
able ; also loathe, vb. '
Lobby, a small hall, passage. (Ital. —
G.) Probably from N. Ital. (Piedmontese)
lobia (see Diez) ; the Ital. form is loggia
(see Lodge). Cf. Late L. lobia, laubia,
lobium, a portico, gallery, covered way ;
as if from a Germ, form *laubjS. —
M. H. G. loube, an arbour, bower, open
way along the upper story of a house (as
in a Swiss chalet) ; mod. G. laube^ a
bower. Orig. made with foliage. --M.H.G.
hub (G. Icuib), a leaf; see Leaf.
Lobe, flap of the ear, &c. (F. — Low L.
— Gk.) F. lobe, — Late L. lobus, — Gk.
Ko^6s, a lobe of the ear or liver. Brugm.
i. § 667.
IjObster, a kind of shell-fish. (L.)
A. S. hppestre, a corrupter form of A. S.
lopust, a corruption of L. locusta, (i) a
lobster, (2) a locust. It was perhaps con-
fused with A. S. loppe, a flea.
Looal, Locate ; see Looua.
Loch, a lake. (Gaelic.) Gael. ^^A, a lake.
-f O. Irish lochy Corn, and Bret, lagen ;
L. Icuus ; Stokes, p. 237. See Lake (1).
Lock (i), a fastening. (£.) M. £.
hke, A. S. he, a fastenmg. Hh Icel. hka,
a lock ; Swed. hck, a lid ; G. loch, a
dungeon. From Teut. base *luk^ weak
grade of Teut. root *leuk^ to fasten, whence
also A. S. Ituan, Du. luiken, Icel. luka,
to shut, Goth, galakan, to shut up.
looket, a little hinged case worn as an
ornament. (F.— Scand.) Orig. a fastening
(Hudibras, pt. ii. c. i. 808).— F. loquet,
the latch of a door, dimin. of O. F. loc, a
lock, borrowed from Icel. loka, a lock.
Look (a), a tuft of hair or wool. (£.)
M. £. lok. A. S. locc, «f Du. hk, Icel.
hhkr, Dan. hk, Swed. hck, G. locke»
Oris. ' a curl ; ' cf. Icel. lykkr, a loop,
bend, crook ; also Lith. lugnas, pliable.
399
LOCKET
LOLL
lK)Cket; see Look (i).
IjOCkram, a kind of cheap linen. (F.
— Bret.) F. locrenan, a sort of unbleached
linen ; named from the place where it was
made, viz. Loc-Renan^ or S. Renan^ near
Quimper, in Brittany. — Bret. Lok-Ronattj
cell of St. Ronan ; from Bret, lok (L. locus) j
a cell.
Locomotioii ; see Iioous.
IiOCns, a place. (L.) L. locus^ a place.
O. Lat. stlocus, a place.
local. (F. — L.) F. local. — L. localise
belonging to a place. — L. locus ^ a place.
locate, to place. (L.) From pp. Qf
L. Igcdre, to place. • L. locus y a place.
lOCOUOtion, motion from place to
place. (L.) Coined from loco-^ for locusy
a place ; and motion,
IiOCUSty a winged insect. (L.) M. £.
locuste. — L. locusta^ a shell-fish, also a
locust.
]Lo€l6y a vein of ore, a water-course.
(£.) The true sense is ' course.' A. S.
lad, a way, course, journey ; cf. A. S.
IctdoHy to lead, conduct.+Icel. hid, lode,
way, course ; Swed. ledy a course. Teut.
type *laiddy fem. From the 3nd grade
of Teut. *leithan- (A. S. ItOan), to travel.
See Lead (i). Der. lode-star. % And see
Load.
lodestar, loadstar, the polar star.
(E.) Lit. ' way-star,* star that leads or
guides ; see Lode above.
lodestone, loadstone, a magnet.
(£.) Compounded of lode and stone^ in
imitation of lodestar \ it means a stone
that leads or draws.
IiOdffei a small house, cot, resting-place.
(F. -G.) M. E. logey logge, - O. F. loge ;
cf. Ital. loggia. Late L. lobia, a gallery. «
O. H. G. *laubjdy allied to loubd, M. H. G.
loube, an arbour, mod. G. laube, a bower.
— O. H. G. lottby G. lauby a leaf; see Leaf.
Doublet, lobby.
lK>ft, an upper room. (Scand.) M. E.
loft, properly ' air * ; the peculiar sense is
Scand. *Icel. lopt (pron. loft), (i) air, sky,
(2) an upper room ; Dan. Swed. loft, a
garret. Allied to A. S. lyft, air, sky, Goth.
luftusy Du. lucht (for luft), G. lufty the
air. Der. a-loft ; also lofty y i. e. * in the
air ; ' lift, vb.
^IT (')> ^ block, piece of wood.
fScand.) The vowel has been shortened.
Cf. Norw. laag, a fallen trunk ; Icel. lag,
a felled tree, log; Swed. dial, l&ga, a
felled tree, a tree that has been blown
down. So called from its lying on the
ground, as distinguished from the living
tree. From the 3rd (pt. pL) grade, viz.
lag'y of Icel. liggf'ay to lie; see Lie (i)
and Low. Der. logg-cdSy logg-ets, a game
with bits of wood; log-woody so called
because imported in logSy and also called
blockwood (Kersey).
log (3), a piece of wood with a line,
for measuring the rate of a ship. (Scand.)
The same word. The Swed. logg. as a sea-
term, whence log-Una, a log-line, log-bok,
a log-book, logga, to heave the log, Dan.
^g* log-line, log-bog, logge, vb., seem to
have been all borrowed back from £.
logger-head, a dunce, a piece of
timber (in a whale-boat) over*which a line
is passed to make it run more slowly.
(Scand. and K) A similar formation to
blockhead. Cf. Icel Idgar, gen. oilag.
Log (3), a liquid measure. (Heb.) In
Lev. xiv. 10. » Heb. log, a liquid measure,
1 2th part of a hin ; orig. ^ a basin.'
Logarithm. (Gk.) Coined from Gk.
\oy-y stem of K6yoSy a word, a proportion,
ratio; and dpi0fi6sy a number; the sense
being ^ ratio-number.' See Arithmetio.
Loggerhead ; see Log (i).
Logic, the science of reasoning cor-
rectly. (F. - L. - Gk.) O. F. logique.^
L. logica, for ars logicay logic art. —
Gk. KoyiKTf, for koyiK^ rixinjy logic art;
where \oyi/c^ is fem. of Xoyueos, reason-
able. — Gk. \6yos, a speech. — Gk. \4y(iVy
to say.^- L* legere, to speak ; see Legend.
Hence all words in 'logy, the chief being
astro-logy, bio-y chrono-, concho-, doxo-y
entomo-y etymo-, genea-y geo-, meteoro-y
minera-, mytho-, necro-, noso-y omitho-y
osteO', patho-y philo-, phraseo-, phreno-y
physio- , psycho- y tauto-y theo-y zoo-logy ; see
these in their due places.
Loin. (F. - L.) M. E. loine. - O. F.
logney also longe, — Late L. *lumbeay fem.
of an adj. *lumbeus (not found), from L.
lumbus, loin. See Lumbar.
Loiter, to delay. (Du.) M. E. loitreUy
Pr. Parv. — M. Du. and Du. leuteren, to
linger, loiter, trifle, M. Du. loleren, to
delay, deceive, vacillate; cf. E. Fries.
loteren, Ibterny to loiter. Allied to M. Du.
lutsen, with the same sense (Hexham).
Perhaps allied to Lout.
Loll, to lounge about. (E.) M. E.
lollen, lullen, Cf. Icel. lolla, 'segniter
agere,* Halldorsson ; M. Du. lolleny to sit
over the fire ; the orig. sense was prob. to
300
LOLLARD
LOOSE
doze ; M. Dn. MU-^tanch^ ' a sleeping
seate,* Hexham. Allied to Loll.
Ikillaardy a name given to the followers
of Wyclit (M. Diu) It was confused
with M. E. lolUr^ i.e. one who lolls, a
loimger, lazy fellow ; see Iioll aboTe ; bnt
the words are prob. related. Latinised as
Lollardui from M. Do. lollaerd^ (i) a
mumbler of prayers and hymns, (2)
a Lollard, lit. ' God-praiser ' or * singer * ;
first applied to a sect in Brabant. Formed
with safiix -aerd (same as £. -ard in
drunkard) from M. Da. lolUn, luUen^
to sing ; see Iiiill.
LonOi short for alone ; see Alone.
JdXDU (i)y to desire, yearn. (E.)
M.£. Hmgen, A.S. Jangian, impers. vb.
with ace., to long after, crave, desire ;
(distinct from iatigian, to grow long). 4-
O. Sax. langSfty impers. ; Icel. ianga^
impers. and pers. ; O. H. G. kmgon^
impers. Perhaps allied to G. gelingen^ to
snoceed. Cf. G. ver-langen^ to wish for.
Der. hc'long.
Lonff (i), extended. (E.) M. E. long,
A.S. tangj long.'^Jyvi, long, Icel. langr,
Dan. langy Swed. ^ng, Goth, laggrs
( = latigrs), G. long ; L. longus, Bmgm. i.
$643.
longevity, length of life. (L.) From
L. longtEuttaSj long life. --L. long-us, long;
Suitas, usually atas, age; from aui-^ a
stem formed from auum, life. See Age.
longitude. (F.-L.) ¥, longitude.^
L. longiiado, length; in late Lat., the
longitude of a place.— L. longi-^ stem
formed from longtts, long; with suffix
-tu-dd, Der. longitudin-al, from stem
longttudin;
]jOO« a game at cards. (F.) Formerly
called lanterloo.^Y, lanturelu^ lanturlu,
inteij., nonsense! fudge! also a game at
cards. The expression was orig. the
refrain of a famous vaudeyille (ab. 1630),
afterwards used to give an evasive answer.
Being purposely nonsensical, it admits of
no further etymology.
Loof ; see Itutt,
Looky to see. (E.) M. E. loken, A.S.
lacianj to look. ^ O. Sax. lokonj to look ;
cf. M. H. G. luogen^ to mark, behold, G.
lugen, to look out. Brugm. i. § 421(7)-
£oonL (j)) ^ machine for weaving cloth.
(E.) M. £. lomey a tool, implement. A. S.
ge-loma, a tool, implement, instrument.
Der. heir-loom^ where loom meant any
implement, hence a piece of furniture.
IkMUn (2), to appear faintly or at a dis-
tance. (£. ?) Orig. sense doubtful. (^Not
= M. E. htmon^ to shine, as that has a
different vowel.) If it meant orig. 'to
come slowly towards,* it answers exactly
to E. Fries. Idmen, Swed. dial, loma^ to
move slowly ; cf. M. H. G. htomon, to be
weary, from the adj. Inomiy slack. Kilian
has M. Du. lome^ slow, inactive. The
Teut base of the adj. is Vdru', connected
by gradation with E, Lame. See Iioon
(2). Cf. Lowl. Sc. loamy f dull, slow ; E.
Fries, lom^.
Loon (1), Lown, a base fellow. (O.
Low G.) M. £. lown (spelt lowen, but
rhyming on 'Oun\ St. Cnthbert, 7957*
Cf. M. Du. loen^ * homo stupidus,* Kilian.
Loon (3), a water-bird, diver. (Scand.)
A corruption of the Shetland name loom,
■- Icel. lomr, Swed. Dan. lorn, a loon.
Prob. from the lame or awkward motion
of diving-biids on land; cf. Swed. dial.
loma, E. Fries, lomon, to move slowly;
see Iioom (a) above.
LooPf a noose. (Scand.) G. Douglas
has lowp-knot (Ma, xii. 603). * Icel. klamp^
lit. ' a leap * ; cf. Swed. lop-ihnit, a running-
knot ; Dan. led, a course, lod-knude, or
lodoie, a running-knot. «i icel. Aldupa, to
leap, run. See Leap. Thus the orig.
sense was * running knot * ; hence, loop of
a string, 8cc
XKHni-holOf a small aperture in a wall.
(F. - Low G.) M. E. loti/e, P. PI. - O. F.
*loupe (not found); Laneuedoc louj^, a
small window in a roof (Wedgwood). ->
M. Du. lapen, Du. lut'pen, to lurk (see
Franck) ; Low G. /r//w, in the same
sense as Low G. g^upen^ to peep (Liibhen).
Hence, the sense wns * peep-hole.' Cf.
Low L. loupus (unexplained).
Loose, slack. (Scand.) M. E. lous^
los ; Prof. Zupitza shews (in Anglia, vii.
15a) that it is due to the Scand. form.
[The true M. E. form is /<?«, answering to
A. S. lias, (I) loose, (a) false.] -Icel.
latus, Swed. Dan. Ibs^ loose ; O. Sax. Ids,
M. Du. loos, (i) loose, (a) false (where
mod. Du. has los, loose, loos, false) ; G.
los, loose ; Goth, laus, empty, vain. Teut.
type *lausoz ; from *lauS', and grade of
Teut. *leusan; to lose. See Lose.
-lees, suffix. (E.) M.E. -lees, -Us*,
A.S. 'Ifas, the same as leas, loose, free
from (above).
l00Se» loosen, vb. (E.) The true
form is loose, later loosen by analogy with
301
LOOT
LOUD
strengthen, 8ce. A late derivative from
the adj. above. Other languages derive
the verb directly from the adj. ; thus Du.
lessen, Icel. leysa, Swed. tdsa, Dan. lose,
G. Idsen, Goth, lausjan, to loosen, are
derived (respectively) from Du. los, Icel.
lauss, Swed. and Dan. los, G. los, Goth.
laus, loose, vain.
IjOOt, plunder. (Hindi.— Skt.) Hindi
Itlt (with cerebral /), loot, plunder. The
cerebral / shews that r is elided. — Skt.
lotra, shorter form of loptra, booty, spoil.
— Skt. lup, to break, spoil ; allied to L.
rumpere, to break. See Bupture, Bob.
Loot s that which is robbed, (Cf. Horn,
Pers. Diet. % 608.)
lK)OTer ; see Iionver.
I^p. (M. Du.) M. Du. luppen, to
maim, castrate, mod. Du. lubben. Cf.
Lithuan. li^ttti, to peel. See Ijib.
Loquacious, talkative. (L.) Coined
from X. loqudci'y decl. stem of hquax,
talkative.— L. loqui, to speak.
l^rcL a master. (E.) Lit. * loaf-keeper.'
A. S. hldfordy a lord ; early form hlafard,
for *hldfweard, a loaf-ward ; see Iioof and
Wajrd. ^ For the loss of w, cf. A. S.
ftilluhty itomfulwiht, baptism.
ILorOv learning. (£.) M. £. lore ; A. S.
Idre, gen., dat., and ace. of Idr, lore.+Du.
leer, G. lehre, O. H. G. lira, doctrine.
Teut. type *laizd, fem. ; cf. Teut. *laizjan
(A. S. l(iran, G. lehren)^ to teach; from
*//7w-, 2nd grade of ^leisan-, to trace out ;
see Iioam, Last (2).
ZK>rel ; see losel.
IfOrimer, a maker of horses* bits, spurs,
&c. (F. — L.) Also loriner. — O. F. lori-
nier, loreinier^ M. F. loritfUer, later
lormier, * a spurrier ; ' Cotgrave. — O. F.
lorein, lorain, rein, bridle, bit. —Late L.
lorenum, loranum, a rein, bit.— L. lorum,
a thong.
ILonot, the golden oriole. (F. — L.)
F. I&riot, corruptly written for toriot,
where oriot is another form of oriol ; see
Oriole.
Lorn, lost. (E.) M. E. loren, pp. of
lesen, to lose ; see Lose.
Lory, a bird of the parrot kind.
(Malay.) Also called lury\ and (formerly)
nory, nury, — Malay liiri, nuri, a lury or
lory.
I«0S6. (E.) The form formerly in use
was Use ; M. E. lesen. [The mod. form
lose has got its sound of (uu) from the
influence of M. E. Idsen, to loose, con-
fused with M. E. losien, to be lost.] The
M. E. lesen is from A. S. -ISosan^ strong
verb, to lose (pt. t. -lids, pp. -loren). This
is cognate with Du. -liezen (only in comp.
ver-ltezen), G. 'lieren (only in comp. ver-
lieren), Goth, -liusan (only in fra-liusan,
to loose). Teut. type *leusan-. Cf. L.
lu-ere, Gk. \i&-hv, to set free. Der. lorn,
lost, A. S. pp. -loren; v^siq forlorn, q. v.
loss, sb. (E.) M. E. los. A. S. los,
destruction. Allied to Ijose; being
derived from Teut *lus, weak grade of
*leusan-, to lose (above).
losel, lorel, a worthless fellow, re-
probate. (E.) One devoted to perdition;
cf. A. S. los, destruction, los-ian, to be
lost, to perish. From lus- (A.S. los-),
weak grade of the strong verb liosan, to
lose, pp. lor-en (for older ^los-en). Lor-el
is formed from the base lor- of the pp. in
use, and los-el from the older form of the
same. For the suffix, cf. A. 8. wac-ol,
watchful.
Lot, a portion, share. (E.) M. E. lot.
A.S. nlot {<*hlutoni), lot, share.- A. S.
hint-, weak grade of hleotan (pt. t. hleat).
to obtain by lot. + Du. lot ; Icel. kluti,
allied to str. vb. hljota, to obtain by lot ;
Dan. lod, Swed. lott. All from the weak
grade of Teut. *hleutan-, to obtain by lot ;
cf. A. S. hltet, hlyt, G. loos, Goth, hlauts,
a lot, from *klaut, 2nd grade of the same
verb.
Loth; see Loath.
Lotion, a washing, external medicinal
application. (L.) L. lotion-em, ace. of
lotto, a washing. — L. lotus, pp. of laudre,
to wash. See Iiave. Brugm. i. $ 352(3^.
Loto^Lotto,agame. (Ital.-Teut.) F.
loto ; a F. form of the Ital. lotto, a lottery,
a word of Teut. origin ; see Lot.
lottery. (E.; with F. suffix.) In
Levins, ed. 1570. Formed by adding -ery
to E. lot ; cf. brew-ery, fish-ery. The F.
loterie is borrowed from English or from
Ital. lotteria (Torriano).
Lotus, the Egyptian water-lily. (L.—
Gk.) L. lotus, lotos. '^QtV. Kan6%, (i) the
Gk. lotus, (2) the Cyrenean lotu^, the
eaters of which were called Idtophagf, (3)
the lily of the Nile.
Loud. (E.) M.E. loud. A.S.hliid.
■4- Du. luid, G. laut. Teut. type *hludoz,
for earlier hlHthds (with the accent on o) ;
allied to the Idg. type *klut6s (with weak
grade *klu) as seen in L. -clutus, in
inclutus, renowned, Gk. KXvr69, renowned.
302
LOUQH
LUBRICATE
Skt. fmia-f heard, from frUf to hear.
(^KLEU.) Brugm. i. §§ loo, 113.
Longll, a lake. (Irish.) Ir. locA ; see
Iiooh.
Loungey to loll about. (F.— L.) From
lungiSy an idle fellow or lounger, not an
uncommon word in the i6th and 17th
centuries. «F. iongis, an idle, drowsy, and
stupid fellow (Cot.). Littr^ supposes that
this sense of longis was due to a pun,
haying reference to L. longus^ long, hence
a long and lazy man ; for, strictly speaking,
Longis is a proper name, being the O. F.
form of L. Longius or Longinus, the
name (in the old mysteries) of the cen-
turion who pierced the body of Christ.
This name first appears in the apocryphal
gospel of Nicodemus, and was doubtless
suggested by Gk. A<$7X7f a lance, in John
xix. 34.
ZK>1l86f an insect. (£.) M. £. lous, pi.
fys. A. S. luSf pi. lys flice).4'I^Q* ^^^^^y
Dan. lutiSj Swea. lus^ Icel. liis, G. iaus»
Teut. type */wj, fem.
TMvAf a clown. (£.) The lit. sense is
' stooping,* from M. £. louten^ to stoop,
bow. — A.S. /»/a», to stoop. Hk Icel. /w/r,
stooping, bent (which prob. suggested our
use of the word), from liita, to stoop ; cf.
Swed. luta, Dan. lude, to stoop, lean.
Louver, Loover, an opening in the
roofs of ancient houses. (F.) M.,E., lover
(used to translate O. F. louvert in the
Romance of Partenay, 1175), but really
from O. F. lovier^ lover^ used as a gloss to
Late L. lodium^ a word also explained by
M. E. /bv^r. — Romanic type *loddriufn,
adj. form due to Late L. loaium, a loover.
(For the intercalated w, cf. F. pouvoiry
from O. F. /^^V — Span, poder,) Prob.
an opening over a fireplace ; from Icel.
hld6f n. pi., a hearth. (Academy, Dec. '94.)
Loyatf e, an umbelliferous plant. (F. —
U^ MT E. louache (Alphita).-O. F.
levesche^ luvesche ( Wright s Voc. i. 1 39).
Cf. Ital. levisticOy lovage. — L. ligusticum.
lovage, a plant of Liguria, -• L. LigusHcus,
belonging to Liguria, a countiy of Cis-
alpine Gaul.
LOTOf affection. (£.) M. E. hue {love).
A. S. lufUi love. From the weak grade
{lub) of Teut. base *leub. + Goth, lubo ;
O. H. G. luba\ cf. also G. lidfe; Russ.
liobov" ; Skt. Mfha^ covetousness, lubh, to
desire. Closely allied toLief. (VLEUBH.)
Der. love^ vb. ; belove, first appearing in
M. £. bilufien, to love greatly.
IiOw (1), humble, inferior. (Scand.)
M. E. louht also hh. ^lct\. Idgr, low;
N. Fries. leeg\ Swed. lag, Dan. lav. The
orig. sense is that which lies down, or lies
low (as we say) ; from Icel. lag-, stem of
pt. pi. of liggja, to lie. See Lie ( i ). Der.
be-low (=» by low) ; also lower y vb., i. e.
to let down, from lawyer , comparative of
lowy adj.
Low (2), to bellow. (K) M. £. lowen,
A. S. klowan, to bellow, resound. 4- Du.
loeijetty O. H. G. hldj'an. Ct L. cld-nidre.
Low (3), a hill. (E.) In place-names.
A. S. hldw, hlaw, a hill ; properly a slope.
+ Goth. hlaiWf a grave ; klainSy a hill ;
Lat. cltuuSy a hill. From a Teut. base
*hlai-y 2nd grade of the Teut. root *hlei'
(Idg. ^KLEI), to lean, incline. Allied
to Iiean (i).
Low (4), flame. (Scand.) Icel. logiy
flame ; cf. L. lOx, Allied to Luoid.
Lower (i), to let down. (E.) From
low-ery comparative of adj. low.
Lower (2), to frown. (£.) M. £.
louren, luren, to lower, frown. Cf. M.
Du. loeren, * to leere, to frowne,' Hexham ;
Low G. and E. Fries, luren, to lower,
frown, peer ; M. H. G. lUren, G. lauern.
Cf. Icel. Ifira, to doze.
Xk>W]1; se^ Loon (i).
Loyal, faithful. (F.-L.) F. loyal
(Cot.). — L. ligdlisy legal (hence, just,
loyal) ; see LegaL
Loiengey a rhombus ; a small cake of
flavoured sugar, &c., orig. of a diamond
shape. (F.) Formerly losenge, esp. a
shield of a diamond shape (in heraldry). —
O. F. losenge, lozenge (F. /t7ja»^tf), a lozenge.
Origin disputed ; prob. from O. F. lauze^
a flat stone. Cf. Span, losanje, a lozenge,
rhombus ; prob. from losa, a square stone
for paving (whence losar, to pave). See
lausoy lauza, a flat stone for buildings
( Ducange).
Lubber, a dolt. (£.) M. E. lobre,
lobur, Cf. M. Du. lobben^ * a lubbaid, a
clowne,* Hexham; Low G. lobbes (the
same) ; Norw. lubb, lubba, one of round
thick figure; lubben, short and thick.
Also W. lloby a dolt, lubber, llabi, a
stripling, looby. Cf. lob in Shakespeare,
M. N. D. ii. I. 16. Allied to Lump; cf.
E. Fries, lobbe, lob, a flabby lump.
Lubricate, to make slippery. (L.)
From pp. of L. lubricdre, to make slippery.
— L. labricusy slippery. Allied to Goth.
sliupan, to slip. See Slip.
303
LUCE
LUMBER
£llC6, the pike; a fish. (F.— Late L.
— Gk.) Lit. * wolf-fish.' - M. F. lues, /us, a
pike; Cot. — Late L. luciusy a pike. — Gk.
KiKoSy a wolf; also a (ravenous) fish. Cf.
* Pyke, fysche, dentrixy luciuSy lupus ; *
Prompt. Parv. * Luce, fysche, lucius ;* id.
IiUCid, bright. (L.) L. luciduSy bright.
— L. lucerCy to shine; cf. liiXy light. -f'C'k.
Xct;/v<$9, bright ; Skt. ruchy to shine. Allied
to Light (i). (VLEUK.) -Der. luci-fer,
i. e. light-bringer, morning-star, hoinferre,
to bring.
Luck, fortune. (Du.-M. H. G.) M.E.
lukke (15th c). Not found in A. S. ; and
Fries. /«i is late. — Du. lt*k. From M.H.G.
ge-liickey good fortune; G. gluck (for
ge-lUcU). The Fries, luky Swed. lycka,
Dan. lykke (like Du. luU) are borrowed
from G. (Kluge). Perhaps akin to G.
lockeUy to entice, allure.
ILucrey gain, profit. (F.— L.) Y. lucre.
— L. lucrum, gain. Allied to Irish luachy
price, wages, G. lohtiy reward, Gk. Xcia
(for *Aa^to), booty, Russ. lovitey to take
as booty. Der. lucr-at-ivey F. lucratify
L. lucratiuuSy from pp. of lucrdrly to gain,
from lucrum y gain. Brugm. i. % 490.
]LllC1lbratiO]I« a production composed
in retirement. (L.) Properly, a working
by lamp-light; from L. IfUuhrdtiOy the
same. — L. liicubrdtuSy pp. oilOcubrdrey to
bring in lamps, to work by lamp-light. —
L. lucubrumy prob. a faint light ; at any
rate, obviously formed from lOc-y stem of
liiXy light ; cf. lucerey to shine. See Light
(i), Luoid.
ILndicroiUlv laughable. (L.) L. ludi-
cr-usy done in sport ; with suffix -ous. — L.
ludi'y for luduSy sport. — L. ludcre, to play.
ILlLffy lK)Of, to turn a ship towards the
wind. (£.) From M. £. lofy a contrivance
for altering a ship's course ; see Layamon,
iii. 476. It seems to have been a sort of
large paddle, used to assist the helm in
keeping the ship right. Prob. named from
the resemblance of a paddle to the palm of
the hand; cf. Lowl. Sc. loofy Icel. lofiy
Goth, lofay palm of the hand. Cf. also
Du. loefy Dan. luv, Swed. lofy weather-
gage; Dan. luvey to luff; and perhaps
Bavarian laffeuy blade of an oar, nat part
of a rudder. See E. Fries. Idfy idf in
Koolman. Der. laveer.
ILug, to drag. (Scand.) Swed. luggu,
to puTl by the hair ; cf. lugg^ the forelodc ;
Norw. InggUy to pull by the hair;- cf. lugg,
hair of the head. Also cf. Low G. lukeUy
to pull, pull by the hair ; A. S. lucatty
to pull up weeds ; Dan. lugey to weed.
p. The A. S. liican is a strong verb,
allied to a Teut. type *leuk-an-, to pull
(pt. t. * lanky pp. *lukanoz). Lug is from
the weak grade *luk, Der. lugg-agCy with
F. suffix as in. bagg-age,
Xillffsaiil, a sort of square sail. (Scand.
and K.) Prob. from the verb to lug; the
sail is easily hoisted by a pull at the rope
attached to the yard. Or named from
lugger, its apparent derivative, as if a ship
furnished with lugsails ; but cf. Du. logger,
which seems to mean 'slow ship,' from
Du. logy slow, K Fries, lug, (Doubtful.)
Lugubrious, mournful. (L.) From
L. lugubri-Sy mournful ; with suffix -ous. »
L. lugSrCy to mourn. Cf. Gk. Xv7p<$$, sad.
LnJkewarm, partially warm. (E.)
M.E. lukcy leuky tepid. (Luke-warm'^
tepidly warm.) Cf. Du. leui, luke-warm;
£. Fries, luk, luke, tepid, weak, slack.
% Distinct from lew-warm.
Lull, to sing to rest. (E.?) M.E.
lullen. Not in A. S.-f Swed. /;///<z, Dan.
lulUy to hum, lull ; M. Du. lulletty to sing
in a humming voice ; E. Fries, lolleriy to
sing badly, howl, cry. From the repetition
of lu lUy in lulling children to sleep. This
is a drowsier form of lal la I used in
cheerful singing; cf. liU\ and see Lol-
lard. Cf. Gk. \aX€iv, to speak.
Lumbar, relating to the loins. (L.)
L. lumbdris, adj.; whence lumbdre, an
apron (Jerem. xiii. i). — L. lumbusy the
loin.4-A. S. lendenUy pi., the loins, Du.
lendenen, pi. ; Swed. Idndy Dan. lend,
loin ; G. lendey haunch. Brugm. i. § 360.
lumbago, pain in the loins. (L.) L.
lumbdgOy pain in the loins. — L. lumbus,
loin.
Lumber (i), useless furniture. (F.—
G.) Formerly lombor (1487) ; lumbar
(Blount). Perhaps the lumber-room was
orig. Lombard-rootthy where the Lombard
broker bestowed his pledges. Cf. I^mi"
bardeery a broker, Lombardy a bank for
usury or pawns; Blount. — F. Lombardy a
Lombard (who acted as pawnbroker in
the 14th century). — L. LongobarduSy
also Langobardus. — G. Langbari, a
name given to the men of this tribe.
Cf. A. S. lAingbeardaSy the Lombards.
See Dncange. (Etym. disputed.)
Lumber (3), to make a great noise.
(Scand.) In Palsgrave. A frequent, verb
of Scand. origin. — Swed. diaL lomra, to
304
LUMINARY
LURK
resound ; cf. Swed. Ijumtn^ a great noise,
Icel. hljomr, a sound, a tune. From Teut.
base *hieu-, to hear, whence also Goth.
hliumay hearing. See Iioiid.
Luninary, a bright light. (F.-L.)
O. F. luminarie^ later lutninairey a light,
lamp. — L. lumindre, a light; neut. of
iumindrisy light-giving. — L. lumin-^ for
lumen, light. Lutnen — ^luc-tnen ; from
lOcere, to shine. See Iiucid.
Imninoiuiy bright. (F. — L.) F.
iumineux. — L. iuminosus, bright ; from
iumin-, for lumen, light (above).
Iiiunp. (Scand.) M. £. lompe, lumpe,
— Swed. dial and Norw. lump, a block,
stump, piece hewn off a log ; Swed. lumpor,
pL, rags ; Swed. Dan. lumpen, paltry. Cf.
Du. lomp (whence G. lumpen), a rag, lump,
lomp, clumsy; £. Fries, lump, clumsy,
thick, vile, lumpy.
Lmiar. (L.) L. lun&ris, adj.; from
luna, moon. L. luna = *lou€snd, giver of
light. — L. lucere, to shine. Brugm. i.
§ 218. Der. lun-ette, inter-lunar', and
see below.
Innatio. (F.— L.) F. lunatique,^
L. lunatUus, mad; lit. affected by the
moon. — L. luna, moon.
XiUndl, a large piece of bread, &c.
(E. ?) Lunch, *a gobbet, or peece';'
Minsheu. Connected with lump, like
hunch with hump, bunch with bump. See
Iiump.
Itmolieon, lunch, a slight meal.
(£. ?) Lunch is now used as short for
luncheon, though luncheon itself is an ex-
tension from /mm^-^, a lump. Cot. gives M.F.
caribot, * a lunchion, or big piece of bread,*
&c. ; also ^ horion, a cuff, thump, also a
luncheon or big piece.' Lunchion appears
to be for lunshin, as in ' a huge lunshin
of bread,' Thoresby to Ray (1703), which
is prob. merely short for lunchinig). At
any rate, luncheon is clearly from lunch, a
large piece (above). % Quite distinct
Tom nuncheon.
Lnnff. (£.) M. £. lunge, pi. lunges,
longes^.^.lungen,'^^ lungena.'^Du. long,
Icel. lungu, pi., Dan. lunge, Swed. lunga,
G. lungen, pi. Allied to A. S. lungre,
quickly (orig. lightly), also to Gk. Waxos,
Skt. laghu-, light. The lungs are named
from their lightness; cf. £. lights, i.e.
lungs', Kuss. legkoe, lung, as compared
with Russ. legkii, light ; Port, leves, lungs,
from Port, leue, light; see Ijight (2).
Brugm. t § 691.
LuiUPe, a thrust, in fencing. (F. — L.)
Formeny longe. The E. a longe is a mis-
taken substitute for F. allonge (formerly
alonge), a lengthening; i.e. an extension
of the body in delivering the thrust. — F.
allonger, to lengthen (formerly cUonger). —
F. a (from L. ad), to ; and L. *longdre, only
used in comp. i-longdre, to lengthen, from
longus, long. See liong:.
Lnpine, a kind of pulse. (F.—L.) F.
lupin, — L. lupJnum, a kind of pulse ;
orig. neut. of lupinus, wolfish, though the
reason is not clear.— L. lupus ^ a wolf; see
Wolf.
Imroh (i)) to lurk, dodge, pilfer. (£.)
Allied to Iiurk. Cf. birch, birk. The
senses are (i) to lie in wait, lurk, (2) to
pilfer, steal. Der. lurch-er, * one that
lies upon the lurch, or upon the catch,
also a kind of hunting-dog ; ' Phillips.
ILnrcll (2), the name of a game. (F.)
' To leave in the lurch ' is due to an old
game. — M. F. lourche, 'the game called
lurche, or lurch in a game; il demoura
lourche, he was left in the lurch ; ' Cot.
Cot. also gives ourche, ' the game at tables
called lurch.' Perhaps from L. orca, a
dice-box. Cf. Ital. lurcio, 'the game
lurch,' Torriano. Cf. Low L. lurculus,
* parvus lusus ; ' Ducange.
Ziliroh (3)) to devour; obsolete. (F. ?
— L.) * To lurch, devour, or eate greedily ; '
Baret.-O.F. ^lurcheri^)-, cf. ItaL lur-
care, • to lurch or devour greedily,' Tor-
riano. — Late L. lurcdri, lurcdre, to devour
greedily.
Lilircli (4)} a sudden roll sideways.
(E. ?) * A lee lurch, a sudden roll (of a
ship) to the leeward ; ' Webster. Obscure ;
perhaps merely lurch (i) in the sense to
stoop or dodge ; see Iiuroh (i).
Lure, a bait. (F.-G.) M. E. /«r^.-
O. F. loerre, loirre, later leurre^ * a faul-
coner's lure;' Cot. — Teut. *ldthrom^ neut.;
as seen in M. H. G. luocUr (G. luder), a
bait, decoy, lure. Perhaps from Teut.
*ldth, 2nd grade of *lath', to invite ? Cf.
A. S. laCian, Icel. latia, Goth. IcUhbti, G.
laden^ to invite, weak verbs.
^uridy wan, gloomy. (L.) L. lUridus,
pale yellow, wan.
Iilirky to lie in wait. (Scand. ?) M. £.
lurken, lorken. '^'Sorw. lurka, to sneak
away, go slowly ; Swed. dial, lurka, to do •
anything slowly; £. Fries, lurken, to
shuffle along. Perhaps extended from
lur-, as in Norw. lura, Dan. lure, to lie in
305
LURY
MACARONI
wait, Dan. lure, (also) to listen, Swed.
lurUf to lie in wait; G. lauem, to lurk.
See liower (2).
Iiliry ; see Ijory.
IiUSCioUBy delicions. (F. — L.) Of
doubtful origin. Still, we find in The
Anturs of Arthur, ed. Morton, St. 36,
' with lucius drinkes ; ' and in Sir Ama-
dace, St. 27, ' with licius drinke.* The
latter form is short for delicious; so that
luscious may be the same, but confused
with lusty. Also lushious (Spenser) ;
lussyouse (Palsgrave).
Lust. (E-) The usual old meaning is
pleasure. A. S. lust, pleasure. +Du. lust,
Icel. lysty losti, Dan. lyst, Swed. and G.
lust, Goth, lustiis, pleasure. Allied to
Skt. lash, to desire; Gk. 'KiKaXoyiai.,
Brugm. i. § 518 (2). Der. lust-y, formerly
' pleasant.*
Lustration; see Lustre (2).
Lustre ( i ) , splendour. (F. — Ital. — L. )
F. lustre.^\\s\. lustro^ * a lustre, a glasse,
a shining,* Florio ; cf. Late L. lustrum,
a window. — L. lustrdre, to shine. Prob.
from a lost adj. *lustrus (for *lttcstrus^„
shining ; from lOcere, to shine.
Lustre (2), Lustrum, a period of
five years. (L.) L. lustrum, an expiatory
sacrifice ; also a period of five years,
because every five years a lustrum was
performed. The orig. sense is * a purifi-
cation ' ; from luere^ to wash, purify.
lustration, a purification by sacri-
fice. (L.) From L. lustratio, an expia-
tion. — L. lustrStus, pp. of lustrdrcj to
purify. — L. lustrum, an expiatory sacrifice
(above).
Lute (i)» a musical instrument. (F.—
Arab.) M. E. lute. - M. F. lut (Cotgrave) ,
mod. F. luth. We also find Prov. lout,
Span, laud. Port, alaude, Ital. liuto, Du.
luit, Dan. lui, G. laute. The Port, form
shews the Arab, origin ; since al- in aU
aude is for al, the Arab. def. art. — Arab.
al, the ; *iid, wood, timber, a staff, stick,
wood of aloes, lute, or harp.
Lute (2), a kind of loam. (F. — L.)
O. F. lut, clay, loam. — L. lutum, mud,
that which is washed down. — L. luere, to
wash. Allied to Lave.
Lutestring, a lustrous silk. (F. —
Ital. — L.) A curious corruption of lustring,
a sort of shining silk (Kersey). — F. lustrine,
lutestring,lustring. - Ital. /«J/rfVw, lustring,
tinsel; from its gloss.— L. lustrare, to
shine ; see Lustre (i).
Luxury. (F. - L.) M. E. luxurie. —
O. F. luxurie (Hatzfeld), F. luxure. —
L. lujcHria, luxury. —L. luxus, pomp, ex-
cess, luxury.
-ly, a common suffix. (E.) A. S. -lie,
adj. suffix ; -iTce, adv. suffix ; from iTCy
like ; see Like (i).
Lye, a mixture of ashes and water, for
washing. (E.) M. E. ley. A. S. iFali.-^
Du. loog, G. lauge, O. H. G. louga, lye.
Perhaps allied to Icel. laug, a bath ; and
to L. laudre, to wash. Cf. Lather.
Lym, a lime-hound : K. Lear, iii. 6. 72.
Short for Limehound.
Lymph, a colourless fluid. (L.) L.
lympha, O. L. lumpa (Brugm. i. § 102),
water, lymph, also a water-nymph. The
spelling with y is prob. due to a sup-
posed connexion with Gk. vv/ufnf, a
nymph (prob. false). It is rather allied
to Limpid.
Xynch, to punish by mob-law. (E.)
From Charles Lynch, a Virginian planter
(1736-96) ; .Cent. Diet. The name is
from A.S. hlinc, a ridge of land. See
Link (i).
I^ynz, a keen-sighted quadruped. L.—
Gk.) M. E. lynx. — L. lynx. — Gk. Av7f ,
a lynx ; allied to \^vk6s, bright, and named
from its bright eyes. Cf. Skt. ruch, to
shine, loch, to see. Cognate forms are
A. S. lox, Swed. lo, G. luchs, Lith. luszis^
a lynx ; and (proliably) Russ. ruise, Pers.
riis, Zend raozha ; Student's Pastime,
P- 393.
Lyre. (F. - L. - Gk .) F. lyre. - L.
lyra. — Gk. \vpa, a lyre, lute. Der.
lyr-ic.
Macadamise, to pave a road with
small broken stones. (Gael, and Heb.;
with F. suffix.) Named after Mr. John
Macculam, a.d. 1819. Macadam = son of
Adam. — Gael, mac, son ; Heb. Sdam^ a
man, from root adam, to hi red.
Macaroni, Maccaroni. ^ Ital. - L.)
Ital. maccaroni, ' a kinde of paste meate ; '
Florio. Prob. from Ital. tnaccare, * to
bruise, batter, to pester,' Florio ; i.e. to
reduce to pulp. — L. mac-, base of
mdcerare, to macerate. See Macerate.
Der. macaronic, i. e. in a confused or
mixed state (applied to a jumble of
languages).
306
MACAROON
MAQQOT
maoavoon, (F.— Ital.— L.) Y^maca-
ron, phmacarons, *macarons, little fritter-
like buns, . . also the same as macaroni ; '
Cot — Ital. maccaroni (above). % Now
applied to a kind of biscuit
jkacaw, a kind of parrot. (Caribbean.)
Said to be the native name in the Antilles
(Webster). Brazilian-m^a^ (Cent. Diet.)*
ICace (0> & ^^^ o^ <^lu^> (F— L.)
O. F. mace (F. »Mfw^).— Folk-L. *mattea,
a beetle, only preserved in dimin. mateola^
a little beetle. See Korting. % Bat see
Franck (s. v. nutselen).
Mace (a), a kind of spice. (F.— L.—
Gk. - Skt.?) F. macis, mace (O. F.
maceis, macis, Godefiroy). It seems to
have been oonfosed with M. F. macer,
which < is not mace, as many imagine,
but a reddish, aromaficall, and astringent
rind of a certain Indian root ' ; Cot Both
prob. from L. macer ^ macir, i. e. the ' rind
of a great root, which beareth the name of
the tree itself,' Holland, tr. of Pliny, xii. 8.
-Gk. fciir^; doubtless of Eastern origin.
Macerate, to soften by steeping. (L.)
From pp. of L. mdcerare, to steep; fre-
quent, from a base mSC'.
Madline. (F.—L.~Gk.) ¥. machine.
-i L. mdcktna. — Gk. ixrjfxarii, a device,
machine ; cf. ft^X'^f means. (^M AGH.)
Allied to MEsy (i).
Mackerel, a fish. (F.-L.) O.F.
makerel (F. maquereau). From Late L.
maquerellus. Of imknown origin.
iKacldlltOSlit a waterproof overcoat.
(Gael.) GaeL Mack-intosh, the name of
the inventor.
MacrOCOSniy the whole universe.
(Gk.) Gk. iJU3ucp6'S, long, great ; «<5<r/«oy,
the world. Cf. microcosm.
Maculate, to defile. (L.) From pp.
of L. maculdre, to spot.-L. macula, j.
spot, dimm. of a form *maca, not used.
Der. immaculate^ orig. a pp.
Mad. (E-) The vowel was fo"»S"^y
sometimes long. U.E. moody mad. The
M. E. mOd is from A. S. (^ym^ded, mad-
dened, shortened to is^-)mSdd (cf. fat),
pp. of ge-madan, to drive ^^'^^^
Me maad answers to A.S. madx cf.
ll'J^Zui, Corp Gloss, "os^ence
mad-^, madneg (p^J^2nt ?^^iS\
med foolish ; C H. G. gtmeit, vam , icei.
"ZidS^. pp. of mei^a to maim hurt ;
/^ ..u JL. Jif/iiAs maimed, i ne ong. sense
^L'ifor^tU^inju^^
Madam, my lady. (F. - L.) F.
madame, i.e. ma dame, my lady. » I..
mea domino, my lady ; see Dame.
Madder, a plant. (E.) M. K. mader,
madir. A. S. maddre ; also madere, ^
Icel. maOra, Du. mede, mee.
Madeira, a sort of wine. rPort * L.)
Named from the isle oi Madeira ^ i.e. * (h«
weU-wooded.*-Port. madeira ^ woo<l« tim-
ber. — L. mdteria^ ttufTf wood, tlmti«r.
See Matter (i).
Mademoieelle, misi. (F..-L.) F,
ma, my ; demoitelle, damsel ; see Damael.
niadmina, my lady* (Ital-K.) Itnl.
ma, my ; dmna, la<ly, from \*, domina ;
see Dame*
Madrepore, coral. (F. - Ital. - L,
and Gk^ F. madr/pore, — Ital. madre-
pora. Tne lit sense is ' mother-stone/ a
fanciftil name, due to the existence of such
terms as madre-selva, honeysuckle Hit.
mother- wood), madre-bosco^ woodbine (lit.
mother-bush), madre-perla, mothi*r'0(
pearl. Here madre is from L. mutretn,
ace. of mdter, mother; see Mother.
Pora is from (ik. icSfpot, a light frlabl^'
stone, also a stalactite. % But th<* ^ot**.
has certainly been understood prob. p$h
understood) as connected mihpore, wVf.4^
numerous scientific terms such as foUm
pora, tubi'Pora, dentipora, gemmtp^^
< Scientific' etymology is ""*"■";- rfi m
and frequently wrong. We may #>Me:«
that F. and ^pore have \jm»
in the place of Gk. awpfff, \/y
ideas. See Fore.
Madrigal, a pastora)
L.— Gk.) Ital. madrigate a
pastoral ditty; for ^/tf»^i <
also gives mandriaU,
man, also a
a herd, flock««»J
stable. — Gk. yMi/tpB
durd, stable. CThe
'ic'dlis»)
magattn (F.
a storehooK ^
makh%an, a
laving sp m,
»*. i^
of
K.-L.
MALISON
MAMMOTH
dated. — L. ntale, adv., badly; G, hager,
thin, lean (Koiting).
malison, a curse. (F.-L.) A. F.
maUison ; O. F. fnalison^ popular form of
malediction ; see Malediction above. (So
also benison for benediction,)
Malkin, a kitchen- wench. (F. —
O.H.G.) Malkin is for Maid-kin, the
dimin. of Maid, Mold, or Maud, i.e.
Matilda. See Grimalkin. % Not the
dimin. of Mary \ cf. ' Malkyne, or Mawt,
Molt ,Mawde, Matildis^ Matilda ; ' Prompt.
Parv.
ISall (i)> a large wooden hammer. (F.
— L.) M. E. malle.^O.Y, mcUy maily
F. mail, ' a mall ' ; Cot. — L. malleum, ace.
of malleus, a hammer.
mall (2), the name of a public walk.
(F. - Ital. - G. and L.) In Pall Mall, and
the Mall in St. Jameses Park. Named from
Y^, pall-mall \ yi.Y, pale-maille, because
the game so called was played there ; this
game of pall-mall was like the modern
croqttet, which is imitated from it. — M.
Ital. palamaglioy * a stick with a mallet at
one end/ for playing the game of pall-
mall ; Florio. Also spelt pcdlamaglio ;
lit. * mallet-ball.' - Ital. palla, a ball ;
niaglio, a mall. A hybrid word. — O. H. G.
palla, M. H. G. balle, G. ball^ a ball ; L.
malleum, ace. oi malleus, a hammer. See
Ball.
malleable. \ F. - L.) M. F. malleable,
' malleable, hammerable, pliant to the
hammer ; ' Cot. From obs. L. *malledre,
to hammer, of which the pp. malledtus
occurs. — L. malleus, a hammer.
mallet, a small mall. (F. — L.)
M.E. maillet. — F. maillet, 'a mallet*;
Cot. Dimin. of F. mail', see Mall (i)
above.
Mallard, a wild drake. (F.-L.) M.E.
malard. — O. F. tnalard; formed, with
suffix -ard (of G. origin, from G. hart),
from O. F. male, male. See Male. The
suffix -^Lrd was particularly applied to
males, so that the idea of *■ male appears
twice.
Malleable, Mallet ; see MaU.
Mallecho, malefaction, mischief.
(Span. — L.) Hamlet, iii. 2. 147.— Span.
malhecho, ' misdone ; an euill deed ; *
Minsheu. — Span, mal, ill ; AecAo, done,
pp. of Aacer, to do. — L. male, ill ; /actus,
pp. of fiuere, to do. See Fact.
MaUow. a plant. (L.) M. £. malwe.
* A. S. malwe ; borrowed from L. malua.
a mallow. + Gk. /laKaxri {^*fui\faxTf), a
mallow ; named from its emollient pro-
perties ; cf. Gk. fjLakAfffffiy, to make soft,
fAoXaKSs, soft, mild. Cf. Malaohite.
Malmsey, a strong sweet wine. (F. —
Gk.) A corruption of M. £. malvesie,
malmsey. — A. F. malvesy (Ducange) ; F,
fnalvoisie, ^ malmesie ' ; Cot. From Mal-
vasia, now called Napoli di Malvasia or
Monemvasia (fiov-ffifiaaia), a town on the
£. coast of Lacedaemonia in Greece.
Malt, grain steeped in water. (E.)
M. E. and O. Merc, ntalt. A. S. mealt,
malt. — Teut. *mcdt-, 2nd grade of *mel-
tan-, to melt, hence to steep, soften. 4"
Du. mout ; Icel. Dan. Swed. mcUt*, O.H. (i.
malz, malt, also soft, allied to Skt. mrdu-,
L. mollis, soft. See Melt.
Maltreat. (F. — L.) Y,maltraiter,\,o
treat ill. — L. ntaJe, ill ; tractdre, to handle,
treat ; see Treat.
malversation. (F.-L.) Y. mal-
versation, ' misdemeanor ; ' Cot. (Hence
fraudulent behaviour.) — F. malverser, to
behave ill. — L. male, ill ; uersdri, to be
engaged in, from uersdre, frequent, form
of uertere, to turn ; see Verse.
Mamalnke, Mameluke, an Egyp-
tian^light horse-soldier. (F. — Arab.)
M. r. Mamaluc ; Cot. — Arab, mamluk, a
purchased slave or captive, lit. * possessed.*
— Arab, root malaka, he possessed.
Mamma. (E.) Also mama; for ma
ma, a mere repetition of ma, an in-
fantine syllable. Many other languages
have something like it; cf. F. maman.
Span. Du. and G. manui, Ital. and L.
mamma, a child's word for mother.
Manunalia, the class of animals that
suckle their young. (L.") From L. mam-
mdlis (neut. pi. mammdlid), belonging lo
the breasts. — L. mamma, the breast.
Brugm. i. $ 587 (3).
mammillaxy, pertaining to the
breasts. (L.) From L. mammilldris,
adj. ; formed from L. mamma, the breast.
Mammon. (L* — Gl^* - Syriac.) L.
mammona^^ij^, /MfMuyds, Matt. vi. 24.—
Syr. mamond, which occurs in Chaldee
Targums, and in the Syriac version of
St. Matthew, and means 'riches.' Cf.
Heb. matmon, a hidden treasure, from
tdman, to hide.
Mammoth. (Russ. — Tatar.) Russ.
mamanf, a mammoth, species of elephant.
— Siberian mammoftt. From Tatar mam-
ma, the earth; because the Siberian
310
MAN
MANQE
peasants thought the animal burrowed in
the earth like the mole, as they could not
otherwise account for the finding Of the
remains of these animals.
Kan. (E.) M. E. nian, A. S. mann.
4"Du. tfian, Icel. mann- ^madr, Swed. man,
Dan. f/mndy Goth, manna, G. mann ;
allied to Skt. manu-, a man.
manilriii, manalrin, a dwarf, small
man. (F. — Du.) M. F. manequin^ * a
puppet.' — M. Du. manneken (Hexham);
double dimin. of Du. man^ a man.
mankind, the race of men. (E.) A. S.
mancynn^ mankind. -■ A. S. m^i, man ;
cynn, kind, race ; see Kin.
Manacle* a handcuff. (F.-L.) M. E.
ffianacUy also manyc^.^Y. nianiclc'^'L.
manicula, dimin. of manica, a long sleeve,
gauntlet, handcuff. — L. manus, the hand.
See Manual.
managei government of a horse, con-
trol, administration. (F. — Ital.— L.) Orig.
a sb., but now superseded by management.
See Rich. 11. iiL 3. 1 79. — M.F. manege, * the
manage, or managing of a horse ; ' Cot. —
Ital. mofteggio, * a managing, a handling ; '
Florio. — Ital. mano, the hand. — L. manus,
the hand. Der. manage, vb.
Kanateei & sea-cow. (Span. — W.
Indian.) Span, manati, a sea-cow. From
its name in the language of Hayti.
Man chin eel, a tree. (F.—Span.-
L.) So called from its apple-like fruit.—
F. mancenille, the fruit of the manchineel
tree.— Span, manzanilla, the same; also
manzanillo, a little apple-tree, the man-
chineel tree ; dimin. of Span, manzanaj
an apple; O. Span, mazana (Diez). — L.
A/a/idna, fem. of Matidnus, adj., the
epithet of a kind of apple ; lit. ' Matian.'
— L. Matiusy the name of a Roman gens.
Manciple, a purveyor, esp. lor a
college. (F. — L. ) M. E. manciple, — O.F.
mancipe, mancipUy a slave, servant; cf.
M. Ital. mancipioy a slave, farmer, manciple.
— L. mancipiumy a slave; orig. ^posses-
sion.' — L. mancip-y for mancepSy a taker in
hand. — L. man-us, band ; cap-ere, to take.
Mandarin, a Chinese governor of a
province. (Port. — Malay. ~ Skt.) Not a
Chinese, but Skt. word (through the
Portuguete). — Port, mandartmy a man-
darin. — Malay (and Hindu) mantriy a
counsellor, minister of state. — Skt. man-
/rin*f a counsellor; mahdmantrin- , the
prime minister. — Skt. mantra-y advice,
counsel. — Skt. many to think.
Mandate, a command. (F.—L.) M.F.
mandat, — L. manddiuniy a charge. — L.
manddtusy pp. of mandate y to enjoin ;
lit. to put into one's hand. — L. man-us,
hand ; dare, to give ; see Manual and
Date. Brufi^. i. § 589 (2, b).
Mandible, a jaw. (L.) L. mandibula,
jaw. — L. mandere, to chew. .
Mandilion, a soldier's cloak. (Ital. —
Span. — Arab. — L.) See Nares. Ital.
mandiglione, * a mandillion, souldier's
iacket ; ' Florio. —Span, mandil, a coarse
apron. — Arab, mandil, a table-cloth,
towel, mantle. — L. manttle, a napkin.
Mandolin, a guitar. (F. — Ital. - Gk.
F. mandoline. — Ital. mandoline , dimin.
of mandola, mandora^ a kind of guitar.
Variants of Ital. pandora. See further
under Banjo.
Mandrake, a narcotic plant. (F.— L.
— Gk.) M. E. mandrake, maftdrage\
fuller form mandragores ; cf. mandragoray
Othello, iii. 3. — O. F. mandragore (Ital.
and Span, mandragord). — L. mandra-
goras. — Gk. fxcardpayopasy the mandrake.
Mandrel, the revolving axis to which
turners fix their work in a lathe. (F.—
Gk. ?) From F. mandrin, a punch, a
mandrel. Perhaps from Gk. fMv^pa, an
enclosed space, sheepfold, also used to
mean * the bed in which the stone of a
ring is set/ much like E. mandrel. See
Madrigal. But cf. Oscan mamphur, part
of a lathe ; Brugm. i. §§ 571, 757.
Mane* (E.) A. S. manu ; cf. Icel.
mon (gen. ptan-ar), a mane; Swed. and
Dan. ptan, -f" ^^- Ptaan, M. Du. mane ;
G. mahne, O. H. G. mana. Cf. W.
myngen, mane, from mivn, neck; Irish
muincey collar, from muin, neck ; Skt.
manydy the tendon forming the nape of
the neck ; L. monile, neck-lace. Orig. sense
' neck ' ; hence ' hair on the neck.'
Manege, the same as Manage.
Manganese, a metal. (F.— Ital.—
Gk.) An old term, newly applied.
' Manganese, so called from its likeness iu
colour and weight to the magnes or load-
stone, is the most universal material used
in making glass ; ' Blount, ed. 1674. —
M.F. manganese (Cot.). — Ital. mangofuse,
* SL stuffe or stone to make glasses with ;
also, a kind of minerall stone ; ' Florio.
A perverted form of magnesia, as shewn
in the Cent. Diet. ; cf. mangnet for magnet
in Palsgrave ; see Magnet.
I Mange, scab or itch in dogs. (F.— L.)
3"
MANGER
MANSE
Made out of adj. mangy, an older word.—
F. mangSi eaten, fed on ; pp.* of manger^
to eat. — L. tnafiduc&re^ to eat. — L. man-
ducus, a glutton. — L. mandere^ to chew.
Cf. M. F. mangeson, an itch.
man{fer, a feeding-trough. (F. — L.)
M. E. maungeur, Cath. Angl. — O. F.
niangeure ; F. mangeoire,^¥ . manger ^ to
eat (above).
Mangel-wnrsel, (properly) a kind
of beet. (G.) Corrupted from G. man-
gold'Wurzely lit. * beet-root.' — G. mangold
(M. H. G. mangolt)y beet, derived by
Schade from the personal name Manegold\
wurzely root, allied to E. Wort (i).
Blaagle (i), to mutilate. (Perhaps
F.-G.) In Sir T. More, Works, p. 538.
We find Anglo-F. mangier , to mangle
(Godefroy) ; and mahangler^ to maim, in
Langtoft*s Chron. i. 254. Frequent, form
of O. F. mahaigner, to maim. — O. F.
mahaingy a maim, hurt. See Maim.
Iff angle (2), a roller for smoothing
linen ; to smooth linen. (Du. ~ Late L. —
Gk.) Borrowed from Du. mangelen, to
mangle, roll with a rolling-pin; mangel-
stoky a rolling-pin, cylinder for smoothing
linen. The corresponding Ital. word is
mangano^ 'a kind of presse .to presse
buckrom ; ' Florio. Both Du. and Ital.
words are from Late L. manganum, man-
gona^ a military instrument for throwing
stones, worked with an axis and winch.
Indeed, the Ital. mangano also means a
mangonel. — Gk. ^ttovov, a machine for
defending forts, also the axis of a pulley.
mangonelf a war-engine. (F.— Late
L. — Gk.) O. F. mangonel (later man-
gonneau\ a mangonel. — Late L. man-
gonelluSy dimin. of mangona (above).
MailgOy a fniit. (Port. — Malay. —
Tamil.) Port. m^7»^. — Malay manggd,
formerly mangkdy the mango-fruit. The
Malay word is of Tamil origin. — Tamil
mdnkdy^ i. e. * mdn-ivaixty the tree being
mdmarum, i.e. »M«-tree' (Yule).
Mangonel ; see Mangle (2).
MangOSteen, a fruit. (Malay.) For-
merly mangoslan. — Malay manggustan
(Scott) ; manggTsta (Marsden).
Mangrove. (Hybrid; Malay <!»// E.)
' A sort of trees called mangroves ; * Eng.
Gamer, vii. 371 ; A. d. 1689. Meant, as I
suppose, for mang-groveSy from the pecu-
liar growth in groves or thickets. — Malay
manggi-manggi^ the name for the tree
(Crawford).
ManiAi frenzy. (L.~Gk.) \^,fnania,
— Gk. ttavlay frenzy, orig. mental excite-
ment f cf. iiivosy mind. Der. mania-c,
F. maniaaue.
Manifest, apparent. (F. — L.) F.
mantfeste.^'L, mantfestus, evident. The
lit. sense is doubtful. — L. mani-, for
manus, hand ; -festtiSy apparently the same
as in in-festus, hostile. It has been doubt-
fully connected with -fendere^ to strike, as
in of'fendere.
manifestOf a written declaration.
(Ital. — L.) Ital. manifesto y sb. — Ital.
manifesto f adj., manifest.— L. manifestus
(above).
Manifold; see Many.
"^^^^^i Trill ; see Man.
Manioc, the cassava-plant. (Brazil.)
Brazil, manioc ; whence Port, mandioca.
Maniple, a handful, small band of
men, priest's scarf. (L.) L. manipulusy a
handful, a wisp of straw used as an ensign,
a band of men round such an ensign.—
L. mani', for manus, hand; -pulus, lit.
filling, from the weak grade (/»/) of the
root *pUy to fill ; cf. L. ple-nus, full. Cf.
L. disci-puluSy a disciple.
manipulate, to handle. (L.) A
coined word, and ill coined. Cf. L.
manipuldtimy adv., by troops ; but it was
rather made directly out of the sb. mani-
pulus (above).
Manito, a spirit, fetish. (Algonkin.)
Algonkin manito, manitu, a spirit, demon.
(Cuoq.)
Mankind ; see Man.
Manna. (L.— Gk. — Heb.) 1.. manna.
— Gk. nhfva, — Heb. man, manna, p.
Hardly from Heb. man hu, what is this?
Exod. xvi. 15; but from man, (it is) a
gift ; cf. Arab, mann, favour, also manna.
Manner, way. (F.— L.) yi.E^manere.
— A. F. manere, M. F. maniere, manner,
habit (Cot.) ; Late L. maneria, — L.
manus y the hand.
mancanvre. (F. — L.) ¥,manauvrey
properly, handiwork. — Late L. manuopera,
also manopera, a working with the hand.
— L. manHy abl. of manuSf hand ; opera,
work ; see Operate.
ManoVf (formerly) a residence for a
nobleman. (F. — L.) O. F. manair, a
mansion. — O. F. maMoir, maneir, to dwell.
— L. manere ; see Mansion.
manse, a clergyman's house, in Scot-
land. (L.) Late L. mansa, a farm, dwell-
ing. — L. mansus, pp. of manere (below).
313
MANSION
MARAVEDI
manflioil. (F. — L.) O.Y.mansiony
a dwelling-place. — L. mansionem^ ace. ojf
mansio, an abiding, abode. *L. mansus^
pp. of manerej to remain, dwell. + Gk.
fUvfiu, to stay, remain. (y'MEN.)
Maatelf a shelf over a fire-place.
(F. — L.) The same word as mantle below ;
in old fire-places, it projects like a hood,
to catch the smoke. Der. mantel-shelfy
mantel-piece.
mantilla, a long head-dress. (Span.
— L.) Span, mantilla ; dimin. of manto^
a cloak, veil (below).
mantle, a cloak, covering. (F. — L.)
M. E. manteL^O.Y. mantel, later man-
teaUf * a cloke, also the mantle-tree of a
chinmey ; ' Cot.— L. mantel lum^ a napkin,
also a cloak; cf. L. mantiUf a towel.
We also find Late L. mantum, a short
cloak, whence Ital. and Span. mantOf F.
mante, a mantle. Ber. mantle, vb., to
form a covering upon, to gather a scum
on a surface. Brugm. i. §§ 134(1), 483 (7).
Mantua, a lady's gown. (Ital.) 'Man-
toe or Mantua gown, a loose upper gar-
ment,' &c. ; Phillips (1706). Manto is
from Ital. manto, a mantle (see mantle) ;
but Mantua gown must refer to Mantua
in Italy, though this connexion arose from
mere confusion. Der. mantua-maker.
Manual, done by the hand. (F. — L.)
Formerly manuel, — L. manudlis,__ adj.,
from manus, the hand*. (^M£, to
measure ; Brugm. ii. § 106.)
manufacture. (F.~L.) Y, manu-
facture y M. F. manifacture, lit. a making
by the hand.-iL. manHy abl. of manus,
hand ; fcutUra^ a making, boxxifacere, to
make.
manumit, to release a slave. (L.)
L. manumittere (pp. manumissus), to re-
lease, lit. to send away from one's hand. —
L. manU, abl. of manuSf hand ; mittere, to
send ; see Mission. Der. manumission,
from the pp.
manure, vb. (F. - L.) Formerly
simply * to till,' or to work with the
hand ; Othello, i. 3. 328. A contracted
form of manoeuvre ; which see.
manuscript, written by the hand.
(L.) Properly an adj., but also as a sb.—
Late L. manuscriptum^ a thing written by
the hand. —L. manii, abl. oimanus, hand ;
scriptum, neut. of pp. aiscrlbere, to write ;
see Scribe.
Many. (£.) M. K. many, moni. A. S.
/fianigf monig, many ; see Sweet, N. £. Gr.
§ 1608. 4- l^u. menig\ Dan. mange, Swed.
mdnge, (perhaps) Icel. margr (Noreen,
359)1 Goth, manags, G. manck, O. H. G.
mancu. Teut. type *managoz. Allied
to Irish miniCf Gael, minig, W. mynych,
frequent, Russ. mnogie, pi. many. Der.
mani'fold ; see Foldl /
' Map. (F. — L.) The oldest maps repre- Y
senteothe world, and were called mappe^
mounde. This is an O. F. form of L. mappa
mundi, map of the world. L. mappa
meant a napkin, hence a painted cloth.
See Mop. Der. apron, napery, napkin.
Maple, a tree. (£.) M. £. maple,
mapuL A. S. mapel-, mapul- ; whence
fii^ul-treo, mapulder, a maple-tree.
Mar, to injure. (£.) M. £. merren.
O. Merc, -merran, in comp. dmerran, to
hinder ; A . S. dmyrran, to obstruct, waste,
hinder ; cf. gemearr, an impediment. -^
M. Du. merren, Du. marren, to retard;
O. H. G. marrjan, to hinder, vex ; Goth.
marzjan, to cause to stumble. Teut.
base *marz', Brugm. i. § 903 b.
marline, & small cord used for bind-
ing ropes. (Du.) Du. marlijn, also
marling, a marline. — Du. marren, to
bind, tie; and lijn, ling, from F. ligne,
a line. See Moor (2) ; and Line. Der.
marline'Spike.
Maraoou, Marabout, a kind of
African stork ; also, its downy feathers.
(F. — Port. — Span. — Arab.) F. marabout,
— Port, marabuto. — Span, morabito, a
Mahommedan sage. — Arab, murdbit,
quiet, still ; a hermit, sage ; a religious
sage among the Berbers (whence the bird's
name came). Cf. Maravedi.
Maranatlia, our Lord cometh.
(Syriac.) Syriac mdran athd, our Lord
cometh ; cf. Arab, mdr, lord (from Syriac).
Marasdiino, a cordial. (Ital.— L.)
Ital. maraschino. ^ Ital. marasca,amarasca,
a black and sour cherry. ^L. amdrus,
bitter.
Maraud, to wander in quest of plunder.
(F.) M. F. marauder, * to play the rogue,
beg;' Cot. — F. maraud, a rogue, vaga-
bond. £tym. disputed. Bugge connects
it with F. mat, evil ; as if for *malaud
(Late L. *malaidus),
Maravedi, a very small coin. (Span.
— Arab.) Span, maravedi, the smallest
I Spanish coin ; orig. a gold coin first
struck during the dynasty of the Almora-
z/ides at Cordova, A. D. 1094- 1 144. Cf.
Port, maravedim, marabitino, a maravedi.
313
MARBLE
MARK
— Arab. Mur&bittn^ the Arab, name of the
above-mentioned dynasty ; pi. of murdbit ;
see Marabou.
Marble. (F. - L.) M. E. fnarhel\
also marbre, — O. F. marbre, — L. mar-
morem, ace. of marmor, marble, con-
sidered as a masc. sb. ; but it is com-
monly neuter. + Gk. /idpfAopoSy explained
as a glistening white stone, ^ as if from
fjLapfuupeiv, to sparkle ; cf. ptaipaf dog-star,
lit. ^ sparkler.' See Marmoset.
MarcasitOy a kind of iron pyrites.
(F. — Span. — Pers.) F. tnarcassite, — Span.
marquesita.^Vtx^ marqashishd (Devic,
Viillers).
Marcescent, withering. (L.) L.
marcescent', stem, of pres. pt. of marce-
scere, inceptive form oimarcerct to wither,
lit. to grow soft. Brugm. i. § 413 (8).
March (i)j a border, frontier. (£.)
M. £. marche, A. S. mearc (gen. dat. ace.
niearce)y a mark, boundary. Cf. A. F.
marche. See Mark (2). .
March. (2), to walk with regular steps.
(F.— L.? or G.?) F. marcher^ to march.
Of disputed origin ; perhaps from a LAte
L. *fnarcare, to beat (hence to tramp),
from marcuSf a hammer (Scheler).
March (3)> the name of a month.
(F.— L.) A. F. Marz (pron. marts). —
L. Martins, the montn dedicated to
Mars.
Marchioness. (Low L. - G.) The
proper F. form is marquise \ the £.
marchioness answers to Low L. marchio-
nissa, formed with fem. sufhx -issa (Gk.
'laaa) from Low L. marckionem, ace. of
marchio, a prefect of the marches. — Low
L. marchay a boundary. — O. H. G. marcha,
a boundary. See Mark (2).
Marchpane« a sweet cake, made with
almonds and sugar. (F. — Ital.) O. F.
marcepain ; now massepain. — Ital. mar-
ciapane^ marzapane, a marchpane ; Florio.
Origin of marcia unexplained, but prob.
from a proper name (such as L. Martia) :
pane is from Lat. ace. pdnem, bread.
Mare. (E.) M. E. mere. A. S. mere,
fem. form of mearh, a horse.+Icel. merr,
fem. of marr^ a steed; Dan. mijer^ Swed.
mdrr, E. Fries, mdre^ Du. merrie\ G.
mdhre, O. H. G. meriha, fem. of O. H. G.
marahy a battle-horse. Cf. Irish and Gael,
marCy W. and Corn, marchy a horse, a
stallion. Idg. masc. type ^markos^ a horse.
Cf. Marshal.
Margpin. (L.) L. margin-y stem of
margOy a border, brink ; cognate with
Mark (a).
MargraTCi a lord of the marches.
(Du.) Du. markgraafy a margrave. — Du.
tnark, a boundary, march ; graafy a count.
So also G. markgraf, (That the word is
Du. appears from fiie fem. form margra-
vine, which answers to Du. markgrazfin,
not to G. markgrdfin,)
Marilfold, a plant. (Heb. and E.)
Compounded of Mary (from the Virgin
Mary) and gold (from its colour).
Marine. (F.— L.) F. marin. — L.
martnuSy belonging to the sea.i-L. mare,
sea ; cognate with Mere (i). Der.
marin-er,
Marish, a marsh. (F.— L.) M. £.
maris y marais.^K, F. mareis.^'LaXe L.
*marensisy adj. from L. marey lake, sea.
Prob. confused with Late L. mariscus,
from Low G. marsch, a marsh. See
Marsh.
Maritaly belonging to a husband. (F.
— L.) F. marital, — L. maritdliSy adj.
formed from maritus, a husband. This
is a masc. sb. made to accompany L.
marita, a woman provided with a hus-
band. — L. mari; for mSs, a man, husband;
see MasouUne.
Maritime, pertaining to the sea. (F.
— L.) F. maritime. — L. maritimus,
formed with suffix -timus from mari-,
for marey sea.
MfUJoram, a plant. (F.-L. — Gk.)
M. E. majoran (without r). — O. F. mujo-
rane (Godefroy) ; F. marjolaine. Cf.
Ital. majoranay Span, mayoranay Port.
maioranoy marjoram. Late L. majordna,
majoraca\ variously corrupted from L.
amdracus. — Gk. dfiapcucoiy marjoram.
Mark ( I ), a stroke, sign. (E.) M.E.
merke. A. S. mearc, fem., mark, sign.+
Du. merky Icel. mark, Swed. mdrke, Dan.
mcerkey G. marke, M. H. G. marc, a
mark. Cf. also Lith. margasy marked, '
variegated. Perhaps related to Mark (2),
which seems to be an older word.
Mark (2), a march, limit, boundary.
(E.) A. S. mearc y fem.+0. Sax. uiarka ;
TiM.mark'y G. marky fem.,O.H.G.;//df/rAtz;
Goth, marka, confine, coast. So also Icel.
m'orky f., a forest (orig. a boundary). Tent,
type, *markay fem. Allied to L. margo,
a margin, Zend merezu, Pers. marz, a
border ; O. Irish mruig.
Mark (3), a coin. (E.) M.E. marky
A.S. mearc y niarCy a coin ; a weight equal
314
MARKET
MARROW
to half a pound; O. Fries. pterk.'^'Dvi.
mark; G. niark, a weight of silver, a
coin; Jcel. mbrk, fi, Orig. a particular
weight. There is nothing to connect it
with Mark (i).
Market. (F.-L.) Late A. S. market,
from Picard F. market, [Cf. Du. G.
markt ; F. marchi, O. Prov. mercatz, Ital.
mercatOy a market.] i-L. mercdtus, traffic,
also a market (whence G, markt, Sec). ^
L. mercStus, pp. of mercdrty to trade ; see
Mercantile. (Pogatscher.)
Marl, a rich eaith. (F.— L.— C.)
O. F. marU (F. mame) ; Picard marie,
«-Late L. margila, dimin. of Late L.
marga, marl ; of Celtic origin (Pliny).
Ibrline ; see Mar.
Marmalade. (F. - Port. - L. - Gk.)
F. marmekkje, Cot. — Port, marmelada,
orig. a conserve of quinces. — Port, mar-
melo, a quince. —L. melimelum, lit. honey-
apple ; also a quince. — Gk. fxtkifirjXov, a
sweet apple, apple grafted on a quince. —
Gk. /UKi, honey ; fi^koVy an apple ; see
Melon.
Marmoset, a small American monkey.
(F.— L.) Mnch older than the discovery
of America ; M. £. marmosette, a kind of
ape (Maundeville, p. 210). — M.F. mar^
moset, F. marmauset, * the cock of a cistern
or fountain, any antick image from whose
teats water trilleth, any puppet or antick ;*
Cot. Thus it meant a grotesque creature,
orig. a grotesque ornament on a fountain.
Formed, by a Parisian change of r to s, as
in chaise for chaire (a chair), from Late L.
mamioretum, a thing made in marble, ap-
plied to fountains. [Thus the rue des mar-
mousets in Paris was called in Late Latin
vtcus marmorStdrum ; Littre.] — L. mar-
mor, marble ; see Marble. % This seems
to be correct; at the same time, the
transference in sense from * image ' to
* ape * was certainly helped on by confu-
sion with F. marmot, *■ a marmoset, or
little monkey ; * which is a different word
from E. marmot (see below).
Marmotf a mountain-rat. (F. — Ital.
— L.) F. marfnotte.^ltal. marmotta, an
ape, substituted for marmotana, 'the
mountain-rat, a marmotan* (Torriano), a
marmot. From the Romansch (Grisons)
name murmont ; O. H. G. murmuntt,
muremunto, a marmot. — L. mur-, stem
of piiis, moose ; and mont-, stem of fnons^
mountain. Thus the sense is * mountain-
mouse.* (See Diez.)
Maroon (i), brownish crimson. (F.)
F. marron, a chestnut (hence, chestnut-
colour. Cf. Ital. marrofu, M. Ital. marone,
a chestnut (of unknown origin).
Maroon (2), to put ashore on a deso-
late island. (F.— Span.) From F. marron,
adj., fugitive, applied to a fugitive slave
who takes refuge in woods. [Hence E.
maroon, to treat as a fugitive, cause to
be fugitive.] A clipped form of Span.
cimarron, wild, unruly; hence, savage.
Of unknown origin. % Negro cimarron
or cimarron was an everyday phrase for
a fugitive slave hidden in the mountains,
in Cuba, about A. D. 1846.
Marque, letters of. (F. - G.) A
letter of marque was a permission by a
ruler to make reprisals on the country of
another ruler; it had particular reference
to passing beyond the march or limit of
ones own country. — O. F. marque, a
boundary. — M. H.G. marke, a boundary;
see Mark (a) above. See marcha (i) in
Ducange.
marqnee, a large tent. (F.— Low L.
— G.) ¥oT marquees; the j being dropped
because it was thought to be a plural
form. An E. spelling of F. marquise, a
large tent; orig. a tent for a marchioness
or lady of rank. — F. marquise, a mar-
chioness, fem. of marquis J a marquis ; see
marquis below.
marqness. (Span'. -Low I — G.)
Span, marques, a marquis ; see marquis.
marqnis. (F.— LowL.— G.) M. £.
markis. — O. F. markis, later marquis, * a
marquesse, governour of a frontire town ; *
Cot. — Low L. marchensist a prefect of the
marches. — O. H. G. marcha, a march or
boundary. See Mark (2). ^The true
O. F. form was marchis; altered to
markis by the influence of Ital. marchese.
Marqnetry, inlaid work. (F. -
M. H. G.) F. marqueterie, inlaid work.
— F. marqueter, to inlay, diversify, orig.
to mark slightly with spots; iterative
form of marquer, to mark. — F. marque,
a mark. — M. H. G. mark, G. marke, a
mark. See Mark (i).
Marrow, pith. (E.) M. E. marow,
mary. O. Merc, merg^ A. S. mearh (dat.
mearge). + Du. merg, Icel. mergr, Swed.
merg, Dan. marv, G. mark, O. H. G.
marag; also W. mer, Com. maru. Further
allied to Russ. mozg\ Zend mazga, mar-
row; Skt. majjan^ marrow of bones, pith of
trees. Idg. type ma^ho* ; Brugm. i. § 642.
315
MARBLE
MARK
— Arab. Murdbitirty the Arab, name of the
above-mentioned dynasty ; pi. of murdbit ;
see Marabou.
Marble. (F. - L.) M. E. marbel;
also marbre. — O. F. marbre, — L. mar-
moremy ace. of marmoTy marble, con-
sidered as a masc. sb. ; but it is com-
monly neuter. 4- ^k* tMLp/iapos, explained
as a glistening white stone, ^ as if from
/mpfuupdVy to sparkle ; cf. fuupay dog-star,
lit. ' sparkler.' See Marmoset.
BEarcasitef a kind of iron pyrites.
(F. — Span. — Pers.) F. marcassite, — Span.
marquesita.'^Vtx^ marqashlshd (Devic,
VUllers).
Marcescent, withering. (L.) L.
marcescent'y stem, of pres. pt. of marce-
scerCt inceptive form olntarcerCy to wither,
lit. to grow soft. Brugm. i. § 413 (8).
March. (i)> a border, frontier. (£.)
M. E. marche, A. S. mearc (gen. dat. ace.
nuarce)y a mark, boundary. Cf. A. F.
marche. See Mark (2).
Marcll (2), to walk with regular steps.
(F. — L.? or G.?) F. marcher y to march.
Of disputed origin ; perhaps from a Late
L. *fnarcarey to beat (hence to tramp),
from marcusy a hammer (Scheler).
March. (S)* the name of a month.
(F.— L.) A. F. Marz (pron. marts). —
L. MartiuSy the month dedicated to
Mars,
Marchioness. (LowL.~G.) The
proper F. form is marquise \ the £.
marchioness answers to Low L. marchio-
nissay formed with fem. suffix -issa (Gk.
-laaa) from Low L. marchionemy ace. of
marchiOy a prefect of the marches. — Low
L. marchay a boundary. — O. H. G. marchOy
a boundary. See Mia.rk (2).
MarchpanCy & sweet cake, made with
almonds and sugar. (F. — Ital.) O. F.
marcepain ; now massepain. — Ital. mar-
ciapanCy marzapatUy a marchpane ; Florio.
Origin of marcia unexplained, but prob.
from a proper name (such as L. Martia) :
pane is from Lat. ace. pdnem, bread.
Mare. (E.) M. E. mere. A. S. merey
fem. form of meark, a horse.+Icel. merr,
fem. of marTj a steed; Dan. mar, Swed.
marry E. Fries, mdrey Du. merrie\ G.
mdhrey O. H. G. meriha^ fem. of O. H. G.
marahy a battle-horse. Cf. Irish and Gael.
murCy W. and Corn, marchy a horse, a
stallion. Idg. masc. type *markoSy a horse.
Cf. Marshal.
Margin. (L.) L. margin-y stem of
margOy a border, brink ; cognate with
Mark (2).
Margrave, a lord of the marches.
(Du.) Du. markgraafy a margrave. — Du.
mark, a boundary, march ; graaf, a count.
So also G. markgraf, (That the word is
Du. appears from fiie fem. form margra-
viney which answers to Du. markgravin,
not to G. markgrajin.)
Marigold, a plant. (Heb. and E.)
Compounded of Afary (from the Virgin
Mary) and gold (from its colour).
Marine. (F.— L.) F. marin. -. L.
marinuSy belonging to the sea. — L. mare,
sea ; cognate wiSi Mere (i). Der.
martn-er,
Marish, a marsh. (F.— L.) M. K.
maris y marais.^A. F. mareis.'^LaXe Li,
*marensiSy adj. from L. mare, lake, sea.
Prob. confused with Late L. mariscus,
from Low G. marsch, a marsh. See
Marsh.
Marital, belonging to a husband. (F.
— L.) F. martial, — L, marttdlts, adj.
formed from marituSy a husband. This
is a masc. sb. made to accompany L.
martta, a woman provided with a hus-
band. — L. mart', for mdSy a man, husband;
see Masculine.
Maritime, pertaining to the sea. (F.
— L.) F. maritime. — L. maritimus,
formed with suffix -timus from mart-,
for marey sea.
Maijoram, a plant. (F.-L.-Gk.)
M. E. majoran (without r). — O. F. majo-
rane (Godefroy) ; F. marjolaine, Cf.
Ital. majoranay Span, mayorana. Port.
maioranay marjoram, Late L. majordna,
majoraca'y variously corrupted from L.
amdracus. ■- Gk. dfJtapoKoSy marjoram.
Mark ( I ), a stroke, sign. (E.) M.E.
merke, A. S. mearc, fem., mark, sign.«4-
Du. merky Icel. marky Swed. mdrke, Dan.
mcerkey G. marke, M. H. G. marCy a
mark. Cf. also Lilh. margasy marked,'
variegated. Perhaps related to Mark (2),
which seems to be an older word.
Mark (2), a march, limit, boundary.
(E.) A. S. mearc y fem.+O. Sax. marka ;
Du. mark ; G. marky fem., O.H.G. marcha ;
Goth, markuy confine, coast. So also Icel.
mbrky f., a forest (orig. a boundary). Teut.
type, *markdy fem. Allied to L. margo^
a margin, Zend merezu, Pers. marzy a
border ; O. Irish mruig,
Mark (3), a coin. (E.) M.E. mark,
A.S. mearc, marCy a coin ; a weight equal
314
MARKET
MARROW
to half a pound; O. Fries. m^r/&.<^Da.
mark; G. mark, a weight of silver, a
coin; Icel. morJk, p. Orig. a particular
weight. There is nothing to connect it
with Mark (i).
Market. (F.-L.) L&te A. S. market,
from Picard F. market, [Cf. Du. G.
markt ; F. marchi, O. Prov. mercatz, Ital.
mercato, a market.] *L. mercdtus, traffic,
also a market (whence G. markt, 8cc,),^
L. mercdius, pp. of mercdri, to trade ; see
Mercantile. (Pogatscher.)
Marl, a rich earth. (F.-L.-C.)
O. F. marie (F. mame) ; Picard marie.
^Late L. margila, dimin. of Late L.
marga, marl ; of Celtic origin (Pliny).
B^brlino \ see Mar.
Marmalade. (F. - Port. - L. - Gk.)
F. marmeliKJe, Cot. ■- Port, marmelada,
orig. a conserve of quinces. — Port, tnar*
mdOy a quince. — L. melimelum, lit. honey-
apple ; sdso a quince. — Gk. fitXifirfkov^ a
sweet apple, apple grafted on a quince. »
Gk. ft^Ai, honey; fitjkov, an apple; see
Melon.
Marmosetf a small American monkey.
(F.— L.) Mndi older than the discovery
of America ; M. £. marmosette, a kind of
ape (Maundeville, p. 210).— M.F. mar-
moset, F. marmotiset, * the cock of a cistern
or fountain, any antick image from whose
teats water trilleth, any puppet or antick ;*
Cot. Thus it meant a grotesque creature,
orig. a grotesque ornament on a fountain.
Formed, by a Parisian change of r to s, as
in chaise for chaire (a chair), from Late L.
marmoretum, a thing made in marble, ap-
plied to fountains. [Thus the rue des mar-
mousets in Paris was called in Late Latin
vicus marmoritorum ; Littre.] — L. mar-
mor, marble ; see Marble. % This seems
to be correct; at the same time, the
transference in sense from ' image ' to
' ape ' was certainly helped on by confu-
sion with F. marmot, * a marmoset, or
little monkey ; ' which is a different word
from £. marmot (see below).
Marmot, a mountain-rat. (F*. — Ital.
— L.) F. marmotte.^lXsX. marmotta, an
ape, substituted for marmotana, 'the
mountain-rat, a marmotan' (Torriano), a
marmot. From the Romansch (Grisons")
name murmont ; O. H. G. murmunti,
muremunto, a marmot. — L. mur-, stem
of mus, mouse ; and mont-, stem of tnons^
mountain. Thus the sense is * mountain-
mouse.' (See Diez.)
Maroon (1), brownish crimson. (F.)
F. marron, a chestnut (hence, chestnut-
colour. Cf. Ital. marrone, M. Ital. marone,
a chestnut (of unknown origin).
Maroon (2), to put ashore on a deso-
late island, (F.— Span.) From F. marron,.
adj., fugitive, applied to a fugitive slave
who takes refuge in woods. [Hence F.
maroon, to treat as a fugitive, cause to
be fugitive.] A clipped form of Span.
Cimarron, wild, unruly; hence, savage.
Of unknown origin. % Negro cimarron
or cimarron was an everyday phrase for
a fugitive slave hidden in the mountains,
in Cuba, about A. D. 1846.
Marqne, letters of. (F. - G.) A
letter of marque was a permission by a
ruler to make reprisals on the country of
another ruler; it had particular reference
to passing beyond the march or limit of
one s own country. — O. F. marque, a
boundary. — M. H.G. marke, a boundary;
see Mark (a) above. See marcha (i) in
Ducange.
marquee, a lai^e tent. (F. —Low L.
— G.) \ or marquees ; the J being dropped
because it was thought to be a plural
form. An £. spelling of F. marquise, a
large tent ; orig. a tent for a marchioness
or lady of rank. — F. marquise, a mar-
chioness, itxn,' oi marquis i a marquis ; see
marquis below.
marquess. (Span'. -Low L.-G.)
Span, marques, a marquis ; see marquis.
msurqnis. (F.— LowL.-G.) M. £.
markis. — O. F. markis, later marquis^ * a
marquesse, governour of a frontire town ; '
Cot. — Low L. marchensis, a prefect of the
marches. — O. H. G. marcha, a march or
boundary. See Mark (2). ^The true
O. F. form was marchisi altered to
markis by the influence of Ital. marchese.
Marquetry, inlaid work. (F. —
M. H. G.) F. marqueterie, inlaid work.
— F. marqueter, to inlay, diversify, orig.
to mark slightly with spots ; iterative
form of marquer, to mark. — F. marque,
a mark. — M. H. G. mark, G. marke, a
mark. See Mark (i).
Marrow, pith. (£.) M. E. marow,
mary. O. Merc, merg, A. S. mearh (dat.
mearge). + Du. merg, Icel. mergr, Swed.
merg, Dan. marv, G. mark^ O. H. G.
marag\ also W. mer. Com. martt. Further
allied to Russ. mo%g\ Zend mazga, mar-
row ; Skt. majjan, marrow of bones, pith of
trees. Idg. type masigho' ; Brugm. i. § 642.
315
MARRY
MASCULINE
Marry. (F.— L.) M. E. tnanm.^
F. marier.^L,, marttdre, to xnany.->L.
marittts, a husband ; see Marital.
Marshf a s^amp. (E.) M. E. mersch,
A. S. mersCf a marsh ; early form merisc<
*niar-is€t lit mere-ish, i. e. foil of meres or
pools.— A. S. mere (for *mart), a mere^
lake. See Mere (i).
Marshaly master of the horse. (F. —
O. H. G.) Lit. ' horse-servant/ a groom ;
it rose to be a title of honour. — M. F.
mareschal (F. marichat)^ 'a marshall, a
farrier,* Cot. — O. H. G. fttarascalh, lit.
horse-servant, a groom, i- O. H. G. ntarah,
a horse ; scalh^ a servant ; cf. Goth, skalks,
a servant. See Mare.
Marsupial. (L. - Gk.) Applied to
animals that carry their yoang m a sort
of ponch. « L. marsiipium^ a ponch. — Gk.
fuipffviriov, a little pouch, dimin. of
fidpffwros, a bag.
Martf a shortened form of market.
(F.— L.) In Hamlet, i. i. 74. Prob. in-
fluenced by Du. markt^ market (of Latin
origin). See Market.
martello tower, a watch-tower.
(Ital. — L.; and F.-L.) So called be-
cause the watchmen gave the alarm by
striking a bell with a hammer ; see
Ariosto, Orlando, x. 51 ; xiv. 100. From
Ital. martelloy a hammer ; Late L. mar-
tellus. Dimin. of Late L. martus » L.
marcus, a hamnier. See martus in Du-
cange.
Marteiii a kind of weasel. (F. ~ Low
L. — Teut.) Short for mortem (i6th cent.);
M. E. martrin (Lydg.), adj. made of mar-
ten's fur ; from O. F. martrin^ the same.
The M. E. sb. was marter^ martre.^Y,
martre, — Low L. pi. martures. Of Teut.
origin ; cf. Du. marter, G. marder, a
marten ; A. S. meardj Icel. Pidrdrj Swed.
m&rd, Dan. maar (for *nMard), a marten.
Martial, brave. (F. — L.) Y. martial.
• L. Martidlis, dedicated to Mars^ god of
war.
Martin, a bird. (F. — L.) F. martin, (i)
a proper name, Martin, (2) the same nnme
applied to various birds and animals. Thus
martin-pkheur is a kingfisher ; oiseau de
S, Martin is the ring-tail, and martinet
is a martin (Cot.). A nickname, like our
robin, jenny-wren, &c. ; so that the bird
is named after Martin as a proper name.
From L. Mart-, stem of Mars.
martinet, a strict disciplinarian. (F.^
So called from a F. officer named Martinet
(temp. Louis XIV); dimin. form of
Martin,
martin ma», martlemas, the feast
of St. Martin; Nov. ii. (F. and L.)
Martlemass is a corrupt form oi Martin-
mass, suggested by Bartle ioxBartholotnew,
See Mass (a).
martlet (0, a kind of bird, martin.
(F. — L.) Variant of M. E. martnit, short
for martinet, — F. martinet, < a martlet or
martin,* Cot. ; dimin. of F. Martin. Cf.
Picard martinet, called martelot in the
dep. of the Meuse (Corblet).
martinffale, a strap fastened to a
horse^s girth to hold his head down. (F. —
Span.— Arab.?) Also applied to a short
spar, in ships, under the bowsprit ; but
this is only due to a supposed resemblance
to a horse's martingale. » F^* #»afffM|^(f,
'a martingale for a horse; Cot. TRe-
ferred by Littrd to the wearing of breeches,
called chausses ^ ta martingale (Rabe-
lais) ; but this is quite another word.]
— Span. aUmartaga, *a kinde of headstall
for a horse,trimmed,gilt, and embroidered ;'
Minsheu (1623) ; where al is merely the
Arab. def. article. The sb. may be derived
from Arab, rataka, in the sense ' to cause
to go with a short step ' ; see Yule. I find
Arab, rataka given by Richardson as a
verbal root, whence ratak, going with a
short quick step.
Martinmas, Martlet (i); see
Martin.
Martlet (2), the bird called the swift,
as depicted in heraldry. (F.-L.) An E.
substitution for F. merlette, ' a martlet, in
blazon,' Cot Lit. * a little blackbird * ;
dimin. of merle, a blackbird.— L. merula ;
see Merle. We find O. F. merlos, mart-
lets ; Roll of Caerlaverock, p. 7.
Martyr. (L. — Gk.) A. S. martyr, — L.
martyr, — Gk. fidprvp, fiaprvs, a witness, lit.
one who remembers, records, or declares.
Cf. Skt. smr, to remember.
Marvel. (F.— L.) M. E. mervaile.^
F. merveille. — L. mirdbilia, neut. pi.,
wonderful things, i- L. mtrdbilis, wonderful.
— L. mirdri, to wonder. See Miraole.
Mascle. in heraldry, a perforated
lozenge. (F. — L.) M,E. piascule, mascle,
— O. F. mascle, erroneous spelling of
macle, a mesh of a net (hence, a lozenge
perforated). — L. macula, a mesh ; perhaps
confosed with O. H. G. masca, a me^.
Doublet, mail (i), q.v.
Masculine. (F.— L.) Y.masculin.^
316
MASH
MASTIFF
L. masculmuSy extended from masculus^
male. -iL. nuiS'y stem o(mdSf a male ; with
double dimin. suffix -cu-ius.
Mawll, to beat into a mixed mass. (£.)
A mash is properly a mixture; and to
mash was, formerly, to mix, the M. E. form
of the verb being meshettj as if from A. S.
*mas€an, from a sb. *mdsc, (The vowel
has been shortened.) We find A. S. max-
Tvyrt (for *masC'Wyrt), mash-wort, new
beer ; so that the word is English ; but it
is commoner in Scandinavian, whence
Lowl. Sc. mask. Cf. Swed. dial, mask^
Swed. mdskf brewer's grains, whence
ffidsJda, to mash ; Dan. and North Fries.
mdsky grains, mash, Dan. PUBsAe, to mash,
fatten pigs with grains ; Norw. metsh, sb.,
meiska^ vb. -|- G. meischy a mash, meischen,
to mash. The sb. form appears to be the
original. Cf. also Lithnan. maisz-yti^ to
stir things in a pot, from misz-ti, to mix.
The form of the Teut. base is *maisk-y so
that it may be connected by gradation
with mix. See Mix.
Mask, Masque, a disguise for the
face; masked entertainment. (F. — Span. —
Arab.) The sense of 'entertainment' is
the true one; the sense of * disguise' is
secondary. ' A jolly company in maner of
timaske\' F. Q. iii. 12. 5. 'Some haue
I sene daunce in a maske ; ' Sir T. More,
Works, p. 1039. More uses maskers in the
sense of * visors ' (correctly, according to
the Spanish nse). — F. masque ^ a mask,
visor ; a clipped form , due to F . vb. masquer ^
really short for *masquerer; the fuller form
comes out in M. F. masquariz4, masked,
masquerte, masquerade, * a mask or mum-
mery ; ' Cot. — Span, mascara, a masker,
a masquerader ; also a mask. « Arab, puisk-
harat, a buffoon, jester, man in masquerade,
a pleasantry, anything ridiculous. — Arab,
root sakhira, he ridiculed (Dozy). Der.
masquerade, M. F. masquerade, F. masca-
rade. Span, mascarada.
Mason. (F. - G. ?) O. F. massm ; F.
mafon ; Low L. macio, a mason ; we also
find the forms machio, macho^ maco, mctctio,
mattio, matio. From Teut. stem *mat-
' jon-, i. e. cutter; from abase *mai-t to cut or
hack, whence also £. mattock, Cf. O. H. Ct.
^ mezzo, a mason, whence G. steinmetz, a
stonemason.
Masque ; see Mask.
Mass (I), a lump. (F.-L.-Gk.) F.
vtasse,^h. massa.^Gk. fid(a, a barley
cake; allied to /idyiia, any kneaded mass.
* Gk. ik&ac^iv, to knead. Der. mass-tve,
mass'y ; also a-mass.
Mass (2), the celebration of the Eucha-
rist. (L.) M. E. messe. O. Merc, messe,
(Matt. viii. 4) ; A. S. masse, (i) the mass,
(2) a church-festival. — Folk-L. messa (Ital.
messa) ; Late L. missa, (i) dismissal, (2)
the mass. Usually said to be from the
phr. ite, missa est (go, the congregation is
dismissed) used at the end of the service ;
in any case, the derivation is from L.
missus^ pp. of mitiere, to send away. Cf.
Du. mis, mass. % For the change of
vowel from i to e, cf. Icel. messa, Swed.
messa, Dan. messe, O. H. G. messa (as well
as missa), all in the sense of *■ mass ' ; also
O. F. messe, Ital. messa. And see Missal.
Der. Candle-mas, Christ-, Hallow-, Lam-,
Martin', Michael-mas, which see.
Massacre. (F.-O. Low G.?) F.
massacre, a massacre ; masscurer^ to mas-
sacre. Of disputed origin ; it may perhaps
be referred to Low G. matsken, to cut,
hew, Du. matsen, to maul, kill. Cf. G.
metzelei, a massacre; from metzeln, fre-
quent, of metzen, to cut, kill. And see
Mason. »
Mast (i), a pole, to hold the sails of a
ship. (E.) M. E. mcut. A. S. mast, stem
of a tree, bough, mast. 4- I^u. mast, Swed.
and Dan. mast, G. mctst. Probably cognate
yr\X\ilS.mdlus {<*mazdos),9imvc&t\ Brugm.
i. § 587.
Mast (2), fruit of beech-trees. (E.) The
orig. sense is ' edible fruit,' used for feeding
swine. A. S. mast, mast. 4- G. mast, mast ;
mdsten, to fatten. Prob. allied to Skt.
meda{sS, fat ; Brugm. i. § 698.
Master. (F. -L.) M.E. maister.^^
O. F. maistre. — L. magistrum, ace. of
magister, a master; see 'Magistrate.
Der. master-y, O. F. maistrie.
Mastic, Mastich, a kind of gum
resin . (F. — L. — Gk .) F. mc^tic, 'mastich ,
a sweet gum ' ; Cot. — L. mastichB. — Gk.
fMffTtxrj, the gum of the tree ffx^'os, called
in Latin lentiscus. So called because used
for chewing in the East. — Gk. iiaxrr-^ base
of fxdaTo^, mouth, /laard^tiv, to chew ; cf.
Gk. fjuur&ofuu^ I chew.
masticate. (L.-Gk.) From pp. of
L. masticdre, to chew, quite a late word ;
properly, to chew mastic. —L. mastiche,
mastic (above). % The true L. word for
to chew is mandere.
Mastiff. (F.~L.) The A. F. form was
mastin, as in O. F. ; hence F. miUitt, a
317
MASTODON
MATRIMONY
mastiff. The O. F. mastin also meant ' a
domestic * ; see Godefroy. Hence the Late
L. mastTnus,2L jnz&\]Ry has been conjectured
to stand for *masnattnuSf house-dog ; as
if from Late L. mdsndtay a household (see
Menagerie) . The La te L. masttntts seems
to have been mistaken for masttuus
(Ducange) ; and confusion set in both with
M. E. niasty, fat, large (adj. formed from
mast (2)), and with O. F. mestif^ mongrel,
I^ate L. *-mixtivu5^ from L. miscere (pp.
mixt-us), to mix. See Mix.
HCastodon, an extinct elephant. (Gk.)
Named from the nipple-like projections on
its molar teeth. — Gk. fxaffr-isf the female
breast ; 68c v-, short for dSovT-^ stem of
6S0VS, a tooth ; see Tooth.
Mat. (L.) M. £. meUte. A. S. meatte,
— L. matta (Late L. natia), a mat ; whence
Du. maty G. matte, F. natte^ &c.
Matador, the slayer of the bull in a
buU-fight. (Span.— L.) Sipan, matador, lit.
slayer. — Span, matar, to kill. — L. mactdre,
to kill.
Match (i)y an equal, a contest, mar-
riage. (E.) M. E. macche, mache, orig. a
comrade. — A. S. -mcecca, whence gemacca,
a comrade, companion, spouse; from the
more original form -maca, Durh. Kit. 165
(whence M. E. make^ Ch.), gemaca. + Icel.
makif Swed. make^ Dan. mage, O. Sax.
gimako, a mate, comrade, p. All closely
related to the adj. seen in IceL makr^
suitable, M. H. G. gemach, suitable ; and
further to A. S. macian^ to make, or * fit
together.' ^ Mate, as used by sailors,
is prob. Dutch ; see Mate (i).
Match (2), a prepared rope for firing a
cannon. (F. — L.— Gk.) M. E. macche.'^
O. F. mescke, meiche (F. miche), wick of a
candle, match to fire a gun, * match of
a lamp;* Cot. — Late L. myxa ( = Gk.
fiv^a) ; Late L. myxus, the nozzle of a
lamp, through which the wick protrudes ;
also, a wick. — Gk. /uv^a, the nozzle of a
lamp ; older senses being (i) mucus (2)
nostril. Allied to Muous. Der. match-
lock, the lock of a gun holding a match ;
hence, the gun itself.
Mate (i), a companion. (O. I^w G.)
M. E. mcUe, a fellow (Prompt. Parv.) ; Low
G. maie^ mate (Lubben) ; mcutt (Bremen) ;
M. Du. maet, ^ a mate,' Hexham ; Du.
maat. + O. H. G. gi-mazzo, a meat-com-
panion, mess-mate. Cf. Goth, matjan^ to
— Pers. & Arab.) From the game of chess.
Check-mate means *■ the king is dead ' ; cf.
M. F. eschec et mat, * chedc-mate ' ; Cot.
[Here et is not wanted.] Godefroy has
* mat du roi,* i. e. death of the king. — Pers.
shah mat, the king is dead, check-mate.
— Pers. shah, king (see Check) ; mat, he
is dead, from Arab, root mdta, he died.
Cf. Heb. muth, to die. ^ Hence Turk, and
Pers. mat, astonished, confounded, amazed,
receiving check-mate; F. mat, * mated,
quelled, subdued,' Cot. ; M. E. fftate, con-
founded.
Material, substantial. (F.— L.) O.F.
mcUeriel. — L. materidlis, adj., formed frpm
materia, matter. See Matter.
Maternal. (F.— L.) F. matemel.wm
Late L. mdtemdlis. — L. mdtemus, belong-
ing to a mother. — L. mater; mother; cog-
nate with Mother.
Mathematic, pertaining to the science
of number. (F. — L — Gk.) O.F, mathe-
mattgue,^h. mathematicus.'^Gk. fiaJdri-
fMTite6s, disposed to learn, belonging to
the sciences, esp. to mathematics.— Gk.
fuiOijfjuiT-, stem of fid$rjfM, a lesson. — Gk.
/jtaO^-crofxai, future of fjuavOavtiv, to learn.
Matins, Mattins, morning prayers.
(F.— L.) F. matins, a pi. sb. from F.
matin, morning, orig. an adj. — L. nidtH-
tiniim, ace. of mdtHttnus, adj., belonging
to the morning. Cf. Ital. mattino, morning.
— L. MdtUta, the goddess of dawn, as if
from a masc. *mdtutus, with the sense of
* early,' or * timely.'
Matrass, a long-necke.d glass bottle;
in chemistry. (F.) F. piatras; also (in
Cot.) matrac, matrae, matelas; Span.
matraz. Perliaps Arabic ; see Devic.
Matricide* murderer of a mother. (F.
— L.) F. matricide, adj., * mother-killing ' ;
Cot. — L. matrictday a matricide. — L.
mdtri; decl. stem of mater, mother;
ccedere, to slay; see Mother, C»8iira.
^ We also use matricide to represent L.
mdtricidium, the slaying of a mother.
matricalate, to enrol in a college.
(L.) From pp. of Late L. mdtriculdre,
to enrol ; a coined word. — L. mdtricula, a
register ; dimin. of matrix (stem matric-),
meaning (i) a breeding animal, (3) womb,
matrix, (3) a public register, roll, list, lit.
parent-stock. See matrix (below).
matrimony. (F. - L.) O. F. mairi'
monic'^h. mdtrimonium, marriage, lit.
motherhood. — L. mdtri; decl. stem of
eat, mats, food. See Meat.
Mate (2), to check-mate, confound. (F. mater, mother; with sufiix -mm-iO'^
318
MATRIX
matriZy the womb, cavity or monld.
(L.) L. matrix, a breeding animal, the'
womb.^L. mdtri', for tnHter, mother.
matron, a married woman. *(F.—L.)
F. matrone, — L mdirona ; extended from
mdtr-y stem of mater, a mother.
Matter ( i)> substance. (F. — L.) M. £.
matere, materie, • O. F. matere^ matiere
(F. fHatih'e),^L. materia, siViS, materials,
useful for building, &c firugm. i. § 407.
matter (a), pus, a fluid in abscesses.
(F.— L.) The same word as miatter (i) ;
see Littr^, s. v. matiire, § 8.
Mattins ; see Matins.
Kattock. (K) A. S. mattuc, Cf. W.
niaiog, a mattock, hoe; Gael, madag, a
pickaxe ; Kuss. motuika, Lithuan. matikkas,
mattock (from Teutonic) ; see Maaon.
Mattress. (F.-Arab.) O.F. mate-
ras; Picard and Walloon matras-, F.
matelas, Cf! Span, ai-madraque, a mat-
tress; where al is the Arab. def. art.—
Arab. matroA, a situation, place, a place
where anything is thrown ; tnis word came
to mean also anything hastily thrown down,
hence, something to lie upon, a bed (Devic).
«i Arab, root taraha, he threw prostrate.
Matnre, ripe. (L.^ L. mdtHrus, ripe.
Matutinali pertaming to the morning.
(L.) L. mdtatinus, adj., belonging to the
morning. See Matins.
Maudlin, sickly sentimental. (F.->
L. — Gk. — Heb.) Orig. * shedding tears of
penitence,^ like MaryMagdalen. From M.E.
Maudelein, the same as Magdelaine, — O. F.
Afaudeieine,Magdeleine. — L.Magdaiini, —
Gk. WaflaKrfirti, i.e. belonging to Magdala ;
Luke viii. a. ^ Heb. migdol, a tower ;
whence Magdala as a proper name.
Mangre, in spite of. (F.-L.) The
S ropier sense is * ill will,' as in P. Plowman,
. vi. 242.^0. F. malgre, nutugre, lit. ill
will ; but also with sense ' in spite of.'—
O. F. mat, ill ; gre, gret, a pleasant thing.
— L. maius, bad ; gratum, neut. ofgrdtus,
pleasing.
MaiUy to beat grievously. (F. — L.)
M.E. ma/ten, to strike with a mail, or
mace ; from M. E. maile, sb., a mall, mace ;
see Mall (i).
Maulstick, a stick used by painters to
steady the hand. (G.) G. malerstock, lit.
' painter's stick.' — G. maUr, a painter, from
malen, to paint ; stock, a stick. Malen was
orie. to mark, from G. mahl, O. H. G.
mil, a mark, point of time ; see Meal (a)
and Btook.
MAXILLAR
Mannd(i), a basket. (£.) K,^,mand,
a basket ; m MSS. of the 8th century. ^
Du. mand\ prov. G. mand, mande, manne
(whence F. manne) ; E. Fries, mande.
Mannd (a), a (very variable) weight.
(Arab.) Arab. mann\ Pers. man, Cf,
Heb. mdneh, Gk. /tyd. See Yule.
Maundy Thursday, the day before
Good Friday. (F. — L.; a«</E.) Maundy
is M. £. maundee, a command, used with
esp. reference to the text * Mandatum
nonum,' John xiii. 34. The 'new com-
mandment ' is * that ye love one another ' ;
but in old times it was applied to the
particular form of devotion to others ex-
emplified by Christ, when washing His
disciples' feet (on the first Maundy
Thursday), See my note to P. Plowman,
B. xvi. 140. This M. E. maundee '^O. F.
mancU, that which is commanded ; from L.
manddtum, a mandate, command. ^ Not
connected with maund, Cf. O. H. G.
manddt, the washing of feet (Otfrid) ; from
L. manddtum,
Mansolenm, a magnificent tomb. (L.
- Gk.) L. mausdlium, a splendid tomb,
orig. the tomb of Mausolus. — Gk. tHavaoi-
Kiiov, from MavffwAos, Maus51us, a king
of Caria.
Manvef mallow colour. (F.— L.) F.
mauve, a mallow. — L. maluoy mallow.
See Mallow.
MaviSy the song-thrush. (F. -C?)
M.E. mavis, ^F. mauvis, a throstle; cf.
Span, maltns, a thrush. Perhaps Celtic ;
CI. Biet. mil/id, milvid, a mavis, also mil"
chouid (at Vannes) ; Corn, melhues, O.
Corn, melhuet, a lark.
Mavonmeen, my darling. (Irish.)
From Irish mo^ my; and mhuimin, mu*
tated form of muimin^ darling, from
muim, affection. {Mk = v.)
MaWi stomach. (£.) M,K. mawe, A.S.
magu.'^Du. maag, IceL magi, Swed. mage,
Dan. mave^ G. magen.
Mawkish, squeamish. (Scand. ; with
E. suffix,) I'he older sense is loathsome,
lit. ^ maggoty.' Formed, with £. suffix -ish,
from IVLE. mawk, mauk, a maggot, a
contracted form of M. E. madek, a maggot.
— Icel. madhr, Dan. maddik, a maggot
(whence Norw. makk » E. mawk). Derived
from the form which appears as A. S. matia,
Du. G. made, ma^ot. See Moth.
Majdllar« nudUary, belonging
to the jawbone. (L.) L. maxilldris, adj. ;
from maxilla, jaw-bone.
319
MAXIM
MEAL
h, a proverb. (F. — L.) F.
maxime. • L. maximay for maxima
sententidrumy an opinion of the greatest
importance, chief of opinions, hence a
maxim (Due.). Orig. fem. of tnaximus,
greatest, superlative of magnus^ great
maxilllllin. (L.) '^voX,Qimaximu5y
greatest ^above).
BEay (0» ^ ^^^ able, I am free to do.
(£.) Pres. t. tnay^ pt t. might ; the inBn.
(not in ose) should take the form mow.
M. E. mowen^ infin. ; pres. t. may ; pt. t.
mighte. A. S. mugan^ to be able ; pres. t.
m(Bg\ pt. t. mihte. (Here mesgi^ the old
perfect of a strong verb.)4'O.Sax. mugan^
pres. mag, pt. manta ; Icel. mega, pres. md,
pt. mdtti ; Du. mogen, pres. mag, pt. mogt ;
Dan. pres. maa, pt. maaiie ; Swed. pres.
^. pt. mir//; ; Cf. mogen, pres. ^ pt.
mochte\ Goth, magan, pres. x»^, pt. mahta ;
Russ. moche, to be able, pres. f/^sgw; cf.
Gk. /Arfxo-vii means.
May (a), the fifth month. (F. - L.)
O. F. Mai.'^L.. Mdtus, May.
Mayor. (F.— L.) M. £. moire. ^F,
maire. ^h. mdior, nom. greater; see
Major (above). % Mayor is a late
spelling, introduced in the middle of
the 1 6th century ; it answers to O. F.
maior, from L. mdiorem, ace ; cf. Span.
mayor.
Mayweed, Anthemiscotula. (E.) For-
merly mathe-weed ; from A. S. magfia.
Maxe. (E.) M. E. mase ; we also
find M. £. masen, to confuse. The A. S.
*masian appears in the comp. pp. d-masod.
Cf. Norw^. masa-st (where -st is reflexive),
to lose one's senses and begin ^o dream,
masa^ to pore over a thing, also to prate,
chatter; Icel. masa, to prate, chatter;
Swed. dial, masa, to bask in the sun, to be
lazy, lounge about. Cf. E. in a maze —
in a dreamy perplexity. The orig. sense
seems to have been < to be lost in thought,*
dream or pore over a thing, whence the
idea of * perplexity ' for the sb.
Maser, a large drinking-bowl. (F. —
O. H. G.) M. E. maser. — A. F. mazer
(Bozon) ; O. F. masere, a bowl of maple-
wood, also of metal. — O. H. G. masar,
mark in wood, also maple. 4* Icel. mosu/r,
a maple-tree, spotted wood ; whence
mosur-bolliy a mazer-bowl, so called
because made of maple-wood ; the maple- ■
wood was called mbsurr or * spot-wood ' '
from its being covered with spots. But >
the word for spot is only preserved in J
other languages, as in M. H. G. fnase^
a spot, and in £. Measles, q. v.
Maiurka, a dance. (Pol.) From Pol.
Mazurka, lit a woman of Massovia or
Mazovia, a province of Poland containing
Warsaw. Similarly,^//^ means * a Polish
woman ' ; and secondly, a dance.
Manard, the head. (F.-O.H.G.)
From mazer, a bowl ; see Mazer.
Me. (E.) A. S. me (also mec, in the
accusative only).4-Du. mij; Icel. mer,^\..,
mik, ace. ; Swed. Dan. mig ; Goth, mis,
dat, mik^ ace. ; G. mir, dat., mich, ace.
For the stem, cf. Com. and Bret« me ;
Irish, Gael. W. mi\ L. mihi, dat., mi, ace. :
Gk. yuok, ifioi, dat., /xc, ifxi, ace ; Skt. mak-
yam, me, dat., mdm^ md, ace.
Mead (O* ^ drink made from honey.
(E. ' M. £. mede, A. S. medu, meodu, +
Du. mede, Icel. mJo6r, Dan. miod, Swed.
mjbd, G. meth ; also Irish mid, W. medd^
lith. middus, Russ. med\ Gk. niBv ; Skt.
madhu, sweet, also as sb., honey, sugar.
Idg. type *medhu, Brugm. ii. § 104. Cf.
Lith. medits, honey.
Mead (2), a meadow. (E.^ So called
because * mown.* M. E. mede. A. S.
m^y a mead. [Allied to prov. E. math, a
mowing, as in aftertnath.tJoAK, S.mdwan,
to mow ; G. mahd, a mowing, M . H . G. mat,
a mowing, a mead.] Cf. M. H.G. mate,
a meadow, Swiss matt, a meadow (as in
Zermattt Andermatt). Also Gk. d-fjajros,
a harvest, dftdtiy, to mow. See Mow (i).
meadow. (E.) This fnller form is
due to the inflected form (dat. m^dwe) of
A. S. m^d, a mead.
Meagre, thin. (F. — L.) M. E. megre.
~F. maigre.^'L. macrum, ace. o( macer,
thin, lean ; whence A. S. mager, Icel.
mqgr, Dan. Swed. G. puiger, thin, were
perhaps borrowed at an early period
^unless cognate). Cf. Gk. fuuepdi, long.
Meal (i), ground grain. 'E.) M. £.
mele. A. S. tnetu, meolo.'^Dvi. meet, Icel.
mfil, Dan. meet, Swed. mjol, G. mehl.
Teut. type *me2wom, neut. All from Idg.
root MEL, to grind, as in O. Irish mel-im,
Ch. Slav, mel-jq, I grind ; the 2nd grade
is Teut *mal, to grind, as in Icel. mala,
Goth, malan, O. H. G. malan, to grind,
cognate with Lith. malti, L. molere.
Meal \2\ a repast E.) M. £. mele.
A. S. m^Iy ^^I^ a time, poirion of time,
stated time ; -^hence a common meal at a
stated time, not a hastily snatched repast).
4-l~>u. m€uil, .T' time, ',2^ meal ; \oet\.mdl,
320
MEAN
MEDLEY
measure, time, meal ; Dan. maalt Swed.
m&l^ measure, meal ; Goth, mil^ a time ;
G. mahli a meal, tndl^ time. From Idg.
VM£(M£) ; cf. Mete and Moon. See
Prellwitz, s.v. ni^oiaai.
Xoan (i)t to have in the mind, intend.
(£.) M. £. nufun, A. S. ptSnan, to in-
tend. 4" Du. meeneHy Dan. mene^ Swed.
menat G. meinen. Cf. the sb. seen in
O. H. G. meina, thought, allied to minnif
memory. See Mind.
Mean (2), common. (£.) M. £. mene,
A. S. man€y usually ge-mkne^ common ;
O. Fries, nilfu, common. See Common.
% The peculiar sense of base, vile, may
be due to A. S. mane, wicked, fidse, evil ;
from A. S. many wickedness. Cf. Icel.
meinn, mean, hurtful, from mein, a hurt ;
M. H. G. mein, &lse (cf. G. metn-eid,
penury).
Mean (3), intermediate. (F.-L.) A.F.
meien (F. mcyen), « L. metHdnus^ extended
form from mediuSy middle; see Mid.
Der. meany sb., common in pi. means.
Mean (4), to lament. (£.) In M.N. D.
V. I. 330 (ed. 1623). A. S. manan, to
bemoan ; see Moan. So also, probably,
in Merch. Yen. iii. 5. 82.
Meander, a windingconrse. (L. — Gk.)
L. Maander, '^Gk. McuaKSpor, a winding
stream ; Pliny, v. 29.
MeajBleSy a contagious fever accom-
panied by small red spots on the skin.
(£.) 'RougeoUe, the meazies;* Cot.
M. £. maseles (14th cent.). From A.S.
masU' y a spot (Toller). Cf. Du. mazelen,
measles ; also called masel-suchty *■ measell-
sicknesse,' Hexham. I'he lit. sense is
< small spots * ; cf. M. Du. maesche^ masche^
maschely 'a spot, blot,* Hexham. The
orig. word occurs in M. H. G. mase,
O.H. G. m&sa, a spot. See Maser.
% Wholly unconnected with M. £. mesel,
a leper, which merely meant orig. ' a
wretch,* from O. F. mesely L« mise/ius,
from L. misery wretched.
Measure. (F.— L.) M.E. mesure,^
O. F. pusure.^l^ mensura, measure.— L.
tnensuSy pp. of metiriy to measure. See
Brugm. ii. % 771.
iMat. (£.) M. £. mete, A. S. mete
(for *mati%),^lQt\. matr, Dan. mad, Swed.
mat, Goth, mats, O. H. G. mas, food. Cf.
L. manderey to diew.
MeohaniCf pertaining to machines.
(F.-L.-Gk.) M.E. meehanikey in the
sense 'mechanic art.*— O. F. mechanique.
mechanical. — L. michanica, — Gk. ^ytiv*
iH-ffy science of machines. — Gk. firjxoLy^y a
device, machine. See Machine.
Medal. (F.-Ital.-L.-Gk.) O.F.
medaille. — Ital. medagiia (Low L. med&liay
medalltty a small coin). — Late L. *metdllea,
adj. fem. — L. metallum^ metal. See
Metal.
Meddle. (F.— L.) M. £• medlen,
simply in the sense ' to mix.' — A. F.
medter; O. F. meilery mesler, to mix
(F. ^i/Z^r).- Late L. miscul&rey to mix;
cf. L. miscelluSy mixed. — L. miscirey to
mix. See Miscellaneous.
MediAtef adj., acting by or as a means.
(L.) From L. mediSiuSy pp. of mtdidrey
to be in the middle (Palladius). — L.
mediusy middle. See Medium. Der.
mediat'ion^ mediat-or.
Medic, a kind of clover. (L. — Gk.)
L. medica.^GV, Mi^St^, Median grass;
fem. of Mi7d(«^(, belonging to Media,
Mediciney a remedy. (F.-L.) O. F.
medecine,^L, medieina.^h, medicusy a
physician. — L. medirlj to heal. Cf.
Zend madhy to treat medically. Der.
medicat, Late L. medic&lis, from medicus
(above^ ; medicate.
Meaieval, relating to the Middle Ages.
(L.) Also written mediaval. Coined
from L. medi'USy middle; au-um, age;
see Medium and Age.
Mediocre, middling. (F. - L.) F.
mediocre, i^h. mediocremy ace. oimediocris,
middling ; formed from medi-usy middle.
See Medium.
Meditate. (L.) From pp. of L.
ffiedit&rfy to ponder. Cf. Gk. /x^So/iai,
I attend to. Brugm. i. § 591.
Mediterranean, inland, said of a
sea. (L.) L. mediterrdne-us, situate in
the middle of the land.— L. medi-us,
middle; terrOf land; see Medium and
Terrace.
Medium. (L*) L< medium, the midst,
also a means; neut. of medius, middle.
Allied to Mid.
Medlar. (F.-L.-Gk.) The name
of a tree, bearing fruit formerly called
med/es. M. £. medier, the tree, also
called medle-tree (A. F. niedle = O. F.
mesle), — O. F. mesle, a medlar (whence
mesHer, the tree); Gascon mesplo, —
L. mespilum, — Gk. fUfrwiKoy, a medlar
(whence also F. nifle).
Medley, confusion, mixture. (F.— L.)
M . E. ffieaiee. - A. F. medUe ; O. F. medte.
321
M
MEDULLAR
MEMENTO
meHif flush (fem« medlee, melUey meslee),
pp. of the verb nUdUr, to mix, confuse.
See Meddle. The fern, form nudiee « F.
nMt.
MadullaVf belonging to the marrow.
(L.) L. tfiedulldnSf adj. — L. medulla,
marrow.
Mead. (E.) M. £. mede, meed. — A. S.
medt beside meord (with r for older «).
«f G. miethe, hire; Goth, mizdo; Rnss.
mz loj Gk. fu<r06s, pay, Pers. muzdj wages.
Idg. types *mei9dhd, *mizdhA, *misdhos.
Brugm. i. $ 326.
iMek. (Scand.) M. E. meke, meek ;
spelt meoc, Ormalam, 667. — Icel. mjukr,
soft, agile, meek, mild ; N. Fries, mjbck^
Swed. mjuk^ Dan. myg, soft. Cf. Du.
muik\ Goth. *muks, in comp. muka-
model y gentleness. Tent, types *meukoZy
*mukoz,
BEeemoliaiUlly a substance used for
making pipes. (G.) G. meerschaum, lit.
sea-foam (because it is white and light).
— G. meer, lake, sea; scAaum, foam, lit.
scum ; see Mere (i) and Scum.
Meet (i)}fit. M.E. mete. \.S.gemelf
meet, fit (the prefix ge- making no differ-
ence). — A.S. me/an, to mete. Cf. G. mdssig^
frugal, from messen, to mete. See Mete.
Meet (2), to encounter, find, assemble.
(£.) M. E. meten. O. Merc, mdetan ; A. S.
mitan, to find, meet (for *motian). Formed
by mutation from A.S. mot, a meeting,
assembly. 4* Icel* fn^l<itt mcsta, from mdt\
Goth. gamot-JaUy Swed. moia, Dan. mifde,
to meet. See Moot.
Megatherium, a fossil quadruped,
(Gk.) Lit. * great wild beast.' — Gk. fjUya-s,
great ; BrjpioVy dimin. of B^p, a wild beast.
megalosaiinui. (Gk.) Lit 'great
lizard.' — Gk. fieyaXo-j decl. stem allied to
fiiya-s, great ; aavpos, a lizard.
Megrim, a pain affecting one side of
the head. (F.— L.--Gk.) F. migraim,
* the megrim ; * Cot. — Late L. himigranea^
megrim. — Gk. ijfuicp6viov, half of the
skull. — Gk. i)/u-, half; Kpaofiov, cranium.
Melancholy, sadness. (F. — L. — Gk.)
Supposed to be due to an excess of ' black
bile. M. E. melancolie. — O. F. melan-
colie.^'L. melancholia. ^Gk, luXayxoXia^
melancholy. — Gk. ^itK&'Yxo^^i jaundiced.
— Gk. /x^Xov-, stem of /i4Aar, black ; x^^4»
bile, gall, cognate with E. gall.
Melilot,aplant. (F.-L.-Gk.) M.F.
melilot (Cot.).— L. melilolos. '^Gk. /i«\f-
X(WT09, fJi€Xi\oiyroVf a kind of clover, named
from the honey in it. — Gk. fi^Xi, honey;
XwrSsf lotus, clover.
Meliorate, to make better. (L.)
From pp. of Late L. meliorare, to make
better. — L. nulior^ better. + Gk. imKKov,
rather, comp. of fioXa, adv., very much.
MeUifLnoilS, sweet. (L.) Lit. ' flow-
ing sweetly,' * flowing like honey.' — L.
melli', decl. stem of mel, honey; -Jluus,
flowing, iiovci fluere, to flow ; see Fluent.
Cf. Gk. /i«Xi, Goth, milithy Irish mU,
W. mil, honey.
Mellow, fully ripe. (E.) M. E. melwe,
orig. soft, pulpy. Pegge notes that, in
Derbyshire, a mellow apple or pear is
called a mealy one ; and mallow may be
an adjectival use of meal. The M. E.
melwe may represent A. S. melw-, as in
melwe, dat. of melu, meal. Cf. Dn.
malschf Low G. mals, soft, mellow ; from
Teut. *malan-f to grind; see Meal (i).
Note also Du. molmen, to>moulder, miil^
soft; Goth, gamalwiths, crushed; Du.
molligy soft. See Franck, s. v. mollig,
fl" Perhaps confused with O. Merc, merwe,
tender (Mat. xxiv. 32) ; A. S. mearu, G.
miirbey mellow.
MeloCOtonOy a quince, a pear grafted
on a quince. (Span.— L. — Gk.) InNares.
Span, melocoton (Pineda).— Late L./;f^/wi
cotdneum (Ducange). — Gk. /<$Aov Kv5^-
viov, a quince. See Quince.
Melodrama. (F. - Gk.) Formerly
melodrame.^Y . milodrame, acting, with
songs.- Gk. yMKo^, a song; S/w/ta, an
action, drama ; see Drama.
melody. (F. — L. — Gk.) M.F. melodie, .
— L. mel^ia.^GV, fUK^Ua^ a singing.—
Gk. /icX^8^$, adj., musical.— Gk. fi4\'Os, a
song ; <|^^f a song, ode ; see Ode.
Melon, a fruit. (F. - L. - Gk.) O. F.
melon, — L. melonem, ace. of meld, an
apple-shaped melon. — Gk. /iijAov, an
apple, also applied to other fruits. Cf. L.
m&lum, ^ppl^) prob. borrowed from Gk.
Melt. (E.) M. E. melUn, pt. t. mait^
pp. molten. A. S. meltan, pt. t. mealt.<^
Gk. fi4kd€iv, to melt. Allied to Skt.
mrdu, O. Slavonic mladu, soft; Brugm.
i. J580, ii. § 690. (VMEL.) See Mild.
BEember. (F. — L.) F. membre.^l^.
membrumy a member. Brugm. i. § 875.
membrane. (F. — L.) F. membrane.
— L. membrdna, a skin covering a member
of the body, a membrane. — L. membrum.
Memento, a memorial. (L.) L. me-
mento (Luke xxiii. 42), remember me;
3^3
MEMORY
imperative oitnemint, I remember; Bmgm.
ii. $ 846. (yMLN.j
Memory. (F.^L) M. E. memorie,
— A.F. memorie\ F. m^moire, •- L..ptemaria,
memory. — L. memory mindful, remember-
ing. This L. memor appears to be a re-
duplicated form ; cf. Gk. fi</9-/«cp-os,anxious,
/i4p-ifi¥aj care, thought. Allied to Skt.
spify to remember. (^SMER.)
memoir, a record. (F.xL.) Com-
moner in the pi. memoirs, » O. F. memoires,
notes for remembrance, records; pi. of
memoire, memory (above).
Menace. (F. - L.) O. F. menace, -
L. pi. minacicBy threats. — L. mimfc-y
stem of mmaxy full of threatenings, also,
projecting forward. — L. mittay . things
projecting forward, hanging over and
ready to fall, hence threats. »L. -minerey
as in hminirey to project, jut out.
Menaiferiei a place for keeping wild
animals. (F.— L.) F. nUnagertet orig. a
place for keeping household animals (Bra-
chet).MF. manager y to keep house. -iF.
minc^y O. F. mesnagey a household. -^
O. F. mesftee^ meisneey maisneey a family ;
the same word as Late L. mattsnaday
maisftaday masftata, Ital. masnada, a
family (answering to a Lat. type ^mansiffn-
a/a).»L. mansion' y stem of mansio, an
abiding, abode ; see Mansion.
Mend. (F.— L.) M. £. menden, shoit
for M. E. amendeny to amend, by loss of a ;
see Amend.
Mendacity. (L.) From L. mendd-
citdSy falsehood. »i L. menddc'y stem of
mendaxy false.
Mendicant, a beggar. (L.) h,mendt'
cant', stem of pres. pt. of mendtcdrey to
beg. — L. mendicusy beggarly, poor.
Menial, one of a household, servile.
(F. - L.) Properly an adj. ; M. E. mey^
nealy as *• her meyneal chirche * « the church
of their household, Wyclif, Rom. xvi. 5. —
O. F. mesneey meisneey a household ;
whence M. E. meinee, mainee, a house-
hold, troop, retinue, once a common
word ; with suffix -a/. See Menagerie.
Meniver, Miniver, a kind of fur.
(F. — L.) M. E. meniuer {meniver), —
O. F. menu ver, menu vairy miniver; lit.
' little vair.' — O. F. menu, small, from L.
minHtttSy small; vairy a fur, from L.
uaritiSy variegated. See Minute and Vair.
Menses. (L.) L. menses y monthly
discharges; pi. of mensisy a month.
Allied to'Month. •
MERE
menstmons. (L.) From L. men-
stru-usy monthly. i-L. mensis, a month.
menstmnm. (L.) Late L. men-
strmwiy a solvent; a word in filchemy;
from the notion of some connexion of its
action with the phases of the moon.
Mensuration, measuring. (L.) From
L. mensHrdtiOy a measuring. --L. ffuttsU-
rdtuSy pp. of mensHrdrey to measure. * L.
mensura, measure ; see Measure.
Mental. ( F. — L.) F. mental. — Late
L. nuntdiiSy mental. -iL. ment^y stem of
menSy mind. Brugm. i. § 451 (2).
mention, a notice. (F. — L.) F. men'
tion, — L. ace. mentidnem, «> L. menti-,
decl. stem of menSy mind (above).
Mentor, an adviser. (Gk.) Gk. M^i^-
rwp, Mentor (Homer, Oa. ii) ; explained
as ' adviser ' ; cf. L. monitor (VaniCek).
See Monition.
Mephitis, a pestilential exhalation.
(L.) 1^. mephitis (Vergil).
Mercantile, commercial. (F.-L.)
M. F. w^rr<i«/iV,* merchantly ;* Cot. — Late
L. mercantilis, » L. mercant-y stem of pres.
pt. of mercdriy to trade. -• L. merely stem
of merxy merchandise. Cf. Gk. /Jb&pnrtiVy
to seize (Prellwitz).
mercenary. (F.-L.) ¥,menenaire,
»L. mercendHus, older form mercennd-
riusy a hireling. For ^merced^ndrius \
from mercld'y stem of mercesy pay.i«L.
merC't stem of merXy merchandise.
mercer. (F.— L.) F. mercier, lit. *a
trader.'* Late L. mercerius, a trader. •L.
merc-y stem oimerxy merchandise.
merchandise. (F. - L.) M. £. nuir-
chandise, — F. marchandise, merchant's
wares. — F. marchandy a merchant
(below).
merchant. (F.-L.) M. E. mar-
chant, ^M, F. marchant (F. marchand). -
L. mercant', stem of pres. pt. of mercdriy
to trade ; see Mercantile.
mercury, quicksilver. (F.— L.) M.K.
mercuriey quicksilver, named after the
planet Mercury. •- A. F. Mercurie\ Y,
mercure, ■■ L. Mercuriumy ace. of Mercur-
iuSy Mercury, god of traffic. "-L. merc-y
stem of merxy merchandise.
mercy. (F.-L.) F. merci\ O. F.
mercit, — L. mercedemy ace. of merces ; see
meroenary.
Mere (0» <^ l&I^c- (£^0 ^* ^> ^^^'^^
A. S. mere, sea, lake, m. ; orig. type *mari,
n.+Du. meer'y Icel. tnarr, sea; G. meery
sea; Goth, mareiy Kuss. Piore, Lithuan.
a»3
MERE
METAL
mdris, pl^ W. «i^r, Gael. Irish muir, L.
mare, sea.
BEore (a)f pure, simple. (L.) L. merus,
pure, unmixed (as wioe).
MeralleSi a game. (F.) From F.
mirelle^ a counter ; Low L. merellus. Of
unknown origin.
BEeretrlcioUB, alluring by false show.
(L.) L. meretrtci us, pertaining to a cour-
tesan; with suffix -ous. — L. fneretrfc-, stem
of meretrix, a courtesan. — L. merere, to
gain, receive hire.
BE6rge, to sink, plunge under water.
(L.) L. mergere^ to dip. + Skt 'fnajj\ to
dip, bathe. Brugm. i. § 8i6.
BEeridiaily pertaining to mid-day. (F.
— L. ) O. F. mervlien. — L. merididnus. —
L. meridies, mid-day ; formed from the
old locative men-die, as if meaning ' in the
clear day,' from L. merus, clear, dies, day ;
but realty for *medi'diet from medius, mid.
Brugm. i. 587 (7).
XdrinOi a variety of sheep. (Span. —
L.) Span, merino, roving from pasture to
pasture. "-Span, merino^ an inspector of
sheep-walks. — Late L. mdjorJnus, a major-
domo, steward of a household ; cf. Late L.
mdjor&lis, a head-shepherd. From L.
mdior, greater; see Major.
BEerit, excellence, wot-th. (F. — L.)
M. E. nierite. — O. F. merite. — L. meritum,
a thing deserved ; orig. neut. of merilus,
pp. of nurere, to deserve; orig. * to receive
as a share,' if it is allied to Gk. y^pos^
a share, yufxpoiuxi, I receive a share.
Merle, a blackbird. (F.-L.) O.F.
merle. ^V,. merula^ a blackbird. Cf. W.
mwyalch, a blackbird. See Titmouse.
merlin, a kind of hawk. (F. — L. ?)
M. E. merlion. — M. F. esmerillon, emeril-
loftf 'the hawk termed a marlin;' Cot.
Cf. Ital. smerlo, a kind of hawk. Prob.
from L. meruluy a blackbird ; the initial s
being unoriginal (Diez).
Mermaid. (E.) M. £. mermaid,'^
A. S. mere, sea, lake ; magden, maiden.
Merry. (E.) M. E. merie, mirie.
A. S. myrge^ myrige {mirige), merry. Cf.
O. H. G. murg-fdri, fragile, transitory ;
Gk. 0paxvSf short ; so that A. S. myrg-e
(for *murgjoz) means 'lasting a short time,'
and so ' making the time short.' Cf. Goth.
gamaurgjan, to shorten. Brugm. ii. § 104.
Der. mirth*
Mesentery. (L.-Gk.) L. mesenter-
ium. ^Gk. fuatvripiov, a membrane in
the midst of the intestines. >-Gk. fUa-os,
middle, cognate with L. medius ; ivrtpov,
entrail. See Mid and Bntrail.
Meski the opening between the threads
of a net. (£.) M. E. maske. A. S. max
{^*mascy bv the common interchange of
sc ViTxdi cs ^ X) \ cf. A.S. nutscre, a mesh,
dimin. form. 4" ^^- fftaas, Icel. moskvi,
Dan. maske, Swed. maska, G. masche, W.
masg. Orig. sense *■ a knot,' from the
knots in a net; cf. Lithuan. mazgas, a
knot, magstas, a knitting-needle, allied to
megsti, verb (pres. t mezg-u), to knot,
weave nets. From an Idg. root *mezg, to
weave. Brugm. i. \ 816 (3).
Mesmerise, to operate on the nervous
system of a patient. (G.) Named from
Mesmer, a German physician (about 1 766).
Mess (i)f a dish of meat, portion of
food. (F. — L.) M. E. messe. — O. F. mes,
a dish, course at table (now spelt meis,
badly). Cf. Ital. messo, a course at table.
— O. F. mes, that which is sent, pp. of
mettre, to send. » L. missum, ace. (or neut.)
of missus, pp. of mittere, to send ; in late
Lat., to place. See Missile.
Mess (2), a mixture, disorder. (E.)
A corruption of the older form mesh,
which again stands for mash, sb. ' Mes-
colare, to mixe, to m€tsh,Xo mesh',* Florio.
* Mescolanza, a medlie, a mesh, a mixture; '
id. See Mash.
Message. (F.-L.) F- message.'^
Late L. missdticum, a message. — L,
missus, pp. of mittere, to send. Der.
messenger, with inserted n, for M.E.
messager, formed from message with
suffix -er,
Messiah., the anointed one. (Heb.)
Heb. mdshiakh,2iXiO\nie^. — Heb. mdshakh,
to anoint.
Messnage, a dwelling-house with
offices. (F.— L.) yi.Y^.mesuage.^K.Y.
mesuage, a manor-house ; Low L. messud"
gium, mansudgium.'^\j8Xt L. mansiond-
ticum, a mansion ; prob. shortened by
confusion with mansdticum, ace. of mans-
dticus, a mansion. — L. mansidnem, ace.
of mansio, a mansion ; confused with
Late L. mansa, with a like sense and
origin. See Mansion and Manse.
Meta-, prefix. (Gk.) Gk. AC6Ta,prep.,
among, with, after; as a prefix, it com-
monly signifies • change.' + Goth, mith,
A. S. mid, G. mit, with ; Icel. meti.
Metal. (F. - L. - Gk.) M. E. metal. -
O. F. metal. ^L,. metallutn* a mine, metal.
■•Gk. fi^raWov, a cave, mine, mineral,
324
METALLURGY
MEW
metal. Allied to ^craXAacu, I search
after, explore.
inetalllirffyf a working in metals.
(F. - L. - Gk.f O. F. mttallurgie. - Late
L. *tnetaliurgia,^G)ii» fJi*TaWovp')6s, adj.,
working in metals. * Gk. /i^raXXo-i^, metal ;
ipyov, work; see Work. % L. i^^Ok.
ou<oc.
MetauovpllOBis, transformation. (L.
— Gk.) L. fftetamorphosis, ^ Gk. fi^Tafiop-
ipwatSf a change of lorm.»Gk. /icrd, here
denoting ^change*; and fiop<f>6cay I form,
from liofHprjy sb., shape.
Metaphor. (F.>L.~Gk.) U.Y.meta-
phore, * metaphor ; ' Cot. * L. ntetaphora,
mm Gk. /icra^pd, a transferring of a word
from its literal signification. — Gk. /icra-
^4ptiVf to transfer. » Gk. /AtrA, signifying
' change * ; <t>4p€iv, to bear ; see Bear (i).
Metaphrase. (Gk.) FromGk./ACTd.
^pcunsy a paraphrasing ; lit. change of
phrase. ■• Gk. fitrd, signifying * change ' ;
and <f>pd<rit, a phrase ; see Phraae.
MetaphysicSf the science of mind.
(JL — Gk^ Formerly also metaphysics
L. meiaphysica^ neat. pi. metaphysics, i-
Gk. li^ra rdk <pvffiMd, after .physics ; because
the study was supposed to follow that of
physics or natural science.
MetatheeiSe (L. — Gk.) L. nutaihe-
sis. ■> Gk. fitrdBfaiSf transposition. » Gk.
ficrd, implying * change ' ; BiciSt a placing ;
see Thesis.
MetOf to measure. (£.) M. £. pteten,
A. S. metan, to measure. 4*Dik meten, Icel.
mefa (to value), Swed. niataf Goth, mi/an,
G. tftessen. Cf. L. modus, me^ure, Gk.
fiid-ofiot, I provide for. (^M£D.)
MetempnrchosiSy transmigration of
souls. (Gk.) Gk. ftfTC/t^i^x^^''* *" Gk* A**^"
tfofnfxiw, I make the soul pass from one
body to another. — Gk. fitr-d, denoting
* change ' ; *m- (for li^), in, into ; ^vx-^, the
soul. See Fsyohical.
Meteor. (F. - Gk.) M. F. meteore, * a
meteor ; ' Cot. — Gk. ii^rlotpov, a meteor ;
neut. of adj. fitriupoSf raised above the
earth, soaring in air. — Gk. fJi^rd, among ;
*dpopos, prob. from dcipcir, to lift (see
Prellwitz).
Metheglin, mead. (W.) y/.medd-
yglytty mead, lit. mead-liquor. — W. meddy
mead ; llyn, liquor. See Mead (i).
Methinks. (£•) Lit. Mt seems tome;*
here mc is the dat. case, and thinks is an
impers. verb, from M. £. pinken, to seem.
A. S. mi fynte6, it seems to me ; from
Pyncan^ lo seem.+O. Sax. thunkiaHy Icel.
Pykkja, Goth, thugkjan, i. e. *thunkjany G.
dUnkent to seem. Allied (by gradation)
to A. S. fanCy a thought, and pencan, to
think. See Thank, Think.
Method. (F.-L.-Gk.) U.Y.methodi,
' a method ; * Cot. — L. methodus, — Gk.
fAi$oSo5t an enquiry into, method, system. —
Gk. fitO-y for fitT-d, among, after ; 6d6Sf a
way ; the lit. sense is ' a way after/ a fol-
lowing after. (ySED.)
Methylated, used of spiiits of wine
when mixed with methyl to make it un*
drinkable. (L. — Gk.) Formed with suffix
-ated from methyl^ meaning a gas procured
by the destructive distillation of wood.
Methyl is a Latinised spelling coined from
Gk. /Ac9* («i/xcT(i, by means of), and i/Xi;,
wood.
Metonyniy, the putting of one word
for another. (L, — (ik.) L. metdnymia,mm
Gk. fitrwvvfuay change of name.i-Gk.
fitrd, implying * change ' ; Syofm, name.
Metre, Meter, rhythm, verse. (F. —
L. — Gk.) M. E. metre. — M. F. metre,
* meeter ; ' Cot. — L. metrum . — Gk. /jUrpoVf
that by which anything is measured, a rule,
metre. Lit. ' measure ; * cf. Skt. mdy to
measure. See Brugm. ii. i 62. Der.
barthmeter^ chrono-mttery geo-metry, hexa-
meter, hydr<hmetery hygro-meter, penta-
metery therm<hmeter^ trigonchmetry, tri-
meter, &c.
Metropolis, a mother-city. (L. — Gk.)
L. metropolis. — Gk. /Affrp6iro\ii, a mother-
state ; the city of a primate.* Gk. t^rpo',
for fxfirrip, a mother ; w6\is, a city. See
Mother and Folioe.
Mettle, spirit, ardour. (F.— L.— Gk.)
Another spelling of metal; in Shakespeare,
no distinction is made between the two
words in old editions, either in spelling or
in use (Schmidt). With special allusion to
the metal (or mettle) of a sword-blade.
Mew (x)i to cry as a cat; a word of
imitative origin. (£.) M. £. mawen.^
Pers. maw, Arab, mua, mewing of a cat.
Der. mewl, from F. miauler, to mew.
Mew (3), a sea-gull. (£.) M. £. mawe.
A. S. mdw, meaWy miu, a mew. •4' N.
Fries, miwe, £. Fries, mive, Du. meeuw,
Icel. mar, Dan. maage, Swed. m&ke, G.
mowe. Cf. O. H. G. meh, a mew.
Mew (3), a cage for hawks, &c. (F.~
L.) The pi. mews now means a range of
stabling, because the royal stables were
rebuilt ^A. D. 1534) in a place where the
m
MEWL
MIGHT
royal falcons had been kept (Slow).
M. E. viewe^ mue, a cage where hawks
were kept when moulting. — O. F. muet a
moulting) also a mew for hawks ; Guernsey
ffinej a mew. ~ F. muer, to change, moult.
•• L. miitdref to change. Der. ntew-Sj as
above. See Hutable.
Mewl; seeMew(i).
Mews : see Mew (3).
MenotintOi a mode of engraving.
(Ital. — L.) Ital. mezzo iinto, half tinted.
-•Ital. mezzo, mid ; Unto, pp. of tingere, to
tint. -iL. mediuSf mid ; tingere, to dip, dye.
Miasmaf pollution, infectious matter.
(Gk.) Gk. fiiofffjuif a stain. «Gk. fuaiynv,
to stain.
Mioai a glittering mineral. (L.) * Mica,
a crum, little quantity of anything that
breaks off ; also, a glimmer, or cat-silver,
a metallick body like silver, which shines
in marble,* &c. ; Phillips (1706). —L. mica,
a crumb; cf. F. and Span, mica, mica.
But it seems to have been applied to the
mineral from the notion that this sb. is
related to L. micdre, to shine) which is
probably not the cnse.
Mich, to skulk, play truant. (E.) M.E.
muchen, to pilfer. A. S. *myccan ; not
found, but allied to G. metuhlings, insidi-
ously. Der. mich'Cr^ mich-ingJ^h^V.),
Michaelmas, the feast of St. Michael.
(F. — Heb. ; and L.) M. E. mickehusse ;
where Michel — F. Michel, from Heb.
Mikh&el, lit. * who is like unto God?*
The suffix 'tnas » M. E. messe « A.S. masse \
from L. missa; see Mass (a).
MicUe, great. (E.) M. E. mihel,
muhel, michel, muchel, — A.S. micel {mycel).
+ Iccl. mikill {mykill), Goth, mikils ; Gk.
ftcTtiAt;, great. Cf. also Gk. iJ^yat, great,
L. magnus. See Muoh.
Microcosm, a little world. (F.-L.-
Gki) F, microcosme, — L. microcosmus. —
Gk. fnKp6Ko<rfJU)Sf a little world. — Gk.
fuHp6-s, little, for fffxuepds, little; K6afAos,
world ; see Cosmo tio.
microscope^ an instrument for view-
ing small objects. (Gk.) Gk. tJUKp6't,
little ; CKoit'ttv, to see ; see Scope.
Mid, middle. (E.) M. E. mid. A. S.
mid, midd, adj. + Du. Dan. Swed. mid-
(in compounds) ; Icel. mitir, Goth, midjis,
O. H. G. mitti, L. medius, Gk. niaos,
MoMc lUcaoi, Skt. madhya-^ adj., middle.
Cf. Ir. mid', as in mid-nogt, midnight.
See Medium, Middle.
Midden* a dunghill. (Scand.) M. E.
midding, — Dan. modding (for *tmigdynge)*
— Dan. mifg (Icel. myki), muck; Dan.
dynge, a heap ; lit. * muck-heap *). Dan.
dynge^^vitA, dynga, dung; allied to E.
dung. And see Muck.
ICiddlef adj., intervening ; also as sb.
(E.) M. E. middeU adj. ; middeU sb.
K.S, middel, adj. and sb. — A. S. midd^
adj., middle. -f-Du. middel, adj. adv. and
sb. ; G. mittel, sb., means ; O. H. G.
mittil, adj. Cf. Icel. medal, prep., among.
Dar. middl'ing ; middle-most, an ill-coin^
superlative^ on the model of after^most,
foremost.
midriif, the diaphragm separating the
heart from the stomach, &c. (E.) M. E.
midrif. A. S. midrif, also midhrif.^
A. S. mid, middle ; hrif, the belly. +
O. Fries, midref, from mid, middle, ref,
rr/; the belly ; Tivi. middel-rtf. With A.S.
hrifoi. L. corp-us, body.
midship, short for amid-ship ; bence
midshipman.
miast, the middle. (E.) Inmiddest,
Spenser, F. Q. vi. 3. 25 ; formed, with
added /, from M. E. in middes, equivalent
to amiddes ; see Amid.
midwife. (E.) M. E. midwif\ rarely
mecUwif {ynycMt), from a false etymology
which connected it with M. E. meek or
meed, reward. — A. S. mid, prep., together
with ; wif, a woman. Thus the lit. sense is
' a woman who is with another/ a helper.
Cf. A. S. mid'Wyrcan, to work with. So
also Span, co-madre, lit. 'co-mother,' a
midwite. Cf. Du. medehelpen, to assist
(from mede, with, helpen, to help); G.
mit'helfer, a helper with, assistant.
Midge. (£*) M. £. migge, mygge.
A.S. micg, better mycg, a midge, gnat.
+ Du. mug, Low G. mugge, Sw«l. mygg,
Dan. myg, G. miicke. Teut. type ^mugjd,
f.,or *mugfoz, m.; prob. * buzzer;* cf. Gk.
fi^Cuv, to mutter, /»i;2b, a fly (Prellwitz) ;
also Icel. my, a midge.
Midriff, Midship, Midst, Mid-
wife ; see Mid.
Mien, look. (F.-C.) ¥. mine, 'the
Look;' Cot. (Whence Ital. mt^fa; Hatz*
feld.) Prob. from Bret, min, muzzle,
beak (also used of men). Cf. W. min,
lip ; Ir. men, mouth ; Com. mein, men,
lip, mouth (Thumeysen). Celtic type
*makna {*mekno-), open mouth (Stokes).
Might (i), strength. (E.) M.E. mi)t.
A. S. miht ; O. Merc, mceht. 4* Du. magt,
Icel. mdttr, Dan. Swed. magt, Goth.
5i6
MIGHT
makiSt G. nuuht, Teut. type *niah-iizy
f. ; from the verb *mag'an; See May (i ).
Kight (a), pt. t. of may, (£.) See
May (I).
Mignonette; a plant. (F.) F.
mignonette, dimrn. of mignon^ darling;
see Minion.
Migrate. (L.) Frompp.ofL.wi]frJr^,
to wander. Cf. Gk. &fA€i0ttv^ to change.
Milch ; see Milk.
Mild. (£.) M. £. mild, milde, A. S.
milde.^livL. mild, Icel. mildr, Dan. Swed.
G. mild; O. Sax. mildi, O. H.G. milti.
Goth, -mildsy in un-milds, without natural
affection. Perhaps allied to Gk. /caX^air^s,
soft, mild, O. Iri^ Ptetd^ pleasant. Brugm.
i. § 591.
Mildew. (£.) M. £. meldew. A. S.
melediaw, mildiaw, lit. honey-dew. — A. S.
fnele^ mil, allied to L. fkel, honey ; diaw,
dew. So also Irish milceog, mildew ; from
mil, honey. And cf. Gk. yA\i, honey.
Mile. (L.) M,E, mile. A,S. mil."
L. pi. milia, commonly millia, a Roman
mile. — L. mille, sing., a thousand ; whence
mille (pi. millia) passuum, a thousand
paces, a Roman mile. Cf. Du. mijl^ G.
meile, Swed. mil^ Dan. miil\ all from L.
milfoil, yarrow. (F.— L.) Lit. 'thou-
sand-leaf.' — F. milU, thousand ; A. F.
foille, ¥,feuille, leaf. —Late h, millefolium,
milfoil, -i L. mille, thousand ; folium, leaf;
see FoU (2).
Militate, to contend. (L.) From pp.
of L. militdre, to serve as a soldier. — L.
mtlit', stem of miles, a soldier.
?**'1'tift, troops. (L.) L. militia, (i)
warfare, (2) troops. -■ L. mtlit', stem of
miles, a soldier.
MiUc. (£.) M.E.milk, O.Merc. mile
(Sweet, O. E. T.) ; A. S. meolc, meoluc^
Du. melA, O. Sax. miluk\ Icel. mjolk,
Dan. melk, Swed. mjolk \ Goth, mtluks,
G» milch. Teut. stem *m^/to&-, fem. Allied
to the old strong Teut. vb. *melk-an^, as
seen in A. S. melcan, Du. and G. melken,
to stroke a cow, milk; allied to Gk.
d/((A7C(K, L. mulgire, to milk, Lith. milst-
ti^ to stroke, to milk ; O. Irish blig-im, I
milk. (VMELG.)
miloh, milk-giving. (£.) M.K milche,
melche, adj.; cf. A. S. milc-en, adj.,
milky. 4* Icel. milkr^ mjdlkr^ adj., milk-
giving, from mjSlk, milk. So abo G.
nulk, adj., milch.
milksop, an effeminate man. (£.)
M.K milksoppe,Q)i.C, T. 13916 (B3100).
MtNCE
Lit. * bread sopped in milk ; ' hence, a soft
fellow. — M. £. milk, milk ; soppe, a sop ;
see Sop.
Mill. (L.) M. £. miln^ myln, mulne ;
whence mille, mulle, by assimilation of n.
A. S. myln, mylen^^ljsXt L. mulina, for
molina, a mill; extended from ^loki, a
mill. See Molar.
Millennium, a thousand years. (L.)
L. millennium. — L. mille, thousand ;
annus,, year ; see Annual.
Millet, a plant. (F.-L.) F. millet;
dimui. of mil, millet. *L. milium, millet
(whence A.S. mil, millet). •fGk. /icX/ki;,
millet.
Milliner. (Ital.) Formerly also
millaner (Ben Jonson). Disputed; but
certainly for Milaner, a dealer in goods
brought from Milan, in Italy.
Million, a thousand thousand . (F.-L .)
F. million; Late L. millio, lit. 'great
thousand,* an augmentative form. > L.
mille, thousand. Der. Hence b-illion,
tr-illion^ quadr-illion are formed, by a
sort of analogy, in order to express shortly
the ideas of bi-million, tri-million, &c. ;
where hi- means *to the second power,*
not * twice.*
Milt (i), the spleen. (£.) M. £. milte.
A. S. milte. + Du. milt, Icel. milti, Dan.
milt, Swed. mjdUe, the spleen; G. mih,
O. H. G. milzi, milt. From the verb to
melt in the sense to digest ; cf. Icel. melta,
(i) to malt, (2) to digest. See Melt.
Milt (2), soft roe. (Scand.) A corrup-
tion of ^/i/^, due to confusion with milt (i).
M. E. mylke of fyshe; Vocab. 591. 16.—
Swed. mjolke, milt, from mjolk ^ milk;
"D^xi.fiskemelk, soft roe of fishes, lit. ' fish-
milk;* Q. fischmilch, milt. Cf. M. Du.
melcker van een visch, * the milt of a fish/
Hexham.
Mimio. (L . — Gk.) L. mimicus, farcical.
— Gk. fUfiiKds, imitative. — Gk. fufcor, an
imitator, actor, mime.
Minaret, a turret on a mosque. (Span.
—Arab.) Span, minarete, a high slender
turret, i- Arab, mandrat, a lamp, light-
house, minaret. « Arab, mandr, candle-
stick, lamp, lighthouse. Allied to Arab.
nar, fire.4*Heb. manor&h, a candlestick ;
from »/7r, to shine.
Mince, to cut up small. (F.— L.)
M.E. mincen. — M.F. mincer, O.F. minder,
to mince ; cf. mince, adj., small. — Late L.
*minutidre, to mince (Sdiwan, § 199);
from Late L. minutia, a small piece. —L.
327
MIND
vUniltuSy small. Cf. A.S. minsiafij to
diminish. SeeMinish. Der. mince-pie, {or-
merlv minced-pie, i.e. pie of minced meat.
MINUS
small. *L. min^iniaf very small; superl.
fern, allied to min-or^ less. See Minor.
Kinioxiy a favourite. (F.) F. mignon.
Mind. (E.) yi,l£,.mind, K.^.gemyndt sb., a favourite. — F. »m^«<?«, adj., minion,
memory. -i A.S. munan, to think ; gemun-
aUf to remember (whence gemynd for *ga'
mundi'y by mutation). 4* Goth, ^-www/j,
f., remembrance. Teut. type *mundi'y
for *fnuntkl'y by Vemer s law ; Idg. type
m9nti' (cf. L. nunt-is, gen. of menSf mind ;
Skt. ntati'y mind). From the weak grade
of i^MEN, to think. Brugm. i. § 431.
Mine (1)1 belonging to me. (E.) M. E.
//«■«, pi. mine\ often shortened to my.
A.S. mifty poss. pron. (declinable), from
fnifty gen. of ist pers. pronoun. + Goth.
meins, poss. pron. ; allied to meinay gen.
case of 1st pers. pronoun ; so in other Teut .
tongues. Cf. L. meus» See Me.
my, (E.) M.E. miy my; short for
min (above), by loss of final n. Der.
myself y M. E. mi-self, formerly myself
Mine (a), to excavate. (F.-C.) F.
miner. Of Celtic origin. Cf. Bret, men-
gleuz, a mine (cf. cleuzy hollow) ; W.
mwn, ore, a mine, mwn-glawddy a mine
(cf clawddy a pit), O. W. mwyny ore
(Davies) ; Irish meiny ore; Gael, meiny
meinny ore, a mine (Thurneysen). Celtic
type *meiniy ore (Stokes).
mineral. (F. — C.) M.F. mineral, * a
minerall ; * Cot. — F. miner, to mine (above) .
Cf. Span, minera, a mine.
Minever ; see Meniver.
Ming[le, to mix. (E.) A frequentative
form of mingy to mix (Surrey) ; M. E.
mengen, mingen, to mix. A. S. mmgan,
to mix, to become mixed ; a causal verb.
••A. S. mangy a mixture, usaaXiy gemang,
gemong, a mixture, crowd, assembly. 4- I^u.
mengelen, to mingle, from mengeny to mix ;
Icel. menga^ G. mengeny to mingle. See
Among, Monger.
Miniature, a small painting. (Ital.—
L.) Ital. miniatura, a miniature. — Ital.
miniato, pp. of miniarey to dye, paint,
*' to colour or limne with vermilion or red
lead ; ' Florio. — L. miniumy cinnabar, red
lead ; said to be of Iberian origin.
TWJTiJWn, a little darling. (Du.) Used
by Florio, to translate Ital. mignone.^'Dxi,
minnekyny a cupid (Sewel); M. Du.
minneken, my darling, dimin. of minne,
love (Hexham). Cf. O. H. G. minna, love ;
allied to Mind. (VMEN.)
Minim, a note in music ; ^V^h of a
drachm. (F.—L.) O.F, minimey lit. very i less ; see Minor.
338
dainty, also pleasing, kind. Of doubtful
origin. Cf. G. minne, love ; see Minikin.
Or from Celt, min-, small (Korting).
Minish, to lessen. (F.— L.) M.E.
menusen, — F. menuiser, to minish (answer-
ing to Late L. *miniilidre).^h, mimlfusy
small ; see Minute. Doublet, mince.
minister. (F.— L.) M,E, ministre.
■■F. minislre. '^'L. ace. ministrum; nom.
minister^ a servant. L. min-is-ter is
formed with suffix -ter from *min-es,
allied to min-ory smaller; from the base
min-, small ; see Minor.
Miniver ; see Meniver.
Minnow, a small fish. (E.) M.E.
memnv. A. S. myne, a minnow ; cf. O. H. G.
muniway a minnow (Kluge). % We
find another word, viz. M.E. menuse,
a small fish ; from O. F. menuisey a small
fish. * Late L. type *miniitia. — L. miniilus,
minute, small ; see Minute.
Minor, less. (L.) L. min-or, less ; the
positive form occurs in A. S. min (?), Irish
miny small. -^ Icel. minnr, adv., less; Goth.
minniza, less. Brugm. i. § 84.
Minster. (L. — Gk.) A. S. mynster ;
cf. O. H. G. munistri. From L. monaster^
ium ; see Monastery.
Minstrel. (F. — L.) M. E, minislral,
or menestral.^O. F. menestrel, menesiral,
— Late L. ministrdlis, a servant, retainer,
hence one who played instruments or
acted as jester. — L. minister, a servant ;
see Minister. Der. minstrel-cyy M. E.
minstralcie.
Mint (i ) » a> place where money is coined;
(L.) M. E. minty mynt, A. S. mynet ;
cf. O. H. G. munizza (G. miinze). From
L. moniiay (i) a mint, (2) money (Pogat-
scher). Manila was a surname of Juno,
in whose temple at Rome money was
coined.— L. monirey to warn; Brugm. ii.
§ 79. See Money.
Mint (3), a plant. (L. - Gk.) A. S.
minte.^'L. menta, menlka. ^Gk, luvOa,
mint.
Minnet, a dance. (F.—L.) So called
from the small steps taken in it. — M.F.
menuely ' smallish, little, pretty ; * Cot.
Dimin. of M.F. menu, small. — L. minHtuSy
small ; see Minute.
minns, less. (L.) Neut. of minor.
MINUTE
MISPRISE
mixilltef sb. (L.) M. £. minutet sb.
»L. minuiay a small part ; orig. fern, of
tninutus, small, pp. of minuere, to make
small.— L. min-, small ; base of tnin-or,
less. S^ Minor.
MiUTi a pert wanton woman, (Low G.)
Low G. minsky (i ) masc. a man, (2) neat,
a pert female. Cf. G. mensch, neut., a
wench. The G. tiiensch was orig. an adj.,
from mantty a man. Cf. A. S. fnennisc,
human ; from mann, a man. See Man.
lCi006Xie, less recent. (Gk.) Gk. fJido',
for fitieaVf less ; iaiiV'6s, new, recent.
Kiracle. (F. — L.) F. mircLck, — L.
mtraculum^ a wonder. — L. mirdrti to
wonder at. — L. mtrus, wonderful. Cf. Skt.
smaya-y wonder, from smiy to smile. Allied
to Smile. Brugm. i. § 389.
mirasre. (F.— L.) F. mirage y^vi
optical illusion. — F. mirery to look at. —
L. mtrdri (above).
MirOy (leep mud. (Scand.) M. £. mirey
myre, ^Icel. myrry mod. ntyriy a bog;
Swed. myra^ Dan. myrCy myvy a bog. +
O. H. G. miosy M. H. G. miesy moss,
swamp. Teut. base *nieus- > *meuz'.
Allied to Moss.
Mirror. (F.— L.) M. E. mirour.^
O. F. mireor, later miroiry a looking-glass,
mirror (answering to Late L. mirdtorium),
— Late L. mirdrey to behold ; L. mtrdri.
See Miracle.
Mirth. (£.) M.£. mirthe, A. S.
myrgG, mirhdy mirigiSy mirth. — A. S. myrge,
merry. See Merry.
Mu- (i), prefix. (E.) The A. S. mis-
occurs in mis-d^dy a misdeed, and in
other compounds. It answers to Du.
Dan. Icel. mis-y Swed. G. miss-y Goth.
missa'y with the sense of * wrong.* Teut.
type *missO' ; Idg. type *mit-tO' ; allied
to O. H. G. midan (G. meiden), to avoid ;
Lnt. mitterCy to send away, pp. missus.
Brugm. i. § 794. Ber. mis-become, -behave y
'believe J -deedy -deemy -afc, -givey -lay, -ieadj
'likey 'ttanUy 'Shapey -timet -understand.
Also prefixed to words of F. and L. origin,
as in mis-apply t-caiculate, -carry y -conceivey
'Condttcty -construe, -datey -demeanour, -em-
ploy y -fortune, -govern, -guide, -inform,
-interpret, judgey -place, -print, -pronounce,
-quote, -represent, -riiUy -spend, 'term, -use,
&c. Also to Scand. words, as in mis-call,
'hap, -take. See Miss (i).
mis- (a), prefix. (F.— L.) The proper
spelling is M. E. mes-, as in mes'chief,
mischief. The same as O. F. mes-. Span.
menos-y from L. minus y less ; with the
sense of * bad.* Frequently confused with
the prefix above. Der. mis-adventure
(q. v.), -aHiance, -chance (q. v.), -chief
(q. v.), -count (q. v.), -creant (q. v.), -nomer
(q. v.), -prise (q. v.).
Misadventure. (F. -L.) O. F.
mesaventure; see Mis- (2) and Adven-
ture.
Misanthrope. (Gk.) Gk. lua&vBfw-
rrosy adj., hating mankind. —Gk. fua-uvy
to hate, from fUff'OSy hatred ; SvOpomoSy a
man. Der. misanthrop-icy -ist, -y (Gk.
fU<Tav$p<uiria) ,
MisoellaneOUBy various. (L.) L.
miscelldne-us ; with suffix -ous. — L. mis-
cellusy mixed. — L. miscerey to mix; see
Mix.
Mischance. (F.^L.) M. £. and
O. F. meschance'y see Mis- (a) and
Chance.
Mischief. (F. — L.") yi.Y.. meschief
— O. F. meschief, a bad result. Cf. Span.
menos-caboy diminution, loss. See Mis-
(2) and Chief.
Miscount. (F.-L.) O.Y.mesconter;
see Mis- (a) and Count.
Miscreant, a wretch. (F.-L.) Orig.
an unbeliever, infidel.— M.F. mescreant,
* misbelieving ; ' Cot. Here mes- < L.
minus ; see Mis- (a). Creant is from L.
credent- y stem of pres. pt. of credere, to
believe. Cf. Ital. miscredente, misbelieving ;
and £. re'creant. See Creed.
Miser^a niggard. (L.) Also 'a wretch';
Spenser, r . Q. ii. 1.8. — L. miser, wretched.
Cf. Ital. and Span, misero (i) wretched, (a)
avaricious.
miserable. (F.— L.) MJF. tniserable.
— L. miserdbiliSy pitiable. — L. miserdrl, to
pity.— L. misery wretched.
Mishap. (Scand.) M. £. mishappen,
verb, to uill out ill; see Mis- (i) and
Hap.
Mishna, a digest of Jewish traditions.
(Heb.) Heb. mishnah, a repetition, a
second part. — Heb. root shdndh, to
repeat.
BIisnomer» a misnaming. (F.— L.)
It answers to an O. French nusnommer,
to misname ; used as a sb. with the sense
* a misnaming.* — O. F. mes-, badly ; nom'
mer, to name. See Mis- (2) and Nominal.
Misprise, Misprise, to slight. (F.
— L.) In As You Like It, i. i. 177.-
M. F. nuspriser, * to disesteem, contemn ; '
Cot. — O. F. mes-y badly ; Late L. pretidre,
339
M i
MiSf>RISl6N
to prize, esteem, from L. pretium^ price.
See Mis- (2) and Price.
Mispriaioil, a mistake, neglect. (F.-
L.) M. F. mesprison, * misprision, error,
offence ; * Cot. Cf. F. mipriscy a mistake.
— O. F. mes'^ badly, ill ; Late L. prensid-
nemjSLCC. of prensio {short for "L.prekensio),
a seizing, taking, apprehending, from L.
preken£re ; to take. % Quite distinct
from misprise.
Mi88 (i)>to fail to hit. (£.) M.E.
missen, A. S. missan, to miss ; also, to
escape one*s notice (rare). From a base
*mith-y weak grade of *meith-^ as in A. S.
and O. S. tntdaHf to conceal, avoid, escape
notice (as well as in G. meiden^ O. H. G.
mtdan, to avoid). See Mis- (i).+Dn.
missen^ Icel. missa, Dan. miste (with ex-
crescents), Swed. missat O.H.G. missan^ to
miss ; also Du. mis, Icel. mis, adv., amiss ;
also Du, mis-, Icel. mis-, Dan. mis-y Swed.
G. miss-y wrongly. Allied to L. mitterg,
to send ; see Missile. ( ^MEIT.) Der.
miss^ sb., a fault, M.E. missCt Will, of
Paleme, 532 ; miss-ing.
Kiss (2), an unmarried woman. (F.-
L.) A contraction of mistress ; Evelyn's
Dianr, Jan. 9, i66a. See Mistress.
Missal, a mass-book. (L.) Late L.
missdU, a mass-book. — Late L. missa,
mass ; see Mass (2).
Missel-thmsh. ; see Mistle-thrush.
Missile, a weapon that may be thrown.
(I^.) Properly an adj., * that may be
thrown.*— L. missilis, that may be thrown.
— I-., missus f pp. of mittere, (perhaps for
*mTtere)y to throw, send ; pt. t; mtsi.'^
O. H. G. midattf to avoid; see Miss (i).
Bmgm. i. § 930.
mission. (L.) O. F. and F. mission,
— L. missionemy ace. of missiOy a send-
ing.—L. misS'USj pp. olmittere^ to send.
missive. (F.-L.) F. missive, 'a
letter sent ; ' Cot. Coined from L. miss-us,
pp. oi mittere, to send.
Mist. (£.) A S. misty gloom, darkness.
4- Icel. mistr, Du. Swed. mist, mist. Teut.
type *mik stoz. Apparently formed from
the base *mig- {"^^mih- before J/), Idg.
*migh- (weak grade of root *meigh) ; as
seen in Lithuan. migla^ Russ. mgla^ Gk.
d/ux^ij* ™ist, Skt. mik'ira-f a cloud ; also
Skt. migh-a-, a cloud, from the stronger
grade. (^MEIGH, to darken ; perhaps
distinct from ^MEIGH, as appearing in
\u<^mingere,^
I, to err. (Scand.) Icel. mis-
MITRE
taka^ to take by error, make a slip.— Icel.
mis-y wrongly ; taka^ to take. See Mis-
(i) and Take.
Mister, Mr., a title of address. (F.—
L.) A corruption of mastery due to the
in^uence of mistress y which is an older
word than mister ; see below.
mistress, a lady of a household. (F.
— L. ) O. F. maistresse, * a mistress, dame ; '
Cot. (F.mattresse.) ¥em,o{0.¥.maistrey
a master ; see Master.
Mistery, Mystery, a trade, handi-
craft. (F. — L.) The mystety plays (bttter
spelt mistery plays') were so called because
acted by craftsmen ; from M. E. mistere^ a
trade, craft, Ch. C. T. 615. — O. F. mestier,
a trade, occupation (F. »//ft>r). — Late L.
misterium (also written mysterium by con-
fusion with that word in the sense of
* mystery *), short form of L. ministeriumy
employment. — L. ministery a servant ; see
Minister.
Mistle-thmsll. (E.) So called from
feeding on the berries of the mistletoe ;
from A.S. misiely mistletoe (below). 4* ^*
misteldrossely mistle-thrush.
mistletoe. (E.) A final n has been
lost. A. S. misteltdn, — A. S. misteU also
(like G. mistel) with the sense of mistletoe ;
tan, a twig, cognate with Icel. teinny Du.
teeny Goth, tains, Dan. teen, Swed. ten,
twig, spindle. +Icel. mistelteinn, mistletoe.
Perhaps mistel is related to G. mist, dung.
Cf. M. Du. mistel, bird-lime* (Kilian),
*glew* (Hexham).
Mistress ; see Mister.
Misty (i), adj. formed from Mist.
Misty (a)> doubtful, ambiguous, as ap-
plied to language. (F. — L.~Gk.) In the
phrases * misty language ' and ' mistiness
of language,^ misty is not from £. mist,
but is short for mystic ; see Palmer, Folk-
Etymology. See Mystic.
Mite (i), an insect. (E.) M. £. mitey
A. S. mTtey a mite. + Low G. mite, Du.
mijt, O. H. G. miza, a mite. Teut. type
*mit0n-y f. The word means 'cutter,' i.e.
biter; from Teut. base MEIT, to cut; cf.
Icel. meita, to cut. See Emmet.
mite (a), a very small portion. (Du.)
M.E. mite.^'M, Du. mijt, mite, a very
small coin, mite, bit cut off. See above.
Mitisfate. (L.) From pp. of L. mtti-
gSre, to make gentle. — L. mit-is, gentle ;
-igare, for agere, to make.
Mitare* a head-dress, esp. for a bishop.
(F. — L. — Gk.) O. F. mitre. — L. mitra, a
330
MITTEN
MODERATE
cap. i- Gk. furpa, a belt, girdlei head-band,
fillet, turban.
Mitten. (F.-G. or C?) M.E. mi-
taine. — F. mitaine, * a mittain, winter-
glove,' Cot. ; Gascon mitano. Origin dis-
puted ; see Hatzfeld, Korting, ScheTer.
^K^-w^ to nungle. (E.) For misk, like
tuc for ask, A. S. mixian (C. Hall),
miscian, to mix (not borrowed from Latin,
but allied to it). + G. mischen ; also W.
mysgu, Gael, tntasg, O. Irish mescainty I
mix, Russ. mieshate, Lithnan. niaiszyti^
L. miscerCf Gk. futrytiv (for */uy'<TH€iv)y to
mix. Cf. Skt. mtfra, mixed. Extended
from '^MEIK ; cf. Gk. fuyvvfu, I mix.
Brugm. i, §§ 707, 760. Der. mashj
q.v.
mizture. (L.) L. mixturay a mixture.
— L. mixiuSf pp. of miscere, to mix
(above).
Mizen, a dunghill. (£.) M. £. mixen^
A. S. mixen, tfteoxen, the same. From
A. S. miXf meox^ dung. — A. S. mig-, weak
grade of migan^ to urine. Cf. G. mist.
Xisen, Misien, a sail in a ship. (F.
— Ital. — L.) F. misaine, explained by
Cotgrave as ' the foresaile of a ship.** Ital.
mezzanay * a saile in a ship called the poope
or misen-saile ; * Florio. Cf. Ital. piezzafWy
* a meane man, between great and little ; '
id. The orig. sense seems to have been
* of middling size,' without reference to its
position. — Late L. niedidnuSj middle, also
of middle size (whence also F. moyen, E.
nuati) . — L. mediusy middle. See Medium.
Minle* to rain in fine drops. (£.) For-
merly tnisUy M.E. miselen, Cath. Angl.
C£ M. Du. mieselefiy to drizzle, Hexham ;
Low G. miseln (Berghans) ; E. Fries.
misigj damp, gloomy. Cf. Mist.
MlLaillOIlies. the science of aiding the
memory. (Gk.) Gk.p^/iOFMC(&, mnemonics;
neut. pi. of fonj/JMvtiedit belonging to me-
mory. » Gk. fiVTj/ioV', stem of /nrfffiajVy
mindful. » Gk. fwdofuu, I remember. (From
the weak grade of VMEN.)
Xoan, sb. (E.) M.E. momj a com-
munication, also a complaint ; correspond-
ing to A. S. *mdn- (not found), supposed
to be cognate with O. Fries, mine^ an
opinion, O. H. G. meitta, an opinion,
thought. Hence was formed A. S. manany
to mean, intend, relate, also to complain,
moan, lament, M. E. tnemny to lament,
now obsolete, its place being supplied by
the form of the >'b., used as a vb. See
further under Mean ^1). % Cf. means
(some edd. tnoans) in Shak. M. N. D. v.
330. Der. betnoaHy vb., substituted for
M. E. bimeneny A. S. bi-manan,io bemoan.
Koat. (F.-Teut.) M.E.»w/«.-O.F.
motey an embankment, dike ; Norman dial.
mottCy a moat, foss. [As in the case of
dike, the same word means either the
trench cut out or the embankment thrown
up, or both together ; cf. Low L. tnota,
(i) a mound, (a) a mound and moat
together; also spelt moita,'] The same
word as F. motiey 'a clod, lump, sodd,
turfe, little hill, butt to shoot at ; ' Cot-
grave. Cf. also Ital. moUay a heap of earth,
also a hollow, trench (like E. moat)y Span.
mctay a mound ; Romansch muottay rounded
hill. Of Teut. origin ; from Bavarian nwtty
peat, heap of peat (Diez). Prob. allied to
Mud ; cf. Dt. modeler J mud.
BEob (0* ^ disorderly crowd. (I^.) A
contraction of mobile uulguSy i.e. fickle
crowd. Both mob and mobile were in use,
in the same sense, A. D. 1 692-5. ^ L. mobiUy
neut. of mobilisy moveable, fickle. * L.
mouire, to move. See Move.
Koll (2), a kind of cap. (Du.) From
Du. mopmutSy a woman's nightcap (where
muts means cap) ; M. Du. mopy a woman's
coif (Sewel) ; Low G. moppy a woman's cap
(Danneil).
Mobile, easily moved. (F. — L.) F.
mobile. ^'L. mdbilis\ see Mob (i).
Koccassin, Mocasiiit a shoe of
deer>skin. (N. American Indian.) From
the Algonquin makisin (Cuoq).
Mock, to deride. (F.-L.) M.E.
mokken. — O. F. mocquer, later moquer.
According to Koiting, it is the Picard form
of mouchery to wipe the nose ; and Cot-
grave has moucher^ 'to snyte, or make
cleane the nose ; also, to frump, mocke,
scoff, deride ; ' for which Corblet gives
the Picard form mouker. Cf. Ital. moccarey
'to blow the nose, also to mocke ;' Florio.
-■Late L. muccdrey to blow the nose.— L.
muccus. mOcuSy mucus. See Mucub.
Mode. ( F. - L.) F. mode, — L. modumy
ace of moditSy measure, manner, way. Al-
lied to Mete. Brugm. i. k 412*
model. (F.-Ital.-L.) U.Y.modelle
(F. modile), — Ital. modelloy 'a modell,
frame, mould ; ' Florio. From dimin. of
L. modulus y a standard, measure, which is
again a dimin. of modusy measure. Der.
re- model.
moden^te, temperate. (L.) From pp.
of L. moderdriy to regulate. From a stem
551
MODERN
MOLECULE
moder-, for tnodes-y extended from niod-us^
a measure. See modest.
modem. (F. — L.) F. rnoderne.^'L,
modemus, belonging to the present mode ;
extended ifrom a stem moder- (above).
modest, moderate, chaste, decent. (F.
— L.) F. modeste, — L. niodcstus, modest,
lit. * keeping within measure.* From a
neuter stem modes-y with suffix -ttu ; see
moderate (above). Brugm. ii. $ 132.
modicum, a small quantity. (L.)
Neut. of L. modicuSf moderate. — L. modus y
measure.
modify. (F.— L.) F. modifier* ^la.
modificdre. ^h. modi-^ for modus^ measure,
moderation ; -ficdrey iox facerCy to make.
modulate, to regulate. (L.) From
pp. of L. moduldriy to measure by a
standard. a-L. modulus y dimin. of modus y
a measure ; see model.
SCotful, a Mongolian. (Pers.) Pers.
Mogholj a Mogul ; another form of Mon-
goL
Xoliair, cloth of fine hair. (Arab.)
A changed spelling (by confusion with
hair) of mockaire (Haklnyt, ii. 273) ;
whence F. mouaire (1650), mod. F. moire ;
also F. moncayar.^Sx^, mukkayyary a
kind of coarse camlet or hair-cloth ; Rich.
Diet., p. 1369.
Monammedan. (Arab.) A follower
oi Mohammed. — Arab, muhammady praise-
worthy. — Arab, hamaday he praised.
MoAur, a gold coii^ (Pers.) Pers.
muhry miihary a gold coin worth 16 rupees
(Wilson) ; muhry muhur^ Rich. Diet.,
P- 1.S3.4-
Moidore, » Portuguese gold coin.
(Port.-L.) See Baile/s Diet. - Port.
moeda d^ouro, a moidore, £1 *js. ; lit.
* money of gold.' — L. monetay money ; diy
of; aunim, gold. See Money.
Moiety, half. (F.— L.) F. moiti^y a
half. — L. medietdtemy ace. of medietas y
a middle course, a half. -> L. medius,
middle. See Medium.
Moily to toil, drudge. (F. — L.) For-
merly moiley to defile with dirt ; later moil^
' to daw be with dirt, to drudge ; ' Phillips.
The older sense was to dirty, hence to
drudge, from the dirt consequent on toil.
Sj^enser has fnoyUy to sully. Hymn of
Heav. Love, st. 32. Still earlier, we have
M. E. moilieny to moisten, wet. — O.F. moil-
let'y moiler (Littr^), later mouillery to wet,
moisten; orig. sense, to soften, which (in
the case of clay) is effected by wetting it.
This verb answers to a Late L. *mollidrey
to soften ; not found. — L. moUi-Sy soft.
Thus the senses were, to soften, moisten,
dirty, soil oneself, drudge.
Moire, watered silk. (F.) From K.
moirey used in two senses. In the sense
mohairy it is borrowed from E. mohair
(Hatzfeld). In the sense of watered silk,
it may represent L. marmoreusy shining
like marble, from marmor, marble
(Korting) ; but this may be only a trans-
ferred sense of the former.
Moist. (F.— L.) M. E. moistey often
with the sense * fresh'; Ch. C. T. 459,
12249. — O. F. moisiCy later moite, Etym.
disputed; (1) from L. musieus, new, from
L. mustumy must; (2) from L. mtuci-
duSy miiciduSy mouldy, from L. mucus
(Korting); (3) from L. musciduSy mossy,
from muscuSy moss (Hatzfeld). Der.
moisi-urey O. F. mois/eur.
Molar, used for grinding. (L.) L. mo-
idriSy adj., from mola^ a mill. Cf. molerey
to grind. (^MEL.) Brugm. il. § 690.
Molasses, syrup made from sugar.
(Port. — L.) Formerly melasses. — Port.
melofOy molasses ; cf. Span, melaza (same .
~ L. melldceusy made with honey. — L. meh
honey.
Mole (i)) a spot or mark on the body.
( E. ) M. E. mole. A. S. mUly a spot ( whence
mok by the usual change from & to long 0),
+0. H. G. meily Goth, maily a spot.
Mole (3)) an animal. (E.) M. £. molle.
+ M. Du. and Du. mol\ Low G. mull
(Berghaus). Prob. related to M. Du.
muly * the dust or crumblings of turf,'
Hexham ; M. E. mul, A. S. »tyly dust ;
which are further related to Mould (i).
The sense may have been *■ earth-grubber,'
or * crumbier,' from the weak grade of
VMEL, to pound. Cf. E. Fries, mulletty
to grub ; mulle, a child that grubs in the
ground ; mulUy muly a mole ; Low G,mull-
womty a mole (DanneilJ. % Another name
was formerly moldwarp (i Hen. IV. iii. 1.
149), lit. ^ the animal that casts up mould.'
M. £. moldwerp ; from moldy mould,
werpetty to throw up. See "Warp. Cf.
Icel. moldvarpa^ a mole, O. H. G. mult-
wut^y G. maulwurf.
BEole (3\ a breakwater. (F. -Ital. ~L.)
F. mdle, » Ital. nwloy moUy *" a great pile ; *
Florio. » L. molem, ace. of mdles^ a great
heap.
molecule, nn atom. (L.) Formerly
molecula ; Bailey. Coined from L. moles^
333
MOLEST
MONTH
a heap; the true form would have been
molicula.
Kolest, to annoy. (F.— L.) Y, molester,
^ L. molestdre. — L. niolestus^ troublesome ;
formed with suffix -iuSy from a stem moles-^
extended from mol-y as seen in mol-ere^ to
grind. See Molar.
KoUify, to soften. ',F. - L.) M. F. mol-
lifter. ^L. tnollificare, ^\^ moll-is ^ soft;
■jicdret for facere^ to make. Cf. Skt.
mrdu', soft. Allied to Melt ; Brugm. ii.
§ 690.
moUllSC. ( F. » L.) F. mollusque. — L.
mollusca^ a soft-shelled nut ; which some
molluscs were supposed to resemble, i* L.
moll- is, soft.
Molten, old pp. of Melt, q. v.
IColr, a plant. (L.~Gk.) L. moly.^
Gk. yjuKv ; Homer, Od. x. 305.
Moment. (F. - L.) F. moment. — L.
momentum^ a movement ; hence, an instant
of time ; short for *mouimentum. — L.
^mouere^ to move. See Move. Doublets,
momefitumy movetnent.
Monad, a unit, &c. (L.-Gk.) L.
monad', stem of monas, a unit. « Gk. /lovdsj
a unit, -i Gk. ixovo^, alone.
monarcllt a sole ruler. (F. — L. - Gk.)
F. monarque.^h. numarcha,^Gk. fjiovAp-
Xfpt a sovereign, sole ruler. — Gk. pov- (for
/ici'os), alone ; and Hpx^^^j to rule.
monastery. (L. - Gk.) L. monastir-
i«/m.-*Cik. lAOvcLffrtpiov, a minster. — Gk.
fiovaffr^St dwelling alone, a monk. — Gk.
fju»'4i{€iv, to be alone. — Gk. ftovos, alone.
Der. moftasl-ic jfrom Gk. iiovaariK^, living
in solitude.
Monday. (E.) M. E. monenday, later
moneday, monday, A. S. mdnan dag, day
of the moon ; where mdnan is the gen. of
mona, moon. See Moon. A translation
of L. diis luna,
IConetaxy, relating to money. (L.'
I^. mcntt&riuSy lit. belonging to a mint.—
L. monita, (i) a mint, (a) money. See
Mint (i).
money. (F. — L. ) M .E. moneie, — O. F.
mofteie {Y . monnaie), — L. monita, (i) mint,
2) money ; see Mint (i).
Monger, a dealer, trader. (I..) Hence
iron-monger, coster-monger. M.E. monger-,
A.S, mangere, a dealer, merchant; A.S.
mangian, to traffic- L. mango, a dealer.
Mongoose ; see Mungoose.
Mongrelf &n animal of a mixed breed.
(E.) Spelt w//«^7 in Levins (1570). It
stnnds for ^mong-er-el, i. e. a small animal
of mixed breed ; cf. cock-er-el, picker el
(small pike). — A.S. mang, a mixture.
See Mingle.
Monition, a warning, notice. (F. - L. )
F. monition. — L. ace monitionem. — I,.
monitus, pp. of monere, to advise, lit. to
make to think. (^^MEN.) Brugm. ii.
§794.
Monk. (L.-Gk.) M.E. monk. A.S.
munuc. — L. monachus. — Gk.fiovtxxii, adj.,
solitary ; sb., a monk. — Gk. ftSv-os, alone.
Monkey, an ape. (Low G.-F.-
Ital. — L.) Borrowed from M. Low G.
Moneke, the name of the ape's son in
Reinke de Vos (where -ke is for -ken^
dimin. suffix ; Iso that the F. version has
Monnekin; Godefroy). Formed with
Low G. dimin. suffix -ken = G. -^ken, from
M. F. monne, an ape. — M. Ital. mona,
monna, * an ape, a munkie, a munkie-
face ; also a nickname for women, as we
say gammer, goodie ; ' Florio. Monna is
a familiar corruption of madonna, i. e. my
lady, mistress; Scott introduces Monna
Paula in the Fortunes of Nigel. See
Madonna. % From the same source is
M. Ital. monicchio, ' a pugge, a munkie,
an ape ; * Florio. This is the Ital. equiva*
lent of the Low G. word.
Mono-, prefix, sole. (Gk.) Gk. fi6vo-t,
single.
monockord, a musical instrument
having but one string; see Ohord. So
also mono- cotyledon, mon ocular, mon-ode,
mono-logue (from Gk, \&yos, a speech),
mono- syllable, mono-tone ; see Cotyledon,
Ocular, Ode, Syllable, Tone.
monopoly, exclusive sale. (L.— Gk.)
I« monopdlium, ^Gk. fjiovotr^Xiov, right of
monopoly ; fxovovwXla, monopoly. — Gk.
fidvo-s, sole ; vuXtiVy to sell, barter.
Monsoon, a periodical wind. (Ital. —
Malay. — Arab.) Ital. monsone. — Malay
mifsim, a season, monsoon, year. — Arab.
niawsim, a time, season. — Arab, wasm
(root wasamd), marking.
Monster, a prodigy. (F.-L.) F.
monstre,^L. monstrum, a divine omen,
portent , warn ing. ( For *moft- es-trum. ] —
L mon-ire, to warn.
Montk. . (E.) M. E. monethj later
month. A. S. monatS, a month ; from
mona, moon. See Moon.4'r)n. maand;
Icel. manudr, Dan. moaned, Swed. m&nad;
G. monatj Goth, menoths, a month. Teut.
stem *mct9tdtk'. Cf. also Lithuan. menesis,
Russ. miesiats\ L. men sis, Irish and \V.
3.^3
MONUMENT
MORDACITY
miSt Gael, mios^ Gk. /i^v, Skt. mas, a
month ; all connected with Moon, q.v.
Koxmineiltf a memorial. (F. — L.) F.
monument, » L. monumentumy a memorial.
— L. tnonu', for moni-, as in moni-tusy pp.
oimonerCy to advise, remind; with suffix
-men- turn.
Kood (i), disposition of mind. (E.)
Prob. sometimes confused with mood (2),
but properly distinct. M. £. mood., mind,
also temper, anger, wrath. A. S. mod^
mind, courage, pride. +Du.»w^if, courage ;
Icel. mo9ry wrath, moodiness ; Dan. Swed.
modf G. muthy courage; Goth, mods^ wrath.
Teut. type *m5-dO' (where -d5? is a suffix).
Cf. Gk. fjuiiofmiy I strive after. Brugm. i.
§ 196. Der. mood-y, A, S. mddig\ Sweet,
N. E. G. § 1608.
Kood (2), manner, grammatical form.
( F. — L.) The same word as Mode, q.v. ;
but confused with mood (i).
Koon. (E.) M. E. mone, A. S. mona^
a masc. sb.-f Hu. mcuaty Icel. mdni, Dan.
maancy Swed. m&nty Goth, mina, G. mondy
O. H. G. mdno. Teut. type *»/^/w«-,
masc. Cf. also Lithuan. menuy Gk. /x^vi; ;
Skt. mdSy moon, month. Perhaps U meant
the * measurer* of time. (^ME.) See
Brugm. i. § 132, ii. § 132.
BEooiUilLeey a secretary, interpreter.
(Arab.) Arab, munshi^ a secretary, a
language-master or tutor.
Moor (i), a heath. (E.) M. E. more,
A. S. fndr, + M. Du. moevy moor, mud ;
moerlandty peaty land; Icel. moTy Dan.
moTy Low G. moor\ O. H. G. muoTy marsh,
pool, sea. Teut. type *moro- ; perhaps
related (by gradation) to Goth, mareiy
sea, lake ; or to Skt. marUy a desert,
mountain. See Mere.
Moor (2), to fasten up a ship. (Dn.)
Du. marren (M. Du. merren)y to tie,
bind, moor a ship ; also to retard. Cog-
nate with E. Mar.
Moor (3), a native of N. Africa. (F.—
L. - Gk.) F. Morcy • a Moor ; * Cot - L.
Maurus. « Gk. MaOpos, a Moor. Der.
black-a-moOTy corruption of blackfnoor
(Minsheu), i. e. black Moor,
Moose, the American elk. (W. Indian.)
The native W. Indian name ; *Knisteneanx
mouswahy Algonquin musu ; * cited in the
Cent Diet Cnoq cites Algonquin mons
(with n).
Moot, to discuss a point. (E.) Chiefly
used in phr. *a moot point.* Minsheu
gives moot as a verb, to discuss. The
proper sense of moot is 'meeting,' as in
moot'hally hall of assembly ; hence, to
moot is to discuss at a meeting, and * a
moot point * is one reserved for public dis-
cussion. yi,YA, motieny to discuss. A.S.
rndtiaUy to converse, address a meeting,
discuss ; from A. S. moty a meeting, also
gemSty esp. in phr. witena gemot =
meeting of wise men, parliament. -f-Icel.
moty M. H. G. muoz, a meeting'. Teut.
base *mdt-, Der. meet.
Mop (i), an implement for washing
floors. (F. — L.) In a late ed. of Florio's
Ital. Diet., pannatore is explained by ' a
manikin, a map of clouts or rags to mb
withal/ Halliwell gives mopy a napkin ;
Gloucestershire, Prob. from O. F. mappe,
a napkin (afterwards turned into nappe), —
L. mappay a napkin (of Punic origin '. See
Map. % Cf. strop, strap ; knop, knap.
The Celtic forms are from E.
Mop (2), a grimace ; to grimace. (E.)
The same word as mope (below).
mope* to be dispirited. (E.) The same
word as fftopy to grimace ; cf. * in the mops,
i. e. sulky (.Halliwell). + Du. moppeny to
pout, be sulky ; M. Swed. mopa, to mock
(Ihre) ; Westphal. mdpeny to grimace ;
G. muffig, sullen, pouting (Flugel), Bavar.
muffeny to growl, pout And see mow (3).
UOrainOv a line of stones at the edges
of a glacier. (F, — Teut.) ¥. moraine; cf,
Ital. mora, a pile of rocks. -• Bavarian
mur, sand and broken stones, fallen from
rocks in a valley; the lit sense being
perhaps * crumbled material.* Cf. G.
miirbCy soft, O. H. G. muruwi; Icel.
merjay to crush.
MoraL (F. — L.) F. morcU, — L. mordlisy
relating to conduct — L. mor-y from nom.
moSy a manner,' custom.
Morass, a bog. (Du.-F.~Low G.)
Du. moeras, marsh, fen ; M. Dn. moeraschy
adj., belonging to a moor, as if from the
sb moer^ moor, mire, but really an altered
form of M. Du. marasch^ maeraschy a
marsh (Kilian). —O.F. maresquCy mareschcy
adj. , marshy ; also, as sb., a marsh ; Low
L. martscus.^'Loiw G. marsch, a marsh.
See Marish, Marsh. Cf. G. morast (for
*morask)y Swed. morasy Dan. morads, a
morass ; all from Du. or Low G.
Morbid, sickly. (F. — L.) F. morbide,
— L. morbiauSy sickly. — L. morbus y disease.
Allied to mor-ty to die; Brugm. ii. § 701.
Mordacity, sarcasm. (F. — L.^ Little
used. — F. mordcuiti, — L. ace. mordiui-
354
MORE
MORTAR
tat em y from mordacit&s^ power to bite. •- L.
tnorddC'y stem of tnordax, biting. — L.
morderBy to bite. Cf. Skt. mardayay to
rab, break in pieces, from mrd^ to rab.
Brugm. it. § 794. (VMERD.)
More. (E.) This does duty for two
distinct M. £. words, viz. (i) mo, more in
number, (2) morCy larger, a. The former
is from A. S. may more in number, orig.
an adv. form, like G. mehr^ Goth, mats,
p. The latter is from the corresponding
adj. A. S. mdray greater ; cognate with
Icel. meiri, Goth, maiza, greater. See
Moat. ^The notion that mo is a. posi-
tive form is quite wrong; the positive
forms are mucA, mickte, many. The r
in more represents an earlier -z-, which in
the adv. (being final) was regularly lost.
Bnigm. i. § aoo.
Morganatic. (LowL.-G.) Low L.
morganatica, in the phrase matrimonium
ad morgandticamy a morganatic marriage.
Coined from G. morgen^ here short for
morgengabey lit. morning-gift, orig. a pre-
sent made to a wife on the morning after
marriage, esp. if the wife were of inferior
rank. See Mom.
Morian, a Moor. (F.— L.— Gk.) In
Pss. Ixviii. 31 ; Ixxxvii, 4 (P. B. version).—
O.F. Morien, Moriaine (Godefroy). — Late
L. *MauritdnuSf for L. Maurttdnicus, a
Moor. — L. Maurftdma, the land of the
Moors. — L. Maur-uSy a Moor. — Gk.
Mavpos, See Moor (3).
Moripliy an open helmet. (F.— Span.)
F. morton. — Span, morrion ; cf. Port.
morridOt Ital. morione, a morion. The
word is Spanish, if we may accept the
prob. derivation from Span, morra, the
crown of the head ; a word of unknown
origin. Cf. Span, morro, anything round ;
moron y a hillock.
Monnonito. The Mormonites are
the followers of Joseph Smith, who in
1827 said he had found the book of Mor-
mon. An invented name.
Mom. (E.) M. £. mom, a Northern
form. Short for M. £. morweny Ancren
Riwle, p. 22. A. S. morgeuy whence
morwen by the usual change of rg to rw*
O. Fries. /»pr».+Du. Dan. G. morgen ;
Icel. morginny Swed. morgon ; Goth.
maurgins, Teut. type *murgenoZy m.
Cf. Lithuan. merktiy to blink. Orig. sense
prob. ' dawn.' Doublet, morro7Uy q. v.
mominff. (E.) Short for morwem'ng,
Ch. (.'. T., K 1062 ; formed from M. E.
morwen (above) by adding the substantival
(not participial) suffix -ing ( = A. S. -ung).
So also even-ing, from even,
MoroccOi a fine kind of leather. Named
from Morocco, in N. Africa; which was
named from the Moors dwelling there.
Morose. (L.) L. mdrdsusy self-willed ;
(i) in a good sense, scrupulous; (2) in a
bad sense, peevish. — L. mdr-y nom. mdSy
(1) self-will, (2) custom, use. % Confused
with L. mdray delay, in the 1 7th cent.
Morphia, Morphinoy the narcotic
principle of opium. (Gk.) From Gk.
Mo/>^€iy9, Morpheus, god of dreams (Ovid);
lit. 'shaper,' i.e. creator of dreams. — Gk.
fcop^, a shape, form. Der. meta-morph-
osiSy a-nufrph'Ous ; from /JiOfHpfff,
Morris, Morris-dance. (Span. ->
L. — Gk.) The dance was also called a
moriscOy i.e. a Moorish dance. — Span.
MoriscOy Moorish. — Span. MorOy a Moor.
— L. Maurus, a Moor. See Moor (3^
Morrow. (E.) M. £. morwey from an
older form morwen (from A. S. morgen),
by loss of 6nal n. See Morn. Thus
M. E. morwen gave rise ( i) to morrozvy by
loss ofn; (2) to momy by loss of w, and
contraction ; cf. M. £. morouny Gawain,
1208. [Or else momey dat., is from A. S.
morgeney short form mome,^ Der. to-
morrow « A. S. td morgeney i. e. for the
morrow, where td is a prep. (E. to)y and
morgene is daf . case of morgeny morn.
Morse, a walrus. (F. — Finnish.) F.
morse. — Finnish mursu, a morse ; whence
also Kuss. morj\ a morse (with/ sounded
as F.y*). The true Russ. name is morskaia
korcva, the sea-cow.
Morsel, & mouthful, small piece. (F.
-L.J M. E. morsel, - O. F. morsel (F.
morceau), Cf. Ital. morsello, Dimin. from
L. morsumy a bit. — L. morsusy pp. of
morderey to bite. See Mordaoity.
Mortal, deadly. (F.-L.) ¥, mortal,
— L. mor talis y adj. ; from mort-y stem of
morSy death. From L. fftor-iy to die; cf.
Skt. mfy to die, mrtay dead ; Russ. mert-
vuii, dead ; Lithuan. mirtty to die ; Pers.
murdoHy to die ; Gk. &por6sy mortal.
Allied to Murder. Brugm. i. § 500.
Mortar (i), Morter, a vessel in
which substances are pounded with a
pestle. (L.) M. E. morter. A.S. mor-
tere.^Ij. mortdrtum, a mortar.
mortar (2 ), cement. (F. — L.) M. E.
mortier, — F. mortiery * mortar ; ' Cot. —
L. m^nidrium, mortar ; lit. stuff pounded
335
MORTGAGE
together; a dtfiierent ofe of the word
above,
Movt|ffttf6f a ^ood of flecority for debt.
(F.— L.; i). F. tncrtgage, lit. a dead
"&
MOTHER
KO0^1fte« a Mcrfiainiiiedaxi temple. (F.
~S{)an.— Arab.; F. mo$quee\ Cot. •>
Span, nutquita^ a moiqiie.* Arab, masjad^
masjidf a temple, place of prayer. <— Arab.
e; becanse, whatever profit it might . root sajada, to adore, prostrate oneself,
yiel^ It did not thereby redeem itself, bnt ! Mosqilito« a gnat. (Span. — L.) Span.
became dead or lost to the mortgagee on
breach of the condition. * F. nwrt, dead;
gage^ a pledge. «L. mortuus, dead, pp. of
morXf to die ; gage, a pledge ; see Mortal
and Gage (i). Dor. mortgag-ee, where
-ee answers to the F. -/ of the pp.
morti^T* (F.-L.) yL.¥*m<»iiJUr.'m
I,, mortiftc&ref to caose death. — L. fnorti-,
decl. stem of mors, death; -ficdre, for
faeere, to make.
Mortitf^f a hole in a piece of timber to
receive the tenon. (F.) Spelt mortesse in
Palsgrave. -iF. mortaise, 'a mortaise in a
piece of timber ; ' Cot Cf. Span, mortaja,
a mortise. Orig. unknown; Devic sug-
gests Arab, murtazz, fixed in the mark
(said of an arrow), very tenacious (said of
a miser).
ICortmain. (F.— L.) Property trans-
ferred to the church was said to pass into
morte main, lit. Mead hand,' because it
could not be alienated. « L. m&rtuam,
ace. fern, of mort-uus, dead ; manum, ace.
of Planus, hand. See Mortal.
n&Olftnary. belonging to the burial of
the dead. (L.) ChieHy m the phr. 'a
fftortuary fee,' which was also called
mortuary for short. —Late L. mortudrium,
neut. of mortudrius, belonging to the dead.
— L. mortu-us, dead ; pp. of mon, to die.
ICosaio-WOrki ornamental work made
with small pieces of marble, &c. (F. -
Ital. — L. - Gk . ) F. fnosdique, * mosaicall
work;' Cot. — Ital. mosaico, 'a kinde of
curious stone worke of diuers colours;*
Florio. — Late L. musaicus, adj., an ex-
tended form from L. mUsaum {opus^,
mosaic work. — Late Gk. luxvatTov^ mosaic
work, lit. artistic, neut. of iAova%iot, belong-
ing to the muses, artistic — Gk. yLwaa,
a muse. Cf. Museum.
Xoslanii a Mussulman. (Arab.) Arab.
muslim, ' a rousulman, a true believer in
the Mohammedan faith ; * Richardson. Cf.
Arab, musailim, one who acquiesces. A
mussulman is one who professes islam, i. e.
submission to the will of God and to
the orthodox faith. — Arab, salama, to be
resigned. ^ The E. words moslem^ mm-
su/maftt is /am, and sa/aam are all from
th^ same Arab, root sa/ama.
mosquito, a little gnat ; dimin. of mosca,
a fly.^L. musca, a fly. Cf. Gk. yana,
Lithuan. muse, a fly.
ICOMI. (E.) M.E. mos\ A.S. mos, a
swamp. 4' I^' mos\ Icel. mosi, moss, also
a moss or moorland ; Dan. mos, moss,
/wj^, a bog, moor ; Swed. xr/^xi^a ; G.moos,
moss, a swamp, O. H. G. mos. Teot. base
*mus- ; allied to M. H. G. mies, O. H. G.
mios, A. S. m^os, moss (Tent base *meus-) ;
and to Mire. Cognate with Kuss. mokh',
moss, L. muscus, moss. % Note £. moss
in sense of bog, moorland ; hence moss-
trooter, Brugm. i. § 105.
most. (E.) M. E. most, mist. — A. S.
masf.^Dn. meest, IceL mesir, G. meist,
Goth, maists', the superlative form corre-
sponding to comp. more. See More.
% The o (for early M. £. ^ is due to the
0 in more.
Kot^f a particle of dust, speck. (E.)
M. E. mot. A. S. mot, a mote.^Du. mot^
sawdust ; E. Fries, mut, grit.
Motet, Motett, a short piece of
sacred music. (F.— Ital.— L.) F. motet,
*• a verse in musick ; * Cot. — Ital. mottetto,
* a dittie, a wittie saying ; ' Florio. Dimin.
of motto, a saying. — L. muttum^ a murmur;
see Motto.
Moth. (E.) M.E. mot he. A.S.modOe,
moAffe. + Du. mot^ Icel. motti, G. motte, a
moth ; Swed. m&tt, a mite. fi. Perhaps
related to A. S. ma9a, a maggot, Du. G.
ptade, a maggot, Goth, matha, a worm.
Kluge allies these forms to the verb
to mow, i. e. to cut, as if the sense were
* cutter.' Cf. E. after-math.
Mother (i), a female parent. (E.)
M. E. moder. A. S. mdder^ modor^ a
mother ; the change from d to th is late,
after a. d. 1400.-4- I^u. moeder, Icel.modir^
Dan. Swed. moder ^ G. mutter ; Irish and
Gael, mathair ; Rnss. maie^ 1 Jthuan. mofe^
L. mater ^ Gk. fArirtip, Pers. mddar^ Skt.
mdtd, mdtr-. Orig. sense uncertain.
mother (2), hysterical passion. (E.)
Tn King Lear. ii. 4. 56. Spelt tfioder in
Palsgrave ; and the same word as the
above. + Du. moeder^ a mother, womb,
hysterical passion ; cf. G. mutterbesc/vioer-
ung^ mother-fit, hysterical passion.
33<5
MOTHER
ICother (3), lees,mottldiness. (O. Low'
G.; Originally *mudder, — M. Du. tnodder^
mud or mire, also the lees, dregs, or ' the
mother of wine or beere ' ; Hexham. 4* O.
tnodery mud, mould, mouldering decay
(from Low G. tnockr) ; which is sometimes
called mutter (as if * mother* ; from Low
G. muddevy mud). Extended from Mud,
q. V.
Motion. (F. — L.) Y, motion, ^ la.
motionem^ ace. of motto ^ movement. -iL.
motus, pp. of fnouerCf to move. See
Move.
motiTe. (F.-L.) M.F. motif, 'a
moving reason;' Cot. — Late L; motivus,
moving.— L. mot-us^ pp. of motUre^ to
move.
motor. (L.) L. mat-oTt a mover.
Motley f of different colours. (F.) M.E.
mottelee, Ch. C. T. 271. Of uncertain
origin. Perhaps from O. F. matteU,
* clotted, curdled ; * Cot. Cf. M. F.
mattontU, as in cid mattonni, 'a skie
full of small curdled clouds ; ' id. [Thus
the orig. sense of motley was merely
*" spotted.'] ■> Bavarian mcUte, curds
(Schmeller). 2. Or from O. F. motel,
M. F. motteau, * a clot of congealed mois-
ture,' Cot. ; app. a. deriv. of M. F. motte,
a clod, lump ; see Moat. Der. mottl-ed^
for O. F.mattelJ ahoYCfhy substituting the
'£. pp. suffix -ed for the F. pp. suffix -^.
Motto. (Ital.— L.) Ital. m^//^, a say-
ing, a motto. — L. mitttum, a murmur,
muttered sound; cf. L. muttire, mUtfre,
to murmur. (<^MU.) Allied to Matter.
Mould (i). earth. (E.) M. E. molde,
A. S. molde, dust, soil, earth. 4*Icel. mo/d,
Dan. muld, Swed. mull (for *muld),
mould ; Goth, mulda^ dust ; O. H. G.
molta, mould. Allied to the shorter forms
seen in Dn. mul, G. mull, A. S. myl, dust ;
cf. O. H. Cr. muljan, Icel. mylja, to crush.
The lit. sense is * crumbled.* From Teut.
mul, weak grade of ^MEL, to grind. See
Meal, Mill. Der. mould-er, to crumble ;
also tnould-y (which seems to have been
confused with Mole (i), q. v.).
Mould (2), a model, form. (F. — L.)
M. E. molde y with excrescent r/.— Norman
dial, molde, O. F. mole, molle (F. moule)^
a mould ; once spelt modle in the 1 2th
cent. (Littr^). — L. modulum, ace. of modu-
lus, dimin. of modus, a measure. See
Mode.
Mould (.V), a spot. (E.) For mole\
mold in Spenser, F. (J. vi. 12. 7. * One yron
MOURN
mole defaceth the whole peece of lawne,'
Lyly, Euphues, p. 39. This is now called
iron-mould (with added d). We also find
M. E. moled ^ spotted ; hence mod. E.
mouldy (in some senses) ; by confusion
with mould (i). See Mole (i).
Mouldy, musty. (Scand.) Orig. dis-
tinct from mouldy ground; also from
mould as used in iron-mould. Formed
from the sb. mould, mustiness, in which
the final d is excrescent. From the M. E.
verb moulen, mowlen, to grow musty;
formerly very common, and much used in
the pp. mouled. Note nso the M. E. moul,
mould, mouldiness, answering to Dan.
fftul, Swed. dial, mul, muel, mujel^ Swed.
mogel, Cf. also Dan. mullen, mouldy,
mulne, to become mouldy; Swed. dial.
mulas, Swed. moglas, to grow mouldy ;
Icel. mygla, to grow musty. From mug-,
as \ii\Q^\,mugga, mugginess. See Muggy.
Thus mould is ' mugginess ' in this use.
Moulty to cast fc.thers, as birds. (L )
The / is intrusive. M. E. mouten, A. S.
mUtian (incomp. di-mutian^.^L, miittlre,
to change. See Mutable.
Mound, an earthen defence, a hillock.
(E.) M. E. mound, a protection. A. S.
mund, protection, chiefly as a law-term ;
but also mund-beorh, a protecting hill, a
mound. 4-O. Fries, mund, O. H. G. munt,
a protector ; cf. G. vormmtd^ a guardian.
Mount (1), a hill. (F.-L.) M.E.
mount y mont. — F. moftt. » L. mont-, stem
of monSj a hill. — ^MEN, to jut out; see
Mound. Cf. A. S. muni (borrowed from
L.).
mount (a), to ascend. (F.— L.) F.
monter.'^Y, mont, a hill. [The verb is
due to O. F. a nwnt, up-hill.] — L. montem^
ace. of mons (^ above).
mountain. (F.— L.) 0,Y,montaine
(F. motUtigne^.^VaXA L. montama, by-
form of montHna, a mountain. — L. mont3na,
neut. pi. , mountainous regions ; from mon^
tdnus, adj. from mons (stem moftt-), a
mountain.
mountebank, a quack doctor. (Ital.
— L. afui G.) Lit. one who mounts a
dettcA, to proclaim his nostnims. — Ital.
motttambanco, a mountebank ; M. Ital.
monta in banco, the same. — Ital. montare,
to mount ; f ;/, on ; batuo' a bench. Here
montare is the same word as F. monter, to
mount ; in - L. r w, on ; and banco is from
O. H. G. banc, a bench ; see Bank (2).
Mourn. (E.) M. E. mumen. A. S.
337
MOUSE
MUFF
muman, to grieTe.<^IceL mema^ Goth.
maurnan, O. H. G. momin. Ct A. S.
meoman, to care, Gk. fUp-t/a^^ sorrow.
(VSMER.)
moiisa. (E.) M. E. nunts, A. S. jȣf
(pi. mys). -^ Da. xvtfff, Icel. mus, Dan.
muus, Swed. fWM/, G. x«ai/f , Rnss. muishe,
L, mus, Gk. Mvfy P^rs. musk, a mouse;
Skt. mUshO', a rat, a moose. Perhaps from
VMEUS, to steal ; Skt mush, to steal.
2)ee Hoscle (i).
Moiurta«]ie, Xustaclie. (F.-Ital.
— Gk.) K. moustache, "itaL mostcucio,
* a face, a snont, a mostacho ; ' Florio. —
Gk. fiwrreut', stem of ii^ra^, the upper
Up, a moustache, Doric form of fi&aTa^f
the mouth, upper lip. See Mastio.
IKoutll. (£•) M. E. mouth. A. S.
mii8.^Dvi. mind, Icehmunnr^ Dan. mund^
Swed. »!««, G. mtind, Goth, munths,
Teut type ^munthoz, masc.; Idg. type
^m9ntos ; cf. L. mcntumj the chin.
Mora. ( F. — L.) M. E. mouen (w^v).
— O. K. movoir (F. fnouvoir),'mL. moiilre,
to move, pp. motus, "Der. motion,
Kow (i)f to cut grass. (£.) M. E.
moweny pt. t. mew. A. S. mdwan^ to
mow, strong vb. -f I^u. mcuUjen, Dan.
x«^/^, G. mdheny O. H. G. x»i;?». Teut.
base /^-. Allied to Gk. d-fui-ai, I reap,
L. me-t-ere, to reap. Brugm. ii. $ 680.
Mow (3)» a heap, pile of hay or com.
(E.) M. E. ntowe, A. S. mA[^, a mow. +
Icel. mugr, a swathe, also a crowd ; Norw.
muga^ mua, a heap (of hay). Cf. Muok.
mow (3), a grimace; obsolete. (F. -
M. Ou.) F. motUf * a moe, or mouth ; '
Cot. ; Norman dial. ptoe. — M. Du. mouwe,
the protruded under-lip, in making a
grimace (Oudemans). Cf. Mop (2).
VLXLCti, (E.) M. E. moche, muche, adj.,
later forms of M. E. mochel, muchel, michel.
For the loss of final /, cf. E. wench^ from
A. S. wencel. The change of vowel (from
michel to muchel) seems to have been due
to association with M. E. lutel, little, from
A. S. Ifiel, The orig. A. S. form was
nticel (cf. Low Sc. mickle), great. + Icel*
mikill, great; O. H. G. mihhil; Goth.
mikils. Cf. Gk. /iC7<&X-i7, fem. of fi^yas,
great.
Muoilagef a slimy substance, gum.
(F. — L. ) h. mucilage. — L. miicildgo (stem
mticiltlgin-)f mouldy moisture (4th cent.)*
— L. mOcfrej to be mouldy.
Muck, filth. (Scand.) M. E. muck. —
Icel. mykif dung ; moka, to shovel dung
out of a stable ; Dan. mog, dung ; Norw.
mok-dunge, a muck-heap, allied to mukka^
a heap. % Not allied to A. S. meox^ dung.
Mlldc, A^y'nfflr^ a term applied to
malicious rage. (Malay.) Only in phr.
'to run amuck,' where amuck is all one
word ; yet Dryden actually has * runs an
Indian muck J Hind and Panther, iii. 11 88.
To run amt4ck= to run about in a rage.—
Malay dmuk, ' rushing in a state of frenzy
to the commission of indiscriminate mur«
der;' Maisden.
Mucus, slimy fluid. (L.) L. miicus,
slime. '^ Gk. fuH^a, mucus ; fivicrp, snuff of
a wick. ' Cf. Skt. much, L. mungere, Gk.
dwo'fiwffftiyy to cast or wipe away.
Mnd, wet soft earth, mire. (E.) M. E.
mud (not common). Not found in A. S.
Cf. E. Fries, mudde, Low G. mudcU, mud ;
M. Swed. modd^ mud (Ihre). 4- Bavarian
mott, peat ; whence E. mocU, q. v. Hence
mother (3), q. v.
muddle, to confuse. (E.) Lit. to
dabble in mud ; frequentative from mud.
' Muddle^ to rout with the bill, as geese
and ducks do; also, to make tipsy and
unfit for business ;' Kersey. 4- I^^ui. muddre^
to stir up mud, mudder, mud (from Du.) ;
E. Fries, muddelen, to dirty ; M. Du. mod-
delen^ *to mudd water,* Hexham ; Pomeran.
muddeln, to disorder.
Muessili, a Mohammedan crier of the
hour of prayer. (Arab.) Arab, mu-azzin,
mu-zin, the public crier, who assembles
people to prayers. — Arab, azan^ the call to
prayers (Palmer) ; uzn^ the ear.
Muff (i), a warm, soft cover for the
hands. (Walloon. —F. — Low L.) A late
word. Formerly muffe ; Minsheu. Prob.
from Walloon mouffe (Sigart). Cf. Du.
mof\ Low G. x«»^ (Berghaus) ; E. Fries.
muf. The word muffle is found earlier,
and is more widely spread ; so that Wall.
mouffe is merely a short form of F. moufie ;
see below.
muffle, to cover up warmly. (F. —
Low L.) * I muffyll ; ' Palsgrave. * A
muffle \* Levins (1570^. — O. F. mofle^
mouJUy a kind of muff or mitten. —Low
L. muffula, (occurring A. D. 817) ; also
spelt mulfola. Cf. M. Du. moffel, a muff,
mitten. % The late appearance of Du.
mof, and the Low L. form mulfola^ remain
unexplained. Cf. M. H. G. niouwe, a sleeve.
Muff (a), a simpleton. (E.) Lit. *a
mumbler,* or indistinct speaker; hence a
stupid fellow. Cf. prov. E. muff muffle^
338
MUFFLE
MULTIPLY
to mumble ; also mofflcy tnaffle. ^ Dn.
muffen, to dote ; prov. G. mujfen^ to be
sulky. Allied to Mumble.
Muffle; see Muff (i).
MnftXi' a magistrate. (Arab.) Arab.
muftiy a magistrate. Allied to Arab.
fatwdy a judgment, doom, sentence. ^,The(
phr. in mufti means in a civilian costume,
not in military dress.
Mug. (Scand.) In Levins (1570). Cf.
Irish mugaftf a mug. — Norw. muggUy mug-
gey an open can ; Swed. muggy a mug. — £.
Fries, mukke, a cylindrical earthen vessel ;
Groningen mokke (Molema, p. 543);
whence also Norm. dial, moque, a cup,
Guernsey mogue.
Muggy, damp and close. (Scand.)
From Icel. mugga, soft drizzling mist ;
whence mugguvebry muggy, misty weather.
Cf. Norw. /»«(^, fine rain ; muggen yiaoiiiy
muggy ; Dan. muggen, musty, mouldy,
mugtUy to grow musty.
MugWOOrt, a plant. (E.) M. E. mog-
wort, A. S. mucgwort. For the latter
syllable, see Wort (i). The sense of
A. S. mucg is unknown, unless it be a by-
form of A. S. mycgy a midge ; cf. Norw.
mtiggy O. Sax. muggitty Du. mug, a midge ;
O. H. G. mucctty a midge. [Like flea-
danej\
MulattOf one of mixed breed. (Span.
— Arab.) Span, x^^/a/^, a mulatto. Usually
derived from Span, mula, a she-mule, as
being one of a mixed breed. But the true
forms for ' young mule ' are muletOy m.,
muletay f. Hence der. by De Sacy from
Arab, muwallady lit. ' begotten * ; also
used to mean * one who has an Arabian
father and a foreign mother * ; allied to
Arab, walady a son. See Devic.
Mulberry. iJL,andl^,) M..E.mooi-
bery. Here the / stands for an older r,
by dissimilation ; and M. E. 00 answers to
A. S. ^, as usual. Thus the M. £. nwol-
is the same as A. S. mor^^ in mdr-
b'eam^ a mulberry-tree. Again, the A. S.
mor is borrowed from L. m(frusy a mul-
berry-tree. The word berry is E. ; see
Berry. Cf. also Gk. fiiupov, /i^v, a mul-
berry, fiopSay a mulberry-tree. % Similarly,
G. maulbeerCy a mulberry, is O. H. G.
miirberiy from L. marus and O. H. G.
beriy G. beere,
Mulcty a Bne. (L.) L. mulcta, a fine ;
also spelt multa. Perhaps orig. * damage ; '
from L. muk-drey to injure. Brugm. i.
§ 756. Dar. mulct ^ verb.
Mulo. (F. — L.) F. mule, - L. miiluSy
a mule (whence also A.S. mQl).
Mulled, applied to ale or wine. (E.)
Mulled ale is a corruption of muld-ale or
mold-alCy a funeral . ale or feast. M. £.
moUie-aUy a *• mould-ale,' a funeral feast ;
from moUey the earth of the grave, and
aUy a feast 'vas in bride-ale^. The sense
being lost, mulled vi&& thought to be a pp.,
and a verb to mull was evolved from it.
Mullein, the verbascum. (E.) M. E.
moleyn. A. S. molegtiy mullein? The
sense is. doubtful ; but see the Cent. Diet,
and Cockayne, Leechd. iii. 339. (Cf. A. S.
holegn^ holly, whence prov. E. hollitiy
holly.)
Mullet (1), a fish. (F.-L.) M. E.
moiety mulet. — F. mulet; Cot. Dimin.
from L. mulluSy the red mullet.
Mullet (2), a five- pointed star. (F.—
L.) O. F. molettey a rowell, whence it
came to mean the " mullet ' of heraldry ;
also M. F. molkttey * a mullet, rowell of
a spur ; ' Cot. Dimin. from L. molay a
mill, whence Ital. mola, a milestone, mill-
wheel, molla, a clock- wheel with cogs.
See Mill.
Mulligatawny, a hot soup. (Tamil.)
Tamil milagu-tanhiry lit. * pepper- water ; '
Yule. Cf. Malayalam mulaka, pepper.
Mullion, an upright division between
lights of windows. (F.) A corruption of
munniotty which occurs with the same
sense. The lit. sense is ' stump,* because
the mullion is, properly, the stump or
lower part of the division below the
tracery. — F. moignouy a stump. (Cf. E.
trunnion » M.F./r(W]§7i^w,dimin.of F.//wif
x^Ital. tronco.) — O. F. moingy maimed
(Suppl. to Diez). Cf. Bret. mouHy moHy
maimed, also occurring in the forms maHk,
moHky moHs, Also Span, muticny the stump
of an arm or leg ; Ital. mugnone^ * a car-
penter's mnnion or trunion,' Torriano.
Multangular, &c. ; see Multitude.
Multitude. (F.-L.) ¥, multitude.
— L. multitadinemy ace. of multitOdOy a
multitude. — L. multi-y for multusy many,
much ; with suffix -tuiU. From L. multus
come also mult-angulary multi-lateraly
&c.
multiiSEUnOUB. (L.) L. multifdri-uSy
manifold; with suffix -^m5. The orig. sense
seems to be ' many-speaking,* i.e. speaking
on many subjects. — L. muhi-y for multus y
many \flrty to speak ; see Fate.
multiply. (F. — L.) F. multiplier.
339
MUM
MURMUR
— L. multiplicdre, — L.* multiplic-^ from
multiplex^ many-fold ; cf. pHc-dre, to fold.
See Plait.
Kunii a kind of beer (Low G.). Tn
Pope. Said to have been so named after
Chr. Mumm^ a brewer of Brunswiclc (ab.
14S7). Cf. Du. mom in Franck; G.Ptummei
mnill ! silence i (E.) M. E. mom^mum^
to express the least sound made with closed
lips. Cf. L. mUf Gk. tiv (the same).
]llUIIlbl6« to speak indistinctly. (E.)
For mumm-le, M. E. momeien, mame-
len^ to speak indistinctly; frequent form
due to M. E. mom, mum (above). 4- E.
Fries. tnnmtneUn ; Du. mommelen,
]Il111ll]lier« a masker, buffoon. (F.—
Du.) M. F. mommeur, * a mummer, one
that goes a-mumming;' Cot. — M. Du.
mommen, to go a-mumming; cf. mom-
aensicht, a mummer's mas£ ; Low G.
mnmme, a mask. p. The word is imita-
tive, from the sound mum or mom^ used
by nurses to frighten or amuse children, at
the same time pretending to cover their
faces. Cf. G. mummel^ a bug-bear.
Der. mumnur^yy M. F. mommerie (F.
momerie) .
Mummy. (F. — Ital. — Arab. — Pers.)
F. momie {mumie in Cotgrave). i- Ital.
mummiay mnmia (Florio). — Arab.
mumiydi a mummy ; the substance with
which mummies are preserved. (Cf. Pers.
mufndytn, a mummy.) —Pers. miimy mdm^
wax ; much used in embalming.
Mnmp, to mumble, sulk, beg. (Du.)
A mumper was a cant term for a beggar.
— Du. mompen, to mump, cheat (Sewel) ;
cf. mommelen, mompelen, to mumble
(Hexham). Thus mump is merely an
emphatic form of mum^ M. Du. mommen,
to say mum, also to mask. Cf. Norw.
mumpay to munch. See Mumble.
mnm||8. (Du.) <Tohavethem«/m/j'
or * to be in the mumps * was to be sulky
or sullen ; hence it was transferred to the
disease which gave one a sullen appear-
ance. From mump (above).
Munch., to chew. (E.) M. E. monchen
(Chaucer). Doubtless an imitative word,
like mump, Kilian has M. Du. fnoncketty
mompelen, ' mussitare.' Cf. E. Fries, and
Low G. munkelrty to mumble; and see
Mump. ^ It cannot be from F. manger
(<L. manducdre),
MundaAe, worldly. (F.-L.) M.E.
viondain,^Y . mondain,^\., munddnus,
adj. from w//;;//«j, the world (lit. order).—
L. mundus, clean, adorned. Der. supra-
mundane ; from L. supra, above ; mundits,
the world.
Mllli|f0086, a kind of ichneumon.
(Telugu.) Telugu mangisu ; * Jerdon
gives mangus^ howevec, as a Deccani and
Mahratti word ; * Yule.
Municipal. (F.-L.) Y, municipal,
— L. municipdlis^ relating to a township.
^h. municipiumf a township which had
the rights of Roman citizenship, whilst re-
taining its own laws.««L. mtinicip', stem
of mUniceps, a free citizen, one who
undertakes duties. — L. mftni-, for munus^
obligation, duty ; capere, to take. See
Brugm. i. § 208.
munificence, liberality. (F. — L.)
F. munijicence. — L. mUniJicentia ; formed
from mUnificus, bountiful. — L. mUni; for
munuSf a duty, also a present; -^C', for
fcuere, to make.
Munimenti a defence, title-deed. (F.
— L.) M.F. muniment. — L. muntmentum^
a defence. — L. mUntre, to fortify ; old form
moenlre. — L. moenia, neut. pi., walls,
ramparts, defences. Brugm. i. § 208.
munition. (F.— L.) F. munition,
— L. ace. mUnitidnem, a defending. — L.
mUnttus, pp. of mftntre (above). Der,
ammunition.
Munnion, old form of MuUion, q. v.
Mural. (F. — L.) F. mural. — L.
mUrdlis, belonging to a wall. — L. mUrtis^
a wall.
Murder, Murther, sb. (E.) M.E.
mordre, morthre. A. F. murdre, sb. ; mur^
drir, vb. A.S. moHior. + Goth, manrthr,
B. We also find A. S. morH, E)u. moord,
Icel. moHS, G. mord, murder, death, cog-
nate with L. nufrs (stem mort-) j see
Mortal. Dep. murder, vb.
Muriatic I briny. (L.) L. muridtims,
lying in brine. — L. muria, brine, salt
liquor.
Muricated, prickly. (L.) L. mUri-
cdtuSy prickly. — L. mUric-, stem of mikrex,
a prickly fish, a spike. + Gk. tava^ (for
*/*v<ra^), a sea- muscle ; from fAw, a mouse,
a sea-muscle. See Muscle (2).
Murky, Mirky. (Scand.) The y
is a modem addition. M. E. mirke, merke.
— Icel . myrkr (for *mirk7tioz , Noreen) , Dan.
Swed. Md7-k, dark, mirky.+A.S. wirce;
O. Sax. mirki. % The A. S. form would
have given mirch.
Murmur, sb. (F. — L.) F. murmure.
— L. murmur, a murmnr ; viurmurdre^ to
340
MURRAIN
MUSTACHIO
murmur. -fSkt. niarmara-^ rustling sound
of wind. A reduplicated form ; cf. G.
murren, Icel. murra, to murmur. Of
imitative origin. Brugm. i. § 499.
Mlirrain, cattle-disease. (F. - L.)
M. E. moreinCy also nwrin.^0. F. niorine^
a carcase of a beast, also a murrain ;
Norm. dial, murine^ Cf. Span. motriHa,
Port, morrinha, murrain. — O. F. morir
(F. mourir)^ to die.^L. rnori^ to die. See
Mortal.
Murrey, dark red ; heraldic, (F.— L.)
In Palsgrave. —M.F, vior^e, *a kind of
murrey, or dark red colour ; * CoU [Cf.
Ital. morcUOy mulberry -coloured.] — L.
ftwrum, a mulberry. See Mulberry.
Mnrrion: see Morion.
Muscadel, Muscatel, Musca-
dine. (F.-ltal.-L.-Pers.) M.F. »/«j-
caiiel, — M. Ital. moscadello, moscatellOf
moscatinoy names of wines, from their per-
fume. — M. Ital. ntoscatOy scented with musk.
» M. Ital. muscOi musk. — L. museum , ace.
ofptuscus, musk ; see further under Musk.
And see Nutmeg.
Muscle (i)* the fleshy part of the body.
(F.— L.) ¥, muscle, ^i,. ptusculum, ace.
of muscu/us, (i) a little mouse, (2) a
muscle, from its creeping appearance
when moved. Dimin. of L. mus, a mouse ;
see Mouse. (Cf. F. souris, (i) mouse,
(2) muscle.)
muscle, (2), mussel, a shell-fish.
(L.) In earlier use. M. E. muscle, A.S.
muxle, muscle (Wright), a muscle (fish).
— L. musculus, a sea-muscle, also a little
mouse (as above).
MuSCOid, moss-like. (L. with Gk.
suffix.) L. musco-, for muscus, moss;
and Gk. suffix -€(87$, like, from cTiSos, form.
See Moss.
Muse (i)> to meditate. (F.-L.) M. £.
musen.ȴ. muser, * to muse, dreame;'
Cot. * O. F. muse, the mouth, muzzle
(Godefroy) ; see Muszle. The image is
that of a dog sniffing the air when in
doubt as to the scent ; cf. Ital. musare, to
muse, also to gape about, ^ to hould ones
musle or snout in the aire,* Florio, from
Ital. muso, snout.
Muse (2), a goddess of the arts. (F.—
L. — Gk.) F. muse. — L. miisa. — Gk.
/iovaa, a muse.
museum. (L. — Gk.) h.mtisium.^
Gk. fiov<r€iw, temple of the muses, a study,
a school. "- Gk. fiodaa^ a muse.
Mushroom. (F.-O.H.G.) M. £.
muscheron. -• M.F. mouscheron, mausseran,
a mushroom ; extended from F. fftoiisset
moss (Hatzfeld). — O. H. G. mos (G. moos),
moss ; see Moss.
Music. (F.-L.-Gk.) M.E. wi«/*.
— F. musique. — L. miisica. « Gk. lAovoncq^
musical art, fem. of iu>voik6s, belonging to
the muses. ■• Gk. /im/uaj a muse.
Musit, a small gap in a hedge. (F. —
C. ?) M. F. mussette, *a little hole;*
Cot. Dimin. of O. F. musse, a secret
comer. — F. musser^ to hide. Perhaps of
Celt, origin ; cf. O. Irish much'aim, I hide
(Thurneysen, p. xo8).
Musk,apeifume. (F. — L. — Gk. — Pers.)
F. musc.^Xj, museum^ ace. of muscus.
— Gk. iK^^xos. — Pers. musk, misk. Cf.
Skt mushka, a testicle, because musk
was obtained from a bag behind the musk-
deer's navel ; it also means 'little mouse,*
from vtush, to steal. See Mouse.
Musket. (F.~Ital.-L.) M.F. mous-
quett a musket, orig. a kind of hawk ;
(another sort of gun was called Vi falconet,
another a scUier, a kind of hawk). ^ Ital.
mosquetto, a musket, orig. a kind of hawk,
so called from its small size. Deriv. of
Ital. mosca, a fly. — L. musca, a fly.
Doublet, mosquito.
Muslin. (F. - Ital. - Syriac.) F.
mousseline; O. F. mosolin.^ltal. mus-
solino, dimin. of mussolo, muslin.— Syriac
Mosul, a city in Kurdistan, whence it first
came ; Arab. Mawsil (the same).
Musquito ; see Mosquito.
Mussel ; see Muscle (2).
MussulmaUf a true believer in the
Mohammedan faith. (Pers. —Arab.) Pers.
musulntdn, an orthodox believer.— Arab.
moslim, muslim, a moslem ; see Moslem.
Must (i), part of a verb implying
* obligation.* (£.) Only the pt. t. remains,
which is now only used as a present.
M. £. mot, nufot, preterito-pres. t., I am
able, I am free to, 1 ought; pt. t. mosle,
muste, I was able, I ought A. S. ic mot,
preterito-pres. t. '; ic moste, I must, new pt.
t. ; infin. *motan.^O. Sax. *mofan, pr. t.
ik mot, pt. t. ik mdsta\ Du. moelen, to be
obliged ; Swed. m&ste, I must (compare
the £. use) ; G. miissen, pr. t. ich muss, pt. t.
ich musste ; Goth. pr. t. ik ga-mot, pt. t.
ik ga-mosta, lit. ' I find room.*
Must (2), new wine. (L.) M. K. must.
A. S. must,^!*. mustum, new wine; neut.
of mustus, fresh, new.
Mustachio; see Moostaohe.
341
MUSTANG
MYRRH
Xustang, a wild horse of the prairies.
^Span. — L.) Span. mesUho (with H as
ny)^ formerly meslengo (Pineda), in the
same sense as mostretuo, adj., stray, having
no owner. The adj. mestcHo also means
belonging to a ^ mesta.'«Span. tnesta, a
body of proprietors of cattle, a company of
graziers. — L. mixta, fem. of pp. of miscire,
to mingle. Cf. Span, tmstura^ a mixture.
Mustard. (F. - L. ; with Teut. suffix:)
M. E. mostard, — OF. tnostarde (F. tnou-
Carde), Cf. Ital. mostarda. It took its
name from being mixed with must or
vinegar (Littre). — L. mustum^ mast ; with
suffix ard (<G. hart).
Muster. (F. -L.) M. E. moustre, a
muster of men, lit. display.— O. F. mostre,
another form of monstre, ' a pattern, also
a muster, view, shew ; * Cot. The same
word as F. monstre, a monster; see
Monster. Cf. O. Norm. dial, mustrer,
Gascon mustra, to shew.
Musty, mouldy, damp. (L.) A doublet
of tftoisty, used by Chaucer in the sense of
' new,' but by Ascham in the sense of
' moist.' — L. musteus, like must, new. — L.
mustum^ must. See Mast (2). Perhaps
influenced by F. moist, 'mouldy, musty,
fusty,* Cot.; from which, however, it
cannot possibly be derived.
Mutable. (L.) M. £. mutable, ^l..
mutdbilis, diangeable. — L. mUtdre, to
change. Prob. for *moitdre\ allied to
mutuus, mutual, and to Gk. fiotros, thanks,
favour (Prellwitz).
Mutchkin, a pint. (Du.) From
M. Du. mudseken (for ^mutseken)^ * the
halfe pint of Paris measure,' Hexham.
Lit. Small cap;' dimin. of M.Du. muise
(Du. muts)t a cap. Cf. G. miitze, a cap.
See Amioe (2).
Mute (i)> dumb. (L.) From L. mutus,
dumb. Cf. Skt. mUka*, dumb. % The
M. £. muit, mewet, mute, is from a
Romanic form *miitettus, formed from L.
mtit-us (O. F. mu) by adding '■tttus.
Mute (2), to dung; used of birds.
;,F. — M. Du.) yi.Y.mutir, *to mute as
a hawke ; ' Cot. Sfiort for M. F. es-
meutir, the same ; oldest spelling esmeltir.
— M. Du. smelten, smilten, to smelt, to
liquefy; also to mute (Hexham). See
Smelt.
Mutilate. L.) From pp. of L.
mutilare^ to maim. — L. mutilus, maimed.
-fGk. fJVTiKos, ftirvKos, curtailed, docked.
Mutiny. (F.— L.) Formed from the
old verb to mutitt^ ; Haml. iii. 4. 83. —
F. mutifur, * to mntine;' Cot-O. F.
mutin, tumultuous. — O. ¥. mute, a
sedition ; (cf. Low L. mdta, a pack
of hounds « mod. F. nuute). — Folk-L.
*movita^ (lit. moved, hence, a movement,
bustle), fem. of *movitus, new pp. of
moutre, to move. Cf. mod. F. inuute.
See Move.
Mutter, to murmur. (E.) M. E. mut-
tren, moteren. A frequentative verb, from
a base mut-^ to express inarticulate mumb-
ling, as in E. Fries, motjen, to mutter;
Swed. dial, mutla, muttra^ Norw. mutra.
So also L. muttire, mutire, to mutter, prov.
G. mustem, to whisper.
Mutton. (F. - C. ?) M. E. motoun, -
O. F. moton (F. mouton), a sheep ; Low
L. multo, a sheep. Cf. Ital. monlofie (for
*moltone)^ a sheep. Prob. of Celtic origin,
from Celt, type *moltos, a sheep ; whence
Irish and Manx molt, Gael, mult, W.
tftollt, Com. mols, Bret, maout, a wether
sheep. % Diez cites Prov. mout, Como
mot, Grisons mutt, castrated, and derives
all from L. mutilus, maimed ; but this is
not now accepted.
Mutual. (F. - L.) O. F. mittueZ
Extended from L. mutu-us, mutual, reci-
procal, orig. ' exchanged.* — L. mutSre, to
change. See Mutable.
MuBSlei snout. (F. — L.) M.E.f^tosel.
— O. F. musel (Burguy), muzel{K. D. 1521,
Godefroy) ; later museau, * muzzle/ Cot. ;
Norm. dial, pttisel (Du Bois). Diez
shews that the orig. F. form was
morsel (still preserved in Bret, morzeel or
muzel, a muzzle, forms borrowed from
0.vF.). This O. F, morsel is a dimin. from
Late L. morsus, a morsel, also a snout,
beak. — L. morsus, a bite ; from morsus,
pp. of mordere, to bite. See Mordacity.
Cf. Ital. muso, snout, morso, a snaffle
(Florio). % Disputed.
My. (E.) M.E. ///t, ///^; short for #//{»,
mine, by loss of final ». See Mine. Der.
my'self, M. E. mi-self, formerly me-self.
Myriad. (Gk.) Gk. ftv/xaS-, stem of
fAvpias, the i^umber of io,ooc. — Gk. fjivpios,
numberless.
Myrmidon. (L.-Gk.) Gen. in pi.
Myrmidons, — L. Myrmidones, pi. — Gk.
Mvpfuli6v€s, pi., a warlike people of Thes-
saly, formerly in ^gina (Homer).
myrrh. (F.- L.-Gk. -Arab.) M.E.
;//f/-r^. — O. F. mirre (nth cent.^ ; F.
myrrhe. — L. wyrrha. — Gk. p,vppa. — Arab.
342
MYRTLE
NAP
murTf (i) bitter, (a) myrrh, named from
its bitterness. -f-Heb. wJr, myrrh.
Myrtle. (F.-L.-Gk.-Pcrs.) O.F.
myrtilf dimin. Qimyrte^ ttuurte^ the myrtle-
tree. — L. murtus, myrttu. — Gk. /ivpros. —
Pers. murdy the myrtle.
Mystery (i), a secret rite. (L.-Gk.)
M. h: mysitrie, — L. mystirium. — Gk.
liwrrjipiov (Rom. xvi. 35). — Gk. fivarriSy
one who is initiated. — Gk. fivttvj to initiate.
Mystery (2), Mistery, a trade,
handicraft ; see Mistery.
Mystic, secret, allegorical. (F.— L.—
Gk.) F. mystique. ^mh. mysticus.'mGli,
lwartK6s^ mystic — Gk./n/<rTi;s,fcm./iiJ<rTis,
one who is initiated ; see Mystery (i).
mystil^. (F.-Gk.a«</L.) Y.mysti-
fier^ a modem and ill-coined word ; coined
from Gk. fiwrri-KoSy mystic, and F. -JUr,
from L. 'ficdrey ioTfacerty to make.
Msrth, a fable. (Gk.) Gk. /xOtfos, a
fable.
mythology. (F.-L.-Gk.) Y,my-
th4)logie.^\., mpthologia.^QV, fAvBokoyia,
legendary lore. — Gk. ftv^o-s, a fable ;
Koy-os, a discourse, from \iyuy^ to tell.
Vaby to seize. (Scand.) Prov. £. nap
(North). From Swed. and Norw. nappa,
Dan. nappCy to catch, snatch at, nab. Der.
kidnat.
VaiN>b| an Indian prince. (Hind.—
Arab.) Hind, nawdb or nawwdb^ orig. a
pi. sb., but used in the sing, as a title of
honour. PI. of Arab, ndiby a vice-gerent,
deputy, viceroy. Cf. Arab, nawby supply-
ing the place of another.
JHTadir, the point of the sky opposite
the zenith. (F. — Span. — Arab.) Y. nadir,
—Span, nadir, ^Kra\i. naziry short for
tiazirus *samt^ the nadir ; lit * correspond-
ing to the zenith.** Arab, nazir, alike,
corresponding to; aisamty the azimuth,
also the zenith. See Aximuth, Zenith.
(The z is here the 1 7th letter of the Arab,
alphabet.)
Nag (1), a horse. (M. Du.) M. E.
ftagge. -M. Du. negghCy neggty Du. neggey
ftegy a small horse ; Du. dial, knagge
(Molema). Cf. Low G. nikkelj a nag.
Origin unknown.
Mag (a), to worry, tease. (Scand.)
Nor>v. Swed. ftagga^ to nibble, peck ; cf.
Dan. nagCy Icel. gnaga^ to gnaw ; Low G.
futgen, naggen, to gnaw, vex, nag ; gttag-
geuy to nag (Berghaus). See Qnsw.
ITaiad, a water-nymph. (L.-Gk.) L.
naiad' y stem of naias, — Gk. vaias, a
water-nymph. — Gk. M&cty, to ^flow.
Cf. O. Irish sndiniy I swim. (-^SNA.)
Vail. (£.) M. E. Mdc^/. A.S.nagel,
-4-Du. M^i, Dan. nagJe, Swed. nagei, G.
m^i ; Icel. n^gl, the human nail, nagli,
a nail or spike ; and cf. Goth, ganqgijan,
to nail. p. The Teut type is *nagioZy
masc. Allied to Lithuan. nagas, a daw,
Russ. nogotCy a nail, Pers. fMAun, Skt.
nakha-f nail of the finger or toe; and
further, to Gk. 6w^y L. unguis, O. Irish
ingay W. eitdny a nail, with a different
gradation.
Vaive, artless. (F.-L.) F. naive,
fem. of naify native, natural, i- L. ndttuusy
native. — L. nStuSy bom ; see Natal.
Naked. (E.) A. S. mi^<»/.-f Du. naakty
G. nackty Goth, nakwatksy Icel. noAviOr;
cf. Dan. nogen, Swed. nakeny mod. Icel. na-
kinn. All these are pp. forms ; cf. nake,
to strip, in Chancer, tr. of Boethius, bk.
iv. m. 7; which is a back-formation.
Teut. type *nakwathoz>*nakwachz\ Idg.
type *nog{w)ot6s. Allied to Skt. nagna-y
Russ. nagoiy L. nOdus, Irish nochdl W.
noethy stripped, bare. Brugm. i. § 165.
See Nude.
Vaker, a kettle-drum. (Arab.) In
Chaucer. Arab, naqqarah, a kcfttle-drum ;
see Palmer*s Pers. Diet., col. 659.
^BTame. (E.) A. S. nama,^Ty\x. naam ;
Icchna/hy namn, Dan. imvit, Swed. namn;
Goth. namOy G. name. Further allied to
L. ndnten, a name ; Gk. ovoftUy Pers. ndtUy
Skt. ndnian ; and to Ir. ainm, W. enwy
name. % Not allied to Know ; see
Prellwitz. Brugm. i. §§ 399, 425.
ITankeen, Kanldn, a kind of cotton
cloth. (China.) So called from Nankin,
in China. —Chin, nan-kingy south court;
ci^pe-kingy north court (Yule).
Hap (i), a short sleep. (E.) M. E.
nappeHy verb, to doze. A. S. hnappiany
verb, to doze. Cf. O. H. G. hnaffezeny to
nap.
Ifap (2), the roughish surface of cloth.
(M. Du.) M. £. noppey nap (Prompt.
Parv.). Prob. introduced by Du. cloth-
workers. [A. S. *hnoppa is unauthorised.]
— M. Du. noppey ' the haire or nap of
wooU or cloath ; * Hexham. Du. nop, Cf.
M. Du. noppCHy *to sheare offf 1 the nap ;'
Hexham.4-Norw. nappy nap; ftappa, to
343
NAPE
give a nap to ; Dan. twppCy nap ; noppe, to
friz ; Low G. nobbcj nudde, nap. Allied
to Norw. nuppay to pluck on with the
fingers ; A. S. hnoppian^ to plack, Voc.
480. 33 ; Goth. dis-hnupnaUy to be torn to
pieces, dis-hniupan, to tear to pieces.
Teut. root *hneup,
^BTape, the joint of the neck behind.
(E.) M, E. nape\ also naupe (Palsgrave).
The same as O. Fries, kals-knap, nape of
the neck ; which links it with A. S. cnapf
the top of a hill ; and with Knop.
ITapery, linen for the table. (F.— L.)
O. F. naperie. — Late L. n&pdria, tnap-
paria^ the office in a household for sup-
plying table-linen. —Late L. ndpa^ a cloth,
for L. mappa, a cloth. See Map, Napkin.
If aphtha. (L. — Gk. — Arab.) l^naph-
Ma. — Gk. v(&^Aa.— Arab. M^x/i^, ff'ifty naph-
tha, bitumen.
ITapkin, a small cloth. (F. — L. ; with
E. suffix,) M. E. napekiftj also napet^
both dimin. forms of O. F. nape, a cloth,
from Late L. ndpa ; see Napery.
Narcissus, a flower. (L.-Gk.) L.
mzmjjMj'.- Gk. yapKitraos; named from
its narcotic properties. See below.
narcotic, producing stupor. (F. — Gk .)
F. narcotiquc^Qk, vapKtariK6s, benumb-
ing.—Gk. vapteoWf I benumb; vapKdw, I
grow numb. — Gk. vaptcrj, numbness, orig.
contraction ; for *av6picrff i. e. contraction.
Allied to Snare (Prellwitz).
Nard, an unguent. (F.— L.— Gk.—
Pers.) F. nard, — L. ftardus. — Gk. vipdos,
Mk. xiv. 3. — Pers. nard (whence Skt.
nalada-)y spikenard. 4* Skt. nada-, a reed.
Horn, § 1000. Der. spike-nard,
Nargileh, Nargili, Nai^e,
a pipe or smoking-apparatus in which the
smoke is passed through water. (Pers.)
— Pers. ndrgilj a coco-nut, because these
pipes were originally made with a coco-
nut, which held the water. Cf. Skt.
ndrikera-f fidrikela-^ a coco-nut. (Devic,
Yule.)
ITarration. iF.— L.) F. narration.
— L. ace. narrationetfij a tale. — L. narrd-
tus, pp. of narrdrCj to relate, lit. to make
known. — L. ndrus, gndrus, knowing, ac-
quainted with. — i/GEN, to know; see
Enow. Brugm. i. § 457 (3).
Narrow. (E.) M. £. narowe, narewe,
ftarwe. A. S. nearu, narrow, closely
drawn.-f O. Sax. naro ; Du. naar, dismal,
sad. Perhaps allied to Nerve (Franck).
Narwhalf sea-unicorn. (Scand.) Dan.
NAUSEOUS
Swed. narhval ; Icel. ndhvalr, a narwhal.
The lit. sense is ' corpse-whale ' ; the fish
being (often) of a pallid colour ; perhaps
a * popular etymology.' — Icel. na-r, corpse ;
hvalTy whale.
Nasal. (F.— L.) F. M^^a/.-Late L.
ndsdlis, belonging to the nose. — L. ndsus,
nose. See Nose.
Nascent, springing up. (L.) L. nas-
cent-, stem of pres. pt. of nasct, to be
bom, arise, spring up, inceptive verb with
pp, ndtus. See Natal.
Nasiurtimii, a flower. (L.) Lit.
'nose-wring;' from the sharp smell. — L.
nasturtium, cress; better spelt nastur-
cium.^h, ndS'Us, nose; torquire, to twist,
torment ; see Torment.
Nasty. (Scand.) Formerly also nasky ;
see Mau-lave in Cot. Cf. Swed. dial.
naskug, nasty, dirty, also spelt snaskig\
Swed. snuskig, nasty. — Swed. dial, snaska,
to eat like a pig, be slovenly ; Dan. snaske,
to eat like a pig.^-Low G. misk, nasty ;
Norw. n<isk, greedy, naska, to champ;
£. Fries, nasken, G. nascken, O. H. G.
nascon, to eat dainties.
Natal, belonging to one's birth. (F. —
L.) F. natal (O. F. no€l).'^'L, ndtdlis.
— L. not us (for gndtus), bom (cf. Gk.
KaffiyyrjTos, a blood relation) ; pp. of nasct,
to be born. — ^^GEN, to beget. See
genus, E^in. Brugm. i. § 452.
Natation, swimming. (L.) From the
ace. of L. natdtio, a swimming. — L. natdt-
us, pp. of fiatdre, to swim, frequent, of
ndre, to swim. Cf. Gk. it}x***'> to swim,
O. Irish snd'im, I swim. See Naiad.
Nation. (F. ~ L.) F. nation, - L.
ndtidnem, ace. of ndtio, a nation. — L.
ndtus, born. See Natal.
native. (F.-L.) F. «tf/(/^, * native;'
Cot. — L. ndtiuus, natural. — L. ndtus,
bom. Doublet, naive,
nature. (F. — L.) F. nature. ^^1..
ndtHra, nature. — L. ndtus, born.
Natron, native carbonate of soda.
(F. — Span. — Arab. — Gk. — Heb.) A
doublet of nitre ; see Nitre.
Nanght, Nonglit. (E.) M. E.
naught. A.S.ndzvtht, also ndht.^A.S.
nd, not ; tuiht, a whit ; see No and VThit.
Der. naught-y (lit. naught-like, worthless).
Doublet, not.
Nauseous. (L. — Gk.) 1j. nausedsus,
adj. ; from nausea, sea-sickness. — Gk.
vavaia, sea-sickness. — Gk. vavs, a ship.
See Nave (a).
344
NAUTCH
NECK
^BTaatch, a kind of ballet-dance by
women. (Hind.— Prakrit. — Skt.) Hind.
(and Mahratti) ndchj a dance; Prakrit
uackcha, « Skt. nrfya, dancing, acting ;
orig. fut. pass. part, of nrt^ to dance, to act.
Der. nautch-girly a dancing-girl (Yale).
XTautical. (L.— Gk.) From L. nau-
tic-US y nautical. * Gk. vwnuthi^ pertaining
to ships. »Gk. yai^n;}, a sailor; from vav-s,
a ship. See Nave (a).
nautilllS, a shell-fish. (L.—Gk.) L.
ftautilus.^QV. vavTikos, a sea-man; also
the nautilus (from its sailing). oGk. vavr-
tfSt a sailor ; from vav-Sy a £ip.
ITaval. (F.— L.) F. naval, ^L, nd-
udiiSj belonging to ships. «L. nauis, a
ship. Cf. Gk. i^aS;. See Nave (2).
liaTe (i), the hub of a wheel. (£.)
M. £. naue {u^v). A. S. nq/Uy nabu. 4>
Du. miaft Icel. nii/y Dan. naVy Swed. nafy
G. nabe, O. H. G. miba, Teut. type
'*nabd, fem. Cf. Skt. ndbhi-y the nave of
a wheel, navel, centre, boss. See Navel.
Ber. auger.
ITave (a), the body of a church. (F.—
L.) From O. F. nave (F. nef)y a ship,
also the body of a church ; said to be named
from its lengthy shape. >-L. ndueMy ace. of
nduisy a ship. 4- Gk. vawy a ship, O. Irish
nauy Skt. nau-. firugm. i. $ 184.
VaveL (£.) M.E. nauel{u^v) ; A.S.
nafela, nabulay navel. + ^a* navely Icel.
n€^iy Dan. navle, Swed. nafley G. nabeL
Teut. type *nab9lon' ; from the form seen
in Lettish mi^y navel ; see Nave (1).
Cf. also Pers. nd/^ navel ; Skt. nSbhi-, (i)
nave, (a) navel ; related (with a difference
of gradation) to Gk. d/t/^akuSy navel, Lat.
ufftbiiicuSyO. Irish imb/iu. Similarly, ffovf
(0 is allied to L. umbb,hoss (of a shield).
Brugm. ii. § 76.
Navigable, that can be traversed by
ships. (F . — L. ) F. navigable, — L. ndui-
gdHlis, — L. nduigdre, to navigate. — L.
ndu-y for nduis, a ship ; -igdre, for agere,
to drive.
navigation. (F. -L.) Y.naviga-
tiony sailing. — L. ace. nduigdtiifnem ; from
pp. of L. nduigdre (above).
nawy, a labourer employed on rail-
ways, &c. (L.) Short for navigator y for-
merly used to mean a labourer employed
on canals for navigation; first used, ac-
cording to Haydn, about 1830.
navy, a fleet. (F. -L.) M. £. navie,
— O. F. navie, orig. a single ship.^L.
nduia, a vessel. o-L. ndui'S, a ship.
Nay. (Scand.) M.E. nay. ^Ictl, nei,
Dan. nei, Swed. nejy nay. Negative of
Aye, q. v.
Nazarite, a Jew who made vows of
abstinence, &c. (Heb. ; with Gk. sujix.)
Heb. ndsary to separate oneself, vow,
abstain; with suffix -ite (^L. -ita, Gk.
-tTiys).
Neap, scanty, very low ; said of a tide.
(£.) M. £. neep ; A. S. nip (or nep).
Near, nigh. (£.) Now used as a
positive, but orig. the comparative of mi]^^
[The form nearer is a double CDrnpafa-
tive.] M. £. nerrey adj., nery adv., nigher ;
A.S. near, comparative adv. from neahy
nigh.<4-Icel. mery adv., both positive and
comparative ; orig. the latter. See Nigh.
Neat (i), black cattle, an ox. (£.)
M. £. neeiy both sing, and pi. A. S. ne€Lt<,
pL neaty cattle. 4* Icel* nauty pi. naut^
cattle; Swed. ndt\ Dan. ndd\ M. H. G.
noZy cattle. Teut. type *nautomy neut.
p. Usually explained as * domestic ' or
* useful ' ; from the and grade {naut) of
Teut. *neut'an, to employ; seen in A. S.
niotan, to use, employ, Icel. njotay G.
geniesseny Goth, niutany, to enjoy, get
benefit from. Cf. Lithuan. nauddy use-
fulness. (^N£UD.) Brugm. i. § aai.
Der. neat-herd.
Neat (2), tidy. (F. - L.) F. net,
masc., nettOy fern., neat, pure.— L. nitiduSy
shining, neat. — L. nitirey to shine.
Neb, beak, nose. (£.) M. £. neby face.
A. S. nebby face.+Du. neby bill, nib, mouth;
Icel. nefy nose ; Dan. nab ; Swed. ndbb.
p. Further allied to Du. sneby bill, beak,
snavely bill ; G. '^chnabel, bill, M. H. G.
snabely allied to M- H. G. snaben, to snap.
And cf. Lith. snapa^ bill.
Nebula, a misty patch of light. (L.)
L. nebulay mist. 4* 6k. vc^^Ai;, cloud ; Du.
nevely Icel. nijly G. nebely mist. Allied to
Gk. viipoiy cloud, W. nrfy O. Ir. nenty
heaven, Russ. neboy heaven; also Skt.
nabhaSy sky, aether. Brugm. i. § 554.
Necessary. (F.-L.) O. F. neces-
saire, — L. necessdrius, netdful, — L. necesse,
neut. adj., necessary.
Neck. (£.) M. £. nehhe. A. S. hnecca,
neck, orig. nape of the neck.+Du. nehy
G. genick ; Teut. type ^hnekkon-, Cf. also
Icel. hnakkiy Dan. nakkey Swed. nachey G.
nackeny O. H. G. (^h)nachy nape of the
neck, back of the head ; from Teut. type
*hnahhon-. fi. Orig. sense ' projection * ;
further allied to Irish cftocy hill.
345
NECROMANCY
NEPHEW
^BTecromancyf divination by com-
monioa with the dead. (F. — L.— Gk.) M.£.
nigromancU (since altered). — O. F. nigra-
ntancty 'nigromancy, conjniing, the black
art;' Cot. » Late L. nigromaniia^ corrupt
form of L. necromantia* ^ Gk. vtttpo/MyreCaj
necromancy. -^ Gk. vc«p^-s, a corpse; fiay-
Ttlaj prophetic power. 8. Gk. vtKp6s, is
allied to Wirvs, a corpse ; cuh, necdre,to)dil.
(^NEK.) Gk. imvTua is from ftatrrts, a
seer. ^ Necromancy was called ' the black
art' owing to a po{)ular etymology from
L. niger^ black; ct the Late L. nigro-
tnantia.
ITectar. (L.— Gk.) L. nectar, ^G)iu
vixTop, the drink of the gods.
Need. (£.) M. E. need. A.S. nted
{nyd)y also niad\ O. Merc. »#</, necessity.
-f Icel. nauOr, necessity, nauO, distress ;
Du. naod, Dan. Swed. nod, G. noth, not,
Goth, nautks. Tent, stem naudi-. In
late A. S. texts this word is confused in
form with niod, nied (nyd), desire ; which
is related to' O. Sax. niudy O. H. G. ntot,
desire; Teut. base *neud'. Brugm. i. §
427 b.
lieedle. (E.) A\isoneeld\ M.E.nedte^
also neide, A. S. n&del\ earlier form
na^L 4- Da. naald (for *naadl) ; Icel.
tidl; Dan. naal\ Swed. ^i/; G. nadei ;
Goth. nitAla. fi. All from a Teut. type
*fi^-thldf from root *«/, to sew, as in G.
ttd'Aen, to sew, L. nfre, Gk. v^Suv, v4uv,
to spin. Cf. ySNE, as in O. Irish sntmy
a spinning; ct Irish snathad, a needle,
snatAaim,! string together, snaidAeythresid.
See Brugm. i $ 136, ii. § 62.
XTeese, ITeese, to sneeze, puff. (E.)
M. E. nesen ; not in A. S.+Du. niezen, G.
niesettf O. H. G. niusan, Icel. Anjosa,
Swed. nysa, Dan. nyse. Teut. type *hneu-
san.. See Sneeze.
Nefarious. (L.) L. nefdri-us, im-
pious; with suffix -ous.^L. nefds, that
which is unlawful. »L. ne-^ for nS, not;
fas, law, allied to filri, to speak, declare.
Cf. Skt. bhashy to speak.
Negation, denial. (F. ~L.) M. F. ne-
gatton.'^'L, ace. negatidneniy denial. — L.
neg&tusj pp. of negare, to deny. Prob.
from a particle {fug-^ of negation ; cf.
Lith. negiy also not. Brugm. ii. § 774.
Neglect. (L.) L. neglectusy pp. of
negligere, to neglect. — L. neg-, not (see
Negation) ; and legere, to gather, select.
negligence. (F.-L.) yi.Y, negli-
gence, — L. negligentiay carelessness. — L. | ( = «tfi'«K}. — F. ««;«// a nephew;* Cot.—
346
negligent; stem of pres. part, of negli-
gere, to neglect (above).
Negotiatey to do business. (L.) From
pp. 3. L. negoti&re, to do business. — L.
negdtium, business ; compounded of neg-,
not (see Negation), and otium, leisure.
Negro. (Span. ~ L.) Span, negro. — L.
nigrum, ace of niger, blade.
NegUB. (E.) A beverage invented by
Colonel Negus (one of a Norfolk family)
in the time of Queen Anne.
Nttf, Neafy the fist. (Scand.) M. E.
neue («=z>), dat. case.— Icel. hnefi, fist;
Swed. nafoe, Dan. nave.
Neigh. (E.) ViJL^ne^n. K.^.hncegan,
to neigh.-!- Low G. neigen (Lubben), M.
Du. neyen, to neigh. Cf. IceL gneggja,
hneggja, Swed.^Tra^g^, Dan.^^^^, Norw.
kneggia,
Neighbonr. (E.) M. E. neigkebour;
A. S. niahgebur or neahbUr. — A. S. niah,
nigh ; biir, or gebUr, a husbandman, the
same word as Du. boer, a boor. See Boor.
+G. nachbar, M. H. G. ndcAbUr; from
ndcAf nigh, bUr, a husbandman.
Neither. (E.) M. K neitAer; for ne
(negative particle), not, and eitAer. See
Either. With A. S. ne, not, cf. O. Sax.
ne, ni ; Goth, and O. H. G. ni, not.
Nemesis. (L. — Gk . ) L. nemesis, — Gk.
v4/Aeais, allotment, retribution, vengeance.
- Gk. vifitiv, to distribute. (VNEM.)
Nenuphar, a kind of water-lily. (Pers.
— Skt.) Pers. ntnufar, for ntlufar, nilu-
par, nllapal, a water-lily (Devic).— Skt.
nlldtpala, a blue lotus.— Skt. nlla, blue;
utpala, a lotus.
JTeology, the introduction of new
phrases. (Gk.) Gk. Wo-s, new; -Xoyia,
from X6yos, discourse, from X^7civ, to
speak ; see New.
neoph3rte« a novice. (L.— Gk.) L.
neopAytus, — Gk. vc^vros, lit. new planted,
hence, a novice. — Gk. y^o-;, new ; (pyr-ov,
a plant, 0vt-os, grown, from <f>vtiv, to grow,
cause to grow, allied to Be.
neoteric, novel. (L. — Gk.) L. neote-
ricus. "Gk, v^ayrfpitcds, novel. — Gk. vtdt-
Tfpos, comparative of vios, new ; see New.
Nepenthe, Nepenthes, a drug
which lulled sorrow. (Gk.) Gk. vrjvevOis,
an epithet of a soothing drug (in Homer) ;
neut of vrjvtvO^s, free from sorrow. — Gk.
''7-> ^^S' pi'^^X) v4p$os, grief, allied to
wdOoi, See No (i) and Pathos.
Nephew. (F. - L.) M. E. wueu
NEREID
L. tupotetHy ace. of nepos, a grandson, also
a nephew. 4' Skt. fiapdt^ a grandson ; Pers.
ftaw&dcL, a grandson ; A. S. nefay a nephew ;
G. neffcy nephew; Du. neif, Idg. t3rpe
*nepdt\ whence orig. Tent, type *fuj$d,
later *nefon'. The fern, type is Idg. ^neptt-
(Skt. napti^ L. neptis)^ Teut. *neftt-^
*niftt- (A. S. nift^ Du. nicht\ Der. nepot-
ism, favouritism to relations, from L.
tupot-, stem of ne^s, Bmgm. i. § 149.
ITereid, a sea-nymph. (L.-Gk.) L.
Nireid'y stem of .A^iWJ.— Gk. Jfrfptis, a
daughter of Nireus (Gk. Ni^pff/s), an
ancient sea-god.— Gk. ini\^(xi, wet; of. Gk.
vd€<y, to flow (Prellwitz). (VSNA.)
Herre. (F.-L.) F. nerf\ Cot.-L.
neruum, ace. oineruus, a sinew. Perhaps
allied to Gk. vtvpov, a sinew, string ; Skt.
sndva-, a tendon. See Prellwitz.
Vescienty ignorant. (L.) From L.
nescient'^ stem of nesciens, pres. pt. of
nescTre, not to know. —L. ne-^ not; scire,
to know. See Soienoe, Nice.
ITesh, tender, soft. (£.) M. E. nesh,
A.S. hnesce, soft.+Goth. httaskwus^ sqfti
tender.
NeSBi a promontory. (£.) Seen in
Sheer'ftess, &c. A.S. tuess, headland. 4-
Icel. 'nes, Dan. nas, Swed. nds, Teut.
types *nasoz or *nassoz, masc, *nas/om,
neut. Perhaps allied to Nose.
Nest. (£.) M. £. and A. S. nest, -f-
Du. i»^/, O. H. G. and G. nesf ; Bret.
neizt Irish and Gael, nead, O. Irish, »^/ ;
W. ny/A, L. MfS/KJ* (for *nizdus), Skt. ^fi/a-,
a nest, a den. 6. Orig. * a place to sit in.'
Explained as snort for *nt'sd-os, a place
in which to sit down ; of. Skt. m-sady to sit
down. Here -sd- is the weak grade of
VSED, to sit. See Bit. Der. nest-le,
from A.S. nest/ian, to make a nest ; nest-
l-ing, Brugm. i. § 81.
ITet (i)f an implement for catching fish.
(E.) A. S. net, mtt.^Dn. net, Icel. Dan.
tiet, Swed. not, Goth. ncUt, G. netz, Teut.
type *natjom, neut. Cf. L. nassa, a wicker
creel, Icel. ndt, a net.
ITet (a), clear of all charges. (F.— L.)
F. net, pure ; hence, free ; see Neat (a).
Nether, lower. (E.) M. £. nethere,
A.S. neddera, nictferra, nether; a comp.
adj. due to niCer, adv., downward, also a
compar. form. To be divided as ni^er,
the suffix 'der being comparative, as in
o-ther, mi-ther (cf. Gk.-rc/»os, Skt. -tara-).
We find Skt. ni-tardm, adv., excessively,
continually, grammatically a comp. form
347
NEWEL
from ni, downward, into.^'Icel. nedri, adj.,
nedarr, adv. ; Dan. neder^ (in comp.),
whence ned, downward ; Swed. nedre, G.
nieder^ nether; Du, neder, adv., down.
Cf. Russ. nije (J as in F.) adv., lower.
Der. nether-most, corruption of A. S. nide-
mest, extended (by the usual superlative
suffix -est) from an earlier ^ni-iiem-a,
where -^e-m- = Idg. ^to^mo (as in L.
op'ti-mus).
Nettle. (£.) lA.E.net/e, A,S, neteie,
net/e.'^Dn. netel, Dan. neide (for *nedle),
Swed. nassla (for *ndtla\ G. nessel. Teut.
type *natildn', fern. An older form appears
in O.K. G. nazza, fern., a nettle. Cf. O.
Irish nenaid, nettles.
Neuralgia, pain in the nerves. (Gk.)
From Gk. vwp-ov, a nerve, and 0X7-0$,
pain ; with suffix -m. The Gk. vtvpov
may be allied to L. neruus ; see Nerve.
Neuter. (L.) L.;»^m/'^ neither; hence,
sex-less.— L. ne, not; uter, whether; see
'Whether. Der. neutr-al, &c.
Never. (E.) M.E. neuer (««=«/).
A.S. na/re.^A.S, ne, not; afre, ever;
see Bver.
New. (£.) M. £. newe ; A.S. niwe,
ftiowe.^lyiL, nieuw, Icel. nyr, Dan. Swed.
ny^ Goth, niujis, G. neu^ L. ncuus, W.
nervydd, Irish and Gael, nuadh, Lithuan.
naujas, Russ. novuii, Gk. vlos ( = vifoi),
Pers. nau, Skt. nava{s), navya(s), new.
Idg. types *newios, newos', Brugm. i. §§
120, 318; ii. § 63. Allied to Skt. nu,
now; hence new »' that which is now,'
recent. See Now.
new&ngled, fond of novelty. (£.)
The d has been added. M. £. newef angel,
i. c. fond of what is new. Compounded of
««t/^,new, KoAfangel, ready to catch, from
the base fang-, as in A. S. fangen, pp. of
fon, to catch. The suffix -el is the same
as in A. S. sprec^ol, fond of speaking, talka-
tive, &c. See Fang.
news, tidings. (E.) Formerly /i^«/^j,sb.
pi, lit. new things; see the Kingis Quair,
St. 179. It is a translation ofF. nou-
velles, news, pi. of O. F. mrvel, new. Cf.
Du. nieuivs (Sewel).
Newel, the upright column round which
a circular staircase winds. (F. — L.) Former-
ly nuell,'^0. F. nuel, noiel, later noyau,
'the stone of a plumme, the nuell or
spindle of a winding staire;' Cot. --L.
nucdle, neut. of nucSHs^ lit. belonging to
a nut ; hence a kernel or stone of a plum.
— L. nuc; stem of nux, a nut. ^ Named
NEWFANGLED
NIGHTMARE
from its central position. Cf. F. ntuUi a
nut (dial, of La Meuse).
ITewfiRAgled, ITews ; see New.
ITewt, a kind of lizard. (E.) The ini-
tial n is unoriginal ; a newt stands for an
ewt. M. £. newte ; also ewte^ which is a
shortened form of M. £. evete, i- A. S.
efeta, a lizard. See Sft.
N eztf nighest. (£.) M. £. next \ also
nehestf snperl. of neh, nigh ;- A. S. nihst,
superl. of nih, niah^ nigh. See Ifigh.
iTias, a young hawk, a ninny. (F. — L.)
M. F. niais, ' a neastling, ninny ; ' Cot. —
Late L. ace. type *nUitdcem (Ital. nidiace).
«>L. nidus, a nest. See Nest.
ITib, point of a pen. (£.) Another form
of neb\ see Neb. Cf. £. Fries, nibbe^
nib. Low G. nibbe, a neb.
ITibble. (£.) Lit. ' to nip often ; ' the
frequent, of nip, to pinch off the end of
grass, &c.4'Low G. nibbeln, knibbeln, to
nibble, to gnaw slightly. (Cf. tUbble from
^^P') % ^r we may regard it as an at-
tenuated form of Du. knabbelen, to nibble.
ITiOdy fastidious, delicious. (F.— L.)
M. £. nice^ foolish, simple, later fastidious,
and lastly delicious. • O. F. nice, lazy,
simple ; orig. ignorant ; Romanic *necium
(cf. Span, necio). ^ L. nescium, ace. of
nesciuSy ignorant.— L. ne, not; sci-re, to
know. See No (i) and Science.
ITicliei a recess in a wall for a statue.
(F.-Ital.-L.) F. niche. ^litX, nicchia,
a niche, a shell-like recess in a wall. — Ital.
nicchio, a shell, also a nitch (Florio). — L.
mitu/um, mytilum, ace. oimitulus, mytilus,
a sea-muscle. ' Derived in the same way as
Ital. secchia from situla, a bucket, and vec'
chio from lietulus, old ; as to the change of
initial, cf. Ital. nespola with L. niespilum,
a medlar;* Diez. [The same change
occurs in F. naite^ a mat, and in napkin7\
We also find L. mutulus, a sea-muscle ;
cf. L. muscuiuSf a sea-muscle ; see Muscle
(i). Cf. Gk. /twWXos (Liddell).
ISTick (i), a small notch. (O. Low G.)
Nick is an attenuated form of nock, a
notch ; see Nock. So also tip from
top.
trick (2), the devil. (F. - L. - Gk.)
Short for Nicolas. [Not from A. S. nicor,
a water-sprite, hobgoblin ; Icel. nykr, Dan.
noky nisse, Swed. ndck, G. nixy a water-
goblin. See Kluge, s. v. Nix."]
ITickelf a grayish white metal. (G.—
Swed.) G. nickel, nickel: kupfemickel^
nickel of copper. — Swed. nickel. So named
by Cronstedt (a Swed. mineralogist) in
175^ (Cent. Diet.).
ITlckxiaok ; see Enickknaok.
XTicknaine. (£.) M.£. nekename^
also ekename ; (a nekename =■ an ekename).
See Prompt. Parv. ; cf. Du. toenaam, G.
zuname. From eke and name, -f leel.
aukne/ni, Swed. oknamn, Dan. ogenavn,
an eke-name, nickname.
ITieotian, belonging to tobacco. (F.)
M. F. Nicotiane, ' Nicotian, tobacco, first
sent into France hy Nicot in 1560;' Cot.
Nicot is a personal name.
ITiece. (F.— L.) M. £. neee, tteyce.^
M. F. niue (F. mi^^).- Late L. neptia^ a
niece.— L. neptisy2i granddaughter, niece;
used as fern, of L. nepos, nephew. See
Nephew.
Niggurdf a miser. (Scand.) M. £.
nigara\ where the suffix -ard is of F.
origin (a-O.H.G. Aar/, hard). We also
find M. £. nigun, a niggard, and niggisk,
adj., stingy; and even nig^. ^lce\. Ano^r,
liiggardly, Swed. njugg, niggardly, scanty ;
cf. Mid. Dan. nygger, Swed. dial, nugger^
stingy. 4* A. S. hniaw, niggardly (Noreen).
Cf. M. Du. nugger, 'nimble, caiefttll, or
diligent,' Hexham.
Nigh. (£.) M. £. neh, neih, ney. A. S.
neak, nih, nigh ; adv. and prep. -^ Du.
na, adv., Icel. nd- (as in nd-bUi, a neigh-
bour) ; Goth, nihwa, adv. and prep. ; G.
nah, nahe, adj., nach, prep., nigh. Tent
type *n^hwo-. Root unknown.
Night. (E.) M. E. night, niht. A. S.
niht, neaht ; O. Merc. naht.^DvL. G. nacht,
Icel. ndtty nott, Dan. ?tat, Swed. natt, Goth.
nahts. Teut. type *naht- ; Idg. type
*nokt'. + W. noSy Irish nochd, Lithuan.
naktiSy Russ. noche, L. nox (stem noct-),
Gk. vv( (stem i^w/rr-). Ski. nakta-. ^ For
the old system of reckoning by nightSy cf.
sennight, fortnight.
nightingale. (£.) M. £. nightin-
gale, earlier nightegale (the n having been
inserted) ; A. S. nihtegale. — A. S. nihte-y
for nihty night ; gale, a singer, from
galany to sing. Lit. < singer by night.'
A. S. gal-an is from gal-, 2nd stem of
giellany to yell. See Tell. So also Du.
nachtegaaly Dan. nattergal, Swed. nakter-
gal^ G. nachtigally O. H. G. nahtagula.
nightmaref an incubus. (£.) M. £.
nightemare. From A. S. nihty night ;
mare, a nightmare, incubus ; allied to
a Teut. verb *mafyan-y to crush, Icel.
merya (pt. t. marOi), to crush. [^Mara is
348
NIGHTSHADE
NOCK
quite distinct from A. S. meret a mare, but
the two have been confused in Du. nacht"
nurrie^ a nightmare.] +Icel. mora, Swed.
marcL, Dan. marey Low G. moor^ O. H. G.
mara^ mar ; all with the sense of incubus
or crushing weight on the breast. Cf. F.
cauche-mar, nightmare; where cauche is
from L. calcSrCy to tread on, press upon.
Also N. Fries, naagtmarej G. nachiniahr,
nightmare.
nightshade, a plant. (E.) A. S.
niktscada. Cf. Du. nachtschtuU, M. Du.
nachtschaedey G. nachtschatien. Also Swed.
dial. nait'skate-graSi as if from ttati'Skata,
a bat, and grdSt grass (Rietz).
NigreSGent, growing black. (L.)
From stem of pres. pt. of nigrescerey to
grow black, inceptive of nigrere, to be
black. «L. nigr-y for niger, black.
^BTihilist, a member of a revolutionary
secret society, esp. in Russia. (L.) £ty-
mologically, one who denies real existence.
— L. »Mi/, nothing.
Vilgau; see Nylghau.
^BTimblef active. (£.) M. K nimei;
the d is excrescent. Lit. * ready to catch ; '
from A. S. nim-an, to catch, take, seize ;
with suffix 'Ol, as in sprec-oly talkative.
We actually find A. S. numol or nuntul,
taking, seizing, or able to receive ; from
the weak grade inum") of the same verb.
Cf. Icel. nema, Goth, nimany G. nekmeHy
to take. Perhaps related to Gk. yi/uaSat,
to occupy, vififiVj to distribute. (^N£M.)
Nincompoop, a simpleton. (L.)
Thought to be a corruption of L. mm
c(mtpos {mentis), not sound in mind.
Nine. (F.) M.E. nine, where the
final -e is a pi. sufHx, and nin- is for ni^griy
nine (Layamon). A. S. nigon, nigen^ nine.
4-Du. negen^ Icel. ntu, Dan. ni, Sw. nio,
G. neufty Goth, niun ; cf. also W. naWf
It, naoif L. ft^uem, Gk. lyv^a, Zend nova.
Ten. nuh, Skt. nova, nine. Idg. type
*n€W9n. Brugm. ii. ( 173.
Vinnjy a simpleton. (Ital.) Ital.
ninnOy a child (Diez). Cf. Span. niHo^ a
child, one of little experience. — Ital. »f»iM,
a lullabv, nurse's song to lull children to
sleep, also nanna. Of imitative origin.
Vlp. (£•) M. £. nippen, for knip-
pen\ see G. Douglas, Prol. to ^n. xii.
1. 94. Not in A. S. From the weak
grade {knip-) of a Tent, verb ^kneipan-, to
pinch, as seen in Dn. knijpen, to pinch,
Dan. knibe, Sw. knipa ; G. kneifetty
knetpiHy to pinch (from J-ow G.\ Allied
to Lith. gf^b-tiy to pinch; or to Lith.
kneb'tiy to pinch.
Nipple, a teat (£.) Formerly nibU
(Nares; ; nebU (Palsgrave) ; dimin. of
nib or neb ; see Neb. Cf. O. F. nijle,
niffle, a nose, Ital. rUffolOy niffdy a snout,
from the Teutonic (Low G. ntbbe, a beak).
Der. nipple-wort.
Nit, egg of a louse; a louse. (E.)
M. £. nite, a nit, also a louse ; A.S. Anitu,
a louse's egg. -f I^Q* ^f^^ ; loel. nitr, pi.,
Dan. ^i£f, Swed. ^^/; G,niss; Gk. leovis
(stem Kovib-) ; W. nedd, pi., nits ; cf. also
Rnss. gniddy a nit.
Nitre. (F. - L. - Gk. - Heb.) F. nitre.
— L. nitrum.'^Gk. Wrpov.— Heb. netker,
nitre. % Nitre and natron are doublets,
but applied to different substances. Natron
is from F. natron. ^^'^^n, natron.^ Anh.
natriin, nitrUn, — Gk. virpov, wm Heb.
nether. Der. nitro-gen, that which pro-
duces nitre, from ffv-y base of yiyvtiv, to
produce.
Nisaniy the title of a ruler in the
Deccan, in Hindustan. (Hind.— Pers.—
Arab.) From the Arab, nufhdm, govern-
ment, which the Persians pronounce as
nizdm. Though the proper sense is
' government,' in the phrase nizSm-l'mulk
it is used as a title, meaning ' governor of
the empire ' ; iirst used by Asaf Jah in 1 7 1 3
(Yule.) — Arab, root na4hama, he arranged
or ordered. (Devic, Richardson.)
No (i). a word of refusal or denial. (E.)
M. £. no] A. S. n&i no, adv., never, no. —
A. S. ne^ not ; &, ever (whence M. £. 00, d,
ever, now obsolete). See Aye. p. With
A. S. ne, not, cf. Goth, niy Russ. ne^ Irish,
Gael W. fff, L. ne (in nan-ne), Skt. na,
not.
no (a)» none. (£.) Short for none,
q.v. Der. no-body, i.e. none body; it
took the place of M.E. no man. So also
no-thing.
Noble. (F. - L.) F. noble. - L. no-
bilem, ace. of nobilis, well known. For
O. L. gndbilis. - L. gno-, base of ndscere
(i.e. gnoscere), to know; allied to £.
Know. Der. nobil-ity, O. F. nobilitet,
L. ace. nohilitdtem. Also i-gnoble.
Nobody ; from no and body ; see No (i ) .
Nooki an indentation, notch; obs.
(M. Du.) M. E. nokke. - M. Du. nocke
(Kilian), a notch in the head of an
arrow; M. Swed. nocka, a notch; Swed.
dial, nokke, nokk. The M. Swed. nocka
also denotes the same as Icel. hnokki, i. e.
349
NOCTURN
NOOSE
the small metal hooks holding the thread
in a distaff. . f The M. Ital. nocca, a nock,
is of Teut. origin. Distinct from notch,
Voctuniy a service of the chnrch.
(F.— L.) F. nocturtUy a noctum ; orig.
noctnmal. • Late L. nociuma^ a noctum ;
fern, of L. nociurnus, nocturnal. From
noct', stem of nox^ night. See Night.
Hod. (E.) M.K nodden. Not in
A. S. ; bat the orig. form began with hn»
The orig. sense was to push, beat, shake.
Cf. Icel. hnySJay a rammer for beating
turf; O. H.G. hnotdn {hnotffnf), to shake ;
Bavar. notteln, to move to and fro. Teut.
base *hneud.
Voddle, the head. (E.) M. E. nodle,
nodil, the noddle, nape, back of the head.
' Occiput, a nodyle ; ' Vocab. 673. Dimin.
of *knod, a word not found in M. E., but
the same as M. Du. htodde, a knob
(Hexham), Du. kfwd, a club; cf. G.
knoten, a knot, knob. This is a mere
variant of knot (Franck). Cf. Low G.
knuddely a ball of yam, a hard swelling
under the skin (Ber^aus).
If ode. a knot. (L.) L. noduSj a knot.
ITogglXL, a wooden cup. (Scand.) Cf.
InahfiotgiHi Gael, n^f^ea/f, a noggin; Gael.
cnagan, a little knob, a peg, an eaithen
pipkin, cnagaire, 'a knodcer; a gill,
noggin ; a quart measure ; * all from E.
(Macbain). Also Lowl. Sc. noggin,
noggU\ spelt knoggin by Swift. For
*knogg-en, with -^if as in wood-en, from
knog, variant of knu^^ a knob, p^, also a
keg(Jamieson),>&/M^gfi;, a keg (id.). Of
Scand. origin ; see Knag.
Voise. (F. - L. - Gk.) M. E. wnse, -
F. noisCy O. F. noise^ nose, a debate,
quarrel, noise. Cf. Prov. noisa, noma,
ntmza, fi, Diez holds that it can only be
derived from L. nausea, sea-sickness, dis-
gust, hence annoyance, &c. ; the L. word
being borrowed from Gk. See Nausea.
IToisoiliey annoying, troublesome. (F.
— L. ; 7t/itA E. suffix.) Formed from
M. £. noy, annoyance; with E. suflHx
-some. This M. £. noy is short for M. E.
anoy, anoi, •• O. F. anoi, vexation ; see
Annoy.
Hole, IToUf head ; see Noule.
Vomad, wandering. (Gk.) Gk. voiuA-,
stem of voiMi, roaming in search of pas-
ture. — Gk. voyL^s, a pasture, allotted abode.
-•Gk. viiitiVy to assign. (^NEM.)
ITomenclator, one who names things.
(L.) I^. nonienclator, lit. * name-caller.'
«L. ndmen, name; caliire, to call; see
Oalenda.
nominal. (F.— L.) F, nominal,^!,,
nomt'ndiis, nominal ; belonging to a name.
— L.nomin'j for ndmen, aname; see Noon.
nominate. (L.) From pp. of L.
nomimtre, to name. •• L. ndmin-, for
ndmen ; see Noun.
Von-, prefix, not. (L.) L. ndn, not.
nonaged. (L. and F. — L.) I. e. non-
age, minority. So also non-conforming,
non-descript, non-entity, non-juror^ non-
sense^ non-suit,
Vonce ; see One.
Ifonchalant, careless. (E.-L.) F.
nonchalant, careless ; pres. pt. of O. F.
nonchaloir^ to be careless about. — O. F.
non^ not ; chaloir, to glow, hence to be
hot over, take care for. — L. non, not ;
calire, to glow.
BTone. (E.) yi,F», noon, non, A. S.
nan, •- A. S. ne, not ; Hn, one ; see One.
Hence no, as in nO'thing, no-body, by loss
of final n,
VoneSf the ninth day before the ides.
(L.) From L. nSna, ninth (i. e. ninth
day), fem. of nSnus, ninth ; from tioi$em,
nine. See Nine.
Vonpareily matchless. (F. - L.) F.
non, not; pareil, equal. »L. ^lon, not;
Late L. pariculus, equal, double dimin.
from par, equal. Cf. Apparel.
Nonplu. (L.) * To be at a nonplus^
to be in perplexity, not to be able to pro-
ceed.—L. ndn, not ; plUs, more, further.
Vook. (E.) M. E. ndk, a comer.
Lowl. Sc. neuk, whence (probably) Irish
and Gael, niuc, a comer, nook ; also Lowl.
Sc. nuik, nuk, a headland. It answers
to A. S. *ndc (not found) ; cf. Norw.
nakke, a comer cut off; Dan. dial, nogg^
a bend in a river.
Voon, mid-day. (L.) Orig. the ninth
hour or 3 P.M., but afterwards the time of
the church-service called nones was shifted
to mid-day. We find A. S. non-tid (lit.
noon- tide), the ninth hour, Mk. xv. 33. ••
L. nana, i. e. ninth hour, fem. of ntfnus,
ninth. See Nine.
NooSOf a slip-knot (F. > L.) In
Beaumont and Fletcher. The word was
imported from Gascony by sailors. —
Gascon nus ; O. Prov. notz; Prov. nous, a
noose or loop. [Cf. Prov. nous courrMt,
a running noose; pi. nouses; no$$s de
Varaire, a noose for mooring ships ; note
Gasc. nouset, a knot, nousera, to tie a
350
NOR
NOURISH
knot.] — L. nodus, nom., a knot. See
Knot.
Nor. (E.) M. £. nor, short for not her ,
neither. * A. S. ndwSer, contracted form
of ndkwaider, neither. — A. S. nd, not ;
hwader, whether.
Nonual, according to rule. (L.) L.
nonndliSy adj.»L. norma, a carpenter*s
square, rule, pattern.
Morman, Norse ; see North.
North. (E.) K.^, nord.'^-'Dw, noord,
Icel. norHr, Dan. Swed. G. nord. Root
unknown ; some compare Umbrian nertru,
on the left hand (to one looking east-
wards) ; Gk. vipTtpos, lower.
normail. (F.— Scand.) O. F. A^r-
maff^.— Dan. Normand\ Icel. NorHmasSrj
pi. Nordmenn, Lit. * North-man.*
norse. (Scand.) From Norw. and
Dan. norsk, Norse; Icel. norskr, Norse.
Short for *Nbrth-isk, i. e. North-ish.
northern. (E.) A. S. norHem ; cog-
nate with Icel. norran, O.H.G. nordroni.
For the suffix, cf. L. 'dneus. Der. north-
er-fyy put for north-em-ly,
A 080. (E.) M. E. nose. A. S. nosu,
+ Du. neus. Related, apparently by
gradation, to A. S. ttasu, nose, IceL nos,
Dan. fUEse, Swed. ndsa, G. nose, Rnss.
noi, Lithnan. tiosts, L. ndsus, ndres, pi.,
Skt. ndsa, dual. Allied to Ness. Der.
nose-gay ; cf. prov. E. gay, a painted
picture in a book, from^^, adj. ; nos'tril ;
ftozzle\ nuzzle.
Nosology, science of disease. (Gk.)
Gk. voao-s, disease; -Xo7ta, from X6yos,
discourse, from X<7ctK, to speak.
Nostril. (E.) Nostril '^nose-thrill or
nose^thirL M. E. nosethirl \ A. S. nosHyrl,
— A. S. nos-u, nose ; dyrel, a perforation,
orifice ; see ThriU.
Nostrum, a quack medicine. (L.) L.
nostrum,\\\., * our own,' i. e. a special drug
peculiar to the seller. Neut. of noster,
ours. — L. nos, we. Cf. Skt. nas, us.
Not (i), a word expressing denial. (E.)
M. E. not, short form of nought, naught',
see Naught.
Not (2)1 1 know not or he knows not.
(£.) Obsolete. M. £. not, noot, A. S. ndt,
•- A. S. ne, not ; wdt, I know, or he knows ;
gee Wit.
Notable. (F. - L.) F. mtabU.^U
notdbilis, remarkable. >- L. notdre, to mark.
— L. nota^ a mark ; see Note.
notary. (F. — L.) M. F. notaire. — L.
ace. notdrium (from notdriiis), one who
makes notes, a scrivener. — L. nota, a note ;
see Note.
Notch, an incision, a score; also, as
vb., to incise, nick. (F.) For *otch, by
association with nock, which has a similar
meaning. M. E. ochen, to cut, cut into,
occurs m the Morte Arthure, 3565, 3676.
Notch was often particularly used with
reference to the scoring of tallies, and
cricket was once scored by counting notches,
— O. F. oche (F. hoche), *a nick, nock, or
notch, the cut of a tally;' Cot. Also
ocher, * to nick, nock, notch, to cut 'as a
tally ; ' id. The O. F. oche, Gascon osco^
is of unknown origin. % There is a similar
difficulty as to initial n in the word nouch
or ouch ; see Ouoh.
Note* a mark. (F.— L.) F. note.'^L.
nota, a mark, lit that by which a thing is
known. Perhaps for *gndta, and allied to
notus, known, pp. of noscere ; Breal. (For
the short o, df. L. cognitus^*cogndtus^
Der. not-at-ion, from L. notdtio, from pp.
nofdtus ; and see not-able, not-ary above.
Nothin§f. (E.) Short for n^ Miif^; see
None.
Nolice. (F. — L.) Y .notice. '^'L.notitia,
a being known, knowledge. -L. nStus, pp.
of noscere, to know. See Know.
notify. (F. — L.) F. notifier. — L.
notificdre, to make known. «L. noti-, for
ndtus^ known; -ficdre. for facere^ to
make.
notion. (F. — L.) F. notion. — L. ace.
notidnem, an investigation, a notion. i-L.
notus, pp. of noscere, to know. See
Enow.
notorious. (L.) From L. notdfi-us,
manifest; with suffix -ous.^h. notor, a
voucher, witness. — L. pp. nStus, knovm.
Der. notori-e-ty, M. F. notoriety (Cot).
Not-patedy close shorn. (E.) See
I Hen. IV. ii. 4. 78. From A. S. hnof,
close shorn ; and Fate.
Notwithstanding. (E.) M. E.
nought withstanding, Gower. C. A. ii. 181.
From naught and withstand.
Nonghttthe same as Naught.
Nonfe, nowl, Nole, Noll, head.
(E.) SeeNares. Mid. Nt Dr. iii. 2. 1 7.
M. E. nol, A. S. hnoll, the crown of the
head.+O. H. G. hnol, top.
NoiUly a grammatical term. (F.— L.)
O. F. noun, non, nun (F. nom), a name.-*
L. ndmen, a name. See Name.
Nourish. (F.— L.) M. E. norisen,^
O. F. nouris-, norris-,, stem of pjes. pt. of
3P
NOVEL
NUNCIO
Hourir (F. ncurrir), to nonriih. — L.
n&trlre, to nourish, suckle. Cf. Nurie.
V0T6l. (F. - L.) O. F. navel (F.
t9Cuveau).''Lu nottellus, new, dimin. of
mmus, new. See New. Der. navel-ty,
from O. F. noveliieitf from L. aoc. nauelli'
totem, newness.
norioa, a beginner. (F.— L.) ¥, novice.
mm L. noutciuSf nouitius, new, fresh, a
novice. — L. nouus, new. Der. noviti-ate^
from M.F. novitiate * the estate of a novice/
Cot., from Late L. neviti&tus, sb.
Hovamber. (L.) L. Nouemher, the
ninth month of the Roman year. — L. nouem^
nine. See Nine.
Vow. (£•) M. E. fftfw, »^», nu ; A. S.
MM. •4'^u. nUy Icel. ISM, Dan. Swed. O. H. G.
Goth, nu, Skt. nu, nu. Cf. Gk. vv-v, L.
nu-nc, Dsr. n^zc^. Brugm. i. § 1042.
Voway, STowajni. (£^0 The older
form is notvays. — A. S. m^/i/x Tveges, by no
way, the gen. case used adverbially. See
None aad Way.
nowhere. (E-) A.S. n&hwStr. —
A. S. na, not; hw&r, where. See No (i)
and Where.
nowise. (E.) Short for in no wise,
"hlL.K, on none itfise ; where none is dat. of
M. £. noon, none, and wise is dat. of wise,
a way, from A S. wise, a way. See None,
and Wise, sb.
VoziOIUI. (L.) L. noxius, hurtful. •-
L. noxa^ hurt. — L. nocere, to hurt ; cf. nex,
destruction. ^ Skt. nSfa{s), destruction.
(VNEK.) Brugm. ii. % Tt^.
irOBBle« a snout. (£.) Formerly n^/? ;
dimin oi nose.
ITuoleiUlf core. (L.) L,. nucleus, ^isxtM
nut, kernel.— L. nuc-, stem of nux, a nut.
. Vnde. naked. (L.) L. niidus, bare ; for
*nogweclo5. Allied to Naked.
Inidge, a slight push. (£.) Lowl. Sc.
nodge, to push, strike, strike with the
knuckles ; North. E. nog, to jog. Perhaps
of imitative origin. Cf. Norw. nugga,
to rub, push, allied to nyggja (pt. t. nog^ , to
push; Swed. dial. ^f^^^ufn, to move slightly.
ITllgatory, trifling, vain. (L.) \^,nuga'
tSrius, adj. from nugdtor, a trifler.— L.
nUgdtus, pp. of niigSrt, to trifle. -L. pi.
nUga, trifles.
Nugget, a lump of metal. (E.) Formerly
niggoi ; see Trench, Eng. Past and Present.
Cf. prov. E. nug, a block of wood ; nigg,
a small piece (Essex) ; nog, knog, a block
of wood, knob, peg; allied to Knag.
See Nog^ffin.
fl'Misanee. (F.— L.) F. nuisance, a
hurt. — F. nuisant, hurtful; pres. pt. of
nuire, to hurt. — L. nocire, to hurt.
Hull, invaUd. (F.-L.) F. nul.^h.
nullus, none. — L. ne, not ; ullus, any,
short for *iinulus, dimin. of anus, one.
VhUaILv a vrater-course, bed of a torrent.
(Hind.) Hind, ndla, a water-course
(Yule).
ITnmb. (E.) M. £. nome, nomon, pp.
seized, taken, caught with, overpowered,
deprived of sensation. Pp. of M. £. nimen
(A. S. niman), to take; see Ninible.<4-
Icel. numinn, bereft, pp. of nema, to take.
Niunber. (F.— L.) F. nom^re.'mh,
numerum, ace. of nutnerus, a number.
Cf. Gk. y6fios, law, vifitiv, to distribute.
(^N£M.) Der. out-number.
niuneral. (L.) From L. numerdlis,
belonging to number. — L. numerus
(above).
numeration. (F.-L.) Y. numera-
tion. — L. ace. numerdtionem, a numbering.
— L. numerdtus, pp. of numerdre, to
number. — L. numerus, a number.
nnmerons. (F. — L.) M. F. numereux
(Cot.). — L. numerosus, adj.; from nU'
merus, sb., a number.
VumismatlGf relating to coins. (L. —
Gk.) Coined from L. numismat-, stem
of numisma, current coin. — Gk. yofua/ta,
a custom, also current coin. — Gk. yofd(€iv,
to adopt, use as coin. — Gk. vo/ws, usage.
-Gk. vifitiv, to distribute. (VNEM.)
ITtin. (L.) M. E. and A. S. nunne. —
LAte L. nunna, nonna, a nun ; orig. a title
of respect ; oldest sense, ' mother.* It
answers to L. nonnus, father, also a monk
(Ducange).4'Ck. v6yvrj, aunt; Skt. nana,
mother, a familiar word used by children.
Formed like ma-ma, da-da (daddy), and
the like. Der. nunn-er-y, from O. F. non-
nerie, which is from O. F. nonne, Late L.
nonns,
Hnneheon, a luncheon. (Hybrid; L.
and E.) The ending is confused with that
of luncheon, M. E. nonechenche (for none-
schenche), Riley, Memorials of London,
p. 265 ; lit. a ' noon-drink,* to accompany
the nonemete or * noon-meat' — M. E. none,
noon ; schenche, a pouring ont of drink. —
A. S. non, noon (of L. origin ; see Noon) ;
scencan, to pour out drink, p. The A. S.
scencan is lit. ' to pourvut through a pipe ; '
derived from A. S. scanc, a shank, hollow
bone, pipe ; see Shank.
irnnoio, a messenger. (Ital. — L.) Ital.
362
NUNCUPATIVE
nuncio. '^Ij. nuntium, ace. of nunNusy a
bringer of tidings. Prob. for *nouentius,
a bringer of news, from nouus, new.
Vunonpativa, declared by word of
mouth. (F.-L.) ^, nuncupaitf (Coi).^
LateL. nuncupdttvus,Tiomm9l, — L. nuncu-
pdtus, pp. of nuncupare, to call by name.
For *nomi'-cupdre ; from L. ndmen, name,
capertt to take. Brngm. ii. § 34.
!h Uphar , a kind of water-lily. (Pers. —
Skt) Pers. nufar, short for nilufar ; see
Nenuphar.
NnptiaL (F.-L.) F. nupHal.^^l..
nupttdliSf belonging to a marriage. — L.
nuptuBy s. pi., a wedding. — L. nupia, a
bride ; fem. of pp. of nubere, to marry, lit.
* to veil.* Cf. nubes, a clond.
ITnme. (F. - L.) Contracted from M.E.
norice, nurice. — O. F. norrice (F. nourrice).
— L. nutricia, a nurse. — L. nutrtc-y stem
oinutrix^ a nurse. — L. nutrirCf to nourish.
niirtlire. (F.-L.) M.E, norture.^
O. F. noriture (F. mmrriture).^L. nutri'
turay nourishment ; from nutrt/us, pp. of
niiirtre, to nourish.
Nut. (£.) M.E. nde, nute\ A.S.
hnutUi^TyvL, mfotf Icel. knot, Swed. not^
Dan. nhd, G. nuss, Cf. Irish cnuy Gael.
cnOf W. cneuen, a nut. Der. nut-hatcht i. e.
nut-hacker ; see Hatch (3).
nutmeg, the mudc-nut. (£. ; andY.—
L.— Pers.— Skt.) M.E. notemuge, later
mttmegge. Here -muge is from O. F.
mugue, musk. — L. museum, ace. of muscus,
musk ; see Muak. Cf. O. F. mugttettef a
nutmeg, also called n<nx muscade. Span.
nuez moscada, Ital. nace mosccuia^ Late L.
muscdta, nutmeg.
Nutation, a nodding. (L.) From L.
nuidiio, a nodding.— L. nutdre, to nod,
frequent, of nuere, to nod.^Gk. vtvuv^ to
nod. (^NEU.)
Hutnmentf food. (L.) Ij.ni4/rtmen'
tum, food.— L. nutrire, to nourish, suckle,
feed.
nutxitioufl. (L.) L. nUtrituus, for
nutrtciuSf adj., nourishing; with suffix -ous.
— L. nu/rtC', stem of nufrix, a nurse. — L.
nHfrfre (above).
nutritive. (F.-L.) F. nufritif.
Formed with F. suffix -if (L. -tuus), from
niitrit-uSy pp. of nutrtre (above).
Vussle, to thrust the nose in. (E.)
Formerly nousle, no^U ; a frequent, verb ;
from nose, sb. Cf. Swed. nosa, to smell ;
also Bavar. nuseln, noseln, to seek about
for, also, to speak through the nose;
OATS
E. Fries, niisseln, Swed. dial, nosla, to
nuzzle.
Nylghau, a kind of antelope. (Pers.)
Pers. nilgdw, a nylghau, lit. ' blue cow.'-
Pers. nil, blue (see Lilao) ; and gd7u, a
cow, allied to E. Gow.
Nymph. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. nymphe.
— L. nympha,^Q\i. v^fjuprjjB. bride.
o.
O (i), Oh, interjection. (E.) M. E. <> ;
not in A. S.-f-Du. Dan. Swed. G. Goth. L.
o ; Gk. cD, &, There was no distinction,
formerly, between 0 and oA,
O (2), a circle. (E.) So called because
the letter 0 is of a circular shape.
Oaf, a simpleton. (Scand.) Prov. E.
OM/y an elf. — Icel. difr, an elf. Chaucer
uses elvish in the sense of ' simple.' A
variant of e/f; see Elf.
Oak. (E.) M. E. 00k ; A. S. de. + Du.
Icel. eik ; Dan. eegy eg, Swed. ek, G. eieke ;
Teut. base *aii'.
Oakum, tow from old ropes. (E.)
A. S. deumba, tow. (For the sound-
change, cf. E. cak<K, S. dc,) Lit. ^ that
which is combed out.' — A. S. a-, prefix ;
eemdan, to comb, from eamdy a comb;
see A- (4) and Comb. Cf. O. H. G.
dchambiy tow ; of like origin.
Oar. (E.) M.E.<wf; A. S. ar.+Icel.
ar, Dan. aare, Swed. ira. Teut. type
*afra,fem.; whence Finnish airo (Noreen,
§ 57)' V A connexion with Gk. ip-irtfs,
oarsman, cannot be established.
Oasis. (L.-Gk.— Egypt.) L. odsis.^
Gk. oaais, aiaais, a fertile islet in the
Libyan desert. Of Egypt, origin; cf.
Coptic ouctke, an oasis, a dwelling-place,
ouiAf to dwell (Peyron).
Oast, Oast-house, a kiln for drying
hops. (£.) M. £. cost J ost, A. S. dst^ a
kiln, drying-house.<f Du. eest^ M. Du. eut
(the same). Allied to L. astus^ Gk. a7i9or,
a burning heat. (^AIDH.) See Bther.
Oath. (E.) M. E. 00th, oth, A. S. a9.
4-Du. eedy Icel. eiHir, Dan. Swed.^, Goth.
aiths, G. eid, O. H. G. eid, Teut. type
*aithoz\ Idg. type *oitoSy as in O. Irish
oeth, an oath.
Oats. (E.) M.E. 0/^x, pi. A.S. o/f,
sing. ; pi. dtan. Perhaps allied to Icel.
eitSllj a nodule in stone, Norw. eitel, a
gland, knot, nodule, Rnss. iadro, a kernel.
353
N
OB-
ball, Gk. 6l9os, a swelling. From the
swollen shape. (-^EID.)
Ob-f prefix. (L.) It changes to oc-
before Cf tf- before fy op- before/. L. ab,
with very variable senses ; as, towards, at,
before, upon, over, about, near. Cf.
Oscan opf near, Gk. htt, upon ; Brugm. i.
§557-
Obdlirate. (L.) L. obdurStus, pp. of
obdurdre^ to harden. —L. ob\ and aurus^
hard. See Dure.
Obedient. (F.-L.) O.F. obedient
— L. obidient- , stem of pres. pt. of obedire
(O. L. oboedire)^ to obey. — L. ob-y near;
and audtre, to hear. See Audience.
Brugm. i. $ 250. Der. dis-obedient.
obeisance. (F.— L.) M. £. obeisance.
— O. F. obeissance, later F. ob^issance,
service, a salute. — O. F. obeissantj pres. pt.
o{ obeir, to obey.— L. obidire (above).
Obelisk. (F.-I Gk.) O.F. obe/is-
que, — L. obeliscum, acc. of obeliscus, — Gk.
dfitKlaitoSy a pointed spit; hence a thin
pointed pillar ; dimin. of 6$t\6s, a spit.
Obese, &t. (L.) L. obisus, (i) eaten
away, wasted; (a) &t, lit. Uhat which
has devoured.* — L. obisus^ pp. of obedere^
to eat away. — L. 0^, near; edere, to eat.
See Xdible. Der. obes-i-ty.
Obey. (F.-L.) M.E. ^o'M.-O.F.
t^teir, — L. obidire^ to obey ; see Obedient.
Der. dis'obey.
ObftLSCate^ to darken. (L.) From
pp. of L. ob-fiiscdre, to obscure.— L. ob,
near ; Bud/uscuSy brown. See Fnaoous.
Obit, a funeral rite. (F.-L.) O.F.
01^1^. — L. acc. obituMy a gomg to or down,
downfall, death. — L. obituniy supine of
ob-tre, to go near. — L. oby near ; ire,
to go.
Object, vb. (F.-L.) Y.obJecter.^L.
obiectdre, to throw against, oppose; fre-
quent, of ob-icere (pbiicere) y to cast towards.
— L. oby towards ; iaeere, to cast. See
Jet (i).
Objurgation. (F.-L.) Y.objurga-
tion, — L. acc. obiurgdtiffnemy a chiding. —
L. obiurgdtuSy pp. of obiurgdrey to chide.
— L. oby against ; iurgdre, to sue, chide,
which stands for ^iitrigare; from iHr-,
stem of iOSy law, and -ig&rey for agere, to
drive, pursue. Cf. Navigate.
Oblate, widened at the sides. (L.) L.
obldtuSy spread out (at the sides). — L. ob^
towards ; IStuSy borne, carried out, pp. of
tollerey to bear. See Tolerate.
oblation, an offering. (F.-L.) F.
OBSERVE
oblationy an offering; Cot.— L. acc. obld-
Honenty acc. of obl&tioy an offering. — L.
obldtusy used as pp. of offerre^ to offer
(but from a different root) ; see Tolerate.
Oblige, to constrain. (F.-L.) F.
obliger, — L. obligdre, to bind together,
oblige. — L. oby near ; ligdrey to bind. See
liigament.
Oblique, slanting, perverse. (F.-L.)
F. oblique, — L. obiiquus, oblicus, slanting,
sideways, awry. — L. ob; *iiquus, oblique
(not in use).
Obliterate. (L.) From pp. of L.
oblitierarey to efface. — L. ob, over ; litleray
a letter. See Letter. % It seems to
have been associated with L. oblinerey to
smear over; though there is no etymo-
logical connexion.
Oblivion. (F. — L.) F. oblivion. — L.
acc. obliuionemy forgetfulness. — L. obit-
uisci^ to forget. Origin uncertain.
Oblong, long from side to side. (F. —
L.) F. ^long.^h. oblonguSy long across.
^L, oby over ; longus, long ; see Long.
Obloquy, calumny. (L.) 'L.obloquiutUy
contradiction. — L. obloqui, to speak against.
— L. oby against; loqutj to speak. See
Iioquaoious.
Obnoxious, offensive. (L.) Formerly
in die sense of ' liable to.'— L. obnoxi-us^
liable to; also, hurtful ; with suffix -ous.
— L. oby against ; noxiuSy hurtful. See
NoziouB.
Oboe. (Ital. - F. - L.) Ital. oboe, -
F. hautbois ; see Hautbois.
Obelus, a small Gk. coin. (L.— Gk.)
L. obolus, — Gk. 60o\6s, a small coin, per-
haps orig. in the shape of a spike or nail ;
allied to Gk. d0t\6sy a spit.
Obscene. (L.) L. oiscenus, obscaenusy
obscoennSy repulsive, foul. Etym. unknown.
Obscure, dimin. (F.-L.) Y.obscur,
— L. obscUruSy dark, lit. * covered over.' —
L. ob ; and 'ScHruSy i. e. covered ; cf. Skt.
skUy to cover. (^SKEU.) Brugm. i.
§ T09; ii. § 74. See Sky.
Obsequies. (F.-L.) U.F, obseques,
^ obseq|nies ; ' Cot. — L. obsequids, acc. of
obsequtay funeral rites, lit. foUowings.— L.
obsequiy to follow near, comply with.—
L. ob^ near; sequiy to follow. See Se-
quence.
obsequious. (F. - L.) M.F. obse-
quieux ; Cot. — L. obsequiosus^ full of com-
pliance.—L. obsequiuMy compliance. — L.
obsequiy to comply with (above.)
Observe. (F. - L. ) O. F. observer, -
354
OBSIDIAN
L. obieruare^ to take notice of, mark. » L.
oby near ; serudre, to keep, heed.
Obsidian, a vitreous stone. (L.) From
L. Obsididnus lapis (false reading for
Obsidnus lapis), a stone fonnd by one
Obsidius (false reading for Obsius) in
yGthiopia (Pliny, lib. xxxvi* c. a6, lib.
xxxvii. c. lo).
Obsolesoent. going oat of use. (L.)
From pres. pt. ot L. obsolescere, to grow
old, inceptive form of obsolire, to decay.
Origin doubtful ; perhaps from L, ob,
agamst ; solire, to be wont.
obsolete. (L.) L. obsoHtuSy pp. of
obsolere (above).
Obstacle. (F. -L.) Y. obstacle,^
L. obsldculum^ a hindrance. — L. ob, against;
'Sidculumy double dimin. from std-re^ to
stand.
obstetriOy pertaining to midwifery.
(L.) L. obstetricius^ adj., from obstetric-^
stem of obsUtriXj a midwife ; lit. an as-
sistant, stander near.— L. obsldre, to stand
near ; with fern, suffix -trix (of the agent).
— L. 0b, near; sMre, to stand. See State.
obstinate. .(L.) L. obstinStus^ reso-
lute ; pp. of obstindre, to set about, be re-
solved on ; lit. * to put oneself near.* — L.
ob, near ; and *standre, to place oneself ;
cf. Russ. stanovite, to set; from ^^IK*
See Destine.
Obstreperous, clamorous. (L.) L.
obstreperous, clamorous; with suffix -^f^.
-•L. ob, against, near ; strepere, to rattle.
Obstariotion, obligation. (L.) Coined
from L. obstrictus, pp. of obsiririgere^ to
bind, fasten. --L. w, over; stringere, to
draw tight. See Stringent.
Obstenot. (L.) From L. obstructus,
pp. of obstruere, to build in the way of
anything, lit. build against. -• L. ob^ against ;
struere, to build. &e Struoture.
Obtain. (F. ~ L.) F. obtenir, - L.
obtinire^ to hold, obtain. — L. ob^ near;
tenire, to hold. See Tenable.
Obtamde. (L-) L* obtrOdere, to thrust
against. — L. ob, against ; trOdere, to
thrust. See Thnut.
Obtuse, blunt. (F.-L.) M. F. obtus,
'dull;* Cot. — L. obtHsus, blunted, pp. of
obtundere, to beat against. — L. ob, agamst;
tundere, to beat.
Obverse, lit. turned towards one, used
of the face of a coin. (L.) L. obuertus,
pp. of obuertere, to turn towards.— L. ob,
towards ; uertere, to turn. See Verse.
Obviate. (L*) Frompp.ofL. ^^fViri;,
OCTANT
to meet in the way, prevent. — L. ob^ against ;
uia, wa^. See Viaduct.
obvious. (L.) L. obui-us, lying in
the way, evident ; with suffix -otts, — L.
ob, over against ; uia, the way.
Oca, the name of a certain edible root.
(Peruvian.) Peruv. occa^ the same.
Oooasion. (F.-L.) F. occasion, ~L.
Sicc. occOsidnem.^L, oc- (for ob), at; and
cOS'USf pp. of cadere, to fall. See
Oadenoe.
Occident, west. (F.-L.) O. F. Occi-
dent, west. — L. Occident; stem of pres. pt.
of occidere, to fall, set (as the sun). — L. oc-
(for ob), at ; cadere, to fall.
Ocdpnt. (L.) L. occiput, back of the
head.— L.^- (for ^), over against; caput,
the head. See Capital.
Occnlt. (F. - L.) F. occuUe, - L. oc-
cultus, pp. of occulere, to cover over, con-
ceal. — L. OC" (for ^) ; and obs. L. *celere,
to hide, allied to cildre, to hide. Cf. O.
Irish cel'im, I hide, A. S. hel^an^ to hide.
Occupy. (F. - L.) M. £. occupien, - F.
occuper.'^, occupdre, to lay hold of. — L.
oc- (for ob), near; capere, to seize. Der.
pre-occupy.
Occur. (F.-L.) M. F. occurrer.^U
occurrere, to run to meet, occur.— L. oC'
(for ob), against; currere, to run. See
Current.
Ocean. (F.-L.-Gk.) 0,¥, ocean, ^
L. dceanum, ace. of dceanus. — Gk. iuefay6s,
the great stream supposed to encompass
the earth.
Ocelot, a quadruped. (Mexican.) Mexi-
can ocelotl, a tiger ; applied by BufTon to
the ocelot.
Oclire« a fine clay, commonly yellow.
(F. - L. - Gk.) F. ocre, * oker ; ' Cot. - L.
dchra, — Gk. ixpoL, yellow ochre ; from its
pale colour.— Gk. itxf^i, pale, wan.
Octagon, a plane 8-sided figure. (Gk.)
From Gk. ^a-, for bierit, eight; '^wf-fa, an
angle, connected by gradation with y6w,
knee ; see Knee.
octahedron, a solid S-sided fieure.
(Gk.) From btcra-, for bterit, eight ; 1^,
a base, from the base I8-, to sit ; see Bit.
octangular, having eight angles.
(L.) From L. oct-d, eight; angulus,
angle.
octant, the aspect of two planets
when distant by the eighth part of a circle.
(L.) L. octant', stem of octans, an instru-
ment for measuring the eighth of a circle.
— L. oct-d, eight.
355
OCTAVE
octave. (F.-L.) Lit. 'eighth;* hence,
eight days after a festival, eight notes in
music.— F. octave, an octave (Cot.). — L.
ectaua, fern, of octduus, eighth.— L. octff,
eight. -^Gk. 6«t^, eight; cognate with K
ISight. Doublet, ufas.
October. (L.) h. Octdber, the eighth
month of the Roman year. — L. octd^
eight.
octogenarian, one who is eighty
years old. (L.) From L. octffgin&rius,
belonging to eighty. — L. octffgent, eighty
each, distribntive form oi octdgintay eighty.
— L. odd, eight; -ginta, probably allied
to decern, ten. Bmgm. ii. % 164.
octoroon, the offspring of a white
person and a quadroon. (L.) One who is,
m an eighth part, a black. Coined from
L. octo, eight ; in imitation of quadroon,
octosyllabic. (L.-Gk.) 'L.octosyl-
labicus, having eight syllables.— Gk. bierit,
ei^ht; ovXAa^i), a syllable ; see Syllable.
Octroi^ a toll. (F.-L.) F. octroi,
O. F. otrot, orig. a grant ; verbal sb. from
O. F. otroier, to authorise, grant. — Late
L. auctoritdre, by-form of auctorizare, to
authorise. — L. auctor ; see Author.
Ocniar. (L.) L. ocularis, belonging
to the eye.— L. oculus, eye ; cognate with
Gk. Snita, eye. See Optio.
Odalisonei a female slave in a Turkish
harem. (F\-Turk.) F, odatisfw; better
odaiique (Devic). — Turk. odcUtq, a cham-
bermaid. — Turk, oda, a chamber.
Odd, not even, strange. (Scand.) M. £.
Mfiafif.— Icel. oddi, a triangle, a point of
land ; metaphorically (from the triangle),
an odd number (orig. threi) ; hence also
the phr. standask i odda, to stand (or be)
at odds, to quairel; oddamaJHr, the odd
man, third man who gives a casting vote,
oddatala, an odd number. Allied to oddr,
a point of a weapon (for *tf«</r).+ A. S.
ord, a point of a sword, point ; Dan. od, a
point, Swed. udda, odd, udck, a point ; G.
ort, a place, M. H. G. art, extreme point.
Teut. type *uzdoz.
Ode, a song. (F. — L. - Gk.) F. ode. —
L. odd, odi. — Gk. tjlfn\, a song ; for doiS^,
a song.— Gk. dc/Sciv, to sing. Allied to
O. Irish faed, W. gwaedd, a cry, shout.
(VWEID.) Der. ep-ode, paltn-ode,
Odinm, hatred. (L.) L. odium, sb.—
L. ddi, I hate; an old perfect tense. Cf.
Armen. at- earn, I hate. Brugm. i § 160.
Odour. (F.-L.) M. E. odour. - F.
odeur. — L. odffrem, ace. of odor, scent. |
OQEE
a.Gk.6((iv{^*6d-jfttw),tosmt\\. (-/OD.)
Der. odorous, from L. odSr-us, with suffix
'Ous ; the accent has been thrown back.
Of, from, &c. (E.) M. E. of\ A. S. of.
•fDu. Icel. Swed. IHm. Goth. af\ G. ah,
O. H. G. aba-, L. ab, Gk. dir^, Skt. apa,
away. Brugm. i. § 560.
Offy away from. (E.) An emphatic form
of ^. M. E. ^; as in ' Smiteth of my
hed'- smite ^my head; Ch. C. T. 783
(HarleianMS.).
OfU, waste meat. (£.) M. E. offal,
falling renmants, chips of wood, &a From
off zxAfalL'^TiM. cfoal, windfall, offal;
Dan. affald, a fall off, offal ; Swed. affall\
G. abfall ; all similarly compounded.
Offence. (F. — L.) O. F. offence, offense,
— L. offensa, ah offence ; ong. fern, of pp.
oi offender e, to dash against (below).
offend. (F.-L.) M.E. ^^Smdbf.-F.
offendre.^L,. offendere, to dash or strike
against, injure.— L. of (for ob), against;
*fendere, to strike. See Defend.
Offer. (L.) A. S. offrian.^'L, offerre,
to offer.— L. of- (for ob), near; ferre to
bring, cognate with E. bear. Der. offer^t-
or-y, from F. offertoire, L. offerUfnuM^ a
place to which offerings were brought.
Office, duty. (F.-L.) F. office.-^l..
offiHum, duty; lit. 'service.* Perhaps
nrom of (for ob)^ towards ; and facere, to
do (Br^al). Der. offU-er^ F. offkier^
IjBit h, ojfficidrius ; offtc-i-ouSf F. oficieux,
L. oMcidsus,
Officinal, pertaining to or used in a
shop or laboratory. (F.—L.) F, officinal,
— L. officina, a workshop, office ; con-
tracted form of opificina (Plautus).— L.
opi-, for opus^ work; -fic^ for facere^
to do.
Offing, the part of the visible sea
remote from the shore. (E.) Merely
formed from off, with the noun-suffix -ing.
See off.
OflliCOIiring. (E.) From off and
scour. So also offset, offshoot, oj^spring.
Oft, Often, ncquenUy. (£.j AS.^;
whence M. £. ^e, with added ^e, and lastly
ofte-n wiUi added -n.^Icel. opt, Dan. ofte,
Swed. ofta, G. oft, Goth, ufta. Origin
unknown.
Ogee, Ogive, a double curve. (F. —
Span. — Arab.) * An ogiue {ogive) or ogee,
a wreath, crclet, or round band in archi-
tecture,' Minsheu. An (^e arch is a
pointed arch, with doubly-curved sides.
— M.F. a$tgive, F. ogive, an ogive or ogee
35^
OQLE
(Cot.). — Span, auge, highest point, also
meridian, apogee (cf. Port, auget top) ;
from the pointed top of Moorish arches,
which have donbly-curved sides. « Arab.
3wj\ summit. % Perhaps not a true Arab,
word, but der. from Gk. dir(^atoi', the
apogee (in which sense dwj is sometimes
used). Der. ogiv-aly adj. (also written
ogee-fall f).
Ogle, to glance at. (Du.) A frequent,
form of Du. oogen, ' to cast sheepes eyes
upon one ; ' Hexham. (Cf. Low G. oegeln^
to ogle, from oegen^ to look at.) — Du.
ooge^ eye ; cognate with £. Eye.
Ogre, a monster. (F.-L.) F. ogre.
Cf. Span, ogro (Diez; but not given in
most Diet., and probably from F.). Of
unknown origin. The deriv. from L. ace.
augurem, soothsayer, hence, a wizard
(Korting) is not convincing. Der. ogr-ess,
F. ogresse.
Oil " see O ( I V
Oil.' (F. - L. -Gk.) M. E. otle, - A. F.
oile (F. Auile).^!^, oleum \ from dea^ an
olive-tree. —Gk. IXcua, an olive-tree. See
OUve.
Ointmeiit. (F.— L.) The former / is
due to confusion with anoint \ the M. £.
form is oinemeni, — 0, F. oignement, an
anointing, also an unguent.— O. F. oigne-r^
the same as oindre, to anoint ; with suffix
"inentn^'L. ungere, to anoint. See Un-
guent.
Old. (£.) M.£. old, O. Merc, aid,
IsLitTOld; {A,S.eald),^I)vL,oud{{oT*old),
G. all; cf. Goth, altheis, Teut. type
*ald6z'j Idg. type *al-t6s, formed with
Ep. suffix -Ids from V^^> ^^ ^^^^ ^^
.. al-erey Icel. al-a, to nourish, bring up ;
so that the sense was orig. *" brought up.'
p. L. alius J high, is prob. the same word,
with a newer sense.
OleaginOTlB. (L.— Gk.) L.oledgin-us,
oily, with suffix -ous ; adj., from olea, an
olive-tree. See Oil.
Oleander, the rose-bay-tree. (F.—
Late L.) M. F. oleandre, rose-bay-tree
(Cot.). The same as Ital. oleandro. Span.
eloendro (Minsheu), Port, eloendro, loendro ;
all variously corrupted from Late L. lorand-
rum (taken for Vdrandrum\ It seems to
have been confused with oleaster, 2.
Isidore gives the name as * arodandarum,
vnlgo krandrum* This shews that the
name was a corruption of rhododendron^
due to confusion with L. laurus, laurel.
OleaJlter, wild olive. (L.-Gk.) L.
OMELET
oleaster, Rom. xi. 1 7 ; formed from olea^ an
olive-tree. — Gk. iWa, an olive-tree.
Olfactory, relating to smell. (L.) L.
olfactdrius, adj., from L. olfactor, one who
smells, olfactuSj a smelling. — L. 0^^///^,
pp. of olfacere, olefacere, to scent.— L.
olS-re (also olire), to smell; facere, to
make, cause. This L. olere stands for
*odere ; cf. od-or, scent ; and cf. L. lacntma
for dacruma. Allied to Gk. ht-yai, scent.
Oligarchy. (F.-L.-Gk.) Y,oligar-
chie. — Late L. oligarchia, — Gk. bXiyapxia,
government by a few men. — Gk. hkiy-, for
2X/70S, few, little; and -apxta, from
Apx^iy, to rule.
Olio, a mixture, medley. (Span.— L.)
A mistaken form for olia, intended to
represent Span, olla (pronounced olya), a
round earthen pot, also an olio, esp. in
phrase olla podrida, a hodge-podge.— L.
olla^ O. Lat. aula^ a pot.
Olive. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. olive.^U
oliua. "Gk. iKaia (for *iXaiFa), an olive-
tree. Brugm. i. § 121 (2).
Omadann, Omadhawn, a simple-
ton. (C.) Anglo-Irish; from Irish a^/a^<i/f,
a simpleton. — Irish amad (the same).—
Irish am-, for an-, neg. prefix (cf. Gk. dv-) ;
-mad, O. Irish -met, mind, cognate with
L. mens and £. mind. Cf. L. aniens,
mad.
OmbrCy a game at cards. (Span.— L.)
From Span. Juego del hombre, lit. * game
of the man * (whence F. hombre). — L.
hominem, ace. of homo, a man. See
Human.
Omega, the end. (Gk.) Gk. it, called
a; ikkyx, i. e. great 0, long 0 ; which is the
last letter of the Gk. alphabet, as opposed
to alpha, ^t first letter. McTa is neut. of
fjiiyas, great, allied to £. Miokle.
Omelet, a pan-cake, chiefly of eggs.
(F.— L.) F. omelelle, aumelette (Cot.).
These are from O. F. amelette, but this
again was preceded by the form alemelte,
which is, through change of suffix, from
alemelle (Scheler). The sense of alemelle
was 'a thin plate,' still preserved in F.
alufnelle, sheathing of a ship. Godefroy
gives O. F. alemele, blade of a knife ; thus
the omelet was named from its shape, that
of a *thin plate* of metal. 2. Lastly
f alemelle is a corruption of la lemelle, the
correct O. F. form.— L. lamella, a thin
plate, properly of metal ; dimin. oi lamina,
a thin plate ; see Iiamina. % See this
clearly traced by Scheler and Littr^.
357
OMEN
OPHIDIAN
OmUkp a sign of a fnttue eveot. (L.
L. dmeft ; O. Lat MmeM. l}0r. omim-
Omitf to n^lect. CL.) L. cmitUre,
(pp. omissus , lit ' to let go.' For ^om^
mttUreK^eb-miitere', hem ad, by, mitUre,
to lend. See Missile. Der. omiss-itm^
from F. omission, ' an omiwion/ from L.
aoc. omissidnem % from the pp.
Omni-v prefix. (L.) L. om$ds, all.
Der. omm-potont, all-powerfol ; ««»«»•
presetU, ererywhere present; omni-sdaU,
all-knowing; omtsp^oorous, all-deronriog ;
fee Potent, Freeenty Scienoe, Vof»-
eioaa.
oauiilmSf a public vehicle. (L.) So
called became intended for the use of all.
— L. omnihus, for all; dat. pL of omnis.
f Commonly shortened to Ims,
OmZfllli a prince, lord. (Arab.) 'Ai-
grettes by omrahs worn ; ' Scott, Vis. of
Don. Roderick, st 51. Omrah is property
a plural* like Vftbob, q. y. «- Arab, umard,
pi. of amir, a prince, emir ; see ISmir.
Ct the Arab, title amiruU-umard, prince
of princes (Ynle).
Cfn. (E.) M.E. on; A.S. iw. 4- Dn.
tsan, Icel. d, Swed. 4, G. an (whence Dan.
an)t Goth, ana, Gk. <b^ Rnss. na, Idg.
type *aiMi.
Onea; see One.
Oll06« sometimes for Onnoe (3).
. OlM (i)» shigle, sole. (E.) M. £. oon.
Already written wan in M. E. See Guy
of Warwick, ed. Znpitza, note to 1. 7937.
A. S. ant one. + Dn. een, Icel. einn, Dan.
een, Swed. «ii^ G. m'h, Goth, ains, W. »»,
Iri^ and Gael, aon, L. ifiiMf, O. L. oinos,
Gk. *<Avot, one (fem. oKki;, an ace on a die).
Tent, type ^ainoz; Idg. type *oinos, Cf.
Lith. vimu ; Bmgm. ii. § 165. Der. an,
a, on-fyt al-one, at-one.
Onoe. (E.) M. E. ones; A.S. &nes,
adv., once. Orig. gen. case (masc. and
nent.) of dn, one ; the gen. case was used
adverbially, as in med-Sy twi-ce, thri-ce.
0110 (3)» a person, spoken of indefinitely.
(E.) In the phrase ' one says,' one means
* a single person.' Merely a peculiar use
of the ordinary word one, % Not F. on,
OnaroiUif burdensome. (F.— L.) M.F.
onermx.^l^ onerdsus, adj.^L. oner-, for
*oneS', stem of onus, a burden.
Oniony a plant. (F. — L.) F. oignon, -
L. Unidnem, ace. of ^niOt a large onion ;
see Union (9).
Only^ (E.) M. £. oonlif adj. and adv. ;
A.S. oniShf, adj., nnkiney lit 'one-like.' —
A. S. dn, one ; /2r, like.
Qlloma.topaBift« name-making, the
formation of a word with a resemblance
in soond to tlie thing signified. (Gk.) Gk.
imoimnimtMSm, the making of a name. •• Gk.
hwofuro-, oombinii^fcKm of 2ro/M;^aname;
and woiw, to make; see Hame and
Brngm. iL \ 117.
anaKanh. (£.) Due to tlic phr.
seion! L e. attack ! From on and sei,
(hialail^ht, an attack. (!£.) From mi
and M. £. slakt, A. S. sUakt, a stroke,
blow, formed from slian, to strike ; see
Slay. And cL slaughter.
Onward, Onwards. (E.) From on
and -ward, 'Wards ; see Toward.
Onjn, a kind of agate. (L.— Gk.) L.
Mi/ur. — Gk. £ni£, a nail; a veined gem,
onyx, from its resemblance to the finger-
naiL See NaiL
Oolita, a kind of limestone. (F.-Gk.)
F. oolUke (with th sounded as 0--^^.
io-^, egg ; Ai^-of, stooe. Lit ' egg-stone.'
SeeOraL
00169 moisture, soft mud. (E.) For-
merly wose ; M. £. wose, A. S. wos,
moisture, juice. 4^ IceL vds^ wetness. Per-
haps confiised with A. S. wdu, soft mud ;
which b cognate with Icel. xfcisa, a stag-
nant pooL Der. oote, vb.
Opadtj; see OxMque.
Croaly a gem. (F.— L.) F. ^^ai!f.— L.
opaJuSt an opal. C£ Gk. MSaAios, an
opal ; Skt upala-, a stone, gem.
Opaque. (F. ~ L.) F. opaque, — L. opd*
cum, ace. of opdcus, dark, obscure. Der.
opac'i'ty, from F. opaciU, L. ace. opSH-K
tdiem.
Open, unclosed. (E.) The verb is from
the adj. open, whidi is sometimes short-
ened to ope (Coriol. i. 4. 43). A. S. open,
adj., open, with the form of an old pp.
•4- DQ- open^ adj. ; Icel. opinn ; Swed.
bppen ; G. offen. Teut. types *upencz,
*upanoz. Perhaps connected with the
idea of the lifting of a tent-door ; cf. A. S.
apj up. See Up. Der. open, vb., A. S.
openian, to make open.
Opera. (ItaL— L.) Ital.i;^<i, awork,
a musical play. — L. Optra, work ; see
below.
operate. (L.) From pp. of L. operdrl,
to work.— L. opera, work; from oper- (for
^opes-), stem of L. opus, work, toil, -f
Skt. ^as, work.
Opnidiany relating to serpents. (Gk.)
358
OPHICLEIDE
ORACLE
Formed with suffix -an (L. -anus), from
Gk. d<ttiliioUf d^ciStov, dimin. of 6<f>K, a
serpent. Cf. the dimin. form (^'Biov (see
Zodiac). 4* Skt. ahi', L. aft^uis, a snake.
ophicleidei a musical instrument.
(F.— Gk.) Lit a ' key-serpent ' ; because
made by adding ke^s to an old musical
instrument called a serpent (from its
twisted shape). — Gk. 5^-s, a serpent ;
jvXciS-, stem of kK^U, a key.
Oplltliallliia, inflammation of the
eye. (Gk.) Gk. ^^X/uia. - Gk. 600aX/i<$s,
the eye, Boeotian 5#ToXAor, for *hicrav'
Xos (cf. Skt. aksAan-, eye) ; Doric dmriXos,
the eye. From Idg. base *^^-, eye ; cf.
Russ. okOf eye, Skt. oMsha-, akski, Lith.
Ms, L. oC'ui'US. See Prellwitz. And
see Ooular.
Opinion, (F.-L.) F. opinion. ^L.
optnidnem, ace. of optnio, a supposition. »
L. optnOri, to suppose, opine. — L. opinus,
thinking; expectmg; only in nec-optnus,
not expecting, unexpected^ in-cptnus^ un-
expected. Der.opinef F. cpiner, L. opindri
(above). .
Opium. (L.— Gk.) L. opium.^GV.
omov, poppy-juice. — Gk. ivds, sap.
OpOSSnniy a quadruped. (W.Indian.)
i- W. Indian opctssom ; in the language of
the Indians of Virginia; Capt. Smith, p. 59.
Oppidan. (L.) L. <>/»^VJ»i#j, belong-
ing to a town. — L. oppidum, a, town ; O.
L. oppedum. Apparently from L. op- (od),
near; *pedum (Gk. ttkhov), a field, plain;
Bmgm. i. § 65. (Explained as ' protecting
the plain ' ; the derivation is clearer than
the sense.)
i^pilation, a stopping up. (F.-L.)
M. F. oppilation, * an obstruction ; * Cot. —
L. ace. oppfldtidnem, * L. oppildtus, pp. of
oppilare, to stop up. ^'L, op (for ob\
against ; pildre, to ram, from pilum, a
pestle. And L. ptlum is for ^pins-lom^
from pinsere, to pound.
Opponent. (L.) L. opponent', stem of
pres. part, of opponere, to oppose. — L. ob,
against ; ponere, to place. See Position.
Opportune, timely. (F.— L.) Y.op-
poriun.'^'L. opportHnus, convenient, sea-
sonable, lit. ' near the harbour,* or *■ easy of
access.*— L op- (03),near; portus, access,
harbour. See Fort (a).
Opposed (F.-L.aiMrGk.) ¥,opposer,
to withstand. — L. <^ (for ob), against ; F.
poser, to place, from Late lu.pausdre, used
to tran^te L. pSntre^ to place. See Pose .
Opposite. (F. — L.) F. opposite, — L
oppositus, pp. oiopponere^ to set against. —
L. op- ipS), agamst ; ponere, to set. See
Position.
Oppress. (F.~L.) F. oppresser.'^
la&tt L,, oppres fare, frequent of L. oppri-
mere, to oppress.— L. cp- ipb), near ; pre-
mere {"pp.pressus), to press. See Press.
Opprobrious. (L.) From L. o^ro'
briosus, full of reproach. — L. opprobrium,
reproach. — L. <?/- (for ob\ on, upon ; pro-
brum, disgrace.
Oppngn, to resist. (F.— L.) F. op-
pugner, — L. oppugndre, — L. op- (pb),
against ; pugndre, to fight, from pugnus,
a fist. See Pugilism.
Optative, wishing. (F.— L.) Chiefly
as tne name of a mood. — F. optatif,^\u,
opiStiuus, expressive of a wish. — L. op-
tdlus, pp. of opt&re, to wish. Cf. Skt. ap^
to attain.
Optic, relating to the sight. (F. — Gk.)
F. optique. — Gk. 6nruc6s, belonging to the
sight ; cf. dnrfip, a spy. From the base
oir- (for 0K-) seen in Ionic Hv-anr-a, I have
seen, (5»ff-ofi€u, 1 shall see ; cf. L. oC'U/us,
the eye. See Ooular.
OptimisUy the doctrine that all is for
the best. (L.) From L. cptim-us, O. Lat.
opitumus (Brugm. ii. % 73), best; with
suffix -ism (Gk. 'ta/xos). L. qp-ti-mus is
a superl. form from a base op' (i.e. choice,
select) ; cf. optSre, to wish.
Option, choice. (F.— L.) Y, option.^
L. optionem, ace. of optio^ choice. Allied
to L. qptdre, to wish ; see Optative.
Opiuent, wealthy. (F.-L.) Y,opU'
lent. — L. opulentus, wealthy. — L. op-, base
of opis, wealth. Cf. Skt. apnas, wealth.
Or (i)) conj., offering an alternative.
(E.) Short for other, outher, auther^ the
M. £. forms, which answer to A. S. dhwa-
fer, dwper. — A.S. &, ever; hwaper,
whether. Cf. Either.
Or (a), ere. (E.) M. E. or, unemphatic
form of ir, ere. A. S. Sr, ere ; see Ere.
(In the phrases or ere, or ever.)
Or(3), gold. (F.-L.) In heraldry. F.
^r.— L. aurum, gold.
Oraoh, a pot-herb. (F. - L. - Gk.)
Also arrache. — F. arroche, * orache, orage ; '
Cot. A Picard form corresponding to F.
*arreuce (Hatzfeld). [Cf. Walloon arip,
orach (Remade); Ital. tUrepice.'] ^ h.
atriplicem, ace. of atripUx, orach. — Gk.
drpo0a£(s, drp&ipa^tfs, orach.
Oraole. (F.-L.) Y.oracte.^L. ord-
eulum, a divine announcement; formed
359
ORAL
from drd-re, to pray, from dr- (for A), the
moath (below).
Oralftpokeo. (L.) Coined from L.^-
(for ds)t the month. Hh Skt. dsya, month ;
IceL osSt month of a river.
teang-OUtanff, aUraeape. (Malay.)
Malay^ra/i^-«/aif , Tit. ' wild man.* * Malay
drang, a man ; utaut hiUan, woods, wilds
of a conntry, wild.
•Orange. (F. - Ital. — Arab. — Pers.)
O. F. ifreng€ (F. orange). For *nareHge,
bnt the initial n was lost (in Italian), and
then arenge became orenge by a popular
etymology from or, cold. Cf. Span, no-
ranjat an orange. - Ital. aranda, an orange ;
Low Lat ffra^f^ia. — Arab, ndranjf nd-
rinj.^Vtn, ndrang, an orange. Allied
to Pers. n&r, a pomegranate.
Oration. (F. — L.) F. oration. — L. ace.
drdlidnem.'mXj, Jrdius, pp. of ^rdre, to
pray.^L. dr- (for ds), the mouth. See
OraL Doublet, orison.
orator. (F.—L.) Formerly ora/our.'^
F. orateur. » L. dratffrem, ace. of drdtor, a
speaker. —L. drdtus, pp. oidrdre, to pray,
to speak (above).
Orb. (F. — L.) F . orhe, ^V,. orbtmy^Xf^.
of tfr^&r, a circle, sphere.
orbit. (L.) L. orbita^ a track, circuit ;
formed with suffix -ta from orifi-^ decl.
stem of orbisy an orb, circle.
OrOy Orky a large marine animal; a
narwhal, or erampus. (L.) See Nares.
—L. orca^ perhaps the narwhal (Plinv).
Orobard. (L. and £). M. £. orchard.
A. S. orceardf older form ortgeard. Cog-
nate with Goth, aurtigards^ a garden
(Qk. Kfjitoi). The latter element, A. S.
gMf"d, is the mod. £. yard\ see Tard.
The former element is merely borrowed
from L. horiuSt a garden, both in £.
and Gothic ; see Hortiooltare. As
the L. hortus is cognate with £. yardy
the form ort'geard merely repeats the
idea of * yard.' ^ So in Brugm. i. § 767 ;
but some consider A. S. ort-geardzs, wholly
Teutonic, and connect it with A. S.
wyrt-geardt Dan. uri-gaard^ Swed. orte-
g&rdf a kitchen-garden, from A. S. wyri,
Dan. «r/, Swed. orty a wort. (See Wort
in Franck.) See Wort.
Orohestra. (L. - Gk.) L. orchestra. -
Gk. bpxyi^Tpa, an orchestra ; which, in the
Attic tlieatre, was a space on which the
chorus danced. — Gk. dpxioftai, I dance.
Orchis, a plant. (L.— Gk.) L. orchis.
» Gk. (Vx<Vf a testicle, a plant with roots
ORGAN
of testicular shape. Der. orchid, where
the suffix 'id was suggested by the Gk.
ttbos, shape ; of. cyclo-idy cono-td.
Ordain, to set in order. (F.— L.)
M. E. ordein€n.^O. F. ordener (later or-
donn€r).^L. oreUndrCy to set in order.—
L. ordin-f declensional stem of ordOf order.
Der. ^e-ordain.
OraOaL a severe test, judgment by fire.
&c. (£.)M. £. ordal. A. S. ordil, orddl^
a dealing out, judgment, decision. O.
Fiiesic ordil. — A. S. or-^ prefix, out ; dal^
ddly a dealing; see I>e!al, Dole. The
prefix tfr-=sDu. oor-, G. wf*-, Goth, iij-,
out (hence, thorough). ^ Du. oordeel^
O.Sax. urdilij G. «f/^f7 Judgment; simi-
larly compounded.
Ordor. (F.-L.) F. ordre, O.F. or-
dim.^L. ordinemt ace. of ordo, order.
Allied to L. ordlrt^ to begin, oriri^ to
arise. Brugm. ii. § 128. Der. dis-
order.
ordinal, shewing the order. (L.) L.
ordindlis, vAy, in order.— L. ordin-, de-
clensional stem of ordo, order.
ordinance. (F.-L.) O. F. ordi-
nance,'^IjeXt L. ordinantia, a command.
— L. ordincLnt-, pres. pt. of ordindre, to
ordam. See Ordain.
ordinary. (F. - L.) F. ordinaire. —
L. ordindrius, regular (as sb., an over-
seer). —L. or din-, decl. stem oiordOy order.
Der. ordinary^ sb.
ordination. (L.) FTom.'L. ordinatio,
an ordinance, also ordination.— L. ordin-
dtus, pp. of ordindrOy to ordain. See
Ordahi.
ordnaneOy artillery. (F.— L.) For-
merly, ordinance ; it had reference to the
bore or size of the cannon, and was thence
transferred to the cannon itself (Cot. ;
s. v. ordonnance) ; see ordinance.
Ordnre, excrement. (F.-L.) F. or-
dure.^O. F. ord (fem. orde)^ filthy, foul,
ugly, frightful. — L. horriduSy rough,
frightful. See Horrid. (So Korting.)
Ore. (£.) M. E. or, oor. A. S. dra^
ore of metal, allied to drey a mine. £. Fries.
«r, ore.+Du. oery ore. % Distinct from
A. S. dr, brass, which is cognate with Goth.
aisy L. cusy brass. But the words may
have been confused.
Oreadyamountain-n3rmph. (Gk.) From
Gk. bptiM'y stem of bpeidsy an oread. — Gk.
6posj a mountain.
Organ. (F.-L.— Gk.) F. organe.^L.
ofganum, an implement. — Gk. bpyavoVf an
360
ORQIES
implement; allied to tpyov, work; see
Work.
orgies, sacred rites, revelry. (F. — L. —
Gk.) F. or^t^s. — L. orgiay sb. pi., a festival
in honour of Bacchus, orgies. « Gk. Hpyia,
sb. pi., orgies, rites, from sing. *Spyiov, a
sacred act ; allied to ipyov, work.
OrnloiM, proud. (F.— O.H.G.) Also
orgiuous ; M. E. orgeilus ; Anglo-F. <v-
guyllus.i^O.Y , orgoiUos^ orgutllusy later
orgueilleux, proud.— O.F. orgoil^ orguil,
F. orgueilf pride. From an O. H. G. sb.
*urguoli, from O.H.G. urguol, remarkable,
notable (Graff).
Oriely a recess (with a window) in a
room. (F.— L.) M. E. oriol, otyall, a
small room, portico, esp. a room for a lady,
boudoir. —O.F. orioly a porch, gallery, cor-
ridor.—Late L. orioluniy a small room,
recess, portico ; prob. for aureolum (?),
that which is ornamented with gold. —L.
aurum, gold. % See Pliny, lib. xxxiii.
c. 3, for the custom of gilding apartments.
Cf. Oriole.
Orient, eastern. (F. — L. ) F. orient, —
L. orient', stem of oriens, rising, the east ;
orig. pres. pt. of ortri, to rise, begin. 4*
Skt. ff to rise.
Orifice. (F.— L.) F. orijicef a small
opening. — L. orijiciumy an opening, lit.
* making of a mouth.'— L. ffri-, decl. stem
of OS, mouth ; facere, to make.
Oriflammey the old standard of
France. (F.— L.) F. oriflammey the sacred
standardof France. — Late L. auri/lammay
lit. ' golden flame,* because the banner
was cut into flame-like strips at the outer
edge, and carried on a gilt pole. — L. aurt-
(for aurum), ?old ; J^mma, flame.
Orif^ailfWiTd marjoram.-(F. — L. - Gk.)
F. ortgan. — L. origanum, — Gk. dpiyavov,
lit. 'mountain-pride.' * Gk. 6pl = 6pci-,
related to Spot, a mountain ; yayoSf beauty,
ornament.
Origin. (F.-L.) F. origine.^UX,
origifUfHy ace. of orlgOt a beginning. — L.
oririy to rise.
Oriole, the golden thrush. (F.— L.)
O.F. orioi{ F. lonot « Toriot), — L.aureoluSy
golden. — L. aurum, gold.
Orison, a prayer. (F.-L.) O. F. ori-
son, oreison (F. oraison), — L. ffrStiffnemy
ace. of dratioy a prayer ; see Oration.
Orle, a kind of fillet, in heraldry, &c.
(F.— L.) F. orUy m., M. F. orle, f., a
hem, narrow border ; cf. Late L. orla,
a border, edge. — L. type *9ruia, dimin.
36
ORTHODOX
of L. ora, border, edge. Cf. L. os,
mouth.
Orlop, a deck of a ship. (Du.) For-
merly orlope (Phillips). Contracted from
Du. over loop, a running over, a deck of a
ship, an orlope (Sewel). So called because
it traverses me ship. — Du. over, over;
loopen, to run ; see Elope, Iieap.
Ormolu, a kind of brass. (F.— L.) F.
or moulu, lit. * pounded gold.* — F. or,
from L. auruMf gold ; and moulu, pp. of
moudre, to grind, O. F. moidre, from L.
molere, to grind.
Ornament. (F. - L.) M. E. ome-
ment. — F. omement, — L. omdmenium,
an adornment. — L. orndre, to adorn.
ornate. (L.) From pp. of L. omdre,
to adorn.
Ornithology, the science of birds.
(Gk.^ Gk. opvtOo'f for 6fnfis, a bird ;
'Koyla, from \6yos, a discourse, ^€7611^,. to
speak. Allied to A. S. earn, G. aar, W.
etyr, an eagle, named from its soaring ; cf.
Gk. 5f>yv/Uy I stir up, rouse.
Omithorbyncne, an Australian
animal. TGk.) Named from the resem-
blance of its snout to a duck's bill. — Gk.
opviBo- (for 6pvii), bird ; fivyxosja, snout.
Orphan. (L. — Gk.) L. orphanus. —
Gk. hpi(pavi%, destitute; John xiv. 18.
Allied to L. orbus, destitute.
Chrpiment, yellow snlphuret of ar-
senic. (F. — L.) Lit. 'gold paint' F.
orpinient, — L. auripigmetUum, gold paint.
— L. auri' (for aurum), gold ; and pig-
mentum, a pigment, paint, from pingere,
to paint.
orpine, orpin, a kind of stone-crop.
(F. — L.) Named from its colour. M. E.
orpin, — F. orpin^ * orpin, or live-long ;
also orpiment ; ' Cot. A docked form of
orpiment above.
Orrery, an apparatus for illustrating
the motion of the planets. (Ireland.) Con-
structed at the expense of Charles Boyle,
earl of Orrery y about 1715. Orrery is a
barony in co. Cork, Ireland.
Orne, a plant. (lul.— L.— Gk.) For-
merly orice, oris. These are E. corrup-
tions of M. Ital. irios (Ital. tV^^j).- M.
Ital. irios, * oris-roote,' Florio ; with refer-
ence to the Iris florerUina, Modified
from L. iris, a rainbow, an iris.
Ort ; see Oris.
Orthodox, of the right faith. (L.—
Gk.) Late L. orthodoxus. — Gk. hpOlt^os,
of the right opinion. — Gk. 6p06'S, upright,
N 3
ORTHOEPY
OUCH
right; M^a, an opinion, from boK€iv, to
seem. Cf. Arduous. Bnigm. ii. § 143.
ort]L06pyf correct prononciation.
rOk.) From Gk. upBoiwtia, orthoepy.—
uk. 6f)$6-Sf right; lir-of, a word; see
Spic.
orthography, correct writing. (F. -
L. - Gk .) M. E. ortographie, - M. F. orto-
graphii, ■- L. orthographia, — Gk. bpBo-
ypa(pia, — Gk. 6(>$6s, right ; ypdipttVf to
write.
OrthollteroiUI, lit. straight winged.
(Gk.) Gk. dpBSs, straight; vrepuv, a
wing.
Ortolan, a bird. (F. - Ital. — L.)
O. F. horiolan, — M. Ital. hortolanOf a
gardener, also an ortolan, lit. ' haunter of
fardens.'-*L. hor/uldnus, a gardener. — L.
ortulus, dimin. of horius, a garden ;
allied to Yard.
Ortfl, remnants, leavings. (£.) M. £.
ortes. From A. S. or-^ out (what is left) ;
etan, to eat. Proved by M. Du. orete,
ooraete, a piece left after eating, Swed.
dial, orate, urate, refuse fodder. The
same prefix or^ occurs in ordeal, Cf. also
Low G. ort, an ort ; Dan. dial, ored, orret,
an ort ; N. Fries, orte, to leave remnants
after eating.
OscillatO, to swing. (L.) From pp.
of L. oscilldre^ to swing. — L. osdllum, a
swing.
OsCUlatOf to kiss. (L.) From pp. of
L. oscular f, to kiss.- L. osculum, a little
mouth, pretty mouth; double dimin. of
ds, the mouth.
Osier. (F.) Y. osier, /ih& ozier, red
withy, water-willow tree;' Cot. The
proposed connexion with Gk. otaot, an
osier» lacks evidence.
Osminilli a metal. (Gk.) The oxide
has a disagreeable smell.— Gk.6<r/i4, dS/x^,
a smell. — Gk. 5(c(v (for HZ-yuv\ to smell ;
cf. hZiifi, scent. See Odour.
08pre7| the fish-hawk. (L.) A cor-
ruption ^ossifrage, the older name for the
bird.— L. osstfragus, ossifraga, an osprey.
— L. ossifragusy bone-breaking ; (from its
strength). — L. ossi-, decl. stem of os,
bone ; fre^g-, base oifrangere, to break.
osseous, bony. (L.) h. osse-us, hony;
with saffix -ous.'^L. oss-, stem of os, a
bone. Cf. Gk. darioy, Skt. astki, a
bone. Brugm. i. ( 703.
OSSifrage. (L.) In Levit. xi. 13;
see Osprey.
ossify, to turn to bone. (F.-L.)
From L. ossi', decl. stem of os, bone ;
F. 'Jier, for L. -ficdre, to make, from
facere, to make. Der. ossific-ai-ion.
Ostensible. (L.) Coined from os-
tensi' (for ostensits), pp. of ostendere, to
shew ; with sufifix 'bilis» See below.
ostentation. (F. — L.) ¥. ostenta-
tion. — L. ostentdtiSnem, ace. of ostent&tio,
display. — L. ostentdtus, pp. of ostentdre,
intensive form of ostendere, to shew, lit.
stretch before. — L. os- (for *^-j-, related to
06), near, before ; tendere, to stretch. See
Tend (i). For *ops; see Brugm. L
Osteology, science of the bones. (Gk.)
Gk. bcrio'V, a bone; -Ao7ia, from A.670S,
a discourse, Kiyuv^ to speak. See os-
seoua.
Ostler { see Hostler.
Ostracise, to banish by a vote
written on a potsherd. (Gk.) Gk. darpa-
iei(€iy, to ostracise. — Gk. 6crpaKov, a pot-
sherd, tile, voting-tablet, orig. a shell ;
allied to Gk. 6<rTp€ov, an oyster, orig. a
shell. See Oyster.
Ostrich, a bird. (F.-L. af«/ Gk.)
M. E. OS trice, oystryche. — O. F. ostru^e ;
mod. F. autruche, [Cf. Span, avestruz.
Port, abestruz, an ostrich.] — L. auis
striUhio, lit ostrich-bird. Here strOthio
is from Gk. OTpbvBicoPf an ostrich ; ex-
tended from tSTpovBds, a bird.
Other, second, different. (E.) M. £.
other ; A. S. ffder, other, second. -^ Du.
ander, Icel. annarr (for *antAar'), Dan.
anden, Swed. annan, G. ander, Goih.
anthar; Lithuan. antras, Skt. antam-,
other. In Skt. an-tara-, the suffix is the
same as the usual comparative suffix (as in
Gk. awpit-Ttpos, wiser). Cf. Skt. an-ya-^
other, different.
Otter. (E.) M. E. oter, A. S. otor.-^
Du. otter, Icel. otr, Dan. odder, Swed.
utter, G. otter ; Russ. vtiidra, Lith. ^ra\
also Gk. i/Spa, a hydra, water-snake.
Teut. type *otroz, m. ; Idg. types *udroSj
m., *udrd, f. Allied to zMiter ; compare
Gk. vdpa, hydra, with (/8a;p, water. The
sense is ' dweller in the water.* Doublet,
hydra, q. v.
Otto, the same as Attar.
Ottoman, a low stuffed seat. (F. -
Turk.) F. ottomane, an ottoman, sofa. —
F. Ottoman, Turkish. So named from
Othtnan or Osman, founder of the Turk-
ish empire.
Onon, If onoh, the socket of a precious
36a
OUGHT
stone, ornament. (F.^O. H. G.) Usually
<ni€h ; yet nouch is the true form. M. £.
nouche, -• O. F. nouchei nosche, nuscAe, a
buckle, clasp, bracelet (Burguy) ; Low L.
HMca.m^M, H. G. nusJke, O. H. G. nusca,
a buckle, clasp, brooch. ^ Perhaps of
Celtic origin ; cf. Irish nasCt a tie, cnain,
ring, nasgaintt I bind (Schade, Stokes).
Ought (i), pt. t. of Owe, q. V.
Oagllt (a), anything ; see Aught.
OnnCO (i)i twelfth part of a pound.
(F.-L.) M.E. Kiwtf. -O.F. unce (F.
once^wmh, unciaf (i) an ounce, (a^ an
inch. Allied to Gk. ^/cof, mass, weight.
See Inoh.
Onnoe (a), Onoe, a kind of lynx.
(F.-L.-Gk.) ¥,cnce\ U.¥, /once, Cot
Cf. Port. OHfa, Span, onzay Ital. /onza, an
ounce ; also Ital. onza, an ounce (Florio,
1598), obtained by treating Unsa as ifi=
ronza.mmLsLte L. type *fyncea, lynx-like,
fem. — L. fyftC', stem offynx, a lynx.—
Gk. \vy(f a lynx ; see Lynx. For F.
0<Gk. V, cf. grotto f tomby torso,
Onplie, an elf, fairy. (Scand.) Mer.
Wives, iv. 4. 49. A variant of oaf ^ elf.
See Oaf and Blf.
Our. (E.) A. S. urey of us; gen. of
wly we. The possessive pronoun was also
urey which was regularly declined. The
form ure stands for ^us-er-; cf. Goth.
unsaray gen. pi. of Goth, tueisy we.
Ovxang-OUtailff; see Orang-oatang.
Ousel, a kind of thrash. (£.) M. E.
osel, A. S. dsle. For ^omsal^y which is
for older *amja/-.+G. amsely O. H. G. ani-
saUiy an ousel. The L. merula (whence
E. merle) can stand for *mesulay and may
be connected with G. amsel by gradation.
See Merle.
Onst, to eject. (F. -L.) A. F. ouster
(Bozon), M. F. oster, * to remove ; ' Cot.
(F. dter,) Of disputed origin ; some
aerive it from obst&rey to thwart, which
gives the right form, but does not suit
Sie sense ; Diez suggests L. *Aaustdre,
a derivative of haurire (pp. haustus)y to
draw water. Cf. E. ex-iaust; and L.
exhaurtrey in the sense ' to remove.*
Out. without, abroad. (£.) M. E,oute,
utOy adv., A. S. ute, iitany adv., out, with-
out ; formed (with adv. suffix -e or -oh)
from A. S. uty adv., out, from.+Du. uity
Icel. uty Dan. udy Swed. «/, G. ausy Goth.
iU (» A. S. iU)y uta(,» A. S. ute)y utoita
(- A. S. atan) ; Skt. ud, up, out.
% Hence numerous compounds, such as
OVER
out' balance y out-bidy out-brcaky presenting
no difficulty.
outer, comp. form ; see Utter.
Outlaw. (Scand.) M.E. outlawe.^
Icel. utlagiy an outlaw, lit. out of (beyond)
the law. i- Icel. tity out ; logy law ; see Out
and Law. Cf. I., exlexy lawless.
Outlet. (E.) M.E. utletey lit. <a
letting out.*»iA.S. Uty out; Idtany to let.
Outmost ; see Utmost.
Outrage. (F.-L.) ¥. outrage, ear-
lier form oltrage, excessive violence. (Cf.
Ital. oltraggio,)^0, F. oltre, F. outre, be-
yond ; with suffix -age (<L. -dticum). —
L. ultrdy beyond. See Ultra-.
Outrigger. (E. and Scand.) A pro-
jecting spar for extending sails, a project-
ing rowlock for an oar, a boat with pro-
jecting rowlocks. From Out and Big.
Outward. (E.) A. S. uteit^ard, out-
ward. -■ A. S. ute, out ; iveard, -ward ; see
Toward.
Oval, egg-shaped. (F.— L.) ¥, owil.
Formed with suflnx -al (<L. -alts) from L.
duunty an egg.^'Gk. ^bvy Aiovy an egg.
The Gk. &iov is for *dwiomy related by
gradation to L. auis, a bird (like f»a, a
sheep-skin, from &s, a sheep) ; see Avi-
ary. Perhaps cognate with Bgg. Der.
ov-ar^i^y Late L. dudria, the part of the
body in which eggs are formed in birds ;
oviform, egg-^ped; ovi-farous, from
L. dui'farusy e? g-producing (see Parent).
Ovation, a lesser Roman triumph. (F.
— L.) F. ovation, '^'L, ace. oudtidnem,
from oudtio, a shouting, exultation. * L.
oudtuSy pp. of oudre^ to shout. ^ Gk.
c6^(«y, to shout, from c^, cior, inter-
jections of rejoicing, esp. in honour of
Bacchus.
Oven. (£.) l/L.E^.oueni^oven), A.S.
ofetty ofn, 4- I)n. oven Icel. ofiiy omn (also
ogn), Swed. ugn, G. ofeuy Goth, auhns,
Teut. types *u/ino-, ufno-; Idg. type
*u^nos. Allied to Skt. uJkAd, a pot (cf.
Gk. Iwy6sy an oven); this older sense is
remarkably preserved in A. S. oftiet, a pot,
vessel.
Over, above, across. (E.) M. E. ouer
( « over), A. S. <j^.-f Du. over, Icel. j^fir,
qfty Dan. overy Swed. o/i/ery G. iibery Goth.
ufar; Gk. ivip, L. s-ufer; Skt. M/ars,
above. The Idg. form is *uper'y closely
related to *uperoSy upper (Skt. upara-y
L. S'uperuSy A. S. yftrcC). This is a com-
parative form ftom Idg. *upO' (Skt. upa,
near, on, under ; Gk. ifit6, L. s-ub, Goth.
363
OCTAVE
OGEE
octave. (F. - L.) Lit. * eighth ;* hence,
eight days after a festival, eight notes in
music. --F. octave^ an octave (Cot.). — L.
odduay fern, of ociauus^ eighth. »L. octd^
eight. -fOk. 6«r(l&, eight; cognate vrith £.
Bight. Doublet, utas.
October. (L^ L. Octdber, the eighth
month of the Roman year. — L. octd^
eight.
octoMnariaiL, one who is eighty
years ola. (L.) From L. octffgindriusy
belonging to eighty. — L. octdgeniy eighty
each, distributive form oioctoginta^ eighty.
— L. oct9t eight; 'ginta^ probably allied
to decern^ ten. Bmgm. ii. § 164.
octoroon, the offspring of a white
person and a quadroon. (L.) One who is,
in an eighth part, a black. Coined from
L. octOy eight ; in imitation of quadroon.
octosyllabic. (L.-Gk.) 'L.octosyi-
labicuSf having eight syllables.— Gk. 6icT6t,
eight; av\Xafi1i,Vk2j\\Mit\ see Syllable.
Octroi, a toll. (F.-L.) F. octroi^
O. F. otroit orig. a grant ; verbal sb. from
O. F. otroier, to authorise, grant.— Late
L. auctdritdre, by-form of auctorizdret to
authorise.— L, auctor; see Author.
Ocular. (L.) L. oculdrts, belonging
to the eye.— L. oculus, eye ; cognate with
Gk. Sfifio, eye. See Optio.
Odalisane. a female slave in a Turkish
harem. (FT- Turk.) F. odaiisfue; better
odaiique (Devic). — Turk, odaitq, a cham-
bermaid. — Turk, oda, a chambo*.
Odd, not even, strange. (Scand.) M. E.
oo/Sair.- Icel. oddi, a triangle, a point of
land ; metaphorically (from the triangle),
an odd number (orig. three) ; hence also
the phr. standask i odda, to stand (or be)
at odds, to quarrel ; oddamafir, the odd
man, third man who gives a casting vote,
oddatdla, an odd number. Allied to oddr,
a point of a weapon (for *^2«/r).+ A. S.
ordy a point of a sword, point ; Dan. ody a
point, Swed. udday odd, uddey a point ; G.
ort, a place, M. H. G. orty extreme point.
Teut. type *uzdoz.
Ode, a song. (F.— L.-Gk.) F. ^.-
L. dday odi. — Gk. ip^, a song ; for 00187,
a song.— Gk. dc/Seiv, to sing. Allied to
O. Izish/aedy W. grvaeddy a cry, shout.
(-/WEID.) Der. ep-odcy palin-ode.
Odiiuu, hatred. (L.) L. odiutny sb.—
L. ddiy I hate; an old perfect tense. Cf.
Armen. at-eaniy I hate. Brugm. i. § 160.
Odour. (F.-L.) M. E. odour. - F.
Cf.Gk.ofcii'( =^*o8-^€«i'),tosmell. (-/O^O
Der. odorousy from L. odSr-uSy with suffix
•ous ; the accent has been thrown back.
Of, from, &c. (E.) M. E. o/\ A. S. of.
4-Du. Icel. Swed. Dan. Goth. af\ G. «/»,
O. H. G. aba ; L. aby Gk. &ir6y Skt. a^y
away. Brugm. i. § 560.
OlFy away from. (E.) An emphatic form
of of, M. E. ^; as in < Smiteth of my
hed'- smite of my head ; Ch. C. T. 78a
(HarleianMS.).
Offal, waste meat. (E.) M.E. offal,
falling remnants, chips of wood, &c. From
off and fa/l.^lDu. cfoaly windfall, offal ;
Dan. affaldy a fall off, offal ; Swed. affall\
G. abfall ; all similarly compounded.
Offence. (F.— L.) 0,Y, offence y offense.
— L. offensay ah offence ; orig. fern, of pp.
of offenderey to dash against (below).
offend. (F.-L.) yi.lLoffendm.^Y.
offendre.^Li. offenderey to dash or strike
against, injure.— L. of (for ob)y against;
*fenderey to strike. See Defend.
Offer. (L.) A. S. offrian,^\a. offerrey
to offer.— L. of (for ob)y near; ferre to
bring, cognate with E. bear. "Der. offer-/'
or-yy from F. offer/oire, L. offertffrium, a
place to which offerings were brought.
Office, duty. rF.-L.) F. offce.^h.
offUiuMy duty; lit 'service.' Perhaps
from of (for oh)y towards ; and facere, to
do (Br^al). Der. offic'er^ F. officier^
Late \j,officidrius\ offu-i-ous^ F. officieuxy
L. officidsus.
Officinal, pertaining to or used in a
shop or laboratory. (F.—L.) Y. officinal.
— L. offictnay a workshop, office ; con-
tracted form of opifictna (Plautus). — L.
opi'y for opus^ work; -fu-^ for facere^
to do.
Offing, the part of the visible sea
remote m>m the shore. (£.) Merely
formed from offy with the noun>suffix -ing.
See oir.
OflliCOIiring. (E.) From off and
scour. So also offsety off^hooiy offspring.
Ofb, Often, frequency. (£.j AS.^;
whence M. E. oftcy with added -«, and lastly
i^e-n with added -n.^-Icel. opt, Dan. oftOy
Swed. oflay G. ofty Goth, ufta. Origin
unknown.
Ogee, Ogive, a double curve. (F. —
Span. — Arab.) ' An ogiue (ogive) or ogeey
a wreath, drclet, or round band in archi-
tecture,' Minsheu. An ogee arch is a
pointed arch, with doubly-curved sides.
odeur. — L. oddrenty ace. of odory scent. { — M.F. augive, F. ogive, an ogive or ogee
OGLE
OMELET
(Cot.)* — Span, aug^ey highest point, also
meridian, apogee (cf. Port, auge, top) ;
from the pointed top of Moorish arches,
which have doubly-curved sides. -"Arab.
Swjf summit. ^ Perhaps not a true Arab,
word, but der. from Gk. dv6^aiov, the
apogee (in which sense dwj is sometimes
used). Der. ogiv-al^ adj. (also written
ogee-fall t).
Ogle, to glance at. (Du.) A frequent,
form of Du. oogen, ' to cast sheepes eyes
upon one ; ' Hexham. (Cf. Low G. oegeln,
to ogle, from oegen^ to look at.) — Du.
ooge, eye ; cognate with £. Uye.
Ogr6, a monster. (F. — L.) F. ogre.
Cf. Span, ogro (Diez; but not given in
most Diet., and probably from F.). Of
unknown origin. The deriv. from L. ace.
augurem, soothsayer, hence, a wizard
(Korting) is not convincing. Der. ogr-ess,
F. ogresse.
Oh; seeO (i).
Oil. (F. - L. - Gk.) M. E. oile. - A. F.
oile (F. huile). — L. oleum ; from olea^ an
olive-tree. —Gk. cXeua, an olive-tree. See
OUve.
Ointment. (F.— L.) The former / is
due to confusion with anoint; the M. £.
form is oinemenl. — O. F. oignemenl, an
anointing, also an unguent. — O. F. otgne-r,
the same as otndre, to anoint ; with suffix
'fnenl,'''L, ungere, to anoint. See TJn-
gaent.
Old. (£.) M.£. oU. O. Merc, aid,
later did; (A. S. eald), +Du. oud (for *old),
G. all; cf. Goth, altheis, Teut. type
*ald6z; Idg. type *al-t6sy formed with
pp. suffix -Ids from V^^> ^^ ^^^ ^'^
L. al-ere, Icel. al-a, to nourish, bring up ;
so that the sense was orig. ' brought up.'
p. L. alius, high, is prob. the same word,
with a newer sense.
Oleaj^OIU. (L.-Gk.) 'L.oleagin-us,
oily, with suffix -ous ; adj., from olea, an
ohve-tree. See Oil.
Oleander, the rose-bay-tree. (F.—
Late L.) M. F. oleandre, rose-bay-tree
(Cot). The same as Ital. oleandro. Span.
eloendro (Minsheu), Port, eloendro, loendro ;
all variously corrupted from Late L. lorand^
rum (taken for f^randrum). It seems to
have been confused with oleaster, 2.
Isidore gives the name as ' arodandarum,
Yulgo hrandrum* This shews that the
name was a corruption of rhododendron,
due to confusion with L. laurus, laurel.
Oleaster, wild olive. (L.— Gk.) L.
oleaster, Rom. xi. 17 ; formed from olea^an
olive-tree. — Gk. IWa, an olive-tree.
Olfactory, relating to smell. (L.) L.
olfactorius, adj., from L. olfactor, one who
smells, olf actus ^ a smelling. — L. olf actus,
pp. of olfacere, olefacere, to scent.— L.
oU-re (also olere), to smell; facere, to
make, cause. This L. olere stands for
*odere ; cf. od-or, scent ; and cf. L. Ic^ruma
for dcuruma. Allied to Gk. ^8-^17, scent.
Oligarcliy. (F.-L.-Gk.) Y.oligar-
chie. — Late L. oligarchia. — Gk. 6\iyapxia,
government by a few men. — Gk. okiy-, for
dXlyos, few, little; and -a/>x<a> from
&PX^^v, to rule.
Olio, a mixture, medley. (Span.— L.)
A mistaken form for olia, intended to
represent Span, olla (pronounced olya), a
round earthen pot, also an olio, esp. in
phrase oUa podrida, a hodge-podge.— L.
olla^ O. Lat. aula^ a pot.
OUve. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. olive. ^L,
oliua. — Gk. kKjoia (for *iXaifa), an olive-
tree. Brugm. i. § 121 (2).
Omadann, Omadnawn, a simple-
ton. (C.) Anglo-Irish; from Irish a^/a^<i»,
a simpleton.— Irish amad (the same).—
Irish am-, for an-, neg. prefix (cf. Gk. dv-) ;
-mad, O. Irish -met, mind, cognate with
L. mens and £. mind. Cf. L. dmens,
mad.
Ombre, a game at cards. (Span.— L.)
From Span, juego del hombre, lit. ' game
of the man * (whence F. hombre). — L.
hominem, ace. of homo, a man. See
Human.
Omega, the end. (Gk.) Gk. it, called
a; i»iyx, j. e. great 0, long 0 ; which is the
last letter of the Gk. alphabet, as opposed
to alpha, ihtjirst letter. MfTo is neut. of
liiyas, great, allied to £. Miokle.
Omelet, a pan-cake, chiefly of eggs.
(F. — L.) F. omelette, aumelette (Cot.).
These are from O. F. amelette, but this
again was preceded by the form alemette,
which is, through change of suffix, from
alemelle (Scheler). The sense of alenielle
was 'a thin plate,' still preserved in F.
cdufnelle, sheathing of a ship. Godefroy
gives O. F. alemele, blade of a knife ; thus
the omelet was named from its shape, that
of a 'thin plate' of metal. 2. Lastly
r alemelle is a corruption of la lemelle, the
correct O. F. form.— L. lamella, a thin
plate, properly of mental ; dimin. oi lamina,
a thin plate ; see Lamina. % See this
clearly traced by Scheler and Littr^.
357
PAGEANT
leaf. Orig. a leaf ; and named from the
fastening together of strips of papyrus to
form a leaf. — L. pag-, base oipattgtre, to
fasten {^^. pac'tus <.pag-tus).
paffeaat, an exhibition, spectacle.
(Late L. — L.) Orig. the moveable scaffold
on which the old * mysteries * were acted.
M. E. pagent (Prompt. Parv.), vXsopagen^
P^gyfi ; formed, with excrescent / after «,
from Late L. pdgina^ a scaffold, stage for
shows, made of wooden planks. — L. /<?-
gina^ a page of a book ; in Late L. a plank
of wood. Named from being fastened to-
gether ; see Page ( 2) . Der. pagg^ant-r-y.
PaffOda, an Indian idol's temple.
(Port. — Pers.) From Port, pagoda, pa-
gode, a pagoda. — Pers. but-kcuiaJi, an idol-
temple. —Pers. btU^ idol, image; kadahy
habitation. (The initial Pers. sonnd is
sometimes rendered by /, as in Devices
Snpp. to Littr^.) Perhaps confused with
Skt. bhagavattj f., venerable, as the name
of a goddess (Yule).
Pall. (E.) yi.E, paile. K,^. patgel
a pail (Bosworth-Toller). See Anglia, viii.
450. Cf. Dan./<2f^if/,half-a-pint; M. Du.
pegely the contents or capacity of a pot.
The orig. pail was prob. a liquid-mea-
sure, with pegs to mark the depth. See
Feff.
Pain. (F.-L.-Gk.) Vi,^. peine. ^
F. p^ine, a pain, a penalty.— L. pcena^
punishment, penalty, pain. — Gk. irotvij,
penalty. Idg. type *qoina ; cf. O. Ir. cin^
a fault (Ir. don), Zend kdena-y punish-
ment, Pers. ktn, revengfe, Russ. tsiena^ a
price, Gk. rivtiv, to pay a price. Brugm.
i. § 20a. Cf. Pine (2).
Painim ; see Paynim.
Paint. (F.-L.) M.'E. peinten, \h,
^Y.peintj pp. oi peindre^ to paint. —L.
pingere, to paint. See Picture.
Painter, a rope for mooring a boat.
(F.— L.— Gk.) Assimilated to painter,
one who paints ; orig. M. £. panter, a
noose, esp. for catching birds. — M. F.
pantiere, a snare for birds, a large net for
catching many at once ; Cot. ^\^,panthSr,
a hunting-net for catching wild beasts. —
Gk. ir6v$ijpos, adj., catching all sorts.—
Gk. irov, neut. of iroj, every; Orfp^v, to
hunt, from B^p, a wild beast. See Fan-.
(And see pant Aer.)
Pair, two equal or like things. (F. — L.)
M. E. peire.^Y. paire, * a pair ;' Cot. —
F. pair^ * like, equal ; * id. — V.. parent, ace.
oi par, equal. See Par.
PALEOLOGY
Pl^amas, Psnamas, loose drawers.
(Hind.— Pers.) nindi. paejdmd, pdjatna,
drawers, lit. 'leg-clothing.'— Hind, pae^
leg ; jama, garment. — Pers. pdi, cognate
with E. foot ; jamah, a garment (Horn,
§ 412).
Pala.ce. (F. - L.) M. E. palais, - F.
palais.m^h, paldtium, orig. a building on
the Palatine hill at Rome ; esp. a palace
of Augustus on this hill. The Palatine
hill is supposed to have been named from
Pales, a pastoral divinity.
pala>ain. (F.— Ital.— L.) Y, paladin,
a flight of the round table. — Ital. /a/a-
dino, a warrior; orig. a knight of the
palace or royal household. — L. palditnus ;
see Palatine.
PalsBO- ; see Paleo-.
Palanquin, Palankeen, a light
litter in which travellers are borne on men's
shoulders. (Port. -Hind. -Skt.) Cf. F.
palanquin. From Port, palanquim, a
palankeen. All from Hindustani paktng,
abed, bedstead (Forbes) ; otherwise/«//&i",
and (in the Camatic) pallakki (Wilson) ;
VdXipallanko, a palankeen (Yule).— Skt.
paryaiiko' (Prakrit pallahka-), a couch-
bed, bed. Apparently named from the
support afforded to the body. —Skt. pari
(« Gk. ircpt), round, about; ahka-, a
hook, also the flank.
Palate. (F.-L.) O. F. palat. - L.
palatum, the palate, roof of the mouth.
Palatine. (F.-L.) In phr. * count
palatine ; * the proper sense is * pertaining
to the palace or royal household.' — F.
palatin.^L,. palditnus, (i) the name of a
hill at Rome, (2) belonging to a palace ;
see Palace.
Palaver. (Port.-L.-Gk.) A parley.
— Port, palavra, a word, parole. —L.
parabola. — Gk. ira/m/SoXi} ; see Parable.
Pale (i), a stake, limit. (F.-L.) M. E.
paal. — F. paly * a pale, stake ; * Cot. — I^.
pdlum, ace. olpdlus, a stake. For *pac-
slus, from pac-, to fasten, as in pac-isct,
to stipulate. 13rugm. ii. § 76. % The
heraldic pale is the same word ; so is
pole (i).
Pale (3), wan. (F.-L.) O.Y.pale,
later pasle (F. pdley^^h. pallidum, ace.
oipallidus, pale. Allied to Fallow.
Paleograpliyy the study of ancient
modes of wnting. (Gk.) — Gk. iraXai<$-f,
old, from irdXoi, adv., long ago ; yp6/^tiv^
to write.
paleolog7« archaeology, (Gk.) From
366
PALEONTOLOGY
Gk. vaXcuS-s, old ; -\oyia, discourse, from
\6yos, a word, Xiytiv, to speak.
paleontology, the science of fossils,
&c. (Gk.) From Gk.iraAo/-os, old; SvtO',
decl. stem of wv, existing ; -koyla, dis-
course, from kdyos, a word, X€7Cii', to
speak.
falestra, a wrestling-school. (L.—
Gk.) L. palasira. — Gk. iroXaiVr^, a
wrestling-school. — Gk. rraKaluVj to wrestle.
— Gk. Ttakrif wrestling.
Paletot, a loose garment. (F.) Mod.
F. paletot, formerly spelt palletot, palUtoc,
a sort of coat ; whence M. E. paletok, used
of a dress worn by soldiers, knights, and
kings, and usually made of silk or velvet.
Explained by Diez b& palle-toque, a cloak
with a hood ; from 'L.palla, a mantle, and
W. toe, Bret. tJk, a cap. Littr^ derives
O. F. pcUletoc from M. Du. paltrok^ a
mantle, but Franck says that this M. D|}.
word is taken (with alteration) from the
O. F. word. Cf. Bret. pcUtdk^ a peasant's
robe ; from pollen, a covering (L. palla) ;
and tok, a cap. Whence also Span./a/^-
toque.
!Palette, a small slab on which painters
mix colours. (F. — Ital. — L.) ^, palette,
orig. a flat blade, spatula, and lastly a
palette.— Ital./a/<?//d!, a flat blade, spatula;
dimin. oipala, a spade. —L./J/a, a spade,
shovel, flat-bladed ' peel * for putting bread
into an oven. See Feel (3).
Palfrey. (F. - Low L. - C.) M. E.
palefrai, palJrei.^O, F. palefrei (F. pale-
/rot). ^ Low la, paraverldus, lit. * an extra
post-horse* (White).— Low L./ara- (Gk.
ira/xi), beside, hence, extra ; ueridus^ a
post-horse, courier's horse, p. Here ue-
ridus stands for *vo-ridus, from a Celtic
type *vo-reidO', a carriage-horse. — Celtic
*vo (Ir./o-, '^.gO'), under, in ; and Celtic
*reidd, Gaulish L. rlda^ rhida, a carriage.
The Celt. *vO'reidO' appears in W. go-
rwydd, a horse. The Celt. *reidd is from
the verb seen in O. Irish riad-aim, I travel,
ride, cognate with E. ride (Stokes).
m Cf. Du. paard, G. pferd, O. H. G. pfer-
jrit, ahorse, also irom paraveredus.
Palixupsest, a MS. which has been
twice written on, the first writing being
partly erased. (Gk.) Gk. waklfjaprjarov^ a
palimpsest, neut. of mXifja/njarof, scraped
again (to renew the surface).— Gk. wAXtfA-
(for v^ty), again ; ^fnjarSs, scraped, from
^€tv to rub.
PaUadronief a word or sentence that
PALM
is the same whether read forwards or
backwards. (Gk.) SudtiAvroxd is madam,
— Gk. vaXiybpofios, running back again. —
Gk. vdXiv, again ; Bpoiios, a running, from
Zpafiuv, to run ; see Dromedary.
Palinode, a recantation, in song. (F.
-L.-Gk.) ¥.palinodte{(:oi),'^L.pali'
nddia.^GV, iraXiv^lia, a recantation, esp.
of an ode. — Gk. irdXii^, back, again ; ^^,
an ode. See Ode.
Palisade. (F. -L.) ¥, palissade, a
row of pales. — Y.paliss-er^ to enclose with
pales. — F. palis, a pale, extended from
pal, a pale; see Pale (i).
Pall (i), a cloak, mantle, shroud. (L.)
h,^, pall, ^la, pallium, a coverlet, cloak ;
Sievers, § 80.
Pall (2), to become vapid. (F. — L.)
Pall is a shortened form of appal ^ formerly
used in the same sense. Palsgrave has
palle and appcUle, both in the sense of
losing colour by standing as drink does ;
also * I paJle, I fade.' See Appal.
PaUadinm, a safeguard of liberty. (L.
— Gk.) L. Palladium ; Virg. ^n. ii. 166,
183. — Gk. XlaAAddfov, the statue of Pallas
on which the safety of Troy depended. —
Gk. IToAAds (stem IIoXAa^), Pallas, an
epithet of Athene.
Pallet (i)f a kind of mattress, properly
one of straw. (F. — L.) M. E. paillet,^
F. paillet, a heap of stniw, given by I-ittr^
as a provincial word. Cf. paillat, a pal-
liasse, in pdtois of Lyons (Puitspelu). —
Y.paille, straw.— L. paUa, straw, chaff.
-f Gk. makyi, fine meal ; ^t.paldla, straw;
RvLSs. polova, chaff; lAth. pelai, pi., chaff.
Pallet (a), an instrument used by pot-
ters, also by gilders ; also a palette. (F. —
Ital.— L.) It is a flat-bladed instrument
for spreading plasters, gilding, &c. ; and
is a doublet of Palette.
Palliassei a straw mattress. (F. — L.)
F. paillasse (with // mouill^s), a straw-
bed ; speltpaillaee in Cotgrave. — F. paille,
straw; with suffix -ace (<L. -a^/wx). — L.
pdlea, straw. See FaUet (i).
Palliate, to cloak, excuse. (L.) From
L. palliatus, covered as with a cloak.— L.
pallium, a coverlet, cloak. See Fall (i).
Pallid. (L.) L, pallidus, ^a\e.
Jailor. (L.) L./fl//<(;r, paleness.- L.
fre, to be pale. See Fale (a).
Pall-mall; see Mail (a).
Palm ( I ), inner part of the hand. (F. —
L.) M. E,paume, palm of the hand. — F.
paume.^L.falma,the palm of the hand. 4-
367
PALM
PANEGYRIC
Gk. waKdfiTf, the palm of the hand ; A. S.
/o/m, the same; O. Irish /dm, W. ilaw,
Bnigm. i. $ 539 (a). "Deir, palm-ist-r-y.
Palm (a)) a tree. (L.) A.S. palm,*'
L. palma, a palm-tree. Der. palm-er^
M. E. palmere^ one who bore a palm-
branch in memory of having been to the
Holy Land ; hence a taimer or palmer-
wormy a sort of caterpillar, supposed to be
so named from its wandering abont. Also
palm-ary, deserving the palm (of victory).
Palpable, that can be felt. (F.-L.)
F. palpable (Littr^, Palsgrave). - L. palpd-
bilis, that may be felt-^L. palp&re, pal-
pari, to feel, to handle.
Palpitate, to throb. (L.) From pp.
of Lupalpnt&rey to throb.
Paltry. (F.-L.-Gk.) M,E, palesy,
fuller form parUsy.^Y, paraJysie, — L.
paralysing ace oi paralysis, ^GV,. wapd-
kvais ; see FaralyBia.
Palter, to dodge, shnfRe, equivocate.
(Scand.) Spelt paulter in Cotgrave, s. v.
harceler. The orig. sense is to haggle, to
haggle over such worthless stuff as is called
faltrie in Lowland Scotch. More literally,
It is ' to deal in rags, to trifle ' ; see further
below.
paltry, worthless. (Scand.) Lowland
Sc. paltrie is a sb., meaning trash; so
also Norfolk paltry y 'rubbish, refuse,'
Forby. But both sb. and adj. are from an
old sb. palter y rags, which is still preserved
in Danish and Swedish.— Swed. pallor,
rags, pi. of paltay a rag, tatter ; Dan.
pSutery rags, pi. of pialt, a rag. p. We
find the adj. itself in Low G. paltrigy
ragged, from paJte, a rag, piece torn off a
cIoul; and in prov. G. palterig, paltry,
itam. palter (pi. pattern) y a rag (Fliigel).
We find also M. Du. palty a fragment,
Friesic palty a rag ; E. Fries., palterigy
paltrigy ragged. Possibly of Slavonic
origin. Cf^ Rnss. polotnOy platnOy linen,
platitty to patch.
fas, plains in S. America. (Pern-
he final s is the Span. pi. sufhx. —
Peruvian /am/a, a plain.
Pamper, to glut. (O. Low G.) Fre-
quent, from Low G. pampeny to cram.—
Low G. pampCy broth, pap, nasalised form
of pappey pap. Cf. Low G. (Altmark)
pampen/pappeny to cram oneself (Danneil).
See PAp (1).
Pamphlet, a small book. (F. ? - L. ? -
Gk.?) Spcli pamjlety Test, of Love, pt.
iii. 9. 54. Etjon. quite uncertain. We
find F. pamphiUy the knave of clubs, from
the Gk. name Pamphilus\ similarly, I
should suppose that there was a F. form
*pamjilet^ or Late L. *pamphiUtuSy coined
from L. Pamphila (of Gk. origin), the
name of a female historian of the first
century, who wrote numerous epitomes of
history. G. Paris suggests L. Pamphilus^
the name of a medieval Lat. comedy.
We find Low \^2X, panjletus (A. D. 1344).
Pan. (E.?) M.E. panne. A. S. panne,
a pan, broad shallow vessel ; cf. Irish
pannay W. pan, a pan. — Late L. panna,
a pan (whence also Du. /a», G. pfanne,
O. H. G,pfanna), If not of Teut. origin,
it may be a corrupted form of L. patina,
a shallow bowl, pan, bason. Der. pan-
cake \ pannikin (i/L. jyvi. panneken\
Pail-, prefix, all. (Gk.) Gk. voy, neut.
of iras, all.
Panacea, a universal remedy. (L.—
9k.) L. panacia, — Gk. vovaircta, a uni-
versal remedy; allied to varaid^s, all-
healing. — Gk. vavy all (above) ; dMioym,
I heal, euros, a remedy.
Pancreas, a fleshy gland, commonly
called sweet-bread. (L. — Gk.) 'L.pancreas.
— Gk. irdyKp€aSy sweet-bread; lit. *all
flesh,* from its softness. — Gk. vavy all;
icpias, flesh, for *tcp4Fas ; cf. Skt. kravya-,
raw flesh, L. cra-duSy raw. See Pan-
and Crude.
Pandect, a digest. (F. -L.-Gk.)
Usually in ^\. pandects. ^lli., Y . pandecteSy
f)l. {Cot,). 'mh.pandectcBy the title of a col-
ection c^laws made by order of Justinian ;
also (in sing.) pandect fs.'mGk. irap94icTat,
pandects ; from Gk. irai'S^/m^Syall-receiving,
comprehensive. — Gk. wdvy all; Uxofjuu, 1
receive. See Pan-.
Pandemonium. (Gk.) The home of
all the demons. — Gk. irav, all; dalfioyt-,
for IkdfAoay, a demon; see Pan- and
Demon.
Pander, Pandar, a pimp. (L.-Gk.)
L. Pandarus, ^Gk. Ildi^dapos, a personal
name ; the name of the man who procured
for Troilus the favour of Chryseis. The
name is from Homer (II. ii. 827); but the
story belongs to medieval romance.
Pime, a patch of cloth, plate of glass.
(F. — L.) M. E.pane, a portion. — F. /««,
* a pane, piece, or pannell ; * Cot. — L.
pannumy ace. of pannusy a cloth, rag,
patch. Allied to Vane.
Panegyric. (L.~Gk.) 1.. pahegyri-
cusy a eulogy; from L. panigyricuSy adj.
368
PANEL
■■ Gk. vayijyvpiieSSf fit for a full assembly,
festive, solemn ; hence applied to a festival
oration. —Gk. irayi^^s, a full assembly.
-■ Gk. wavt all ; 'tfyvpis, related to ^7opa,
a gathering, a crowd.
Panelf Pannel, a board with a sur-
rounding frame, &c. (F.— L.) M. £.
panels (i) a piece' of cloth, sort of saddle,
(2) a schedule containing jurors* names;
the general sense being 'little piece.' -^
O. Y, panels M. F. paneau {ItiXcTpanmau),
* a pannel of wainscot, of a saddle,' 8cc. ;
Cot.— Late h, pantu//um, dimin. oi pan-
nus, a cloth ; see Pane. Der. em-panel^
in^anelj to put upon a panel, enroll
jurors* names.
Panfff a sharp pain. (E. ?) Spelt ^prange
of love ; Court of Love, 1. 1 1 50 (cd. 1 56 1 ) ;
M.£. prwigty a throe, a woman's pang
(Prompt. Parv.). The sense is 'a snarp
stab,' a prick ; see Prong. For the loss
of r, cf. specik for spreak,
PaniOf extreme fright. (Gk.) Gk. rd
irQ¥uc6vy Panic fear, supposed to be in-
spired by the god Pan. — Gk. irayiic($s, adj.,
from ndy, Pan, the rural god of Arcadia.
PaniolOf a form of inflorescence. (L.)
L. pSnicula, a tuft ; double dimin. of
pdnus, the thread wound round the bobbin
of a shuttle. 4- Gk. ir^vor, the same. Allied
to 'L.pannusy cloth ; see Pane.
PannagOf food of swine in woods. (F.
— L.) AngXo'Y, panage\ M,¥. pamagigy
' pawnage, mastage, monie for feeding of
swine with mast;' Cotgrave.i-Late L.
pasnSticum, ptutiihUUicumy pannage. —
Late L. pasttdndrey to feed on mast, as
swine. "•L./or/tiM-, stem oi pastiOy graz-
ing, used in Late L. to mean right of
pannage.— L. /aj/-Mf, pp. of pascere, to
feed.
Paimierv a bread-basket. (F.-L.)
M . £. panier. — F. panier, — L. pdn&riumt
a bread-basket. — L. pdntSy bread. Cf.
Pantry and Oompany.
Pannilrin, a little pan. (L. ; with £.
suffix,) Dimin. of Pan. Cf. M. Du.
pannekeny Westphal. pannekeUy the same.
Panoply, complete armour. (Gk.) Gk.
mLVonXiOy ftul armour. — Gk. irar, all;
5irX-a, arms, armour, pi. of 5irXoy, an im-
plement, from Gk. Iirw, I am busy about.
Brugm. ii. § 657. And see Pan-.
Panorama^ a kind of large picture.
(Gk.) Lit. * a view all round.*— Gk. wov,
all ; tpaiuxy a view, from tpiwy I see. See
Pan- and Wary.
3^
PANTRY
Pansy, heart's-ease. (F. — L.) F.
pensHy ' a thought ; also, the flower paun-
sie ; ' Cot. (It is the flower of thought or
remembrance^ Prop. fern, of pp. of F.
penser^ to think. —L. pensdre, to weigh,
ponder, frequent, of penderey to weigh.
See Pendant. Cfl Chaucerian Pieces,
xxi. 62 (note).
Pant, to breathe hard. (F.-L.?-Gk.?)
M. E. panteriy to pant (15th cent). The
O. F. pantais (Godefroy) meant * snortness
of breath, in hawks/ and was a term in
hawking. So also F. pantoisy short-
winded, F. panteleTy to paut ; Gascon pan-
tachcy to pant; A. F. pantoiser. The
O. F. pantais is a verbal sb. from O.F.
pantaisieTy to breathe with difficulty ; cf.
Vtov, pantaisay to pant, dream. Prob. from
Late L. *phantasidrey by-form oi phan-
tasidrty to imagine, dream (Ducange). —
Gk. fpavraaloj a fancy; see Fancy. (G.
Paris, in Romania, vi. 628.) % Not from
W. pantu^ which does not mean to press
(Diez), but to sink in, indent.
Pantaloon (i), a ridiculous character,
buffoon. (F.-Ital.-Gk.) Y.pantahn.^
Ital. pantalonSy a buffoon ; from the per-
sonal name Pantaletmey common in Venice,
St. Pantaleone being a well-known saint in
Venice. Prob. from Gk. TtavraXiwVy lit.
' all-lion,' a Gk. personal name. — Gk.
marra'y all ; \iwvy lion.
Santaloons, a kind of trousers. (F. ~
. — Gk.) V . pantahny so called because
worn by Venetians. — Ital. pantalonty a
Venetian ; see above.
PantlieiBm, the doctrine that the uni-
verse is God. (Gk.) From Pan- and
Theism ; see below.
pantheon. (L.-Gk.) la, pantheon,
— Gk. trAyOuWy a temple consecrated to
all the gods.— Gk. iray, all ; Bnoi, divine,
from ^cor, god.
Panther, a quadruped. (F.— L. —
Gk .) M. E. pantere, - O. F. panthere, -
L. panthiray panthir, — Gk. vdy^p, a
panther; prob. of Skt. origin. % A sup-
posed derivation from iray, all, Bffpy a
beast, gave rise to numerous fables.
Pantomimey a dumb actor ; later, a
dumb show. (F.— L.-Gk.) F. panto-
mimey an actor of many parts in one play.
'^'L. pantomtmus, — Gk. wairr6fUfu)Sy all-
imitating, a pantomimic actor. — Gk.iro vro-,
for inir, all ; /M/iof , a mime, imitator ; see
Pan- and Mimio.
Pantry. (F.-L.) M. E. pantrie.^
PAP
O. F.pofteterie.^tAte "L, pdnitdria^ p&nu
tdria^ a place where bread is made or
kept. « Late L. pdnita, one who makes
bread.—L. /Jfi-fj, bread, food; oi, pas-
cere^ to feed. (-^PA.)
Pap (i), food for infants. (E.) * Pap-
mete for chylder;* Prompt. Parv. (a. D.
1440). Cf. M. Y.»pappe^ only in the sense
of *■ breast.* Of infantine origin, due to
the repetition of /a, pa^ in calling for
food ; cf. L. pdpa^ pappct^ the word by
which infants call for food. So also Du.
pap^ E. Fries, and G, pappe, pap; Dan.
papf Swed. papp, paste-board. Cf. pap
(a), Papa.
P^p (3)y A teat, breast. (E.) M. E.
pappe, Cf. M. Swed. papp^ the breast ;
changed, in mod. Swedish, to pott. So
also Swed. dial, pappe, N. Fries, pap,
Pape, Lithnan. pdpas, the breast. Much
the same as Pap (i) ; and due to the
infant's call for food.
Papa, father. (F.— L.) Not found in
old books; rather, borrowed from Y,papa.
~L. papa, a father, bishop, pope. Cf.
L. pappas, a tutor, borrowed from Gk.
irdinra;, papa; Homer, Od. vi. 57. Due
to the repetition of /a, pa ; see Pap (i),
Pope.
papal, belonging to the pope. (F.-
L.) r. papal, « Late L. pdpdlis, adj.,
from L. papa, a bishop, spiritual father.
Cf. Gk. vdvar, m&virar, papa, father
(above).
Papaw, a fruit. (Span.— W. Indian.)
Span, papaya (Pineda). — Carib ahabai.
See Yule.
Paper. (L.-Gk.- Egyptian?) A. S.
paper; directly from L. papyrus \ see
PapyruB.
papier-maohi, paper made into pulp,
moulded, dried, and japanned. (F.— L.)
F. papier, paper, from L. ace. papyrum ;
F. mdchi^ lit. chewed, pp. of mdcher, L.
masHcdre^ to chew. See Masticate.
Papilionaeeous, having a winged
corolla resembling a butterfly. (L.)
Coined, with suffix -dceus, from l^.papi-
lion-, stem of papilio^ a butterfly ; see
Pavilion.
Papillary, belonging to or resem-
bling nipples or teats, warty. (L.) From
L. papilla, a small pustule, nipple, teat ;
dimin. of papula, a pustule. ^ Lithuan.
pdpas, a ie&t, papipii, to swell out. See
Prellwitz, s. v. vifufH^.
Papyrus. (L.-Gk.- Egyptian?) L.
PARADOX
papyrus, ^ Gk. vAwvpos, an Egyptian rush
or flag, of which a writing material was
made. Prob. of Egyptian origin.
Par, equal value. (L.) L. pdr, equal.
Perhaps allied to Pare.
Para-, prefix. (Gk.) Gk. vapa, beside.
Allied to Skt. para, away, from, L. per,
through, and to E,/or- xafor-give.
Parable. (F.-L.-Gk.) M.E./ara-
bole.^O, F.paradole.^L., parabola, Mark
iv. 3. — Gk. vapa$oXTff a comparison, a
parable. — Gk. wapa$6Wuy, to cast or put
beside, to compare. — Gk. irapd, beside;
/SoAXciv, to cast Brugm. ii. $ 713.
parabola, a certain plane curve. (L.
— Gk.) L. parabola, — Gk. wapafioXif, the
conic section made by a Tp\&ne parallel to
the surface of the cone ; see Parable.
Parachute, an apparatus for break-
ing a fall from a balloon. (F.— L.) F.
parachute, lit. that which parries or guards
against a fall.— F. para-, as in para-sol;
and chute, a fall. Here para- represents
Port, or Ital. parare, to ward off; and
chute is equivalent to Ital. caduta, a fall,
orig. fem. of caduto, fallen, from L. cadere,
to fall. See Parasol.
Paraclete, the Comforter. (L. — Gk.)
\u, paracUt%is,'^Qi\i, frap^KXtiroi, called to
one's aid, the Comforter (John xiv. t6).
— Gk. irap€utaX(tv, to call to one*s aid. —
Gk. irapA, beside ; ^aXcri^, to call.
Parade, display. (F.-Span.-L.) F.
parade, a show, also 'a stop on horse-
back/ Cot. The latter sense was the ear-
lier in French. — Span, parada, a stop,
halt, from parar, vb., to halt, also to get
ready. — L. pardre, to get ready. See
Pare. The sense 'display* was due to
the F. yerh parer, to deck, trim, from the
same L. pardre,
Paraaigm, an example, model. (F.—
L. — Gk.) F. paradigme, — L. paradigma,
— Gk. itap&^iyi»a, a pattern, model, ex-
ample of declension.— Gk. ira/N&, beside;
htlicwiu, I point out, show. See Dilu-
tion.
Paradise. (L.-Gk.-Pers.) l^para-
disus.^GV, vapad9iffoi, a park, pleasure-
ground ; an oriental word of Pers. origin.
— Zend pairidaiza, an enclosure, place
walled in. — Zend pairi {— Gk. ircpf),
around; diz (Skt. dih), to mould, form,
shape (hence to form a wall of earth).
VDHEIGH ; see Dough.
Paradox. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. para-
doxe. — L. paradoxum, neut. oi paradoxus^
370
PARAFFIN E
adj.—Gk. irapiiSofos, contrary to received
opinion. »Gk. vapd, beside ; So^a, opinion,
from 9otc€iVt to seem ; see Dogma.
Paraffine. (F. — L.) Named from its
having bnt small affinity with an alkali. >>
F. paraffim.^'L. par-um^ little; afftnis,
having affinity ; see Ai&nity.
ParagOlfey the addition of a letter at
the end of a word. (L. — Gk.) [Thus, in
tyran-t^ the final letter is paragogicJ] — L.
paragSigi.'^GV, napaytay^, a leading by or
past, alteration. — Gk. irapay€tVy to lead
past. — Gk. irap-dy beyond ; Ay€iv, to lead ;
see Agent.
Paragon. (F. - Span. - Gk.) M.F.
paragon. '^'bH, Span, paragon j a model of
excellence. Cf. Ital. paragone, 'a para-
gon, a match, an equal ; * Florio ; and Ital.
paragonare^ to compare. The latter answers
to the Gk. vapajKov^Luv^ to mb against a
whetstone (hence, probably, to try by a
touchstone, compare). ~ Gk. rta^y beside ;
ix6vr)t a whetstone, allied to djr/r, a sharp
point. (VAK.) See Tobler, in Zt. fur
roman. Philol. iv. 373.
Paragraph, a short passage of a
book. (F. — L. — Gk.) Actually cor-
• mpted, in the 15th century, into pargrafie,
Pylcrafte, and pilcrow ! — F. paragraphe. -■
Late \u,paragraphum, ace. oiparagraphus,
*Gk. vap6ypa^s, a line or stroke in the
margin, a paragraph-mark; hence the
paragraph itself. — Gk. irapA, beside;
ypdtfxtyf to write ; see Graphic. (N. B.
The pilcrow or paragraph-mark is now
printed C.)
Paraliaac, the difference between the
real and apparent places of a star. (Gk.)
Gk. ttapdXAa^is, alternation, change ; also
parallax (in modem science). — Gk. irofKiX-
>Aaauv, to make things alternate. — Gk.
irap(i, beside ; iKKkcanv, to change, alter,
from ^Xof , other ; see Alien.
Parallel, side by side, similar. (F. —
L. - Gk.) M. F. paraileU, Cot. - L.
parallilus* — Gk. irap^iXXi^Xor, parallel,
beside each other. — Gk. ira/>-^, beside ;
MxXi;Xof, one another, only in the gen.
dat. and ace. plural, p. The decl. stem
dXAi/Xo- stands for &K\0' SXXo-t a redupli-
cated form, lit. ^the other the other' or
' one another ' ; from Gk. dtXXof , other ;
see Alien.
paraUalogram. (F. - L. - Gk.)
M. F. paralelogramey Cot.— L. parallilo-
grammum. — Gk. ira/xtXXi/X^pa/i/ioi', a
figure contained by two pairs of parallel
PARAPHERNALIA
lines. — Gk. trap&KXriKo'it parallel (above);
yp!dfifjta, a line, from yp&iptiv, to write.
parallelopiped. (L. - Gk.) So
written; a mistake for parallelepiped,^
L. parallilepipedum, — Gk. irapaXXijXc-
iriit^hovy a body formed by parallel sur-
faces. — Gk. irap(&XXi7X-or, parallel ; hti-
widov, a plane surface, neut. of Mvt^s,
on the ground, from Ivi, upon, and iriSoy,
the ground.
. Paralogism, a conclusion unwar-
ranted by the premises. (F.— L.— Gk.)
F. paralogisme.'mL. paralogismus,^Gk,
mipa\oyifffi6s, a false reckoning or conclu-
sion. » Gk. napaXoyi^ofxai, I misreckon. —
Gk. irapd, beside, amiss; \oyl(ofuUy I
reckon, from \6yos, reason ; see Iiogic.
Paraljnris. (L.~Gk.) L. paralysis.
— Gk. vapAXwTts, a loosening aside, dis-
abling of nerves, paralysis or palsy.— Gk.
mpaki&tw, to loosen aside. — Gk. vapd,
beside; Xt^cti^, to loosen, allied to Lose.
Dep. paralyse, from F. paralyser, verb
formed from F. sb. paralysie, paralysis.
Also paralytic^ from Gk. irapaXvTiK6s,
afflicted with palsy. Doublet, /o/r^.
Paramatta, a fabric like merino.
(New S. Wales.) So named from Para-
matta^ a town near Sydney, New South
Wales. Properly spelt Parramatta; the
lit. sense is * place of eels ' ; where parra
represents eels, and matta, place. Parra-
matta is also the name of the river;
Cabramatta, ten miles off, is not a river.
Paramoimtv of the highest import-
ance (F,— L.) O.F. par amont, at the
top, above, lit. * by that which is upwards.'
— L./^, by; ad montem, to the hill, up-
wards ; where tnonteni is ace. of mons, a
hill. See Mount.
Paramour. (F. - L.) M. E. par
amour, withiove ; orig. an adverb, phrase.
— F. par amour, with love ; where par<,
L. per, and amour is from L. amdrem, ace.
of amor, love. See Amatory.
Parapot, a rampart, breast-high. (F.
— Ital. — L.) F. parapet, — Ital. parapetto,
a wall breast-high; lit. 'guarding the
breast.'— Ital. parare, to adom, also to
guard, parry ; petto, breast. — L. par&re,
to prepare, adorn ; pectus, the breast. See
Fare.
Paravhomalia, ornaments. (L.~
Gk.) Properly the property which a
bride possesses beyond her dowry.
Formed by adding L. neut. pi. suiBx
-alia to Late L. paraphem-a, the pro-
371
PARAPHRASE
PARHELION
perty of a bride over and above her
dower. — Gk. rtap&Kp^fnfa^ that which a
bride briogs beyond her dower. -■ Gk.
irap&y beside ; ^tpv^i^ a dower, that which is
broughti from ^ptiv, to bring, allied to
£. Bear (i).
Paraphrase. (F.-L.-Gk.) M.F.
paraphrase. — h, paraphrasing ace. oiparor
phrasis. ~ Gk. vapcupfMuris, a paraphrase,
free translation. — Gk. irap<i, beside ; <ppdffts^
a phrase, from <f>pd(€ty, to speak; see
Fhraae.
Paraqnito, Parakeet, a little par-
rot. (Span.) Span, periquito^ a little
parrot, dimin. oi pertco, a parrot* Diez
supposes /rrur^ to be a nickname, mean-
ing * little Peter,' dimin. of PedrOy Peter.
See Fanot.
Paraeaniff a measure of distance.
(Gk. — Pers.) Gk. vapoa^TTi^s, of Pers.
origin. Mod. Pers. farsang^ ferseng^ a
league. (Horn, $ 8i8.)
Parasite. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. para-
site, — L,paras*his, •- Gk. viipAffiTot, eating
beside another at his table, a flatterer,
toad-eater. — Gk. wapA, beside; oiros,
wheat, food. Orig. in a good sense ; see
Gk. Lex.
Paraeoly a sun-shade. (F. — Port. — L.)
F. parasol, * an umbrello ; ' Cot. — Port.
parasol (or Ital. parasole)^ an umbrella to
keep off the sun s heat. ~ Port, para-r (or
Ital. parare\ to ward off; sol (Ital. solely
sun. •• L. pardrey to prepare; sdlemy ace. of
sdly sun. See Parry and Solar.
Parboil. (F.~L.) It now means ' to
boil insufficiently,' by confusion ynihpart.
The old sense is ' to boil thoroughly.* —
O. F. parboillir, to cook thoroughly, also,
to boil gently (Godefroy).«-Late L.par-
bullirey L. perdullire, to boil thoroughly.
— L. per, through ; and dullfre, to boil;
see Boil (i).
Parcel. (F.-L.) M.E. /ar^/.-F.
parcelUy a small piece or part. — Late L.
particellay only preserved in ItaL parti-
cella, a small part. Dimin. of 'L, particular,
see Partiole.
Parch, to scorch. (F.-L.) Very
difficult. M, 'K.parchen, to parch. Prob.-
the same as M. £. percheny to pierce, an
occasional form oipercen, to pierce. This
is the most likely solution ; in fact, a care-
ful examination of M. £. perchen fairly
proves the point. It was at first used in
the sense ' to pierce with cold,' and was
afterwards transferred to express the effects
of heat. We still say * piercing fx^^^ See
Milton, P. L. ii. 594. •* Picard and Walloon
percher, for F. percer, to pierce. See
Pierce.
Parchment. (F. - L. - Gk.) M. £.
pcrchemin, — O. F. parchemin. — L. per-
gamimiy pergamena^ parchment ; fern, of
L. PergaminttSy belonging to Pergamos
(where parchment was first invented). ■■
Gk. inpyaixfivji, parchment, from U^p-
yafioty tl4pyafAoy, Pergamus, in Mysia of
Asia Minor.
Pardy a panther, leopard. (L.— Gk.)
L. pardus, — Gk. v6phos. An Eastern
word ; cl Peis,pdrSy a pard ; Skt^prdShu^
a leopard. Der. ko-pard^ camelo-pard.
Pardon, forgiveness. (F.—L.) M.E.
pardoun. — F. ^trdony sb. •- F. pardonner^
to forigive. — Late L. perddnarcy to remit a
debt, pardon.— L. per^ fully; dondre, to
give ; see Donation.
Pare, to shave off. (F.-L.) M.E.
paren. — F. parer^ to deck, trim, pare. — L.
pardre-y to get ready, prepare.
Paregoric, assuaging pain. (L.-Gk.)
"L. par^goricuSy assuaging. i>Gk. wof/if/ofH-
teosy addressing, encouraging, soothing. «
Gk. vaprjyoptu^f to address. — Gk. vap&y
beside ; ayopA, an assembly, whence also
dyop€^€iPy to address an assembly.
JParent. (F.— L.) F. parent, a kins-
man. — lu. parent', stem of parenSy a parent,
lit one who produces.— L./ar^i;, to pro-
duce. Bmgm. i. § 515.
Parenthesis.. (Gk.) Gk. wpkyBtau,
an insertion, a putting in beside.— Gk.
itap^y beside ; 4^, in ; Biais, a placing ; see
Thesis.
Parget, to plaster a wall. (F.-L.)
Nearly obsolete ; once common. M. E.
pargeten ; as if from O. F. pargetery to
spread abroad, cast around, Late L. per-
jactdre (not in Dncange, but found in the
14th cent.). Cf. * PerjaciOy Anglice, to
perjette ; * Vocab. 6oa. 7. As if from L.
pery fnlly; iactdrey to cast, frequent, of
iacercy to throw. See Jet (i). 2. But
really substituted for O.F. porgeter, to
rough-cast a wall (Godefroy). — L. prdiec-
tare, to cast forth ; from pro and iactdre.
Cf. Walloon /0^^//, to parget (Remade).
% Also spelt spargetten, where the s of
spargetteri^O. F. es-y L. ex (intensive).
Parhelion, a mock sun. (L.-Gk.)
"L, parhilion, — Gk. ira^Aioi', nent. of nap^
Xioiy beside the sun.- Gk. irap-<i, beside;
ffAios, sun ; see HeliaoaL
37a
PARIAH
PARRY
Fariall, an outcast. (TamiL) Tamil
paraiyan^ corruptly pariah^ Malayalim
parayan^ a man of low caste, performing
the lowest menial services; one of his
duties is to beat the village drum (called
parai in Tamil), whence, probably, the
appellation of the caste. (H. H. Wilson.)
Parian, belonging to Paros. (Gk.)
Paros is an island in the i£gean sea.
Parietal, forming the walls, applied
to two bones in the front of Uie skull.
(L.) L. parietdliSf belonging to a wall.
^L..pariet-y stem oipartiSy a wall.
Pariflli. (F.-L.-Gk.) M. E. pa-
fische, — F. paroisse, — L. paroecia. — Gk.
vapoiKia, a neighbourhood; hence an
ecclesiastical district. — Gk. vdpoucos,
neighbouring. M Gk. irap-d, near ; o7«os,
house, abode, allied to Vioinage. Der.
parisiioH-er, formed by adding -er
(needlessly) to M. E. parisshen <0. F.
paroissiefty a parishioner.
Paritory ; see Fellitory-
Parity! equality. (F.— L.) Y, parity,
mL. paritdtem, ace. ol paritds^ equality.
— L. /ar, equal.
Park, an enclosed ground. (E. ?)
Park - O. F. parCf is a F. spelling. M. E.
parroky an enclosure, A. S. ptarruc^ pear-
roc, Cf. Irish and Gael, pairc^ W. park
and parwg (<E. parrok). The word is
common in Teutonic tongues, as in Du.
perky Swed. Dan. park, G. pferch, aiid
is prob. Teutonic ; cf. M. £. parren, to
enclose. Hence, probably, Late 'L. parens ,
parricuSf an enclosure ; whence F. pare,
Ital. parcOy Span, parque.
^ax\»J. (F. - L. - Gk. ) F. parlery sb. ,
speech, talk, a parley. — F. parltry vb., to
speak. « Late L. /ara^^/Jr^, to talk. — L.
parabola ; see Parable.
parliauent. (F. - L. - Gk. ; with F.
suffix,) M. E. parlemetU. [We also find
LateL. parlidmentuvi^ corresponding to
our spelling /ot/m^^m/.] — F. parlementy
* a speaking, parleying, a supreme court ; '
Cot. — ¥,parlery to speak (as above) ; with
F. suffix -nuni (L. -fnentutn),
parlour. (F. — L. - Gk.) M. E. par-
lour y par/ur.—O.F, parloir, a parlour,
lit. a room for conversation. — F. parl-ery
to speak ; witk suffix "Oir <L. 'dtdrium ;
so tnat parlour answers to a Late L. form
*paraboldldriumy a place to talk in. (Cf.
F. dortoir <L. dormitdrium,) See above.
Parlous. (F.-L.) Shortior perilous.
ParoohiaL (L. ~ Gk.) L^pardchidHs.
— L. parSchia^ same as parcscia^ a parish ;
see Parish.
Parody. (F. - L. - Gk.) M. E. and F.
parodie,^\a. parffdia,^0\i. itap^biay also
vap^^^y a song sung beside (i. e. in imita-
tion of) another. ~ Gk. wap-d, beside ; f;^,
an ode. See Ode.
Parole. (F.-L.-Gk.) ¥, parole, b,
word, esp. a promise ; the same word as
Prov. paraula, Span, palabra {=»*para-
bla)y Voit palaz/ra,''l^ie L, parabola, a
discourse ; L. parabokiy a parable. See
Parable, Palaver.
Paronymous, allied in origin ; alike
in sound. (Gk.) Gk. wapdwvfxos, formed
from another word by a slight change. —
Gk. vapdy beside ; 6vvfMy a name. Der.
paronom-as-iay a slight change in a word's
meaning, from Gk. wapM^ofMaia, better
vapovofMola,
Paroxysm. (F.-L.-Gk.) F.parox-
ysffie, — L. taroxystnus, * Gk. vaLpo{v<r/i6s,
irritation, the fit of a disease. — Gk. vap-
o^W€Wy to irritate. i-Gk. trappy beside;
d^vyeiv, to sharpen, from 6^vs, sharp.
See Oxygen.
Parq,ll6try, a mosaic of wood-work
for floors. (F. — Tent. ?) F. parqueterie. —
F. parquetcTy to inlay a wooden floor. •-
F. parquety a wooden floor ; orig. a small
enclosure ; dimin. of F. parc^ a park.
See Park.
Parrioide, (i) the murderer of a
father; (2) murder of a father. (F.— L;
or L.) The former is the older £. sense,
and answers to F. parricide, L. parricida,
for older paricidas (Brugm. ii. % 1^0), a
murderer of a relative. i> L. parrt-y for
pHri'y a relative (cf. Gk. in/cis, a relative,
Prellwitz, s. v. vcio/iai) ; and cadere, to
kill (whence '^ida, a slayer). 2. The
second sense is directly from L. parri-
ctdium, the murder of a relative, from
the same sb. and vb.
Parrot. (F. - L. - Gk.) F. Perroly of
which the lit. sense is * little Peter,* given
to the bird as a nickname ; see Cotgrave.
Also written Pierrot, both forms being from
Pierre, Peter. — L. Petrumy ace. of Petrusy
^eter.^Gk. vhposy a stone, rock; also
Peter. Der. F. perroquel, borrowed from
Span, perichito or periquilOy dimin. of
PericOy Peter; see Paraquito. ^^The
F. word is prob. imitated or translated
from Span, or Porti^ese.
Parry, to ward off. (F. - L.) Formerly
parreey sb., a warding off. From F. parie^
m
PARSE
PARTURIENT
fern, pp.; used as equivalent to Ital.
paraiay a defence, guard. — F./ar^r, to
prepare, also to guard, ward off. —L. /a-
rdre^ to prepare. See Fare.
PamOi to tell the parts of speech. (L.)
'^o parse is to tell * quae pars orationis/ i.e.
what part of speech a word is. — L. pars^
a part. See Part.
Par866y an adherent of the old Persian
religion, in India. (Pers.) Pers. pdrsi^ a
Persian. — Pers. Pdrs^ Persia.
Parsimony, frugality. (F.-L.) M.F.
parsimonie\ Coi.^la. parsimoniaj better
parcimdnia. — L./am-, for/ar<fMj,sparing;
with suffix -mdnia (Idg. -mdnyd). Allied
to parcere^ to spare.
Parsley. (F. — L. — Gk.) Formerly
persely.^Y . persil\ older iormperesil,^
la. petroselinum, ^(a\i, trerpwriKivoVy rock
parsley. — Gk. ireVpo-y, rock, stone ; ai-
Kivov, a kind of parsley ; see Oelery.
Parsnep, Parsnip. (F.-L.) For-
merly parsmpf and still better pasneppe,
as in Palsgrave ; the r being intrusive. —
O. F. pastenaquey a parsnip (by dropping
/^). — L. pasUnacay a parsnep: perhaps
orig- a root dug up. Perhaps from L.
pastindrCy to dig up. — L. pasHnuniy a
two-pronged dibble. % The ending -nep
was assimilated to that of tumep.
Parson. (F.— L.) M. £. persoruy
which also means person; see Late L.
persdfuiy a person of rank, a choir-master,
curate, parson (Ducange). See Person.
^Blackstone gives the right etymology,
but the wrong reason ; the Late L. per-
sona was applied to < rank * or dignity,
and had nothing to do with a fanciful
embodiment of the church in the parson's
person ! Der. parson-age.
Part. (F. -L.) F. part. - L. partem,
ace. oiparsy a part. Orig. ' a share,' that
which is proviaed ; from the same root as
portion, Brugm. i. § 537. Der. /or/,
vb. ; partake ypartiaiy &c.
partake. (F.-L ; oiMfScand.) For
part-takey i. e. take part. Wyclif has part-
takyn^y i Cor. x, 16 (earlier version).
See Fart and Take.
Parterre. (F. — L.) F. parterrey an
even piece of garden -ground. — Y. parterrey
along the ground. *L. per terranty along
the ground. See Terrace.
Partial. (F. - L.) F. partial, -
Late L. partialis y referring to a part only.
— L. parti^f decl. stem of pars, a part.
See Part.
participate. (L.) From pp. of L.
participdrey to take a part — L. particip-y
stem oiparticepSy sharing in.»L. parti- ,
decL stem oiparsy a part ; caperey to take.
participle. (F. — L. ) The / is an £.
insertion, as in pliable, ^ Y.participe. » L.
participiuniy a participle; supposed to
partake of the nature both of an adjectival
sb. and a vb. — L. particip-y stem of par-
ticepSy sharing in ; see above.
particle. (F.-L.) Y,particule (i6ih
cent). — L. particukiy double dimin. from
parti'y decl. stem of parSy a part.
partisan (i). an adherent of a party.
(FT- Ital. -L.) ¥, partisan. - ItaL/ar/*-
giano, a partner ; answering to a Late L.
form *partttidnus, — L. partitus, pp. of
partiriy to part, divide. — L. parti- y decl.
stem o{ parSy a part Others (see Kor-
ting), give the Late L. form as *partensi'
dnuSy extended from part-, stem of pars,
a part.
Partisan (a), Partisan, a halberd.
(F.-Ital.-L.?) M.F,pertmsaney^aLp&i'
tisan, or leading-stafie/ Cot ; O. F. pour-
tisaine (15th cent, Littr6) ; pertesane
(Godefroy, s. v. pertuisanier). ^Ite^. par-
tegianay * a partesan, iauelin ; * Florio.
[The M. F. pertuisane is an accommodated
spelling, to make it look like 'M.,Y .pertuisery
to pierce through, due to "L. per-tundere.^
Cf. Late L. partesdnay pertixdna. fi. Ap-
parently connected with the word above,
as if the weapon of a partisan (Diez).
Partition. (F.-L.) F. partition.^
L. ace. partttidnemy a sharing, partition. —
'L, partituSy pp. of partiriy to divide. — L.
parti'y decl. stem of pars, a port; see
Part.
partner. (F.— L.) A curious corrup-
tion of M. £. parcener, frequently misread
and misprinted z&partener, by the common
confusion between c and / in MSS., and
through the influence of/ar/.— O. F.par-
cener, M. Y , parsonnier, 'a partener, or co-
parcener ; ' Cot. — Late L. *partitiondriuSy
of which the shorter form partiSndrius
occurs. — L. partUiSn-eniy ace. of partitiOy
a sharing, share ; see Partition.
Partridg[e, a bird. (F. - L. - Gk.)
M. E. pertriche.^Y . perdriXy where the
second r is intrusive. — Ls^fu/iif^/^/, ace.
of perdix,'^Q\i, triply a partridge.
Parturient^ about to produce young.
(L.) h, parturtent-y stem of pres. pt. of
parturtrey to be ready to produce young.
From part'y as in part-us, pp. of par^re.
374
PARTY
PAT
to produce. Bragm. ii. § 778. Der. par-
tur-it'toftf F. parturition.
Party. (F.— L.) M. £./ar^{^, usually
* a part. — O. F. partie, a part, a party ;
Cot— L. partita, fern, oi partitus^ pp. of
partlrt, to divide. See Partition.
Parvenili an upstart. (F.— L.) F.
parvenu, lit. one who has arrived, hence,
one who has thriven. Pp. oiparvenir, to
arrive, thrive. —L. per-uenire, to arrive,
come through.— L. per^ through: uentre,
to come ; see Venture.
Parvis, a porch, room over a porch.
(F.-L.-Gk.-Pers.) O. F. parvis, a
porch, outer court before a house or
church ; variant oiparevisy partis, pardis,
paradise (Low L. paravisus), -• L. paradl-
sus, a church-poTcn, outer court, paradise.
See Paradise. The v was inserted in
pare-iSf to avoid hiatus.
Pasch, the Passover. (L. — Gk. — Heb.)
A.S.pasc/ta.^h, pascha.'^Gk, vaax^*^
VLth.pe'sakh, a passing over ; the passover ;
Exod. xii. II. — Heb. pdsakh^ he passed
over.
Pasllv to dash. (Scand.) Swed. dial.
paska, to dabble in water, Norweg. baska,
to dabble in water, tumble, work hard \
the same as Dan. baske, to dap, boxes t to
box, Norw. baksa, to box; Swed. dial.
baska, basta, to beat ; from bcu-a, to beat.
Cp. prov. K. bashy of which it is a mere
variant. And see Plash, Baste (i).
Paslia, Pacha. (Pers.) K\so bashaw,
Pers. bdshif bddshdhy a governor of a pro-
vince, great lord ; the same as pddshdhy a
prince, great lord; lit. 'protecting the
king.'— Pers. /^, protecting; shah, king.
See BeBoar and Shah.
Pasqnin, Pasquii&acLei a lampoon.
(F.— Ital.) (Formerly also /aj^f<//; M.F.
pasquHle,) — F. pasquin (whence pasquin-
ade), a pasquin, lampoon. — Ital. Pas-
qtUno, 'a statue in Rome on whom all
libels are fathered;' Florio. From the
name of a cobbler at Rome, whose stall
was frequented by gossips ; his name was
transferred to a statue found near his stall
at his death, on which the wits of the time
secretly affixed lampoons ; see Haydn.
Pass, to move onward. (F.->L.)
M.E. passen.^Y, passer ^^IjaXtV,, pas-
sdre, to pass. — L. passus^ a step ; see
Pace. p. Diez takes Late L. passdre to
be the frequent, form oipandere, to stretch ;
it makes but little difference.
passage. (F.-L.) F passage. ^mLaite
L. passdticum, a right of passage. — Late
L. passdre; see above. Der. passenger,
for M. IL, passager.
Passion. (F.->L.) F. passion, ^Is.
passidnem, ace. oi passio, (properly) suffer-
ing. — L. passus, pp. of pott, to suffer.
See Patient.
passive. (F.-L.) F. passi/.^L.
passiuus, suffering. — L. ^ojji/ J (above).
Passport. (F.-L.) F. passeport,
written permission to pass through a gate,
&c. — F. passer, to pass ; porte, gate, from
h. porta ; see Pass and Fort (3).
Paste. (F.-L.- Gk.) 0.¥. paste; F.
pdte. ^haXe L. /aj/a, paste. — Gk. vaarff,
a mess of food ; orig. fern, of waarSs, be-
sprinkled, salted ; from vacrauv, to sprinkle.
The orig. sense was 'a salted mess of food.'
Der. past-y, M. E. pastee, O. F. pastd (F.
pdtt), a pasty ; past-r-y, orig. a room in
which pasties were kept (cf. pantry,
buttery). And see Patty.
Pastely a coloured crayon. (F.— Ital.
— L.) An artist's term.— F. pastel, 'a
pastel, crayon ; * Hamilton. — Ital. pas-
tello, a pastel.— L. pastillum, ace. oi paS'
tillus, a little loaf or roll; the pastel being
named from beingshapedlikearoll. Dimin.
of pastus, food. — L. pastus, pp. oipascere,
to feed. % Not allied \x> paste ; see pastille
below.
pastern. (F.-L.) Formerly/oj/riM;
Palsgrave. — M.F. pasturon^ *• the pastern
of a horse ; ' Cot. (F. pdturon.) So called
because a horse at /oj/m/i^ was tethered by
the pastern ; the tether itself was called
pasture in O. French. —O. F. pasture, pas-
ture. See pasture.
SastillOf a small cone of aromatic
lances, to be burnt in a room. (F. — L.)
¥, pastille, a little lump or loaf; see Cot-
grave. — L. pastillum, ace. of pastillus, a
little loaf; dimin. of pastus, food; see
Pastel.
Pastime. (F.-L.; and E,) From
pass and time ; imitating F. passe'temps.
Pastor, a shepherd. (F.— L.) For-
merly pastour,^0,Y. pastour.^h, pas-
torem, ace. of pastor, a shepherd, lit.
* feeder.* — L. pastus, pp. of pascere, to
feed, an inceptive verb ; pp. pd-ui.
(^PA.) Der. pastor-al, F. pastoral, L.
pastordlis, adj.
pasture. (F.—L.) 0.¥. pasture, a
feeding. — L. pastura, a feeding. — L. /oj-
tus^ pp. of pascere, to feed.
Pat (I), to strike lightly. (£.) In
375
PAT
PATRIOT
Bacon, Nat. Hist. § 63. Most likely from
a by-form of A. S. plcsttan, M. £. platten^
pUtten (see Stratmann), to strike; for
loss of / cf. patch (i), Cf. Swed. dial.
pjdtta, to pat, platta, to tap (Rietz) ;
Bavarian /a/2^if, to pat ; E. Y nts, patjen,
to splash ; G. patschen^ to tap, splash ;
G. platzeuy to crack; M. Da. pletten,
* contundere,* Kilian. Of imitative origin ;
cf. Tap, Dab, Paddle.
Pat (a)» a small lump of butter. (£.)
Cf. Irish paii, a hmnp, Inmp, paUeog^ a
small Inmp of butter ; Gael, paity paiteag
(the same) ; where the form pait is bor-
rowed from K Prob. from the verb p€U
(i) above, as being /a//^</ into shape ; just
as dab J a small lump, is from the verb to
dab.
Pat (3), quite to the purpose. (£.) Due
to a peculiar use oipat, to strike, tap ; see
Pat (i). 'It will fall [happen] pat\'
Mid. N. Dr. v. 188. Cf. dab, sb., an
adept, from the verb to dab,
Patcll (i)) a piece sewn on a garment,
a plot of ground. (£. ?) M. £. pacche.
Apparently a by-form of platch. 'PlcUch^
a large spot, a patch, a piece of cloth
sewn on to a garment to repair it ; ' Dial,
of Banffshire, by W. Gregor. Cf. Low G.
plakke, plakk, (i) a spot, (2) a patch, (3)
a patch or plot of ground ; also M. £.
plekke^ a plot (of land), Du. plek, a patch
of ground.
patch (a), a paltry fellow. (£. ?)
Temp. iii. a. 71, Patch meant a fool or
jester, from the parti-coloured or patch-
like dress; Wolsey had two fools so named
(Nares). The same word as patch (i).
Der. patch-ock, a clown, a dimin. form,
Spenser, View of Ireland, Globe ed., p.
636, col. a ; spelt pajock, Hamlet, iii. a.
395.
Patohonliy a scent. (F. — Dravidian.)
Y, patchouli \ of obscure origin. Appar-
ently from £. patchchUaf, i. e. ' green
leaf,' imitating the vernacular pacha-pdt,
where pdt is Hind, for * leaf.' Or from
Dravidian words meaning 'green leaf.'
Cf. Tamil pachchai, green, ilai, leaf
(Knight) ; Malayalim pachchila, green
leaf (Gundert) ; Canarese pcuhcha, green,
^ele, leaf (Reeve).
Pate, the head. (Unknown.) M. £.
pate. Of unknown origin ; perhaps sug-
gested by Late L. platta^ the clerical ton-
sure. Cf. M. "Dvi, plattey 'vertex rasus,'
Kilian; Qi.plattt a plate, a bald pate, in
vulgar language, the head (Fliigel); M.
H. G. plate^ a plate, shaven pate. All
from Gk. t^tvs, flat, broad. Cf. M. F,
pcUe^ a plate ; Cot.
Paten. (F. ~ L. - Gk.) M. F. paUne
{Cot.), '^lu. pcUina, patenay a flat dish.*
Gk. irarai^, a flat (open) dish. See Pan
and Patent.
Patentf open, public; as sb., an official
document conferring a privilege. (F.— L.)
M. £. pcUente, a patent ; so called because
open to general inspection. » O. F./o/dic/
(fem. patente), patent, vride open. ^ L.
patent', stem of pr. pt. of patere, to lie
open. Cf. Gk. trtrAyw/u, I spread out.
(VP£T.) Brugm. i. § lao (note).
Paternal. (F. -L.) Y.patemeL^
Late lL,.patemdliSy fatherly. ^lj.pcUemus,
fatherly. ^ L. pater, father. Perhaps
formed with suffix -ter of the agent from
^PA, to feed, guard. See Father.
Path, a way, Uack. (£.) A. S. paii,
paJH, a path. 4-Du. pad, G. pfad^
Pathos. (Gk.) Gk. m6Bo%, suffering,
emotion. ■- Gk. itoBuv, used as a aor. infin.
of irtto'x***' (for ♦iro^-<r««iF), to suffer.
Allied to ir^y0-os, grief. "Der. pcUh-et-ic,
from O. F. pathetique, L. patheticus, Gk.
iro^riimSs ; extended from iro^i/rof, subject
to suffering.
Patient. (F.-L.) 0,Y. patimt.^
\u. patient-, stem of pres. pt of patl, to
suffer. Der. patience, F. patience, L.
patientia,
Patoifly a vulgar dialect of French.
(F. — L.) F. patois, country talk ; which
stands for an older form ^atnns, given by
Godefroy (Diez, Littr^).*Late L. patri^
ensist a native; hence, belonging to the
natives. --L. patria, native country. ^L.
patri', iar pater, a father.
patriarch. (F. - L. - Gk.) O. F.
patriarche. * L. pcUriarcha. » Gk. mrpi'
apxv^, chief of a race or tribe. * Gk.
irarpi'^, a race; dpx^iv, to rule. See
Aroh- (prefix).
patnciani a Roman nobleman. (L.)
Formed, with suffix -iin, from L. patri-
ci-i4s, noble ; a descendant of the patres,
L e. senators or fathers of the state.
patrimony. (F.-L.) U.E, patri-
monie, ~ Y,patrimtnne. >■ "L, patrimonium,
an inheritance. — h.patri-, forpater, &ther;
with suffix -minium (Idg. -mdn-yom),
patriot. (F.-LateL.-Gk.) O. F.
patriate, — Late L. patriota, — Gk. varptdf-
r-qi, properly, a fellow-countryman. «iGk.
376
PATRISTIC
PAWL
mirpidf a race, from rrarpi-^ for varifp, a
father. % The mod. sense of patriot
arose in French,
patristic, pertaining to the fathers
of the church. (F.— L.) F. patristique
(Littr^). Coined from 'L,patri-f pater , a
father ; with the Gk. suffixes -ist- and -iV.
Patrol, a going of the rounds in a gar-
rison. (F.) F , patrouille, 'a still night-
watch in warre ; ' Cot. Lit. a tramping
about ; from O. F. (Picard) pairoutllery to
paddle in water, the same word (but with
mserted r) as patouiller^ to paddle or
dabble in with the feet ; also patrollt^ in
the p&tois of Lyons (Puitspeln). Formed
from O. F.pate (F. patte), the paw or foot
of a beast. Of uncertain origin ; perhaps
imitative. Cf. Late L. pata, the foot of a
cap, base of a tower ; also G. patsche^ an
instrument for striking the hand, patsch-
/uss, web foot of a bird; patscAen, to
strike, dabble, walk awkwardly; Low G.
pattj'en, to paddle in water with the feet
(Richey); Bavarian patzen, to pat; see
Fat (i). % Hence also Span, pata, paw,
patullar, to run through mud, pcUruUar,
to patrol ; and Ital. pattuglia^ a patrol
(without the inserted r).
Patron. (F.-L.) ¥,patron.'^'L,pa-
trdnum, ace. of patronus^ a protector ;
extended from patr-, stem of pater j
frither.
patronsrnuLc. (F.-L.-Gk.) M. F.
patronymique, «« L. pairOnymicus, — Gk.
warpuyvfUKdSf belonging to the father^s
name. ■- Gk. warpoiwvfuaj a name taken
from the father. — Gk. varp-f for irarfipj
a father ; ovofia, a name ; see Name.
Patten, a clog. (F.) Formerly paten.
•- F. patin, a patten, ' also a foot-stall of
a pillar;' CoL-M.F./fl/<f (^.patte), a
paw or foot of a beast, * also a foot-stall
of a pillar;' Cot. See FatroL
Patter, to strike frequently, as hail.
(E.) A frequentative of pat\ see Fat
(i). Cf. prov. £. (Lonsdale) pottle, to
pat gently.
Pattern, an example, model to work
by. (F.-L.) U.E. patron; (the old
spelling). » F. patron, ' a patron . . also a
pattern, sample ; * Cot. See Fatron.
Patty, a little pie. (F.-L.-Gk.)
Mod. ¥.pdt^; O.F. past/, a ipasty.-Late
L. pastdtum, neut of pp. of pastdre, to
make paste. —Late L. pasta, paste; see
Faste.
Pancity, fewness. (F.-L.) F.pauciti.
— L. patuitdtem, ace. oipaucitds, fewness.
— L. paucus, few ; allied to Few.
Pannch. (F. - L.) O. F. panche
(Picaid) ; also pance ; F. panse. — L. pan-
ticem, ace. of pantex, belly, paunch.
Pauper. (L.) l., pauper, poor. Pau-
is allied to paucus, few ; -per, (perhaps)
to L. pardre, to provide. Lit. ' provided
with little.'
Panse, a stop. (F. — L. - Gk.) F.
/at^^.- Late L. pausa.^G'k, rtavais, a
pause, ceasing. — Gk. vavtiv, to make to
cease ; traC^uOtu, to cease. Doublet,
pose, q. V.
Pave. (F.— L.) M.E, pauen^(paven),
^F. paver, to pave.— Late h.pavdre, cor-
rupt form of L. pauire, to beat, strike,
ram, tread down. Cf. Skt. pam-, thunder-
bolt. .Ber. pavement, F. pavement, L.
pawmentum, a hard floor, from pauire,
to ram ; also pav-i-or (cf. lafw-y-er), from
F^paveur, * a paver,* Cot.
Pavilion. (F.— L.) M.E.pavilon.^
F. pavilion, a tent ; so called because
spread out like the wings of a butterfly. —
h, pdpilidnem, ace of pdpilio, (i), a but-
terfly, (2) a tent.
Pavin, Pavan, a stately Spanish
dance. (F. — Span. — L. — Pers. — Tamil. )
F,pavane.^SiMXi.pavana, a grave dance
(see Pavan in Kares). Prob. from a Late
L. *pdvdnus, peacodc-like, from the row
of stately dancers (Scheler) ; cf. Span.
pava, a peahen, a turkey, pavada, a flock
of turkeys, pavo, adj., like a peacock
(whence pavonear, to walk with afiected
gravity). — Late L. pdvus, earlier L. pduo,
a peacock. See Feacook.
Paviee, a large shield. (F.) Also
spelt pavese^ pavish, pauice, pauys, paues,
— F. pavoist * a great shield ; ' Late L.
pavensis, (Span, paves \ Ital. pavese,
pavesce, Florio.) Of uncertain origin;
perhaps from the city of Pavia, in Italy.
Godefroy has the adj. pavinois, paviois,
pavois, pavaiz, adj. ' de Pavie ; ' as in the
phr. escus pavaiz, shields of Pavia.
Paw. (F.) M. E. pawe, powe, a paw.
— A. F.pcwe, O. F.poe, a paw ; the same as
Prov. pauta, Catalan pota, a paw. Cf.
Low G. potey Du.poot (whence G. P/ote),
a paw. Perhaps from an imitative root ;
cf. F. patte. Franck takes Du. pool to be
of Teut. origin. Cf. E. Fries, pote, pot,
paw.
Pawl, a short bar, as a catch to a wind-
lass. (F.— L.) O. F. /fl«/, variant of /a/.
377
PAWN
PEAL
pely a stake (whence Dn. paL^ Swed* pall^
Norw. pali^ a pawl ; cf. W. pawl^ a pole,
stake, bar).>-L. p&lum, ace. oi pdlus^ a
stake. See Pale (i).
Pawn (i), a pledge. (F.-Teut.) F.
pan, * a pane, piece, panel, also a pawn,
gage, skirt of a gown, pane of a hose/
&c. ; Cot. In the sense of * pane/ F.
pan is of Latin origin ; see Fane. In the
sense of * pawn/ F. pan is rather from
Du. pand\ cf. G. pfand^ O. H. G. phantj a
pledge. Der. im-pawn, to put in pledge,
to pledge ; pawn^ vb.
Fawn (2), a piece at chess. (F.— L.)
M. E. paunCj poune, poun. — O. F. paon, a
pawn (Roquefort), ^o poon (Littre); but
the older form is peon {¥.piofC), agreeing
with Span./^^/i, a foot-soldier, pawn, Ital.
pedone, a foot-soldier, pedona, a pawn
(Florio).— Late \u pedonem, ace. oi pedo,
a foot-soldier. "-L./^^-, stem oi pes, foot.
% The O. F. paon is the same word ; cf.
Y,faon (J£..fawn)t from Late 'L.fitSnem,
shewing the same substitution of d; for ^ ;
there is no need to connect it with ¥,paon,
a peacock, as Littr^ does, ignoring the Ital.
and Span, words.
Pawnee, drink. (Hind. —Skt.) Hind.
pant, water. — Skt. pdniya, allied to p&na,
a beverage. — Skt. p&, to drink.
PozwoXy strong tendon in the neck of
animals. (£.) M. £. paxwax, also fex-
wax, the latter being the right form (see
Prompt. Parv.). — A. S. feax^ fex^ hair ;
weaxan, to grdw. Thus the lit. sense is
perhaps ' hair-sinew,* because it is where
the hair ends ; cf. G. haarwachs, a tendon.
Pay (i), to discharge a debt. (F.— L.)
M. E. paten. — O. Y, pater, paer (^, payer),
to pay, to content — L./&rar^, to pacify ;
in late Lat., to pay a debt. — L./^-, stem
oipax, peace ; see Feaoe.
Pay (2), to pitch the seams of a ship.
(F. - L.) A. F. peter (O. F. poier, Gode-
froy), to pitch. — L. picare, to pitch. —L.
/jV-,stem oipix, pitch ; see Fitch. % The I Low G, pije, pigge, pyke (Brem. W.), per
M. E. word for * pitch ' is pets, from A. F. | haps from h,ptca.
pets (O. F. pots), pitch ; from L. ace. ~ - -
picem.
Pasrnim, Painim, a pagan. (F. - L.)
'The paynim bold;' F. Q. i. 4. 41.
M. Y. paynim, a pagan ; but this sense is
due to a singular mistake. A paynim is
properly not a man, but a country or
district, and is identical with paganism,
formerly used to mean heathendom, or
the country of pagans. Rightly used in
King Horn, 803, 10 mean ' heathen lands.*
— O. Y.paienisme, lit. paganism ; Late L.
p&ganismus. Formed with suffix -ismus,
from L. pdg&n-us, a pagan. See Fa-
gan.
Pea, a vegetable. (L.) Formerly /azj^,
pese ; M. £. pese, pi. pesen or peses, A. S.
pisa, pi. pisan.'^L. pisum, a pea.4*Gk.
vlffos, a pea. (^PIS.)
Peace. (F. - L.) M. E. pais. - O. F.
pais (F. paix).^!^. p&cem, ace. oi pax,
peace, orig. a compact ; cf. pac-, as in
pac-tttm, a bargain ; see Fact.
Peach (i), a fruit. (F.-L.— Pers.)
M. E. /^r^. — O. F. pesche, a peach. — L.
persicum, a peach ; so called from grow-
ing on the Persica arbor ^ Persian tree.—
Pers. Pars, Persia.
Peach (2), to inform against. (F.— L.)
Short for M. £1. apechen, to impeach, a
variant of impechen, to impeach, by the
substitution of prefix a- (L. ad) for im-
(L. in). See Impeach.
Peacock. (L. - Pers. - Tamil ; and
E.) M. E. pecok, pocok ; where cok *= E.
cock. We iUso find M. E. po ; A. S. pea,
pdwa; all from L. pdt4o (whence Du.
paauw, G. p/au, F. paon). The same
as Gk. raws, for rafSis, a peacock; the
change from r to / being due to the fact
that the word was foreign both to L. and
Gk.— Pers. tditms, tSus, a peacock.— O.
Tamil tdkei, tdgei, a peacocSc; see Max
MUller, Lect. on Lang. i. 190 (ed. 1891).
% Also pocock, which is still a surname.
Pea-jacket, a coarse thick jacket.
(Du. and F.) The prefix^a- is borrowed
from Du. pij, pije, a coat of a coarse
woollen stuff; Hexham has M. Du. /^>,
' a piergowne, rough gowne, such as sea-
men weare.* The same as "Lovf G.pije,
N. ¥ntp.pi€,pie'jd€kert.^'blL. Dn. pije, or
pije'/aken, * a rough or a hairy cloath ; *
Hexham. Prob. from F. pie, a mag-pie ;
cf. E. pied, spotted. See Fie (i). Also
(F.-L.) M. E,pec. [Cf. Irish
peac, a sharp-pointed thing; from E.peak,"]
A variant ot pike, q. v. Cf. dial, of
'Normandy pec, a hob (or mark) in the
game of quoits (Godefroy, s. v. pec) ; also
Low G. peek, a pike, pointed weapon.
Peali a loud sound, chime of beUs, noise
of a trumpet. (F. — L.) A shortenea form
of appeal, M. F. apel, appel', Cot. gives
appel^ pi. appeaux, * chimes.' Note also
378
PEAN
PEDANT
M. £. apely an old term in hunting-music
(Halliwell) ; this we now call a peaL The
prefix a- was prob. mistaken for the £.
indef. article. The O. F. apel is from O. F.
apeler, vb. ; see Appeal.
feaa ; see FseazL
PeaTy a fruit. (L.) A. S. peru^ pert, —
L. pirum, a pear (whence also Ital. pera).
Pearl. (F. -L. ?) VL.'E.perU. - Y.perie,
*a pearl, a berrie;* Cot. Of unknown
origin; we find also Ital., Span., Prov.
perla, Port, perola, ferla, Cf. Low L.
perulay the end of the nose (7th cent.).
Perhaps for L. *pirulaf i. e. a little pear,
from L. pirum, a pear ; cf. Span, perilla,
(i) a little pear, (2) a pear-shaped orna-
ment, M. Ital. perolOf a little button on
a cap. Perhaps suggested by the various
senses of L. bacca, (i) a berry, (a) olive-
berry, (3) round fruit, (4) a pearl (Horace).
See Purl (2).
Pearl-barley. (F.-L.; andlL) F.
or;ge perU, pearl-barley (Hamilton) ; but
this seems to be a corruption of orge peU^
* pilled barley,' Cot See Peel (i).
Peasant. (F.— L.) O.F.paisarU, an-
other form of O. F. paisan, a peasant ; (cf.
lial.paesanOf Span. patsano, a compatriot).
Formed with suffix -an (L. -dnus), from
O. F. pais. (F. pays) J a country (cf. Ital.
paese^ Span, pais. Port, pais^ a country).
■- Late L. pdgense, neut. of pSgensis^ be-
longing to a village. —L./d|^»j, a village,
district. See Pagan.
Peat, a kind of turf for fuel. (L.?)
Latinised as peta (Ducange) ; whence
pct&ria, a place for getting peat. Ap-
parently from M. £. (Kentish) pety O. Fries.
pet^ M. Du. p€t^ pettCy a pit. See Pit.
Pebble. (£-) A. S. papol-stdn, a peb-
ble-stone.
Peccablei liable to sin. (L.) Coined
as if from L. *peccSbilis, from peccdre^ to
sin. Brugm. i. § 585.
peccadillo. (Span. — L.) Spvn.pecca-
diUo, pecadilloy a slight fault ; dimin. of
pecadoy a sin.^L. peccdtum, a sin.— L.
peccdtus, pp. oipeccdre, to sin.
peccaatf sinning. (F.— L.) First used
in phr. ^peccant humours.' — F. peccant^
sinning ; * Vhumeur' peccante^ corrup't
humour ; * Cot. — L.. peccant-^ stem of pres.
pt. oipeccdre, to sin.
Peccary, a quadruped. (F. — Carib-
bean.) F. p^cari, a peccary (Buffon).—
Carib. pakira, the name used in Guiana ;
see N. and Q., 9 S. iv. 496. Cf. pachira^
the name given to the peccary in Oronoko
(Clavigero, Hist. Mexico); Span./a^^»{>^
(Pineda).
Peck (i), to strike with the beak, to
pick up. (L.) M. £. pekken^ used as
equivalent to pikken, to pick or peck up.
A mere variant oipick \ see Pick.
Peck (2), a dry measure, 2 gallons.
(F.-L. ?) M. E. pekki, a peck. A. F.
and O. F. pek. From the verb pekJk^n, to
peck or snap up ; cf. £. p^ck, to pick up
(as a bird) ; prov. E,peciy meat, victuals.
[So also F. picotifty a peck (measure),
picoter, to peck as a bird.] See Peck
(I), Pick.
Pectixialy lit comb-like. (L.) FromL.
pectin-^ stexnofpecfeHf a comb. — lu.pectere^
to comb. 4- Ck. trcxrcrv, to comb, from
v4k(iv^ to comb. (-^P£K.)
Pectoral, belonging to the chest. (F.
— L.) F. pectoraL^'L, pectardliSy adj.,
from pector- (for *pectos)y stem oi pectus,
the breast. Der. poitrel.
Peculate, to pilfer. (L.) From pp.
of L. pecUldrty to appropriate to one's
own use. Formed as if from ^peciUuniy for
pecaliufiiy private property ; see below.
peculiar, one s own, particular. (F. —
L.) M. F. peculier.'^'L, pecHlidriSy one's
own. — L. pecHliumy private property;
closely allied to pecuniae money; see
below.
pecuniary. (F.-L.) UJF.pecuni-
aire. — 'L.pecHnidrius, relating to money or
property. — L. pecHniay property. — O.L.
pecUy cattle ; cf. pecu-a, neut. pi., cattle of
all kinds, property ; pecus, cattle. Cf. Skt.
pafUy cattle, cognate with Goth. faihUy
property, K.S.feohy G. vieh, cattle.
PedaffOgue, a teacher. (F. — L. — Gk.)
M ^.pedagogue, ■- \a.pada^gus, — Gk . itait-
ayatyoSy a slave who led a boy to school ;
hence, a tutor. » Gk. mu^y stem of wais, a
boy ; d7ttry(5s, leading, from dyuVy to lead.
The Gk. vdis'^^irafisy allied to "L, puer, a
boy. See Puerile, Puberty.
Pedal, belonging to the foot. (L.) The
pedal keys in an organ are acted on by the
feei.^L,. pedd/iSy belonging to the foot.—
h.ped'y stem ol piSy foot.+A. S,fdt, foot.
See Foot.
Pedant. .(F.-Ital.-Gk.?) M.F.
pedant,^\\s\. pedante, 'a pedante, or a
schoolmaster, the same as pedagogo ; '
Florio. The suffix -ante is a pres. partici-
pial form ; the stem ped- is prob. the same
as in \\sX. pedagogo y and therefore due to
379
PEDDLE
Gk.iraidcvciv (whence aLat. form ^pacddre),
to instract; see Pedagogue.
P6ddle» to deal in small wares. (£.?)
Coined from the sb. pedlar, later form of
peddar\ see Pedlar.
Pedestal. (Span.— Ital.— L. and G.)
Span, pedestal, 'the base of a pillar/
Minsheu ; borrowed from IX2X. piedestallo,
'a footstall or treshall [threshold] of a
door ; ' Florio. Lit. * foot-support.* Com-
pounded as if from L. pedem, ace. of pes,
a foot ; and O. H. G. stal (G. stall), a
stall ; see Stall.
pedestrian. (L.) Properly an adj.;
from L. pedestri-, decl. stem, of pedester,
one who goes on foot. For *pedit'tr- ;
from pedit-j stem of pedes, one who goes
on foot ; with snffix -ter (Idg. -ter), PSl-it-
is from ped; stem of pes, foot; and tt-um,
supine of tre, to go. Brugm. ii. $ 123.
pedicel, pedicle, the foot-stalk of
fruit. (F.— L.) I'eduel is from mod. F.
p4dicelle ; but pedicle (older and better)
from M. Y.pedicule, a leaf-stalk; Cot — L.
pediculus^ little foot, foot-stalk, pedicle;
double dimin. of ped-, stem of pes, foot.
pedigree. (F.— L.) Old spellings
peaegree (1627) ; pedigrew (1570) ; pety^
grewe (1530). Also, in Prompt Parv.
(1440) pedegru, P^ty£X^i with slight varia-
tions, explained by ' lyne of kynrede and
awncetrye, Stemma, in scalis^ Also
peedegrue, Lydgate (1426; in Polit. Poems,
ii. 138). A. F. pee de grue^ foot of a
crane; from a three-line mark (like the
broad arrow) used in denoting succession
in pedigrees.— L./A]i?m, ace. of pes, foot ;
de, of; gruem, ace. of grus, a crane, cog-
nate with £. Crane.
front of a building. (Ital. — L.) Better
pedament. From l\a\.pedamento, a basis,
foundation, ground-work ; also, a prop
for vines (Torriano).->L. peddmentum, a
stake or prop, with which vines are sup-
ported. The sense seems to be due to the
allied word peddtUra, a prop, also (in
Late L.) a space, site ; since a pediment
does, in fact, enclose a space which often
supports sculpture on its base. History
obscure. Form of the word from L^peddre,
to prop; from ped-, stem of pes , a foot.
Pedlar, Pedler, Pedoler, a dealer
in small wares. (E. ?) The old word was
usu&\lypeddare,pedder,a.msin who hawked
about hsh in baskets called peds, or oc-
casionally pads. See Pedde in Prompt.
PEER
Parv. ; Norfolk ped (Forby) ; Lowl. So.
peddir, a pedlar (JamiesonS. The orig.
sense of ped vf as prob. 'bag, and the word
may be related to pad. See Padlock.
Pedobaptisniy infant baptism. (Gk.)
From Gk. ireuSo-, for vaii, a boy; and
bcMisnu Cf. Pedagogue.
Peel (i)> to strip off skin. (F.— L.)
FromF./^/<fr,to*unskin'; Cot (Cf M.
Ital. pellare, * to unskin ; * Florio).— O. F.
pel, skin, "h.pellem, ace. of pellis, a skin.
See Fell (2). % Confused with Y.piller ;
see below.
Peel (2), to pillage. (F.— L.) In Milton,
P. R. iv. 136. Distinct from peel, to strip ;
another spelling of pill; see Pill (2).
Peel (3), a fire-shovel. (F.—L.) Once
a conmion word.— O. Y. pele (Littr^), F.
pelle, a fire-shovel.— L. pdla\ see Pa-
lette.
Peel (4), a small castle. (F. •* L.) M. £.
pil, a small castle, orig. a stockade or
wooden fortress. — O. F. pel (also pal), a
stake.— L. pdlum, ace. of pdlus, a stake.
See Pale (i).
OP (i), to chirp, cry like a chicken.
(F. — L) M. E. pipen, — O. F. piper, also
pepier, to chirp as a bird. — L. pipdre,
Ptpire, to chirp. See Pipe (i) and Peep
Peep (2), to look through a narrow
aperture. (F.—L.) Palsgrave has: *I
peke or prie, le pipe hors\ ' i. e. I peep
out. Thus peep is directly from F. piper,
lit. to pipe, but also used in the sense to
peep. [It arose from the exclamation
pipe ! (Du. dial, piep !, Molema), made
by a hider in the game oi peep-bo, bo-peep,
or hide-and-seek ; cf. Da. dial, piepen, (i)
pediment, an ornament finishing the --to ssiy piep! (2) to peep out.j Cot
gives F. piper ^ * to whistle, chirp like a
bird, cousen, deceive, cheat, beguile;'
pipie, * the peeping or chirping of small
birds, counterfeited by a bird-catcher, also
a counterfeit shew;* pipe, 'a bird-call.*
The F. piper is from L. pipdre, pipire, to
chirp ; see Pipe.
Peer (i), an equal. (F. — L.) The
tYitlye peers of France were of equal rank.
M. E. pere, per, — O. F. per, peer, later
pair J a peer ; or as adj., equal. — L./ar^xr/,
ace. of par, equal. See Par. Der, peer-
less.
Peer (2), to look narrowly, pry. (E.?)
M. E. piren, E. Fries, piren, Westphal.
piren^ Low G. piren ^ to look closely. Cf.
also pliren, to peer, orig. to draw the eye-
380
PEER
lids together, so as to look closely ; Swed.
plira, Dan. pliriy to blink.
Peer (3), to appear. (F.— L.) Short
for appear, just as M. 'E,peren is short for
apperen ; see Appear.
Peerish, fretful, whimpering. (E.)
M.E. peuiseh, peyuesshe) also peoych^
pevage^ uncouth, perverse (G. Douglas).
The leading idea seems to be ' whining/
' making a plaintive cry.' Cf. Dan. dial.
piave, to whine ; Lowl. Sc. peu, to make
a plaintive noise, £. pew- mpewet, a bird ;
Low G. pauefif to whimper. See Fewet.
Of imitative origin. For the suffix, cf.
thiev-ish, mep-ish.
Peewit ; see Fewet.
Peg, a wooden pin. (E.) M. H.pegge*
Cf. Du. and Low G. pegel^ a measure of
liquid capacity, such as was marked by
pegs in a ' peg-tankard.' Apparently
allied to Dan. pig, Swed. pigg, a spike ;
W. pig, a peak, point ; Com. peg, a
prick ; see Feak.
Peise, Peise, to weigh. (F.-L.)
l/i.^.pasen; A. F./m^, to weigh ; O.F.
poiser ; see Foise, which is a doublet.
Peitrel ; see Foitrel.
Pelf, lacre, booty. (F.) yi,Y.,pe^yr,
pelfrey, 'spolium ;' Prompt. Parv.— O. F.
pelfre, booty, spoil ; allied to peifrer, to
pilfer. See Korting, §3231. Der . pilfer.
Pelican. (F.-U-Gk.) Y. pelican,
—L. pelic&nus, pelecOftus.^Gk. ircXc/miv,
vcXciMw, wood-pecker, also a water-bird.
Named from its large bill, as the wood-
pecker was named from its pecking. — Gk.
ircXcmia;, I hew with an ax, peck.«»Gk.
viXfinn, an ax.^Skt, parafu^, an ax.
Pelisee, a silk habit. (F.-L.) For-
merly a furred robe. ^F, pelisse, pelice, * a
skin of fur;' Cot.^L. pellicea, fem. of
pelliceus, made of skins.— L. pellis, a
skin.
pell, a skin. (F.~L.) M.E. pell,
pet^O, F. pel (F. peau), — L. pellem, ace.
oi pellis, a skin. See Fell (a).
Pellet, a little ball. (F.^-L.) M.E.
pelet. — O. F. pelote, a tennis-ball. Dimin.
from L. pila, a ball.
Pellicle, a thin film. (F.-L.) F.
pellicule, - L. pellicula, a small skin ;
dimin. o{ pellis, a skin. See pell.
Pellitory (i). Paritory, a wild
flower that grows on walls. (F. — L.)
Pellitory is for pariiory, M . E. parit&rie,
-M. F. paritoire, * pellitoiy ; ' Cot. - L.
parietdria, pellitory ; fem. oi parietdrius,
PENANCE
belonging to walls. -^L. pariet-, stem of
parifSt a wall.
Pellitory (2), the plant pyrethrum.
(Span.— L.— Gk.) Span, pelitre [Ital.
pilatro] . •- L. pyrethrum, — Gk. ir^p§9pw, a
hot spicy plant. -^Gk. vvp, fire.
Pell-mell, confusedly. (F.-L.) O.F.
pesle-mesle, * pell-mell, confusedly ; ' Cot,
Spelt pellemelle in the Xlllth cent. (mod.
F. pile-mile) . [Apparently understood to
mean * stirred up with a fire-shovel.* — F.
pelle, a fire-shovel ; O. F. mesler, to mix
up ; see Feel (3) above, and Medley.]
But orig. only a reduplicated form of
mesle, as mesle-mesle and melle-melle also
occur. See Korting, \ 5336.
Pellucid. (F.-L.) ¥. pelhicide,^
L. pelliicidus, perlikidus, transparent. --iL.
per\ and /»r{V/f#j, lucid. See Iiucid.
Pelt (I), to throw, cast. (L.) M.E.
pelten, also piUen, pulten, to thrust, cast.
The forms pilten, pulten^ answer to an
A. S. form *pyltan.^'L, pultdre^ to beat,
strike, knock. Pultdre {).\!iiit pulsdre) is a
derivative oi pellere, to drive. See Ful-
sate.
Pelt (2), a skin, esp. of a sheep. (F.—
L.) M. E,pell, a shortened form oi peltry,
sVins, peltry-ware, dealing in skins. —O.F.
pelleterie, the trade of a skinner. — O.F.
pelletier, a skinner. Formed (like bijou-
tier, with suffix -tier^lu, -^drius) from
O. Y,pel, a skin.— L./^/Zm', a skin. See
Fell. % G. pelz, O. H. G,pelliz, answers
to E. pelisse; flee Pelisse.
Pelvilf the bony cavity in the lower
part of the abdomen. (L.) I^peluis, a
basin, hence the pelvis.
Penunican, a preparation of dried
meat. Of N. American Indian origin.
Pen (i)} an instrument for writing.
(F. — L.) O.F. penne. — L. penna, a fea-
ther ; O.ls.pesna (for *petna or *petsna).
Brugm. i. % 762 (2). From VPET, to
fly. See Feather.
Pen (2), to shut up. (L.) MJL.pennen,
A.S.pennian, only in the comp,on-pennian,
to un-pen, unfasten. Pennian is properly
to fasten with a pin or peg ; cf. Low G.
pennen, to bolt a door, from penn^ a pin
or peg; see Fin. Note E. Fries. /*wf^,
penn, pinne, pin, a peg, a pin.
Penal. (F. -L. - Gk.) M. F. penal,
' penall ; ' CoX,^la> pctnalis, belonging to
punishment. — L. poena, punishment. — Gk.
voivii, penalty. See Fain.
penance. (F. - L. - Gk.) O. F.
381
PENCIL
PENTECOST
penance, older (orm peneance.^l.* pant-
teniiay penitence. • L. patnitent-, stem of
pres. pt. oi pceniHre^ to canse to repent.
See Penitent.
Pancliaiity a strong inclination, bias
(in favour of). (F, — L.) F. penchant^ sb. ;
orig. pres. pt. of pencher, to lean, lean
towards. — I^te L. type *pendicare\ from
\j^ndire^ to hang.
Pencil. (F. — L.) The old sense was
a small hair-bmsh for painting. —M. F.
pincel, later pinceau, * a pensill, brush ; '
Cot, ^L. pened//uSt a small tail, painter's
brush ; dimin. of pinicultis, which is a
double dimin, oipinis, a tail. For *pes'
nis\ cf. Skt. pasa{s)j Gk. ircof ; Brngm. i.
§877.
Pendant, anything hanging, a hang-
ing ornament. (F. — L.) F. pendant, a
pendant — F./^/^/f/, pres. pt. cApendre,
to Yizn^.^V., pendire, to hang; allied to
pendere^ to weigh. Cf. Gk. 0(^wVivt\, a
sling. (VSPHEND, SPHED.) Der.
pend-ent, hanging. Latinised form of F.
pendant ; pend-ing^ Anglicised form of F.
pendant, during.
pendulous. (L.) For L. pendulus,
hsLtiging. -^L. pendire, to hang.
pendnlun. (L.) L. pendulum, neut.
of adj. pendulus (above).
Penetrate. (L.) From pp. of L.
penetrdre, to pierce into. Compounded of
pene-, base oi penes, with, peni-tus, within,
with which cf. penus, the inner part of a
sanctuary ; and -trdre (as in in-trdre), to
pass over, allied to Skt. tara-, a crossing.
Pengain, Pingnin, a bird. (Un-
known.) In a tract printed in 1588, we
read that Sir F. Drake gave a certain
island the name of Penguin Island in
1587, from the penguins found there.
Selden (16 13) derived it from W. pen
gwyn, i.e. white head. In that case, it
must first have been given to another bird,
such as the auk (the pufHn is common in
Anglesey), since the penguin's head is
black.
Peninsula. (L.) L. peninsula, a
piece of land nearly an island. — L. pine,
pane, almost ; insula, an island. So also
pen-ultimate, almost the last, last but one;
pen-umbra, partial shadow.
Penitent. (F.-L.-Gk.) 0,Y. peni-
tent. — L. panitent', stem of pres. pt. of
panitire, to cause to repent, derivative of
pantre « punire, to punish. — L. pcetia,
penalty. — Gk. rtoiv^, penalty ; see Pain.
38
PennoAf Pennant. (F.— L.) M.E«
penon, penoun. ■> M. F. pennon, * a flag,
streamer ; also the feather of an arrow ; '
Cot. .■ L. pennoj wing, feather (hence a
plume, standard). See Fen (i).
Penny. (E-) W.'E.pem;pl,penies,
contracted form pens (whence mod. £•
penee), A. S. pening; penning, a penny;
later fenig, whence M. £. peni. By-form
pending (Thorpe, Diplomatarinm, p. 471);
as if formed with E. sufiix -ing horn, the
base *pand. p. This base is usually
identified with T>u.pand, a pawn, pledge,
Q.pfand, O.H,G.p/ant; see Fawn (i)
above. In this case, the lit. sense may have
been ' little pledge,' i. e. a token, coin.^-
Du. penning, Icel. penningr, Dan. Swed,
penning; G, pfennig, O.H.G. pAantinc,
pkentinc, dimin. oipjfant,
Penny-royaly a herb. (F.-L.) A
popular form of the old nsLmepulial royal.
Cotgrave translates M. Y^puUge by * penny
royall, pnliall royall' ; from Late 'Lupule-
gium. The above old name is due to L.
paliium rigium, a name given to the
plant from its supposed efficacy against
fleas (cf. E. flea-bane). From L. pulex,
a flea; regius, royal. . See Face and
Boyal.
Pensile, suspended. (F.— L.) M.F.
pensil ; Cot. -• L. fensilis, pendent ; from
* pens-US, unused pp. oi pendere, to hang.
pension. (F.-L.) F. pension. '--L.
pensidnem, ace. oipensio, a payment. * L.
pensus, pp. of pendere, to weigh, weigh
out money, pay.
pensive. (F. - L.) M. E. pensif, -
F. pensif, thoughtful. — F. penser, to think.
^\j, pens&re, to weigh, ponder; frequent.
oi pendere, to weigh.
f ent| ioT penned, pp. of Fen (2), q.v.
Pentagon, a plane five-sided figure.
( F. — L. — Gk. ) F. pentagtme. — L. penta-
g&nus, adj., pentagonal. *Gk. rrwr&yojvos^
pentagonal ; neut. trtvr&ywov, a pentagon.
— Gk. vwrlk-, for rttvrl, five ; ycjvla, an
angle, from y6vv, a knee ; see Knee.
And see Five.
pentameter, a verse of five metres.
(L. — Gk.) L. pentameter, ^Gk. wtvrd-
fi^Tpos. — Gk. vtvrd-, for vtvri, five; fci-
Tpov, a metre.
pentatencll, the five books of Moses.
(L. — Gk. ) L. pentateuchus, — Gk. rr^vra-,
five (above) ; r€vx<^i a tool, also a book.
pentecosty Whitsuntide ; orig. a
Jewish festival on the fiftieth day after the
PENTHOUSE
PEaFORM
Passover. (L. — Gk.) L. pentecosti, -» I --L. v^cc, perceptwnem'^'L* perceptus^ pp.
Gk. irtmficoaTff, Pentecost, Acts ii. i ; oipercipere ; see above.
fem. of ircKTi7«o(rr<}s, fiftieth.— Gk. wcyr^-
Kovra, fifty.
Penthousey a shed projecting from
a building. (F.— L.) Formerly /^n/fV^,
whence it is corrupted. —M.F. apentisy
appentis, 'a penthouse;* Cot.— L. ap-
pendiciuMy an appendage, allied to appen-
dix (the same).— L. ap- (ad), to ; pender^f
to hang.*
Pentroof ff a roof with a slope on one
side only. (F.— L. ; and £.) This has
affected the sense of penthousCy though
they mean quite different things. Here
peni is from F. penie^ a slope, formed
from F. pendre, to \isng,^lj. pendere, to
hang.
Peniiltiiiiatey Pemuntea; see
Feninsuls.
Penury, want. (F. - L.) M. Y.penurie.
^lj,pinuriay want, need. Cf. Gk. ircmi,
hunger.
Peony, PeBony, a flower. (F.-L.-
Ok.) Altered to suit the Lat. spelling.
M. E. pione, — O. F. pione (F. phmne). —
L. paifnia, medicinal, from its supposed
virtues; fern, of Paanius, belonging to
Pam, its supposed discoverer. — Gk. vcuftH
poeony; from Ualcav, Paeon. See
VM.
People. (F.-L.) U.E,pgcplg,paeple.
^K,Y, peophy pipU\ 0,Y. pueph\ F.
peuple, ^Ij, populum, ace. of populus,
people.
Pepper. (L.-Gk.-Skt.) K,S,pipor,
-L. /i>rr.-Gk. Wirfpi. -Skt. pippaliy
(i) fruit of the holy fig-tree, (a) long
pepper; from /f/^/a-, the holy fig-tree.
Irepnney one of the constituents of
gastric juice. (F. - Gk.) Mod. F. pepsine,
— Gk. iritis, digestion ; for *jt€'imiK*p€q'
tiSy related to vhrtw, to cook. (-^PLQ.)
See Oook.
Per-9 prefix, through. (L. ; or F.— L.)
L. per^ through ; whence F. per-, par-y
prefix. Alliea to Gk. ircpc, around ; cf.
also vop(i, beside ; Skt. pardy away, forth,
param^ bevond ; 'E,from.
Peramimlate, to walk about through.
(L.) L. peTy through ; and ambuldtuSy
pp. of amdu/drey to walk about. See
Amble.
Perceive. (F. - L.) O. F. percever.
— L. perciperty to apprehend.— L. pCTy
thoroughly ; caperty to seize.
perception. (F. - L.) F. perception.
Perch (i), a rod for a bird to sit on ;
a measure. (F. — L.) F. perche, — L. per-
tica, a rod, bar.
Perch (a), a fish. (F.-L.-Gk.) F.
perche^'^lL perca.^G'k, w4picri, a perch;
from the dark marks. — Gk. vipKos, irtpxySsy
spotted, blackish; cf. Skt, prfni-, spotted,
pied, sprCy to sprinkle.
Percolate. (L.) Frompp. ofL./^-
coldroy to filter through. — L. per^ through ;
coldre, to filter. See Colander.
Percussion. (L.) From L,.percussiOy
a striking, '^h, percussuSy pp. oipercuterey
to strike. See Quash. Der. re-percussion»
Perdition. (F. — L.) Y.perditioft,^
L. ace. perditidneMy utter loss. — L. per-
ditusy pp. oi perdere, to lose.— L. pery
thoroughly ; -^erey to put, place, repre-
senting Idg. *dh9y weak form of ^DH£,
to place ; cf. Do.
Peregrination. (F.-L.) u.¥,pere-
grination.^'L, peregrtndtidnemy ace. of
peregrindtiOy a wandering. — L. peregrt-
ndtusy pp. oi peregrindrty to travel. — L.
peregrinuSy foreign, adj. ixoxa peregrt y per &-
gre, adv., abroad ; cf. peregery a traveller.
From L. per-y which is either = L. per,
through, or is related to A. S. feor, far ;
and agery land, field. See Aore and
Pilgrim.
Pereniptory,decisive. (F.— L.) M.F.
perempioire. — \j,perefnpt9riuSy destructive,
decisive. — L. /^(f»///^ a destroyer. — L.
peremptuSy pp. oi per-imerey to take away
entirely, destroy.— L. pery utterly; emere^
to take. See Szempt.
Perennial. (L.) Coined from la, per-
enni'Sy everlasting ; lit. lasting throughout
the year. — I^pery through ; annusy a year.
See Annual.
Perfect. (F.-L.) U.F„perfityparJU,
-O.F. parfity parfeit (F. parfait),^!.,
perfectuSy pp. of perficerey to complete. —
L. pery thoroughly ; facerey to make. See
Fact.
Perfidions. (L.) Yromls.perfidiffsuSy
treacherous. — L. perfidiay treachery.— L.
perfidusy treacherous.- L. pery away (cf.
Skt pardy firom) ; fideSy faith. See Faith.
Perfoliate. (L.) Coined from L./^r,
through ; foliumy a leaf. See Foil (a).
Perforate. (L.) From pp. of L./^r-
forarey to bore through ; where fordre is
cognate with £. Bore.
Perform, to achieve. (F. — O. H. G. ;
383
PERFUME
PERK
with L. prefix.) Corrnpted from M. £.
parfoumen^ \aXxx parfourmen, — O. F. par-
fournir, * to perform ; * Cot. — L. per, tho-
roaghly ; and O. F. faumir^ to famish,
provide ; see Famiiii.
PerAuue, vb. (K.-L.) V.parfumer,
to perfnme, lit. to smoke thoroughly, i-
L. per^ thoroughly ; fUmdre, to smoke,
irovx/umus, smoke; see Fame.
Perfunctory. (L.) L. perfunctdrius,
carelessly done. * L. peifunctus^ pp. oiper-
fungty to perform fally, get through with.
^h.peTf thoroughly; /ungt, to perform;
see Funotion.
Perhaps. (L. and Scand.) A clumsy
hybrid compound. — L. per, by (as in per-
chance, where per is, strictly, F. par) ;
haps, pi. of hap, chance.
Pen, a fairy. (Pers.) Pers. part^ a
winged spirit. Lit. * winged ; ' from Pers.
par^ SL wing, feather, Zend paiara-^ a wing.
SeeFaather. (VPET.) Brugm.ii. $ 150.
Perip, prefix, round. (Gk.) Gk. wtpi,
around, about.'^Skt. pari, round about.
Allied to per-, prefix.
PericardilUly the sac surrounding
the heart. (L.— Gk.) V,, pericardium.'^
Gk. irc/>(/r<ip8coy. — Gk. vc^m, around ; icap-
8{a, the heart ; see Heart
Pericarp, a seed-vesseL (Gk.) Gk.
wtptKdpmov, shell of fruit — Gk. tr^,
around ; Kapw6s, fruit ; see Harvest.
Pericranium, the membrane that
surrounds the skull. (L.— Gk.) Late L.
pericranium, — Gk. wtpnepAyiav^ neut. of
wtpiiepdyios. surrounding the skull. *Gk.
wtpl, round ; Kpaylor^ skuU.
Perigee, point of the moon*s orbit
nearest the earth. (Gk.) From Gk. ircpc,
about, here * near * ; yij, earth. See Geo-
graphy.
Perihelion, the point of a planet's
orbit nearest the sun. (Gk.) Gk. ir€pi,
round, near ; i)Xior, the sun. See Heliacal.
Peril, danger. (F.-L.) U. ¥. peril. "
L. pertc/um, periculum, danger, lit. ' a
trial.*— L./^irf, to try ; an ol^lete verb,
of which the pp. perltus is common.
Allied to Gk. rcipa, an attempt; and
ultimately to E. fare ; see Fare. Cf.
E. fear ; G. gefahr, peril. (VPER-)
Der. peril-ous.
Perimeter, lit 'the measure all
roand.' (L.-Gk.) L,. perimetras.^Gk.
vfpifurpqs. ^ Gk. vtpi, round; lUrpov, a
measure. See Metre.
Period, time of a circuit, epoch, perfect
sentence. (F.— L.— Gk.) M.Y.periode,tL
perfect sentence. — L. periodus. ^ Gk. w^fk-
o8or, a going round, circuit, complete sen-
tence. «Gk. vc/M, round ; dSos, a wav ; see
BxoduB. f The sense of ' circuit is di-
rectly from Gk.
Peripatetic, a walking about (L.-
Gk.) 'L.peripateticus. — Gk. irt^iia'njTuc6sy
given to walking about, esp. while dis-
puting; a name given to followers of
Aristotle. — Gk. nt/nwariwf I walk about.
— Gk. trcpi, about; varica, I walk, from
wdrof, a path.
Periphery, circumference. (L. — Gk.)
Xj.periferta, peripheria.'^GV.. v€puf>4p€ta,
the circumference of a circle.— Gk. ircp/,
around ; <^4pHVf to carry, cognate vrith £.
Bear, vb.
Periphrasis. (L.-Gk.) L. peri-
phrasis. ^Gk. ir€pi<l>pafftt, circumlocution.
Gk. trcpc, around ; <ppd(fiv, to declare, ex-
press. See Phrase.
Perish. (F. — L.) M.E. perischen.^
O. F. periss', stem of pres. pt. ofperir, to
perish. «L. perfre, to come to naught,
perish. «L. per-f used with a destructive
force (like £. for- in far-do) ; and ire,
to go.
Periwig, a peruke. (F. — Ital. — L.)
Formerly perwigge, perwicke (Minsheu).
This is a corrnpted form, used in place of
peruke. — F. perruque ; see Fermque.
Periwinkle ( I )» a plant (L.) Formed,
with suffixed -le and inserted t, from M. £.
pervenke, a periwinkle ; A. S. peruince. —
L.peruinca, a periwinkle ; also called uinca
peruinca, a name doubtless orig. given to
some twining plant. — L. per, through,
thoroughly; uincire, to bmd, allied to
Withy.
Periwinkle (3), a small univalve
mollusc. (Gk. and E.) A corrupt form,
due to confusion with the word above.
The better name is simply winkle ; see
Winkle. Also found as pennywinkle\
HalUwell.
Peijnre. (F.-L) Y.patyurer.^l..
periurare, to forswear. — L. per, in the
sense of *■ beyond, against ' ; iHrdre, to
swear. See Jury.
Perk, to make smart or trim. (F.— L.)
[Cf. W. perCy compact, trim ; percu, to
smarten, trim ; percus, smart ; all prob.
from E.] M. £. perken, used of birds, to
trim their feathers. Cf. prov. E. perk up,
to recover from illness. All prob. from
I M. lE^perkCy a perch (on which a bird sits
384
PERMANENT
up). — North F. perque^ perke, for F,
percke; see Perch (i). Cf. Walloon
pierke, a perch ; and F. Hre ptrchi sur, to
be conceited of (like E. perky). Perhaps
associated with Feirt.
PemianeBt. (F.-L.) Y, permanent.
— L. permanent'^ stem of pres. pt. oiper^
manire^ to endure, lit. abide through. -*L.
peTy through ; tnanire, to remain* See
Mansion.
Permeatey to pervade, pass through
small openings. (L.) From pp. of L./^r-
tnedre, to pass through. — L. per, through ;
medre, to pass, go. See fwrros in Prell-
witz.
iPermit. CL.) L. permittere (pp. per-
missus), to let pass through, lit. send
through. *L. per, through; miitere, to
send. See Missile. Der. permiss-ion.
Permutation. (F.-L.) Y. permuta-
tion, — L. ace. permiitdtidnem, a changing.
— L. permHtatus, pp. of permOtdre, to
change thoroughly. — L. per, thoroughly ;
mUtdre, to change. See Mutable.
Pernicious, hurtfal. rF.-L.) F.
pemicieux.^'L,pemiciosus, destructive. —
L. pemidis, destruction. —L. per^ tho-
roughly ; nici', for neci'y decl. stem of
nexy slaughter ; see Intemeoine.
Peroration. (F.-L.) M.Y.perora-
tion.^L. perSrdtionemj ace. of perordtio,
the close of a speech.— L./^(^fl/«j, pp.
oiperordre, to complete a speech. — L. per^
through ; ardre, to speak. See Oration.
Perpendicular. (F.-L.) Y.perpen-
diculaire, — L. perpendiculdris, according
to the plumb-line. —L. perpendiculum, a
plummet, for careful measurement. — L.
perpendere, to weigh or measure carefully.
^h. per, thoroughly ; pendere, to weigh.
Perpetrate. (L.) From pp. of L.
perpetr&re, to perform thoroughly. — L.
per, thoroughly ; patr&re, to accomplish.
Perpetual. (F. - L.) M. E. perfntuel.
— M. 1< . perpetuel, — L. perpetudlts, uni-
versal; in later use, permanent.— L. per-
petuus, continuous, constant, perpetual. —
L. perpet; stem oiperpes, lasting through-
out, continuous. — L. per, through ; pet-,
as in pet-ere; to seek. See Petition.
Perplex. (F.-L.) Perplexed,^^.,^2&
first in use. — M. F. perplex, 'perplexed,
intangled ; ' Cot. — 'L.perplexus, entangled,
interwoven. — L. per, thoroughly ; plexus,
entangled, pp. of plectere, to weave ; see
Plait.
Perquisite, a small gain. (L.) Late.
PERSPIRATION
L. perqutsitum, an extra profit above the
yearly rent, arising from fines, waifs, &c. ;
neut. of perquisttus, pp. of perquirere, to
seek after thoroughly. — 'L.per, thoroughly ;
quarere, to seek. See Query.
Perruque. (F. - Ital. - L.) in use in
the 1 6th cent — F. /^m/^M^.- Ital. /^r-
rucca,Ul,ltB\. perucca, * a periwig,' Florio;
also spelt parucca, id. The same as Port.
peruca. Span, peluca, Sardinian pilucca,
orig. a mass of hair, and allied to M. Ital.
piluccare, * to pick or pull out haires or
feathers one by one ; ' Florio. From Ital.
pelo, hair.— L. pilum, ace. oipilus, a hair.
Perry. (F.-L.) M.E.pereye. *Pire-
tum, pereye ;* Vocab. 603. 11. From an
A. F. form (mod. Norman peirf), Cf.
F. poir^, * perry, drink made of pears,*
Cot. ; which is formed with suffix -4 «L.
'dtus, made of) from F. poire, a pear. — L.
pirum, a pear. See Pear.
Persecute. (F.-L.) M,¥.persecuter,
vb. — L. persecutus, pp. of persequt, to
pursue.— L. per, thoroughly; sequi, to
follow. See Sequence.
Persevere. (F.-L.) Formerly /^j/-
ver. — O. F. perseverer, — \j,perseuirdre, to
persist in a thing. — L. ptr, thoroughly;
seuirus, earnest. See Severe.
Persist. (F.-L.) F. persistently,
persistere, to continue, persist.— L. per,
through ; sistere, to stand, orig. causal of
stdre, to stand. See State.
Person. (F.-L.) yi.Y,persone,per-
soune. — O.Y.persone^ F.personne. — 'L.per-
sdna, a mask used by an actor, a person-
age, character played by an actor, a person.
— L. persondre, to sound through ; the
large-mouthed mask of the actor was
named from the voice sounding through it.
— L. per, through ; sondre, to sound, from
sonus, sound. See Bound (3).
Perspective. (F.-L.) Y .perspective,
* the optike art ; * Cot. — L. *perspecttua,iht
art of inspecting ; orig. fem. of *perspectX-
uus, looking through. — L./^rjr^r/;4.r, pp.
of perspicere, to look through. — L. per^
through ; specere, to look. See Species.
perspicacity, keenness of sight. (F.
— L.) F. perspicacity. — L. z.o^.perspic&ci'
t&tem, sharp-sightedness. — L. perspicdci-,
decl. stem oiperspiccuc, sharp-sighted, m L.
per-spicere, to see through (above).
perspicuous, clear. (L.) L. per-
sptcu-us, clear ; with suffix -ous. — L. per-
spicere, to see through (above).
Perspiration, a sweating. (F.-L.)
385
PERSUADE
PETITION
Y.perspiratum.mmlaX'i L. ace *perspira'
tidnentf lit. a breathing throogh. — L. per-
sfirdre, to breathe throng^ — L. per,
tnroagh ; spTrdre, to breathe. See Spirit.
Persuade. (F.-L.) ¥. persuader.^
L. persuSdire, to advise thoronghljry sac-
ceed in advising. «-L. per, thoroughly ;
suSdire, to persnade. See Suasion.
Pert, saucy. (F.— L.) M.E. pert,
shortened form of apert, formerly used in
the same sense. See Malapert.
Pertain. (F.— L.) Vi.Y..parteneH.^
O. F. partenir.^Vt. pertin!re, to extend
through to, belong.— L. per^ thoroughly;
tenere, to hold, hold to. See Ten-
able.
pertinaci^. (F. - L.) Y.pertinaciU
(i6th cent.). Coined, with suHix -//<L.
'tdtem, from "L, periindci-y decL stem of
/«^{'»Ar, very tenacious. — L,.per, thorough ;
(enaXy tenacious, from tenire^ to hold.
pertineilt. (F. — L.) Y.perlinent.^
h, pertinent', stem of pres. pt. oipertinire,
to belong to, relate to ; see Pertain.
Pertiurb. (F L.) l/i.¥.perturber;
Cot. — L.perturddre, to disturb thoroughly.
— L./^r, thoroughly; turbdre, to disturb.
See Turbid.
Peruke ; see Ferruaue.
Peruse. (F.— L.) The orig. sense was
'to use up/ to go through thoroughly;
hence to examine thoroughly or all over,
to survey ; the only difficulty in the word
is in its change of sense. From per,
thoroughly ; and use, q. v. Cf. O. F.
paruser sa zne, to live out his life.
Pervade. (L.) L. peruadere, to go
through. --L. per, through ; uddere, to go.
See Evade, "Wade.
Pervert. (F.-L.) ¥,pervertir.^L,
peruertere, to overturn, ruin, corrupt,
pervert. — L. per, wholly ; uertere, to turn.
See Verge. Der. perverse, from pp. per-
uersus,
Pervicacious, wilful. (L.) Coined
from L,.peruicdci-, decl. stem olperuicax,
wilful ; allied io peruicus, stubborn. Per-
haps from per, through ; and utc-, weak
gcade of ulC', as in utc-t, pt. t. of uincere,
to conquer. See Victor.
Pervious, penetrable. (L.) L.perui-us,
passable; with suffix -ous. — L. per,
through : m'a, a way. See Viaduct
Pessimist, one who complains that
all is for the worst. (L.) Coined from L.
pessim-tts, worst ; a superl. perhaps con-
nected with piior, worse. Brugm. ii. § 73.
(F. - L.) F. peste. - L. pestem,
ace of pestis, a plague.
Pester. (F.— L.) Formerly to encum-
ber, clog; and short for impester.^Vi. F.
empestrer, ' to pester, intangle, incumber ; *
Cot (F. empitrer.) Orig. < to hobble a
horse at pastiiie.'«-Late L. im- {in), on,
npon ; pastffrium, a clog for a horse at
pasture, from pastus, pp. of pascere, to
feed. See Pastor.
PestiflnrOUS. (L.) l^pestifer-us, or
pestifer, plague-bringing; with suffix -ous,
— L. pesti'S, plague ; ferre, to bring.
See Pest and Be«r (i).
pestilent. (F.-L.) F. pestilent.'^
L. pestilent-, stem of pestilens, hurtlu]';
formed as if from a verb ^pestiUre, from
pestilis, pestilential, i- L. pesti-, decl. stem
oi pestis, a plague (above).
Pestle. (F.-L.) M.E. /«/<?/. -O.F.
pestel, \zXct pesteil (Cot.).-"L. pistillum,
a small pestle. See Pistil.
Pet (i), a tame animal, a child treated
fondly. (Unknown.) Formerly/^a/. [Cf.
Irish peai, sb.y a pet ; adj., petted ; Gael.
peata^ a pet, a tame animal; borrowed
from E.] The word is prob. of F. origin ;
but has not been traced. Perhaps from
O. F. petiy short for petit, small ; see
Petty. And wtpetiot^ dear little child,
in Godefroy.
uet (2),z.fit of peevishness. (Unknown.)
We also find pettish, capricious, i.e. like
a pet or spoilt child ; see above. Hence
the phr. * to take pet' or * to take the/f/,*
i. e. to act like a spoilt child ; and finally
pet, sb., a 6t of wilfulness.
PetflkL (Gk.) Gk.vcraXov, a leaf (hence
petal of a flower) ; neut. of WtoXo?, spread
out, flat; from the base wtr-, as in ircr-
6wvfu, I spread.-fL. patulus, spreading;
from patere, to spread. (-^PET.)
Petardf an explosive war-engine. (F. —
L.) M. F. petard, petard, * a petard or pe-
tarre;' Cot. Lit. 'explosive.* Formed
with suffix -art ( = G. hart, hard, common
as a suffix) from M. ¥. peter, to break wind.
, — Y,pet, a breaking wind, slight explosion.
— L. piditumy neut. of piditus, pp. of
pSdere (for *pezdere)y to break wind. See
Brugm. i. § 857.
Petiole^ footstalk of a leaf. F.-L.)
F. petiole. ^l^* petiolunty ace. oi petiolus,
little stalk.
Petition. (F.-L.) yi,Y .petitim\ Cot.
— L. ace. petitiSneniy from petitio, a suit.
. — L, petTtuSy pp. oi petere, to attack, to
386
PETREL
PHARISEE
beseech, ask ; orig. to fall on. Allied to E.
Feather. (VPET.) See Bnigm. i. § 560.
Petrel, a bird. (F.-G.-L.-Gk.)
YormeiXypetereL — Y ,pitrel^petirel\ fonxied
as a dimin. of Pitrey i.e. Peter, and the
allusion is to the action of the bird, which
seems, like St. Peter, to walk on the sea.
The F. form of Peter is Pierre ; Pitre is
for G. Peter^ Peter ; cf. the G. name for
the bird, viz. Petersvogel ( = Peter's-fowl,
Peter's- bird). — L. /fe/r//j. — Gk. vtrpoSf a
$tone, Peter (John i. 43).
petrify, to turn into stone. (F. — Gk.
andL.) M. F. petrifier\ as if from a L
*petrificdre^ not used. — L. peiri-y for peira^
a rocic ; -Jicdre, ior facere, to make. The
L. petra is borrowed from Gk. wirpa, a
rock ; cf. nirpos, a stone.
petroleimi, rock-oil. (L. — Gk.)
Coined from L. petr-a, rock ; oUum^ oil. —
Gk. virpa^ rock ; IXaioi^, oil ; see Oil.
Fetronel, a horse-pistol. (F. — Span.—
L.) M. F.petrtna/f * a petronell, or horse-
man's piece;' Cot. Said to have been
invented in the Pyrenees; and almost
certainly derived from Span, petrinay a belt,
a girdle (so ihatpetrina/ would orig. mean
what was attached to the belt}. Allied to
Span, petraly a poitrel ; and named from
going round the breast. — L. pectar- (for
*pectos)y stem oi pectus, the breast. See
Feotoral.
Petty, small. (F.-C?) M.E. petit.''
F. petit, small. Cf. O. Ital. pitetto, small.
Perhaps allied to piece, from a Gaulish
base pett' (Celtic *qett') ; cf. Bret, pez,
a piece ; Vf.petA, a |Mirt ; Irish cuid, O. Ir.
cuity a part, share. See Korting, § 6101 ;
Stokes (s. V. ^etti). Der. petti-foggery
whereyijQfrr is equivalent to M,lhi,/ocJ^erj
*a menopole or an engrosser of wares
and commodities,* Hexham ; focker being
prob. a corruption of the surname Fugger,
Englished t&fogger (N. E. D.\
Petulant. (L.) I^. petulant-y stem of
petulansy forward, pert, ready to attack. —
l.^peterey to attack. See Petition.
Pew. (F.-L.-Gk.) y[.E,peWypue.
— A. F. puty a platform (Liber Albus) ;
O. F. pHty an elevated space; puicy an
open gallery with rails (hence applied to
an enclosed space or to a raised desk to
kneel at).— L./MrfMm, a balcony, esp. near
.the arena, where distinguished persons sat.
(So E. pew meant a place for distinguished
persons in church.) — Gk. v&^Wy which
came to mean a foot-stool, gallery to sit
in, 8cc. ; lit. * little foot.' - Gk. #o«-,
for irow, foot. See Foot. % Cf. M. Du.
puye, 'a pue,' Hexham; borrowed from
O. ¥,puye,puie.
Pewet, Peewit, the lapwing. (E.)
Also puet (Phillips). Named from its
plaintive cry ; cf. mod. Norman F. pizntj
a pewet ; Lowl. Sc. peu, to make a plain-
tive noise; Westphal. piwit, pJwiky a
pewet. Cf. ¥.. peevish.
Pewter. (F. - Teut. ?) M. E. pewtir.
O. F. pent re t peautrey piantrCy a kind of
metal (Roquefort). Older form peltre,
akin to Span.pe/trCy lial. peitro, pewter.
Diez remarks that the Ital. peitro is be-
lieved to be derived from English, which
he rejects, but only on the ground that
pewter could not become peitro. However,
peitro is probably (like O. Y.peautre)y an
adaptation of the form found in O. F.
*espeltre {espeautre), E. spelter ; see
Spelter.
Pll. Jnitial/4 is distinct from /, and
has the sound of/; it represents the Gk.
<Py almost every word beginning with ph
being of Gk. origin. The only exceptions
zxtpheon {A\sofeon)yphilibegy htXittJillibegy
which is Gaelic, and Pharisu, really of
Hebrew origin, but coming to us through
Greek.
Phaeton, a kind of carriage. (F. — L.
— Gk.) F. phaeton ; occurring a.d. i 723.
— L. Phcuthon. — Gk. ^aiBwify son of
Helios, and driver of the chariot of the
sun ; lit. * shining,* being pres. part, of
^iOtiv, to shine. — Gk. ^dcii^, to shine.
See Fhantcm. See Prellwitz, s. v. ^or.
(VBHA.)
Phalanx. (L. — Gk.) L. phalanx. —
— Gk. <pd\ayi, a battalion. See Flank.
Phantasm ; see below.
Phantom. (F.-L.-Gk.) M. E./a»-
tome. — O. F. fantosme. — L. phantasma
(whence Y. phantasm), ^QV. tpdyracfda, a.
vision, spectre, lit. apparitioo.- Gk. tfav'
rdffiVy to display. — Gk. ^v-, as in <paiv(iv
{ = <pdv'y€tv), to shew, lit. to cause to
shine; whence *<pdvrfjSy one who shews
(as in Upo-^vTTis). — Gk. ^-fiv, to shine.
-f-Skt. dhdy to shine. (VBHA.)
PhariaeOy one of a religious school
among the Jews. (L. ~ Gk. — Heb.) L.
pharisiuSy pharisaus, — Gk. ^piaoToSy
Matt. ix. 1 1, lit. ' one who separates him-
I self.* — Heb. pdrashy to separate.
387
PHARMACY
niarmaey. (F.-L.-Gk.) M.E.
ferntacy, •- O.r. farniacie, \tXer pharm(icie.
^Vi, Pharmacia. ^GV, tpttpficuetia^ know-
ledge of drngs. — Gk. <p&pnaKov^ a drug.
Fharynx. (L.-Gk.) l^ pharynx. m^
Gk. <l>Afwyif the joint opening of the gullet
and wind-pipe, a cleft, a bore ; allied to
tpdpay^^ a chasm. From the root ^p-, to
bore ; see Bore (i^. (VBHAR.)
Phasey FluUilS, an appearance. (L.
— Gk.) Late L. phasis, pL phases. — Gk.
ipdffis, an appearance ; from base ttta-, to
shine; cf. (pd-ot, light. (yBHA.) ^.
The Gk. <f>aats also means * a saying, de-
claration,' in which sense it is connected
with <^fii, I speak, declare, from ^BHAi
to speak. Der. em-phasis,
FneatSaat, a bird. (F.— L.— Gk.)
Formed with excrescent / (after n) from
M. E, /esaun, a pheasant. —O.F.y2iiV/i».
-> L. phdsidnaf a pheasant '; for Phdsidna
auis, Phasian bird. * Gk. <paaiav6sy a
pheasant, lit. Phasian, i. e. coming from
the river Phasis in Colchis.
Pheeie ; see Feese.
Fheniz^ FhQBnix. (L.-Gk.) L.
phcenix.^Gk, <potvi^y a phoenix (Herod,
ii. 73). Perhaps named from its bright
colour, like that produced by the Phani-
cian dye ; see Pliny, bk. x. c. a.
FhenomenoXL, a remarkable appear-
ance. (L. — Gk.) L. phanometton. — Gk.
<f>aiv6fitvw (pi. <l)cuv6fi€va), an appearance,
neut. of pass. part, of <i>alv€iVf to shew
(pass, ifxuvofiatf I appear). See Phantom,
HierophAnt, Syoophant.
Fheony Feon, a barbed arrow-head.
(F.-L.) U,.E./gon, Bk. of St. Alban's.
— O. F. /oene, /ouam, foine^ foisne ;
M,¥. /ouine, *an eele-speare,* Cot. — L.
fuscina^ a trident. See Foin.
FhialfVial. (F.-L.-Gk.) Formerly
fyole, vial^ iHoly altered to phtal in modern
editions of Shakespeare. — M. F. phiole, * a
violl,' Cot. (Mod. Y,fiole,)^l.. phiala,
a>Gk. (pidkrff a broad, fiat, shallow cup or
bowl (applied in F. to a small bottle).
FhilanthropjTy love of mankind.
(L. — Gk. ) L. pht lanthropia. — Gk. <pi\av-
Bpo^laj benevolence. — Gk. <pt\6.v$pu>troi^
loving mankind. — Gk. ^X-, for <pl\osj
friendly^ kind ; 6v9f»titoSy a man.
phuluunttOnic, loving music. (Gk.)
From Gk. ^(x-09, friendly, fond of; and
L. harmani'-a <Gk. apiAoifia, harmony ;
see Hannony.
philippiOi a discourse full of invec-
PHONETIC
tivc. (L. - Gk.) L. Philippicum, pi.
Phiiippica, used to denote the celebrated
orations of Demosthenes against Philip. —
Gk. ^iXinrof , Philip ; lit. ' a lover of
horses.* « Gk. ^ik-Wj fond of; Tmror, a
horse.
philology, study of languages. (L.
— Gk.) L., philohgia.^Gk. ^KoXoyia,
love of discourse, love of literature and
language. <- Gk. 4>i\6Koyoij fond of dis-
course ; also, a student of literature and
language. •- Gk. ^Xo-r, fond of; xSyos^
discourse, from X^yttVf to speak.
philosophy, love of wisdom. (F. -^
L. — Gk.) M. K. philosophU. — F. philo*
Sophie, — L. philosophia. — Gk. ^Xoao^ia,
love of wisdom. *Gk. <fH\6a<Hl>os, loving
knowledge. — Gk. ^'Xo-s, fond of; ffotpos,
skilful, (To^a, skill; see Sophist. Der.
phi/osoph-er, for M. £. philosophre, which
represents F. philosophe, L. phihsophus,
Gk. ^>J>ao<pw,
philtre, a love potion. (F. — L. ~ Gk.)
F. philtre, ^la, philtrum.^OV. <lH\TpWf
a love charm, love potion, drink to make
one love, — Gk. ^X-ov, dear ; -rpw (cf. Idg.
'ter-)j denoting the instrument.
Fhilibeff, a kilt ; see FiUibeg.
Fhlebou>my, blood-letting. (F,-L.
— Gk.) M. F. phlebotomie, — L. phleboto-
mffl. — Gk. tpKifioTOfila, blood-letting, lit.
cutting of a vein. — Gk. <l>k€Bo-j for ^Xc^, a
vein, from ^Xc-civ, to gush ; rofjLSs^ cutting,
from rifUftiVj to cut ; see Tome.
FhlegU, slimy matter in the throat,
sluggishness. (F. — L. — Gk.) The use of
the term was due to the supposed influence
of the * four humours * ; phlegm causing a
sluggish or 'phlegmatic' temperament.—
M. Y , phlegme,^'L.phiegtna.^G)ii.<fi\ifita
(base 0X<7fcoT-), (i) a flame, (2) inflam-
mation, (3) viscous humour, phlegm. —
Gk. ^X^7C(K, to hxan,'^ L. J^-rdre, to
bum; see Flame. Der. phlegmat-ic,
from base ^c7/uir-.
phlox, a flower. (Gk.) It means
' flame,* from its colour. — Gk. ^X^£, flame,
-i Gk, <p>\ky-uv, to bum (above).
Fhooine, belonging to the family of
seals. (L.~Gk.) Yramlj.phoca^ a seal.
— Gk. <pifKfi, a seal. See Prellwitz.
FhcBniz ; see Fhenix.
Fhonetic, representing sounds. (Gk.)
From Gk. ^Ki/rtir^f, belonging to speak-
ing. ^Gk. 0oiv«o;, I produce a sound. «•
Gk. 0«^, a sound; cf. ^i/ft^, I speak.
(VBHA.) "Der, phono-graph^ -fogy, &c.
388
PHOSPHORUS
Phosphonui. (L.~Gk.) L. phos-
phorus, — G. ipwffif^post light-bringing,
i.e. producing light. — Gk. tpSn, light
(»^oof, light), from base ^-, to shine;
-ipopoff bringing, from if>4p€ty, to bring.
(VBHA and VBHER.)
photograplur. (Gk.^ From Gk.
0a)To-, for ^r, light (above) ; and yp&<p€iv,
to write.
Phrase. (F.-L.-Gk.) ¥. phrase.'^
h.phrasemy ace. of phrasis.^Gk. <l>pdais,
a speaking, a speech, phrase. «■ Gk. ^pA(€tv
( = *<^piA-yuv\ tospeak ; cf.^paS^s, shrewd.
Ber. anti-phrasis, meta-phrase, peri-
phrasis ^ para-phrase \ with prefixes anii',
meta-t peri-^ para-.
Phrenology, science of the frmctions
of the mind. (Gk.) From Gk. <p^6-,
for ^ffi\Vy mind ; -Xtr^aj from A^or, a dis-
course, from \4ytiv, to speak.
Phthisis, consumption of the lungs.
(L. — Gk.) L. phthisis. — Gk. <^ioif, con-
sumption, decay. «*Gk. <f>$iyttv, to decay,
wane. Cf. Skt. hshi, to destroy, hshiti',
decay. Der. phthisic, properly an adj.,
from L„phthistcttSf adj., consumptive ; but
used as a sb. ( s L. phthisica passio) , with
the same sense as phthisis ; often called
and spelt tisic.
-Phylacteryi an amulet, amongst the
Jews. (F. - L. - Gk.) M. E. JUaUrie,
Wydif. -O. Y.filaterie (Godefroy) ; Mod.
F. phyUutire, — L. phylacterium, — Gk.
^\wcri)piov^ a preservative; Matt, xxiii.
5. -■ Gk. ^vAarriip, a guardian. ^ Gk.
^vAd(fo'«iK, to guard ; 0t{Aa£, a guard.
Physio. (F. -L. - Gk.) Orig. the heal-
ing art ; hence, medicine. «0. Y.phisique^
science of medicine; also, natural philo-
sophy.—L. physicay natural science. —Gk.
^aiKTif fern, of ^vaixSs, natural, physical.
— Gk. fpiiais, nature, being. i-Gk. <pv-€iy,
to produce. + Skt. M«, to be ; I^. /u-i,
/o-re;E.de, (VBHEU-O T>w. physics;
physic-i-an; &c.
physiognomy, visage, expression of
features. (!•.— L.— Gk.) M.'E.Jistumtief
insnomie,'»0*¥. phisonomie^ later phy-
siognomies a knowledge of a man*s cha-
racter by his features; hence features,
expression. Formed as if from L. *phy-
siognffmia, but due to the longer form
physiogndmonia,^Qt\i, fpvourfywfwyia^ the
art of reading the features; sometimes
^rtHTioyutjfdn. ■■ Gk. <f>vatoy*'^/*o^, adj. Judg-
ingcharacter. — Gk .^vtrco-, for ^v<r(S, nature ;
yrdffMgy, an interpreter ; see Gnomon.
PiCKADILL
physiology* the science of nature.
(F. - L. - Gk.y F. physioicgie ; Cot. - L.
physiologia.'mGk, ipvoioKoyiay an enquiry
into the nature of things. — Gk. <pwno-y for
<f>6<ra, nature; -koyla, from \6yos, a dis-
course, from \4ytty, to speak.
PI-PT.
Piaoular, expiatory. (L.) L. pidcu-
/oris, adj., from pidcuium, an expiation. -•
L. pidre, to propitiate. —L. pius, devout.
See Pious.
Pianoforte, Piano. (Ital.-L.) So
called from producing soft and loud effects.
^liol. pianot soft; forte, strong, loud.—
L. pldnusy level (hence smooth, soft) ;
fortis^ strong ; see Plain and Force.
Piastre. (F. - Ital. - L. - Gk.) F.
piastre, ^Ital. piastra, plate of metal, also
a piastre or coin ; allied to Ital. piastro, a
plaster.— L. entplastrum, a plaster (with
loss of etn-). See Plaster.
Piassa. (Ital.-L.-Gk.) ItzX. piazza,
a market-place, chief street — Folk-L.
*plfUtia\ la, platea, platia \ see Place.
Pibroch, a martial tune. (Gael.— L.)
Gael, piohaireachd, a pipe-tune, tune on
the bagpipe.— Gael. /itfi^aiV, a piper.—
Gael, ptohy a pipe. — £. pipe. See Pipe.
Pica s see Pie (i).
Picaoorf a horseman with a lance, in
bull-fighting. (Span.— L.) Span, picador,
lit. a pricker. — Span, picar, to prick.—
Late L. picare ; see Pick.
Picaninny, a negro or mulatto infant.
(Span.) From peekaneenee, a dimin. (in
Surinam) of Span./fft^^^^, small, allied to
Ital. piccolo, small. Of uncertain origin.
Piccadill ; see Pickadill.
PicOi a small copper coin. (Marathi.)
Hind, and Marathi paisd, a copper coin ;
sometimes rated at four to the anna, or
sixtv-four to the rupee (H. H. Wilson).
Pick, to peck, pierce, also to pluck, &c
(L.) M. E. pikken, pekken, us<xl as equi-
valent words, Ch. C. T., Group B. 4157.
[Cf. Irish pioc, Gael, pioc, to pick, nibble,
pluck, peck; W. pigo, to pick, peck,
prick, choose; Corn, piga, to prick.]
Allied to A. S. pjcan, to peck, from Late
L. pudre, to use a pickaxe, to peck ; pUa,
a pick, pickaxe.— L. pu-^ as in pic-us, a
woodpecker. Cf. Gk. niiK€iv, to shear;
rriHp&i, sharp, bitter. See Pike.
pickadill, piccadill, a piece set
round the edge of a garment, a collar. (F.
389
FICKAX
PIEPOWDER COURT
«-Spau.— L.) Obsolete; but preserved
in Piccadilly t a street in London, named
from a certain hoasCi which was ' a famous
ordinary near St. Jameses * ; see Blount and
Nares. — M.F. piccadilU\ pi. piccadilles,
* the several pieces fastened together about
the brimme of the collar of a doublet ; '
Cot. Formed, with Span, dimin. suffix
'illOi from Span, picado, pp. of picar, to
puncture ; dL Span, picadurat a puncture,
an ornamental gusset in clothes.— Span.
picar, to prick, irompica, a piice (hence a
pricking mstrument) ; a word of Latin
origin ; see Pike.
pickax. (F.~L.) Not an ax at all,
but a corruption of M. £. piJkois^ pikeis, a
mattock. ~0. F. picois^ later picquois^ a
mattock. — O. F. piquer, to pierce, thrust
into. •- F. pict a * pick ' or kind of mattock.
—Late L. pica^ a pickax. Cf. A.S. pic,
a pike ; Bret, pic, a pick ; W. pig, a point,
pike, In&h. pioccUd, a mattock ; see Pike.
pickati a peg for fastening horses, a
small outpost. (F. — L.) ¥, piquet, picquety
a little pickax, a peg thrust in the ground.
Dimin. of F. pic (above).
PicUey a liquid in which substances are
preserved. (L. ?) M.E. pikil, pykyl\
Prompt. Parv. Probably from pickle^ fre-
quent, of pick, in the sense to pick out or
' cleanse ' ; with reference to the gutting
or cleansing of the fish with which the
operation of pickling is begun. We find
M. ^»pykelynge^ 'purgalacio,' derived from
^pykyn, or clensyn, or cuUyn owte the
onclene, purgo,purgulOt segrego ' ; Prompt
Parv. See Pick. B. We also find Du.
pekel, pickle; which some have derived
from the name of the supposed inventor
of pickling, whose name is variously given
as BeukdcTf Bockel^ and Pbkel\ a story
unsupported by evidence.
Picnic. (£.) Found in F. as early as
1740, and in Swedish before 1788; but
borrowed in those languages from English.
Origin obscure. Pic is prob. from pick,
in the sense to nibble ; cf. slang E. peck,
food, peckish, hungry. Nic is for knick, a
trifle; another name for a picnic wasffiV>&*
nock (Foote, Nabob, act i).
Picture. (L.) L./ii:/«rfl, properly the
art of painting.— L./iV/«f, pp. oipingerey
to paint. Allied to Skt pifij^ to dye,
colour ; Gk. ttoutHKm, Bmgm. i. § 701.
Piddlintf, trifling. (Scand.?) From
the vtTh piddle, to trifle (Ascham) ; other
— Swed. dial, pittla, to keep on picking
at; frequent, of Swed. peta, to pick,
poke.
Pie (i)) a magpie; unsorted printer*s
type. (F. — L.) The unsorted type is called
pie, i. e. a jumble ; see pie (3) ; also /<*,
as if short for pica, from the common
use ofpica*type ; see below. The magpie
is M. E. pie, ^ F. pie. — L. pica, a magpie.
Cf. L./f(ffiJ,woodpecker,Skt./^a-, Indian
cuckoo.
pie (3), a book which ordered the
manner of performing divine service. (F. —
L.) Here pie is (as above) a F. form of L.
pica, which was an old name for the
Ordinale ; so called from the confused ap-
pearance of the black-letter type on white
paper, resembling a magpie. Certain sizes
of type are still called /iVa.
pie (3), a pasty. (F. -L.) M,K.pie;
prob. the same word as pie (i) ; from the
miscellaneous nature of its contents. £.
pies seems to be Latinised as ptci, Babees
Book, pt. ii. 36. 5 1 . C f. pie (a) . ^ Gael.
pigke, a pie, is from £.
piebaldy of various colours, in patches.
(F. — L. ; and C.) Compounded of pie, a
magpie, and dald; see Bald. The old
sense of dald, or balVd, is streaked, from
W. bal, having a white streak on the fore-
head, said of a horse. Cf. skew-bald.
Piece. (F.— C.) M. E. pect^ piece,'^
O. F. piece ; F. piice. Cf. Ital. pezza.
Span, pieza, Prov. pessa, pesa. Port, pefa,
a piece. ~ Late L. petia, a piece; cf. L^te
L. petium, a piece of land (a. d. 757). —
Celtic (Gaulish) *petH', a piece, portion,
answering to O. Celtic *qeUi-, the same;
evidenced by O. Irish cuit (Ir. cuid), a
piece, share, W. pelk, a piece, a thing,
Com, peth, Bret, pez, a piece (Thumeysen,
Stokes, Korting). Esp. used of a piece
of land.
piece-meal. (F.- C. ; ««</£.) M. E.
pece-mele, by pieces at a time. The M. £1.
suffix -mele, lit. * by bits,' occurs in other
compounds, and is also spelt -melumx
from A. S. m&lumy dat. pi. of m&ly a por<
tion ; see Meal (2).
Piepowder court, a summary court
of justice formerly held at fairs. (F. — L.)
The E. piepowder represents O. F. pied
pouldre, i. e. dusty foot. The court was
called, in Latin, Curia pedis pulvertsatt^
the court of the dusty foot, from the dusty
feet of the suitors. ■■ F. pied, foot, from L.
forms 9xtpittle (Skinner) ,/tf//i;^(Halliwell). pedem^ ace. of pes ; O. F. pouldre {'^paul-
390
PIER
PILL
dri), pp. of pouldreTf to cover with dust,
frompiuidre, dust ; see Powder.
Pier, a mass of stone-work. (F. — L. —
Gk.) M. ILpere, — O. Y.piere (J^,pierre),
a stone. »L. petra.^Gk. virpa,' a. rock,
stone.
Pierce. (F. - L. ?) M. E. percen. - F.
percer\ O.F./«r«Vr (Roland). Generally
thought to be contracted from O. F. per-
tuisier^ to pierce, lit. to make a hole.—
O. F. pertuisy a hole (Ital. pertugio) . The
O. F. pertuis (like Ital. perUigi^, answers
to a Late L. ^pcrtusiuniy extended from
L. pertusus, pp. oi pertundere, to thrust
through, pierce. (Ennius has lattC pertudit
hasta^^<t spear pierced his side ; Lewis.)
^h. per, through; tundere, to beat; see
Contuse. % Commonly accepted ; some
suggest Late L. *per'itidret to go through ;
cf. L. in-iiiare. See Initiate and Oom-
mence.
Piety. (F.-L.) M.F./i<f//.-L.^>/d^
tern J ace. oi pietds, devoutness.— L. pius,
devout. See Pious. Doublet, pity.
Pig, (E.) M. E. pigge. Prov. E. peg
(Berks.). Cf. A. S. pecg ; * of swinforda oC
pecges ford ; ' Birch, Cart. Saxon, iii. 223.
But the connexion is doubtful. % Certain
masses of molten metal are called sows and
pij^ ; hence pig-iron.
Pigeoni a bird. (F. — L.) F. pigeon, a
pigeon, a dove. — L. pUpionem, ace. of
Ptpio, lit. *chirper.' — L. piptre, to chirp.
See Pipe.
PLggin, a small wooden vessel. (E.)
Cf. Gael, pigeany a pitcher, jar ; dimin. of
J^^^y pigMdhy an earthen jar ; Irish pigin,
small pail, pighead, earthen jar; W.
picyn, a piggin ; all borrowed from E.
Prob. for *piggen, adj., from pig, in the
sense of ' earthen vessel,* as in G. Douglas,
tr. of Vergil, bk. vii. See Pig.
Pight, old form of pitched \ see
Pitoh (2).
PignieSit. (L.) "L.pigmentum, coXomT'
ing matter. — L. pig', base of pingere, to
paint ; with suffix omentum. See Paint.
Piffmy; see Pygmy.
Pite, a sharp- pointed weapon, a fish.
(L.) M. E. piie, a peaked staff, pic, a
spike ; also M. E. pikg, a fish, named from
its sharply pointed jaws. A. S. pic, a
point, a pike. (Hence Irish pice, a pike,
fork, Gael, pk, W. pig, Bret. p$k, pike,
point, pickax.) Closely allied to pich^
sh., a mattock. —L. pic-, as in piC'US, a
woodpecker See Piok. Der. pik-er^ely
a young pike (fish) ; pike-staff, also found
as piked'Staffj i.e. staff armed with a pike
or spike.
Pilaster, a square pillar. (F.-Ital.-
L.) Y.pilastre, — Ital. pi/astro, * a pilaster,
a piller;* Florio.-ItaL pita, 'a flat-
sided piller ; ' id.-L. pt/a, a pillar. See
Pile (2).
Pilch. (L.) Orig. a warm fur garment.
M. E. pilcke. A. S. pilece, pylce. — L. pel-
licea : see Pelisse.
Pilchard, a fish. (E.?) Formerly
pitcher ; cf. Irish pilsHr, a pilchard. Of
unknown origin. Cf. Dan. dial, pilke,
to fish (in a particular manner), Swed.
dial.pitha ; from Norw./tV^, an artificial
bait.
Pilcrow, a curious corruption of Para-
graph, q. v.
Pile (i), a tumour, lit. a ball. (L.)
Onljr in the pl.//*w. ^L.pita, a ball.
Pile (2), a pillar, heap. (L.) M. E.
pite ; A. S. pit, — L. pita, a pillar, a pier of
stone. ^ In the phrase cross and pite
(of a coin), answering to the ipodem 'head
and tail/ the pile took its name from the
pile or short pillar on which the coin rested
when struck ; see Cotgrave, ^.y.pile.
Pile (3), a stake. (L.) A. S. pit, a
stake. — 'L.pttum, a javelin ; orig. a pestle.
For *pinS'tum.''L. pinsere, to pound. +
Skt. pish, pifhsh, to pound. ^ The he-
raldic/<*/; {Y.pite) is a sharp stake.
Pile (4)» a hair, fibre of wool. (L.) L.
pilus, a hair. Cf. Gk. viKos, felt. Brugm.
ii. § 76. Der. three-piled, L. L. L. v. 2.
407.
Piles, small tumours. (L.) See Pile (i).
Pilfer. (F.-L.?) O.Y. petfrer, to
rob, pilfer.— O.F. pel/re, plunder; see
Pelf.
Pilgrim. (Ital-L.) Ital.pettegrino,
a pilgrim. — L. peregrinus, a foreigner,
stranger; as adj. foreign. — L./^r^^^, adv.,
away from home; see Peregrination.
Cf. O. H. G. piligrtm, from Ital.
PUl (i), a little ball of medicine. (F.—
L.) Short ioT pilule ; cf. O. Y.pile, a pill.
-F. pituU, 'a pill;* Cot.-L. pitula, a
little ball, globule ; dimin. oi pita, a ball.
See Pile (i).
Pill (2), to plunder. (F.-L.) Also
spelt peel ; and, conversely, peel, to strip,
is spelt////; the words have been confused,
but are really different ; see Peel (2).
M.K. pilten, to plunder.— F. pitler.^L.
pTldre, to plunder, pillage, not common ;
391
PILLAGE
PINE
but the deriv. compildre (whence E. com-
pile) occurs often. 'D^T.pillage^ Y\ pillage,
Pillaflfe ; see above.
Pillar. (F. - L.) M. E. piUr, - O. F.
pilery later pilier, (Span. /i7ar.) — Late
L. pUdre, a pillar. — L. /f/a, pillar, pier.
See Pile (2).
Pillan, Pilaf, a dish of meat or fowl,
boiled with rice and spices. (Pers.) Pers.
pildVypiiaVf a dish made of rice and meat ;
Palmer.
Pillion. (F. — L.) Mod. Norman and
Guernsey ptllon\ Span, pellon^ a long
robe made of skin, also a covering for a
saddle (see Wedgwood). — L. ace. type
*pelldnem, augm. form from L. pellis, a
skin. [Cf. Irish pilHuHy pillin, a pack-
saddle; Gael, pillean, pilling a pack-
saddle, cloth put under a rustic saddle;
Irish pill^ a covering, peaU, a skin ; Gael.
peally a skin, coverlet ; all from £. or from
Ij^pelHs, a skin.] See Fell.
KUory. (F.) F./i7m, 'a pillory;'
Cot. Ofunknown origin ; other remark-
able variant^ occur, viz. O. F. pihrin, pel-
hriUj Port, pehurinho^ Prov. espithri.
Late L. pilloriacum^ spiliorium. There
seems to have been a loss of initial s*
Pillow. (L.) U.^,pilwe\ K.S.pyle\
both from L. pulmnus, a cushion, pillow,
bolster; whence also Du. peuluw, G.
pfiihl, Westphal./«i^
Pilot, one who conducts ships in and
out of harbour. (F.-Ital.-Gk.) M.F.
pilot, Cot. {Y.pilote) ; O. ¥,pedot\ cf. M. F.
piloler, to take soundings (Palsgrave).
Prob. borrowed from lial. pilota, also
pedota, a pilot (Florio) ; cf. Late L.
pedottUt a pilot. — Late Gk. *mjS6n'rjs, a
steersman; formed from Gk. mfbdv, a
rudder, blade of an oar.
Pimento* allspice. (Port. — L.) Also
pimenia. — Port, pimenta^ pimento. The
same as O. Y. pimento a spiced drink. — L.
pigmentum, (i) a pigment, (2) the juice of
plants ; see Figment.
Pimp, a pandar. (F.-L.) Prob. a
smartly dressed fellow. —M.F. pimper, to
dress up smartly. A nasalised form of F.
piper, to pipe, also to beguile, cheat ; cf.
also Viow, pimpar, to render elegant, from
pimpa, sb. (equivalent to F. pipeau) mean-
ing (i) a pipe, (2) a bird-call, (3) a snare;
besides which, F. piper meant to excel in
a thing. Note also F, pimpant, smart,
spruce ; and see Littre. — L. pipare, to
chirp (whence to pipe). See Pipe.
Pimpernel, a flower. (F.-L.?) M.F.
pimpemelle (F. pimprenelle), Cf. Span.
pimpinela, Ital. pimpinella. Origin un-
known. ^ Diez considers these words to
be borrowed from L. *bipinella*bipennula,
a dimin. of bipennis^ i. e. double-winged.
The pimpernel was confused with bumet
(Prior) ; and the latter {Poterium son-
guisorbd) has a feather-like arrsAgement of
its leaves. Cf. Rosa pimpinellifolia. If
this be right (which is highly doubtful),
we refer the word to L. hi-, double;
penna, a wing.
Pimple. (F. ?) [Cf. A. S. plpliatiy to
be pimply. The alleged A. S. pinpel
is Lye's misprint for winpel !] Prob. not
an £. word, but borrowed from some O. F.
or Late L. form. Cf Y,pompette, 'a pumple
or pimple on the nose or cnin,* Cot. ; and
Spsji,pompa, a bubble. Also Gk. wifjbpi^,
trofi<i>6sf a bubble, blister, Lith. pctmpti,
to swell ; L. papula^ a pimple.
Pin, a peg, &c. (L.) M. E. pinne, a
peg. A. S. pinn, a pen, style for writing
(Toller). [We find also Irish /2^;f, Gael.
pinne ^ a pin, peg, spigot ; W. pin, pin,
style, pen ; Du. pin, pin, peg, Swed.
pinne, a peg, Dan. pind, a (pointed ) stick,
Icel. pinniy a pin, Low G,penn, a peg.] All
from L. pinna, a wing, fin, pen ; cognate
with E. Fin. See Brugm. ii. § 66 (note).
Pinch. (F.-L.) North ¥, pincher,
F. pincer. A nasalised form of M. Ital.
pizzare, picciare, to nip; cf. \\3X,pinzo,
a sting, goad, pinzette, pincers. The
orig. sense seems to have been a slight
prick wifll a sharp-pointed instrument, from
a Latin base pic-, whence E. pike, pick ;
cf. L. ptcus, a woodpecker. Cf. also Du.
pinsen, pitsen, to pinch (Hexham). Der.
pinchers or pitu-ers ; cf. M. F. pinces, * a
pair of pincers ; * Cot.
Pincnbeck, a metal. (Personal name.)
From the inventor, Mr. Chr. Pinchbeck^
the elder, a London watchmaker (c 1670-
1732). From Pinchbeck, Lincolnshire.
Pindar, Pinner, an impounder. (E.)
Formed wit|i suffix -er of the agent from
A. S. pyndan, to pen up. — A. S. pund, an
enclosure. See Found (2). % Not allied
io pen (2).
Pine (i), a tree. (L.) A. S. pJu-treo,
a pine-tree. — L. pinus, a pine ; i. e. pi-
««J.+Gk. iri'Tvs, a pine ; Skt, pilU'ddru-,
lit. * resin- tree ;* L. pttuita, phlegm, also
'resin.' See Pip (i). "Det, pine-apple,
orig. *a fir-cone.'
392
PINE
PIPE
(3)1 to long for; to suflfer pain,
waste away. (L.— Gk.) M.E. pinen^ to
suffer, more frequently, to torment ; a verb
formed from ^1,1^, pine^ torment. » A. S.
pin^ pain ; borrowed from L. pana, pain ;
see Fain.
Pinfold, a pound. (£.) For ptttd-
Jold\ (also s^Xi pund'foldy Birch, iii. 309).
^ \,S, pyndan^ to pen up (from pund, an
enclosure) ; zxaAfold, See PindLar.
Pinion, joint of a wing. (F. - 1^) F.
pignon^ a gable-end ; Cot. O. F. pigfuntt
a feather, a pennon on a lance. Cf. Span.
piHon, a pinion. [Again, the mod. F.
pignon has the sense of Y*. pinion^ a small
wheel working with teeth into another ; in
which case the derivation is from L. pinna ^
the float of a water-wheel.] « L. pinna, a
wing ; see Fin.
Puik (i), to pierce, prick. (L. ?) M.E.
pinken, to prick. Used as a nasalised
form of pick. We may note E. pink^ to
cut round holes or eyes in silk cloth (Bailey),
as equivalent to M. F. piquer, the same
(Cot?rrave). Cf. Finch. 4 Or from A. S.
Pynca, pinca, a point, which seems to have
oeen borrowed from L. punctum) see
Funoture.
Pink (2), half-shut, applied to the eyes.
(Du.— L.) Obsolete; cf. ^ pink eyne,'
Antony, ii. 7. lai.— M. Tyxx, pincken (also
pinck'oogen) ^ to shut the eyes (Hexham).
The notion is that of narrowing, bringing
to a point ; see Fink (i). Cf. Prov. E.
pink, a very small fish, minnow.
Pink (3)y the name of a flower, and of
a colour. (L.) As in inolet, mauve, the
name of the colour is due to that of the
flower. The flower is named from the
delicately cut or jinked edges of the petals ;
see Fink (i \ p. Similarly, M. F. pince, a
pink, is from F. pincer^ to pinch, nip ; but
F. pince and £. pink are not the same
word ; though they are related.
Pink (4), a kind of boat. (Bn.) See
Nares. Short for M. Du. espincke, also
written pincke, ' a pinke, or a small fisher's
boat.* Hexham ; (whence also F. pinque.
Span, pingue, a pink). The same word
as Icel. espingVy Swed. esping^ a long boat ;
named from Icel. espi, aspen- wood, M.Du.
espe, an aspen-tree. See Aspen.
Pink-oyocl, having small eyes; see
Pink (2>.
Pinnaoe. (F.-Ital.-L.) Y.pinace,
pinasse. 'the pitch -tree ; also a pinnace ; '
Cott*ltal. pinaccia, a pinnace i^Florio).
So named because made of pine. » L.
pinus, a pine. See Pine (i).
Pinnacle. (F.-L.) Y.pinacie,QoX.
^h.pinndculumf a pinnacle ^Matt. iv. 5).
Double dimin. of Late L. pinna, a pinna>
cle (Lu. iv. 9), L. pinna^ a fln, &c» See
Pin.
Pinnate, feather-like. (L.) L. pin-
ndtus, substituted ioi pennStus, feathered.
M L. penna, a feather. See Pen.
Pint, a measure for liquids. (F.~L.)
F. pinie ; cf. Span, pinta, a spot, mark,
pint. Named m)m being a marked part
of a larger vessel ; cf. O. F. pinter, to
measure wine.— Late L. pincta, a pint;
forh. picta, fern, of /iV/mj-, painted, marked,
pp. of pinggre, to paint. So also Span.
pintura == a picture.
Pioneer, a soldier who clears the way
before an army. (F. — L.) Formerly/t^n^r.
F. pionnier^ O. F. peonier^ a pioneer ; a
mere extension of F. pion, O. F. peon^
a foot-soldier, but esp. applied to sappers
and miners. See further under Fawn (a).
Piony, the same- as Peony.
Pious. (F. - L.) F. pimx. - Late L.
*pidsusy extended from L. pius, holy,
devout. Brugm. ii. % 643.
Kp (i)> a disease of fowls. (F.— L.)
M.E. iippe.^lA,¥. pepie, *pip;' Cot.
(Mod. Norman pipie ; Span, pepita. Port.
pevide^ Ital. pifita,) — L. pttuita, phlegm,
rheum, also tne pip (whence *pitvita^
*pipita^ Late L. pipido). Hence also Du.
pip ; Swed. pippt &c. p. L. pituita is
from a siempitU'j for which see Pine (i).
Pip (2),theseed of fruit. (F.-L.-Gk.)
Short for pippin or pepin, the old name.—
M. F. pepin, a pip. Allied to Span./«/i^0,
a pip [quite distinct from pepita^ pip in
fowls] ; and prob. to Span, pepino, a cu-
cumber. P* Some have supposed that
pepin was first applied to the remark-
able seeds of the encumber and melon ; and
is derived from O. F. pepon, L. pepdy a
melon, borrowed from Gk. ttkitWy a melon.
Y* This Gk. Wirwr was orig. an adj.,
signifying * ripened ' or ' ripe'; (cf. ir^irrwv,
to cook, to ripen) ; allied to Skt./a^A,L.
coguere, to cook. See Cook.
Pip (3) , a spot on cards. (F. — L. — Gk. )
Apparently a peculiar use of Pip (2). p.
We also find a form pick, formerly a spade
at cards.— F./i^fi^, a spade at cards; the
same as Pique.
Pipe, a musical instrument formed of a
long tube; atub^cask. (jL.) M. E./t/^;
393
03
PIPKIN
PIT
K!S»pipc. An imitative woxd; bat borrowed
from Late L. pTpa, pipe ; from L. pipdre,
to chirp. [So also Irish and Gael. /m^,
Irish pib, W. pib\ Da. pijp, Icel. pipa,
Swed. pipa^ Dan. pihe, G. pfeifc^ Cf. L.
pipire, Gk. Tcir/(c(v, to chirp. From the
cry pi-pi of a young bird.
Pipnn, a small earthen pot (L.,
with £. suffix,) A dimin. (with suffix
-kin) of K-pipe^ in the sense of cask. This
particular sense of pipe may have been
imported ; it occurs both in F. and Du. ;
y&^pipt in Cotgrave, pijpe in Hexham.
Pippillf a kiad of tart apple. (F. —L.
— Gk.) Named from seed-pips ; the old
sense oi pippin was a pip; see Pip (2).
* Perhaps an apple raised from the pip or
seed ;* Wedgwood. (So Amold*s Chron.)
Cf. O. F. and Norm. dial, pepin, an apple
raised from seed.
Piq,116t wounded pride. (F. — L.) M. F.
picqu€t piqtt^t * a pike, pike-man ; also a
pike [pique], debate, quarrel ; ' Cot. The
same word as pike ; lit. * a piercer/ that
which pierces. See Pike. Der. pique^
yb,.,piqu-anti pres. part, of Y, piquer, vb.
nquetv & game at cards. (F. personal
name?) Littre says piquet was named
from its inventor ; but see Hatzfeld.
Pirate. (F.-L.-Gk.) Y. pirate,^!.,
ptrSta. ^Gk. w§tpaT-/fs, one who attempts,
one who attacks, a pirate. »^ Gk. wupaoi, I
attempt. — Gk. irccpa (for *w4p'ta)f an
attempt. See Peril.
Pirogaep a sort of canoe. (F. — W.
Indian.) Defoe hsisperiagua. — F. pirogue
(Span, piragua). From the native W.
Indian name ; said to be Caribbean.
PirOIl6ttei a whirling round, qaick
turn. (F.) F./>iV^f^//^, 'a whirling about,
also a whirligig;* Cot. Dimin. of the
Guernsey word piroue, a little wheel or
whirligig (M^tivier). The latter part of
the word simulates F. roue (L. rota), a
wheel. Allied to M. Ital. pirolo, a peg, a
child's top. Origin unknown.
Pisces, the Fishes. (L.) \^, pisces,^,
oipiscist a fish ; cognate with £. Fish.
Pish! (£.) Of imitative origin ; begin-
ning with expulsion of breath, and ending
in a hiss.
Pismire, an ant (F. and £.) The
old name of the ant ; from the strong
urinous smell of an anthill. The first
syllable is from F. pisser (below), p. The
second is M. £. mire, an ant, prob. a
native word. Cf. Du. mier, M. Du. miere.
£. Fries, mire, an ant Teut. type *miron'.
p. We also find the similar (but unrelated?)
forms: Swed. myra, Dan. myre, IceL
j maurr, an ant. Also Irish moirbh, W.
' mdr, pi. myr, Russ. muravei, Gk. t*vptJirf^,
Fers. mur, mifr, an ant ; Corn, murrian^
ants.
Piss. (F.) Y. pisser \ supposed to be
a Romance word, and of imitative ori-
gin.
Pistachio, Pistacho, the nut of a
certain tree. (Span. — L. — Gk. — Pers.)
Span, pistacko. ^ L. pistdcium. > Gk.
mTTcutiow, a nut of the tree called wtarcunj,
— Pers./ij/<l, the pistachio-nut. i
Pistilv in a flower. (L.) Named from
the resemblance in shape to the pestle of
a mortar.— L. pistillum, a small pestle,
dimin. of an obsolete form ^pisirum, a
pestle. — L. pistum, supine of pinsere, to
pound. ^Gk. wrlacuv, Skt pis A, to pound.
(yPIS.) Sec Pestle.
Pistol, a small hand -gun. (F.— Ital.)
F. pistole. — Ital. pistola, ' a dag or pistoll ;'
Florio. We also find M. ltaX.pistolese, ' a
great dagger/ in Florio ; and it is agreed
that the name was first applied to a
dagger, and thence transferred to the pistol,
which even in £. was at first called a dc^
(F. dague, a dagger). A pistol is to a gun
what a dagger is to a sword, p. The ItaL
pistolese ( ^Late 'L.fistolensis) means ' be-
longing to Pistola ; so also It&h pistola
is from Pistola, now called Pistoja, a town
in Tuscany, near Florence. The Old Lat
name of the town was Pistdrium. See
Scheler.
pistole, a gold coin of Spain. (F. —
Ital.) The name, however, is not Spanish,
but French, and the coins were at first
called pistolets. The name is of jocular
origin. — F. pistolet, a little pistol, also a
pistolet; Cot Diez explains that the
crowns of Spain, being reduced to a smaller
size than the French crowns, were called
pistolets, and the smallest pistolets were
called bidets \ cf. F. bidei, 'a small
pistoll;* Coi, 'mY, pistole, a pistol; see
above.
Piston. (F.-Ital.-L.) Y. piston,' 9.
pestell,' Cot.; also a piston. ■• Ital. />V/<7m^,
a piston; pestone, a large pestle. — Ital.
pestare. Late L. pist&re, to pound.— L.
pistus, pp. of pinsere, to pound. See
PisUl.
Pit. (L.) U,E.pit,put', A.S.pyt,-^
L.puteuSf a well, pit (Luke xiv. 5). Per-
394
PITAPAT
f>LAINTIFF
haps a spring of pure water, from h,pu^us,
pure, allied to purus\ see Pure. Ber.
pit, vb., to set in competition, from the
setting of cocks to fight in 2^ pit.
Pitapat. (E.) A reduplication oipitt,
weakened io pit in the former instance.
Pitch ( I ) } a black sticky substance. (L.)
M. E. pick ; older form pik ; A. S./2V. — L.
pic-, stem ol pix, pitch. -fGk. maaa (for
*iri/e'ya). Cf. Pine (i).
Pitch (2), to throw, fall headlong, fix a
camp. (L.) A palatalised form of /«Vi&, to
throw, Cor. i. i. 204, esp. to throw a.piJke
or dart ; also to plunge a sharp pe£ into
the ground for fixing tents. M. £. piccAen,
pt Upikte {\2XtTpight\ See Pike.
Pitcher. (F.-O.H.G.-L.) M.E.
picker. — O. F. picker^ tAso pechir; M. F.
picAier, * a pitcher ; a Languedoc word ; '
Cot. — O. H. G. pechdri (G. ^r^^r). -.Late
L. *biccarium, for L. blcarium, a wine-
vessel ; prob. from Gk. filxos, (the same).
Pith. (E.) U.E. pitAe. A,S,pi6a,
pith.-fDu. pit, M. Du. pitte, Low G.
peddik.
Pittance, a dole. (F.) M. E,pitaunce.
i-F. pitance, 'meat, food, victuall of all
sorts, bread and drinke excepted;' Cot.
Cf. Spzn,pitanza ; ItaX, pietanza (which is
prob. corrupted by a supposed connexion
with pietd, pity) ; also Span./iVar, to dis-
tribute or dole out allowances, p. Ducange
explains Late L. pictantia as a pittance,
orig. a dole of the value of a picta, which
was a very small coin issued by the counts
of Poitiers (Piclava). 7. But we also find
Late Y,, pittantia, which Thumeysen con-
nects with Ital. pit-eitOf F. pet-it^ small,
allied to Pieoe.
Pity. ( F. - L.) M.E. pitee. - O. F.
pite, pitet (lath cent.).-«L. pietdtem, ace.
of pietds, devoutness.«>L. pius, devout
Doublet, piety, Der. pite-ousy for
Vi,^pitous, from O.F. piteus<La.te L.
pietdsusj merciful.
Pivot, a pin on which a wheel, &c.
turns. (F.- Ital.- L.?) Y. pivot. Formed,
with dimin. sufBx ^ot, from Ital. piva, a
pipe. The Ital. piva meant ( i ) a pipe, (a)
a tube with fine bore ; cf. pvvoloy a peg.—
Late L. pipa, a pipe ; allied to L. pipdre,
to chirp ; see Pipe. % So Diez ; much
disputed.
Piacy. a fairy. (Scand.) Mso picksy\
Cornwall pisky. Of Scand. origin; cf.
Swed. dial, pyske, a dwarf, goblin (Rietz).
Placable. (L.) L. piacddilis, easy to
be appeased. — L. placdre, to appease.
Placard. (F. - Du.) F. placard,
plaquard, *■ a placard, inscription set up ;
also rough-cast on walls;' Cot. — F.
plaquer, to rough-cast; also to stick or
paste on ; Cot. — Du. plakken, to glue or
fasten up, formerly ' to plaister,' Hexham.
Prob. of imitative origin (Franck).
Place. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. place. -
Folk-L. *plattia ; L. plcttea^ also plcUea,
a broad way, a courtyard. — Gk. irAaTcra,
a broad way ; fem. of vXarvs, broad. % A
place was ong. a courtyard or square, a
piazza. C{,ltal,piazza{ = F,piace), Sec
Flaioe, Plate.
Placenta, a substance in the womb.
(L.) L. placenta, lit. a flat cake.^Gk.
vXoKovs, a flat cake ; cf. irAo^, a flat sur-
face.
Placid. (F.-L.) F. //a^wfe, * calm ; '
Cot. — L. placidus, pleasing, gentle.— L.
placSre, to please. See Please.
Plack, a third of a (Scotch) penny.
(Du.) F'rom M. "Dm, placke^ *a French
sous;' Hexham. Also, *a spot.' — M.
Du. placken, ' to plaister ; ' see Placard.
Pla^^ary. (F.— L.) ¥.plagiaire,onQ
who kidnaps ; also ^ a book-theef ' ; Cot.
— L.//d($v'drfW, a kidnapper. — l^, plagium,
kidnapping ; plagidre, to ensnare. — L.
plaga, a net.
Plague. (F.-L.) M.E./iii^.-O.F.
plage, plague (F*. plaie), — L. pldga, a
stroke, blow, injury, disaster.-fGk. irA?^,
a blow, plague, Rev. xvi. 21, from irAiycr-
orctv (=*vAl)«^ctv)) to strike ; cf. \..plang'
ere, to strike. Brugm. i. % 569.
Plaice, a fish. (F'.-L.) O. F. plaiise,
plats, — \u,platessap a plaice ; so called from
its flatness. From the base plcU-, as seen
in Gk. irAari^f , flat, broad ; cf. Place.
Plaid. (C.~L.) Gael, (and Irish)
plaide, a blanket, plaid. Allied to peal-
laid, a sheep-skin. — Gael, (and Irish)
peall, a skin. — L. pellis, a skin. See
PeU.
Plain, flat, evident. (F.-L.) Y, plain,
^L. planus, flat.
Plaint, a lament (F. — L.) M.E.
pleinte, ^0,F. pleinte. ^L&te L. plancta,
for Ij.planctus, lamentation. — h.planctus,
pp. ofplangere, to bewail. See Plague.
plamtiir. (F.-L.) M.E.plaitilif,^
F. plainti/, *a plaintiff;' Cot. Formed
with sufhx -i/ (L. -iuus), from planctus,
pp. oiplangere (above).
I9b
A.S.fih>e. An in
from Late L,
Irisi //i,
Swed. pip
,<-«S
pari
.ji«, Dan. filadske (for
''j^^'Jiaika I for 'plaJsta , to
— •"■ ?^"f '/hin ""^ "T"**- "^^ V^' "^
l,'/*;^5li(ij, ihesomeasPlesob,
Wrf/ ^Sw. IL. - Gk.) M. K. piastre;
'f:lAS^^- [Alsospelt/i^/o— 0.1-.
' I i^tiitrt-]—^ emptastrum, a plaster for
/woaods. the tint syllable beinji dropped.—
Gk' i/nrXaOTpoVt a plaster, a lonn used by
Ualen instead of liiwXttarar, a piaster, neat.
of f ^TAoiTTor, daubed on or over. — Gk*
t^thiamiv, to danb □□. -Gli. )fi- (for lt>).
Hen
EL/oitf, vb.
DUld, for
oT-yn
w; allied
"*"k- XW.-L- //•»«"». "f- '
"^iW^ ftim.i.S44--
Joe.pi«^'- - ^ P'"""/ - '^^■
^. . Ji^cT^ : «l» .J>«.^., a wa
the pi. wAirV"rmeaai the wandering
or planets. — Gk. ■Aavda>4ai, I wandi
Ok. wHirj,, wandering.
pllUiiaphsr^ a sphere projected
plane. ! L. and Gk. ' From L, pid
ace. of ,pla/an
plMtio.(L.-Gk.'> 'L.plasluus. — Qk.
irAairnmii, fit for moulding. — Gk.iAiiinrMi',
to inonld lal>ove\
Flait(i)iPlot,apatchofgrouitd; see
Plot (j).
Flat (a), to pUit; see Flalt.
Flataae, a plnne-tiee. (I_-Gk.^
-6k. „>
rAdra
Piano (3).
of metal, flat di^.
M.¥..plale.-0.¥. plate; pro-
[.. : pcriy tne fem. of plat, flat. — Lale L.
KpiatKit. \platta, a lamina, plate of metal, lem. of
"■ r^oF^. Folk-L. plattus, flat. Cf. Span, plala,
derei; plate, silver; bat the Span, woid was
J stars borrowed from French ; whence also Dn.
der.- Dan. plat, G. Swed. piatt, flat.+Lithuan.
platus, Gk. sAoTitt, broad; Skt. firthut,
large. (^PLET.)
_. _ , plateau, a flat apace. (F.-L.) F.
IJlt; and E. sphert, of Gk. origin; see plateau, for O. F. plalel, a small plate;
• N,F.(Picard)//a«fe; Nonnan//o«fi«. ing; formerly, a gronnd-plan, plan. (F.
pfatfbrm. model) ; '
oi plat, RtX\/onHt,
platina, a metal. (Span. - F.-L. j
^pan.platina; namcti fmm its silvery ap-
pearance.—Spao.//ii<<i,silver.—O.F./^e,
hammered plate, alio silver plate ; see
Plate.
platitnds. <F.-L.) F. piaHtudt,
flatness, insipidity. Coined from F. plat,
flal : !Pe Plato.
Platoon, a company of men. (F.-L.)
Earlier form peloton (Stanford). - F. ptU-
len, a tennii.ball, also n group of men, tt
shallow pool, platoon. Dtmin. of M.F./flWtf, a tennis-
" — ■■- ' 'lall; see Pellet.
FlattoT, a flat plate. IF,-L.) M.K.
Hexbam. p/ater.~A.F. piattr (Bown). FmiBed
396
Planti (L.) M.E.//a«/rr. XS.plante. form. See al
— L.>/ini/o,aplant; properly, a spreading
sucker or shoot ; also, the sole of the foot.
From the base /At/- ; see Plaoe.
plantua. (F. — L.) F. plantaiH.—
L. planldginem, ace. a{ plantagv, a plan'
tain. Named from its spreading leaf
allied to Plant (above).
plantigrada, walking on the sole oi
the foot. (L.) From planti-, for pUmta.
the sole or flat part of the foot ; grad-i,
to walk. See Plant, Plaoe,
FlMh (i), a paddle, s!
<E.?) M.E./daKAe. Cf. M-Da./Zu
« plash, pool : ptassdei ' ' '
plaA or plnoge in the
PLAUDIT
PLIGHT
(with suffix -er) from O. F. plat^ a plate ;
see Plateau.
Plaudit, applause. (L.*) Formerly
plaudith or plaiidity.^\j. flaudite^ clap
your hands; 2 pers. pi. imp. oi plaudere^ to
applaud.
Play, a game. (£.) M. E. play, A. S.
pUga^ a game, sport ; also (commonly), a
fight, battle. Cf. A. S. plegian^ to play,
clap ; pUgian mid kandunit to clap hands.
% Not allied Xo plight (Franck).
Plea, an excuse. (F. — L.) M.K//«^,
play.^K, F. plee (Boion) ; O. Y.pleyplai,
occasional forms of O. F. plait, plaid^ a
plea. — Late L./^rfi^f#m, adecree, sentence,
&c. (with numerous meanings), orig. a
decision, that which has seemed good.—
L. pUuitunij neut. of placitus, pp. of
placere, to please. See Plead, Please.
• Pleach, Plash, to intertwine boughs
in a hed^e. (K.^L.) M. £. plechen,^
O. F, pUscier, plessier, later plesser, * to
plash, plait young branches,* &c. ; Cot—
Late L. type *pl€ctidre, later plessdre, to
pleach. — Late L. type ^plectia, later
plesscij a thicket of woven boughs. — L.
plectere, to weave ; extended from base
PLEK, to weave, whence also plicdre, to
fold. See Ply.
PleacL (F. - L.) M. E. pledm. - O. F.
plaider, to plead, argue. — O. F. plaui, a
plea ; see Plea.
Please. (t'.-L.) M.E,plesen,^O.F,
plesir, plaisir, to please (F. plaire),^!^
pladre^ to please. Allied to pldcdre^ to
appease. Der. pleas^anty from O. F.
plesant, pleasing, pres. pt of plesir ; also
displease,
pleasure. (F.-L.) An E. spelling
of F. //omr, pleasure (like E. leisure for
A.F. leisir). This F. sb. is merely the infin.
mood used substantively.— L./^K'^rv; see
Please.
Pleat, another form of Plait.
Plebeian, vulgar. (F. -L.) O.F.
plcbeien K^)t , plibiien) ; formed, with suffix
-en (L. 'dnus)y from 'L.plebHuSt adj., from
plebes, more commonly plebs, the people.
Cf. Gk. vKfiBoty a multitude.
Pledge, A security, surety. (F. — O. Low
G.) M. E. plegge, a hostage, security.—
O. F. plege, a surety (F. pUige), [Allied
to O. F. pleviry M. ^,plemHr, to warrant]
— O. SaiX,pleguHf to promise, pledge one-
self; cf. O. H. G. pjiegany to answer for
(G. pjlegen), A. S. pleon^ to risk, pleoh,
risk (Franck). See Plight (i).
Pleiocene, more recent ; Pleisto-
cene, most recent (Gk.) From Gk.
vAciw-y, more, or irX«raro-f, most ; and
Kmv6iy recent, new. TiXtlw, mKtiaros are
comp. and superl. of iroAi;r, much.
Plenary, full. (Late L.-L.) Late
h.plendrius, entire, ^L.plenus, fuU.+Gk.
w\fjpf^9f irA^-duf, frill; vifA'vKff'fu, I fill.
Allied to Pull.
plenipotentiary,havingfhll powers.
(L.) Corned from L. pleni-, for pleno-,
decl. stem of plenus, full ; and patenti-,
for potens; powerful ; with suffix -drius ;
see Potent,
plenitude, fiillness. (F.— L.) O.F.
plenitude, — L. plinitiido, fullness. — L.
pleni-, for plenus, full; with suffix
'tado,
plenty, abundance. (F.— L.) M. E.
pleniee,^0. F. plente^ plentet.'^L, plini-
tdtem, ace. oiplenitds, fullness. — h.pleni',
for plenus, full. Der. plenteous, M. £.
plenteus, often spelt plentivous, from O.F.
plentivos ; from O. F. plentif, answering
to Late L. form plenitivus.
Pleonasm. (L. - Gk.) L.plconasmus,
— Gk. ir\forcurfi6s, abundance. — Gk.
w\fovd(€iv, to abound, lit. to be more.—
Gk. irKiov, neut. of vXiofv, irAcW, more^
comparative of voAt^f, much, allied to
vA^fltfs, full. See Plenary.
Plethora, excessive fullness, esp. of
blood. (L.-Gk.) L. plithdra. - Gk.
wKT/Oitfnj, fullness. — Gk. irA^0-o(, a throng,
crowd; allied to itKff(nfs, full. See
Plenary.
Pleurisy, inflammation o{thepleura,OT
membrane which covers the lungs. ( F. >- L.
— Gk.) F. plmr/sie, — L. pleurisis ; also
pleurttis,^G\i, wktvpiris, pleurisy. — Gk.
vAcvpd, a rib, side, pleura. Der. pleurit'
ic, from vAcv^r-is; pleuro-pneumania,
inflanunation of pleura and lungs, from
9y€ijfuay, a lung ; see Pneumatic.
Pliable, flexible. See Ply.
pliant. (F. - L.) F. pliant, pres. pt
oiplier, to bend ; see Ply.
Plight (i)> pledge; hence, asvb., to
pledge. (E.) M. E. pliht, danger, also
engagement, pledge. A. S. pliht, risk,
danger. Formed, with suffix -/ (Idg. -ti-),
from the strong vb. plian, i^pleh-an),
pt. t pleah, to risk ; cf. pleoh, danger.4-
M. Du. plicht, duty, debt, use ; plegen, lo
be accustomed; G. pflicht, duty, from
O. H. G. pflegan (G. Pflegen), to promise
or engage to do. Tent, root, *pleh*»
397
PLIGHT
Der. plight, vb., A. S. pHhtan, weak
vb., itomplihty sb.
Flight (a), to fold; as sb., a fold, also
state, condition. (F. — L.) Misspelt. In
all these senses, the sb. was formerly M. £.
piite. -• O. F, plite, fem. (given as plyte
in Godefroy, pliste, plyte in Roquefort),
state, condition. ■•L.//iaV/7, fem. oiplici'
tuSy pp. oiplic&re^ to fold. It is the fem.
ai plait ; see Plait and Ply.
Flinthy the lowest part of the base of
a column. (F. — L. — Gk. ; or L.-Gk.)
F. plinthe,^l^, plintAus.^Gk."irkiv$os, a
brick, plinth. Perhaps allied to Flint.
FlocL (E.) Orig. to splash through
water or mud ; hence, to trudge on
laboriously, toil onwaxd. From M. £.
plod, a puddle. C£ Irish plot/j plodan,
a pool ; plodach, a puddle, whence plod-
anachd, paddling in water ; Gael, plod,
plodan, a pool. Also £. Fries, pludem, to
splash about in water ; Dan. dial, pludder,
Dan. plodder, mnd. Of imitative origin ;
cf. Plash (i).
Flot (i), a conspiracy. (F.) Short for
comploti^) ; for the loss of com-, cf. fence
for defence, sport for disport. '^Y, complot,
*a complot, conspiracy;* Cot. Of un-
known origin; Korting, % 2053. p. Or,
more likely, short for platform, variant of
pkuform, a map or plan ; see platform.
For plotform, see Gascoigne, Art of Ve-
nerie, 40 ; and cf. plat, a map (Mirror for
Mafi[istrates).
Flot (a), a small piece of ground. (£.)
M. E. plotte. [Cf plat, 2 Kings ix. 26.]
A. S. plot, a plot of ground ; Cockayne^s
Leechdoms, iii. 286. Note Dan. plet, as
in grasplet, a grass-plat.
Floiurh. (E.) M.E. plouh, plow;
also K^^pldk, in the sense ' plot of land.'
E. Fries. //4f.+Du. ploeg; Icel. plogr,
a plough ; Swed. plog, Dan. plav ; also O.
Fries, ploch, G. pflug. [Lithuan. plugas,
Russ. plu^ are borrowed from Teutonic]
Flover, a bird. (F. - L.) M. ^.plover.
— O. F. plovier, later pluvier. Formed
from L. ^pluHdrius, equivalent to L.
pluuidlis^ rainy.— L. pluuia, rain; see
Pluvial. These birds were said to be most
seen and caught in a rainy season ; whence
also the G. name r^fWi/J/J^r (rain-piper).
Flack, to snatch. (£.) M.E, plukken.
PLUMP
borrowed from Late "L, piluccdre, whence
Ital. piluccare, to pluck out hair ; from L.
pilus,K hair; see Pile (3). "Der, pluck,
sb., a butcher*s term for the heart, liver,
and lights of an animal, whence mod. £.
pluck, courage, plucky, adj.
Fliig. (Du.) U,iyvi.plugge,'Dji.plug,
a peg, bung. Cf. Low G. plugge, Swed.
pl^ggi 0,^ck, a peg. plug.
Flum. (L. ~ Gk.) A. S. pliime, a
plum ; formed (by change of r to /) from
L. prunum, a plum. See Prune.
Flumage. (F. — L.) F. plumage^
* feathers ;" Cot. — F. plutm.^^'L, pluma,
a feather ; see Plume.
Flumbi a lead on a string, as a plum-
met. (F. — L.) Formerly //iwf^; M. £.
plom, — F. plotnb, ' lead, a plummet ; '
Cot, ^h. plumdum, lead, CC Gk. fi^Av-
0ot, fi6KvB^s, lead. Der. plumb, vb., to
sound a depth ; plumb-er, sb., Y.plombier,
plumbagOf blacklead. (L.) L.plum-
bdgo, a kind of leaden ore.*-L. plumbum,
lead (above).
Flume. (F.— L.) F. plume, — L.
pluma, a small feather, down. Allied to
E^/fy, vb. See Fly. Brugm. i. $ 681.
Flnminet. (F.-L.) M, "E, plommet.
— O. F. plommet ; M. F. plombet ; dimin.
oiplomb, lead ; see Plumb (above).
Flump (i), full, round, neshy. (E. or
O. Low G.) M. £. plomp, rude, clownish ;
also plump, sb., a cluster or clump. The
word seems to be £., especially if the prov.
£. plim, to swell out, is an allied verb.
Cf. plump, to swell (Nares).+M. Du.
plomp, clownish, dull (a metaphorical use,
from the notion of thickness) ; £. Fries,
and Low G. plump, bulky, thick; Swed.
Dan. G. plump, clumsy, blunt, coarse.
See Plump (3). Der. plump^er, a kind
of vote (to swell out a candidate's chances
against all the rest).
Flump (3), straight downward. (F.—
L.) Formerly plum, plumb; Milton,
P. L. ii. 933. —F. h plomb, downright (cf.
Ital. cctdere a piombo, to fall plump, lit.
like lead). <- Y.plomhy lead. -^L. plumbum,
lead. See below, and see Plunge.
Flump (3), vb., to fall hearily down.
(E. ?). Of imitative origin. Cf. £. Fries.
plumpen, to fall heavily, plempen, to
plunge into water ; so also Du. plompen.
K.%, pluccian. Matt. xii. i.-^Vu. plukken, \ G. plumpen,Svftd.plumpa,to ftMhesiyily.
Icel. piokka, plukka (perhaps borrowed),
Dan. plukke, SyffA.plocka, G. pftUcken,
^ Some think it not a Tent, word ; but
Under the influence of this word the form
plumb, 'straight downward,* has become
plump. See above.
398
PLUNDER
Plunder, to pillage. (G.) G. //««-
eUrn^ to steal trash, to pillage; from
plunder y sb., trumpery, trash, baggage,
lumber ; orig. of Low G. origin ; cf. M.
Du. phinderefty plonderen, to pillage, con-
nected with Low G. plunnen, plunden^ E.
Ynes^plundeypiunne, rags, worthless house-
hold stuff. Hence to plunder is to strip a
house even of its least valuable contents.
Plunge. (F.-L.) F. plonger, 'to
plunge, dive ; * Cot. Formed from a Late
L. *plutnbicdre, not found, but verified by
Picard plonqiiery to plunge ; see Diez, s. v.
pionibare. A frequentative form from L.
plumbum^ lead; cf. Ital. piombare, to
throw, hurl, fall heavily like lead, from
pionihOy lead. See Plump (2).
Pluperfect. (L.) Englished from L.
plusquamperfecium, by giving to plus the
F. pronunciation, and dropping quam.
The lit. sense is * more than perfect,*
applied to a tense. — L. plus, more ; quam,
than ; perfectunif perfect. See Perfect.
Plural. ^ F. - L.) M. E. plural, - O. F.
plurel (F. pluriel), — L. pliiralis, plural,
expressive of more than one. — L. plur^,
stem oiplus, more. Allied to Gk. irAc/W,
more, vXioHy full; and to Plenary.
Brugm. ii. § 135.
Plnrisy. superabundance. (L. ; mis-
fanned^ Shak. uses plurisy to express
plethora; so also Massinger and Ford.
Formed from L. pluru^ from plus, more,
by an extraordinary (prob. a jocular) con-
fusion wii}x pleurisy.
Plush. (F.-L.) F, pelt4cke, ' sh&gy
plush ; * Cot. (Cf. Span, pelusa, nap, Ital.
peluzzOy soft down.) From the fem. of a
Late L. form *piluceusy hairy, not found. —
X^JbiluSy hair. See Perruque, Pile (3).
Pluvial, rainy. (F.-L.) Y. pluvial,
— L. pluuidlis, rainy. — L. pluuia^ rain. —
'L,plU'ity it rains. Cf. Skt.//«-, to swim.
From Idg. *plu,vfeak grade of -y'PLEU, to
swim ; cf. Gk. vkUiv, to swim.
Ply- (F.-L.) M. E,plieny to bend, to
mould as wax (hence, to toil at). — F.plier,
* to fould, plait, ply, bend ; ' Cot. — L. pli-
care, to fold.+Gk. ttKkMiVy Russ. pleste^
G. JUchien, to weave, plait (^PLEK.)
Der. pli-anty bending, from F. pliant y
pres. pt. oi plier\ pli-ers ox ply-erSy pincers
for bending wire ; pli-able (F. pliable).
Pneumatic. (Gk.) Gk.irvci;/xart/r<$9,
relating to wind or air. — Gk. irvcv/ua (stem
trvtviMT"), wind, air. — Gk. irvUtv (for
wif-tiv)y to blow. Allied to Neeie.
POET
Pneumonia. (Gk.) Gk. irv€Vfjiov(a,
disease of the lungs. — Gk. irvfvfxov-y stem
of wf^fMDv, for v\€vixwvy a lung, by a false
connexion with witiv, to breathe (above).
The Gk. irXtvfxcav is allied to L. pulmo, a
lung ; Lith. plauczeiy pi. the lungs.
Poacll ( i) , to dress eggs. (F. — O. Low
G.?) YormtxXy poch,^F. pocher'y Cot.
gives * <Buf pochiy a potched (poached) tg'g.^
The orig. sense was prob. *a pouched*
tggy i. e. an egg so dressed as to preserve
it in the form of a pocket. — F. poche, a
pocket; see Pouch. See Scheler*s ex-
planation.
Poach (2), to intrude into preserves.
(F. — L.) M.F. packer ; C ot. ex^iisiinspocher
le labeur d^autruy by * to poch into, or
incroach upon, another' man*s imploiment,
practise, or trade.' The old sense was * to
thrust or dig out with the fingers,' Cot. (if
this be the same word) ; or rather, to put
the thumb into. Cf. prov. E. poachy to
tread into holes ; Picard pochery * tSter un
fruit avec le pouce,* peucker, * presser avec '
le pouce\^ Corblet. Perhaps from L.
polliceniy ace. of pollexy the thumb ; cf.
O. F. pochier, poucier, the thumb (from
the adj. pollicdris).
Pock ( I ) , a pustule. (E.) Smallpox =
small pocksy where pocks is pi. of pock,
M. E. pokke, a pock, pi. pokkes. A. S. pocy
a pustule. -fE. Fries, pok, pokke ; Du. poky
G. pockey a pock. Cf. Gael, pucaidy a
pimple, Irish pucoidy a pustule, pucadk, a
swelling up, Gael, poc, to become like a bag
(from E.).
Pochet, a small pouch . ( F. — Scand. )
M. E. poket. — Norman dial. *poquettey
dimin. of O. Norman poque (see Norman
dial, pouqugy M^tivier), the same as F.
pockey a pocket, pouch. — Icel. pokiy a bag ;
cf. M. Du. pokey a bag (Hexham). See
Poke (I).
Pod, a husk. (E.) Of doubtftil origin.
Cf. M. Du. pudeny 'huskes,' Hexham;
Westphal. puddek, a lump, a pudding;
Low G. puddigy thick ; prov. E. poddy y
fat and round ; puddle y short and fat. See
Pudding and Pout.
Poem. (F.-L.- Gk.) yi:F .poemeyQoX,
— L. poima.^QV. voitjfia, a work, com-
position, poem. — Gk. iro* en/, to make.
poesy. (F.-L.-Gk.) U,E. poesie.
— M. F. poesie, ^h. poesiny ace. oi poesiSy
poetry. — Gk. voirfaiSy a composition, poem.
— Gk. voiftvy to make.
poet. (F. - L. - Gk.) O. F. poete, - L.
399
PLIGHT
I>«t. fUgkt, vb., A. S. plihtan, weak
vb., itompliAt, sb,
Il^llt (a), to fold ; as ib.. > fold, also
stale, condition. (F. — L.} Miiapelt. In
nil these Kose), tb« gb. was formerly M. K
^W«. - O. F. flili, fem. (fiiven as ///«
in Godefrov, pHtli, flyli in Roquefort),
•tate, condition. — L. plicila, fem. o( flu'
lus, pp. oipluire, to fold. It is the f-
aipiatl ; sec Plait and PI7.
Plinth, the lowest pait of th'
a column. (F. — L.— Gk. ; 01 ■',-■■■'■
F./
bricl
Fl
watt
l«ba
pled,
ape
pM,
S:
PLUMP,
boirow«d from La* „-^-j ,i),
Ub\. piluccare,' . '^/,,Y. peltlrU; and
/fYw, a hair ,. "^
sb., abut' ./^ ^^Jiite. (Gk.) From
and Iir .^ warlike. - Gk. tit^tiiot,
pit' .'>pS>"*
. ■.' /f.-L-Gk.) T.fiBUa,ong.
■•' ^i^'^maeat-L. p<jilia.~li'k. iroX..
' ■ ' ■" '"^eiilJV goveroment. — Gk. irtAiT-i;!,
-"'^ "^urft-Gk. wiMs, a stale, city, Rc-
I xiAiic, muuh ; cf. SkL /uri, a
Der, felic-y, O. F. /WjciV < L.
plil-u, from Gk. noAiTiKo;, adj.
^-potis, rmti-o-pelii, cositto-felite.
Coafused with polity, bam
th which it has aolhing to do.—
(Hamilton; cf. M. l\ti. palita, a
Florio). — Late L. pelitictan,
•t, conniptions oi pefyptyekum.a.
inword; Ducange). — Gk.
■;';>»' '"
.pie
e of B
■iluiB u
^SS» 'ii' nif'nsiul change of a to o)
a s«*'v!r a pi«>'. ''"'* °^ earth s aila.
^o]> *gt.) 0.¥.p<'f- — L.pa/um,!icc.
(f-'i;-Gfc. «lA«,a pivol, hiiige.-Gk.
oiP^- be in motion; allied lo Russ.
*^M a I'i'xl of >«■ tL. and E.'
fiW^'"^.*"- j;:f-Weslphal.^.<.r/.
m/J/.a
_,„ „ ■ pole. The Low G. pallt .
^(loopalti. the poll, is also spell bollexe,
gad ralhci- lepreaenta the obs. E. boU-ax,
r«I- W«ri, from the bole of a tree.
Polaoat, a kind of weasel. (Hybrid.)
M. E. polcal, where <^o/ is the ordinary
word; also puVtat. h'rom F. /«w/<!, a
long register ; orig. i
rL>xo?i having many folds. ni.TK.
ich i rrux"-. crude form of anif ,
if, layer, connected with iniaafir,
ip. (Snpp. to Diez.) p. Better
e Port, form apSlice, M, Span.
. Ital. puliza, filisa, prob, repre-
L. apAlissa. apSdixa. 'cautio de
ecnnia;' Due. Cf. Port. j^lorffW.
roof. — Late Gk. Juiinfit, a shew-
a proof — Gk. diroJh(ji(rv;ii, I point
. dnt, from, forth ; Sffarvu/u, I
Korting, i 6158.)
I, to make smooth, (F — L.) F.
ilem of prea. pt. of ^AV. — L.
polirc, to make smooth.
polite. (L.)" L./dftl^J, polished; pp.
a^ polirc, lo m^e smooth (aboye),
FolitlO ; see Police.
Folka, a dance. (Polish.) Said to
have been tint danced by a Bohemian
peasant-girl in 1831. and to have been
named polka at Prague in 1S35.-P0I.
Polka, a Polish woman. Another dance
is called the PoUmaist, iviih the same
liteial sense : another the CracoBxeime, lit.
a woman of Cracow : another the Mazar-
Poil, the head, esp. ihe back part (O.
Low G.) Hence it means ala i a raster
of heails or persuni, a voting-ptace, &c.
M. K. pol, a poll ; pol hi pel. head by head,
separately. -Low G./o/i'i'; M l>a. felle.
V
\
POLLEN
'^olf ' head or pate/ Hexham ; Swed,
^////, Dan. /u/ti (^for /«//). Cf. E.
V^/, round, full, fleshy. Der. poU,
off the hair of the head. Also
'^ tree that is polled^ leaving a
^by head; also, formerly, a
*(L.) L. pollen^ pollis^ fine
jc. TraXi/, fine meal.
^, Pollack, a fish. (£.) Prob.
-. poll\ cf. E. pollard, which is a
*ie of the chub. See pollard, under
x'oU. Hence Irish pullog, <i pollock;
Gael, pollag, a whiting. (Doubtful.)
Pollute. (L.) L. pollutus, pp. of
polluere, to defile. Orig. to wash over,
as a flooded river. — L. pol-, allied to
O. Lat. por-^ towards; luere, to wash;
see Lave.
PolOy a game. (Balti.) ' It comes from
Balti ; polo being properly, in the language
of that region, the ball used in the game ;*
Yule. Balti is in the high valley of the
Indus.
Polony, a Bologna sausage. (Ital.)
Ital. Bologna y where they were made
(Evelvn).
Poltroon^ a dastard , lazy fellow. (F. —
Ital. - L.) F. poltron, a sluggard ; Cot.
^\\s\, poltrone^ a varlet, coward, sluggard;
cf. poltrarey to lie in bed. — Ital. poltro, a
bed, couch ; orig. *■ a colt,' also ^ a varlet,'
Florio. Cf. F. pouire, a beam, M. F.
poutrcj ' a filly/ Cot. — Late L, pulUtrum,
ace. of pullttrus, B. colt; Due — L pullus,
a 6olt, foal. See Foal. For change of
sense, cf. Pulley, Cheyron,
Poly-, many. (L.— Gk.) 'L.poly-.^Gk.
iroAi;-, decl. stem of voAt^ff, much. -{- Skt.
puru-y much. Allied to Full.
polyanthnSy a flower. (L.— Gk.) L.
polyanthus. ^Qf^, «oXi$ay0os, many-flow-
ered.—Gk. voki)', many; Mm, flower.
polygamy. (F.-L.-Gk.) Y,pcly-
gamie,'^. polygatnia^^QiV, voXvyafua, a
manyingof many wives. — Gk. iroXw-, much;
-ya/jila, from ynfios, marriage.
polyiflot, speaking many languages.
(Gk.) Attic Gk. vokvyXarrros. — Gk. voKv-,
much, many; yXSrrra ■= yXjuaffa, tongue,
language ; see G-loss.
polyifon, a many-sided plane figure.
(L. — Gk.) L polygdnum, — Gk. iroAiJ-
ywvov, neut. of voKvywvos, having many
angles. — Gk. iroAv-, many ; ywiay an angle,
from y6vv, a knee.
polyliedron, a many-sided solid
PONDER
figuie. (Gk.) Gk. voKV', many; •t9pov^
for idpa, a base, from the base IS-, to sit ;
see Sit.
polynomial. (Gk. and L.) Coined
to go with di-nomtal, — Gk. iroAi;-, many ;
L. nomen, a name, term.
PolypUSy Polypy an aquatic animal of
the radiate type. (L. — Gk.) L. polypus.
— Gk. iroAinrovs, many-footed. — Gk. iroAv j,
many; trovs, a foot. % Cf. F. polype^
Ital. and Span. polipOy L. polypHs (gen.
polypi) ; all false forms, due to treating the
Lat. ending -pus as if it were -p-iis.
polysyllable. (Gk.) Yioxxipoly- and
syllable, Ct. Gk. troAvcrvAAaiSos, adj.
Iiolytlieism. (Gk) From /^/i'- and
theism.
Pomade, Pommade. (F.-Ital.~
L.) F. pommade, pomatum; so called
because orig. made with apples. — Ital.
pomada, pomata, 'a pomado to supple
one's lips, lip salve,* Fiorio. — Ital. porno,
an apple. — L. pomum, an apple, fruit.
Pomander, a globe-shaped box for
holding ointments or i>erfumes. (F. — L.aw^
Arab.) Si^li pomander {i 518); pomaunder
(Skelton). Cf. M. F. pomendier, * a pom-
aunder ; ' Palsgrave (prob. from E.) ;
and note M. Span, poma, a pomander
(Minsheu), which is a fem. form, from
pomo, an apple. B. The sufhx -ander is
for ambre, amber. We find ^ pomum ambre
for the pestelence'; MS. Harl. 237S,
p. 324, in Medical Works of the 14th
cent., ed. Henslow, p. 122. Cf. O. F.
pomme d' ambre (Rom, Rose, 21008). — L.
pomum, an apple ; and see Amber.
Pomegranate. (F. - L.) O. Y,pome
grenate (also turned into pome de grenate
by confusion of the sense) ; the same as
Ital. pomo granato. — L. pffmum, an apple ;
grdndtum, full of seeds, from granum, a
grain, seed ; see Grain.
pommel, a knob. (F.— L.) M. £.
pomel, a boss. — O.F. pomel (later pom-
meau), a pommel; lit. ' small apple.'
Dimin. from L. pomum, an apple.
Pomp. (F.-L.-Gk.) T.pompe,^!.,
pompa. — Gk. voyLwfj, a sending, escorting,
solemn piocession. — Gk. •n^tnrtiv, to send.
Pond. (E.) M. E. pond, variant of
pound, an enclosure ; it means a pool
formed by damming up water ; see Pound
(2). Cf. Irish pont, (1) a pound, (2) a
pond.
Ponder, to weigh in the mind, con-
sider. (L. ; L. ponderdre, to weigh. — L.
401
POIGNANT
POLL
poita, mm Gk. notrfrfii, a maker. * Gk. voicr-r ,
to make; with suffix -rrjs cf the agent.
Poignant. (F. — L.) ¥. poignant^
stinging, pres. part, olpffindre^ to prick. «
la. pungere, to prick.
point. (F. - L.) M. E. point. - O. F.
potnty poinds a point, prick. — L. punctum ;
orig. neut. oi punctus^ pp. o{ pungere, to
prick.
Poise, Peise, to balance, weigh. (F.
— L.) M. E. poiseHf peisen, — O. F. poiser^
\siteT peser^ to weigh; A. F. peiser.^'L.
pensdre, to weigh. Allied to O. F. poisy
A. F. peisy a weight (now misspelt poids^
from a notion of its being derived from L.
pondusy which is not the case). — Late L.
pensuMy pensaj a portion, weight; L. pen-
sum, a portion weighed out to spinners, a
Xaisk.^L,pensus,pp, of pendgre, to weigh.
See Pendant.
Poison. (F.— L.) F. poison, poison.^
L. piftiffnem, ace. oi pdtio, a draught, esp.
a poisonous draught ; see Potion.
Jroitrelf Peitr^, armour for a horse's
breast CF.-L.) M.F.^Vra/, Cot ; A.F.
peitral, • L. pectoraU, neut. of pectordlis,
belonging to the breast. See Peotoial.
Poke (i)) a bag, pouch. ;,Scand.) M.
E. poke. [Cf. A. S. *poca, pocca^ pohha,
pohcha^ poha, a bag.] — Icel. poki ; M . Du.
poke, a bag.
Poke (3), to thmst, push. (E.) M. E.
poken, pukken (whence Irish poc, a blow,
kick, Com. poc, a shove, Gael, puc, to
push).^Du. poken\ E. Fries, pokem,
frequent., to keep on poking about ;
Fomenji.pdk-en; G.pocAen. From Teut
base *puk', of imitative origin. Der.
pok-er.
Pole (i)> a large stake. (L.) M. E.
pole, formed (by usual change of a to 0)
from A. S. pal, a pale, pole.— L. pdlus,
a stake ; see Pale (i).
Pole (3)> a pivot, end of earth's axis.
(F. — L. — Gk.) O. F. pol. — L..poium, ace.
ofpo/us.^Gk. ir6kos,a, pivot, hinge. — Gk.
viKfiv, to be in motion ; allied to Russ.
koieso, a.yfhee\. (VQEL.) Brugm. l§6^2.
Pole-az, a kind of ax. (L. and £.)
From pole and ax. Cf. Westphal. p&i-exe,
from pd/. a pole. The Low G. pollexe, as
if from polle, the poll, is also spelt bollexe,
and ratlier represents the obs. E. hole-ax,
Icel. boloxi, from the bole of a tree.
Polecat, a kind of weasel. (Hybrid.)
M. E. polcat, where cat is the ^srdinary
word ; also pulkat. From F. poule, a
hen, becfttise the pole-cat slays capons ; see
Chaucer, C. T. 12789. Cf. the pronuncia-
tion of poul-try, from A. F. potetrie ; and
see Catchpoll.
Polemical, warlike. (Gk.) From
Gk. iruXcfu«of, warlike. — Gk. rrSXtfxos,
war.
Police. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. police, orig.
civil government — L. politta. ^Gk. iroXt-
T€la, polity, government. — Gk. voXlrrjs,
a citizen. — Gk. v6\ts, a state, city. Re-
lated to voXvs, much; cf. Skt purT, a
town. Der. polic-y, O. F. policie < L.
politta ; polit-ic, from Gk. noKxriKw, adj.
Der. curo-polis, metro-polis, cosnuhpolite.
Policy, a warrant for money in the
funds, a contract of insurance. (F. — Late
L. — Gk.) Confused with policy, from
police, with which it has nothing to do. —
F. police (Hamilton ; cf. M. Ital. poliza, a
schedule, Florio). — Late L. politicum,
polecticum, corruptions of polyptychum. a
register (a common word ; Ducange) . — Gk.
rtokinrTvxw, a piece of writing in many
folds, hence a long register; orig. nent.
of iroAvirrvxov, having many folds.- Gk.
iroA6-, much ; wtwxo-, crude form of vro^,
a fold, leaf, layer, connected with vrvtrfftiv,
to fold up. (Supp. to Diez.) fi. Better
thus: the Port, form apdlice, M« Span.
pdlifa, M. Ital. puliza, polisa, prob. repre-
sent Late L. apMissa, apddixa, 'cautio de
sumpta pecunia ; ' Due. Cf. Port apodixe,
a plain proof. — Late Gk. dTr^Scc^is, a shew-
ing forth, a proof. — Gk. ^jtottiiswya, I point
out. — Gk. a.rt6, from, forth; HcJirvvfu, I
shew. (Korting, § 6258.)
Poliu, to make smooth. (F. — L.) F.
poliss-, stem of pres. pt. of polir.^la.
polire, to make smooth.
polite. (L.)^ L. politus, polished ; pp.
of^ltre, to make smooth (above).
f clitic ; see Police.
Polka, a dance. (Polish.) Said to
have been first danced by a Bohemian
peasant-girl in 1831, and to have been
named polka at Prague in 1835. — Pol.
Polka, a Polish woman. Another dance
is called the Polonaise, with the same
literal sense ; another the Cracovienne, lit.
a woman of Cracow ; another the Mazur-
ka, f\. V.
Poll, the head, esp. the back part (O.
Low G.) Hence it means als > a register
of heads or persons, a voting-place, &c.
M. E. pol, a poll ; pol H pol. head by head,
separately. — Low G.folle\ M Du. folic.
400
POLLEN
pol^ holy ' head or pate/ Hexham ; Swed.
dial. /////, Dan. puld ^for pull), Cf. E.
Fries, poly round, full, fleshy. Der. poll^
to cut off the hair of the head. Also
poll-ardf a tree that is polled^ leaving a
large knobby head; also, formerly, a
clipped coin.
Pollen. (L.) L* polleuy pollis^ fine
flour. Cf. Gk. v&Xri, fine meal.
Pollock, Pollack, a fish. (E.) Prob.
from E. poll\ cf. E. pollard ^ which is a
name of the chub. See pollard^ under
Poll. Hence Irish pidlogy a pollock;
Gael, pollagy a whiting. (Doubtful.)
Pollute. (L.) L. pollutusy pp. of
polluerCy to defile. Orig. to wash over,
as a flooded river. — L. pol-^ allied to
O. Lat. por-^ towards; lucre ^ to wash;
see Lave.
PolOy a game. (Balti.) ' It comes from
Balti ; polo being properly, in the language
of that region, the ball used in the game ;*
Yule. Balti is in the high valley of the
Indus.
Polony, a Bologna sausage. (Ital.)
Ital. Bologntty where they were made
(Evelvn).
Poltroon, a dastard, lazy fellow. (F. —
Ital. -L.) F. poltrofty a sluggard; Cot.
— lXSL\,poltrone<, a varlet, coward, sluggard ;
cf. poltrarCy to lie in bed. — Ital. poltro, a
bed, couch ; orig. ' a colt,' also ' a varlet,'
Florio. Cf. F. pautre, a beam, M. F.
poutre, * a filly/ Cot. — Late L. pullitrumy
ace. oi pullitrusy a colt; Due. — L pullusy
a eolt, foal. See Foal. For change of
sense, cf. Pulley, Chevron.
Poly-, many. (L.— Gk.) 'L.pcly-.^GV,
woXv-y decl. stem of irokCs, much. + Skt.
puru'y much. Allied to Full.
polyaathns, a flower. (L.-Gk.) L.
poTyantkus.^QV. wo\^av$os, many-flow-
en d. — Gk. vokfi- , many ; &i^<n, flower.
polynmy. (F.-I — Gk.) F.pofy-
gafnie,^\^ polygamia.''GV. wo\vya/iia, a
manvingof many wives. — Gk. voAv-, much;
-To/ua, from yiifMs, marriage.
POlyiflot, speaking many languages,
(dk.) Attic Gk. voKvyXwTTos, - Gk. iroAw-,
much, many ; ykSirra ■» yX&aaa, tongue,
language ; see Gloss.
polygon, a many-sided plane figure.
(L.-Gk.) L poly£dnum, - Gk. iroAv-
y^jvovy nent. of KoKv^wvo^y having many
angles. — Gk.voXv-, many ; 7a>iia, an angle,
from yhvvy a knee.
polyhodron, a many*sided solid
PONDER
figure. (Gk.) Gk. itoki^y many; 'cdpor,
for (&KZ, a base, from the base l8-, to sit ;
see Sit.
polynomial. (Gk. and L.) Coined
to go with bi'tiomial, — Gk. iroAu-, many ;
L. nomeny a name, term.
Polypus, Polyp, an aquatic animal of
the radiate type. (L. — Gk.) L. polypus.
— Gk. iroAvirovs, many-footed. — Gk. koKv j,
many; irovs, a foot. % Cf. F. polype^
Ital. and Span, polipoy L. polypHs (gen.
polypi) ; all false forms, due to treating the
Lat. ending -pus as if it were -p-iis.
polys^^lkble. (Gk.) Yxompoly- and
syllable, Ct. Gk. noXvavWafio^, adj.
polythoiBm. (Gk) From poly- aad
theism.
Pomade, Pommade. (F.~ltal.~
L.) F. pommade, pomatum ; so called
because orig. made with apples. — Ital.
pomada, pomatay 'a pomado to supple
one's lips, lip salve,' Florio. — Ital. porno y
an apple. — L. pomumy an apple, fruit.
Pomander, a globe-shaped box for
holding ointments or perfiimes. {Y. — 'L.attd
Arab.) S^\t pomander ( 1 5 1 8) ; pomaunder
(Skelton). Cf. M. F. pomendier, ' a pom-
aunder;' Palsgrave (prob. from £.) ;
and note M. Span, pomay a pomander
(Minsheu), which is a fem. form, from
pomoy an apple. ^. The sufl[ix -ander is
for ambrCf amber. We find ^ pomum ambre
for the pestelence*; MS. Harl. 2378,
p. 324, in Medical Works of the 14th
cent, ed. Henslow, p. 122. Cf. O. F.
pomme d* ambre ^Rom. Rose, 21008). — L.
pomum, an apple ; and see Amber.
Pomegranate. (F. - L.) o. F,pome
grenate (also turned into pome de grenate
by confusion of the sense; ; the same as
Ital. porno granato. — L. pSmumy an apple ;
granatumy full of seeds, from grdnumy a
grain, seed ; see Grain.
pommel, a knob. (F.— L.) M. £.
pomely a boss.- O.F. pomel (later pom-
meau)y a pommel; lit. 'small apple.*
Dimin. from L. pomumy an apple.
Pomp. (F.- L.-Gk.: Y.pompe,^!.,
pompa. — Gk. iro//ir^, a sending, escorting,
solemn piocession. — Gk. ir^/xirciv, to send.
Pond. (E.) M. E. pondy variant of
pouniiy an enclosure ; it means a pool
formed by damming up water ; see Pound
(2). Cf. Irish ponty (1) a pound, (2' a
pond.
Ponder, to weigh in the mind, con-
sider. (L. ; L. ponderare, to weigh. — L.
401
PONE NT
ponder-y for ^pondes-^ stem of pondus, a
weight. — L. petuUre^ to weigh. See
Pendant.
Ponent, western. (F. — L.) MJF. pofunt,
'the west;' Cot.-iL. pffnent-, stem of
pres. pt. oi pdneref to lay, hence to set (as
the snn). See Position.
Poniard. (F.-L, ; with G. suffix.) F.
poignardy a dagger. — F. pdng (O. F.
poign), the fist ; with suffix Tard<G. hart
(lit. hard). [So also Ital. pugncUe^ a
poniard, from pugno, fist ; Span. puHal, a
poniard, from pUftOy fist, handfal, hilt.] —
Ij-pugnus^ fist. See Pugnacious.
Pontiff. (F.-L.) U,Y.pontif\ F.
pontife. — L. ponttfex^ a Roman high-
priest; lit. *a path-maker' or 'road-
maker,' but the reason for the name is
not known. — 'L.ponti-, representing/o«j, a
path, a bridge ; facere, to make. Cf. Gk.
TTovToSf sea. firugm. i. $ 140.
Pontoon. (F.-L.-C.) F. pontoriy
a lighter, bridge of boats, *a wherry,*
Cot. — L. pontoneniy ace. of pontOj a boat,
bridge of boats. The word is of Celt,
origin; see Punt.
Pony. (F.— L.) Cf. Gael. /^tf^i/ift, a
little horse, a pony; vulgar Irish poni,
both borrowed firom English. Lowl. Sc.
powney. — O. F. poulenet, a little colt (Gode-
froy) ; dimin. o^paulain, a colt, foal. — Late
L. ace. pulldnurtiy a young horse. — L.
pull-US y a foal ; cognate with £. Foal.
Poodle, a dog. (G.) G. pi*dely a
poodle ; Low G. pudel, pudel-hund, allied
to Low G. pudelrtj to waddle, used of fat
persons and short-legged animals. Cf. Low
G.pudel-dikk, unsteady on the iteiypuddtgy
thick. Allied to Pudding.
Pooh. (F.) M.F./<wa^r,' faugh/ Cot.
Cf. Icel. pUf pooh. Of imitative origin.
Pool (i), a small body of water. (E.)
M. E. pol, pool, A. S. pdl\ [Irish poll, pull,
a hole, pit ; Gael, poll, a hole, pit, bog,
g3ol ; W. pwll, Corn, poly Manx poyl,
lei.poully a pool].+DQ. po^lj G. pfuhly
O. H. G. pfuoL Teut. type *pdloz ; cf.
Lith. bdlhy a swamp. (The Celtic forms
are borrowed.)
Pool (2), receptacle for the stakes at
cards. (F.-L.) F. poule, (i) a hen, (2)
a pool, at various games ; the stakes being
the eggs to be got from the hen. — Late L.
ptdla^ a hen ; fem. of L. pullus, a young
animal ; see Foal.
Poop. (F. - L. ; <?r F. - Ital. - L.) F.
poupBypouppe, — "L^puppifHy ace. oipuppisy
PORCELAIN
hinder part of a ship. % Or F. poupe
is from Ital. poppay poop ; Hatzfeld.
Poor. (F. — L.) From M.E. poure
( =s povre)y poor. — O. F. povrCy poor. — L.
paupereniy ace. oi pauper ; see Pauper.
Pop. (E.) *To poppCy coniectare;'
Levins. Of imitative origin; allied to
M. E. poupetiy to blow a horn ; also to
Puflf.
PopOf the father of a church, bishop of
Rome. (L.-Gk.) yi.E.pope-y A. S.
pdpay pope, with Uie usual change from a
to ff. — L. pdpay pope, father ; see Papal.
Popiinay, orig. a parrot. (F. — Bava-
rian and L. ; with modified suffix.) M. E.
popingayy also spelt papeiay '^ — papejay).
The n is inserted as in passe-n-gery tnesse-n-
ger. — F. papegaiy * a parrot or popinjay ; '
Cot. Cf. Span, papagayo. Port. papagaiOy
a parrot; (whence Arab, babaghd^ a parrot),
p. But there is also O. F. papegau, a
parrot (i 3th cent.) , Ital. papagalloy a parrot,
lit. * a talking cock ; ' and this is the older
form. [The change was due to the sub-
stitution oi jay (F. gaiy geat) for 'cock,'
because the jay seemed to come nearer
than a cock to the nature of a parrot.] Cf.
Bavarian pappely a parrot, {xova pappeln, to
chatter (» E. babble), A similar name
is Lowl. Sc. bubblyjock (i. e. babble-jack),
a turkey-cock.
Poplar, a tree. (F.-L.^ 0,Y,poplier\
F. peuplier. Formed with suffix -ier ( = L.
-drius) from O. F. *popley later peuple,
a poplar. — L./4^«/iM/w, ace. oipdpulus^ a
poplar.
Poplin. (F.) F. popeline, a fabric ; at
first called papeliney A. D. 1667 (Littre).
[Therefore not from Poppeling or Popper-
ingen, near Ypres, in W. Flanders ; as in
N. and Q. 6 S. vi. 305.]
Poppy. (L.) K.S.popigy?L\^popag\
from L,. papduery a poppy (with change of
suffix).
Populace. (F.-Ital.-L.) ¥. popu-
lace, — Ital. popolazzo, popolaccioy 'the
grosse, vile, common people ; * Florio. —
Ital. popoloy people. — L. ace. populum.
% The suffix -accio is depreciatory.
popular. (F.-L.) Y.populaire.'^L.
populdris, adj., from populuSy the people.
Porcelain. (F. - Ital. — L.) Named
from the resemblance of its polished surface
to that of the univalve shell with the same
name. — F. porcelaine, pourcelainey * the
purple-fish, the Venus-shell;* Cot. — Ital.
porcellana, * the purple-fish, a kind of fine
40a
PORCH
earth, whereof they make . . porcettan
dishes;' Florio. p. The shell is named
from the curved shape of its upper surface,
like a pig's back. —Ital. porcelia, a pig,
dimin. of porco, a hog, pig. — L. porcuniy
ace. ofporcus, a pig. See Pork.
Porch. (F.-L.) F. porche.'^'L. par*
ticum, ace. of porticus^ a gallery, porch ;
formed, with suffix -iVmj, from L. port-a^
a door ; see Port (3).
Porciner pig-like. ( L.) L. porC'lnus,
adj., from parc-us, a pig ; see Pork.
Porciipme. (F.-L.) M.Kporkepyn
(3 syllables. — O. F. pore espin, Godefroy ;
(now called porc-ipic). [So also Span.
puerco espin^ Ital. porco sptttoso.]^0. F.
porCf a pig ; esptn, by-form of espimj a
spine, pri(£le. — L. porc-um, ace. oi parens ;
sptna, a thorn ; see Spine. % But mod.
Y,porC'ipic was formerly pore espi, derived
from sptea, spike, not spina^ a thorn. We
also find £. porpitiy short for porkepin\
whence porpint^ altered to porpoint, pork-
point ; vfhoiCiQ porpent'ine ; all these forms
occur.
Pore (i)) a minute hole in the skin. (F.
— L.— Gk.) F. pore.^'L, poruniy ace. of
porus, • Gk. ir<$po9, a passage, pore. Allied
to Fare. (VPER.)
Pore (2), to look steadily, gaze long.
(E.) M. E. poren, Cf. North Yn&i.porre^
to stick, stir, provoke, £• Fries, puren,
purren, to stidc, thrust, bore, stir, vex;
Low G. purretiy to poke about, clean out
a hole, Du. porren^ to poke ; Swed. dial.
pora, purtty p&ra, to work slowly and
gradually, to do anything slowly (Rietz) ;
Norw. poray to finger, poke, stir, thrust.
The idea seems to l^ that of poking about
slowly, hence to pore over a thing, be slow
about it. We also find Gael, purr^ to
push, thrust, drive, urge, Irish purrcdm^
I thrust, push ; from M. "E^ pouren, poren ;
cf. Lowl. Sc. pttTTf to stab.
Pork. (F. - L.) F. pore. — L. porcum,
ace. oi poreuSj a pig.^'Lithuan. parszas^
Irish ore (with usual loss ofp\ A. S.fearhy
a p^ (whence E. farrow), Brugm. i.
Porphyry. (F. - L. - Gk.) M. E.
porphurie^ answering to an O. F. form
*porphyriey which Cotgrave gives only in
the form porphyre. — L. porphyrites, -• Gk.
itop<pvfirrpy porphyry, a hard rock named
from its purple colour. ^Gk. trop^pa, the
purple-fish. See Purple.
Porpoisop PorpeMi. (F'-L-) M. E.
PORTCULLIS
porpeys.^O.Y. porpeis, a porpoise; now
obsolete (except Guernsey pourpeis), and
replaced by marsouin, borrowed from G.
meer-sehwein (mere-swine). For ^pore^
/«V.— L. pore-uniy ace. oi porcus, a pig;
piseentt ace. o( pisetSy a fish. See Pork
and Fish.
Porridge. (F.) Another form of
poUagey which first became poddige (as
preserved in Cr^ytn poeldish) and afterwards
porridgey just as the Southern E. errish is
comipted from eddish (A.S. edisc)i stubble.
Similarly ,/^//a;^(?r (Palsgrave) was an old
form of porringer. Cotgrave has ' potage,
pottage, porridge.'
porringer. (F.) Formed from ^Trrr^^
( = porridge) by inserted », as in messenger
(F. nussager) ; with E. suffix -er. It means
a small dish for porridge (above).
Port (i), demeanour. (F. - L.) M. E.
port. — F. porty * the carriage, or demeanor
of a man ; ' Cot. A sb. due to the verb
porter y to carry. — L. poridrey to carry.
Allied to Fare. (^ PER.) Der. porty
vb., as *to port arms;* and (probably)
* to port the helm * ; port-edy P. L. iv. 980.
Also port-ery a bearer of a burden, sub-
stituted for M, E. portoury from Y,porteur,
Hence portery the name of a strong malt-
liquor, so called from bemg the favourite
drink of LondiQxi porters (1730) ; port-folioy
a case large enough to osccrj folio paper
in (cf. F. portefeuille)y port-manteauy F.
portemanteau,-set Mantle, Mftntua \port'
fyy port'li-ness.
Port (a), a harbour. (L.) M. E. port,
A. S. port. — L. portuSy a harbour ; cognate
with E. Ford. Closely allied to Port (3).
Brugm. 1. $ 514.
port (3), a gate, entrance. (F. — L.) F.
porte, — L. portay a gate. Allied to Gk.
it6poty a ford, way; see above. Ber.
port-ery F. portier, L. portarius ; port-aly
O. F. portaly Late L. portdle,
port (4)) a dark wine. (Port.— L.)
Short for Oporto w/w.— Port. 0 porto, i. e.
the harbour ; where 0 is the def. art. ( =
Span. ^aL. ilium), and porto is from L.
portum, ace. ofportus, a harbour.
portal: see portX3) above.
SortonlliB. (F.-L.) M.KporteoUse,
. F. porte eoleice (13th cent.), XvlXsx porte
eoulissey or eoulissey a portcullis, lit. sliding
door. * "L. porta, a door ; Late L. *edldticiay
(sc. porta)y from coUUuSy pp. of coldrey to
flow, glide, slide; see Golander and
OulUa. We find the Late L. forms cdld-
403
PORTE
POST
dissus, coldcius, porta coladay port-cnllis ;
from the same source. «
EOrtOf the Turkish government. (F.
.) The Sublime Porte is a F. transla-
tion of Babi Alif the chief office of the
Ottoman government, lit. * high gate ; *
(Arab, bad, gate, *aity, high), ^^F. porte,
a gate. — L. porta, gate; see port (3)
above.
Portend. (L.) L. port'endere^ to pre-
dict; lit. to stretch out towards, point
out.— L. /w- (O. Lat. port')y towards;
tetuiere, to stretch. Der. portent^ O. F.
portent, L. portentum, neut. of pp. olpor-
temiere.
Porter (i), a carrier ; see Fort (i).
Porter (a), a gate-keeper ; see Fort
Porter (3), a kind of beer ; see Fort
(1).
PorteSSe, PortoiU, a breviary. (F.
— L. / M. E. portous, porthors. — O. F.
portehors, a translation of the L«atin name
portiforium.'^F, porter ^ to carry; kors,
forth (O. F. fors). — L. portdre^ to carry ;
foris^ abroad.
Portico. (Ital. — L.) \\.2X, portico. ^\.,
porticuniy ace. oi portions ; see Foroh.
Porbion. (F. -L.) F. portion, -^l^,
ace. portidnem, a share, from portio\
closely allied to part-, stem oipars, a part.
Brugm. i. § 527.
Portly J see Fort (i).
Porbraitb (F.— L.) M.F. pourtraict,
* a pourtrait ; ' Cot. — M. F. pourtraict,
pourtraity pp. of pourtraire, to portray
(below).
portray, ponrtray, (F.-L.) M.E.
pourtraien.^O,F. portraire^ pourtraire,
to portray. — Late L. protrahere^ to depict ;
L. protrakere, to draw forward, to reveal.
— L. prS^ forth ; trahere^ to draw. See
Trace (i).
Pose (i), a position, attitude. (F.— L.
— Gk. ) Modem ; but important. — F. pose,
attitude. — F. poser, to place, set. — Late L.
pausdre, to cease; also to cause to rest
(.substituted for L. pdnere, the sense of
which it took up). — L. pausa, a pause.—
Gk. iravcis, a pause. — Gk. iravtiv, to make
to cease ; vavtaSm, to cease. % One of
the most remarkable facts in F. et3rmology
is the extraordinary substitution whereby
Late L. pausdre, coming to mean ^ to
cause to rest,* usurped the place of L.
pdnere, to place, with which it has no
etymological connexion. This it did so
eflfectually as to restrict F. pondre (=L,
pdnere) to the sole sense * to lay eggs,*
whilst in all compounds it thrust it aside,
so that compausdre \F, composer) usurped
the place uf L. compdnere, and so on
throughout. But note that, on the other
hand, the sb. position (with all derivatives)
is veritably derived from the pp. oi pdnere ;
see Fosition ; and see Bepose.
Pose (a)> to puzzle by questions. (F.—
L. and Gk.) M. £. apposen^ to question;
not really sF. apposer, but substituted
for M. E. opposen, to oppose, hence, to
cross-question ; see Oppose. % Confused
with appose, because of apposite^ which
see. See Appose in N. E. D.
Pose (3), a cold in the head. (C.) In
Chaucer. A. S. geposu, a cough (where
ge- is a mere prefix). Borrowed from W.
peswch or pds, a cough ; allied to Irish
casachdas, Russ. kashele^ prov. £. hoast^
a cough, Skt. kds, to cough. (^QAS.)
Position. (F . — L. ) F. position, - L,
positidnem, ace. of positio, a placing. — L.
positHSy pp. oi pdnere, to place, p. Pdnere
is for pi-sinere, where po- stands for au
old prep. , and sinere is to allow ; see
Site. ^ Quite distinct ixoxsipose (i).
IK)Sitive. (F.— L.) F. positif,^!^
positiuus. Settled. — L. posit'Us, pp. of
pdnere, to set, settle.
Posse. (L.) L. posse, infin. to be able ;
used as sb., meaning ' power.' See Fotent.
Possess. (L.) L. possessus, pp. of
possidere, to possess. The orig. sense was
' to remain master.' — L. pot-, as in pot-is^
able, having power; sedere, to sit. Cf.
Fotent.
Posset, a warm curdled drink. (F.)
M. E. possyt, — M. F. possette, ' a posset of
ale and mylke,' Palsgrave. Origin un-
known ; cf. L. posca, sour wine and water.
[Irish pusoid, a posset, W. posel, curdled
milk, posset, are borrowed from £.]
Possible. (F.-L.) F. possible, ~U
possibilis^ that may be done. Cf. L. posse,
to be able ; see Fotent.
Post V i)) a stake set in the ground. (L.)
M. E.post;'A. S.^j/. — L. postis, a, post.
Perhaps something hrmly fixed. — h,postus,
short for positus, pp. of pdnere, to set.
See Fosition.
post (2), a military station^ a public
letter-carrier, stage on a road. (F. —Ital.
— L.) Orig. a military post ; then a fixed
place on a line of road, a station ; then a
stage, also a traveller who used relays of
404
POSt-
horsesi &c. — F. paste y masc, a carrier,
messenger ; fern., posting, a riding post. «
Ital. /w/a. — Late L. postus, fern, posta,
a post, scation. — L. positus, pp. oipdnere,
to place.
Post-, prefix. (L.) L,pcstj after, behind.
post-date ; from post and date.
posterior, hinder. (L.) h, posterior,
comp. of posterus, coming after. — L. post,
after. Der. posterior-s, i. e, posterior
parts.
posteri'ty. (F. - L.) M. Y. posterity. -
L. posteritdtenij ace. oi posteritds^ futurity,
posterity. — L,.posteri-y for posteruSy coming
after (above).
postern. (F.-L.) O. F. postei-le,
also spelt posteme (by change Qf suffix) ;
later poteme, * a back-door to a fort ; '
Cot.— L. postertt/a, a small back-door.—
L. posterus, behind.
posthumous, postumous. (L.)
L. postutnusy the latest-born ; hence, as sb.,
a posthumous child. Written postkumus
owing to a popular etymology from post
humumy forced into the impossible sense
of ^ after the father is in the ground or
buried * ; hence F. posthumCy Port, post-
humo ; but Span, and Ital. postumo are
right, p. L. posiumus '^*post'tu»muSy a
superl. form oiposty behind ; cf. op-tU'tnuSy
best.
pOStil,an explanatory note or commen-
tary on the Bible. (F.-L.) yi.Y . postUle.
— Late L. postilUit a marginal note in a
Bible. Derived by Ducange from L. post
ilia uerboy i. e. after those words, because
the glosses were added afterwards.
Postillion. (F. - Ital. - L.) F. pos'
tillon. — Ital. postiglunUy a post-boy. — Ital.
posta, a post ; with suffix -iglione » L.
'ilionem. See post (2) above.
Post-meridian, Pomeridian, be-
longing to the afternoon. (L.) L. pdme-
rtdidnuSy also postmerididnuSy the same. —
h,posty after ; mertdidnusy adj., from mert^
diiSy noon ; see Meridian.
post-mortem. (L.) L. posty after ;
morteniy ace. of tnorSy death.
pOStrObit. (L.) L. posty after; obi-
tutHy ace. of olfitusy death.
postpone, to put off. (L.) L. post'
pdnerty to put after, delay. — L. posty after ;
pdnerCy to put.
post-prandial, adj., after-dinner.
(LO From L. post prandiuniy i. e. after
dinner. For L,, prandiuffty see Brugm. ii.
§ X65.
POTION
postscript. (L.) L. posticriptum,
that which is written after. — L. post, after ;
scriptum, neut. of pp. oi scribere, to write.
Postulate, a self-evident proposition.
(L.) L. postuldtuniy a thing demanded
(and granted) ; neut. of pp. of posiuldrey
to demand. Derived from poscercy to ask.
Brugm. i. §5 483(7), 502.
Posture. (F.— L.) F. posture, ^V..
positHra^ arrangement. — L. posituSy pp. of
psnere, to put. See Position.
Posy. (F. — L. — Gk.) In all its senses,
it is short for poesy. It meant a short
poem, esp. a short motto in verse on knives
and rings, Hamlet, iii. a. i6a ; hence it
meant a nosegay, because the flowers
chosen for it enigmatically represented a
posy or motto. It even meant a collection
of precious stones, forming a motto;
Chambers, Book of Days, i. aai. See
Poesy.
Pot. (E.) M.E./0/. A. S. /«?//. + E.
Fries. Du. pot ; Icel. pottr, Swed. potta,
Dan. potte ; Low G. pott. Also Irish pota,
Gael, poity "W. poty all from E. Also F.
pot, Bret, pddy Span, pote ; from Low G.
Tent. tyjx*puttoz. Hence Low h.pottus,
also spelt potus (as if from L. potdrey to
drink). Der. to go to pot, i.e. into the
cooking-pot.
Potable, drinkable. (F.-L.) F.
potable,^lj, pdtdbilisy drinkable. — L. po-
tare, to drink ; potus, drunken.'fSkt. pdy
to drink. Allied to Gk. ir6(nsy drink, vStyia^
drink.
Potash.. (E.) From pot and ash ; ash
obtained by boiling down burnt vegetable
substances in a pot. Latinised as potassa ;
whence pat<iss-iunt.
Potation. (L.) From L. potatio, a
drinking. — L. potdtus, pp. of pdtdre^ to
drink. See Potable.
Potato. (Span.— Hay ti.) Spau./o/a/a,
a potato. — Hay ti batata ^ a yam.
Potohf to thrust ; see Poach (a).
Potent. (L.) L. potent- y stem of
potenSy powerful, pres. part, oi posse, to be
able, possuMy I am able. Possum is short
for *pot'Sum or *pote-sumy from potisy
powerful, orig. ' a lord ; * allied to Skt.
pati'y a master, lord, Lithuan. -patiSy Russ.
'Podt in gos-podey lord. Brugm. i. § 158,
Der. omnipotent. And fee Despot.
Pother, a bustle, confusion. (£.) Also
pudcUr, the same ; from pudder, vb., to
stir, confuse, a variant of Potter.
Potion. (F^* — L.) F. potion. — L.
¥>h
POTTAGE
pdHonetHi ace. oi potior a draught. -L.
potusy drunken ; see Potable, Poison.
Pottage. (F.-LowG.) Vi.'E.pota^.
— P\ poiage \ formed with F. suffix -age
(L. 'dticum), from F. pot^ a pot, of Teut.
origin. See Pot.
Potter. (E.) To potter is to poke
about, hence to stir, confuse, disorder, also
to do a thing inefficiently; so bX&o pother ^
to poke, disorder (Bailey, Halliwell).
These are frequentative forms of put, to
thrust ; see Put. Cf. M. Du. poteren^ * to
search one thoroughly/ Hexham; Du.
peuteren^ to fumble, poke about; Norw.
pota^ M. Swed. potta^ to poke.
Pottle. (F.-LowG.) U.li,potel.^
0. 1*'. potely a small pot, small measure ;
dimin. of F. /<?/, a pot. — Low G. pott ; see
Pot.
potwalloper. (Hybrid.) Lit. < one
who boils a pot ;* hence a voter who has a
vote because he can boil a pot on his own
fire. Wailopy to boil fast, is from M. £.
walopeUy to gallop. Golding has ' seeth-
ing a'wallopj lx)iling rapidly ; tr. of Ovid,
f. 82. See Gallop.
Pouch. (F. - M. Du.) M. E. pouche.
«0. F. pouche, variant of poche\ see
Pocket.
Poult, a chicken. (F.-L.) M. E.
pulte,'m\, poulet^ a chicken; dimin. of
poule^ a hen. — Late "L. pulla^ a hen ; fern.
oipulluSy a young animal. See Pool (2).
Dep. poult-er, afterwards extended to
poult-er',er\ poult-r^y (Jotpoult-er-y), A.F.
poletrie,
Poultioe. (F.— L.) Gascoigne has
the ^\. pultesses (Steel Glas, 997). — M. F.
*pttit-ice, formed from M. F. pulte, ' a
poultice;' Cot, [Cf. M. Ital. poltiglia^
" a pultis,* Florio.] —Late L.,pultay a kind
of pap ; from /«//-, as in 'L.pult'is, gen. of
pulsy a thick pap, or pap-like substance. 4-
Gk. ir6\roSf porridge.
Poultry; see Poult.
Pounce (i)) to seize with the claws.
(F. — L.) Orig. a term in hawking; a
hawk's claws were termed pounces ; cf.
O. F. ponce y a fist. A pounce is also a punch
or stamp (Nares) ; a pounson was a dagger
(Barbour). Ci.(j?iscovipounc?ioun\ O.F.
poinc-ony punch-on (Ital. pttnz-om, Span.
pum-on), a punch, sharp point. Cf. Ital.
punzone^ * a bodkin, a goldsmith's pouncer
or pounce-/ Florio. From the base seen
in Ital. punz-ellare, to prick, goad, Span.
punz'ary to punch. The Span, punzar
POWER
answers to a Late L. *puttctidre^ not
found, but regularly formed from L.
puuctus, pp. otpungere. See Pungent.
Pounce (2)) nne powder. (F.— L.) F.
ponce ; ^ pierre ponce, a pumis stone ; '
Cot. — L./tt/ntV^fw, ace. oiputneXy pumice;
see Pumioe. Der. pouncet-box.
Pound (i)f a weight, a sovereign. (L. .
Orig. a weight. M. E. pund. A. S. pund,
i^\. pund.^la. pandd, a weight, used as an
mdeclinable sb., though orig. meaning ' by
weight ' ; allied to p^duSy a weight See
Ponder.
Pound (3), an enclosure for strayed
cattle. (E.) M.E, pond, A.S.pundjSai
enclosure. Hence pindar. Doublet,
pond.
Pound (3)> to braise in a mortar. (E.)
The d is excrescent. M. £. pounen ; also
ponen, as in comp. to-ponen, to pound
thoroughly. — A. S./ft»ta;}, to pound.
Pour. (F. - L.) M. E. pouren, poren^
esp. used with out. The oiig. sense was
to purify, clarify, esp. by pressure or
squeezing out.- O.F. purer ^ to clarify,
also to pour out or drip ; so also depurer,
to clarity, to be clarined, to drip or run
out. — Late lu.purdre, to purify. — L.purus,
fmre; see Pure. So in Guernsey, * J'o
'cidre qui pure dans I'auge,' I hear ihe
cider pouring into the trough (Moisy).
Pourtray; see Portray.
Pout (i)} to swell out, to sulk. (E.)
See below. [W. pwdu, to pout, to be
sullen, is from E.]
pout (3), a fish. (E.) A. S. a/e-putan,
pi. , eel-pouts. The fish has the power of
mflating a membrane above the eyes ;
hence A. S. -put-a - pout-er. From a
Teut. base ^put-an-, to swell out. Cf. Du.
putt, a frog, from its rounded shape ; puit-
aal, an eel-pout ; puist, a pimple (from a
shorter base */»-) ; Swed. ptUa, a cushion
(from its shape; Swed. dial, puta, to be
inflated). Cf. Prov. pot, pout, a full lip ;
fa depots, to pout (Mistral). Cf. Pudding.
Poverty. (F.-L.) M.E. pouertee
( — povertee), — O'. F. poverte, IsLter poz/ret<f,
poverty (F. pauvret4).'^l^. paupertdtem,
ace. of paupertds, poverty. — L. pauper,
poor. See Pauper.
Powder. (F.-L.) lli.'E. poudre.^m
F, poudre, O. F. poldre, puldre. Formed
with excrescent d from L. puluerem, ace.
oipuluis, dust. See Pulverise.
Power. (F.-L.) M.E.poer; later
pO'W-er, the w being inserted. — A. F. poer.
406
POX
O. Y,pooir (mod. Y.pouvoir)^ to be able ;
hence, as sb., power. — Late L. potere, to
be able ; for L. posse, to be able. See
Fosflible, Potent.
Poz I see Fock.
Praam, Pram, a flat-bottomed boat.
(Du.— Slav.) T>yx.praam\ M.'Dvi.pramc,
••Pol. and Bohem./ram.
Practice. (F.-L.-Gk.) [Formerly
practise^ from the verb to practisc^O. F.
practiseTi pratiser, — Late L. practicdre^
The M. £. form of the sb. yn^ praktike,^
M. Y.practique, practice. » L^practica, fern,
of practicus, — Gk. vpoKTiKos^ fit for busi-
ness ; whence ij vfHutrnc^, practical science,
experience. -• Gk. vpaaauv {^*vp6je-}f€iv),
to do, accomplish. Der. practitton-er,
formed by needlessly adding -er to the
older term/raf/fVfaff,from M,F. practicien,
* a practicer in law ; * Cot.
Pr»tor, Pretor, a Roman magis-
trate. (L.) L. prator, lit a goer before,
leader ; for *pra-itor. * L. pra, before ;
*itorj a goer, from tre, to go.
Pragmatic. (F.-L.-Gk.) Y.prag-
matiqiu^ belonging to business. —L. pra^-
fnaticus. «■ Gk. vpayftariicds, skilled m
business, i- Gk. vpayfMT'f stem of vpay/ia
(cs*ir^air-fia), a deed, thing done. — Gk.
vpaaatiy ( ^ *wpdH-j^tiy), to do. See Frao-
tioe.
Prairie, an extensive meadow. (F.—
L.) F. prairie, a meadow. — Late L.
pr&tdria, meadow-land.— L. prMum^ a
meadow.
Praise, sb. (F.— L.) O.F./r«j, price,
value, merit (hence, tribute to merit).— L.
pretium, price, value. Der. dis-praise.
Prance. (£•) 'iA.E.praft^enjprauftcen,
used of a horse ; it means to make a show,
shew off ; apparently an A. F. adaptation
of M. £. pranken, to trim. Cf. Dan. dial.
prandsCy pranse^ to go proudly, as a
pricing horse ; pransk, proud ; Swed.
dial, pranga, to shew off. So also M. Dn.
pronken^ to make a show, to stmt about ;
Low Q,prunken. See below.
Prau (i), to deck, adorn. (£.) M.E.
pranken, to trim ; allied to obs. E. prink,
to trim (Nares). Prink is a nasalised
form of prick ; cf. Lowl. Sc. preek, to be
spruce, prick -nU' dainty, finical, prink,
primp, to deck, to prick. Prank is an
allied form to these ; see further under
Friok. So also M.Du.proftcken, to dis-
play one's dress, pronckepinken, proncke-
prinken, to glitter in a fine dress; Low G.
PRECENTOR
Dan. Swed. prunk, show, parade ; M. Du.
pryken, to make a show. From a Teut.
type *prenkan'j str. vb. (pt. t. *prank, pp.
*prunkanoz\,
prank (a), a trick. (£.) An act done
to shew off; a trick to make people stare ;
from Frank (i).
Prate. (E.) M. £. praten. Cf. M.
Swed. prcUa, Dan. prate, to prate, talk ;
Swed. Dan. prat, talk ; M. Du. and Low
G. praten, to prate ; Du. praat, talk. Of
imitative origin ; from a base *prat, Der.
pratt'le, the frequentative form.
Prawn. (F. I - L. ?) M. E. prane.
Prompt. Parv. Perhaps (through a lost
A. F. form) from L. pema, a sea-mussel ;
cf. M. Ital. pamocchie, ' a fish called
shrimps or praunes ; ' Florio.
Pray. (F.-L.) M. £./fvj^«i.-A.F.
and O. F. preier (F. prier),^!.. prec&ri,
to pray. See Freoarioiia. Der. pray-er,
M. £. preiere, O. F. preiere, from L. pre-
c&ria, fem. oi prec&rius, adj.
Pre-y beforehand . (L. ; ^r F. — L.) M. F.
pre-, L. prcB; from L. pra, prep., before.
For *prai, a locative form. % Hence
numerous compounds, many of which,
Vi^t precaution, are of obvious origin.
Preach. (F — L.) M. E. prechen, -
O. ¥ . precker,prescher (pricker), ^"L, pra-
dicdre, to declare. See Fredioate.
Prebend. (F.-L.) O. F. prebendt
(F. pr4bende),mm1„ prabenda, a payment,
stipend from a public source; oric[. fem.
of gerundive of prcebere, to afiford, give.
— L. prcB, before, habere, to have ; whence
prcehibire, to hold forth, give, contracted
Xoprabire, Der, prebend-ar^y.
Precarious. (L.) h. precdri-us, oh-
tained by prayer or as a favour, doubtful,
precarious ; with suffix -ous, — L. precdrf,
to pray.— L./f»r-, stem oi prex, a prayer.
+6. fragen, to ask ; Goth, frath-nan,
A. S. fr^nan, to ask ; Lith. praszyti ;
Kvna. prosite \ Ptn,purstdan; Ski, pracch,
to ask. (VPREK.) Brugm. i. § 607.
Precaution. (F.-L.) From Fre-
and Oaution.
Precede. (F.-L.) O.F. preceder
{¥.prMder).^'L,pracidere, to go before.
— ll pra, before; cedere, to go. See
Cede. "Det. preced-ent \ pre-cess-ion, from
the Y^, pracesS'US,
Precentor. (L.) L. pmcentor, the
leader of a choir. — L. pra, before; and
cantor^ a singer, from eanere, to sing ; see
Oaat (i).
407
PRECEPT
PRELIMINARY
Precept. (F.-L.) O.F. precept.^
L. praceptum^ a prescribed rule. — L. pra*
ceptusy pp. of pracipere, to take before-
hand, give rules. -iL./r<?, before; capere^
to take. Der. precept-or.
Precinct* (L.) lAteL„pracincium,
a boundary. •• L. pracincHis, pp. of pra^
cingercy to gird about. — L. pra^ in front ;
cingere, to gird. See Cincture.
Precious. (F. ~L.) O.F. preciem
(F. pricUux ) . — L. pretidsuSy valuable. •- L.
prttium, price, value. See Price.
Precipice. (F.- L.) F. pridpUe, —
L. pracipitium, a. falling headlong down ;
a precipice. — L. pracipit-^ decl. stem of
prceceps, headlong. — L. pras before ; and
capit-, decl. stem of caput, head. Der.
precipitate^ from L. prcecipitdre, to cast
headlong.
Precise. (F. - L.) O. F. precis, strict.
— L. pracisus, cut off, concise, strict ; pp.
oi pracideref to cut off. — L./r<», in front ;
cadere^ to cut. See Oeesura.
Preclude. (L.) L. pradadere^ to
shut off, hinder access to. — L. prce, in
front ; claudere (pp. clusus), to shut. Der.
preclus-ion, from the y^. pracliisus, Cf.
Conclude.
Precocious. (L.) Coined (with suffix
-ous) from \u.pracod-y decl. stem oipracoXy
prematurely ripe. — 'L.pra, before ; coquere^
to cook, to ripen. See Oook.
Precursor. (L.) L. pracursor, a
forerunner. — L. prce^ before ; cursor ^ a
runner, from curs'US, pp. of currere^ to
run. See Current.
Predatory, given to plundering. (L.)
L. prceddtdriuSy plundering. — L. praddtor,
a plunderer. — L. praddrt, to plunder. — L.
prceda^ booty, p. Prtsda = ^prahed-ay
that which is seized beforehand; from
pray before, and hed-y base of 'henderey to
seize, get, cognate with get\ see G-et.
(So eXsoprendere^pre-hendere,) y. Irish
spreidA, cattle, W. praiddy flock, herd,
booty, prey, are from L. prada.
Predecessor. (L.) L. prcedicessor.
— L. prcBy before ; decessory one who retires
from an office, from decessus, pp. of deced-
erey to depart. — L. diy from ; cederCy to go.
See Cede.
Predicate. (L.) From pp. oi pro-
dicdre, to publish, proclaim, declare. — L.
prcBy before; dicdre, to tell, publish, allied
to dicerey to say. See Diction.
predicament. (L.) \.,pradicanun'
tuniy a term in logic, one of the most
general classes into which things can be
divided. — la, pnedicdrey to declare (above).
Predict. (L.) L. pradictusy pp. of
preedicerey to say beforehand, foretell. — L.
prcBy before ; dtcerey to say. See Diction.
Predilection, a choosing beforehand.
(L.) From L. prcBy before; dUectio,
choice, from diHgere, to choose; see
Diligent.
Pre&ce. (F. - L.) O. F. preface. -
L. prcefdtioy a preface. — L. prceflUus,
spoken before, pp. of prafdrJy to speak
before. — L. pray before, J&rty to speak.
See Fate.
Prefect, a governor. (F.-L.) M. E.
prefect, - O. F. prefect (F. prifet), - L.
prafectusy one set over others ; pp. oipra-
ficerey to set before. — L. pra-^ before ;
fcLcerey to make, set. See Pact.
Prefer. (F.-L.) 0,Y , preferer.^'L.
praferrey to set in front, prefer. — L. prtBy
before ; ferrey to bear, set See Fertile.
Prefigure. (F.-L.) From Pre- and
Figure.
Pregnant, fruitful, with child. (F. ~
L.) M. F. pregnant y * pregnant, pithy ; *
Cot. — L. pragnanteniy ace. of pragnanSy
pregnant. Pragnans has the form of a
pres. part, of an obs. verb *pragHdrey to
be before a birth, to be about to bear.—
L. pray before ; *gndrey to bear, of which
the pp. gnatus or ndtus is used as the pp.
of the inceptive infin. tMsct, to be born.
See Natal.
Prehensile, adapted for grasping.
(L.) Coined with suffix "tie (L. -His)
from L. prehens^us, pp. of prehendere^
prenderty to lay hold of. — L./r<s, before;
obsolete -henderey to grasp, cognate with
E. Get, q. v.
Prejudge. (F.-L.) O.Y.preJuger.
— L. praiUdicdrey to judge beforehand. —
L. pray before; iudicdrey to judge, from
iadic-y stem of iHdeXy & judge. §ee
Judge.
prejudice. (F.-L.) O.Y. prejudice.
— L. praiudiciumy a judicial examination,
previous to a trial, also a prejudice. — L.
pra, before; indicium y judgment, from
iodic- y stem of index, a judge.
PrellElte, a church dignitary. (F.— L.)
O.F. prelat.^h, praldtusy set above;
used as pf). of praferrey to prefer (but
from a different root). — L. pray before;
lotus y borne, set, pp. oitolUrey to liftybear.
See Tolerate.
Preliminary, introdnctoiy. (F,— L.)
40S
PRELUDE
PRESIDE
Coined hompre-, prefix, before ; and M.F.
liminairey * set before the entry of, dedi-
catory,' Cot. From 'L.pray before; and
itmindriSf adj., coming at the beginning
or threshold.— L. Itmin-, stem oi Itmen,
threshold. See Limit.
Prellld6f an introduction. (F.— L.)
M. Y, prelude, *a preludium, preface, pre-
amble ; ' Cot. ■* Late L. *praludtum» — L.
prcelildere, to play beforehand, give a
prelude. — L./fVj, before; iudere, to play.
See Iiudiorous.
Frematnre. (F.— L.) From Pre-
and Mature.
Premier. (F.— L.) F. ^wiVr, first.
'^h, pnmarium, ace. oi primdriuSy chief.
^"L. primus y first. See Prime (i).
Premiss, Premise. (F. - L.)
Better premiss than premise.^O.Y. pre-
misse (F. primisse\ in use in the 14th
century (Littr^).— L. /r^pwwja {sententia
being understood), a premiss, lit. that
which is sent before or stated beforehand.
Fem. of pramissusy pp. of pramitterey to
send before.- L./r<p, before; mit/ere, to
send* See Missile. Der. premis-esy s.
pi., the adjuncts of a building, first stated
in full, in a lease, and afterwards referred
to as the premises ; or otherwise, due to
the custom of beginning leases with pre-
mises setting forth the names of the
grantor and grantee of the deed. Also
premise, vb. , with accent on /.
Premium. (L.) L. preemium, profit;
lit. *a taking before;* for *pra-imium,
— L. pra, before; emere, to take. Cf.
Exempt.
Premonish, to warn beforehand. (F.
— L.) Coined from pre-^ before (for L.
pro) ; and monishy a corrupted form of
M.E. monesten, to warn, Wyclif, 2 Cor.
vi. I. See Admonish. Der. premonit-
or-y, from L. pramonitor, one who warns
beforehand, from pramonirey to warn
beforehand.
Prenticey short for Apprentice,
q.v.
Prepare. (F.-L.) III. ¥, preparer;
Cot. ^^.praparare^ to make ready before-
hand. — L. prcSy before ; parHre, to pre-
pare. See Pare.
Prepense, premeditated. (F. - L.)
1. As it from M. ¥.pre-y htiorthajxA; penser,
to think. — L. prts, beforehand; pensSre,
to weigh, ponder, frequent, form of pen-
derey to weigh ; see Pendant. 2. But in
the phr. malice prepense^ it is an altered
form of K,Y,purpensiy pp. oipurpensery to
meditate on, with prefix pur^ (F. pour-)
from L. prff,
preponderate. (L.) From pp. of
L. praponder&rey to outweigh.— L. /r«,
before; ponderarey to weigh; see Pon-
der.
Preposition. (F.-L.) 0,Y, prepo-
sition.'^'L, ace. prapositidnem, a setting
before; a preposition (in grammar).— L.
preeposituSf pp. oi prapdnere^ to set before.
— L. prcSy before; pdnere, to place. See
Position.
Preposterous. (L.) 'L.praposter'us,
inverted, hind side before ; with suffix -ous.
— L./r(E7, before; posterus, later, coming
after. See Post-.
Prerogative. (F.-L.) A.F. pre-
rogatvve^ a privilege.— L. /r<pr^^rt/i«fl, a
previous choice, preference, privilege.—
L. prcty before; rog&rtt to ask. See
Bogation.
Presa8[e. (F.-L.) O.Y. presage.^
L. prasdgtum, a divining beforehand. — L.
prasagirey to perceive beforehand.- L.
pra, before ; sagire, to observe, perceive.
See Sagaoious.
Presbyter. (L.-Gk.) 1.. presbyter,
— Gk. irp€ff/3wr€pos, an elder; orig. elder,
comparative of vpiafivs, old. Cf. L.
priscus, ancient.
Prescience. (F. - L.) 0,Y. prescience,
— h.prascientiay foreknowledge. — h.pra,
before ; scientia, knowledge. See Soir nee.
Prescribe. (L.) L. prascrtdere, to
write beforehand, prescribe; pp. pra-
scriptus (whence prescription).^!,, pra,
before ; scribere^ to write. See Boribe.
Present (I ), near at hand. (F.-L.)
O. F. present. — L. prasent-y stem of prce-
sensy i. e. being in front or near. — L. prcSy
in front; -senSy for *es-ens, being, from
'^ESjtobe. Cf. Absent. "D&t. present-ly;
presence^ sb., O. F. presence^ L. prce-
sentia.
present (2), to give. (F.-L.) O.F.
presenter, — 'L,prasentdrey to place before,
nold out, oSei, ^h, prasent-y stem oipra-
sens (above). Der. present, sb., a gift.
Presentiment. (F.-L.) U,Y,pre-
sentiment, * a fore-feeling ; ' Cot. — L. pra-
senti-re, to feel beforehand. — L. pra,
before ; sentire, to feel. See Sense.
Preserve. (F.-L.) 0,Y. preserver,
to preserve.- L./nr, beforehand; seruarey
to keep. See Serve.
Preside. (F.-L.) O.Y.presider, to
409
PRESS
PRIDE
J)reside, govem. -• L. prasidirty to sit be-
ore, preside over.^L. pra^ in front;
sedire, to sit. See Sedentary.
Press (i)} to squeeze. (F.— L.) M. £.
pressen. — Y.presser, —L./rtfj-jJnf, frequent,
of premere (pp. pressus^y to press. Der.
presSy sb. : press-ure.
Press (a)» to hire men for service, make
men serve as sailors, &c (F. — L.) Press
is a corruption of the old word presty
ready; wh&ict prest-numeyy ready money
advanced to a man hired for service,
earnest money ; also imprest y a verb (now
impress) y to give a man earnest money.
When it became common to use compul-
sion io force men into service, it was con-
fused with the verb to press. Prest money
was money \aii,^0,¥ , prester {¥ . priter),
to lend, advance money, '^h. prcestare^ to
stand forth, come forward, furnish, offer,
give.— L. /r^, in front; stdre, to stand.
See State. Der. press-gangy im-pressy
im-presS'ment,
Prestige. (F.-L.) F. presHge, an
illusion, fascination, influence due to fame.
— L. prastigiumy a deception, illusion,
jugglery. For *prcestrigiumy the 2nd r
being lost (Brug. i. § ^"^,^1^. prastring-
erey to bind fast, to dull, dim, blind. — L.
prcBy before; stringercy to bind. See
Stringent.
Presmne. CF.— L.) IJi.M.presumen.
— O. F. presunur, •■ L. prasHmerey to take
beforehand, presume, imagine. — L. pray
before; siimere, to take; see Assume.
Der. presumpt-ioUy &c. (from the pp.
prasutHpt'Us).
Pretend. (F. -L.) O. F. pretendre.
— L. pratendere, to spread before, hold
out as an excuse, allege, pretend. — L. prcBj
before; tenderey to stretch. See Tend (i).
Der. pretence^ misspelt for pretense (O. F.
pretensscy f., Godefroy), from the fem. of
Late L. pratensusy used for L,pratentus,
pp. of pratendere.
treter-y prefix. (L.) L. pratery be-
yond ; comparative form of pray before ;
see Fre*
Preterite. (F. - L.) M. E. preterit.
— O. F. preterit, m., preterite y fem. — L.
praterituSy pp. oi praterirey to pass by.—
h^ratery beyond ; ire, to go.
Pretermit, to omit. (L.) L. prater-
mitterey to allow to go past. — L. prater,
beyond; mittere, to send. See Missile.
Der. pretermiss'iont from the pp.
PretematnraL (L.) FromLiprater,
beyond; and natural, adj., from nature.
See Nature.
Pretext. (F.-L.) M.¥. pretexts, &
pretext. ^ L, pratextum, a pretext; orig.
neut. oipratextuSy pp. oipratexere, lit. to
weave in front. — L. pray in front ; texere^
to weave. See Text.
Pretty. (E.) M.E.prati; A.S.pra-
tigy prattigy patigy orig. deceitful, tricky;
hence clever, cunning, the usual M. £.
sense. Formed with suffix -ig from A. S.
praty deceit, trickery. Cf. Lowl. ScprcUty,
pretty y tricky, from prat, a trick (G. Doug-
las).+Icel.j>r^//r, a trick ; prettay to cheat;
E. Fries. /^/, a trick, prettig.'yxiosity droll,
pleasant ; M. Du. prattey perte, Du. party
a trick, deceit. Of uncertain origin.
Prevail. (F. - L.) O. F. prevail, i p.
pr. oiprevahiry to prevail. — L. prauaHrey
to have great power.— L. pray before, ex-
cessively ; ualerey to be strong. See Valid.
Der. prevalent, from L. prauaUnt-y stem
of pres. pt. oi praualerey to prevail.
Prevaricate. (L.) From pp. of L.
praudricdriy to straddle, hence to swerve,
shuffle, shift, quibble.— L. pra, before, ex-
cessively ; udric-uSy straddling, from udrus,
crooked. See Varicose.
Prevent. (L.) The old meaning was
* to go before ' ; cf. M. F. preveniry * to pre-
vent, anticipate, forestall;' Cot.— L. /r<;-
uent-uSy pp. of prauentrey to go before. —
L. pra^ before ; uenirey to come. See
Venture.
Previons. (L.) L. praui-usy on the
way before, going before ; with suffix -ous.
— L. pray before ; uiay a way.
Prey, sb. (F.-L.) A.F. preU (F.
proie) . — L. prada, prey. See Predatory.
"Der. prey, vb.
Pnal, three of a sort, at cards. (F. — L.)
A contraction oi pair-roycd 'y (see Nares).
Price. (F.-L.) M.E. pris. "O.F.
pris, also spelt /r^/j, price, value, merit.—
lj^_pretiumy price. See Precious.
Prick. (E.) M. E. prikkey prike, sb.
A. S. pricUy pricay a point, prick, dot;
priciany to prick. + M. Du. pricky Du,
priky a prickle ; Dan. priky Swed. prick,
a dot, mark ; E. Fries., Low G. prik.
Also Du., E. Fries., Low G. prikken, to
prick ; Dan. prikke, Swed. prickay to dot.
From a Teut. base *priky to prick, dot.
Der. pricky vb. ; prick-Uy sb., from A. S.
pricel.
Pride. (F.-L.) U.Y., pridcy prude.
A. S. pryte, pride ; regularly formed ;by
410
PRIEST
PRISON
the usual change from u to y) from A. S.
priiti proud, of F. origin. See Proud.
Priest. (L. - Gk.) M . E. preest ; A. S.
preost. Contracted (like O. F. prestre, O.
SaiX,prestar, G.priester) from "L. presbyter.
Cf. ^ Pr ester John! See Presbytep.
% Abnormal ; perhaps presbyter was ap-
prehended as *prebyster.
Pri|f(i)» to steal. (E.) Cant /^xf^, to
ride, nde off with a horse which a man has
to take care of; prigger of prauncers, a
horse-stealer ; see Harman*s Caveat, pp.
43, 43, and p. 84, col. 3. . Modification of
pricky to spur, to ride ; Spenser, F. Q. i.
i . I . See Prick.
Fritf (3)> a pert, pragmatical fellow.
(E.) From the verb to prick ^ in the sense
to trim, adorn, dress up. Lowl. Sc. prig-
me-dtUnty^ prick-me-mintyf a prig. See
above.
PriUvDeat. (F.— L.) O.F./riw, masc,
prime f fem., prime, forward, also prime y
masc. and fem., thin, slender, small, as che-
vetix primes, * smooth or delicate hair ; *
Cot. The sense is first-grown, small, deli-
cate.-iL. primus, first (below). ^ The
word was perhaps confused yfithprinA, to
deck ; see Prank.
prime (0, first, chief. (F.-L.) F.
prtme, properly * prime,' the first canonical
hour. — L. prima, fem. of primus ^ first.
Primus is for *prismus, and is related to
pris-cus, ancient, pris-tinus, primitive,
and to prius, adv., former. Brugm. ii.
§ 165. Cf. A. S. for-ma, first, from fore
(see Pormer) ; Gk. wpw-ros, first, from
vp6 ; Skt. pra-ta-ma-, first, Der. prim-
ary ; prim-aie, O. F. primat, L. ace. prim-
dtem, fiom primds, a chief man.
prime (s)* to make a gun quite ready.
(FT— L.) Cf. prime^ to trim trees ; prime,
first position in fencing ; and esp. the phr.
' to put into priffte order.' A peculiar use
oi prime (i).
primero* an old game at cards. (Span.
— L.) Span, primero, lit. * first. * — L. pri-
mdrius, chief; see Premier.
primeVBl. (L.) Coined from L./riim-
us, first ; au-um, age ; with suffix -a/; cf.
L. primauus, primeval.
primitive. (F.-L.) Y.primiHf^
L. primitiuus, earliest of its kind.i-L.
prlmit'US, adv., for the first time. — L.
primus, first.
primogeniture. (F.-L.) U.¥. pri-
mogeniture, * the being eldest ; * Cot — L.
prinwgenitus^ first-bom.— L. prtmo-, for
41
primus^ first; genitus,pp. of gignere (base
gen-), to beget, produce ; see Genus.
primordial, original. (F.-L.) F.
primordial. ''h. primordi&lis, original.—
L. primordiumy origin. — L. prtm-us, first ;
ordiri, to begin, allied to ordo, order.
primrose. (F.— L.) As if from F.
prtme rose, first rose; L. prima rosa.
Such is the popular etymology ; but, his-
torically, primrose is a substitution for
M. £. primeroUj a primrose. Dimin. of
Late 1^. primula, a primrose (still preserved
in Span, primula, the same). Again,
primula is a derivative of primus, first
% Thus the word rose was only associated
yrith primrose by a popular blunder.
prince. (F.— L.) ¥. prince. ^'lu.prin-
cipem, ace. oiprinceps, a chief, lit. * taking
the first place.' — L. prin-, for prim-us,
first ; capere, to take ; see Capitid.
principal. (F.-L.) ¥. principal.^
'L. principalis, chief. ^L.princip', stem of
princeps, a chief (above).
principle. (F . - L.) The / is an £.
addition, as in syllable. '^Y . principe, a
principle, maxim; orig. beginning. — L.
prinapium, a beginning.— L. princip-,
stem of princeps, taking the first place ;
see prince (above).
Print, sb. (F.-L.) M. E. printe,
prente, preinte ; short for empreinte, bor-
rowed from M. F. empreinte^ * a stamp,
print ; * Cot. See Imprint. Der. print,
vb. ; re-print.
IPriOT (i), former. (L.) L. prior,
former. U&ed as comparative of the su-
perl. primus ; see Prime.
prior (2), head of a priory. (F.— L.)
M. E. prioiir. — A. F. priour ; F. prieur.
— L. pridrem, ace. oi prior, former, hence,
a superior ; see above.
Prise, Prise, a lever. (F.-L.) ^Prise,
a lever ; * Halliwell. Hence * to prise open
a box,' or corruptly, * to pry open.' — F.
prise, a grasp, tight hold (hence, leverage).
Orig. fem. of pris, pp. of prendre, to
grasp.— L. prehendere, to grasp. See
Prehensile.
Prism. (L. — Gk.) L. prisma. — Gk.
vfUafia (stem vpurnar-), a prism ; lit. a
piece sawn off. — Gk. vpUiv, for *wpi<Tuv,
to saw. (Gk. ^irpls.) Der. prismat-ic.
Prison. (F.-L.) O.F. /rfV««, F.
prison ; cf. Ital. prigione, a prison. — L.
9j(x,. ptensUfnem, ace. oiprensio, a seizing,
seizure. — L. prensus, for prehensus, pp. of
prehendere^ to seize. See Prehensile.
PRISTINE
Pristme, andent. (F. -> L.) M. F.
pristine. ^1j. pristinus, ancient; allied to
'L^ris-cuSt former, and to prime (i).
nivate. (L.) L./««^«j, apart; pp.
of prtudre, to bereave. » L. priuus, single ;
lit. put forward, sundered from the rest.
Privet, a shrub. (F.?-L.?) Privet
seems to be a corruption of primet, which
also means a primrose ; confusion between
the plants arose from the L. ligtistrum being
applied to both. We also find, for privet,
the names prim, primprirU^ priviprivet ;
where print is short for priniet {prim*t)i
and primprint stands for prim-prim-et.
Prob. named from being formally cut and
trimmed ; cf. primty to cut trees (Halli-
well). See Prim and Prime (i). Primet,
a primrose, is likewise from prime,
Privilefre. (F.-L.) 0,Y, privilege,
— L. prtuttegium, (i) a bill against a
person, (a) an ordinance in favour of one,
a privilege. — L. priui-, for priuus, single ;
lig-i stem of lex^ law.
jpriyy, private. (F. - L.) O. F. prive
(Jt.privi)^ 'prvmie. ^L, priudtusy private;
see Private.
Prize (i)} a thing captured from the
enemy or won in a lottery. (F.— L.) F.
prise y a seizure, also, a prize ; see Prise.
Prize (a), to value highly. (F.— L.)
M. E.prisen. — F. priser, to esteem. — O. F.
pris (F. prix)y a price, value. •- L. pretium,
value. See Price.
(3) , the same as Prise.
', prefix. (L. ^Gk. ; or F. — L.) L.
pro-, prefix, before ; cf. also prd ( «= procT),
an abl. form, used as a prep. Also Gk.
vpo'j prefix; ir/xJ, prep., before; cf. Skt.
pra, before, away. See pre-^ prefix ; pri-
or, pri-me, pri-vate^ prow,pro-vosty &c.
P'roa, noe, Prow, Pran, a small
ship. (Malay.) Malay prahu^ pr&Uf a
general term ior small ships.
Probable. (F.-L.) F. probable. ^L.
prob&bilisj that may be proved. — L. pro-
bdre, to test, prove, orig. to try the
goodness. i-L. probus, good, excellent.
See Prove.
probation. (F.~L.) ¥. probation.
— L. ace. probationem, a trial, proof. — L.
prob&tusy pp. of probdre, to test.
probe. (L.) A coined word ; cf. Late
L. proba^ a proof. — L. probdre, to test ; see
above.
probity. (F.— L.) F./r^^W//, honesty.
'^fj.probitdtem, ace. of/r(i?^i^5j, honesty. —
L. probus, honest, excellent.
41
PRODIGY
Problem. (F.-L.-Gk.) O.Y.pro-
bleme ; F. probltme. — L. probllma. — Gk.
irp60KfifUL, a thing thrown forward, or pnt
forwaxd as a question for discussion. — Gk.
vp6, forward ; fi\^iui, a casting, from /3(&X-
KeiVf to cast.
Proboscis. (L. — Gk.) L, proboscis. ^^
Gk. vpofioffKis, an elephant^s trunk or
'feeder.'— Gk. irp^, in front; fi6(rtc«iVf to
feed ; see Botaay.
Proceed. (F. — L.) O. F. proceder. —
L. procidere, to go forward. — \,.prdy before ;
cedere, to go. See Cede. Der. process
(mod. Y.proch); process-ion.
Proclaim. (F.— L.) F. proclamtr,
'to prodame;' Cot^L. procldmdre, to
call out. — L. prffy forth; cldmdre, to cry
out. See Olaim.
Proclivity. (L.) From L. procli-
uitds, a downward slope, tendency. — L.
procliuus^ sloping forward. — L. prd, for-
ward ; cliuus, a slope. (^KLEI.) Cf.
Acolivity.
Procrastinate, to postpone. rL.)
From pp. of L. prdcrcuttndre, to delay,
put off till the morrow. — L. prd, forward,
off; crastinust belonging to the morrow,
from crds, morrow.
Procreate. (L.) L. prdcredtus, pp.
of procredre, to generate. •■ L. pro, before,
forth ; credre, to produce. See CSreate.
Proctor. (L.) M. E. proJ^etour ; short
form of procuratour. — O. F. procurator, —
L. ace. procUrdtdrem ; see Procurator.
Procumbent, prostrate. (L.) L^prd-
cumbent-y stem of procumbens, pres. pt. of
prdcumbere, to sink forwards. — L. prd,
forwards; cumbere, to recline, allied to
cubdre, to lie down. See Oovey.
Procurator. (L.) L. procurator, a
manager, deputy. — L. prdcurdre\ see
below.
procure. (F.-L.) Y, procurer. ^Y..
prdcUrdre^ to take care of, manage. — L.
prdy before; cHrdre, to take care, from
cHray care. See Cure.
Prodigal. (F.-L.) O.E. prodigal. -^
Late Lat. prodigdJis ; due to L. prddigus,
lavish ; for '^prdd-agus.'^Y.. prdd-, forth ;
and agere, to do, act. See Agent.
Prodigy, (F.-L.) Englished from F.
prodige, a prodigy, wonder. — "L.prddigium,
a token, portent, prophetic sign. /3. Per-
haps for *prddagiumf i. e. a saying before-
hand, fromprod {pro), before, and *agium,
a saying, as in ad-agium\ see Adage.
Brugm. i. $ 759.
PRODUCE
PROLOCUTOR
ProdllC6| vb. (L.) L. producere^ to
bring forward. — L. pro, forward ; diicere,
to lead. See Ihike. Der. product-ive,
-don (from the pp. below).
product, sb. (L.) L. productuSy pro-
dnced; pp. oiprodikere (above).
Proeni. (F. — L. — Gk.) yi,Y,proemey
'a proem, preface ; ' Cot. — \i,pro(Bmium. —
Gk. wpooiiuw, an introduction. — Gk. itp6^
before; <^ims, a way, path, from ^£I|
to go.
Profiuie, impious. (F.— L.) Y. profane,
— L. profdnus, unholy; lit. before (i.e.
outside of) the temple. — L. /rJ, before ;
fdnum, a temple.
Profess. (F.-L.) WefindM.E./w-
fessedy pp., Englished from O. F. profes,
masc., prof esse y fem., professed. — L. pro-
fessus, pp. oi profiterty to avow. — L. prd,
forth ; fitterty to speak ; see Confess.
Proffer. (F. - L.) M. F. proferer, to
produce, adduce. — L. proferre, to bring
forward. — L. pro^ forward ; ferre, to bring,
equate with Endear. See Bear (i).
Proficient. (L.) L. 'prff/kUnf-, stem
of pres. pt. ofproficere, to make progress,
advance. — 'L.prd, forward \facere, to make.
See Fact.
Profile. (Ital. ~L.) Ital. prqfilo, a
sketch of a picture, outline (Florio). — L.
pro, before, in front ; ftlum, a thread (Ital.
filo, thread, line). % The mod. F. profil
is also from Ital. profilo.
Profit. (F.-L.) yi.Y,profU.'^¥. pro-
fit. — L. prifectum, neut. of profectus, pp.
oi proficere, to make progress, be profit-
able. See Frofioient.
Profligate. (L.) L. prSfligatus, cast
down, abandoned, dissolute ; pp. oiprofli-
gdre, to dash down. — L. prd, forward;
fi^gere, to strike, dash. See AiSlict.
Profound, deep. (F.-L.) Y,profond,
— L. profurtdum, ace. of profundus, deep.
— la. pro, forward, hence downward ; fund-
us, bottom, allied to Bottom. "Der, pro-
fund-Uy, M. F. profonditi.
ProftlSOy lavish. (L.) L. /r^^SjMT, pp.
oiprofundere, to pour forth. — L. pro, forth ;
fundere, to pour. See Fuse (i). x
Progenitor. (F. — L.) Formerly /w-
genitour. — M. ¥ , progeniteur, — h.prffgeni-
torem, ace. oi prdgenitor^ an ancestor.—
L. prd, before ; geniior, a parent, from the
base of ^]f»^r^, to beget. (^GEN.) See
Oenui.
progeny. (F.-L.) O.Y.progenie."
L. progenienif ace. of progenies, lineage,
of&pring. •- la, pro-, forth ; genus, kin. See
Genus.
Prognostic, a presage. (F.-L. - Gk.)
M. Y.prognostique ; Cot. — \u.progndsticon»
— Gk. vpoyveaariKSv, a token of the future.
— Gk. irp6, before; yvoHrrucls, good at
knowing. See Gnostic.
Programme, Program. (F.-L.-
Gk.) Now spelt as if from Y. programme ;
formerly programma (1706), from \u, pro-
gramma. — Gk. vp6r)fpafgiia, a public notice
in writing. — Gk. iKp6, beforehand ; ypd/i/ia,
a writing, from yp&(p€iVf to write.
Progress, advancement. (F. — L.)
M. F. progrez {Y.progris). — L. progressum,
ace. oi progressiis, an advance. — L. prd-
gressus, pp. of progredi, to go forward. —
L.prd, forward ; and gradi, to walk. See
Qr^de.
Prohibit, to check. (L.) From L.
prohibitus, pp. of prohibire, to hold before
one, put in one's way, prohibit. — L. /r^,
before ; habere, to have, keep. See
Habit.
Project, sb., a plan. (F. - L.) M. F.
project {Y.projet), a project, purpose. — L.
proiectum, neut. of prniectus, pp. of prd-
icere {proiicere), to iiing forth ; hence (in
Late L.) to purpose^ plan. — L. pro, forth ;
iacere, to cast. See Jet (i).
Prolate, extended in the direction of
the polar axis. (L.) "L.prSldtus, extended*.
— L. prdy forward ; lotus, carried, pp. of
tollere, to lift, bear. See Tolerate.
Prolepsis, anticipation. (L.— Gk.) L.
prolepsis. — Gk. 'wp6\iflfi's, lit. a taking be-
forehand. — Gk. rtp6y before; A^^tr, a seiz-
ing, from XTfilf-oi»m, fut. of kafifiavtiVj to
seize. See Catalepsy.
Proletarian, a citizen of the lowest
class, useful only by producing children.
(L.) From L. prdletdrtus, one who served
the state by help of his children only.
^la. proles, offspring (below).
prolific. (F.-L.) Y.proltfgue, fruit-
ful. — L. prdli-, decl. stem of prdles, off-
spring; 'ficuSf from facere, to make.
Perhaps L. prdles = prd-oles, from prd,
before, and *olire, to grow, whence
ad-olescere, to grow up; cf. sub-oles,
ind-oles. See Adult.
ProUx. ',F. — L.) Y . prolixe."*!^. prd-
lixus, extended. Lit. * that which has
flowed forth' or beyond bounds; from
pro, forth, liquire, lifut, to flow. Cf.
e-lixus, soaked. See Liquid.
Prolocutor, the chairman of a con-
413
PROLOGUE
PROPER
ference. (L.) L. prfflocutory an advocate.
mm\„prdlocuiuSy pp. ol prdloquiy to speak
in public. — U prd^ publicly; loquty to
speak. See Loquaoious.
Prolognev a preface. (F.-L. — Gk.)
Y.prolopu. — L..prffiogumy ace. oiprohgus,
■- Gk. 'np6koyoi, a fore-speech. — Gk. vp6f
before ; \6yos, a speech. See Iiogic.
Prolong^, to continue. (F. — L.) M. £.
prolongen. — F. proianger. — L. prolongarey
to prolong. — L. pro-^ forward ; longus^
long. See Iioog. Doublet, purloin.
Promonade, a walk. (F. — L. ) Formed
with O.K. suffix -ode ( < L. -a/a) from O. F.
promenery to walk. — Late \,. promindre^
to drive forwards. — V^prS^ forwards ; Late
L. tnindre, to drive, lead ; from L. mimfrt,
to threaten. See Menace.
Prominent, projecting, forward. (L.)
L. prominent-f stem of pres. pt. of pro-
mingre, to project forward. — L. /w, for-
ward ; 'tninerey to project. See Me-
naoe.
Promisenons, mixed, confused. (L.)
For \,.promiscuuSy mixed. — L. pro^ forward
(here of slight force); tniscere, to mix.
See Misoellaneous.
Promise, an agreement to do a thing.
( F. — L.) Formerly promts, — F. promessCy
* a promise ; * Cot. — L. promissay fern, of
protnissuSy pp. kA promitterCy to send or
put forth, to promise. — L. prdy forward ;
mitterey to send. See Missile. Der.
promisS'O-ry,
Promontory, a headland. (L.) L.
prdmonturiuniy a ridge, headland. Prob.
from promtnerej to jut out ; see Ppomi-
nent, and cf. Mount.
Promote, to advance, further. (L.)
From L. promot-usy pp. of promouirey to
move forward. — L. piify forward ; mouire,
to move. See Move.
Prompt. (F. — L.) F. prompt, - L.
prompium, ace. of promptus, promtuSy
brought to light, at hand, ready, pp. of
prdmerty to bring forward ; for *prod'imere
— L. prddy forward ; emere^ to take, bring.
Cf. Exempt.
Promulgate. (L.) From pp. of L.
promulgdre to publish. (Of unknown
origin.)
^rone. (F. — L.) M. F. prone. — L. pro-
num, ace. of pronuSy inclined towards.
Pronus is prob. allied to Gk. irprjvrj^y
headlong ; cf. Skt; pravana^ inclined to,
prone.
Prong, ^pike of a fork. (E.) Spelt
prangue in Levins (1570). The M. £.
prongBy a pang, sharp pain, is the same
word. Cf. M. £. prangcleny to constrain
(Havelok). Also Dn. prangen^ to pinch,
oppress; M. Du. prangeny to oppress,
shackle, constrain ; prangty a muzzle,
shackle, collar ; Low (a. prangeny to press,
push hard ; pranggy a stake ; G. prangery
a pillory ; Goth, ana-praggan (^ «= -prangan)^
to press. All from a Teut. base sprang,
to press, nip, push.
Prononn. (F.— L.) Coined from L.
prdy for; and E. noun; suggested by F.
pronom, L. prffndmeny a pronoun. See
Noun.
Prononnce. (F.-L.) Y.prononcer,
— L. prdnuntidrBy to pronounce, lit. tell
forth. — L. proy forth; nuntidrty to tell.
See Nuncio. Der. pronunciat-uniy from
L. pp. pronuntidt'USy with suffix -ion-.
Proof, a test, evidence. (F.— L.) For-
merly/r^ (1551); altered from M. E.
preefy preove.^Y . prewvty a trial; Cot.—
Late \a,probay a proof.— X^.probdrty to test.
See Prove, Probable.
Prop. (E.) yi,Y.. proppe. [Also Irish
propay Gael, propy a prop, support; bor-
rowed from E,] Cf. Du. propy a stopple ;
M. Du. proPy proppCy * a prop, a stopple,'
Hexham ; proppeny * to prop, stay, or bear
up,* Hexham ; Low G. proppy a plug, G.
pjropfi a cork, also a graft. All from a
Teut. base *prupy to stop up, to support.
% In the sense of * graft,* the G. pjropf
is due to L. propdgo ; see Propagate.
Propagate. (L.) From the pp. of
"L. propSgdre {ox pro-) y to peg down, pro-
pagate by layers; KWxtAio prSpageSypr^go
(or/w-), a layer, and from the same source
as compdgeSy a fastening together. — L. pro,
forth ; pdg-y base of pangere^ to fasten, set
(hence, to peg down). Der. propagandist y
a coined word ; from the name of the society
entitled Congregatio de prop€iganda fide.
constituted at Rome, a. D. 163a. And
see Prune (1).
Propelf to urge forward. (L.) L. pro-
pellerty to drive forward. — L./r^, forward;
pellerey to drive; see Pulse (1). Der.
propuls-iofiy from pp. propulsus.
Propensity, an inclination. (L.*)
Coined from L. propensusy hanging down,
inclining towards; pp. oi propendirey to
hang down or forward. — L./r(p, forward,
pendere, to hane. See Pendant.
Proper, one s own, peculiar, suitable.
(F. - L.) M. E. propre,^ F. propre. — L.
414
PROPERTY
propriumt ace. of proprius, one's own.
Prob. akin Xoprope^ near.
vroparty. (F. — L.) M. E. propertee,
'•^O.lT, properiS^ property (Littre), also
propriety, fitness. ^L..proprietdtem^ ace. of
proprUms^ property, ownership ; also pro-
priety of terras.— i-../r(p/rj«j, one's own.
Prophecy. (F.-L.-Gk.) M.E./fV-
phecie, sb. — O. Y^prophecie, variant oipro-
pheitgf a prophecy. — L. propketia.^QV.
vpotptiTtiaj a prediction. — Gk. vfKHp/^njSf a
prophet (below). Der. prophesy , vb.
prophet. (F.-L.-Gk.) O.F. pro-
phete.^L,, prophita.^GV. vpo<pvfTrfSy one
who declares, an expounder, a prophet. —
Ok. vp6^ pnblicly, lit. before ; ^-fu', I
speak ; with suffix -n/f of the agent. {^
BHA.) Allied to Fame.
Fropixi^nit]r« nearness. (F, - L.)
O. F. propin^utU. •• L. propinquitdtem^
ace. of proptnquitdSf nearness.— L. pro-
ptnquus, near. — L. prope, adv., near.
PropitioIUit favourable. (L.) For L.
propittuSt favourable. Prob. a term in
angury, with the sense ' flying forwards.' —
L. pro-t forward ; petere^ to seek, orig. to
fly. See Petition. Der. propiticUe^ from
pp. of L. propitidre, to render propitious.
Proportion. tF.-L.) ¥. proportion.
— L. ace. prdportidnetn^ from proportion
comparative relation. — L. prd^ before, in
relation to ; portioy a portion ; see For*
tion.
Propose. (F. - L. and Ok.) F. pro-
poser y Tit. to place before. — L. prOy before ;
F. poser^ to place, from Gk. See Foae.
Propoeition. (F.-L.) V, proposition.
— L. ticc. propositionenty a statement. — L.
prdpositusy pp. of prdpdnerey to put forth.
— L. prdy forth ; pdnerey to put.
propound. (LO The a is excrescent ;
formerly propoune, propone, — L. propdture
(above).
Propriety. (F.-L.) ^A,Y. propriety y^
property, alsu ' a comely assortment,' Cot.
— L. ace. proprietateMy from proprietdSy
property; also, propriety. — L. propriuSy
one s own. Doublet, property.
Prorogue. (F.-L.; O,\f\proroguer,
— L. prdro^drey to propose an extension of
office, lit. tu ask publicly ; hence, to defer.
— L. prdy publicly ; rogdrey to ask. Sec
Bogation.
Pros-, towards. (Gk.) Gk. vpoty to-
wards; fuller form irporf, extended from
tr/io, before. ^Skt. pratiy towards, froni
pray before. See Fro-.
PROSTHETIC
Proscenium, the front part of a stage.
(L. — Gk.) L. proscinium. — Gk. rtpo-
<ricfi9iov, the place before the stage (or
scene). — Gk. irpo, before ; aicrjvqy a scene.
See Scene.
Proscribe. (L.) L. prdscrlherey lit.
to write publicly ; 'p\>. prdscriptus (whence
proscription),''!^. prS J puLlicly; scrtberCy
to write. See Scribe.
Prose. (F. - L.) F. prose, - L. prosOy
for prorsa ordtio, direct speech; hence,
unimbellished speech ; fem. of prorsuSy
forward, short for prduersuSy lit. turned
forward. — L. prff^ forward ; versus y pp. of
uerterey to turn. See Verse.
Prosecute. (L.) From L. prffsecHtuSy
pp. of prosequi, to pursue. — L. prdy for-
ward ; sequiy to follow. See Sequence.
Doublet, pursue.
Proselyte, a convert. (F.-L.-Gk.)
O. F. proselite, — L. proselytum^ ace. of
proselytus, — Gk. ir/HNnjAvror, one who has
come to a place, a stranger, a convert
to Judaism; Acts ii. lo. — Gk. irpoakp-
XOfMi, I approach, 2 aor. vpoarrjXBov
( = ir/Kwr^Au^oi'). — Gk. vp6s, to; HpxotJuUy I
come. [Gk. tpxofiou and ii\v$op are from
different roots ; the latter goes with IXc«^
aofjuUy I will come ; from -^LEUDH.]
Prosody. (F.-L.-Gk.) ¥,prosodie,
— L. prosduia. — Gk. vpotn^J^af a song «ung
to an instrument, a tone, accent, prosody,
(or laws of verse). — Gk. vp6sy to, accom-
panying ; 9/817, an ode. See Ode.
Prosopopoaia, personification. (L. -
Gk.) L. prosdpopoeia, — Gk. vpotrenroiroua
personification. — Gk. irpoacanovotfty, to per-
sonify. — Gk. vpSacavo'Vy a face, a person ;
iroieri', to make, llpoawrrov is from rrp6sy
towards, anddiir-, stem of&tps, face, appear-
ance. See Fro8-, Optio, and Foem.
Prospect. (L.) L. prospectuSy a view.
^L, prospectus y pp. oi prospicerey to lork
forward. — L. prd, forward ; specere^ to look.
See Species. Der. prospectus « L. pro-
spectusy a view.
Prosperous. (L.) L. prosper, adj„
prosperous ; with suffix -ous, Cf. L. pro-
sperusy by-form oi prosper. Lit. * according
to one's hope.' — L. prdy for, according to ;
sper-y weak grade of spfr- for spesy hope.
Der. prosper y vb. ; O. b". prosperery L. pro-
sperdrey to prosper ; from prosper^ adj.
PrOSthetiCf prefixed. (Gk.) Modem;
as if for Gk. *irpoa0€riie6fy lit. disposed to
add; due to Gk. wp6a$§T-oty added, put
to. ■■ Gk. irpdiy to ; tff-r^f, placed, put,
415
PROSTITUTE
PROW
verbal adj. from the base Bt-, to place. See
Thesis.
Froftitnte. (L.) 'L,prosHtuta,t^T^.
aiprffstiiuere^ to expose openly, prostitute.
— L,prfft forth ; statuere, to place, causal of
stdre, to stand. See State.
Prostrate. (L.) \i.prmrstus, pp. of
prostemerCi to throw forward on the
gronnd. — L. /rJ, forward; sternerCy to
spread. See Stratum. "Der. prostrat-ion.
Protean. (L. — Gk.) YiomL., Prffteus
(misdivided as PrSte-us)^ a sea-god who
often changed his form.MGk. Ilparrci/s,
a sea-god ; zft trpSh-oSy first, chief.
Protect. (L.) From L. protecfus, pp.
oi prdtegerCy to protect ; lit. cover in front.
^V,. proy in front; tegere^ to cover. See
Tegument.
Protest. (F. - L.) F. protester, - L.
protestdri, to protest, bear public witness.
— L. proy forth, in public; testariy to
witness, from tesiisy a witness. See Testa-
ment.
Prothalaminm. (L.~Gk.) LateL.
*prothalamium. » Gk.'^ir/)o^aX(&/zioi', a song
written before a marriage ; a coined word.
— Gk. irp<$, before; BdXafxos, a bedroom,
bride-chamber. Coined to accompany
epithalamium, q.v.
Protocol* the first draught of a docu-
ment. (F. - L. — Gk.) M. F. protocohy * the
first draught or copy of a deed.' — Late L.
protocollum.^'LtXQ Gk. vpmtSkoKKov, ex-
plained by Scheler to mean orig. a first
leaf, glued on to MSS., in order to register
by whom the MS. was written, &c. By a
decree of Justinian, certain MSS. were to
be thus accompanied by a fly-leaf. It
means ' first glued on,' i. e. fastened on at
the beginning. •- Gk. vparro-s, first ; HoWfvy
to glue, from kSWu, glue. Uparros is a
superl. form from irpoy before ; see Fro-.
protomartyr. (F. - L. - Gk.) M. F.
protomartyre. — LaXtL.. protomartyr, — Gk.
npanS/iapTup, lit. * first martyr.' — Gk. vp&'
To-y, first (above) ; lAaprvpy a martyr ; see
Mart3rr.
prototype. (F.-L.-Gk.) Y.proto-
typ€,^\u, ace. prdtotypum,^(jV. vpojrd-
TWWy a prototype, neut. of ir/wrdruiros,
according to the first form. — Gk. irpSiro-Sy
first (above) ; rvvosy a type ; see Type.
Protract. (L.) From L. protrcutus,
pp. oi prStrahere, to draw forward, also
to extend, prolong. —L./;ip, forth ; traherc,
to draw. See Trace (i). Portray.
Protrude. (L.) L. protruderey to
thrust forth. — L. prdy forth ; triidert (pp.
trusus)y to thrust. Der. protrus-ion (from
the pp.). Cf. Intrude.
Protaberant. (L.) From stem of
pres. pt. of protuberdrey to bulge out. —
L. prffy forward ; tubery a swelling. See
Tuber.
Prond. (F.-L.?) M. E. /r«</, later
proud 'y older form prut. A. S. priit^
proud; whence the Icel. pruHry proud, is
supposed to have been borrowed ; cf. Dan.
prudy stately, p. A late word in A. S. ;
and prob. merely borrowed from O. French.
— O. F. prod, prudy fem. prode, prude^
valiant, notable (taken in a bad sense).
See further under Prowess. "Det, pride.
Prove, to test, demonstrate. (L.) The
usual old sense is to test or try. — A. S.
prdfian. [Cf. O. Y,prover^ later prouvery
*to prove, try, essay, verifie;' Cot.] — L.
probdrey to test, try the goodness of. -■ L.
probuSy excellent. See Probable.
Provender. (F. -L.) The final r is
an O. F. addition. — O. F. pre/vendre
(Godefroy), usually /rov^»<i^, * provender,
also, a prebendary;' Cot. — Late L. prcB-
bendUy an allowance of provisions, also
a prebend ; see Prebend.
Proverb. (F. - L.) F. proverbe, - L.
prduerbiuniy a common saying. —L. prd^
publicly; uerb-unty a word, cognate with
E. "Word.
Provide. (L.) L, prffuidere {^p, pro-
uisus)y to foresee, act with foresight. — L.
prffy before ; uiderey to see. See Vision.
Der. provident y provis'ion.
Province. (F. — L.) Y, province. ^"L.
prduinHtty a territory brought under
Roman government. (Of doubtful origin.)
ProvXBion. (F. — L.) F. provision. —
L. ace. prdutsionentj foresight, fore-
thought, purveyance. — L. prduts-uSy pp.
oiprffuidirey to provide for. See Provide.
Provoke. (F.—L.) Y.provo^uer; Cot.
— L. prouocdre, to call forth. — L. proy
forth ; uocdrcy to call. See Vooal.
Provost, a prefect. (L.) A. ¥. provost;
[cf. M. ¥,prevosty * the provost or president
of a college ; ' Cot.] A. S. pr&fost, — L.
propositus y a prefect, one set over.— L.
praponere, to set over. — L. pra, before;
ponerey to put. See Position.
Prow, front part of a ship. (F.— L.—
Gk.) O. F. proue (F. proue)y prow. [Cf.
Ital. proda^^'L. prdra, a prow; the 2nd
r disappearing to avoid the double trill (as
also in Prov. Span. Port, proa, Genoese
41^
PROWESS
/fwa).— Gk. vpfpa^ the prow.-iGk. wp6-,
before, in front. See Fio-.
PrOWMNif bravery. (F.— L.) M. EL
prowes, pnusse.^O. F. prouesse, prowess ;
formed with suffix -esse «I* -itid) from
O. F. /fw (F. preux), valiant, p. Etym.
disputed ; we also find O. F. prody prudy
praZf prous^ pru ; Prov. pnn^ Ital. prode^
valiant, notable (whence Ital. prodczna^
prowess). Also O. F. prou^ sb., advantage
(whence M.£./fVZi7, advantage). Although
O. F. prodyrvs used to translate L. probus,
the spelling with d shows there b no con-
nexion between these forms. 7. Scheler
explains it from L. prod-, as occurring in
prod'Csse, to benefit; so that prod was
taken to mean 'for the benefit of*; and
we even find F. prou used as an adverb, as
m proUy 'much, greatly, enough;' Cot.
Prid is the old form oiprd^ before.
FrowL (O. Low g!) M. E. prollm,
to search after continually. ^Iprolle, I go
here and there to seke a thyng';* Pals-
grave. * ProUyn, scrutor. Prollynge, or
sekynge, perscrutacio;* Prompt Parv. It
also meant to rob, plunder. Like the
word plunder, it prob. meant 'to filch
trifles, or 'to sneak after trifles*; from
Low G, prullf prulie^ a trifle, thing of
small value (Bremen). Cf. Dn.prui, <a
bawble' (Sewel), prullen, 'lumber, lug-
gage, pelf, trumpery, toys ' (id.) ; prullen-
kooper, a ragman (Calisch) ; £. Fries.
prulUf priUy a trifle. Root unknown.
Prwamity. (F.— L.) ¥, proximity,
— L. proximuatem, ace. of proximitds,
nearness. « L. proximuSy very near ; a
superl. form from propt, near. See Pro-
pinquity.
Proxy. (Late L. - L.) Palsgrave has
prochesy'y short for procuracy. ^IjoXt L.
prffciiratia, used for L^pracurlUio, manage-
ment, i- L. prffCurdre, to manage, to pro-
cure. See Proonxe.
Pmdey a woman of affected modesty.
(F. -L.) F. prude, M. F. preude, orig. to
a good sense, chaste; used (but not
originally) as the fern, of F. preux, O. F.
preUt excellent, which at first had but one
form for the masc. and fem. (Godefroy).
Perhaps the forms preudomme, preude"
femme arose from misunderstanding the
O. F. phrases preu d^omnie and preu de
femme (Tobler). O. F. preu is a variant
of O. F. prod, prou ; see Prowess.
PrucLent. (F.-L.) Y, prudent, ^l.,
priideniem, ace. oiprudens, contr. form of
PSYCHICAL
prifuidens, foreseeing, pres. pt. of prdui-
dere, to foresee. — L. pro, before ; uidere^ to
see. See Vision.
Prune (i)» to trim trees. (F.?— L.?)
Very difficult. M. E. proinen, prunen, to
dress oneself up smartly, trim ; Gascoigne
has proyne, to prune off shoots. Prob.
from a provincial form of F. previfmr
(also spelt prougntr, proignier, Godefroy,
preugner^ progner, Littr^), * to plant or set
a stocke, staulke, slip, or sudcer,' Cot. ;
hence the sense, to clear off or to trim off
suckers, stalks, &c. This verb is from
F. provin, O. F. provain^ a sucker. — L.
propOginem, ace of propago, a layer, a
sucker. See Propagate.
Pnme (a)i a plnm. (F.-L.-Gk.)
F. prune, » L. prunum, « Gk. upowoK,
shorter form ofwpovftyoy, a plum.
pnmella, priinello, a strong
woollen stuff, orig. of a dark colour.
(F.-L.-Gk.) F. prunelle, a sloe (with
ref to the colour) ; whence prunella is a
Latinised form. Dimin. of F. pnme
(above).
Pmrient. (L.) 'L.^rHrieni-, stem of
pres. pt. of prurire, to itch, orip[. to bom.
Allied to E. Freose. Brugm. 1. § 56a.
Pry« to peer into, search inquisitively.
(F.-L.) M.E. prien.'>0.¥.prur,preer,
to pillage [to search for plunder].— Late
L. predOre, to plunder, also to investigate ;
Due. — L. prada, prey ; see Prey.
Psalm. (L.-Gk.) M. K/ffl/iw, for-
merly salm. A. S. sealm. — L. psalmus* —
Gk. \lMKii6s, a touching, twitching the
strings of a harp; also a song, psidm.—
Gk. ^^AAciF, to touch, twit(£, twang a
harp. Der. psalmod-y. F. psalmedie, L.
psalmodia, Gk. tf^aXft^a, a singing to the
narp, from 9)84, a song ; see Ode.
psalteiTf a stringed instrument.
(F. -L. -Gk.) O.F. psallerie (lath
cent.).-L. psaltirium.^Gk. i/foKHffHoy, a
kind of harp.-Gk. iffokr^p, a haiper.-
Gk. )^X-Xciv, to twang a harp; with
suffix 'TTjp of the agent. Der. psalter,
O. F. psalHer, a book of psalms, L.
psaltgnum, (i) a psaltery, (2) a psalter.
PMndonym. (F.-Gk.) f.pseudo-
nyme (1690). — Gk. y^nvUiwixoi, adj., called
by a false name. - Gk. ^cG8-of , falsehood
(^cvd^r, false), from \p€i&Uiv, to lie ; 6¥vim,
a name.
Pshaw, interjection. (E.) An imita-
tive word ; c£ pish, pooh.
Psyohioal, pertaining to the soul. (L.
417
PSYCHOLOGY
— Gk.) From L. p^chicus. — Gk. ^vxtivos,
belonging to the soul or life. » Gk. ^vx4>
soul, life, orig. breath. i-Gk. ipix^^^i to
blow.
psychology. (Gk.) Gk. \f^x^i ^or
^x4> soul, life ; -Xo7fa, from X<$7o;, a dis-
course, from \iytiVf to speak.
Ptarmigan, a bird. (Gael.) For-
merly termtgant. — Gael, tarmachan ; Irish
tarmochan. % The / was probably due to
a notion of a Greek origin ; but Gk. irrap-
/i<«4 means ' milfoil * I
Puberty. (F.-L.) F.puder^/, youth.
-•L. pubertdteniy ace. oi pubertds^ age of
maturity. — L. pubis ^ the signs of manhood,
hair. Allied to/^-/f«x,/fi-^r,aboy. Der.
pubescence, sb. due to pubescent-, stem of
pres.pt. oi pubescere, to arrive at puberty.
PuDlio. (F.-L.) F. public, masc,
publique, fern. ; Cot, '^h.publicus, belong-
ing to the people ; also poublicos, poplicos
(in inscrij)tions). — L. populus, the people.
publican. (L.) M,E, publican, ^L.
puilicdnus, a tax-gatherer, Luke iii. i a ;
orig. an adj., belonging to the public
TeyenvLC^Li.pMblicus (above).
publication. (F.-L.) Y. publication,
— L. zcc.publicationem. — \.,publicdtus, pp.
oi publicdre,Xo make public. — L.///^//rt^j,
public.
pubUsb. (F.-L.) U,E, publisAen.
An analogical formation; founded on F.
publier, to publish.— L./j^MVaa-^ (above).
PncCy the name of a colour. (F.-L.)
Lit. * flea-colour.* — Y.puce, a flea ; couleur
puce, puce ; O. F. pulce. — L. puHcem, ace.
oipuJex, a flea. % Said to be the same as
puke, which was also the name of a dark-
brown colour, but the iormpuke is difficult
to explain. The Picard and Walloon form
oipuce was puche.
Puck. (E.) U..E.pouke. A.S.pUca
(Napier) ; whence liishpuca, an elf, sprite ;
W. pwca, ptaci.'^Jcel. pUki, an imp.
* Pucker, to gather into folds. (Scand.)
Particularly used of the folds in the top of
a poke or bag, when slathered together by
drawing the string ti|^t. So also M. Ital.
saccolare, to pucker, from sacco, a sack;
and E. purse, as * to purse up the brows.*
Cf. Norman F. pouque, for F. poche, a
pouch, bag. See Poke (i).
Pudding, an intestine filled with meat,
a sausage; hence, a sort of light food,
made of flour, eggs, &C. (E.) M. E.
pudding, poding. Cf. Low G. pudding, a
pudding ; pudde-wurst, a black-pudding ;
PUKE
puddig, thick, stumpy ; Westphal. puddek^
a lump, a pudding. Apparently from
a Teut. base *pud, to swell out, similar to
*put\ cf. A. S. pud'uc, a wen (Toller) ;
and see Foodie and Pout. p. Cf. also
Irish putog, a pudding, Gael putag; W,
poten, a paunch, a pudding ; Com. pot,
a bag, pudding ; also W. pwtyn, a short
round body, Gael, put, a buoy, inflated
skin ; all borrowed words. See Pout.
Puddle (x), a small dirty pool. (E.)
M. E. podeL Dimin., with E. suffix -el,
of A. S. pudd, a ditch, a furrow (Toller).
puddle (2), to make thick or muddy.
(E.) From the sb. above.
Puerile. (F.-L.) M.F./K^n7(i5th
cent.). — L. puertlis, boyish.— L. puer^ a
boy.
puerperal, relating to child-birth.
(L?) From L. puerpera,{em, adj., bearing
a child. — L. puer, a boy; and parere, to
bear; see Parent.
Puff, to blow. (E.) M. E. pujen ; of
imitative origin. +G. puffen, to puff, pop,
Dan. pujfe, to pop, Swed. pujfa, to crack,
push ; W. pwff, a puff (from E.).
puffin, a bird. (£.) From its puffed
out appearance, or from its swelling beak.
Pug, a monkey, a kind of dog. (K)
Orig. an imp, or little demon (Ben Jonson) ;
see Nares, s. v. puck, A later form of
puck, Cf. Dan. ^vi\,puge, a * puck,' sprite ;
and (perhaps) Dan. dial, pugge^ a toad.
* A pug-dog is a dog with a short monkey-
like face;' Wedgwood.
Puggry, Puggery, a scarf round the
hat. (Hind.) Hmd. pagrt, a turban;
Yule.
Pugilism. (L.) From L. pugil, a
boxer. Allied to L. pugnus, Gk. mrf-ixfi,
the fist.
pugnacious. (L.) Coined from L.
pugndci-, decl. stem oipugnax, combative.
— L. pugndre, to fight.— L. pugnus, the
fist.
Puisne, Puny. (F.-L.) Puny\% for
puisne, a law-term, implying inferior in
rank. — A. F. and M. F. puisni, * puny,
younger, bom after ; ' Cot. — L. post ndtus,
born after. See Natal.
Puissant, mighty. (F.-L.) Y.puis-
santj powerful. Cf. Itsil, possente, powerful.
From *possient- for *possent-, stem of a
barbarous L. *possens, substituted for L.
potens^ powerful.
Poke, to vomit. (E. ?) Prob. of imita-
tive origin, partly suggested by spew, Cf«
18
PULE
PUN
G. spucken^ to spit; O. F. escoupir^ to
spit, sput, esputt a spitting.
jPule, to chirp, to whimper. (F. — L.) F.
piauler, * to cheep as a yonng bird, to pule
or howle ; * Cot. In Gascon, pioula, Cf.
Ital. pigolarey to chirp, moan. Imitative
words ; allied to L. pipildre, pipare, to
chirp ; see Pipe.
Full. (E.) lA.^.pulUn] K.S,pulliany
to pull, pluck.+Low G. pulen, to pick,
pinch, pull, plucky tear ; Dan. dial, pulle.
Cf. also Low G. pullen, to drink in gulps
(cf. E. to take SLpull).
Pullet. (F. - L.) M. E. polete, - O. F.
polete^ later poulette, fern.- of F. ponlety
a chicken, dimin. of F. poule^ a hen.— l^te
L. pulla^ fern, oi pullus, a chicken. See
Pool (2).
Fnlley. (F. - L. - Gk.?) From F.
poulicy * a puUy ;* Cot. Cf. \\^, puleggia\
Late L. poledia, a crane ; Due. Perhaps
from Late L. *pdltdia^ orig. pi. of *pdli'
dium<,G\i, *vcaKiSioVy a little colt, dimin.
of vSjXos, a colt. Cf. O. F. poulier, a
pulley, answering to Late Gk. v^XapioVf
a little colt. p. The M. £. forms are
poliue ( =polivij riming with drtv^), Ch. ;
also poleynef Prompt. Parv. The latter
form is from F. pdulaitiy ' a fole, a colt,
also the rope wherewith wine is let down
into a seller [cellar], a pulley-rope ; * Cot.
—Late L. pulldnuSy a colt. — L. pullus,
a young animal ; see Pullet. So also E.
ptdUy answers to mod. F. poulie, y. The
transference of sense causes no difficulty ;
thus M.F./0i//r<^, a filly, also means a beam,
and F. ciivre, a goat, also means a kind
of crane ; the names of animals are applied
to contrivances for exerting force. Cf. also
Late L. po/dnus, a pulley or pulley-rope,
also a kind of sledge. ^ Diez derives £.
pulley from F. pauliey and then, con-
versely, F. paulie from E. pull. This is
very unlikely. G. Paris {Romania^ July,
'98, p. 486) suggests Gk. *iroX(8<ov, dimin.
of iroXo;, a pivot, axis; see Pole (2).
Pulmonary, affecting the lungs. (L.)
pulmondriusy affecting the lungs. — L.
pulmdn-y stem of pulmOy a lung.^Gk.
wktvfMn^y a lung. See Pneumatic.
Pulp. ^F. - L.) F. pulpe. - L pulpa,
pulp of fruit, pith.
Pulpit. (F.-L.) O.F. pulpife.'-'L,
pulpitum, a scaffold, stage for actors.
Pulsate, to throb. (L.) From pp. of
L. puUdrCy to throb, beat ; frequent, form
oipellere (pp. pulsus), to drive. L. pel'lo
is for *pel-nd\ cf. Gk. viA-i^a/xai, *I draw
near ouickly ;* Brugm. ii. § 612.
pulae (i), a throb. (F.-L.) Y.pouls,
* the pulse ; ' Cot. — L. pulsutn, ace. of
pulsus y the beating of the pulse. — la.pulsus,
pp. oipellere (above).
Pulse (2), grain or seed of beans, peas,
&c. (L.) lA.Y., puls,^L„ pulsy a thick
pap or pottage made of meal, pulse, &c.
(hence applied to the pulse itself).-f Gk.
v6\rosy porridge. Der. poulticty q. v.
Pulverise. ( F. — L.) M. ¥. pulverizer;
Cot. — Late L. pulverizdrey to reduce to
dust ; L. puluerdrey the same. — L. puluer-
(for *pulues- ) , stem of puluisy dust. Allied
to pollisy pollefty fine meal, palea^ chaff ;
Gk. irdXi/, meal, dust.
Puma, a quadruped. (Peruvian.) Peruv.
puma.
Pumice. (F. — L.) \k.^. pumU-stan,
pumice-stone.] M. E. pomice. — M. F.
pumice. ^L., pUmic-, stem of pUmeXy
pumice. From nn Idg. base *poim-,vrhence
also A. S./dnty foam ; from its foam- like
appearance. See Foam.
Pummel, the same as Pommel.
Pump (i)» a machme for raising water.
(F. - Teut.) M. E. pumpe. - F. pompe. -
G. puptpe, also plumpey which is like-
wise an imitative form. Cf. prov. G.
plumpen, to pump. p. The G. plumpen
also means to plump, fall plump, move
suddenly and violently, from the plunging
action of the piston. It is therefore allied
to E. Plump (2), of imitative origin. 7.
We even find prov. ^. plump, to pump,
Com. plumpy, to pump; also Du./<7/»/,
Swed. pumpy Dan. pompty Russ. pompa,
a pump, all borrowed words; and (the
imitative forms) Span, and Port, bomba,
a pump, a bomb.
Pump (2), a thin-soled shoe. (F. — L. —
Gk.) So called because used for pomp or
ornament ; cf. F. ^ pied de plomb ef de
pompey ' with a slow and stately gate,' i. e.
gait ; Cot. See Pomp.
Pumpion, Pumpkin, a kind of
gourd. (F. — L. — Gk.) The old forms are
pumpion and pompon. — M. F. pompony ' a
pumpion or melon ; * Cot. ; cf. W^X.popone
(Florio) ; — \^peponemy ace. oipepo, a large
melon. — Gk. vi-nuvy a kind of melon, eaten
quite ripe.— Gk. vinooVy mellow, from v^v-
rtiVy to ripen; see Cook.
Pun. (E.) Orig. to pound ; hence to
pound words, beat them into new senses,
hammer at forced similes. Shak. h&spun
419
PUNCH
=to pound, Troil. ii. i. 4a. — A. S.punian,
to poand ; see Pound (5).
Punoh ( I ) » to perforate. (F. - L.) M . £.
puncheHf to pride; which seems to have
been coined from the t!b.puncAum,puncAon,
punsoun, a dagger, awl. See Fonolieon ( i ).
Pnnoll (3)) to beat, braise. (F. — L.)
Short for punish ; M. £. punchen and
punischen are equivalent (Prompt. Parv.).
See Punish.
Punch (3)1 a beverage. (Hind. — Skt.)
So called from consisting oifive ingredients,
spirit, water, lemon-juice, sugar, spice ; in-
troduced from India, by way of Goa ; men-
tioned A.D. 1669. — Hind, panch, five.—
Skt parUhaj five. See Pive. % The
Hind, short a is pronounced like £. fi in
fnud\ it occurs again in pundit, punkah,
Pnncll (4)t a short, hump-backed fellow
in a puppet-show. (Ital.— L.) A contrac-
tion for PunchineUo;^\L\(^ occurs A.D. 1666
(Nares). This is a corruption of Ital. pul^
cinello (by the change of / to n, the ItaL ci
being sounded as £. chi), Ptdcimllo is the
droll clown in Neapolitan comedy; we
also find ItaLpuncins/ld, 'punch, buffoon,'
Meadows. A dimin. form of Ital. pulcino,
a young chicken; cf. pulcella, a young
girl ; from L. pullus, the young of any
animal, allied topuer, a boy. See Pullet.
The lit. sense of pulcinello is little chicken ;
thence, a little boy, a puppet. % Confused
with prov. £. punchy short, fat, which is
(perhaps) allied to Bunoh. Judy is for
Judith y once a common name.
FuneliaOll (i)* a punch or awl. (F.-
L.) M. £. punchony punsoun, — Gascon
pounchoun^ M. F. poinson (F. poinfan)^
* a bodkin, also a puncheon, a stamp,* &c. ;
CoL Cf. Span, punzon, a punch, ItaL
punzone, a punch, bodkin, also a wine-
barrel.— L. punctidneMy ace. of punctio,
a pricking, puncture. The gender of this
word was changed from fem. to masc.,
whilst at the same time the sense was
changed from * pricking ' to ' pridcer.' — L.
punctus, pp. of pungere^ to prick ; see
Pungent. See also Puncheon (2).
Fnndieon (2), a cask. (F.-L.?) From
Gascon pounchauny a punch or awl ;
M. F. poinson (F. poinfon)^ 'a bodkin,
also a puncheon [steel tool], also a stamp,
mark, print, or seale ; also, a wine-vessell ; '
Cot. This is a difficult word ; but I con-
clude that the O. F. pfiinson (F. poinson)
remains the same word in all its senses, and
that the cask was named from the ' mark,
PUPA
print, or seale ' upon it, which was made
with a puncheon or stamp. See Pun-
cheon (i). V So also M. Ital. punsume
means both puncheon or bodlan, and
puncheon or wine-vessel.
Punchinello; see Punch (4).
Plinctate« dotted. (L.) Coined from
L. punct'Um^ a point; with suffix -ate
(L. -dtus),'^ L. punctusy pp. oipungere^ to
prick ; see Pungent.
punctilio. (Span.r-L.) Span, pun-
tiffoj a nice point of honour; dimin. of
puntOy a point. — L. punctutiti a point ; see
Punctate, Point.
punctual. (F — L.) lli.Y.ponctugl,
' punctuall ; * Cot. — Late L. punctudlis, —
punctU'tiiy a point ; see Point.
pnnctnate. (L.) From pp. of Late
L. punctudrty to determine, define. — L.
punctU'tn, a point (above).
Enncture. (L.) l..punctiira, a prick.
. punctusy pp. oipungerty to pride.
Pnndity a learned man. (Skt) Skt
pandita- (with cerebral nd)y adj., learned,
sb., a wise man, scholar. — Skt. paiuiy
to heap up or together. See note to
Punch (3).
Pungent. (L.) L./«»^^ii/-, stem of
pres. pt. of pungerCy to prick, pt. t pu-
pug'iy pp. punctus, (Base PUG.)
Pnniflh. (F.-L.-Gk.) M. E. pu-
nischen. — F. puniss'y stem of pres. pt. of
punir, to punish. — L. puntre, to punish. —
L. panay penalty. — Gk. voivri, penalty.
See Pain.
Ponkah, a large fan. (Hind. -Skt)
Hind, pankh&y a fan ; allied to pankhay
a wing, feather, pakshay a wing. Allied
to Skt. paksha-y a wing. Cf. Pers. pankany
a sieve, a fan. See note to Punch (3).
Pont (i), a flat-bottomed boat. (L. — C.)
A. S. punt, — L. pontOy a punt (also a
pontoon) ; a word of Gaulish origin.
From Celtic type *qonto-\ cf. L. contus
<Gk. leovrSsy a punting-pole, whence prov.
£. quonty quant, a puhting-pole.
Pnnt (2), to play at a game at cards
called basset. (F. — Span. — L.) Y.ponUy
a punt, a punter, a red ace, pontery to
punt. — Span, punto, a point, also a pip at
cards. — L. punctumy a point See Point.
% Or immediately from Spanish.
Pony ; see Puisne.
Pupa, a chrysalis. (L.) L. papa, a
girl, doll, puppet (hence, undeveloped
insect). Fem. oi pupus, a boy; allied to
putusy puer^ a boy. (^ P£U.)
420
PUPIL
PURPLE
pupil (i))_a scholar, ward. (F.— L.) [designate one who aimed at gittX purity
O.Y.ifUpr
pupikt F. pupille (masc.)* — L* pu- of life ; see below.
pilluniy ace. of pupilluSy an orphan-boy,
ward ; dimin. oipupus, a boy (above).
pupil (a)y the central spot of the eye.
(F. - L.) F. pupille (fem.) . - L. pupilla, a
little girl, also pupil (name dne to the
small images seen in the pupil). Fem. of
pupillus (above).
pnppet. (F. - L.) M. E. popet. - M. F.
poupetttt 'a little baby, puppet;* Cot.
Dimin. oi'L.pQpa ; see Fupa (above).
Euppy,(i)awhelp; (a) a dandy. (F.
.) 1. F. poupie^ * a baby, a puppet ; '
Cot Here *baby' really means *doll,*
but it is clear that, in £., the term was
applied to the young of an animal, esp. of
a dog. The F. p<mpH (as if<L. ^pupdid)
is a derivative of L. pupa\ see Pupa
(above). 2. In the sense of * dandy,* puppy
represents M. Y.poupin^popin, spruce, trim
(as \i<X'*piiptnus) ; from the same source.
Der./tf/, short for puppy.
Fur-, prefix. (F. - L.) O. F. pur-y F.
pour-y pour, (Span, por), for; a curious
variation of L. prd^ for. Thus pur- and
pro- are equivalent; and pur-vey^ pro-vide
are doublets.
Purblind. (F. - L. ««</£.) Orig./«r«.
blindy i.e. wholly blind, M. £./tfr blind^
Rob. of Glouc. p. 376. See Pure and
Blind. It afterwards came to mean
partly blind, prob. through confusion with
the verb to pore^ as Sir T. Elyot writes
pore'blind. (Similarly parboil, to boil
thoroughly, came to mean to boil partially.)
i\<rtf= wholly, Tw. Nt., v. 86.
Purchase, vb. (F.-L.) M.E./«r-
cAasen, purchacen,^0. F. purchacer^ to |
pursue eagerly, acquire, get. — O. F. pur
(F. pour)^ from \^prd\ and O. F. chtuer;
see Chaae (i).
L (F.-
L.) F. pur, masc, pure,
fem., pure. — L. pHrus, pure. Cf. Skt. pH,
to purify. CVPEU).
purge. (F.-L.) Y.purger^^'L.pur-
gdre, to purify. L. purgare = ^pUr-igare
(Plautus has expUrigatio), <- L. pQr-us,
pure ; agere, to make.
pur^. (F. - L.) F. purifier, - L.
p&rificdre, to make pure. — L. puri-, for
pHrus, pure ; facere, to make. Der. puri-
fic-at'ion,
Purim, an annual Jewish festival ; the
feast of lots. (Heb.) Heb. pHrtm, lots ;
pl^of;^«r, a lot. See Esther ix. 26,
(L.) A coined word, to
purity. (F.-L.) 'iJL.E.puretee.^F,
pureti, ' purity : * Cot. — L. ace. puritSiem,
pureness. — L. pHrus, pure.
Purl (i), to flow with a murmuring
sound. (E.) Cf. M. E. prille, pirle, a
whirly-gig (toy). So also Swed. porta, to
purl, bubble as a stream ; a frequent, form
from a base pur-, imitative of the sound.
See Purr, Purl (4).
Purl (2\ spiced beer. (F. — L.) In
Phillips, ed. 1706. But it should be
pearl. It was a term in cookery; thus
Sucre perli is sugar boiled, twice, bouillon
perU^ jelly-broth. Cf. G. perlen, to pearl,
rise in small bubbles like pearls. See
Pearl.
P^url (3), to form an edging on lace, in-
vert stitches in knitting. (F.— L.) Fre-
quently misspelt pearl. Contraction of
purfie, — M. F. pottrfiler, to pur/le, em-
broider on an edge. — F. pour (L.pr^, con-
fused (as often) with F. par (L. per),
throughout ; fit, a thread, from L. filum,
a thread. See File (i), Profile.
Purl (4), to upset. (E.) Better /!>/;
from M. £. pirle, a whirligig, formed by
the frequent, suffix •/ from the imitative
vroiApirr, to whirl. See Purr, Pirouette.
So also Ital. pirlare, * to twirle round ; *
Florio. See Purl (i).
Purlieu, the border of a forest, &c.
(F. — L.) Formerly pourallee, altered to
purlieu by confrision with F. lieu, a place ;
also spelt pur ley. The O. F. pouralee,
poralee is a sort of translation of Late L.
perambuldtio,'wh\<^ meant 'all that ground
near any forest, which, being made forest
by Henry IL, Rich. I., or king John, were
(sic) \irf perambulations granted by Henry
III., severed again from the same * ; Man-
wood's Forest Laws. The etymology is
from O.F. pur (F. pour)<L. pro, and
O. F. alee, a going, for which see Alley.
Purloin, to steal. (F.-L.) O.F./«r-
loignier,porloignier,Xo prolong, retard, de-
lay (hence to keep back, detain, filch).—
L. prdlongdre, to prolong.- L. pro, for-
ward ; longus, long. See Iiong. Doublet,
prolong.
Purple. fF.-L.-Gk.) U,E.pufpre
(with r). — O. F. porpre, later pourpre,
purple.— L. purpura, the purple-fish.-
Gk. nop«pi&pa, the purple-fish; cf. Gk.
frop(pvff€os, purple, orig. an epithet of the
surging 8ea.«iGk. woptfwptiv, reduplicated
431
PURPORT
PUTRID
form of ipvpiiVj to mix up, stir violently,
allied to Skt. root dAuKf to be active.
Purport, to imply. (F. — L.) O.K.
purparter^ pourporter. to declare, inform
(hence, imply) ; we also ^tA purporty sb.,
tenor (Roquefort). — O. F. pur, F.- P(fur,
from L. prdf according to ; porter, to carry»
bring, from L. port&n. For the sease, df.
import. See Port (i).
Purpose (i)) to intend. (F.— L. and
Gk.) O. Y.purposcr, a variant oi proposer,
to propose, intend. — L. pro, before ; and
Y^poser, to place ; see Pose (i).
Purpose (3), intention. (F.^L.) M.E.
purpos. mm O. ¥,.pourpos, a variant ofpropos,
a purpose. »L. propositum, a thing pro-
posed, neut. of pp. oiprdponere, to propose.
mml^, pro, before; pOnere^ to place. See
Position.
Purr, Pur. (£•) An imitative word for
various sounds, chiefly of the murmuring of
a cat Cf. Scotch pirr, a gentle wind ; £.
hu%z\ Irish bururus, a gurgling sound.
See Purl (i). Purl (4), and Pirouette.
Puree. (L.~Gk.) M. £. /nrr; also
pors, A.S. purs, £ng. Studien, xi. 65.
[Also burs.'^O.Y, b^se, later bourse, a
purse.] i- Late L. bursa, a purse. — Gk.
fivparj, a hide, skin ; of which purses were
made. DeT,purse, vb., to wrinkle up, like
a purse drawn together.
Purslaan, PurslaAO, a herb. (F.-
L.) M. £. purslane, porseteyne. ^M.F,
porcelaine, pourcelaine, purslane; Cot.
Formed from L. porcildca, purslain (Pliny) ;
usually spelt portuldca.
Pursue. (F.-L.) O.Y.porsuir,pur-
sinr,poursuir; mod. Norman F. porsuir,
mod. F. poursuivre, to pursue. — O. Y.por,
pur<, L. prd\ and f»rr<Late L. sequere,
for L. sequi, to follow. Der. pursu-ant,
from the pres. pt. of O. F. pursuir ; pur-
suiv-ant, from the pres. pt. oi poursuivre ;
^trsuit, from F.poursuite, fem. sb. answer-
mg to L. proseciUa, fem. of the pp. of JL,
prosequi, to pursue.
Pursy, short-winded. (F.— L.) M. E.
purcy, also purcyf (Palsgrave). — M. F.
pourcif (Palsgrave), variant of poulsif,
* pursie, short- wmded,* Cot. — M. F. poulser,
Y.pousser, to push, also to pant ; see Push.
Purtenaaoe. (F. - L.) Short for M . E.
apurtenance ; see Appurtenance.
Purulent. (F.-L.) Y.purulent.^la,
purulentus, full of matter.— L. pfir-, stem
ofpOs, matter ; see Pus.
Purvey. (F.-L.) U,E, purueien.
porueien, {purveien, porveien), to provide.
— A. F. purveier, purveer (O. Y.porvoir,
F. pourvoir) , to provide. — L prouidere, to
provide. See Provide.
purvieWy a proviso. (F.— L.) Now
applied to the enacting part of a statute ;
so called because it orig. began \n^purveu
est, it is provided.— O. F. porveu, pp. of
O. F. porvoir (F. pourvoir), to provide. —
'L^rouidere, to provide (above).
Pus, white matter from a sore. (L.) L.
pus (gen. parts), pus.4-Gk. vvov, matter ;
Skt. pay a-, pus, from pay, to stink.
Allied to Poul. ( -/PEU.) Brugm. i. § 1 13.
Push. (F.— L.) M,E, possen,pussen,
— O. F. pousser, poulser, to push, thrust —
L. puls&re, to beat, thrust, frequent, of
pellere, to drive. See Pulsate.
PusillailimOUS. (L.) L. pusUlani-
ni'is, mean-spirited; i^ith suffix -okj.— L.
pusiU-us, mean, small; animus, courage.
Pusillus is related to pOsus, small; cf.
putus, a boy. (yPEU.J
PusSy a cat, hfure. (£.) Prob. an imita-
tive word, from the spitting of the cat.
We find also Du. poes. Low G. puus,puus-
katte, Swed. dial, pus, Norw. puse, puus ;
Irish and Gael, pus (from E.). And even
S. Tamil pusei^ a cat ; pusha in the Cash-
gar dialect of A%han. ; Lith. puz, a word
to call a cat.
Pustule. (F.-L.) F. pustule.^U
pustuia, another form oipusula, a blister,
pimple. Perhaps allied to Gk. ^viraXfs,
a bladder, <l>wrcM, I blow.
Put. (E.) l/L,E. putten; A,S. potian,
to push, thrust ; fwhence also Gael, put,
to push, thrust ; W. pwtio. Com. poot, to
pu^, kick].4-I>n. poten, to plant, set,poot,
a twig, M. Du. pote, a scion, plant (see
Franck) ; N. Fries, putje, Dan. putte, to
put, place ; Swed. dial, putta, to push.
Putative, reputed. (F.-L.) Y,puta-
tif. — 'L,putdttuus, presumptive. — 'L.putd'
tus, pp. oiputdre, to think, suppose. The
oris;, sense was to make clean, then to
make clear, to come to a clear result. — L.
putus, clean. (^PEU.)
Putrefy. (F.-L.) M.Y. putrefier;
as if from L. *puirijicare\ but the true
L. forms are putrefacere, to make putrid,
putrefieri^ to become putrid.— L./M/r}W,
putrid (below) ; facere, to make.
putrid. (F.-L.) M.Y,putride.^h.
putridus, stinking.— L. putri-, decl. stem
oi puter, putris, rotten ; cf. putrire^ to be
Toiien, patere, to stink. See Pus.
42a
PUTTOCK
PuttOCk, a kite, hawk. (E. ?) M. £.
pottok, putiok. Of unknown origin. It
seems to have been used in a contemptuous
sense. A. S. Puttoc occues as a name or
nickname.
Futi^. (F.-LowG.) M.F./«7/^^, cal-
cined tin, also putty; orig. a potful (of
bits of broken metal) ; cf. M. F. pottetHt
bits of broken metal, pottitty solder. All
from Y.potf a pot, of Germanic origin. See
Pot.
Puslei a difficult question. (F.^L.
and Gk.) Orig. a sb., and short for op-
posalf spelt hoiS. opposayle and apposayU in
Lydgate, with the sense of anestion . These
are &om the verb oppose^ luce deni-al from
deny^ &c. See Pose (a).
'SfjWDOCj. (F.--L.-Gk.) llLS,pygm4,
adj., awan-like; Cot.*L. pygmaus, adj.,
dwarf-like ; from pL Pygmai, the race of
Pygmies. ~ Gk. Ibrfitmoty pygmies, fabulous
dwarfs of the lengdi of a tnTfiiti^ i.e. about
13I in. (from the elbow to the knuckles).
i*Gk. «v7/i4» a fist ; see Pugilist.
X^lonu. (L.-Gk.) L, pyiifrus. '-Gk.
wvkoap6s, the lower orifice of the stomach,
entrance to the intestines; orig. a gate-
keeper, i- Gk. *wvXo-fo/)6s (Prellwitz);
froni v^Aa -■ m&k'ff, a gate ; f6pos (cf. olpos) ,
a keeper, watcher, aUied to Wary.
Pyramid. (L. - Gk.) Formerly py-
ramis, — L. pyramU (stem pyramid-). —
Gk. mtpa/us (stem vvpa/jild')^ a pyramid.
Prob. of Kgyptian origin.
Pyre. (L.— Gk.) L.^>)^a.-Gk. in;pa,
a funeral pile.«Gk. nvp, fire; allied to £.
Fire.
pyrites. (L.— Gk.) L. pyrites. ^GV,
vvpcn/f, a flint, pyrites; orig. an adj.,
belonging to fire. * Gk. irvp, fire.
pyrotechniOf belonging to fireworks.
(Gk.) Coined from Gk. wpo-, for vvp,
fire ; rtxvut6s^ artistic, from ri-xyri^ an art ;
see Teohnical.
Python, a large snake. (L. — Gk.)
L. python, a serpent slain by Apollo near
Delphi. -Gk. U60w (the same).-Gk.
TLvdit, a former name of Delphi.
Pyx. (L.— Gk.) Shortened from L.
pyxisy a box. — Gk. irw^ft, a box. — Gk.
v<{£ot, box-wood. Allied to Box (i),
Qnaok (i)) to make a noise as a duck.
(E!) M.E.
quekiy as a duck*s cry ; an
imitatiye word.«f Du. kwaken^ kwakkeny
QUADROON
G. gua^n, Icel. kvaka, Dan. qvakke, to
cro^, quack. Cf. L. coaxare^ to croak,
Gk. «r($a^, a croaking.
quack (2), to cry up a nostrum. (Du.)
Due to the older word quacksalver ; hence,
to act as a quacksalver or a quack. —
Du. kwakzalver, a quacksalver. ■- Du.
kwakzalven, vb., to apply salves in a
trifling way. Cf. Du. kwakken, to croak,
which came to mean 'to trifle, linger'
(Franck) ; and Du. zalfy a salve ; see
Salve.
Qnadragenmay forty days of Lent.
(L.) L. quddrdgesima, lit. fortieth ; fern,
of quadr&gisimus \ older form quadra-
gensumusy fortieth. — L.quadrSgtntdy forty.
— L. quadra-, related to quattuor, four;
-gintd, allied to Gk. -Kovra (for *dtKovra)j
and to L. decern, ten. See quadrate.
quadrangle. (F.-L.) F. quad-
rangle,^L, quadrangulum, sb., neut. of
quadrangulus, four-cornered. .-L. quadr^,
related to quatiucr, four ; angulus, angle.
See Angle (i).
quadrant. (L.) M.^, quadrant. ^L..
quadrant-, stem of quadrans, sb., a fourth
part. Extended from L. quadr- (above).
quadrate. (L.) h.quadrdtus,^p. of
quadrare, to make square. •L. quadr-,
allied to ^iro/^i/or, four; see Four. Brugm.
ii. $ 168.
quadrennial. (L.) For quadrten-
niat, adj. — L. quadrtenni-um, a space of
four years; with suffix -a/. — L. quadri-,
belonging to four; annus, a year; see
AimalB.
quadrilateraL (L.) l.,quadrilater-
i/j,Tour-sided ; with suffix -a/. - L. quadri-
(above); later-, for *lates-, stem of latus,
a side. See IiateraL
quadrille. (F. -Span.-L.) Formeriy
a game at cards for four.— F. quadrille,
(i) fem., a troop of horses ; {i\ masc.,
but orig. fem., a game at cards. The
former answers to Ital. quadriglia, M.
Ital. squadriglia, a troop ; but the latter
to Span, cuadrilla, a meeting of four
persons. — Span, cuadra. a square. — Late
L. quadra, fem. of quaarus, square.
quadrillion^ a million raised to the
fourth power. (L.) Coined by prefixing
L. quadr- i.e. four, to -illion, which is
m-illion without the m,
quadroon. (Span.-L.) For quart-
roon. — Span . cuarteron, the child of a creole
and a Spaniard ; one who is, in a fourth
part, a black ; also a fourth part. — Span.
423
QUADRUPED
cuarto^ a fourth part. — L. quarium, ace. of
quartus. fourth ; see qoartem.
quadruped. (L.) L. quadrupedus,
four-footed ; quadruped-^ stem of quadru-
pis, quadripesy four-footed. — L. quadru-,
four times ; pes, a foot ; see quadrant.
quadruple. (F.-L.) Y. quadruple,
*JL. quadruplum^ ace. of quadruplus^
four-fold. i-L. quadrU' (above); -plus,
siCTifying * fold ; see Double.
Quafff to drink in large draughts. (C.
-O^. — Gk.) Here ff stands for guttural
chf as in quack, >. e. to drink out. of a
quack or cup, usually called quaick, quick,
queff in Lowland Scotch, qttaff in Hum-
phrey Clinker (Supp. to Jam.). — Irish and
Gael, cuackf a cup, bowl. — L. caucus, a
cup. * Gk. icaO«a, a cup.
QuaflPgay a quadruped. (Kaffir.) A
Xosa-Kaffir wora. — Kaffir iqwara (W. J.
Davis) ; where the r is guttural. See N.
and Q. 9 S. v. 3.
Quagmire. (EO S\if^t quake-mire 'm
Stanihurst ; i. e. quaking bog.
Quaigh, Quaich, a cup. See under
Quaff.
Quail (i )f to cower. (£.) M. E. quelen,
to die. A. S. cwelan (pt. t. cwal), to die ;
whence dcwelan, to die utterly. 4* ^u.
kwelen, O. H. G. quelan, to pine. Teut.
type *kwel-an', Cf. A. S. cwalu, destruc-
tion, Du. kwaeU, lcit\, kvifl, Dan. Swed.
qvaly G. qucd, agony. Also allied to
Lith. geltiy to pain; gela, pain. From
Idg. root *g{w)ei. Brugm. i. % 656. % Dis-
tinct from prov. E. quail, to coagulate,
from O. F. coailler (F. cailler), from L.
coaguldre, Der. qualm,
Ghiail (a), a bird. (F. — Low L.— Low
G.) M.E. quailU,^0,¥, quaille, F.
caille, — Low JL quaquila, a quail. — M.Du.
quackel, Du. kwakkel, a quail. i-M. Du.
quacken, Du. kwaken, to quack. From
the noise which the bird makes. See
Quack.
Quaint, neat, odd, whimsical. (F. — L.)
MTe. queint, also quaint, coint, commonly
with the sense of ' famous.* — O. F. and
M. F. coini, * quaint, compt, neat, fine ; *
Cot. ■- L. cognitus, well-known, pp. of
cognoscere, to know; see Cognisanoe.
Der. ac-quaint.
Quake. (£•) M. E. quaken, cwakien,
A. S. cwacian, to quake ; cf. cweccan, to
wag ; £. Fries, kwakkelen, to be unsteady.
Der. Quak-er (A. D. 1650) ; see Haydn.
Quality. (F. - L.) M. £. qualitee, - F.
QUARRY
qualiti.^'L. quSlitSiem, ace. of qu&litds,
sort, kind. — L. qudli-s, of what sort
Allied to £. Which.
qualify. (F.— L.) Y. qualifier, ^taXe
L. qu&lificdre, to endue with a quality. —
L. qudlt'S, of what sort ; facere, to make.
Qualm. (£•) M. £. qualm^ usually 'a
pestilence.* A. S. cwealm, pestilence. 4*
O. Sax. qualm, destruction, death; O.H.G.
qualm, destruction. [Perhaps not the
same word as Du. kwalm, thick vapour.]
Teut. type *kwalmoz, masc ; from *kwal,
and grade of *kufel'an-, to die. See
Quail (I).
Quandary, a perplexity. (L. - Gk.)
Ong. a morbid state of mind ; Knt. of
Burning Pestle, i. i. It probably arose
from *condarye, for kypo-cmdarye, a morbid
state of mind. *■ I, seeing him so troubled,
asked him what newes . . . had put him
in so great a kyp<hCondarye ;"* Blackhall,
Brief Narration, ab. 1640 (Spalding Club),
p. 175. See Hypochondria. (H. B.)
Quantity. (F. — L.) M.'E, quanlitee,
^¥, quantit^,^!^ quantitdtem, ace. of
quaniitds, quantity. •• L. quanti-, for qucm-
tus, how much. Related to quam; and
to quis, who. Brugm. i. § 413.
Quaarantine. (F.-L.) O.F^quaran-
tine (Roquefort), usually quarantaine, a
space of forty days. — F. quarante, forty. —
L. quadrOgintd, forty; see Quadra-
gesima.
Quarrel (i)» a dispute. (F.— L.) M.E.
querele. ^0,F, querele, later querelle,^
L. querela, a complaint. »L. queri, to
complain. See Querulous.
Quarrel (2), a square-headed cross-bow
bolt. (F.— L.) lA,F.,quarel, '^O.F.quarrel,
M. F. quarreau, a diamond, square tile,
cross-bow bolt. — Late L. quadrellus, a
quarrel.— L. quadrus, square; see Quad-
rate.
quarry (i), a place where stones are
dug. (F.— L.) Formerly ^«arr.fr ; M.E.
quarrere, a place where stones arcsquared.
— O. F. quarriere, a quarry ; F. carriire. —
Late L. quadrdria, a quarry for squared
stones, i- L. quadrdre, to square. — L. quad-
rus, square. % The sense was suggested
by L. quadrdtdrius, a stone-squarer, also
a stone-cutter (merely).
Quarry (2), a heap of slaughtered
game. (F.— L.) M.E. querri.^O.F,
curee, cuiree (F. cur^e), mtestines of a
slain animal, the part given to hounds;
so called because wrapped in the skin. — F.
434
QUART
cuir, a skin, hide. ■- L. corium^ hide. See
Cuirass.
Qaart, the fourth of a gallon. (F. — L.)
M. £. quarte, — F. quarte, — L. quarta (i. e.
par5)yK fourth part ; fem. oiquartus, fourth.
Related to L. quattuor, four. Brugm. i.
§ 279-
quartan. (F.-L.) Y,quarta%ne,xt-
curring on the fourth day (said of a fever).
«iL. quartdna (Jebris), a quartan fever;
fem. oiquartdnus, belonging to the fourth.
»L. quartuSj fourth (above).
quarter. (F.-L.) M,E. quarter, ^^
O.F. quarter, quartier.^L,. quartdrius,
fourth part. — L. quartus, fourth.
quartern, fourth of a pint. (F.— L.)
Short for quarteron, M. E. quarteroun, —
O. F. quarteron, a quartern. — Late L.
quarterdnem, ace. of quarterOj a fourth
part. — Late L. quarterusy from L. quartus,
fourth.
auartet, quartette. (Ital.-L.)
quartette {quartette is a F. spelling) ;
dimin. of quarto, fourth. « L. quartus,
fourth.
quarto, having the sheet folded into
.four leaves. (L.) From L. phr. in quarto,
in a fourth part ; where quarto is abl. of
quartus, fourth.
QuartZi a mineral. (G.) G. quarz,
rock-crystal ; M. H. G. quarz.
Quash. (F. - L.) M. £. quaschen. -
OTf. quasser, later casser, to break, quash.
-•L. quassdre, to shatter; frequent, of
quatere (supine quassum), to shake.
Quassiay a South- American tree. (Per-
sonal name.) Named by Linnaeus (like
dahl-ia from Dahl) from Quassi, a negro
of Surinam, who pointed out the use of
the bark as a tonic in 1730* Quassi is a
common negro name.
Quaternary, consisting of fours. (F.
— L.) ¥. quatemaire.'^h. quatemdrius,
i- L. quatemi, pi., four at a time. — L.
quattuor, four.
quaternion. (L.) L. quatemidn-,
stem of quatemiOf a band of four men ;
Acts xii. 4. — L. quatemt, pi. ; see above.
quatrain. (F.-L.) F. quatrain, a
stanza of four lines. — F. quatre, four. — L.
quattuor, four.
Quaver, vb. (£.) Frequent, of ^fMi^^,
M. £. quauen (ju^v), to quake. Allied
to M. £. quappen^ to throb, palpitate.
Compare Qaake. Dor. quaver^ sb., a
note in music, orig. a trill, shake. And
see quiver (i).
QUERN
Quay, a wharf. (F.-C.) Formerly
kay, key\ M.E. ^tfy, ^^y^. — M. F. quay
(F. quat),* the key of a haven ; ' Cot. — Bret.
ka^, an enclostire, a quay; W. cae^ an
enclosure, hedge. Celt, type *kagi'', allied
to Haw, Hedge.
Quean, a woman; used slightingly.
(£.) A. S. cwene. 4- O. H. G. quena, a
wife ; Goth, kwino. Teut. type ^kivemn-.
Also Irish hen, W. bun, a woman ; Russ.
jena, wife ; Idg. type *g{w)end. Cf. Gk.
7VV1}, Pers. zan. See Queen. Brugm. i.
§ 670.
Queasy. (Scand.) l/iJ£.,quaysy,queysy,
causing or feeling nausea. — Norweg. hfeis,
sickness after a debauch ; Icel. iCra-kveisa,
colic. Cf. Icel. kveisay a whitlow, boil ;
Low G. quese, a blister; quesen-kopp, a
brain-disease in sheep; £. Fries, kwdse,
a blister, boil, worm causing giddiness in
sheep.
Queen. (£.) Differing in gradation
from quean, which spelling is restricted to
the use of the word in a lower sense. A. S.
cwin, a woman ; O. Merc. kwden.^\G&\.
kvdn, wife ; Goth. kwSnsj woman. Teut.
type *kw^iz,iem,', Idg. type *g{w)^i',
df. Skt. -jdni'^ wife. Brugm. i. § 677.
(VGw£N.)
Queer. (LowG.) A cant word. --Low
G. queer, across ; cf. qitere, obliquity. In
Awdelay's Fraternity of Vagabonds, p. 4,
*• a quire fellow ' is one who has just come
out of prison ; cf. Low G. in dtr quere
iigg^n, to lie across, lie queerly. So also
G. quer, transverse; querkopf, a queer
fellow. G. quer answers to O. H. G.
twer, transverse, Icel. pverr (whence £.
thwart). See Thwart.
Quell, to subdue. (£.) M. £. quellen,
to Kill. A. S. cwellan, to kill ; causal of
cwelan, to die.-f Du. kweilen, Icel. kvelja,
Swed. qvdlja, Dan. qyale, to torment,
choke ; all causal forms. Teut. type
*kwaljan- ; from *kwaly 2nd stem of
^kwel-an-, to die. See Quail (1).
Quenoh. (£•) '^.E* quenchen, A.S.
cwencan, to extmguish ; causal of A. S.
cwincan (pt. t. cwanc), to go out, be ex-
tinguished. Cf. O. Fries, kwinka, to be
extinguished.
Querimonious, fretful. (L.) From
L. querimdnia, a complaint. * L. queri, to
complain ; with Idg. suffixes -mdn-Jd-,
Quern, Sem, a handmill for grinding
grain. (£.) M.Y,, queme. A.S.cweorUy
cwyrn ; orig. ' that which grinds.' -f Du.
4'5
P3
QUERULOUS
kweern, Icel. kvem, Dan. quarfty Swed.
qyarn, Goth, kwaimus, Teut. type
^kwemuz, Cf. also ViVL^.jemovey a mill-
stone ; Lith. gima, stone in a hand-mill.
Bnigm. i. % 670.
ChiemlonJI, fretful. (L.) L. querulus,
full of complaiats. — L. queriy to complain.
4- Skt. fvas, to sigh. Brugm. i. § 355.
Query, an enquiry. (L.) For quctrCy
i. e. enquire thou. — L. quare, imp. sing.
2 pers. of quarerCy to seek ; for ^quas-erCy
as in L. quaso, I bpg. Brugm. ii. § 66a.
quest, a search. (F. — L.) O. F.
qu^ste ; F. qu^U. ^ L. quastta {res)t a thing
sought ; fem. of pp. of quarercy to seek.
question. (F. — L.) F. question. — L.
ace. quastionemy an enquiry. —L. quas-y
base oiquarerCy to seek ; with suffix -tidn-.
rue, a taiL (F.~L.) F. queuCy a
L. cauda^ a tail ; see CaudaL
Quibble* (L*) Dimin. of ^1^, a sar-
casm (Ash) ; which is a weakened form of
quip. See Quip.
Qjuick, living, lively. (£.) M. £. quik.
A. S. cwicy cwicu.'^T>\L kwiky Icel. kvikr,
Dan. qviky Swed. qvick^ O. H. G. quec.
Teut. type *kwikuz or *kwikwoZy allied to
the shorter Teut. type *kwiwoz, as in Goth.
kwiuSy living; cf. Irish beOy W. bywy L.
uiuusy lAih.gywaSy Kviss. jivoiy alive; Gk.
/9iOf , life ; Skt.jWy to live. Brugm. i. § § 85 ,
318, 677. Der. quick-silver; A. S. cwie-
seolfor,
auicken. (£.) M. £. quiknen, orig.
to Become alive. — A. S. cwiCy alive.
Quid, a mouthful of tobacco. (£.)
Merely another form of cud ; M. £. quicUy
cud. See Cud.
Quiddity, a nicety, cavil (L.) Late
L. quidditdSy the nature of a thing. *L.
qutd^ what ; i. e. what is it ? Neut. ofquis,
who ; see Who.
Quiet, adj. (L.) L. quiitusy quiet; orig.
pp. of *^uierey only used in the inceptive
form autescerey to be still. Cf. quieSy rest
AUiea to O. Pers. shiydti', a place of
delight, home ; Pers. shady pleased ; and
to £. While. Brugm. i. §§ 130, 675;
Horn, § 767. Der. quiet ^ sb. and vb. ;
quietus, sb. ; quiescent y from stem of pres.
pt. oi quiescere.
Quill (i), a feather, pen. (£. ?) M. £.
qut/le. * QuylUy a stalk, Calamus ; '
rrompt. Parv. ^ill also meant the faucet
of a c)arrel, or a reed to wind yam on.
This is a difficult and doubtful word, not
found at an early date. Apparently £.,
QUINSY
and of Teut. origin. ^Low G. kiily a goose-
quill (Berghaus) ; Westphalian kwi9le
(Woeste) ; G. kiei, M. H. G. kil or ktl.
Quill (a), to pleat a ruff. (F.-L.)
From O. F. cuillir (F. cueUlir), to gather,
pluck ; also used in the sense of to pleat ;
see Rom. Rose, 1219, and Chaucer's
translation. — Folk-L. *colligire, for L. col-
ligercy to cull, collect. See OulL Allied
to the Guernsey word enquiller^ to pleat
(Metivier).
Quillet, a sly trick in argument. (L.)
Short for L. quidlibety anything you choose.
— L. <^uidy anything ; /r^^/,itpleases (you).
Quilt, a bed-cover, &c. (F.-L.) M.E.
quilte, • A. F. and O. F. cuilte, a quilt
(i2th cent.). — L. culciiUy a cushion, mat-
tress, pillow, quilt.
Qniioaxy, consisting of fives. (L.) L.
qutndriuSy arranged by fives. — L. qutnf,
five at a time. For *quinc-nt, from quin-
quey five. Cf. btnly two at a time. See
Five.
Quince. (F. - L. - Gk.) Formerly
quencCy quyns, (Cf. M. F. coignasse, * the
greatest kind of quince,' Cot.) Merely the
pi. form of M. E. ^uyne, coine, or coiny
a quince. — O. F. cotny F. coingy a quince.'
[The same as Prov. caching] cf. Ital.
cotogndy a quince.] — L. *cotdnium, for
*cyddnium ; (the Ital. cotogna being from
L. cydoniay a quince). — Gk. kMxviov fJtrjKoy,
a quince, lit a Cydonian apple. — Gk.
KvSwyta, Kv^visy Cydonia, one of the chief
cities of Crete.
Qninounz, an arrangement by fives.
(L.) Applied to trees arranged like
the spots on the side of a die marked
5 ; L. quincunx, — L. quinque, five; uncia,
an ounce, small mark, sudi as a spot on
a die ; see UnoiaL
Quininei extract of Peruvian bark. (F.
— Peruv.) F. quininey formed with suffix
'ine (L. -ind), fi-om F. quina, Peruvian
bark. — Peruvian kinay or kina-kina, said
to mean ' bark,* esp. that which we call
Peruvian bark.
Qninqtuagesima. (L.) lu^quinqud-
gisinia (oiVj), fiftieth (day) ; fem. of quin-
qud^esimus fiftieth, — L. quinqud-yfoTquin-
quey five, allied to £. Five ; -gesimuSy for
*'gensimuSy allied to deceniy ten; see
Quadragesima. % So also quinquan-
gulavy having five angles ; quinqui-ennial^
lasting five years.
Quinsy. (F. - Gk.) Formerly also
squinancy, - O.F. ouinancie (Supp. to
426
QUINTAIN
Godefroy, s. v. esquinance) ; also squiu"
ancie (i6tli cent.) ; squinance, 'the squin-
ancy or sqoinzie ; ' Cot. Formed (some-
times with prefixed j — O. F. eS', L. ex, very)
from Gk. Kwdyicrjf lit. a dog-throttling,
applied to a bad kind of sore throat. — Gk.
Mvv-, stem of kww, a dog; aTx-cti', to
choke.
Quintain. (F.-L.) M,F. quin^aim,
a post with arms, for beginners to tilt at.
The form of the word is such that it must
be allied to L. quirttdna, a street in the
camp, which separated the Ji/iA maniple
from the sixth ; where was the market and
business- place of the camp. Doubtless
this public place was also the scene of
martial exercises and trials of skill ; the
Late L. quinidna means (i) a quintain,
also (2) a part of a street (space) where
carriages could pass. » L. quinidnuSf from
quinius, fifth. For *quinC'iuSf from quift'
que, five. See Five.
Quintal, a hundred-weight. (F. —
Span. — Arab. — L.) F. quintal (Cot.). —
Span. ^fiiff/o/.—Arab. qintdr, a weight of
100 lbs. Not a true Arab, word; but
formed from L. centum, a hundred.
Quintessence, pure essence. (F. - L.)
Lit. ' fifth essence. — L. quinta essentia,
fifth essence (in addition to the four
elements). See below; and Bssenoe.
Quintuple, five-fold. (F.-L.) F.
quintuple, i- L. *yMf'M/M//»j, a coined word.
— L. quintu^s, fifth, for *quinctus ; from
quin^ue, five; -p/us^i.e. -fold; see Double.
Quip, a taunt, cavil. (L.) Formerly
uippy ; Drant's Horace, bk. ii. sat. i . —
. quippe, forsooth (ironical). For ^quid-
pe ; Brugm. i. % 585. Der. quibble.
Quire (i\ a collection of sheets of
paper. {Y. — L.) Spelt cwaer in the Ancren
Kiwle. — O. F. quaier (13th cent.)» later
quayer, cayer\ mod. F. oi^ii^.^Late L.
quatemum, a collection of four leaves (we
nnd Late L. quatemus, glossed by A. F.
quaer in Wright's Voc. i. 116); whence
also Ital. quademo, a quire. Allied to L.
quattuor, four. [The suffix -num is lost
as in F. enferirom L. infemum,'] % Not
from L. quatemic, which could not thus
suffer loss of the ace. termination -nidnem.
Quire (a), a band of singers; see
Cnoir.
Quirk, a cavil. (M. Du. - F. - L.)
MTDu. kuerkefiy * a cunning trick/ Hex-
ham. Dimin. of M. Du. kiire, Du. kuur,
a whim, also a cure. « F. cure, a cure. —
t
QUOTE
L. ciira ; see Cure. Cf. £. Fries, kiire,
kUrke, a whim.
Quit, freed, free. (F.~L.) Orig. an
adj., as in * quit claim.* M. £. quyt, quit,
also quyte, free; adj.^O. F. quite, dis-
charged, released, free. — Late L. quitus,
quittus, altered forms of Late L. quUtus,
at rest, hence, free. Cf. Late L. quieta
cldmantia, A. F. quite claime, £. quit
claim ; quiitum cldmdre, quitum clam&re,
to quit a claim ; quietdre, quitdre, quittdre,
to tree from debt. See Quiet. Der. quit,
vb., F. quitter, O. F. quiter, from the
adj. ; hence quitt-ance, O. F. quitance.
Late L. quttantia, quiitantia; acquit,
Cf. Ooy.
Suite. (F.— L.) M.E.^ite; an ad-
ial use of the M. £. adj. quite, free,
now spelt quit ; see above.
Quiver (i), to shiver. (£.) Allied to
obsolete adj. quiver, full of motion, brisk ;
A. S. cwifer, m the comp. adv. cwijer-lice,
eagerly. Cf. M. Du. kuyven, kuyveren, to
Quiver (Kilian) ; £. Fries, kwifer, lively,
kwifem, to be lively.
Quiver (a), a case for arrows. (F.—
O. H. G.) O. F. curvre, cuevre, coivre,
a quiver. — O. Sax. cokar; cf. O. H. G.
kohhar (G. kbcher), a quiver ; A. S. cocer,
a quiver. Teut. type *kukuro', whence
Med. L. cucurum, a quiver.
Quixotic. (Span.) Named from Doft
Quixote or Quijote, a novel by Cervantes.
Quoif ; the same as Ooif.
Quoin, a wedge. (F.~L.) The same
as F. coin ; see Coin.
Quoit, Coit, a ring of iron for throwing
at a mark. (F. — L.?) M.£. coite, coyte;
cf. Lowl. Sc. coit, to push about, justle.
Prob. from O. F. coitier, quaitier, to press,
push, hasten, incite, urge on (which prob.
also had the sense ' to hurl '). Of unknown
origin. Cf. Prov. coitar, to hasten, urge.
Quorum. (L.) It was usual to nomi-
nate members of a committee, ^ whom
(quorum) a certain number must be present
to form a meeting. — L. quorum, of whom ;
gen. pi. of qui, who. Allied to Who.
Quota, a share. (Ital. — L.) lta\, quota,
a share.— L. quota {pars), how great a
part ; fem. of quotus, how great. — L. quot,
how many ; allied to qui, who ; see
Who.
Quote. (F.— L.) Formerly also r^/^.—
O. F. quoter, coter, to quote. — Late L. quo-
t&re, to mark off into chapters and verses,
for references ; hence, to give a reference.
427
QUOTH
■iL. quotus^ how many, how much, with
allusion to chapters, &c. ; see above.
Quoth, he said. (E.) Properly a pt. t
M. E. quoth, guod.^A,S, cwad, pt. t. of
cwedan, to say.+Icel. kvad, pt. t. of kveda,
to say ; Goth, kwatk, pt. t. of kwiikan, to
say. Der. guotha, for quoih he.
QootidiaA, daily. (F.-L.) Y.quoH-
rf2?«.-L. quotidiOnus^ daily. -L. quoti-^
for quotus, how many ; diis^ a day. Thus
qiiotididnus =^ovL however many a day, on
any day, daily.
quotient. (F.-L.; cvL.) Y, quotient,
the part which falls to each man s share ;
Cot.-L. *quotient't the imaginary stem
of L. quotienSy how many times ; which is
really indeclinable.— L. quot^ how many.
See Quote.
Sabbet, to cut the edges of boards so
that they overlap and can be joined. (F.
— L. and G.) F. raboter, to plane, level,
or lay even ; of. robot, a joiner's plane, a
plasterer's beater. Of doubtful origin.
Perhaps from F. re- (L. re-), again ; F. a
(L. ad)y to; and M. F. btaer, *to joine
unto by the ende,' Cot., from F. but, end.
See Abut, and Butt (i).
Sabbif Sabbin, sir. (L. — Gk. — Heb.)
L. rabbi, John i. 38. -Gk. ^aj8/8i. - Heb.
rabbi, literally * my master.* — Heb. rab,
great; as sb., master; and f, my. — Heb.
root rdbab, to be great (The form rabbin
is French.)
Babbit. (O. Low G.?) M.E. rabet,
Dimin. of an older form only found in
M. Du. robbe, dimin. robbeken, a rabbit
(Kilian). % The true £. name is cony,
Babble. (M. Du.) From the noise
made by a crowd. — M. Du. rabbelen, to
chatter; Low G. rabbeln, to chatter,
babble. The sufhx -U gives a frequentative
force ; rabble » that which keeps on making
a noise. Cf. Bap ; and see Bapparee.
Babidi mad. (L.) L. rabidus, mad. —
L. rabere, to rage, rave. Cf. Bage.
Baca. (Chaldee.) Matt v. 22. Chaldee
rekd, worthless ; hence, foolish.
BacCOOn, BacOOn. (N. American
Indian.) Spelt rackoon in Bailey (1735).
The native W. Indian name. ' Arathkone^
a beast like a fox ; * glossary of Indian
Words subjoined to A Historic of Travaile
into Virginia, by W. Strachey (pub* by the
Hakluyt Soc. in 1849).
RACK
Bace (i)} & svvift course. (Scaiid.)
M. E. ras (North) ; \rees (South), from
A. S. r&s], — Icel. rds, a running, race.
Teut. base *n^J-. Hence it is not for
*rans, i. e. a running (as in Noreen).
Bace ( 3 ), a fiamUy. (F . - Ital.) F. raee.
— Ital. razza, raza, also M. Ital. raggia,
*a race, broode,' Florio. Of doubtful
origin; but answering to L. type *radia,
allied to rccUdre^ to radiate. (Korting,
f 6612.)
Bace (3), a root (F. - L.) 'A race of
gmger ; * Wint. Ta. iv. 3. 50. - O. F. rats,
raizj a root. — L. rddicem, ace. of radix,
a root. See Badix, Badisli.
Bacemey a cluster. (F. - L.) F. racime,
— L. racemum, ace of rcuemus, a cluster.
Back (i)} a grating above a manger, an
instrument of torture. (E.) In some senses
the word is doubtless English ; cf. M. £.
rekke, a rack for hay. In the particular
sense • to torture/ it may have been bor-
rowed from M. Du. racken, to rack, to
torture. The radical sense of rack is to
extend, stretch out ; hence, as sb., rack is
a straight bar (cf. G. rack, a rail, bar) ;
hence, a frame-work, such as the bars in
a grating above a manger, a frame-work
used for torture, a bar with teeth in which
a cog-wheel can work. On the rack =■ in
great anxiety ; Sirack-rentis a rent stretched
to its full value, or nearly so. Allied words
are Icel. rakkr, straight, rekkja, to strain,
M. Du. racken, to stretch, reach out, to
rack ; Swed. raky straight, G. rcuk, a rack,
rail, recken, to stretch ; esp. Low G. rakk,
a shelf, as in E. plate-rack. Cf. Goth.
uf-rakjany to stretch out. % Rack is used
in many senses ; see rack (2), rack (3), &c.
Back (2), light vapoury clouds, mist.
(Scand.) See Hamlet, ii. 2. 506 ; Antony,
iv. 14. 10. n. E. ra>^. — Icel. rek, drift,
motion, a thing drifted ; cf. skfreky the rack
or drifting clouds. — Icel. reka, to drive,
thrust, toss ; cognate with A. S. wrecan,
to drive. See "Wreak. Cf. Swed. skeppet
vrdker=^iht ship drifts.
BabCk (3)) to pour off liquor, to clear it
from dregs or lees. (F. — L. ?) Minsheu
(1627) speaks of ^ rackt wines.* — M. F.
raqu4\ whence vin raqtU, * small, or corse
wine, squeezed from the dregs of the
grapes, already drained of all their best
moisture;' Cot. Cf. Languedoc raqua,
to glean grapes ; raquOy skin of grapes
(D'Hombres) ; Span, rascon, sour; rascar,
to scrape. Prob. of L. origin ; see Basoal.
4»8
RACK
RAIN
Sack (4)1 the same as wrack ; in the
phr. *to go to rack and ruin*; see
Wrack.
(5) ; see Arraok.
i,6), a neck of mutton. (£.) A.S.
hracca^ the back of the head {occiput) ;
see Somner, and Vocab. 463. 31. % We
also find rack (7), for reck, to care ; rack
(8), to relate, from A. S. racu, an account ;
rcuk (9), a pace of a horse, i. e. a rocking
pace; see Bock (a). Also rack (10), a
track, cart-mt, from A. S. racu, a track.
Saoket (i), Saqnety a bat with a
net-work blade. (F.— Span. — Arab.) M.E.
rdket; borrowed from O. F. ; cf. "M. F.
ra^uftte.^SpBXi. raquela, a racket, battle-
dore. • Arab, rdhat, the palm of the hand
(hence the game of fives, which preceded
rackets). To this day, tennis is called in
F. paume^ i. e. palm of the hand, though
now played with bats.
Kaoket(2), anoise. (£.) Of imitative
origin ; cf. rattle^ rap. So also Gael, racaid^
a noise ; Irish racan, noise ; Gael, rac, to
make a noise like geese or ducks.
Saooon ; see Baccoon.
Saoy, of strong flavour, spirited. (F. —
Ital. ; with £. sujix,) Rac-y = indica-
tive of its race^ due to its breed. See
Bace (2).
Badaa&t. (L.) From stem of pres.
pt. of L. radidre^ to shine. — L. radius, a
ray.
Aadical ; see Badlx.
Badish. (F. - ProY. - L.) F. radis
(not a true F. word, but borrowed from
Proven9al). •- Prov. raditz, a root. -■ L.
rddicem ; see Badix. % Or the F. radis
is from Ital. radice,
Hadimi, a ray. (L.) L. radius, a ray.
Doublet, ray (i).
HadiZy a root (L.) L. radix (stem
rddic-), a root4*Gk* A^^^> ^ branch, rod ;
p&SaiunKy a twig. See Boot and Wort.
Per. rcuUc-al, L. rddlcdlis,
BafB.6, a kind of lottery. (F. - G.)
M. £. rafie, a game at dice.— M. F. rafiot
raffle, a game at three dice ; O. F. rafie,
a gust of wind ; F. raJUr, to snatch up. «•
G. raffein, to snatch up; frequent, of
raffen, to snatch away, carry off hastily.
See Bap (a).
Baft. (Scand.) M.£. raft, a spar,
beam ; orig. sense * rafter.' — Icel. raptr
{raftr), a rafter, beam (where the final r is
merely the sign of the nom. case) ; Dan.
raft, a rafter, a beam. Allied to Icel.
raf, rcefr, a roof, cognate with O.H.G. rdft>,
a spar, rafter. Allied to Gk. 6po<f>os, a roof,
kpi^tv, to cover. (-/REPH.) ^ Not
allied to A. S. kr^, a roof.
rafter, a beam to support a roof. (£.)
A.S. rafter. An extension of the word
above.
Bag. (Scand.) M. £. rag^. We only
find A.S. raggie, for *raggige, rough,
shaggy ; as if formed from a sb. *ragg-. —
Norw. ragg, rough hair, whence ragged,
shaggy (£. ragged); Swed. ragg, rough
hair, whence raggig, shaggy; Icel. rogg,
shagginess, raggaOr, shaggy. Orig. sense
' shagginess,' whence the notion of untidi-
ness. % The resemblance to Gk. p&KOi,
a shred of cloth, is accidentaL Der. rag-
stone, i.e. rugged stone; rag^wort, i.e.
ragged plant.
Mige. (F.— L.) F. rage,-'L,radiem,
ace. of rabiis, rage.^L. rabere, to rage.
And see Bave.
Bagont. (F.-L.) F. ragoikt, a sea-
soned dish, i- F. rago^ter, to coax a, sick
man's appetite. « F. re-, again ; a, to ;
goAter, to taste. »L. re-\ ad; gustdre, to
taste. See Qast (a).
Baid. (North £.) A Northern form
of £. road, Cf. IceL reiH, a riding, a
road. See Bead.
BaU (i), a bar. (F.-L.) M. £. rail.
Not found in A. S. • O. F. reille, a rail,
bar; Norman dial. rai/e,'^'L, regit /a, a
bar. See Bule. Cf Low G. regei, a rail,
cross-bar ; Swed. regei, a bar, bolt ; G.
riegei, O. H. G. rigii, a bar, bolt ; all
from L.
Bail (a), to brawl, scold. (F.) F.
rcnller, to deride; O. F. rattle, sb.,
mockery. Origin unknown. Ber. raill-
er-y, F. raillerie, banter.
Bail (3), a bird. (F.-Tent.) O. F.
racUle ; M, F. rasle, * a rayle,* Cot. ; F.
rdle, (From its cry.)
Bail (4)f part of a woman's night-dress.
',£.) See Halliwell and Palsgrave. M.£.
re^eL — A. S. hrcegl, hregl, a dress, robe,
swaddling-clothes. 4" O* Fries, hreil, reil;
O. H. G. hregil, a garment. Teut. type
*hragilom, neut.
Bfument. (F.— L. a»^ Scand.; with
F. suffix.) Short for arrai-menl; see
Array.
Bain. (£.) M.£. m». A.S. r(f^, also
ren (by contraction). +Du. regen, Icel.
Dan. Swed. regn, G. regen, Goth, rign,
rain. Cf. L. rigdre, to moisten.
439
RAINDEER
RANCH
Baindeer; see Beindeer.
Saisa. (Scand.) M. £. rm^ff.-ilcel.
reisa^ to make to risej causal of rtsa (pt.
t. reis^f to rise ; so also Dan. reise^ Swed.
resa, to raise. See Bise, Bear (i).
Badsin. (F.-L.) M.E.mji«.-O.F.
raisin, a grape; also a bunch. — Folk-
I^. ractmutn, for L. racgmumy ace. of raci-
mus, a cluster.
Rajah, prince. (Skt.) Skt. rdj'd, the
nom. case from the stem rdjan^ a king.
Cognate with L. rex ; see Begal.
n^poot,aprince. (Hind.— Skt.) Hind.
rajpfity a prince ; lit. ' son of a -rajah.' —
Skt. raj'd^ a king ; putra^ son.
Sake (i)) an implement. (E.) A.S.
raca^ a rake. ^ Da. mkel^ a rake, Dan.
rage, a poker, Swed. raka^ an oven-rake
(with base rak-^ ; also Icel. reka^ a shovel,
G. recheHf a rake (with base rek-). Allied
to Goth, rikan (Tent, type *rei-an-f pt. t.
rak)t to collect, heap up. Cf. Icel. raka,
vb., to rake. Der. rake^ vb.
Itakd (a)) a dissolute man. (Scand.)
M. E rake^, rash ; oddly corrupted to rake-
hell (Trench, Nares) ; finally shortened to
rake. — Swed. dial, rakkel, a vagabond, from
raka, to run hastily, M. Swed. rackUy to run
about. Cf. A. S. raciatty to run.
Sake (3)) the projection of the extremi-
ties of a ship beyond the keel, the inclina-
tion of a mast from the perpendicular.
(Scand.) * In sea-language, the rake of a
ship is so much of her hull or main body,
as hangs over both the ends of her keel ; *
Phillips (1706). Evidently from rake, vb.,
to reach, extend (Halli well). — Swed. dial.
raka f to reach, raka franiy to reach over,
project; Dan. ragefrenty to project, jut out.
Cf. Icel. rakr^ Swed. rak^ straight. Allied
to Back (i).
Sakehell, a vagabond ; see Bake (a).
Raki, arrack. (Turk. — Arab.) Turk.
rdqt, arrack. — Arab, 'araq^ arrack; see
Arraok.
Bally (i), to re- assemble. (F.-L.) F.
rallier. — F. re-^ again ; alHer^ to ally ; see
Ally. Cf. prov. F. raller, to rally, grow
convalescent ; dial, de la Meuse (Labour-
asse).
Bally (a), to banter. (F.) We also
find the sb. raJlery^ * pleasant drolling,'
Phillips, ed. 1706. This is, of course,
another spelling of raillery ; and rally is
merely another form of rail (2\ from F.
raillery to deride. See Bail (2).
Bam. (E.) A. S. ravi. 4't)u. ram, G.
ramm. Cf. Icel. ramr, strong. Der. ram,
vb., to butt, push, thrust ; ram-rod,
B^amadan, a great Mohammedan fast
(Arab.) So called because kept in the ninth
month, named^ama^an. — Arab, ramaddn,
pronounced ramazdn in Turkish and Per-
sian. As it is in the ninth month of the lunar
year, it may take place in any season ; but
it is supposed to have been originally held
in the hot season. The word implies * con-
suming fire ' ; from Arab, root rame4t it
was hot. (Devic, Richardson.)
Bamble. (E.) Frequentative of M. £.
ramien (?), prov. E. rarne, to rove, to g^d
about (Yks.) ; cf. E. Fries, rametiy rdmen,
to rove, ramble. The 6 is excrescent, and
ramble is for prov. E. rammUy to ramble
(Whitby Glossary^
Bamify. (F. — L.) F. raw^^r, to put
forth branches (hence, to branch off). — L.
rdmi-y for ramus y a branch, bough ; -fic&re^
for facere, to make. With L. ramus, cf.
Gk. fiadafjufosy a twig. Brugm. i. § 529.
Bamp, Biomp, to bound, leap ; pro-
perly to climb, scramble, rear; also to
sport boisterously. (F. — Tent.) M. E.
rampetiy to rage ; cf. ramp-ant (F. ramp-
ant) y rearing, said of a lion. — F. rampery
* to creep, run, crawle, climb ; ' Cot. Orig.
sense * to clamber ' ; cf. M. Ital. rampare,
to clutch, rampOy a hook. According
to Diez, the Ital. rampare (Prov. rapar^
is a nasalised 'form from Low G. rappen^
to snatch hastily, Dan. rappey to hasten ;
cf. G. raffefiy to snatch; see Bape (i).
But Korting derives Ital. rampay a grip,
from Low G. ramp (Liibben), Bavar.
rampfy a cramp, seizure; which is allied
to rampfy and grade of O. H. G. rimpfan,
to cramp. Cf. Bipple (a).
Bampart. (F.— L.) Also spelt ram-
pire, rampier, rampar.mm'M.,Y. remparty
rempary a rampart of a fort. — M. F. rem-
parery to put again into a state of defence.
— L. re-y again ; tm- (i«), in ; pardre, to
get ready. See Fare.
BamsonSi broad-leaved garlic. (E.)
A double plural ; for rams-en-s. Here
ramsen = k,S, hramsauy ramsons; a pi.
form, from a sing. Ar^wjrt.+Swed. rams-
lok (Jok ^\et\i) 'y Dan. rams\ Lithuan.
kermusze, wild garlic ; Irish creamk, W.
craf, garlic; Gk. icp6fivoVy an anion (Stokes-
Fick, p. 08).
Babncn, Banoho, a rude hut. (Span.
— Teut.) Common in Mexico. — Span.
ranchOy a mess, set of persons who cat
430
RANCID
RAPE
and drink together ; formerly, ' a ranke/
Minsheo. Prob. borrowed from Prov.
renCf a rank; O. F. reng\ see Bank,
Bange.
SflUioid. (L.) L. rancidus, rancid. Cf.
L. rancens, stinking, as if from an infin.
*rancirej to stink.
ranoour. (F.-L.) M.E, rancour.^
A.F. rancour. — L. rancoremt ace. of rancor ,
spite, orig. rancidness. See above.
jEtabndoiU, said or done at hazard. (F. —
Tent.) M. £. randon ; esp. in phr. in
randon^ in great haste. — O. F. randon^ the
force and swiftness of a great stream;
whence phr. h randon, in great haste, with
impetuosity ; from O. F. randir^ to run
swiftly. So also Span, de rendon^ de rondon^
rashly, impetuously. — G. rand^ a brim,
edge, verge, margin ; whence Ital. a randa^
with difficulty, exactly (lit. near the verge).
Cf. G. his am rande voll^ full to the brim.
The sense of O. F. randir has reference to
the course of a full or brimming river. ^
A. S. rand^ Icel. rond^ Dan. rand, rim,
verge ; Swed. rand^ a stripe. See Bind.
BUttge. (F. - O. H. G.) The sense * to
rove* arose from the trooping about of
ranks of armed men. — F. ranger (O. F.
renggr), to range, rank, order, array, lit.
* to put into a rank.* — F. rang (O. F. reng\
a rank (below).
rank (i)» a row, line of soldiers, class.
(F.-O. H. G.) M. E. reng, r^>J.-0. F.
reng {¥. raftg)t a rank, row, list, range.—
O. H. G. Arinc, a ring, ring of men, hence
a row or rank of men. See Bing.
Hank ' a), coarse in growth, very fertile ;
also rancid. (£.) The sense 'rancid* is
due to confusion with O. F. ranee, < musty,'
Cot., which is from L. rancidus. But M.£.
rank means strong, forward ; from A. S.
ranc, strong, oroud, forward. 4* Du. rank,
lank, slender (like things of quick growth) ;
Icel. rakkr (for *rankr), straight, slender,
Swed. rank, long and thin, Dan. rank, erect.
SanUe, to fester. (F. - L. - Gk.)
A. F. rankler, to fester ; O. F. draoncler,
raancler, rancler (so that it once began
with d\ see Godefroy).-0. F. draonclCf
raoncUy ranch, an eruption of the skin. —
Late L. dracunculus, dranculus, (i) a
little dragon ; (a) a kind of ulcer (as
dragons were supposed to be venomous).
— Late L. drtuOy a dragon. See Dragon.
(Phil. Soc. Trans. 1891.)
TianiflffVi (Scand.) Icel. rannsaka, to
search a house, ransack; Swed. ransaka,
Dan. ransage. — Icel. rann, a house, abode ;
scU^'y related to sakja, to seek. The Icel.
rann stands for ^razn, and is the same as
A. S. am, a cot, Goth, razn, a house ; see
barn. Cf. A. S. rasn, a plank, beam;
and see Seek. % Cf. Norman dial, ran-
saqtur, Gael, rannsaick, from Scand. .
aansoniy redemption. (F.— L.) M. £.
ransoun (with final »). — O. F. raenson,
later ranfon, a ransom. •• L. redemptionem,
ace. of reaemptio, a buying back. — L.
redemptus, pp. of redimere, to redeem ; see
Bedeem. Doublet, redemption,
Sant. (Du.) M. Du. ra^/^ to dote,
be enraged; also spelt nz^MJbi ; seeKilian.
Cf. Westphal. rantem, to prate.
Rantipole» & romping child. (Low G.)
Cf. M. Du. wrantigh, £. Fries, wranterig.
Low G. wrantig, peevish, quarrelsome;
and Foil. See Frampold.
Sannncolns. (L.) 1.. ranunculus, k
little frog ; also, a plant. Double dimin.
of rdna, a frog.
Rap (i)» to strike smartly; a smart
stroke. (Scand.) Dan. rap, a rap, tap;
Swed. rctpp, a blow ; Swed. rappa, to beat ;
cf. G. rappeln, to rattle. Of imitative
origin ; allied to Battle, Baoket (2).
Siap (2), to snatch, seize hastily. (£.)
M. £. rapen, to hasten, act hastily. Cf.
M. Du. rapen, ' to rap up, gather,* Hex-
ham; Du. rap, quick; Icel. hrapa, to
fall, tumble, hasten, hurry ; Swed. rappa,
to seize, snatch, Dan. rappe, to make
haste; Swed. rapp, Dan. rap, quick,
brisk ; G. raffen, to snatch. From Teut.
base *hrap-. % Chiefly in the phrase to
rap and rend. And see Bapt, Bape (i).
Raj^acions. (L.) Coined from L.
rapda-, for rapcuc, grasping. — L. rapere,
to grasp. Brugm. i. § 477.
Mpe (0» a seizing by force. (F.-L.)
A. F. and Norm. dial, rape, rap ; cf. Late
L. rappus, rapus (for L. raptus\ O.F.
rapt. — L. raptum, ace. of raptus, a rape.
— L. raptus, pp. of rapere, to seize.
Cf. O. F. raper, Gascon rapa, to seize,
p. But, apparently, confused with M £.
rape, haste, hurry, a common word ; see
Chaucer's lines to Adam Scrivener. — IceL
hrap, ruin, falling down, krapadr, a hurry,
hrapa, to hasten ; Swed. rapp, Dan. ra/,
quick ; see Bap (2). Der. rape, vb.
Bape '2), a plant. (L.) M.£. rape.^
L. rdpa, rapum, a turnip, a rape.+Gk.
^iirvs, a turnip, fiwpavis, a radish ; Russ.
riepa, a turnip ; G. riide.
431
RAPE
RAT
Rape (3)> a diyision of a connty, in
Sussex. (Scand.) Icel. hreppr^ a district ;
prob. orig. a share. « Icel. hreppa^ to catch ;
cf. A. S. hrippoHy to tonch, lay hold of.
Allied to Bap (2).
Sapid. (F.-L.) Y,rapide.^Y,.rapi'
dus^ quick, lit snatching away. — L.
rapere^ to snatch. See Bapaoious.
Rapier, a light narrow sword. (F.—
Span. — O. H.G.) M. F. rapiere^ rappiert,
also raspiere (Littr<^) ; it was considered
as Spanisfil ' RapUre^ Spanische sworde ; *
Palsgrave, p. 908. Perhaps raspiere was
a name given in contempt, meaning 'a
rasper' or poker; hence it was called
' a proking-spU of Spaine ' ; Nares. Cf.
Span, raspaderat a raker. * Span, rcupar^
to rasp, scratch. * O. H. G. raspon, to rasp.
See Basp. % So Diez ; Littx^ rejects this
probable solution.
Bapine. (F.-L.) F. ra/iW, < rapine,
ravine ; ' Cot. — L. raptna^ robbery, plunder.
— L. rapertf to seize. See Bapaoious.
Happaree, an Irish robber. (Irish.)
Irish rapaire, a noisy fellow, sloven,
robber, thief; cf. rapal, noise, rapach,
noisy. Cf. (xael. rapair^ a noisy fellow.
All perhaps from £. rabble (Macbain).
Sappee, a kind of snuff. (F. - O. H. G.)
F. rapij lit. rasped, reduced to powder ;
pp. of rdper^ to rasp ; see Basp.
Kapty carried away. (L.) From L.
rapiusy pp. of rapere^ to seize ; see Milton,
P. L. iii. 523. % But in * What thus raps
you,' Cymb. i. 6. 51, the word may be £.
See Bap (2).
raptorial. (L.) Used ofbirds of prey.
— L. rapidr-i-, from raptor^ one who seizes ;
with suffix -al. — L. rapere^ to seize.
rapture. (L-) Coined, as if from L.
*rapturay from L. raptuSy pp. of rapere.
B^ure. (F. — L.) F. rare.^l^ rdrum^
ace. of rdruSy rare.
Bascalp a knave, villain. (F. - L.) M.E.
raskaUley the common herd. [It was a
term of the chase ; certain animals, not
worth hunting, were so called. The hart,
till he was six years old, was accounted
rascayUJ] A. F. raskayle, a rabble ; also
*rascaille, whence mod. F. racailU, 'the
rascality or base or rascall sort, the
scumme, dregs, offals, outcasts of any
company,* Cot. Due to an O. F. word
cognate with Prov. Span. Port, rascar^
to scrape ; the orig. sense being * scrap-
ings ' ; cf. M. F. rasque, * scurfe ' ; Cot.
All from a Late L. ^rdsicdre^ a frequent.
form from rdsum, supine of rddere, to
scrape ; see Base (below) ; and Bash. (a).
Sase, Sasey to scrape, efface. (F.—
L.) M. E. rasgn, to scrape. * F. raser, .-
Late L. r&sdre, to graze, to demolish.
— L. rdsuntf supine of rddere, to scrape.
Allied to Bodent.
Sash (i), headstrong. (E.) M. £.
rash, rascA, E. Fries, rask ; cf. A. S.
rascan, to flash. <^Dn. rasch, G. rasch;
Dan. Swed. rask^ quick, rash ; Icel.
roskr, vigorous; N. Fries, radsk, quick.
% Brugm. i. § 795, connects this word
with O. H. G. radf a wheel ; see Botary.
Sash (2), a slight eruption on the body.
(F. — L.) O. F. rasckg, rasque^ rache.
The same as Prov. rasca^ the itch. So
called from the wish to scratch it ; cf. Prov.
rascar^ to scratch, equivalent to a Late L.
*rdsicSre,^'L, rdsum, supine of rSderCy
to scrape. See Bascal.
Bask (3), to pull, tear violently. (F.-
L.) * Rashing off helmes ; * F. Q. v. 3. 8.
^^.aracen^ afterwards shortened to rcuen,
— O. F. esrachier (F. arracher)^ to root up,
pull away violently. — Ij.exradtcdre, to root
out. -* L. ex J out ; rddicdre, to root, from
r&dic-^ stem of rddix^ a root. See
Badix.
Bash (4), a kind of serge. (F. -Ital.)
M. F. roj, serge. — Ital, rascta^ * silk rash ; *
Florio. From Rascia, a district in the S.
of Bosnia.
Basher, a thin slice of broiled bacon.
(E.) * Rasher on the coales, quasi rashly
or hastily roasted/ Minsheu. This is
right ; cf. * Rashedf burnt in cooking, by
being too hastily dressed;' Halliwell.
See Bash (i).
Basorial. (L.) L. r&sSr-u, from rdsor^
one who scrapes; with suffix al^h.
rdS'Um, supine of rddere^ to scrape.
Basp, vb. (F.-O.H.G.) M.E.
raspen. - O. F. rasper (F. rdper). - O.H.G.
raspan, whence G. raspeln, to rasp. Cf.
O. H. G. hrespan, to pluck, to rake
together. Cf. Bap (2).
rasp-berry, a kind of fruit. (F.-
O.H.G. ; and E. ) Formerly called raspis^
raspesy but this is merely a pi. form used as
a singular. Named from its uneven sur-
face. So also M. Ital. raspo^ a rasp, also
a raspberry.
Bat. (E.) M.E.rdc/. A.S.r^/.-|-M.Du.
ratte, Du. rtf/, Dan. rotte, Swed. rd^/a, GL
ratte^ ralz ; Low L. raiuSy rata (whence F.
rat) ; Irish and Gael. radaUy Bret, raz.
432
RATAFIA
RAVEL
Dep. raty vb., to desert one's party, as
rats are said to leave a falling house.
And see Batten.
Satafia, a liquor. (F. — Arab, and
Malay.) F. rcttafia ; of. tafiOy rum-arrack.
* Malay araq tdfia^ the spirit called tafia ;
where araq is borrowed from Arab. *araq^
arrack.
Hatch, a rack or bar with teeth. (E.)
A palatalised form of rack (i) above, in
the sense of 'bar with teeth*; hence it
came to mean a kind of a toothed wheel.
Der. ratch-et, in watch- work, 'the small
teeth at the bottom of the fusee or barrel
that stop it in winding up ; ' Phillips.
Sate (i)» a proportion, standard, tax.
(F.— L.) A. F. rctte, price, value. —L.
ra/a, fern, of ratus, aetermined, fixed,
settled, pp. of reor, I think, judge, deem.
Brugm: 1. % 200.
Bate (a)> to scold, chide. (F.^L.)
M. E. raten, Ch. C. T. 3463 ; aratenj to
reprove. Also spelt retten^ aretten, — O.F.
reter, rateir^ areter, aratter, to accuse, to
impute; Norman dial, reter, retter, to
blame. — L. ad, to ; and reputSre, to count
See Bepute. ^ Not from rate (i).
Sath, early ; Bather, sooner. (£.)
Rather is the compar. of rcUh, early, soon.
A. S. hraHe, adv., quickly, kraks, adj.,
quick, swift; hence hrtiOoTy sooner. 4- Icel.
nradr, swift ; M. H. G. rod, hretd, quick ;
Du. reui, swift Cf. O. Ir. crothinty I shake.
Batify. (F.-L.) F.rfl/j^^.-LateL.
ratificdre, to confirm. — L. rati', for ratus,
settled ; -ficdre, iotfacere, to make. See
Bate Ti).
ratio. (L.) L. m/iV), calculation.— L.
rains y pp. of reor, I think, deem.
ration, rate or allowance of provisions.
(F. — L.) r . ration, — L. ratUfnim^ ace. of
ratio (above). Doublet, reckon,
Batlines, Batlins, Battlings,
the small transverse ropes crossing the
sh rouds of a ship. (E. ; and F. — L.) Now
turned into rat-tines, as if affording ladders
for rats to get up by. But the old term
was raddelines, or raddelyng of the
shrowdesy Naval Accounts (1485-97), ed.
Oppenheim, pp. 185, 307. Prob. the
same as prov. E. raddlings^ long pieces of
underwood twisted between uprignt stakes
(hence, cross-WntA of the shrouds) ; cf. Du.
Tveeflijnen (weave-lines), ratlines. Cf. prov.
E. raddle, a hurdle ; perhaps allied to rod.
Palsgrave has ' radyll of a carte.'
Battaa, a Malacca cane. (Malay.)
Also spelt ratan (Johnson). — Malay r^/a»,
the rattan-cane.
Batten, to take away a workman's
tools for offending the trades' union.
(F. - Low L.- Teut.) Ratten is the Hal-
lamshire (Sheffield) word for a rat ; hence
applied to working secret mischief, which
is attributed to rats. 'I have been rat-
tened'^ I had just put a new cat-gut band
upon my lathe, and last night the rats have
carried it off;' N. and Q. 3 S. xii. 192.
M. E. raton, a rat — F. raton, dimin. of
F. rai ; see Bat.
Battle, to clatter. (E.) ^l.'K, ratelen.
A. S. *hratelan, only preserved in A. S.
hratele, hratelwyrt, rattle-wort, a plant
which derives its name from the rattling
of the seeds in the capsules. 4' Dq- ratelen,
G. rasseln, to rattle ; allied to Gk, K^h-
aivttv, to shake. Cf. also Gk. KpSraXov,
a rattle.
Banght, pt. t. of Beach, q. v^
Bavage, sb., plunder. (F.-L.) F.
ravage, * ravage ; * Cot. — F. ravir, to bear
away suddenly. — Folk-L raptre^ L. rapere,
to seize. See Bapid. Der. ravage, vb.,
F. ravager,
Bave. (F.-L.) M.E. ra^^.-O.F.
raver, cited by Dicz, s. v. river, as a Lor-
rame word ; hence the derivative ravasser,
* to rave, talk idly ; ' Cot. Godefroy has
O. F. resver, raver, rever^ to stroll about,
also to rave ; cf. F. rdver, dial, de la Meuse
(Labourasse). Allied to Span, rabiar, to
rave, a verb formed from the sb. rahia,
rage, allied to L. rabiis, rage. « L. rabere,
to rage; see Babid. % This is the
solution given by Diez ; but see Korting,
56598.
Bavel, to untwist, unweave, entangle.
(M. Du.) The orig. sense has reference to
the untwisting of a string or woven texture,
the ends of threads of which become after-
waixjs entangled. To unravel is to disen-
tangle ; to ravel out is to unweave. — M.
Du. ravelen, to ravel ; mod. Du. rafelen,
E. Fries, rafeln, to fray out, unweave;
Low G. reffeln, to fray out Cf. Du.
rafel, E. Fries. r(rfel, rafel, a frayed edge.
Also Norman dial, raviler, to ravel;
Pomeran. rabbeln, uprabbeln, to ravel out
Of unknown origin ; but cf. A. S. drafian (or
drdfian ?), to unravel, Gregory's Pastoral
Care, ed. Sweet, p. 245, 1. 22. % The
M. Du. ravelen, to dote (from O. F. rdver,
see Bave), is a different word. Der. un-
ravel.
433
RAVELIN
REAM
Savelixif a detached work in fortifica-
tion, with two embankments raised before
the counterscarp. (F.— Ital.) F. ravelin.
— M. Ital. raveilifufy revelHno (Ital. rwel-
lino), a ravelin. Origin onknown ; thought
to be from L. re-, back, uallum, a ram-
part ; which is unlikely.
Raven (i)t a bird. (E.) M. £. raven.
A. S. krcefn, hre/n.'^'DvL, raaf, Icel. hrafn,
Dan. raon^ G. robe. Tcut. type *hradnoz,
m. Perhaps allied to Gk. icl^-a^, a raven,
L. cor-uus.
Saven (a)> to plunder, to devour. (F. —
L.) Better spelt fovfVf. From M. E. nwi«^,
sb., plunder. — O. F. ravine, rapidity, im-
petuosity (oldest sense ' plunder,* as in L.).
» L. raptna, plunder ; see Bapine.
ravinet a hollow gorge. (F. — L.) F.
ravine, a hollow worn by floods, also a
great flood ; O. F. ravine (above).
raTiflll, to seize with violence. (F. —
L.) "SLE, rauischen.^Y. raviss-, stem
of pres. pt. of ravir, to ravish. — Folk-L.
roMre, for L. rapere^ to seize.
xtaw. (£•) M. £. raw. A. S. hreaWy
hr^.'^'Dvi. raauw ; Icel. krdr, Dan. raa,
Swed. rd ; O. H. G. rOo, G. r»k. Teut
types *hrawoz, *hrStwoz. Allied to L.
crOdus, raw, Skt. krUra-, sore, cruel, hard ;
also to Gk. Kpias (for *Kptfas), raw flesh,
Skt. kravya-, raw fiesh ; Lat. cruor, blood ;
Russ. krove, Lith. kraujas, Irish crU, W.
crau, blood. Brugm. i. § 492. (^KREU.)
Bay(0. (F.-L.) O.F.raye;¥.raie.
— L. radium, ace. of radius, a ray. See
Badius.
Bay (2), a fish. (F.-L.) O. F. raye,
F. rau. — L. rdia, a ray.
Bay (3)* a dance. (Du.) M. Du. rey,
a dance ; Du. rei, a chorus.
Bayally a person, not a Mohammedan,
who pajTs the capitation-tax, a word in use
in Turkey. (Arab.") It may be explained
as ' subject,' though the orig. sense is ' a
flock,* or pastured cattle. — Arab, rdiyah,
rdiyaif), a flock, subject, peasant; from
rdy, pasturing, tending flocks. Cf. Byot.
ftaie, the same as Base (above).
raior. (F.— L.) F. rasoir, a razor,
lit. a shaver. — F. raser^ to shave; see
Base.
Baszia, a sudden raid. (F. — Algiers.)
F. razzia^ razia ; borrowed from the Alger-
ine razia, which is a peculiar pronunciation
of Arab, gh&zia, a raid, ex{>edition against
infidels (Devic). — Arab, gh&tt^ a hero, a
leader ot an expedition.
mtmr-j mmw^"^ prefix , again. (F.-L.; or
L.) L. re-, red-; commonly re-, except
in red-eem, red-olen/f red-diiicn, red-ound^
red-undant. % Hence a large number of
compounds, such as re-address, re-arrange,
which cause no difficulty.
Beaoh (i), to attain. (E.) M. E.
rechen, pt. t. raghte, raughte, pp. raught.
— A. S. racan, racean, pt t. rahte.^Du,
reiken, O. Friesic reJ^a ; G. reichen. The
A. S. racan is closely allied to the sb.
ge-rSCy opportunity; giving as the orig.
sense 'to seize an opportunity.* Teut.
type *raikjan-. (Distinct from A.S. reccan,
to stretch.) Der. reach, sb., which also
means 'a stretch in a river.'
Beach (3), to try to vomit ; see Batch.
Bead. (E.) M. E. reden. A.S. r&dan
(strong verb), to counsel, consult, inter-
pret, read; with the remarkable pt. t.
riord. [Also as a weak vb., pt. t. ridde ;
prob. by confusion with r&dan, to dispose
of, to govern.] Allied to Goth, garidan,
to provide, Icel. rOlia (pt. t. reH), to advis^
G. rcUhen (pt. t. rietK), to advise. Teut.
t3rpe *rStdan-. Perhaps allied to L. ri-ri,
to think. Der. riddle (i), q. v.
Beady. (E.) M. E. redi ; with change
of suffix from A.S. rade, ready; orig.
' equipped for riding,* or * prepaxed for a
raid * ; [ready == ' fully dressed,* is common
in Tudor E.] ; usual form ge-rade. — A. S.
rod, and stem of ridcm, to ride. So also
G. he-reit, ready, from reii-en, to ride;
Goth, garaids, Icel. g-reiOr, ready; cf.
Goth, raidjan, to order, appoint. And
cf. G. fertig, lesAj, from faaren, to go.
See Bide.
Beal(i)>actual. (F.-L.;^L.) Either
from O. F. reif/ (F. rM), or directly from
Late L. redlis, belonging to the thing itself.
— L. rfs, a thing. Der. recd-ist,
Beal ( 3 ) I A small Spanish coin. (Span.
— L.) Span, real, lit. a * royal ' coin. — L.
rigalis, royal ; see BegaL
Beal gar, red arsenic. (F. — Span.—
Arab.) F. r/a^r. — Span, rejalgar, red
sulphuret of arsenic. — Arab, rahj aJ-ghdr,
powder of the mine, mineral powder.—
Arab, rahj, powder ; cU, the ; gh&r^ a
cavern, mine.
Bealm. (F. — L.) M. E. roialnie,
realme.^K.Y. realme (F. rqyaume), a
kingdom ; answering to a Late L. *rigd!i-
men. — L. rig&lis, royal ; see Begal.
Beam. ( F. — Span. — Arab.) M. E.
reeme.^O. F. raime (F. ratfie), a ream or
434
REAP
handle of paper. — Span, resma, a ream. ■■
Arab. risma(t), pi. rizam, a bundle.
Seap. (£.) M. K repen (pt. t. rep, pp.
ropen). O. Merc, reopan^ A. S. repan,
pt. t r<rp, pt. t. pi. r&pon. [Bnt a com-
moner form is A. S. ripan (pt. t. rap, pp.
ripen) ; whence A. S. rr)^, E. rr]^^ ; see
Bipe. The co-existence of these two
strong verbs is remarkable.] The A. S.
repan is from a Tent, base *rep'y whence
Dn. repel f a flax-comb (see Bipple (i)),
and Swed. repa, to rip np (see Bip). The
A. S. ripan is from a Tent, base *reip-f
whence Bipe and Bope.
Sear (i'/, to raise. (£.) M. £. reren.
A. S. rSratiy to rear ; the exact equivalent
of Icel. reisa^ to raise. Tent, type ^raizjdn-
(cf. Goth, ur-raisfarty to raise up) ; whence
A. S. raran, by Vemer's law. See Baise.
Causal form of risan^ to rise (pt. t. rds =
Goth. rats). Doublet, raise,
Seaz:(a), the back part. (F. — L.) M.E.
rere^ chiefly in adv. arere^ arrere^ in the
rear. — O. F. riere, backward; whence
ariere (F. arriire)^ behind, backward.—
L. retrOy backward ; whence ad retro>Y,
arritre. See Betro-.
Hear (3), insufliciently cooked. (E.)
M. E. rere, A. S. hriry half-cooked.
Searmonse ; see Beremouse.
Searwardy the rear-gnard. (F.-L.
and G.) The old spelling is rereward^
M.E. rerewarde, i. e. guard in the rear.
See Bear (2) and Ward.
Reason. (F.~L.) M. E. resqun,
reisun, — A. F. and O. F. reison (F. raison),
^I^ rafi^nem, ace. of ratio j calculation,
reason. See Batio.
Seave, to rob. (E.) M. E. reuen
( = reverC) ; pt. t. rafte, refte^ pp. raft, reft.
A. S. reafian, to despoil, lit. to strip ; cf.
A. S. ri(rf, clothing, a robe, spoil, plunder.
•- A. S. reaf, 2nd grade of strong verb
riofan, to break. + Icel. raufa, to reave,
rauf, spoil, from rauf, 2nd grade oirjiifa,
to break up, violate ; G. rauben, to rob,
raub, plunder. The strong verb is of the
Teut. type *reuban' (pt. t. *raub). Cf. L.
rumpere. to break. Brugm. i. § 701.
Rebate, to blunt a sword's edge. (F. —
Iv.) O. F. rebatre, to beat back again. —
F. re- (L. re-), back; OF. batre, F. ba/tre,
to beat ; see Batter (1).
Sebeoky a three-stringed fiddle. (F. —
Arab.) O. F. rebee, also spelt rebebe;
M. Ital. ribecca, also ribebba, a rebeck. —
Arab, rabdb, rabdba{t)j a rebeck (Devic).
RECEPTACLE
Rebel. (F.-L.) The verb is from the
sb., and the sb. was orig. an adj. M. E.
rebel, adj., rebellious. — Y.rebelle, rebellious.
— L. rebelUm, ace. of rebellisy renewing
war. — L. re-y again ; bellum, war = O. L.
duellum, war ; see Duel. Der. rebel, sb.
and vb. ; rebell-ion, -ious.
Rebound ; see Bound (i).
Rebuff, a repulse. (Ital.) In Milton,
P. L. ii. 936. — Ital. rebuffo, ribuffo, a
check. — Ital. ribuffarey * to check, chide ; '
Florio. — Ital. ri- (L. r^-), back ; buffare, a
word of imitative origin, like E. puff; see
Puff.
RebnkOy to reprove. (F. — L.) M. £.
rebuken; A.F. rebuker.^O.Y. (Picard)
rebouquer, also rebotuher, to blunt a
weapon ; metaphorically, to put aside a
request ; cf. Picard se rebuker, to revolt. —
F. re-y back ; bouquer, Picard form of
boucher, to obstruct, shut up, also to hood-
wink, nip with cold (hence to blunt) ;
formed from bouque, Picard form of F.
bouche, the mouth. «L. re-, back; bucca^
the puffed cheek (later, the mouth). Thus
to rebuke is to stop one's mouth, ob-
struct; cf. Gascon rebouca, 'refluer, en
parlant d*eau.'
Rebus, a representation of a word by
pictures. (L.) Thus Bolton was repre-
sented by pictures of a bolt and a tun. » L.
rlbus, by things, i. e. by means of things ;
abl. pi. of ris, a thing. See Beal (i).
Rebut. (F. - L. and M. H. G.) O. F.
r^^<?M/^r,to repulse. — L. r<-, again ; M.H.G.
bozen, to beat ; see Beat.
Recall. (L. and Scand.) From L.
re-, back ; and call, of Scand. origin.
Recant. (L.) L. recantare, to sing
back, echo; also, to recant, recall. » L. re-,
back ; cantdre, to sing. See Cant (i).
Recede. (L.) L. recidere, to go back.
— L. re-, back ; cidere, to go ; see Cede.
Receive. (F.-LO A.F. receiv-, a
stem of receivre, O. F. refoivre. — L. red-
pert, to take back. — L. re-, back ; capere,
to take. See Capaoious.
Recent. (F.-L.) M.F. recent (F.
ricent). — L. recent-, stem of recens, fresh,
new, orig. * beginning anew.* — L. re-, again;
-cent', a stem allied to Rusa. po-cAin-ate, to
begin, O. Irish c^t-, first ; and to Gk. ieaw6s,
new (Prellwitz).
Receptacle. (F.-L.) ¥. receptacle.
— L. receptdculum, a place to store away.
— L. recept-us, pp. of recipere ; see Be-
ceivo.
435
RECEPTION
RECOUP
reception. (F.— L.) ^.riception,^
L. ace. receptidnem^ a takin|T back. — L.
receptus ; as above.
tteceSS. (L.) L. recessttSy a retreat. —
L. recessus, pp. of re-cedere^ to recede.
See Beoede.
Reclieat, a signal of recall, in hunting.
(F. - L.) From A.F. rechet, variant of O. F.
recety a place of reftige, a retreat (Gode^
froy). — L. receptunty ace. of receptus ^ a
retreating, retreat. — L. receptus, pp. of
't-ecipere, to receive ; see Beceive.
recipe. (L.) L. recipe, take thou;
imp. of recipere^ to receive (above).
recipient. (L.) L. recipient-, stem
of pres. pt. of recipere, to receive.
Reciprocal. (L.) From L. recipro-
cus, returning, alternating. Lit. * directed
backwards and forwards ; from L. *re-co-,
backwards (from re-, back) ; and ^pro-co-^
forwards, whence /rit^ri//, afar off. Brugm.
ii. 5 86.
Biecite. ( F. — L. ) M. F. reciter, - L.
recitare, to recite. — L. r^, again ; citare, to
quote ; see Oite.
Seek, to regard. (E.) M. E. rekken ;
often recchen, A. S. reccan, reccean (for
^rak'jarC) ; but the pt. t. in use is roh-te,
from an infin. recan (for *rdk-jan\ from
the strong grade ^rok-. + Icel. rcekja ;
O. Sax. rdkjan, to reck, heed. Formed
from a sb. with base rawr-, strong grade
roc; care, which exists in the cognate
M. H. G. ruoch, O. H. G. ruoh^ care, heed
(whence the M. H. G. ruochen, O. H. G.
ruohhjan, to reck), p. The Teut. stem *rdk-
is the strong grade of *rctk-, as seen in
Icel* rbk, a reason. A, S. racu, account,
reckoning, O. Sax. raka, a business,
affair, 6. H. G. rahha. "Der. reck-less,
A.S. rice-lias; cf. Du. roekeloos, G.
ruchlos,
reckon. (E.) M.E. rekenen, A.S.
ge-recenian, to explain ; allied to ge-reccan,
reccan, to rule, order, direct, explain, ordain,
tell.+I^u. rekenen ; (whence Icel. reikna^
to reckon, Dan. regne, Swed. rdkna, -nre
borrowed) ; G. rechnen.O, H. G. rehhanon,
to compute, reckon, p. All secondary
verbs ; allied to the sb. seen in A. S. racu,
an account, Icel. rvk, neut. pi., a reason,
ground, origin, O. H. G. rcthha^ a thing,
subject. See Heck.
Reclaim ; from Be- and Claim.
Recline. (L.) L. redlndre, to lean
back, lie down. — L. re-, back; *cltndre,
to lean. See Lean (i) and Inoline.
Heclnse. (F.-L.) M.E. recluse,
orig. fem. — O. F. recluse, fern, of reclus,
pp. of reclorre, to shut up. — L. recludere,
to unclose ; but in late Lat. to shut up. —
L. re-y back ; claudere, to shut. See
Clause.
Secognise. (F.— L.) Formed from
the sb. recognisance (Chaucer, C. T. 1 3 260).
— O. F. recognisance^ an acknowledgment.
— O. F. recognis-ant, pres. part, of recog-
noistre (F. reconnattre),^!^, re-cognoscere,
to know again. See Cogniaance. Der.
recognit-ion (from L. pp. recognit-us),
Becoil, vb. (F.— L.) M.E. recoileru
— A. F. recuiller\ F. reculer, * to recoyle,
retire;* Cot. Lit. to go backwards. — F.
re-, back ; cul, the hinder part. — L. re-,
back ; cUlum, ace of cftlus, the hinder
part.
Recollect, to remember. (F.—L.)
Lit. * to gather again;' from re-, again,
and collect ; see Collect.
Seconunend, to commend to another.
(F. — L.) F>om Be- and Commend;
imitated from F. recommander, * to recom-
mend ; * Cot.
Recompense, to reward. (F. — L.)
M. F. recompenser, * to recompence ; * Cot.
— L. re-, again ; compensare, to compen-
sate ; see Compensate.
Reconcile. (F.—L.) O. F. recon-
cilier, — L. re-, again ; concilidre, to con-
ciliate ; see Conciliate.
Secondite, secret (L.) L reconditusy
put away, hidden, secret ; pp. oi recondere,
to put back again. — L. ^-, back ; condere,
to put together, p. The L. condere (pt. t.
condidi) is from con^ (cum), with, and the
weak grade of ^^DHS, to place, put.
Brugm. i. § 573.
ifteconnoitre, to survey. (F.-L.)
O; F. reconoistre, M. F. recognoistre, * to
recognise, to take a precise view of ; ' Cot.
— L. re-cognoscere, to know again. See
Beoognise.
Secord. (F. — L.) M.E. recorden,^
O. F. recorder. — L. rec&rddre, recorddrt, to
recall to mind. — L. re-y again ; cord-y stem
of cor, heart. See Heart.
Seconnt. (F.—L.) F. raconter, to
teil, relate. — F. re- (L. «-), again ; aconter,
to account ; from a (L. aw/), to, and conter,
to count. See Count (2). Recount «
re-ac- count,
Seconpv to diminish a loss. (F. — L.
and Gk.) Lit. to secure a piece or shred.
— F. recoupe, a shred. —F. recouper^ to cut
436
RECOUFtSE
REDOUND
again. i-L. re-, again; and F. couper^ to
cut ; see Coppice.
Seoonrse. (F.— L.) Y , recour$,^\..
recur sum ^ ace. ofrecursus, a running back ;
from pp. of recurrere^ to run badc.—L.
re-, bacK ; currere, to run ; see Current.
Secover. (F. — L.) 0,Y,recovrer,re-
cuvrer (F. recoworer\^\a, recuperare, to
recover, also to recruit oneself. A difficult
word ; perhaps orig. ' to make good again/
from Sabine cuprus, good, of which the
orig. sense may have been * desirable/ from
L. cupere^ to desire. Brugm. ii. § 74.
Recreant. (F.~L.) O.F. recreant,
faint-hearted ; pres. pt. of recroire, to be-
lieve again, also to give up, give back
(hence, to give in).— Late L. recridere^ to
believe again, recant, give in. — L. re-^
again ; cridere, to believe ; see Creed.
Beoreation. (F.— L.) M. F. recrea-
ticn.'m'L, recreatimem, ace. of recredtio^
orig. recovery from illness (hence, amuse-
ment).—L. recredtus, pp. of recredre, to
revive, refresh. ■• L. r^-, again ; credre, to
make. See Create.
Secriminate. (L.) From L. re-,
again ; and crimindtus, pp. of crimindrt,
to accuse of crime, from crtmin-, for
crimen, a crime. See Crime.
Secmit. (F. — L.) F. recruter, to levy
troops (Littr^). An ill-formed word,
from recrf/Ue, mistaken foim of recrue,
fem. of recr4y pp. of recrottre, to grow
again. F. recrue, sb., means ^ a levy of
troops/ lit. •new-grown.'— L. recrescere,
to grow again. — L. re-, again; crescere,
to grow ; see Crescent.
Hectangle, a four-sided right-anglq^
figure. (F.— L.) F. r«<:/a»^/i?, adj., right
angled (Cot.). — L. rectangulus, having a
right angle. — L. rect'US, right; angtiius^
an angle. Rectus was orig. the pp. of regere,
to rule. See Begent and Angle (1).
rectify. (F.— L.) Y, rectifier, ^IjiXt
L. rectificdre, to make right. — L. recti-,
for rectus, right (above) ; -ficdre, ioxfacere,
to make.
rectilinear. (L.) FTomh. rectiUne'
us, formed by straight lines. — L. recti-,
for rectus, right, straight ; ifnea, a line.
rectitude. (F. — L.) ¥. rectitude.^
L. rectitude, uprightness. — L. recti-
(above) ; with suffix -tikb.
Secnmbent. (L.) L. recumbent-, stem
of pres. pt. oirecumbere, to recline ; where
cumbere is a nasalised form allied to cubdre,
to lie down. See Incumbent and Oovey.
Recuperative, tending to recover.
(L.) 1^. recuper&tiuus, (properly) recover-
able.—L. recuperdre^ to recover. See
Heoover.
Recur. (L.) L. recurrere, to run back,
recur. — L, re-, back ; currere, to run ; see
Current.
Hecusant, opposing an opinion. (F. —
L.) F. ricusant, * rejecting, Cot. ; pres.
pt. of r^cuser.^la, recHsdrt, to reject,
oppose a cause or opinion.— L. re-, back ;
caussa, a cause. See Cause.
!fted. (E.) M. £. reed (with long vowel).
A. S. read,^'DvL. rood, Icel. raiSir, Dan.
Swed. rod, G. roth, Goth, rauds. Teut.
type *raudoz. Further allied to Gk.
kpvOp6s, Irish and Gael. rucUh, W. rhudd,
L. ruber {(or *rudAro-), red; cf. Russ. ruda,
Skt. rudhira-, blood. Note also the Icel.
strong verb rydda (pt t. rauS), to redden ;
A. S. reodan, to redden ; Teut. type *reu-
dan ,j>t. t *raud. (VREUDH.)
Beddition, a restoring. (F.-L.) F.
reddition. — L. redditidnem, ace. of redditio,
a restoring. — L. reddert, to give back. — L.
red-, back ; dare, to give. See Date (1).
SedeeUf to atone for. (L.) Formerly
redeme. Coined from L. red-, back, and
emere, to buy. [Cf. M. F. redimer, * to
redeem ; * Cot. — L. redimere, to buy back.]
Der. redempt-ion (from the pp. redemptus\
SedgUUf a disease of infants. (£.)
M. £. reed gounde, lit. *■ red matter ' (of a
sore) ; Prompt. Parv. From A. S. riad,
red ; gund, matter of a sore.
Seaint(Bg[ration^ renovation. (L.)
From L. redintegrdtto, restoration. — L.
red-, again; integer, whole, entire. See
Integer.
Sedolent, fragrant. (F.— L.) M. F.
redolent. — L. redolent-, stem of pres. pt. of
redolere, to emit odour. — L. red-, again ;
olere, for *odere, to be odorous; see
Odour.
Sedoubty an intrenched place of retreat.
(F. — Ital. — L.) Ill spelt; through con-
fusion with redoubtable, F. redoute, — Ital.
ridotto, a place of retreat. — Ital. ridotto,
ridutto, pp. of ridurre, to bring home. —
L. redOcere, to bring back. — L. re-, back ;
dOcere, to lead. See Duke.
Bedoubtable. (F.-L.) M.F. re-
doubtable, terrible. — O. F. redouter, M. F.
redoubter, to fear. See Be- and Doubt.
Hedound. (F. — L.) F. redonder. - L.
redunddre, to overflow. — L. red-, again,
back ; wtiia, a wave. See Undulate. .
437
REDRESS
REFRESH
Redress. (F.— L.) F. ndrcsser, to
put straight again. •- F. re-, again ; dresicr^
to erect, dress ; see Dress.
Aedstart, a bird with a red tail. (E.)
From Bed; and starts a tail (A. S. steorl),
Seduce. (L.) Orig. to bring back. —
L. reducere, to bring back. .- L. re-, back ;
dftcere, toltsA, See Duke. J>vtm reduction
(from the pp. reduct-us).
Redundant. (L.) From stem of pres.
pt. of L. redunddrej to redound. See
Bedound.
Heecliy, dirty. (£.) Lit. 'smoky;'
palatalised form of reeky] of. Low. So.
reekie, smoky. See Beek.
Heed. (K.) M. £. reed. A. S. hreod^
a reed.+Du. riet\ G. riet^ ried. Teut.
type *hreudomt neut.
Seef ( T ), a ridge of rocks. ( Du. ") For-
merly riff.^'Dxx. rify a reef. + Icel. rtf, a
reef, allied to rifa, a fissnre, rift ; Dan. rev,
a sand-bank {revUf a shoal, revne^ to split) ;
Swed. refvay ref^ a sand-bank, a cleft, gap.
Cf. L. rtpa, a bank ; Gk. ipivvti, a broken
cliff, scaar, iptinuv, to tear down. The
orig. sense seems to have been ' broken
edge.' Cf. Bive.
Aeef (3), a portion of a sail. (Da.)
M. E. ri^ — Du. reeff *a riff in a sail,*
Sewel ; M. Du. rif, rift, a reef.^-Icel. rijf,
a reef in a sail ; Dan. reb^ Swed.>.g^, reef;
Low G. reffy riff, a small sail ; Pomeran.
raff, a little extra sail, bonnet.
Aeek, vapour. (£.) M,E.reke. O.Merc.
reCf vapour ; O. Fries. rik,-^lct\. reykr^
Swed. rbky Dan. rbg ; Du. rook, G. ratuh ;
Teut. base *rauk'. From *rauk, 2nd grade
of Teut. *reuMan', to smoke ; as in A. S.
reocan, Icel. rjuka^ O. H. G. riohhan^ G.
riechen, Brugm. i. § 217.
Seel (i)y a small spindle for winding
yarn. (£.) M. £. rele ; A.S. hreol, a reel.
4-E. Fries, ril; N. Fries, reel. Klnge
derives A. S. hriol from a form ^hroehil,
but this would give A. S. hrel\ see Eng.
Stud. xi. 512. Der. reel, vb., to wind,
turn roimd, stagger.
Reel (3), a Highland dance. (Gael.)
Gael, rightly ruidhil, ruithily a reel.
Seestf the wood on which a plough-
coulter is fixed. (E.) Also w/'^^j/ (wrongly),
rest. A. S. reost.
Heeve (i), to pass a rope through a
ring. (Du.) Du. reveuy to reeve. — Du.
re^y a reef in a sail ; because a reeved rope
is used for reefing ; see Beef (2).
Reeve (2), an officer, steward. (£.)
A. S. gereftty an officer ; orig. sense perhaps
* numberer,' registrar (of soldiers) ; for
*ge-rdfja. From -rdfy a host (as in secg-
'rofy a host of men) ; cf. O. U. G. ruova^
a number. % Not allied to Q.graf, Der.
boroti^reeve \ port-reeve ; sheriffy q. v.
Refection, refireshment. (F. — L.)
M.F. refectioUy a repast.— L. ace. refec-
tidneniy lit. a remaking. — L. refectuSy pp. of
reficere, to remake, restore. — L. re-, again;
facere, to make. See Pact.
Refel. (L.) L. refellerey to refute,
shew to be false. — L. re-y hsxk; fcUlerey
to deceive ; see Pallible.
Refer, toassign. (F.-L.) O. F. referer
(F. r^firer).^L., referre, to bear back, re-
late, refer.— L. «-, back;y5f/r*, to bear;
see Fertile.
Refine. (F.-L.) Coined from /v- and
fine (i), but imitated from F. raffinery to
refine, comp. of L. re-y again, L. af-=^ad^
to, and ¥.fin, fine. Der. refinc-nunt ; cf.
F. raffinement.
Rcniect. (L.) L.reyiecterey\it.tohead
back, hence to return rays, &c. — L. re-,
back ; flecterey to bend ; see Flexible.
Reform. (F.-L.) F. refomur, to
shape anew. — L. re-y again ; for/ndrey to
form ; see Form.
Refiraotf to bend back rays of light.
(L.) L. refractus, pp. of refringere'y to
bend back. — L. re-y back ; ft angerey to
break; see Fragile. Der. refract-or-y y
a mistaken form for refractory y from L. re-
fractdrim, stubborn, obstinate. Also re-
frangibUy a mistaken form for refringible*
Refirain (i\ to restrain, forbear. (F. —
t.) M. E. refreinen. — O. F. refrenery to
repress; Cot. — L. refrendrcy to bridle,
hold in with a bit. — L. re-^ back ; frenuniy
a bit, curb. The orig. sense oifrenutn is
* holder ' or ' keeper,^ from V^^HER, to
support, maintain; cf. Skt. dhr, to sup.-
port, dhdrana-y restraining. ^ fl" Prob.
sometimes confused with M. F. refreitulrey
' to bridle,' Cot. ; this is from. L. refringere,
to break back (below).
Refrain (2), the burden of a song.
(F. — L.) F. refrain ; so also Prov.
refranhsy a refrain, ref ranker, refrenhery to
repeat. So called from frequent repetition ;
the O. F. refreindre, to pull back, is the
same word as Prov. refrenher, to repeat ;
both are from L. refringere, to break back
(refract, hence, to repeat). — L. re-, back;
frangere, to break ; see Fragile.
Refresh. (F.-L. an^iTG.) M.E. ^.
438
REFRIGERATE
freschen.^O. F. refreschir ; Cot. -• L. re-^
again ; O. H. G. frisc (G. frisch), fresh.
See Fresh.
Refirigerate. (L.) Frompp.ofL.r«-
frtgerHrey to make cool again. — L. fv-,
again ; frigerdre^ to cool, from frigus^
cold. See Frigid.
Selti pp. of reave \ see Beave.
B^fbiffe. (F.-L.) M.E. refuge. ^Y.
refuge. — L. refugium^ an escape. — L.
refugere, to flee back. ■- L. fv-, back ;
fugeret to flee ; see Fugitive.
refugee. (F.-L.) M.Y.refugiJfpp.
of jtf refugierf to take refuge. — F. rejt^
(above).
Reftllgent. (L.) From L. refulgent-y
stem of pres. pt. of refulgire^ to flash back.
— L. re-^ \mi^\ fulgire^ to shine. See
Fulgent.
Beftmd, to repay. (L.) L. refundere,
to poQF back, a&> to restore, give back
(see below),
reftliei to deny a recjuest. (F.— L.)
M. £. refusen.^0. F. refuser (the same as
Port, refusar, Ital. refusare, to reject). It
answers to a Late L. type *refusdre^ formed
as a frequentative of refunderet to pour
back, also to restore, give back (whence
to reject). — L. re^^ back ; ^ndere^ to pour ;
see Fuse (i). p. We may also note £.
refuse^ sb., O. F. refus^ refuse ; cf. O. F.
mettre en refus^faire refus a, to abandon,
reject (Godefroy).
refute, to oppose, disprove. (F. - L.)
M. F. refuter, — L. refutdret to repel, rebut.
The orig. sense was prob. * to pour back ; '
see Conftite.
Begain. (F.-L. and O.H. G.) F.
regagner.'mlj, re-, back; and F. gagner,
togain. See G-ain (i).
Begal. (F.-L.) M.F.nr^/,royal;Cot.
— L regdlisj adj., from rig-^ stem of rex^
a king. Allied to L. regere^ to rule. Cf.
Skt. rdjan', a king ; O. Irish ri. Brugm.
i* S§ 135) 549 c. Ber. regal-ia, insignia
of a kin£ ; neut. pi. of rigdlis.
Begflley to entertain. (F.- Ital.?) M.F.
regaierj to entertain. Not allied to regain
as Cotgrave suggests; but the same as
Span, regaiar, to make much of, pamper ;
orig. to melt (Diez). 1. Diez derives it
from L. regeldre^ to melt, thaw ; from L.
fv-, back, geidre, to freeze (see Qelid).
2. Hatzfeld derives F. rigaUr (ultimately)
from Ital. regalare^ to give presents to;
from Ital. mia, mirth. See Gala.
Begardt vb. (F.-L. and O.H. G.)
REGRET
F. regarder. to look, look at, view. — L.
re'f bAck ; F. ^rder^ to guard, observe ;
of O. H. G. origin ; see Guard,
&egatta. (Ital.) Grig, a strife, con-
tention, hence a race, rowing-match. »
Ital. regatta^ rigatta^ 'a strife for the
maistrie;* Florio. — M. Ital. rigattaref to
contend for the mastery, to wrangle, to
haggle as a huckster does. So also Span.
regateoTi to haggle, retail provisions, to
rival in sailing. Of unknown origin.
Regenerate. (L.) From pp. of re-
generdre^ to produce anew. ->L. r^-, again ;
generdre, to produce, from gener-, for
*genes-, stem of genus, kindred. See
dfenus.
Begent. (F.-L.) M.F. regent, a
regent, vice-gerent. — L. regent-, stem of
pres. pt. of regere, to rule. Allied to Gk.
dp^7ciy, to stretch, Goth, uf-rakjant to
stretch out, Skt. rj, to stretch, raj, to
govern. (V^REG.) See Bight. Brugm.
i. § 474.
regioidei slayer of a king ; slaying of
a king. (F.-L.) M. F. regicide (Min-
sheu). —L. rigi-, for rex^ king, allied to
regeret to rule; -ctda, a shyer, from
cadere, to slay. Also : from L. regi- (as
before), -cidium, a slaying, from cadere.
regimen. (L.) L. regimen, guidance.
— L. regere, to rule, direct.
regiment. (F.-L.) M.F. regiment,
'a regiment of souldiers,* Cot; also, a
government. — L. regimentum, rule, govern-
ment.—L. regere, to rule.
region. (F.-L.) m.Y . region.^!..
regiSnem, ace. of regio^ territory. — L.
regere^ to rule, govern.
Register. (F.-L.) M.F. registre,
*• a record ; ' Cot, — Late L. registrum, more
correctly regestum, a book in which things
are recorded (L. regeruntur).^!^. reges-
tum, neut of pp. of regerere, to bring back,
record. — L. re-, back ; gerere, to carry.
See Gerund. Cf. L. regesta, pL, a register.
Begnant, reigning. (L.) 1,. regnant-,
stem, of pres. i^i,oi regndre,io reign.— L.
regnum, kingdom. •L. regere, to rule.
See Begent.
RegresSf return. (L.) L. regressus,
sb. — L. regressus, pp. of regredi, to go
back.— L. re-f back; gradi, to go. See
Grade.
Segretf sorow. (F. — L. and Scand.)
F. regret, grief ; regretter, to lament (Cot.).
The oldest form of the verb is regrater.
Of disputed origin; see Scheler. The
439
REGULAR
RELIC
most likely solution is that which derives
O. F. regrater from L. re-^ again, and the
verb wMch appears in Icel. grdtay Swed.
gr&ia^ Dan. grade^ A. S. grSttan, Lowl. Sc.
greit, to weep, bewail. See Greet (2).
Cf. 'I mone as a chylde dothe for the
wantyng of his noarse or mother, je
regrete ; ' Palsgrave.
Regular. (L.) L. regularise accordmg
to rule. — L. regula^ a rule ; regere, to rule.
See Regent.
Sahearse. (F.— L.) M. E. r«A^rf^».
■-0. F. reherser, rehercer, to harrow over
again ; hence, to go over the same ground.
— L. re-, again ; O. F. hercer^ to harrow,
from hercCt sb., a harrow. See Hearse.
Seign, sb. (F.-L.) M. £. rtgru.^
M. K. rtgne.'^'L, regnuniy kingdom.— L.
regere. to rule. See Begent.
Seimblirse, to refund. (F.— L. and
Gk.) Adapted from F. rembourser by
substituting L. re-im- for F. rem- (with
the same force). — L. re-^ again; im-
(for in), in; F. bourse, a purse. See
Purse.
Bein. (F.-L.) M. E. reine.^O, F.
reiney rein of a bridle (The same as Ital.
redinat Spaa, rienda, transposed form of
r^^ma.) — Late L. ^retina, not found, but
a short form allied to L. retinaculum, a
rein. — L. retihere, to hold back. — L. re-^
back ; tenire, to hold. See Betaln.
Reindeer, lOaindeer, a kind of deer.
(Scand.) M. £. raynedere. Formed by
adding deer (see Deer) to Icel. hreinn,
a reindeer ; cf. also O. Swed. ren, a rein-
deer, A. S. hrdn. [We also find Dan.
rensdyr, Du. rendier, G. rennthier."] Teut
type *hrainoz ; a true Teut. word, as the
forms shew. p. Diez refers us to Lapp
raingo, but this is merely a bad spelling
of Swed. renko, i. e. rein-cow. The true
Lapp word is p&tso, a reindeer ; nor can
the Icel. word have been suggested by
Lapp reino, a pasturage for rein-deer;
Ihre, Lexicon Lapponicum, p. 374.
ReinSy the lower part of the back. (F.
— L.) O. F. reins, — L. renis, pi., kidneys,
reins.
Rfijject. (F.— L.) M. F. r^>rf^(i6th
cent. ; F. rejeter ; oldest spelling regeter).
— O. F. rfi; back ; geter, getter, to Uirow,
from L. iactare ; see Jet (1).
Rejoice. (F.— L.) M.,'E. reioisen.'^
O. F. resjo'is-, stem of pres. pt. of resjair
(mod. F. r^jouir)jin gladden, rejoice. — L.
re-i again ; O. F. esjo'ir, to rejoice, from L.
ex, much, very, and gaudere, to rejoice.
See Gaud.
RCjjom. (F. — L.) Lit. to join again;
in legal language, to answer to a reply. —
F. rejoign-, a stem of rejoindre, to rejoin.
— L. reiungere, to join again. — L. re-,
again; iungerey\xi]Q\si, See Join. Der.
rejoinder, which is the F. infin. mood used
as a sb., as in the case of attainder.
Relapsey to slide back into a former
state. (L.) From L. relapsus, pp. of re-
Idbt, to slide back. — L. re-^ back ; l&bt, to
slide; see Lapse.
Relate, to describe, tell. (F.-L.) F.
relater, 'to relate ; * Cot. — Late L. rel&t&re,
to relate. — L. rel&tus, used as pp. olreferre,
to relate (but from a different root). — L.
re-, again ; lotus, for tldtus, borne, pp. of
tollere, to bear. See Tolerate.
Relax. (L.) L. relaxdre, to relax. — L.
re-, again ; laxare, to slacken ; see liftz.
Doublet, release.
VBIshj (i), a set of fresh dogs or horses,
a fresh supply. (F. — L.) Ong. used of
dogs and horses. — F. relais, a relay;
chiens de relais, chevaux de relais, dogs or
horses kept in reserve; Cot. The orig.
sense is *■ a rest,* and chiens de relais are
dogs kept at rest \ cth relais * at rest, that
is not used,' Cot.; and see relets in
Godefroy. — O. F. rekdssier, to relinquish.
— L. relaxdre, to loosen, let loose, allow
to rest ; see Lax. Cf. Italian cani di
rUasso, dogs kept in reserve (late edition
of Florio by Torriano, 1688).
Relay (a), to lay again. (L. andlL)
From re- and lay. See Lay (i).
Release. (F.-L.) M. £. relessen,re'
lesen.^0. F. rehssier (M. F. relaisser), to
relax. — L. relaxare, to relax ; see Belax.
Relegate, to consign to exile. (L.)
From pp. of L. relegdre, to send away,
remove. — L. re-, again, back ; legdre, to
send, appoint ; see Legate.
Relent. (F.-L.) Alteredfrom F. ra-
lentir, to slacken, to relent (cf. L. relen-
tescere, to slacken). — F. ra-, for re-a- (L.
re-ad) ; L. lentus, slack, slow, allied to
linis, gentle, and to E. lithe. See Lenient
and Lithe.
Relevant. (F.— L.) The orig. sense
is ' helpful * ; hence, of use for the matter
in hand. — F. relevant, pres. part. oireUver,
to raise up, assist, help.— L. releuOre, to
raise again. — L. re-, again ; leudre, to raise,
from leuis, light. See Levity.
Relic, a memorial. (F.— L.) Chiefly
440
RELICT
REMUNERATE
in the pi. ; M. E. relikes.^Y , reliques^ s.
pi., 'reliques;* Cot. — L. reliquids, ace. of
retiquuBy pi., remains. —L. relinquere^ to
leave behjnd. — L. re-^ back ; linqture^ to
leave. See Belinquish, Ijioence.
relictf a widow. (L.) L. relicta, fern,
of relictus, pp. of relinquefei to leave
behind (above).
Relieve. (F.— L.) M. £. reUuen («
releven), — F. relever^ to raise up, relieve. —
L. reieudrey to raise again ; see Belevant.
Der. relief, M. E. relef, O. F. relief (F.
relief), a sb. due to the verb relever,
Bellgion. (F.-L.) Y, religion \Qo\..
— L. ace. religianem, from religio^ piety;
allied to religensy fearing the gods, pious.
Re-ligens is the opposite of neg-ligens,
negligent ; see Neglect. Allied also to
di-ligent, and to Gk. <iA^7€ii', to reverence.
Belinqiiish. (F.-L.) O.F. reUn-
quis-, pr. pt. stem of relenquir, to leave
(Godefroy). — L. relinquere, to leave be-
hind ; see Belio.
reliquary, a casket for relics.(F. — L.)
F. reHquaire, ^ a casket wherein reliques be
kept ; ' Cot. — Late L. reliquidrium (same
sense). i-L. reliquid'y orig. stem of reli-
quuEy relics ; see Belio (above).
relique ; the same as Belie.
AelilUl, orig. an after-taste. (F.— L.)
M. £. reles^ an after-taste, Sir Cleges,
208. — O. F. releSy relais, that which is left
behind ; also a relay ; see Belay (i).
Reluctant. (L.) From stem of pres.
word. — L. re-y back ; manddrey to send ;
see Mandate.
Remark, to take notice of. (F.— L.
and Teut.) F. remarquery to mark,
note, heed. — L. re-, again; mar query to
mark, from marque, sb., a mark ; see
Mark (i).
Remedy. ( F. - L. ) M. £. remedie, —
A. F. remedie, O. F. remede, mod. F.
remide.^'L, remediumy a remedy; that
which heals again. — L. re-y again ; mederiy
to heaL See Medicine.
Remember. (F. - L.) O. F. remem-
drer.^h. rememordrfy to remember. — L.
re-y again ; memordrey to make mention of,
from memory mindful. See Memory.
Remindi to bring to mind again. (L.
and E.) From Be- and Mind.
Reminiscence. (F.~L.) M.F. r^-
miniscence. — L. reminiscentiay remem-
brance. — L. reminiscent; stem of pres. pt.
of reminiscf, to remember. — L. re-, again ;
and base ofme-min-t, I remember. Allied
to Gk. fii-fwy-a, 1 yearn, Skt. many to
think. (VMEN.)
Remit, to abate. (L.) L. remittere
(pp. remissus), to send back, slacken, abate.
— L. re-t back; miiterey to send; see
Missile. Der. remiss, adj., from pp.
remissus \ remiss-ion.
Remnant. (F.-L.) M. £. reman-
aunt. — O. F. retnananU — L. remanent-y
stem of pres. pt. of remanere, to remain ;
see Bemain.
pt. of reluctdrey reluctdriy to struggle ^^ Remonstrate. (L.) From
against. — L. re- , back ; luctdrty to struggle,
from lucta, a wrestling. Allied to Gk.
X\rf'i^€iVy to bend, writhe in wrestling;
Lith. hignas, flexible, Skt. ruj, to bend,
break. (-/LEUG.)
Rely, to repose on trustfully. (F.-L.)
We find *to refye their faithe upon*;
where relye -» fasten. — F. relier^ to bind
up, or together. — L. religdre, to fasten. L.
re-y back ; ligdre, to bind ; see Iiigament.
% But much influenced by E. lie, vb., to
repose, though this would have required
a pp. releUn. Der. reli-ance.
Remain. (F.-L.) O. F. pres. s. (»
remain ; cf. M. F. impers. vb. il remain-ty
it remains. [The infin. remaindre is
preserved in E. remainder, used as a
sb.] — L. reman-eOy I remain ; reman-et,
it remains ; remanirf, to remain. — L. re-y
behind ; manire, to stay. See Mansion.
Remand, to send back. (F.-L.) M.F.
remander.'m'L, remanddre, to send back
pp.
of
Late L. remonstrdre, to expose, to produce
arguments against. — L. re-y again ; mon-
strdre, to show, from monstrum, a portent;
see Monster.
Remorse. (F.-L.) M.F. remors',
Cot — Late L. remorsusy remorse. — L.
remorsuSy pp. of remordere, to bite again,
to vex.— L. re-y again ; mordere, to bite;
see Mordacity.
Remote, distant. (L.) L. remotuSf
pp. of remoture, to remove ; see Bemove.
Or from M. F. remote, f. ' remove, re-
moved,' Cot. ; from L. pp. f. remota.
Remount, to mount again. (F.-L.)
F. remonter. — F. re-^ again ; motttery to
mount; see Mount (2).
Remove. (F.— L.) M.F.remouvoir,
Cot. See Be- and Move.
Remnnerate, to recompense. (L.)
From pp. of remiinerdre, remUnerari,
to reward. — L. re-, again ; mUnerdre, to
bestow a gift, from miiner- (for *miines-\
441
REGULAR
RELIC
most likely solution is that which derives
O. F. regrater from L. re-^ again, and the
verb which appears in Icel. grata, Swed.
gr&ta^ Dan. grade, A. S. gr&tan, Lowl. Sc.
greit, to weep, bewail. Sec Greet (a).
Cf. *■ I mone as a chylde dothe for the
wantyn? of his noarse or mother, jc
regrete y Palsgrave.
Regular. (L.) L. r^uidris, according
to rufe. — L. rigu/a, a rule ; regere, to rule.
See Regent.
Sahearse. (F. — L.) yl.^^.rehcr5en.
■- O. F. reherser^ rehercer, to harrow over
again ; hence, to go over the same ground.
— L. r«-, again ; O. F. hercer, to harrow,
from herce, sb., a harrow. See Hearse.
Seign, sb. (F. — L.) M. £. regne.^
M. b\ regne.'^'L. regnum, kingdom. --L.
regere, to rule. See Begent.
Heimbnrsei to refund. (F.— L. and
Gk.) Adapted from F. rembourser by
substituting L. re-im- for F. rem- (with
the same force). ^L. re-, again; im-
(for in)f in; F. bourse, a purse. See
Fnrse.
Bein. (F.-L.) M. E. mw.-0. F.
reine, rein of a bridle (The same as Ital.
redina, Spaa, rienda, transposed form of
redina^^\jQXA L. ^retina, not found, but
a short form allied to L. retinaculum, a
rein. — L. retinere, to hold back. — L. re-^
back ; tenere, to hold. See Betain.
Reiudeeri Saiudeer , a kind of deer.
(Scand.) M. E. raynedere. Formed by
adding deer (see Deer) to Icel. hreinn,
a reindeer ; cf. also O. Swed. ren, a rein-
deer, A. S. hrdn. [We also find Dan.
rensdyr, Du. rendier, G. rennthUr^ Teut
t)rpe *hratnoz ; a true Teut. word, as the
forms shew. p. Diez refers us to Lapp
raingo, but this is merely a bad spelling
of Swed. renko, i.e. rein-cow. The true
Lapp word is patso, a reindeer ; nor can
the Icel. word have been suggested by
Lapp reino, a pasturage for rein-deer;
Ihre, Lexicon Lapponicum, p. 374.
Reins, the lower part of the back. (F.
— L.) O. F. reins, — L. renes, pi., kidneys,
rems.
Beject. (F.>L.) U.¥, rejecter {i6th
cent. ; F. rejeter ; oldest spelling regeter).
— O. F. re-, back ; geter, getter, to throw,
from L. iactare ; see Jet (1).
Bcijoice. (F.— L.'i yi.'E. reioisen.''
O. F. resjo'is; stem of pres. pt. of resjo'ir
(mod. F. r^Jouir)jin gladden, rejoice. — L.
rc-i again ; O. F. esjoir, to rejoice, from L.
ex, much, very, and gaudere, to rejoice.
See Gaud.
Bcgoin. (F.-L.) Lit. to join again ;
in legal language, to answer to a reply. —
F. rejoign-, a stem of rejoindre^ to rejoin.
— L. reiungere, to join again. — L. re-,
again; fVMt^(ff, to join. See Join. Der.
rejoinder, which is the F. infin. mood used
as a sb., as in the case of attainder,
BelaPSei to sUde back into a former
state. (L.) From L. relapsus, pp. of re-
Idbi, to slide back. — L. re-^ bade ; labt, to
slide; seeliapse.
B^Late, to describe, tell. (F.— L.) F.
relater, * to relate ; * Cot. — Late L. reldt&re,
to relate. — L. reldtus, used as pp. ofrefisrre,
to relate (but from a different root). — L.
re-, again ; tdius, for tldtus,.hoTne, pp. of
tollere, to bear. See Tolerate.
Belax. (L.) L. relax&re, to relax. — L.
re-, again ; laxare, to slacken ; see Iiax.
Doublet, release.
relay (i), a set of fresh dogs or horses,
a fresh supply. (F. — L.) Ong. used of
dogs and horses.- F. relais, a relay;
chiens de relais, chevaux de relais, dogs or
horses kept in resei-ve; Cot. The orig.
sense is *• a rest,* and chiens de relais are
dogs kept at rest ; cf. ^ relais ' at rest, that
is not used,' Cot.; and see relais in
Godefroy. — O. F. relaissier, to relinquish.
— L. relaxdre, to loosen, let loose, allow
to rest ; see Lax. Cf. Italian cani di
rilasso, dogs kept in reserve (late edition
of Florio by Torriano, 1688).
Belay (2), to lay again. (L. andlL)
From re- and lay. See Lay (i).
Belease. (F.-L.) M. E. relessen, re-
lesen.^0. F. relessier (M. F. relaisser), to
relax. — L. relaxdre, to relax ; see Belax.
Belegatei to consign to exile. (L.)
From pp. of L. relegdre, to send away,
remove. — L. re-, again, back; legdre, to
send, appoint ; see Legate.
Belent. (F. - L.) Altered from F. ra-
lentir, to slacken, to relent (cf. L. relen-
tescere, to slacken). — F. ra-, for re-a- (L.
re-cut) ; L. lentus, slack, slow, allied to
lints, gentlC) and to £. lithe. See Lenient
and Lithe.
Belevant. (F.— L.) The orig. sense
is ' helpfril * ; hence, of use for the matter
in hand. — F. relevant, pres. part, ofrelever,
to raise up, assist, help. — L. releudre, to
raise again. — L. re-, again ; leiidrey to raise,
from leuis, light. See Levity.
BeliCi a memorial. (F.— L.) Chiefly
440
RELICT
REMUNERATE
in the pi. ; M. E. relikes»^Y , reltques^ 8.
pi., 'rehqnes;' Cot^L. reliquids, ace. of
reliquuEj pi., remains.— L. relinquere^ to
leave behjnd. — L. re-y back ; linquere, to
leave. See Belinqoish, Ijioenoe.
relioty a widow. (L.) L. relictay fem.
of relictuSf pp. of relinquefe, to leave
behind (above).
Relieve. (F.— L.) M. £. nUuen (»
releven), — F. relever, to raise up, relieve. —
L. releudre^ to raise again ; see Belevant.
Dep. relief, M. E. reUf, O. F. relief (F.
relief), a sb. due to the verb relever.
Beligion. (F.-L.) ¥, religion) Cot.
— L. ace. religimenif from religio, piety;
allied to religens, fearing the gods, pions.
JRe-ligens is the opposite of neg-ligens,
negligent; see Neglect. Allied also to
di-ligent, and to Gk. ixi'^uv, to reverence.
Belinquish. (F.-L.) O.F. relen-
quis-, pr. pt. stem of relenquir, to leave
(Godeiroy).— L. relinquere, to leave be-
hind ; see Belio.
reliquary, a casket for relics. (F. — L.)
F. reliquaire, * a casket wherein reliques be
kept ; ' Cot. — Late L. reliquidrium (same
sense). — L. reliquid-, orig. stem of reli'
quia, relics ; see Belio (above).
relique ; the same as Belio.
HelilUiy orig. an after-taste. (F.-L.)
M. £. reles^ an after-taste, Sir Cleges,
208. — O. F. reles, relais, that which is left
behind; also a relay; see Belay (i).
Seluotant. (L.) From stem of pres.
pt. of reluctdre, reluctdri, to straggle
against. — L. re-, back ; luctdrt, to stmggle,
from lucta, a wrestling. Allied to Gk.
Xiry-^^cii', to bend, writhe in wrestling;
Lith. htgnas, flexible, Skt. ru;\ to bend,
break. (-/LEUG.)
Sely, to repose on tmstfiilly. (F. — L.)
We find *to refye their faithe upon*;
where relye •= fasten. —F. relier, to bind
np, or together. — L. religdre, to fasten. L.
re-, back ; Kgare^ to bind ; see laigament.
% But mnch influenced by £. lie^ vb., to
repose, though this would have required
a pp. relain. Der. reli-ance*
Semain. (F.-L.) O. F. pres. s. (/«)
remain ; cf. M. F. impers. vb. il remain-t,
it remains. [The mfin. remaindre is
preserved in £. remainder , used as a
8b.]*L. reman-eOf I remain; reman-el,
it remains ; remanire, to remain. •- L. re-,
behind ; manire, to stay. See Mansion.
Remand, to send back. (F.-L.) M.F.
remander.'m'L, remanddre, to send back
word. — L. re-, back ; manddre, to send ;
see Mandate.
Semarky to take notice of. (F.— L.
and Teut.) F. remarquer, to mark,
note, heed.oL. re-, again; marquer, to
mark, from marque, sb., a mark ; see
Mark (i).
Remedy. (F. — L.) M. £. remedie, —
A. F. remedie, O. F, remede, mod. F.
remide^^lu, remedium, a remedy; that
which heals again. — L. re-, again ; mederi,
to heal. See Medicine.
Remember. (F. -> L.) O. F. remem-
drer.m'L., rememordri, to remember. — L.
re-, again ; memordre, to make mention of,
from memor, mindful. See Memory.
Remind, to bring to mind again. (L.
aftd E.) From Be- and Mind.
Reminiscence. (F. - L.) M. F. re-
miniscence. — L. reminiscentia, remem-
brance. — L. reminiscent-^ stem of pres. pt.
of reminisctt to remember. —L. re-, again ;
and base oime-min-i, I remember. Allied
to Gk. fii'fiov-a, 1 yearn, Skt. man, to
think. (VMEN.)
Remit, to abate. (L.) L. remittere
(pp. remissus), to send back, slacken, abate.
— L. re-, back; miitere, to send; see
Missile. Der. remiss, adj., from pp.
remissus \ remiss-ion.
Remnant. (F.-L.) M. £. reman-
aunt. — O. F. remanant, — L. remanent-.^
stem of pres. pt. of remanire, to remain ;
see Beniain.
^ Remonstrate. (L.) From pp. of
Late L. remonslrdre, to expose, to produce
arguments against. — L. re-, again ; mon-
strdre, to show, from monstrum, a portent;
see Monster.
Remorse. (F.-L.) M. F. remors\
Cot.— Late L. remorsus, remorse. — L.
remorsus, pp. of remordSre, to bite again,
to vex.— L. re-, again ; mordere, to bite;
see Mordacity.
Remote, distant. (L.) L. remotus^
pp. of remouere, to remove ; see Bemove.
Ch: from M. F. remote, f. ' remove, re-
moved,' Cot. ; from L. pp. f. remota.
Remonnt, to mount again. (F. — L.)
F. remonter. — F. re-, again ; monter, to
mount ; see Mount (2).
Remove. (F.— L.) M.F.remoutm'r,
Cot. See Be- and Move.
Remunerate, to recompense. (L.)
From pp. of remUnerdre, remUnerari,
to reward.— L. r«-, again ; mUnerdre, to
bestow a gift, from mUner- (for *miines-\
44»
RENAISSANCE
REPEAT
. stem of mtlnuSf a gift, also, an office. See
Municipal.
BenaJBSance, revival of learning.
( F. — L. ) M . F . renaissance, * a new birth/
Cot — L. re-, again ; nascentia, birth, from
nascent; stem of pres. pt. of nasci^ to be
born. See Xatal.
Benal. (F. - L.) M. F. renal. - L.
rindlis, adj. ; from rinis^ s. pL, reins. See
Being.
Senard ; see Beynard.
Benoonnter, Benoontre. (F.~
L.) F. rencontre, a meeting.— F. rencon-
trer, to meet. — F. r^-, again; encontrer,
to meet, encounter ; see SSncounter.
Aend. (E.) M. £. renden, A. S.
rendan, to cnt or tear. 4-0. Fries, renda,
to tear ; North Fr. renne, ranne, to tear
apart. Der. rent, sb., from pp. rent.
Sender, (F.-L.) yi,'E.rendren.^¥.
rendre.'^L. reddere, to give back.— L.
red'^ back ; dare, to give; see Date (i).
rendeiTOIUI. (F.—L.) Y. rendezvous,
'a rendevous, place appointed for the
assemblie of souldiers ; Cot. — F. rendez
vousKX^ reddite uos, render yourselves;
imperative pi. of reddere (above).
Renegade, Benegado. (Span. - L. )
Span, renegade, an apostate, one who has
denied the faith ; brig. pp. of renegar, to
forsake the faith. — L. re-^ again ; negdre,
to deny. See Negation.
Senew. (L. and £.) From L. re-,
again ; and £. new, ^
Sennet (i), the prepared inner mem-
brane of a calf's stomach, used to make
milk coagulate. (£.) M. £. renet\ from
M. £. rennen, to run ; prov. £. run, to
congeal, coagulate. See Bun. Hence
rennet is also called runnet (Pegge's Ken-
ticisms) ; also eming (Derbyshire), from
A. S. iman, to run. So also M. Du. rinsely
runsel, renninge, * curds, or milk-runnet,'
from rinnen, * to presse, curdle; * Hexham.
Cf. G. rinnen, to run, curdle, coagulate.
Sennet (2) , a sweet kind of apple. (F.
— L.) Formerly spelt rencUe, from an odd
notion that it was derived from L. rendtus,
bom again I — F. reinette, rainette, a rennet ;
the same as rainette, a little frog ; from
the speckled skin. Dimin. of F. raim, a
frog. — L. rdna, a frog. Cf. Banonoulus.
Renounce. (F. — L.) F. renoncer. —
L. renuntidre, to bring back a report, also
to disclaim, renounce. — L. re-, back,
again ; nuntidre, to tell, bring news, from
nuntius, a messenger. See Nuncio.
Der. renuftciat'ion, F. renonciatipn, from
L. pp. renuntidtus.
Aenovate. (L.) From h,renoudtus,
pp. of renoudre, to renew. — L. re-^ again ;
noudre, to make new, from ncuus, new.
See Novel.
SenoWA, fame. (F. — L.) M. E.
renoun.^A. F. renoun, renun; O. F.
renon (lath cent.). [Cf. Port, renome,
Span, renombre, renown.] — O. F. renonur,
to make famous.— L. re-, again; ndmi-
ndre, to name, from ndmen, a name ; see
Noun.
Sent (i), a tear; see Bend.
Sent (a), annual payment. (F.—L.)
M. £. rente. — F. rente, [Cf. Ital. rendOa,
rent.] — Late L. rendita, nasalised form of
L. reddita, fem. of pp. oi reddere, to render;
see Bender.
Bennnciation. (F. - L.) M. F. re-
nonciatioH, * renunciation ; * Cot. — L. ace.
renuntidtidnem, prop, an announcement.
— L. renuntidt'US, pp. of renuntidre, orig.
to announce ; see Benounoe.
Sepair (i), to restore, amend. (F.—L.)
M. F. reparer.'mlj, repardre, to recover,
repair, make ready anew.— L. re-, again;
pardre, to get ready ; see Fare. Der.
repar-able, M. F. reparable, L. r4pardMis ;
repar-at-ion, M. F. reparation.
Kepair (a), to resort to. (F. - L.) M.F.
repairer, to haunt ; Cot. Older form re-
pairier (Bnrguy). — L. repatridre, to repair
to one's own country. — L. /r-, back ; patria,
native country, from pcUri', for pater, a
father.
Repartee, a witty reply. (F.-L.) F.
repartie, *a reply;' Cot. Orig. fem. of
reparti, pp. of M. F. repartir, to re-divide,
to answer thrust with thrust, to reply.— F.
re-, again ; partir, to part, also to rushi
dart off, burst out laughing. — L. re-,
again ; partire, to share, from parti-, for
pars, a part. See Fart.
iftepast, a meal. (F.—L.) O.F.' repast,
later repas.^h. re-, again; pastum, ace.
of pastus, food, from pascere, to feed* See
Faator.
Benay. (F. - L.) O. F. repaier. - O. F.
re- (L. re-), back; ^aier, to pay; see
Fay.
Bepeal. (F.-L.) Altered from O. F.
rapeter, F. rappeler, to repeal. — O. F. re-
(L. re-) ; apeler, later appeler, to appeal.
See Appeal. Repeal =^ re-appeal.
Repeat. (F.—L.) Formerly n^/^.—
M. F. repeier. Cot.— L. repetere, to attack
443
REPEL
REPTILE
again, reseek, repeat, i- L. re-^ again ; pttere^
to attack; see Petition. Der. repet-it-
ion.
RepeL (L.) L. repellere, to drive back.
— L. re-f Dack; pellerCy to drivej see
Pulse. Der. repulse^ from pp. repulsus.
Hepenty to xne. (F.— L.) F. repentir,
to repent.— L. re-^ again; posmtert, to
cause to repent ; see Penitent.
Bepercussion. (L.) From Be- and
Percussion.
Sepertory,atreasni7. (F.-L.) M.F.
repertoirc^'L, repertdriuniy an inventory.
— L. repertory a finder, discoverer. — L.
reperire, to find out. — L. re-f again ; parlre
(Ennins), usually parerey to produce ; see
Parent.
Bepine. (L.) Compounded of L. re-^
again ; vxApine, to fret ; see Pine (2).
Beplace. (F.-L.a;u/Gk.) Fromfv-
(F. r«-, L. re''\ again ; and Place.
Seplenish. (F.-L.) 0,¥,replmiss-y
stem of pres. pt. of replenir^ to fill up
again; now obsolete.— L. re-^ again; Late
L. *plenirei to fill, from L. plenus, fall.
replete, fiilL (F.-L.) yi.Y,replet,
masc. ; replete^ fern., full. — L. repUtus,
filled up ; pp. of re-plere^ to fill again. — L.
re-, again ; plirty to fill ; see Plenary.
Seplevyy to get back detained goods
on a pledge to try the right in a suit. (F.
-Teut.) F. re- (L. re-), again; O.F.
plezfirj to be surety. See Pledge.
Ifceply. (F. - L.) M. E. replien. -
O. F. roller, the old form afterwards re-
placed by the ' learned ' form ripliquer^ to
reply.— L. replicdre<^Vi\„ to fold back ; as a
law term, to reply.— L. re-^ back; plicdrt^
to fold. Der. replica, a repetition ; from
Ital. replica, a sb. due to L. replicdre, to
repeat, reply.
Beport. (F.-L.) U.Kreporlen.-F.
reporter, to carry back. — L. reportdre,
to carry back.— L. re-, back; portdre, to
carry; see Port (i). The E. sense *to
relate * is due to F. rapporter, O. F.
nUjorter ; with prefix ra- < L. re-ad,
Oepose. (F.-L. a#M/Gk.) F. reposer,
to rest, pause ; Late L. repausdre^ to pause,
rest.— L. re-, again; paus&re, to pause,
from pausa, sb., due to Gk. vavan, a pause.
% Important ; this is the verb which seems
to have given rise to poser and its com-
pounds. See Pose.
depository, a storehouse. (F.-L.)
M. F. repositoire, a storehouse. — L. reposi-
tdrium. — L. reposilus, pp. of repdture, to
lay up, store.— L. re-, agam ; p^nere, to
place ; see Position.
Seprehend, to reprove. (L.) L. re-
prehmdere^ to hold back, check, blame. —
L. re-y back ; prehendere, to seize, to hold.
See Prehensile.
Represent. (F.-L.) O.F. repre-
senler.^L,. reprasentdre, to bring before
again, exhibit.— L. re-, sigsAn; prasenldre,
to present; see Present (2).
BepreSB. (F.-L.) From F. re-,
again, andpresser, to press ; but used with
sense of L. reprimere (pp. repressus) to
press back, check. — L. re-, back ; premere,
to press ; see Press.
Beprieire, vb. (F.-L.) [A doublet
of reprove.'] M. E. repreven, to reprove,
reject, disaUow ; to reprieve a sentence is
to disallow it. — O. F. repreuve, 3rd pres.
sing, indie, of reprover (F. riprouver\ to
reprove; see Beprove. C^ Schwan, §
34«(4). .
aepninaild. (F. — L.) F. riprimande,
formerly reprimende, * a reproof ; * Cot. —
L. reprimendct, a tlnng that ought to be
repressed ; hence, a check. Fem. of the
gerundive of reprimere, to repress; see
Bepress.
B^prisal. (F.-Ital.-L.) M. F. r^-
fresatlle, a taking or seizing on, a reprisal.
The change of vowel is due to obs. verb
reprise, to seize in return ; from F. repris^
pp. of reprendre < L. reprehendere, (here)
to seize again.] — Ital. ripresa^ia, booty. —
M. Ital. ripresa, a taking again ; fem. of ri-
preso, pp. of riprendere, to reprehend, also
to retake. — L. reprehendere, to seize again,
also, to reprehend ; see Beprehend.
Aeproach. (F.-L.) F. reprocher, to
reproach. Cf. Span, reprochar, Prov. re-
propchar, to reproach ; answering to Late
L. *repropidre, to bring near to, impute
to, reproach. — L. re-, again; propi^us,
nearer, comp. oi prope, near. See Pro-
pinquity. % A translation of L. obicere
{pbjicere\ to bring near or cast before one,
to reproach.
Seprobate. (L.) L. reprobdtus, i^-
proved, rejected ; pp. of reprobdre, to reject
upon trial. — L. re-, back ; probdre, to test.
See Probable.
reprove. (F.-L.) M. E. reproven,
also repreven. — O. F. reprover (F. riprou-
ver), to reprove, condemn. — L. reprobdre,
to reject, reprove (above).
Septile, crawling; usually, as a sb.
(F. - L.) F. reptUe, * crawling ; * Cot. - L.
443
RENAISSANCE
REPEAT
stem of miinuSf a gift, also, an office. See
Municipal.
Senaissanoe, revival of learning.
(F. — L.) M. F. renaissance f 'a new birth/
Cot — L. re- J again ; naseentia, birth, from
nascent; stem of pres. pt. of nasct, to be
born. See Natal.
Benal. (F. - L.) M. F. rena/. - L.
rlndiis, adj. ; from rinis, s. pL, reins. See
Beins.
Benard ; see Beynard.
Senooifnter, Bencontre. (F.-
L.) F. rencontre, a meeting. — F. rencon-
trer^ to meet-^F. r^-, again; encontrer,
to meet, encounter ; see Encounter.
Send. (£.) M. £. renden, A. S.
rendany to cnt or tear.4-0. Fries, renda,
to tear ; North Fr. renne, ranne, to tear
apart. Der. rent, sb., from pp. rent.
Bender. (F.— L.) M.E.rendren.^F.
rendre.^'L. reddere, to give baclc.»L.
red; back ; dare, to give ; see Date (i).
rendeiTOlUI. (F.— L.) Y. rendezvous ,
*2l rendevousy place appointed for the
assemblie of souldiers; Cot.— F. rendez
vousKXh reddite uCs, render yourselves;
imperative pi. of reddere (above).
Benegade,Benegado. (Span.-L.)
Span, renegcuio, an apostate, one who has
denied the faith ; brig. pp. of renegar^ to
forsake the fiiith. — L. re-^ again ; negare,
to deny. See Negation.
Benew. (L. and £.) From L. re-,
again ; and £. new. ^
Bennet (i), the prepared inner mem-
brane of a calf's stomach, used to make
milk coagulate. (£.) M. K renet ; from
M. £. rennen, to run ; prov. £. run, to
congeal, coagulate. See Bun. Hence
rennet is also called runnet (Pegge's Ken-
ticisms) ; also eming (Derbyshire), from
A. S. iman, to run. So also M. Du. rinsel^
runsel, renninge, * curds, or milk-mnnet,'
from rinnen, ' to presse, curdle; * Hexham.
Cf. G. rinnen, to run, curdle, coagulate.
Bennet (2) , a sweet kind of apple. (F.
— L.) Formerly spelt renate, from an odd
notion that it was derived from L. rendtus,
bom again I — F. reinette, rainette, a rennet ;
the same as rainette, a little frog ; from
the speckled skin. Dimin. of F. raine, a
frog. — L. rdna, a frog. Cf. Hannnoulus.
Benonnce. (F. — L.) F. renoncer. —
L. renuntidre, to bring back a report, also
to disclaim, renounce. — L. re-, back,
af^ain ; nuntidre, to tell, bring news, from
nuntius, a messenger. See Nuncio.
Der. renunciat-ion, F. renonciation^ from
L. pp. renuntidtus,
Benovate. (L.) From L. renoudtus,
pp. of renoudre, to renew. — L. re-, again ;
noudre, to make new, from ncuus, new.
See Novel.
Benowu, fame. (F. — L.) M. £.
renoun,^A, F. renoun, renun; O. F.
renon (lath cent.). [Cf. Port, renome,
Span, renombre, renown.] —O.F. renonur,
to make famous.— L. re-, again; nSmi-
ndre, to name, from ndmen, a name ; see
Noun.
Bent (i)» a tear; see Bend.
Bent (a)) annual payment. (F. — L.)
M. £. rente. — F. rente, [Cf. Ital. rendita^
rent.] — Late L. rendita, nasalised form of
L. reddita, fem. of pp. of reddere, to render;
see Bender.
Bennnciation. (F.-L.) M.F. fv-
nancicUion, * renunciation ; ' Cot. — L. ace.
renuntidtidnem, prop, an announcement.
— L. renuntidt'US, pp. of renuntidre, orig.
to announce ; see Benounoe.
Bepair (i), to restore, amend. (F.~L.)
M. F. nr/ar«r.— L. repardre, to recover,
repair, make ready anew.— L. re-, again;
pardre, to get ready ; see Fore. Der.
refar-able, M. F. reparable^ L. r^aroHHs ;
repar-at'itm, M. F. rtparation.
Aepair (2), to resort to. (F. -L.) M.F.
repairer, to haunt ; Cot. Older form re-
pairier (Burguy). — L. r^^ridre, to repair
to one's own country. — L. #r-,back ; patriae
native country, from pcdri-y for pater, a
father.
Bepartee, a witty reply. (F.-L.) F.
repartie, *a reply;' Cot Orig. fem. of
reparti, pp. of M. F. repartir, to re-divide,
to answer thrust with thrust, to reply. — F.
re-, again; partir, to part, also to rush,
dart off, burst out laughing. — L. re-,
again ; partire, to share, from parti-, for
pca^s, a part. See Fart.
Bepastf a meal. (F.— L.) 0,¥.' repast,
later repcu, — L. re-, again ; pasium, ace.
ofpastus, food, frompascere, to feed* See
Fastor.
Bepay . (F. - L.) O. F. repaier. - O. F.
re- (L. re-), back; paier, to pay; see
Fay.'
Bepeal. (F.-L.) Altered from O. F.
rapeler, F. rappeler, to repeal. — O. F. re^
(L. r«-) ; apeler, later appeler, to appeal.
See Appeal. Repeat = re-appeal,
Bepeat. (F.— L.) Formerly r^/^/^. —
M. F. repeter, Cot.^iL. repetere, to attack
443
REPEL
REPTILE
again, reseek, repeat. ■> L. re-, again ; petercy
to attack; see Petition. Per. repti-it-
ion,
SepeL (L.) L. repellere^ to drive back.
— L. re-y back; pelierey to drive; see
Pulse. Der. repulse, from pp. repulsus.
Sepontf to me. (F.— L.) F. repentir,
to repent.— L. re-^ again; pcenitere, to
cause to repent ; see Penitent.
Bepercussion. (L.) From Be- and
Percussion.
Beperioryyatreasmy. (F.-L.) M.F.
repertoire. — L. repertSrium, an inventory.
—L. repertory a finder, discoverer. — L.
reperire, to find out. — L. re-y again ; parire
(Ennius), usually parere, to produce ; see
Parent.
Repine. (L.) Compounded of L. re-,
again ; and/fW^, to fret ; see Pine (2).
iteplace. (F.-L.a;M/Gk.) Fromfv-
(F. re't L. re-\ again ; and Place.
Replenish. (F.-L.) 0,F. repleniss-,
stem of pres. pt of replenir, to fill up
again ; now obsolete.— L. re-, again ; Late
L. *plmire, to fill, from 'L.plenus, fall.
replete, fiilL (F.-L.) M.F.reptet,
masc. ; replete, fem., full. — L. replitus,
filled up ; pp. of re-plere^ to fill again. — L.
re-, again ; plere, to fill ; see Plenary.
Seplevy, to get back detained goods
on a pledge to try the right in a suit. TF.
-Teut) F. re- (L. re-), again; O.F.
plevir, to be surety. See Pledge.
Reply. (F. - L.) M. E. replien. -
O. F. replier, the old form afterwards re-
placed by the * learned ' form r^pliquer, to
reply. —L. replicdre,Ui. to fold back ; as a
law term, to reply. —L. re-, back; plicdre,
to fold. Der. replica, a repetition ; from
Ital. replica, a sb. due to L. replicdre, to
repeat, reply.
Aeport. (F.-L.) l/L.F.reporten.^F.
reporter, to cany back. — L. reportdre,
to carry back.— L. re-, back; portdre, to
carry; see Port (i). The E, sense *to
relate * is due to F. rapporter, O. F.
raporter ; with prefix ra- < L. re-cui.
SepOSe. (F.-L. andQV,) F. reposer,
to rest, pause ; Late L. repausdre^ to pause,
rest.— L. re-, again; paus&re, to pause,
from pausa, sb., due to Gk. iraS<ns, a pause.
% Important ; this is the verb which seems
to have given rise to poser and its com-
pounds. See Pose.
Sepositoryy a storehouse. (F.-L.)
M.F. repositoire, a storehouse. — L. reposi-
torium.^L. repositus, pp. of repdnere, to
lay up, store.— L. re-, Sigam;pdnere, to
place ; see Position.
Seprehend, to reprove. (L.) L. re-
prehendere, to hold back, check, blame. —
L. re-, back ; prehendere, to seize, to hold.
See Prehensile.
Bepresent. (F.-L.) O.F. repre-
sentor,'^'L,. reprasentdre, to bring before
again, exhibit.— L. re-, again; pngsentdre,
to present; see Present (2).
BepresB. (F.-L.) From F. re-,
again, and pressor^ to press ; but used with
sense of L. reprimere (pp. r^essus) to
press back, check. — L. re-, back ; premere,
to press ; see Press.
aeprievef vb. (F.— L.) [A doublet
of reprove.^ M. E. repreven, to reprove,
reject, disaUow ; to reprieve a sentence is
to disallow it. — O. F. repreuve, 3rd pres.
sing, indie, of reprover (F. riprouver)^ to
reprove; see Beprove. CI Schwan, §
34«(4)- .
Beprunaad. (F.-L.) Y .riprimande,
formerly reprimende, * a reproof ; * Cot. —
L. repritnenda, a thing that ought to be
repressed ; hence, a check. Fem. of the
geiiindive of reprimere, to repress; see
Bepress.
Beprisal. (F.-Ital.-L.) M. F. ^^-
presaille, a taldng or seizing on, a reprisal.
[The change of vowel is due to obs. verb
reprise, to seize in return ; from F. retris^
pp. of reprendre < L. reprehendere, (here)
to seize again.] — Ital. ripresaglia, booty. —
M. Ital. ripresa, a taking again ; fem. oiri-
preso, pp. of riprendere, to reprehend, also
to retake. — L. reprehendere, to seize again,
also, to reprehend ; see Beprehend.
Beproach. (F.-L.) F. reprocher, to
reproach. Cf. Span, reprochar, Prov. re-
propchar, to reproach ; answering to Late
L. *repropidre, to bring near to, impute
to, reproach. — L. re-, again; propuus,
nearer, comp. of prope, near. See Pro-
pinquity. % A translation of L. obicere
{pbjicere\ to bring near or cast before one,
to reproach.
Beprobate. (L.) L. reprobdtus, rt-
proved, rejected ; pp. of reprobdre, to reject
upon trial. — L. re-^ back ; probdre, to test
See Probable.
reprove. (F.-L.) M.E. reproven,
also repreven. 'mO. F. reprover (F. riprou-
ver), to reprove, condemn. — L. reprobdre,
to reject, reprove (above).
Beptile, crawling; usually, as a sb.
(F.-L.) F. nr//i7tf, * crawling;* Cot.-L.
443
RENAISSANCE
REPEAT
stem of mtlnus, a gift, also, an office. See
Munioipal.
Renaissance, revival of leamiiig.
(F. — L.) M. F. renaissance, 'a new birth/
Cot.— L. re- J again ; nascen/ia, birth, from
nascent- f stem of pres. pt. of nasct, to be
born. See Natal.
Benal. , (F. - L.) M. F. renal. - L.
rindiisj adj. ; from rinis, s. pi., reins. See
Beins.
Senard ; see Beynard.
Bencoitnter, Bencontre. (F.-
L.) F, rencontre, a meeting. —F. rencon-
trer, to meet. — F. r^-, again; encontrer,
to meet, enconnter ; see SSnooiinter.
Bend. (£.) M. £. renden, A. S.
rendan, to cut or tear.+O. Fries, renda,
to tear ; North Fr. renne, ranne, to tear
apart. Der. rent, sb., from pp. rent.
Bender. (F.-L.) M.Krendren.^F.
rendre.'^L. reddere, to give baclc.— L.
red-, back ; dare, to give; see Date (i).
rendewons. (F.~L.) Y. rendezvous,
'a rendevous, place appointed for the
assemblie of souldiers ; Cot. — F. rendez
vousKjL^ reddite uds, render yourselves;
imperative pi. of reddere (above).
Benefi^aae, Benegado. (Span. - L. )
Span, renegcuio, an apostate, one who has
denied the faith ; brig. pp. of renegar, to
forsake the faith. — L. re-, again ; negdre,
to deny. See Negation.
Benew. (L. and £.) From L. re-,
again ; and £. new, ^
Bennet (i), the prepared inner mem-
brane of a calf's stomach, used to make
milk coagulate. (£.) M. £. renet\ from
M. £. rennen, to run ; prov. £. run, to
congeal, coagulate. See Bun. Hence
rennet is also called runnet (Pegge's Ken-
ticisms) ; also eming (Derbyshire), from
A. S. iman, to run. So also M. Du. rinsel^
runsel, renninge, * curds, or milk-runnet,'
from rinnen, * topresse, curdle; * Hexham.
Cf. G. rinnen, to run, curdle, coagulate.
Bennet (2 ) , a sweet kind of apple. (F.
— L.) Formerly spelt renaie, from an odd
notion that it was derived from L. rendtus,
bom again I — F. reinette, rainette^ a rennet ;
the same as rainette, a little frog ; from
the speckled skin. Dimin. of F. raine, a
frog. — L. rdna, a frog. Cf Banonoulus.
Benonnce. (F. — L.) F. renoncer, —
L. renuntidre, to bring back a report, also
to disclaim, renounce. — L. re-, back,
again ; nuntidre, to tell, bring news, from
nuntius, a messenger. See Nunoio.
Der. renuftciat-ion, F. renonciatiffn, from
L. pp. renuntidtus.
B»enovate. (L.) Fzom L,renoudtus,
pp. of rencudre, to renew. — L. re-, again ;
noudre, to make new, from ncuus, new.
See NoTel.
BenOWlVi fsirae. (F. — L.) M. £.
renoun,^A. F. renaun, renun; O. F.
renon (12th cent.). [Cf. Port, renome,
Span, renombre, renown.]— O.F. rencnur,
to make famous.— L. re-, again; ndmi-
ndre, to name, from niftnen, a name ; see
Noun.
Bent (1), a tear; see Bend.
Bent (2), annual payment. (F.— L.)
M. £. rente, — F. rente, [Cf. Ital. rendita,
rent.] — Late L. rendita, nasalised form of
L. reddita, fem. of pp. of reddere, to render;
see Bender.
Bennnciation. (F. - L.) M. F. re-
nonciation, ' renunciation ; * Cot. — L. ace.
renuntidtidnem, prop, an announcement.
— L. renuntidt'US, pp. of renuntidre, orig.
to announce ; see Benounoe.
Bepair (i), to restore, amend. (F.~ L.)
M. F. reparer, — L. repardre^ to recover,
repair, make ready anew.— L. re-, again;
pardre, to get ready; see Fare. Der.
repar-able, M. F. re^srabU, L. fi^etrSHHs ;
repar-cU-ion, M. F. reparation.
Bepair (2), to resort to. (F.-L.) M.F.
repairer, to haunt ; Cot. Older form re-
pairier (Burguy). — L. repatridre, to repair
to one's own country. — L. re-, back ; patria,
native country, from patri-, for pater^ a
father.
Bepartee, a witty reply. (F.-L.) F.
repartie, *a reply;' Cot. Orig. fem. of
reparti, pp. of M. F. repartir, to re-divide,
to answer thrust with thrust, to reply. — F.
re-y again ; partir, to part, also to rushi
dart off, burst out laughing. — L. re;
again ; partire, to share, from parti-, for
pars, a part. See Fart.
Bepast,ameal. (F.— L.) 0,Y.' repast,
later repas.^l^. re-, again; pastum, ace.
oipastus, food, (lom pascere, to feed« See
Fastor.
Benay. (F. - L.) O. F. repaier. - O. F.
re- (L. re-), back; paier, to pay; see
Fay.
Bepeal. (F.— L.) Altered from O. F.
rapeler, F. rappeler, to repeal. — O. F. re-
(L. r«-) ; apeler, later appeler, to appeal.
See Appeal. Repeal^ re-appeal,
Bepeat. (F. — L.) Formerly fv/^/^.-
M. F. repeier, Cot. — L. repetere, to attack
44a
REPEL
REPTILE
again, reseek, repeat. * L. re-, again ; peUre,
to attack; see Petition. Per. repet-it-
ion,
Sep6L (L.) L. repelierey to drive back.
— L. «-, back; pellere, to drivej see
Pulse. Der. repulse^ from pp. repulsus.
Sepontf to me. (F.— L.) F. repentir,
to repent— L. re-^ again; pcmitere, to
cause to repent ; see Penitent.
Bepercussion. (L.) From Be- and
Peroiusion.
Bepertory,atreasary. (F.-L.) M.F.
repertoire. ^"L, repertdrium^ an inventory.
— L. repertory a finder, discoverer. — L.
reperire, to find out. — L. re-j again ; parlre
(Ennius), usually parere^ to produce ; see
Parent.
Bepine. (L.) Compounded of L. re-,
again ; And pine, to fret ; see Pine (2).
Iteplaoe. {F. -I^ and Gk,) Fromr^-
(F. re', L. re-), again ; and Place.
Beplenish. (F.-L.) 0,Y.repleniss-,
stem of pres. pt. of replenir, to fill up
again ; now obsolete.— L. re-, again ; Late
L. *plenire, to fill, from L. plenus, fall.
replete, fiiU. (F.-L.) M. F. repUt,
masc. ; replete, fem., full. — L. replitus,
filled up ; pp. of re-plere, to fill again. — L.
re-, again ; plere, to fill ; see Plenary.
Seplevy, to get back detained goods
on a pledge to try the right in a suit. (F.
— Teut) F. re- (L. re-), again; O.F.
plevir^ to be surety. See Pledge.
Beply. (F. - L.) M. E. replien, -
O. F. replier, the old form afterwards re-
placed by the ' learned ' form ripliquer, to
reply.— L. replicdre,\L\.. to fold back ; as a
law term, to reply.— L. re-, back; plicdre,
to fold. Der. replica, a repetition ; from
Ital. replica, a sb. due to L. replicdre, to
repeat, reply.
Report. (F.-L.) lli.li,reporten.^Y.
reporter, to cany back. — L. reportdre,
to carry back.— L. re-, back; portdre, to
carry; see Port (i). The E. sense 'to
relate* is due to F. rapporter, O. F.
raporter ; with prefix ra- < L. re-ad.
xtepose. (F.-L. andQV,) F. reposer,
to rest, pause ; Late L. repausdre, to pause,
rest.— L. re-, again; paus&re, to pause,
ixompausa, sb., due to Gk. iraDorcs, a pause.
% Important ; this is the verb which seems
to have given rise to poser and its com-
pounds. See Pose.
Aepositoryy a storehouse. (F.-L.)
M. F. repositoire, a storehouse. — L. reposi-
tdrium.^h. repositus, pp. of repdnere, to
lay up, store.— L. re-, tigam ; pffnere, to
place ; see Position.
Reprehend, to reprove. (L.) L. re-
prehendere, to hold back, check, blame. —
L. re-, back; prehendere, to seize, to hold.
See Prehensile.
Represent. (F.-L.) O.F. repre-
senter.'^'L. reprasentdre, to bring before
again, exhibit.— L. re-, SigaAn; prasentdre,
to present; see Present (2).
Repress. (F.-L.) From F. re-,
again, and pressor, to press ; but used with
sense of L. reprimere (pp. repressus) to
press back, check. — L. re-, back ; premere,
to press ; see Press.
aeprievef vb. (F.— L.) [A doublet
of reproveJ] M. E. repreven, to reprove,
reject, disaUow ; to reprieve a sentence is
to disallow it. — O. F. repreuve, 3rd pres.
sing, indie, of reprover (F. riprowoer), to
reprove; see Beprove. C£ Schwan, §
34«(4). .
Reprimand. (F.-L.) Y .riprimande,
formerly repritnende, * a reproof ; * Cot. —
L. reprimenda, a tlnng that ought to be
repressed ; hence, a check. Fem. of the
gerundive of reprimere, to repress; see
Bepress.
Reprisal. (F.-Ital.-L.) M. F. re-
presaille, a taking or seizing on, a reprisal.
[The change of vowel is due to obs. verb
reprise, to seize in return ; from F. repris^
pp. of reprendre < L. reprehendere, (here)
to seize again.] — Ital. ripresa^ia, booty. —
M. Ital. ripresa, a taking again ; fem. of fi-
preso, pp. of riprendere, to reprehend, also
to retake. — L. reprehendere, to seize again,
also, to reprehend ; see Beprehend.
Reproacll. (F.-L.) F. reprocher, to
reproach. Cf. Span, reprockar, Prov. re-
propchar, to reproach ; answering to Late
L. *repropidre, to bring near to, impute
to, reproach. — L. re-, again; propi-us,
nearer, comp. of prope, near. See Pro-
pinquity. % A translation of L. obicere
{objicere), to bring near or cast before one,
to reproach.
Reprobate. (L.) L. reprobdtus, k-
proved, rejected ; pp. of reprobdre, to reject
upon trial.— L. re-, back; probdre,to test.
See Probable.
reprove. (F.-L.) M. E. reproven,
also repreven.^O. F. reprover (F. riprou-
ver), to reprove, condemn. — L. reprobdre,
to reject, reprove (above).
Reptile, crawling; usually, as a sb.
(F.-L.) F. reptile, * crawling;' Cot.-L.
443
RENAISSANCE
REPEAT
stem of Miinus, a gift, also, an office. See
Munioipal.
SenaissaACef revival of learnlDg.
(F.— L.) M. F. renaissance, 'a new birth/
Cot — L. re-, again ; nascentia, birth, from
nascent-, stem of pres. pt. of nasci, to be
born. See Natal.
Benal. (F. - L.) M. F. rena/. - L.
rindlis, adj. ; from rinis, s. pi., reins. See
Beins.
Henard ; see Beynard.
Sencoitnter, Benoontre. (F.-
L.) F. rencontre, a meeting. «*F. rencon-
irer, to meet. — F. r^-, again; encontrer,
to meet, encounter ; see Encounter.
Bend. (£.) M. £. renden, A. S.
tendon, to cut or tear.-f O. Fries, renda,
to tear ; North Fr. renne, ranne, to tear
apart. Der. rent, sb., from pp. rent.
Bander. (F.— L.) lJl,E.rendren.^¥,
rendre.^la, reddere, to give baclc.— L.
red; back ; dare, to give; see Date (i).
rendeiVOns. (F.-L.) Y. rendezvous,
'a rendevousy place appointed for the
assemblie of souldiers; Cot — F. rendest
vousKXh reddite uds, render yourselves;
imperative pi. of reddere (above).
Benegaae, Benegado. (Span. - L. )
Span, renegado, an apostate, one who has
denied the faith ; brig. pp. of renegar, to
forsake the faith. — L. re-, again ; negdre,
to deny. See Negation.
Benew. (L. and £.) From L. re-,
again ; and £. new.
Ver, renufuiat-ion, F. renonciatipn, from
L. pp. renuntidtus,
BvenOTate. (L.) From L^renpudtus,
pp. of rencudre, to renew. — L. re-, again ;
noudre, to make new, from nouus, new.
See Novel.
Benowi^ fame. (F. — L.) M. £.
renoun.^A, F. renoun, renun; O. F.
renon (12th cent.). [Cf. Port rename.
Span, renombre, renown.] — O. F. renomer,
to make famous.— L. re-, again; ndmi-
ndre, to name, from nffmen, a name ; see
Noun.
Bent (i)» a tear; see Bend.
Bent (3), annual payment. (F.—L.)
M. £. rente. — F. rente, [Cf. Ital. rendita^
rent.] — LAte L. rendita, nasalised form of
L. reddita, fem. of pp. of reddere^ to render;
see Bender.
Bennnciation. (F.-L.) M.F. #r-
nonciation, ' renunciation ; * Cot. — L. ace.
renuntidtimem, prop, an announcement.
— L. renuntidt'USy pp. of renuntidre, orig.
to announce ; see Benounoe.
Bepaar (i), to restore, amend. (F.-L.)
M. F. reparer. — L. repardre^ to recover,
repair, make ready anew.— L. re-, again;
pardre, to get ready; see Fare. Der.
repar-able, M. F. reparable^ L. riipardHiis ;
repar-eU'iim, M. F. reparation.
Bepair(a),toresortto. (F.-L.) M.F.
repairer, to haunt ; Cot. Older form re-
pairier (Bnrguy). — L. repcUridre, to repair
to one's own country. — L. re-, back ; patria.
Bennet (i )» the prepared inner mem- native country, from pcUru, for pater, a
brane of a calf's stomach, used to make
milk coagulate. (£.) M. £. renet\ from
M. £. rennen, to run ; prov. £. run, to
congeal, coagulate. See Bun. Hence
rennet is also called runnet (Pegge's Ken-
ticisms) ; also eming (Derbyshire), from
A. S. iman, to run. So also M. Du. rinsel.
father.
Bepartee, a witty reply. (F.-L.) F.
repartie, *a reply;' Cot Orig. fem. of
reparti, pp. of M. F. repartir, to re-divide,
to answer thrust with thrust, to reply.— F.
re-., again ; partir, to part, also to rush,
dart off, burst out laughing. — L. re*.
runsel, renninge, * curds, or milk-runnet,' again ; partire, to share, from parti-, iot
{rornrinnen, * to presse, curdle; * Hexham, pars, a part. See Fart.
Cf. G. rinnen, to run, curdle, coagulate.
Bennet (2) , a sweet kind of apple. (F.
— L.) Formerly spelt renate, from an odd
notion that it was derived from L. rendtus,
bom again ! — F. reinette, rainette^ a rennet ;
the same as rainette, a little frog ; from
the speckled skin. Dimin. of F. raine, a
frog. — L. rdna, a frog. Cf. Banunoulus.
Benonnce. (F. — L. ) F. renoncer. —
L. renuntidre, to bring back a report, also
to disclaim, renounce. — L. re-, back,
again ; nuntidre, to tell, bring news, from
nuntius, a messenger. See Nunoio.
Bep8bSt,ameal. (F.— L.) 0,¥,' repast,
later repas.^h, re-, again; pastum, ace.
of pastus, food, from pascere, to feed« See
Pastor.
Bepay. (F. - L.) O. F. repaier. - O. F.
re- (L. re-), back; paier, to pay; see
Pay."
Bepeal. (F.— L.) Altered from O. F.
rapeter, F. rappeler, to repeal.— O. F. re-
(L. fv-) ; apeier, later appeler, to appeal.
See Appeal. Repeal^re-appeal,
Bepeat. (F. — L.) Formerly rif/«/^. —
M. F. repeter, Cot^L. repetere, to attack
443
REPEL
REPTILE
again, reseek, repeat. — L. re-, again ; petere,
to attack; see Petition. Der. repei-U'
ion,
SepeL (L.) L. repelUrey to drive back.
*L. re-, back; pcllere, to drivej see
False. Der. repulse^ from pp. repulsus,
Sep01ity to rue. (F.— L.) F. repentir,
to repent— L. re-, again; pcsmtere, to
cause to repent ; see Penitent.
SeperCUSfldon. (L.) From Be- and
Feroiusion.
Bepertoryyatreasuiy. (F.-L.) M.F.
repertoire. — L. repertdrium, an inventory.
— L. repertory a finder, discoverer. — L.
reperire, to find out. — L. re-y again ; parire
(Ennins), usually parere, to produce ; see
Parent.
Hepine. (L*) Compounded of L. re-,
again ; and pine, to fret ; see Pine (2).
Iteplaoe. (F.-L.a;i^Gk.) Fromfv-
(F. re', L. re-), again ; and Place.
Sepleniflhu (F.-L.) O.F. repleniss-,
stem of pres. pt. of replenir, to fill up
again; now obsolete.— L. re-, again; Late
L. *plmire, to fill, from L. pUnus, full.
replete, fiiU. (F.-L.) l/L.Y.replet,
masc. ; replete, fem., full. — L. replitus,
filled up ; pp. of re-piere, to fill again. — L.
re-^ again ; plere, to fill ; see Plenary.
Seplevyf to get back detained goods
on a pledge to try the right in a suit TF.
-Teut) F. re- (L. re-), again; O.F.
plevir, to be surety. See Pledge.
Beply. (F. - L.) M. E. replien. -
O. F. replier, the old form afterwards re-
placed b^ the * learned ' form ripliquer, to
reply.— L. replicdre,Vi\., to fold back ; as a
law term, to reply. —L. re-, back; plicdre,
to fold. Der. replica, a repetition ; from
Ital. replica, a sb. due to L. replicdre, to
repeat, reply.
Beport. (F.-L.) HL.'E.reporten.^Y.
reporter, to carry back. — L. reportdre,
to carry back.— L. re-, back; portdre, to
carry; see Port (i). The E. sense *to
relate* is due to F. rapporter, O. F.
raporter ; with prefix ra- < L. re-ad.
Sepose. (F.-L. andQV.) F. reposer,
to rest, pause ; Late L. repausdre, to pause,
rest. — L. re-, again ; pausdre, to pause,
fxom pausa, sb., due to Gk. vavais, a pause.
% Important ; this is the verb which seems
to have given rise to poser and its com-
pounds. See Pose.
Bepository, a storehouse. (F.-L.)
M. F. repositoire, a storehouse. — L. reposi-
tdrium. — L. repositus, pp. of rep9nere, to
lay up, store.— L. re-, 2jgKai\ pimere, to
place ; see Position.
HeprelLend, to reprove. (L.) L. re-
prehmdere, to hold back, check, blame. —
L. re-, back ; prehendere, to seize, to hold.
See Prehensile.
Sepresent. (F.-L.) O.F. repre-
senter.'^L,. reprasentdre, to bring before
again, exhibit— L. re-, again; prasentdre,
to present; see Present (2).
Bepress. (F.-L.) From F. re-,
again, andpresser, to press; but used with
sense of L. reprimere (pp. repressus) to
press back, check. — L. re-, back ; premere,
to press ; see Press.
aeprieve, vb. (F.— L.) [A doublet
of reprove^ M. E. repreven, to reprove,
reject, disaUow ; to reprieve a sentence is
to disallow it. — O. F. repreuve, 3rd pres.
sing, indie, of reprover (F. r^ouver)^ to
reprove; see Beprove. C^ Schwan, §
34«(4).
tteprimaad. (F.-L.) F. riprimande,
formerly reprimende, * a reproof ; * Cot. —
L. reprimenda, a tl:dng that ought to be
repressed ; hence, a check. Fem. of the
gerundive of reprimere, to repress; see
Repress.
Beprisal. (F. - Ital. - L.) M. F. re-
presatlle, a taking or seizing on, a reprisal.
[The change of vowel is due to obs. verb
reprise, to seize in return ; from F. repris^
pp. of reprendre < L. reprehendere, (here)
to seize again.] — Ital. ripresagiia, booty. —
M. Ital. ripresa, a taking again ; fem. oiri-
preso, pp. of rtprendere, to reprehend, also
to retake. — L. reprehendere, to seize again,
also, to reprehend ; see Beprehend.
Beproach. (F.-L.) F. reprocher, to
reproach. Cf. Span, reprochar, Prov. re-
propchar, to reproach ; answering to Late
L. *repropidre, to bring near to, impute
to, reproach. — L. re-, again; propi-us,
nearer, comp. oi prope, near. See Pro-
pinquity. % A translation of L. obicere
{objicere), to bring near or cast before one,
to reproach.
Beprobate. (L.) L. reprobdtus, x^-
proved, rejected ; pp. of reprobdre, to reject
upon trial.— L. re-, back; probdre, io test
See Probable.
reprove. (F.-L.) M. E. reproven,
also repreven. — O. F. reprover (F. riprou-
ver\ to reprove, condemn. — L. reprobdre,
to reject, reprove (above).
Beptile, crawling; usually, as a sb.
(F.-L.) F. reptile, 'crawling;' Cot.-L.
443
RENAISSANCE
stem of tnunuSf a gift, alaoi an office. See
Municipal.
Beaaissance, revival of leamiog.
( F. — L. ) M . F . renaissance f * a new birth /
Cot. * L. re-,, again ; nascentia, birth, from
nascent-, stem of pres. pt. of nasct^ to be
born. See Natal.
Benal. (F. - L.) M. F. renal, - L.
rind lis, adj. ; from rlnis^ s. pi., reins. See
Beina.
Benard ; see Beynard.
Bencoitnter, Benoontre. (F.-
L.) F. renconlre, a meeting. i-F. rencon-
trer, to meet.-iF. r^-, again; encontrer,
to meet, encounter ; see Bnoounter.
BencL (£.) M. £. renden, A. S.
rendan, to cut or tear.+O. Fries, renda,
to tear ; North Fr. renne, ranne, to tear
apart. Der. renl, sb., from pp« renl,
Kender. (F.— L.) M.E.rendren.-mF,
rendre.^'L. reddere, to give back. — L.
red; back ; dare, to give; see Date (i).
rendeiTOIUi. (F.— L.) F. rendezvous,
'a rendevousy place appointed for the
assemblie of souldiers ; Cot. — F. rendex
vousKja, reddite uds, render yourselves;
imperative pi. of reddere (above).
!Benegaae,B6negado. (Span.-L.)
Span, renegade, an apostate, one who has
denied the faith ; orig. pp. of renegar, to
forsake the faith. — L. re-^ again ; negare,
to deny. See Negation.
Renew. (L. and £.) From L. re-,
again ; and £. new,
Stexmet (i), the prepared inner mem-
brane of a calf's stomach, used to make
milk coagulate. (£.) M. £. renet ; from
M. E. rennen, to run ; prov. £. run, to
congeal, coagulate. See Bun. Hence
rennet is also called runnel (Pegge's Ken-
ticisms) ; also eming (Derbyshire), from
A. S. iman, to run. So also M. Du. tinsel,
runsel, renninge, ' curds, or milk-runnet,'
from rinnen, * to presse, curdle; * Hexham.
Cf. G. rinnen, to rnn, curdle, coagulate.
Sennet (a) , a sweet kind of apple. (F.
— L.) Formerly spelt renate, from an odd
notion that it was derived from L. rendtus,
born again ! « F. reinette, rainette^ a rennet ;
the same as rainette, a little frog ; from
the speckled skin. Dimin. of F. raine, a
frog. — L. rdna, a frog. Cf. Banunoulua.
Senonnce. (F. — L. ) F. renoncer. —
L. renuntidre, to bring back a report, also
to disclaim, renounce. ~L. re-, back,
again ; nuntidre, to tell, bring news, from
nuntius, a messenger. See Nunoio.
REPEAT
Der. renuftciat-ion, F. renancicttim% from
L. pp. renunlidtus,
!&enovate. (L.) From L^renoudlus,
pp. of renoudre, to renew. — L. re-, again ;
noudre, to make new, from ncuus, new.
See Novel.
Senowu, fame. (F. — L.) M. £.
renoun,~A. F. renoun, renun; O. F.
renon (12th cent.). [Cf. Port, rename.
Span, renombre, renown.] —O.F. renonur,
to make famous.— L. re-, again; ndmi-
ndre, to name, from nffmen, a name ; see
Noun.
Sent (i), a tear; see Bend.
Sent (a); annual payment. (F. — L.)
M. £. rente, -i F. rente, [Cf. Ital. rendila,
rent.] — Late L. rendita, nasalised form of
L. reddita, fem. of pp. of reddere, to render;
see Bender.
Sennnoiation. (F.-L.) M.F. rv-
nonciation, ' renunciation ; * Cot. — L. ace.
renuntidtionem, prop, an announcement.
— L. renuntidt'US, pp. of renuntidre, orig.
to announce ; see Benounoe.
Sepair (i)» to restore, amend. (F.— L.)
M. F. rearer, mmh, repardre, to recover,
repair, make ready anew.— L. re-, again;
pardre, to get ready; see Fare. Der.
repar-abUi M.F. reparabU^ L. 9itpturSHlis\
repar-at-ion, M. F. reparation,
Itej^air (a), to resort to. (F. — L.) M.F.
repairer, to haunt ; Cot. Older form re-
pairier (Burguy). — L. r^alriOre, to repair
to one's own country. — L. fv-, back ; palria,
native country, from patri-, for pater ^ a
father.
Separtee, a witty reply. (F.-L.) F.
repartie, 'a reply;' Cot. Orig. fem. of
reparti, pp. of M. F. repartir, to re-divide,
to answer thrust with thrust, to reply. — F.
re-, again ; partir, to part, also to mshf
dart off, burst out laughing. — L. re-,
again ; partfre, to share, from parti-, for
pars, a part. See Fart.
Sepaatfameal. (F.— L.) 0,F,' repast,
later repas.^L. re-, again; pasium, ace.
oipastus, food, from pascere, to feed% See
Faator.
Sepay. (F. - L.) O. F. repaier, - O. F.
re- (L. re-), back; pcuer, to pay; see
Fay.
Sepeal. (F.-L.) Altered from O. F.
rapeter, F, rappeler, to repeal.— O. F. re-
(L. re-) ; apeler, later appeler, to appeal.
See Appeal. Repeal^ re-appeal,
Sepeat. (F. — L.) Formerly r^/^.-
M. F. repeter, Cot. — L. repttere, to attack
443
REPEL
a^itii reseeki repeat. * L. nf-^ again ; peiert^
to attack; see Petition. Der. rtptl-U-
&ep#l. (L.) L. rep$ilerty to drive back.
wL. rt-i back; ptlltrt^ to drive,; see
Pulse. Der. rtpmUt^ from pp. repulsus,
Sap^ati to rue. (F.-L.) F. reptnHr^
to repent. i»L. re-^ again; pagftitfrt, to
cause to repent ; see Penitent.
B«p«rouSiioa. (L.) From Be- and
Perouaaion.
B«p«rtor3r»atreaBur^. (F.>L.) M.F.
rtperioin.^h. rspertffrwmf an inventory.
*L. repertoTi a finder, discoverer. « L.
n^ferfre, to find out. *L. n-, again ; parfre
(£nnias), usually partrt^ to produce ; see
Parent.
Sepill^. (L.) Compounded of L. rt-^
aeain ; and/tW, to fret ; see Pine (a).
RtplftOe. (F.-L.iiM</Gk.) Fromrv-
(F. rt^^ L. rt'\ again ; and Place.
Bepltnisk. (F.-L.) O.y.rtpltnUs-y
stem of pres. pt. of rtpUnir^ to fill up
again ; now obsolete. «L. rt-^ again ; Late
L. ^plenlrt^ to fill, from L. plhius^ full.
r«pl«te|full. (F.-L.) M. F. rff^/^/,
masc. ; repleH^ fem., full.«>L. repiitust
filled up ; pp. of rt-piirt^ to fill again. •• L.
re-, again ; plirey to fill ; see Plenary.
&«pl#T7i to get back detained goods
on a pledge to try the tight in a suit. (F.
-Teut.) F. re- (L. fv-)» again; O. F.
pleviry to be surety. See Pledge.
Beply. (F. -. L.) M. E. repHen. -
O. F. repiiery the old form afterwards re-
placed by the * learned * form r^pliquer^ to
reply. mL. repiudreflii, to fold oack ; as a
law term, to reply. « L. r»-, back ; piicdre^
to fold. Der. replicat a repetition ; from
Ital. replka^ a sb. due to L. repiuare, to
repeat, reply.
JMPOrt. (F.-L.) M.E.rtporten.^'P.
repoHer^ to carry back. « L. reportdre^
to carry back.»L. r^-, back; pcridre^ to
carry; see Port (i). The £. sense *to
relate* is due to F. rappcrter, O. F.
raporter ; with prefix m- < L. nfW.
MpOM. (F. ~ L. and Gk.) F. reposer^
to rest, pause ; Late L. repausdre^ to pause,
rest. — L. re-t again ; pausdre^ to pause,
from pamat sb., due to Gk. iraCtrir, a pause.
^ Important ; this is the verb which seems
to have given rise to poser and its com*
pounds. See Poae.
A«p0Sit0VJi a storehouse. (F.-L.)
M. F. repositoire^ a storehouse. «• L. reposi-
tdrium ^L, repositus^ pp. of repdmre^ to
REPTILE
lay up, store. i-L. re-y again ; /A^ri?, to
place ; see Position.
&epreli«nd, to reprove. (L.) L. re-
preAeptderey to hold back, check, blame. «•
L. fv-, back ; prehenderty to seise, to hold.
See Prehenaile.
BtpMMat. (F.-L.) O.F. repre-
senter.'^L, reprasentdre, to bring before
again, exhibit. * L. re-, again ; prxsentdrey
to present; see Present (a).
BtpreM. (F.-L.) From F. rr-,
again, and presser^ to press ; but used with
sense of L. reprimere (pp. repressus) to
press back, check. » L. re-^ back ; premere,
topress : see Press.
MpmT«, vb. (F.-L.) [A doublet
of reprove*} M. £. repreven, to reprove,
reject, disallow ; to reprieve a sentence is
to disallow it. --O. F. reprettvey 5rd ores,
sing, indie, of reprover (F. riprouver)^ to
reprove; see Beprove« Cf. Schwan, §
34«(4).
Mprimaad. (F. -. L.) F. riprimande,
foi merly reprimende^ < a reproof ; * Cot. *
L. reprimendoy a thing that ought to be
repressed ; hence, a check. Fem. of the
gerundive of nprimere, to repress; see
Repress.
&«|pri«ftl. (,F.~Ilal.-L.) M. F. nf-
fresatlUy a taking or seislnff on, a reprisal.
The change of vowel Is due to obs. verb
reprise^ to seise in return ; from F. repris,
pp. of reprendre < L. reprehenderey (here)
to seise a^ain.] * Ital. ripresagiiat booty. »
M. Ital. rtpresa, a taking again ; fem. of ft-
preso, pp. of riprendertt to reprehend, also
to retaxe. * L. reprekendere, to seise again,
also, to reprehend ; sec Beprehend.
Beproaok. (F.~L.) F. reprocher^ to
reproach. Cf. Span, reprochar^ Prov. re-
tropchary to reproach ; answering to Late
L. ^repropidre^ to bring near to, impute
to, reproach. *L. rv-, again; fropuusy
nearer, comp. oi prope^ near. Sec Pro-
pinquity. % A translation of L. obicere
{objicere), to bring near or cast before one,
to reproach.
lUprobatt. (L.) L. reproddtus, re-
proved, rejected ; pp. of reprobdrey to reject
upon trial. *L. rtf>, back; proddre, to test
See Probable.
reprove. (F.-L.) M. E. reprwen^
also repreven.^O. F. reprover (F. r^prou-
ver\ to reprove, condemn. — L. reptibdre^
to reject, reprove f above).
Aaptil^i crawling; usually, a» a sb.
(F.-L.) F.nf//t7^, 'crawling;* Cot.*L.
44«|
RENAISSANCE
stem of miinuSf a gift, also, an office. See
Municipal.
Benaissaaoe, revival of learniog.
(F. — L.) M. F. renaissance f 'a new birth/
Cot — L. re-, again ; nascentia, birth, from
nascent-f stem of pres. pt. of nasci, to be
born. See Natal.
Benal. (F. - L.) M. F. renal, - L.
rindlisy adj. ; from rinis, s. pL, reins. See
Beins.
Senard; seeBeynard.
Benconnter, Beneontre. (F.-
L.) F. rencontre, a meeting. — F. rencon-
trery to meet. — F. r^-, again; encontrer,
to meet, encounter ; see Encounter.
Rand. (£.) M. £. renden. A. S.
rendan, to cnt or tear.'^O. Fries. rencUi,
to tear ; North Fr. renne, ranne, to tear
apart Der. rent, sb., from pp. rent.
Sender. (F.-L.) M.E.rendren.^F,
rendre.^h. reddere^ to give back.— L.
red'^ back ; dare, to give; see Date (i).
rendeiTOns. (F.~L.) Y. rendezvous,
'a rendevousy place appointed for the
assemblie of souldiers ; Cot — F. rendez
vous<,1j. reddite uds, render yoarselves;
imperative pi. of reddere (above).
Benegade, Benegado. (Span. - L. )
Span, renegado, an apostate, one who has
denied the faith ; orig. pp. of renegar, to
forsake the faith. — L. re-, again ; negdre,
to deny. See Negation.
Benew. (L. and £.) From L. re-,
again ; and £. new,
Bennet (i), the prepared inner mem-
brane of a calf's stomach, used to make
milk coagulate. (£.) M. £. renet\ from
M. £. rennen, to run ; prov. £. run, to
congeal, coagulate. See Bun. Hence
rennet is also called runnet (Pegge's Ken-
ticisms) ; also eming (Derbyshire), from
A. S. iman, to run. So abo M. Du. rinsel^
runsel, renninge, * curds, or milk-runnet,'
from rinnen, * to presse, curdle; ' Hexham.
Cf. G. rinnen, to run, curdle, coagulate.
Bennet (2 ) , a sweet kind of apple. (F.
— L.) Formerly spelt r^mi/^, from an odd
notion that it was derived from L. rendtus,
bom again I — F. reinette, rainette, a rennet ;
the same as rainettCy a little frog ; from
the speckled skin. Dimin. of F. raine, a
frog. — L. rana, a frog. Cf. Banunoulua.
BenOTince. (F. — L. ) F. renoncer. —
L. renuntidre, to bring back a report, also
to disclaim, renounce. — L. re-, back,
again ; nuntidre, to tell, bring news, from
nuntius, a messenger. See Nuncio.
REPEAT
Der. renutuicd-ion, F. rentmcicUi^^ from
L. pp. renuntidtus,
Benovate. (L.) Yrom L,renoudius,
pp. of renoudre, to renew. —L. re-, again ;
noudre, to make new, from nouus, new.
See Novel.
Benow^, fame. (F. ~ L.) M. £.
renoun.^A. F. renoun, renun; O. F.
renon (12th cent.). [Cf. Port, rename,
Span, renombre, renown.] — O. F. renomer,
to make famous.— L. re-, again; ndmi-
ndre, to name, from ndmen, a name ; see
Noun.
Bent (i), a tear; see Bend.
Bent (2)) annual payment. (F.^L.)
M. £. rente. — F. rente. [Cf. Ital. rendita,
rent.] — Late L. rendita, nasalised form of
L. reddita, fem. of pp. of reddere, to render;
see Bender.
Bennnoiation. (F. ~ L.) M. F. re-
nonciatiofiy * renunciation ; ' Cot. — L. ace.
renuntidtionem, prop, an announcement.
— L. renuntidt'Us, pp. of renuntidre, orig.
to announce ; see Benounce.
Bepair (i), to restore, amend. (F.— L.)
M. F. reparer.^L,. re/ardre, to recover,
repair, make ready anew.— L. re-, again;
pardre, to get ready; see Fare. Der.
repar-able, M. F. reparabU^ X^. W4pearMlis\
repar-at'ion, M. F. reparation.
Aepair (2), to resort to. (F. - L.) M. F.
repairer, to haunt ; Cot. Older form re-
pairier (Burguy). — L. repatridre, to repair
to one's own country. — L. r«-, back ; pcUria,
native country, from pcdri-^ for peder, a
father.
Bepartee, a witty reply. (F.-L.) F.
repartie, *a reply;' Cot Orig. fem. of
reparti, pp. of M. F. repartir, to re-divide,
to answer thrust with thrust, to reply. — F.
re-t again ; partir, to part, also to rush,
dart off, burst out laughing. — L. re-,
again ; partire, to share, from parti-, for
pars^ a part. See Part.
Bepastfameal. (F.— L.) 0,¥.' repast,
later repas.'^'L. re-, again; pasiutn, ace.
of pastuSy food, from pascere, to feed« See
Pastor.
Bepay. (F.-L.) O.F. repaier,^0. F.
re- (L. re-), back; paier, to pay; see
Pay.
Bepeal. (F.-L.) Altered from O. F.
rapeier, F. rappeler, to repeal. — O. F. re-
(L. re-) ; apeler, later appeler, to appeal.
See Appeal. Repeal = re-appeal,
Bepeat. (F.-L.) Formerly r.^^^.-
M. F. repeter, Cot.»L« repetere, to attack
443
REPEL
REPTILE
again, reseek, repeat. — L. fr-, again ; petere^
to attack; see Petition. Der. repei-it-
ion,
SepeL (L.) L. repellerCy to drive back.
»L. r^-y back; pellere, to drive; see
Pulse. Der. repulse, from pp. repiilsus,
Sepentitorne. (F.— L.) Y.repentir,
to repent.— L. re-, again; pcenitere, to
cause to repent ; see Penitent.
BeperoiUlfldon. (L.) From Be- and
Peroumion.
Bepertory,atreasiiiy. (F.-L.) M.F.
repertoire. '^h. repert^um, an inventory.
— L. repertory a finder, discoverer. — L.
reperite, to find out. — L. re-^ again ; parire
(Ennins), usually parere, to produce ; see
Parent.
Hepine. (L.) Compounded of L. re-,
again ; and pine, to fret ; see Pine (a).
iteplace. (F.-L.am/Gk.) Fromfv-
(F. re', L. re-), again ; and Plaoe.
Bepleniflh. (F.-L.) 0,F. repleniss-,
stem of pres. pt of replenir, to fill up
again ; now obsolete. —L. re-, again ; Late
L. *p/entre, to fill, from 'L.plenus, full.
replete, fulL (F.-L.) M.F. replet,
masc. ; replete, fern., full. — L. repUtus,
filled up ; pp. of re-plere, to fill again. — L.
re^. again ; plere, to fill ; see Plenary.
S^plevyi to get back detained goods
on a pledge to try the right in a suit. (F.
-Teut.) F. re- (L. re-), again; O.F.
plevir, to be surety. See Pledge.
Beply- (F. - L.) M. E. replien. -
O. F. replier, the old form afterwards re-
placed by the * learned ' form r4pliquer, to
reply.— L. replicdre,VL\,. to fold back ; as a
law term, to reply. — L. re-, back ; plicdre,
to fold. Der. replica, a repetition ; from
Ital. replica, a sb. due to L. replicdre, to
repeat, reply.
SepOXt. (F.-L.) M.E. reporten.^F.
reporter, to cariy back. — L. reportdre,
to carry back.— L. re-, back; portdre, to
carry; see Port (i). The E. sense 'to
relate* is due to F. rapporter, O. F.
raporter ; with prefix ra- < L. re-ad.
Aepoee. (F.-L. aiuf Gk.) F. reposer,
to rest, pause ; Late L. repausdre, to pause,
rest. — L. re-, again ; pausdre, to pause,
fxom. pausa, sb., due to Gk. iroScrir, a pause.
% Important ; this is the verb which seems
to have given rise to poser and its com-
pounds. See Pose.
Bepositexy, a storehouse. (F.-L.)
M. F. repositoire, a storehouse. — L. reposi-
tdrium. — L. repositus, pp. of repdnere, to
lay up, store. — L. re-, again ; psnere, to
place ; see Position.
Beprehend, to reprove. (L.) L. re-
prehendere, to hold back, check, blame.—
L. re-, back; prehendere, to seize, to hold.
See Prehensile.
Bepresent. (F.-L.) O.F. repre-
senter,<m'L. reprasentdre, to bring before
again, exhibit.— L. re-, SLgsiin; prasentdre,
to present; see Present (2).
MpresS. (F.-L.) From F. re-,
again, and presser^ to press ; but used with
sense of L. reprimere (pp. repressus) to
press back, check. — L. re-, back ; premerc,
to press ; see Press.
aeprieTef vb. (F.-L.) [A doublet
of reprove.^ M. £. repreven, to reprove,
reject, disallow ; to reprieve a sentence is
to disallow it. — O. F. repreuve, 3rd pres.
sing, indie, of reprover (F. riprouiver), to
reprove; see Beprove. Cf. Schwan, %
34«(4). .
Bepnmand. (F.-L.) F .riprimande,
formerly reprimende, * a reproof ; * Cot. —
L. reprimende^ a thing that ought to be
repressed ; hence, a check. Fem. of the
gerundive of reprimere, to repress; see
Bepress.
Beprisal. (F.-Ital.-L.) U.F.re-
presatlle, a taking or seizing on, a reprisal.
[The change of vowel is due to obs. verb
reprise, to seize in return ; from F. repris^
pp. of reprendre < L. reprehendere, (here)
to seize again.] — Ital. ripresagiia, booty. —
M. Ital. ripresa, a taking again ; fem. of ri-
preso, pp. of riprendere, to reprehend, also
to retaice. — L. reprehendere, to seize again,
also, to reprehend ; see Beprehend.
Beproach. (F.-L.) F. reprocher, to
reproach. Cf. Span, reprochar, Prov. re-
propchar, to reproach ; answering to Late
L. *repropidre, to bring near to, impute
to, reproach. — L. re-, again; propuus^
nearer, comp. of prope, near. See Pro-
pinquity. % A translation of L. obicere
{pbjicere\ to bring near or cast before one,
to reproach.
Beprobate. (L.) L. reprobdtus, xc-
proved, rejected ; pp. of reprobdre, to reject
upon trial.— L. re-, back; probdre, to test
See Probable.
reprove. (F.-L.) M. E. reproven,
also repreven.^0. F. reprover (F. riprou-
ver), to reprove, condemn. — L. reprobdre,
to reject, reprove (above).
Beptilei crawling; usually, as a sb.
(F.-L.) F.r^//i7^,* crawling;* Cot.-L.
443
PRECEPT
Precept. (F.-L.) O.F. precept.^
\j, praceptum^ a prescribed rule, 'mh.pra*
cep/us, pp. of pradpere, to take before-
hand, give rules. -iL./r(E7, before; capere,
to take. Der. precept-or.
Precinct. (L.) Late L^pradnctum,
a boundary. — L. pracinctus, pp. of pra-
cingerey to gird about. — L. pra, in front ;
cingere. to gird. See Oinoture.
lE^reciouS. (F.-L.) O.F. precieus
(F. pricieux) . — L. pretidsus, valuable. — L.
prettunii price, value. See Fxice.
Precipice. (F.-L.) Y. pridpice.^
L. pradpitium, a falling headlong down ;
a precipice. — L. pradpit-, decl. stem of
praceps, headlong. — L. pra^ before ; and
capit; decl. stem of caputs head. Der.
predpitate, from L. pradpitdre, to cast
headlong.
Precise. (F.-L.) O. F. /^-^aV, strict.
— L. pracisus, cut off, concise, strict ; pp.
oi praddere, to cut off. — L./r(tr, in front ;
cadere, to cut. See OsBsura.
Preclude. (L.) L. pradudere, to
shut off, hinder access to. — L. pra^ in
front ; claudere (pp. diisus), to shut. Der.
precluS'ion, from the ^p. pradiisus, Cf.
Conclude.
PreCOCiOTUI. (L.) Coined (with suffix
-ous) from h.pracod-, decl. stem ofpracox,
prematurely ripe. — h.pra^ before ; co^uere,
to cook, to ripen. See Cook.
Precursor. (L.) L. pracursor, a
forerunner. — L. pra, before ; cursory a
runner, from curS'US, pp. of currere^ to
run. See Current.
Predatory, given to plundering. (L.)
L. praddtdriuSy plundering. — L. praddtor,
a i)lunderer. — L. praddri^ to plunder. — L.
prceda^ booty, p. Prada — ^prahed-a^
that which is seized beforehand; from
pr(By before, and hed-, base of 'hemUre, to
seize, get, cognate with get\ see Qet.
{^tXsoprendere^pre-hendere.) 7. Irish
spreidh, cattle, W. praidd, flock, herd,
booty, prey, are from L. prada.
Predecessor. (U) L. pradicessor.
— L. pra, before ; dicessor, one who retires
from an office, from decessus, pp. of deced-
ere, to depart. — L. de, from ; cidere, to go.
See Cede.
Predicate. (L.) From pp. oi pro-
dicdre, to publish, proclaim, declare. — L.
pray before; dicdre, to tell, publish, allied
to dicere, to say. See Diction.
predicament. (L.) l.,praduafnen'
turn, a term in logic, one of the most
PRELIMINARY
general classes into which things cat
CLvnditd. ^"L, pradicdre, to declare (abi
Predict. (L.) L. pradictus, pj
pradicere, to say beforehand, foretell.
pra, before ; dicere, to say. See Did
Predilection, a choosing beforeh
(L.) From L. pra, before; diU
choice, from diligere, to choose;
Diligent.
PrefiEUSe. (F.-L.) 0,Y, prefia
L. prafdtio, a preface. *^ L. praft
spoken before, pp. of prafarl, to si
before. — L. pra, before, Jdri, to sj
See Fate.
Prefect, a governor. (F.-L.) ^
prefect, - O. F. prefect (F. prifet), .
prafectus, one set over others ; pp. of
ficere, to set before. — L. pra-, bei
facere, to make, set. See Fact.
Prefer. (F.-L.) 0,Y.preferer.
praferre, to set in front, prefer. •■L.
before ; ferre, to bear, set See Fert
Preftspure. (F.-L.) FromPre-
Figure.
Pregnant, fruitful, with child. (
L.) M. F. pregnant, * pregnant, pit
Cot. « L. pragnantem, ace. of pragf
pregnant. Pragnans has the form
pres. part, of an obs. verb *pragndr
be before a birth, to be about to her
L. pra, before ; *gndre, to bear, of w
the pp. gndtus or ndtus is used as thf
of the inceptive infin. nasd, to be b
See NataL
Prehensile, adapted for grasps
(L.) Coined with suffix "tie (L. -
from L. prehens-MSy pp. of prehefu
prendere, to lay hold oimml,. pra, beK.^
obsolete -hendere, to grasp, cognate
£. Q>et, q. v.
Prejudge. (F.-L.) O.F. prefu
'^h. praiadudre, to judge beforehaui^
L. pra, before; iiidicdre, to judge, \
iudic-y stem of iudex, i, judge.
Judge.
vrcdndice. (F.-L.) O.Y.preju.
^L.. praiiididum, a judicial examinai
previous to a trial, also a prejudice.*
pray before; iudidum, judgment, 1
iudic', stem of iudex y a judge. *
Prelate, & church dignitary. (F.-
O.F. prelat.^'L. praldtus, set aK
used as p{). of praferre, to prefer
from a different root) — L. pra, hci
idtus, borne, set, pp. oitollere, to liftf L
See Tolerate.
Prelininaryy introdnctoxy. (F»«-
¥^
PRELUDE ^rS'?£
Coinedfroin/r<.,pfcfii,brfon;udM.F. hrz« O •*-i ^
/wwm, 'set before the tttiT of. (Jtci. at-r- t". ^ -^ • -
catory,' Cot Fron L/r„^ \tim; a: b.il '^ " *" **'
limindrii, adj, comicg it tlie Iw^- ^r moB^nte
or threshokL-L. i/«,i,. ao, o:,;««. L^^Ti^TT **' '
threshold. Seelimit J^;'; ^ »•»-.•. • *
•* •
— r two iiaj wn3i.o r - ^^
«-•* Urn ,.L ^,*^ - ■-' i'^- :-rr. » - , ^ ,
^\^tim:tl"-' '■:■'■ - •"-■■"I ',:'^' -''
£. . "'•■ Deiorr ir. ' -> • " t
• • *^- tor A,„ ^^- ;.
'-i^-:*^^ mr:T:'\ '^■■- ^^ - - ' *
» .. -. *r •*• r — " •- -
DCUTOR
. forth ; genus f kin. See
Dresage. (F. — L. — Gk.)
Cot. — 'L,progndsticon,
'/, a token of the future.
; yvejariKSsf good at
DStio.
'rogram. (F.-L.-
if from Y. programme ;
? (1706), from L,pro-
pafJifM, a public notice
, beforehand ; ypd/Afia,
€iv, to write.
ncement. (F. — L.)
r^s) . — L. pr^gressum,
1 advance. — L. prd-
diy to go forward. —
iTodif to walk. See
k. (L.) From L.
hire, to hold before
prohibit. — L. pro,
lave, keep. See
(F.-L.) M.F.
iect, purpose. — L.
ctus, pp. oi pro-
forth ; hence (in
.*mL. pro, forth;
I).
the direction of
'Idtus, extendecf.
carried, pp. of
'olerate.
(L.-Gk.) L.
. a taking be-
X^^tr, a seiz-
XafAfidvtiVy to
of the lowest
aicing children.
, one who served
s children only.
low).
\prolifique, fruit-
.em of proles, off-
facere, to make.
= pro-oles, from pro,
re, to grow, whence
grow up; cf. sub-oles,
'At.
F. prolixe, — L. pro-
\ * that which has
nd bounds; from
ui, to flow. Cf.
quid.
Tnan of a con-
PRESS
preside, govern. — L. prasidSre^ to sit be-
fore, preside over.— L. pra^ in front;
sederey to sit. See Sedentary.
Press (0) to squeeze. (F.— L.) M. E.
pressen, — ¥,press€r. •^'L.press&reSref^tai.
of premere {Y>p, pressus), to i>res&, Der.
press, sb. : press-ure,
PrOM (^)) ^o hire men for service, make
men serve as sailors, &c. (F.— L.) Press
is a corruption of the old word prest,
ready; yrheact prest-tnoney, ready money
advanced to a man hired for service,
earnest money ; also imprest, a verb (now
impress), to give a man earnest money.
When it became conunon to use compul-
sion io force men into service, it was con-
fused with the verb to press, Prest money
was money Xtoi.^O.'F , prester {¥ . priter),
to lend, advance money. — L. prastdre^ to
stand forth, come forward, furnish, offer,
give.— L. /r^, in front; st&re, to stand.
See State. Der. press-gang^ im-press,
im-press-ment.
Prestige. (F.— L.) F. prestige, an
illusion, fascination, influence due to fame.
— L. prcestigium, a deception, illusion,
jugglery. For *prcestrigium, the 2nd r
being lost (Brug. i. § /fi'^^^X,. prastring-
ere, to bind fast, to dull, dim, blind. — L.
prce, before; stringere, to bind. See
Stringent.
Presume. (F.— L.) M. K. presufften.
— O. F. presumer. — L, prasUnure, to take
beforehand, presume, imagine. — L. prce,
before; sumere, to take; see Assume.
Der. presumpt-ion, &c. (from the pp.
prcesumpt-tts).
Pretend. (F.-L.) O.Y. pretendre.
— L. prcetendere, to spread before, hold
out as an excuse, allege, pretend. —L. pra,
before; tender e, to stretch. See Tend (i).
Der. pretence, misspelt for pretense (O. F.
pretensse, f., Godefroy), from the fem. of
Late L. prcetensus, used for L. prcetentus^
pp. of prcetendere.
jPreter^y prefix. (L.) L. prceter, be-
yond ; comparative form of prce, before ;
see Pre-.
Preterite. (F.-L.) U.E, preteHt,
— O. K. preterit, m., preterite, fem. — L.
prceteritus, pp. oi prceterire, to pass by.—
L. prceter, beyond ; ire, to go.
Pretermit, to omit. (L.) L. prceter-
mittere, to allow to go past. — L. prceter,
beyond; mittere, to send. See Missile.
Der. pretemiiss-ion, from the pp.
Preternatural. (L.) From la,prater,
4
PRIDE
beyond; and natural^ adj., from nature^
See Nature.
Pretext. (F.-L.) 'bil,Y,pretexte,^
pretext, '^ L, prcBtextum, a pretext; orig.
neut. oiprcetextus, pp. oi prcetexere^ lit. to
weave in front. — L. prce, in front ; texere,
to weave. See Text.
Pretty. (E.) l/i,E. prati; A,S.pra-
iigy Prattig, pcetig, orig. deceitful, tricky;
hence clever, cunning, the usual M. £.
sense. Formed with suffix -ig from A. S.
prcet, deceit, trickery. Cf. Lowl. Sc. prcUty,
pretty, tricky, ixomprat, a trick (G. Doug-
las).+Icel.j>r^//r, a trick ; pretta, to cheat;
E. Fries, pht, a trick, prettig,]oco^y droll,
pleasant ; M. Du. pratte, perte, Du. part,
a trick, deceit. Of uncertain origin.
Prevail. (F. - L.) O. F. prevail, i p.
pr. oiprevaloir, to prevail.— L. prceuaHre,
to have great power. — L. prce, before, ex-
cessively ; ualere, to be strong. See Valid.
Der. prevalent^ from L. prcetuUent-^ stem
of pres. pt. oi prcBualere, to prevail.
Prevaricate. (L.) From pp. of L.
prceudricdrt, to straddle, hence to swerve,
shuffle, shift, quibble. — L. /n;, before, ex-
cessively ; uariC'Us, straddling, from udrus,
crooked. See Varicose.
Prevent. (L.) The old meaning was
* to go before * ; cf. M. F. prevenir, * to pre-
vent, anticipate, forestall;' Cot.— L. /fve-
uent'Us, pp. of prceuenire, to go before. —
L. prce, before ; uenire, to come. See
Venture.
Previous. (L.) L. prceui-us, on the
way before, going before ; with suffix -ous.
— L. prce, before ; uia, a way.
Prey, sb. (F. - L.) A. F. preU (F.
proie) . — L. prceda, prey. See Predatory.
'Dev,f>reyj vb.
Pnal| three of a sort, at cards. (F. — L.)
A contraction oi pair-royal -, (see Nares).
Price. (F.-L.) M.E. pris. ^'O.F.
pris, also spelt preis, price, value, merit.—
L. pretium, price. See Precious.
Prick. (E.) M. E. prikke, prike, sb.
A. S. pricti, prica, a point, prick, dot;
prician, to prick. + M. Du. prick, Du.
prik, a prickle ; Dan. prik, Swed. prick,
a dot, mark; E. Fries., Low G. prik.
Also Du., E. Fries., Low G. prikken^ to
prick ; Dan. prikke, Swed. pricka, to dot.
From a Teut. base *prik, to prick, dot.
Der. prick, vb. ; prick-le, sb., from A. S.
pricel.
Pride. (F.-L.) Vi.K. pride, prude.
A. S. pryte, pride ; regularly formed ;by
lo
PRIEST
PRISON
the usual chaoge from u to y) from A. S.
/rw/, proud, of F. origin. See Proud.
Priest. (L. - Gk.) M. E. p-eesf ; A. S.
preost. Contracted (like O. F. prestre, O.
Sax-prestar, (j,priester) from Y,. presbyter,
Cf. ^ Pr ester John! See Presbyter.
% Abnormal ; perhaps presbyter was ap-
])rehended as ^prebyster.
Pri^ (i), to steal. (E.) Cant prygge, to
ride, nde off with a horse which a man has
to take care of; prigger of prauncers, a
horse-stealer ; see Harman*s Caveat, pp.
42, 43, and p. 84, col. 3. Modification of
prick, to spur, to ride ; Spenser, F. Q. i.
J. I. See Prick.
PriflT (2), a pert, pragmatical fellow.
(£.) From the verb to prick y in the sense
to trim, adorn, dress up. Lowl. Sc. prig-
me-daintyy prick-me-aaintyf a prig. See
above.
Prinifneat. (F.— L.) O.F./rtm, masc.,
prinUy fem., prime, forward, also prime^
masc. and fem., thin, slender, small, as che-
veux primes f * smooth or delicate hair ; *
Cot. The sense is first-grown, small, deli-
cate. »L. primus, first (below). % The
word was perhaps confused yrith prink, to
deck ; see Prank.
prime (0, first, chief. (F. — L.) F.
pnme, properly ' prime,' the first canonical
bour. — L. prima, fem. of primus ^ first.
Primus is for *prismus, and is relaled to
priS'Cus, ancient, pris-tinus, primitive,
and to prius, adv., former. Brugm. ii.
% 165. Cf. A. S. for-ma, first, from fore
(see Former) ; Gk. vpw-ros, first, from
vp6 ; Skt. pra-ta-mct-, first. Der. prim-
ary; prim-ate, O. F. primat, L. ace. prim-
dtem, iiomprimds, a chief man.
prime (3)) to make a gun quite ready.
^FT— L.) Cf. prime J to trim trees ; prime,
first position in fencing ; and esp. the phr.
'to put into /r*V/i^ order.* A peculiar use
oi prime (i).
nrimero, an old game at cards. (Span.
— L.) Span, primero, lit. * first.' — L. pri-
mdrius, chief; see Premier.
primeval. (L.) Coined from L./rf;m-
us, first; (EU-um, age ; with suffix -al\ cf.
L. primauus, primeval.
primitiTe. (F. — L.) F. primitif. —
L. primittuus, earliest of its kind. — L.
primit-us, adv., for the first time.— L.
primus, first.
primogeniture. (F.-L.) M. Y. pri-
mogeniture, * the being eldest ; * Cot. — L.
printogenituSf first-bom.— L. primo-, for
primus, first ; genitus,^^^. of gignere (base
gen-), to beget, produce ; see Oenus.
primordial, original. (F.-L.) F.
pnmordicU.'^'L. prfmordidlis, original.—
L. primordium, origin. — L. prim-us, first ;
ordiri, to begin, allied to ordo, order.
primrose. (F.— L.) As if from F.
prime rose, first rose; L. prima rosa.
Such is the popular etymology ; but, his-
torically, primrose is a substitution for
M. £. primerole, a primrose. Dimin. of
Late lu. primula, a primrose (still preserved
in Span, primula, the same). Again,
primula is a derivative of primus, first
^ Thus the word rose^M only associated
with primrose by a popular blunder.
prince. (F.— L.) ¥. prince. ^^'L.pnn-
cipem, ace. oiprincepSt a chief, lit. ' taking
the first place.' — L. prin-, for prim-us,
first ; capere, to take ; see Cspitid.
principal. (F.-L.) ¥, principal, »
L,. princip&lis, chief. — L./rin^]^-, stem of
princeps, a chief (above).
principle. (F . - L.) The / is an £.
addition, as in syllable, ^Y, principe, a
principle, maxim; orig. beginning.— L.
princtpium, a beginning.— L. princip-,
stem of princeps, taking the first place ;
see prince (above).
Print, sb. (F.-L.) M.E. printe,
prente, preinte ; short for empreinte, bor-
rowed from M. F. empreinte, ' a stamp,
print ; ' Cot. See Imprint. Der. print,
vb. ; re-print.
Prior (i), former. (L.) L. prior,
former. U&ed as comparative of the su-
perl. primus ; see Prime.
pnor (2), head of a priory. (F.— L.)
M. E. priour.^K, F. priour ; F. prieur,
— L. priffrem, ace. oi prior, former, hence,
a superior ; see above.
Prise, Prise, a lever. (F.-L.) 'Prise,
a lever ; * Halliwell. Hence * to prise oi^en
a box,' or corruptly, * to /ry open.' — F.
prise, a grasp, tight hold (hence, leverage).
Orig. fem. of pris, pp. of prendre, to
grasp.— L. prehendere, to grasp. See
Prehensile.
Prism. (L. — Gk.) L. prisma. — Gk.
vfuafjia (stem rrpifffiar-), a prism ; lit. a
piece sawn off. — Gk. irp/civ, for *npiafiyf
to saw. (Gk. ^vpis,) Der. prismat-ic.
Prison. (F.-L.) O.F. pnsun, F.
prison; cf. Ital. prigione, a prison. — L.
2i.GZ, prensidnem, ace. oiprensio, a seizing,
seizure. ^L, prensus, for prehensus, pp. of
prehendere, to seize. See Prehensile.
4"
PRISTINE
Pristine, ancient. (F. - L.) M. F.
pristine, ^L,. prisHnus, ancient; allied to
h^pris-cuSf former, and to prime (i).
nivate. (L.) L./««««j, apart; pp.
of prfuAref to bereave, i- L. priuus, single ;
lit. put forward, sundered from the rest.
Privet, a shrub. (F. ? - L. ?) Privet
seems to be a corruption oiprimett which
also means a primrose ; confusion between
the plants arose from the L. iipistrumheing
applied to both. We also find, for privet,
the name.s prim^ primprinty primprivet ;
where print is short for priniet {prim*t)y
and primprint stands for prim-prim^et.
Prob. named from being formally cut and
trimmed ; cf. prinu^ to cut trees (Halli-
well). See Prim and Prime (i). Primet,
a primrose, is likewise from prime.
Privilege. (F.-L.) 6, Y, privilege,
— L. priuuegiumt (i) a bill against a
person, (a) an ordinance in favour of one,
a privilege. — L. priui-, for prtuuSf single ;
lig', stem of lex, law.
privy, private. (F. - L.) O. F. prive
(F. priv/), private. - L. prtudtus, private ;
see Private.
Prise (Oi tL thing captured from the
enemy or won in a lottery. (F.— L.) F.
prise J a seizure, also, a prize ; see Prise.
Prise (a), to value highly. (F.— L.)
M. E. prisen. — F. priser, to esteem. — O. F.
pris (F. prix)y a price, value. — L. pretium,
value. See Price.
Prise (3)1 the same as Prise.
Pro-, prefix. (L.<wGk.;<>rF. -L.) L.
pro-y prefix, before ; cf. also prff ( «= prdd)^
an abi. form, used as a prep. Also Gk.
irpo-, prefix ; rtftS^ prep., before ; cf. Skt.
pra, before, away. See pre-,, prefix ; /W-
or,, pri'MCy pri-vate^ proWtPro-vost, &c.
Proa, Proe, Prow, Prau, a small
ship. (Malay.) Malay prdhUy prdUy a
general term ior small ships.
Probable. (F.-L.) t'.prodadle.^h.
probdbiliSf that may be proved. •• L. pro-
bdret to test, prove, orig. to try the
goodness. "-L. probus, good, excellent.
See Prove.
probation. (F.-L.) Y. probation.
— L. ace. prob&tidnentt a trial, proof. — L.
probStuSi pp. oiprobdre, to test.
probe. (L.) A coined word ; cf. Late
L. proba^ a proof. — L. prob&re^ to test ; see
above.
probity. (F.— L.) F./r^W//, honesty.
— la, probittltentt ace. ofprobitds, honesty, »
L. probusj honest, excellent.
PRODIQY
Problem. (F.-L.-Gk.) O.F./w-
bleme ; F. problime. — L. problima. — Gk.
npSfikrffULf a thing thrown forward, or put
forward as a question for discussion. — Gk.
vp6, forward ; $K^/*a, a casting, from fiiK-
Xciv, to cast.
Proboscis. (L.-Gk.) L, proboscis.^
Gk. wfiofioffKis, an elephant's trunk or
' feeder.' — Gk. vp6, in front; fi6<rie€iVf to
feed ; see Botany.
Proceed. (F.-L.) 0,F. proceder.^m
L. procldere, to go forward. — L.prOj before ;
cedere^ to go. See Cede. Der. process
(mod. F. proch) ; process-ion.
Proclaim. (F.— L.) F. proclamer,
' to prodame ; * Cot. — L. procldmdre^ to
call out.— L. prff^ forth; cldmdre, to cry
out. See Claim.
Proclivity. (L.) From L. procH'
uitds, a downward slope, tendency. — L.
prdi/FuuSt sloping forward. — L. prff, for-
ward ; cituuSf a slope. (^KLEL) Cf.
Aoolivity.
Procrastinatev to postpone. ^L.)
From pp. of L. prdcrctsttndre^ to delay,
put off till the morrow. — L. prffy forward,
off; crastinuSf belonging to the morrow,
from crds, morrow.
Procreate. (L.) L. procredtus^ pp.
of procredre, to generate. — L. /w, before,
forth ; credre, to produce. See Create.
Proctor. (L.) M. Y., proketour \ shod
form oi procuratour, — O. F. procurator, —
L. ace. procHrdtdrem ; see Procurator.
Procnmbent, prostrate. (L.) L./rJ^
cumbent', stem of procumbens, pres. pt. of
prffcumberey to sink forwards. — L. prd,
forwards; cumbered to recline, allied to
cubdrey to lie down. See Covey.
Procurator. (L.) L. prffcHrdtory a
manager, deputy. — L. procurdre\ see
below.
procure. (F.-L.) ¥, procurer. ^h,
prdcUrdrey to take care of, manage. — L.
prdy before; cUrdre, to take care, from
cHray care. See Cure.
Prodigal. (F.-L.) O.Y. prodigals
Late Lat. prddigdlis ; due to L. prdaigus,
lavish ; for ^prdd-agus.'^h. prdd-, forth ;
and agere, to do, act. See Agent.
Prodigy. (F.-L.) Englished from F.
prodigey a prodigy, wonder. — h.prddigium,
a token, portent, prophetic sign. /9. Per-
haps for *prSdagtumy i. e. a saying before-
hand, iiom prod {pro) y before, and *agiumy
a saying, as in ad-agium; see Adage.
Brugm. i. | 759.
413
PRODUCE
PROLOCUTOR
Prodxi06| vb. (L.) L. prffdHreref to offspring. »L./fJ-, forth; ^mmj, kin. See
bring forward. * L. prff^ forward ; duceri, Genus.
to lead. See Duke. Der. product- we,
-ion (from the pp. below).
prbduoti sb. fL.) L. prSductus, pro-
dnced ; pp. oi prdducere (above).
Proem. (F.-L.-Gk.) U,Y\proeme,
'a proem, preface ; * Cot. • L,, procemium. —
Gk. irpocifuovt an introduction. — Gk. vp6j
before; oTfioSf a way, path, from •^£I|
to go.
Profkne, impious. (F.— L.) F. pro/ant.
«>L. pro/anus f unholy; lit. before (i.e.
outside of) the temple. — L. /r J, before;
/dnum, a temple.
Profess. (F.-L.) Wc find M. £./«?-
fessed, pp., Englished from 0,Y* profes,
masc, prof esse, fem., professed. — L. pro-
fessusy pp. of profithriy to avow. — L. pre,
forth ; fiueri, to speak ; see Confess.
Proffer. (F. - L.) M. F. proferer, to
produce, adduce. — L. prffferre, to bring
forward. — L. prff^ forward ; ferre^ to bring,
equate with r^^bear. See Bear (i).
Proficient. (L.") L. 'proficient', stem
of pres. pt. oiproficerej to make progress,
advance. — 'L.prff, forward \facere, to make.
See Foot.
Profile. (Ital. -L.) Ital. projilo, a
sketch of a picture, outline (Florio). — L.
fro^ before, in front ; ftlum, a thread (Ital.
flo, thread, line). #^ The mod. Y.profil
is also from IteLl.prq/l/o.
Profit. (F.-L.) M.E,profit,^F,prO'
/it.^L. prlffectum., neut. ^ prdfecius, pp.
oi prifficere, to make progress, be profit-
able. See Profloient.
Profiigate. (L.) L. prfffitgOtus, cast
down, abandoned, dissolute ; pp. oi prdflt-
g&re, to dash down. — L prff, forward;
/i^ere, to strike, dash. See Aflliot.
Profound, deep. (F.-L.) ¥.pro/ond.
— L. profundum, ace. ol profundus, deep,
— "L.prd, forward, hence downward ; fund-
us, bottom, allied to Bottom. "Dw^pro-
fundity, M. l.profmditi,
Prbnisef lavish. (L.) X.. profasus,\i^,
oiprofundere, to pour forth. — L. pro, forth ;
fundere, to pour. See Fuse (i).
Progenitor. (F. — L.') Formerly /r^-
genitour, — M. F,progenUeur, — L.prffgeni-
torem, ace. o{ prdgenitor^ an ancestor.—
L. prff^ before ; genitor, a parent, from the
base of ^^^^, to beget. (^^GEN.) See
Qenui.
progeny. (F.-L.) O.F.progenie,^
L. progenitm, ace. of prdgeniis^ lineage,
PrognostiOf a presage. (F.-L.-Gk.)
M. F.prognostique ; Cot. — h,progn5sticon,
— Gk. irpoyveitoriH6Vf a token of the future.
— Gk. irp6, before; yvcitffnK6sf good at
knowing. See Gnostic.
Programme, Program. (F. - L. -
Gk.) Now spelt as if from ¥. programme ;
formerly programma (1706), from "L, pro-
gramma, — Gk. wp6y/iafAfM, a public notice
in writing. — Gk. vpi, beforehand ; ypd/Afux,
a writing, from ypd<puv, to write.
Progress, advancement. (F. — L.)
M. F. progrez \F,progrh), — L. prffgressum,
ace. oi prdgressus, an advance.— L. prd-
gressus, pp. of progredi, to go forward. —
"L^prd, forward ; and gradt, to walk. See
Grade.
ProMbit, to check. (L.) From L.
prohibitus, pp. of prohibire, to hold before
one, put in one's way, prohibit. — L. /r^,
before ; habire, to have, keep. See
Habit.
Prqjeot, sb., a plan. (F. - L.) M. F.
project (F. projet), a project, purpose. — L.
prlHectum, neut. of prHectus, pp. of prS-
icere {proiicere), to iling forth ; hence (in
Late L.) to purpose, plan.— L./fi?, fortn ;
iacere, to cast. See Jet i^i).
Prolate, extended in the direction of
the polar axis. (L.) L./fiA^^/MJ, extendecf.
— L. pro, forward; lotus, carried, pp. of
toliere, to lift, bear. See Tolerate.
Prolepsis, anticipation. (L.— Gk.) L.
prolepsis, — Gk. m^\fj[^vi, lit. a taking be-
forehand. — Gk. ft fib, before ; X^^tr, a seiz-
ing, from A.i7^-o/iai, fut. of KafAfi&ytiv, to
seize. See Catalepsy.
Proletarian, a citizen of the lowest
class, useful only by producing children.
(L.) From L. proletdrius, one who served
the state by help of his children only.
'^L.prffieSy offspring (below).
prolific. (F.-L.) F,proitfique,fnx\t-
ful. — L. prdli-, decl. stem of prdles, off-
spring; -ficus, from facere, to make.
Perhaps L. prGles « prd-oles, from prd,
before, and *olire, to grow, whence
ad-oiescere^ to grow up; cf. sub-oies,
ind-oies. See Adult.
Prolix. iF. — L.) F , proHxe.^lu, pro-
lixus, extended. Lit. ' that which has
flowed forth ' or beyond bounds ; from
pro, forth, liquire, Ufui, to flow. Cf.
f'iixus, soaked. See Liquid.
Prolocutor, the chairman of a con-
4»3
PRISTINE
Pristine, ancient. (F. — L.) M. F.
pHsiine.^'L' pristinus, ancient; allied to
L.^ris-cuSt former, and to prime (i).
Private. (L.) L./ri«5/«j, apart; pp.
of prtudre, to bereave. — L. priuusy single ;
lit. put forward, sundered from the rest.
Privet, a shrub. ([F. ? - L. ?) Privet
seems to be a corruption oiprimet^ which
also means a primrose ; confusion between
the plants arose from the L. li^fustrumhemg
applied to both. We also find, for privet,
the names prim, primprint, primprivet ;
where print is short for primet {prim*t),
and primprint stands for prim-prim-et.
Prob. named from being formally cut and
trimmed ; cf. prinu^ to cut trees (Halli-
well). See Prim and Prime (i). Primet,
a primrose, is likewise from prime.
Privile^re. (F.-L.) 0,Y,prvoilege.
-iL. priutlegium, (i) a bill against a
person, (3) an ordinance in favour of one,
a privilege. — L. prtui-, (or priuus, single ;
ieg-, stem of leXy law.
privy, private. (F. — L.) O. F. prive
(F.priv/), ^rivvXc^L, priudtus J private;
see Private.
Prize (i)} a thing captured from the
enemy or won in a lottery. (F.— L.) F.
prise, a seizure, also, a prize ; see Prise.
Prize (2), to value highly. (F.— L.)
M. E.pHsen, — F. priser, to esteem. — O. F.
pris (F. prix), a price, value. — L. pretium,
value. See Price.
Prize (3) I the same as Prise.
Pro-, prefix. (L.arGk. ; i>rF. — L.) L.
pro-, prefix, before ; cf. also prd ( = prod),
an abl. form, used as a prep. Also Gk.
wpo-, prefix; ir/xJ, prep., before; cf. Skt.
pra, before, away. See pre-, prefix ; pri-
or, pri-me, pri-vate, prow,pro-vo'stj &c.
Proa, Proe, Prow, Prau, a small
ship. (5flalay.) Malay prdhu, prdu, a
general term ior small ships.
Probable. (F.-L.) ¥ . prohable^^lj.
probdbilisj that may be proved. — L. pro-
bdrey to test, prove, orig. to try the
goodness. — L. probus, good, excellent.
See Prove.
probation. (F.-L.) F. probation.
— L. ace. prob&timemy a trial, proof. — L.
prob&tus, pp. oiprobdre, to test.
probe. (LO A coined word ; cf. Late
L. probttj a proof. — L. probdre, to test ; see
above.
probity. (F.— L.) F.probit/,hontsty.
— L.,probttdtem, ace. ofprobitds fhonesiy» —
L. probusj honest, excellent.
PRODIQY
Problem. (F.-L.-Gk.) O.Y.pro-
bleme ; F. probUme. — L. problima, — Gk.
wpbfiKfjfM, a thing thrown forward, or put
forward as a question for discussion. — Gk.
vp6f forward ; iSX^/ia, a casting, from fioK-
KtiVf to cast.
Proboscis. (L.-Gk.) L. proboscis.^
Gk. vpofioffKis, an elephant's trunk or
'feeder.'— Gk. wpS, in front; fi6ffK€iv, to
feed ; see Botany.
Proceed. (F.-L.) O.F, proceder.^^
L. procldere, to go forward. — l^,prd, before ;
cedere, to go. See Cede. Der. process
(mod. V. proems); process-ion.
Proclaim. (F.— L.) F. prociamer,
* to prodame ; * Cot. — L. procldmdre, to
call out.— L. prdf forth; cldmdre, to cry
out. See Olaim.
Proclivity. (L.) From L. procli-
uitdSy a downward slope, tendency. — L.
prdciiuus^ sloping forward. — L. prd, for-
ward ; cltuuSf a slope. (^KLEI.) Cf.
Acclivity.
Procra8tinate« to postpone. (L.)
From pp. of L. procrasttndre^ to delay,
put off till the morrow. — L. prd, forward,
off; crastinus, belonging to the morrow,
from crds, morrow.
Procreate. (L.) L. procredtus, pp.
of procredre, to generate.— L. pro, before,
forth ; credre, to produce. See Create.
Proctor. (L.) M. E.pro^etour; shoii
form of procuratour. — O. F. procurator, —
L. ace. prdcHrdtorem ; see Procurator.
Procumbent, prostrate. (L.) l..prS-
cumbent'f stem of procumbens, pres. pt. of
prdcumbere, to sink forwards. — L. prd,
forwards; cumbere, to recline, allied to
cubdrCf to lie down. See Covey.
Procurator. (L.) L. prdcurdtor, a
manager, deputy. — L, pr5curdre\ see
below.
procure. (F. - L.) F. procurer, — L.
prffcHrdre, to take care of, manage. — L.
prd^ before; curdre, to take care, from
cHray care. See Cure.
Prodigal. (F.-L.) O.Y. prodigal^
Late Lat. prodigdlis ; due to L. prddigus,
lavish ; for *prid'agus.^'L, prdd-y forth ;
and agerey to do, act. See Agent.
Proidigy. (F.-L.) Englished from F.
prodige, a prodigy, wonder. — "L.prddigium,
a token, portent, prophetic sign. /3. Per-
haps for *prddagiumy i. e. a saying before-
hand, from prod {pro), before, and *agium,
a sa3ring, as in ad-agium; see Adage.
Brugm. i. $ 759.
41a
ROUN
RUBBLE
F. roulettCy a game in which a ball rolls on
a turning table ; dimin. of roiielle, a little
wheel ; see BoweL
Bonn, Aound, to whisper. (E.)
Shale, has round, with excrescent d, M. £.
rounen% A. S. runian^ to whisper. ^ A. S.
run, a whisper. +G. raunen, to whisper ;
from O. H. G. run, a secret ; see Bune.
Bound. (F.-L.) O. F. roond, F.
rond.^h. rotundus, round. — L. rota, a
wheel. See Botary.
ronndely a kind of ballad. (F. — L.)
O. F. rondel, later rondeau, a poem
containing a line which recurs or comes
fv«»^ again. » F. rond, round (above).
rouiulelay. (F — L.) yL.Y,rondelet,
dimin. of O. F. rondel above. % Prob.
confused, in spelling, with £. lay^ a song.
Rouse (i), to excite, to wake np.
(Scand.) * Exciter^ to stir up, rowse ; '
Cot — Swed. rusa, to rush, rusa upp, to
start up; Dan. ruse, to rush. . Cf. A. S.
hriosan, to rush, to fall down quickly;
from Teut. base *hreus*,
Bouse (a)) a drinking-bout. (Scand.)
In Shak.— Dan. rt^f/j, intoxication; Dan.
sove rusen ud^io sleep out a rouse, to
sleep oneself sober; Swed. rus, drunken-
ness.+Du. roes^ drunkenness. Prob. allied
to East Friesic rUse, noise, uproar, * row ; '
riisen, to make a noise. [G. rausch, a
drunken fit, is borrowed from some other
Teut. dialect.] % Really a Danish word ;
such a bout being called ' the Danish
rowza? Cf. Bow (3).
Bout (i) ft defeat, (a) a troop or crowd.
(F.— L.) F. route, *a rowt, defeature;
also a rowt, heard, flock, troope ; also a
rutt, way, path ; ' Cot. — L. rupta, pp. of
ruptus, broken ; from rumpere. This L.
rupta came to mean (i) a defeat, flying
mass of broken troops ; (a) a fragment of
an army, a troop ; (3) a Way broken or cut
through a forest, a way, route.
route, a way, course. (F.— L.) F.
route, a way, route ; see the word above.
routmOi a beaten track. (F.— L.) F.
routine, usual course; lit. small path.
Dimin. of F. route (above).
Bover, a pirate. (Du.) M. £. rover. —
Du. roover, a robber, pirate, thief. — Du.
rooven, to rob. — Du. roof, spoil. 4- A. S.
riaf, Icel. rauf, G. raub, spoil ; see
Beave. Der. nme^ vb., to wander;
evolved from the sb.
Bow (i), aline, rank. (E.) M. E.fvu/^.
— A.S. raw, rdhv, a row; hegerdw, a
hedge-row. Teut. type *rat{^wd, fcm.,
from a root-verb *reihwan- (pt. t. *raikw) ;
whence also G. reih-e, a row, Du. rij, M.
Du. rij-e, a row, O. H. G. riga, a line.
Idg. root *reikh, whence Skt. rekhd, a
line.
Bow (2), to propel with oars. (E.)
M. E. rowen.^K, S. rowan, to row.^-Du.
roeijen^ Icel. roa, Swed. ro, Dan. roe,
M. H. G. riiejen. Allied to O. Ir. rdm,
L. rimus, an oar, Skt. aritra-, a paddle,
rudder, Lithuan. irti, to row ; Gk. iptTfA&s,
a paddle, oar. Der. rudder.
AOW (3), an uproar. (Scand.) For
rouse ; for loss of final s, cf. pea, cherry,
sherry, shay {chaise). See Bouse (2).
Bowan-tree; see Boan-tree.
Bowel. (F.-L.) M.F.fVtf^//^, a little
wheel (on a bit or a spur).— Late L.
rotella, dimin. of rota, a wheel. See
Botary.
Bowlook, Bollock, Bullock, the
place of support for an oar. (E.) Spelt
orlok in the Liber Albus, pp. 235, 337.
A corruption of oar-lock. — A. S. drlec, a
rowlock.— A. S. ar, oar ; hc^ cognate with
G. loch^ a hole. The orig. rowlocks were
actual holes, and were called also oar-
holes.
Boyal. (F.-L.) '^.IL real,roiaLm»
O. F. real, roial (F. royal). — L. regdlisj
royal ; see Begal. Doublet, regal.
sub, (£.) Vi.^.rubben. Not in A. S.
+ Dan. rubbe, Norw. rubba, E. Fries.
rubben, to rub, scrub; Norw. rubben,iQJM^,
uneven ; E. Fries, rubberig, rough ; Du.
robbelig, * rugged,* Sewel; also (from E.)
Gael, rub, to rub, Irish rubadh, a rubbing,
W. rhwbio, to rub. Further allied to
Icel. rUjinn, rough, Lith. rup^s, rough.
% Not allied to G. reiben ; rather to L.
rumpere and E. Benve.
Bubbisk, broken stones, waste matter,
refuse. (F. — O. H. G.) M. E. robows,
robeux. Prompt. Parv. ; pi. of an old form
*robel, clearly represented by mod. £.
rubble ; see below. ^ Hubbish is, in fact,
a corrupt form of the old plural of rubble.
rubble, broken stones, rubbish. (F. —
O. H. G.) 'Rubble^ or rubbUh of old
houses; ' Baret (1580). M. E. robell, Pal-
ladius, p. 13, 1. 340. This answers exactly
to an old form *robel, O. F. *robelt only
found in the pi. robeux, ' A grete loode
of robeux;' dted by Way in Prompt
Parv. A. F. robous (for *robeus), rubbish.
Liber Albus, p. 5 79. Obviously the dimin.
455
PROLOGUE
PROPER
ference. (L.) L. prdlocHtor, an advocate.
^\*.prolocutus^ pp. oi proloqui, to speak
in public. — L. prff, publicly ; loqut, to
speak. See Loquaoious.
jPrologne, a preface. (F.-L. — Gk.)
Y, prologue. — L, prdlogum, ace. oiprologus,
— Gk. irfKJ\o7os, a fore-speech. — Gk. w/xJ,
before ; \o^oi, a speech. See Loffio.
Prolong^, to continue. (F. — L.) M.E.
prolongen. — F. prolonger, — L. prolongdrcy
to prolong. — L. /rJ-, forward ; hnguSy
long. See Iiong. Doublet, purloin.
Promenade, & walk. ( F. — L. ) Formed
with'O. F. suffix -ode ( <L. -a/a) from O. F.
promener, to walk. — Late L,. promindre^
to drive forwards. — l^prd^ forwards ; Late
L. mindre, to drive, lead ; from L. mindrtj
to threaten. See Menace.
Prominent, projecting, forward. (L.)
L. prominent-f stem of pres. pt. of pro-
minirey to project forward. — L. /w, for-
ward ; 'tninirey to project. See Me-
nace.
Promiscnons, mixed, confused. (L.)
For 'L.promiscuuSy mixed. — 'L.prd, forward
(here of slight force); mtscere, to mix.
See Misoellaneoiu.
Promise, an agreement to do a thing.
( F. — L.) Formerly promes, — F. promessty
* a promise ; * Cot. — L. promissa^ fem. of
promissuSy pp. oi promittere^ to send or
put forth, to promise. — L. prS^ forward ;
mittere, to send. See Minile. Per.
promiss-o-ry.
Promontory, a headland. (L.) L.
promonturiuntj a ridge, headland. Prob.
from prominere, to jut out ; see Promi-
nent, and cf. Mount.
Promote, to advance, further. (L.)
From L. prdmdt-us^ pp. of promouire^ to
move forward. — L. prd^ forward ; mouire,
to move. See Move.
Prompt. (F.— L.) Y. prompt, ^lu.
prompium^ ace. of promptus, promtuSy
brought to light, at hand, ready, pp. of
promerCy to bring forward ; for *prod'imere
— L. prdd, forward ; emere^ to take, bring.
Cf. Exempt.
Promnl^te. (L.) From pp. of L.
promulgdre to publish. (Of unknown
origin.)
Prone. (F. — L.) M. F. prone. — L. pro-
num, ace. of pronus, inclined towards.
Fronus is prob. allied to Gk. vprjvfjSy
headlong ; cf. Skt; pravana, inclined to,
prone.
Prong, ^pike of a fork. (E.) Spelt
prongue in Levins (1570). The M. E.
pronge, a pang, sharp pain, is the same
word. Cf. M. £. pringeleny to constrain
(Havelok). Also Dn. prangen^ to pinch,
oppress; M. Du. prangen, to oppress,
shackle, constrain ; prange, a muzzle,
shackle, collar ; Low Cj.prangen, to press,
push hard ; prange^ a stake ; G. pranger^
a pillory ; Goth, ana-praggan (, — -prangan),
to press. All from a Teut. base sprang,
to press, nip, push.
Pronoun. (F. — L.) Coined Arom L.
prSy for; and E. noun; suggested by F.
pronom, L. prdnonun, a pronoun. See
Noun.
Prononnce. (F.-L.) Y.pronmcer.
— L. prdnuntidre^ to pronouncej lit. tell
forth. — L. pro, forth; nunti&re, to tell.
See Bfuncio. Der. pronunciat-ionf from
L. pp. pronuntidt-us, with suffix -ion-.
Proof, a test, evidence. (F.— L.) For-
merly/r^ (1551); altered from M. E.
Preefy preove. — F. preuve, a trial ; Cot. —
Late \^*probay a proof. — L. probdre^ to test.
See Prove, Pr<^able.
Prop. (E.) yi.Ys. proppe. [Also Irish
prepay Gael, prop^ a prop, support ; bor-
rowed from E.] Cf. Du. propy a stopple ;
M. Du. propy proppey * a prop, a stopple,*
Hexham ; proppeny * to prop, stay, or bear
up,' Hexham ; Low G. proppy a ping, G.
pfropfy a cork, also a graft. All from a
Teut. base *prupy to stop up, to support.
^ In the sense of * graft,' the G. pjropf
is due to L. propdgo ; see Propagate.
Propagate. (L.) From the pp. of
"L. propdgdre {ox pro-) y to peg down, pro-
pagate by layers; allied to/r<!^^i^/x,/r4ji^^0
Ipx pro-)^ a layer, and from the same source
as compdgeSy a fastening together. — L. proy
forth ; pdg-y base of pangere^ to fasten, set
(hence, to peg down). Der. propagandist ,
a coined word ; from the name of the society
entitled Congregatio de propagomda fide.
constituted at Rome, a. D. 1632. And
see Prune (i).
Propel, to urge forward. . (L.) L. prd-
pellere, to drive forward. — L./r^, forward ;
pellerey to drive; see Pulse (i). Der.
pr^mls-um^ from pp. propulsus.
Propensity, an inclination. (L.)
Coined from L. prdpensus, hanging down,
inclining towards; pp. oi propendlrey to
hang down or forward. — L./r(0^, forward,
penderey to hang. See Pendant.
Proper, one s own, peculiar, suitable.
(F. - ll) M. E. propre,^ F. propre, — L.
414
PROPERTY
proprium^ ace. of proprius, one's own,
Prob. akin Xxiprope^ near.
moperty. (F.— L.) M. lL,propertu,
^0.¥l propert^y property (Littre), also
propriety, fiVaeai^ ^L/proprietdtem^ ace. of
proprieties i property, ownership ; also pro-
priety of terms. — L./n^^'»j, one's own.
FropheCT. (F.-L.-Gk.) M.E./fw-
phecie, sb. — O. Y.prophecie^ variant oipro-
pheiie^ a prophecy. ■- L. prophetia. ^mGV.,
vpotpffTfia, a prediction, i- Gk. -npo^rqi, a
prophet (below). Der. prophesy, vb,
prophet. (F.-L.-Gk.) O.F.pro-
pAete.mmL, propAita. ^Gk. vpotprjTris, one
who declares, an expounder, a prophet. —
Gk. ir/xS; publicly, lit. before; ^-/u, I
speak ; with suffix 'Ttjs of the agent. (^
BHA.) Allied to Fame.
Propinquity, nearness. (F. - L.)
O. F. propinqutU. — L. propinquitdtemy
ace. of propinquitdSy nearness. —L. pro-
pinquus. near. — L. prope, adv., near.
PropitiouSf &vourable. (L) For L.
propittus^ favourable. Prob. a term in
augury, with the sense < flying forwards.'—
h,pr0', forward; petere, to seek, orig. to
fly. See Petition. "Der. propitiate,irom
pp. of L. propitidre, to render propitious.
Proportion. (F.-L.) ¥. proportion.
•hL. ace. prdportidnem, from prdportio,
comparative relation. — L. prdy before, in
relation to ; portio, a portion ; see For^
tion.
Propose. (F.-L. a$id Gk.) F. pro-
poser y Tit. to place before. ■• L. prd, before ;
F. poser, to place, from Gk. See Pose.
Proposition. (F.-L.) Y, proposition,
— L. ?iCQ. propositidnem, a statement. — L.
prdposituSj pp. of prdpdnere, to put forth.
•- L. prd, forth ; pdnere, to put.
propound. (L.) The a is excrescent ;
formerly propoune, propone. — L. prffpSnere
(above).
Propriety. (F.-L.) U,¥. propriety, v,
property, also ' a comely assortment,' Cot.
— L. ace. proprietdtem, from proprietds,
property ; also, propriety. — L, proprius^
one s own. Doublet, property.
Prorogue. (F.-L.; O.V. proroguer.
— L. prdrogdre, to propose an extension of
office, lit. tu ask publicly ; hence, to defer.
— L. prdf publicly ; rogdre, to ask. Sec
Bogation.
Proe-9 towards. (Gk.) Gk. irpot, to-
wards; fuller form frporl, extended from
ir/)o, before. ^Skt. prati, towards, front
pray before. See Pro-.
41
PROSTHETIC
Proeoeninm, the front part of a stage.
(L. — Gk.) L. proscinium, -■ Gk. ir/w-
(Tie{\wiovt the place before the stage (or
scene). — Gk. rrpo, before ; <r«i;i^, a scene.
See Scene.
Proscribe. (L.) L. prdscrlhere, lit.
to write publicly ; ^^. prdscriptus (whence
proscription).''!^, prff, puLlicly; scrtbere,
to write. See Scribe.
Prose. (F.-L.) Y. prose. '^'L^prdsa,
for prorsa ordtio, direct speech; hence,
unimbellished speech ; fem. of prorsus,
forward, short for prdiursus, lit. turned
forward. — L. prG, forward ; versus, pp. of
uertere, to turn. See Verse.
Prosecute. (L.) From L.prdsecOtus,
pp. of prosequiy to pursue. — L. prff, for-
ward ; sequiy to follow. See Sequence.
Doublet, pursue.
ProselytOf a convert. (F.-L. - Gk.)
O. F. proselite. — L. proselytum, ace. of
proselytus. — Gk. npotriiKvro%y one who has
come to a place, a stranger, a convert
to Judaism; Acts ii. 10. — Gk. wpoaifh
XOfucUf I approach, 2 aor. vpo<rfi\6ov
{^irpo<Hf\v$ov). mm Gk. np6s, to; HpxoiMUy I
come. [Gk. tpxoiuu and ^XvOov are from
different roots ; the latter goes with iXci^
ooftaiy I will come ; from ^LEUDH.]
Prosody. (F.-L.-Gk.) Y.prosodie.
» L. prosdaia, — Gk. ir/>o(r^8ia, a song sung
to an instrument, a tone, accent, prosody,
(or laws of verse). — Gk. w/xJs, to, accom-
panying ; 9/817, an ode. See Ode.
PrOSOpopcaia, personification. (L.—
Gk.) "Li. prosdpopaia.^Gk. frpoffcjnovotia
personification. * Gk. irpooanrovoitiVf to per-
sonify. — Gk. vpdacawo-y, a face, a person ;
woiuvy to make. Tlpocontw is from '^p&i,
towards, and d^-, stem oi£nps, face, appear-
ance. See Pros-, Optic, and Poem.
Prospect. (L.) L. prospectus, a view.
— L. prospectus, pp. of prospicere, to lo k
forward. — i^prd, forward ; specere^ to look.
See Species. Der. prospectus » L. pro^
spectus, a view.
PrOsperons. (L.) L. prosper, adj.,
prosperous; with suffix -ous. Cf. L. pro-
sperus, by-form oi prosper. Lit. * according
to one's hope.' ■■ L. prd, for, according to ;
sper; weak grade of spfr- for spes, hope.
Der. prosper, vb. ; O. F. prosperer, L. pro-
sperdre, to prosper ; from prosper, adj.
Prosthetic, prefixed. (Gk.) Modem;
as if for Gk. *irpoa$€Tiic6t, lit. disposed to
add ; due to Gk. irp6<T$€T-ot, added, put
to. — Gk. 9p6s, to ; $t-r6s, placed, put,
PROSTITUTE
PROW
verbal adj. from the base Bt-, to place. See
Thesis.
Prostitute. (L.) l^prffstitata, f. pp.
oiprffstiiuere, to expose openly, prostitute.
— L.prff, forth ; statuere, to place, causal of
s^dre, to stand. See State.
Prostrate. (L.) 1.. prffstratus, pp. of
prdstemtre^ to throw forward on the
ground. *L. /rJ, forward; sternerty to
spread. See Stratum. Der. prostrat-ion.
Protean. (L. — Gk.) YromL.. Prdtem
(misdivided as Prffte-us), a sea-god who
often changed his form. — Gk. nporrci/s,
a sea-god ; c(f vpSrros^ first, chief.
Protect. (L.) From L. prdtectus^ pp.
oi prdtegerCf to protect ; lit. cover in front.
m^lj. pro f in front; tegere^ to cover. See
Tegument.
latest. (F. - L.) F. protester. - L.
protestdri, to protest, bear public witness.
— L. pro, forth, in public; testdrt, to
witness, from testis^ a witness. See Testa-
ment.
Prothalaminm. (L.-Gk.) LateL.
*prothalamium. — OkJ^frpoBakiiiuov, a song
written before a marriage ; a coined word.
— Gk. irpo, before; $d\afios, a bedroom,
bride-chamber. Coined to accompany
epithalamium, q.v.
Protocol, the first draught of a docu-
ment. (F. - L. — Gk.) M. F. protocoUy * the
first draught or copy of a deed.* — Late L.
prdtO€oUum.^\A\!t Gk. rrpwrfacoKKov ^ ex-
f>lained by Scheler to mean orig. a first
eaf, glued on to MSS., in order to register
by whom the MS. was written, &c. By a
decree of Justinian, certain MSS. were to
be thus accompanied by a fly-leaf. It
means ' first glued on,* i. e. fastened on at
the beginning. — Gk. vpSrro-s, first ; tcoW^v,
to glue, from xSWa, glue. Jlpurros is a
superl. form from vpOf before ; see Fro-.
protomartjrr. (F. - L. - Gk.) M. F.
protomartyre. — Late L,. protomartyr. — Gk.
irporr6fAapTupf lit. * first martyr.* — Gk. vpS)'
To-s, first (above) ; fidfyrvpf a martyr ; see
Martsrr.
prototype. (F.-L.-Gk.) ¥. proto-
type. ^L. ace. prfftotypum.^Gk, irparrd-
Ti/irov, a prototype, neut. of npurSrvnos,
according to the first form. — Gk. irpStro-s,
first (above) ; rvvoSf a type; see Type.
Protract. (L.) From L. protractus,
pp. oi protrahere, to draw forward, also
to extend, prolong. — "L.pro, forth ; traherc,
to draw. See Trace (i), Portray.
Protrude. (L.) L. protrudere, to
thrust forth. — L. prd^ forth ; triidert (pp.
triisus) , to thrust. Der. protrus-ion (from
the pp.). Cf. Intrude.
Protuberant. (L.) From stem of
pres. pt. of prfftuberdre, to bulge out —
L. prff, forward ; tuber, a swelling. See
Tuber.
Proud. (F.-L.?) M. E. /rwflT, later
proud \ older form prut. A.S. /r«/,
proud; whence the Icel. pruHr, proud, is
supposed to have been borrowed ; cf. Dan.
prudy stately, p. A late word in A. S. ;
and prob. merely borrowed from O. French.
— O. F. prod, prudy fem. prode, prude^
valiant, notable (taken in a bad sense).
See further under Prowess. "Der.pride.
PrOTOf to test, demonstrate. (L.) The
usual old sense is to test or try. — A. S.
prdfian. [Cf. O.F. prowr, later prouver,
*to prove, try, essay, verifie;' Cot.]— L.
proddre, to test, try the goodness of. — L.
produs, excellent. See Probable.
Provender. (F. - L.) The final r is
an O. F. addition. — O. F. provendre
(Godefroy), usuiQly /fov^^Ki^, * provender,
also, a prebendary;* Cot. — Late h. pra-
denda, an allowance of provisions, also
a prebend ; see Prebend.
Proverb. (F. - L.) F. proverbe. — L.
prduerbium, a common saying. —L. prO^
publicly; uerb-um, a word, cognate with
E. "Word.
Provide. (L.) V,. prSuidere {^^. prd-
utsus)y to for&^e, act with foresight. — L.
prffy before ; uidhre, to see. See Vision.
Der. provident y provis-ion.
Province. (F.-L.) Y. province. ^"L.
prffuincia, a territory brought under
Roman government. (Of doubtful origin.)
Provision. (F.— L.) Y . provision.^
L. ace. prffutsidnem, foresight, fore-
thought, purveyance. — L. prduis-us, pp.
oiprduidire, to provide for. See Provide.
Provoke. (F.— L.) T.provoquer\ Cot.
— L. prouocdre, to call forth. — L. prffy
forth ; uocdrey to call. See Vocal.
Provost, a prefect. (L.) A. ¥. provost ;
[cf M. F. prevosty * the provost or president
of a college ; ' Cot.] A. S. prifost. — L.
propositus y a prefect, one set over. — L.
prapdnere, to set over. — L. pra, before;
pdnere, to put. See Position.
PrOWf front part of a ship. (F.— L.—
Gk.) O. F. proue (F. proue), prow. [Cf.
Ital. proda."] — L. prora, a prow ; the 2nd
r disappearing to avoid the double trill (as
also in Prov. Span. Port, proa, Genoese
41^
PROWESS
PSYCHICAL
/rMa).*Gk. frp^pa^ the prow. — Gk. wpS-j
before, in front. See Fro-.
Prowess, bravery. (F.-L.) M.K.
prawes, pruessc^O. F. prouesse, prowess ;
formed with suffix -esse (<L. -itia) from
O. F. prou (F. preux), valiant, p. Etym.
disputed ; we also find O. F. prod^ prud^
proz^ prous^ pru ; Prov. proz^ Ital. prode,
valiant, notable (whence Ital. prodezuiy
prowess). Also O. F. prou^ sb., advantage
(whence M. ^,proWy advantage). Although
O. F. prodyf2& used to translate L. probus,
the spelling with d shows there is no con-
nexion between these forms. 7. Scheler
explains it from L. prod-y as occurring in
prod-esse, to benefit; so that prod was
taken to mean 'for the benefit of*; and
we even find F. prou used as an adverb, as
\xi proUy 'much, greatly, enough;' Cot.
Prid is the old form oi prd, before.
Prowl. (O. Low G.) M. E. prollen,
to search after continually. ^\prolle, I go
here and there to seke a thyng;' Pals-
grave. * Prollyn, scrutor. Prollynge, or
sekynge, perscrutacio;* Prompt Parv. It
also meant to rob, plunder. Like the
word plunder, it prob. meant 'to filch
trifles,' or 'to sneak after trifles*; from
Low G. prull, prulUf a trifle, thing of
small value (Bremen). Of. "Du.prul, 'a
bawble' (Sewel), prulkn, 'lumber, lug-
gage, pelf, trumpery, toys* (id.) ; prullen-
kooper, a ragman (Calisch) ; £. Fries.
priille^ priil, a trifle. Root unknown.
Prozimity. (F.— L.) ¥. proximity,
— L. proximUStemy ace. of proximitds,
nearness. — L. proximuSy very near ; a
superl. form from prope, near. See Fro-
pinqtiity.
Proxy. (LaleL.-L.) Palsgrave has
prockesy\ short for procuracy, "IjBXt L.
prdcurdtiay used for L,procurlUio, manage-
ment, -i L. prffcurdrtf to manage, to pro-
cure. See Frooure.
PrndOf a woman of affected modesty.
(F. - L.) F. prude, M. F. preude^ orig. in
a good sense, chaste; used (but not
originally) as the fern, of F. preux, O. F.
preUt excellent, which at first had but one
form for the masc. and fem. (Godefroy).
Perhaps the forms preudomme, preude-
femme arose from misunderstanding the
O. F. phrases preu d^omme and preu de
femme (Tobler). O. F. preu is a variant
of O. F. prod^ prou \ see Frowess.
Pmdent. (F.-L.) Y, prudent. ^U
prudentem, ace. oiprOdenSf contr. form of
prduidens, foreseeing, pres. pt. oi prSui-
dere, to foresee. —L./r J, before ; uidere^ to
see. See Vision.
Prune (i), to trim trees. (F.?— L.?)
Very difficult. M. E. proinen^ prunen, to
dress oneself up smartly, trim ; Gascoigne
has proyne, to prune off shoots. Prob.
from a provincial form of F. promgner
(also spelt prougner, proignier, Godefroy,
preugner, progner, Littr^), * to plant or set
a stocke, staulke, slip, or sucker/ Cot. ;
hence the sense, to clear off or to trim off
suckers, stalks, &c. This verb is from
F. promn, O. F. provain, a sucker. — L.
propdginem, ace. of prqpdgo, a layer, a
sucker. See Fropagate.
Prnne (3), a plum. (F.— L.— Gk.)
F. prune, — L. prunum, — Gk. itpoxvov,
shorter form of irpovfu^ov, a plum.
pmnella, pninello« a strong
woollen stuff, orig. of a cUirk colour.
(F.-L.-Gk.) F. prunelle, a sloe (with
ref. to the colour) ; whence prunella is a
Latinised form. Dimin. of F. prune
(above).
Pmrient. (L.) 1^. prurient-, %iem oi
pres. pt. of prurtre, to itch, orig. to bum.
Allied to £. Freeze. Brugm. i. § 56a.
Pr7« to peer into, sear(£ mquisitively.
(F.-L.) U,E, prien.'^0,V,prier,preer,
to pillage [to search for plunder]. -Late
L. predHre, to plunder, also to investigate ;
Due. — L. prada, prey ; see Frey.
Psalm. (L.-Gk.) M, E. psalm, foT-
merly salm. A. S. sealm, — L. psalmus. —
Gk. iffoXfiSs, a touching, twitching the
strings of a harp; also a song, psalm.—
Gk. ^^A.cii', to touch, twitch, twang a
harp. Der. psalmod-y, F. pscdmodie, L.
psalmodia, Gk. ipaXf*v^la, a singing to the
harp, from 918^, a song ; see Ode.
psaltery, a stringed instrument.
(F. -L. -gL) O.F. psalterie (lath
cent.).— L. psalterium, "Gk, jl/oKHiptov, a
kind of harp. — Gk. t/faXr^p, a harper.—
Gk. iffd\'\€iy, to twang a harp; with
suffix 'TTjp of the agent. Der. psalter,
O. F. pscdtier, a book of psalms, L.
psaltinum, (i) a psaltery, (2) a psalter.
Pseudonym. (F.-Gk.) t, pseudo-
nyme (1690). — Gk. ypevddwfxos, adj., called
by a false name. — Gk. ^«v8-os, falsehood
(^«;8jJ», false), from i//€i&ifiy, to lie ; 6yvfM,
a name.
Pshaw, interjection. (E.) An imita-
tive word ; ct pisA, pooh,
Psyollical, pertaining to the soul. (L.
417
SADDLE
Saddle. (E.> M.E.xa^/. A,S. sadol.
4-Dii. iad:/, Icel. sifdull, Swed. Dan.
sadel, G. jtf//^/, O.H.G. satul, Teut.
type *s€uiuloz ; possibly borrowed from a
derivative of Idg. *j^</, to sit, in some
other Idg. language. Cf. O. Slav, sedlo,
Rnss. siealo, L. sella (for *sedla, from sedSre,
to sit) ; but none of these exhibits the
grade *sad,
Saddueee. (L.-Gk.-.Heb.) L. pi.
Sadducai, — Gk. pi. SaddovMoToi. — Heb. pi.
tseduqlm ; pi. of tsdtldq^ jast, righteous. «•
Heb. tsadaq^ to be just. Some derive it
from Tsdddq {Zadok), the founder of the
sect, whose name meant ' the just.'
Safe. (F.-L.) M.£. sauf,^¥, sauf,
safe. — L. saluuMj ace. of saluus^ safe. See
Salvation. C£ O. Norman dial, saf,
safe.
Salfeoa, a plant. (F.-Arab.) A.F.
saffron^ F. safrofu — Arab, tdfardn,
saffron.
Sa|fi to droop. (£.) M.£. saggen.
Not m A. S. Low G. sakken^ to settle (as
dregs) ; £. Fries, sakkm, Du. sakken^ to
sink ; Swed. sacka^ to settle, sink down ;
cf. Dan. sakkct to have stem-way. Hardly
allied to sink.
Saga, a tale. (Scand.) Icel. sagOy a
tale; cf. Icel. se^a, to say. See Say (i),
Saw (2).
Sagaoious. (L.) From L. sagaci-,
decl. stem, of sagax, of quick perception ;
with suffix -cus, — L. sdgire^ to perceive by
the senses. -f-Gotb. sdk-jan, A. S. secan, to
seek. See Seek. Brugm. i. § 187.
Sage (0, wise. (F.-L.) F. sage,^
Late L. *sabiusy for L. -sapius^ whence
fusapiusy unwise (Petronius) ; see Schwan.
» L. sapere^ to be wise. See Sapid.
Sage (a), a plant. (F.-L.) M.£.
saugc^O.Y. saugg.mm'L, saluiat sage;
from its supposed healing virtues. — L.
saludre, to heal ; saluus, safe, hale, sound.
See Salvation.
Sagittarius. (L.) L. sagUtdHus, an
archer. ^ L. sagitta^ an arrow.
Sago, a starch. (Malay.) Malay sdgu,
sdgiit sago, pith of a tree named rumbiya.
SaliiD, sir, master; a title. (Hind.—
Arab.) Hind, fo^ii^. — Arab, sdhibt lord,
master ; orig, ' companion.' Rich. Diet.,
p. 924.
Sail, sb. (£.) U.l£.. sell. A.S, segel,
segly a sail.4-Du. zeil^ Icel. stgU Dan. seil^
Swed. G. segeL Teut. type ^seglom^ neut.
Sense unknown ; perhaps ' driver * ; cf. Gk.
SALIC
ix^iv vria,%y to uige on ships, Od. ix. 279.
See Scheme.
Saint. (F. — L.) M.£. seinty saint, ^
A.F. stint \ F. saint. ^V,. satutum^ ace.
ofsanctuSf holy. — L. sanctus^ pp. oisancire,
to render sacred ; see Sacred.
sainfoill. (F.-L.) ¥.sainfoin,U,Y,
sainct'fddn (Cot.); as if 'holy hay.* — L.
sanctum fanumy holv hay. % But thought
to represent sain joiny i. e. ' wholesome
hay.' — L. sdnumf^tHum ; see Sane.
Bake. (£•) M. £. sakt^ purpose, cause.
A. S. sacuy strife, dispute, crime, law-suit ;
orig. * contention.' 4* ^* ^ioaky matter,
affair, business ; Icel. sbk^ a charge, crime ;
Dan. sagy Swed. sak^ G. sacne, Teut.
type *sakdf fern., strife. From Teut.
^sakan-y to contend, as in Goth, sakan,
A. S. sacan, O. H. G. sahhcmySXx. vb. See
Soke.
Saker, a kind of felcon ; a small piece
of artillery. (F.- Span. -Arab.) (The
gun was called after the falcon ; cf. musket.)
— M. F. sacrey * a saker ; the hawk, and the
artillery so called ; ' Cot.— Span, sacre, a
saker (in both senses). — Arab, saqr, a
hawk; Rich. Diet., p. 938. £ngelmann
has shewn that the word is not of Lat.
origin, as said by Diez.* (Devic; and
Korting, $ 1642.)
Salaam, SaJam. (Arab.) Arab.
saldmy saluting, wishing peace ; a saluta-
tion. — Arab. ja/vf,saluting.4' Heb. jAtf/^m,
peace, from shdlam, to be safe.
Salad. (F.-Ital.-L.) ¥. salade.^
M. Ital. salata, a salad of herbs ; lit.
'salted;' fem. of salatOy salted, pickled,
pp. o{ salare, to salt. — Ital. saUy salt —
L. sdlj salt. See Salt.
Salamander, a reptile. (F. - L. -
Gk.) F. salamandre.'^h. salamandra.
— Gk. aaXaiiavZpOt a kind of lizard. Of
Fastern origin ; cf. Pers. samamiary a
salamander.
Salary, stipend. (F.-L.) F. salaire.
— L. saldriumy orig. salt-money, given to
soldiers to buy stdt. — L. sdl, salt.' See
Salt.
Sale. (£.) M.£. sale, A. S. Wa.-f
Icel. sala^ fem., sal^ neut., a sale, bargain;
Swed. salu\ O.H.G. sola. Orig. sense
*■ delivery,' or ' a handing over ' ; as in
O. H. G. sala, Der. sell, handsel.
Salic, SalifLue. (F.- O.H.G.) F.
Saliquey belongmg to the Salic tribe. This
was a Prankish tribe, prob. named from
the river Sola (now. Yssel).
460
PULE
G. spucken, to spit; O. F. esctmpir^ to
spit, sputy esput, a spitting.
IPllle, to chirp, to whimper. (F. — L.) F.
piauler, * to cheep as a yonng bird, to pule
or howle ; * Cot. In Gascon, pioula, Cf.
Ital. pigolarcy to chirp, moan. Imitative
words ; allied to L. ptpilAre, ptpdre, to
chirp ; see Pipe.
Full. (E.) U,l£..pulien) K.S,ptilliany
to pnll, pluck. -4- Low G. pulen, to pick,
pinch, pull, pluck, tear ; Dan. dial, pulle,
Cf. also Low G. pullen, to drink in gulps
(cf. E. to take 9, pull).
Pullet. (F.-L.) M.E./tf/^^^.-0. F.
polete, later poulette^ fem.- of F. pouieiy
a chicken, dimin. of F. poule^ a hen. — l^te
L. pulla^ fem. oi pullus, a chicken. See
Pool (2).
Fnlley. (F. - L. - Gk.?) From F.
pouliej * a puUy ;* Cot. Cf. l\2\.puieggia \
Late L. poledia^ a crane ; Due. Perhaps
from Late L. *p6lidiay orig. pi. of ^pdli-
dium<,G\i, *im\ihiov^ a little colt, dimin.
of irwXof, a colt. Cf. O. F. poulier, a
pulley, answering to Late Gk. -noiKapiov,
a little colt, p. The M. E. foims are
poliue ( =polivi, riming with drw^), Ch. ;
also pcleyne, Prompt. Parv. The latter
form is from F. pmlain^ ' a fole, a colt,
also the rope wherewith wine is let down
into a seller [cellar], a pulley-rope ; * Cot.
— Late L. pulldnus^ a colt. — L. pullusy
a young animal ; see Pullet. So also E.
ptilley answers to mod. F. poulie, y. The
transference of sense causes no difficulty ;
thusM.F./0i//r(^,a filly, also means a beam,
and F. chh^re, a goat, also means a kind
of crane ; the names of animals are applied
to contrivances for exerting force. Cf. also
Late L. po/dnus, a pulley or pulley-rope,
also a kind of sledge. % Diez derives E.
pulley from F. poulie, and then, con-
versely, F. poulie from E. pull. This is
very unlikely. G. Paris {Romania^ July,
'98, p. 486) suggests Gk. ^iroXiStov, dimin.
of irdXos, a pivot, axis; see Pole (2).
FulmonAry, affecthig the lungs. (L.)
pulmondrius, affecting the lungs. •■ L.
pulmon-f stem of pultnoy a lung.-^Gk.
irAcv/ion/, a lung. Siee Pnetunatic.
Pulp. (F. - L.) F. pulpe. - L pulpa,
pulp 0? fruit, pith.
Pulpit. (F. - L.) O. F. pulpite, - L.
pulpitum, a scaffold, stage for actors.
Pnlsatay to throb. (L.) From pp. of
L. pulsdre, to throb, beat ; frequent, form
oipellere (pp. pulsus\ to drive. L. peUlo
PUN
is for *pel-nd\ cf. Gk. WA-ra^ai, *I draw
near ouickly ;' Brugm. ii. § 612.
pulse (i), a throb. (F.-L.) 'F,pouls,
* the pulse ; * Cot. — L. pulsum, ace. of
pulsus f the beating of the pulse. — L..pulsus,
pp. oipellere (above).
Pulse (2), grain or seed of beans, peas,
&c. (L.) M.E. /«/j.-L. /«/r, a thick
pap or pottage made of meal, pulse, &c.
(hence appli^ to the pulse itself). 4>Gk.
tt^JXtos, porridge. Der. poultice^ q. v.
Pulverise. ( F. — L.) M. Y .pulverizer \
Cot. — Late L. pulvertzdrey to reduce to
dust; 'L, puluerdre, the s&me. ^L,. puluer-
(for *pulues-), stem of puluis, dust. Allied
to pollisy pollen^ fine meal, palea, chaff ;
Gk. irdAi;, meal, dust.
Pnnia, a quadruped. (Peruvian.) Peruv.
puma.
Pumice. (F.— L.) [A.S. pumic-sldn,
pumice-stone.] M. E. pomice* — M. F.
pumice.'^'L. pumic-y stem of pUmeXy
pumice. From nn Idg. base */^i»i-, whence
also A. S./oim, foam ; from its foam- like
appearance. See Foam.
Pamilieli the same as Pommel.
Pomp (i)} A machine for raising water.
(F. — Tent.) M. E. pumpe, — F. pompe. —
G. pumpey also plumpey which is like-
wise an imitative form. Cf. prov. G.
plumpen, to pump. p. The G. plumpen
also means to plump, fall plump, move
suddenly and violently, from the plunging
action of the piston. It is therefore allied
to E. Plump (2), of imitative origin. 7.
We even find prov. 'E.plumpy to pump.
Com. plumpyy to pump; also Du.pompy
Swed. pumpy Dan. pompey Rnss. pompa^
a pump, all borrowed words; and (the
imitative forms) Span, and Port, botnhay
a pump, a bomb.
Pnmp (2), a thin-soled shoe. (F. — L. —
Gk.) So called because used for pomp or
ornament ; cf. F. h pied de plomb et de
pompe^ * with a slow and stately gate,' i. e.
gait ; Cot. See Pomp.
Pompion, Pnmpldn, a kind of
gourd. (F. - L. — Gk.) The old forms are
pumpion and pompon. — M. F. pompotiy * a
pumpion or melon ; * Cot. ; cf. WsX.popone
(Florio) ; — \j,peponem^ ace. oipepo, a large
melon. — Gk. iti-nojVy a kind of melon, eaten
quite ripe. — Gk. trivoiVy mellow, from Wv-
rtiVy to ripen; see Cook.
Pnn. (E.) Orig. to pound ; hence to
pound words, beat them into new senses,
hammer at forced similes. Shak. has pun
419
'I
PUNCH
s= to pound, Troil. ii. i. 4a. * A. S.ptmioHf
to poand ; see Pound (5).
IHinoh (x), to perforate. (F. - L.) M. £.
punchent to prick; which seems to have
been coined from the ^.punchumjpunchon,
punsoun^ a dagger, awl. See Foncheon ( i ).
PunCA (a)) to beat, bruise. (F. — L.)
Short for punish ; M. £. punchen and
punischen are equivalent (Prompt. Par v.).
See Punish.
Punoll (3)1 a beverage. (Hind. — Skt.)
So called from consisting oifivt ingredients,
spirit, water, lemon-juice, sugar, spice ; in-
troduced from India, byway of Goa ; men-
tioned A.D. 1669. — Hind, panckf five.—
Skt pafUha, five. See Five. % The
Hind, short a is pronounced like £. » in
mttd\ it occurs again in pundit ^ punkah,
Pimcll (4)> a short, hump-backed fellow
in a puppet-show. (Ital.— L.) A contrac-
tion for Punchimlloyr)i\c^ occurs a.d. 1666
(Nares). This is a corruption of Ital. pul-
cinello (by the change of / to n, the ItaL ci
being sounded as £. chi). Pulctnello is the
droll clown in NeapoUtan comedy; we
also find \ta\..puncinella, 'punch, buffoon,'
Meadows. A dimin. form of Ital. pulcino,
a young chicken; cf. pulcella, a young
girl ; from L. pulluSf the young of any
animal, allied to puer^ a boy. See Pullet.
The lit. sense oi pulctnello is little chicken ;
thence, a little boy, a puppet. % Confused
with prov. £. punchy short, fat, which is
(perhaps) allied to Bunoh. Judy is for
Judith, once a common name.
Fnncheon (i)» a punch or awl. (F.-
L.) M. £. punchony punsoun* -■ Gascon
pounchauny M. F. poinson (F. poinfon)^
* a bodkin, also a puncheon, a stamp,' 8cc. ;
Cot Cf. Span, punzon, a punch, Ital.
punzom, a punch, bodkin, also a wine-
barrel.— L. punctionem^ ace. of punctio^
a pricking, puncture. The gender of this
word was changed from fem. to masc,
whilst at the same time the sense was
changed from * pricking * to * pricker.' — L.
punctus, pp. of pungere, to prick ; see
Pungent. See also Puncheon (a).
Panoheon (a), a cask. (F. -L.?) From
Gascon pounchauny a punch or awl ;
M. F. poinson (F. potnfon)^ *a bodkin,
also a puncheon [steel tool], also a stamp,
mark, print, or seale ; also, a wine-vessell ; '
Cot. This is a difficult word ; but I con-
clude that the O. F. poinson (F. poinfon)
remains the same word in all its senses, and
that the cask was named from the ' mark,
PUPA
print, or seale ' upon it, which was made
with a puncheon or stamp. See Pun-
cheon (i). ^ So also M. Ital. punzone
means both puncheon or bodkin, and
puncheon or wine-vessel.
Pnnohinallo ; see Punch (4).
Pnnctatei dotted. (L.) Coined from
L. punct-um, a point; with suffix -ate
(L. -dtus),^!.. punctuSfjpp. oipungere, to
prick; see Pungent.
pimetilio. (Span.— L.) Span, pun-
tilfof a nice point of honour; dimin. of
punto, a point. — L. punctum, a point ; see
Punctate, Point.
punctual. (F — L.) M.Y.ponctuel,
' punctuall ; ' Cot. — Late L. punctudlis. —
punctu-niy a point ; see Point.
punctuate. (L.) From pp. of Late
L. punctudre, to determine, define. — L.
punctu-ntt a point (above).
Euncture. (L.) IL.punctUra, a prick.
. punctuSf pp. oipungere, to prick.
Punditf a learned man. (Skt) Skt
paiufita- (with cerebral nd)^ adj., learned,
sb., a wise man, scholar. — Skt pan4i
to heap up or together. See note to
Punch (3).
Pungent. (L.) l^. pungent-, sXtm oi
pres. pt. of pungere, to prick, pt t pu-
pug'it pp. punctus, (Base PUG.;
Punieh. (F.--L.-Gk.) M. £./«-
nischen. — F. punisS'y stem of pres. pt. of
punir, to punish. — L. punire, to punish. —
L. pasna, penalty. — Gk. voivri, penalty.
See Pain.
Punkah, a large fan. (Hind. -Skt.)
Hind, pankhdi a fan ; allied to pankha,
a wing, feather, pctkshay a wing. Allied
to Skt paksha-f a wing. Cf. Pers. paukan,
a sieve, a fan. See note to Punch (3).
Punt (i), a flat-bottomed boat. (L. — C.)
A. S. punt, — L. ponto, a punt (also a
pontoon) ; a word of Gaulish origin.
From Celtic type *gontO'; cf. L, contus
<Gk. Kovr6sy a punting-pole, whence prov.
£. quonty quanta a punting-pole.
Punt (2), to play at a game at cards
called basset (F.— Span.— L.) F,ponte,
a punt, a punter, a red ace, pouter , to
punt. — Span. puntOy a point, also a pip at
c&rds. ^L. punctum, a point See Point.
% Or immediately from Spanish.
Puny ; see Puisne.
Pupa, a chrysalis. (L.) L. pUpa, a
girl, doll, puppet (hence, undeveloped
insect). Fem. of pupus, a boy; allied to
putus, puer, a boy. {^ PEU.)
420
PUPIL
pupil (i)» a scholar, ward. (F. — L.)
O. F. pupiie, F. pupilU (masc.)< — L. /«-
pilluniy ace. of pupillusy an orphan-boy,
ward ; dimm. oipupus, a boy (above).
pupil (2), the central spot of the eye.
(F. - L.) F. pupilU (fem.) . - L. pupilla, a
little girl, also pupil (name due to the
small images seen in the pupil). Fem. of
pupilltu (above).
puppet. (F.-L.) M.E./^/^/.-M.F.
poupette, *a little baby, puppet;* Cot.
Dimin. oi'L.piipa ; see Pupa (above).
Enppy, (i)awhelp; (2) a dandy. (F.
.) 1. F. poupie^ * a baby, a puppet ; *
Cot Here * baby * really means * doll,*
but it is clear that, in £., the term was
applied to the young of an animal, esp. of
a dog. The F. poup^e (as if<L. *piip&ta)
is a derivative of L. pupa\ see Fupa
(above). 2. In the sense of * dandy/ puppy
represents M. Y , poupin^popin^ spruce, trim
(as i{<,h.*puprnus) ; from the same source.
T>eT,puPf short for puppy.
For-, prefix. (F.-L.) O. F.pur-, F.
pour-, p^ury (Span, por), for; a curious
variation of ll /r J, ior< Thus pur- and
pro- are equivalent; and pur-vey^ pro-vide
are doublets.
Purblind. rF.-L. ««</£.) Oxxg^pure-
blind, i.e. wholly blind, M. £. /i/r blindy
Rob. of Glouc. p. 376. See Pure and
Blind. It afterwards came to mean
partly blind, prob. through confusion with
the verb to pore, as Sir T. Elyot writes
porc'blind. (Similarly parboil^ to boil
thoroughly, came to mean to boil partially.)
/>ttr^= wholly, Tw. Nt., v. 86.
Furcliasey vb. (F.-L.) M. E./«r-
chasefty purchacen.^O, F. purchacery to
pursue eagerly, acquire, get. — O. F. pur
{^Y. pour)y from 'L.prff] and O. F. chacer\
see Chase (i).
Pure. (F. — L.) F. pur, masc., pi4re,
fem., pure. — L. pHrus, pure. Cf. Skt. /«,
to purify. CyPEU).
purge. (;F.-L.) Y.purger.^'L.pur-
g&rCy to purify. L. purgare « ^pUr-igare
(Plautus has expHrigdtio), — L. pHr^uSy
pure ; agerCy to make.
puruy. (F. - L.) F. puri/uK - L.
p&rijicdrey to make pure. — L. pUri-^ for
pHruSj pure ; faeere^ to make. Der. puri-
ficat'ion,
Purim« an annual Jewish festival ; the
feast of lots. (Heb.) Heb. pHrtnty lots ;
pi. of jjfir, a lot. See Esther ix. 26.
Puritan. (L.) A coined word, to
PURPLE
designate one who aimed at gjtaXpuriiy
of life ; see below.
purity. (F.-L.) llL.Y,.puretee.^Y,
puretiy * purity ; * Cot. — L. ace. pHritdiemy
pureness. — L. pHruSy pure.
Purl (i)» to flow with a murmuring
sound. (E.) Cf. M. E. prilUy pirle, a
whirly-gig (toy). So also Swed. porlay to
purl, bubble as a stream ; a frequent, form
from a base pur-y imitative of the sound.
See Purr, Purl (4).
Purl (2), spiced beer. (F. — L.) In
Phillips, ed. 1706. But it should be
pearl. It was a term in cookery; thus
Sucre perU is sugar boiled, twice, bouillon
perU, jelly-broth. Cf. G. perleny to pearl,
rise in small bubbles like pearls. See
Pearl.
Purl (3), to form an edging on lace, in-
vert stitches in knitting. (F.— L.) Fre-
quently misspelt peaH, Contraction of
purfle, — M. F. pourfilery to purfle, em-
broider on an edge. — F. pour (X^pro), con-
fused (as often) with F. par (L. per)y
throughout ; Jily a thread, from L. fllunty
a thread. See File (i), Profile.
Purl (4), to upset. (E.) Better pirl\
from M. £. pirUy a whirligig, formed by
the frequent, suffix -/ from the imitative
yror^pirry to whirl. See Purr, Pirouette.
So also Ital. pirlare, * to twirle round ; *
Florio. See Purl (i).
Purlieu, the border of a forest, &c.
(F. — L.) Yormexly pourallegy altered to
purlieu by confusion with F. lieUy a place ;
also spelt purley. The O. F. pouraleey
poralee is a sort of translation of Late L.
perambuldtiOy^Yiv^ meant 'all that ground
near any forest, which, being made forest
by Heniy II., Rich. I., or king John, were
{sic) hj perambulations granted by Henry
III., severed again from the same* ; Man-
wood's Forest Laws. The etymology is
from O.F. pur (F. pour")<\.. pro, and
O. F. alee, a going, for which see Alley.
Purloin, to steal. (F.-L.) O.Y.pur-
loignieryporloigniertXo prolong, retard, de-
lay (hence to keep back, detain, filch).—
L. priflongdrcy to prolong. — L. proy for-
ward ; longuSy long. See Iiong. Doublet,
prolong.
Purple. nF.-L.-Gk.) U,E.pufpre
(with r). — O. F. porprey later pourprcy
purple.— L. purpura, the purple-fish.—
Gk. wop^pa, the purple-fish; cf. Gk.
wopfpvptos, purple, oiig. an epithet of the
surging sea. » Gk. vop<^p€iv, reduplicated .
421
PURPORT
form of <f>vp€iVf to mix up, stir violently,
allied to Skt. root dkurj to be active.
Purport, to imply. (F.— L.) O. F.
purporter^ pourporter. to declare, inform
(hence, imply) ; we also ^xA purport^ sb.,
tenor (Roquefort). — O. F. pur^ ¥,• pour^
from L. prff, according to ; porter , to carry,
bring, from L. port&re. For the sease, df.
import. See Port (i).
6 (i)) to intend. (F.— L. and
Gk.) t). Y.pUrpostr^ a variant oi proposer ^
to propose, intend. •- L. prO^ before ; and
Y^poser^ to place ; see Pose (i).
Purpose (a), intention. (F.^L.) M.E.
purpos. — O. ¥,.pourpos^ a variant oipropos^
a purpose. «L. propositum, a thing pro-
posed, neut. of pp. oipropOnere^ to propose.
^L,. pro, before; pdnere^ to place. See
Position.
Purr, Pur. (E.) An imitative word for
various sounds, chiefly of the murmuring of
a cat Cf. Scotch /f'rr, a gentle wind; £.
buzz\ Irish dururuSf a gurgling sound.
See PtiPl (i), Purl (4), and Pirouette.
Purse. (L.— Gk.) M. £. /«rr ; also
pors, A.S. purSt Eng. Studien, xi. 65.
[Also burs.^O,¥. b^se, later bourse, a
purse.]— Late L. bursa, a purse. — Gk.
fivparj, a hide, skin ; of which purses were
made. Der.purse, vb., to wrinkle up, like
a purse drawn together.
Purslain, Purslane, a herb. (F. -
L.) M. £. purslane, porseleyne.^l/L,Y,
porcelaine, pourcelaine, purslane; Cot.
Formed from L. porcildca, purslain (Pliny) ;
usually spelt portuldca.
Pursue. (F.-L.) O.Y.porsuir,pur'
siiir, poursuir ; mod. Norman F. porsuir,
mod. F. poursuivre, to pursue. — O. Y.por,
pur<^ L. prd\ and j«»ir<Late L. sequere,
for L. sequi, to follow. Der. pursu-ant^
from the pres. pt. of O. F. pursuir ; pur-
suiv-ant, from the pres. pt. oi poursuivre ;
pursuit, from F. poursuite, fem. sb. answer-
mg to L. prdsecQta, fem. of the pp. of L.
prdsequT, to pursue.
Pursy 9 short-winded. (F.— L.) M. E.
purcy, also purcyf (Palsgrave).— M. F.
pourcif (Palsgrave), variant of poulsif,
* pursie, short-winded,' Cot. — M. F. poulser,
Y,pousser, to push, also to pant ; see Push.
Purtenanoe. (F.-L.) Short for M.E.
apurtenance ; see Appurtenance.
Purulent. (F.— L.) Y, purulent, ^Y,,
ptlrulentus, full of matter.— L. piir-, stem
oipOst matter ; see Pus.
Purvey. (F.— L.) lli,Y„ purueien,
42
PUTRID
porueien, {purveien, porveien), to provide.
— A. F. purveier, purveer (O. Y.porvoir,
F. pourvoir) , to provide. — L prouidere, to
provide. See Provide.
purvieWy a proviso. (F.— L.) Now
applied to the enacting part of a statute ;
so called because it orig. began -m^hpurveu
est, it is provided. — O. F. porveu, pp. of
O. F. porvoir (F. pourvoir), to provide.—
la^rouidere, to provide (above).
ZHlS, white matter from a sore. (L.) L.
pOs (gen. pHris), pus.4>Gk. "uvov, matter ;
Skt. puya-, pus, from puy^ to stink.
Allied to Poul. ( V^EU.) Brugm. i. § 1 13.
PusIl. (F.— L.) M.E, possen, pussen,
— O. F. pousser, poulser, to push, thrust —
L. pulsdre, to beat, thrust, frequent, of
pellere, to drive. See Pulsate.
Pusillanimous. (L.) L. pusiUani-
m-i>, mean-spirited ; with suffix -^«j.— L.
pustU'US, mean, small; animus, courage.
Pusillus is related to pOsus, small; cf.
putus, a boy. (VPEU.^
PUSS| a cat, hare. (E.; Prob. an imita-
tive word, from the spitting of the cat.
We find also Du. poes. Low G. puus,puus-
katte, Swed. dial, pus, Norw. puse, puus \
Irish and Gael, pus (from E.). And even
S. Tamil ptisei, a cat ; pusha in the Cash-
gar dialect of Afghan. ; Liih./Mi, a word
to call a cat.
Pustule. (F.-L.) F. pustule.^U
pustula, another form oi pUsula, a blister,
pimple. Perhaps allied to Gk. 0vaa\/s,
a bladder, <t>wyaw, I blow.
Put. (E.) M.E, putten; A, S.potian,
to push, thrust ; fwhence also Gael, put,
to push, thrust ; W. pwtio, Com. poot, to
push, kick].4>Dn. poten, to plant, ^gX,poot,
a twig, M. Du. pote, a scion, plant (see
Franck) ; N. Fries, putje, Dan. putte, to
put, place ; Swed. dial, putta^ to push.
Putative, reputed. (F.--L.) Y.puta-
tif. — 'L.putdtiuus, presumptive. — 'L.putd-
tus, pp. oiputdre, to think, suppose. The
orig. sense was to make clean, then to
maice clear, to come to a clear result. — L.
putus, clean. (VPEU.)
Putrefy. (F.-L.) M,Y. putrefier',
as if from L. *putrific&re\ but the true
L. forms are putrefacere, to make putrid,
putrefiert^ to become putrid.— L./w/ri-j,
putrid (below) ; facere, to make.
putrid. (F.-L.) M.Y.ptUride.^'L,
putridus, stinking. — L. putri-, decl. stem
oi puter, puiris, rotten ; cL putrire^ to be
rotten, patere, to stink. See Pus.
PUTTOCK
PuttOCk, a kite, hawk. (£. ?) M. £.
potickj puttok. Of unknown origin. It
seems to have been nsed in a contemptuous
sense. A. S. Puttoc occurs as a name or
nickname.
Putl^. (F.-LowG.) M.F.>?/^^, cal-
cined tin, also putty; orig. a potful (of
bits of broken metal) ; cf. M. F. pottein,
bits of broken metal, pottin, solder. All
from Y,potf a pot, of Germanic origin. See
Pot.
Puzilei a difficult question. (F.—L.
and Gk.) Orig. a sb., and short for op-
posalj spelt \ioi^ opposayle and apposayle in
Lydgate, with the sense of question . These
are from the verb oppose, luce deni-al from
deny, &c. See Pose (a).
3P3rflfmy. (F.-L.-Gk.) yi.V,pygmj,
adj., dwan-like ; 0,01,^1^* pygntaus, adj.,
dwarf-like ; from pi. Pygmai, the race of
Pygmies. — Gk. nv7futtb(, pygmies, fabulous
dwarfs of the length of a wynif, i.e. about
13} in. (from the elbow to the knuckles).
•m Gk. mrffi'fff a fist ; see Pugilist.
Fylonui. (L.— Gk.) L. pylorus, ^Gk.
nvkojpSs, the lower orifice of the stomach,
entrance to the intestines; orig. a gate-
keeper. * Gk. *inf\a'fof>6s (Prellwitz);
from v^ka B m/X-i;, a gate ; fSpos (cf. oZpos) ,
a keeper, watcher, aUied to Wary.
Pyramid. (L. - Gk.) Formerly py-
ramis, — L. pyramis (stem pyramid'),^
Gk. wpafds (stem rrvfiafilH'), a pyramid.
Prob. of Egyptian origin.
Pyre. (L. — Gk.) L. Pyra, — Gk. inJ^a,
a funeral pile.i-Gk. irvpy fire; allied to £.
Fire.
pyrites. (L.-Gk.) L./j^i7^j.-Gk.
vvplrrjSy a flint, pyrites; orig. an adj.,
belonging to fire. ■- Gk. vvp, fire.
pyrotedmlOy belonging to fireworks.
(Gk.) Coined from Gk. irv/x)-, for vvp,
fire ; rtx^iicos, artistic, from rix^rj, an art ;
see Teohnickl.
Python, a large snake. (L. — Gk.)
L. python^ a serpent slain by Apollo near
Delphi. -Gk. VL{t9w (the same).-Gk.
TLyMiy a former name of Delphi.
Pyz. CL.— Gk.) Shortened from L.
pyxisy a box. -■ Gk. wwfw, a box. — Gk.
vtj^ot, box-wood. Allied to Box (i).
Box (2).
Qaaok (i)» to make a noise as a duck.
(E/) M. £. quekcy as a duck^s cry ; an
imitative word.<f Du. kwdken, kwakken,
QUADROON
G. quakeny Icel. kvaka^ Dan. qvakke^ to
croiuc, quack. Cf. L. coaxdre, to croak,
Gk. Koa^y a croaking.
quack (2), to cry up a nostrum. (Du.)
Due to the older word quacksalver ; hence,
to act as a quack-salver or a quack. —
Du. kwakzalver, a quacksalver. — Du.
kwakzalven, vb., to apply salves in a
trifling way. Cf. Du. kwakken^ to croak,
which came to mean 'to trifle, linger'
(Franck) ; and Du. zaif, a salve ; see
Balve.
Qnadragesima, forty days of Lent.
(L.) L. quddrdgesimay lit. fortieth ; fern,
of quadrdgisimus \ older form quadra-
gensuntusy fortieth. — L. quadrdgintdy forty.
— L. quadra-, related to qucUtuor, four;
'gintdy allied to Gk. -Kwra (for *8«/coi'to),
and to L. decern, ten. See quadrate.
quadrangle. (F.-L.) F. quad-
rangle.^'L. quadrangulum, sb., neut. of
quadrangulusy four-cornered. — L. quadr^,
related to quaituor, four ; angulus, angle.
See Angle (i).
quadrant. (L.) lA.^. quadrant, ^h,
quadrant-y stem of quadranSy sb., a fourth
part. Extended from L. quadr- (above).
quadrate. (L.) L,quadrdluSyTpp,o{
quadrdre, to make square. — L. quadr-,
aWkd to quaftuor, {out ; seeVouv» Brugm.
ii. § 168.
quadrennial. (L.) For quadrien-
nialy adj. — L. quadrienni-upty a space of
four years; with suffix -al.^L, quadri-y
belonging to four; annus, a year; see
Annals.
qnadrilateral. (L.) 'L,quadrilater-
i/j,Tour-sided ; with suffix •«/. — L. quadri-
(above) ; IcUer-, for *lates-, stem of IcduSy
a side. See IiateraL
quadrille. (F. -Span.-L.) Formeriy
a game at cards for four, — F. quadrilUy
(i) fem., a troop of horses ; (aj masc.,
but orig. fem., a game at cards. The
former answers to Ital. quadrigliay M.
Ital. squadrigliay a troop ; but the latter
to Span. cuadrilUiy a meeting of four
persons.- Span, cuadra, a square. — Late
L. quadra, fem. of quaaruSy square.
quadrillion^ a million raised to the
fourth power. (L.) Coined by prefixing
L. quadr- i.e. four, to -illiony which is
m-illion without the m,
quadroon. (Span.-L.) For quart-
roon, — Span . cuarterony the child of a creole
and a Spaniard ; one who is, in a fourth
part, a black ; also a fourth part. — Span.
433
PURPORT
form of <l>ip€iVf to mix up, stir violently,
allied to Skt. root dAurj to be active.
Purport, to imply. (F.— L.) O. F.
purporter^ pourporter. to declare, inform
(hence, imply) ; we also ^vA purport ^ sb.,
tenor (Roquefort). — O. F. pur^ ¥.< pour,
from L. pro, according to ; porter, to carry,
bring, from L. portare. For the sease, cf.
import. See Port (i).
Furpose (i), to intend. (F.— L. and
Gk.) O. Y,pUrposer, a variant oi proposer,
to propose, intend. — L. prS, before ; and
Y^poser, to place ; see Fose (i).
Purpose (2), intention. (F.— L.) M.E.
purpos. — O. Y.pourpos, a variant oipropos,
a purpose. — L. propositum, a thing pro-
posed, neut. of pp. oipropffnere, to propose.
^L., pro, before; pdnere^ to place. See
Fosition.
Purr, Pur. (E.) An imitative word for
various sounds, diieiiy of the murmuring of
a cat. Cf. Scotch /f>r, a gentle wind; E.
busz\ Irish dururus, a gurgling sound.
See Furl (1), Furl (4), and Firouette.
Purse. (L.— Gk.) M. E. /»fv; also
pors. A.S. purs, Eng. Studien, xi. 65.
[Also durs. — O. F. b^se, later bourse, a
purse.]— Late L. bursa, a purse. — Gk.
fivparj, a hide, skin ; of which purses were
made. Der.purse, vb., to wrinkle up, like
a purse drawn together.
nrslain, Purslane, a herb. (F.-
L.) M. E. purslane, porseliyne.^lA.Y,
porcelaine, pourcelaine, purslane; Cot.
Formed from L. porcildca, purslain (Pliny) ;
usually spelt portulaca.
Pursue. (F.-L.) O.Y.porsuir^pur-
suir,poursuir; mod. Norman F. porsuir,
mod. F. poursuivre, to pursue. — O. Y.por,
purK, L. pro) and j»/r<Late L. sequere,
for L. seqiii, to follow. Der. pursu-ant,
from the pres. pt. of O. F. pursuir ; pur-
suiv-ant, from the pres. pt. oi poursuivre ;
pursuit, from Y.poursuUe, fern. sb. answer-
ing to L. prosecUta, fem. of the pp. of L.
prdsequl, to pursue.
Pursy, short-winded. (F.— L.) M.E.
purcy, also purcyf (Palsgrave). — M. F.
pourcif (Palsgrave), variant of poulsif,
* pursie, short-winded,' Cot. — M. F. poulser,
Y,pousser, to push, also to pant ; see Fush.
Purtenance. (F.-L.) Short for M.E.
apurtenance ; see Appurtenance.
Purulent. (F.— L.) Y.purulent.^L..
purulentus, full of matter.— L. pur-, stem
of /«j, matter ; see Fus.
Purvey. (F.—L.) Vi^lL, purueien.
PUTRID
porueien, {purveien, porveien), to provide.
— A. F. purveier, purveer (O. Y» porvoir,
F. pourvoir) , to provide. — L prduidere, to
provide. See Frovide.
purview, a proviso. (F.—L.) Now
applied to the enacting part of a statute ;
so called because it orig. began with/Krz;<r/^
est,\i is provided. —O. F. /or»^«, pp. of
O. F. porvoir (F. pourvoir), to provide.—
L. prduidere, to provide (above).
Pus, white matter from a sore. (L.) L.
pUs (gen. puris), pus.+Gk. itvov, matter ;
Skt. paya-, pus, from pHy, to stink.
Allied to Poul. ( V^EU.) Brugm. i. § 1 13.
Push. (F.—L.) M,Ys, possen, pussen,
— O. F. pousser, poulser, to push, thrust —
L. puls&re, to beat, thrust, frequent, of
pellere, to drive. See Fulsate.
PusillanixuOUS. (L.) L. pusillani-
tn-is, mean-spirited; with suffix -^»j.— L.
pusill-us, mean, small; animus, courage.
Pusillus is related to pOsus, small; cf.
putus, a boy. (^PEU.^
Puss, a cat, hare. (£.) Prob. an imita-
tive word, from the spitting of the cat.
We find also Du. poes. Low G. puus,puus-
katte, Swed. dial, pus, Norw. puse, puus ;
Irish and Gael, pus (from E.). And even
S. Tamil pusei, a cat ; pusha in the Cash-
gar dialect of A%han. ; Lith. pui, a word
to call a cat
Pustule. (F.-L.) F. pustule.^U
pustula, another form oi pOsula, a blister,
pimple. Perhaps allied to Gk. ^vcolKU^
a bladder, <f>vacM, I blow.
Put. (E.) M.E, putten; A.S.potian,
to push, thrust ; [whence also Gael, put,
to push, thrust ; W. pwtio. Com. pool, to
pu^, kick].<4-I)n. poten, to plant, ^xX,poot,
a twig, M. Du. pote, a scion, plant (see
Franck) ; N. Fries, putje, Dan. ptUte, to
put, place ; Swed. dial, putta, to push*
Putative, reputed. (F.-L.) Y.puta-
tif. — \a. putdtiuus , presumptive. — 'L.putd-
tus, pp. oiputdre, to think, suppose. The
orig. sense was to make clean, then to
make clear, to come to a dear result. — L.
putusy clean. (-/PEU.)
Putrefy. (F.-L.) M.Y. putre^er;
as if from L. *ptUriJicdre\ but the true
L. forms are putrefacere, to make putrid,
putrefieri, to become putrid. —L./w/ri-j,
putrid (below) ; facere, to make.
putrid. (F.-L.) U.Y.puiride.'^'L.
putridus, stinking. — L. putri-, decl. stem
oi puter, putris, rotten ; cf. putrere, to be
ToitGu, patere, to stink. See Fus.
42a
PUTTOCK
PuttOCk, a kite, hawk. (£.?) M. £.
potiifky puttok. Of unknown origin. It
seems to have been used in a contemptuous
sense. A. S. Puttoc occais as a name or
nickname.
Putl^. (F.-LowG.) M.F./<?/Af, cal-
cined tin, also putty; orig. a potful (of
bits of broken metal) ; cf. M. F. potteitiy
bits of broken metal, pottin, solder. All
from F. pot^ a pot, of Germanic origin. See
Pot.
PuZ8l6| a difficult question. (F.^L.
and Gk.) Orig. a sb., and short for op-
postd^ spelt ho\h opposayle and apposayle in
Lydgate, with the sense of question . These
are from the verb oppose, luce deni-al from
deny, &c See Pose (a).
Pygmy. (F.-L.-Gk.) U.¥.pygm^,
adj., dwan-like; Cot ^L,. pygmaus, ad}.,
dwarf-like ; from pi. Pygmai, the race of
Pygmies. » Gk. nv7futtb{, pygmies, fabulous
dwarfs of the lengtii of a wy fi-ff^ i.e. about
13 j in. (from the elbow to the knuckles).
— Gk. wyfxff, a fist ; see Pugilist.
Z^lorns. (L.-Gk.) L.p/(frus,^Gk.
frvkoap6s, the lower orifice of the stomach,
entrance to the intestines; orig. a gate-
keeper. » Gk. *im\a'fop6s (Prellwitz);
frona vv\a ■» htJa.-!;, a gate ; f6pos (cf. olpos) ,
a keeper, watcher, allied to Wary.
F^rramid. (L. - Gk.) Formerly py-
ramis." L. pyramis (stem pyramid').^
Gk. mtpafus (stem vvpafA^'), a pyramid.
Prob. of Kgyptian origin.
(L. — Gk.) L. pyra. — Gk. wjpa,
QUADROON
G. quaken, Icel. kvaka, Dan. qvakke, to
croidc, quack. Cf. L. coaxdre, to croak,
Gk. K6ai, a croaking.
quack (2), to cry up a nostrum. (Du.)
Due to the older word quacksalver ; hence,
to act as a quack-salver or a quack. *
Du. kwakzalver, a quacksalver. » Du.
kwakza/ven, vb., to apply salves in a
trifling way. Cf. Du. kwakkeh, to croak,
which came to mean 'to trifle, linger'
(Franck) ; and Du. zalf, a salve ; see
Balve.
QnadrageBima, forty days of Lent.
(L.) L. quOdragesima, lit. fortieth ; fern,
of quadragesimus \ older form quadra-
gensumusy fortieth. — L. quadr^ginid, forty.
*L. quadra-, related to quatluor, four;
'gintd, allied to Gk. -Kovra (for HtKovrd),
and to L. decern, ten. See quadrate.
quadrangle. (F.-L.) F. quad-
rangle,^L. quadrangulum, sb., neut. of
quadrangulus, four-cornered. — L. quadr-,
related to quattuor, four ; angulus, angle.
See Angle (i).
quadrant. (L.) M.E. quadranl.^L.
quadrant-, stem of quadrans, sb., a fourth
part. Extended from L. quadr- (above).
quadrate. (L.) L. quadrdtus, i>p, of
quadrdre, to make square. — L. quadr-,
allied to ^2/0/^2/^, four; see Four. Brugm.
ii. § 168.
qnadrennial. (L.) For quadrien-
nial, adj. — L. quadrienni-um, a space of
four years; with suffix -a/. — L. quadri-,
belonging to four; annus, a year; see
Annals.
qoadrilateraL (L.) 'L.quadrilater-
«j',Tour-8ided ; with suffix -al.^h. quadri-
(above) ; IcUer-, for *lates-, stem of latus,
a side. See Iiateral.
quadrille. (F. -Span.-L.) Formerly
a game at cards for four. — F. quadrille,
(i) fem., a troop of horses ; (3) masc,
but orig. fem., a game at cards. The
former answers to Ital. quadriglia, M.
Ital. squadriglia, a troop ; but the latter
to Span, cuadrilla, a meeting of four
persons. — Span, cuadra, a square. •- Late
L. quadra, fem. of quadrus, square.
quadnllioiiy a million raised to the
fourth power. (L.) Coined by prefixing
L. quadr- i.e. four, to -illion, which is
m-illion without the m,
quadroon. (Span.-L.) For quart-
Quack (i)) to make a noise as a duck. roon,''S^Ti,cuarteron,tht child oiKcrtoXe
(E?) M. E. queke, as a duck*8 cry ; an and a Spaniard ; one who is, in a fourth
imitative word.+Du. kwaken, kwakken, part, a black ; also a fourth part. -Span.
423
a funeral pile. — Gk. 'Kvp, fire ; allied to £.
Fire.
pyrites. (L.-Gk.) "L.pyrltes.^GV,
vvplrrjs, a flint, pyrites; orig. an adj.,
belonging to fire. — Gk. vvp, fire.
pyrotechnic^ belonging to fireworks.
(Gk.) Coined from Gk. mpo-, for vOp,
fire ; T€XPtic6s, artistic, from rixyrj, an art ;
see Technioal.
Pjrtlionv a large snake. (L. ~ Gk.)
L. python, a serpent slain by Apollo near
Delphi. -Gk. Vl<t9w (the same).-Gk.
TLv&i), a former name of Delphi.
Fyz. (L.— Gk.) Shortened from L.
pyxis, a box. — Gk. irv^iV, a box. — Gk.
vti£of, box-wood. Allied to Box (i),
Box (a).
QUADRUPED
cuarto, a fourth part. — L. quartum, ace. of
quartus^ fourth ; see quartern.
quadruped. (L.) L. quadrupedus,
four-footed ; quadruped-, stem of quadru-
piSy quadripeSy four-footed. — L. quadru-,
four times ; pis^ a foot ; see quataint.
quadruple. (F.-L.) Y, quadruple.
— L. quadruplum^ ace. of quadruplus^
four-fold.— L. auadru- (above); -plus,
signifying * fold ; see Double.
Quaif, to drink in large draughts. (C.
-^. - Gk.) Here J^ stands for guttural
cA, as in quack, i.e. to drink out. of a
quack or eup, usually called qtuiick, queck,
queff in Lowland Scotch, quaff in Hum-
phrey Clinker (Supp. to Jam.). — Irish and
Gael, cuacky a cup, bowl.— L. caucus, a
cup. — Gk. KOMKa, a cup.
Quagffa, a quadruped. (Kaffir.) A
Xosa-Kaffir wora. — Kaffir iqwara (W. J.
Davis) ; where the r is guttural. See N.
and Q. 9 S. v. 3.
Quagmire. (E.) S\it\\ quake-mire m
Stanihurst ; i. e. quaking bog.
Quaigll, Quaicll, a cup. See under
Quaff.
Quail (1 ). to cower. (£.) M. £. queleuj
to die. A. S. cwelan (pt. t. cwal), to die ;
whence dcwelan, to die utterly. 4- Du.
kwelen^ O. H. G. queian, to pine. Teut.
type *kwel-an-. Cf. A. S. cwalu, dcatruc-
tion, Du. kwaal, Icel. kvol, Dan. Swed.
qval, G. qual, agony. Also allied to
Lith. geltiy to pain; gela, pain. From
Idg. root *g{w)eJ. Brugm. i. $ 656. % Dis-
tinct from prov. £. quail, to coagulate,
from O. F. coailler (F. cailler), from L.
coaguldre. Der. qualm.
Ghiail (2), a bird. (F. — Low L.— Low
G.) M.E. quaille.'^O.Y. quailley F.
caille.^'Low L. quaquila, a quail. — M.Du.
quackel, Du. kwakkel, a quail. — M. Du.
quacken, Du. kwaken, to quack. From
the noise which the bird makes. See
Quack.
Quaint, neat, odd, whimsical. (F. — L.)
MTe. queint, also quaint, coint, commonly
with the sense of ' famous.' — O. F. and
M. F. coint, * quaint, compt, neat, fine ; '
Cot. — L. cognitus, well-Icnown, pp. of
cognoscere, to know ; see Cognisance.
Der. ac-quaint.
Quake. (E*) M. E. quaken, cwakien,
A. S. cwacian, to quake ; cf. cweccan, to
wag ; £. Fries, kwakkelen, to be unsteady.
Der. Quak-er (A. d. 1650) ; see Haydn.
Quality. (F. -> L.) M. £. qualitee. - F.
QUARRY
quaint. '^L. qudlit&tem, ace. of qudlitds,
sort, kind. — L. quali-Sj of what sort.
Allied to £. "Wliich.
qualify. (F.-L.) ¥. qualifier. ^Uitt
L. qudlificSre^ to endue with a quality. —
L. quSli'S, of what sort ; facere, to make.
Qualm. (£•) M. £. qualm, usually 'a
pestilence.* A. S. civealm, pestilence. 4*
O. Sax. qucdm, destruction, death; O.H.G.
qualm, destruction. [Perhaps not the
same word as Du. kwalm, thick vapour.]
Teut. type *kuHilmoz, masc. ; from *^kwal,
2nd grade of *kivel-an-, to die. See
Quail (I).
Quandary^ a perplexity. (L. - Gk.)
Orig. a morbid state of mind; Knt. of
Burning Pestle, i. i. It probably arose
from *c<mdarye, for kypo-eondarye, a morbid
state of mind. ' I, seeing him so troubled,
asked him what newes . . . had put him
in so great a kypo-condarye \* Blackball,
Brief Narration, ab. 1640 (Spalding Club),
p. 175. See Hypochondria. (H. B.)
Quantity. (F. — L.) M,^. quantitee.
— T. quanlil^.^'L. quantitdtem, ace. of
quantitds, quantity. — L. quanti-, for quan-
tus, how much. Related to quam\ and
to quis, who. Brugm. i. § 413.
Quarantine. (F.~L.) 0.¥. quaran-
tine (Roquefort), usually quarantaine, a
space of forty days.- F. quarante, forty. —
L. quadrdgintd, forty; see Quadra-
gesima.
Quarrel (i)y a dispute. (F.— L.) M.E.
querele. ^O.F. querele, later querelle,^
L. querela, a complaint.— L. quert, to
complain. See Querulous.
Quarrel (2), a square-headed cross-bow
bolt. (F.-L.) M.E.quarel. ^O.F.quarrel,
M. F. quarreau, a diamond, square tile,
cross-bow bolt.— Late L. quadrellus, a
quarrel.— L. quadrus, square; see Quad-
rate.
quarry (i), a place where stones are
dug. (F.— L.) YanmaXy quarrer ', M.E.
quarrere, a place where stones are*squared.
— O. F. quarriere, a quarry ; F, carriire. —
Late L. quadrdria, a quarry for squared
stones. — L. quadrdre, to square. — L. quad-
rus, square. % The sense was suggested
by L. quadrdtdrius, a stone-squarer, also
a stone-cutter (merely).
Quarry (a), a heap of slaughtered
game. (F.— L.) M.E. querri.^O.F.
curee, cuiree (F. cur^e), mtestines of a
slain animal, the part given to hounds ;
so called because wrapped in the skin. — F.
434
QUART
cuir, a skin, hide. ■» L. corium^ hide. See
Cuirass.
Quart, the fourth of a gallon. (F. — L.)
mTe. quarie* — F. quarte, — L. quarta (i. e.
pars) f a fourth part ; fern, of quartus, fourth.
Kelated to L. quattuor, four. Brugm. i.
§ 279-
quartan. (F.-L.) Y,quartatne,rt-
curring on the fourth day (said of a fever).
mL. quartdna {/ebris), a quartan fever;
fern, oiquartdnus, belonging to the fourth.
•-L. quarius, fourth (above).
quarter. (F.-L.) U.K. quarter,'^
O.F. quarter ^ quartier.^'L. quartdrius,
fourth part. — L. quartus^ fourth.
q^uartenif fourth of a pint. (F.— L.)
Short for quarteron, M. £. quarteroun. —
O. F. quarteron i a quartern. * Late L.
quarteronentj ace of quartero, a fourth
part. — Late L. qttarterus^ from L. quartus,
fourth.
quartet, quartette. (Ital.-L.)
Ital. quartette {quartette is a F. spelling) ;
dimin. of quarto, fourth. — L. quartus,
fourth.
quarto, having the sheet folded into
.four leaves. (L.) From L. phr. in quarto,
in a fourth part ; where quarto is abl. of
quartus, fourth.
Quarts, a mineral. (G.) G. quarz,
rock-crystal ; M. H. G. quarz.
Quash. (F. — L.) M. £. quaschen, —
OuF. quasser, later casser, to break, quash.
— L. quassdre, to shatter; frequent, of
quatere (supine quassum), to shake.
Quassia, a South-American tree. (Per-
sonal name.) Named by Liimseus (like
dahl-ia from Daht) from Quassi, a negro
of Surinam, who pointed out the use of
the bark as a tonic in 1730. Quassi is a
common negro name.
Quaternary, consisting of fours. (F.
— L.) F. quatemaire.'^L,. quatemdrius,
~ L. quatemt, pi., four at a time. • L.
quattuor, four.
quaternion. (L.) L. quatemidn-,
stem of quatemio, a band of four men ;
Acts xii. 4. — L. quatemi, pi. ; see above.
quatriedn. (F.-L.) F. quatrain, a
stanza of four lines. «>F. quatre, four. — L.
quattuor, four.
Quaver, vb. (£.) Frequent, of ^tiav^,
M. £. quauen {u=^v), to quake. Allied
to M. £. quappen^ to throb, palpitate.
Compare Quake. Der. quaver^ sb., a
note in music, orig. a trill, shake. And
see quiver (i).
QUERN
Quay, a wharf. (F.-C.) Formerly
kay, key; M. £. key, keye.^'iA.Y. quay
(¥,quai),* the key of a haven ; ' Cot. — Bret.
kaJ, an enclosure, a quay; W. cae, an
enclosure, hedge. Celt, type *kagi-', allied
to Haw, Hedge.
Quean, a woman; used slightingly.
(£.) A. S. cwene. 4- O. H. G. quena, a
wife ; Goth, kwino. Teut. type *kivendn-.
Also Irish ben, W. bun, a woman ; Russ.
jena, wife ; Idg. type *g{w)end, Cf. Gk.
'pnrfi, Pers. zan. See Queen. Brugm. i.
§ 670.
Queasy. (Scand.) l/L,'E,quaysy,queysy,
causing or feeling nausea. — Norweg. hfeis,
sickness after a debauch ; Icel. itira-kveisa,
colic. Cf. Icel. kveisa, a whitlow, boil ;
Low G. qtuse, a blister; quesen-kopp, a
brain-disease in sheep; £. Fries, kwdse,
a blister, boil, worm causing giddiness in
sheep.
Queen. (£.) Differing in gradation
from quean, which spelling is restricted to
the use of the word in a lower sense. A. S.
cwin, a woman ; O. Merc, kwoen.'^lcti..
kvdn, wife ; Goth. kwSnsy woman. Teut.
type *kw&niz, fem. ; Idg. type *g{w)ini',
df. Skt. -jdni-y wife. Brugm. i. § 677.
(VCiwFN.)
Queer. (LowG.) A cant word.— Low
G. queer, across ; cf. quere, obliquity. In
Awdelay*s Fraternity of Vagabonds, p. 4,
' a quire fellow * is one who has just come
out of prison ; cf. Low G. in der quere
liggen, to lie across, lie queerly. So also
G. quer, transverse; qturkopf, a queer
fellow. G. quer answers to O. H. G.
twer, transverse, Icel. Jjverr (whence £.
thwart)* See Thwart.
Quell, to subdue. (£.) M. £. quellen,
to Kill. A. S. cwellan, to kill ; causal of
cwelan, to die.4-L)u. kwellen, Icel. kvelja,
Swed. qvdlja, Dan. qvale, to torment,
choke ; all causal forms. Teut. type
*kwaljan- ; from *kwal, 2nd stem of
^kwel-an-, to die. See Quail (i).
Quench. (£•) "M-.E, quencAen. A.S.
cwencan, to extmguish ; causal of A. S.
cwincan (pt. t. cwanc), to go out, be ex-
tinguished. Cf. O. Fries, kwinka, to be
extinguished.
Querimonious, fretful. (L.) From
L. querimdnia, a complaint. — L. queri, to
complain ; with Idg. suffixes -mdn-jd-*
Quern, Xem, a handmill for grinding
grain. (£.) Vi.lL, quertu. A.S. cweorn,
cwym ; orig. * that which grinds.' + Du.
4*5
P3
QUERULOUS
kweern, Icel. kvem, Dan. quam, Swed.
gvarn, Goth, kwaimus, Teut. type
*kwemuz. Cf. also ^'oss.jemovey a mill-
stone ; Lith. girna, stone in a hand-mill.
Brugm. i. § 670.
QuenilOllB, fretfiil. (L.) L. queruluSt
ftiii of complaiats. — L. queri^ to complain.
4- Skt. fva;r, to sigh. Brugm. i. § 355.
Query, an enquiry. (L.) For quare^
i. e. enquire thou. — L. quare, imp. sing,
a pers. of quarere, to seek ; for ^quas-ere,
as in L. quaso, I b^g. Brugm. ii. § 662.
quest, a search. (F.— L.) O. F.
queste ; F. quite. — L. qttasUa (res), a thing
sought ; fem. of pp. of quarere, to seek.
question. (F. - L.) F. qtustim, - L.
ace. quastidfumf an enquiry. —L. quas-y
base oiquareret to seek ; with sufhx -tion-.
Queue, ^ tail. (F.— L.) F. queue ^ a
tau. -i L. Cauda, a tail ; see CaudaL
Quibble. (L*) Dimin. of ^s'^, a sar-
casm (Ash) ; which is a weakened form of
quip. See Quip.
Quick, living, lively. (£.) M. £. quik,
A. S. cwicy cwicu.^T>}Ju kwik, Icel. kvikr,
Dan. qvikf Swed. qvick^ O. H. G. quec.
Teut. t3rpe *kwikuz or *kwikwoZt allied to
the shorter Teut. type *kwiwoz, as in Goth.
kwiuSf living; cf. Irish beo, W. ifyw^ L.
utuus, Lith.gywas, Kxxss.jivoit alive; Gk.
/Stoy, life ; Skt./fz;, to live. Brugm. i. § § 85 ,
318, 677. Der. quick-silver; A. S. cwic-
seolfor,
quicken. (£.) M. £. quiknen, orig.
to Become alive. — A. S. cwic, alive.
Quid, a mouthful of tobacco. (£.)
Merely another form of cud ; M. £. quide^
cud. See Cud.
Quiddity, a nicety, cavil. (L.) Late
L. quidditdSj the nature of a thing.— L.
quidy what ; i. e. what is it ? Neut. oiquis,
who ; see Who.
Quiet, adj. (L.) L. quiifus, quiet; orig.
pp. of ^quOre, only used in the inceptive
lorm qutescere, to be still. Cf. quies, rest
Allied to O. Pers. shiydti-, a place of
delight, home; Pers. shad, pleased; and
to E. While. Brugm. i. §§ 130, 675;
Horn, $ 767. Der. quiet ^ sb. and vb. ;
quietus, sb. ; quiescent, from stem of pres.
pt. oi quiescere,
QniU (I), a feather, pen. (£.?) M.£.
quille, ' QuylU, a stalk, Calamus ; '
Prompt. Parv. Quill also meant the faucet
of a barrel, or a reed to wind yam on.
This is a difficult and doubtful word, not
found at an early date. Apparently £.,
QUINSY
and of Teut. origin.^ Low G. ^iVV, a goose-
quill (Berghaus) ; Westphalian Kwi9le
(Woeste) ; G. kul, M. H. G. kil or klL
Quill (2), to pleat a rufif. (F.-L.)
From O. F. cuillir (F. cueillir), to gather,
pluck ; also used in the sense of to pleat ;
see Rom. Rose, 1219, and Chaucer's
translation. — Folk-L. *colligire, for L. col-
ligere, to cull, collect. See OulL Allied
to the Guernsey word enquiller, to pleat
(Metivier).
Quillet, a sly trick in argument. (L.)
Short for L. quidlibet, anything you choose.
— L. ^uid, anything ; /{&/,itpleases (you).
Quilt, a bed-cover, &c. (F. — L.) M.E.
quilte,^h,Y, and O. F. cuilte, a quilt
(i2th cent.). — L. culcita, a cushion, mat-
tress, pillow, quilt.
Quinary, consisting of fives. (L.) L.
qutndrius, arranged by fives. — L. quint,
five at a time. For *quinc-nt, from quin-
qt4e, five. Cf. dint, two at a time. See
Five.
Quince. (F. - L. - Gk.) Formerly
quencey quyns. (Cf. M. F. coignasse, * the
greatest kind of quince,' Cot.) Merely the
pi. form of M. £. ^uyne, coine, or coin,
a quince. — O. F. cotn^ F. coing, a quince. '
[The same as Prov. codoing; cf. Ital.
cotognay a quince.] — L. *cotanium, for
^cyddnium ; (the Ital. cotogna being from
L. cydonia, a quince). — Gk. kvIoviov ixt(Kov,
a quince, lit a Cydonian apple. — Gk.
KvSivi'ia, ILvhwfUy Cydonia, one of the chief
cities of Crete.
Quincunx, an arrangement by fives.
(L.) Applied to trees arranged like
the spots on the side of a die marked
5 ; L. quincunx^ — L. quinque^ five ; uncia^
an ounce, small mark, such as a spot on
a die ; see ITnoiaL
Quinine, extract of Peruvian bark. (F.
— Peruv.) F. quinine, formed with suffix
'ine (L. -iwi), from F. quina, Peruvian
bark. — Peruvian kina, or kina-kina, said
to mean < bark,' esp. that which we call
Peruvian bark.
Qninquagesima. (L.) lj,quinqud-
gesitna (dies), fiftieth (day) ; fem. of quin-
qudgesimusMtitth.. — L. quinqud-, for quin-
que, five, allied to E. Five ; -gesimus, for
*-gensimus, allied to decern, ten; see
Quadragesima. ^ So also quinquan-
gular, having five angles ; quinqui-ennial,
lasting five years.
Quinsy. (F. - Gk.) Formerly also
squinancy, •- O.F. ouinancie (Supp. to
426
QUINTAIN
Godef'roy, s. v. esquinance) ; also squin-
ancie (i6th cent.) ; squiftance, * the sqain-
ancy or sqainzie ; ' Cot. Formed (some-
times with prefixed j — O. F. es-, L. ex, very)
from Gk. tcwdyierf, lit. a dog- throttling,
applied to a bad kind of sore throat. — Gk.
itvv-f stem of kvow, a dog; dyx'^^^t ^^
choke.
Q;ilintaixi. (F. — L.) M,F. quin^ain^,
a post with arms, for beginners to tilt at.
The form of the word is such that it must
be allied to L. quintdnay a street in the
camp, which separated the Jifih maniple
from the sixth ; where was the market and
business- place of the camp. Doubtless
this public place was also the scene of
martial exercises and trials of skill ; the
Late L. quinidna means (i) a quintain,
also (2) a part of a street (space) where
carriages could pass. ■» L. quintdnuSf from
quintus, fifth. For *quinC'tuSf from quitt'
qiMy five. See Pive.
Q^dntal, a hundred-weight. (F. —
Span. — Arab.— L.) F. quintal {^Coi,). ^
Span, quintal, ^Anh, qtrUdr, a weight of
100 lbs. Not a true Arab, word; but
formed from L. centum, a hundred.
Quintessence, pureessence. (F.-L.)
Lit. * fifth essence. — L. quinta essentia,
fifth essence (in addition to the four
elements). See below; and Bssenoe.
Qnintnple, five-fold. (F.-L.) F.
quintuple, ~ L. *yf//»/«///»j, a coined word.
•-L. quintu-s, nfth, for *quinctus\ from
quinaue, five; -^/tfx, i. e. -fold ; see Double.
Qnip, a taunt, cavil. (L.) Formerly
uippy\ Drant's Horace, bk. ii. sat. i.—
. quiflpe, forsooth (ironical). For ^quid-
pe ; Bmgm. i. % 585. Der. quibble,
Quire (i\ a collection of sheets of
paper. (F. — L.) Spelt cwaer in the Ancren
kiwle. — O. F. quaier (13th cent.), later
qttayer, cayer; mod. F. cahier.^JjBkXt L.
quatemutn, a collection of four leaves (we
nnd Late L. quatemus, glossed by A. F.
quaer in Wright's Voc. i. 1 16) ; whence
also Ital. quademo, a quire. Allied to L.
quattuor, four. [The suffix -num is lost
as in F. enfer from. L. infemum,'\ % Not
from L. quaternio, which could not thus
suffer loss of the ace. termination -nidnem.
Quire (a), a band of singers; see
Onoir.
Qnirk, a cavil. (M. Du. - F. - L.)
MTDu. kuerken, ' a cunning trick/ Hex-
ham. Dimin. of M. Du. kiire, Du. kuur,
A whim, also a cure. — F. curey a cure, -i
t
QUOTE
L. cUra ; see Cure. Cf. E. Fries. kUre,
kUrkey a whim.
Qniti freed, free. (F.— L.) Orig. an
adj., as in *■ quit claim.* M. £. quyt, quit,
also quytey free; adj. — O. F. quite y dis-
charged, released, free. — Late L. quitus,
quiitus, altered forms of Late L. quiilus,
at rest, hence, free. Cf. Late L. quieta
cldmantiay A. F. quite claim e, E. quit
claim ; quiitum cldmdrey qultum clamdre,
to quit a claim ; quietdre, quUdrey quittdre,
to free from debt. See Quiet. Der. quit,
vb., F. quitter y 0. F. quiter, from the
adj. ; hence quitt-ance, O. F. quitance,
Late L. quitantia, quiitantia; acquit,
Cf. Ooy.
crnite. (F.— L.) M.E,^ite; an ad-
verbial use of the M. E. adj. quite, free,
now spelt quit ; see above.
Qniver (i), to shiver. (£.) Allied to
obsolete adj. quiver, full of motion, brisk ;
A. S. cwifcTy in the comp. adv. cwifer-licey
eagerly. Cf. M. Du. kuyveny kuyveren, to
quiver (Kilian) ; £. Fries, kwifer, lively,
kwifern, to be lively.
QJlliTer (3), a case for arrows. (F.—
O. H. G.) O. F. cuivre, cuevre, coivre,
a quiver. — O. Sax. cokar; cf. O. H. G.
kohhar (G. kocher), a quiver ; A. S. cocer,
a quiver. Teut. type *kukurO'y whence
Meo. L. cucurum, a quiver.
Quixotic. (Span.) Named from Doft
Quixote or Quijote, a novel by Cervantes.
Qnoif ; the same as Ooif.
Qaoin, a wedge. (F.— L.) The same
as F. coin ; see Coin.
Qaoitf Coitf a ring of iron for throwing
at a mark. (F.-L.?) M. £. coite, coyte;
cf. Lowl. Sc. coity to push about, justle.
Prob. from O. F. coitier, quoitier, to press,
push, hasten, incite, urge on (which prob.
also had the sense ' to hurl *). Of unknown
origin. Cf. Prov. coitar, to hasten, urge.
Qoomm. (L.) It was usual to nomi-
nate members of a committee, ^ whom
{quorum) a certain number must be present
to form a meeting. — L. quorum, of whom ;
gen. pi. of qui, who. Allied to Who.
Quota, a share. (Ital.— L.) ItsX^quotOy
a share. — L. quota [pars), how great a
part ; fem. of quotusy how great. — L. quot,
how many ; allied to qui^ who ; see
Who.
auote. (F.— L.) Formerlyalso^tf/^.—
O. F. quater, coter, to quote. * Late L. quo-
tdre, to mark off into chapters and verses,
for references ; hence, to give a reference.
427
QUOTH
—L. quotiis. how many, how mnchj with
allusion to chapters, &c. ; see abore.
Quoth, he said. (E.) Properly a pt. t
M. E. quoth, quod, mm K,^ ctvad, pt. t. of
cwedan, to say.+Icel. kvad, pt. t. of kveda,
to say ; Goth, kwathy pt. t. of kvoitkan, to
say. Der. quotha^ for quoth he.
Quotidian, daily. (F.-L.) Y.quoti-
dten.'mL. quotididnus, daily. — L. quoti-,
for quotuSy how many ; diis, a day. Thus
quotididnus=^ on however many a day, on
any day, daily.
quotaent. (F. — L.; orL.) 'F.quotienty
the part which falls to each man s share ;
Cot.-L. *quotient'j the imaginary stem
of L. quotum f how many times ; which is
really indeclinable. -L. quot^ how many.
See Quote.
Sabbet, to cut the edges of boards so
that they overlap and can be joined. (F.
— L. and G.) F. raboter, to plane, level,
or lay even ; of. rabot, a joiner's plane, a
plasterer*s beater. Of doubtful origin.
Perhaps from F. re- (L. re-), again ; F. a
(L. ad)y to; and M. F. buterj *to joine
unto by the ende,* Cot., from F. but, end.
See Abut, and Butt (i).
BabbipSabbin, sir. (L. •> Gk. - Heb.)
L. raUfbi, John i. 38. — Gk. ^a^/9(. — Heb.
rcUfbit literally * my master.* — Heb. rab,
great; as sb., master; and f, my. — Heb.
root rdbab, to be great. (The form rabbin
is French.)
Babbit. (O. Low G.?) M.E. rabet.
Dimin. of an older form only found in
M. Du. robbe, dimin. robbeken, a rabbit
(Kilian). % The true E. name is cony.
Babble. (M. Du.) From the noise
made by a crowd. — M. Du. rabbeUn, to
chatter; Low G. rabbeln, to chatter,
babble. The suffix -k ^ves a frequentative
force ; rabble ^ that which keeps on making
a noise. Cf. Bap ; and see Bapparee.
Babid, mad. (L.) "L, rabidus, m&d,^
L. rabere, to rage, rave. Cf. Bage.
Baca. (Chaldee.) Matt v. a a. Chaldee
rekdy worthless ; hence, foolish.
Baccoon, Bacoon. (N. American
Indian.) Spelt rackoon in Bailey (1735).
The native W. Indian name. ' Arathkone,
a beast like a fox ; * glossary of Indian
Words subjoined to A Historic of Travaile
into Virginia, by W. Strachey (pub* by the
Hakluyt Soc. in 1849).
RAOK
(i), a swift course. (Scand.)
M. E. ras (North) ; [rees (South), from
A. S. r&s\ - Icel. rOs, a runnmg, race.
Teut. base *r&S', Hence it is not for
♦ra«j, i. e. a running (as in Noreen).
Baca (3), a family. (F.— Ital.) Y,race.
— Ital. razza, raza, also M. Ital. raggia,
*a race, broode,* Florio. Of doubtful
origin; but answering to L. tjrpe *radia,
allied to radidre^ to radiate. (Korting,
f 66ia.)
Bace (3), a root. (F.-L.) * A race of
ginger ; * Wint. Ta. iv. 3. 50. - O. F. rats,
raiz, a root.^L. r&dicemy ace. of radix ^
a root. See Badiz, Badish.
Bacemey acluster. (F. — L.) F. racime,
— L. racemum, ace. of racetnus, a cluster.
Back (i)) a grating above a manger, an
instrument of torture. (E.) In some senses
the word is doubtless English ; cf. M. E.
rekke, a rack for hay. In the particular
sense * to torture,* it may have been bor-
rowed from M. Du. racken, to rack, to
torture. The radical sense of rack is lo
extend, stretch out ; hence, as sb., rack is
a straight bar (cf. G. rack, a rail, bar) ;
hence, a frame-work, such as the bars in
a grating above a manger, a frame-work
used for torture, a bar with teeth in which
a cog-wheel can work. On the rack = m
great anxiety ; aro^/^-r^ic/is a rent stretched
to its full value, or nearly so. Allied words
are Icel. rakkr, straight, rekkja, to strain,
M. Du. racken, to stretch, reach out, to
rack ; Swed. rak, straight, G. rcuk^ a rack,
rail, recken, to stretch ; esp. Low G. rakk.
Si shelf, as in E. plate-rack. Cf. Goth.
uf-rakjan, to stretch out. % Rcuk is used
ill many senses ; see rack (a), ra£k (3), &c.
BaOJC (a), light vapoury clouds, mist.
(Scand.) See Hamlet, ii. a. 506 ; Antony,
iv. 14. 10. I I.E. ra>&. — Icel. rek, drift,
motion, a thing drifted ; cf. sl^ek, the rack
or drifting clouds. — Icel. reka, to drive,
thrust, toss ; cognate with A. S. wrecan^
to drive. See 'Wreak. Cf. Swed. skeppet
vrdker=the ship drifts.
Baok (3)) to pour off liquor, to clear it
from dregs or lees. (F. — L.?) Minsheu
(i6a7) speaks of 'rackt wines.* — M. F.
raqtU\ whence vin rckqui, ' small, or corse
wine, squeezed from the dregs of the
grapes, already drained of all their best
moisture;' Cot. Cf. Laneuedoc raqua,
to glean grapes ; raquo, 3cin of grapes
(D'Hombres) ; Span, rascon, sour; rehear,
to scrape. Prob. of L. origin ; see Basoal.
4»8
RACK
RAIN
(4), the same as wrack ; in the
phr. *to go to rack and ruin* \ see
'Wraok.
(5) ; see Arrack.
(6), a neck of mutton. (E.) A.S.
hraccaf the back of the head {occiput) ;
see Somner, and Vocab. 463. ai. ^ We
also find rack (7), for reck, to care ; rack
(S)t to relate, from A. S. racu, an account ;
rack (9), a pace of a horse, i. e. a rocking
pace; see Bock (2). Also rack (10), a
track, cart-mt, from A. S. racu, a track.
Baoket (i), IRaqnet, a bat with a
net-work blade. (F.— Span.— Arab.) M.E.
raket\ borrowed from O. F. ; cf. M. F.
raquette. — Span, raqueta, a racket, battle-
dore. * Arab, rdhat, the palm of the hand
(hence the game of fives, which preceded
rackets). To this day, tennis is called in
F. paume^ i. e. palm of the hand, though
now played with bats.
Ba(Bk0t(2), anoise. (E.) Of imitative
origin ; cf. rattle, rap. So also Gael, racaid^
a noise ; Irish racan, noise ; Gael, rac, to
make a noise like geese or dncks.
Haooon ; see Baccoon.
Racy, of strong flavour, spirited. (F. —
Ital. ; with E. suffix.) Rac-y = indica-
tive of its race, due to its breed. See
Bace (2).
Sadiant. (L.) From stem of pres.
pt. of L. radidre, to shine. • L. radius, a
ray.
Hadical ; see Badix.
Badiflh. (F. - Prov. - L.) F. rvdis
(not a true F. word, but borrowed from
Proven9al). •- Prov. raditz, a root. — L.
rddtcem ; see Badix. % Or the F. radis
is from Ital. reuiice,
Radius, a ray. (L.) L. radius, a ray.
Doublet, ray (i).
RmdlTj a root (L.) L. radix (stf>m
rddic-), a root4-Gk. p&^^, a branch, rod ;
fiddafufos, a twig. See Boot and Wort.
Ber. nuHc-al, L. rddicdlis.
Baffle, a kind of lottery. (F. - G.)
M. £. rafle, a game at dice.— M. F. rajte^
raffle, a game at three dice ; O. F. rafle,
a gust of wind ; F. rqfler, to snatch up.«*
G. raffein, to snatch up; frequent, of
raffen, to snatch away, carry oft hastily.
See Bap (2).
Baft. (Scand.) M.E. raft, a spar,
beam ; orig. sense ' rafter.* — Icel. raptr
{raftr), a rafter, beam (where the final r is
merely the sign of the nom. case) ; Dan.
raft, a rafter, a beam. Allied to Icel.
rdf, rcefr, a roof, cognate with O.H.G. rSfo,
a spar, rafter. Allied to Gk. 6po(i>ot, a roof,
kpiftiv, to cover. (yREPH.) ^ Not
allied to A. S. krof, a roof.
raffcer, a beam to support a roof. (E.)
A.S. rafter. An extension of the word
above.
Bag. (Scand.) M. E. ragge. We only
find A.S. raggie, for *raggige, rough,
shaggy ; as if formed from a sb. ^ragg-, —
Norw. ragg, rough hair, whence ragged,
shaggy (E. ragged); Swed. ri^, rough
hair, whence raggig, shaggy; Icel. rogg,
shagginess, raggaSr, shaggy. Orig. sense
' shagginess,' whence the notion of untidi-
ness. % The resemblance to Gk. piueoi,
a shred of cloth, is accidental. Der. rag-
stone, i.e. rugged stone; rag'Wort, i.e.
ragged plant
Mige. (F.-L.) ¥.rage,^L,radiem,
ace. of rabifs, rage.^L. rabere, to rage.
And see Bave.
BagOUt. (F.-L.) F. ragoAt, a sea-
soned dish. — F. ragoi^ter, to coax a. sick
man's appetite. • F. re-, again ; a, to ;
goUter, to taste. *L. re-\ ad\ gustdre, to
taste. See Oust (2).
Baid. (North E.) A Northern form
of E. rocuL Cf. Icel. reiJH, a riding, a
road. See Bead.
Bail (i), a bar. (F.-L.) M. E. rail.
Not found in A. S. — O. F. reille, a rail,
bar; Norman dial, railc^l^, regiila, a
bar. See Bule. Cf. Low G. regel, a rail,
cross-bar ; Swed. regel, a bar, holt ; G.
riegel, O. H. G. rigil, a bar, bolt ; all
from L.
Bail (2), to brawl, scold. (F.) F.
railler, to deride; O. F. raille, sb.,
mockery. Origin unknown. Der. raill-
er-y, F. raillerie, banter.
Bail (3), a bird. (F.-Teut.) O. F.
raalle ; M. F. rasle, * a rayle,' Cot. ; F.
rdle. (From its cry.)
Bail (4), part of a woman's night-dress.
',E.) See Halliwell and Palsgrave. M.E.
re^el, — A. S. hragl, hregl, a dress, robe,
swaddling-clothes. + O. Fries, hreil^ reil\
O. H. G. hregil, a garment. Teut. type
*kragilom, neut.
Balment. (F.— L. a»// Scand.; with
F. suffix.) Short for arrai-fncnl; see
Array.
Bain. (E.) M,E.rein, A.S. rit;^, also
ren (by contraction). +Du. regen, Icel.
Dan. Swed. regn, G. regen, Goth, rign,
rain. Cf. L. rigare^ to moisten.
429
RAINDEER
RANCH
Sailldeer ; see Beindeer.
Sai86. (Scand.) M.E. reisen.^lcel,
reisa, to make to risej cansal of rtsa (pt.
t. reis^y to rise ; so also Dan. reisfj Swed.
resa, to raise. See Bise, Bear (i).
Baisin. (F.-L.) M.E.m>i«.-O.F.
raisin y a grape; also a bunch. — Folk-
I^. ractmum, for L. racemum, ace. of race-
tnus, a cluster.
Rajah, prince. (Skt.) Skt. rdjd, the
nom. case from the stem rdjan^ a king.
Cognate with L. rex ; see Begal.
rajpOOt,a prince. (Hind. — Skt.) Hind.
rajptlty a prince ; lit. * son of a jajah.* —
Sict. rdj-d, a king ; putra^ son.
BaJce (i); an implement. (E.) A.S.
raca, a rake.^Du. rakel^ a rake, Dan.
rage, a poker, Swed. raka, an oven-rake
(with base rak-^ ; also Icel. reka^ a shovel,
G. rechen^ a rake (with base rek-). Allied
to Goth, rikan (Teut. type ^rek-an-^ pt. t.
rak)t to collect, heap up. Cf. Icel. raka^
vb., to rake. Der. rake^ vb.
B^lce (a)) a dissolute man. (Scand.)
M. E rakel, rash ; oddly corrupted to rake-
hell (Trench, Nares) ; finally shortened to
rake. — Swed. dial, rakkel, a vagabond, from
rakay to run hastily, M. Swed. racka, to run
about. Cf. A. S. raciarty to run.
B^e (3)1 the projection of the eictremi-
ties of a ship beyond the keel, the inclina-
tion of a mast from the perpendicular.
(Scand.) ' In sea-language, the rake of a
ship is so much of her hull or main body,
as hangs over both the ends of her keel ; *
Phillips (1706). Evidently from rake^ vb.,
to reach, extend (Halliwell). — Swed. dial.
rakal io reach, raka fram^ to reach over,
project; Dan. ragefremy to project, jut out.
Cf. Icel. rakr^ Swed. rak^ straight. Allied
to Back (i).
Bakelielly a vagabond ; see Bake (2).
BaM, arrack. (Turk. — Arab) Turk.
rdqt, arrack. ■- Arab, ^araq^ arrack; see
Anraok.
Bally (i), to re- assemble. (F.-L.) F.
rallier. — F. re-y again ; allier^ to ally ; see
Ally. Cf. prov. F. raller^ to rally, grow
convalescent ; dial, de la Meuse (Labour-
asse).
Bally (a), to banter. (F.) We also
find the sb. rallety, * pleasant drolling,'
Phillips, ed. lyoix This is, of course,
another spelling of raillery ; and rally is
merely another form of rail (2\ from F.
railler^ to deride. See Bail (2\
Bam. (E.) A. S. rflw.+Du. ram, G.
ramm. Cf. Icel. rawr, strong. Ber. raxv,
vb., to butt, push, thrust ; ram-rod,
BamacJan, a great Mohammedan fast.
(Arab.) So called because kept in the ninth
month, named^ama^aff. — Arab, ramaddn,
pronounced ramaz&n in Turkish and Per-
sian. As it is in the ninth month of the lunar
year, it may take place in any season ; but
it is supposed to have been originally held
in the hot season. The word implies * con-
suming fire * ; from Arab, root rametf, it
was hot. (Devic, Richardson.)
Bamble. (E.) Frequentative of M. £.
ratnien (?), prov. E. rame^ to rove, to gad
about (Yks.) ; cf. E. Fries, ramen^ rdmen,
to rove, ramble. The b is excrescent, and
ramble is for prov. E. rammle, to ramble
(Whitby Glossary \
Bamifjr. (F. — L.) F. raw^^r, to put
forth branches (hence, to branch off). — L.
rdmi-f for ramus y a branch, bough ; -fic&re,
iox facere, to make. With L. rdmusy cf.
Gk. paHafivoSf a twig. Bmgm. i. § 529.
Bax&p, Bomp, to bound, leap ; pro-
perly to climb, scramble, rear; also to
sport boisterously. (F. — Teut.) M. E.
rampen, to rage ; cf. ramp-ant (F. ramp-
ant), rearing, said of a lion. — F. ramper,
* to creep, run, crawle, climb ; ' Cot. Orig.
sense * to clamber ' ; cf. M. Ital. rampare,
to clutch, rampOy a hook. According
to Diez, the Ital. rampare (Prov. rapar^
is a nasalised 'form from Low G. rappen^
to snatch hastily, Dan. rappe, to hasten ;
cf. G. raffen, to snatch; see Bape (i).
But Korting derives Ital. rampa, a grip,
from Low G. ramp (Liibben), Bavar.
rampfy a cramp, seizure; which is allied
to rampf, 2nd grade of O. H. G. rimpfan^
to cramp. Cf. Bipple (2).
Bampart. (F.— L.) Also spelt ram-
pire, rampier, rampar. — M. F. rempart,
rempary a rampart of a fort. — M. F. rem-
parer, to put again into a state of defence.
— L. re-, again ; im- (in), in ; pardre, to
get ready. See Pare.
BamsOXLS, broad-leaved garlic. (E.)
A double plural ; for rams-en-s. Here
ramsen = A. S. hramsan, ramsons ; a pi.
form, from a sing. AftfWJrt.+Swed. rams-
lok (/a)^ = leek); Dan. rams\ Lithuan.
kermusze, wild garlic; Irish cream A, W.
era/, garlic; Gk. Kp6fivoVf9n onion (Stokes-
Fick, p. 98).
Bancn, Baneho, a rude hut. (Span.
— Teut.) Common in Mexico. — Span.
ranchOj a mess, set of persons who eat
430
RANCID
RAPE
and drink together ; fonnerly, ' a ranke/
Minshen. Prob. borrowed from Prov.
reiUf a rank; O. F. reng\ see Bank,
Bange.
Aucid. (L.) 'L,rancidus,T2Jic\di, Cf.
L. rancenSf stinking, as if from an infin.
*rancirey to stink.
rancour. (F.-L.) HL.K rancour.^
AS, rancour, — L. rancorem, ace. oirancor,
spite, orig. rancidness. See above.
jEtandom, said or done at hazard. (F. —
Tent.) M. £. randan ; esp. in phr. in
randtm, in great haste, i- O. F. randon, the
force and swiftness of a great stream;
whence phr. ^ randon, in great haste, with
impetuosity ; from O. F. randir^ to run
swiftly. So also Span, de rendon, de rondon,
rashly, impetuously. — G. rand^ a brim,
edge, verge, margin ; whence Ital. a randa^
with difficulty, exactly (lit. near the verge).
Cf. G. Hs am rande zv//, full to the brim.
The sense of O. F. randir has reference to
the course of v^ full or drimmmg- liver.^
A. S. randy Icel. rimd, Dan. randy rim,
verge ; Swed. rand, a stripe. See Bind.
S^ukge. (F.-O.H.G.) The sense* to
rove * arose from the trooping about of
ranks of armed men. «F. ranger (O. F.
renger), to range, rank, order, array, lit.
* to put into a rank.* — F. rang (O. F. reng\
a rank (below).
rank ^i), a row, line of soldiers, class.
(F. - O. H. G.) M. E. rengy renk, - O. F.
reng (F. ran^, a rank, row, list, range. —
O. H. G. hrincy a ring, ring of men, hence
a row or rank of men. See Bing.
Sank ' a), coarse in growth, very fertile ;
also rancid. (£.) The sense 'rancid' is
due to confrision with O. F. ranee, * musty,'
Cot, which is from L. ranadus. But M.£.
rank means strong, forward; from A. S.
ranc, strong, proud, forward. ^Du. rank,
lank, slender (like things of quick growth) ;
Icel. rakkr (for *rankr)y straight, slender,
Swed. ranky long and thin, Dan. rank, erect.
BanUe, to fester. (F. - L. - Gk.)
A. F. rankler, to fester ; O. F. draonclery
raoncler, rancler (so that it once began
with d\ see Godefroy).-O.F. draoncle,
raoncle, rancUy an eruption of the skin. —
Late L. dracunculus, dranculus, (i) a
little dragon ; (2) a kind of ulcer (as
dragons were supposed to be venomous).
» Late L. draco, a dragon. See Dragon.
(Phil. Soc. Trans. 1891.)
SaiUiack. (Scand.) Icel. rannsakoy to
search a house, ransack; Swed. ransaka.
Dan. ransage. — Icel. rann, a house, abode ;
sak-y related to sakja, to seek. The Icel.
rann stands for *razny and is the same as
A. S. am, a cot, Goth. ms», a house ; see
barn. Cf. A. S. rasn, a plank, beam;
and see Seek. % Cf. Norman dial, ran-
saqtur, Gael, rannsaich, from Scand. .
Aaasom. redemption. (F.— L.) M. £.
ransoun (with Bnal ff).«O.F. raenson,
later ranfon, a ransom. — L. redemptionemy
ace. of redetnptioy a buying back. ^ L.
redemptus, pp. of redimere, to redeem ; see
Bedeem. Doublet, redemption,
Baat. (Du.) M. Du. ra»<//^ to dote,
be enraged ; also spelt randen ; see Kilian.
Cf. Westphal. rantem, to prate.
Baatipolef a romping child. (Low G.)
Cf. M. Du. wrantigky E. Fries, wranterig.
Low G. wrantigy peevish, quarrelsome;
and Foil. See Frampold.
Bannncnliui, (L.) 1^, ranunculus yK
little frog ; also, a plant. Double dimin.
of ranay a frog.
Bap (i)) to strike smartly; a smart
stroke. (Scand.) Dan. rapy a rap, tap;
Swed. rcippy a blow ; Swed. rappa, to beat ;
cf. G. rappelny to rattle. Of imitative
origin ; allied to Battle, Backet (2).
Bap (2), to snatch, seize hastily. (£.)
M. £. rapen, to hasten, act hastily. Cf.
M. Du. rapen, ' to rap up, gather,' Hex-
ham ; Du. rap, quick ; Icel. hrapay to
fall, tumble, hasten, hurry ; Swed. rappa y
to seize, snatch, Dan. rappey to make
haste; Swed. rapp, Dan. rapy Quick,
bri^ ; G. raffeUy to snatch. From Teut.
base *hrap-. % Chiefly in the phrase to
rap and rend. And see Bapt, Bape (i).
aaj^ioiUI. (L.) Coined from L.
rapOcty for rapax, grasping. — L. rapercy
to grasp. Brugm. 1. § 477.
Bape (i)} a seizing by force. (F. — L.)
A. F. and Norm. dial, rape, rap ; cf. Late
L. rappusy rapus (for L. rapt us), O.F.
rapt. — L. raptuMy ace. of raptus, a rape.
*L. raptus y pp. of rapere, to seize.
Cf. O. F. raper, Gascon rapa, to seize,
p. But, apparently, confused with M E.
rapCy haste, hurry, a common word ; see
Chaucer's lines to Adam Scrivener. — Icel.
hrap, ruin, falling down, hrapadr, a hurry,
hrapa, to hasten ; Swed. rapp, Dan. reip,
quick ; see Bap (2). Der. rape, vb.
Bape '2)» a plant. (L.) M. £. rape. ->
L. rdpa, rdpum, a turnip, a rape.4'Gk.
^TLftm, a turnip, f/wpavls, a radish ; Russ.
riepay a turnip ; G. riibe.
431
RAPE
RAT
(3), a division of a connty, in
Sussex. (Scand.) Icel. hreppr, a district ;
prob. orig. a share. — Icel. hreppa^ to catch ;
cf. A. S. hreppoH, to touch, lay hold of.
Allied to Bap (a).
Bapid. (F. - L.) F. rapide. - L. rapi-
dui, quick, lit snatching away. — L.
rt^re^ to snatch. See Bapaoious.
Aapier, a light narrow sword. (F.—
Span. — O. H .G.) M. F. rapiere^ rappiere^
ako raspiere (Littr^) ; it was considered
as SpanisHI ' Rapiere^ Spanische sworde ; *
Palsgrave, p. 908. Perhaps raspiere was
a name given in contempt, meaning 'a
rasper' or poker; hence it was called
* a proking-spit of Spaine * ; Nares. Cf.
Span. raspaderaySi raker. — Span, rtupar^
to rasp, scratch. -^ O. H. G. raspon^ to rasp.
See Basp. % So Diez ; Litti^ rejects this
probable solution.
Bapine. (F.-L.) F. ra/tW, * rapine,
ravine ; * Cot. — L. raptna,^ robbery, plunder.
— L. rapere^ to seize. See Bapaoioos.
Bappareo, an Irish robber. (Irish.)
Irish rapaire, a noisy fellow, sloven,
robber, thief; cf. rapaly noise, rapach^
noisy. Cf. Gael, rapair, a noisy fellow.
All perhaps from K rabble (Macbain).
SappeOp a kind of snuff. (F. - O. H. G.)
F. rap^^ lit. rasped, reduced to powder ;
pp. of rdper, to rasp ; see Basp.
aapty carried away. (L.) From L.
rapiuSf pp. of rapere^ to seize ; see Milton,
P. L. iii. 522. % But in * What thus raps
you,' Cymb. i. 6. 51, the word may be £.
See Bap (2).
raptorial. (L.) Used ofbirds of prey.
— L. raptdr-i-, from raptor , one who seizes ;
with suffix -al. — L. raperey to seize.
rapture. (L.) Coined, as if from L.
*raptiiray from L. raptus, pp. of rapere,
S^are. (F. — L.) F. rafi^. — L. rdrum^
ace. of rdrus, rare.
Rascal, a knave, villain. (F.-L.) M.E.
raskailUy the common herd. [It was a
term of the chase ; certain animals, not
worth hunting, were so called. The hart,
till he was six years old, was accounted
rascayleJ] A. F. raskayle, a rabble ; also
*rascailley whence mod. F. racailUy *the
rascality or base or rascall sort, the
scumme, dregs, offals, outcasts of any
company,* Cot. Due to an O. F. word
cognate with Prov. Span. Port, rascar,
to scrape ; the orig. sense being * scrap-
ings ' ; cf. M. F. rasquCy * scurfe ' ; Cot.
All from a Late L. *rasicdrey a frequent.
form from rdsum, supine of rSdergy to
scrape ; see Base (below) ; and Bash (2),
Rase, RaiOf to scrape, efface. (F.-.
L.) M. E. rasefty to scrape. — F. raser. —
Late L. rdsdre^ to graze, to demolish.
— L. rdsum, supine of rddere, to scrape.
Allied to Bodent.
Rask (i), headstrong. (E.) M. E.
rasky rase A, E. Fries, rask ; cf. A. S.
rascafij to flash. 4- Du. raschy G. rascA;
Dan. Swed. rask, quick, rash ; Icel.
rosir, vigorous; N. Fries, radsi, quick.
^ Brugm. i. § 795, connects this word
with O. H. G. raid, a wheel ; see Botary.
Raall (a), a slight eruption on the body.
(F. — L.) O. F. rasche, rasque, racke.
The same as Prov. rosea, the itch. So
called from the wish to scratch it ; cf. Prov.
rasear, to scratch, equivalent to a Late L.
*rdsiedre.^'L. rdsum, supine of radere,
to scrape. See Basoal.
Rask (3), to pull, tear violently. (F.—
L.) * Rashing off helmes ; * F. Q. v. 3. 8.
M.,E.ara£en,. afterwards shortened to racen.
— O. F. esrachier (F. arreuher) , to root up,
pull away violently. — h.exrddtedre, to root
out — L. AT, out ; radtedre, to root, from
rddfe-y stem of radix, a root. See
Badix.
Rash (4), a kind of serge. (F. -Ital.)
M. F. raSy serge. — Ital. reucia, * silk rash ; '
Florio. From Raseia, a district in the S.
of Bosnia.
Rashery a thin slice of broUed bacon.
(E.) * Rasher on the coales, quasi rashly
or hastily roasted,* Minshen. This is
right ; cf. ' Rashed, burnt in cooking, by
being too hastily dressed;' HalUwell.
See Bash (i).
Rasorial. (L.) L. rdsdr-i% from rdsw,
one who scrapes; with suffix •a/.~L.
rds-um, supine of radere, to scrape.
Rasp, vb. (F.-O.H.G.) M.E.
raspen. - O. F. r<uper (F. r&per), - O.H.G.
rcupoHy whence G. raspeln, to rasp. Cf.
O. H. G. hrespan, to pluck, to rake
together. Cf. Bap (2).
rasp-bernr, a kind of fruit, (F.—
O.H.G. ; and E. ) Formerly called raspis,
raspesy but this is merely a pi. form used as
a singular. Named from its uneven sur-
face. So also M. Ital. raspo, a rasp, also
a raspberry.
Rat. (E.) M.E. ra/. A.S.r^/.-|-M.Du.
rattey Du. ra/, Dan. rotte, Swed. r2Uta, Ci.
ratte, ratz ; Low L. ratns, rata (whence F.
rat) ; Irish and Gael, radan, Bret. raz.
432
■ -■ t^* ■ >-L
RATAFIA
RAVEL
Der. rat, vb., to desert one's party, as
rats are said to leave a falling house.
And see Batten.
Satafia, a liquor. (F. — Arab, and
Malay.) F. ratafia ; cf. tafia, rum-arrack.
— Malay araq tdfta, the spirit called tafia ;
where araq is borrowed from Arab. *araq,
arrack.
Satch, a rack or bar with teeth. (E.)
A palatalised form of rtuk (i) above, in
the sense of *bar with teeth*; hence it
came to mean a kind of a toothed wheel.
Der. ratch-et, in watch-work, 'the small
teeth at the bottom of the fusee or barrel
that stop it in winding up ; * Phillips.
Sate (i)> a proportion, standard, tax.
(F.— L.) A.F. rate, price, value. —L.
rata, fem. of ratus, determined, fixed,
settled, pp. of reor, I think, judge, deem.
Brugm: i. § 200.
Bate (2), to scold, chide. (F.— L.)
M. E. raten, Ch. C. T. 3463 ; araten, to
reprove. Also spelt retten, aretten. — O.F.
reter, rateir, areter, aratter, to accuse, to
impute; Norman dial, reter, retter, to
blame. * L. ad, to ; and reputSre^ to count
See Bepute. % Not from rate (i),
Bath, early ; Bather, sooner. (E.)
Kather is the compar. of raih, early, soon.
A. S. hrcUde, adv., quickly, hrtki, adj.,
quick, swift; hence hraiSor, sooner. 4-Icel.
Aradr, swift ; M. H. G. rad, hrad, quick ;
Du. rtid, swift. Cf. O. Ir. crothim, I shake.
Bati^. (F.-L.) F.rattfier.^LsiteL,
ratificdre^ to confirm.— L. rati', for ratus,
settled ; ficdre, ioifacere, to make. See
Bate (i).
ratio. (L.) L. r<i/i(0, calculation.— L.
ratus y pp. of reor, I think, deem.
ratlOXL, rate or allowance of provisions.
(F. — L.) F. ration, "L, ratilfnem, ace. of
ratio (above). Doublet, reason,
BatlineSt Batlins, Battlings,
the small transverse ropes crossing the
sh rouds of a ship. (E. ; and F. — L.) Now
turned into rat-tines, as if affording ladders
for rats to get up by. But the old term
was raddelines, or raddelyng of the
shrowdes, Naval Accounts (1485-97), ed.
Oppenheim, pp. 185, 207. Prob. the
same as prov. E. rackUings^ long pieces of
underwood twisted between upright stakes
(hence, crossAvae^ of the shrouds) ; cf. Du.
weeflijnen (weave-lines), ratlines. Cf. prov.
E. roadie, a hurdle ; perhaps allied to rod„
Palsgrave has * radyll of a carte.'
Battaaii a Malacca cane. (Malay.)
Also spelt ratan (Johnson). — Malay rJ/«w,
the rattan-cane.
Batten, to take away a workman's
tools for offending the trades' union.
(F. - Low L.- Teut.) Ratten is the Hal-
lamshire (Sheffield) word for a rat ; hence
applied to working secret mischief, which
is attributed to rats. * I have been rat'
tenedi I had just put a new cat-gut band
upon my lathe, and last night the rats have
carried it off;' N. and Q. 3 S. xii. 192.
M. E. raton, a rat. — F. raton, dimin. of
F. mt ; see Bat.
Battle, to clatter. (E.) M.'E, ratelen.
A. S. *hr(stelan, only preserved in A. S.
hratele, kratelwyrt, rattle-wort, a plant
which derives its name from the rattling
of the seeds in the capsules. 4>L)ii- rateien,
G. rasseln, to rattle ; allied to Gk. Kpad-
aivHv, to shake. Cf. also Gk. Kp&rdKov,
a rattle.
Banght, pt. t. of Beach, q. v^
;f. - L.)
_ , sb., plunder. (F. — L.) F.
ravage, *'ravage ; * Cot. — F. ravir, to bear
away suddenly. •- Folk-L rapJre^ L. rapere,
to seize. See Bapid. Der. ravage, vb.,
F. ravager,
Bave. (F.-L.) M.K roeoen.^O,Y,
raver, cited by Diez, s. v. r^er, as a Lor-
raine word ; hence the derivative ravasser,
*to rave, talk idly;' Cot. Godefroy has
O. F. resver, raver, rever^ to stroll about,
also to rave ; cf. F. rdver, dial, de la Meuse
(Labourasse). Allied to Span, rabiar, to
rave, a verb formed from the sb. raiia,
rage, allied to L. rabiis, rage. — L. rabere,
to rage; see Babid. ^ This is the
solution given by Diez ; but see Korting,
§6598.
Bavel, to untwist, unweave, entangle.
(M. Du.) The orig. sense has reference to
the untwisting of a string or woven texture,
the ends of threads of which become after-
wards entangled. To unravel is to disen-
tangle ; to ravel out is to unweave. — M.
Du. ravelen, to ravel ; mod. Du. rafelen,
E. Fries, rafeln, to fray out, unweave;
Low G. reffeln, to fray out. Cf. Du.
rafel, E. Fries, rafel, rdfel, a frayed edge.
Also Norman dial, raviler, to ravel;
Pomeran. rabbeln, uprabbeln, to ravel out.
Of unknown origin ; but cf. A. S. drafian (or
drdfian ?), to unravel, Gregory's Pastoral
Care, ed. Sweet, p. 245, 1. 22. % The
M. Du. ravelen, to dote (from O. F. rdver,
see Bave), is a different word. Der. un-
ravel.
433
RAPE
RAT
Sap6 (3)> a division of a connty, in
Sussex. (Scand.) Iccl. hreppr, a district ;
prob. orig. a share. — Icel. hreppay to catch ;
cf. A. S. hreppan, to toach, lay hold of.
Allied to Bap (2).
Bapid. (F.-L.) F.rapide.-^h.rapl'
duz, quick, lit snatching away. « L.
rc^re, to snatch. See Bapaoious.
xtapier, a light narrow sword. (F.—
Span. — O. H.G.) M. F. rapiere, rappierey
ako raspiere (Littr^) ; it was considered
as Spanisfil ' Rapiere, Spanische sworde ; '
Palsgrave, p. 908. Perhaps raspiere was
a name given in contempt, meaning 'a
rasper' or poker; hence it was called
* a proking-spit of Spaine ' ; Nares. Cf.
Span, raspaderay a raker. ^ Span, raspar^
to rasp, scratch. — O. H. G. raspotty to rasp.
See Basp. ^ So Diez ; Littr^ rejects this
probable solution.
Bapine. (F.-L.) F. rtf/»«^/ rapine,
ravine ; ' Cot. — L. rapina^ robbery, plunder.
— L. rapere^ to seize. See BapaoiotiB.
Bappare6f an Irish robber. (Irish.)
Irish rapaire, a noisy fellow, sloven,
robber, thief; cf. rapal, noise, rapach^
noisy. Cf. Gael, rapair, a noisy fellow.
All perhaps from £. riUfble (Macbain).
SappeO, a kind of snuff. (F. - O. H. G.)
F. rdpi, lit. rasped, reduced to powder ;
pp. of rdpery to rasp ; see Basp.
Aapty carried away. (L.) From L.
raptusy pp. of rapere^ to seize ; see Milton,
P. L. iii. 522. ^ But in * What thus rap
you,' Cymb. i. 6. 51, the word may be E.
See Bap (2).
raptorial. (L.) Used ofbirds of prey.
— L. raptor-i', from raptor ^ one who seizes ;
with suffix -al, — L. rapere^ to seize.
rapture. (L.) Coined, as if from L.
*rapturay from L. raptuSy pp. of rapere.
Bare. (F. — L.) F. rar^. — L. rdrum^
ace. of rdrusy rare.
Bascaly a knave, villain. (F.-L.) M.E.
raskwUUy the common herd. [It was a
term of the chase ; certain animals, not
worth hunting, were so called. The hart,
till he was six years old, was accounted
rascayle.'] A. F. raskayle, a rabble; also
*rascatlle, whence mod. F. racaille^ 'the
rascality or base or rascall sort, the
scumme, dregs, offals, outcasts of any
company,* Cot. Due to an O. F. word
cognate with Prov. Span. Port, rascar^
to scrape ; the orig. sense being * scrap-
ings ' ; cf. M. F. rasque, * scurfe ' ; Cot.
All from a Late L. *rasicarey a frequent.
form from rdsupi, supine of rSdere, to
scrape ; see Base (below) ; and Bash. (2).
Base, Base, to scrape, efface. (F.—
L.) M. £. rasen, to scrape, i- F. raser, •*
Late L. rSsdre^ to graze, to demolish.
— L. rdsum, supine of radere, to scrape.
Allied to Bodent.
Bask (i)} headstrong. (E.) M. K
rash, rasch, E. Fries, rask ; cf. A. S.
rascan, to flash.4-L>u. rasck, G. rascA;
Dan. Swed. rask, quick, rash ; Icel.
rosh'f vigorous; N. Fries, radsi, quick.
^ Brugm. i. § 795, connects this word
with O. H. G. rod, a wheel ; see Botary.
Bash (2), a slight eruption on the body.
(F. — L.) O. F. rasckg, rasque, rache.
The same as Prov. rosea, the itch. So
called from the wish to scratch it ; cf. Prov.
rascar, to scratch, equivalent to a Late L.
*rdsicSre,^'L. rdsum, supine of rSdere,
to scrape. See Basoal.
Basn (3), to pull, tear violently. (F.—
L.) * Rashir^ off helmes ; * F. Q. v. 3. 8.
yi.^.arcu:en^ afterwards shortened to racen,
— O. F, esrachier (F. arracher), to root up,
pull away violently. — h.exrddtcdre, to root
out -■ L. ex, out ; rddicdre, to root, from
rddiC'y stem of rddix, a root. See
Badix.
Bash (4), a kind of serge. (F. -Ital.)
M. F. ras, serge. —Ital. rascia, * silk rash ; *
Florio. From Rascia, a district in the S.
of Bosnia.
Baslxer, a thin slice of broiled bacon.
(E.) * Rasher on the coales, quasi rashly
or hastily roasted,* Minsheu. This is
right ; cf. * Rashedy burnt in cooking, by
being too hastily dressed ; ' Halliwell.
See Bash (i).
Basorial. (L.) L. rdsor-i; from rdsor,
one who scrapes; with suffix •al.'^'L.
rds-um, supine of rddere, to scrape.
Basp, vb. (F.-O.H.G.) M.E.
raspen. - O. F. rasper (F. rdper). - O.H.G.
raspdn, whence G. raspeln, to rasp. Cf.
O. H. G. hrespan, to pluck, to rake
together. Cf. Bap (2).
rasp-berry, a kind of fruit. (F.-
O.H.G. ; and'E, ) Formerly called raspis,
raspesy but this is merely a pi. form used as
a singular. Named from its uneven sur-
face. So also M. Ital. mspo, a rasp, also
a raspberry.
Bat. (E.) M. E. rat, A. S. r<?/.+M.Du.
7'aite, Du. rat, Dan. rotte, Swed. rhtta, G.
ratte, ratz ; Low L. ratus, rata (whence F.
rat) ; Irish and Gael, radan, Bret. raz.
432
RATAFIA
RAVEL
Der. rat, vb., to desert one's party, as
rats are said to leave a fjalling house.
And see Hatten.
Satafia, a liquor. (F. — Arab, and
Malay.) F. ratafia ; of. tafia^ mm-arrack.
— Malay araq tafia, the spirit called tafia ;
where araq is borrowed from Arab. *araq,
arrack.
Satch, a rack or bar with teeth. (E.)
A palatalised form of rack (i) above, in
the sense of *bar with teeth*; hence it
came to mean a kind of a toothed wheel.
Ber. ratch-ety in watch-work, 'the small
teeth at the bottom of the fnsee or barrel
that stop it in winding up ; ' Phillips.
Sate (i)> a proportion, standard, tax.
(F.— L.) A.F. rate, price, value. —L.
rata, fem. of ratus, determined, fixed,
settled, pp. of rear, I think, judge, deem.
Brugm: i. § 200.
Bate (a)f to scold, chide. (F.~L.)
M. E. raien, Ch. C. T. 3463 ; araten, to
reprove. Also spelt retten, aretten. — O.F.
reter, rateir, areter, aratter, to accuse, to
impute; Norman dial, reter, retter, to
blame. — L. ad, to ; and reput&re^ to count
See Bepute. % Not from rate (i).
Batil, early ; Bather, sooner. (£.)
Rather is the compar. of raih, early, soon.
A. S. hraiSe, adv., quickly, hrtiO, adj.,
quick, swift; hence hraOor, sooner. 4- ^cel.
iradr, swift ; M. H. G. rad, hrad, quick ;
Du. rad, swift. Cf. O. Ir. crothim, I shake.
Batify. (F.-L.) F.rfl/jifftfr.-LateL.
ratificdre, to confirm. — L. rati', for ratus,
settled ; -Jicare, foifacere^ to make. See
Bate (i).
ratio. (L.) L. fvi/ii?, calculation.— L.
ratus, pp. of rear, I think, deem.
ration, rate or allowance of provisions.
(F. — L.) F. ration, — L. ratidnem, ace. of
ratio (above). Doublet, reason,
Batlines, Batlins, BattlingB,
the small transverse ropes crossing the
shrouds of a ship. (E. ; and F. — L.) Now
turned into rat-lines, as if affording ladders
for rats to get up by. But the old term
was raddelines, or raddelyng of the
shrowdes, Naval Accounts (1485-97), ed.
Oppenheim, pp. 185, 307. Prob. the
same as prov. E. raddlings, long pieces of
underwood twisted between upright stakes
(hence, cross-\va!t& of the shrouds) ; cf. Du.
weeflijnen (weave-lines), ratlines. Cf. prov.
£. raddle, a hurdle ; perhaps allied to rod.
Palsgrave has * radyll of a carte.'
Battaay a Malacca cane. (Malay.)
Also spelt ratan (Johnson). — yisAzyrotan,
the rattan-cane.
BatteXL, to take away a workman's
tools for offending the trades' union.
(F. - Low L.- Teut.) Ratten is the Hal-
lamshire (Sheffield) word for a rat ; hence
applied to working secret mischief, which
is attributed to rats. *I have been rat-
tened; I had just put a new cat-gut band
upon my lathe, and last night the rats have
carried it off;' N. and Q. 3 S. xii. 192.
M. E. raton, a rat. — F. raton, dimin. of
F. rat ; see Bat.
Battle, to clatter. (E.) M. E. ratelen.
A. S. *hratelan, only preserved in A. S.
hratele, hrcetelwyrt, rattle-wort, a plant
which derives its name from the rattling
of the seeds in the capsules. 4* Du. ratelen,
G. rasseln, to rattle ; allied to Gk. «fw8-
aivfiv, to shake. Cf. also Gk. xpSraXov,
a rattle.
Banglxt, pt. t. of Beach, q. v^
Bava^fei sb., plunder. (F.-L.) F.
ravage, ' ravage ; * Cot. — F. ravir, to bear
away suddenly. m» Folk-L rapTre^ L. rapere,
to seize. See Bapid. Der. ravage, vb.,
F. ravager,
Bave. (F.-L.) M.E. rfl»«i.-O.F.
raver, cited by Diez, s. v. rHfer, as a Lor-
raine word ; hence the derivative ravasser,
*to rave, talk idly;' Cot. Godefroy has
O. F. resver, raver, rever^ to stroll about,
also to rave ; cf. F. r&ver, dial, de la Meuse
(Labourasse). Allied to Span, radiar, to
rave, a verb formed from the sb. radia,
rage, allied to L. radios, rage. — L. rabere,
to rage; see Babid. % This is the
solution given by Diez ; but see Korting,
§ 6598.
Bavely to untwist, unweave, entangle.
(M. Du.) The orig. sense has reference to
the untwisting of a string or woven texture,
the ends of threads of which become after-
wards entangled. To unravel is to disen-
tangle ; to ravel out is to unweave. — M.
Du. ravelen, to ravel ; mod. Du. rafeleny
E. Fries, rafeln, to firay out, unweave;
Low G. reffeln, to fray out. Cf. Du.
rafel, E. Fries, rafel, r^el, a frayed edge.
Also Norman dial, raviler, to ravel;
Pomeran. rabbeln, uprabbeln, to ravel out.
Of unknown origin ; but cf. A. S. drafian (or
drafian ?), to unravel, Gregory's Pastoral
Care, ed. Sweet, p. 245, 1. 22. % The
M. Du. ravelen, to dote (firom O. F. rdver,
see Bave), is a different word. Ber. un-
ravel.
433
RAVELIN
Bavelilly a detached work in fortifica-
tion, with two embankments raised before
the counterscarp. (F.— Ital.) ¥. ravelin.
— M. Ital. ravellino, revdlino (Ital. riveU
lino\ a ravelin. Origin unknown ; thought
to be from L. re-^ back, ucUlum^ a ram-
part ; which is unlikely.
Raven (i)» a bird. (K) M. £. raven.
A. S. hrcefny Are/n.'^Vu. raqf, Icel. hrafny
Dan. rcevn^ G. rabe. Tent, type *hrabnoz^
m. Perhaps allied to Gk. «o/wi^> ^ raven,
L. cor-uus.
IKaveXL (a), to plunder, to devour. (F. —
L.) Better spelt rtft^f If. From M. E. nwiW,
sb., plunder. — O. F. ravine, rapidity, im-
petuosity (oldest sense ' plunder,' as in L.).
mm L. raptnaj plunder ; see Bapine.
ravinei a tioUow gorge. (F.— L.) F.
ravim, a hollow worn by floods, also a
great flood ; O. F. ravine (above).
ravish, to seize with violence. (F. —
L.) Mii £. rautschen. — F. raviss-, stem
of pres. pt. of raviry to ravish. — Folk-L.
rapiref for L. rqpere, to seize.
Aaw. (£.) M. E. raw, A. S. Areaw,
Ar^^.+Du. raauw ; Tcel. hrdr, Dan. raa,
Swed. r& ; O. H. G. rOo, G. roh. Teut.
types *hrawoz, *hrctwoz. Allied to L.
cruduSy raw, Skt. krUra-, sore, cruel, hard ;
also to Gk. Kpias (for *Kpfpas\ raw flesh,
Skt. kravya-y raw flesh ; Lat. cruor, blood ;
Russ. kr(n}ey Lith. kraujas, Irish rrw, W.
rra», blood. Brugm. i. § 49a. (^^KREU.)
Bay(n. (F.-L.) O.Y.raye\Y,raie,
— L. radiuiHy ace. of radius, a ray. See
Badius.
Itay (3), a fish. (F.— L.) O. F. raye,
F. rate. — L. r<Jw, a ray.
S&y (3)* a dance. (Du.) M. Du. rey,
a dance ; Du. rei, a chorus.
Sayallf a person, not a Mohammedan,
who pays the capitation-tax, a word in use
in Turkey. (Arab.) It may be explained
as ' subject,' though the orig. sense is * a
flock,' or pastured cattle. -i Arab, rdiyah,
rdiyaii), a flock, subject, peasant; from
ray J pasturing, tending flocks. Cf. Byot.
Aase, the same as Base (above).
rasor. (F.— L.) F. rasoir, a razor,
lit. a shaver. — F. raser^ to shave; see
Base.
Razzia, a sudden raid. (F. — Algiers.)
F. razzia J razia ; borrowed from the Alger-
ine razia, which is a peculiar pronunciation
of Arab, gh&zia, a raid, expcxlition against
infidels TDevic). — Arab, gh&zi, a hero, a
leader of an expedition.
REAM
Be-, Bed-,/''4/Kr, again. (F.-L.; or
L.) L. re-, red-; commonly re-, except
in red-eem, red-olenty red-dition, red-ound^
red-undant. % Hence a large number of
compounds, such as re-address, re-arrange,
which cause no difliculty.
Beach (i), to attain. (E.) M. E.
rechen, pt. t. raghte, raughte, pp. raught,
— A. S. rScan, racean, pt. t. raA/^.+Du.
reiken, O. Friesic reka ; G. reichen. The
A. S. rcecan is closely allied to the sb.
ge-rSc, opportunity; giving as the orig.
sense 'to seize an opportunity.' Teut.
type *raikjan-, (Distinct from A.S. reccan,
to stretch.) Der. reach, sb., which also
means ' a stretch in a river.'
Beach (a), to try to vomit ; see Betch.
Bead. (E.) M. £. rA/m. K.S.r&dan
(strong verb), to counsel, consult, inter-
pret, read; with the remarkable pt. t.
riord, [Also as a weak vb., pt. t. rhdde ;
prob. by confusion with r&dan, to dispose
of, to govern.] Allied to Goth, garidan,
to provide, Icel. rdiia (pt. t. reti), to advise,
G. rathen (pt. t. rieth), to advise. Teut.
type *r^dan-. Perhaps allied to L. rf-ri,
to think. Der. riddle (i), q. v.
Beady. (E.) M. E. redi ; with change
of suflix from A.S. rSde, ready; orig.
* equipped for riding,' or * prepaid for a
raid ' ; [ready - < fully dressed,' is common
in Tudor £.] ; usual form ge-rade. » A. S.
rdd, and stem of ridan, to ride. So also
G. he-reit, ready, from reit-en, to ride;
Goth, garaids, Icel. g-reiOr, ready; cf.
Goth, raidjan, to order, appoint. And
cf. G. fertig, ready, from JaAren, to go.
See Bide.
Beal(i), actual. (F.-L.; ^L.) Either
from O. F. real (F. r/<f/), or directly from
Late L. redlis, belonging to the thing itself.
— L. rfs, a thing. Der. real-ist.
Beal (2)) a small Spanish coin. (Span.
— L.) Span, real, lit. a * royal ' coin. — L.
rigalis, royal ; see BegaL
Bealgar, red arsenic. (F.— Span.—
Arab.) F. r/a^<7r. — Span, rejalgar, red
sulphuret of arsenic. — Arab, rahj al-ghdr,
powder of the mine, mineral powder.—
Arab, rahj, powder ; al, the ; ghdr^ a
cavern, mine.
Bealm. (F. — L.) M. E. roialme,
realme.''K,Y. realme (F. rayaume^, a
kingdom ; answering to a Late L. *regdli-
men. « L. rig&lis, royal ; see Begal.
Beau. ( F. — Span. — Arab.) M. E.
reeme.'mO. F. raime (F. rame), a ream or
434
REAP
RECEPTACLE
bundle of paper. — Span, resma, a ream. •-
Arab, rismaij), pi. rtzam, a bundle.
Seap. (E.) M. E. repen (pt. t. rep, pp.
ropeh), O. Merc, reopan^ A. S. repan,
pt. t rrrp, pt. t. pi. rctpon, [But a com-
moner form is A. S. ttpan (pt. t. rap, pp.
ripen) \ whence A. S. nt^, E. n]^^; see
Bipe. The co-existence of these two
strong verbs is remarkable.] The A. S.
repan is from a Teut. base *rep', whence
Du. repei, a flax-comb (see Bipple (i)),
and Swed. repa, to rip np (see Bip). The
A. S. ripan is from a Teut. base *reip',
whence Bipe and Bope.
Sear (i ', to raise. (£.) M. £. reren,
A. S. rSran, to rear ; the exact equivalent
of Icel . reisa, to raise. Teut. type *raizjdn-
(cf. Goth, ur-raisjan, to raise up) ; whence
A. S. raran, by Vemer's law. See Baise.
Causal form of rtsan, to rise (pt. t. rds =
Goth, rats). Doublet, raise,
Seaz:(a), the back part. (F. — L.) M.E.
rere, chiefly in adv. arere, arrere, in the
rear. — O. F. riere, backward; whence
ariere (F. arrive), behind, backward.—
L. retrfff backward ; whence ad retro>Y,
arriire. See Betpo-.
Sear (3), insufficiently cooked. (E.)
M.E. rere, A. S. hrir, half-cooked.
Searmoiuie ; see Beremouse.
Rearward, the rear-guard. (F.--L.
and G.) The old spelling is rereward^
M.E. rerewarde, i. e. guard in the rear.
See Bear (2) and "Word.
Season. (F.-L.) M. E. restfun,
reisun, — A. F. and O. F. reison (F. raison).
^la, ratidnem^ ace. of ratio, calculation,
reason. See Batio.
SeaTe* to rob. (E.) M.E. retten
( = reven) ; pt. t. rafte, refte, pp. raft, reft.
A. S. reafian, to despoil, lit. to strip ; cf.
A. S. rlafy clothing, a robe, spoil, plunder.
— A. S. reaf, and grade of strong verb
ricfan, to break. + Icel. raufa, to reave,
ranf, spoil, from rauf, 2nd grade of rjufa,
to break up, violate ; G. rauben, to rob,
raub, plunder. The strong verb is of the
Teut. type *reuban- (pt. t. *raub). Cf. L.
ruvipere. to break. Brugm. i. § 701.
Sebate, to blunt a sword's edge. (F. —
L.; O. F. rebatre, to beat back again. —
F. re- (L, re-), back ; O. F. baire, F. battre,
to beat ; see Batter (1).
Sebeck, a three-stringed fiddle. (F.—
Arab.) O. F. rebec, also spelt rebebe;
M. Ital. ribecca, also ribebba, a rebeck. —
Arab, rabab, rababa{t\ a rebeck (Devic).
Bebel. (F.-L.) The verb is from the
sb., and the sb. was orig. an adj. M. E.
rebel, adj., rebellious. — ¥.rebelle, rebellious.
— L, rebellem, ace. of rebellis, renewing
war. — L. r<f-, again; bellum, war = 0. L.
duelltim, war ; see Duel. Der. rebel, sb.
and vb. ; rebell-ion, -ious,
Sebound ; see Bound (i).
Hebnff, a repulse. (Ital.) In Milton,
P. L. ii. 936. — Ital. rebuffo, ribuffo, a
check. — Ital. ribuffare, * to check, chide ; '
Florio. — Ital. ri- (L. re-), back ; buffare, a
word of imitative origin, like E. puff\ see
Puff.
Sebnke, to reprove. (F.— L.) M.E.
rebuken; A.F. rebuAer.<^O.F, (Picard)
rebouquer, also reboucher, to blunt a
weapon ; metaphorically, to put aside a
request ; cf. Picard se rebuker, to revolt. —
F. re-, back ; bouquer, Picard form of
boticher, to obstruct, shut up, also to hood-
wink, nip with cold (hence to blunt) ;
formed from bouque, Picard form of F.
bouche, the mouth. — L. re-, back; bucca,
the puffed cheek (later, the mouth). Thus
to rebuke is to stop one's mouth, ob-
struct; cf. Gascon rebouca, 'refluer, en
parlant d'eau.'
SebUB, a representation of a word by
pictures. (L.) Thus Bolton was repre-
sented by pictures of a bolt and a tun. — L.
rehus, by things, i. e. by means of things ;
abl. pi. of ris, ft thing. See Beal (i).
Bebut. (F. -L. fliMf M. H. G.) O. F.
r^^aM/«r,to repulse. — L. r<-, again ; M.H.G.
bozen, to beat ; see Beat.
Secall. (L. and Scand.) From L.
re-, back ; and call, of Scand. origin.
Secant. (L.) L. recantare, to sing
back, echo ; also, to recant, recall. — L. re-,
back ; cant are, to sing. See Oant (i).
Secede. (L.) L. recldere, to go back.
— L. re-, back ; cidere, to go ; see Cede.
Seceive. (F.-L.) A.F. receiv-^ a
stem of receivre, O. F. refoivre.^h. red-
pere, to take back. — L. re-, back ; capere,
to take. See Capaoious.
Secent. (F.-L.) M.F. recent (F.
r/««/). — L. recent', stem of recens, fresh,
new, orig. ' beginning anew.'— L. re-, again;
-cent-, a stem allied to Russ. po^Ain-ate, to
begin, O. Irish cJt-t first ; and to Gk. icair^i,
new (Prellwitz).
Seceptacle. (F.-L.) Y.riceptacle.
— L. receptaculum, a place to store away.
— L. recept'us, pp. of recipere ; see Be-
oeivo.
435
RECEPTION
RECOUP
reception. (F.— L.) '^.rkepHon.^
L. ace. receptidnem^ a taking back. — L.
receptus ; as above.
SeceSS. (L.) L. recessus^ a retreat. —
L. recessus, pp. of re-cedere^ to recede.
See Becede.
IRecheatf a signal of recall, in hunting.
(F. — L.) From A.F. rechet, variant of O. F.
recei, a place of refuge, a retreat (Gode-
froy). — L. receptuniy ace. of receptus y a
retreating, retreat. — L. receptus, pp. of
t-ecipere, to receive ; see Beceive.
reoipe. (L.) L. recipe, take thou;
imp. of recipere, to receive (above).
recipient. (L.) L. recipient-, stem
of pres. pt. of recipere, to receive.
Reciprocal. (L.) From L. recipro-
cus, returning, alternating. Lit. * directed
backwards and forwards ; from L. *re'Co-,
backwards (from re-, back) ; and ^pro-co-,
forwards, whence /fv^«/, afar off. Brugm.
ii. § 86.
Becite. ( F. - L.) M. F. reciter. - L.
recitdre, to recite. — L. r^, again ; citare, to
quote ; see Oite.
Reck, to regard. (E.) M. E. rekken ;
often recchen, A. S. reccan, reccean (for
*rak-jan) ; but the pt. t. in use is roh-te,
from an infin. recan (for *rdk'jan\ from
the strong grade *rok', + Icel. rcekja ;
O. Sax. rdkjan, to reck, lieed. Formed
from a sb. with base rac; strong grade
roC', care, which exists in the cognate
M. H. G. ruoch, O. H. G. ruoh, care, heed
(whence the M. H. G. ruochen, O. H. G.
ruohhjan, to reck), p. The Tent, stem ^rok-
is the strong grade of *rak-, as seen in
Icel* rok, a reason, A, S. racu, account,
reckoning, O. Sax. raka, a business,
affair, 6. H. G. rahha, Der. reck-less,
A.S. rice^lias; cf. Du. roekeloos, G.
ruchlos,
reckon. (E.) M. E. rekmen, A.S.
ge-recenian, to explain ; allied \jq ge-reccan,
reccan, to rule, order, direct, explain, ordain ,
tell.+Du. rekenen ; (whence Icel. reikna,
to reckon, Dan. regne, Swed. rakna, ^re
borrowed) ; G. recAnen,0, H. G. rekkanon,
to compute, reckon, p. All secondary
verbs ; allied to the sb. seen in A. S. rcu:u,
an account, Icel. rvk, neut. pi., a reason,
ground, origin, O. H. G. rahhay a thing,
subject. See Beck.
Reclaim ; from Be- and Claim.
Recline. (LO L* redmdre, to lean
back, lie down. — L. re-, back; *clindre,
to lean. See Iiean (i) and Incline.
Rednse. (F.-L.) M.E. reclme,
odg. fem. — O. F. recluse, fem. of rectus^
pp. of reclorre, to shut up. — L. reclOderey
to unclose ; but in late Lat. to shut up. —
L. re-^ back; claudere, to shut. See
Clause.
Recognise. (F. — L.) Formed from
the sb. recognisance ( Chaucer, C. T. 1 3 260).
— O. F. recognisance y an acknowledgment.
— O. F. recognis-ant, pres. part, of recog"
noistre (F. reconnattre), — L. re-cognoscere,
to know again. See Cogniaanoe. Der.
recognit-ion (from L. pp. recognit-us).
Recoil, vb. (F. — L.) M.E. recoilen.
— A. F. recuiller\ F. reculer, * to recoyle,
retire;* Cot. Lit. to go backwards. — F.
re-, back ; cul, the hinder part. — L. re-,
back ; cHlum, ace. of alius, the hinder
part.
RecoUecti to remember. (F.— L.)
Lit. * to gather again ; ' from re-, again,
and collect ; see Collect.
Recommend, to commend to another.
(F. — L.) From Be- and Commend;
imitated from F. recommander, ' to recom-
mend ; ' Cot.
Recompense, to reward. (F. — L.)
M. F. recompenser, *■ to recompence ; * Cot.
— L. re-, again ; compensare, to compen-
sate ; see Compensate.
Reconcile. (F.— L.) O. F. recon-
cilier, — L. re-, again ; concilidre, to con-
ciliate ; see Conciliate.
Recondite, secret (L.) L. reconditus,
put away, hidden, secret ; pp. oirecondere,
to put back again. —L. re-, back ; condere,
to put together, p. The L. condere (pt. t.
condidi) is from con^ (cum), with, and the
weak grade of ^DH&, to place, put.
Brugm. i. § 573.
Reconnoitre, to survey. (F.-L.)
O; F. reconoistre, M. F. recognoistre, * to
recognise, to take a precise view of; ' Cot.
— L. re-cognoscere, to know again. See
Beoognise.
Record. (F. — L.) M.E. recorden,^
O. F. recorder. — L. recorddre, recordart, to
recall to mind. — L. re-^ again ; cord^^ stem
of cor, heart. See Heart.
Recount. (F. — L.) F. raconter, to
teil, relate. — F. re- (L. r*-), again ; aconter,
to account ; from a (L. cuT), to, and conter,
' to count. See Count (2). Recount «■
re-ac- count.
Recoup, to diminish a loss. (F. — L.
and Gk.) Lit. to secure a piece or shred.
— F. recoupe, a shred. — F. recouper, to cut
436
RECOURSE
REDOUND
again. ^L. re-^ again; and F. couper^ to
cut ; see Coppice.
SeCOUrse. (F.— L.) ¥, recours^^L.
recurs unty ace. ofrecursus, a running back;
from pp. of recurrerey to run badc.^L.
re-y back ; currere, to run ; see Current.
Secover. (F. — L.) 0,¥,recovrer,re-
cuvrtr (F. recauvrer),^!^. recuperare, to
recover, also to recruit oneself. A difficult
word ; perhaps orig. *■ to make good again/
from Sabine cuprus, good, of which the
orig. sense may have been * desirable/ from
L. cuperty to desire. Brugm. ii. § 74.
Secreant. (F.— L.) O. F. recreant,
faint-hearted ; pres. pt. of recroire, to be-
lieve again, also to give up, give back
(hence, to give in). —Late L. recredere^ to
believe again, recant, give in. — L. re-,
again ; cricUre, to believe ; see Creed.
Hecreation. (F.»-L.) VL.Y.recrea-
tion.^h, recredtianem, ace of recredtiOy
orig. recovery from illness (hence, amuse-
ment).—L. recredttis, pp. of recredre^ to
revive, refresh. — L, re-^ again ; credrey to
make. See Create.
Secrimixiate. (L.) From L. re-y
again ; and crimindtus, pp. of crimindrt,
to accuse of crime, from crtmin-, for
crimen, a crime. See Crime.
Recruit. (F. — L.) F. recmter, to levy
troops (Littr^). An ill-formed word,
from recr^ey mistaken form of recruey
fem. of recHly pp. of recroUrey to grow
again. F. recrue, sb., means ' a levy of
troops,' lit. * new-grown.*— L. recrescere,
to grow again. — L. re-y again; crescere,
to grow ; see Crescent.
KectanglOi a four-sided right-anglq^
figure. (F. — L.) F. r^r/fl«^/(f, adj., right
angled (Cot.). — L. rectangulus, having a
right angle.— L. rect'USy right; angtduSy
an angle. Rectus was orig. the pp. of regere,
to rule. See Begent and Angle (1).
rectify. (F. — L.) Y .rectifier, '^\jiXt
L. rectificdrey to make right. — L. recti-y
for rectus y right (above) ; -ficdrCy loifacerey
to make.
rectilinear. (L.) Fiom'L. rectiUne'
us, formed by straight lines. — L. recti-y
for rectusy right, straight ; lineOy a line.
rectitude. (F. — L.) Y. rectitude.^
L. rectitadoy uprightness. — L. recti-
(above) ; with suffix -tOdo,
Seciimbent. (L.) L. recumbent-y stem
of pres. pt. oirecutnbere, to recline ; where
cumbere is a nasalised form allied to cubdrCy
to lie down. See Incumbent and Covey.
SeCUperatiTe, tending to recover.
(L.) 1.. recuperdtiuuSy (properly) recover-
able.—L. recuperdrc, to recover. See
Beoover.
Recur. (L.) L. recurrercy to run back,
recur. — L. re-, back ; currere, to run ; see
Current.
IRecusanty opposing an opinion. (F. —
L.) F. ricusanty * rejecting, Cot. ; pres.
pt. of rJcuser.'^'L. recusdrey to reject,
oppose a cause or opinion.— L. re-, back ;
caussa, a cause. See Cause.
Sed. (E.) M. £. reed (with long vowel).
A. S. read.^Vxx. roody Icel. rai^r, Dan.
Swed. rody G. rotky Goth, rauds. Teut,
type *raudoz. Further allied to Gk.
hfnt$p6^y Irish and Gael. rucUhy W. rhuddy
L. ruber (Jox ^rudhro-), red; cf. Russ. ruda,
Skt. rudhira-y blood. Note also the Icel.
strong verb r;d6a (pt. t. rauff)y to redden ;
A. S. reoSan, to redden ; Teul. type *reu'
dan-y pt. i*raud. (VREUDH.)
Aeadition, a restoring. (F. — L.) F.
reddition. — L. reddiiidnenty ace. of reddittOy
a restoring. — L. reddere, to give back. — L.
red'y back ; darey to give, bee Date (i).
SedeeiUy to atone for. (L.) Formerly
redeme. Coined from L. red-y back, and
emerey to buy. [Cf. M. F. reditnery * to
redeem;' Cot. — L. redimerey to buy back.]
Der. redempt'ion (from the pp. redemptus).
Sedgum, a disease of infants. (£.)
M. E. reed gounde, lit. * red matter ' (,of a
sore) ; Prompt. Parv. From A. S. riad,
red ; Fundy matter of a sore.
&eaintegrationi renovation. (L.)
From L. redintegrdtiOy restoration. — L.
red'y again; integer, whole, entire. See
Integer.
Aedolenty fragrant. (F.— L.) M. F.
redolent. — L. redolent-y stem of pres. pt. of
redolerey to emit odour. — L. red-y again ;
olere^ for *odere, to be odorous; see
Odour.
&edoubtf an intrenched place of retreat.
(F. — Ital. — L.) Ill spelt; through con-
fusion with redoubtable, F. redoute, — Ital.
ridottOy a place of retreat. — Ital. ridottOy
riduttOy pp. of ridurre, to bring home.—
L. reducerey to bring back. — L. re-, back ;
dOcere, to lead. See Duke.
Bedoubtable. (F.~L.) M.F. re-
doubtahUy terrible. — O. F. redoutery M. F.
redoubtery to fear. See Be- and Doubt.
Sedound. (F. — L.) F. redonder. — L.
redunddrey to overflow.- L. red-, again,
back ; UMda, a wave. See Undulate. .
437
RECEPTION
RECOUP
reception. (F.— L.) Y.rkeption*^
L. ace. receptidnem^ a taking back. — L.
recepius ; as above.
SeceSB. (L.) L. recessuSf a retreat. —
L. recessuSf pp. of re-cederCy to recede.
See Beoede.
Seoheaty a signal of recall, in banting.
(F. — L.) From A. F. recket, variant of O. F.
recet, a place of reftige, a retreat (Gode-
froy). — L. receptunty ace. of recepius y a
retreating, retreat. — L. recepius, pp. of
v^ciperef to receive ; see Beceive.
redpe. (L.) L. recipe, take thou ;
imp. of recipere, to receive (above).
recipient. (L.) L. recipieni-, stem
c>f pres. pt. of recipere, to receive.
Reciprocal. (L.) From L. recipro-
CHS, returning, alternating. Lit. * directed
backwards and forwards ; from L. ^re-co-,
backwards (from re-, back) ; and *pro-co-,
forwards, vrh&ncG procul, afar off. Brugm.
ii. \ 86.
Recite. ( F. - L. ) M. F. reciter. - L.
reciidre, to recite. —L. re-y again ; ciidre, to
quote ; see Cite.
Seek, to regard. (E.) M. E. rekken ;
often recchen. A. S. reccan, reccean (for
*rak-Jan) ; but the pt. t. in use is roh-ie,
from an infin. recan (for *rok-Jan\ from
the strong grade *rok-. + Icel. rakja ;
O. Sax. rdkjan, to reck, heed. Formed
from a sb. with base rac^, strong grade
rdC', care, which exists in the cognate
M. H. G. ruochy O. H. G. ruoh^ care, heed
(whence the M. H. G. ruochen, O. H. G.
mohhjan^ to reck), p. The Teut. stem *rok'
is the strong grade of *ra/&-, as seen in
IceU rbky a reason, A. S. racu^ account,
reckoning, O. Sax. raka, a business,
aflfair, 6. H.G. rahha. Der. reck-less,
A.S. rece'lecL5\ cf, Du. roekeloos, G.
ruchlos,
reckon. (E.) M. E. rekenen. A.S.
ge-recenian, to explain ; allied to ge-reccan,
reccan, to rule, order, direct, explain, ordain,
tell.+Du. rekenen ; (whence Icel. reiknay
to reckon, Dan. regne, Swed. rdkna, ^re
borrowed) ; G. rec/inen,0, H. G. rehhanon,
to compute, reckon, p. All secondary
verbs ; allied to the sb. seen in A. S. racu,
an account, Icel. rdk, neut. pi., a reason,
ground, origin, O. H. G. rahhaf a thing,
subject. See Reck.
Reclaim ; from Be- and Claim.
Recline. (L.) L. reclmdre, to lean
back, lie down. — L. re-, back; *cltndre,
to lean. See Lean (i) and Incline.
Reclnse. (F.-L.) M.K recluse,
orig. fem. — O. F. recluse, fem. of reclus^
pp. of reclorre, to shut up. — L. recludere^
to unclose ; but in late Lat. to shut up. —
L. re-y back; claudere, to shut. See
Clause.
Recognise. (F.— L.) Formed from
the sb. recognisance [OaxOiQitr, C.T. 13260).
— O. F. recognisance, an acknowledgment.
— O. F. recognis-ani, pres. part, of recog-
noisire (F. reconnatire),^!^, re-cognoscere^
to know again. See Cognisanoe. Der.
recognii'ion (from L. pp. recognii-us).
Recoil, vb. (F. — L.) M. E. recoilen.
— A. F. recuiller\ F. reculer, * to recoyle,
retire;* Cot. Lit. to go backwards. — F.
re-, back ; cul, the hinder part. — L. re-,
back ; cHlum, ace of cftlus, the hinder
part.
ReCOUect, to remember. (F.-L.)
Lit. * to gather again ; * from re-, again,
and colled ; see Collect.
Recommend, to commend to another.
(F. — L.) From Be- and Commend;
imitated from F. recommander, * to recom-
mend ; * Cot.
Recompense, to reward. (F. - L.)
M. F. recompenser, * to recompence ; * Cot.
— L. re-, again ; compensdre, to compen-
sate ; see Compensate.
Reconcile. (F.— L.) O. F. recon-
cilier, — L. re-, again ; concilidre, to con-
ciliate ; see Conciliate.
Recondite, secret (L.) L. recondituSy
put away, hidden, secret ; pp. oirecondere,
to put back again. —L. re-, back ; condere,
to put together, p. The L. condere (pt. t.
condidi) is from con- (cum), with, and the
weak grade of ^DHB, to place, put.
Brugm. i. § 573.
Reconnoi^Ci to survey. (F.-L,)
O; F. reconoisire, M. F. recognoisire, * to
recognise, to take a precise view of; ' Cot.
— L. re-cognoscere, to know again. See
Beoognise.
Record. (F. — L.) M. E. recorden,^
O. b'. recorder. — L. recorddre, recordart, to
recall to mind. — L. re-, again ; cord-, stem
of cor, heart. See Heart.
Recount. (F.— L.) F. raconier, to
teil, relate. — F. re- (L. re-), again ; aconter,
to account ; from a (L. ad), to, and conier,
to count. See Count (2). Recouni «
re-ac' count.
Reconp, to diminish a loss. (F. — L.
and Gk.) Lit. to secure a piece or shred.
— F. recoupe, a shred. — F. recouper, to cut
436
RECOURSE
REDOUND
again. »L. re-^ again; and F. couper^ to
cut ; see Coppice.
SeCOnrse. (F. ~ L.) F. recours, - L.
recur sum y ace. oi recur suSy a running back;
from pp. of recurrere, to ran bade.— L.
re-y bacK ; currere, to run ; see Current.
Recover. (F.-L.) O.¥,recovrer,re'
cuvrer (F. recouvrer), — L. recuperdre, to
recover, also to recruit oneself. A difficult
word ; perhaps orig. ' to make good again,'
from Sabine cuprus, good, of which the
orig. sense may have been ^ desirable,' fix>m
L. cupere, to desire. Brugm. ii. § 74.
Recreant. (F.— L.) O. F. recreant,
faint-hearted ; pres. pt. of recroire, to be-
lieve again, also to give up, give back
(hence, to give in). -• Late L. recridere^ to
believe again, recant, give in.*L. re-y
again ; cridere^ to believe ; see Creed.
Secreation. (F.^L.) M. F. recrea-
tion. ^\j, recreatianeniy ace. of recredtio,
orig. recovery from illness (hence, amuse-
ment).—L. recredtus, pp. of recredre, to
revive, refresh. — L. «-, again ; credre, to
make. See Create.
Becriminate. (L.) From L. re-,
again ; and crimindtus, pp. of crtmindrt,
to accuse of crime, from crtmin-, for
crimen^ a crime. See Crime.
Secmit. (F. - L.) F. recmter^ to levv
troops (Littr^). An ill-formed word,
from recr^e^ mistaken form of recruey
fem. of recr^y pp. of recrottrey to grow
again. F. recruey sb., means * a levy of
troops,' lit. 'new-grown.'— L. recrescerey
to grow again. — L. re-y again; crescerey
to grow ; see Crescent.
SectanglCf a four-sided right-angl^
figure. (F. — L.) F. r^^r/flw^/p, adj., right
angled (Cot.).— L. rectangulus, having a
right angle.— L. rect-uSy right; anguluSy
an angle. Rectus was orig. the pp. of regerey
to rule. See Begent and Angle (1).
rectify. (F.-L.) Y, rectifier, ^\^\jt
L. rectificdrey to make right. — L. recti-y
for rectus, "gl^t (above) ; -ficdrcy ioxfacerey
to make.
rectilinear. (L.) From L. rectitifU'
usy formed by straight lines. — L. recti-y
for rectusy right, straight ; lineay a line.
rectitude. (F.— L.) Y. rectitude.^
L. rutitudoy uprightness. — L. recti-
(above) ; with suffix -tOdo,
Aecnmbent. (L.) L, recuf^i^nt- y stem
of pres. pt. oirectifnbere, to recline ; where
cumbere is a nasalised form allied to cubdrcy
to lie down. See Incumbent and Covey.
Recuperative, tending to recover.
(L.) 1^. recuperdiluus, (properly) recover-
able.—L. recuperdre^ to recover. See
Beoover.
Aecur. (L.) L. recurrercy to run back,
recur. — L. re-y back ; currercy to run ; see
Current.
Recusanti opposing an opinion. (F. —
L.) F. ricusanty * rejecting, Cot. ; pres.
pt. of r^cuser.^h. recUsdrey to reject,
oppose a cause or opinion.— L. re-y back ;
caussa, a cause. See Cause.
Sed. (£•) M. £. reed (with long vowel).
A. S. read.^Du. rood, Icel. rai^ry Dan.
Swed. riidy G. rothy Goth, rauds. Teut.
type *raudoz. Further allied to Gk.
€fwOp6iy Irish and Gael. rucUh, W. rhudd,
L. ruber {^01 *rudhr(h)y red; cf. Russ. ruday
Skt. rudhira-y blood. Note also the Icel.
strong verb ty'dda (pt. t. rautf)y to redden ;
A. S. reoSan, to redden ; Teut. type *reu-
dan- y ft. t *raud. (VREUDH.)
Headition, a restoring. (F. — L.) F.
reddition. — L. redditidneniy ace. of redditioy
a restoring. — L. redderty to give back. — L.
red-y back ; darey to give. See Date (1).
AedeeUf to atone for. (L.) Formerly
redetne. Coined from L. red, back, and
emerey to buy. [Cf. M. F. redimery * to
redeem ; ' Cot. — L. redimerey to buy back.]
Der. redempt'ion (from the pp. redempius).
Sedgunii a disease of infants. (£.)
M. £. reed goufuUy lit. ' red matter ' (of a
sore) ; Prompt. Parv. From A. S. riady
red ; gund, matter of a sore.
Redintegration, renovation. (L.)
From L. reaintegrdtioy restoration. — L.
red-y again; integer y whole, entire. See
Integer.
Sedolentf fragrant. (F. — L.) M. F.
redolent. — L. redolent-y stem of pres. pt. of
redolere, to emit odour. — L. red-y again ;
olerey for *oderey to be odorous; see
Odour.
IRedoubty an intrenched place of retreat.
(F.-Ital.-L.) Ill spelt; through con-
fusion with redoubtable, F. redoute. — Ital.
ridottOy a place of retreat. — Ital. ridotto,
riduttOy pp. of ridurre, to bring home —
L. redUcerey to bring back. — L. re-y back ;
diUerey to lead. S^ Duke.
Bedoubtable. (F.-L.) M.F. re-
doubtaJble, terrible. — O. F. redoutery M. F.
redoubtery to fear. See Be- and Doubt.
Sedound. ( F. — L.) F. redonder. — L.
redunddre, to overflow. — L. red-y again,
back ; uuda, a wave. See Undulate. .
437
RECEPTION
RECOUP
reception. (F.— L.) Y,rSception,^
L. ace. receptidmm^ a taking back.»L.
receptus ; as above.
Recess* (L.) L. recessusy a retreat. —
L. recessus, pp. of re-cedere^ to recede.
See Becede.
Secheat, a signal of recall, in hunting.
(F. - L.) From A.F. rechet^ variant of O. F.
recety a place of refuge, a retreat (Gode-
froy). — L. receptunty ace. of receptus ^ a
retreating, retreat. — L. receptus, pp. of
'''ecipere, to receive ; see Beceive.
recipe. (L.) L. recipe y take thou;
imp. of recipere^ to receive (above).
recipient. (L.) L. recipient-, stem
c>f pres. pt. of recipere, to receive.
Reciprocal. (L.) From L. recipro-
cus, returning, alternating. Lit. * directed
backwards and forwards ; ' from L. ^re-co-,
backwards (from re-, back) ; and *pro-c(h,
forwards, whence /^w^w/, afar off. Brugm.
ii. I 86.
Becite. (F. - L.) M. F. reciter. - L.
recitdre, to recite. — L. re-y again ; citdre, to
quote ; see Cite.
Reck, to regard. (E.) M. E. rekken ;
often recchen. A. S. reccan, reccean (for
*rak-jan) ; but the pt. t. in use is roh-te,
from an infin. rican (for *rdk'jan\ from
the strong grade *rok'. + Icel. rakja ;
O. Sax. rffkjan, to reck, lieed. Formed
from a sb. with base rcu; strong grade
rJr-, care, which exists in the cognate
M. H. G. ruoch, O. H, G. ruoh, care, heed
(whence the M. H. G. ruochen, O. H. G.
ruokhjatty to reck), p. The Tent, stem *rvk'
is the strong grade of *rak'y as seen in
Iceli roky a reason, A, S. racu, account,
reckoning, O. Sax. raka, a business,
affair, 6. H.G. rakha, Der. reck-less,
A.S. rece-ieas; ci, Du. roekeloos, G.
ruchlos,
reckon. (E.) M. E. rekenen. A.S.
ge-recenian, to explain ; allied to ge-reccan,
reccan, to rule, order, direct, explain, ordain,
tell.+Du. rekenen ; (whence Icel. reikna,
to reckon, Dan. regne^ Swed. rdkna, *nre
borrowed) ; G. recknen.O. H. G. rehhandriy
to compute, reckon, p. All secondary
verbs ; allied to the sb. seen in A. S. rcuu,
an account, Icel. rdk, neut. pl«, a reason,
ground, origin, O. H. G. rcUiha^ a thing,
subject. See Beck.
Reclaim ; from Be- and Claim.
Aecline. (L.) L. redmare, to lean
back, lie down. — L. re-, back; *clindre,
to lean. See Lean (i) and Incline.
Aeclnse. (F.-L.) M.E. recluse,
orig. fem. — O. F. recluse, fem. of reclus^
pp. of reclorre, to shut up. — L. reclOdere,
to unclose ; but in late Lat. to shut up. —
L. re-y back ; clauderey to shut. See
Clause.
Secognise. (F.— L.) Formed from
the sb. recognisance ( Chaucer, C. T. 1 3 260).
— O. F. recognisance y an acknowledgment.
— O. F. recognis-ant, pres. part, of recog-
noistre (F. reconnoitre), '^h, re-cognoscere,
to know again. See Cognisance. Der.
recognit'ion (from L. pp. recognit-us),
Becoil, vb. (F. — L.) M.E. recoilen,
— A. F. recuiller; F. reculer, * to recoyle,
retire;* Cot. Lit. to go backwards. — F.
re-y back ; cul, the hinder part. — L. re-,
back ; cHlum, ace. of culusy the hinder
part.
HecoUecti to remember. (F.— L.)
Lit. * to gather again ; * from re-, again,
and collect ; see Collect.
Seconunend, to commend to another.
(F. — L.) From Be- and Commend ;
imitated from F. recommander, * to recom-
mend ; * Cot.
Becompense, to reward. (F. - L.)
M. F. recompenser, *■ to recompence ; * Cot.
— L. re-y again ; compensdre, to compen-
sate ; see Compensate.
Reconcile. (F.-L.) O. F. recon-
cilier, — L. re-y again ; concilidrey to con-
ciliate ; see Conciliate.
Recondite, secret (L.) L reconditus,
put away, bidden, secret ; pp. of recondere,
to put back again. — L. re-y back ; condercy
to put together, p. The L. condere (pt. t.
condidi) is from con^ (cum), with, and the
weak grade of ^^DHE, to place, put.
Brugm. i. § 573.
Reconnoitre, to survey. (F.-L.)
O; F. reconoistre, M. F. recognoistre, *to
recognise, to take a precise view of ; ' Cot.
— L. re-cognoscere, to know again. See
Beoognise.
Record. (F. — L.) M.E. recorden.^
O. F. recorder. — L. rccorddre, recorddri, to
recall to mind. — L. re-y again ; cord-^ stem
of cor, heart. See Heart.
Recount. (F. — L.) F. raconter, to
teil, relate. — F. re- (L. re-), again ; aconter,
to account ; from a (L. ad), to, and confer,
to count. See Count (2). Recount «
re-ac- count.
Recoup, to diminish a loss. (F.~L.
and Gk.) Lit. to secure a piece or shred.
— F. recoupe, a shred. —F. recouper^ to cut
43^
RECOURSE
REDOUND
again.— L. re-f again; and F. cou/>er, to
cut ; see Coppioe.
SeCOnrse. (F.— L.) ¥, recours.^mh.
recurs unty ace. oi recur sus^ a running back ;
from pp. of recurrere^ to run bade. — L.
re-^ back ; currere, to run ; see Current.
Aecover. (F.-L.) 0,F,recovrer,re'
cuvrer (F. recouvrer),^!^, recuperdre, to
recover, also to recruit oneself. A difficult
word ; perhaps orig. *■ to make good again,'
from Sabine cuprus, good, of which the
orig. sense may have been ' desirable/ from
L. cupere^ to desire. Brugm. ii. § 74.
Secreant. (F.— L.) O. F. recreant,
faint-hearted ; pres. pt. of recroire^ to be-
lieve again, also to give up, give back
(hence, to give in).— Late L. recridere, to
believe again, recant, give in. — L. re-^
again ; crldere^ to believe ; see Creed.
Secreation. (F.— L.) M. F. recrea-
ticn.'m'L, recreatianenif ace. of recredtiOj
orig. recovery from illness (hence, amuse-
ment).—L. recredtus, pp. of recredre^ to
revive, refresh. — L. r^-, again ; credre, to
make. See Create.
Secriminate. (L.) From L. re-,
again ; and crimindius, pp. of crimindrt,
to accuse of crime, from crtmin-, for
crimen^ a crime. See Crime.
Secmit. (F. — L.) F. recruter, to levy
troops (Littr^). An ill-formed word,
from recrf^e, mistaken form of recrue^
fem. of recrU.^ pp. of recrottre, to grow
again. F. recrue, sb., means * a levy of
troops,' lit. •new-grown.*— L. recrescere^
to grow again. — L. re-., again; crescere,
to grow ; see Crescent.
Sectangle, a four-sided right-anglq^
figure. (F.— L.) F. r^<r/a»^/(?, adj., right
angled (Cot.). — L. rectangulus, having a
right angle.— L. rect-us^ right; angulus,
an angle. Rectus was orig. the pp. of regere^
to rule. See Begent and Angle (i).
rectify. (F. — L.) Y .rectifier, ^\joX^
L. rectificdre, to make right. — L. recti-y
for rectus, right (above) ; ficdre, ioxfacere,
to make.
rectilinoar. (L.) From L. rectiline'
us, formed by straight lines. — L. recti- f
for rectus, right, straight ; Ifnea, a line.
rectitude. (F.-L.) F. rectitude.'^
L. rectitude, uprightness. — L. recti-
(above) ; with suffix -tOdo.
IReoiUllbent. (L.) h, recumbent-, ^i^m
of pres. pt. oirecumbere, to recline ; where
cumbere is a nasalised form allied to cubdre,
to lie down. See Incumbent and Covey.
Recuperative, tending to recover.
(L.) L. recuperdtJuus, (properly) recover-
able.—L. recuperdre^ to recover. See
Recover.
Aecur. (L.) L. recurrere, to run back,
recur. — L. re-, back ; currere, to run ; see
Current.
Recusanty opposing an opinion. (F. —
L.) F. ricusanty * rejecting,' Cot. ; pres.
pt. of ricuser,^\,, recusdre, to reject,
oppose a cause or opinion. — L. re-, back ;
caussa, a cause. See Cause.
Red. (E.) M. E. reed (with long vowel).
A. S. r/(i/.+Du. rood, Icel. raiSir, Dan.
Swed. rod, G. roth, Goth, rauds. Teut.
type *raudoz. Further allied to Gk.
ifw$p6^, Irish and Gael. rucUh, W. rhudd,
L. ruber (Joi *rudhro-), red; cf. Russ. ruda,
Skt. rudhira-, blood. Note also the Icel.
strong verb rjd6a (pt. t. rauXi\ to redden ;
A. S. reo&an, to redden ; Teut. type *reu'
dan,T>t. t *raud. (VREUDH.)
Beddition, a restoring. (F.-L.) F.
reddition. — L. redditidnetn, ace. of redditio,
a restoring. —L. reddere, to give back. — L.
red-y back ; dare, to give. See Date (i).
Sedeem, to atone for. (L.) Formerly
redeme. Coined from L. red-, back, and
emere, to buy. [Cf. M. F. redimer, * to
redeem;' Cot. — L. redimere, to buy back.]
Der. redempt-ion (from the pp. redemptus).
Sedgunii a disease of infants. (£.)
M. E. reed gounde, lit. * red matter ' (of a
sore) ; Prompt. Parv. From A. S. riad,
red ; gund, matter of a sore.
Sedintegrration, renovation. (L.)
From L. reaintegrdtio, restoration. — L.
red-, again; integer, whole, entire. See
Integer.
Bedolent, fragrant. (F.-L.) M. F.
redolent. — L. redolent-, stem of pres. pt. of
redolere, to emit odour. — L. red-, again ;
olere, for *odere, to be odorous; see
Odour.
Sedoubt, an intrenched place of retreat.
(F. — Ital. — L.) Ill spelt; through con-
fusion with redoubtable, F. redoute, — Ital.
ridotto, a place of retreat. — Ital. ridotto,
ridutto, pp. of ridurre, to bring home. —
L. redHcere, to bring back. — L. re-, back ;
dUcerey to lead. See Duke.
Redoubtable. (F.-L.) M.F. re-
doubtable, terrible. — O. F. redouter, M. F.
redoubter, to fear. See Be- and Doubt.
Sedound. (F. — L.) F. redonder. — L.
redunddre, to overflow. — L. red-, again,
back ; unda, a wave. See Undulate. .
437
REDRESS
REFRESH
BedreSS. (F.-L.) F. redresser, to
put straight again. •- F. re-, again ; dresser,
to erect, dress ; see Dress.
Redstarti a bird with a red tail. (E.)
From Hed; and start, a tail (A. S. steori).
Seduce. (LO Orig. to bring back. —
L. reducere, to bring back. — L. r^-, back ;
dtlcere,to\t8id. See Duke. Der, reduction
(from the pp. reduct-us).
Sednndant. (L.) PVomstemofpres.
pt. of L. redunddre, to redound. See
Bedound.
Seechy, dirty. (£.) Lit. * smoky ; '
palatalised form of reeky, cf. Low. So.
reekie, smoky. See Beek.
Seed. (£.) M. £. reed. A. S. hreod,
a reed.-fDu. riet\ G. riet, tied. Tent,
type *hreudom, neut.
&eef (i)> a ridge of rocks. (Du.") For-
merly riff.'^'DvL, rif^ a reef. + Icel. rif, a
reef, allied to rifa, a fissure, rift \ Dan. rev,
a sand-bank {revle, a shoal, retme, to split);
Swed. refva, ref, a sand-bank, a cleft, gap.
Cf. L. ripa, a bank ; Gk. ipimnj, a broken
cliff, scaur, tpfivtiv, to tear down. The
orig. sense seems to have been ' broken
edge.' Cf. Bive.
Reef (3), a portion of a sail. (Dn.)
M. E. r(^ — Du. reef, * a riff in a sail,*
Sewel ; M. Du. rif, rift, a reef.+Icel. ri/,
a reef in a sail ; Dan. red, Swed. ref , reef;
Low G. reff, riff, a small sail ; Pomeran.
ri^, a little extra sail, bonnet.
xteeky vapour. (£.) M.£.r^/^. O.Merc.
rec, vapour ; O. Fries. r(St.+Icel. reykr^
Swed. rbk, Dan. rbg ; Du. rook, G. rauch ;
Teut. base *rauk'. From *rauk, 2nd grade
of Teut. *reukan', to smoke ; as in A. S.
reocan, Icel. tyuka, O. H. G. riohhan, G.
riechen. Brugm. i. § 217.
Reel (i)) a small spindle for winding
yam. (E.) M. £. rele ; A.S. hreol, a reel.
+E. Fries. rgl\ N. Fries, reel. Khige
derives A. S. hreol from a form *hrdektl,
but this would give A. S. hrel; see Eng.
Stud. xi. 512. Der. reel, vb., to wind,
turn round, stagger.
Reel (2), a Highland dance. (Gael.)
Gael, righil, ruidhil, ruithil, a reel.
Reeffty the wood on which a plough-
coulterisnxed. (£.) Also wr^w/ (wrongly),
rest. A. S. reost.
Reeve (i), to pass a rope through a
ring. (Du.) Du. reiven, to reeve. — Du.
rerf, a reef in a sail ; because a reeved rope
is used for reefing ; see Beef (2).
Reeve {i), an officer, steward. (E.)
A. S. gerefa, an officer ; orig. sense perhaps
* numberer,' registrar (of soldiers) ; for
*ge'rofja. From -rdf, a host (as in secg-
'rof, a host of men) ; cf. O. H. G. ruova,
a number. % Not allied to Qi.gr of, Der.
borough-reeve ; port-reeve ; sheriff, q. v.
Refection, refreshment. (F. — L.)
M. F. refection, a repast. — L. ace. refec-
tidnem, lit. a remaking. — L. refectus, pp. of
reficere, to remake, restore. — L. re-^ again ;
fcuere, to make. See Faot.
Refel. (L.) L. refellere, to refute,
shew to be false. — L. re-, back ; fcUlere,
to deceive ; see Fallible.
Refer, to assign. ( F. — L.) O. F. refer er
(F. rdfirer),^!^, referre, to bear back, re-
late, refer.— L. re-, \ids^\ferre, to bear;
see Fertile.
Refine. (F.— L.) Coined from r^- and
fine (i), but imitated from F. raffiner, to
refine, comp. of L. re-, again, L. af-^ad^
to, and ^*fin^ fine. Der. refine-ment \ cf.
F. raffinement,
Rcdiect. (L.) L. reflectere, lit Ao head
back, hence to return rays, &c. — L. re-,
back ; flectere, to bend ; see Flexible.
Reform. (F.-L.) F. refanner, to
shape anew. — L. re-, again; for mare, to
form ; see Form.
Refract, to bend back rays of light.
(L.) L. refractus, pp. of refringere', to
bend back. — L. re-, back ; pangere, to
break; see Fragile. Der. refract-ar-y ,
a mistaken form for refractary, from L. re^
fractdritu, stubborn, obstinate. Also re-
frangible, a mistaken form for refringible,
Refrttin (i\ to restrain, forbear. (F. —
t.) M. E. refreinen.^O.¥. refrener,to
repress; Cot. — L. refrendre, to bridle,
hold in with a bit. — L. re-^ back ; frenum,
a bit, curb. The orig. sense oi frenum is
* holder ' or * keeper, from -^DHER, to
support « maintain ; cf. Skt. dhr, to sup.-
port, dhdrana-, restraining. ^ % Prob.
sometimes confused with M. F. refreittdre,
* to bridle,* Cot. ; this is from L. refringere,
to break back (below).
Refrain (2), the burden of a song.
(F. — L.) F. refrain ; so also Prov.
ref ranks, a refrain, ref ranker, refrenker, to
repeat. So called from frequent repetition ;
the O. F. refreindret to pull bade, is the
same word as Prov. refrenker, to repeat ;
both are from L. refringere, to break back
(refract, hence, to repeat). — L. re-, back ;
frangere, to break ; see Fragile.
Refresh. (F.-L. and G.) M. £. re^
438
REFRIGERATE
REGRET
freschen, — O. F. refreschir ; Cot. -■ L. re-^
again ; O. H. G. /rise (G. fnsch)^ fresh.
See Fresh.
Refrigerate. (L.) Frompp. ofL.r^-
frtgerdre, to make cool again. — L. re-,
again; frlgerdre^ to cool, from frtgus,
cold. See Frigid.
Bieft, pp. of reave ; see Beave.
Before. (F.-L.) M.E. refuge.^Y,
refuge, — L. refugium^ an escape. — L.
refugerey to flee back. — L. rif-, back ;
fugere^ to flee ; see Fugitive.
reftigee. (F.-L.) yi.¥,refugi^,^^,
of se refugier^ to take reftige. — F. refuge
(above).
Seftllgent. (L.) From L. refulgent-,
stem of pies. pt. of refulgere, to flash back.
— L. re-^ hi^\ fulgire^ to shine. See
Fulgent.
Beftmd, to repay. (L.) L. refundere,
to ponr back, also to restore, give back
(see below).
reAuney to deny a request. (F.— L.)
M. £. refusen.^O. F. refuser (the same as
Port, refusar, Ital. refusare, to reject). It
answers to a Late L. type *refusare^ formed
as a frequentative of refundere, to poor
back, also to restore, give back (whence
to reject). * L. re-, back ; fundere^ to poor ;
see Fuse (i). p. We may also note £.
refuse, sb., O. F. refus, refuse ; cf. O. F.
niettre en refusyfaire refus a, to abandon,
reject (Godefroy).
renite, to oppose, disprove. (F. - L.)
M. F. refuter,'^i„ refutdre, to repel, rebut.
The orig. sense was prob. * to pour back ; '
see ConKite.
Begain. (F.-L. ai^/O.H. G.) F.
regagner.^h. re-, back; and F. gagner,
to gain. See Guin (i).
Begal. (F.-L.) M.F.r^^/, royal; Cot.
— L. regdlisy adj., from rgg-y stem of rex,
a king. Allied to L. regere, to rule. Cf.
Skt. rdjoH', a king ; O. Irish ri. Brugm.
>• §§ I35» 549 c. Ber. regal-ia, insignia
of a king ; neut. pi. of rigdlis,
Begaleytoentertoin. (F.-Ital?) M.F.
regalery to entertain. Not allied to regal,
as Cotgrave suggests; but the same as
Span, regular, to make much of, pamper ;
orig. to melt (Diez). 1. Diez derives it
from L. regeldre, to melt, thaw ; from L.
re-, back, geldre, to freeze (see Gelid).
2. Hatzfeld derives F. rigaUr (ultimately)
from Ital. regalare, to give presents to;
from Ital. gala, mirth. See Gala.
Begardy vb. (F.-L. and O.H. G.)
F. regarder^ to look, look at, view.— L.
re; back ; F. garder, to guard, observe ;
of O. H. G. origin ; see Guard.
Regatta. (Ital.) Orig. a strife, con-
tention, hence a race, rowing-match. •-
Ital. regatta, rigatta, *& strife for the
maistrie;* Florio. — M. Ital. rigcUtare, to
contend for the mastery, to wrangle, to
haggle as a huckster does. So also Span.
regatear, to haggle, retail provisions, to
rival in sailing. Of unknown origin.
Regenerate. (L.) From pp. of re-
generdre, to produce anew. — L. re-, again ;
generdre, to produce, from gener-, for
*genes-, stem of genus, kindred. See
Genus.
Regent. (F.-L.) M.F. regent, a
regent, vice-gerent. — L. regent-, stem of
pres. pt. of regere, to rule. Allied to Gk.
dpiytiy, to stretch, Goth, uf-rakjan, to
stretch out, Skt. rj, to stretch, rdj^ to
govern. (y^REG.) See Bight. Brugm.
i. § 474. ^
regicidet slayer of a king ; slaying of
a king. (F. — L.) M. F. regicide (Min-
sheu). — L. rigi-y for rex^ king, allied to
regere, to rule ; -cida, a skyer, from
cadere, to slay. Also : from L. regi- (as
before), -cidium, a slaying, from cadere,
regimen. (L.) L,, regimen, goUdaJELCG.
— L. regerey to rule, direct.
regiment. (F.-L.) M.F. regimmty
'a regiment of souldiers,' Cot; also, a
government. — L. f^^iV^/^n/Mm, rule, govern-
ment. — L. regere, to rule.
region. (F. — L.) M. F. region, ^ L.
regionem, ace. of r^gio, territory. — L.
regere, to rule, govern.
Register. (F.-L.) M.F. registre,
* a record ; * Cot. — Late L. registrutn, more
correctly regestum, a book in which things
are recorded (L. regeruntur),^!^ reges-
tum, neut of pp. oiregerere, to bring back,
record. — L. re-, back ; gerere, to carry.
See Gerund, Cf. L. regesta, pi., a register.
Regnant, reigning. (L.) 1.. regnant-,
stem, of pres. ^i.oiregndre,to reign.— L.
regnum, kingdom. — L. regere, to rule.
See Begent.
Regress, return. (L.) L. regressus,
sb. — L. regressus, pp. of regredt, to go
back.— L. re-, back; gradi, to go. £e
Grade.
Regret, sorrow. (F. — L. and Scand.)
F. regret, grief ; regretter, to lament (Cot.).
The oldest form of the verb is regrater.
Of disputed origin; see Scheler. The
439
REGULAR
RELIC
most likely solution is that which derives
O. F. regrater from L. re-, again, and the
verb wluch appears in loel. grdtay Swed.
gr&ta, Dan. grade, A. S. gr&tan, Lowl. Sc.
greitt to weep, bewail. See G-reet (a).
Cf. *I mone as a chylde dothe for the
wantyng of his nourse or mother, je
regrete ;' Palsgrave.
Kenlar. (L.) L. regul&ris, according
to rule. — L. rigula, a nde ; regere, to rule.
See Begent.
Aahearse- (F. — L.) Vi..}L.rehersen.
— O. F. reherser, rehercer, to harrow over
again ; hence, to go over the same ground.
— L. re-y again ; O. F. hercer, to harrow,
from herce, sb., a harrow. See Hearse.
Heign, sb. (F.— L.) M. £. regne.^
M. F. regne.'^'L, regnum, kingdom. t-L.
re^re, to rule. See Begent.
aeimbnrsei to refund. (F.— L. and
Gk.) Adapted from F. rembourser by
substituting L. re-im- for F. rem- (with
the same force). ^-L. re-, again; im-
(for in), in; F. bourse, a purse. See
Purse.
Bein. (F.-L.) M. E. reine,^0, F.
reifte, rein of a bridle (The same as Ital.
redina, Span, rienda, transposed form of
redina,)^'LsXt L. *reiina, not found, but
a short form allied to L. retinaculum, a
rein. — L. retinere, to hold back. — L. re-,
back ; tenire, to hold. See Betain.
Reindeer, Saindeer, a kind of deer.
(Scand.) M. E. raynedere. Formed by
adding deer (see Deer) to Icel. hreinn,
a reindeer ; cf. also O. Swed. ren, a rein-
deer, A. S. hrdn. [We also find Dan.
rensdyr, Du. rendier, G. rennthier^ Teut
type *hrainoz ; a true Teut. word, as the
forms shew. p. Diez refers us to Lapp
raingo, but this is merely a bad spelling
of Swed. renko, i. e. rein-cow. The true
Lapp word is p&iso, a reindeer ; nor can
the Icel. word have been suggested by
Lapp reino, a pasturage for rein-deer;
Ihre, Lexicon Lapponicum, p. 374.
Reins, the lower part of the back. (F.
— L.) O. F. reins. — L. renis, pi., kidneys,
reins.
Begject. (F.-L.) M. F. r^><:/^r(i6th
cent. ; F. rejeter ; oldest spelling regeter).
— O. F. re-, back ; geter, getter, to throw,
from L. iactdre ; see Jet (1).
Rejoice. (F.— L.) M. E. reioisen.^
O. F. resjo'is; stem of pres. pt. of resjotr
(mod. F. rijouir) ,\.r\ gladden, rejoice. — L.
re-^ again ; O. F. esjo'ir, to rejoice, from L.
ex, much, very, and gaudere, to rgoice.
See G-aad.
Rejoin. (F.— L.) Lit to join again ;
in legal language, to answer to a reply. ~
F. rejoign-, a stem of refoindre, to rejoin.
— L. reiungere, to join again. — L. re^,
again ; iungere, to join. See Join. Der.
rejoinder, which is the F. infin. mood used
as a sb., as in the case of attainder,
Relapsey to slide back into a former
state. (L.) From L. relapsus, pp. of re-
Idbi, to slide back. — L. re-^ bade ; labi, to
slide; seeZiapse.
Relate, to describe, tell. (F.-L.) F.
relater, * to relate ; ' Cot. — Late L. retdtdre,
to relate. — L. reidtus, used as pp. oireferre,
to relate (but from a different root). — L.
re-y again ; Idtus, for tldtuSyhomQ, pp. of
toliere, to bear. See Tolerate.
Relax. (L.) L. relaxdre, to relax. —L.
re-, again ; laxdre, to slacken ; see Lax.
Doublet, release.
relay (i)> a set of fresh dogs or horses^
a fresh supply. (F. — L.) Ong. used of
dogs and horses. — F. relais, a relay;
chiens de relais, chevaux de relais, dogs or
horses kept in reserve; Cot. The orig.
sense is * a rest,* and chiens de relais are
dogs kept at rest \ Q,i,d relais *■ at rest, that
is not used,' Cot; and see relais in
Godefroy. — O. F. reUdssier, to relinquish.
— L. relaxdre, to loosen, let loose, allow
to rest ; see Lax. Cf. Italian cani di
rUcLsso, dogs kept in reserve (late edition
of Florio by Torriano, 1688).
Relay (2)» to lay again. (L. ondE,)
From re- and lay. See Lay (i).
Release. (F.— L.) M. £. relessen,re-
lesen.^0. F. relessier (M. F. relaisser), to
relax. — L. relaxdre, to relax ; see Belax.
RelegatOi to consign to exile. (L.)
From pp. of L. relegdre, to send away,
remove. — L. re-, again, back; legdre, to
send, appoint ; see Legate.
Relent. (F. - L.) Altered from F. ra-
lentir^ to slacken, to relent (cf. L. relen-
tescere, to slacken). — F. ra-, for re-a- (L.
re-ad) ; L. lentus, slack, slow, allied to
lints, gentle, and to E. lithe. See Lenient
and Lithe.
Relevant. (F. — L.) The orig. sense
is * helpM * ; hence, of use for the matter
in hand. — F. relevant, pres. part, olrelever,
to raise up, assist, help. — L. releudre, to
raise again. — L. re-, again ; lettdre, to raise,
from leuis, light. See Levity.
ReliCi a memorial. (F.— L.) Chiefly
440
RELICT
•
in the pi. ; M. E. relikes,^V , reliques, s.
pi., * reliqnes ; * Cot — L. reliquids, ace. of
retiquitBy pi., remains. i-L. relinquere, to
leave behjnd.^L. re-, back; iinpiere, to
leave. See Belinquish, Iiioenoe.
reliotf a widow. (L.) L. relicta, fern,
of relichiSy pp. of rtlinquift^ to leave
behind (above).
Selieve. (F.-L.) M.E. nlemn (»
releven). — F. relever^ to raise up, relieve. —
L. releuare^ to raise again ; see Belevant.
Der. relief, M. E. relef, O. F. relief (F.
relief), a sb. due to the verb relever,
Bellgion. (F.-L.) ¥. religion \ Cot.
— L. ace. religimenty from religio, piety;
allied to religens, fearing the gods, pious.
Re-ligens is the opposite of neg-ligens,
negligent; see Neglect. Allied also to
di-ligenty and to Gk. iXiyuv^ to reverence.
Belinqnish. (F.-L.) O.F. relen-
quis-, pr. pt. stem of relenquir, to leave
(Godefroy).—L. relinquere, to leave be-
hind ; see Belio.
reliquary, a casket for relics. (F. — L.)
F. reliquaire, ' a casket wherein reliques be
kept ; ' Cot. • Late L. reliquidrium (same
sense). —L. reliquid-f orig. stem of reli'
quia, relies ; see Belio (above).
relique ; the same as Belio.
AeliAl, orig. an after-taste. (F.-L.)
M. E. reles, an after-taste, Sir Cleges,
208. — O. F. reles, reldis, that which is left
behind ; also a relay; see Belay (i).
Helnctant. (L.) From stem of pres.
pt. of reluctdre, reluctdri, to struggle
against. — L. re-, back ; lucldri, to struggle,
from lucla, a wrestling. Allied to Gk.
Xiry-ffeiv, to bend, writhe in wrestling;
Lith. htgnas, flexible, Skt. ruj, to bend,
break. (VLEUG.)
IBely, to repose on trustfully. (F.-L.)
"We find *to refye their faithe upon*;
where refye « fasten. — F. relier^ to bind
up, or together. — L. religdre, to fasten. L.
re-y back ; ligdre^ to bind ; see Iiigament.
% But much influenced by E. lie, vb., to
repose, though this would have required
a pp. relcun, Ver, reli-ance.
Aemain. (F.-L.) O. F. pres. s. (/«)
rentain ; cf. M. F. impers. vb. il remain-t,
it remains. [The infin. remaindre is
preserved in £. remainder, used as a
»b.] — L. reman-40, I remain ; reman^el,
it remains ; remanire, to remain.— L. re-,
behind ; manire, to stay. See Mansion.
Hernaad, to send back. (F.-L.) M.F.
remander.^'L, remanddre, to send back
REMUNERATE
word. — L. re-, back ; manddre, to send ;
see Mandate.
Remark, to take notice of. (F.-L.
and Teut.) F. remarquer, to mark,
note, heed. — L. re-, again; marquer, to
mark, from marque, sb., a mark ; see
Mark (i).
Remedy. ( F. - L. ) M. E. remedie, -
A. F. remedie, O. F. remede, mod. F.
remide.^'L. remedium, a remedy; that
which heals again.— L. re-, again ; mederi,
to heal. See Medicine.
Remember. (F.-L.) O.Y.remem-
irer.^h. rememordri, to remember.— L.
re-, again ; memordre, to make mention of,
from memor, mindful. See Memory.
Remind, to bring to mind again. (L.
and £.) From Be- and Mind.
Reminiscence. (F.-L.) M.F. r^-
miniscence. — L. reminiscentia, remem-
brance. — L. reminiscent-^ stem of pres. pt.
of reminiscit to remember. — L. re-, again ;
and base oime-min-i, I remember. Allied
to Gk. fii-fAov-a, I yearn, Skt. man, to
think. (VMEN.)
Remit, to abate. (L.) L. remittere
(pp. remissus), to send bsLci, slacken, abate.
— L. re-t back; mittere, to send; see
Missile. Der. remiss, adj., from pp.
remissus \ remiss-ion.
Remnant. (F.-L.) M. E. reman-
aunt. — O. F. remanant, — L. remanent-^
stem of pres. pt. of remanere, to remain ;
see Bemain.
' Remonstrate. (L.) From pp. of
Late L. remonstrdre, to expose, to produce
arguments against.— L. re-, again; mon-
strdre, to show, from monslrum, a portent;
see Monster.
Remorse. (F.-L.) M. F. remors;
Cot.— Late L. remorsus, remorse. —L.
remorsus, pp. of remordfre, to bite again,
to vex.— L. re-, again; mordere, to bite;
see Mordacity.
Remote* distant. (L.) L. remoluSf
pp. of remouere, to remove ; see Bemove.
Or from M. F. remote, f. ' remove, re-
moved,' Cot. ; from L. pp. f. remota.
Remount, to mount again. (F.-L.)
F. remonter. — F. re-y again ; motiter, to
mount; see Mount (2).
Remove. (F.— L.) M.F, remouvoir,
Cot. See Be- and Move.
Remunerate, to recompense. (L.)
From pp. of remUnerdre, remUnerari,
to reward. — L. r«-, again ; mUnerdre, to
bestow a gift, from muner- (for *miines-).
441
REGULAR
RELIC
most likely solution is that which derives
O. F. regrater from L. re-t again, and the
verb wluch appears in Icel. grdtay Swed.
gr&ta^ Dan. grade^ A. S. grSttaUt LowL Sc.
greit, to weep, bewail. Sec Qreet (a).
Cf. 'I mone as a chylde dothe for the
wantyng of bis nourse or mother, j'e
rtgrete ; * Palsgrave.
Regular. (L.) L. regfd&risy according
to rule. — L. regula^ a rule ; regere, to rule.
See Begent.
Sahearse. (F* — L*) M. E. rehersen.
— O. F. rekerser, rehercer, to harrow over
again ; hencci to go over the same ground.
— L. re-f again ; O. F. hercer, to harrow,
from kerce, sb., a harrow. See Hearse.
Keign, sb. (F.-L.) M. £. regne.^
M. F. regne.^Li, regnum, kingdom. »L.
r^re. to rnle. See Begent.
AeimbTirsei to refund. (F.— L. and
Gk.) Adapted from F. rembourser by
substituting L. re-im- for F. rem- (with
the same force). — L. re-, again; im-
(for in), in; F. bourse, a purse. See
Purse.
Bein. (F.-L.) M. E. m««.-0. F.
reine^ rein of a bridle (The same as Ital.
redina, Span, rienda, transposed form of
redina^^ljaXA L. '^retina, not found, but
a short form allied to L. retinaculum, a
rein. — L. retinere, to hold back. — L. re-y
back ; tenSre, to hold. See Betain.
Reindeer I Baindeer, a kind of deer.
(Scand.) M. E. raynedere. Formed by
adding deer (see Deer) to Icel. hreinn,
a reindeer ; cf. also O. Swed. ren, a rein-
deer, A. S. hrdn. [We also find Dan.
rensdyr, Du. rendier, G. renntAier."] Teut.
type *krainoz ; a true Teut. word, as the
forms shew. p. Diez refers us to Lapp
raingo, but this is merely a bad spelling
of Swed. renko, i. e. rein-cow. The true
Lapp word is paiso, a reindeer ; nor can
the Icel. word have been suggested by
Lapp reino, a pasturage for rein-deer;
Ihre, Lexicon Lapponicum, p. 574.
Reins, the lower part of the back. (F.
— L.) O. F. reins. — L. renis, pi., kidneys,
reins.
Red ect. (F.-L.) U.¥, rejecter (16^
cent. ; F. rejeter ; oldest spelling regeter).
— O. F. re-, back ; geter, getter, to throw,
from L. iactdre ; see Jet (1).
Rejoice. (F.— L.") M.E.reioisen.-^
O. F. resjois; stem of pres. pt. of resjair
(mod. F. r^Jouir)^\.n gladden, rejoice. — L.
re-, again ; O. F. esjo'ir, to rejoice, from L.
ex, much, very, and gaudere, to rejoice.
S>ee G-aud.
Rctjoin. (F.— L.) Lit. to join again;
in legal language, to answer to a reply. —
F. rejoign-, a stem of rejoindre, to rejoin.
— L. reiungere, to join again. — L. re-,
again; tMn^^VTif, to join. See Join. Der.
rejoinder, which is the F. infin. mood used
as a sb., as in the case of attainder.
Relapaef to slide back into a former
state. (L.) From L. relapsus, pp. of re-
labt, to slide back. — L. re-y bade ; l&bi, to
slide ; see Lapse.
Relate, to describe, tell. (F.-L.) F.
relater, 'to relate ; ' Cot. —Late L. rel&t&re,
to relate. — L. reUUus, used as pp. oireferre,
to relate (but from a different root). — L.
re-, again ; Idttis, for tidtus, borne, pp. of
toliere, to bear. See Tolerate.
Relax. (L.) L. r^/a;rdri?, to relax.— L.
re-, again ; laxdre, to slacken ; see Lax.
Doublet, release.
relay (i)> a set of fresh dogs or horses,
a fresh supply. (F. — L.) Orig. used of
dogs and horses. — F. relais, a relay;
chiens de relais, cheuaux de relais, dogs or
horses kept in resei-ve; Cot. The orig.
sense is * a rest,* and chiens de relais are
dogs kept at rest $ cf. ^ relais * at rest, that
is not used,' Cot.; and see relais in
Godefroy. — O. F. relaissier, to relinquish.
— L. relaxdre, to loosen, let loose, allow
to rest ; see Lax. Cf. Italian cani di
rilasso, dogs kept in reserve (late edition
of Florio by Torriano, 1688).
Relay (2), to lay again. (L. andE.)
From re- and lay. See Lay (1).
Release. (F.-L.) M. £. relessen,re-
lesen.^O, F. relessier (M. F, relaisser), to
relax. — L. relaxdre, to relax ; see Belax.
Relegate, to consign to exile. (L.)
From pp. of L. relcgdre, to send away,
remove. — L. re-., again, back ; ligdre, to
send, appoint ; see Legate.
Relent. (F.-L.) Altered from F. ra>
lentir^ to slacken, to relent (cf. L. relen-
tescere, to slacken). — F. ra-, for re-a- (L.
re-cui) ; L. lentus, slack, slow, allied to
lints, gentle, and to £. lithe. See Lenient
and Lithe.
Relevant. (F.— L.) The orig. sense
is ' helpful * ; hence, of use for the matter
in hand. — F. relevant, pres. part, oirelever,
to raise up, assist, help. — L. releudre, to
raise again. — L. re-, again ; leiidre, to raise,
from leuis, light. See Levity.
ReUc, a memoriaL (F.— L.) Chiefly
440
RELICT
in the pi. ; M. £. relikes,^¥,reliquesy s.
pi., 'reliqaes;' CoL^L. reliquids, ace. of
reltquia, pi., remains. *L. relinquere, to
leave behind. * L. re-, back ; linqueret to
leave. See Belinqoish, Iiioenoe.
reliotya widow. (L.) L. relicta, fern,
of reliciuSf pp. of relinquet^i to leave
behind (above).
Selieve. (F.-L.) M.E. reUuen (»
releven), — F. relever, to raise np, relieve. —
L. reieudre^ to raise again ; see Belevant.
Dap. relief, M. E. reUf, O. F. relief (F.
relief), a sb. due to the verb relever,
Bellgion. (F.-L.) ¥, religion \ Cot.
— L. ace. religionemf from religio^ piety;
allied to religens, fearing the gods, pious.
Re-ligens is the opposite of neg-ligens,
n^ligent; see Negleot. Allied also to
di-ligent, and to Gk. dx^7civ, to reverence.
Belinqnuih. (F.-L.) O.F. relen-
quis-, pr. pt. stem of relenquir, to leave
(Godefroy).— L. relinguere, to leave be-
hind ; see Belio.
re]iq[liary, a casket for relics. (F. — L.)
F. reliquairey a casket wherein reliques be
kept ; ' Cot. — Late L. reliquidrium (same
sense). — L. reliquid-, orig. stem of reli-
quiiEt relics ; see Belio (above).
relique ; the same as Belie.
SeliUi orig. an after-taste. (F.— L.)
M. £. reUSy an ai^er-taste, Sir Cleges,
208. -O. F. reles, relais, that which is left
behind ; also a relay ; see Belay (i).
Helnctant. (L.) From stem of pres.
pt. of reluctare, reluctdriy to struggle
against. • L. re-, back ; luctdri, to struggle,
from lucla, a wrestling. Allied to Gk.
Xvy'i(€tv, to bend, writhe in wrestling;
Lith. hignas, flexible, Skt. ruj^ to bend,
break. (-/LEUG.)
Sely, to repose on trustfully. (F. - L.)
We find *to relye their faithe upon';
where relye -= fasten. — F. relier^ to bind
up, or together. — L. religdre, to fasten. L.
re-y back ; ligdre^ to bind ; see Ligament.
% But much influenced by £. lie^ vb., to
repose, though this would have required
a pp. relain, Der. reli-ance,
Samain. (F.-L.) O. F. ijres. s. (»
remain ; cf. M. F. impers. vb. il remain-tj
it remains. [The mfin. remaindre is
preserved in £. remainder^ used as a
sb.] -i L. reman-eOf I remain ; reman-ety
it remains ; remanire, to remain. — L. re-,
behind ; manure, to stay. See Mansion.
Semand, to send back. (F.-L.) M.F.
remander.^L, remanddre, to send back
REMUNERATE
word. — L, re-i back ; manddre, to send ;
see Mandate.
Aemark, to take notice of. (F.— L.
and Teut.) F. remarquer, to mark,
note, heed.^L. re-, again; marquer, to
mark, from marque, sb., a mark; see
Mark (i).
Remedy. ( F. - L. ) M. £. remedie, —
A. F. remedie^ O. F. remede, mod. F.
remide^^lj, remedium, a remedy; that
which heals again. -• L. re-, again ; mederi,
to heal. See Medicine.
Semember. (F. - L.) O. F. remem-
brer.^la, rememordriy to remember, i- L.
re-f again ; memordre, to make mention of,
from memory mindful. See Memory.
Semindi to bring to mind again. (L.
and E.) From Be- and Mind.
Bemimscence. (F.-L.) M.F. r^-
miniscence, — L. reminisceniioy remem-
brance. — L. reminiscent-y stem of pres. pt.
of reminisciy to remember. * L. re-, again ;
and base oime-min-ty I remember. Allied
to Gk. ^i-fAov-a, I yearn, Skt. man, to
think. (VM£N.)
Semit, to abate. (L.) L. remittere
(pp. remissus), to send back, slacken, abate.
-iL. re-t back; millere, to send; see
Missile. Der. remiss, adj., from pp.
remissus; remiss-ion,
Aenmant. (F.-L.) M. £. reman-
aunt. — O. F. remanant, — L. remanent-^
stem of pres. pt. of remanire, to remain ;
see Beinain.
Remonstrate. (L.) From pp. of
Late L. remonstrdre, to expose, to produce
arguments against. — L. re-, again ; mon-
strdre, to show, from monstrum, a portent;
see Monster.
Semorse. (F.-L.) M. F. remors;
Cot.* Late L. remorsus, remorse. — L.
remorsuSy pp. of remordire, to bite again,
to vex.— L. re-, again ; mordere, to bite;
see Mordacity.
Semote, distant. (L.) L. remotus^
pp. of remouere, to remove ; see Bemove.
Or from M. F. remote, f. ' remove, re-
moved,* Cot. ; from L. pp. f. remota.
Remount, to mount again. (F.-L.)
F. remonter. — F. re-^ agun ; niotiter, to
mount; see Mount (a).
Semove. (F. — L. ) M. F. remouvoir,
Cot. See Be- and Move.
Semiinerate« to recompense. (L.)
From pp. of remUnerdre, remUnerari,
to reward. -iL. r«-, again ; miinerdre, to
bestow a gift, from mUner- (for *miines-),
441
RENAISSANCE
REPEAT
stem of munuSy a gift, also, an office. See
Municipal.
Renaissance, revival of learning.
(F. — L.) M. F. renaissance^ *a new birth/
Cot. i- L. re-f again ; nascentia^ birth, from
ntucent', stem of pres. pt. of naset, to be
born. See Natal.
Senal. (F. - L.) M. F. renal, ^ L.
rindiisy adj. ; from rinis, s. pi, reins. See
Beins.
Senard ; see Beynard.
Benconnter, Sencontre. (F.-
L.) F. rencontre, a meeting. — F. rencon-
trer, to meet. — F. r^-, again; encontrer,
to meet, enconnter ; see Encounter.
Send. (E.) M. £. renden, A. S.
rendany to cut or tear.4-0. Fries, renda,
to tear ; North Fr. renne, ranne, to tear
apart. Der. rent^ sb., from pp. rent.
Render. (F.-L.) llL,E.rendren.^¥,
rendrc^lj, reddere, to give back. — L.
red'y back ; dare^ to give; see Date (i).
rendevvons. (F.— L.) Y. rendezvous ^
'a rendevousy place appointed for the
assemblie of souldiers ; Cot. — F. rendez
vous<X„ reddite uds^ render yourselves;
imperative pi. of reddere (above).
Renegade, Renegade. (Span. - L. )
Span, renegade, an apostate, one who has
denied the faith ; brig. pp. of renegar, to
forsake the faith. — L. re-y again ; negdrej
to deny. See Negation.
Renew. (L. and £.) From L. re-y
a^in ; and £. new. ^
Rennet (i), the prepared inner mem-
brane of a calf's stomach, used to make
milk coagulate. (£.) M. £. renei ; from
M. £. rennen, to run ; prov. £. runy to
congeal, coagulate. See Bun. Hence
rennet is also called runnet (Pegge's Ken-
ticisms) ; also eming (Derbyshire), from
A. S. iman, to run. So also M. Du. rinsel,
runsel, renninge, * curds, or milk-runnet,'
from rinneny * to presse, curdle; ' Hexham.
Cf. G. rinnen, to run, curdle, coagulate.
Rennet (a) > a sweet kind of apple. (F.
— L.) Formerly spelt r^«a/^, from an odd
notion that it was derived from L. rendtusy
bom again ! • F. reinette, rainette, a rennet ;
the same as rainette, a little frog ; from
the speckled skin. Dimin. of F. raine, a
frog. — L. rdna, a frog. Cf. Banunoulus.
Renounce. (F. — L.) F. renoncer. —
L. renunttdre, to bring back a report, also
to disclaim, renounce. — L. re-, back,
again ; nuntidrcy to tell, bring news, from
nuntiuSy a messenger. See Nunoio.
Der. renufuiat'ion, F. rencnciatw*^ from
L. pp. renuntidtus.
Renovate. (L.) YiomL^renoudtuSy
pp. of remmdriy to renew. — L. re-, again ;
noudre, to make new, from nauus, new.
See Novel.
RenOWX^ fome. (F. — L.) M. £.
renoun,^K. ¥, renoun, renun; O. F.
renon (lath cent.). [Cf. Port, rename.
Span, renombre, renown.]— O.F. renotnery
to make famous.— L. re-y again; ndmi-
ndre, to name, from n^men, a name ; see
Noun.
Rent (i), a tear; see Bend.
Rent (a)) annual payment. (F.— L.)
M. £. rente. — F. rente, [Cf. Ital. rendita,
rent.] — Late L. rendita, nasalised form of
L. redditay fem. of pp. of reddere, to render;
see Bender.
Renunciation. (F. ~ L.) M. F. re-
ncnciatiofi, * renunciation ; * Cot. — L. ace.
renuntidtimemy prop, an announcement.
— L. renuntidt'US, pp. of renuntidre, orig.
to announce ; see Benounoe.
Repair (i), to restore, amend. (F.— L.)
M. F. reparer,^\.. repardre, to recover,
repair, make ready anew.— L. re-y again;
pardrey to get ready; see Fare. Ber.
refar-able, M. F. reparaiUf h, miparSHlis ;
repar-at-iony M. F. reparation.
Repair (3), to resort to. (F. - L.) M.F.
repairer, to haunt ; Cot. Older form re-
pairier (Bnrguy). — L. repcUridre, to repair
to one's own country. — L. re-, back ; patria,
native country, from patru, for pater^ a
father.
Repartee, a witty reply. (F.-L.) F.
repartie, *a reply;' Cot Orig. fem. of
reparti, pp. of M. F. repartir, to re-divide,
to answer thrust with thrust, to reply. — F.
re-, again ; fartir, to part, also to rush,
dart off, burst out laughing. — L. r^-,
again ; partircy to share, from parti-, for
pars, a part. See Part.
RepflbSt, a meal. (F.— L.) 0,¥,' repast,
later repas. — L. re-, again ; pastum, ace.
oipastus, food, from pascerey to feed« See
Pastor.
Repay. (F. - L.) O. F. repaier, - O. F.
re- (L. re-), back; paier, to pay; see
Pay.
Repeal. (F.-L.) Altered from O. F.
rapeler, F. rappeler, to repeal.— O. F. re-
(L. «-) ; apeler, later appeler, to appeal.
See Appeal. Repeal^ re-appeai.
Repeat. (F. — L.) Formerly r^t^/^.-
M. F. repeier. Cot.— L. repetere, to attack
44a
REPEL
REPTILE
again, reseek, repeat. — L. fv-, again ; petere,
to attack; see Petition. Der. repet-it-
ion,
SepeL (L-) L. repelUre^ to drive back.
— L. re-^ back; pellere, to drive; see
Pulse. Der. repuise, from pp. repulsus.
Sepentf to me. (F.— L.) F. repenHr^
to repent. «L. re-^ again; pcmitere, to
cause to repent ; see Penitent.
BeperOUflsion. (L.) From Be- and
PeroiiBsion.
Bepertory,atreasury. (F.-L.) M.F.
repertoire. — L. repertdrium, an inventory.
—L. repertory a finder, discoverer, i- L.
repertre, to find out. — L. re-j again ; parire
(Ennius), usually parere^ to produce ; see
Parent.
Hepine. (L.) Compounded of L. re-^
again ; and/fW, to fret ; see Pine (2).
Iteplaoe. (F.-L.a;MrGk.) Fromfv-
(F. re-, L. r^-), again ; and Place.
Replenish. (F.~L.) 0,F. replentss-,
stem of pres. pt. of replenir, to fill up
again; now obsolete. »L. re-, again; Late
L. *plenire, to fill, from L. plenus, full.
replete, full. (F.-L.) M. F. nplet,
masc. ; repute^ fem., fuIl.-^L. repfitus,
filled up ; pp. of re-p^re^ to fill again. •- L.
re'^ again ; plire, to fill ; see Plenary.
Seplevy, to get back detained goods
on a pledge to try the right in a suit. {Y,
-Teut.) F. re- (L. re-), again; O.F.
pUvir, to be surety. See Pledge.
Beply. (F. - L.) M. £. replien. -
O. F. replier, the old form afterwards re-
placed by the * learned ' form r^pliquer, to
reply.— L. replicdrei\x\,. to fold back ; as a
law term, to reply. — L. re'y back ; plicdre,
to fold. Der. replica^ a repetition ; from
Ital. replica, a sb. due to L. replicdre, to
repeat, reply.
Aepoxt. (F.— L.) M.Kreporten.-~¥.
reporter, to carry back. — L. reportdre,
to carry back. — L. re-, back ; portdre, to
carry; see Port (i). The E. sense *to
relate' is due to F. rapporter, O. F.
rt^rter ; with prefix ra- <L. re-ad.
Xtepose. (F.-L. andG\i,) F. reposer,
to rest) pause ; Late L. repausdre^ to pause,
rest. — L. re-, again ; pausdre, to pause,
from pttusa, sb., due to Gk. irai/<nf, a pause.
^ Important ; this is the verb which seems
to have given rise to poser and its com-
pounds. See Pose.
Hepository, a storehouse. (F.-L.)
M. F. repositoire, a storehouse. — L. reposi-
tdrium. — L. repositus^ pp. of repdnere, to
lay up, store.— L. re-, again; pffnere, to
place ; see Position.
Seprehend, to reprove. (L.) L. re-
prehtndere, to hold back, check, blame. —
L. re-, back ; prehendere, to seize, to hold.
See Prehensile.
Represent. (F.-L.) O.F. repre-
sentor,^!^, reprasentdre, to bring before
again, exhibit.— L. re-, AgsSn; prasentdro,
to present; see Present (2).
Repress. (F.-L.) From F. re-,
again, and pressor, to press ; but used with
sense of L. reprimere (pp. repressus) to
press back, check. — L. re-, back ; premere,
to press ; see Press.
aeprieTei vb. (F.— L.) [A doublet
of reprove.^ M. E. reprevon, to reprove,
reject, disallow ; to reprieve a sentence is
to disallow it. — O. Y. repreuve, 3rd pres.
sing, indie, of reprover (r . r^prouver)^ to
reprove; see Beprove. C£ Schwan, §
34«(4).
Reprimand. (F.-L.) Y.riprimande,
formerly reprimende, * a reproof ; * Cot. —
L. reprimenda, a tUng that ought to be
repressed ; hence, a check. Fem. of the
geiTindive of reprimere, to repress; see
Bepress.
Reprisal. (F.-Ital.-L.) M.F. r^-
presaille, a taking or seizing on, a reprisal.
[The change of vowel is due to obs. verb
reprise, to seize in return ; from F. repris,
pp. of reprendre < L. reprehendere, (here)
to seize again.] — Ital. ripresaglia, booty. —
M. Ital. ripresa, a taking again ; fem. of ri-
preso, pp. of rtprendere, to reprehend, also
to retake. — L. reprehendere, to seize again,
also, to reprehend ; see Beprehend.
Reproach. (F.-L.) F. reprocher, to
reproach. Cf. Span, reprochar, Prov. re-
propckar, to reproach \ answering to Late
L. *repropidre, to bring near to, impute
to, reproach. — L. re-, again; propi-us,
nearer, comp. oi prope, near. See Pro-
pinquity. % A translation of L. obicere
{objicere), to bring near or cast before one,
to reproach.
Reprobate. (L.) L. reprobdtus, x^-
proved, rejected ; pp. of reprobdre, to reject
upon trial.— L. re-^ back ; probdre,X.o test
See Probable.
reprove. (F.-L.) M. E. reproven,
also reproven. — O. F. reprover (F. riprou-
ver), to reprove, condemn. — L. reprobdre,
to reject, reprove (above).
Reptile^ crawling; usually, as a sb.
(F.-X.) F. reptile, * crawling;* Cot.-L.
443
RENAISSANCE
REPEAT
. stem of mtlnusy a gift, also, an office. See
Municipal.
Renaissance, revival of learning.
(F. — L.) M. F. renaissance, *a new birth/
Cot.»L. re- J again ; nascentia, birth, from
nascent-, stem of pres. pt. of nasci^ to be
born. See Natal.
Benal. (F. ~ L.) M. F. renal, ^ L.
rindlis, adj. ; from rinis, s. pL, reins. See
Beins.
Renard ; see Beynard.
BencoTtnter, Rencontre. (F.-
L.) F. rencontre, a meeting. — F. rencon-
trer, to meet.«-F. r^-, again; encontrer,
to meet, encounter ; see Encounter.
Rend. (£.) M. £. renden, A. S.
rendan, to cat or tear. 4-0. Fries, renda,
to tear ; North Fr. renne, ranne, to tear
apart. Der. rent, sb., from pp. rent.
Render. (F.-L.) M.E.rendren.m.F.
rendre.^'L. reddere, to give bade— L.
red-, back ; dare, to give; see Date (i).
rendesvons. (F. — L.) Y. rendezvous,
'a rendevous, place appointed for the
assemblie of souldiers ; Cot. — F. rendez
vousK,!^, reddite uds, render yourselves;
imperative pi. of reddere (above).
Renegade, Renegade. (Span. - L. )
Span, renegado, an apostate, one who has
denied the faith ; brig. pp. of renegar, to
forsake the faith. — L. re-, again ; negdre,
to deny. See Negation.
Renew. (L. and £.) From L. re-,
again ; and £. new.
Rennet (i), the prepared inner mem-
brane of a calf's stomach, used to make
milk coagulate. (£.) M. £. renet', from
M. £. rennen, to run ; prov. £. run, to
congeal, coagulate. See Bun. Hence
rennet is also called runnet (Pegge's Ken-
ticisms) ; also eming (Derbyshire), from
A. S. iman, to run. So also M. Du. rinsel,
runsel, renninge, * curds, or milk-runnet,'
from rinnen, * to presse, curdle; * Hexham.
Cf. G. rinnen, to run, curdle, coagulate.
Rennet (2), a sweet kind of apple. (F.
— L.) Formerly spelt renate, from an odd
notion that it was derived from L. rendtus,
bom again I « F. reinette, rainette, a rennet ;
the same as rainette, a little frog ; from
the speckled skin. Dimin. of F. raine, a
frog. — L. rdna, a frog. Cf. Banunouius.
Renounce. (F. ~ L.) F. renoncer. —
L. renuntidre, to bring back a report, also
to disclaim, renounce. — L. re-, back,
again ; nuntidre, to tell, bring news, from
nuntius, a messenger. See Nunoio.
Der. renufuiat-ion, F. renonciatipn, from
L. pp. renuntidtus.
Renovate. (L.) From L. renoudtus,
pp. of remmdre, to renew. — L. re-^ again ;
noudre, to make new, from nouus, new.
See Novel.
RenOWX^ fame. (F. — L.) M. E.
renoun.^\. F. renoun, renun; O. F.
renon (12th cent.). [Cf. Port, rename.
Span, renombre, renown.]— O.F. renonier,
to make famous.— L. re-, again; ndmi-
ndre, to name, from ndmen, a name ; see
Noun.
Rent (1), a tear; see Bend.
Rent (2), annual payment. (F.— L.)
M. E. rente, — F. rente, [Cf. Ital. rendita,
rent.] — Late L. rendita, nasalised form of
L. reddita, fem. of pp. of reddere, to render;
see Bender.
Renunciation. (F.-L.) M.F. rv-
nonciation, * renunciation ; * Cot. — L. ace.
renuniidtidnem, prop, an announcement.
— L. renuntidt'US, pp. of renuntidre, orig.
to announce ; see Benounoe.
Repair (i), to restore, amend. (F.— L.)
M. F. re^arer.^h, repardre, to recover,
repair/make ready anew.— L. re-, again;
pardre, to get ready; see Fare. Der.
repar-able, M. F. reparahU^ I« t^tparMHs ;
repar-cU-ion, M. F. reparation.
ttepair (2), to resort to. (F. -L.) M.F.
repairer, to haunt ; Cot. Older form re-
pairier (Burguy). — L. repatriSre, to repair
to one's own country. — L. re-, back ; patria,
native country, from pcUri-, for pcUer, a
father.
Repartee, a witty reply. (F.-L.) F.
repartie, *a reply;' Cot. Orig. fem. of
reparti, pp. of M. ¥, repartir, to re-divide,
to answer thrust with thrust, to reply. — F.
re-, again ; partir, to part, also to rush,
dart off, burst out laughing. — L. re*,
again ; partire, to share, from parti-, for
pars, a part. See Part.
Repast, a meal. (F.— L.) 0,¥,' repast,
later repas. — L. re-, again ; pastutn, ace.
oipastus, food, from pascere, to feed* See
Pastor.
Repay. (F. - L.) O. F. repaier, - O. F.
re- (L. re-), back; paier, to pay; see
Pay.'
Repeal. (F.— L.) Altered from O. F.
rapeler, F. rappeler, to repeal. — O. F. re-
(L. r^-) ; apeler, later appeler, to appeal.
See Appeal. Repeal =^ re-appeal.
Repeat. (F. — L.) Formerly r.^/^.-
M. F. repeier. Cot. — L. repetere, to attack
442
REPEL
REPTILE
again, reseek, repeat. •» L. re-^ again ; petercy
to attack; see Petition. Der. repei-it-
ion,
HapeL (L.) L. repeHere^ to drive back.
■-L. re-^ back; pellere, to drive; see
Pulse. Der. repulse^ from pp. repulsus.
Sepenty to rue. (F.->L.) F. repentir,
to repent.— L. fv-, again; pcmiiere, to
cause to repent ; see Penitent.
BeperClUinon. (L.) From Be- and
Peronssion.
&epertory,atreasuiy. (F.-L.) M.F.
repertoire. ^la, repertOrium^ an inventory.
— L. repertory a finder, discoverer, i- L.
reperire, to find out. — L. re-, again ; parire
(Ennius), usually parere, to produce ; see
Parent.
Repine. (L.) Compounded of L. re-^
BS^m ; and pine, to fret ; see Pine (2).
beplace. {F.^l^andGk,) Fromfv-
(F. re', L. re-), again ; and Place.
Repleniell. (F.-L.) 0,F. repleniss-,
stem of pres. pt of replenir, to fill up
again ; now obsolete.— L. re-, again ; Late
L. *plmire, to fill, from L. plenus, full.
replete, fiiU. (F.-L.) M. F. replet,
masc. ; replete, fern., full. — L. replitus,
filled up ; pp. of re-p^e, to fill again. — L.
re-, again ; plere, to fill ; see Plenary.
Seple^yf to get back detained goods
on a pledge to try the right in a suit. (F.
— Teut.) F. re- (L. re-), again; O. F.
plevir^ to be surety. See Pledge.
Beply. (F. - L.) M. E. replien, -
O. F. replier, the old form afterwards re-
placed by the * learned ' form r^pliquer, to
reply.— L. repiicdre,]it to fold back ; as a
law term, to reply. —L. re-, back; plicdre,
to fold. Der. replica, a repetition ; from
Ital. replica, a sb. due to L. replicdre, to
repeat, reply.
Report. (F.-L.) M.E.reporten.'^Y.
reporter, to carry back. — L. reportdre,
to carry back. — L. re-, back; portdre, to
carry; see Port (i). The E. sense *to
relate ' is due to F. rapporter, O. F.
raporter ; with prefix ra- < L. re-ad.
Repose. (F.-L. andOV,) F. reposer,
to rest, pause ; Late L. repausdre, to pause,
rest.— L. re-, again; pausdre, to pause,
from pausa, sb., due to Gk. itavmi, a pause.
% Important ; this is the verb which seems
to have given rise to poser and its com-
pounds. See Pose.
Repository, a storehouse. (F.-L.)
M. F. repositoire, a storehouse. — L. repast-
tdrium.^h, reposUus, pp. of repdnere, to
lay up, store.— L. re-, Kgain \ pffnere, to
place ; see Position.
Reprehend, to reprove. (L.) L. re-
prehendere, to hold back, check, blame. —
L. re-, back; prehendere, to seize, to hold.
See Prehensile.
Represent. (F.-L.) O.F. repre-
senter.'^'L. reprasentdre, to bring before
again, exhibit.— L. re-, tLgsAn; prasentdre,
to present; see Present (2).
Repress. (F.-L.) From F. re-,
again, and presser^ to press ; but used with
sense of L. reprimere (pp. r^essus) to
press back, check. — L. re-, back ; premere,
topress ; see Press.
AeprieTOf vb. (F. - L.) [A doublet
of reprove,^ M. E. repreven, to reprove,
reject, disallow ; to reprieve a sentence is
to disallow it. — O. F. repreuve, 3rd pres.
sing, indie, of reprover (F. riprouver), to
reprove; see Beprove. Cf. Schwan, §
34«(4). .
Reprimand. (F.-L.) Y.riprimande,
formerly reprimende, * a reproof ; * Cot. —
L. reprimenda, a tUng that ought to be
repressed ; hence, a check. Fem. of the
gei-undive of reprimere, to xepress; see
Bepress.
Reprisal. (F.-Ital.-L.) M. F. r^-
presatlle, a taking or seizing on, a reprisal.
[The change of vowel is due to obs. verb
reprise, to seize in return ; from F. repris^
pp. of reprendre < L. reprehendere, (here)
to seize again.] — Ital. ripresaglia, booty. —
M. Ital. ripresa, a taking again ; fem. of rt-
preso, pp. of riprendere, to reprehend, also
to retake. — L. reprehendere, to seize again,
also, to reprehend ; see Beprehend.
Reproacll. (F.-L.) F. reprocher, to
reproach. Cf. Span, reprochar, Prov. re-
propchar, to reproach ; answering to Late
L. *repropidre, to bring near to, impute
to, reproach. — L. re-, again; propi-us,
nearer, comp. oi prope, near. See Pro-
pinquity. % A translation of L. obicere
{pbjicere), to bring near or cast before one,
to reproach.
Reprobate. (L.) L. reprobdtus, xt-
proved, rejected ; pp. of reprobdre, to reject
upon trial. — L. re-^ back ; probdre, to test
See Probable.
reprove. (F.-L.) M. E. repreven,
also repreven.^0. F. reprover (F. riprou-
ver), to reprove, condemn. — L. reprobdre,
to reject, reprove (above).
Reptile, crawling; usually, as a sb.
(F.-L.) F.r^//i/^,* crawling;* Cot.-L.
443
REPUBLIC
RESIST
reptiUm^ ace. of reptilis, creeping. —L.
reptus, pp. of reptre, to creep.-f-Lithuan.
reploti, to creep.
Aepublio. (F.-L.) M. F. republiaue,
* the commonwealth ; * Cot. t- L. respumca,
a republic. — L. ris, a matter, state ; pud-
lica, fem. oipublicuSf public. See BeaL
Kepudiate. (L.) From pp. of L. re-
pudidre, to reject. — L. repitdium^ a casting
off, divorce. Perhaps from L. re-^ away ;
pud'^ base ol puderty to feel shame; cf.
pudor, shame, prd-pudium^ a shameful
action.
Repugnant. (F.-L.) l/L.Y, repugn-
ant, pres. pt. of repugner, *to repu£;ne,
thwart;' Cot. — L. re-pugndre^ to nght
against. — L. re-^ back ; pugndre^ to fight ;
see Pugilism.
Sepnlse. (L.) From L. repulsa^ sb.,
a refusal ; or repulsdre, vb. — L. repuls-us,
pp. of repellere ; see Bepel. Cf. Norman
dial, repulser, to repulse.
Bepnte. (F.-L.) yi,Y,reputer,^\^
reputdre, to repute (lit. reconsider). — L.
rc; again; ptiUdre, to think; see Pu-
tative.
Bequest. (F.-L.) O.Y,requesU,^
L. requtstta, a thing asked, fem. of pp.
of requirere, to ask back. — L. re-, back;
and quarere, to seek. See Quest.
require. (F.-L.) M.E. reqiurm^
but also requiren, — M. F. requerir\ O. F.
requerre, with i pr. s, requier, - L.
requirere (above). Der. requis-iie, from
pp. requtsftus,
Bequiem. (L.) The Mass for the
Dead was called requiem, because it began
' Requiem aeternam dona eis.* — L. requiem,
ace of requies, repose. — L. re-; quies,
rest. See Quiet.
Bequite. (F.-L.) Also spelt r^^M//,
Temp. iii. 3. 71. Fromr^- and quit) see
Quit.
Bered08| a screen at the back of a
thing, esp. of an altar. (F.-L.) From
M. E. rere, rear ; and F. dos, back; from L.
dorsum, back. See Bear (2) and Dorsal.
Beremouse, Bearmouse, a bat.
(E.) A. S. hreremUs, a bat; from the
flappmg of its wings. - A. S. hreran, to
agitate, allied to hrffr, adj., stirring, quick;
mUs, a mouse. Cf. prov. Y.fiiUer- mouse,
a flutter-mouse or bat And cf. Uproar. '
% Perhaps a popular etymology ; cf. early
A. S. hreatha-mus, a bat ; Epinal Gl. 978.
Bereward ; see Bearward.
Bescind, to repeal. (F.-L.) F. re-
scinder, to cancel ; Cot. — L. resfindere, to
cut off, annul. — L. re-, back ; scindere, to
cut. Allied to Sclusm. (v^SKHEID.)
Bescript. (F.-L.) M. F. rescript ^ a
reply in writing. — L. rescriptum, neut. of
pp. of rescrtbere, to write back. — L. re-^
back ; scribere, to write ; see Scribe.
Bescue, vb. (F. — L.) M. £. rescouen.
— O. F. rescourre, to rescue, save^, [The
same word as Ital. riscuotere,']^'LaXe L.
rescutere (a. d. i 308) ; for re-excutere, to
drive away again. — L. re-, again; ex,
away; quatere, to shake; see Quash.
% The M. K sb. was rescous, from O. F.
rescousse < Late L. pp. fem. rescussa,
Beeearch.. (F.-L.) Compounded of
Be-, again, and Searoh. Ct Norman
dial, recerche, research.
Besemble. (F.-L.) 0,Y,resembler.
— O. F. re-, again ; sembUr, to seem, be
like. — L. re-, again; simuldre, to make
like ; see Simulate.
Beeent. (F.-L.) M,¥, seresentir (or
ressentir)t to have a deep sense of.— L. re-,
again ; sentire, to feel. See Sense. Der.
resentment,
Beserre. ^F.— L.) OS.reserver.^'L,
reserudre, to Keep back.— L. re-, back;
serudrey to keep ; see Serve.
reservoir. (F.-L.) Y, reservoir, ^
Late L. reserudtorium, a store-house,
formed from reserudre, to reserve. Cf.
Late L. seruatoriumj a store-house
(Lewis).
Beside. (F.-L.) M,Y,resider, to re-
side, stay. — L. residire, to sit or remain
behind. — L. re-, back ; sedere, to sit ; see
Sedentary. Der. residence.
residue. (F. - L.) O. F. residu. - L.
residuum, a remainder, neut. of residuus,
remaining. — L. residere (above).
Besign, to yield up. (F.-L.) M. F.
resigner.'^'L, resigndre, to unseal, annul,
resign. — L. re-, back; signdre, to sign,
from signum^ a sign, mark. See Sign.
Besuient. (L.) L. resilient-, stem of
pres. part, of resilire, to leap back. — L.
re-y back ; salire, to leap. See Salient.
Besin,Bosin. (F.-L.-Gk.) M.E.
recyn, recine. — M. F. resine, * rosin ; * Cot.
Norman dial, rosine. — L. resina, Jer. li. 8
(Vulgate). — Gk. ^rjThrj, resin, gum from
trees. See Piellwitz.
Besist. (F.-L.) O. F. resister.^L,,
resistere, to stand back, withstand. — L. re-,
back; sistere, to stand, from stdre, to
stand ; see State.
444
RESOLUTE
SeSOlute. (L.) L. resolutus, pp. of
resoluert (below).
resolve. (L*) L* resoluere, to loosen,
melt; hence to separate into parts (also,
to decide, resolve). — L. r^-, back; soltiere^
to loosen; see Solve. Der. resolut-ion
(from pp. resolutus),
ReiSOliant. (L.) From resonant'^ stem
of pres. pt. of L. resondre^ to sound back,
echo, resound. — L. re-j back ; sondre, to
sound, from sonus, sound. See Sound (3).
SeilBrt, to betake oneself to. (F. — L.)
M. F. resortir^ ressortiry * to issue, goe
forth againe, resort;' Cot Orig. a law
term; to appeal. — Late L. resortirey to
resort to a tribunal ; cf. resoritri, to re-
turn to any one. — L. re-, again; sofitrf, to
obtain ; so that re-sorttri is to re>obtain,
gain by appeal.— L. re-y again ; sorti-, for
sorSy a lot ; see Sort.
Resoimd. (F. - L.) O. F. resoner
(lath cent). — L. resondre \ see Be-
sonant.
HeSOnrce. (F.~L.) M.F. resource,
later ressourcCy ' a new source ; * Cot. — F.
re-y again ; source, source ; see Souroe.
Bespect, sb. (F. - L.) F. respect,
' resi^ect, regard ;' Cot— L.r^{^f/»m,acc.
of respectus, a looking at. — L. respectus,
pp. of respicere, to look at, look back
upon. — L. re-y back ; specere, to see ; see
Species. Der. respect, vb.; respect-abUy
respect'Vve ; also dis-respect,
respite, delay, reprieve. (F. — L.)
O. F. respit, a respite. Orig. sense regard,
respect had to a suit on the part of a
judge. — L. ace. respectum, respect (above).
Sespire, to breathe, take rest (F. — L.)
F. respirer.mm'L, respirdre, to breathe
again or back. — L. re-y back ; spirdre, to
breathe ; see Spirit.
Sesplendent. (L.) From L. re-
splendent', stem of pres. pt of resplen-
dere, to glitter. — L. re-, again ; splenderey
to shine; see Splendour.
Respond. (F. - L.) O. F. respondre, -
L. respondere (pp. responsus), to answer.
— L. re-y back ; spondere, to promise ; see
Sponsor. Der. responsey from O. F. re-
spons, an answer, from L. responsum, neut.
of pp. responsus.
Sest (i), repose. (£.) A. S. rest, rast,
rest. Cf. Dn. rust, Dan. Swed. rast, Icel.
rifst (the distance between two resting-
places), Goth, rasta (a stage), O. H. G.
rasta, G. rast, rest. The A. S. rest, fern.,
answers to Teut. type *rast-jd, orig. *a
RESUSCITATE
halting-place/ which (like O. H. G. rasta)
is from Teut. root *ras, to dwell, as seen
in Goth, raz-n, a house. See Bansock.
Brugm. i. § 903 c.
Hest (2), to remain, be left over. (F. —
L.) F. rester, to remain. — L. restore, to
stop behind, remain. — L. re-, back ; stdre,
to stand; see State. ^ Distinct from
rest (i), repose.
Restaurant. (F.— L.) Mod. F. re-
staurant, lit. 'restoring;* pres. pt. of
restaurer, to restore, refresh; see Be-
store.
RestharroWf a plant (F. and £.)
For arrest-harrow, because its tough roots
stop the harrow. Cf. the F. name arrfte-
bcmf, lit. * stop-ox.*
Bestitlltu>n. (F.-L.) Y, restitution,
— L. restitatidnem, ace. of restitutio, a
restoring. — L. restitHtus, pp. of restituere,
to restore. — L. re-, again; statuere, to
set up, place, causal of stare, to stand ; see
State.
Restive. (F.— L.) Confused withr^j/-
less, but it really means stubborn, refusing
to move. — M.F. restif, * le&ti^ stubborn,
drawing backward;* Cot. — F. rester, to
remain ; see Best (a). % Hence £. rusty
in the phr. to turn rusty = to be stubborn.
Restore. (F.-L.) O.Y, restorer, sXio
restaurer. ^'L, restaurdre, to restore.— L.
re-, again; *staurare, to set up; see
Store. Brugm. i. § 198.
Restrain. (F.-L.) O. F. restraign-,
as in restraign-ant, pres. pt. of restraindre
(F. restreindre), to restrain. — L. restring-
ere, to draw back tightly, bind back. — L.
re-y back ; stringere, to bind ; see Strin-
gent. Der. restraint, from O. F. re-
strainte, fem. of pp. of restraindre.
restrict. (L.) From L. restrictus, pp.
of restringere, to bind back (above).
Result, vb. (F. - L.) M. F. resuUery
* to rebound or leap back ; also to rise of,
come out of;' Cot.— L. resultdre, to re-
bound ; frequent, oiresilire, to leap back ;
see Besilient. Der. result-ant.
Resnmey to take up again. (F. — L.)
M. F. resumer. — L. resHmere. — L. re-,
again; sUmere, to take; see Assume.
Der. resumpt-ion (from pp. resumpt-us).
Resurrection. (F. -,L.) O. F. resur-
-rectum. — L. ace. resurrectidnem. — L.
resurrectuSy pp. of resurgere, to rise again.
— L. re-y again; surgere, to rise; see
Surge.
Resuscitate, to revive. (L.) L. resus-
445
RET
RETROSPECT
ciidtusy pp. of resuscitarey to revive. — L.
re-y again, sus'y np, and citdrcy to ronse ;
Bee Oite.
Hety to steep flax. (M. Da.) M. Dn.
reten^ reeten^ to steep flax; Dii. reten,
Cf. Pomeran. rdten^ Swed. rota^ Norw.
royta^ to ret; also Da. rete, reute^ Low
G. rate^ E. Fries. rotteyZ. retting- pit. Lit.
'to make rotten;' formed by mutation
from Teut. *rat4t ; for which see Botten.
Cf. Du. rootm^ to ret.
Ketail, sb. (F. -L.) To sell by retail
is to sell by small pieces. — O. F. retail ^ a
shred, paring, small piece. — O. F. retainer^
to shred, cat small. — O. F. re- ( «sL. r^-),
again ; taillery to cut ; see Tailor.
Retain. (F.— L.) F. retenir.^L, re-
tinire^ to hold back; pp. retentus.'-'L,
re-, back ; tenere, to hold ; see Tenable.
Der. retent'ion (from the pp.).
Retaliate, to repay. (L.) From pp.
of L. retdlidrey to requite ; allied to talto,
retaliation in kind, as in /Smt tdlimis, the
law of retaliation. — L. tali-, decl. stem of
talis, such, of such a kind. Cf. Gk. rrj'
\iicoSf of snch an age. From the Idg. base
td-f allied to Gk. t6, £. tAa^t. See That.
S^tard, to delay. (F. - L.) F. retarder,
to hinder. — L. retarddre, to delay. — L. re-,
again ; tarddre, to make slow, from tardus,
slow. See Tardy.
Betehy Beach, to try to vomit. (£.)
A.S. hrScan, to clear the throat, hawk,
spit. — A. S. hrdca^ spittle ; cf. hrScgebrac,
hoarseness. ^Icel. hrakja, to spit ; from
hrdki, spittle. Prob. of imitative origin.
Retention. (F.-L.) M.F, retention,
* retention ; ' Cot.— L. ace. retentionem, a
holding back. — L. retent-us, held back,
pp. of retinere ; see Betain.
Reticent, silent. (L.) From stem of
pres. pt. of L. reticere, to be very silent. —
L. re-, back, very ; and tacere, to be silent.
See Tacit.
Reticule. (F.-L.) F. riticule, a net
for the hair, a reticule.- L. reticulum ^
a little net ; double dimin. of rete, a net.
^ Formerly also ridicule (both in F. and
£.), by confusion with Bidioule (Littre).
Cf. prov. F. ridicule, a reticule, dial, of
Verdun (Fertiault).
retina, the innermost coating of the
eye. (L.) Neo-Lat. retina \ so called
because resembling network. Coined from
riti-y for rete, a net.
Retinne. (F. — L.) M. E. retenue. —
O. F. retenue, a body of retainers ; fem. of
retenu, pp. of retenir, to retain ; see Be-
tain.
Retire. (F.-Teut.) M.F. retirer, «to
retire, withdraw;' Cot. — F. re-, back;
tirer, to pull ; see Tier, Tirade.
Retort, a censure returned; tube for
distilling. (F. — L.) M. F. retort, pp.
* twisted, violently returned,* retorte, * a
lymbeck,* Cot. ; lit. a thing twisted back.
— M.F. retort, pp. of retordre, to twist
back. — L. retorquere, to twist back.—
L. re-, back; tor quire, to twiH; see
Torture.
Retract. (F.— L.) M.F. retracter,
'to revoke ;' Cot.— L. retractdre, frequent,
of retrahere, to draw back. — L. re^, back ;
trahere, to draw: see Tract (i).
retreat, sb. (F. — L.) M. £. retrete,^
O. F. retrete, later retraite^ a retreat, fem.
of retret, pp. of retraire, to withdraw. — L.
retrahere, to draw back (above).
Retrendl. (F. — L. ?) M. F. retren-
cher, * to curtail, diminish ; * Cot — L. re-,
back; and O. F. trencher, to cut; see
Trench.
Retribution. (F.-L.) "bH.Y, retri-
bution,^!^, ace. retribatidnem, requital.-
L. retribuius, pp. of retribuere, to pay
back. — L. re-, back ; tribuere, to pay ; see
Tribute.
Retxiere, to recover. (F.— L. and
Gk.) Formerly 7'etreve, — O. F. retreuve,
3rd pers. sing, indie, of retrover, later
retrouver, to find again.- L. re-^ again;
O. F. trover, to find ; see Trover.
Retro-, backwards. (L.) L. retrff,
backwards ; a case of a comparative form
from re- or red-, back. The suffix -tro
(•tra), in ci-trff, ci-trd, answers to Goth.
-hro 'mfa-J>rd, thence; see Brugm. ii. § 75.
See Bear (2).
Retrocession. (F.-L.) F. retro-
cession.''LaXc L. retrocessidnem, ace. of
retrocessio, a going back. — L. retrocess-us,
pp. of retrocedere, to go further back. — L.
retrd, backwards ; cedere, to go ; see Cede.
Retronade, going backward. (F. -
L.) O. F. retrograde. — L. retrdgradus,
retrograde (used of a planet).— L. retro-
gradi, to go backwards. — L. retrd, back-
wards ; gradi, to go ; see Grade.
retoogression. (L.) Coined from
pp. of L. retro-gradt (above).
ACtrOSpect. (L.) From L. retro-
spectus, (unused) pp. of retrospicere, to
look back.-L. retrC, back; speare^ to
look.
446
RETURN
RHAPSODY
IRetnnii vb. (F.— L.) F. retoumer
(Cot.). — F. re- (=L. r^-), back; toumerf
to turn ; see Turn.
Seveal. (F. - L.) M. F. reveler, < to
reveale ; ' Cot. — L. reuelare, to draw back
a veil. — L. re-, back ; uelum, veil ; see Veil.
&eveillei an alarum at break of day.
(F.-L.) [Cf. F. r^il^ a reveille, M. F.
resveii, * a hunt 's-up, or morning-song for
a new married wife, the day after the mar-
riage ; ' Cot.] The E. reveilli was a tri-
syllable, and represented F. riveillezy wake
ye, imper. plural of riveiller, to awaken ;
O. F. resveiller. — O. F. re- (L. re-, again) ;
and esveiller^ to awaken, from L. ex, out,
and uigilare, to watch (from uigil, awake).
See Vigil. % The £. word is also spelt
reveiliez ; Brand, Pop. Antiq., ed. Ellis, ii.
1 76. The F. riveillez is used as a sb. (in
the E. sense) in the dialect of Forez, near
]>ons (Graz).
AOVel, a noisy feast. (F.— L.) M. £.
reiul {revel), sb.— O. F. revel, pride, re-
bellion, sport, jest, disturbance, disorder
(Roquefort). — O. F. reveler, io rebel, hence,
to riot. — L. rebelldre, to rebel ; see Bebel.
Der. revell-er ; whence reveUr-y,
Revenge. (F.— L.) O.Y,revengier,
also revencher, to avenge oneself (F, re-
vancher),^Y» re- (=L. ^0> again ; O. F.
vengier, verier, from L. uindicare, to
vindicate ; see Vindipate.
Hevexme. income. (F.— L.) M. F. ri0-
venu, m., and revenue^ f. * revenue, rent ; '
Cot From revenu, pp. of revenir, to
come back. — F. re-j back ; venir, to come.
— L. re-, back; uentre, to come; see
Venture.
Beverberate. (L.) From pp. of L.
returberdre^ to beat baick (hence, to re-
echo). — L. re-, back ; uerberdre^ to beat,
from uerber, a scourge.
Revere. (F.-L.) M.F. reverer {F,
rfyf&er), to reverence. — L. reuerert, to
revere, stand in awe of. — L. re-, again;
uerert, to fear, feel awe, allied to £.
Wary. Der. reverence, O. F. reverence,
L. reuerentia ; also rever-end.
Reverie, Revery. (F. - L.) F.
rkferie, a raving, a vain fancy, a revery. —
F. river, formerly resver, river, to rave.
See Bave.
Reverse. (F. — L.) M. £. reuers
(revers), ^O^F, revers.^h. reuersus, lit.
turned backwards ; pp. of rtuerlere, to turn
backward. — L. re-, back ; tterlere, to turn ;
see Vene.
revert. (F. - L.) M. F. revertir, * to
revert, retume;' Cot. — L. reuertere
(above).
Review. (F.— L.) From Be- and
View.
Revile. (F.-L.) yi.F.. reuiUn {^
revilen) ; A. F. revtler (Gower). — F. re-,
again ; and F. vil (L. utlis), cheap ; see
Vile. Lit. ' to cheapen.*
Revise. ( F. — L. ) O. F. reviser. — L.
reuisere, to look back upon, revisit. — L.
re-, again ; utsere, to survey, from utsus^
pp. of uidgre, to see ; see Vision.
Revisit. (F. — L.) From Be- and
Visit.
Revive. (F.-L.) F. revivre.wmL,. re-
utuere, to live again, revive.- L. re-,
again ; uiuere, to live ; see Vivid.
Revoke. (F.— L.) O.F. revocquer{F,
rHfoquer). — L. reuocdre, to recall. — L. re-,
back ; uocdre, to call ; see VooaL
Revolt, a rebellion. (F.— Ital.— L.)
M. F. revolte,'K revolt;' Cot.-M. Ital.
revolta (Ital. rivoltd), a revolt; fem. of
revolto, turned, overthrown, pp. of revol-
vere^ to turn, roll back, overturn. — L. re-
uoluere, to roll back (below).
revolve. (L.) L. reuoluere, to turn
again, revolve. — L. re; again ; uoluere, to
turn ; see Voluble. Der. revolut-ion, from
pp. reuolutus.
Revulsion; (F.-L.) M.F. revulsion,
*a plucking away; also the drawing of
humours from one part of the body into
another;* Cot.— L. reuulsidnem, ace. of
reuulsio, a plucking back.— L. reuuistis,
pp. of reuellere, to pull back.— L. re-,
back ; uellere, to pull, pluck. Cf. Con-
vulse.
Reward, vb. (F.-L. aiw/0. H. G.)
A. F. rewarder ; O. F. regarder, to look
back upon, regard (with favour); see
Begard. Doublet, regard,
Reynard, Renard, a fox. (F.-
Teut.; O. F. renard, regnard{F. renard).
— Low G. (M. Flemish) Retnaert, the
name given to the fox in the celebrated
M. Flemish epic so called. Cognate with
O. H. G. Reginhart, lit. * strong in coun-
sel;* from O. H. G. regin; ragin-, an-
swering to Goth, ra^'^, judgment, counsel,
and hart (£. hard), strong.
Rhajpsodv. (F.-L.-GkO M.F.rap-
sodie. Cot.— L. rhaps^ia.^Gk. fiax/f^ilm,
the recitine of epic poetry, part of an epic
poem, a rhapsody, tirade. — Gk. ^s^^&j,
one who strings (lit. stitches) songs to-
447
."'ctETa
.wl^.'««sj
t. ^-,, ""Oft-. / -f?'>IM,/ ' ' nclr. '^" ieon _*"»0 fir, J
:«)■
««
about
1
RICOCHET
1650, with allusion to Gk. fdx^^i ^^^ spine.
Cf. prov. E. rickety, i. e. tottery, weak,
unstable. Formed from M. E. wrikken,
to twist, wrest, still in use in the phrase
'to wrick one's ankle.' Allied to A.S.
wringartf to twist; see 'Wring and
Wry. Cf. Dn. turikken, Swed, ricka,
to be rickety ; Swed. rickug, rickety.
Sicochety the rebound of a cannon-ball.
^F.) F. ricochet, * the sport of skimming a
uiinne stone on the water, called a Duck
and a Drake ; ' Cot. Origin unknown.
Bid (i). to free. (E.) M. E. riddm,
redden. A. S. hreddan^ to snatch away,
deliver. +0. Fries, hredda, Du. redden,
Dan. redde, Swed. radde ; G. retten. Teut.
type *hradjan-. Cf. Skt. froth, to untie.
Hid (a), to clear, esp. land. (Scand.)
Prov. E. rid. M. E. ruden (pp. rid).^
Icel. ryCJa (orig. hrytfja), to clear, clear
out; Dan. rydde^ to clear, grub up land.
Teut. type ^hrudjan-y from ^hrud-^ weak
grade of ^hreutkan- (Icel. hty'fftia), to
strip. ^ Confused with ru/( I ).
Riddle (i), an enigma. (E.) Properly
riddles ; and the pi. should be riddles-^.
M. £. redels. — A. S. r&dels, nedelse, a
riddle, ambiguity, something requiring
explanation.— A. S. rSdan, to discern, ex-
plain ; see Bead.+Du. raadsel, for *raad-
ts-Zb-, the A. S. -e/s being for -isi; G.
rdtksei, a riddle. % We still say ta read
a riddle, i. e. to explain it.
Biddle (3), a large sieve. (E.) M. E.
ridil. A.S. hridder, a vessel for winnowing
com; older form hrtder (Sweet); the
suffixed -er and -f7 {-le) being equivalent.
4>0. H. G. rttera ; Irish creathair, Gael.
criathar ; L. cribrum* Lit. sense ' sep^
rater.* All from Idg. root *krei^ to
separate ; cf. Gk. tepi-vfiv. See Critio.
ttide. (E.) M. E. rideny pt. t. rood, pp.
riden. A. S. rtdan, pt. t. rod, pp. riden.
^Du. rijden, Icel. ri6a, Dan. riae, Swed.
rida ; G. reiten. Also O. Irish riad-aim,
I drive, ride. (VREIDH.) Brugm. i.
§ 310. Der. road, read-y.
Bidge. (E.) yL.lL.rigge,rt^ge. A.S.
hrycg, the back of a man or beast.4*Du.
rug, back, ridge, Dan. ryg^ Swed. rygg,
Icel. hryggr; G. riicken, O. H. G. krucki,
Cf. O.Irish croccenn, (i) hide, (a) the back.
Bidiovlonfl. (L.) L.rrVfrMAi#J, laugh-
able ; with suffix 'ous. — L, rfdere, to
laugh.
Bldinfff one of the three divisions of the
county of York. (Scand.) For tkriding
449
RIQ
(North-riding « North-thriding). — Icel.
PriGjungr, the third part ot a thing, third
part of a shire. — lce\./ri6i, third ; cognate
with A. S. ^idda, third. See Third,
Three. So also Norw. trid/ung, a third
part.
Bife. (Scand.) M. E. rif, late A. S.
rif, — Icel. rt/r, munificent, abundant ; M.
Swed. rif, rife; Norw. rry.+M. Du. rij/,
abundant ; Low G. rive, abundant, muniB-
^cent, extravagant. Cf. Icel. rei/r, glad;
reifa^ to bestow,
BifF-raff, refuse. (F.-Teut) U.E.rif
and raf, things of small value, hence every
bit. — M. F. rif et raf every bit ; also
rifle et rafle* * II ne luy lairra rifny raf,
he will strip him of all ; * Cot. Here rif
or rifle is a thing of small value, from
rifler, to rifle, ransack ; and rafle is from
M. F. raffler, to rifle, ravage. Both are
words of Teut. origin, drawn together by
their sound, though of different origin. F.
rifler is from Icel. hrifa (see Bifle (i)) ;
M. F. raffler is from G. raffen, to seize.
Bifle ( I )) to spoil, plunder. (F. ^ Tent.)
M. F. rifler^ *to rifle^ spoile ;* Cot. Norm,
dial, rifler (Dum^ril). Formed, with
frequentative -/-, from Icel. hrtfa^ rtfa,
to catch, grapple, grasp ; allied to Icel,
hrifsa, plunder.
Bifle (a), a kind of musket. (F.-
Teut.) Short for rifled gun, from the verb
rj^^, to groove. — O.F. rifler, to scratch,
graze (Godefroy). — Low G. ^j/Sr/w, to
furrow, chamfer; E. Fries, riffeln (the
same), riffel, a groove ; Dan. rifle, to rifle,
groove, rifle, a groove; Swed. reffla, to
rifle. So also G. riefe, a furrow ; riefen^
riefelHf to rifle (from Low G.). All allied
to Bivel, and to Bive.
rift. (Scand.) Dan. and Norw. rift,
rift, rent. — Norw. riva. Dan. rive, to tear.
Cf. Icel. ript, a breach of contract. See
Bive.
Big (i), to fit up a ship. (Scand.) Spelt
rygge in Palsgrave. — Norw. riggu, to bind
up, wrap round, also to ri^ a ship ; rigg^
sb., rigging. Cf. Swed. dial. riggapA, to
harness a horse. Also Westphal. riggen,
Du. rijgen, G. reihen, to stitch together,
orig. to put in a row ; cf. E. Fries, rige,
rfge, a row. See Bow (i).
Big (a), a frolic, prank. (E.?) We also
find rig, to be wanton; riggish, wanton.
For wrig, and allied to wriggle; see
"Wriggle. Cf. Norw. rigga, to rock ; E.
Fries, wriggen, to wriggle ; Du. wrikken,
Q
RHETORIC
RICKETS
gether, a reciter of epic poetry. «> Gk. ^-,
stem of fat. of p&Mtuv, to stitch together,
fasten together ; tp^, an ode ; see Ode.
Bhetorio. (F.~L.~Gk.) O.Y.rhe-
torique ; Cot. « L. rhltorica^ i. e. rhetorica
ars, the art of rhetoric ; fem. of rhitoricusy
adj. — Gk. fiviropiK6s, rhetorical ; adj. from
fifffrwpt an orator, speaker. For ffHf^ofpj
related by gradation to uptiv, to speak
(for *fip-yuv\ Allied to Verb.
Bi]l6U]II. (F. — L. — Gk.^ M.F. rheume.
a flow, flnx, rhenm. — Gk. fit^-ffofiaiy fut. of
fitiv, to flow ; (for *o pi f-tiv). '^Skt sru,
to flow. Allied to stream. (ySREU.)
Der. rheumai-ic,
Sbinocaros. (L. — Gk.) L. rhinoceros,
« Gk. fiiv6/c€pcatt iit. * nose-homed.' — Gk.
fiivo-, for filSf nose; icipas, a horn, allied
to Horn.
Hhiiomef a rootlike stem. (F. — Gk.)
F. rkizofw. "Gk. ^C^iJta, rooti-Gk.
fii(ovv, to cause to take root.*Gk. fil(a^
root. See Boot.
Shododendroa. (L.-Gk.) l^rhodo-
dendron."G\i. fioMtvUpw, the rose-bay,
oleander. — Gk. fi69o'f for fiSlkiy, rose;
9MpoVy tree. Gk. ^9ov is of Armenian
origin ; see Bose.
Bhodomontade ; see Bodomon-
tade.
BhomK Bliombiui. *(L. - Gk.) L.
rhombus (F. rhornbe), • Gk. ^iifios, a thing
twirled roond, whirling spindle, a thing in
the shape of a whirling spindle, a fonr-
sided figure with equal sides but unequal
angles. — Gk. fiiftfitiu^ to revolve. Allied
to Wrinkle (Prellwitz). See also
Bumb.
Bhnbarb. (F.- Late L.-Gk.) O.F.
reubarbe't F. r^»^ari^. — Late L. rheu-
barbarum {— rheum barbarum). • Gk.
firjoy fi^p fiapoy yThnbaxh ; lit. * Rheum from
the barbarian country.' Gk. fiifov is an
adj. from fid, the rha-plant, rhubarb, which
was also called I^hd Ponticum. Rhd
took its name from the river Rha^ i e. the
Volga. And see Barbarous.
Haomb ; see Bumb.
IBhsrnie ; see Bime ( i).
Bhythm. (F. - L. - Gk.) M.F. Hthme,
CoL * L,rhyihmus, — Gk. fiu$fM6ff measured
motion, time, measure. — Gk. fiiuv, to flow.
See Bheum.
Bib. (E.) M. £. ribbe. A. S. ribb.-^
Du. ribf Icel. ri/, Swed. ref-been (rib-bone),
Dan. rib-been\ G. rippe\ Russ. rebro.
Perhaps allied to G. rebe^ a tendril ; from
the idea of clasping (Kluge).
Bibald. (F. - Tent) M. £. Hbald,
ribaud. - O. F. ribald {¥. ribaud), - LowL.
riba/dusy a ruffian ; cf. Low L. ribalda, a
prostitute. Of Teut. origin. i-O. H. G.
hrfpa, M. H. G. rtbe, a prostitute ; cf. O. F.
rilir, to be wanton. The suffix -aid
is due to O. H. G. zmi//, power. Cf.
Korting, § 4019.
Biband. Bibbon. (F.) M.Kriban,
reban, [Also Irish ribtn, a ribbon ; Gael.
rtbean, a ribbon, fillet; from £.]*0. F.
riban (F. ruban)^ a ribbon (Littr^) ; Gas-
con and Languedoc riban ; Norman dial.
riban. Low L. rubanus (a. D. 1367).
Origin unknown ; cf. Dan. vride-baand, a
twisted band.
Bice. (F.-IUl.-L.-Gk.-0. Pers.)
O. F. risy rice ; F. riz. — Ital. riso, — L.
orfza. — Gk. ^v^a, 6pv(ov, rice, grain. From
an O. Pers. form, preserved in the Pushto
(Afghan) wrij'zey, turijey, rice ; wrijztih,
fl grain of rice (Raverty). Hence also
Arab, uruzz^ ruzz, whence Span, arrvz,
rice. Allied forms are Pers. birinj\ Arinen.
brinjy rice ; Skt. vrfhi-, rice. (Horn, { ao8;
Yule.)
Bich. (£.) M. £. riche,"A,S. rice,
powerful, rich. [We also find O.F. riche,
from O. Sax. rikf, allied to O. H. G. rfhhi,
M. H. G. rfche (G. reich)^ powerful.]+
Du. rij'h,. Iccl. rfhr, Swed. rtk, Dan. rig;
Goth, reihs. Teut. type *rikizj powerful,
from the base rik- as seen in Goth. reik-Sy
a ruler ; cognate with the Celtic base rig-,
as in Gauli^ rix, a king' (cf. O. Irish n,
gen. rigy a king, W. rhiy a chief) ; unless
Sie Teut. base rJk- is merely borrowed
from the Celtic rig-, Qi, L. rix, gen. reg-iSy
a king. All from yR£G,to rule (L. reg-
ere). See Begent. Brugm. i. (§ i35> 549 c
riches. (F.-O.H.G.) M.E.fwA4PM^
a sing, sb.; the pi. being richesses.'^V.
richessey weidth. — O. H. G. rfhhi, M. H. G.
riche (G. reich)y rich (above). The suffix
is F. -essey L. -itia.
Biok. (£.) ^rVil is from A. S. ^r^r^^,
as in corn-hryccey com-rick. We also find
M. £. reeky A. S. hreaCy a heap, a rick. 4*
Icel. hraukr, a rick; Du. rook, Cf. 0.
Irish cruachy a rick ; and .see Buok (2).
BicketSy a disease of children, ac-
companied by softness of the bones and
great weakness. (£.) A prov. £. word
nrst noticed about A. D. i6ao ; whence the
medical term rachitis was coined abont
448
RICOCHET
RIG
1650, with allusion to Gk. fdxis, the spine.
Cf. prov. E. rickety, 1. e, tottery, weak,
unstable. Formed from M. E. wrikken,
to twist) wrest, still in nse in the phrase
*to wrick one's ankle/ Allied to A.S.
wringauy to twist; see Wring and
Wry. Cf. Dn. tvrikken, Swed, ricka,
to be rickety ; Swed. rickugy rickety.
Ricochet, the rebound of a cannon-ball.
S^) ¥, ricochet, * the sport of skimming a
inne stone on the water, called a Duck
and a Drake ; * Cot. Origin unknown.
Rid (i), to free. (E.) M. E. ridden^
redden, A. S. hreddan, to snatch away,
deliver. +0. Fries, hredda, Du. redden,
Dan. redde, Swed. rddde ; G. retien. Teut.
type *hradjan-. Cf. Skt. froth, to untie.
Aid (a), to clear, esp. land. (Scand.)
Prov, E. rid. M. E. ruden (pp. rid),"
Icel. ryOja (orig. hrydja), to clear, clear
out; Dan. rydde, to clear, grub up land.
Teut. type ^hrudjan-y from *krud'y weak
grade of ^hreuthan- (Icel. hty'Sda), to
strip. ^ Confused with nV/( I ).
Buddie (i), an enigma. (E.) Properly
riddles ; and the pi. should be riddles-es,
M. E. redels. — A. S. r&dels, radelse, a
riddle, ambiguity, something requiring
explanation. » A. S. rStdan^ to discern, ex-
plain ; see Bead.4-r>n. raadsel, for *raad-
iS'lo-, the A. S. -els being for -isl; G.
rathsel^ a riddle. ^ We still say ta read
a riddle, i. e. to explain it.
Riddle (3), a large sieve. (£.) M. E.
ridil, A.S. hridder, a vessel for winnowing
com; older form hrider (Sweet); the
suffixed -er and "il {-le) being equivalent.
4*0. H. G. rttera ; Irish creathair, Gael.
criathar ; L. cribrum* Lit. sense ' sep^
rater.* All from Idg. root *krei^ to
separate ; cf. Gk. tepi-vuv. See Critdo.
Aide. (E.) M. E. rideHf pt. t. rood, pp.
riden. A. S. rtdan, pt. t. rod, pp. riden,
4-Dn. rijden, Icel. ri6a, Dan. ride, Swed.
rida ; G. reiten. Also O. Irish riad-aim,
I drive, ride. (VREIDH.) Brugm. i.
§ 310. Der. road, read.y.
Ridge- (E.) U,K.Hgge,rugge, A.S.
hrycg, the back of a man or beast. 4'Du.
rug, back, ridge, Dan. ryg^ Swed. rygg,
Icel. hryggr\ G. riicken, O. H. G. hrucki,
Cf. O.Irish croccenn, (i) hide, (2) the back.
RidicnloilB. (L.) L.rri!/rVfr/-f#j, laugh-
able ; with suffix •<ms, * L, ridere, to
lau^h.
Rldinffy one of the three divisions of the
county of York. (Scand.) Yoxthriding
(^North-riding = Nortk-thriding), — IceL
PriUjungr, the third part of a thing, third
part of a shire. — lct\,^6i, third ; cognate
with A. S. fridda, third. See Third,
Three. So also Norw. tridjung, a third
part.
Rife. (Scand.) M. E. rif, late A. S.
rtf, — Icel. rifr, muniiicent, abundant ; M.
Swed. rif, rife; Norw. m;.+M. Du. rijf,
abundant ; Low G. rive, abundant, mnnifi-
,cent, extravagant. Cf. Icel. reifr, glad;
reifa, to bestow.
Riff-raff, refuse. (F.-Teut) M.E.rif
and raf, things of small value, hence every
bit. — M. F. rif et raf every bit ; also
rifle et rafle, * II ne luy lairra rifny raf
he will strip him of all ; ' Cot. Here rif
or rifle is a thing of small value, from
rifler, to rifle, ransack ; and rafle is from
M. F. raffler, to rifle, ravage. Both are
words of Teut origin, drawn together by
their sound, though of different origin. F.
rifler is from Icel. hrifa (see Bifle (i)) ;
M. F. raffler is from G. raffen, to seize.
Rifle ( I ) , to spoil, plunder. (F. — Tent.)
M. F. rifler, *to rifle, spoile ;' Cot, Norm,
dial, rifler (Dum^ril). Formed, with
frequentative -/-, from Icel. hrifa, rifa,
to catch, grapple, grasp; allied to Icel,
hrifsa, plunder.
Rifle (2), a kind of musket. (F.-
Teut.) Short for rifled gun, from the verb
rifle, to groove. — O. F. rifler, to scratch,
graze (Godefroy). — Low G. rvfeln, to
furrow, chamfer; E. Fries, riffeln (the
same), Hffel, a groove; Dan. rifle, to rifle,
groove, rifle, a groove; Swed. reffla, to
rifle. So also G. riefe, a furrow ; riefen^
riefeln, to rifle (from Low G.). All allied
to Bivel, and to Bive.
rifb. (Scand.) Dan. and Norw. rift,
rift, rent. — Norw. riva. Dan. rive, to tear.
Cf. Icel. ript, a breacn of contract. See
Bive.
Rig (i), to fit up a ship. (Scand.) Spelt
rygge in Palsgrave. — Norw. rigga, to bind
up, wrap round, also to rig a ship ; rigg,
sb., rigging. Cf. Swed. dial, rigga pi, to
harness a horse. Also Westphal. riggen,
Du. rijgen, G. reihen, to stitch together,
orig. to put in a row ; cf. E. Fries, rige,
rige, a row. See Bow (i).
itlg (3)1 a frolic, prank. (E.?) We also
find rig, to be wanton; riggish, wanton.
For wrig, and allied to wriggle; see
"Wriggle. Cf. Norw. rigga, to rock ; E.
Fries, wriggen, to wriggle ; Du. wrikken.
449
RIP
which is a different word from M. H. G.
rim, O. H. G. rtm (A. S. rim), in the
sense of *namber.' From F. rime came
also Ital. Span. Port, rima; also Du.
rijffi, Icel. rima, G. reim.
Xtime (a), hoarfrost. (F.) For hrime,
A. S. hrim, hoarfrost. + Du. rijm, Icel.
hrim, Dan. rtim, Swed. rim. Allied to
Dxu rijp^ G. reif, hqar-frost.
Himeri a tool for enlarging holes in
metal. (E. ^ From A. S. ryman, to en-
' large. -> A. S. riim, wide. See Boom.
BilXlipl6« to ripple, as the surface of
water. (E.) To rimple is to shew
wrinkles, -i A. S. hrympel, a wrinkle. —
A. S. hrump-, rump-, weak grade of
hrimpan or rimpan, to wrinkle. 4" l^ii«
rimpel, a wrinkle, rimpelen, to wrinkle;
O. H. G. hrimfatif M. H. G. rimpfen (cf.
G. riimpfen) , to crook , bend, wrinkle. (See
Franck.) See Bumple.
Bind. (£.) U. E. rina, rinde. A.S.
rindeg bark of a tree, crust (of bread). 4*
M. Du. and G. rinde, bark. Allied to
Bim.
Sing (i), a circle. (E.) M. E. rtng^
A. S. Anw^.-f-Du. ring. Low G. fing^ rini,
Icel. Aringr, Swed. Dan. G. ring, O. H. G.
Arinc, Teut. type *hrengoz\ Idg. type
*krenghos ; also ^kronghos^ as in O. Bulg.
Af^g^i Russ. krugie), a circle. See Bank
and Harangue.
Bing (2), to somid a bell. (E.) M. £.
ringen, A. S. hringan, to clash, ring ; a
weak verb, as in Scand. ; but English has
pt. t. rang, by analogy with sang.ixom
sing, + Icel. hringja, Dan. ringe^ Swed.
ringa, Cf. Icel. hrang, a din ; L. clangere,
to clang.
Bin£, a coarse for the game of curling,
&c. (£.) A peculiar form of ring, in the
sense oipriu'ring, &c. Cf. Low G. rink,
a ring.
Binse. (F.) M. F. rinser, * to reinse
liniien clothes;* Cot. F. rincer; from
O. F. rdincer (Littr^). Cf. O. F. reincier,
to rinse (Godefroy). Of unknown origin.
Biot. (F. - O. H. G. ?) O. F. riote, a
brawling. The same as Pro v. riota, Ital.
riotta, dispute^ strife. Of unknown origin ;
see Korting.
Bip. (Scand.; or F.~ Scand.) M. E.
ripen, to grope, search into ; rypen vp, to
seek out (cf. E. rip up), Cf. O. F. riper,
to scratch (Godefroy). — Norweg. ripa, to
scratch, Swed. dial, ripa, to scratch, pluck
also M. H. G. rim, in the sense of * verse,* asunder (like E. rip open) ; Dan. cprippe^
450
RIQ
to stir to and fro, wriggelen^ to wfiggle ;
and see Bioketa.
Big (3), a ridge. (E.) M.E. rig.
Northern form of rigge, rugge, a ridge.
See Bidge.
Bight. (E.) M. E. right. A. S. rihi,
ryht'y O. Merc rekt.'^Dvi, regt, recht,
Icel. rittr (for *rehtr), Dan. ret, Swed.
rat, G. recht, O, H. G. reht, Goth, raihts,
Teut. type *rehtoz; Idg. type *rektoSf as
in L. rectus. Cf. W. rhatth, sb., right,
O. Ir. recht \ Pers. r&st. See Begent.
(VREG.)
righteons. (E.) Corruption of M.E.
rightwis; A.S. rihtwis, i.e. wise as to
what is right — A. S. riht, right; wis,
wise.
Bigid. (L.) 'L,rigidus,sW^,'''L,rigire,
to be stiff. Brugm. i. § 875.
Bigmarole. (Scand.; and F.-L.)
Well known to be a corruption of ragman-
roll, orig. a deed with many signatures, a
long list of names ; hence, a long stupid
story. Lit. * coward's roll.' — Icel. ragmenni,
a coward, from ragr, a coward, aud matir
( = mannr), a man ; with the addition of
roll, for which see Boll. The Icel. ragr
seems to be allied to Icel. argr, a coward,
A. S. earg.
Bigol, a circlet. (Ital.-O. H. G.) In
Shak.-Ital. rigolo, a little wheel (Tor-
riano) ; cf. riga, a line, a stripe. — O. H.G.
riga, riga, a line, the circumference of a
circle (G. reihe). See Bow (i).
Bile ; see Boil.
Bill, a streamlet. (Low G.) Cf. Low G.
rille, E. Friesic and Dan. dial, rille, a
streamlet. Apparently for *rithele\ cf.
A. S. ri6e, a stream ; Low G. ride, a
stream ; G. -reide (in place-names). See
Phil. Soc. Trans. 1888, p. 166. % Norm,
dial, risle, rille, the name of a river,
written Ridula, Risila, Risla in old
charters (Robin, p. 432).
Bim. (E.) M. £. rim, A. S. rima, a
verge, edge ; cf. W. rhim, rhimp, rhimyn,
a rim, edge. 4* Icel. rimi, a strip of land.
Perhaps allied to G. rand, a rim, and to
Bind (KInge). Brugm. i. § 421.
Binie (i)* vene, poetry, &c. (F.— L.
— Gk.) Usually spelt rhyme, by confusion
with rhythm, but not before A. D. 1550.
M. E. rime, — F. rime, *■ rime, or meeter ; *
Cot. Cf. M. F. rithme, * rime, or meeter ; '
id. Prob. from L. rhythmus, rhythm ;
of Gk. origin ; see Bhythm. ^ Hence
RIPE
to rip np ; Swed. repa upp, to rip up, repa,
to scratch. Allied to Du. repei, O. riffel,
a flax-comb ; see Bipple (i). The Tent,
base takes a double form ; see Beap ; cf.
Bipe (below) and Bope.
Bipe. (E.) M.E. r/>f. A.S. n>,fit
for reaping ; cf. rtp^ harvest. — A. S. ripan^
to reap. + Du. rijp^ G. reify ripe. See
Bip, Beap.
Sippl0 (i)* to pluck the seeds from
flax-stfiks. (K) M. E. rippUn^ ripelen,
to ripple ; from the sb. ripple^ a flax-comb
(Jamieson). Formed, with suffix -/p, of
the agent, from the weak grade, Vi]^, of
A. S. rtpan, to reap, cut ; see Beap. Cf.
Swed. repa^ to ripple flax, orig. to scratch,
rip ; see Bip (above). + Du. repeien, to
ripple, from repel, a ripple, from M. Du.
repen, to beat flax ; G. riffeln^ to ripple,
from rijfely a ripple.
Bipple (3), to cause or shew wrinkles
on the surface, said of water. (Scand.) A
late word ; the same as Bipple (3) below.
The older word was Bimple, q. ▼.
Bipple (3), to graze slightly. (Scand.)
* Riffle, rescindere ;* Levins (1570). Fre-
quentative of Blp (above).
Bise. (E.) M. £. risen, A. S. risan,
pt. t. rds^ pp. nV«».4-Du. rijzen, orig. to
move, also in M. Du. to fall (contrary to
the £. sense) ; Icel. risa ; O. H. G. risan,
to move up or down, to rise, to fall ; Goth.
ur-reisan, to arise. Teut. type ^reis-an-,
to slip away. Der. raise^ rear, vb.
Bisible. (F.-L.) ¥.risidle,^L,risi-
dilisy laughable. "L. rfsus, pp. of ridire,
to laugh. See Bidioulons.
BiW. (F. ' Ital. - L.) F. risque, peril ;
Cot. Orig. a maritime word. » Ital. risco,
peril; Florio; the same word (probably)
as Span, riseo, a steep abrupt rode ; whence
the sense of * peril,' as shewn by Span, ar-
riesgar, O. Span, arriscar, to venture into
danger (lit. to go against a rock). The
orig. sense of risco is cut off, sheer, like a
sharp rock. ■> L. reseeare, to cut back, cut
off short (curiously verified by the use of
the Como word resega, a saw, also risk ;
Diez); and cf. Port, risco, (i) rock, (2)
danger. • L. re-, back ; secdre, to cut ; see
Section. (See further in Diez and Kort-
ine.")
BiflSOle, a minced-meat fritter. (F.,—
L.) F. rissole ; O. F. roissole, roussole,'^
Late L. type *russeola ; from L. russeus,
reddish, or rather brownish; from the
colour. *L. russus, red. See Basset.
ROAD
Bite. (L.) L. ritus, a custom. -fSkt.
rili-, a going, way, usage ; frdm rT, to go,
flow. Cf. Brugm. ii. § 498. Der. ritu-al,
from L. ritu; decl. stem of rftus,
Bival. (F.-L.) Y, rival, ^'L.riudlis,
sb.,one who uses the same brook as another,
a near neighbour, a rival. -> L. riuus, a
stream. Cf. Skt. ri, to go, flow.
Bive« to tear. (Scand.) M. £. riuen
(«=v). — Icel. rtfa, pt. t. reif, pp. rifinn
(>E. riven), to rive; Dan. rtve, Swed.
rifva. Cf. Gk. kptlvnv, to dash down;
L. ripa, a bank (shore). See Beef.
Bivelf to wrinkle. (E.) M. £. riuelen
{u = v), A. S. rifeledf wrinkled (Eng.
Stud. XL 66) ; cf. ge-rijlian, to wrinkle ; a
frequent, form from the weak grade of
Teut. *reifan', as seen in Icel. rifa, to
rive ; see Bive (above). CtA.S,geri/ocl,
wrinkled; MU. Hom. i. 614.
Biver. (F. - L.) M. E. riuer (««=»).
— A . F. rivere, O. F. riviere. (F. Hviire.)
The same as Span, rilfera, a shore, strand,
sea-coast, Ital. riviera, shore, bank, also
a river; Late L. rfpdria, (i) shore, bank,
(a) river. —Late L. ripdrius, belonging
to a shore.— L. rfpa, shore, bank. Allied
to Bive.
Bivet. (F. - Scand.) F. rivet, * the
welt of a shoe,' Cot. ; also a rivet (Little).
— F. river, to rivet, clench, fasten back.—
Icel. ri/a, to tack, sew loosely together ;
ri/a saman, to stitch together. Cf. Shet-
land riv, to sew coarsely, Aberdeen riv,
to rivet.
Bi^nlet. (L.) Dimin.fromL.rr«»/wx,
a small stream; dimin. oi riuus, a stream;
lit. ' flowing.' Cf. Ital. rivoletto (Torriano).
See Bival.
Bix-dollar« a coin. (Du.-G.) Du.
rijks-daalder, a rix-dollar. — G. reichs-
thaler, a dollar of the empire. — G. reichs^
gen. case of reich, empire, allied to G.
reich, rich ; and thaler, a dollar ; see Bich
and Dollar.
Boacll, a fish. (F. -Teut.) M. E. roche,
-O. North. F. and Walloon roche, O. F.
roce {rosse in Cot.\ — M. Du. roch, a skate ;
cf. Dan. rohke, Swed. rocha, a ray ; Low
G. ruche, whence G. roche, a roadi, ray.
Origin unknown. There is a remarkable
confrision between roach, skate, ray, and
thomback. Cf. A. S. reohhe, a fish.
Bead. (E.) M. E. rood, rode (both for
ships and horses). — A. S. rad, a road, also
a raid. — A. S. rod, 2nd stem of ridan, to
ride. See Bide. Doublet, raid.
451
ROAM
Hoam. (F. -^ L.) M. £. romen.
Coined from O. F. ropiier, a pilgrim to
Rome J cf. O. F. rome/, a pilgrim, romeree^
a pilgrimage; Span, romero, a pilgrim;
M. E. Ronu-rennere, a runner to Rome,
pilgrim ; also Late L. romeuSy Ital. Romeo,
one who goes to Rome, a pilgrim. All
from L. Roma, Rome.
Roan. (F.) M.Y.rouen; Uhevalrouenj
a roane horse;* Cot. Mod. F. rouan,
Span, roano, Ital. rovano, roano (Florio).
Origin unknown. % Sometimes derived
from the town of Rouen, with which
Ital. rovano can have nothing to do.
Boan-tree, Bowan-treei themonn-
taiii ash. (Scand.) Spelt roun-tree, roan^
tree, rowan-tree in Jamieson. — Swed. tbnn,
M. Swed. runn, rifnn, roan-tree; Dan.
ron, Icel. reynir. The Icel. reynir is for
*rey!inirK*rau9nir, a derivative of raudr,
red ; from the colour of the berries (No-
reen). See Bed.
Boar. (E.) M^E. roren, A,S, rdrian,
to bellow. +M. H. G. reren ; cf. Lith.
r^ju, I scold, Brugm. ii. $$ 465, 741.
Perhaps of imitative origin.
Boast. (F.-G.?) M.E. rosten.^'O. F.
rosttr/to rost;* Cot. (F. r^/ir.) -O.H.G.
rosten, to roast.— O. H. G. rost, a grate,
gridiron.+Da. roosten, to roast; rooster,
a gridiron. Cf. also Irish rost, roast meat,
Gael, rost, roist, W. rhostio, from E. ;
Bret, rosta, from F.
Bob (i). (F.-O. H. G.) M.E. robben.
— O. F. robber, more commonly rober, to
disrobe, spoil, strip off clothing, plunder.
•- F. robe, a robe ; see Bobe.
Bob (3)> a conserve of fruit. (F.— Span.
— Arab.) F. rob, *the iuice of black
whortleberries preserved ; Cot. — Span.
rob, thickened juice of fruit with honey. —
Arab, rubb, * a decoction of the juice of
citrons and other fruits, inspissated juice,
rob;' Richardson.
Bobbins, Bobins, ropes for fastening
sails. (E.) Lowl. Sc. ra'band, rai-band.
E. Fries, rd-band; where rrt«syard of a
ship. Cf. Icel. rd, Dan. raa, Swed. r&, G.
rake, yard ; and Band.
Bobe. (F.-O.H. G.) F. robe, for-
merly also robbe, - M. H. G. roub^ O. H. G.
raup (G. raub), booty, spoil ; hence, a
garment taken from the slain, clothing. +
A. S. rM/, Icel. raid/, sb. ; see under Beave.
Der. dis-robe.
Bobin. (F. - O. H. G.) F. Robin,
proper name; pet name for Robert, —
RODOMONTADE
O.H. G. Ruodperht (G. Ruprecht, i.e.
Rupert). Lit. 'fame-bright,* illustrious
in fame.— O.H. G. ruod-^ allied to Icel.
hrddr, fame; O. H. G. /^ri4/=E. bright.
See Hobgoblin.
Bobust. (F. — L.) F. robuste, — I..
robustus, strong. — O. L. robus (L. robur),
strength ; orig. a tough tree, oak.
Boo. a huge bird. (F. — Pers.) F. rock
(Littr6;.— Pers. rukh, the name of a huge
bird ; also a hero.
Bochet, a fine white linen robe, like a
surplice, worn by bishops. (F. — M. H. G.)
F. rocket, * a frock ; a prelate's rochet ; '
Cot.— M. H. G. fw (G. rock), a frock, coat*
+Du. rok, O. Fries, rokk, A. S. rocc, Icel.
rokkr, the same ; Teut. type *rukkoz.
Bock (i)f a large mass of stone. (F.)
O. F. roke (13th cent.), also rogue, rocgue;
commonly rocke, a rock. The same as
Walloon roc, Languedoc roquo, f., Prov.
roca, Span, roca, Port, roca, rocha, Ital.
rocca, roccia, a rock. Cf. Low L. rocca
(Ducange). We also find Ir. and Gael.
roc (prob. from E.), and Bret, rock (prob.
from F.). Also A. S. j/««-n?rf (nth c).
Origin unknown.
]EU>ck (a), to shake, totter. (E.) M. E.
rokken, A. S. roccian (C. Hall) ; N. Fries.
rocke, + Dan. rokke, to rock, shake,
Swed. dial, rukka, to wag. Allied to
Dan. rykke, to pull, ryk, a pull ; Icel.
rykkr^ a hasty pull ; G. ruck, a pull, jolt ;
Du. ruk, a jerk. Teut. types *rukkojan-,
*rukkjan', to jolt, jerk (Franck). 'I'he
base *rukk' may be related to *renkan-,
to shake, as seen in Swed. dial, rinka, to
shake (pt. t. rank^ supine runkit) ; Swed.
runka, to shake. See Rietz.
BOGJC (3)7 a distaff. (Scand.) lct\. rokkr,
Swed. rock, Dan. rok, a distaff. 4-G. rocken ;
Du. rok, rokken,
rocket (i ). a kind of fire-work. (Ital.
— G.) M. Ital. rocchetto, * a bobbin towinde
silke upon ; a squib of wilde fier ; ' Florio.
So named from its shape, resembling that
of a bobbin or a distaff. — M. H. G. rocke,
G. rocken, a distaff (above).
Bocket ( 2 ) , a plant. ( F. — Ital. — L. ) F.
roguette, ^ItoX. ruchetta, dimin. of ruca,
garden-rocket. — L. erUca, a sort of cole-
wort ; whence also G. rauke, rocket.
Bod, a wand. (E.) See Bood.
Bodent, gnawing. (L.) From rd-
dent-,stem of pres. part, of rodere, to gnaw.
Allied to Base.
Bodomontade, vain boasting. (F. -
45a
ROE
ROOT
Ital.) F. rodomontade, -• Ital. rodoniontatay
a boast. Dae to the boastful character of
Rodonionte^ in the Orlando Furioso of
Ariosto, b. xiv.
Aoe (0> ^-^^^^Q^c ^^i"- (^0 M. £. r((7.
A. S. r<f, early foim r&ha.'^\<is^. rd, Dan.
raay Swed. rSt Du. ree^ G, reh. Der, roe-
buck.
Roe (3), spawn. (Scand.) For roan\
the final n was dropped, being mistaken
for the pi. snffix, as in shoon for shoes,
eyne for eyes. M. E. rowne, — Icel. hrogn^
Dan. rogn^ Swed. roniy roe.+G. rogen^ roe
(whence F. rogiie^ roe).
• Hogation. (F.~L.) Y,rogation,^\u,
ace. rpgdtidnemy a supplication.— L. n>^-
/Mj, pp. of rogdrCf to ask.
BLogue. (F.-.C.) F. n7^fM, ' arrogant,
proud, presumptuous, rude, surly ; ' Cot.
Cf. £. rogu-ishj saucy. The orig. sense
was a surly fellow ; hence a vagabond. —
Bret, rokf rogy arrogant,' proud, haughty,
brusque. Cf. Irish rvrAf, pride. (DoulKful;
see Scheler.)
Boilt Bile, to vex. (F. ?) The old
word roil meant (i) to disturb, (2) to vex.
See Davies, Snpp. Gloss. Of doubtful
origin ; prob. French. Cf. O. F. roeiilier,
roHlieri to roll, to give one a beating;
M. F. rouillery to pummel.
Bolstering, turbulent. (F. - L.)
From the sb. roister^ a bully, turbulent
fellow. — F. rusirej 'a rufiin, royster,sawcie
fellow; * Cot. By-form of O. F. rustey a
rustic, the r being epenthetic ; cf. O. F.
ruistrey ruistey rustey adj., strong, vigorous,
rude, violent (Godefroy). — L. rustici4m,
ace. of rusticus, rustic. See Bustio.
Boll, vb. (F. - L.) M. E. roUen, -
O. F. rolery F. n>«/pr. — Late L. rotuldrey
to revolve, roll. — L. rotula^ a little wheel ;
dimin. of rotay a wheel. See Botary.
Der. roily sb., a scroll, O. F. roUy L.
rotulus.
Bomanoe. (F.-L.]) O. F. romanzy
romans, a romance. The form is due to
late L. adv. ronianiciy as in the phr. ro-
tndnice loqut^O, F. parler romanz, to
speak Romance, i.e. the vulgar Latin
dialect of every-day life, as distinguished
from book-Latin. Romdniciy 1. e. Roman-
like, is from L. RomdnuSy Roman. — L.
Ronuty Rome.
romaimt. (F. - L.) O. F. romanty
oblique case of O. F. romanz^ a romance ;
see above. Der. romant'ic,
Bomp ; see Bamp.
Bondeau. (F.~L.) F. rondeauy a
kind of poem, O. F. roftdel\ see Boundel.
Bood, the cross; a measure of land. (E.)
The same word as rody which is shortened
from M. E. rood (also rod), a rood, a rod.
Both rood and rod are used as measures,
though the former is restricted to square
measure, and the latter to linear; both
senses are due to the use of a rod for
measurement. A. S. rddy a gallows, cross,
properly a rod or pole.+O. Fries, rodey
gallows ; O. Sax. roday cross, gallows ; Du.
roedej rod, perch, wand ; G. ruihey a rod
of land ; O. H. G. ruotOy a rod, pole.
Teut. type *rddd, fem., a rod , pole. % The
short 0 in rod'i^ due to the final d\ cf. red,
heady dead, M. £. rod{de) is not older
than the 1 3th cent. Cf. Batlines.
Boof. (E.) M.E. r^. A.S. Az-^.^-
Du. roefy a cabin, Icel. hrof, a shed. Cf.
also Ir. croy a hovel ; AV. crawy a pig-sty ;
Bret, crouy a stable. Teut. type ^hrdfo*-;
Idg. type *krdpO;
Book (i)} a kind of crow. (E.) M. E.
rook, A. S. hrdc,^\Qt\. hrokr, Dan. raagey
Swed. roka, M. H. G. ruoch, O. H. G.
hruohy a jackdaw. Teut. type *hrdko9y
masc. ; cf Gk. Hpdj(tiv (for *Kf^'Vuv)y to
caw. Of imitative origin; cl Goth.
hrukjan, to crow.
Book ( 2), a castle, at chess. (F. - Span.
— Pers.) M. E. rook, — F. roc, — Span.
roque (cf. Ital. rocco),^Vets. rokhy a rook.
Said to have meant * warrior* (Devic).
Boom, space, a chamber. (E.), The old
meaning is space, place. M. £. roum,
A. S. rum ; * nsefdon rum ' - they had no
room, Luke ii. 7. We also 6nd adj. rum^
spacious. 4* ^u- ruimy adj., spacious,
ruimy sb., room; Icel. rumry spacious,
rumy space ; Dan. and Swed. rumy adj. and
sb. ; Goth. rumSy adj. and sb., G. raum^
sb. Teut. type *riimoz^ adj., whence the
sb. forms are derived. Allied to L. rus^
open country ; see Bural. Der. roomy,
adj., used for M. E. roum^ adj.
Boost, sb. (E.) M. E. roost y a perch
for fowls. A. S. hrdsty the same.HhM. Du.
roesty a hen-roost; O. Sax. hrosty the
woodwork of a roof. Cf. Lowl. Sc. roost,
the inside of a roof; the orig. roost was on
the rafters inside a roof. Der. roosty vb.
Root (i), lowest part of a plant. (Scand.)
M. E. rote, ^lotX, rdty Swed. roty Dan. rod,
a root. For *wrdty cognate with L. rddiXy
and allied to Goth, waurlsy a root, A. S.
wyrty a wort, a root; the initial w being
453
ROOT
ROULETTE
dropped, as is usual in Icelandic in the
combination wr (later vr). See below.
And see Badix and Wort.
Soot (3), Bout, vb., to grub up, as
a hog. (£.) A.S. wrdtan, to grub up
(strong vb.) ; whence prov. E. wrout, the
same. Cf. A. S. wrfft, sb. , a swine*s snont ;
G. riissei, a snoat.+M. Dn. 7vrae/en, the
same ; Icel. rota, to grub up, Dan. rode,
Low G. wrdteUy O. H. G. ruozzatt,
Sopo. (E*) M. £. roop, A. S. rap, a
cord, rope. *f Da. rgep, Icel. reip, Swed. rep,
Dan. rei ; Goth, skauda-raip, shoe-latchet ;
G. retf, circle, hoop, ring, sometimes a
rope. All from Teut. hue *raip-, with
the sense of ' strip,' hence ' string.* Per-
haps from the 2nd grade of Teut *r€iP'
an-, to cut; see Beap (Franck). And
cf. Bipe, Bip. Par. rcp^jf, stringy, glutin-
ous; stir-rup,
BoonolauM, a shoit cloak. (F.)
Named after the duke of Roquelaurt (ab.
1715).— Todd.
AOM. (L. — Gk. — Armenian .) A.S. rose,
•-L. roia\ borrowed from Gk. ^JSoi^, a
rose (whence a form * fioita > rosa) ;
Aolic fip^lhy (for *fp69ov), » Armen.
taard, a rose; whence also Pens. ^u/.
See Julep. Der. rhododendron (Gk. ^cV-
fipovy a tree).
HoMBUUry. (F.— L.) l/i,E,rosmarin,
— O. F. rostnarin (Cot,). — L. rosntartnus,
rJjmtfW>iiim, rosemary, lit. sea-dew; called
rds maris in Ovid. «- L. rds^ dew ; marinus,
marine. Named from some fancied con-
nexion with sea-spray; altered to rosemary
(as if for rose of Mary).
Bosin ; see Bssin.
IBoster, a military re^ster. (Du.)
From Du. rooster, a grate, gridiron ; hence,
a list in parallel lines ; lit. ' roaster.* — Du.
roosten, to roast ; see Boast.
Bostnun. (L.) L. rostrum, a beak ;
pi. rostra, a pulpit for speakers in the
forum, adorned with beaks of ships taken
from the Antiates. For *rA/-/n/m. — L.
rodere. to gnaw, to peck. See Bodent.
(Cf. clauS'trum < *claud'trum,)
Bot, vb. (E.) A weak verb; the
proper pp. is rotted, but rotten is com-
moner, which isa Scand. form (see below).
M. E. roten, pp. roted. A. S. rotian, pp.
rotod.'^Dn, rotten, to rot ; O. H. G. roOn
(also rdtSiC), to rot. See further under
Botten.
Botarv, turning like a wheel. (L.)
Formed from L. rota, a wheel. •4' Gael.
and Irish roth, W. rhod, Lithuan. raias ; G.
rcLd, a wheel. Also Skt. ratha-, a chariot,
car. All from Idg. root RET, as in
O. Irish reth-im, I run ; Lith. ritt-u, I roll,
turn round. Brugm. i. % 159. Der. rotate,
from pp. of L. rotdre, to turn round.
Bote (i)» routine, repetition. (F.— L.)
M. £. bi rote, with repetition, by heart ;
lit in a beaten track. — O.F. rote (F. route),
a way, a beaten track. See Boute.
Boite (3)1 an old musical instrument. (F.
-G.-C.) O.F. roU, a kind of fiddle;
answering to O. H. G. hrota, rota, a rote ;
Low L. chrotta. Of Celtic origin.— W.
crwth, a violin ; Gael, emit, a harp ; O.
Irish crot, a harp. (Stokes-Fick, p. 99.)
See Crowd (2).
Bother, an ox. (E.) M.E. ndier.
Late A. S. hrHOeru, pi.; orig. hrfder,
hrlder; and (in comp.) hrtO-. J/rid-K
Arfff^-, cognate with G. rtW. Cf. alsoDn.
rund. See Kluge and Franck.
BotteiLf putrid. (Scand.) M. £. roten,
— IceL rotinn, Swed. rutten, Dan. raaden,
rotten. The Icel. rotinn is the pp. of a
lost strong verb *ty'ota, to decay, orig. to
soak, wet, allied to A. S. reotan, O. H. G.
riuzan, to weep, shed tears; cf. Lith.
raudSti, Skt. rud, to weep. (V^EUD.)
See Bot. Brugm. i. § 504.
BotvncLity. (F.-L.) Y.rotondiU,^
L. rotunditdtem, ace. of rotunditds, round-
ness. — L. rotundus, round ; see Bound.
Bonble, BublOi a Russian coin.
(Russ.) Russ. ruble, a rouble, 100 co-
pecks. Perhaps from Pers. ruptya, a ru-
pee (Miklosich). See Bai>ee.
BOU^. (F.— L.) F. fv»/, lit. broken
on the whed ; hence a profligate, supposed
to merit that punbhment. Pp. ofrouer, to
turn round (L. rotdre), — F. roue, a wheel.
— L. rota J a wheel. See Botary.
Bouge, red paint. (F.-L.) F. rouge,
red. — L. ace. rukeum, red ; (whence F. rouge,
like F. rqge from L. rabiem). Allied to
L. ruber, red. See Bed.
Bougll. (E.) M.E. rough, rugh, row,
ruh, &c. A.S. r&h, rough, hairy; also
rw^.+Du. ruig, M. Du. ru, Dan. ru. Low
G. rung, O.H.G. r&h, G. rauh. Cf.
Lithuan. raukas, a {old, rithti, to wrinkle.
% Distinct from raw,
Bovleau. (F.— L.) ¥,rouieau,9.To\l
of paper; hence, coins in a roll of paper.
Dimin. of O. F. roie, M. F. route, a roll ;
see BoU.
roulette, a game of chance. (F. — L.)
454
ROUN
F. roulettty a game in which a ball rolls on
a turning table ; dimin. of rouel/e^ a little
wheel ; see Bowel.
Bonn, Bonnd, to whisper. (£.)
Shak. has rounds with excrescent df. M.E.
rouftgn, A. S. rUnian^ to whisper. -^ A. S.
rUrtf a whisper. ^G. raunen, to whisper;
from O. H. G. riin, a secret ; see Bune.
Bonnd. (F.-L.) O. F. roihtd, F.
rond.'m'L. rotundusy round. •- L. roia, a
wheel. See Botary.
ronndely a kind of ballad. (F. — L.)
O. F. rondel, later rondeau, a poem
containing a line which recnrs or comes
round VLgt&n.^Y, rond, round (above).
ronndelay. (F.-L.) M.F. rondelet,
dimin. of O. r . rondel above. % Prob.
confused, in spelling, with £. lay, a song.
Bonse (i)« to excite, to wake up.
(Scand.) * Exciter, to stir up, rowse ; *
Cot.— Swed. rusa, to rash, rusa upp^ to
start up; Dan. ruse, to rush. . Cf. A.S.
hriosan, to rash, to fall down quickly;
from Tent, base *hreus',
Bonse (>)) & drinking-bout. (Scand.)
In Shak.— Dan. ruMf, intoxication; Dan.
sove rusen ud^io sleep out a rouse, to
sleep oneself sober; Swed. rus, drunken-
ness.4-Du. roes^ drunkenness. Prob, allied
to East Friesic ruse, noise^ uproar, ' row ; '
riisen, to make a noise. [G. rausck, a
drunken fit, is borrowed from some other
Teut. dialect.] % Really a Danish word ;
such a bout being called 'the Danish
roujza.' Cf. Bow (3).
Bont (i) a defeat, (3) a troop or crowd.
(F. — L.) F. route, 'a rowt, defeature;
also a rowt, heard, flock, troope ; also a
ratt, way, path ; * Cot. — L. rupta, pp. of
ruptus, broken ; from rumpere. This L.
rupta came to mean (i) a defeat, flying
mass of broken troops ; (2) a fragment of
an army, a troop ; (3) a way broken or cut
through a forest, a way, route.
POnte, a way, course. (F.— L.) F.
route, a way, route ; see the word above.
rontine, a beaten track. (F.— L.) F.
routine, usual course; lit small path.
Dimin. of F. route (above).
Bover, a pirate. (Du.) 'bIL.'E. rover. '»
Du. roover, a robber, pirate, thief. — Du.
rooven, to rob. — Du. roof, spoil. + A. S.
riaf, Icel. rauf, G. raub, spoil ; see
Beave. Bar. rove, vb., to wander;
evolved from the sb.
Bow (1)1 aline, rank. (E.) M. £. #v«v.
— A.S. rdWf r37v, a row; hegerdw, a
RUBBLE
hedge-row. Teut. type *rai{^wd, fcm.,
from a root-verb *reihwan' (pt. t. *raihw) ;
whence also G. reih-e, a row, Du. rij, M.
Du. rij-e^ a row, O. H. G. riga, a line.
Idg. root *reikh, whence Skt. rekkd, a
line.
Bow (2), to propel with oars. (E.)
M. K rowen.f^K, S. rowan, to row.+Du.
roeijenj Icel. rSa, Swed. ro, Dan. roe,
M. H. G. riiejen. Allied to O. Ir. rdm,
L. rimusy an oar, Skt. aritra-^ a paddle,
radder, Lithuan. irti, to row ; Gk. iptrftds,
a paddle, oar. Der. rudder.
!Bow (3), an uproar. (Scand.) For
rouse ; for loss of nnal s, cf. pea, cherry,
sherry^ shay {chaise). See Bouse (2).
BowaA-tree; see Boan*tree.
Bowel. (F.-L.) M.F.fVtt^//^, a little
wheel (on a bit or a spur).- Late L.
rotella, dimin. of rota, a wheel. See
Botary.
Bowlook, Bollock, Bnllock, the
place of support for an oar. (£.) Spelt
orlok in the Liber Albus, pp. 235, 237.
A corraption of oar-lock, — A. S. drloc, a
rowlock. — A. S. dr, oar; loc, cognate with
G. loch, a hole. The orig. rowlocks were
actual holes, and were called also oar*
holes,
Boyal. (F.-L.) M.E, real, roial,^
O. F. real, roial (F. royal). — L. rigdlis,
royal ; see BegaL Doublet, regal.
Bnb, (E.) H,E,ruMen. Not in A. S.
4* Dan. ruide, Norw. rubba, E. Fries.
rubben, to rab, scrab; Norw. rubben,TOVi^,
uneven ; £. Fries, rubberig, rough ; Du.
robbelig, * ragged,* Sewel; also (from E.)
Gael, rub, to rab, Irish rubadh, a rabbing,
W. rhwbio, to rab. Further allied to
Icel. rUfinn, rough, Lith. ruphs, rough.
% Not allied to G. reiben ; rather to L.
rumperfi and E. Beave.
Bnbbish, broken stones, waste matter,
refuse. (F. — O. H. G.) M. E. robows,
robeux, Prompt. Parv. ; pi. of an old form
*robel, clearly represented by mod. E.
rubble ; see below. ^ Cubbish is, in fact,
a corrapt form of the old plural of rubble.
mbolo, broken stones, rabbish. (F. ~
O. H. G.) ^JRubble, or rubbish of old
houses; * Baret (1580). M. E. n^ell, Pal-
ladius, p. 1 3, 1. 340. This answers exactly
to an old form *robel, O. F. ^robel, only
found in the pi. robeux, ' A grete loode
of robeux;* cited by Way in Prompt
Parv. A. F. robous (for *rAeus), rabbish.
Liber Albus, p. 5 79* Obviously the dimin.
455
ROOT
ROULETTE
dropped, as is usual in Icelandic in the
combination wr (later vr). See below.
And see Badix and Wort.
Soot (3), Bout, vb., to grab up, as
a hog. (£.) A.S. wrotan, to grab np
(strong vb.) ; whence prov. £. wrout, the
same. Cf. A. S. ivrfft, sb., a swine*s snout ;
G. riissely a snout. +M. Du. wrotten^ the
same ; Icel. rota^ to grab up, Dan. rode^
Low G. wroteUy O. H. G. ruozzan,
Sopo. (E*) M. £. roop, A. S. rap, a
cord, rope.^Da. reepf Icel. reiPf Swed. rep,
Dan. rei ; Goth, skauda-ratp, shoe-latchet ;
G. ret/, circle, hoop, ring, sometimes a
rope. All from Teut. biu»e *raip-, with
the sense of ' strip,' hence ' string.* Per-
haps from the and grade of Teut *retp-
an-, to cut; see Beap (Franck). And
cf. Bipe, Bip. Par. rop-^, stringy, glutin-
ous; stir-rup.
AoquelavrOi a shoit cloak. (F.)
Named after the duke of Roquelaurt (ab.
1715).— Todd.
aO06. (L. — Gk. — Armenian .) A.S. rose,
«>L. rosa\ borrowed from Gk. yj^w, a
rose (whence a form * ^n^a > roscC) ;
^olic 0p&bo¥ (for *fp6iay). — Armen.
itfard, a rose; whence also Pers. gu/.
See Julep. Der. rhododendron (Gk. hiv-
9pop, a tree).
HoflOmary. (F.— L.) l/i.E.rosMarin,
— O.F. rosmarin (Cot.). — L. rosntartnus,
r^xm^irfufim, rosemary, lit. sea-dew; called
ros maris in Ovid. — L. rifs^ dew ; marinus,
marine. Named from some fancied con-
nexion with sea-spray; altered to rosemary
(as if for rose of Mary).
Rosin ; see Basin.
!B08ter« a military renter. (Du.)
From Du. rooster ^ a grate, gndiron ; hence,
a list in parallel lines ; lit. *■ roaster.* — Du.
roosten^ to roast ; see Boast.
Rostrum. (L.) L. rostrum, a beak ;
pi. rostra, a pulpit for speakers in the
foram, adoroed with beaks of ships taken
from the Antiates. For *r6d-trum.^\a.
rodere, to gnaw, to peck. See Bodent.
(Cf. ciaus-trum < *claud'trum»)
&0t, vb. (E.) A weak vert); the
proper pp. is rotted, but rotten is com-
moner, which is a Scand. form (see below).
M. E. roten, pp. roted, A. S. roiian, pp.
rotod.'^DvL. rotten, to rot ; O. H. G. rozin
(also rifzin), to rot. Sec further under
Botten.
RotarVp turning like a wheel. (L.)
Formed from L. rota, a wheel. 4" Gael.
and Irish roth, W. rhod, Lithuan. rotas ; G.
rod, a wheel. Also Skt. ratha-, a chariot,
car. All from Idg. root R£T, as in
O. Irish reth'tm, I run ; Lith. ritt-u, I roll,
turn round. Brugm. i. $ 159. Der. rotate,
from pp. of L. rotare, to turn round.
Rote (i)y routine, repetition. (F.— L.)
M. £. H rate, with repetition, by heart;
lit in a beaten track. — O.F. rote (F. route),
a way, a beaten track. See Boute.
Roite (3), an old musical instrument. (F.
-G.-C.) O. F. rote, a kind of fiddle ;
answering to O. H. G. hrota, rota, a rote ;
Low L. chrotta. Of Celtic origin. — W,
crwth, a violin ; Gael, eruit, a harp ; O.
Irish crot, a harp. (Stokes-Fick, p. 99.)
See Crowd (2).
Rother, an ox. (£.) M.E. rtOer.
Late A. S. hru9eru, pi. ; orig. hryHer,
hrtOer; and (in comp.) hrtO-. J/rid-<
Arind'fCogjoatewith G. rind. Cf. also Da.
rund. See Kluge and Fxanck.
Rotten^ putrid. (Scand.) M. £. roten.
— IceL rottnn, Swed. rutten, Dan. raaden,
rotten. The Icel. rotinn is the pp. of a
lost strong verb *rj5ta, to decay, orig. to
soak, wet, allied to A. S. reotan, O. H. G.
riuzan, to weep, shed tears; cf. Lith.
raudSti, Skt. rud, to weep. (V^^UD.)
See Bot. Brugm. i. § 594.
Rotnnditj. (F.-L.) Y.rotondiU,^
L. rotunditatem, ace. oirotunditds, round-
ness. — L. rotundus, round ; see Bound.
RoublA, Ruble, a Russian coin.
(Russ.) Russ. rudle, a rouble, 100 co-
pecks. Perhaps from Pers. rApiya, a ru-
pee (Miklosich). See Bapee.
R0116. (F.— L.) F. fVi#^, lit. broken
on the wheel ; hence a profligate, supposed
to merit that punishment Pp. of rouer, to
turn round (L. rotare). — F. roue, a wheel.
— L. rota^ a wheel. See Botary.
Ronge, red paint (F.-L.) F. rouge,
red. — L. ace. rudeum, red ; (whence F. roHge,
like F. r<^ from L. rabiem). Allied to
L. ruber, red. See Bed.
Rough. (£.) M.E, rough, rugh, row,
ruh, &c. A.S. r&h, rough, hairy; also
rn|f.-f Du. ruig, M. Du. ru, Dan. ru. Low
G. ruugy O.H.G. r&h, G. rauh. Cf.
Lithuan. rauhas, a fold, ri^i, to wrinkle.
% Distinct from raw.
Rouleau. (F.-L.) F. rouleau, vljoW
of paper; hence, coins in a roll of paper.
Dimin. of O. F. role, M. F. route, a roll ;
see Boll.
roulettey a game of chance. (F. — L.)
454
ROUN
F. roulette^ a game in which a ball rolls on
a turning table ; dimin. of roueiie, a little
wheel ; see Bowel.
Roun, Sound, to whisper. (£.)
Shak. has round, with excrescent </. M.£.
rounen. A. S. runiaftj to whisper. — A. S.
rufty a whiOT)er.+G. raunen, to whisper;
from O. H. G. run^ a secret ; see Bune.
Baand. (F.-L.) O. F. raandy F.
rond.^la. rotundusy round. — L. rota, a
wheel. See Botary.
roimdelf a kind of ballad. (F.— L.)
O. F. rondel, later rondeau, a poem
containing a line which recurs or comes
round VigK\ii,^Y. rond, round (above).
roundelay. (F.-L.) u,Y,rondeUt,
dimin. of O. F. rondel above. % Prob.
confused, in spelling, with £. lay, a song.
Souse (i)« to excite, to wake up.
(Scand.) * Exciter, to stir up, rowse;''
Cot.»Swed. rusa, to rush, rusa upp^ to
start up ; Dan. ruse, to rush. . Cf. A. S.
hriosan, to rush, to fall doMm quickly;
from Teut. base ^hreus^.
House (3)) a drinking-bout. (Scand.)
In Shak. — Dan. runs, intoxication ; Dan.
sove rusen ud^ to sleep out a rouse, to
sleep oneself sober; Swed. rus, drunken-
ness.+Du. roes^ drunkenness. Prob. allied
to East Frieslc rase, noise, uproar, ' row ; '
rusen, to make a noise. [G. rausch, a
drunken fit, is borrowed from some other
Teut. dialect.] % Reallv a Danish word ;
such a bout being called 'the Danish
rowza.* Cf. Bow (3).
Sont (i) a defeat, (a) a troop or crowd.
(F.— L.) F. roule, * a. rowt, defeature;
sdso a rowt, heard, flock, troope ; also a
rutt, way, path;' Cot. — L. rupia, pp. of
ruptus, broken ; from rumpere* This L.
rupta came to mean (i) a defeat, flying
mass of broken troops; (2) a fragment of
an army, a troop ; (3) a Way broken or cut
through a forest, a way, route.
route, a way, course. (F.— L.) F.
route, a way, route ; see the word above.
routine, a beaten track. (F.— L.) F.
routine, usual course; lit small path.
Dimin. of F. route (above).
Hover, a pirate. (Du.) Vl,'E. rover, mm
Du. roover, a robber, pirate, thief. — Du.
rooven, to rob. — Du. roof, spoil. 4- A. S.
riaf, Icel. rauf, G. raub, spoil ; see
Beave. Ber. rove, vb., to wander;
evolved from the sb.
How (i), aline, rank. (£.) M. E.fvw^.
••A.S. rawy rStv, a row; hegerdw, a
RUBBLE
hedge-row. Teut. type *rai(^)wd, fem.,
from a root-verb ^reihwan- (pt. t. *raihw) \
whence also G. reih-e, a row, Du. rij, M.
Du. rij-e, a row, O. H. G. riga, a line.
Idg. root *reikh, whence Skt. rekha, a
line.
How (2), to propel with oars. (E.)
M. E. rowen.^K, S. rowan, to row.+Du.
roeijen^ Icel. r5a, Swed. ro, Dan. roe,
M. H. G. rOejen, Allied to O. Ir. rdm,
L. rSmus, an oar, Skt. aritra-, a paddle,
rudder, Lithuan. irti, to row ; Gk. iptrfAds,
a paddle, oar. Der. rudder.
AOW (3), an uproar. (Scand.) For
rouse ; for loss of final s, cf. pea, cherry,
sherry^ shay {chaise). See Bouse (2).
Howan-tree; see Boan-tree.
Howel. (F.'L.) M.F.m^//^, a little
wheel (on a bit or a spur).— Late L.
rotella, dimin. of rota, a wheel. See
Botary.
Howloek, Hollook, Hnlloek, the
place of support for an oar. (E.) Spelt
orlok in the Liber Albus, pp. 235, 237.
A corruption of oar-lock. — A. S. drloc, a
rowlock. — A. S. dr, oar ; loc, cognate with
G. loch, a hole. The orig. rowlocks were
actual holes, and were called also oar-
holes.
Hoyal. (F.-L.) yi.lL. real,roial.^
O. F. reed, roial (F. roycU). — L. rigalis,
royal ; see Begal. Doublet, regal.
Hub, (E.) lll.lS..rubben. Not in A. S.
4- Dan. rudhe, Norw. rubba, E. Fries.
rubben, to rub, scrub; Norw. n^^^ii, rough,
uneven; £. Fries, rubberig, rough; Du.
robbelig, *rugged,VSewel; also (from E.)
Gael, rub, to rub, Irish rubadh, a rubbing.
W. rhwbio, to rub. Further allied to
Icel. rufinn, rough, Lith. ruphs, rough.
% Not allied to G. reihen ; rather to L.
runtpere and E. Beave.
Hnbbisliy broken stones, waste matter,
refuse. (F. — O. H. G.) M. E. robows,
robeux. Prompt. Parv. ; pi. of an old form
*robel, clearly represented by mod. E.
rubble ; see below. % Rubbish is, in fact,
a corrupt form of the old plural of rubble.
mbole, broken stones, rubbish. (F. —
O. H. G.) * Jiubble, or rubbish of old
houses; ' Baret (1580). M. E. robell, Pal-
ladius, p. 13, 1. 340. This answers exactly
to an old form *robel, O. F. ^robel, only
found in the pi. robeux. ' A grete loode
of robeux;* cited by Way in Prompt
Parv. A. F. robous (for *robeus), rubbish.
Liber Albus, p. 5 79* Obviously the dimin.
455
RUBICUND
of F. robe in the sense of * trash,* so well
preserved in the cognate Ital. roba, *&
gowne, a robe, wealth, goods, geare, trash,
pelfe,' Florio. Cf. Ital. roi<iccia^ old
goods, rubbish; rohicciat trifles, rubbish;
from roba. See Bobe.
Rubicund, ruddy. (F.-L.) ¥,rubi-
coful. — L. rubicundusy very red. -• L.
rubire^ to be red. See Bed.
mbriCf a direction printed in red. (F.
— L.) F. rubrique. — L. rubrtcdf red
earth; also a title written in red. — L.
f'ubery red (above).
ruby, a red gem. (F. — L.) O. F. rubt,'
mbis ; r. rubis (where s is the old sign
of the nom. case). Cf. Span, rubiy rubiuy
Port, rubim, Ital. rubino. — Late L. rubinus,
a ruby ; from its colour. — L. rubeus, red ;
ruberey to be red. Allied to Bed.
Ruok(i), a fold, crease. (Scand.) IceL
hmkkay a wrinkle; cf. hrokkitty curled,
pp. of hrokkvay to recoil, give way, curl ;
Norw. rukkdy a wrmkle. Cf. Swed. rynka,
Dan. rynkty a wrinkle. From Teut. base
^hrenk- (Noreen).
Ruck (2), a heap, small pile. (Scand.)
Norw. and M. Swed. rukay a heap ; cf. Icel.
hraukry a rick, heap ; see Bick.
Rudder. (E.) M. £. roder^ rother.
A. S. rdHery a paddle. Here rattier = rowing
implement; from rdw-aUy to row. (Paddles
preceded rudders.) 4- Da. roer (for ro€der)y
an oar, rudder; Swed. rodevy ror; Dan.
ror; G. rudsr. See Bow (2).
Ruddock, a red-breast. (£.) A. S. rud-
due. Hence W. rhuddogy Com. mddoc,
a red-breast. See below.
rudd^. (E.) M. E. rodyy A. S. rudigy
ruddy. From A. S. *rud-y weak grade of
reodan, to redden, a strong verb, whence
also A. S. riady red ; see Bed.
Rude. (F.-L.) F. rude.^L, rudem,
ace. of rudis, rough, raw, rude.
rudiment. (F.-L.) F. rudUnent.^
L. rudlmentumy a thing in the first rough
state, a first attempt. * L. rudis y rude.
Rue (1)1 to be sorry for. (E.) M. E.
rewen. . A. S. hreowan (pt. t. hriaw),'\'
O. Sax. hrewafiy O. H. G. hriuwany G.
reuen. Cf. Icel. hryggr, grieved, hrygtiy
ruth. Teut. type *krewwan'y\.o pity.
Rue (2), a plant. (F.-L.-Gk.) F.
r«^. — L. riita. '^Gk, fivHj, rue; whence
also G. rau/e. Cf. A. S. riidey rue.
Ruff ( I), a kind of frill. (E.) * I^uje
of a shirt ; ' Levins ( 1 570). So called from
it» uneven surface; apparently shortened
RUQQED
from rujley verbal sb. from rufie, vb.,
which was in early use. See Baffle (1).
Ruff (2), the name of a bird. (E.?)
Said to be named from the male having a
ruff'roxmd its neck in the breeding season.
But the female is called a reeve, which
points to formation by vowel-change from
some different source.
Ruff (3), a fish. (E. ?) M. E. ruffe.
Origin unknown.
Ruff (4)) a game at cards. (F.) A
modification of O. F. roffle, rouJUy ronJUy
M. F. ronJUy * hand-ruffe, at cards,' Cot-
grave \jouer h la ronjley * to play at hand-
ruffe, also to snore,' id. Cf. Ital. ronfOy ruff;
ronfarty to snort, to trump at cards. From
Tuscan ronfiare (F. ronfler)y to snore,
snort ; supposed to be from L. re-in-Jldrey
to re-inflate (Korting). See Inflate. Bat
it may be of imitative origin.
RuAaa, a bully. (F.- Ital. -Tent)
Walloon rouffiauy M.F. rujien, ruffien,
'a bawd, pandar;' Cot. » Ital. ruffiano,
roffianoy 'a pander, ruffian, swaggrer;'
Florio. For *ruffl&nmy formed with L.
suffix '^nus firom Low G. ruffeln^ to act
aspandar. See Buffle (2).
Ruffle (i), to disorder a dress. (E.)
M. E. ruffeleuy to entangle, run into knots;
also (apparently) to rumple. Cursor Mundi,
26391 . Allied to Buff (i) above. 4>M. Du.
ruyffelen, to ruffie, wrinkle, ruyffel, a
wrinkle, a crumple; E. Fries, ruffeleuy
ruffeln, to pleat. P'rom *ruf^ weak grade
of Teut *reufan'y to break, tear; see
Beave. Cf. Lithuan. rupUy rough bark
on old trees. Der. ruffle, sb.
Ruffle (2), to bluster, be turbulent.
(M. Du.) Obsolete. Rufflers were cheat-
ing bullies, highwa3rmen, lawless or violent
men (Nares). — M. Du. roffelen, roffen, to
pandar (Oudemans) ; Low G. ruffelttt to
pandar, ruffeler, a pimp, intriguant ; Dan.
ruffer, a pandar. A ruffler and a ruffian
are much the same. See Bufflan.
Rug. (Scand.) Swed. rugg, rough en-
tangled hair, cf. M. Swed. ruggigy rough,
hairy ; Icel. rbggy shagginess. Also Low
G. ruugy rough, rugetiy to be rough (like
flocks of hair) ; E. Fries, rug, rough, ruge,
a roughness, a rough side of a skin ; ruger^
a rough-hided or furry animal (e. g. a cat).
See Bough.
rugged. (Scand.) M. R rugged \ also
ruggyy Ch. C. T., A 2883. The latter is
from M. Swed. ruggig, rough, hairy.—
I Swed. ru^y rough entangled hair (above).
45^
RUQOSE
RUNAQATE
SvgOMi full of wrinkles.. (L.) L. rH-
^sus, adj., from riiga, a wringle. Cf. Lith.
raukaSf a wrinkle, runktt, I grow wrinkled.
Bnigm. ii. $ 628.
Rnin. (F. ^L.) F. ruine.'^'L, rutna,
an overthrow. * L. mere, to rush, fall '
down. Brugm. ii. § 529.
Rule, sb. (F.— L.) M. £. reuUf riwle,
-A. F. reuUj O. F. riuUf reule (F. rigle),
«L. regula, a mle.^L. regere, to rule.
See Begent.
Aum (i)) a spirituons liquor. (Prov. £.)
Called rumbo in Smollett, Per. Pickle, c. ii
and c. ix; this is short for the sailor's
word rumhowlingf grog. Orig. called
Rumbtillion in Barbadoes, a.d. 1651;
from Devonsh. rumbullion^ uproar, rum-
pus, which is prob. allied to Bumble.
Aoill (2), strange, oueer. (Hindi.^ *Rum,
gallant, a cant word ; Bailey (1737;. Rum
really means ' Gypsy * ; hence ' good ' from
a Gypsy point of view, but ' suspicious '
from an outsider's point of view. Hence
roffU bouze, rum biou, good wine. Rom
means ^a husband, a Gypsy'; rdmmani,
adj . , Gypsy. This Gypsy word rom answers
to Hindi 4o^ (with mitial cerebral d, re-
sembling r), a man of low caste; Skt.
4dmba', * a man of low caste, who gains
his livelihood by singing and dancmg;*
Benfey.
Rombf Shumbf a line for directing
a ship's course on a chart ; a point of the
compass. (F. — Span. ~ L. — Gk.) See
Rumb in Phillips. •- F. rumb^ * a roomb, or
point of the composse, a line drawn directly
from wind to wind in a compasse, travers-
boord, or sea-card ; ' Cot. — Span, (and
Port.) rumboj a ship's course (represented
by spiral lines on a globe). •- L. rhombum,
ace. of rhombus^ a magician's circle, a
rhombus. — Gk. fiSfifios, a top, a magic
wheel, whirling motion ; also a rhombus.
See Blioxnb. Rhomb meant revolution of
the sphere, Milton, P. L. viii. 134; hence
whirling or spiral lines, &c. % No con-
nexion with Du. rMf'm, which merely means
room or space, or sometimes the hold of a
ship, i. e. its room or capacity.
&UMblet to make a low, heavy sound.
(£.) Prov. £. rommUy rummle ; M. £.
romblen (with excrescent ^). Frequent,
form, meaning < to repeat the sound rum * ;
cf. L. rumor ^ a rumour ; Skt. ru^ to hum.
See Bumonr. 4* ^v* rommeUn, Low G.
and Pomeran. rumwuln^ Dan. rumle, to
nimble, buzz.
Bnminate. (L.) From pp. of L. ru-
mindrCi to chew the cud, ruminate. — L.
rUmin-i for rumeuj the throat, gullet.
Allied to L. ru-gtre, to roar, bray, Gk.
ii-pv-yfit a roaring, it-pij-ofjiaif I roar ; Skt.
rUy to hum, bray, roar. (y^R£U.) See
Bumonr.
Simuiiagei to- search thoroughly.
(E. ; wifA F. sujfix.) Due to the sb.
roomage, i.e. stowage; whence roomag€y
rotnagej vb., to find room for close pack-
ing of things in a ship, also rummagig, vb.,
to clear a ship's hola, to search narrowly
(Phillips).
Smnniar, a sort of drinking-glass.
(Du.) Used for Rhenish wine. ' Rhenish
rummers ; * Dryden. — Du. roomer^ romer^
a wine-glass ; Low G. romer^ a large
wine-glass; hence G. rihner^ a rummer.
Du. roomer is prob. from Du. roeni,
boasting, praise ; as if ' a glass to drink
in praise of a toast'; Franck. Cf. G.
ruhm, praise; O. Sax. hrom\ also Icel.
hrddr^ praise. % Also M. Du. roomer
(Hexham) ; which some explain as a
' Romish glass.'
Somour. (F. — L.) M . £. rumour. —
F. rumour, mmi,, ace. rumorem, from rii-
morj a noise, murmur. Cf. L. rUmitdre, to
spread reports. — ^R£U, to make a hum-
ming noise. See Bumble, Buminate.
Bump. (£.) M. £. rumpe. -f Icel.
rumpr, Swed. rumpa, Dan. rumpe\ M.
Du. rompOf * the bulke of a body or corps,
or a bodie without a head,' Hexham ; Du.
romp ; Low G. rump, trunk (of the body) ;
G. rump/,
Bnmple. (£.) The M. £. form is
rimpleUf to rimple. Rimpie and rumple
are from the same verb, viz. A. S. hrimpan
(pp. gehrumpen) , to wrinkle ; see Simple.
•^M. Du. rompelen^ rompen, to wrinkle;
rompeU rimpel, a wrinkle ; cf. G. rUmpfen^
to wrinkle ; O. H. G. hrimfan, str. vb.
Sun. (£•) M. £. rinnen, pt. t roM,
pp. runneu, ronnen\ A.S. rimtan, pt. t.
rann, pp. gerunneni ^Iso found in the
transposed form iman, pt. t. am, 4- I^ti.
rennen, Icel. renna, Dan. rinde, Swed.
rinna, Goth, rinnan, G. rinnen. See
Brugm. i. § 67 ; ii. § 654.
Kunagate. a vagabond. (F.-L.) A
corruption of M. £. remgat, an apostate,
villain ; Ch. C. T. 53^3. [The corruption
was due to a popular etymology from
runne a gate, run on the road, hence, to
be a vagabond.] wO.F. renegat^ * a rene*
457
Q3
RUNDLET
RUTH
gadoe;* Cot. « Late L. renegHtuSy pp. of
renegdrCy to deny again, forsake the faith.
— L. re, again ; negdre, to deny ; see
Negation.
Bundlet, Bnnlet, a small barrel.
(F. — L.) Formerly raundlet; dimin. of
O. F. rondelUy a little barrel, named from
its roundness. ~ F. rond, round. — L. rotun-
duSf round. — L. rota^ a wheel ; see
Bound.
Rune, one of the old characters used
for incised inscriptions. (£.) A learned
term. A. S. run, a rune, mystery,
secret conference, whisper. Orig. sense
'whisper' or murmur, hence a mystery,
lastly an incised character, because writing
was a secret known to few.+Goth. runa^
O. H. G. runa, a secret, counsel ; O. Irish
rutti W. rhittj a secret. Idg. type *rundf
fern. Cf. Gk. iptw&u, I search out,
iptvva, fem., an enquiry.
Kimg, a round of a ladder. (£.) M. E.
range, a stake. A. S. Arung, a stake of a
cart, beam or spar.4-M. Du. ronge, a beam
of a plough ; G. mnge, a pin, a bolt ;
Goth, hrugga {'^hrungd), a staff. Cf.
also Icel. rongy rib in a ship. Perhaps
allied to Bing. The sense seems to be
* rounded stick.'
Runnel, a stream. (E.) A. S. rynel\
cf. ryne, a course, allied to runn-, weak
grade of rinnen, to run ; see Bun.
Snnt, a bullock, heifer. (Du.) From
Du. rund (Hexham). And see Bother.
BfUpee, an Indian coin. (Hind. — Skt.)
Hindustani riipiyahyZ. rupee. — Skt. rupya-^
handsome, also (as sb.) wrought silver.—
Skt. rupa-y beauty.
Snptnre. (F.-L.) F. rupture.^lj,
ruptura, a breakage. — L. rupt-uSy pp. of
rumperty to break (pt. t. rupt). Allied to
Beave. (-/REUP.) Bnigm. i. § 466.
Ruraly belonging to the country. F. —
L.) F. rural, •- L. rurdliSy adj. — L. rur-y
stem of rusy country. See Buatio.
Rusa, a kind of deer. (Malay.) Malay
rusay a deer. See Babirusa.
Rnse, a trick. (F.~L.) F. ruse, a
trick. — F. rusery to beguile; contr. from
O. F. reiiser, to refuse, recbil, escape,
dodge. — L. recasdrCy to refuse, to oppose
a cause. — L. re-y back; caussa^ a cause.
See Becusant.
Rush (1), to move swiftly forward.
(E.) M. E. ruscken. + M. H. G. ruscken
(G. rauschen^y to rush, rustle, roar (as
water) ; Du. ruischen^ to murmur (as
water), to rustle. Cf. M. Swed. ruska, to
rush ; M. Swed. rusa, N. Fries, ruse, to
rush. See Bouse (1).
Rnsh (3), a plant. (E,0rL,) M. £.
ruschcy rischcy resche, A. S. riscCy resce,
a rush ; oldest form rise, 4* Du. rusch,
rush, reed ; £. Fries, riiske ; Low G.
rusk ; N. Fries, rusken^ pi., rushes. Per-
haps borrowed from L. ruscumy butcher's
broom; the Teut. word was Goth, raus
(cf. F. ros-eau)y Du. roer, G. rohr (Teut.
type *rauzom, neut.) ; with which ruscus
may have been confused. % But this does
not account for A. S. rise, Der. bul-rush
(prob. for bole-rush, round-stenuned rush) ;
cf. hull-weedy i. e. bole- weed, knapweed.
Rnsk. (Span.) Span, rosea de mary
sea-rusks, a kind of biscuit ; rosea, a roll
(twist) of bread, also a screw. Cf. Port.
roseay the winding of a snake. Origin
unknown.
Rnsset. (F.-L.) M.E.mfj^/.-M.F.
roussety * russet, ruddy ; * Cot. Dimin. of
F. roux (fem. rousse)y reddish. — L. russus,
reddish. Allied to Gk. i-pvO-pSs, red;
see Bed. Cf. Brugm. i. § 759.
mat. (E.) Prov. E. rowsl, A. S.
rus^y rust ; orig. redness. Allied to A. S.
ruduy ruddiness, and ready red. +Du. roest,
Dan. rust, Swed. G. rosl. Teut. type
*ruslo-f from Idg. *reudk-tO' ; see Buddy.
Cf. Lith. rudiSy rust; L. rdbfgOy rubtgo',
Polish rdzay rust. Brugm. i. § 759.
Rnstic. (F.— L.) F. rusli^ue.'^L.,
rustieuSy belonging to the country. — L.
r«j, the country. Cf. Russ. raviina, a
plain, Zend ravdn, O. Irish roey a plain ;
see Boom.
Rnstle. (E.) Cf. A. S. ge-hruxl, a
noise, tumult. Frequent of Bush (i),
q. V. Cf. M. Du. ruyseleuy *to rustle,'
Hexham ; Low G. and Pomer. russeln ; M.
Swed. ruskay to shake, rush ; G. rauscheUy
ruseken, to iiistle, to rush.
Rut (i)) a track left by a wheel. (F.->
L.) F. routey *a rutt, way;* Cot. See
Bout. Doublets, rout, route.
Rut (2), to copulate, as deer. (F.— L.)
M. E. rutiefty to rut ; from rut, sb. — M. F.
ruly rutty * the rut of deer or boars.' — L.
rugftumy ace. of riigitus, the roaring of
lions; hence, the noise made by deer in
rut-time. — L. rugire, to roar (whence
M. F. ruir). See Bumour.
Ruth., pity. (£.) U.¥.,reuthe. Formed
fh)m A.S. hriifWy s. f., pity (cf. G. reue),
by adding -th ; suggested by Icel. hryggH,
458
RYt
SAD
hrygHy ruth, sorrow. From A. S, hreowan^
to rue; see Bue (i).
l^e. (E.) M. E. reye, A. S. ryge^ rye.
-4- Du. rogge^ Icel. rugr^ Dan. r«^, Swed.
r&g^ G. roggtn\ O. H.G. r»^<:^. Cf. Russ.
^^(^)» T^ J Lithuan. ruggei, pi. sb., rye.
Syot ; the same as Bayah, q. v.
8.
Sabaoth, hosts. (Heb.) Heb. tseviCdth,
armies ; pi. of tsdvd\ an army. — Heb.
tsdv(Cf to go forth as a soldier.
Sabbath. (L. - Gk. - Heb.) M. E.
Heb. shabbdtk^ rest, sabbath, sabbath-day,
— Heb. shdbatk^ to rest
Sable, an animal. TF.— Slavonic.) O.F.
sabU, — Russ. sobole^ the sable ; also a far-
tippet ; Polish sobol, ^ As black sable
was best liked, the word sable (in E. and
F.) also means * black.*
Sabre, Saber. (F.-G.-Gk.?) F.
sabre, — G. sdbel (older form also sabel)^
a falchion. Said to be from Mid. Gk.
^a/3o;, crooked (Diez). We also find Ross.
sablia^ Pol. szabla^ Hangar, szablya^ Serv.
sablja^ Wallach. sabie ; all supposed to be
borrowed words.
Saccharine. (F. - L. - Gk. - Skt.)
F. saccharin^ adj. ; from L. saccharan,
sugar. — Gk. a&Kxapov, — Skt. farkard,
gravel, candied sugar ; see Sugar.
Sacerdotal. (F.-L.) Y, sacerdotal.
— L. sacerdotdlis, belonging to a priest. »
L. sacerddtry stem of sacerdds^ a priest, lit.
'presenter of offerings or sacred gifts*
(Corssen). — L. scuer^ sacred ; dare, to give.
Cf. dds (stem dot-)^ a dowry, from dare.
Sack (i), a bag. (L.-Gk.-Heb.-
Egyptian ?) M. E. sak, A. S. sacc. — L.
saccus, — Gk. oomko^, — Heb. 5a(K sack-
cloth, a sack of com. Prob. of Egyptian
origin ; cf. Coptic sok^ sack-cloth (Peyron).
From L. saccus are borrowed Du. zak, G.
sack, &c. Der. sack-cloth.
sack (2), to plunder, (F.— L., &c.)
From the sb. sack^ pillage. — F. sac, ruin,
spoil. From the use of a sack in removing
plunder ; Cot. has it sac, 1) sac, *• the word
whereby a commander authorizeth his
souldiers to sack a place.* Cf. Late L. saC'
care, to put into a bag ; Late L. saccus, a
garment, a purse, L. saccus, a sack ; see
above.
Sack (3)» the name of an old Spanish
wine. (F. — L.) Formerly also ^^^i&, mean-
ing a 'dry* wine. — F. sec, dry; vin sec,
sack. Cf. Span, seco, dry. — L. siccum, ace.
of siccus, dry. Sherris sack = Span, seco
de Xeres ; see Sherry.
Sackbut, a kind of wind-instrument.^
(F. — L. — Gk. — Chaldee.) F. saquebute, a
sackbut. Substituted, by some perversion,
for L. sambuca, Dan. iii. 5 (Vuig.), which
was a kind of harp. — Gk. aafji0vKtj.mm
Chald. sadb(e)kkd,* a kind of harp. ^ Cf.
Span, sacabuche, a tube used as a pump;
also, a sackbut, trombone. Explained,
by popular etymology, as * that which
exhausts the chest,* from the exertion
used ; as if from Span, sacar, to draw out,
exhaust, the same as M. F. sacquer, to draw
out hastily, lit. to draw oi^t of a sack, from
lieb. saq, a sack ; buche, maw, stomach,
chest.
Sacrament. (L.) L. sacrdmentum,
an engagement, military oath, vow ; in
late L., a sacrament. — L. sacrdre, to
render sacred. — L. sacr-, for sacer, sacred
(below).
sacred. (F.-L.) Sacred is the pp.
of M. E. sacren, to consecrate, render holy ;
a verb now obsolete. — F. sacrer, to conse-
crate. — L. scurdre, to consecrate. — L. sacr-,
for scu:er, holy. From base sac- of L.
sanclre, to make holy. Brugm. ii. \ 744.
(VSAK.)
sacrifice. (F.— L.) Y,sacrifice.'^\,.
sacrtficium, lit. a rendering sacred; cf.
sacrificdre, to sacrifice. — L. sacri-, for
sacer t sacred ; -ficdre, ioifacere, to make.
sacrilege. (F.-LO l/l.F. sacrilege.
— L. sacrilegium^ the stealing of sacred
things. — L. sacri-, for sacer, sacred ; legere,
to gather, steal ; see Legend.
sacristan, sexton. (F.-L.) Sa-
cristan is rare ; it is commonlv sexton,
M. E. sextein, orig. a keeper of the sacred
vestments, afterwards a grave-digger.—
A. F. secrestein, M. F. sacristain, * a sexton
or vestry- keeper ; * Cot. — Late L. sacrist-a,
a sacristan ; with suffix -dnus, — L. sacr-,
for sacer (above) ; with suffix -ista.
Sad. (E.) The orig. sense was sated ;
hence tired, grieved. A. S. seed, sated,
satiated. +0. Sax. sad, Icel. saSr, Goth.
saths, G. satt, Fated, full. Teut. type
*sa-doz, sated ; a pp. form. Allied to O.
Ir. sd-ith, satiety, sa-thech, sated ; L. sa-tur,
full ; Lilh. so-tiis, full, so-tas, satiety ; Gk.
i-aai, d-fi€vat, to satiate. (^SA, SA*)
Brugm. i. § 196. Allied to Sate, 8atiat§.
459
SALVER
SANHEDRIM
vb., to anoint Teut type *salbdy fern.
Allied to Gk. cAirof, oil, fat (Hesychius) ;
Skt. sarpiSf clarified butter. Bmgm. i.
§562.
Salvery a plate on which anything is
presented. (Span.— L.) In place of Span.
sahUy a salver, a plate on which anything
is presented ; it also means the previous
tasting of viands before they are served up.
» Span, saivar, to save, free from risk, to
taste the food or drink* of nobles to save
them from poison. i-L. saludre, to save
(below). ^ A salver {salvn) is properly
a plate or tray on which drink was pre-
sented to the taster, and then to the drinker
of a health ; cf. Span, hacer la salva, to
drink one*s health, also^ to make the
essay.
SaiubOf the offspring of a negro and
mnlatto. ' (Span. — L. — Gk.) Span, zamboy
formerly fambo (Pineda), bandy-legged;
also as sb., a sambo (in contempt). — Late
L. scambus.^ Gk, aKa/x$6s, crooked, said
of the legs.
Same. (E.) M. £. same. A. S. same,
only as adv., as in swa same swd men, the
same as men, just like men. The adj. use
is Scand.; from Icel. samr, Dan. Swed.
samme, the same.^-O. H. G. sam^ adj.,
sama^ adv. ; Goth, sama, the same (cf.
samana, together), Gk. 6fA6i, Skt. sama-,
same ; cf. Rnss. samuiif same. Allied to
Skt. samtvnth, Gk. &/Jia, together, L. simul,
together, simt'its, like.
Samite^ a rich silk stuff. (F. — L. — Gk.)
O. F. samit. i- Late L. examitum. — Late
Gk. i^afUTOv, a stuff woven with six kinds
of thread. —Gk. 4£, six ; /utosj a thread of
the woof. See Dimity.
SamovaTy a tea-urn. (Rnss.) Russ.
samovar*,
Sampaily a small boat. (Malay — Chin.)
Malay sam/an.'m Chin, sanpan (Yule).
Samphire, a herb. (F. — L. andGk.)
Spelt sampler in Baret (1580). — F. saint
Pierre^ St. Peter; whence herbe de saint
Pierre, samphire. — L. sanctum, ace. of
sanctus, holy; Petrum, ace. of Petrus,
Peter ; see Petrel.
Sample. (F.-L.) M. E. sample,^
O. F. essample, exemple.^'L. exemplum,
an example, sample ; see Bzample.
sampler. (F. — L.) O. F. examplaire
(XIV cent.), the same as exemplaire, a
pattern. — L. exempldrium, late form of
exemplar, a copy. — L. ^.r^w/Z^riJ, serving
as a copy. — L. exemplum (above).
Sanatory. (L.) From L. sdnator, a
healer. — L. sdndre, to heaL — L. sdnus,
whole, sane ; see Sane.
Sanctify. (F. — L.) Y.sancti^er.^'L,
santi/icdre, to make holy. — L. sancti-,
for sanctus, holy ; -ficdre^ iot facere, to
make. See Saint.
sanctimony. (F.— L.) M.F. sancti^
monie, — L. sanctimonia, holiness. — L.
sanctus, holy ; see Saint.
sanction. (F.— L.) F. sanction,^!.,
satutimem, ace. of sanctio, a rendering
sacred. — L. sanctus, pp. ofsancfre, to render
sacred. See Sacred.
sanctity. (L.) From L. sanctitdSy
holiness ; cf. F. saintetS. — L. sanctus,
holy ; see Saint.
sanctuary. (F.-L.) M. E. sein-
tuarie, a shrme. — O. F. saintuarie (F.
sanctuaire), — L. sanctudrium, a shrine. —
L. sanctus, holy (above).
Sand. (E.) A. S. sand. -f> ^o> ^^ i
Icel. sandr; Swed. Dan. G. sand; Bava-
rian sam{b)d, Teut. types *sam{a)doz, m.,
*sam{a)dom, n. ; Idg. type *samadhos.
Cf. Gk. dfmOos, sand.
Sandal, shoe. (F. — L. — Gk.— Pers.)
F. sandale, f.— L. sandalia, pi. of sanda-
Hum. ^Gk. aavbdkiov, dimin. of ffdvUaXoy,
a wooden sole bound on to the feet with
straps. Of Pers. origin ; cf. Pers. sandal,
a sandal.
Sandal-wood. (F. - L. - Gk. - Pers.
— Skt.) F. sandal, santal. — Late L. san-
talum. — Gk. a6yraXov, — Pers. sandal,
chandal, chandan. — Skt. chandana-,
sandal, the tree.
Sandblind, half-blind. (E.) In Shake-
speare; a corruption of sam-blind, half
blind. The prefix = A. S. sdfn-, half, cog-
nate with L. sSmi', Gk. i^fu- ; see Semi-,
Hemi-.
Sandwich. (E.) Named from John
Montague, 4th Earl of Sandwich, died
1 792, who used to have sandwiches brought
to him at the gaming-table. —A. S. Sami-
wtc, Sandwich, a town in Kent.
Sane. (L.) L. sdnus, of sound mind,
whole, safe. Prob. allied to Icel. son, G.
siihne, atonement (Kluge).
Sanguine. (F. - L.) F. sanguin,
bloody, of a sanguine complexion. — L.
sanguineus, adj. ; from sanguin- (for *san-
guen^, stem oi sanguis, blood.
Sailliedrim. (Heb. — Gk.) Late Heb.
sanhedrtn, borrowed from Gk. cwkhpiov^
a council ; lit. a sitting together. — Gk.
46a
SANS
SASSAFRAS
<rvy, together ; tSpOf sl seat, from tCo/mtf
I sit ; see Sit.
8aU8. (F. — L.) F. sans, without ; O.F.
sens.^h, sine, without— L. si ne, if not,
except
Sanskrit. (Skt ) Skt saihskrta, lit
* symufttrically formed.* — Skt. sam^ to-
gether; krta^ made, from kr^ to make;
cf. L. credre, to make. See Create.
Sap (i)» juice of plants. (E.) A. S.
sap. + Du. sap ; Low G. sapp ; O. H. G.
sc^y cf. G. soft ; Icel. saji, % Not allied
to Gk. bv6s', but perhaps borrowed from
L. sapa.
Sap (2), to undermine. (F.—Late L.)
O.F. sapper, F. saper,^O.F, sappe (F.
sape), a kind of hoe. (Cf. Span, zapa,
Ital. za/^, mattock.) — LateL. sappa, sapa,
a hoe. Origin unknown ; Diez suggested
Gk. aicainanjy a hoe; from aic&rmiv, to
dig.
Sapid, savoury. (L.) Rare, h-sapidus,
savoury. — L. sapere, to taste; also to be
wise. Cf. O. H.G. int-seffen, to taste,
mark. Brugm. ii. § 718. Der. insipid,
sapience. (F. — L.) F. sapience, — L.
sapientia, wisdom. — L. sapient-^ stem of
pres. pt. oi sapere, to be wise.
Saponaceous, soapy. (L. - Teut.)
Coined, as if from L. *sdpdndceus, from
L. sdponem^ ace. of sdpo^ soap (Pliny).
See Soap.
SappMCf a kind of metre. (L. — Gk.)
I^. sapphicus, belonging to Sappho. —
Gk. Zair^, Sappho of I^sbos, died about
592 B.C.
Sapphire. (F.-I — Gk.-Heb.) F.
saphtr.^Yj, sapphirus. ^^ Gk. adiKpttpos,
a sapphire. — Heb. sappir (with initial
samecK), a sapphire. Cf. Pers. saffir,
sapphire.
Baraband. (F.~ Span. -Pers.) F.
sarabande, a Spanish dance. — Span, zara-
banda, a dance of Moorish origin. — Pers.
sarband, lit. ' a fillet for fastening a lady's
head-dress.* — Pers. jar, head ; band, band.
Saracen. (L. — Gk. — Arab.) 'L.sara-
cenus, lit. one of the Eastern people.—
Late Gk. Sa/xtmyi'iif . — Arab, s/tar^tn, pi.
of skarqiy, eastern. — Arab, sharq, east,
rising sun. — Arab, root sharaqa, it rose.
Sarcasm* a sneer. (F. — L. — Gk.) F.
sarcasme. — L. sarcasmus, — Gk. aapteaafASs,
a sneer. — Gk. aapK&iuv, to tear flesh, to
bite the lips in rage, to sneer. — Gk. (rapK-j
stem of ffdp^, flesh. Der. sarcastic, Gk.
capKcurriKos, sneering.
Sarcenet, Sarsnet, a thin silk. (F.
— L. — Gk. — Arab.) O. F. sarcenet, a stuff
made by the Saracens. — Low L. saraceni-
cum , sarcenet. — L. Saracentts, Saracen ; see
Baraoen.
Sarcophagpis. (L.-Gk.) L. sarco-
phagus, a stone tomb; made of a lime-
stone which was supposed to consume the.
corpse (Pliny). — Gk. ffapxoipdyos, flesh-
consuming ; henee lime-stone. — Gk. aapKo-y
for c6.p^y flesh; tpa'^dy, to eat. See
Sarcasm.
Sardine (i)) a small fish. (F.~ L.-
Gk.) F. sardine. ^'L. sardina, sarda.^^
Gk. ffapbivTf^ aapba, a kind of fish.
Sardine (2), a gem. (L.-Gk.) ^..sar-
dinus. ^ Gk. aapSiyoi; Rev. iv. 3. Named
from Sardis, in Asia Minor (Pliny).
sardins, a gem. (L. — Gk.) Rev. xxi.
20. — L. sardius (Vulgate). — Gk. aapdios,
a&pSiov, a gem of Sardis (above).
SardoniCy used of grim laughter. (F.
— L. — Gk.) F. sardonique, formerly sar-
donien, in phrase ris sardonien, * a forced
or carelesse mirth ; ' Cot. — L. Sardonicus,
usually Sardonius. — Gk. aap^ViOi, also
aapd^yios, said to be derived from uap-
iSvtov, a plant of Sardinia {"Xdpdoijy said to
screw up the face of the eater ; see Vergil,
£cl. vii. 41.
SardoimCy a gem. (L. - Gk.) L. sar-
donyx.^^ijk, aa^w^, i.e. Sardian onyx.
— Gk. aaplb', for :g<i/>Scc(, Sardis, in Lydia ;
6vv^, onyx. See Onyx.
Sarsaparilla. (Span.) Span, sar^a-
parilla, a plant. (Span.) Zarza means
' bramble,' perhaps from Basque sartzia,
a bramble ; parilla is generally referred to
Parillo, the name of a physician who pre-
scribed the use of sarsaparilla.
Sarsnet ; see Saroenet.
Sash (i)) a case or frame for panes of
glass. (F. — L.) Adapted from F. fMrm,
' a frame of wood for a window,' Cot. ; or
from O. F. chasse (F. cMsse\ a case, shrine.
— L. capsa, a case. See Chase (3) and
Case (2).
Sash (2), a scarf, girdle. (Pers.) For-
merly shcksh. — Pers. shast, of which one
meaning is *a girdle worn by the fire-
worshippers ' ; also spelt shest.
Sassafras, a kind of laurel. (F.-
Span. — L.) F. sassafras. — Span, sasafras,
from O. Span, sassafragia, the herb saxi-
frage ; sassafras was so named from being
supposed to possess the like virtue. — L.
saxifraga ; see Saxifrage.
4<>3
SATAN
SAVORY
. Stttall. (Heb.) Heb. sdidn, aa enemy.
«i Heb. root sdtan, to persecate.
Sfttoliely a small bag. (F.— L., &c.)
O.K. sachel, a little bag.— L. saccellum,
ace. of saccellus^ dimin. of sacciis^ a sack ;
see 8aok«
Sate* Satiate. (L.) Sate is from
tatedf used as a short form of satiate in
sense of ' satisfied.* (Suggested by L. sat
for satis ; satur^ foil.) -• h.-satid/usy pp. of
satidre, to sate, fill fall. — L. sat, satis,
sufficient; satur, fnlL Allied to Bad.
Bmgm. i. $ 196. Der. satiety, M. F.
satieU, from L. ace. satietdtem, fallness.
SataUite. (F.-L.) F. satellite, 'a
sergeant, catchpole;' Cot. — L. satellitem,
ace. oisatelles, an attendant
Satin. (F.-L.) ¥. satin. {ItsA. setifto.
Port, setim,) ^LaXt L. sdtinus, settnus,
satin. — Late L. j//a, silk ; L. sita, saeta,
a bristle, a hair. Bntgm. i. § 209.
Satire. (F.— L.) f. satire. ^L,satira,
satura, a species of poetry; orig. <a
medley.' Derived from satura lanx, a full
dish, msh full of mixed ingredients ; where
satura is fern, of satur, full. Cf. Sate.
■atiefy. (F. - L.) O. F. satisfier
'^ later satisjfaire). Formed as if from Late
L. *satisficdre, substituted for L. satis'
facere, lit. *to make enough.* — L. satis,
enough ; facere, to make. Der. satisfact-
ion, from pp. satisfactus.
Satrap, a Persian viceroy. (F. - L. —
Gk.— Pers.) F. satrape.^L,. satrapam,
ace. of satrapes, ^ Gk. aarpdmis, — O. Pers.
khsatra-pdvd, guardian of a province;
from khsatra, province, and pd, to protect
(Spiegel). Cf. Zend shdithra-pdn, pro-
tector of a region (Fick, i. 305), from Zend
shdithra, a.zegion, pdn, protector; Skt.
kshetra-f a field, region, from kshi, to
dwell, and pd, to protect.
Saturate. (L.) Frompp.ofL. J<i/»r-
dre, to fill full. — L. satur, mil. Cf. Bate.
Saturnine. (F.-L.) O.Y.satumin
(usually Saturnien), under the influence
of the malign planet Saturn ; hence, melan-
choly. — L. Sdtumus, Saturn; said to
mean * the sower ' ; as if from satum,
supine of serere, to sow (Festus) ; which
is improbable.
■atnrday. (L. and £.) A. S. Setter-
dag, also Satem-dag, Satemes dag, i. e.
Saturn's day ; a translation of L. Sdturni
diis ; cf. Dn. ZcUerdag. — L. Sdtumus,
Saturn ; A. S. dag, a day.
Satyr. (F.-L.-Gk.) Y.satyre.^U
satyrus.^GV, aArvpot, a satyr, a sylvan
god.
Sance. (F. — L.) F. sauce. - L. salsa,
a thing salted ; fem. of salsus, salted.
See Bait. Der. sauc-er, orig. a vessel for
sance ; sauc-y, full of sauce, pungent.
Saimders, a corrupt form of lAuidA^
wood.
Sannter. (F. - L.) From A. F.
sauntrer, to adventure oneself. I find
mention of a man 'qe sauntre en ewe/
who ventures on the water, who goes to
sea; Year-book of 11 Edw. IIL p. 619.
— A, F. J-, for es; out (L. ex) ; and
auntrer, for aventurer, to adventure or
venture, from azfenture, an adventure. See
Adventure.
Saurian, one of the lizard tribe. (Gk.)
From Gk. aa^pa, eavpos, a lizard.
Saueage. (F.-L.) FormtTly sausige
(for *sausice) ; cf. Guernsey sauciche. F.
saucisse, — Late L. salsicia,itm. oisalsicius,
adj. (Georges), made of salted or seasoned
meat. — L. sedsus, salted. — L. sdl, salt. See
Salt.
Sauteme,awine. (F.) YxomSauteme
in France, department of Gironde.
Savage. (F.-L.) M. E. sauage.^
A. F. savage; O. F. savaige, salvage (F.
sauvage).^!^ siludticus, belonging to a
wood, wild. — L. silua, a vtooA. See
Silvan.
Savanna, a meadow-plam. (Span.—
L.— Gk.) Span, sabana (with b pron. as
bi-labial v), a sheet for a bed, laige cloth,
large plain (from the appearance of a
plain covered with snow). — L. sabana,
pL of sabanum, a linen cloth ; used as a
fem. sing. — Gk. ad^w, a linen cloth,
towel.
Save. (F. — L.) M. £. sauuen ( ^
sauven).^A. F. saver, sauver; F. sauver.
— L. saludre, to save. — L. saluus, safe.
See Salvation.
Saveloy, Cervelas, a kind of
sausage. ^F.— Ital. — L.) Formerly cer-
z^^/df (Phillips). — F. cervelas, M.F. cervelat.
— Ital. cervellato (Torriano), a saveloy;
from its containing brains. — Ital. cervello,
brain. — L. cerebellum, dimin. of cerebrum,
brain. See Cerebral.
Savin, Savine, Sabine, a shrub.
(L.) K.S.safine.^lu.sabina\ orig.SabTna
herba, a Sabine herb. The Sabines were
a people of central Italy.
Savory, a plant (F. - L.) M. F.
savorie, a popular perversion of O. F.
4^4
SCARIFY
SCIATIC
grade of *skerb-an'^ to cut, as in A. S.
sceorfan^ pt. t. scearfy to scrape.
Soanilfy. (F.-L.— Gk.) Y, scarifier,
— L. scartficdre, to scarify, scratch open;
tiomscarijdre,iosc2j:\iy. ^ Gk,<rHapi<l>dofuUf
I scratqh.oGk. aicdpt<f>oSf a sharp pointed
instrument. Allied to L. scribere, to write,
and to £. Scribe.
Scarlet- (F.— Pers.) 0,Y, escarlatej
scarlet. (Span. escarkUa^ Ital. scarlatto,)
— Pers. saqaldt, siqaUtty suqUtt^ scarlet
cloth. Orig. the name of a stuff, which
was often of a scarlet colour ; cf. ' scarlet
reed.' Ch. ProL 456. ^ Hence Pers.
saqlfttun^ scarlft cloth, whence M. £.
ciclatoun (Chaucer). The Turkish iskerkU^
scarlet, is merely borrowed from Ital.
scarlatto (Zenker). See Sucldt in Yule.
SCarlatinay scarlet fever. (Ital. —
Pers.) Ital. scarlattina, — Ital. scarlatto^
scarlet cloth (above).
Scarp. (F.— Ital.— Teut.) 'F,escarpe,
— Ital.- Scarpa f * a curtein of a wall ; * so
called because cut sharps i. e. steep. — Du.
scherp\ M, H. G, scharfy scharpf^ sharp;
see Sharp.
ScathCi to harm. (Scand). From Icel.
siaOa, Swed. skada, Dan. skcuie. 4" ^* S*
sceaSan (pt. t. sc^; G. Du. scAaden;
Goth. gO'Skathjan (pt. t. ga-skotK). Cf. Gk.
d-o-mj^f, unharmed. Der. scathe^ sb., Icel.
^ka6i.
Scatter. (E.) 'M..^.scateren, North-
em form of Shatter, q. v. «f ^^» OKtZ-
dpyvfUf I sprinkle, OKib-curis, a scattering;
Skt. skhad, to cut. Cf. Squander.
Scavenger. (F.-Teut.) Formerly
scavager\ the n is intrusive. The sense
has much changed; a scavager was an
officer who acted as inspector of goods
for sale, and subsequently had to attend
to cleansing of streets. Scavage, i. e. in-
spection, is an A. F. word, with F. suffix
'•age «L. -Sticum) ; from O. F. escauw-er,
to examine, inspect. ~0. Sax. skawon, to
behold ; cognate with A. S. scedwian, to
look at. See Show.
Sceiie. (L. — Gk.) L. sdruif sc(ma
(whence also F. schui),^GV, amfvri, a
sheltered place, tent, stage, scene. Der.
^o-scenium.
Scent, vb. (F.— L.) A false spelling
for senf, as in Hamlet, i 5. 58 (ed. 1633).
— F. serUir, * to feel, sent ; ' Cot. — L. sen-
fire, to feel, perceive. See Sense.
Sceptic. (F. — L. - Gk.) F. sceptique,
mm L. scepHcus, — Gk. <r/rcirri«^f, thoughtful,
inquiring; pi. aKtmiKoi, the Sceptics, fol-
lowers of Pyrrho (3rd century, B. c). — Gk.
tncitrrofjiai, I consider ; see Species.
Sceptre. (F.-L. - Gk.) F. sceptre, -
L. sceptrum,^Qf\i, an^rpov^ a stafl to lean
on, a sceptre. — Gk. atdiimtVy to prop ; also
to hurl. Cf. L.. scdpus, a shaft, stem.
Schedule. (F.-L.-Gk.) Formerly
ceduie^^M.Y, schedule, cedule, *a sched-
ule, scrowle,' C ot. ; F. ciduU, — L. scheduia,
a small leaf of paper; dimin. oisckeda (or
scida)y a strip of papyrus- bark. Late Gk.
oxi^, a tablet, is borrowed from L. ; hence
the L. word must be from the kindred Gk.
orx«8»?, a cleft piece of wood, from <rx*C*'*'>
to cleave. See Schism.
Scheme. (L. — Gk.) Formerly j^ii^ma.
— L. schema. ''Gk. <7X^/*a> form, appear-
ance, also used as a term in rhetoric. — Gk.
ffxV't *s in axV'^'^f fut. of lx"**»'» to hold,
have (base <rcx-). C£ Skt. saA, to bear.
(VSEGH.)
Schism. (F. — L. ~ Gk.) F. schisme.
• L. schisma, — Gk. axiaiM, a rent, split,
schism. «- Gk. axii^iv (base ^X'^)} to
cleave, -f L. scindere, Skt. chhid, to cut.
Brugm. i. §§ 586, 599.
schist, slate-rock. (Gk.) Gk. ax}0'
Toy, easily cleft. — Gk. ax^f***' (above).
School (i). (F.-L.-Gk.) M.E. scole.
A. F. and O. F. escole, school. ->L. schola.
*Gk. crxoXi7, rest, leisure, employment of
leisure time, also a school. Orig. 'a
pause ; * from axo-, a grade of the base of
Ixciv, to hold; see Scheme. (^S£GH.)
Der. schol-ary A. F. escoler ; schoH-ast,
from Gk. axoXman^s, a commentator.
School (2), a shoal offish. (Du.) Du.
school msscheUy * a shole of fishes/ Sewel.
Doublet of shoal. See Shoal (i).
Schooner. (Scand.) FTO^ieTly scooner,
but spelt as if derived from Dutch, which
is not the case, the Du. schooner being of
E. origin. First called a scooner in 171 3,
when the first schooner was so nameid in
Gloucester, Massachusetts, from the remark
that < she scoons^K, e. glides swiftly. This
verb is the Clydesdale scon or scoon, to
glide swiftly, applied to stones with which
one makes * ducks and drakes ' in the water.
— Icel. skunda^ to speed. See Shun.
Schorl, black tourmaline. (Swed.)
Swed. skorl (with sk as £. sh\ Perhaps
suggested by Swed. skor, brittle.
SciatiCi pertaining to the hip-joint. (F.
— L. — Gk.) F. sciatiqtUy adj. — L. sciaticus^
corruption of L. ischiadicus, subject to gout
467
SCALENE
SCARF
Soalone. (L.— Gk.) h. sealfnus, adj,
> Gk. aieciKriyost scalene, nneren.
Soall, scab on the skin. (Scand.) From
Icel. skalliy a bald head; orig. a peeled
head. Cf. Swed. skcUlig^ bald, from skala^
to peel. Allied to Swed. skaly a husk;
see Scale (i). Der. scaid {2)=scalledj
afflicted with scall.
Soallion, a plant allied to garlic. (F.
— L. — Gk. — Phoenician.) O. F. escalogne^
a scallion ; see farther under Shallot.
SoalloPf Scollop, a kind of shell-fish.
(F. - Tent) M. E. shalop. - O. F. escalope^
a shell. — M. Dn. schelpe (Dn. schelp), a
shell, especially a scallop-shell. Allied to
Scale (i) and ShelL Der. scallop, vb.,
to cot an edge into scallop-like curves.
scalp. (Scand.) M.£.jra^ (Northern).
— Icel. skalpr, M. Swed. skalp, a sheath ;
Dan. dial, skalpj husk, shell of a pea ; also
M. Ital. scalpOy the scalp, a word borrowed
from Teutonic. Cf. M. Du. schelpe^ a
shell (hence, skull). See Scallop.
Scalpcly a small sharp knife. (L.) L.
scalpelmntf dimin. of scalprutn^ a knife. —
L. scaipere^ to cut.
ScaiUlliOny, a cathartic gum -resin.
(F. — L. — Gk.) M. F. scammonie, — L.
scammania. — G. ffxafjifiwyiay (rxa/ioiWa,
scammony, a kind of bind-weed.
Scamp. (F. — L.) Formerly a vaga-
bond, or fugitive. — O. North F. escamper,
iescamper^ to flee ; O. F. eschamper^ to
decamp. — L. ex, out ; and campus, battle-
field. Der. scamp-cTy to run or flee
away.
SCMUa. (L.) ^hoTtior scand \ the flf was
prob. mistaken for the pp. suflix -^df.- L.
scandere, to climb ; also, to scan a verse.
+Skt. skand, to spring up. Brugm. i.
§ 635.
Scandal. (F.-L.-Gk.) lP,scandale,
— L. scandalum. — Gk. eieAvhoKov, a snare ;
also a scandal, offence, stumbling-block.
Orig. the spring of a trap, the sticK which
sprang up when the trap was shut, and on
which the bait was placed ; usually called
oicavMLKfjjOpov. ^^^^LANiyy to spring up.
See Scan. Doublet, slander.
Scansion. (L.) From L. scansio, a
scanning. — L. scansus, pp. of scandere, to
scan ; see Scan.
Scant, adj. (Scand.) M. £. skant, in-
sufficient. — Icel. skamt, neut. of skammr,
short, brief; whence skamta, to dole out
(hence to scant or stint) ; Icel. skamtr, a
dole. In Norwegian, nt appears for mt.
as in shanty a dole, skanta, to measure
closely. Cf. O. H. G. skam, short. Der.
scant'y.
Scantling, a cut piece of timber, a
pattern. (F. — Teut. ; with L^ prejix.)
From O. North F. escaniillon, for O. F.
eschantilUm, 'a small cantle, scantling,
sample;* Cot. — O.F. es-, prefix, from L.
ex ; cantel, a cantle ; see Cantle.
Scapegoat. Here scape is short for
escape ; see Sacape.
Scapnlar. belonging to the shoulder-
blades. (L.) Late L. scapuldris^Vid.]., from
scapula, pi. shoulder-blades. Der. scapu-
lar-y, a kind of scarf (worn over, the
shoulders) , Y .scapulaire. Late L. scapulare.
Scar iS), mark of a wound. (F. — L. —
Gk.) M. F. escare. — L. esckara, a scar,
esp. of a bum. — Gk. i<Tx&pa, a hearth, fire-
place, scar of a bum.
Scar (3), Scaur, arock. (Scand.) M.E.
scarre, — Icel. s^r, a skerry, isolated rock ;
Dan. skt'ar, Swed. skar. So called because
cut off from the main land ; see Shear.
Scaramouchy a buffoon. (F.-Ital.-
O. H. G.) From Scaramoche, a famous
Italian zany who acted in England in 1673
(Blount). Also C2\\QdiScaramouche,^\i\dk
was the F. spelling ; but his real name was
Scaramuccia, of which the lit. sense is ' a
skirmish,' being the same word as the
O. F. escamtoucke, a skirmish. See Skir-
mish.
Scarce. (F.-L.) M.E. Jwrr.-O. F.
escars, eschars, scarce, scanty, niggard (F.
/f^^irj).- Late L. scarpsus,s\ioit form of
excarpsus, used as a substitute for L. ex-
cerptus, pp. of excerpere, to select; see
Excerpt. Thus the sense was * picked out,'
select, scarce.
Scare. (Scand.) M. £. skerren, to scare ;
from skerre, adj., timid, shy. — Icel. skjarr,
timid, shy ; allied to skirrasky to shun, lit.
to sheer off; see Sheer (2).
Scarf (1)1 a light sash or band. (F.-
O. Low G.) Confused, as to sound, with
Scarf (a). The particular sense is due to
O. North F. escarpe, O. F. and M. F. es-
charpe, a scarf; Cot. — M. Du. scharpe,
a scrip (Oudemans) ; Low G. schrap. Cf.
£. Fries, scherpe, a scarf, which, like G.
scharpe, is prob. from F. See below.
Scarf (3), to join timber together.
(Scand.) From Swed. skarf, a scarf, seam,
joint. 4- Bavarian scharben^ to cut a notch
in timber, G. scharben, O. H. G. scarbon,
to cut small. From Teut. *skarb, 2nd
466
SCARIFY
grade of *sk<rb'an-^ to cut, as in A. S.
sceorfan, pt. t. scearf, to scrape.
Scarify. (F.-L.-Gk.) Y. scarifier.
-•L. scartficdre, to scarify, scratch open;
from scarijdre,io scarify. — Gk.(r«a/x^ofiai,
I scratgh. — Gk. atedpi<f>os, a sharp pointed
instrument. Allied to L. scridere, to write,
and to £. Scribe.
Scarlet. (F.— Pers.) O.F, escarla^e,
scarlet. (Span. escarkUa, Ital. scarlatto!)
— Pers. saqaldt, siqaldt, suqldty scarlet
cloth. Orig. the name of a stuff, which
was often of a scarlet colour ; cf. ' scarlet
reed,' Ch. ProL 456. ^ Hence Pers.
saqffttutit scarlet cloth, whence M. £.
ciclatoun (Chaucer). The Turkish iskerlatf
scarlet, is merely borrowed from Ital.
scarkUto (Zenker). See Sucldt in Yule.
SCarlatinay scarlet fever. (ItaL —
Pers.) Ital. scarlattina. — Ital. scarkUto^
scarlet cloth (above).
Scarp. (F. — Ital. — Teut.) F. escarpe,
^Ital.' Scarpa, 'a curtein of a wall;* so
called because cut sharps i. e. steep. — Du.
scherp; M. H. G. scharf, scharpj^ sharp;
see Sharp.
ScathCf to harm. (Scand). Fromlcel.
s)ta8a, Swed. skada, Dan. skade. 4* A. S.
sceaOan (pt. t. sc^; G. Du. scAaden;
Goi\i, ga'Skathjan^ptXga-skffth). Cf.Gk.
d'fficrjB^^ unharmed. Ber. scathe^ sb., Icel.
fka6i.
Scatter. (£•) M.E, scateren. North-
em form of Shatter, q. v. 4" Gk, aittd-
6yyvfUf I sprinkle, aKib-wris, a scattering ;
Skt. sikadf to cut. Cf. Sqiiaader.
Scavenger. (F.-Teut.) Formerly
scavager\ the n is intrusive. The sense
has much changed; a scavager was an
officer who acted as inspector of goods
for sale, and subsequently had to attend
to cleansing of streets. ScavagCt L e. in-
spection, is an A. F. word, with F. suffix
-tf^ (<L. -HHcum) ; from O. F. escauw-ery
to examine, inspect. --O. Sax. skawdn, to
behold ; cognate with A. S. scedwian, to
look at. See Show.
Scene. (L. — Gk.) L. sdna, sa^na
(whence also F. schuX'^QV, amivriy a
sheltered place, tent, stage, scene. Der.
proscenium.
Scent, y\>, (F.— L.) A false spelling
for sent, as in Hamlet, i 5. 58 (ed. 1623).
— F. senHr, * to feel, sent ; ' Cot * L. sen-
tire, to feel, perceive. See Sense.
Sceptic. (F.-L.— Gk.) F. sceptique.
* L. scepticus, «• Gk. mctwriitdSf thoughtful,
SCIATIC
inquiring; pi. aKtmiicoif the Sceptics, fol-
lowers of Pyrrho (3rd century, B. c). — Gk.
aiciirro/iaij I consider ; see Species.
Sceptre. (F. - L. - Gk.) F. sceptre. -
L. sceptr urn, '"Gk, atcijirrpov^ a stafl to lean
on, a sceptre. — Gk. aicriimtv, to prop ; also
to hurl. Cf. L.. scdpuSy a shaft, stem.
Schedule. (F.-L.-Gk.) Formerly
cedule.^yi.Y. schedule, cedule, *a sched-
ule, scrowle,* C ot. ; F. cidule. » L. schedula,
a small leaf of paper; dimin. oischeda (or
scidcC), a strip of papyrus- bark. Late Gk.
ox^^, a tablet, is borrowed from L. ; hence
the L. word must be from the kindred Gk.
ax'Si;, a cleft piece of wood, from oxK*^^i
to cleave. See Schism.
Scheme. (L. — Gk.) Formerly j^r^^ma.
— L. schima. '^Gk. (rx^A*o, form, appear-
ance, also used as a term in rhetoric. i» Gk.
axt't as in crxij-ao;, fut. of tx-tiv, to hold,
have (base ffcx')- ^^ ^^^* ^^^i ^ ^^^^'
(VSEGH.)
Schism. (F.-I Gk.) Y.schisme.
— L. schisma. '"Gk. axj^aita, a rent, split,
schism. •- Gk. axK^iv (base ffX'^)i ^^
cleave, -f L. scindere, Skt. chhid, to cut.
Brugm. i. §§ 586, 599.
schist, slate-rock. (Gk.) Gk. axic-
Tos, easily cleft — Gk. axK^^v (above).
School (i). (F.-L.-Gk.) lA.Y.,scole,
A. F. and O. F. escoie, school. — L. schola.
— Gk. <rxoAi7, rest, leisure, employment of
leisure time, also a school. Orig. 'a
pause ; ' from <rxo-, a grade of the base of
ix^iv, to hold; see Scheme. (V^EGH.)
Der. schol-ar, A. F. escokr\ scholi-ast^
from Gk. axoAiacrTi^s, a commentator.
School (2), a shoal of 6sh. (Du.") Du.
school visschen^ ' a shole of fishes/ Sewel.
Doublet of shoal. See Shoal (i).
Schooner. (Scand.) Properly jr^TM^r,
but spelt as if derived from Dutch, which
is not the case, the Du. schooner being of
£. origin. First called a scooner in 171 3,
when the first schooner was so nameid in
Gloucester, Massachusetts^from the remark
that < she scoonSy*i, e. glides swiftly. This
verb is the Clydesdale scon or scoon, to
glide swiftly, applied to stones with which
one makes * ducks and drakes ' in the water.
— Icel. skunda, to speed. See Shun.
Schorly black tourmaline. (Swed.)
Swed. skorl (with sk as £. sh\ Perhaps
suggested by Swed. skor, brittle.
SciatiCf pertaining to the hip-joint. (F.
— L. — Gk.) F. scicUique, adj. -i L. sdaticus,
corruption of L. ischiadicus, subject to gout
467
SCRATCH
SCRUB
skrapa^ Dan. skrabe^ to scrape. -4" ^u*
schrapim. From Teut. *5kraP', and grade
of Teat. *skrepan-y to scrape; as in A.S.
screp-aftf pt. t. scrap, Cf. Kuss. skrebok\
a scraper.
Scratoli. (Scand.) Due to the con-
fusion of M. E. skratten^ to scratch, with
M. E. cnuchen, to scratch, p. M. E.
skroUten stands for s-krattetiy where the
s- (due to F. «-, L. «je-) is intensive, and
kratten is from Swed. kr<Uta (below), y*
M. E. cracchen stands for *kratsen, — Swed.
kratsa^ to scrape, ^ra/j, a scraper. — Swed.
kratta^ to rake, scrape ; cf. Icel. Jkroia, to
>6iigrave. From Teut. *Jkret'an-, to cut
(pt. t. *Arat, pp. *krot'aHoz). So also Du.
crassen (for *kratsen\ G. kratzeUf O.H.G.
skrazzon, to scratch. And see Grate (a).
Scrawl. (Scand.) A contraction of
scrabble^ to write carelessly. % Confused
with M.E. scraulsHf to crawl, a form of
crazol with prefix s (=»0. F. «-<L. ex)
used with an intensive force.
Scream. (Scand.) M.E. scremen,'^
Icel. skrama^ Swed. skrdma^zxL, shramme^
to scare; orig. to cry aloud. Cf. Swed.
skmn, a scream ; Dan. skraalgy to roar.
Screech. rScand.) Cf. M . £. scrTken ;
Lowl. Sc. scraik. -• Icel. skrakja^ to shriek ;
cf. Swed. j>6r/>ta, to shriek, Dan. skrige.^
Gael, sgreiich^ to shriek. Cf. Shriek.
^creen. (F.— Tent.) M. £. j^tm.—
O. F. escren (Littr^) ; escran^ * a skreen,*
Cot. (Mod. F. Scran,) Also found as
as O.Y.escranne (Godefroy). — G. schranne,
a railing, grate, p. In the sense of ' coarse
sieve,' it is the same* word ; so called be-
cau<%e it screens (or wards off) the coarser
particles, and prevents them from coming
through.
Screw (i). (F. - Teut.) Formerly
seme. — M. F. escroue, *a scrue;* Cot;
O ¥. escroe (Godefroy). F. Scrou, Per-
haps from Low G. sckruve; cf. M. Du.
schroeve, Du. schroef^ G. schraube, a screw.
% The Icel. skrufa^ Swed. skruf^ Dan.
skrue^ are from Low G. ; and it is doubtful
whether the Du. and G. words are really
T >utonic.
Screw (a), a vicious horse. (E.) The
North E. form of shreWy cj. v.
Scribble. (L. ; with E. suffix,) Formed
from scribe with frequent, suffix -le; the
suffix giving it a verbal force.
SCnbe. (L.) L.j^rf^dt, a writer. — L.
scribere, to write, orig. to scratch or cut
slightly.
Scrimmage ; see Skirmish.
Scrip ( I ), a small bag. (Scand.) A. F.
escrepe^ a scarf. ■> Icel. skreppa^ Swed.
skrappa, a scrip. Orig. sense ^ scrap,'
because made of a scrap of stuff; cf. N.
Fries. skraPf a scrip.
Scrip (a), a piece of writing ; the same
word as script (below).
script. (F.-L.) M. F. escript, *a
writing. — L. scriptum, neut. of pp. of
scrtbere^ to write.
scripture. (F.—L.) "M.,^. scripture ^
a writing. — M.F. escripture, — L. scriptiiray
a writing. — L. scriptuSy pp. of scribere ^ to
write.
scrivener. (F. - L.) Formerly a
scriven ; the suffix -^r, of the agent, is an
E. addition. M. E. scrtuein {^^scrizfeiu),
— O. F. escrivain, '^LaX^ L. scrtbdnum,
ace. of scribdnus, a notary. — L. scribere,
to write.
Scrofula. (L.) L. scro/ula, a little
pig ; whence the pi. scrofuhty used in the
sense of scrofulous swellings; perhaps
from the swollen appearance of the glanos.
Dimin. of scrofa, a breeding sow, lit. a
digger; from the habit of swine; cf. L.
scrobist a ditch.
Scroll, a roll of paper. (F.— Teut.)
Dimin. (with suffix -/) of M. E. scrowe^ a
scroll. — M. F. escrouty * a scrowle ; * Cot. —
M. Du. schroocUy a shred, strip,- slip of
paper; O. H. G. scrot (the same). Allied
to Shred.
Soroj^leSy rascals. (F.—L.) In K.
John, II. 1. 373.— O. F. escroellesy later
escrouellesy lit. *the king's evil,' i.e.
scrofula ; Cot. — Late L. *scrobella (only
found as scroella), scrofula, dimin. of
*scrabulii, for scroJula\ see Scrofula.
Transferxed, as a term of abuse^ from the
disease to the person said to be affiicted
with it. (See Korting.)
Scmb (i)) brush-wood. (Scand.) Dan.
dial, skrub, brush-wood ; Norw. skrubba,
the dwarf cornel-tree. SJee Shrab. Der.
scrubb-y^ mean, orig. shrubby, stunted.
Scrub (a), to rub hard. (Scand.) M. E.
scrobbcHf to scrub. — Swed. skrubba, Dan.
skrubbe, to scrub. + Low G. sckrubben ;
Du. schrohben ; N. Fries, skrobbe, E. Fries.
sckrubben. According to Franck, it is
allied by gradation to Du. and E. Fries.
sckrabben, to scratch; see Scrabble,
Scrape, p. It is also, perhaps, related to
shrub. Cf. E. broom , from the shrub so
called ; Lowl. Scotch scrubber, * a handful
470
SCRUFF
of heath tied tightly together for clean-
ing cnlinary utensils ; * Jamieson.
Scrnff; see Souft.
Somple. (F.-L.) F. scrupuU, *a
little sharp stone . . in a mans shooe/ Cot. ;
hence a hindrancci perplexity, doubt, also
a small weight. ^L. scrupulutn, ace. of
scrupulusy a sharp stone, dimin. of zcrupus
(the same).
Scrntiny. (L.) h.scrutt'niumyKcsire'
ful enquiry. — L. scriitdriy to search into
carefully, as if among broken pieces. — L.
scriitay s. pi., broken pieces.
Scudi to run quickly. (Scand.) Cf.
Dan. skydgy to shoot ; sfycU over stevfty lit.
* to shoot over the stem/ to scud along ;
skudsteeuy a stone quoit, called in Scotch a
scudding'Stane, Cf. Swed. dial, skuddoy to
shoot the bolt of a door. See Souttle (3),
Boout (a), and Shoot.
Scuffle. (Scand.) The frequentative
of Swed. skuffdy to push, shove, jog.
C£ M. Du. schuffeleHy to drive on, also
to run or shuffle off, from Du. sckuiven^
to shove. See Shuffle, Shove.
Sonfb, Scuff. Scruff, the nape of
the neck. (Scand.) O. Icel. skopt (pron.
skof()^ hair of the head, mod. Icel. skotty
a fox's tail ; N. Fries, skufi, the nape of
a horse*8 neck. 4- G. schepfy^ tuft of hair ;
O. H. G. scufty hair; Goth, skufty hair of
the head. Allied to Sheaf; cf. Icel.
skaufy a fox*8 brush.
Sculk, Skulk. (Scand.) M. £.
skulken, — Dan. skulke^ to sculk, slink ;
Swed. skolkay to play the • truant. A
derivative of Dan. skuU, to scowl; see
Soowl. Allied to Icel. skollay to sculk,
keep aloof.
Scull ( i), CQroll, the cranium. (Scand.)
M. E. skulUy scolle. Named from its shell-
like shape. «i Swed. dial. skulUy variant of
skdlUy scull; Norw. skoHy scull. From
Teut. *skoly weak grade of *skelan- (pt. t
*skat)y to cleave, divide. From the form
*skal we have Swed. huJvud'SkalUy the
scull (also hufvud'Sk&t)y and Dan. hjeme-
skaly scull ; see scale (a\
Scull (3), a small light oar. (Scand. ?)
Perhaps named from the slightly hollowed
blades. See Somll (i). Cf. M. Swed.
skollay sk&lloy a thin plate ; Swed. hufvud'-
skdl, scull (of the head) ; vSg-skil, scale
(of a balance); skaligy concave. Der.
Scully vb., to use sculls.
Scull (3), a shoal of fish ; see School (a).
Scullezyy a place for swilling dishes.
SCUTIFORM
&c. (F. - L.) The suffix -^ ( - F. -w) is
the same as in butter-y y pantr-y. The orig.
sense was that of ' keeping the dishes.* -i
O. F. escuelerUy escukrie, the office of
keeping the dishes (Godefroy).— O. F. «-
ciuile (F. icuelle)y a dish.«-L. scutella^ a
dish ; dimin. of scutra^ a fiat tray.
Scullion, a kitchen menial. (F.— L.)
Not allied to scullery. The true sens^ is
a dish-clout, a name transferred to the
maid who used it ; just as mawkin meant
both ' maid * and ' dish-clout.' -iM. F. es^
couillofiy 'a dish-clout, a maukin;' Cot.
The same word as Span, escobillofty a
sponge for cannon, formed from escobilla^
dimin. of escoba (O. F. escouve)y a brush,
broom. *L. sccpay a twig; pi. sc^a, a
broom or brush made of small twigs.
Sculpture. (F.— L.) ¥. sculpture, ^L,
sculptura, sculpture, lit. a cutting. •L.
sculplus, pp. of sculperey to cut, carve ;
allied to scalperey to cut.
Scum, (ocand.) Dan. skuniy froth;
Swed. skufHy froth ; £. Fries^ jr^»/».4-Dn.
schuim ; G. schaum (as in nuer-schaum),
(VSKEU, to cover.) Der. skim.
Scupper. (£.) ^Scuppersy the holes
through which the water runs off the deck ; '
Coles (1684). Phillips bas scoper holes,
¥01 scoop-eTj i. e. lader out of water ; from
scoopy vb., to lade out water. (The Du.
name is spUgat^ lit * spit-hole.') See
Scoop.
Sciuf. (Scand.) From Swed. skorf^
Dan. skurVy scurf; Icel. skurfury pi.
+ A. S. scurf, scorf'y Du. schurft, G..
schorf. From *sk&tf'j weak grade of
*skerfan-y as in A. S. sceor/an, to scarify,
gnaw. J>er. scurv-y,
Scurrile, buffoon-like. (L.) L. scur-
riliSy adj., from scurra, a buffoon.
Scurvy, scabby, shabby. (Scand.)
An adj. formed from scurf {jHooy^, Hence
scurvy diseasoy the scurvy, much confused
with F. scorduly the scurvy (Littr^).
Scutage, a tax on a knight's fee. (M.
Lat.) From Med. L. scutdgium, — L. scu»
tupiy a knight's shield, orig. a shield. See
ISsquire.
Scutckf to beat flax. (F. -Scand.)
From O. h . escouche, escuche, a scutch or
swingle.— Norw. skokay skuku, a scutch
for luting flax.
Scutcneon ; see Bsontoheon.
Scutiform. (F.-L.) M.F. scuH-
fomUy shaped like a shield. —L. scuH^, for
scutum^ shield ; formay form.
471
SCUTTLE
SECULAR
Scuttle (i)t& shallow basket or vessel.
(L.) A Northern form. Icel. skutill\
A. S. scuUlf a yessel. «- L. scutella, allied
to scuiula, a small tray ; cf. sciUra, a tray.
See Scullery.
Scuttle (3)) an opening in a hatchway
of a ship. (F. - Span. — Teut.) O. F.
iscoutiile, scuttle. » Span. escotiHa^ the hole
in the hatch of a ship.— Span, escotar, to
cat, hollow oat, or slope out a garment
to fit the neck or bosom.— Span. esct^Cj the
sloping of a jacket, &c. — Du. schooty lap,
bosom ; Low G. schoat ; Icel. skaut ; see
Sheet. % So Diez ; but Span, escotilla
is rather a dimin. from Low G. schotty
a trap-door. Cf. £. shufter, Der. scuttle^
vb., to fink a ship by making holes in it.
Scuttle (3)) to hurry along. (Scand.)
Cf. Swed. dial, skutta^ to take a long
jump; also prov. £. saukUe (Bailey), fre-
quent, of scud ; see Send and Shoot.
Scsrtlie. (£.) M. £. siihe. A. S. sUe^
old form sigHe, Lit. ' cutter ; ' from ^SKYi,
4- Icel. siglfr.y Low G. seged, segd\ cf.
O. H. G. segansa, G. settse. See Secant.
Se-f away, apart. (L.) L. si-y prefix ;
full form sedy without.
Sea. (E.) M, £. see, A. S. sSy sea,
lake.4-l)u> ^^\ Icel. s<Br\ Dan. sd\ Swed.
sjb'y G. see\ Goth, saiws, Teut. type
*sai7viz.
Seal (i), a stamp. (F.-L.) M. £. see/.
— O. F. seely a signet (F. sceau),^!..
sigilium, a seal, mark ; dimin. form allied
to signum, a mark. See Sign. Ber.
seal, vb.
Seal (a), a sea-calf. (£.) M. £. se^,
A. S. j^^M.+Icel. seir; Dan. sa/; Swed.
sjd/ ; O. H. G. selaA,
Seam (i)> (£.) A. S. seam, ^ Icel,
saumr; G,saum; Da, scorn; Dan. Swed.
som, Teut. type *saumoz, m, ; from root
♦««-, *si'w, (VSIW.) Cf. Skt. su'tra-y
a thread. See Sew (i).
Seam (2), a horse-load. (Late L. — Gk.)
M. K, seeniy A. S. seam. Borrowed Hike
G. saum) from Late L. sauma, late form
of sqgma, a horse-load, pack. — Gk. aayiuiy
a pack-saddle. See Sumpter.
Seamstress^ Sempstress. (£.;
with F. suffix.) A. S. siamestrcy a seam-
stress ; with saffix -ess « F. -esse < Gk.
-iffaa). — A. S. seamy a seam (see Seam) ;
with suffix -estre ; see Spinster.
Sear, Sere, withered. (£.) M. £.
sere, A. S. sear^ dry ; siariaHy to dry up.
+M. Du. sorey Du. zo&Ty Low G. soar, \
Allied to Russ. suxoi^ dry ; Lith. sausas,
dry ; Gk. aZos (for *aavaos)y dry ; cf. Skt.
fusk, for *susAy to dry up. Idg. type
*sausos. See Aostere. Brugm. i. $ 214.
Search, to explore. (F.— L.) M. £.
sercheHy cerchen, — O. F. cercher (F. cher*
cher) ; prov. F. serchery dial, of Verdun
(Fertiault). — L. circdrey to go round ;
hencCi to explore. — L. circus y a ring ; see
Circus. Der. re-search ; cf. shark.
Season. (F.~L.) M. £.j^j^.-o. F.
seson, seisoHy saison. [Cf. Span, sazon,
O. Prov. sadonsy sasosy Bartsch.] — Late L.
sationemy ace. of scUiOy sowing-time, i. e.
spring, regarded as the chief season for pre-
paring crops. — L. satusy pp. oi serere, to
sow. % The Span, word is estacunty Ital.
stagione > from ace of L. stcUiOy a station,
hence a stage (period).
Seat, sb. (Scand.) Icel. scetiy a seat ;
Swed. saU'y Dan. sade.'^lcel. sdi', 3rd
grade of sit/ay to sit; see Sit. Der. sea/y vb.
Secant, a line that cuts another, or that
cuts a circle. (L.) From secctnt-y stem of
pres. pt. oisecdrgy to cut 4* Russ. siech\ to '
hew. Brugm. i. ( 635. (VS£K.) See
Saw, Scytiie, Sickle.
Secede. (L.) L. slclderey to go apart,
withdraw.— L. se-y sedy apart; cedere, to
go. See Cede. Der. secess-ion (from the
pp. sicess-us).
seclude. (L.) L. siclOderey to shut
off. — L. si (for sed)y apart; clauderey to
shut. See Se- and Clause. Der. septus-
ioH^ from the pp. seclHs-us,
Second. . (£• -L.) O. F. second. — L.
secundus, second, next following. — L,
seouiy to follow. See Sequence.
secret. (F. — L.) M.K, secre, secree.
— O. F. secret, * secret ; ' Cot. — L. secretusy
secret, set apart ; pp. of sicemerCy to sepa-
rate.—L. siy apart; cemere^ to separate.
See Se- and Concern. Der. secrete, vb.,
from L. secrltus ; secret-ion.
secretary. (F". — L.) O. Y , secretaire,
— Late L. sicretdriumy ace. of secretdriusy
a confidential officer. — L. sicret-us, secret
(above).
Sect. (F.— L.) F. sectcy 'a sect or
faction ; * Cot. — Late L. secta, a set of
people, a suit of clothes, a suit at law. — L.
sec- (as in sec-undus)y base of sequiy to
follow, sue. % Not from secdrcy to cut.
Section. (F. — L.) F. section. — L.
sectionemy ace. of sectio, a cutting. — L.
sect'USy pp. of secdre, to cut. See Secant.
Secular. (F.-L.) U.E.secu/ere,^
472
SECURE
SEIZE
M. F. seculier, ' secular, tempoTall ; ' Cot.
— L. seat /art's, secular, worldly. — L. secU'
iuffii saculufftf a generation, an age, the
world.
Secure. (L*) L* securus, free from
anxiety. — L. si-, apart from ; ciiray anxiety.
Doublets, sicker, sure,
Sedan-cliair. (F.) Named from
Sedan, a town in France. Cf. F. sedan,
cloth made at Sedan (Littr^).
Sedate, quiet. (L.) L. sedatus, pp. of
seddre, to settle or make calm, causal of
sedere, to sit. See below.
sedentai^. (F.— L.) F. sidentaire,
■-L. sedentdrtus, ever sitting. — L. sedent-,
pres.pt.of j«^/r(;,tosit. See Sit. (^SED.)
Brugm. i. § 574.
Sedge. (£.) M. £. segge.^K, S. secge,
g., d., and ace. of secg, f., sedge ; lit.
'cutter,' 1. e. sword-grass; from the shape;
cf. secg, m. a sword. The A. S. secg, f. «
Teut. type *sag-jd] from *jax-» and grade
of Teut. root *J^x-i ^ cut.+£ow G. segge,
coarse grass. Cf. Irish setsg, sedge.
(VSEK, to cut.) See Secant.
Sediment. (F.— L.) M,F. sedimem.
<• L. sedimentum, a settling (of dregs). »
L. sedere, to sit, settle. See Sit.
Sedition. (F.-L.) O.F, sedition, ^L.
ace. seditionem, a going apart, dissension,
mutiny. — L. sed-, apart ; ii-um, supine of
ire, to go. (^EI.)
Seduce, to lead astray. (L.) 'L.siducere,
to lead aside.— L. se (for sed), apart; du-
cere, to lead. See Se- and Duke. Der.
seduction (from the pp. siduct-us),
Sednlons, diligent. (L.) L. sidulus,
diligent. Cf. seduld, adv. busily; from
se, apart from, dolo, abl. of dolus^ guile.
Brugm. i. § 244.
See (i), to perceive by the eye. (E.)
M. E. seen, sen. A. S. seon ; pt. t. seah,
pp. ^;^zc;^».-4-Du. 2fWf ; Icel. ^V? ; Dan.
sw, Swed. j^; G. seken; Goth, saihwan,
pt.t.jflAw. Teut. type *jMwa»-. Brugm.
i. § 665. Der. seer, i.*. see-er.
See (a)) seat of a bishop. (F.— L.)
M. E. j^. — O. F. sed, j^, seat.— L. sidem,
ace. of sides, a seat.— L. sid-^ as in sid'i,
pt. t. of sedire, to sit. See Sit.
Seed. (E.) A.S. sM, seed. From
A. S. sdwan, tosow.-fDu. zaad, Icel. sc^i,
sad, Dan. sad, Swed. sad, G. soot, Cf.
Goth, mana-seths, the world, Ut. * man-
seed ; ' LAt. si-men, seed. The A. S. s&d
answers to Teut. type *5&'dom, neut. See
Sow. Brugm. i. § 13a.
Seek. (E.) M. E. seken. A. S. secan,
pt. t. soh-te, to seek, strive after.+Du.
zoeken; Icel. sakja, soekja; Dan. sbge\
Swed. sbka', Goth, sokjan; G. suchen,
Teut. type *sdk-jan-; from *j^i^- = Idg.
*j4^-, as in L. sdgJre, to perceive, Gk.
^iofjiai, I consider; cf. O. Ir. saginif
I seek for. Der. beseech.
Seely to close up the eyes. (F.— L.)
M. F. siller, *to seal up the eie-lids;' Cot.
Also spelt ciller.^O. F. cil, eye-lid.— L.
ciliutn, eye-lid; which is probablv allied
to Gk. ra Kv\a, the parts under the eyes.
See SuperoiliouB.
SeeAl. (E.) M. E. semen. A. S. seman,
to satisfy, conciliate (hence, to suit, a sense
due to the adj. seemly, see below). For
*som-iaM, where *sdni- is the strong grade
of sam-, as in E. ^a/w^.+Icel. scema, to
honour, bear with, conform to, allied to
scemr, fit, somayio befit, and to samr^ same.
See Saiine.
Seemly^fiti (Scand.) iA.E.semlick."
Icel. samtltgr, seemly.— Icel. samr, fit;
with suffix -ligr, like (-ly) ; where sam-
is the mutated form of *sbm- (as in Icel.
sbm-a, to befit), strong grade of *sam^i
as in Icel. sama, to beseem, cognate with
Goth, samjan, to please, lit. 'to be the
same,* agree with. — Icel. samr^ same ;
see Same.
Seer; see See.
Seesaw. (E.) A reduplicated form;
from the verb to saw. From the motion
of a sawyer. See Saw (i).
Seethe^ to boil. (E.) Pt. t. sod\ pp. sod-
den. M. E. sethen, pt. t. seeth (pi. soden),
pp. soden. A. S. seddan, pt. t. seai6, pp.
soden.'^lctl. sj06a, pt. t saud ; Dan. syde;
Swed. sjuda ; G. sieden. Teut. type ^seuth-
an-, pt. t. *sauth, pp. *sud-anoz. Allied
to Goth, sauths, a burnt-offering.
Segment. (L*) l^ segmenium,vi'p\eo&
cut off; for *sec-mentum.^lj. secare, to
cut. See Secant.
SegregatCy to separate from others.
(L.) From pp. of segregare, to set apart
from a flock. — L. si-, apart ; greg-, stem
of grex, a flock. See Se- and Gre-
garious.
Seignior. (F.-L.) O.F. seignor,
seigneur, lord. — L. senidrem, ace. oi senior^
older, hence, greater ; see Senior.
Seine, a large fishing-net (F.— L.—
Gk. ) F . seine. — L. sagina, — Gk. aay^,
a large fishing-net.
SeUKCf to grasp. (F.^LateL.) M.E.
473
SELAH
seysen, saism, a law terin, to pat one in
seisin or possession of a thing, also, to take
possession ; hence, to seize, take. ■- O. F.
saisir, seisir, to put in possession of, to
take possession. — Late L. sacfre, to put,
place. % It is usual to refer this verb to
O. H. G. *satjant to set, put, place, but
this is an impossible form (it was really
sezun); or else to Goth, saf/an, to set,
which would liave given *sadir, *sair. See
Bet. Der. seis-in^ O. F. seisint, saisine,
from the verb saisir.
Salall, a pause. (Heb.) Supposed to
mean ' a pause.*
Soldou. (£.) A.S. seldan, ^eJdum,
se/dan, seldom, lit rarely; cf. seU-lic,
strange, seld-stetu, rarely seen, strange. -f
Du. uiden, Icel. s/a/dan, Dan. siekUn^
Swed. sallan, G. selten^ adv., seldom.
Allied to Goth, sildaleiks, wonderful.
Seleotf choice. (L.) L. seUctus, pp.
oislligere, to choose. — L. xf*, apart ; Ugere^
to pidc, choose. See Be* and liegend.
Der. select^ vb.
Self. (£.) A. S. self, also seolf, siif,
sclf.^-Du. zelf; Icel. sjdlfr\ Dan. seh\
Swed. sjelf\ Goth, silba ; G. selb^ selb-st.
Sell (i)> to deliver for money. (£.)
A. S. seilan, sillan, syllany to hand over,
deliver; a secondary verb, from the sb.
Bale. 4- Icel. selja, Dan. salge^ Swed. sdifa,
O. H. G. and Goth, sa^'an, to hand over,
offer. Teut. type *salj€tn'.
Sell (a), a saddle. (F.-L.) O. F. selU,
seat, saddle. •L. sella, seat; for ^sed-la,
— L. sedere, to sit Bmgm. i. § 475. See
Bsddle.
Selvage. (Du.") Also selvedjge. Lit.
* self-edge.' — M. Du. selfegge^ selvage.—
M. Du. self self; egge, edge ; [mod. Du.
zelfkantf selvage ; from zelf^ self, kant,
edge] ; Low G. sulf-egge^ self-edge^
selvage.
Semblance, appearance. (F. - L.)
semblance^ appearance. — F. sembler, to
seem. — L. similare, simuldre, to make
like. — L. similis, like. See Bimulate.
Semi-, half. (L.) L. j/iKVi-, half.-|-Gk.
^Au-, half; A. S. sam,h9\{; Skt. sdpn, half,
prob. related to Skt. sdmya-, equality,
from sama, even, same (Benfey). Allied
to Bame. Der. semi^revey &c.
Seminal, relating to seed. (F.— L.)
M.F. seminal, ^Lm simindlis, leltLting to
seed. — L. semin-, for semen, seed. — L. se-
as in se-ul, pt. t of serere, to sow; with
suffix -men. See Bow (i).
SENESCHAL
seminary. (L.) L. simindrium, a
seed-garden, seed-plot (hence a place of
education). —L. semin- (above).
Semolina. (Ital. - L.) Ital. sem^
lino, m., small seed, paste for soups;
dimin. of semola, bran. — L. simila, fine
wheaten flower. See Bimnel.
Sempiternal, everlasting. (L.) F.
sempUemel. — L. Jtf»i/«V^r«-«x, everlasting.
— L. sempi', for semper, always; with
suffix 'ter'nus. fi. L. semper was perhaps
formerly *sem-perti, yrhere *sem' probably
meant 'one,' as in L. sem-el, once, sim-
plex, one-fold. Brugm. i. § 1023 (la); ii.
§ 160(1).
Sempster. (E.) Later forms Seam-
strees, Sempstress ; vHih F. suffix,
A. S. siamestre, a sempster; with suffix
-ess ( = F. -esse < Gk. -t<r(ra). — A. S. seam,
a seam (see Beam); with suffix "tstre;
see Spinster.
Seiuury, belonging to six. (L.) t^
sindriust adj., from sent, six apiece; for
*j«jr-iff.— L. sex, six; see Six.
Senate, a council of elders. ( F. ^ L.)
O.F. senat.^L. senatum, ace. oisendtus,
council of elders. — L. sen-, as in sen-ex,
old, sen-ium, old age. Cf. O. Gk. ivos,
old, Goth, sineigs, O. Ir. sen, W. hen, O.
Skt Sana-, old. Bmgm. i. § 117.
Send. (£.) A.S.sendan.'^Bu.unden;
Icel. senda\ Dan. sende; Swed. sdnda;
Goth, sandjan ; G. senden. Teut t3rpe
*sandjan-, for ^santhjan-, by Vemer*s law,
from *sanlA, and grade oi^senthau-, to go.
Hence send is a causal verb, meaning ' to
make to go.* The Teut *senlAan- (pt t.
*santh) is a lost strong verb, of which the
prime grade appears in Goth, sinth-s,
A. S. siS (for *sin5)^ a journey, way, Teut
type *senthoz, m., Idg. type *sentos, as
seen in O. Irish sit (for *senf), W. hynl,
Bret, kenl (for *sent), a way. Cf. G.
gtsinde, followers; Goth, gasinthja, a
travelling companion.
Sendal, Cendal, a rich thm silken
stuff. (F. - Late L.- Skt) 0,Y.sendal,
cendal ; Late L. cendalum, cindddus, cin-
ddtus, &c. So called because brought
from India. — Skt. sindhu-, the Indus, also
Scinde. — Skt. syand, to flow : see Indigo.
Cf. Gk. aivJkSv, fine Indian linen.
Seneschal, a steward. (F.— Tent.)
O. F. seneschal, Orig. sense ' old servant.'
— Goth, sin-, old (only preserved in superl.
sin-ista, eldest, and in sin-eigs, old) ; shalks,
a servant Cf. Senate and Marshal.
474
SENILE
SERAQLIO
senilOy old. (L.) L. senilis ^ old; cf.
sen-ex, old. See Senate.
senior. (L.) L. senior , older ; comp.
oisentx, old.
Senna. (Ital. — Arab.) Ital. sena
(Florio). — Arab, sand, senna.
Sennet, a signal-call on a trumpet. (F.
— L.) See Nares; and Wright's note to
K. Lear, i. i. 23. Also spelt j/«^/.—0. F.
sinet^ senet, segnet, presumably ' a signal ' ;
dimin. of F. signe, a sign, mark, note. — L.
signum, a signal ; see Sign, Toosin.
Sennight; short for seven night, a
week.
Sense. (F. ~ L.) F. sens, 'sence;'
Cot. — L. sensum, ace of sensm, feeling.
—L. sensus, pp. of senttre, to feel, per-
ceive.
sensual. (L.) Late L. sensudlis, en-
dowed with feeling. — L. sensu-s, feeling. —
L. sensus, pp. of senttre, to feel.
sentence. (F.— L.) Y. sentence. ^^'L.
sententia, a way of thinking ; for *senti'
entia.'^h. sentient-, stem of pres. pt. of
senttre, to feel, think.
sentiment. (F.— L.) M. £. sente-
fftettt. — O. F. sentement ; as if from a
Late L. *sentimentum, — L. senttre (above).
Sentinel. (F. - lul. - L. ?) M. F. sen-
tinelle, — ItaL sentinella, ' a watch, a sen-
tinell;' Florio. Cf M.F. sentinelU, a
watch-tower (Godefroy). Etym. uncertain;
apparently ultimately from L. senttre, to
perceive. See Korting, §§ 7:^65, 7377.
Sentry. (F. - Ital. - L. ?) Confused
with sentinel, but apparently of different
origin. Spelt sentrie in Minsheu (1627),
senlery in Milton^ P. L. ii. 412. Prob.
from O. F. senteret, a .path, track, with
reference to the sentiners beat; double
dimin. of O. F. sente, a path. — L. semita,
a path.
Sepalf a leaf or division of the calyx of
a flower. (F. — L.) F. sipale, a sepal.
Coined to pair off with F. pitale, a petal,
by taking part of the Lat. adj. sip-ar,
separate, and adding the same suffix -die
(Littr^). Thus septal is, as it were, short
for separ-al, where separ- was regained as
being allied to L. sipardre, to separate.
See Separate.
Separate, to keep apart. (L.) L.
s!pardtus^ pp. of sipardre, to sever. — L.
se, apart ; pardre, to get ready, set Der.
separate, adj., kept apart (not so old as
the verb in E.). Doublet, sever.
Sepia, ink from the cuttlefish. (L.—
Gk.) L. sipia,^G\i. tnjwia, cuttle-fish,
sepia.
Sepoy. (Pers.) Pers. sipdki (pro-
nounced nearly as sepoy), a horseman,
soldier. — Pers. sipdh, sup&h, an army
(Horn, § 699).
Sept, a clan. (F.— L.) Used in the
1 6th cent, as synonymous with sect, of
which it is an arbitrary variant. Ducange
has Late L. septa for Ital. setta (< L.
secta^ ; and Wedgwood cites Prov. cepte, a
sect. See Sect.
September. (L.) L. September, the
seventh month of the Roman year. — L.
septent, seven. See Seven.
septenary. (L.) L. septenarius,
consisting of seven.— L. septhti, pi., seven
apiece. —L. septem, seven.
septennial. (L.) From L. septen-
niutn, a period of seven years. — L. septen-
nis, adj., of seven years. — L. sept-em, seven ;
ttfinus, year.
septnagesima. (L.) Lit. 'seventieth*
(day). — L. septudgesima {dies) seventieth
(day), fem. of septudgesimus, seventieth. —
L. septudginta, seventy. — L. septem, seven ;
'ginta, related to Gk. -Kovra, for ♦J^ifoiro,
froDi hiKa, ten.
Sepulchre. (F.-L.) O.Y.sepulcre.
— L. sepulcrum, ill-spelt sepulchrum, a
tomb. — L. septil-tus, pp. of sepelire, to
bury. Der. sepult-ure, from the pp. se-
pultus,
SeqneL (F.-L.) M.F. sequele, *a
sequell ; ' Cot. — L. sequela, a result. — L.
sequi, to follow. See below.
sequence. (F. - L.) O. F. sequence, a
sequence. — L. sequential sb., a following ;
from sequent; stem of sequens, pres. pt. of
sequt, to foUow.+Lith. j«^/t, to follow;
Gk. Sfiro/uat, Irish seich-im, I follow ; Skt.
sack, to follow. (VSEQ.) Brugm. i.
§ 118.
sequester. (F.-L.) U.F.sequestrer^
to sequester or lay aside. — L. seqttestrdre,
to surrender, lay aside. — L. sequester, a
mediator, trustee, agent. Prob. orig. * a
follower.'- L. sequt, to follow.
Sequin, a gold coin. (F. — Ital. — Arab.)
F. sequin ; Cot. — Ital. zecchino, a Venetian
coin. — Ital. z^f^a, a mint; Florio. — Arab.
sikka{t), pron. sikkah, a die for coins.
Serflbglio. (Ital. — L.) Misused in £. ;
the true sense is merely 'enclosure'; but
it was confused with Pers. sardy or serdi,
a palace, king's court, seraglio. Really
from Ital. serraglio, an enclosure ; formed
475
SERAI
with 6uffix*-^p/fi0 (<L. -dculum) from Late
1'. serdre^ to oar, to bolt, shut in. — L. sera,
a bar, bolt.—L. serere, to join together;
see Series. And see below.
Beraif a palace. (Pers.) Pers. serdi^
a palace (Horn, § 727).
oerapn. (Heb.) Coined from the pi.
form seraphim, — Heb. serdphim, s. pi.,
seraphs, lit. exalted ones (Gesenins).
SMrasUer, a Turkish general. (F.—
Turk. — Pers. and Arab.) F. siraskiery
s^rasquier. 'mTurk, serasker, chief of the
army, with a light sound of t after the k.
—Pers. sar, head (with initial sin)\ and
Arab, 'as^r, an army (Devic). The Pers.
sar is cognate with Skt. firasy head ; cf.
Gk. ndpOf bead. And see Sirdar.
Sere ; see Sear.
Serecloth ; see Oereoloth.
Serene. (L.) L. serenus, bright, clear.
Brugm. i. § 920 (4).
serenade. (F. - ital. - L.) M. F.
serenade. — Ital. serenata, music beneath a
lady's window; orig.fem.of pp. of serenare,
to make clear or to cheer, to be merry. —
la.serinuSf bright.
Serf. (F. - L.) F. serf, a servant. - L.
seruum, ace. of seruus, a slave. See
Serve.
Serge. (F.-L.-Gk.- Chinese?.) F.
serge, a silken stuff.— L. sSrica, fem. of
siricus, silken, the same as Siricus, belong-
ing to the Sires, "Gk, S^pcs, pi., Chinese;
cf. a4/>, a silkworm. The name Sires is
from the Chinese se, set, silk.
Sergeant, Seijeant.(F.-L.) M.£.
sergeant, sergant."0,¥, sergant, serjant,
an officer.— Late L. seruientem, ace' of
seruiens, an officer; orig. pres. pt. of
seruTre, to serve. See Serve.
SerieSi a row. (L.) L. serUs, a row.
— L. serere, to join or bind together (pp.
j^/«j).+ Gk. €fp€iv (for *a4pjf€tv); cf.
Lith. siris, a thread ; IceL sorvif a neck-
lace.
Serif, the short cross-Une at the end of
a stroke of a letter. (Du.) Adapted (with
ser- for Du. scAr-) from Du. schreef, M.Du.
schreve, a dash, short line. Allied to
O. H. G. screvon, to scratch, incise.
Serions. (F.-L.) O.F. serieux,"
Late L. siriosus^ serious. — L. sirius,
grave, earnest. Cf. G. schwer, heavy;
Lith. swarHts, heavy. See Sore (2).
Sermon. (F.-L.) F. sermon. ^L,,
sermdnem, ace. of sermo, a speech, dis-
course.
SETTLE
Serons ; see Serum.
Serpent. (F.-L.) F, serpent, "L.ser-
petUem, ace. of serpens, a serpent; orig.
pres. pt. of serpere, to creep. 4*Gk. ipnuv,
to creep; Skt. srp, to creep, sarpa-, a
snake. Brugm. i. $ 477. (ySERP.)
Serrated, notched like a saw. (L.) L.
serrdius, notched like a saw. — L. serra, a
saw.
Serried, crowded together. (F.— L.)
F. serrer, to compact, press close, lock.—
Folk-L. serrdre, for L. serdre^ to bolt. —
L. sera, a bolt— L. serere,^ to join. Cf.
Seraglio.
Senun, whey. (L.) L. serum, whey,
serum.^'Gk. bpoi, whey ; Skt. sara{s), adj.,
flowing, sb., whey. (^SER, to flow.)
But cf. Brugm. i. § 466. Der. ser-pus, adj.
Serve, p^.— L.) F,servtr."'L.serutre,
to serve.— L. seruus, a slave ; cf. serudre,
to keep, protect. Der. serv-ant, from
pres. pt. ot F. servir ; serv-ice, F. service,
L. seruitium ; serv-ile, L. seruilis ; serv-
itude, F. servitude, L. ace. seruitikHnem;
also seff, sergeant.
Service-tree, a kind of wild pear-tree.
(L. and £.) Service is a corruption of
serv-es (dissyllabic), the M. E. plural of
seff ox serve, the name of the fruit A. S.
^y^f-t ^^ fr^t of the service-tree; syrf-
triow, a service-tree (correctly, sirf-tree).
— L. sorbus, the tree; sorbum, its fruit
Session. (F. - L.) F. session,"!^,
sessidnem, ace. oi sessio, a sitting.- L. ses^
sus, pp. of sedire, to sit. See Sit.
Set (i). (E.) A. S. settan, to set, make
to sit ; causal of sittan, to sit (derived
from the 2nd grade ♦jfl/). + Icel. setja;
Dan. satte ; Swed. sdtta ; G. setzen ; Du.
zetten; Goth, satj'an; all causal forms.
Teut. type *satjan-. See Sit.
Set (2). When we speak of a set of
things, this is a variant of sect. The Late
Latin word is secta, common in old wills;
for which we also find setta,
Seton, an artificial irritation under the
skin. (F. — L.) F. sSton, in use in the
1 6th century ; the orig. sense is 'a thread.'
Formed (as if from Late L. *sitd) from
L. sita, a bristle, stiff hair. See Satin.
Settee, a seat with a long back ; appa-
rently an arbitrary variation of settle, sb.,.
which see below.
settle (i)f a long bench with a high
back. (E.) A. S. setl, a seat.-f-Goth. sitls ;
G. sessel; L. sella (for *sed-la). See
SeU (2), Sit.
476
SETTLE
settle (3), to fix, adjust. rE.) M. E.
setlen, A. S. setlan^ to fix ; also, to take
a seat, settle down as in a seat, from A. S.
setlt a seat ; see above. % Perhaps it may
have been aflfected by M. E. sahtlenf to
reconcile, A.S. sahtliatty sahtlian^Xo recon*
cile. •- A. S. seht^ sahtt reconciliation ;
borrowed from Icel. satt^ satt^ reconcili-
ation, peace ; which Noreen ($ 73) con-
nects with L. sanctus, holy.
Seven. (£.) A.S. seofrn^ sibun^^Y^Vi.
uven\ \ct\. sJaUf sjo \ Dan. jr^; Swed.
sjit ; G. sieben ; Goth, sibun ; L. septetn ;
Gk. kvra ; W. saith ; Irish seacht\ Russ.
semt\ Lith. sepiyni\ Skt. sapta, Idg.
type *sept9m, "Der, setfen^teeny A. S.
seofontyne ; seven-iy, A. S. hund-seofimtig
{hund being dropped) ; seven-th.
Sever, to separate. (F. — L.) O. F.
sevrer, -^ L. si/ardre, to separate. See
Separate. Der. dissetfer,
several, adj. (F.— L.) O.F.severa/,
—Late L. sipardle, a thing set apart. «iL.
siparare, to separate (above).
Severe. (F.— L.) 0,Y, seven.^Y,,
seueruSy severe, serious, grave. Der.
sever-iiy^ M. F. severity.
Sew (i)) to fasten with thread. (E.)
M. E. sowen, sewen, A. S. siwian^ to sew.
+Icel. j^'a; Dan. jry^j Swed.j;'; O.H.G.
siuwan ; Goth, siujan ; L. suere ; Lith.
suti\ "Ross, shite \ Skt. siv, to sew. Cf.
Gk. Kaff-a^€iy, to sew together; and see
Hymen. (-/SIW.)
Sew (a), to follow ; the same as Sue ;
see Sequence.
Sewer (i), a large drain. (F.-L.)
Frequently spelt sAors. From O. F. sewure,
seurviere, a sluice, channel for draining a
pond, -i Late L. type ^exaqudria, short
for Late L. exaqudtffrium^ a channel for
draining.— L. ex^ out ; aquat water. (The
derivation of £. ewer from L. aquaria is
parallel.)
Sewer (3), the officer who formerly set
and tasted dishes, &c. (E.) ' Seware, at
metey Depositor, dapifer, sepulator ; *
Prompt. Parv. [Hence M. E. sewen,, to
set meat, bring in dishes, &c.] The M. E.
seware^ sewere is short for assewer^ asseour
(N. E. D.). — O. F. asseour y one who sets
the table.— O.F. asseoir^ to set, place;
orig. to sit beside. — L. assidire^ to sit by.
— L. as-f for ad^ near ; sedire, to sit. See
Sit and Aaseas. % Perhaps confused with
M. K. sewy pottage, from A. S. siawy juice.
Sex. (F. — L.) F. sexe, — L sexum, ace.
SHADE
of sexus, sex ; also sectiSy n. Was it orig.
' division ; ' from sec'dre, to cut ? See Seg-
ment, Seoant. Der. sex-u-aly L. sexudlis.
Seicagenar^. (L.) L. sexdgendrius,
belonging to sixty. — L. sexdglnty sixty
each; distribute form of sexdgintay sixty.
— L. seXy six; and. -gintay related to
Gk. 'Kovray for *hiKovra^ from S^ico, ten.
See Six and Ten. .
sezagesima. (L.) L. sexaglsima
{diis)y i. e. sixtieth (day) ; fem. of sexdgisi-
muSy sixtieth, ordinal form of sexdgintay
sixty.
sexennial. (L.) From L. sexen-
niumy a period of six years.— L. seXy six;
annus, a year.
sextantf the sixth part of a circle.
(L.) L. sextant'y stem of sextanSy a sixth
part. — L. sext-us, sixth, from sex, six ;
with suffix -ans, like that of a pres. pt. of
a verb in -are.
Sexton ; see Saoriatan.
Sextupiet sixfold. (L.) Coined from
sextu-Sy sixth ; with suffix -pit (as in quad"
rU'ple)y answering to L. -//iV-, stem of
'Plex^ as seen in du-plex^ com-plex.
Shabby, mean. (£.) Also skabbed;
shabby and shabbed are the native £.
equivalents of the Scand. scal^ and
scabbed. See Scab. For the sense, cf.
scurvy (= scurjfy)\ E. Fries. schMigy
scabby, also miserable, mean.
SbacUe. (E.) A. S. sceaculy bond,
fetter ; orig. a loose bond ; from its shcdk*
ing about. <^ Icel. skokull, pole of a car-
riage, from skaka, to shake ; Swed. skakely
loose shaft of a carriage ; Dan. skagUy the
same. Cf. Swed. dial, skak, a chain. See
Shake.
Shad, a fish. (E.) A. S. sceadd.^Vroy,
G. schadey a shad ; cf. Irish sgadan, O. Irish
scatdny a herring; W. ysgadany pi., her-
rings.
Snaddock, a large species of orange.
(E.) Named from Captam Shaddocky who
first introduced it into the West Indies from
China, early in tlie eighteenth century*
Shade, Sbadow. (E.) Vi.Y..shad€y
shadwe. A. S. sceaduy shadow, fem. sb.
The M.E. shcuie is from the A.S. nom.
sceadu; the M. E. shadwe (mod. £.
shadow) is from the dat. case sceadwe,
-f Du. schaduWy Goth, skadusy shadow ;
477
SHAFT
G. schatten^ O. Irish scdth. Com. sc9d,
shade; Gk. aK&roi^ aMoria, gloom.
Shaft. (£.^ A. S. scea/ie, shaft of a
spear. 4'Icel. skap/, skaft, Dan. Sw. skaft ;
G. scJtqftf Da. schaclU (for schaft). Further
allied to L. scaptu^ a shaft, stem, stalk ;
Gk. ffic^wTpWf Dope tricSarrw, a staff,
sceptre. All apparently from Idg. root
*skapt to support. 2. Or else sSaf-t »
that which is shaven or cat smooth ; from
Shave, q.v.
Slia^. rough hair. (E.) A. S. sceacga,
hair. + Ice^* -f^^f Swed. skagg^ a beard,
Dan. />&f^/; beard, awn, wattle ; cf. Icel.
skaga, to jut out The orig. sense is ' rough-
ness.' See Shaw. Der. shagg-y^ adj.
Shag tobacco is rough tobacco.
flhlMpnum, a rough-grained leather.
(F. — "fnrkish.) F. chagrin. It was orig.
made of the skin of the back of the horse
or mule.* Turk, s&ghri^ saghrty back of a
horse, shagreen.
Shahy king of Persia. (Pers.) Pers.
shiihy a king. O. Pers. khsh&yathi^a^ a
king ; allied to Skt kshcUra{m)y dommion,
from kshi, to rule; cf. Gk. /crdoftm, I
possess. Lit. sense * ruler * ; Horn, § 772 ;
Brugm. i. § 020. See Check. "Der. pasha.
Sliake. (E>.) a. S. sceacaUy scacan, pt. t.
scffc, pp. sccuen.^\c&\, shaha, Sw. shahaj
Dan. shage. Teut. type *shahan-,
8hakO| a military cap. (F.— Hung.)
F. shaho. — Hungarian csako, a cap, shako ;
spelt tsdhff in Dankovsky's Magyar Lexicon,
p^ooo.
fitnale, a slaty rock.* (G.) G. scha/e, a
shell, peel, scale ; whence schai'gcbirge, a
mountain formed of thin strata. Hence
also O. F. esccUe and £. scale (i). See
Scale (i).
ShalL (E.) A. S. sceaiy I shall, I must ;
pt. t. sceoldcy I should, ought. The orig.
sense was ' to owe,' to be liable for ; cf.
Lith. skiitif to owe, be liable.^'Icel* skal,
pt t skyldi; Sw. shall \ Dan. shcU; Du.
zcU; G.soll; Goih, shcUyinfin, shulan. Cf.
G. schuldf debt, guilt ; Lith. skelitiy to be
liable. Brugm. i. % 795.
Shalloon, a light woollen stuff. (F.)
From ChalonSf in France, £. of Paris.
Shallop, a light boat. (F.~Du.) F.
chaloupe ^hence Span, chalupa^ 'a flat-
bottomed boat,* Minsheu (1023) ; Port.
chcUupcC\ . * Du. sloep^ a sloop. See Sloop.
Shallot, Shalot, a kind of onion. (F.
— L. — Gk. - Heb.) O. F. eschalote, variant
of fscalpgne, a shallot. — L. cucalonia, a
SHANK
shallot ; fern, of AscalSniuSy belonging to
Ascalon.«>Gk.'A(r4{^X«y,Ascalon; a chief
city of the Philistines. * Heb. Ashqelifn.
Shallow. (£.) M. £. schalawe ; cL
also schold, sehald, Barbour, Bruce, ix. 354;
for which see Shoal. An £. word ; but
of doubtful origin. However, M.E. schal-
owe is allied to M. £. schal-d, shallow, as
they have a common base schcU-, And
perhaps allied to Low G. schaaly schaligj
G. schal, insipid, stale (as liquids when
little is left in the vessel); c£ Du. ver-
schalen, to grow stale or flat.
Shalm ; see Shawm.
Sham. (£.) A London slang term, due
to Northern £. sham^ a shame, disgrace
(hence, trick). ' Wheea's sham is it ' =:
whose fault is it ? Whitby Glossary. See
Shame.
Shamhle, to walk awkwardly. (E.)
Lowl. Sc. shammelj shamble^ to rack the
limbs with long strides ; also, to distort ;
shamnul shat^s, crooked legs. Cf. £,
Fries, schamelf shamefaced, modest, also
poor, miserable ; O. Fries, shamel, poor;
Pu. schamel. If this connexion be right,
the adj. is formed from the sb. shame ; see
Shame.
Shambles. (L.) Orie. sUlls on which
butchers expose meat for sale ; pi. of
shamble, a bench, butcher's bench or stall.
A. S. scamel, a stool. — L. scameHum, a
stool, little bench; allied to scamnum,
step, bench, scabellum, foot-stool. L. scam-
num is for *scab-num, *5cap-num, allied
to sc&puSf a stem. Brugm. i. § 241.
Shame. (£•) A. S. sceamu, scamu.^
Icel. skomm ; Dan. Sw. skctm ; G. scham.
Allied to Goth, skanda, shame, G. schande.
Shamefiused, modest. (£.) Corrup-
tion of M. £. shamefast^ modest— A. S.
scamfast, lit. firm in shame, i.e. in modesty.
— A. S. scamu^ shame, modesty ; fiBst^ fast,
firm ; see Fast.
Shammy, Shamo7,a kind of leather.
(F.~G.) Orig.f^am^meather; see Blount
and Phillips. See Chamois.
Shampoo. (Hind.) Hindustani champ'
nd, to jom, to stuff, press, thrust in, sham-
poo ; from the kneading or pressure used
in the operation. Perhaps directly from
the imperative chdmpo of the same verb ;
Yule.
ShamJTOOk. (C.) Irish seamrogj trefoil,
dimin. of seamar, trefoil ; Gael, seamrag,
ffltfUiTf^ lower part of the leg. (£.)
A. S. sceanca, scanca, bone of the 1^.
478
SHANTY
SHEAR
4*Du. schonk, Dan. skank, Swed. skanJk,
Farther related to G. schenkel, shank ; G.
schinkeHy ham. Der. skink.
Sha&tyf A ^^' (Irish.) Said to be
from Irish sean^ old ; tighy a house.
Shape, vb. (£.) ^.K,schapen\ anew
formation from the sb. schapy A. S. ge^
sceap ; or from the pp., on the analogy of
sceacatiy pp. sceacen. The A. S. vb. is
sceppany scieppany with a weak infin. ; pt.
t. scopy pp. scapen, ^ Icel. skapa, Swed.
skapa^ Dan. skabe^ Goth, ga-skapjan, G.
schaffen ; Da. scheppen (weak). All from
Teut. type ^skapan-y ^skapjan-y pt. t.
*skdp^ Qi. Lith. skabetiy to cat, hew.
Brugm.i. $ 701.
Shard, Sherd, fragment. (E.) A. S.
sceardy a fragment ; lit. ' cat thing.' From
*skary and grade of *sker'an-y to shear.
See Shear. Cf. loel. skcuiiy a notch.
Der. pot-sherd,
share (i), a portion. (£.) A. S. scearu,
a shai%, part. From *skar (above).
share (3), a plough-share. (£.) A. S.
sceary ploagh-share. From the same.
Shark, a voracioas fish. (F. — L. ) The
name of the fish is from the Tador verb
to shark, to prowl ; to shark for a dinner,
to try to get one ; to shark for a living ;
see Cent. Diet. Prob. from North F.
(Picard) cherquiery equivalent to O. F.
cerchtr (£. search)^ later altered to mod.
F. chercher. Cf. cercher le brousty *to
hunt after feasts ; ' Cot. Godefroy lias two
examples of the spelling cherquur. Cf.
Ital. cercare del patUy * to shift for how to
live ; ' Torriano. *■ L. circdre, to go round.
i>L. circuSy a ring. See Search. If this
be right, to shark is a variant of to searchy
but was much used (formerly) in the sense
of to prowl about for a living. Hence
sharky sb. (i), a greedy fellow Qohnson) ;
(3) a greedy fish.
CQiarp. (£.) K^^.scearp.J^^Vi.scherPy
Icel. skarpTy Swed. Dan. skarpy G. scharf.
Tent, type *skarpoz. Prob. allied to
Scrape. Der. scarpy escarpment.
Shatter. (£.) M. £. schatereny to
scatter, to dash as a falling stream ; hence
to break in pieces. A. S. scaterian, to
scatter, A.S. Chron. 1137. Cf. £. Fries.
schattemy Du. schateretty to resound ; M.
Da. schettereuy to rattle. .See Scatter,
which is a doublet ; cf. Milton, Lye. 5.
Shave. (£•) k.^.sceafanyScafan^i^i,
t. scof, pp. scafen,<^T>xi, schaven ; Icel.
roj, p
fa\ S^
skafa\ Swed. skafvay Dan. skavey Goth.
skahattj G. schaben ; Uth. skapotiy to ahaVe,
cut, Russ. skopitCy to castrate, Gk. uKMtruVy
to dig: Cf. also L. scahere^ to scrape.
(VSQAB, SQAP.)* Brugm. i. f$ 569,
701.
Shaw, thicket. (£.) A.S. j^d;^a.-f Icel.
skogry a shaw, wood; Swed. skog^ Dan.
skWy North Fries, skdg. Allied to Icel.
sk<i^y a ness (Noreen) ; N. Fries, skage,
a nook of land ; cf. Icel. skagay to jut out.
Allied to Shag.
Shawl. (Pers.) TeTS.shdl (jpTon.shawt}y
a shawl, mantle.
Shawm, Shalm, a musical instrument.
(F.— L.— Gk.) O. F. cha/emie, a reed
pipe; allied to chaumey a straw; cf.
M. H. G. scha/mte.^'L, calamus, a reed.
■-Gk. iroXa/ios, a reed. See Haulm.
She. (£•) M. £. sche, scho ; also sea,
A. S. Chron. 1 140. In the Northumbrian
dialect, we find scho used as a dem. pro-
noun, though the A. S. seo is the fem. of the
def. article. The A. S. seo would have
become seey but this form never occurs;
rather, it became sed (Lind. sioy John iv.
23) ; whence (perhaps influenced by the
Icel. m. and f. demonstr. pron s/'d, that),
came Nortbumb. scho or sho; and this
seems to have suggested the Midland sche,
she, sje ; the true South, form being heoy
he (which caused confusion with the masc.
he), [We also find such forms as hyo,
hiOy hOy jhoy ^y mod. Lane. hoOy all from
hed,'\ The A. S. slo is the fem. of sey orig.
* that ; * cognate with Goth, sa, that.+Du.
tijy G. sie\ Icel. suy fem. of sdy that;
Goth, sdy fem. of sa, that ; Gk. ii, fem. of
6 ; Skt. sd, she, fem. oisa<y saSy he. For
Icel. sjd see Noreen, % 399. See Sweet,
£. Gr. % 1068.
Shea^. (£.) M. £. scheef. A. S. sceafy
a sheaf, pile of com shoved together. »
A. S. sciaf, and grade of scufariy to shove.
4- Du. schoofy Icel. skaufy Havar. schauby
sheaf; from Teut. *skaub, 2nd grade of
*skuban', to shove; see Shove.
Sheal, a temporary summer hut. (Scand.)
Also spelt shie/y skielin, shee/in.'^lctl,
skjdly a shelter, cover, Dan. Swed. skjuly
a shed; Icel. sl^li, a shed. Cf. Skt. siniy
to cover.
Shear. (£•) A. S. sceran^ pt. t. scary
pp. scoren.^YyMi, scheren, \cc\,skera, Swed.
skdra, Dan. skarey G. scheren, to shear,
Teut. type *skeran-y pt. t. *skary pp. ^skor-
anoz. Allied to O. Ir. scar-aim, I separate,
Gael, sgary to sever ; W. ysgary to part ;
479
SHEATH
Gk. K9l(ittv (for *(ff)it4fiytw)f to cut ; Lith.
kirwis, an axe. (^^SQER.) Brugm. i.
§§5151631.
BnaatlL • (E.) A. S. seeOB^ scSO, a
theath, orig. that which separates, hence
a husk, shell, pod. 4* I^' schude^ Dan.
skede^ Swed. skida^ G. schtide^ a sheath ;
Icel. skeidir, fern, pi., a sheath (lit. things
that separate or open). All from the
Tent, base *skaith ; for which see Shed
( I ) . Der. sheathe y vb.
Shebeen, a liqnor-shop. (Irish— E.)
Apparently a dimin. (with suffix -tfi) of
Irish seapa^ a shop. * £. shop ; see Shop.
Blied ( I )) to part, pour, spi 1 1. (£.) Orig.
' to separate.' A. S. sceadan^ scSdan^ pt. t.
sceady scld, pp. sceSden^ to shed; whence
M. E. schiden^ weak verb (with long e^ but
the e has becoi shortened, the pt. t. being
shadde or shedde), + Goth, skaidan^ G.
scheiden^ to part; O. Sax. skedan, O. Fries.
sheda, skida. From Tent, base *skeith^
varying to *skeid, to split (see Shide) ; or
from the 2nd grade ^skaith^ *skaid. The
Idg. root would, regularly, be *skheity but
we only find V^KHEID; cf. Gk.(rx(C«*'>
for *ax^6y€iv, to cleave; L. scindere, to
cut ; ilth. skedziu, I separate. All from
an older V^^^^^* Brugm. i. §§ aoi, 599.
Shed (a), a slight shelter, hut. (E.) O.
Kentish shed (written ssed), shade; a
dialectal form; Ayenbite of Inwyt. See
Shade.
Sheen, fairness, splendour. (E.) M. E.
schene, adj., fair. A. S. sclfUy sciene, scynSf
fair, * showy ; ' allied to sciawioHy to show,
see. "^ O. Sax. sconif adj. ; Du. schoon,
adj. ; G. schiht, adj. ; cf. Goth, thta-skauns,
of like appearance. Teut. type *skau-
nizy < showy;' see Show. % Not allied
to shine.
Sheep. (E.) A. S. sceaPi scip ; pi. un-
changeoT + O. Sax. skdp ; Da. schaap ;
G. schaf. Teut. type *skStpom^ neut.
Sheer (1)1 bright, pure, perpendicular.
(Scand.) A shur descent is a clear (un-
broken) one. M.E. shere^ bright. — Icel.
sktBTTy Dan. skoTy sheer, bright ; Teut type
*skairis, Cf Icel. sktrr, A. S. scir^ bright ;
G. schier,Go^.skeirs{'TtvX,tYpt *skeiroz)\
from the base {*sket') of the verb to shine;
see Shine (Noreen). ^ The sh (for sh)
is due to A. S. sdr. Der. Sheer- ThurS'
dayy the day before Good Friday ; cf. Icel.
shtra, to cleanse, baptize.
Sheer (a), to deviate from one's course.
(Dn.) Du. scheren, to shear, cut, with-
SHELTER
draw, go away; scheerje van hier, sheer
off! (Sewel). Cf. Low G. schere hen, get
out I See Shear.
Sheet. (E.) M.E. Scheie. Anglian
sciief A. S. scieie, scyie, a sheet ; also (with-
out mutation) sceaiy scedta, a corner, nook,
fold of a garment, comer of a sail, hence a
sheet or rope fastened to a comer of a sail,
called in A. S. sciat-ltne (sheet •line).
Cf A. S. sciat, and grade of sceotan, to
shoot, hence to jut out. The orig. sense
of sheet was * projection,* hence * comer,'
&c.4-Icel. skauty comer, sheet of a sail;
Swed. skote^ the lap; Du. schooty shoot,
sprig, sheet ; Goth, shauts, hem of a gar-
ment; G. schooss, flap of a coat, lap,
bosom. All from Teut *skauty and grade
of *skeutan'y to shoot ; see Shoot.
Sheel^anchor, an anchor to be ' shot '
out in emergency. (E.). From prov. E.
sheety M.E. schetenyA.S. sciotan, to shoot
See Shoot.
Sheik, a chief. (Arab.) Arab, sheikhy
an elder, chief; orig. sense ' old.'
Shekel* a Jewish weight and coin.
(Heb.) Heb. sheqely a shekel (weight).*
Heb. shdqaly to weigh.
SheUnah. (Heb.) It signifies the
visible presence of God ; lit. ' dwelling.' »
Heb. shekan&hy dwelling. * Heb. j^^^^n,
to dwell.
Sheldrake. (E.) ¥or sheld-drakeyiJt,
variegated or spotted drake. Cf. Orkney
sheld'fowly a sheldrake (Cent. Diet.).
^ Sheldy flecked, party-coloured;' Coles
(1684). M.E. sheldis a shield; and the
allusion is to the patch round the breast
Cf. A. S. scildy a shield, used also of part
of a bird's plumage (Grein). So also IceL
j>^^7</»;i^r, a sheldrake, skjolddttTy dappled,
from skjbldry a shield. See Shield.
Shelf. (E.) U,^, schelfey shelfe, A.S.
scilfe\ story (of a building), shelf. Orig.
a thin piece, flake; allied to shell and
j>bV/.+Low G. schelfy a board, shelf; cf.
schelfem, to flake off; also E. Fries.
schalfevy schilfery a chip, splinter; Du.
schilfeVy a scale. Extended forms, from
the root of Skill and Scale.
Shell. (E.) M. E. shelUy sb. A.S.
scelly scyll + Du. schel\ Icel. skel\ Goth.
skalja, a tile. Teut. type *skaljay fem.
The sense is ' thin flake ' ; cf. Swed. skaloy
to peel. See Scale, Skill. Der. shelly
verb.
Shelter. (E.) A curious development
of M. K. sheldtrumcy a body of guards or
480
SHELVE
troops, a sqnadron ; freauently spelt shel*
trottf sheltrun \ it came to mean a guard
or protection of any kind (P. Plowm.,
Halliwell).— A. S. scildiruma, lit. 'shield-
troop,* a gnard. — A. S. scild, shield ;
trutna, a band of men, allied to trum^
firm. See Shield and Trim.
Shelve, to slope down. (£.) A deri-
vative of shelft bat the connexion is not
clear. A shelf came to mean a slab of
stratified rocks, also a sand-bank; and
the sense of ' slope * prob. refers to the
sloping edges of the latter. Torriano
translates M. Ital. stralare by *to shelve
or go aside, aslope, awry ' ; a sense per-
haps suggested by M. Du. scheel, awry,
G. schel, scheeU
Shepherd. (£.) A.S« sceaphyrde^ a
keeper of sheep; see Herd (2). Der.
shepherd-ess.
Sherbet, a drink. (Arab.) Arab.
sharbaty a drink, draught, sherbet, syrup.
— Arab, root shariba^ he drank. Der.
shrub (a), syrup.
Sherd jsee Shard.
Shere-Thnrsday; see Sheer (i).
Sheriff. (E.) For shire-reeve, A. S.
sctr-gerifa, a shire-reeve; see Shire and
Heeve. Der. sheriff-al-ty^ usually spelt
shrievalty.
Sherrr* (Span.— L.) Formerly sher-
ris\ sh being an old pron. of Span. x.
— Span. Xeres, a town in Spain, near
Cadiz. — L. Casaris^ gen. case of Casar^
proper name (Dozy).
Shew ; see Show.
Shibboleth, a test-word of pronun-
ciation. (Heb.) Heb. shibbdleth^ an ear
of com, also a river ; see Judges xii. 6.
Shide, a thin piece of board. (E.) A.S.
scid, a billet of wood; from the base
{*5keid) of the verb to shed.'^loiSiX. skid,
G. scheit, a billet ; O. Irish sciath, a shield.
See Shed, Sheath.
Shield. (E.) A. S. scildy sceld.-^Tyvi.
schildy Icel. skjoldr, Dan. skiold, Swed.
skoldf Goth. skilduSf G. schild, Teut.
type *skelduz, m. Perhaps ^ thin board ' ;
of. Lith. skel'ti^ to split.
Shieling; see Sheal.
Shift. (E.) M. E. schiften, to divide,
change, shift, remove ; orig. ' to divide.'
A. S. sciftaftf to divide, -f Icel. skipta
(for skiftd), to divide, part, shift, change ;
Swed. skifia, Dan. skiftef the same. Allied
to Icel. skifuy to cut into slices, ski/ay a
slice, prov. £. shive, a slice, sheave^ a
SHINGLES
wheel of a pulley, Du, schijf, G. scheibe,
a slice, disc. See Shiver (2).
Shillelagh, an oaken stick used as a
cudgel. (Irish.) Named from Shillelagh,
a barony in Wicklow famous for oaks. It
means 'descendants of Elach* ; from Irish
siol, seed, descendants.
Shilling. (E.) A. S. scilling. -|- Du.
schellingi Icel. skillingr\ Dan. Swed.
shilling; Goth, skilliggs (for *shillings);
G. schilling, fi. The suffix -ing is a
diminutive which occurs also in E. farth-
ing, and in A. S. pen-ing, a penny. The
base is either *skel', to resound, ring; or
*skil-i to divide ; see Skill. Reason for
the name uncertain; but of. Swed. skil-
jemynt, Dan. skillemynt^ small change,
small money.
Shillyshally. (E.) Formerly shitt
/, shall 7; a reduplicated form ol shall L
Shimmer, to glimmer. (£.) A.S.
sHmrian, frequent, form of sciman,samian,
to shine, allied to sdnan^ to shine; see
Shine.'-^Du. schemeren; Swed. shimra;
G. schimmem. Cf. O. H. G. scimo, a
bright light, Icel. sktmi, a gleam, Irish
sgeimh, sgiamh, beauty.
Shin. (E.) A. S. scinu; also san*
bdn, shin-bone. -^ Du. scheen ; G. schiene,
also a splint ; Swed. shen-ben, Dan. skinne-
been, shin-bone. Orig. sense perhaps
< thinly covered bone,' and allied to Skin
(Franck ; doubtful). Cf. A. S. scla, shin.
Shine. (£•) A. S. sctnan, pt. t. scdn^
pp. scinen. <4- Du. schijnen^ Icel. sktna ;
Dan. shinne; Swed. shina ; Goth, sheinan;
G.scheinen. (BaseSKEI.) Cf. Sheer (1%
Shimmer.
Shingle ( i ) > a wooden tile. (L.) M. E.
shingle, corruption oi shindle (Minsheu),
as shewn by the corresponding G. schindelj
a shingle, splint, thin piece of wood.-i
L. scindula, a shingle, as if from L. scin^
dere, to cleave; but really for scandula,
a shingle.
Shingle (2), coarse round gravel on the
sea-shore. (Scand.) Corruption of Norweg.
singl or singling, coarse gravel, shingle,
named from the crunching or ringing noise
made by walking on it.— Norweg. singla,
to ring, tinkle, Swed. dial, singla (the
same) ; frequent form of Swed. dial, singa,
the same word as E. sing; see Sixig. Cf.
Lowl. Sc. chingle, shingle, allied to chink.
Shingles. (F. — L.) A variant of
sengles, pi. of the old word sengle^ a girth ;
the disease encircling the body like a belt.
481
SHIP
SHORE
- O. North. F. chmgUt O. F. cit^h,
sangU^ 'a girth, a sengle;' Cot. — L.
cingula^ a belt.— L. cingtrty to surround;
see Oinctore.
Ship. (E.) « A. S. scip, -f Du. schip,
Icel. ^py Dan. skib^ Swed. skepp^ Goth.
skip, G. j^rAi^. Teut type ^skipom^ neut.
Hence skiffs skipper^ equip.
Shire. (£.) A.S.jrfr, a shire, province;
orig. ' employment, government.* Cf. A. S.
scirian, to appoint, allot ; O. H. G. scira^
business. % Not allied to Shear.
Shirk. (F.-L. ?) The verb to shirk
seems to be a variant of sherk or shark, to
prowl about; hence, to act in a paltry
way, to keep out of danger. See Shark.
Shirt. (E.) yLE,shirU,shurte. A.S.
j<7r/^. — A.S. scortf short; see Short. 4*
Icel. skyrta, a shirt, kind of kirtle ; Swed.
skjorta, Dan. skiorte. So called because
short. Doublet^ skirt,
Shittah-tree, Shittim-wood.
(Heb.) Shittim is a pi. form. - Heb.
shittdhy pi. shittim, a kind of acacia (the /
is teth). Of Egypt, origin (Gesenius).
Shive, Sheave ; see Shiver (a).
Shiver (i), to tremble. (E.) For-
merly shever, in Baret (1580); M. E.
chiueren, cheturen {chiveren, cheveren\
where ch stands for earlier €{k), as if from
an A. S. *cifer^ which I suppose to be a
variant of rwi)'^r. SeeQniyer (i). ^The
spelling with sh was due to confusion with
the word below.
Shiver (2), a splinter, small piece of
wood. (E.) A shiver is a small piece ;
hence to shiver y to break in pieces. Again,
shiver is the dimin. of shive, a thin slice,
the same as prov. £. sheavey a thin disc of
wood, wheel of a pulley. E. Fries, schtfe,
schive, schtfy N. Fries, sktv, skeev, 4* Du.
schijf'y Icel. ski/ay Dan. skive, Swed.
sktfva; G. scheide, a slice. Teut. base
*skeidy Idg. root *skeip ; whence Gk.
(TKOiiroty a potter's disc (Hesychius). See
Shift.
Shoal (i)y a multitude of fishes, a troop)
crowd. (E.) Spelt shole in Spenser ; M. £.
sco/e, a troop, throng, crowd. A. S. sco/Uy
a troop.^-O. Sax. sko/dy a troop, band;
Du. schooly a shoal. Teut. type *skuld,
fem. ; from *skul-j weak grade of *skel'y to
separate, set apart. See Skill. % The
sailor's phrase ^ a school of fish ' exhibits
the Du. form of the same word ; it also
appears as scully Troil. v. 5. 22.
Shoal (2), n shallow, a sandbank. (£.")
Orig. an adj., meaning *• shallow,' formerly
shole; lA,i,shoid or shald', see Shallow.
A.S. scecddy shallow; found in place-
names. Cf. Pomeran. scholl, shallow
water ; and note E. old, prov. £. oie, from
O. Merc, old, A. S. eald.
Shear, a prop; see Shore (2).
Shock (i), a violent jolt. (£.) M. li.
schekken^ to shock, jolt. E. Fries, schok*
ken.'^'Dvu schoky sb., schokken, vb. ; Low
G. schokken, schukken, vb. ; O. H. G.
scoc, sb. (whence F. choc, sb., chequer, vb.).
Cf. G. schaukel, a swing. See Shog.
Shock (2), a pile of sheaves of com.
(E.) M. £. schokk€,'^W. Du. schocke, a
shock, cock, heap; so called from being
tossed together; from M. Du. schocken, to
jolt, shock, cock, heap up; see Shock (i)
above. Cf. Swed. skock, a heap, flodc;
Dan. dial, skok, N. Fries, skocky a heap of
six sheaves.
Shock (3\ a rough-coated dog. (E.)
Shock'headedvi rough-headed, with shaggy
hair. Perhaps from Shock (2), a heap.
Shoddy, a material obtained from tear-
ing intonbres old woollen goods. (E."^
Etym. uncertain ; but cf. Devon shod, shed,
spilt, M.E. schoden, scheden, to separate;
see Shed.
Shoe. (E.) IA.,'E., scho, A.S.sced,sc0h;
pi. sceos, scifs, ^Du, schoen; Icel. skdr\
Swed. and Dan. sko; Goth, skffhs; G.
schuh, Teut type *skdhoz^ masc.
Shog, to jog on. (E.) l/L,lLschoggen,
to jog ; variant of schokken, to jolt. See
Shook (i) ; and cf. Jog.
Shoot. (E.) A. S* Jr^/tf», later form
of sciotan, str. vb. [with eo for fo as in
choose"] ; pt. t. sciaty pp. scoten, of which
only the pp. shotten is preserved (in the
phrase shotten herring- a herring that has
lost its iQ€),^I>xi, schieten', Icel. skjota\
Dan. skyde; Sw. sk/uta; G. sckiessett.
Teut. type *skeuian-y pt. t. *skauty pp.
*skutanoz, Brugm. i. § 625.
Shop. (E.) A. S. sceoppa, a stall, booth.
Allied to scypen, a pen for cattle. + Low
G. schuppy a shed ; G. schoppen, a shed,
covert ^whence O. F. eschoppe, a shop).
Shore (0* strand of a lake or sea. (£.')
M. E. schore. A. S. score (Somner) ; cf.
A.S. scoren clif, a shorn cliff, precipice.
Cf. A. S. SCOT', weak grade of sceran, to
shear. See Shear.
Shore (2), Shear, a prop. (E.) M.E.
schore. Not in A. S. E. Fries, sch&r,
schore (also schdr, schare)y a prop. Cf.
482
SHORE
A. S. sceoriatif to project, jut out. + Du.
schoor, a prop ; M. Du. schooren, to under-
prop; Norweg. skora, prop. Cf. also
Icel. skortStty a prop, stay, esp. under a
boat; skortia^ vb., to under-prop, shore up.
Shore (3), a sewer; see Sewer.
Short. (E.) A. S. sceort, short Cf.
Du. schortenj to lack (fall short), Icel.
skortr^ shortness, O. H.G. scurz^ short.
The Teut. base would appear to be *sktrt-,
to cnt ; as if extended from *sker-, to cut ;
see Shear. Cf. also Icel. skarifr, dimin-
ished, cut down. % But as the G. kurz
is from L. curius, short, it is usual to
explain all these words as borrowed from
a L. type *ex-curtus ; which is improbable.
Shot. (E.) M. E. schot. A. S. scot, a
shot, ge-sceot, implements for shooting ; cf
A. S. scot-f weak grade of sceotan, to shoot.
^Icel. skot, Du. schot f a shot, shooting;
G. sckuss, a shot. See Shoot.
Shoulder. (£.) A. S. sculder, sculdor.
^Du. schouder, Swed. skuldra, Dan. sktd-
der, G. schulter. Perhaps allied to O. H.
G. skerti, the shoulder ; cf. also O. H. G.
harti, the shoulder-blade.
Shout. (E.) M. E. skouten ; Chaucer,
Troil. ii. 614. Cf. Icel. skutUf skuti, a
taunt ; see Soout (2).
Shove. (E.) M. E. sAouvm, A. S.
sctl/an, pt. t. scM/f pp. scofen, to shove.4'
Icel. skufa\ Du. schuiven, G. schieben
(pt. t. sckob) ; Goth, skiuban. Teut. type
*skeubaiP- or *skuban-f pt. t. *skaubf pp.
*skubanoz, CC Lith. skubhs, quick, hasty,
industrious; Skt. ksubh, to become agitated,
kshobha-, agitation. Brugm. i. % 99a.
BhOTOl. (E.) A. S. scojly a shovel, for
lifting and shoving; cf. A.S. scof-, weaker
grade oiscufan (above). +Du. schoffel\ G.
schaufel, 0.>H. G. skuwUa ; a form which
makes a connexion with shove doubtful.
Der. shovel-er, a kind of duck.
Show, Shew. (E.) M. £. schewen, vb.
A. S. sciawian, to see, behold ; later, to
make to see,, point out, show.4"I^> schou-
wen, Dan. skue, G. schaueny to behold.
Cf. Goth, us-skaws, cautious, wakeful.
Teut. base *skaw, Idg. root *skau ; cf. Gk.
$vo'aK6os, an inspector of an offering ; also
L. cau-irOy to heed, cau-tus, watchful;
Gk. KOfUf I observe; Skt. hav-i-, wise.
From the same root we have cautious.
Brugm. i. §§ 163, 639. Der. sheen,
scavenger,
. Shower. (E.) M. E. schour, A. S.
scur, + D»» schoer ; Icel. skiir \ Swed.
SHmNK
skur\ Goth, skiira, a storm; G. schauer,
O. H. G. sciir, Brugm. i. § 627.
Shred. (E.) M. E. shrede, sb. A. S.
scriade, -f-M.Du. schroode, a shred (Kilian) ;
Pomeran. schrood. From Teut. *skraudy
2nd grade of *skreud- ; for which see
Shroud.
ShreWy a scold. (E.) M. K shrewe^
adj., applied to both sexes, wicked, bad.
A. S. screawa, a shrew-mouse, fabled to
have a very venomous bite. Der. shrew,
to curse., talk like a shrew ; be-shrew,
shrewdy malicious, cunning. (E.) The
old sense is * malicious.* M. £. schrexved,
accursed, depraved, hence malicious; pp.
of schrewen, to curse, from the adj. schrewe,
malicious, bad (above).
shrew-UOIISev an animal like a
mouse. (E.) A. S. screawa ; see Shrew
(above).
Shriek. (E.) A native form of
screech; from M. E. schriken, to shriek.
See Soreeoh. Imitative ; see Shrike.
Shrievalty ; see Sheriff.
Shrifti confession. (L.) A. S. scHft,
confession, prescribed penance. Cf. A. S.
serif', weak grade of scrtf-an, to shrive, to
impose a penance ; ult. of L. origin ; see
Shrive. 4- Icel. skript, Swed. skHft, Dan.
skrifie; Du. and G. schrift, writing. See
Shrive.
Shrike, the butcher-bird. (£.) Cf.
Westphalian schrtky a shrike; Icel. skrikja,
a shrike, lit ' shrieker,' from Icel. skrikja,
to titter, orig. to shriek, and allied to Icel.
skrakja, to screech. See Shriek and
Screech.
Shrill. (E.) M.E. shHl\ cf. Lowl.
Scotch skirl, a shrill cry, skirl, to cry
aloud. Cf. E. Fries, schrel. Low G. schrell,
G. schrill, shrill ; A. S. scralletan, to cry
aloud; Norweg. skryla, skrala, to cry
shrilly. From Teut. root *skrel (2nd grade
*skred)t to cry aloud.
Shrimp. (E.) M. E. shrimp ; cf. Lowl.
Scotch scrimp, to straiten, scnmpit, dwarf-
ish. A parallel form to shrink ; cf. A. S.
scrimman, to shrink ; Dan. dial, skrimpe,
a lean cow. See the traces of O. Swed.
skrimpa, strong verb, to contract, in mod.
Swed. dialects (Rietz) ; and cf. M. H. G.
schrimpfen, to shrink, G. schrumpfen,
Dan. skrumpen, shrivelled ; Du. sckrompe,
a wrinkle. See Shrink.
Shrine. (L.) A. S. scrm, a box. — L.
scrtnium, chest, box.
Shrink. (E.) A. S. scrincan^ pt. t.
483
SHRIVE
scranc, pp. scruncen^ to contract, shilvel
np.4'M. Du. schrinken, to shrink, grow
smaller ; Swed. skryn^a, a wrinkle. AUied
to Shrimp, Shrus.
ShriTej see Shrove -tide.
ShriTel. (E.) In Shak. An £. word.
4-Swed. dial, skryvla, to shrivel up, to
wrinkle; skryvla, a wrinkle. Perhaps
allied to Swe^. skroflig, rough, and to G.
ichroff, rugged.
Shroud. CE.) A. S. scrUdy garment,
clothing. ^Icel. skru9f ornament, shrouds
of a ship ; Dan. and Swed. skrud^ dress,
attire. Orig. a ' shred ' of stuff, a piece cut
or torn off ; cf. A. S. screade ( = mod. £.
shred). The Teut. base is *skreudy to cut ;
the and grade *skraud appears in Shred,
q.v. Cf. L. scriita, broken bits? Der.
scroll.
Shrove-tide, Shrove-Tuesday.
(L. and £.) The time for shrift or con-
fession. The sb. shrove is formed from
shrove^ 2nd grade oi shrive (M. E. schriuen^
pt. t. S€hroof),^A..^. scrifan^ to shrive,
impose a penance, pt. t. scrSf^ pp. scrif-en
(whence scrif-t^ shrift). +0. Fries, skriva
(pt. t. skrif) ; O. Sax. skrf9an, to write ;
Du. schrijven (pt. t. schreef) ; Dan. skrrve
(pt. t. skrev) ; Swed. skrifoa (pt. t. skref) ;
G. schreiben (pt. t. schrieb). Teut. type
*skreiban-, pt. t. *siraib, pp. *shribanoz.
Conjugated as a genuine Teut verb, but
probably an early borrowing from Lat
scribere, to write. See Scribe.
Shrub (i), a low dwarf tree. (£.) M. E.
schrob. A. S. *scrob, a shrub; whence
scrybb, underwood. Cf. prov. E. shruff,
light rubbish wood, scroff^ refuse of wood ;
Norw. skrubba, the dwarf cornel; £.
dial, scrub, underwood ; Dan. dial, skrub,
brushwood.
Shrub (a), a drink, chiefly made with
rum. (Arab.) Arab. 5^iV^, j^i^r^, a drink.
— Arab, root shariba, he drank. See
Sherbet.
Shrug. (E.) M. £. j^rAi^ff, to shiver.
The ola sense was to shrink, shrink up.
Cf. Dan. skrugge^ shruhhe, to stoop ; Swed.
dial, shruhha, skrugga^ to huddle oneself
together, allied to skrinka, to shrink,
Norw. skrukken^ shrunken. See Shrink.
Shudder. (E.) M. E. schoderen,
schuderen.' Low G.schuddem; Dan. dial.
skuddrCj to shudder. A frequentative
verb. Cf. £. Fries, schiidden, to shake ;
O. Sax. skuddiaftf to shake; M. Du.
schtidden, to shake, tremble. Also G.
SICCA
schullelftf to shake, frequent, of O. H. G.
shillan.
Shuffle. (£•) Frequentative of shove.
£. Fries, schuffeln, to shuffle along, from
schufeu^ to shove, push. Cf. scuffle, which
is the frequentative of Swed. skuffa, to push,
shove. See Scuffle.
Shun. (E.) M. £. shunien^ shonien,
A. S. scunian, to shun, avoid ; orig. sense
(perhaps) to hurry away, hasten. Cf. Icel.
skunda, skynda, Swed. skynda sig, Dan.
skyndty to hasten, huny, speed. Der.
scoundrel, schooner.
Shunt. (£.) Prov. £. shunt, to turn
aside ; M. £. shunten, to start aside, avoid.
Perhaps allied to Shun (above).
Shut. (E.) M. £. shutten, shitten.
A.S. scyttan^ to shut; to fasten a door
with a bolt (called a shuttle). We still
say 'to shoot a bolt.' The A.S. scyttan
is a weak verb ; cf. scut-, weak grade of
sciotan, to shoot. 4- Du. schutten, G. schiit-
zen (from the same grade). See Shoot.
shuttle. (£.) So called from being
shot across the threads in weaving. M. E.
schitel, also a bolt of a door; A. S. scyttel,
a bolt. Formed , with suffix -el of the agent,
from Teut. *skut^K. S. scut^, weak grade
of sceotan, to shoot.^-Dan. skytte, skyttel,
a shuttle; cf. Du. schiet'spoel, a shuttle,
lit. ' shoot-spool.* Der. shuttle-cock ; from
its being shot backwards and forwards
like a shuttle, and because furnished with
feathers. % Not for shuttle-cork.
Shuttle-cook ; see above.
Shy. (£•) M. £. shey, scheouh, said of
a shy horse.— A.S. sceoh, timid; cf. £.
Fries. j^^V.+Dan. sky, shy ; Swed. skygg,
skittish, shy, coy; Du. schuw, shy; (j.
scheu, timid, shy, M. H. G. schiech, Teut.
type *skeuhoz. See Ssohew*
Si-Sy.
Siamaugi a large ape. (Malay.)
Malay si&mang,
Sibf related. (£.) A. S. sibb, akin to ;
see G-ouip. Cf. M. Swed. sif, akin to.
Sibilanty hissing. (L.) L. sibilant-,
stem of pres. part, oistbildre, to hi8s.-iL.
sibilus, hissing. Imitative.
Sihyl. (L. - Gk.) L. Sibylla. - Gk.
'SifivXXa, a Sibyl or prophetess.
SicOAy in phr. sicca rupee, newly coined
rupee. (Hind. — Pers. — Arab.) Hind.
sikka^ a die for coining. » Pers. sikka{h) , the
484
SICK
same. -"Arab. sikka{h)y sakk, the same.
Rich. Diet., pp. 839, 837. Cf. Sequin.
Sick. (E.) M. E. sik, sik. A. S. sioc.
•f Du. 2tek\ Icel. sjukr; Dan. syg", Swed.
sj'uk; G. sieck; Goth, sinks, which is
related to Goth. siukaUy to be ill (pt. t.
sank), Teut. type *seukoz,
Sioker, Siker, certain, secure. (L.)
M. E. siker. Borrowed from Late L.
sicurus, for L. siciirus, secure ; whence also
O. Fries, siker, sikur, Du. zeker, G. sicker,
O. H. G. sickur, Swed, saker, Dan. sikker,
W. sicr. See Secure.
Sickle. (L*) A. S. sicoL^Ju, secula,
a sickle, cntter. — L. sec-dre, to cut. See
Secant. Cf. Scythe, Saw (i).
Side. (E.) M. E. side, A. S. side, side ;
allied to A. S. sid, long, wide. 4- Da. zijde ;
Icel. sitia (allied to Icel. sidr, long, hang-
ing down); Dan. side\ Swed. stda", G.
seiie»
Sidereal, starry. (L.) For sideral,
from L. siderdlis, relating to the stars. — L.
stder-, for *stdes', stem of sidus, a star.
Cf. consider.
Sidesmen. (E.) Officers chosen to
assist a churchwarden; also called side-
men, i.e. men at one's side. Cf. L. assessor,
one who sits beside another.
Siege. (F.— L.) The orig. sense was
* seat, or * a sitting down,* esp. in order to
besiege a town. — O. F. si€^, a seat, throne ;
F. sii^. Not immediately from L. sedes,
but from a verb answering to a Lat. type
*sedicdre; cf. Late L. assedium, a siege,
for L. obsidium, a siege; both words
being due to L. sedere, to sit; see Se-
dentary. Der. be-siege, with £. prefix.
Sienna, a pigment. (ItaL) Made from
earth of Sienna, a place in Tuscany.
Sierra, a chain of hills. (Span. — L.)
Span, sierra J a saw, an outline of hills. »
L. serra, a saw.
Siesta, ori^. a noon-day nap. (Span.
— L.) Span, siesta, the hottest part of the
day, the time for a nap, gen. from one to
three o'clock. But orig. 3ie sixth hour, or
noon. ■- L. sexta (jUfra), sixth hour, noon ;
fem. of sextus, sixth. — L. sex, six.
Sieve. (E.) M. E. sive, A.S. sife;
oldest spelling sibi (8th cent.).4-Du. zee/;
G. sieb. Teut. types *sibiz, *siboz, neut. ;
cf. Lith. sijote, to sift.
sift. (E.) A. S. si/tan, to sift ; allied
to A.S. sife, a sieve. -^Du. ziften, to sift,
zift, a sieve ; zeef, a sieve.
Sigkyvb. (E.) Vl^H, sighen, zX'&o syken.
SILLABUB
A. S. stcan, to sigh, pt. t. sac (in on-sdc),
pp. sicen, Cf. Swed. sucka, Dan. sukke,
to sigh, groan. Of imitative origin.
Sight. (E.) U,Ti. sight. A,S.'Sikt,
gesint, commonly gesikO, Verbal sb. allied
to A.S. sion, to see. '^ Dn. gezigt; Dan.
sigte ; Swed. sigt ; G. stckt. See See.
Sign. (F.-L.) 0,¥.signe,^'L.signupt,
a mark. Der. sign^ vb. ; sign-at-ure, from
the pp. of the L. verb signdre, to sign.
Bm^. i. § 763 (3). Der. sennet.
Signal. (F. - L.) ' F. signal ^ Late L.
signdle, sb., neut. of L. signdlis, belonging
to a sign. — L. signum, a sign.
signet. (F.-L.) F. signet', dimin.
of F. signe ; see Sign (above).
signify. (F.-L.) ¥,signifier,Xo\i^
token. — L. significdre, to shew by signs. —
L. signi'j for signum, a sign ; -ficdre, for
facere, to make.
Signer. (Ital. — L.) \\»S., signore, m,
— L. ace. seniorem ; see Seignior.
Silence. (F. - L.) F. silence. - L.
sileniium, silence. — L. silent- , stem of pres.
pt. of silire, to be silent. Cf. Goth, ana^
silan, to be silent. Der. silent, from L.
silent-, stem of silens, pres. pt. of silere,
Silex, flint. (L.) L. silex (stem silic-),
flint. Der. silic-a, Brugm. i. $ 980.
Silhouette. (F.) This meagre form
of portrait, made by tracing the outline of
a shadow, was named (in derision) after
l^tienne de Silhouette, French minister of
finance in 1759.
Silk. (Chinese ?) A.S. seolc, seoluc (cf.
milk, A. S. meolc^ ; Icel. sUki ; Ch. Slav.
shelkit(Riiss, shelJ^) , Perhaps from Chinese
se, sei, silk ; cf. L. Sericum, silk, neut.
of Sericus, adj., belonging to the Sires',
from Gk. 2$/>cs, pi., Chinese. See Serge.
Sill, base of a door. (£.) A. S. syll,
a base, support. -f Icel. syll, svill, a sill ;
Swed. syll, Swed. dial, svill', Dan. syld;
G. schweUe, sill, threshold. Cf. Goth, ga-
suljan, to lay a foundation. The Teut.
base appears to be *swel, to found, to form
as a base ; and grade *swal, whence G.
schwelle ; the weak grade *swul, *sul gives
Goth, ga-suljan and A.S. syll, f. (Teut.
type *sul'jd), Der. ground-sill, spelt
grunsel in Milton, P. L. i. 460.
SillabnlK a mixture of wine with milk,
&c. (E.) Formerly sillibouk, or merri-
bouk, ^ Laid aigre, a sillibub or merri-
bowke;* Cot. Apparently from E. silly
(merry) and M. E. bouk, A.S. buc, the
belly. A jocose name.
48s
SILLY
Silly. (£•) Orig. ' timely ; ' then happy,
lucky, blessed, innocent; lastly, simple,
foolish. M. £. seiij silt ; thus syly nian in
Seven Sages, ed. Wright, 1361 =seii tnan
in Seven Sages, ed. Weber, 1473. A.S.
s^/ig, gesStligy timely ; from s&l, time,
season, happineis.4*I)Q* ^Mlig^ G. selig^
blest, happy ; cf. also Icel. sail, Swed. sail,
Goth, sils^ good.
SilOf a pit for storing grain or fodder.
(Span. ~ L. — Gk.) Span, silo, — L. strum,
ace. of strtts,^ Gk, aTp6s. Der. en-sil-
t
lit. (Scand.) 1. Either formed, with
participial suf&x -/, frx>m sile (M. £. silen),
to drain. — Swed. sila, to drain, strain,
filter ; sil, a filter. 2. Or from M. Swed.
sylfa, mud ; allied to A. S. syl-u, a miry
place. See Sully.
Silvan, Sylvan. (L.) The spelling
with^ is bad.^L. silttdntts, belonging to
a wood. — L. siltta, a wood. Cf. Gk. vktj,
a wood (connexion with silua doubtful;
Bnigm. i. § 102).
Suver. (£.) O. Merc, syl/ur (Matt.
X. 9); A.S. seclfof; earlier siolo/r,<^Du,
silver; Icel. sil^; Dan. sd'lv ; Swed, sil/ver;
G. silder; Goth, silubr; Russ. serebro;
Lith. siddbras.
Similar. (F.— L.) F.similaire; Rsif
from L. *simildris, extended from similisy
like. Cf. O. Jr. satfiail, Jr. samhail, W.
liafal, like. Allied to simul^ together, and
to £. Same. Bmgm. i. §§ 438, 44a.
simile. (L.) L. simile^ a comparisoui
a like thing ; neut. of similis, like.
similitnde. (£• — L.) F. similitude.
— L. ace. similitudinem^ likeness. ^ I^
similis, like.
SimionSy monkey-like. (L.) From L.
stmia, an ape. i-L. stmus (Gk. <rt/Ji6s), flat-
nosed.
Simmer. (£•) A frequentative form,
from the base sim, to express the sound of
gentle boiling. Cf. Dan. summe, G. sum-
meut Swed. dial, summa, to hum, buzz.
Simnely a kind of rich cake. (F. — L.)
O. F. simenel; Late L. simettelluSf simin-
elluSf bread of fine flour ; also called sim-
ella in Late L.»L. simila, wheat-flour of
the finest quality ; whence siminelltis, for
*similellus. Allied to Gk. ac/udoAts, fine
flour. Cf. Semolina.
Simony, traffic in ecclesiastical prefer-
ment. ( F. — L. — Gk. — Heb.) F. simonie ;
Late L. simdnia. Named from Siman
Magus (Acls viii. i8). — Gk. Sf/xo'i') Simon.
•SIN
■- Heb. Shim* OH, Simeon ; lit. ' hearkening.*
* Ueb. root shdmd, to hear.
Simoom. (Arab.) Arab, samiim, a
sultry pestilential wind ; from its poisonous
nature, i- Arab, root samma, he poisoned
(Devic).
Simper, to smirk. (Scand.) From
Scand.; cf. Norw. semper^ fine, smart;
Dan. dial, semper , simper^ affected, coy,
prudish; M. Swed. semper, one who
affectedly refrains from eating ; cf. Bavar.
zimpem, to be affectedly coy (from Low
G.). Formed from M. Swed. sipp, simp^
an affected woman, Swed. sipp, adj.,
finical, prim. All from the notion of sip-
ping, or taking only a little at a tioic;
hence, prudish, affected, coy, &c. Cf. Low
G. sipp, prim, den Mund sipp trekkett, to
make a small mouth ; and M. Du. sippen,
to sip. See note to Sip.
Simple. (F.-L.) Y,simple,^\^sim'
plicetn, ace. of simplex, lit. * one-fold.' —
L. sim- (appearing also in sin-guli, one by
one, sem-el, once, sim-ul, together) ; and
plic', from plicdre, to fold ; see Simulate
and Ply. Der. simplicity, F. simplicity,
from L. ace. simplicitdtem ; simpli-fy, to
make simple.
simpleton. (F.~L.) l^t.simple-t-on,
with double suffix ; formed with F. suffix
'On from Picard and M. F. simpUt, a simple
person, fem. simplette, * a simple wench ; '
Cot. — F. simple, simple; with suffixed
-/. (So also musk-et-oon^ Cf. Span.
simtUm, a simpleton.
Simulate. (L.) Frompp. ofL. jiV/m-
Idre, also simildre, to make like. — L.
similis, like ; simul, together, lit. ' at once.*
From Idg. *setn', one; cf. Goth, sim-li,
once; Gk. tv, neut, one, ida, f. (for
*(Tfi-la) ; Skt. sa-krt, once ; Gk. a-ira^,
once; Brugm. ii. § 165.
simnltaneons. (L.) Late L. simul-
tdneus ; coined from L. simult-im, at the
same time. — L. simul, together.
Sin. (£.) A. S. synnisinn^ senn),^^!)}!,
zonde ; Icel. synd, synd ; Dan. Swed. synd',
G. siiniie, O. H. G. suntea. Thus the A. S.
synn represents a Teut. type *sund/d, fem.,
or rather an Idg. type *s9ntjd ; where *s9nt
is the weak grade of sent : sont. Allied
to L. s<ms (stem sont-), guilty, sinful, orig.
* real.' [* Language regards the guilty man
as the man w/io it was;* Curtius.] Cf.
Ion. Gk. i-ovT-, stem of (wv (for *iff-a)vj,
being, pres. pt. of tlfil^ I am. See Sooth.
Der. sin, vb.
486
SINCE
Since. (£.) Written for sinSy which is
sliort for M. £. sithensj since. This is
formed, with adverbial suffix -j, from M. E.
sithefi, since, a modification of A. S. siddan^
for si9 dan, after that. p. The A. S. sib
was orig. an adj., meaning 'late,* but here
represents the compar. adv., later, after;
cf. Goth. seithuSy late, seithu, adv., late,
'Seiihs, adv., later. The A. S. dan is the
mstrumental of the definite article or de-
monst. pronoun. The G. seitdeffif since,
is similarly formed. See Sievers, §§ 333,
337-
Sincere. (F.~L.) 0ȴ. sincere. ^L,
sincirtiSy pure, sincere. Der. sincerity,
from M. F. sincerity, from L. ace. sinceri-
t&tem.
Sinciput. (L.) The fore part of the
head; lit. ^half h^ad.* — L. sinciput, YitXi
the head.— L. simi-, half; and caput; see
Semi- and Capital. Brugm. i. $ 121.
SindCTi the true spelling of Cinder,
q. V.
Sine. (L.) From L. sinus, a bosom,
a fold, a curve; peculiarly used. See
Sinus.
Sinecure. (L.) Yor sine curd, ynihovX
cure of souls; hence, an office without
work.
Sinew. (£.) M. £. sinewe, A. S. sinu
(dat. sinwe), seonu,^'D\i. zenuw; Dan.
sene ; Swed. setm ; G. sehne ; also Icel. sin.
Perhaps allied to Skt. sndva(s), a tendon.
Sinff. (£.) A. S. singan, orig. to sing,
resound; pt. t. sang, pp. sungen. See
Song ; and see singe. 4* I^u* zingen ;
Icti, syng;a\ Dan. synge\ Swed. sjunga\
Goth, siggwan (for *singwan) ; G. singtn,
eingCy to scorch. (£.) For senge;
M. £. sengen, A. S. sengan, to singe ; lit.
' to make to sing,' from the hissing of a
burning log, &c. Causal of singan, to
sing (above). 4* I^* xengeny G. sengen,
causal verbs, similarly formed.
Sin|fle. (L.) L. singulus, single, sepa-
rate, m Plautuf and in late I^tin; in
classical Latin, we have only singulis pi.,
one by one. Allied to Simple, q. v.
Brugm. i. § 441. ^ M.£. and O. F. sengle.
Singular. (F.-L.) M,l£„singuler,^
F. singulier.^'L, singuldris, single. — L.
singuli, pi., one by one (above).
Sinister. (L.) L. sinister, on the left
hand, inauspicious.
Sink. (£*) Properly intransitive [the
transitive form should rather end in -ch ; cf.
drench from drink], — A. S. sincan,
SIRRAH
intrans., pt. t sane, pp. suncen.'^'Dyx,
zinken ; Icel. sbkkva (for sinkvdj ; Dan.
synke; Swed. sjunka; G. sinken\ Goth.
sigkwan (for *singkwan), fi. For the trans,
form, cf. A. S. sencan, to cause to sink, G.
senkeft. Der. sink, orig. a place into which
filth sank or was collected; Cor. i. i. 126.
Brugm. i. §5 421(3), 679.
SinoplCy green. (F.-L.— Gk.) F.sino-
pie, * green ; ' Cot. — Late L. sindpis,
greenish, also reddish; L. sinopis, red
ochre. — Gk. ffivwvis, aivatrnte^, a red earth
found in Cappadocia, and imported from
Sincpe, on the Black Sea.
SinuSy a bend, fold, &c. (L.) L. sinus,
a bosom, bend, bay, fold. Now only used
in anatomy, and, in the form sine, in
mathematics. Der. sinuous, L. sinudsus,
full of curves.
Sip. vb. (K) M. £. sippen. It answers
to A. S. sypian, to absorb moisture, a causal
form allied to A. S. sUpan, to sup. See
Sup. % In the £. Fries, sippen, to sip,
M. Du. sippen, to sip, Norw. sipla, to sip,
the / suggests a connexion with Low G.
sipen, to drip ; but cf. £. Fries, siipken,
to sip, Swea. dial, syppa, to drink. Der.
sip, sb.
Siphon. (F.-L.- Gk.) Y. siphon,'^!.,
siphdnem, ace. of sipho, a siphon, bent pipe
for drawing off liquids. — Gk. oi<pojv, a small
pipe or reed.
Sippet, a little sop. (£.) Dimin. of sop,
with vowel-change (from Teut. u to y^i).
See Sop.
Sir, Sire. (F.-L.) i-iVis short for
sire. — F. sire, sir. — L. senior, older, elder ;
(the word seignior being from the ace.
seniorem). Sire is a variant of O. F. senre
<L. senior (see Schwan).
Sirdar, a commander. (Pers.) Pers.
sarddr, a chief — Pers. sar, head (cf. Gk.
KAfta) ; 'ddr, possessing, holding.
Siren. (L. — Gk.) h.sirin,^G\i,(r«ip/fv,
a nymph who enti<^ seamen to destruc-
tion by her magic song.
Sirloin, Surloin. (F.-L.) M.£.j»r-
Uyn ; XV cent. — O. F. surlonge (14th
cent), the surloin. — F. sur, upon, above
(from L. super) ; /onge, loin ; see Loin.
% The story about turning the ioin into
sir-loin by knighting it is mere trash.
Simame, lox Surname, q- v.
Sirocco, a hot wind. (Ital. — Arab.)
Ital. sirocco, south-east wind. — Arab, sharq,
east (Devic). See Saraoen.
Sirrah. (F.-L.) Sirra (Minsheu);
487
SIR-REVERENCE
SKERRY
serrha (Levins). A contemptnous exten-
sion of sire^ perhaps by addition of ah ! or
ha! (so Minsheu).— O. F. sire, Prov. sira,
sir.— L. senior \ see Sir.
Siz^re^OreiiCe* (L*) Short for save-
reverence, a translation of L. salud reuer-
entid, i. e. reverence to yon being preserved,
or, by your leave. — L. salud, abl. fern,
of saluus, safe; and reuerentid, abl. of
reuerentia.
Sirup ; see Syrap.
8uikin« a song-bird. (Low G.— Sla-
vonic.) Low G. ziesktt ziseke, a siskin;
Du. sijsje, where the dimin. suffix -je
answers to an older snffix -ken, so that
sijsje implies an older form *sijsken. Cf.
Dan. sisgen, a siskin ; Swed. siska. Of
Slavonic origin. — Polish czyzik, dimin.
form of cgyz, a siskin ; Sloven, chizhek ;
Russ. chif. See Miklosich, p. 56.
Sister. (E.) A. S. sweostor, swuster ;
M. E. suster ; affected by Icel. jyj/tr.-f-Du.
zuster\ Icel. systir, Swed. syster, Dan.
soster, Goth, swistar; G . schwester. Further
allied to L. soror (for *swesor) ; O. Ir, suir,
W. chwaer, Lith. ses& ; Skt. svasar-,
Brugm. ii. § 132. Der. cousin, q. v.
Sit. (E.) A. S. sittany pt. t. sat, pp.
j^/^w.+Du. zitten ; Icel. sitja ; Dan. sidde\
Swed. sitta ; G. sitzen. Teut type *setjan-,
pt. t. *sat, pp. *setanoz. Further allied to
Goih, sitan\ W. seddu; L. sedire; Gk.
c^ofcai, I sit ; Skt. sad. See Sedentary.
(VSED.) -Der.set,
Site. (F. - L.) F. sUe ; M. F. sit. - L.
situm, ace. of situs, a site, place. — L. situs,
pp. oisinere, to let, suffer, permit; the orig.
sense seems to have been to place. Hence
Position, q. v. But see Brugm. i. § 920.
Sith, since. (E.) Short for M. £. Jt^^^ii;
see Since.
Situate. (L.) Late L. situdtus, pp. of
situdre, to place. — L. situ-, for situs, a
place. See Bite.
Six. (E.) A.S. j{jr.-|-Icel., Dan., and
Swed. sex ; G. sechs ; Goth, saihs ; Russ.
sheste; W. chwech; Gael, and Irish se;
L. wjt; Gk. %(; Lith. J2^j3i* ; Pers. shash ;
Skt. j^oj^. See Brugm. ii. § 170. Der.
six-th, M. E. sixte, A.S. six-ta; six-ty,
A. S. sixtig. See Sexagenarian.
Sizar, a student admitted at lower fees,
at Cambridge^ than a pensioner. (F.— L.)
Named from size, formerly a farthing's-
worth of bread or drink (Blount). Size is
short for assize, an allowance of provisions;
see Assize (i). See below.
(i), an allowance of' food; also
magnitude. (F. — L.) Short for assize ;
see Assize (i).
Sise (2), weak glue. (Ital.— L.) Ital.
sisa, *8yse or glew;* Florio. Short for
assisa, size. So called from making colours
lie flat.— M. Ital. assisare, 'to sute [suit]
well ; ' Florio. — Ital. assiso, pp. oiasiidere^
to sit; also, to situate. — L. ctssidire, lit
to sit near. — L. ax- (for ad), near; sedere^
to sit. See Sit.
Skain, Skene, Skean, Skein, a
dagger, knife. (Irish.) Irish and Gael.
sgian, a knife ; O. Irish scian ; Vf,ysgien,
a cutting instrument. Cf. W. ysgi, a
cutting on ; Gk. ffx^^ty, to slit.
Skate (i)y a large flat fish. (Scand.)
M. E. scate. ^Icel. skata; Norw. siata,
Cf. L. squdtus, a skate (Pliny) ; also Irish
sgat, a skate (from E.)
Skate (2), Scate, a frame with a
steel blade, for sliding on ice. (Du. — F. —
Low G.) Properly skates; the s being
dropped because skates looked like a pi.
form. [Cf. scatckes (another form of
skateses, -pi., but usually meaning ' stilts').]
— Du. schaatsen, skates, a pi. form, from a
sing, schaats, yifhence schaatsryder, a skate-
rider, skater (Sewel) ; M. Du. skaetsen, pi.
— O. North. F. escache, Picard form of O.F.
eschace, a stilt (12th cent.); whence F.
^chasse. [So also M. Du. kaetsen, lit. ' to
catch ; * from Picard cacher, for O. F.
chacer."] '^how G. schake, a shank, leg.
Thus scatches or skcUes are * shanks/ contri-
vances for lengthening the stride; cf. F.
4chasse, a stilt, as above.
Skein, Skain, a knot (or quantity) of
thread or silk. (F. - C. ?) M. E. skeyne^
a quantity of yam. — M.F. escaigtie, *a
skain;' Cot.; r, league. Perhaps of Celtic
origin ; cf. Gael, sgeinnidh, flax, thread
(unless this is from £.). Der. (probably)
skainsmates, companions (Shak.), as if as-
sociated in winding yam ; but cf. Skain.
Skeleton. (Gk.) Gk. o-/rcX€r<$v, a
dried body ; neut. o{aM(k€T6s, dried. — Gk.
ffKiWtiv, to dry, parch.
Skellum, a cheat (Du.) See Nares.
Du. schelm, a rogue, villain ; the Du. sck
being rendered (as in landscape) by sk = sc,
-4-G. schelm ; O. H. G. scelmo, a pestilence,
carrion, worthless rogue.
Skeptic ; see Sceptic.
Skerry, a rock surrounded by sea.
(Scand.) From Icel. sker, a skerry; see
Scar (2).
488
SKETCH
SKITTISH
Sketch. (Du.-Ital.-L.-Gk.) Du.
ichets^ a draught, sketch.— Ital. schizzOy a
first rough draught. — L. schedium, a thing
made hastily; from schedius^ adj., hastily
made. — Gk. nx^^^^i sudden ; allied to
0Xib6v^ near ; from the base <7xc-) to hold.
Allied to Scheme.
Skew. (O. Low G.) M. £. skeweuy
verb, to turn aside. — M. Du. schuwen,
schouwen, to avoid, shun ; Low G.
schmveftj schouen, to avoid. + O. H. G.
sciuheHy G. scheuenjio avoid; from scheuy
adj., shy. Thus to skew is to turn aside,
like a shying horse, and is derived from
the adj. appearing in £. shy. See 8hy.
Der. askew, i. e. on the skew.
Skewbald, piebald. (O. Low G. and
C.) Marked in a skew or irregiilar man-
ner; see Bald. Ci. pie-bald, ^ We find,
however, M. E, skewed^ pie-bald ; perhaps
from M. E. skewes (blotches?), used as the
pi. of sky, a cloud. If so, there is no con-
nexion with Skew (above).
Skewer. (Doubtful.) Formerly skuer
(a. D. 141 1). Etym. unknown. ^ Prov.
K. skiver, a skewer, is the Scand. form
answering to £. shiver, a small piece ; cf.
Dan. dial, skivrt, small sticks for fuel.
See Shiver (2).
Skid. (Scand.) Orig. a thin slip of
wood, to put under a wheel. — Norw. skida,
a thin plank ; cf. Icel. ski9, a billet of
wood ; see Shide.
Skiff. (F. -M. H. G.) M. F. es^ui/, ' a
skiffe, little boat;' Cot.-M.H.G. ski/,
G. schi^, a ship ; see Ship.
Skilly discernment, tact. (Scand.) M.E.
skil, often in the sense of 'reason.' — Icel.
ski/, a distinction ; cf. skilja, to part, sepa-
rate, distinguish ; Dan. skUl, Swed. skiil,
reason ; Dan. skille, Swed. skilja, to sepa-
rate. Allied to Lith. skelti, to cleave ; Swed.
skcUa, to peel. From Teut. root ^skel\ see
Scale (i). Der. skill, vb., as in phr. ' it
skills not;' i. e. makes no difference ; from
Icel. skilja, often used impersonally, with
the sense 'it differs.'
Skillet, a small pot. (F.-L.) For-
merly skellet, — O. F. escuellette, * a little
dish ; * Cot. Dimin. of O. F. escue/le, a
dish. — L. scutella, a dish ; dimin. oiscutra,
a tray. See Scuttle.
Skiniy to take off scum. (Scand.) Dan.
skumme, Swed. skumma, to skim ; from
skum, scum. The E. verb preserves an
old vowel-change from u to y, later » ; cf.
Jill from/till. And cf. Dan. dial, skimmel,
a thin film on milk ; E. Fries, schiimen, to
skim.
Skin. (Scand.) \ct\. skinn,S'Vft.^. skinn,
Dan. skind, skin. Cf. G. schinden^ to skin,
flay; also W. cen, skin, ysgen, dandriff.
Kdnk, to serve out wine. (Scand.)
M. E. skenken ; [also schenken, from A. S.
scencan, to pour out; orig. to draw off
through a pipe ; from A. S. scanc, a shank,
shank-bone, hollow bone (hence, a pipe)].
— Icel. skenkja, Dan. skienke, + Du.
schenken, G. schenken, to skink. Teut.
type ^skankjan- ; from *skank', a shank,
pipe of bone. See Nunohion.
skip. (Scand.) M. E. skippen ; also
skeppen (Cursor Mundi). Cf. Swed. dial.
skopa, to skip, leap (as animals), to dance ;
M. Swed. skuppa, skoppa, Rietz; Icel.
skoppa, to spin like a top. And cf. M. H. G.
scuften, to gallop. (The £. i is for y,
mutation of k.) Cf. Dan. dial, skippe sig,
to move aside.
Skipper. (Du.) Du. schipper, a ma-
riner. — Du. schip, a ship ; cognate with E.
shijb\ see Ship.
SkirmislL. (F.-O.H.G.) Also spelt
scrimmage, M. E. scarmishe, sb., from
scarmishen, vb. — O. F. eskermiss-, a stem
of eskemiir, to fence, fight. [Cf. M. F. «-
carmouche, * a skirmish, bickering ; * Cot.]
— O. H. G. skerman, to defend, fight, also
scirman, — O. H. G. scirm (G. schirm),
a shield, screen, shelter, guard, defence.
To skirmish is, properly, to fight behind
cover, hence to advance, under shelter, to
fight, p. Note also O. F. eskermisor, es-
cremisseor, a fencer; escremissement,
fencing.
Skimr, Scnr, to scour a country. (F.
— L.) Variants of Scour (a). Cf. M. E.
scurrour, a scout.
Skirrety the water-parsnip. (Scand.)
M. E. skirwit ; older form skirwhit. As if
' sheer white,' from th^ colour of the root ;
from Icel. skirr, sheer, bright; ^w7r, white.
Prob. a popular form, and perverted from
O. F. eschervis (M. F. chervt), a skirret.*-
Span, chirivia. — Arab, karcnvld, kanviH ;
whence also Carraway.
Skirt. (Scand.) M.E. skyrt,^ loxX,
skyrta, a shirt, kind of kirtle ; see Shirt.
A doublet of shirt, but restricted to the
lower part of a garment.
Skittish. (Scand.) From Lowl. Scotch
skit, to flounce, caper about. This is a
secondary verb, of Scand. origin, from the
verb to shoot, 'mSvftd. dial skutta, skotta^
489
R3
SKITTLES
•
to leap about; cC *skui, weak grade of
Swed. skjutOt to shoot. 2. Note Swed.
skyttf Icel. skyti, a marksman ; whence
the verb to skit in the sense to aim at or
reflect upon a person, and the sb. skit,
an oblique taunt See Shoot.
AittleSy a game. (Scand.) Formerly
skittle-pins ; so called because shot at by
a skittle or projectile. » Dan. skyttel, z,
shuttle ; Icel. skutill, a projectile, harpoon,
bolt of a door. Cf. IceL sktit-^ weak grade
of skjotay to shoot ; see Shoot.
81riia«agull,biid. (Scand.) \ciA.skiifr,
skUmr, the skua, or brown gull. Prob.
from the colour. Cf. Icel. sk&mi^ dusk ;
Swed. and Norw^. skum^ dusky, dull (of
the weather), dusky (in colour) ; cf. Slqr.
Skulk; see Soulk.
SkoU; seei^culL
Sknnky a quadruped. (N. American
Indian.) Said to be from the Abenaki
segankuy a skunk; thb is a dialect of
Algonquin (Lower Canada).
CQky. (Scand.) M. K ji^^, a cloud. —
Icel. sky, a cloud ; Dan. Swed. sky, a cloud.
Allied to A. S. sceo, O. Sax. scio, a cloud ;
A. S. scHaf shade ; Skt. sku^ to cover.
(VSKEU.)
Slab (i)» a thin slip of timber or stone.
(F. — Teut.) M. E. slab^ slabbe. Ap-
parently a weakened form of prov. E. slap,
a slab (Halliwell). -O. F. esclape, * ^clat ;
de menues esclapes de bois, i.e. thin
slabs of wood ; Godefroy. Prob. of Teut
origin. (Wedgwood cites ' Languedoc
esclapa, to split wood, bos esclapa, split
logs, esclapo, a slab of wood or stone.')
Cf. Ital. schiappare^ to split Perhaps from
the prefix es- (L. ex) , and Low G. klappen,
to clap, make an explosive sound. (Kor-
tijg* f 5453.)
Slab (2), slimy. (E.) The same as
prov. E. slabby, sloppy, dirty ; from prov.
£. slab, a puddle ; c£ Norw. slabb, filth ;
Irish slab, slaib, Gael, slaib, mire, mud.
Also M. K slabben, to wallow ; E. Fries.
slabben. Da. slabben, to lap up; Swed.
dial, slabbay to splash, to soil. And see
Slabber below.
Slabber, to slaver. (£.) M. E. slaberen,
frequent, of M. E. slabben, to wallow
(above).^E. Fries, slabbem, to lap, sup,
or lick up ; Low G. slabbem, slubbern,
to slabber, lap, sip, frequent, of slabben,
to lap ; G. schlabbem, schlabben, to lap, to
slabber. Cf. prov. E. slap, to lick up food,
eat quickly ; Dan. dial, slabbe, slappe, to
SLAP
lap up. Of imitative origin; cf. slobber,
slubber. See Slaver.
Slack. (E.) M. £. skUc. A. S. slac,
sleac, slack, slow.«4-Icel. slakr ; Swed. Dan.
slak ; prov. G. schlak^ slack, loose. Teut*
t)rpe *slakoz. Orig. sense 'fluid*; see
below. Allied to Ziax ; Brugm. i. § 193.
Slaff, dross, scoria. (Swed.) Swed.
slagg, dross of metal ; so called from flow-
ing over when fused; Norw. slagga, to
flow over. Cf. Icel. slagna, to flow over,
slag, slagi, wet, damp, water penetrating
walls. It is a variant of slack, as seen
by G. schlacke, * dross, slacks, sediment,'
Fliigel; schltukem, to trickle, schlock,
slack, drossy, sloppy; Low G. slakke,
slag.
slake, to slacken, quench, wet. (£.)
A. S. slacian, to grow slack ; cf. prov. £.
sleek, to quench, A. S. sleccan, to grow
slack (hence, to make slack, slacken).*
A. S. sleac, slack ; see Slack. '4-Icel. slokua
(pp. slokinti), to slake ; Swed. sldcka, to
quench, allay, slake, from slak, adj.
Slade, a valley. (E.) M. E. slad{e\
A. S. j/<?^. + Westphal. slade, a ravine;
Dan. dial, slade, a flat piece of land.
Slag, Slake; see Slack.
Slam. (Scand.) Norweg. slemba, slem-
ma, to smack, bang, slam a door; Swed.
dial. sldmma,io pu^ hastily; Icel. slamra,
to slam. Cf. Swed. slammer, a noise.
Allied to Slap. Of imitative origin.
Slander, scandal. (F.— L.— Gk.) M.E.
sclandre, sclaundre, — O. F. esclandre, scan-
dal. The oldest O. F. form was escandle,
whence escandre, and finally esclandre, with
inserted /. It is merely another form of
Scandal, q. v. •
Slangi vulgar language. (Scand.) Nor-
weg. sleng^ a slinging, a device, a burthen
of a song, slengja, to sling, slengja kjeften,
to slang, abuse (lit. 'to sling the jaw'),
slengjenamn, a ^ang-name, slengjeord, a
slang word, insulting word. All from
slengja, to sling, causal form from the 2nd
grade of the Icel. slyngva, to sling. See
Sling.
Slant, to slope. (Scand.) ^,1L, slenten,
to slope, glide. — Swed. dial, slenta, slanta^
causal of slinta (pt. t. slant), to slide, slip
with the foot ; Swed. slinta, to slip, glance
aside. The E. adj. slant, sloping, an-
swers to Swed. dial, slant^ slippery. Der.
a-slant, i. e. on the slant.
Slap. (E.) M. E. slappe, a smart blow ;
an imitative word ; allied to Slam.+Low
490
SLASH
SLEEP
G. slapp, sound of a blow, a slap; G.
schlappi interj.^ slap ! schiappe, sb., a
slap, schlappen, to slap. Der. slap-bang^
violently; slap-dash ^ offhand.
Slash. (F.-Teut.) [Lowl.Sc.jAijA,to
work in wet, is from Swed. slaska^ Dan.
slaskcy to dabble in wateiu] The sense * to
cut ' appears in *• slish and slash, 1. e. much
cutting; Tam. Shrew, iv. 3. 90,— O. F.
esclacAur, to break in pieces. — O. F. es-
(L. ex)y very; and Teut type "^klakjan,
M. H. G. klecketty to break with a clack ;
cf. F. claque, a clack, M. H. G. klac,
(Korting, § 4541.)
Slat, a thin bar of wood. (F.~O.H.G.)
M. £. slot., a slate ; see below. % Hardly
from Gael, and Irish slat, a rod, twig;
though these are related to lath.
SlateCO^aflakeofstone. (F.-O.H.G.)
M. E. slat, sclat.^O. F. esclat^ a splinter,
slice of wood, &c. (hence, a thin slice of
slate). — O.F. esclater, to split, burst,
shiver. This answers to a Late L. type
*exclapitdre, to break with a clap ; from
L. ex, and Low G. klapp, a clap, loud
noise. (Korting, § 4543.) % The a in
slate was orig. short.
Slate (a)» to bait, ridicule, criticise
sharply, abuse. (E.) M. E. sleten ; A. S.
slataut to bait, set dogs on (an animal) ;
causal vb. from slttan, to slit, tear, rend ;
see Slit.
Slatteniy an untidy woman. (Scand.)
From prov. E. slatter, to waste, to be un-
tidy, to throw about ; frequent, of slat, to
dash or throw about. — Icel. sletta^ to slap,
dab, dash liquids about ; Norweg. sletta, to
fling about, jerk ; Icel. sletta, sb., a dab,
spot of ink. Allied to which are Dan.
slat, a slop; slat, slatten, slattet, loose,
flabby; slattes, to become slack; slatte,
SL slattern ; Low G. slat/e, a slattern.
% Slut is quite distinct.
Slaughter, sb. (Scand.) U.E.sloighter.
— Icel. sldtr, slaughter, whence sldtra, to
slaughter cattle ; cf. Noreen, § 224. The
A. S. word is -sleaht, whence M. E. slaught,
+Du. Swed. slagt, G. schlacht (Teut. type
*slah-td). All from *slah, the base of
Slay, q. v.
Slave. (F.-L.-Gk.- Slavonic.) F.
esclave. -m Late L. sclazms, a Slavonian
captive, a slave.— Late Gk. *E(ne\€Lfi^vos,
the same. Tlie origin of Slavan-ian is
unknown ; Miklosicb, p. 308.
Slaver, to slabber. (Scand.) Icel.
slafra, to slaver; cognate with Low G.
slabbern, to slabber. See Slabber^ Ddr.
slaver, sb., from Icel. slafr, slefa, slaver.
Slay (I), to kilL (E.) Theform j/a>is
due to the pp. slai-n ; else, the infin. would
have been slee, Orig. to smite. M. £.
sleen. — A. S. slSan (contracted form of
*slahafi), to smite, pt. t. sldh, pp. slegen
(whence M. E. slein, E. j/aiw).+tou. slcuin ;
Icel. sld\ Dan. slcuw, Swed. sl^\ Goth.
slahan\ G. schlagen. Teut. type *slah'
an- ; cf. O. Irish slig-im, I strike.
slay (2),. Sley, a weaver's reed. (E.)
A. S. slaha ; see sleahe in A. S. Diet. ;
orig. form *slage, gen. *slagan; Camb.
Phil. Trans. 1899, p. 139 (231). So called
from striking the web together.- A. S,
sledn (<*slahan), to strike; see Slay
Sleave, Sleave-silk, soft floss silk.
(Scand. ?) * Ravelled sleat/e,' i. e. tangled
loose silk. Cf. Dan. dial, slave, a knot,
twist, tangle (in thread). Perhaps the
orig. sense was ' loose * ; cf. Icel. sla/a, to
sladcen.
Sledy a sledge. (Du.) M. £. slede.^
M.Du. sledde (Dn. slede). -^ Icel sleOi,
Dan. slade, Swed. slede, a sledge ; G.
schlitten, a sledge. From the weak grade
of the verb to slide, see Slide.
Sledffe. (Du.) This is a corrupt form ;
apparently due to sleds, pi. of sled.
Sledge-hammer. (E.) A redupli-
cated form ; a sledge means * a hammer.^ —
A. S. slecgt dat. slecge, a heavy hammer,
smiter. For' Teut. type *slag-jd, fem. ;
from *slag, for *slah, base of A. S; slean,
to smite. 4- Du. slegge, slei, Swed. sldgga,
Icel. sleggja, a sledge or heavy hammer.
See Slay (i).
Sleek, Slick, smooth, glossy. (£.)
M. E. sltke, 4" Icel. sltkr, sleek, smooth.
Allied to Du. slijk, North Fries, slick, E.
Fries, sltk, slime; G. schlick, grease; cf.
the Low G. strong verb sliken (pt. t. sleek,
pp. slekeh) = G. schleichen (pt t. schlich) , to
slink, crawl, move as if through mire ; see
Slink. The Teut. type of the verb is
^sleikan-, pt. t. *slcnk, pp. *slikanoz. Orig.
sense * greasy,' like soft mud.
Sleep, vb. (E.) A. S. sMpan, slepan,
pt. t. j^.+Du. slapen ; Goth, slipdn ; G.
schlafen, to sleep. The sb. is A. S. sl^,
Du. slaap, Goth, slips, G. schlaf, O. H. G.
sldf, orig. * drowsiness ; ' allied to Low G. '
slapp, G. schlaff, lax, loose, flabby, unbent,
relaxed (as in sleep). Teut. type ^slStpan-,
redupl. vb. Allied to L. labi, to glide ;
491
SLEEPER
SLIT
Rubs, slahuii, weak, slack. Cf. E. sleepy y
i. e. inactive.
8l60p6r« a block of wood under rails ;
from the vb. above. (E.) Cf. F. dormant, a
sleeper ; from dorfnir, to sleep.
Sleet. (E-; M. £. sleet. From O.
Merc *j/<?/^, A. S. *styte, not found. Cf. E.
Fries, slaite^ bail ; Ix>w G. sloten^ pi. hail-
stones (Liibben) ; G. schlossey hailstone.
From Teut. type *slauti- ; orig. sense un-
known. Cf. also Dan. slud, sleet. ^ Norw.
sletta^ sleet, seems to be unrelated.
Sleeve. (E.) O. Merc, slif^ a sleeve ;
A. S. j^.+M. Du. slevey a sleeve; N.
Fries. slief\ cf. M. Du. slocve^ a veil, cover ;
Du. sloofy an apron ; Low G. sluwe, a husk,
shell. From Teut root *j/(fi^; variant form
o{*sleup, whence M. H. G. sloufeyZ. cover,
allied to M. H. G. slou/en, to let slip, cover.
Cf. Goth, sliupan (pt. t. slaup^ pp. slu'
pans)y to slip, creep into. It is thus allied
to slip, from the slipping of the sleeve on
and off, in dressing and undressing. See
Blip, and Slop (2).
Sleigh. (Du.) An ill-spelt word;
there is no final guttural. — Du. slee, short
for sledey a sledge; cf. Du. sleekaetSy for
sledekoetSf lit. * a sledge-coach.' Cf. Norw.
sleiy for sledty a sledge ; see Sled.
Sleigllt, dexterity. (Scand.) For
sleighth'y M. E. sUighthe. — Icel. sla^^ sly-
ness, cunning. * led. slagr, sly. So also
Swed. slojdy dexterity, from slogy dexterous.
See Sly, Sloid.
Slender, thin, feeble. (F. - O. Low G.)
M. E. sclendrey slendre, — O. F. esclendre,
'sklendre;' Palsgrave, p. 323. — M. Du.
slindery slender, thin ; as sb., a water-
snake, named from its gliding or trailing.
* M. Du. sHnd^refty also siiddertHy to drag,
train along, trail ; Low G. slindertiy to
slide on the ice (whence Low G. sUndery
a trailing gown). Nasalised forms from
the verb to slide. CL O. H. G. siintan in
Schade.
Sleuth-hound, a slot-hound; see
Slot (2).
Slice, sb. (F.-O. H.G.) M.E.J-//V*,
sclice. — O. F. esclicey a splinter, shiver,
piece of split wood. — O. F. esclicity to slit
(whence E. slice^ vb.). — O. H. G. *slttjany
slitzoHy related to sclfean, slizan^ to slit,
shiver (whence O. F. esclievy to shiver),
cognate with E. slit ; see Slit.
Slide ; see Sleek.
Slide, vb. (£.) A. S. slidatiy pi. t. slddy
pp. slidiH, Cf. also A. S. slidoVy slippery ;
O. H. G. sliton, to slide, G. scJtlitteUy a
sledge. Also Lith. slidus, slippery.
Slight, adj. (^O. LowG.) l\.\L, slight,
orig. sense even or flat ; then plain, smooth,
simple, trivial, &c. — M, Du. slicht^ even,
plain, slechty slight, simple, vile; cf.
slichteHy * to slight, to make even or plaine,*
Hexham ; O. Low G. slight, even, simple,
bad. 4* Icel. slittr, flat, smooth, trivial ;
Dan. slety level, bad ; Swed. slaty smooth,
worthless, slight ; Goth, slaihts, smooth ;
G. schlechty bad, schlichty smooth, plain,
homely ; O. H. G. sleht, smooth. Teut.
type *slehtoZy smooth. Root unknown.
Slim. (Dn-) Orig. sense 'oblique*;
thence weak, poor, thui, bad, slight ; prov.
£. slim, crafty. » M. Du. slim, awry, crafty.
4* G. schlimmy bad, cunning ; M. H. G.
slimpy oblique, slanting, awry ; Dan. Swed.
slem, worthless; Icel. slamr, vile.
Slime. (E.) A. S. j/2>i.4-Du. slijm ;
Icel slim\ Swed. slem\ Dan. sliim\ G.
schleim, Cf. L. limus, mud.
Sling, vb. (Scand.) From IceL slyngva,
stdngva, to sling, throw, pp. slunginn\
Swed. slinga, to twist ; cf. O. H. G. schlitu
gan, to wind, twist, sling, Du. slingeren^
to toss, sling. Teut. type *sUngwan-\
pt. t. *slang, ^ A. S. slingan (rare), to
creep, seems to be a variant of slincan.
See below. Der. sling, sb. ; slang, q. v.
Slink. (E.) A. S. slincan, to creep ;
nasalised form of A. S. *slican (not found),
which is cognate with Low G. silken, to
creep (pt. t. sleek, pp. slekeri), and G.
schleichen, to creep (pt. t. Xf A/iVA).+Swed.
dial. slinka{^i.\.. slank); cf. Lith. slinkti yto
creep. Allied to Sleek ; also to Sling.
Slip. (E.) A weak verb ; due to the
weak grade of A. S. *slipan ; cf. A. S. slip-
or, slipig, slippery. + Du. slippen, Swc^.
slippa, O. H. G. slipfan, to slip, weak
verbs ; allied to Du. slijpen, G. schleifen,
to grind smooth, whet, polish. We also
find A. S. slapan, pt. t. sliap, pp. slopen ;
cf. Goth, sliupan, pt. t. slaup, pp. slupans,
to slip or creep inta Teut types *sleipan'
and *sleupan'. The latter is allied to I^.
lubricusy slippery; see Iiubrioate. Cf.
Brugm. i. $§ 553, 563. Der. slipp-er, a
loose shoe easily slipped on; slipper-y,
from A. S. slipor, slippery, with added -y.
And see sleeve, sloop.
Slit. (E.) M. E. slUteny weak verb;
from the weak grade of sliten, strong verb.
— A. S. slitan, to slit, rend ; pt t, slat, pp.
j/rV^^4'lGeL sltta, Swed. slita, Dan. slidey
492
SLIVER
SLOW
to rend ; Du. slijten^ to wear ont ; O. H. G.
slizaUy G. schleisseftf to slit, whence sckUt-
uttt to slice. Tent, type *sieitan-f pt. t.
*j/rtfV. Der. s/ice.
Sliver* a spHnter, twig. (E.) M. £.
s/iver, dimin. of pro v. K s/ive, a slice,
chip ; from M. £. sliuen (sliven), to cleave.
— A. S. -sit/any to cleave, pt. t. -sldf; in
tO'Sllfan, A parallel form to A. S. slUan^
pt. t. 5lat\ see Slit.
Slobber, Slubber, to do carelessly,
to soUy. (Scand.) Dan. slubbrty to
slabber; Swed. dial, slubbra, to slubber,
slobber, be disorderly, frequent, of Swed.
dial, slubba^ to mix liquids carelessly, to
be careless. Cf. also Du. slobberetty to
sup up; Low G. slubbem^ to lap, sip.
Allied to Slabber.
Sloe. (£•) M. £. slo, A. S. sld, sldhy
pi. slan, ^ Du. ske^ M. Du. sleeu ; Dan.
slaaen ; Swed. sl&n ; G. schlehe^ pi. •schie-
hen ; O. H. G. sliha.
Slogan, war-cry. (Gael.) Gael.f/w(^^-
ghairmt the signal for battle, lit. ' cry of
the host.' ~ Gael, (and Irish) sluagh^ host,
army (W. llu) ; gairmy outcry, gairniy to
cry out ; cf. Irish gaimiy W. gamiy outcry,
O. Irish ^«$ir, ^.gawr^ outcry, Ja.garrtrey
toprate. Cf. Slughom.
Sloid, manual dexterity. (Swed.) Eng-
lished from Swed. sldjd; see Sleight.
Sloop, a ship. (Du.— Low G.) Du.
sloep, M. Du. s/oepe, a sloop.— Low G.
sluupy slupty a sloop; whence (apparently)
the O. F. chaloupCy a shallop ; see Shallop.
Perhaps from Low G. slupen^ to glide,
orig. to slip. See Slip.
Slop (i)> a puddle. (E.) lA.^shppty
a pooL —A. S. ^sloppCy 'Sl/Ppe^ the sloppy
droppings of a cow, as in (U'Sloppt (cow-
slip) ; also A. S. slyppe^ a viscid subftanoe.
Orig. sense *■ something slippery ' ; cf. loel.
slopy sliiuy offal of fish. See further below.
slop (>)< a loose garment. (E.) M. £.
shppe. A. S. -shpy -slype, in comp. ofer-
slip, ofer-slypty an upper garment. From
A. S. slop- (Teut. *slup-)y weaker grade of
slupan, to slip ; because the outer garment
is easily slipped on« So also Du. slop, a
gap in a hedge to slip through ; prov. E.
sloppy y 10056.4*1061. shppr, a slop, long
loose gown. Compare Sleeve.
■lopOy an incline. (E.) M. E. slope ;
a- slope y on the slope, ready to slip. From
the weak grade {slop-) of A.S. slupan,
to slip. See above.
Slot (i)> a bolt of a door, bar. (Du.)
O. Fries, and Du. slofy a lock, fastening.—
Du. slot' (Teut. *j/w/-), weak grade of
sluiten^ to shut ; so also Low G. sloty a
bar, from sluteuy to shut; G. schlossy
a lock, a castle. We find also Swed. slutUy
G. schliesseuy O. H. G. sltotan, to shut ;
allied to O. Fries, sliitay also sklutay to
shut ; and hence to L. clauderey to shut ;
see Clause. (ySKLEUD.) ^ Sloty a
narrow depression or aperture, is prob. the
same word ; it is shaped like a bar.
Slot (a), track of a deer. (O. F.-
Scand.) O. F. escloty track, trace.— Icel.
sld6, a track, trail (whence, immediately,
M. £. slothy sleuthy a track, E. sUuth"
hound) ; Swed. dial, slo, a track.
Sloth. (E.) Lit. < slowness.' For
*sloi/f-thy directly from the sA}.slow, See
Slow. % The M. E. word was slewthy
from A. S. slatuOy sloth; Teut. type
*sl<UwiPd, "Der. slothy an animal (trans-
lating Span, perezosoy slothful, a sloth);
slothful,
Sloiioll, to have a clownish look or
gait. (F.) Cf. slouchy sb., a great lub-
berly fellow (Phillip|8).-q.F. esUnuhety
eslochieTy to be loose in the joint, to waver.
— O. F. es' (L. ex)y out, away; lochier
(F. locher), to shake, to be loose, prob. from
M. H. G. luche, G. locier, loose. Perhaps
affected by Norw. sloha, to go slowly and
heavily, Swed. slokay to droop.
SlOUffll (i), a muddy pool, mire. (£.)
M. E. sZghy slough. A. S. sloh (stem slog-),
a slough. Hardly allied to Irish slugpholly
a whirlpool; slugainiy I swallow up; Gael.
slugoHy a gulf, from sluigy to swallow up.
Rather, to E. slag,
Slough (a), the cast skin of a snake,
&c. ; the dead part which separates from
a sore. (E.) Pronounced $luf, M. £.
slouhy slughe, slouje, skin ot a snake.
The corresponding word appears in Swed.
dialects as slug (Rietx), which is prob.
allied to G. schlauchy M. H. G. sliichy a
skin, bag.
Sloven. (Du.) M. £. sloveyn, — M. Du.
slofy shefy a sloven ; with M. E. suffix -ein
( - F. -aw, L. -anus), Cf. Du. slof, care-
less; slofy sb., neglect, an old slipper;
sloffeny to neglect, to go slipshod. So also
Low G. slufy slovenly ; sluffmy to be care-
less: E. Fries, slufy sluffey a sloven;
sluffeny to be careless.
slow. (E.) A.S. sl&Wy slow. ^Du.
I sleeuwt Icel. slar, sljor ; Dan. sloVy Swed.
f ji&', blunt, dull ; O. Sax. sliu ; O. H.G. slio.
493
SLOW-WORM
Teut type *slaiwoz ; allied to L. iaeuus,
Russ. lievutiy Gk. \ai6iy left (of the hand).
Slow-worm. (E.) In popular ety-
mology, it is 'a slow worm,' but the true
sense is ' slay-worm,' the snake that strikes.
A.S. sid-wyrmi where sld seems to be
borrowed from Icel. sla^ to strike. This
is clearer from Swed. slh or ormsl&, a
slow-worm, where orm^^, worm, and
sla is ' striker,' from slh^ to strike ; so also
Norw. ormslOf a slow-worm, also called
sic., from slaa, to strike.
Slubber ; see Slobber.
Sludge, soft, greasy mud. (£.) M. K
sluche^ sliche. North Fries, slick, E. Fries.
sITkf slime. +Da. slijk, prov. G. schlick,
greiase ; see Sleek. ^ The u is due to
confusion with E. dial, slud, wet mud ; cf.
Du. slodder, a sloven.
Slug, to be inactive. (Scand.) M. E.
siuggen, vb., slugge, a sluggard. » Dan.
slug, weakened form of sluk, appearing in
slugjret, slukoret^ having drooping ears;
Swed. dial, slogga, to be sluggish; cf.
Norw. sloha, to slouch, Swed. sloka^ to
droop. Note also Low G. slukkem, slak-
kern, to be loose, slukk, melancholy,
downcast ; Du. sluik, slender, thin. Der.
slugg-ard, with F. suffix -««/ ( = 0. H. G.
-hart, cognate with E. hard).
■ Sl^g-nom, a battle-cry. (C.) Igno-
rantly used by Chatterton and Browning
to mean a sort of /lom ; but really Mid.
Sc. slogome, a corruption of slogan, a
war-cry. See Slogan.
Sluice, a flood-gate. (F.-L.) O.F.
escluse, *a since, floudgate;' Cot. — Late
L. exclusa, a flood-gate; lit. shut off
(water) ; pp. of ex-cliidere, to shut out —
L. ex, out ; claudere, to shut.
Slum: pi. slums, dirty back streets.
(E.) Cl. prov. E. slump, wet mire ; Low
G. slam, mire (Liibben) ; Dan. and Swed.
slam, G. schlamm, mire.
Slnmber, verb. (E.) The b is ex-
crescent. M. E. slumeren, frequent, of
M. E. s lumen ; to slumber ; from slume
(also sloumbe), sb., slumber, A. S. sluma,
sb., slumber. + Du. sluimeren; Dan.
slumre, frequent, of slumme, to slumber ;
Swed. slumra, ib,% G. schlummem, vb.
The sb. sluma is from Teut. root *sleu-,
to be silent; 2nd grade *slau, whence
Goth, slawan, to be silent (Kluge).
Slump, a sudden fall or failure. (£.)
Prov. E. Cf. Swed. Dan. slump, a diance,
accident ; Low G. slump (Danneil) ; G.
SMALL
schlump. Of imitative origin ; cf. Norw.
and Lowl. Sc. slump, the noise made by
zx\ object falling into water. Cf. plump,
dump.
Slttr, to contaminate, pass over lightly
with slight notice. (M. Du.) The orig.
sense is to trail in mud, draggle ; hence,
to pass over slightingly. — M. Du. sleuren,
slooren, to drag, trail ; cL sloorigh, * filthie,'
Hexham, end M. E. slor, mud; Du. sleuren,
to trail. Also Low G. sliiren^ sl'oren, to
draggle, Swed. dial, slora^ to be negligent ;
Norw. slora, to be negligent, sully, sldda,
sloa, to draggle, sloda, sloe, a trail ; E.
Fries, sluren, sliiren, to go about carelessly
and noisily.
Slnt^ (Scand.) M. E. slutte. Cf. Icel.
slottr, a heavy, loglike fellow ; Swed. dial.
sl&ta, a slut, slater, an idler; Dan. dial.
sloter, a slovenly person ; Norw. slott, an
idler. Also Icel. slota, to droop, Norw.
slutaj to droop ; allied to Dan. slat, slatten,
loose, flabby. Cf. slot-^ weak grade of
Norw. sletta (strong verb), to dangle,
drift, idle about (/Uisen). p. From the
2nd grade slat{f) we have Dan. slaite, a
slut, and slat, loose ; see Slattern. Note
also Bavarian schlotzeny schlutzen, a slut ;
schlotzen, to be careless.
Sly, cunning. (Scand.) M. £. sligh,
sleih, sleh. — Icel. slagr, sly, cunning;
Swed. slog, handy, dexterous ; prob. allied
to Slay. % Distinct from Swed. slug;
Dan, slug, slu; Dn. sluw; G. scklau,
Der. sleight.
Smack (i), taste. (E.) M. E. smak,
smack. A. S. smcec, taste, flavour; cf.
smaccan, to taste. 4- M. Du. smaeck,
Du. smaak; Dan. smi^, Swed. smak;
G. gesckmack, taste. Der. smack, vb., to
taste. .
Smack (2), a sounding blow. (Scand.)
Confused with, the word above, but per-
haps distinct; prob. of imitative origin.
— Swed. smacka, to smack, Swed. dial.
smakka,Xo throw down noisily; smakka,
to hit smartly ; Dan. smakke, to rap ; E.
Fries, smakken, to smack the lips. Cf.
Dan. smak, a smack, rap ; Du. smak, a
loud noise.
Smack(3), afishmg-boat. (Dn.) M.
Du. stnacke, Du. smak, a smack, hoy ;
whence also Dan. smakke. Generally
thought to stand for snack* cf. A. S. snacc,
a small vessel ; Icel. snekkja, a swift vessel,
Dan. snekke, Swed. snacka.
Small. (E.) A. .S. sma/.'^Dn. Dan.
494
SMALLAQE
SMITH
Swed. smal, narrow, thin; Goth. snmlSy
small ; G. sckmal, narrow. Allied to Icel.
smalit small cattle, sheep ; Gk. /i^Aoi', a
sheep ; Rnss. maluH^ si^all. % Icel. smar,
Dan. snuia^ Swed. smd^ small, are allied
to O. H. G. smdhiy small.
8mallage« celery. (£. ; and F. - L.)
For small ache ; from F. ache, parsley <
L. apium, parsley.
Smalt, blue enamel. (Ital. — O. H. G.)
Ital. stnaltOy enamel. From the and grade
of O. H. G. smelzan, str. vb.. to become
liquid, whence also O. H. G. stftelzen,
G. schmelzen, weak vb., to smelt ; from the
method of preparation; see Smelt (i).
See also Enamel.
Smaaragdus. (L.-Gk.) L.smaragdus,
— Gk. a/mpayHoSf an emerald. Cf. Skt.
piaraha/a(m), tnaraktaim), an emerald.
See Emerald.
. Smart, to feel pain. (E.) M. £.
smerten, A. S. smeofian.^^TiVi^ smarten^
Dan. smertet Swed. smdrtay G. schmerzen.
Also allied to L. morderey to bite; Skt.
mrdy to mb, grind, crush ; Gk. a/t«pda\ios,
terrible. (VSMERD.) Bev, smart, sh. ;
smartj adj., painful, also pungent, brisk,
lively, A. S. smeart.
Smash. (E.) A late word. Apparently
formed from £. ma^h, to mix up, by pre-
fixing S' (from O. F. es^, L. ex), an in-
tensive prefix.
Smatteringi sb. (E.) M.E. smalerettt
to make a noise; hence, to prate, talk
ignorantly. Cf. Swed. smattra, to clatter ;
G. schmettem, to smash, to resound.
From a repetition of smat, an imitative
sound ; see Smaok (2). Cf. M. H. G.
jx»^/2^», to prattle. [Parallel to prat-tle,
chat'ter ; cf. Swed. snattra, to chatter,]
Smear. (£•) A. S. smirian, to smear.
•-A.S. smeru, smeoru, fat, grease. So
also Icel. smyrja^ Dan. smore, Swed.
smorja, G. schmieren, to smear ; and Du.
smeer, Dan. Swed, smor, G. schmeer, fat,
grease, O. H. G. smero ; Goth, smairthr,
fatness. Cf. O. Irish smir, marrow; W.
mir, marrow; Lith. smarsas, fat; Gk.
IK&pov, unguent. Der. smir-ch.
Smelly odour. (£.) M. E. smel, smul.
Allied to Du. smeulen, Low G. smelen,
E. Fries, smdlen, to smoulder. Cf.
Smoulder. Der. smell, vb.
Smelt (i)>^o ^^sc o^c* (Scand.) Dan.
smelte, to smelt ; Swed. smdlta, to smelt.
(Properly a Swed. word.)+M. DvL.smillen,
smelten, G. schmelzen, to smelt. These
are causal forms; cf. Westphal. smelten,
O. H. G. smelzan, str. vb., to melt. From
the Teut. verb t^smeltan; to melt, pt. t.
*smalt (whence E. smalt), pp. *smultanoz.
And cf. Gk. fiMtiv, to melt, render fluid.
Brugm. i. § 475.
Smelt (a )f a fish. (E.) A. S. sptelt, smylt,
-f Dan. smelt, Norw. smelta. The prov.
E. smo/t means a young salmon, when it
first assumes its silvery scales ; and prov.
E. smolt means * smooth and shining.
Smew, a small diving-bird. (E.) Also
called smee, smeeth. Cognate with E.
Fries, sment, Du. smient, smew. The Du.
smient is explained as * small duck '; from
O. Du. *smehi anud, small duck; where
*smihi is cognate with O. H. G. smdhiy
Icel. smd-r, Swed. jwi, small; and *anud
(*am'd) is Du. eend, A. S. ened, G. ente,
duck. Cf. G. schmal-ente, small wild duck.
Smile* vb. (Scand.) Swed. smt'la^ to
smile, smirk; Dan. smile. Allied to L.
mtrdrt, to wonder at; Russ. smiekJC, a
laugh ; Gk. fAti^w, I smile ; Skt. smij to
smile. (VSMEI.)
Smirch, to besmear. (E.) Extended
from M. E. smeren, to smear ; see
Smear.
Smirk. (E.) A.S, smercian, smeara'an,
to smile. Cf. O. Northumb. smerdott,
* deridebant,' Mat ix. 34.
Smite. (E.) A. S. smitan, pt. t. smdf^
pp. smtten.'^T>Vi. smijten\ Dan. smide, to
fling ; G. schmeissen, to smite, fling, cast ;
O. H. G. smizan, to throw, stroke, smear.
Cf. Goth, bismeitan, to besmear, p. The
orig. sense was to * smear ' or rub over, as
in Gothic ; c£ M. Swed. smita, to smite,
smeta, to smear. • To rub over ' seems to
have been a sarcastic expression for <to
beat ' ; we find well anoynted^ well beaten,
Romance of Partenay, 1. 5653.
Smith. (E.) A. S. smi9, a worker
with the hammer. ^-Du. smid\ lct\,smi9r\
Dan. Swed. smed\ G. schmted; Goth.
'smitha, Cf. Icel. smt9, smith's work;
Du. smijdig, G. geschmeidig, malleable
(with t). The forms * smith, *smith,
point to a lost strong verb *smeith-an-, to
forge, pt. t. *smait%, pp. *smithanoz, Xo
forge, actually preserved in Swed. dial.
smida, to forge, pt. t. smed, pp. smiden
(Fietz). Hence, as weak verbs, Dan.
smede, Swed. smida, to forge. Cf. O. H.G.
smtda, metal, Gk. afd-Kij, a graver's tool.
Brugm. i. § 849. Der. smith-y, A. S.
smiOde (Icel. smiija).
495
SMOCK
SNARE
SmOOk, a woman's shirt. (E.) M. £.
smok, A. S. smoc. For snutcc; Teut.
type *smiignoZy Idg. type *smugfws;
Bragm. i. $ 899. The Teut. *smug' is re-
presented by A. S. smog-^ weaker grade of
smiigan, to creep into. So called because
< crept into/ or put over the head. Cf.
Shetland smook, to draw on a glove or
stocking. ^ Icel. smokkr, a smock ; from
smog'y weak grade of smjugay to creep
through a hole, to put on a garment over
the head. Cf. M. Swcd. smog^ a round
hole for the head.
Smoke, sb. (£.) A. S. smoca, Cf.
A. S. s/noc-f weak grade of the strong verb
smiocan (pt t. smiac)^ to smoke, reek.^
Du. smooij sb. ; G. schmauchj sb. Per-
haps Irish much, smoke, W. mwg, smoke,
are from E. Cf. Lith. smaug-iuy I choke ;
Gk. fffivxtiv (a aor. ktriivyrjp)^ to smoulder.
Der. sinokt^ vb., from A. S. smocian^ weak
verb. Brugm. i. § 849.
Smooth, adj. (£.) M. £. smoothe ;
also smcthe. A. S. smide^ Northumb.
smoede; sometimes stnod, smooth. The
form smide represents *smdth-joi (with
mutation of 0 X.o e)\ and further, the base
'^'j/^jM- represents a Teut. base*Jx«a»M-, so
that ^smothjoz is for *smanth-joz, * creamy.'
The base appears in Bohem. smant, cream
(Russ. smetana) ; whence the G. schmant,
cream, is borrowed. Cf. Bavar. schtnand^
cream. Der. smoothe , vb.
Smother, sb. (£.) Fonaexly smorther;
M. £. smorihert a suffocating smoke, lit.
' that which stifles ; ' formed (with suffix
'ther of the agent) from A. S. smor-ian, to
stifle, smother. 4- Du. and £. Fries, smoren,
to stifle, smother.
Smoulder, vb. (£.) M.£. smokUren^
vb. ; from M. £. smolder, sb., a stifling
smoke. Smol-der < *smoi'ther, Cf. Low
G. smelen, smolen, to smoulder; smoln^
to give out fumes (Danneil) ; Du. smeukn.
Allied to SmelL
Smudge. (Scand.) M. £. smogen
(Hall. ) ; weakened form of smutch. — Dan.
smudSf smut, dirt; smudse, to soil. Cf.
M. £. smod, dirt ; E. Fries, and Low G.
smudden, to soil ; Du. smoddig, dirty. See
Smut.
Smug, neat, spruce. (Scand. — G.) For-
merly smoog, smug; weakened form of
*smnk. mm Dan. smith, pretty, fine, fair;
(South Dan. smugg, N. Fries, smoch,
schmuck, Ontzen) ; M. Swed. smuch,
elegant, fair. —Low G. smuk, neat, trim;
G. schmuch, trim, spruce; cf. schmuchen,
to adorn, 'M. H. G. smuchm, to clothe,
adorn, derived from the weak grade of
the M. H. G. strong verb smiegen, to creep
into, cognate with A. S. smugan, to creep,
p. Thus smug meant *■ dressed ' or < trim ' ;
allied to smock, attire. See Smock.
smuggle, to import or export
secretly. (Scand.) Dan. smugle, to
smuggle; cf. i smug, secretly, smug-
handel, contraband trade ; Swed. smuga,
a lurking-hole, Icel. smuga, a hole to
creep through. — Icel. smug', weak grade
oismjuga, to creep, creep through a hole,
cognate with A. S. smugan, to creep ; see
Smock.
Smut, a spot of dirt or soot. (£.) For
the base smut-, cf. M. £. smotten, bi-smo-
teren, to smut ; G. schmutz, dirt. p. We
also find smutch, for * smuts ; from Swed.
smuts, smut, dirt; whence Swed. smutsa,
to soil ; see Smudge.
Snack ; see Snatch.
Snaffle* (Du.) For snafflt'pUce, i.e.
nose-piece. — Du. snavel, a horse's muzzle;
M. Du. snavel, snabel, bill, snout ; cf.
O. Fries, snavel, mouth ; G. schnabel, bill.
Dimin. of M. Du. snabbe, snebbe, Du.
sneb, bill, lit. 'snapper;' from *snctbben,
parallel form to M. Du. snappen, to snap
up; see Snap. Cf. Du. snebbig, snap-
pish ; Lith. snapas, bill.
Snie4gf, a short branch, knot on a stick,
abrupt projection. (Scand.) Prob. ot'
Scand. origin ; cf. Norw. snage, a project-
ing tongue of land ; Icel. snagi, a clothes-
peg. Hence, perhaps, prov. £. snag, to
trim, cut small branches from a tree ; Gael.
snaigh, to hew, cnt down, trim trees ; Iiish
snaigh, a hewing, cutting.
Snail. (£.) VL,^.snayU, K,S,sncegl,
snegel, a snail.^Icel. snigill, Dan. siugl\
Swed. snigel^ a slug. Teut. types *snagUoz,
*sn€giloz, masc Allied to A. S. snaca,
a snalce (Noreen, § 253). See below ; and
cf. Low G. snigge, G. schnecke, a snail.
snake. (£•) A. S. snaca, a snake
+Icel. snakr, snokr; Dan. snog; Swed.
snoh. From Teut. verb *snak-an-, to creep,
pt. t. *sndkt as seen in O. H. G. snahhan,
pt. t. snuoh.
Snap, yb. (Du.) Du. snappen, to snap,
snatch. + Dan. snappe^ Swed. snappa,
G. schnappen ; M. H. G. snaben. Base
*snap, similar to *snah. See Snaffle,
Snatch.
Snare, a noose. (£.) A,S^sneare, coid.
496
SNARL
SNORT
string, noose. ^Dn. fiMMr, a string; Icel.
snara\ l>zxi,iSnare\ Svrt6.,snara\ O.H.G.
snarakAa, a noose, fi. The O. H. G.
snarahha shews an orig. final guttural;
the sb. is from a strong verb, seen in
O. H. G. sfurAan, to twist tightly ; from
a base SNERH«ldg. ySNERK, whence
Gk. v&pKti^ cramp; see Narcissus. Cf.
^SN£R, to twist, wind; see Nerve.
y. All from ^SN£, to wind, spin ; whence
L. nire, to spin, G. scknur, a string.
Snarl, vb. (£.) Frequentative form of
snoTf to shew one*s teeth like a dog, spelt
snarre in Palsgrave. Not found in A. S. ;
but cf.M. Du. snarren, *to brawl, to scould,
or to snarle,* Hexham. 4" G* schnarren, to
growl, snarl; M. H. G. snar, a growling.
And see Sneer, Snort.
Snatch, (£.) M. £. snaccAen, as if
from *snak- ; cf. Lowland Sc. sftaJ^f a
snap of the jaws.^Du. snaJkJken, to gasp.
Base *snak, parallel to *snap. See
Snap. Der. snack^ sb., a portion, lit. * a
bit snatched up,' a hasty meal, a share; to
go snacks ^io go shares. Also prov. £.
stuck f snap or latch of a door.
Sneak. (£.) Variant of M. £. sniken,
A. S. snfcan, to creep. Tent, type ^snetkan-;
pt. t. *snaik, pp. *snikanaz. The A. S.
pt. t. sndc would give a deriv. *snaca»i,
representing £. sneak, Cf. Guernsey sni-
fugr, to rob ilily.^-Icel. snik'inny hanker-
mg after, from a lost strong verb ; Swed.
diaL snika (pt. t. smk), to hanker after ;
Dan. snigu sig", to sneak, slink ; Gael,
and Irish snaigy snaighy to creep (from £.).
Snaap, to pinch, check ; see Snub.
Snaez) to scoff. (£.) M. £. smren.
Cf. £. Fries, smren, to £rizzle, to cavse
a hissing noise, to sneer at ; Dan. snarre,
to grin like a dog, shew one's teeth at a
person ; allied to Snarl.
Sne6B#»vb. (£.) M.£. f»^«» ; Chaucer
has/nesen (Cant. Tales, H. 62), of which
sttesen, occurring in the Camb. MS., is
a modification. A. S. fhiosan, to sneeze.
'^H^vi.fniezenx Swed. ^^ja; 'Da.u./nyse,
Cf. Gk. wica, I breathe ; see Pneumatio.
Base */neuS', parallel form to *hnet4S' ; see
Keese.
Sniff, to scent. (Scand.) M. £. sneuien
{snevien). ^Icel. *snefjay to sniff, a lost
verb, whence sna/dr^ sharp-scented, snefill,
a slight scent ; Dan. snive, to sniff.
Similar to Icel. snippa, to sniff; and cf.
stioppa, a snout.
Snip, vb. (Du.) Dn. f/ii//^M, to snip,
clip ; allied to snappen, to snap, intercept ;
see Snap.'4-£* Fries. snippen\ Low G.
snippeln, to cut small ; G. schnipptn, to
snap, allied to schnappen, Cf. £. Fries.
snipy sharp ; snip^ snippe, a small piece of
land. ^ Prob. confus^ with Nip. Der.
jsnip, sb. ; snipp-et, a small piece.
Snipe, a bird. (Scand.) M. £. snype,^
Icel. snipay a snipe ; Dan. sruppe^ a snipe ;
Swed. sndppa, a sand- piper. 4- Du. iuipy
snep, M. Du. snippe, sneppe ; G. schnepfe.
It refers to the long bill ; lit. * snipper.'
See Snip, Snap.
Snite (i), to wipe the nose. (£.) A. S.
*snytan, whence snyting, sb., a sneezing ;
£. Fries. snUteny to snite. 4- Du. snuiteUy
from snuity snout, nose ; Icel. snyta, Swed.
sr^ia, Dan. snydCy to snite; from Swed.
snuty Dan. snmUy snout ; see Snout.
Snite (a), a snipe. (£.) M. £. snite,
A. S. snite, a snite or snipe. Cf. Snipe.
Snivel, to snufBe, to whimper. (£.)
M. £. snuveleny sneueien {sneveten); as if
from A. S. *snyflian. From A. S. snojl,
mucus. Cf. Swed. snofta, Dan. snovUy to
snuffle ; Low G. sniiff, snuff, a nose, snout.
See Snuff.
Snob. (Scand.) Prov. £. snob, a vulgar
person, also, a journeyman shoemaker,
snap, a lad, servant, usually in a ludicrous
sense ; Lowl. Sc. sttab, a cobbler*s boy. —
Dan. dial, snopp, snupp, bashful, silly;
Icel. sndpr, a dolt, with the notion of
impostor, a boaster, used as a by-word;
Swed. dial, snopp, a boy, anything stumpy ;
cf. Swed. dial, snoppa, to cut off, make
stumpy ; and see Snub. Cf. Swed. snopetty
ashamed.
Snood, a fillet, ribbon. (£.) A. S. snody
a fillet; orig. 'a twist,' wreath. Cf. Icel.
sniidr, a twist; Swed. stwddy a string;
also W. ysnoden, a fillet ; Irish snathe y a
thread. All from Idg. root *snei *snd, to
spin, to twist ; whence G. schnu-r, a string ;
cf. Icel. snua, Dan. snoe, Swed. sno, to
twist, twinCk
Snore, vb. (£.) M. £. sncren ; for
*fnoren ; cf. A. S. fnora, sb., a snoring,
snore. From A. S.fnor- {</nus-), weak
grade oifneosany to sneeze ; see Sneese.
Influenced by Snort.
Snort, vb. (£.) M. £. snortefty to snore.
Low G. snurteny snarten, to make an
explosive noise. From ^snur^ ; as in Low
G. snurreuy to hum, M. Du. sncrretiy to
murmur. Variant forms are Dan. snorke^
to snort ; Swed. stwrka, to threaten (orig. to
497
SNOT
fame, be angry) ; T>vusnorken\ G.schnar-
chen. And see Snarl.
Snotf mucns from the nose. (£.) M. £.
sftotte. A. S. ge-snot ; O. Fries, snotte ;
Do. Dan. snoL Allied to Snite (i) and
snout.
snout. (E.) M. E. snoute^ E. Fries.
snute. + Du. snnit ; Swed. snut^ snout,
muzzle; Dan. snude\ G. schnauze, Cf.
Dan. snue, to sniff, Low G. snau, prov.
G. schnau^ snout, beak. From a base
*sneu ; whence Teut vb. *snutan'^ pt. t.
*stmutf pp. *snutanoz. From the ist grade
we have Swed. snutf Dn. snuit, £. sttout ;
from the 2nd, G. schnauze \ and from the
3rd, E. snot.
Snow. (E.) A. S. sndw.<^T>Vi. sneeuiv,
Icel. snary Dan. snee, Swed. sno, Goth.
snaiwSy G. schnee ; also Lith. snegas, Russ.
snieg\ L. ««: (gen. niuis), Gk. ace. w<^,
Irish J«^tf^^flf, W. ly/. (VSNEIGH.) Cf.
Lith. snigtiy to snow, I^ ningity Gk. v(i^«(,
it snows. Bmgm. i. $ 394.
Snub, to check, reprimand. (Scand.)
Also sneby snib, M. E. snibben. ^Dtai.
snibbey to reprimand ; Swed. snubba, Icel.
snubba, N. Fries, snubbey to snub, chide.
Orig. to ' snip off* the end of a thing ; cf.
Icel. snubbotvy snubbed, nipped, with the
tip cut off; Swed. dial, snubbay to snip or
clip off; E. Fries, snubbeln, to snap or
snatch away. p. Allied to obs. E. sneapy
to pinch, nip, answering to Icel. sneyfay to
castrate, also to disgrace, snub ; Swed.
sttopCy to castrate. Cf. also Dan. dial.
snevty to dock, to snub, to nip. Der.
snub-nosedy i.e. with a short or stumpy
nose, as if with the end cut off.
snub-nosed; see above.
Snuff (i)» to sniff, smell. (Du.) From
M. Du. snuffen'yd. snuyven (Du. snuiven),
' to snuffe out the filth out of ones nose,*
Hexham ; Du. snuf, smelling, scent ; E.
Fries, snufen^ snuveny to snufTup.+Swed.
snufva, a catarrh, snufven, a sniff, scent ;
cf. G. schnaubeny schnaufeny schntebetiy to
snuff, snort (from a Teut. base *sneub) ;
G. schnupftn^ a catarrh, schnupfeny to take
snuff. Der. snuffy powdered tobacco;
also snuff-lCy prov. G. schnuffeln, schniif-
feln.
Snuff (2), to snip off the top of a candle-
wick. (E.) M. E. snuffeny to snuff out
a candle ; cf. snoffcy sb., the snuff of a
candle. Parallel to *sniippen ; cf. prov. E.
snap, to eat off, as cattle do young, shoots ;
Swed. dial, sndppa, to snip off, snuff a
SOBRIQUET
candle ; Dan. snubbe, to nip off. See Snub.
Der. snuffy sb.
Snug*. (Scand.) Cf. prov. E. snugy tidy,
trimmed up ; snog^ the same. — Icel. snoggVy
smooth, said of wool or hair; M. Swed.
snyggy short-haired, trimmed, Swed. snygg,
cleanly, neat, genteel; Dan. dial. Sfwgy
neat, smart. Cf. E. Fries. sniiggCy sniggty
smooth, neat. Orig. 'trimmed;* hence
neat, smart, tidy, comfortable. Cf. Sna^.
So. (E.) M. E. so, A. S. sivd.'^'Y^ii,
zooy Icel. svdy svOy so ; Dan. saay Swed. shy
G. sOy Goth, swa ; Tent, types *j7w^, ♦jwJ,
*swa, Cf. Gk. a>s. p. From a case of Idg.
*sivosy one's own ; cf. L. suuSy Skt. sva^
one's own. Lit, • in one's own way.' See
Prellwitz ; Brugm. i. § 362.
Soak. (E.) It also means to suck up,
imbibe. M. E. sokeny (i) to suck, (2) to
soak. A. S. sociany to soak ; from A. S.
soC' (Teut. stfk'^y weak grade of siican, to
suck. See Suck. Cf. W. siugUy soaked,
sugnoy to suck.
Soap. (E.) M.E.j<>^. A. S. 54^.4-
Du, zeep ; [cf. Icel. sdpa^ Swed. sdpay from
A. S.]; G. seife. Teut. type *saipdny
fem. ; from *saipy 2nd grade of ^seipan-y
to trickle (M. H. G. sffen) ; hence also
A.S. sdpy resin, pomade, allied to sSpe,
% L. sdpo (whence F. savon, &c.) was
borrowed from Teutonic; the true L.
(cognate) word seems to be sibum, tallow,
grease.
Soar. (F. - L.) M. E. soren, - F. essorer^
to expose to air ; in M. F., * to sore up,* Cot.
— Late L. *exaurdre, to expose to air. —
L. ex, out; aura, breeze, air. Perhaps
L. aura was borrowed from Gk. avpa^ a
breeze ; formed, apparently, with suffix -ra
from ^AW, variant of "WE, to blow. See
Air.
Sob, vb. (E.) M. E. sobbeny related to
A. S. seofian, to lament. + G. seufun,
to sigh, O. H. G. suftdny to sob, O. H. G.
sufty a sigh, sob ; all from O. H. G. sufany
to sup, sup up. Allied to Sup. Der.
sob, sb.
Sober. (F. — L.) M. E. sobre. - F. sobre.
L. sobriuniy ace. of sobriuSy sober. — L. so*
= se-y apart, hence, not ; -briusy drunk, as
in g-brius. See Ebriety. (Doubtful.)
Der. sobriety y M. F. sobrietiy L. ace.
sobrietdtem.
Sobriquet, Soubriquet, a nick-
name. (F.) F. sobriquet, * surname, nick-
name, a jeast broken on a man;' Cot.
He also spells it sotbriquet, soubriquet.
498
soc
SOIREE
From O. F. soubzbriquet, a chuck under
the chin (14th cent); hence, a qnip, an
affront, a nickname. Here O. F. soubZf F.
sous, is from L. subtus, below ; briquet has
been conjectured to stand for bequet, dimin.
of beCf beak, month ; cf. Ital. sotto-becco, a
chuck under the chin. ^Percussit super
mentonem faciendo dictum le soubriquet ; *
A. D. 1335. See Korting, and Littre.
SoCf Socage; see Soke.
Sociable. (F. — L.) F. sociable. ^h.
socidbi/iSf companionable, i- L. socid-re, to
accompany. -iL. socius, companion, fol-
lower ; allied to L. sequt, to follow. See
Sequence. Der. as'sociate^ dissociate.
social. (L.) L. socidliSy adj., from
socius (above).
society- (F- - L.) M. F. societS. •- L.
ace. sodetdtenty from nom. societds, fellow-
ship.—IL. socius^ a companion; see So-
ciable.
Sock. (L.) A. S. socc. — L. scccus, a
light shoe, slipper, sock, buskin of a
comedian.
Socket. (F. -L. ?) Cf. F. dial, soquette,
a stump of dead wood, patois de laMeuse
(Labourasse) ; Walloon soketty a stump.
Godefroy has socquet, (apparently) a cup-
board. Prob. an A. F. dimin. of O. F. soc,
a wooden clog (a.d. 1473)* Cotg. has
' socque, a sock or sole of durt, cleaving to
the foot in a cloggv way.' Cf. Port, socco,
wooden shoe or clog, mod. F. socque, a
clog. p. All from L. soccus, sock, shoe,
hence, a wooden shoe or clog. I conclude
that socket is a dimin. of sock^ notwith-
standing the change in sense ; cf. £. shoe,
a kind of socket, as a term in machinery
(Webster). ^ O. F. soket, a small plough-
share, is from a Celtic source, being allied
to O. Irish socc, a ploughshare.
Sod. (£.) So called from the use of
turf as fuel i?) ; or from its frequent
wetness (?). The connexion with the
verb to seethe appears clearly in Du. %ode,
sod, green turf, M. Du. zode, seething, also
sod ; G. j^ip, sod, jodf, bubbling up of boiling
water; Low G. sood, a well, W(?,a turf, sod ;
£. Fries, sod, a well ; sode, a cut turf, also,
boiling, cooking ; Dan. dial, sodd, saadd,
a sod. (See Franck.) Cf. also A. S.siad,
a well, pit, sead, pt. t. of seoHctn, to seethe ;
O. Fries. sStha, sod, sdth, a well ; A. S.
ge-sod, a cooking. See Seethe.
Soda. (Ital. - L. ) Ital. soda, < a kind of
feame ashes whereof they make glasses ; *
Florio. Fern, of Ital. soch, * solide, tough ; *
ibid. (Similarly O. F. soulde, glasswoit,
answers to L. so/ida ; prob. from the hard-
ness of the products obtained from glass-
wort.) — L. solidus, solid, hard. See Solid.
Der. sod'ium, a coined word.
Sodden ; see Seethe.
Soderi Solder, a firm cement from
fusible metals. (F. — L.) Formerly soder,
sowder, sometimes soulder\ now pio-
nounoed (sod'sr). — F. soudure, M. F.
souldure, * a souldering, and particularly
the knot of soulder which fastens the led
[lead] of a elasse window ; ' Cot. — O. F.
souder, souiaer^io consolidate, make firm.
— L. solid&re, to make firm. -■ L. solidus,
firm. See Solid.
Sodomy. ^F. - L. - Gk.- Heb.) F.
sodomie, a sin imputed to the inhabitants
of Sodom. — F. Sodofne, Sodom. — L.
Sodoma. — Gk. :&6dofm. * Heb. ^edom.
Sofa. (Arab.) Arab, suj^at, suffah, * a
sopha ; ' Rich. Diet. p. 936. • Arab, root
saffa, to draw up in line, to put a seat to a
saddle; ibid.
Soft. (E.) A. S. softe, adv. ; soft, also
s^/te adj. (with f-mutation). 4* ^' ^^'
sd/tOf adv., softly ; G. san/it, soft ; O. H. G,
samfio, adv.) gently ; Du. zacht, for za/t
(whence G. sacht). "Det, soft-en.
Soil (i), ground, country. (F. — L.)
M. E. jof/i?. — A. F. soil; (cf. F. seuily
threshold of a door < L. solium). * Late
L. solea, soil, ground. Allied to L. solum,
ground ; whence F. sol, soil, ground (from
which, however, the E. word cannot be
directly derived). Cf. Gk. tb-a^pos, founda-
tion, ground. See Sole (i).
Soil (a), to defile. (F.-L.) M.E.
soilen. [Not allied to M.E. sulen, E.
sully. "l^O. F. soilHer^ F. souiller, to soil ;
se souiller, to wallow as a sow.-*0. F.
soil, souil, * the soile of a wild boar, the
mire wherein he hnth wallowed;* Cot.
— Late L. suillus, a pig ; L. suillus,
adj., belonging to swine.— L. sUs, a sow.
See Sow. Der. soil, sb., a stain; quite
distinct from soil, ground.
Soil (3)) to feed cattle with green grass,
to fatten with feeding. (F.-L.) O. F.
*soeler, saoler, M. F. saouler, to glut,
satiate (F. soUler) ; cf. O. F. soelement,
satiety (Godefroy). -O.F. saol, full, cloyed.
—L. ace. satullum, fiWed with food. — L.
satur, full. See Satiate.
Soiree, an evening party. (F.— L.) F.
soiree, evening; hence, an evening party.
Cf. Ital. serata, evening. —L. ser-uSf late in
499
SOJOURN
SOLITARY
the day (whence Ital. sera, F. soir, even-
injj) ; with suffix -dta (>F. '4e\
Sojounif to dwell. (F. — L.) O. F.
sojomer, sojourner. * L. siib, under ; diur-
ndre^ to stay, from diumus, daily ; which
is from dieSy a day. See Diary.
Soke, SoC« a franchise, land held by
socage. (£.) The A. S. scicu meant ' a
contention/ a ' law-suit * ; whoice the Law
terra sac, the power of hearing suits and
administering justice within a certain pre-
cinct. The A.S. sdcnm.esjii * investigation/
or ' a seeking into ' ; whence the Law
term soke, the right of hearing disputes
and enquiring into complaints, also, the
precinct within which such right was
exercised ; see Blonnt, Spelman, Ellis,
Thorpe, Schmid. p. Etyniologically, sac
(A.S. soch) is the same word as Sake,
q. V. Soke (A. S. soc-) is the exercise of
judicial power; and soken (A.S. socn^
socen" is an enquiry ; both allied to £. seek,
and derived from A. S. soc, strong grade
of sacan, to contend ; see Seek. Der.
soc-age, a barbarous law term made by
adding F. -age (L. 'cUicuni) to A. S. soc-.
(The 0 is long.)
Solace, a relief. (F. - L.) M. E. solas,
— O. F. sola% (where z — ts\ — L. solatium,
a comfort. — L. sdldtus, pp. of soldri, to
console. Allied to L. sollus^ Gk. tXos,
whole (Prellwitz). Der. solace, vb.
Solaa-gOOSe, a bird. (Scand. cmd E.)
The £. goose is an addition. — Icel. sulan,
lit. * the gannet,' where -n stands for the
definite article ; def. form of Icel. -sula,
in haf-sula, i. e. sea-gannet, solan goose ;
Norweg. sula, the same.
Solar, belonging to the sun. (L.) L.
Solaris, solar. — L. sdl, sun. -f" Icel. sol,
(joth. sauil, Lith. sdule, W. haul, Irish
sfd, Gk. ^Aioy (see Prellwitz); Set. sitra-,
sun, splendour. Brugm. i. § 481.
Solder; see Soder.
Soldier. (F. — L.) M. £. sodiour,
soudiour, souldier. — O. F. soldier, soudoier,
souldoyer, one who fights for pay; Late
L. solddrius. — Late L. soldum, pay. — Late
L. solidus, a piece of money (whence O. F.
sol, F. sou) ; orig. * a solid piece.* — L.
solidus, soXidi', cf.E.* hard cash.* See Solid.
Sole (i), under side of foot or shoe.
(L.) A. S. sole, — Late L. sola, for L. solea^
sole of the foot, or of a shoe. — L. solum,
the ground. See Soil.
Sole (2), a fish. (F.-L.) M.E.W^.-
F. sole ; Cot. — L. solea, the sole-fish.
Sole (3), alone. (F.-L.) O. F.ji?/(F.
seul),''»'L. sdlum, ace. oi solus, alone.
Solecissi, impropriety in speaking or
writing. (F. — L. — Gk.) M. F. soloectsnie ;
Cot. — L. solacismus, — Gk. ffoAoima/io;, a
solecism. — Gk. aoKxAKi^uv, to speak incor-
rectly. "> Gk. a6\oiKo^j speaking incorrectly,
like an inhabitant of 'SMKw. {Soloi) in
Cilicia, where the Gk. dialect was cor-
ruptly spoken. Der. solecist, sb.
Solemn. (F.— L.) M.K solempne.^
O. F. solempne, — L. solemnem, ace. of
solemnis, older forms solennis, sollennis,
annual, occurring yearly like a religious
rite, religious, solemn. — L. sollus, entire,
complete ; annusy a year. Hence solemn
=» returning at the end of a complete year.
The O.Lat. sollus is cognate with W. Aoll,
whole, entire. Brugm. i. $ 417. Der.
solemnity, -ise.
Sol-i^f to sing the notes of the gamut.
(L. ) It means to sing the notes by the
names si, la, sol, fa, mi, re, ut (where, for
ut, do is now used). These names are of
L. origin ; see G-amut. Der. solfeggio,
from Ital. solfeggio, the singing o£ the
gamut ; cf. sol-mi-scUion, coined from sol
and mi.
Solicit. (F.-L.) U,¥.soliciter.^L.
sollicitdre, to agitate, arouse, urge, solicit.
— L. sollicitus, lit. wholly agitated.— L.
solli', for sollus, whole ; citus, aroused, pp.
of ciere, to shake, excite. See Solemn
and Cite. Der. solicitous, for L. sollicitus;
solicit-ude, M.F. solicitude, from L. sollici-
tUdo, anxiety.
Solid. ( F. — L.") F. solide. — L. solidum,
ace. of solidus, firm. Der. solidar-i-ty,
* a word which we owe to the F. com-
munists, and which signifies a fellow-
ship in gain and loss, a being, so to speak,
all in the same bottom ; * Trench. Also
solid'ify, from F. solidifer ^io render solid.
Soliloqny. (L.) Late L. soliloquium,
a speaking to oneself (Augustine). — L.iJ/r-,
for solus,' slont', loqut, to speak. See
Xjoquaoious.
Soliped. an animal with uncloven
hoof. (L.) Short for solidiped, — L.
solidiped', stem "of solidipes, solid-hoofed
(Pliny). — L. solidi-, for solidus, solid ; pes,
a foot ; see Foot.
Solitary. (F.-L.) U,V..solitarie.'-
A. K. solitarie\ cf. F. solitaire. ^h. soli-
tdrius, solitary. Short for *sdlitdtdrius,
from solitdt', stem of sdlitds, loneliness.—
L. solus, alone.
500
J
SOUTUDE
SOOTH
solitude. (F. —L. ) F. solitude, - L.
sdlUudo, •- L. soli-^ for solus^ alone ; and
suffix -tfido,
solo. (Ital. — L.) From Ital. solot
alone. — L. solus^ alone.
Solmisatioii : see Bol-fa.
Solstioe. (F. — L.) F. solstice. ^h,
solstitiufftj the solstice ; lit. a point (in the
ecliptic) at which the sun scenes to stand
still. — L. sdlf the sun ; -stit-um, for statuniy
supine of sistere, to make to stand still,
from stare y to stand. See State.
Solnble. (F. - L.) F. soluble. - L.
solubilis, dissolvable. — L. solii-^ base of
solH-tus^ pp. of soluere, to loosen ; with
suffix 'Hlis. See solve.
solution. (F. — L.^ F. solution,^
L. solationem, ace. of solatia, a loosing. *
L. soliit-us, pp. of soluere, to loosen,
solve.
SOItO. (L.) Late L. solvere ; L. soluere,
to loosen, relax, explain ; pp. solutus. — L.
so- (for j/-), apart; Iture, to loosen, allied
to Gk. Xv-uv, to set free, and to £. Uose.
Brugm. i. § 121. Der. solvent, from the
stem of the pres. pt. ; and see above.
SomteOy gloomy. (F. — L.) ¥.soniOre,
gloomy. Cf. Port, and Span, sombrio,
gloomy, from Port, and Span, sonibra,
shade. Diez refers these to L. umbra,
shade, with prefix j«^ ; cf. Pro v. sotz-onibrar,
to shade. (See Korting.) Littre refers
them to L. umbra, shade, with prefix ex
(^intensive). Either solution seems pos-
sible; the latter is the simpler. See
Umbrage.
SOmbrerpy a broad-brimmed hat.
(Span. — L.) Span, sombrero. — Span, som-
bra (above).
Some. (£.) A. S. sum, some one, a
certain one, one; pi. sume, some.4-Icel.
sumr, Goth, sums, O. H. G. sum, some
one ; Dan. somme, pi. ; 9f. Swed. somlige, pi.,
some. Allied to Same. Der. some-body,
'thing, 'time, •times (where -j is an ad*«
verbial suffix).
Hiome, suffix. (E.) A. S. -sum, as in
tuyn-sum = E. win-some. Cf. G. lang-sam,
slow. From the weak grade of Tent.
*samo', same ; see Same.
Somersaolt, Somerset. (F.~ltal.
— L.) M.F. soubresault, *• a sobresault or
summersault, an active trick in tumbling ; '
Cot. — lul. soprasalto. — Ital. sopra, above,
over; salto, a leap. »L. suprH, above,
over ; solium, ace. of saltus, a leap, from
pp. of L. satire, to leap ; see Salient.
50
Somnambulist, one who walks in
his sleep. (L.) Coined (with suffix -ist^
L. -ista'^Gk. -itrrrjs, as in bapt-ist) from
L. somn-us, sleep, and ambul-dre, to walk.
See below, and see Amble.
somniferous, causing sleep. (L.) L.
somnifer, sleep- bringing ; with suffix -ous.
— L. somni', for somnus, sleep; -fcr,
bringing, from ferre, to bring, p. The
L. somnus is for *swepnos, allied to
Skt. svapna-, Irish stian, W. hun, sleep.
(VSWEP.) See Soporiferous.
somnolence. (F.— L.) Y .somnolence.
— L. somnolentia, sleepiness. — L. somtw*
lentus, sleepy. *L. somno- (for somnus ),
sleep (above) ; with suffix -lentus.
Son. (E.) M. E. sone. A. S. sunu.^
IJn. zoon ; Icel. sunr, Dan. son, Swed. son,
G. sohn, Goth, sunus. Teut. type *sunus.
Cf. Lith. siinus, Russ. suin* ; Skt. sHnu-,
from Skt. su, sH, to beget ; Gk. vlos, vivs
(for *(ryyj&s) ; O. Irish sutA, birth. (VSC.)
Brugm. i. §§ 104, 292.
Sonata. (Ital. — L.) Ital. sonata, a
sounding, a sonata. From the fern, of pp.
of Ital. sonar e, to sound. — L. sondre, to
sound, from sonus, sound. See Sound (3).
Song. (E.) M. E. smg. A. S. sang. -
A. S. sang, 2nd grade of singan, to sing.^»
Du. zang', Icel. songr; Swed. sang; Dan.
and G. sang ; Goth, saggws (for sangws) ;
cf. Gk. bn^, voice. See Sing.
songster. (E.) A.S. sangystre, sang-
estre, a singer. ^ A. S. sang, 2nd grade of
singan, to sing ; with double suffix -es-tre
of the agent. Der. songstr-ess, with F.
suffix, from Gk. -laaa.
Sonnet. (F.-Iul. — L.) ¥. sonnet.^
Ital. sonetto, a sonnet, canzonet ; dimin. of
sono, a sound, tuncL. sonum, ace. of
sonus, a sound. Der. sonnet-eer, Ital. sofiet-
tiere, a soimet-writer. See Bound (3).
sonorous. (L.) For L.j<;;i^rKj, loud-
sounding. — L. sondr-, stem of sonar, sound,
noise. — L. sondre, to sound. — L. sonus,
sound.
Soon. (E.) M.E.sone. A.H.sona.^
O. Sax. Sana, sdno ; O. Fries., O. Sax.,
M. H. G. sdn ; cf. Goth, suns-aiw, suns,
immediately.
Soot. (E.) A. S. jJ/.<f Icel. sot, Swed.
sat, Dan. sod ; cf. Lith. sidis, soot Per-
haps from the 0- grade of Idg. root SED
(Teut. SET), to sit, rest upon. See Sit.
(Noreen, § 146; Streitberg, § 95.) Cf.
also Gael, sitith, soot.
Soothff true. (E.) A.S. sifd, true;
SOOTHE
SORTIE
whence sody neut. sb., the trath. [The A.S.
soS stands for * south- ^ Teut. *santh- ; the
loss of /I following the lengthening of ^.]
4*Icel. sannr (for *satUhf^f Swed. sann,
Dan. sand\ from Teut. base *santhoZy
Idg. *sonioSj short for *€s-ont'., lit. being,
that which is, from -^ESi to be. AUi^l
to L. -sens^ being, as in ab-sens (stem ab-
sent-) y pra-sens (stem pra-sent-) ; Skt.
sat-ya., true. See Suttee and Bssence.
"Dor^for'soothy i. e. for a truth ; sooth-say ^
to say truth.
soothe. (E.) The orig. sense was to
assent to as being true, hence to say yes to,
humour, flatter, approve of. 'Is't good
to soothe him in these contraries?' Com.
Errors, iv. 4. 82. M. E. soOiefif to con-
firm, verify. A. S. ge-sd6ian, to confirm,
prove to be true.* A.S. sffdj true; see
Sooth.
soothsay. (£.) To say sooth, i. e.
tell truth, predict.
Sopv sb. (E.) - M. E. soppe. It answers
to an A. S. ^scppe, a sop (whence soppian,
to sop up) ; regularly formed from sop-
(Teut. *suP') weaker grade of supan, to
sup. Cf. Icel. soppa, a sop, from the
weaker grade of stlpa^ to sup ; also Du.
sop, M. Du. zoppe, M. Swed. soppa, Low
G. soppe, G. suppe. See Sup.
Sophist, a captious reasoner. (F.— L.
— Gk.) Usually sophister in old authors,
but the final r is unoriginal. — O. F.
sophiste. •- Late L. sophista. — Gk. cwpsariii,
a skilful man, also a Sophist, teacher of
arts for money (see Liddell) . — Gk.o'o^/fcii^,
to instruct. — Gk. ©"©(^(Jj, wise. Der. sophist-
r-y^ sophist-ic (Gk. aot^anKoi) ; sophis-m
(Gk. <r6<pi<Tfia, a device).
Sophy, a shah of Persia, A. D. 1505-
173^ (Pere. — Arab.) In Shak. Merch.
Ven. ii. i. 26. Pers. Sa^, a title.— Arab.
S(i/tyf pure. % Distinct from Sufi, a
Moslem mystic; firom Arab, su/ty, intel-
ligent.
Soporiferons, inducing sleep. (L.)
From L. sopdrifer, sleep - bringing ; by
adding-^Mj. — L. sopori- , from sopor- , stem of
sopor, sleep; -fer, bringing, irorxiferre, to
bring. The L. sopor is allied to Skt. svap-
na-, sleep (from svap, to sleep), Gk. dwvoj,
sleep, A. S. swefen, a dream. (-^SWEP.)
Brugm. i. § 551. See Somniferous.
SOporifiCf causing sleep. (L.) L.
soport- (above) ; and -fic-^ for facere, to
make, cause.
Soprano. (Ital.~L.) Ital. soprano,
supreme ; highest voice in music. — Late L.
superdttus, chief; see Sovereign.
Sorcery. (F. — L.) O. F. sorcerie,
casting of lots, magic — O. F. sorcicr, a
sorcerer. — Late L. sortiSrius, a teller of
fortunes by lots, sorcerer. — L. sorti-, from
sort', stem of sors, a lot.
Sordid, dirty, vile. (F. — L.) F. sor-
dide.^'L. sorcUdus^ dirty.— L. sordi-, for
sordSs, dirt. Cf. Russ. sor\ filth. Bmgm. i.
p. 1092.
SorOf adj. (E.) M. E. sor. A. S. sdr,
painful. + Du. zeer, Icel. sdrr, Swed. shr,
O. H. G. sir, wounded, painfiil ; cf. G.
sehr^ sorely, very, versehren, to wound.
Teut. type *sairoz, adj. Cf. O. Irish sdeth,
sdeth, tribulation ; but hardly L. sauus,
dire. Der. sore, sb., A.S. sdr (Goth, sair) ;
and sore, adv., very ; see Sorry.
Sorrel (0, a plant. (F.-M. H.G.)
O. F. sorel (F. surelU),^^. H. G. sur (G.
sauer), sour; from its taste. So also A. S.
siire, sorrel, from sur, sour. See Sour.
Sorrel (2), of a reddish-brown colour.
(F. — Teut.) O. F. sorel; dimin. from
O.F. sor, F. saur, sorrel of colour.— Low
G. soor, sear, dried up, withered ; cognate
with E. sear. See Bear.
Sorrow, grief. (E.) M. E. sorwe,
sor)e. A. S. sorg^e, gen. dat. and ace. of
sorh, sorgs sorrow, anxiety. 4- Du. zorg,
Dan. Swed. sorg, G. sorge, Goth, saurga,
care, grief. Teut. type *sorgd, f. Cf.
O. Irish serg, sickness, Lith. sirgti, to be
ill, suffer. % Not allied to sore or sorry,
though the present sense of sorry shews
confusion with it. See below.
Sorry, sore in mind, aggrieved. (E.)
M. E. sory. A.S. s&rig, adj., sorry, Sad,
sore in mind ; from sar, sore. 4*1^. zeerig,
Swed. s&rig, sore, full of sores, words
which preserve the orig. sense. % Spelt
with two r's owing to the shortening of
M. E. 0 in sory, due to the addition of the
«uffix -y (A. S. 4g) ; but not orig. allied to
sorrow.
Sort, a kind. (F. — L.) F. sorte, fenk,
sort, kind ; O. F. sofie, fem., a company ;
allied to F. sort, masc., luck, fate. — L.
sortem, ace. of sors, lot. Perhaps allied to
Series. Brugm. i. § 516 (i).
Sortie. (F.-L.) F. sortie, a going
forth ; fem. of sorti, pp. of sortir, to sally
forth. Cf. Span, surtida, a sortie, from
O. Span, surtir, to rise. p. F. sortir^
Span, surtir, answer to a Folk*L. form
*sortiret to rise up, from *sortum, for L.
502
SOT
SOW
iurrectuvii supine of surgere, to rise up;
see Surge. The contraction of surrectum
to sortum is proved to be correct by Ital.
sorto. occurring as pp. of sorgercy to rise ;
and by Span, surto, pp. of surgir.
Sot, a stupid fellow, drunkard. (Late
L. . M, E. soi (Ancren Riwle). A. S. soi.
sott. Late L. sottus (Ducange) ; ab. A.D.
800. Prob. of Teut. origin ; cf. M. Du.
zot ; M. H. G. sote, a sot. ^ Distinct from
Span, zote, a blockhead ; Ital. zoHco (Florio
has zottico). The Ital. zotico has been re-
ferred to L. ididticuSy idiotic, in which case
Span, zote may represent L. ididteSy of Gk.
origin ; see Idiot. Ducange hasj'otticus,
a foolish game ; cf. M. l£>,jott€Sy unlearned
people.
Sou. (F. — L.) F. sou, O. F. sol, a
coin.— Late L. solidus^ solid, also a coin ;
cf. /. J. </., i. e. librat solidly denarii. See
SoUd.
Soubriquet ; see Sobriquet.
Souchong, a kind of tea. (Chinese.)
Cantonese siu-chungy for siao-chung^ * little
sort;* Yule, p. 691.
Soughy a sighing sound. (£.) M.£.
swoghy swough, from A. S. swogan, to
resound. Cf. loel. am^sUgry the rush-
ing sound of an eaglets wings ; and see
Surf.
Soul. (£.) A. S. sHwely sawL 4> Dn.
ziely Icel. s&lay sdly Dan. sialy Swed. sjdly
G. seeUy Goth, saiwala. Brugm. i. § 200.
Sound (i), adj., healthy. (E.) M. E.
sound. A. S. J««af.+Du. gezond; Swed.
Dan. sund ; G. gesund. Perhaps allied to
sane,
Sound (3), strait of the sea. (E.) M.E.
sound. A. S. sund^ (i) a swimming, (2)
power to swim, (3) a strait of the sea, that
could be swum across. ^Icel. Dan. Swed.
G. sund. Probably derived from *swum
(A. S. swum'), weak grade of swimman,
to swim; with suffix -doz for Idg. pp.
suffix 'f(fs. Brugm. i. § 377 (2). See
Swim. Der. sound, swimming-bladder
of a fish, another use of the same word ;
Shetland soond, Icel. sund-magi,
Sound (3), a noise. (F.-L.) The
final d is added. M. K soun.^F. son.
i- L. sonum, ace. of sonus (for *swenos)y a
sound. ^- Skt. svana', sound ; A. S. swin,
melody. (-^SWEN.) Brugm. ii. $ 519.
Sound (4)) to measure depth of water.
(F. — L.) In Palsgrave. — F. sender^ to
sound the depth of. Cf. Span. Port, sondary
to sound ; Span. Port, sonda, F. sonde^ a
souuding-lead. Diez derives F. sonder
from a supposed L. *sub-ufuiare, to go
under the water ; from L. sub, under, and
unday a wave ; cf. ab-oiittd, red-ound, and
sombre, % Yet we find A. S. suttdgyrd,
a sounding-rod ; sund'ltne, sund-rdp, a
sounding-line or rope ; which point to a
derivation from Sound (2).
Soup. (F.-Teut.) F. soupe. - F.
souper, to sup.— Low G. supeny to drink,
quaff. See Sup, and Sop.
Sour. (E.) A. S. sur. + Du. zuur^
Icel. surr, "D&n.suury Swed. sur, G. sauer;
W. sur, sour, Lith. suruSy salt; Russ.
surovuiiy raw, coarse, harsh, rough.
Brugm. i. $ 114.
Source. (F. — L.) M. E. sours. — O. F.
sorsey surse (F. source), a source. Here
sorse is fern, of sors, old pp. of O. F. sordre
(F. sourdre)y to rise. — L. surgere, to rise ;
see Surge.
Souse (I), pickle. (F.-L.) Merely
another spelling of Sauce ; c£ M. £.
sowsery a saucer; Vocab. 661. 17. Hence
souse, vb., to soak in brine.
Souse (2). Sowse, to swoop down
upon. (F.—L.) From M.E. sours, the
upwai'd spring or the swoop of a bird of
prey ; Ch. — O. F. sorsey a rise, also a
source; see Source. Phil. Soc. Trans.
1888, p. 18.
South. (E.) A.S. si46,^jyvi, zuid'y
Icel. sUdr, also sunnr, south (cf. sudreyj'ar,
lit. southern islands, Sodor, the Hebrides) ;
Dan. Swed. sydy Swed. sunnan, the south ;
O.H.G. sund, G. sUd. p. The Teut.
base is *sunth', south; perhaps allied to
Sun, q.v. Connexion with Gk. v6roiy
south wind (Brugmann), is doubtful ; see
Prellwitz. Der. south-em ; cf. O. H. G.
sundroni, southern, Icel. stdirtenn.
Souvenir. (F.—L.) ¥. souvenir, sh.,
a remembrance ; merely the verb souvenir,
to remember, used as a sb. — L. subuentre,
to occur to one's mind. — L. suby under,
near ; uenJre, to come. See Venture.
Sovereign. (F.—L.) M.E. souerain
(soverain), - A. F. soverein ; O. F. sotwe-
rain, — Late L. superdnus, chief. — L. super,
above. See Super-.
Sow (i)» to scatter seed. (E.) A.S.
sdwan, pt. t. seow, pp. sdwen, -4- Du.
zaaijen, Icel. sdy Dan. saae, Swed. sd,
O.H.G. sdwen, G. sden, Goth, saian.
Also W. hau, Lith. seti, Russ. sieiate, L.
serere (ptt. se-ui, pp. sa-tum), to sow; Gk.
fi/ftt (for ^ffi-arj-iu), I send, throw. (VSE>
603
sow
SPARABLE
to cast.) Brngm. i. §§ 132, 310. D«r.
seed\ cf. season.
Sow (a), 9. female pig. (E.) Also
applied to oblong pieces of melted metal,
whence smaller pieces branch out, called
pigs, M. £. sowe, A. S. sugu^ also ji/.+
Du, zogf Icel, syTf Dan. so^ Swed. sOj
sugga, G. sau\ W. hwch^ Irish suig, L.
.rMj, Gk. Ss, a sow ; Zend hu^ a boar.
Perhaps * producer/from the prolific nature
of the sow. (V^U, to prcKluce.) Der.
swine,
Soyy a sauce. (Japanese.) Also sooja,
* which has been corrupted into soy;* Kng.
Cycl. Japanese sAoyu, soy, sauce ; though
the name is now given to the bean {Do-
lichos sojd) whence soy is made. But the
Jap. name for the bean is daidzu.
Spa, a place where is a spring of mineral
water. (Belgium.) Named after «S]^, S.W.
of Liege, in Belgium.
Space. (F. -<■ L.) F. espace, - 1^ spatium,
a space. Allied to Span. Bru^. i. § 193.
Der. sfpac-i'ous.
Spade (I). (£.) A. S. sp(Bdu^ spada,
a spade. H^Du. spade, Icel. spa6i^ Dan.
Swed. spacie, G. spat en ; Gk. (rvdBtj,
broad blade, sword- blade, spathe of a
flower (whence L. spatha^ F. epie^. From
its flat surfacp. (^SPA, to draw out.)
Der. spaddle, a paddle.
spade (2), at cards. (Span. - L. -- Gk.)
A substitution for the Span, espada, mean-
ing (i) a sword, (a) a spade at cards.
Der. spad'illef ace of spades, F. spadilUy
Span, espadilla, small sword, ace of spades,
dimin. of Span, spcuia, a spade (< L.
spatha < Gk..<rira^). See Spade (i).
Spalpeen, a mean fellow. (Irish.) Irish
spailpin, a common labourer, a mean
fellow, Gael, spailpean. From Ir. spailp,
a beau ; orig. pride.
Spaa, to measure, grasp. (E.) M. £.
spannen, A. S. spannan, to bind, pt. t.
spenn ; gespannan, to bind, connect. +
O. H. G. spannany to extend, connect ;
Du. spannen^ to span, stretch, put horses
to, Dan. spande, Swed. spdnna^ to stretch,
span, buckle; Icel. spenna, to clasp.
Allied to Space and Spin. (VSPA.)
Der. span^ sb., stretch of the hand, 9 inches
in space.
Spancel. (North E.) ' A rope to tye
a cows hinder legs ; * Ray. From span,
to tie, and Icel. seil (A. S. sal), a rope.
+ Du. spanzeel\ G. spannseiL
Spandrel. (F.-L.) The space be-
tween the outer mouldings of an arch and
a horizontal line above it. As if from
O. F. *espatuierel, from O. F. espandeur^
that which spreads. * O. F. espandre, to
spread, expand. See ICxpand, Spawn.
Spangle. (E*) M. £. spangel, dimin. of
spang, a metal fastening (hence, small
shining ornament). A. S. sponge, a metal
clasp. 4- E. Fries, and M. Du. spange, a thin
plate of metal; Icel. spong\ G. spange,
brooch, clasp, buckle.
Spaniel. (F. - Span. - L.) M. E.
spaniel, spane)eole. * O. F. espagneul, a
spaniel, Spanish dog. — Span. EspaHol,
Spanish. — Span. EspaHa, Spain. — L. UiS'
pania, Spain.
Spaoik, to slap, move quickly. (E.) We
also have spanker, a large active man or
animal; spanking, large, lusty. An E.
word.+Low G. spakkem^ spenkem, to
run and spring about quickly; E. Fries.
spenkelen, spenkem, to burst, fly about;
Dan. spanke, to strut about. From a base
*spak, significant of quick action ; cf. £.
Fries, spaken, to split, burst vdth heat.
Der. spank-er, an atter-sail in a barque.
Span-neWy quite new. (Scand.) The
a has been shortened by the stress upon it.
M. E. span-newe. — IceL spdnnyr, spdnyr,
span-new, lit. 'new as a chip.' — IceL
spdnn, a chip, shaving, spoon ; n^y new.
See Spoon.
Spar (i)) a beam, bar. (E.) M. £.
sparre. The A. S. sb. is vouched for by
the derived verb sparrian, to fasten a door
with a bar.^-Du. spar, Icel. sparri, Dan.
Swed. sparre ; O. H. G. sparro, G. sparren,
spar, bar. [Irish and Gael, sparr, beam,
are from £.] Der. spar, vb., to fasten a
door.
Spar (2), a mineral. (£.) A. S. spar-
stdn, a spar-stone. Cf. G. sparkalk,
plaster. % Distinct from G. spat, spath,
spar.
Spar (3), to box, wrangle. (F. -Tent.)
Used of fighting-cocks. — M. F. esparer, * to
fling or yerk out with the heels ; ' Cot. —
Low G. sparre, sb., a struggling, striving ;
G. sick sperren, to struggle against, resist,
oppose. Allied to Skt. sphur^ to throb,
struggle ; Gk. amupuv, aavaiptiv, to strug-
gle convulsively ; Russ. sporite, to quarrel,
wrangle. (^SPER.) And see Spur,
Spurn. Brugm. i. % 509 (3).
Sparable, a small nail used for boots.
(E.) F'ormerly sparrovi'bill \ from the
shape.
504
SPARE
Spar6| frugal, lean. (E.) A. S. spar^
spare; whence spartan , vb., to spare. 4-
Icel. j;^rr,Dan. spar-soniy Swed. spar-sam^
G. spar-santy spdr-lich^ thrifty. Der. spar*
i^Si spare-rib ; spare^ vb., from A. S.
spartan (above) ; so also Du. and G.
sparen, Icel. and Swed. spara, Dan. spare.
Spark (i); a small particle of fire. (£.)
O. Merc, sparca (Sweet) ; A.S. spearca.'^
M. Du. sparcke ; Low G. sparke. Perhaps
so called from the crackling of a fire-brand,
which throws out sparks ; cf. Icel. spraka,
to crackle, Lith. sprageti^ to crackle like
burning fire-wood, Gk. atpApayos, a crack*
ling. Brug. i. § 531.
Spark (a), a gay young fellow. (Scand.)
The same as Wiltsh. spraci, lively.— Icel.
sparkr, sprightly, also sprakr; Swed. dial.
sprdker, sprUk^ sprdg, talkative. Cf. Spark
(i). Der. spragt i. e. sprack, used by Sir
Hugh, Merry Wives, iv. i. 84.
Sparkle, vb., to throw out sparks, to
glitter. (£.) Cf. Du. sparkelen^ to sparkle.
The form spark-le is frequentative. See
Spark (i).
Sparrow. (E.) A. S. jr/e«Te«i.+Icel.
sporr^ Dan. spurv^ Swed. sparf^ Goth.
sparwa\ O. H. G. sparo^ G. sper-ling.
Lit 'flatterer;' from -/SPER, to quiver.
See Spar (3). Der. sparrow-hawk ; and
see sparahie^ spavin.
Sparse, thinly scattered. (L.) L.jr/ar-
susy pp. of spargere, to scatter, sprinkle.
Allied to Gk. cntipttv ; see Sperm.
Spasm. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. spasme,ihe
cramp. — L. spasmum^ ace of spasmus, —
Gk. <nrafffji6stSL spasm. —Gk. <Tway,(rvauVf to
draw, pluck. (vSPA.) Der. spasm-od-ic, .
from Gk. avtuTfMijs, convulsive.
Spat (i), a blow, a slap. (E.) Of
imitative origin ; cf. s/ap, s/am, pat.
Spat (2), young of shell-fish. (£.)
From spat', to eject, the base of spatter,
Cf. Du. spatf a speckle, spot; and see
Spatter.
Spate^ a river-flood. (F.-rTeut.) Cf.
Irish spetdf a great river-flood ; borrowed
from £. spate. The same as North £.
spait, a torrent of rain ; also spelt speat,
G. Douglas has spait, a torrent ; cf. Vers;.
Aen. ii. 496. —A. F. *espeit=^0, F. espott,
a spouting out (Godefroy). — E. Fries.
speiten, speuten, spoiten, W. Flem. speeten,
Du. spuiten, to spout ; see Spout.
Spats, gaiters. (E.) Short for spatter-
dashes.
Spatter, to besprinkle. (E.) A fre-
SPECIE
quentative of spat-, with the sense to
throw, to splash. E. Fries, spatten, to
burst, fly out, spirt. -fDu. spatten, to
throw, spatter, splash. Der. spatter-
dasheSi gaiters, to protect* against spatter-
ings and dashes. See Spats.
Spatula, a broad-bladed knife for
spreading plaisters. (L.~Gk.> "L, spatula,
dimin. of spathcL^GV, ffvaOii, a broad
blade. See Spade (i).
Spavin, a swelling near the joints of
horses, producing lameness. (F.— Teut.)
M. E. spaveyne, -'O, F, esparvin (13th c,
in Hatzfeld) ; M. F. esparvain, * a spavin
in the leg of a horse ; ' Cot. The same as
Span, esparavan, (i) a sparrow-hawk, (3)
spavin ; answering to a Low L. adj. *spar'
vdnus, belonging to a sparrow, parallel to
Late L. sparvdrius, a sparrow-hawk, lit.
belonging to sparrows ; cf. G. sperber, a
sparrow-nawk. Perhaps the lit. sense is
' sparrow-like,' from the hopping or spar-
row-like motion of a horse afflicted with
spavin. Derived from O. H. G. sparwe, a
sparrow, cognate with E. Sparrow, q. v.
% Generally explained as 'sparrow-hawk-
like,' contrary to grammar and sense.
However, the result is, in any case, doubtful.
Spaw, the same as Spa, q. v.
Spawn, the eggs of fish or frogs. (F.
— il) From M. £. spawtten, spanen, to
spawn, as fishes; Prompt. Parv. For
spaund, with loss of d. See Wright's Voc.
i. 164 ; N. & Q. 6 S. v. 465. — M. F. espan-
dre, * to shed, spill, pour out, scatter abroad
in great abundance ; ' Cot. — L. expandere,
to spread out, shed abroad ; see Expand.
Speak. (E.) M. E. 5/^^^r», also (before
A. D. 1 300) spreken ; the word has lost an
r. Late A. S. specan, A. S. sprecan, pt. t.
sprac, pp. sprecen. ^ Du. spreken \ G.
sprechen, pt. t. sprcuh. All perhaps from
Teut base SPREK, to make a noise; cf.
Icel. spraka, to crackle; see Spark (i),
and Prellwitz, s. v. ff<pApayos,
Spear. (E.) M. E. and A. S. spere,'J^
Du. speer, Icel. spjor, Dan. spar, G. speer\
cf. L. sparus, a small missile- weapon, dart.
Perhaps allied to spar, a beam, bar (hence,
a pole).
SpeoiaL (F. — L. ) Short for especial ;
see Bspecial.
Specie, money in gold or silver. (L.)
Evolved as a sb. from the old word species^
* money paid by tale,' Phillips ; prob. by
confusion with L. abl. specii, as M paid in
specie ^pM in visible coin.
505
SPECIES
•peoiaSy a kind. (L.) L,s/edes,\ook,
appearance, kiDd, sort, -i JL specerty to
look, see.^O. H. G. spehdn^ G. spdhtn^
to Bpy ; Skt. pa^^ spafy to spy. (^SPEK,
to see.) Brugm. i. § 551.
speoify. vl*-— LJ 0,¥, specifier, to
particularise. •L. speHfic&re»^L. sped-
Jieus, specific, particular. — L. speci-is^
kind ; -fic-y iatfacere^ to make.
•pocimon. (I^) L- specimen^ an ex-
ample, something shown. — L. sped-, for
specere, to see ; with suf&x -men.
BpecioiUlv showy. (F.-L.) M. F. spe-
cietiXy fair. —L. specidsus, fair to see. — L^
speci-is, appearance ; with suffix -dsus,
Spaokf a small spot. (£.) A. S. specca,
a spot, mark. Allied to Low G. spakigy
spotted with wet, spoken, to spot with wet ;
M. Du. spickeletty to speckle, frequentative
of M. Dn. spickefty to spit ; Dn. spikkely a
speckle, spot. Der. speck^Uy a little speck ;
ipeck-Uy vb.
Speotade. (F.-L.) F. spectacUy a
sight. — L. spectdculumy a show. — L. spec-
tdrcy to behold, frequentative of specere, to
see.
spectator. (L.) L. spectator y a be-
holoer. — L. spectd-rcy to see; wiih suffix
'tor.^la, spect-um, supine of specere, to
see.
spectre. (F.-L.) F. spectre, 'an
image, ghost ; * Cot. — L. spectrum, a vision.
— L. spec-ere, to see.
specular. (L.) L. specularisy belong-
ing to a mirror. — L. speculumy a mirror.
— L. spec-ere, to see. % But Milton uses
it with reference to L. specula, a watch-
tower ; also from spec-ere ; see below.
speculate. (L.) From pp. of L.
spectUdri, to behold. — L. specula, a watch-
tower.— L. spec-ere, to see. Der. speculate
ion, 'ive.
Speech.. (£.) M,^,speche. Late A. S.
sp^ce, dat of sp^c, earlier form sprite,
speech. — A, S. sprStc-, 3rd grade oisprecan,
to speak. ^Du. spraak, G. sprache, speech.
See Speak.
Speed, success, velocity. (£.) A. S.
sped, haste, success. ¥ox*spddiz, with the
usual change from ^ to /. — A. S. spow^an,
to succeed ; with suffix -diz (Iclg. -tis).
+ Du. spoedy speed ; O. H. G. spuot,
spot, success, from spuon, to succeed.
Allied to Skt. spkiti-, increase, prosperity,
from sphdy, to enlarge. Brugm. i § 156.
Der. speed, vb., A. S. ^dan ; from sped,
sb.
SPENCER
Speir,toask. (E.) Northern E. A.S.
spyrian, to ask, track out. — A.S. spor, a
foot-track; allied to spora, a spur; see
Spur. 4. Du. speuren, Icel. spyrja, G.
spUren ; Low G. spdoren, to track, from
spcu>r, a spoor, trail (Danneil).
SpeUcans, thin slips of wood. (Du.)
M.Du. spelleken, a small pin; dimin. of
M. Du. spelle (Du. speld), a splinter. Sec
Spell (4). % Distinct from Du. spalk,
A. S. sfele, a splint.
Spell (i)> an incantation. (£.) M. £.
spel, A. S. spel, spell, a saying, story, nar-
rative ; hence a form of words, spell. Hh^ccl.
spjall, a saying ; O. H. G. spel, narrative ;
Goth. 1^/, fable. JieT. go-spel.
Spell (2), to tell the names of letters
in a word. (F.— Teut.) M. E. spelleu, of
spell; also, to telL— O. F. espeler, *to
spell;' Cot. — Du. spelUn, to spell; or
from O. H. G. spellon, to tell, relate.-f
A. S. spellian, to tell, recount, from A. S.
spell, a story (above) ; Goth, spillon, to
narrate. % M. £. spellen, in the sense
* to relate,* is from A. S. spellian. We also
find speldren,io spell, in the Ormulum,
from spelder, a splinter; see Spell (4);
but this is a different word.
Spell (3). a turn of work. ^ (£.) Cf.
A. S. spelian, to supply another's room, to
act or be proxy for ; allied to Du. spelen,
Icel. spiia, G. spiehn, to act a part, play a
game ; from the sb. appearing as Du. Swed.
speU Icel. Dan. spil, G. spiel, a game.
Spell (4), Spill, a. thin slip of wood,
slip of paper. (E.) Formerly speld, M.E.
speld, a splinter. A. S. speld, a torch, spill
to light a candle. Orig. a splinter ; from
Teut. *spcUdan- (G. fallen), to cleave;
a reduplicating verb, like O. H. G. spaJtan,
+Du. speld, a pin, splinter ; IceL speld, a
square tablet, orig. thin piece of board,
spilda, a slice; Goth, ^ilda, a tablet;
M. H. G. spelte, a splinter. C£ Shetland
speld, to split.
Spelt, a kind of com. (L.) A. S. spelt,
corn. Cf. Du. spelt, G. spelz. Apparently
borrowed from Late L. spelta, spelt ; whence
also Ital. spelta, spelda, F. ipeautre, spelt.
Spelter, pewter, zinc. (,Low G.) In
Blount (1674). Perhaps from Low G.
spialter, pewter ; cf. Du. spiauter, M. Du.
speauter, O. F. espeautre. % This seems
to be the original of Pewter, q. v. The
history of these words is very obscure.
Spencer, a short over-jacket. (F. — L.)
Named after Earl Spencer, died 1845. The
506
SPEND
SPINE
name is from M.E. spenser^ also despenser.
— O.F. despencier, a spender, a caterer,
clerk of a kitchen ; Cot. * O. F. despenser,
to spend ; frequent of despendre. — L. dis-
pendere, to weigh out, pay. — L. dis-, apart ;
pendere, to weigh. See Pendant.
spend. (L.) A.S. jr^n^ff, to spend.
Shortened from L. dispendere, to spend,
waste, consume. We find Late L. spendium
for dispendium, spensa for dispensa ; also
spendAilis tnonita, money for expenses
(A. D. 922). So also Ital. spendere, to
spend, spendio (<L. dispendium), ex-
pense.—L. flftV-, away, part; pendere, to
weigh out, pay. ^ Or (as usually said)
from L. expendere, which does not suit
the F. forms; see above. It makes no
great difference.
Sperm, spawn, spermaceti. (F. — L. —
GkO M. E. sperme. — F. spemUf * sperm,
seed;* Cot. — L. sperma,^QV, <Tv4piM,mm
Gk. aitup€iv (for ♦tfirep-^yfiv), to sow;
orig. to scatter with a jerk of the hand.
( V'SPER.) "Der.spertn-at-ic (iik, ov€pfxaTi-
k6s) ; spemuueiii L. sperma-cetl^ i. e. sperm
of the whale ; see Cetaceous.
Spew, Spne. (E.) A. S. sptwan,
pt. t. jr/tfw, pp. spiweUf to vomit. +Du.
spuuwen, Icel. sp^j'a, Dan. spye, Syfed,spy,
G. speien, Goth, speiwan ; L. spuere, Liih.
spjauti\ Gk. m^uv (for ♦cmwcti'), to spit.
(VSPIW.) Allied to /«>&* (i), jr/i/ (2).
Brugm. i. % 567.
Sphere, a globe, ball. ( F. — L. — Gk.)
M.E. spere»^0, F. espere, M. F. sphere,^
L. sphisra. — Gk. ffipcupa, a ball.
Sphinx. (L* — Gk.) L. sphinx. — Gk.
<r<^«7f (gen. <T(f>iyy6s), lit. *the strangler,'
because the Sphinx strangled travellers
who could not solve her riddles. — Gk.
ffipifiuv, to throttle. % The story suggests
that this is a ' popular * etymology ; and
that the word is foreign to Greek.
Spice. (F.-L.) M. E. jr^fV^, formerly
used also in the sense of species or kind. —
O. F. espice, spice. — L. speciem, ace. of
species^ a kind, which in Late L. meant
also a spice, drug. See Species.
Spick and Span-new, wholly new.
(Scand.) Lit. 'spike and spoon-new,*
where spike is a nail, and spoon is a
splinter. See Spike and Spoon. Cf.
Swed. dial, spik spangande ny in Rietz
(with many variants), and IceL spdn-nyr,
lit. spoon<new, splinter-new.
Spider. (E.) M. E. spither, s^iSre,
u ^. spider or *spitier (for *spt9zder),
Leechdoms, iii. 42. Formed from the verb
to spin ; cf. prov. E. spinner y a spider. +
Du. spin, Dan. spinder, Swed. spindel, G.
spinne, spider or spinner. And cf. Spindle.
Spigot. (F.-L.) U.^ spigot, spikkei,
a peg for a cask. Cf. Irish and Gael.
spiocaid, a spigot (from E.), — O. F. *espigot,
(not found) ; but cf. O. F. espigeot^ a
bad ear of com, a dimin. from L. spica, an
ear of corn (Godefroy) ; Walloon spigot,
the peak of a shoe. Also Port, espicho,
a spigot, from L. sptculum, ^Ij. spica, a
point ; see below.
Spike (i), a sharp point, a nail.
(Scand.) From Icel. j/«i, Swed. spik\
cf. T)9iXi,spiger, Du. spijker, a nail. Appa-
rently distinct from L. spica ; and allied
by gradation to Spoke.
Spihe (2), an ear of com. (L.) L.
spica, an ear of com, a point.
spikenard. (F. — L. and Gk. — Pers.
— Skt.) O. F. spiquenard. — L. spica
nardi, spike of nard ; also f tardus sptc&tus,
i. e. nard furnished with spikes, in allusion
to the mode of growth. And see Ifard.
Spill (1), a slip of paper for lighting
candles ; see Spell (4).
Spill (2), to destroy, shed. (Scand.)
(Not allied to spoil.) M. E. spillen, to
destroy, mar; also, to perish. — Icel. j/i//(2,
to destroy; Swed. sptlla, Dan. spiUie, to
spill. + A. S. spildan, to destroy ; O. Sax.
spildian, Teut. type ^spelth-jan" \ allied
to G. spalten, to split.
Spin, to draw out threads. (£.) A. S.
spinnan, pt. t. spann, pp. spunnen,^\^yx.
spinnen, Icel. Swed. sptnna, Dan. spinde,
G. spinnen, Goth, spinnan. Allied to
Lith. pin-ti, to weave. See Span.
Spinach, Spinage, a vegetable.
(F.— Span. — Arab. —Pers.) Spinage is a
* voiced ' form of spinach, O. F. espinache,
espinage, espinace. — Span, espinctca. —
Arab. CLSpanakh, isJanSj', of Pers. origin
(Devic). % The Ital. spinace and Span.
espinaca are referred, by popular etymo-
logy, to L. spina, a thorn ; some say the
fruit is prickly, some say the leaves are so.
See Spine.
Spindle. (E.) The d is excrescent
after n, M. £. spinel^ also spindele, A. S.
spinl, i.e. * spinner,' from spinnan, to spin.
+ M. Du. spille (for *spinle) ; G. spindel,
O. H. G. spinnila. Der. spindl-y, thin
like a spindle; spindle-tree (Euonymus)
formerly used for spindlCs^ and skewers.
SpinCi a prickle. (F.— L.) 0.¥,espine^
507
SPINET
a thorn.— L. spinat a thom, pridcle; also
the back-bone. % Obierre that in the
sense of 'back-bone' the word is Latin
only, not F.
Spinflti a kind of musical instrament.
(F. - Ital. " L.) So called because struck
by a spine or pointed quill. O.F. espineiU.
—Ital. spinettay a spinet, also a prickle;
dimin. ox spina, a thorn.— L. spina.
Sniilkp a finch. (Scand.) M. E. spink,
— Swed« diaL spink, a sparrow ; guU-'Spink,
a gold-finch; Norw. spikke (for *spinke),
Dan. dial, spinke, small bird. 4* ^^
ffwiyyot, a finch, i. e. ' chirper ; ' firom mri-
(eir, to chirp. Cf. ffMi(a, a finch, irwbnn,
a small bird. Doiiblet,^ffr^.
8pin]U% a thicket (F. - L.) O. F.
esptnei; M. F. espinoye, * a thicket, groTe,
a thorny plot/ Cot.; F. ipinaie, — L.
sp^nHum, a thicket of thorns.— L. spina,
a thom. See Spine.
SpilUrtarp orig. a woman who spins.
(£.) M. £. spinnestere. From A. S.
spinnan^ to spin ; with A. S. suffix -estre
(£. »ster), p. This suffix is a compound
one {'^S'tre), It was used in A. S. (as in
Du.) solely with reference to the feminine
gender, but this restricted usage was soon
set aside in a great many M. E. words.
Cf. Du. spinster^ a spinster, zangster, a
female singer; also £. seamstress (i. e.
seam'Ster-ess\songstress (i.e. song-ster-ess),
where the F. fern, suffix 'ess is superadded.
Spirada. (F.-L.) F. spiracle, *a
tveathing-hole ; ' Cot. — L. spirdculum,
air-hole. — L. spirare^ to breathe.
Spire (i)t a tapering stem, sprout,
steeple. (E.) A. S. spir, spike, stalk. +
Icel. spira, spar, stilt, Dan. spire, germ,
sprout, Swed. spira, a pistil, G. spiere, z
spar, f Distinct from Spire (2).
Spire (3)) a coil, wreath. (F. — L. — Gk.)
F, spire. — L. sptra, a coil, twist, wreath.
— Gk. ewtipa (for *ffw€p'ya) , a coil ; allied
to airdpTW, a rope, amtpis, a basket.
(VSPER.) Der. spir-ai, F. spira/, L.
spiralis.
Spirit. (F.-L.) M.E.j/i>*.-A. F.
esptrit ; F. esprit, — L. ace. spiritum, from
spiritus, breath. — L. spir&re, to breathe.
Doublet, sprite.
Spirt ; see Spurt.
Spit (i)» a skewer, iron prong for roast-
ing meat (E.) M. E. spite, A. S. spitu,
a spit'4'Du. spit, Dan. spid, Swed. spett;
M. H. G. spiz, G. spiess, a spit ; cf. spitze,
a point, top.
SPLrNT
Svdt (3), to eiect from the monA. (E.)
M.&. spitten, A.S. spiUan; d, spulam,
pt t spStte, to spit But we also find Dan.
sprite t Swed. spoita, proT. G. spmtzem (cC G.
spucketi) ; from Tent ^spnt- ; see Spout.
Perhaps *spit-, ^sput- are both from *spgw-,
the root of Spew. Cf. Brugm. i. $§ 379
(i )> 5^7* "^^^ spitticj formeriy also spetiU^
spaiil, spoiil, A. S. spatl, spoil.
Spite. (F. - L.) M. E. spyt, spiU,
Merely short for despite, by loss of die
first syllable (as infenee Ux de-fence). See
Despite. Der. spite-ful.
Spittle (1), saUva; see Spit (a).
lE^ttle (2), a hospital. (F. ~L.) M. £.
spiteL^O, F. ospital, hospital; see Hoe-
pitaL
ffplngh^ to dash water about (E.)
Comedy by prefixing x- (=0. F. «x-, L. ex)
used for emphasis, to plash, used in the
same sense (White Kennett). See Plaah
(i); and cf. Du. plassen, to plash; K
Fries, plassen, plasken, platshen, Dan.
pladske, to splash, dabble.
Splay, to slope, in architecture ; to dis-
locate a bone. (F.— L.) In both senses,
it can be proved to be a contraction for
Display. Der. splay-footed.
Spleen. (L. — Gk.) M. E. splen, —
L. splen. — Gk. <nrAi^, the spleen. Cf. Skt.
plihan-\ L. lien. Brugm. i. § 549 (c).
Der. splen-etic.
Splendour. (F.-L.) F.splendeur.^
L. splenddrem, ace. of splendor^ brightness.
— L. splendere, to shine. Der. re-splendent.
Spleuchan, a tobacco-pouch. (Gael.)
Gael. spHuchan^ Irish spliuchan, a pouch.
Splice. C^^O ^- ^> splissen, to in-
terweave rope-ends ; so named from split'
ting the rope-ends beforehand ; from Du.
splitsen, to splice (really an older form).
Formed firom split-, weak grade of Du.
splijteni to split. 4* t^zik. splidse, to splice
(for *splitse), allied to splitte, to split;
Swed. splissa ; G. splissen, to splice. See
Split. Der. splice, sb.
splint, Splent, a thin piece of split
wood. (Scand.) Formerly 5plent\ from
O. F. esplente^ a thin steel plate. — Swed.
splint, a kind of spike, a forelock (fiat
iron peg) ; Dan. splint, a splinter ; cf. Low
G. splinte^ an iron pin ; E. Fries, splinte^
spUnt, the same. Cf. Swed. splinta, to
splinter, ultimately allied to Dan. splitte,
Swed. dial, splitta, to split; see Split.
Der. splinter; cf Du. and E. Fries.
splinter.
508
SPLIT
Split. (Du.?) Apparently borrowed
from M. Dn. splitten, to split; cf. Dan.
splitte, to split, Swed. dial. splUta^ to dis-
entangle or separate yam. From the weak
grade split- of the Teut. strong verb *jr//«-
taut', as seen in O. Fries, splita, Du. splij-
iefiy £. Fries. spliieUy Low G. spliien, G.
spieisseftf to split, cleave. Hence also
Dan. spliti Du. spUet, a split, rent, G.
sp/eissBf a splinter.
Splutter, to speak hastily and con-
fusedly. (£.) Of imitative origin; a
variant of sputter j which is a frequentative
of spout; see Spout, Spurt. It means
'to keep on spouting out*; spout being
formerly used (as now) in the sense ' to
talk.* ' Pray, spout some French ; ' Beaum.
and Fletcher, Coxcomb, iv. 4. Cf. Low
G. spruttertf to spout, spurt.
Spoil, to plunder. (F.— L.) M. £.
spoilen, — O. F. espoillier ; F. spolier^ ' to
spoile;* Cot. — L. spoliare, to strip off
spoil. — L.j;^/iiM/», spoil, booty ; orig. skia
stripped off, dress of a slain warrior. Der.
spoily sb. ; spoliation^ from L. pp. spolidtus»
Spoke, a bar of a wheel. (£7) A. S.
spdca^ a spoke.-fDu. speek, a spoke, G.
speiche^ prov. G. spache^ a spoke. Teut.
types *spaikon', *spaikdn-. Allied by
gradation to Spike (i).
Spokesman. (£.) In Shak. Two
Gent. ii. i. 151. Formed from spoke^
pt. t. of speakj instead of from the infin.
speak ; for the j, cf. Aunt-s-man, sport^s-
man.
Spoliation; see Spoil.
mondee. (L. — Gk.) The metrical foot
ma»ed ( — ). — L. spondeus. ^Gk, <rww-
Mos, a spondee, used for solemn melodies
at treaties or truces. •- Gk. awovdai, a solemn
treaty, truce ; pi. of oirovSi), a drink-offer-
ing, libation to the gods. — Gk. cwMttv,
to pour out. Prob. allied to Sponsor.
Brugm. i. $ 143, ii. § 8oa. Der. spcnda-ic.
Sponge. (F.-.L.-Gk.) O.¥.esponge
(F. 4^<?»^). — L. spongia.'^Gk. ffvayfidt
a sponge; also onuYfos (Attic ctp^yyos],
^L, fiingus, a fungus (from its spongy
nature).
Sponsor. (L.) L. sponsor, a surety. —
L. sponsus, pp. of spondere, to promise.
Prob. allied to Gk. cnroySa/, a truce, and to
Spondee. Brugm. i. § 143.
Spontaneons. (L.) h,spontane'Us,
willing; with suffix -ous.'^L. spont-, as
seen in abl. sponte, of one's own accord,
from a lost nom. *spons.
SPRAIN
Spooky a ghost. (Du.) Du. spook;
Low G. spook, Swed. spoke, a ghost; cf.
Du. spoken, Low G. spoken, Swed. spoka,
to haunt.
Spool, a reel for winding yam on. (M.
Du.) M. £. spole. - M. Du. spoele, Du.
spoel, a spool, quill ; Low G. spole.^Syredi,
spole, Dan. spole, G. spuU, spool, bobbin.
Cf. Icel. spblr (base spal-), a bar.
Spoom, to run before the wind. (L.)
Lit. *to throw up spume or foam.'— L.
spuma, foam.
Spoon, an instrument for supping liquids.
(£.; M. £. spon. A. S. spon, a chip,
splinter of wood (which was the orig.
spoon). +Du. spaan, Icel. spSnn, sponn,
Dan. spaan, Swed. sp&n, G. spahn, a chip.
Spoor, a trail. (Du.) Du. spoor; see
Spur. Cf. A. S. spor, a foot-track ; see
Speir.
Sporadio, scattered here and there.
(Gk.) Gk. ffwopabucSs, scattered. — Gk.
(Tiropad-, stem of avopas, scattered. » Gk.
<rw«ip€iv (for *(nttfhyuv), to scatter.
spore. (Gk.) Gk. awdpos, seed-time ;
also a seed. — Gk. cvtifitiv, to sow.
Sporran. (Gael- L. — Gk.) Gael.
sporan, a purse, pouch worn with the
kilt ; Irish sparan, sburan, the same. For
*S'burran<*S'burs-an.^\M. hursa, a purse.
— Gk. fiiipaa, a hide. See Purse.
Sport, mirth. (F.-L.) Short forifiV-
port, desport ; (so also splay for display).
The verb is M. £. disporten, to amuse ; see
Disport.
Spot, a blot, mark made by wet, piece
of ground. (£.) M.'E,spot, Ct Norw.
spott, m., a spot, a small piece of ground
(distinct from spott, f., mockery); Icel.
spotti, spottr, a small piece ; £. Fries, spot,
a spot ; cf. M. Du. spotten, to spot, stain.
From Teut. *sput', weaker grade of *jr/»-
tan- ; see Spout.
Spouse. (F.— L.) ¥romO,'F, espouse,
a spouse.— L. sponsa, a betrothed woman ;
fem. pp. of spondere, to promise; see
Sponsor.
Sponty to squirt out, rush out as a liquid
out of a pipe. (£.) M. E. spouten, Cf.
Swed. sputa, occasionally used for spruta,
to squirt, spout, spurt, spatter; Du. spuiten,
to spout, spuit, a squirt; Dan. spyte, to
spit, sputter. From Teut. *spiitan-, to spit
out, with weaker grade *sput' (Franck).
Spraok, Spraff ; see Spark (2).
Sprain, vb. (F.— L.) Formed from
O. F. espreign-, a stem of O. F. espreindre,
509
SPRAT
SPRUCE-BEER
' to press, wring,* Cot. ; (cf. strain from
O. F. estreindre). Mod. F. ^preindre,'^
L. exprimere^ to ]-.ress out (whence esprein.'
dre^ by analogy with F. forms from verbs in
ringere),'m\j, ex, out; premere, to press.
See Press. Der. sprain^ sb.
Sprat, a small fish. (E.) M. £. sprot.
A. S. sproit, Cf. A. S. sprot^ a sprout. 4*
Dn. sprot, a sprat; also (in M. Du.) a
sprout of a tree. ^ Sprat, a small fish,
considered as the fry of the herring;'
Wedgwood. From A. S. sprot- (Teut.
*sprtit')j weaker grade of sprutan-y to
sprout ; with the sense of ' fry,' or young
one. See Sprout.
Smawl, to toss about the limbs. (£.)
M. E. spraulen. A. S. spreawlian, to
move convulsively, to sprawl. + Norw.
sprala, Dan. spmllay spralde, Swed. dial.
sprala, spralla, N. Fries, sprawle.
Spray (i)» foam tossed with the wind.
(Low (7.) A late word, given in Bailey's
Diet. (1735). From Low G. sprei, a slight
drizzle (Sdbiambach) ; in Coburg, spra ; cf.
Bavar. spmen, to drizzle (Schmeller) ; G.
spruhen ; M. H. G. sprajen, sprcBwen ; Du.
sproeien (see Franck).
Spray ( ^) » spng o^ a tree. (E.) M. E.
spray ; answering to A. S. *spragf allied
to A. S. spraCf a shoot, spray; cf. Dan.
spragy a spray (Molbech), Swed. dial,
spraggty a green branchy Icel. sprtky a
stick. Cf. also Lith. sproga, a spray of
a tree, also a rift, from sprog-tiy to cradcle,
split, sprout, bud. (Difficult and doubtful.)
Spread. (E.) A. S. jt/t^^m, toextend.
^Du. spreiden, Low G. spredetij G. sprei-
ten ; cf. Swed. sprida, Dan. sprede, to
spread. Teut. type ^spraidjan- ; from a
Teut. root *spreid.
Spree, a frolic. (Scand.?) Cf. Irish
spre, a spark, flash, animation, spirit;
Lowl. Sc spree, a frolic, also spelt spray
(Scott); chSwed. dial, sprag, lively con-
versation. Perhaps allied to Spry.
S^rig. (E.) U.E,sprigge. Allied to
A. S. spracy a twig.+Icel. sprek, a stick;
Low G. sprikky E. Fries, sprikke, sprik,
stick, twig. Allied to Spray (a).
Sprufhtly, Sprite^. (F.-L; with
¥u, suffix.) Sprightly is a false spelling;
spritely is from Sprite, q. v.
Spring, vb. (E.) A. S. springan,
pt. t. sprangy pp. sprungen, 4" I^o. G.
springen, Swe<l. springa, Dan. springe \
Icel. springa, to burst, split, p. Orig.
sense to < split or crack,' as when we say
that a cricket-bat is sprung \ or to sprt^^
(i. e. burst) a mine. Teut. type *sprengan-.
Perhaps allied to Gk. ffwtpxuu, to drive
on (Prellwitz) ; but this is doubtiful. Der.
spring, sb., a leap, also a bursting out of
water, also the budding time of year, also
a crack in a mast ; springe, a snare made
with a flexible (springing) rod, likeO.H.G.
springa,
Sprinlde. (Du.?) YonneTly sprenk/e ;
perhaps borrowed from Dn. sprenkelen^ to
sprinkle. Cf. G. sprenkeln, to sprinkle,
from M. H. G. sprenkel, a spot, allied to
Icel. sprekla, Swed. sprdkla, a little spot.
See Kluge (s. v. sprenkel\
Sprint; see Spurt (a).
Sprit, a spar extending a fore-and-aft
saiC (E.) M.E. j/r(;/,apole. A.S.sprioty
a pole ; orig. a sprout, shoot, branch of a
tree. Allied to A, S. sprrltan, to sprout;
see Sprout. '^E. Fries, spret; Du. spriet;
M. Swed. sprbte.
Sprite, a spirit (F.-L.) The false
spelling spright is common, and is retained
in the adj. sprightly, M. E. sprit, sprite,
— F. esprit, the spirit ; hence, a spirit. —
L. spiritum, ace. of spiritus ; see Spirit.
Spronty to germinate. (E.) M. K.
spruten. A. S. ^sprUtan (found in the pp.
d'Sproten) ; O. Fries, spruta^ strong verb,
pp. spruten^ to spront.-f Ix)i#' G. spruten,
to sprout ; Du. spruiten, G. spriessen (pt.t.
spross) ; Swed. spruta, Dan. sprude,- to
squirt, spurt, spout. Teut. type *sprutcm-,
pt. t. *sprauty pp. *sprutanoz. Compare
Spout.
Spmce, fine, smart (F.— G.) Hall's
Chronicle tells us that a particular kind
of fashionable dress was that in which men
' were appareyled after the manner of
Prussia or Spruce * ; see Richardson's Diet
M. £. spruce, Prussia, P. Plowman, C. vii.
379, B. xiii. 393; also written (more
usually) pruce,^0,¥. Pruce (F. Prusse),
Prussia. « G. Preussen, Prussia. See
Spruce-beer.
Spmce-beer, a kind of beer. (G. ;
anrfused with F. and E.) The E. name
for German sprossen-bier, i. e. 'sprouts-
beer,' obtained from the young sprouts of
the black spmce fir. — G. sprossen, pi. of
spross, a sprout (from spriessen, to sprout) ;
and bier, cognate with £. beer ; see Sprout
and Beer. p. Englished as Spruce-beer,
i. e. Prussian beer, where Spruce meant
Pfussia ; see Spruce above. So also
spruce ^r (substituted for sprossen-Jichie)
510
SPRY
SQUANDER
meant Prussian fir; and spruce leather
meant Prussian leather.
Spry» active. (E.?) Cf. Swed. dial.
spryggj very active, skittish; allied to
Swed. dial, sprdg^ sprdk^ spirited, mettle-
some. See Spark (a).
Spue ; see Spew.
Spniuey foam. (L.) L. spuma, foam ;
for *spoima; Brugm. i. § 791. Cf. Skt.
phena-f A. S./am^ foam.
Spunky tinder ; a match, spark, spirit,
mettle. (C. - L. - Gk.) Orig. ' tinder.' -
Gael, spongy Irish sponCy sponge, spongy
wood, tinder. — L. spcngia^ a sponge ; see
Sponge. Cf. W. ysbwng^ a sponge, from
Latin.
Spur. (E.) M. E. spure. A. S. spura^
spora^ a spur.+Du. spoor, a spur (allied
to spoor, a track) ; Icel. sport, Dan. spore,
Swed. sporre, O. H. G. sporo, spur. From
the weak grade of Tcut. ^sper^n; to kick.
Brugm. i. $ 793 (2). (-/SPER.) See
Spap (3). The orig. sense is * kicker.* ;
from its use on the heel ; cf. Lith. spir-ti^
to kick. Der. spur, vb. See Spoor,
Spurn.
SpurgOy ft plant. (F. — L.) Named
from its corroding (and so cleansing
away) warts. — O. F. spurge, espurge, —
O. Y, espurger, to purge away. — L. ex-
purgdrey to clea;nse away. — L. ex, away ;
purgdre, to cleanse. See Purge.
Spurious. (L.) L. spuri-uSf false;
with suffix -ous.
Sjpum. (£.) M. £. spumen, to kick
agamst, hence to reject. A.S. spuman,
to kick against (pt t. speam, pp. spomen).
Allied to Spur, -f* Icel. spema (pt. t.
spam) ; 3wed. spjdma ; L. spemere, to
despise, a cognate form. (Base *spem ;
VSPER.) See Spar (3). Brugm. i. §
565.
Spurryi a plant (F.-G.-Late L.)
M.y. spurrie, * spnrry or frank, a Dutch
[German! herb ; ' Cot. Of Tent, origin.;
cf. G. spbrgel, spergel, spark, spnrry.—
Late L. spergula, A. D. 148a (Weigand).
Spurt (I), Spirt, to spout out. (E.)
The older sense is to germinate. Spurt
stands for sprut ; M. E. sprutten, to sprout
or shoot. A. S. spryttan, to produce as a
xpront or shoot ; causal form from A. S.
sprutan, to sprout. See Sprout.
Spurt (a), a violent exertion. (Scand.)
Formerly j/iW. — Icel. sprettr, a spurt,
spring, bound, ' run. -• Icel. spretta (pt. t.
spratt), to start, spring ; also to sprout, to
spout. Icel. spretta is for *sprenta, ^sprm-
ta (Noreen). See Sprint.
Sputter. (E.) The frequentative of
spout. It means *to keep on spouting
out'; hence to speak rapidly and indis-
tinctly. Cf. Du. dial. (Groningen) spot-
tern, to sputter ; Low G. sputtem, Norw.
sputra, to spout. % Distinct from but
allied to spatter and spot.
Spy, to see. (F. - O. H. G.) Short for
es^ ; see ISspy. Der. spy, sb.
Squab, (i) to fall plump ; (a) a sofa, a
young bird. (Scand.) See squab, squob in
Halliwell. And see squab, to fall plump,
squab, with a sudden fall, in Johnson.
1. From Swed. dial, skvapp, a word imita-
tive of a splash ; cf. G. schwapp, a slap,
E. swap, to strike. 2. From Swed. dial.
skvabb, loose or fat flesh, skvabba, a fat
woman, skvabbig, flabby ; allied to Norw.
skvapa, to tremble, shake, and cf. M. £.
quappen, to throb, and £. quaver \ see
Quaver. Cf. Icel. kvap^ jelly, jelly-like
things.
squabble, to wrangle. (Scand.) Swed.
dial, skvabbei, a dispute. — Swed. dial.
skuappa, to chide, lit. make a splashing,
from the sb. skvapp, sqvapp, a splash. Cf.
Prov. E. swabble, to squabble, allied to
swab, to splash over, swap, to strike.
Squad, a small troop. (F. — Ital. — L.)
M.F,esquadre, escadre. '^Itsii, squadra, a.
squadron ; see Square.
squadron. (F. - Ital. - L.) M. F.
esquadron.'^ItB.hsquadrone; augmentative
ot squadra (above).
Squalid. (L.) L. squdlidus, rough,
dirty. — L. squalire, to be rough, parched,
dirty. Der. squal-or, sb.
Squall, to cry out. (Scand.) Swed.
sqvala, to gush out violently, sqval, a rush
of water, sqval-regn, a vioknt shower of
rain (E. squall, sb., a burst of rain) ; Dan.
sqvaldre, to clamour, sqvalder, clamour,
noisy talk; Swed. dial. skveUa, to gush
out, cry out, chatter. 4* Gael, sgal, a loud
cry, sound of high wind ; allied to G.
schallen, Icel. skjalla (pt. t. skall), to re-
sound, and W. chwalu, to babble.
Squander, to dissipate. (E.) Orig.
to disperse, scatter abroad ; Dryden, Annus
Mirabilis, st. 67. Nasalised form allied to
Lowl. Sc. squatter, to splash about, scatter,
squander, prov. E. swatter, to throw water
about ; Swed. dial, skvdttra, to squander.
These are frequentatives from Dan. sqvatte,
to splash, spurt, also to squander ; Swed,
6"
SQUARE
sqvdtta^ to squirt, Icel. skvetta (for
*skwenia^ perhaps allied to G. awiv^iVy to
pour out ; see Noreen), to squirt out water.
The d appears in M. Du. swadderen, to
dabble in water ; Swed. dial, skvadra, to
gush out of a hole (as water). Cf. scatter
and squirt,
Sauare. TF. - L.) M. E. square, -
O. Y . esquarre^ squared ; esquarre^ a square,
squareness. Cf. Ital. squadrare^ to square ;
squadra, a square, also a squadron of men
(orig. a square). All from Late L. *ex-
qucutrare^ intensive (with prefix ex) of L.
quadrdre, to square. — L. quadrus, four-
cornered ; see Quadrate.
Squash, to crush. (F.-L.) a. The
mod. £. squash appears to be due to quask^
with the prefix s- « O. F. es» < L. ex-,
used as an intensive. — O. F. esquasser,
to break in pieces, from O. F. es-, and
auasser, casser, to break ; see Quash,
p. But it commonly keeps the sense of
M. £. squachen, to crush. — O. F. esqua-
chter, to crush, also spelt escacher^ * to
squash;' Cot (Mod. F. teacher). The
F. cacher answers to a Late L. type *coac-
ticare^ due to L. co-actdre, to constrain,
force, press. The prefix es- — L.. ex, ex-
tremely ; L. coaddre is formed from coact-us,
pp. of cdgere ( = co^re), to drive together.
See Ez- and Cogent; also Oon- and
Agent. Der. squash, sb., an unripe
peascod (nearly flat).
squat, to cower. (F. - L.) Lit to lie
flat, as if pressed down ; the old sense is to
press down, squash. M. £. squatten, to
crush flat. — O. F. esquatir^ to flatten,
crush. — O. F. eS' ( = L. ex), extremely ;
quatir, to beat down. Diez shows that
O. F, quatir (Late L. type *coactfre) is
a derivative of L. coacius, pp. of cogere,
to press, compel ; see above. Cf. M. Ital.
quattare, * to squat, lie close.'
Squaw, a female. (W. Indian.) Massa-
chusetts squa,eshqua, iiamganaett squaws,
a female (Webster) ; Cree iskwew.
Squeaky to cry out shrilly. (Scand.)
M. Swed. skwaka, to squeak ; Swed.
sqvdka, to croak ; Norw. skvaka, to cackle ;
Icel. skvakka, to sound like water shaken
in a bottle. Allied to Quaok.
Squeal. (Scand.) M. Swed. sqwala,
Swed. 6i9\,sqvdla, 'NoTW.shve/ta^to squeal.
Used as a frequentative of squeak, and ap-
plied to a continuous cry. See Squall.
SqueamilS^, over-nice. (F. — Teut. ?)
Squamish, Baret (1580). M. K skeymous,
5
SQUIRT
sweymous. Prompt. Parv.; &\sosquaifWfus,
skqymus, disdainful. — A. F. escoymous,
delicate, nice as to food (Bozon). Perhaps
suggested by M. H. G. schemig, ashamed,
from O. H. G. scam, shame; cf. Swed.
skamma, to disgrace. If so, it is related
to Shame.
Squeese, to crush, press tightly. (E.)
The prefixed s is due to O. F. es'\ » L. •«:),
very; queeze a late M. £. queisen, to
squeeze. This M. £. queisen probably
represents O. Merc. *cwesan, answering to
A. S. cwiesan, cwysan, to crush, chiefly in
the comp. to-cwiesan.
Sq[uiD, (1) a paper tube, with com-
bustibles; (2) a lampoon. (Scand.) 1.
Squibs were sometimes fastened slightly to
a rope, so as to run along it like a rocket ;
whence the name. From M. K squippen,
swippen, to move swiftly, fly, sweep, dash.
— Icel. svipa, to flash, dart, svipr, a swift
movement; Norw. svipa^ to run swiftly.
2. A squib also means a political lampoon,
but was formerly applied, not to the lam-
poon itself, but to the writer of it ; see
Tatler, no. 88, Nov. i, 1709. A squib
thus meant a firework, a flashy fellow,
making a noise, but doing no harm. Squib
also means child's squirt, from its shooting
out water instead of fire. Cf. G. schweif-
stem, a comet
Squill. (F.-.L.-Gk.) M. F. squille,
* squill, sea-onion ; ' Cot. — L. squilla,
scilla, — Gk. axiWa, a squill.
Squinancy, old spelling of quinsy,
Squinti to look a^ew. (£.) The same
as prov. £. (Suffolk) squink, to wink. Of
obscure origin. Cf. M. Du. schuyn, ' cross,
oblique, byas-wise,' Hexham; £. Fries.
schUn, oblique, awry; Du. schuin,oh\\^\xe\
schuitun, to slant ; schuinte, a slope, obli-
quity.
Squire (i)? the same as Esquire.
Squire (3), a square, carpenter*s rule.
(F. — L.) M. E. squire. - O. F. esquire,
esquierre ; mod. F. iquerre, A variant
of O. F. esquarre ; see Square.
SquirreL (F.-L.-Gk.) M,E,squtrel,
scurel. — O. F. escurel (F. icureuil). -
Late L. scurellus, a squirrel ; for *scii*rel'
lus, dimin. of sciUrus, a squirrel. — Gk.
ffKiovpot, a squirrel ; lit. ' a shadow-tail,'
from his bushy tail. — Gk. cxi-d, shadow ;
oifpd, tail. ^The explanation of the Gk.
word may be due to popular ctjnnology.
Squirt, vb. (E.) Prov. E. swirt, Cf.
Low G. swirtjen, to squirt ; from swirett,
la
STAB
STALE
orig. to whir, like G. sckwirren ; see
SwirL So also E. Fries, kwirtjen, to
squirt out, to dart about, from kitdrt,
turning quickly about.
8taD| vb. (Scand.) Cf. Irish stob-aim,
I stab ; Gael, stobf to fix a stake in the
ground, from slob, a stake, pointed iron or
stick, stub. Apparently from Swed. dial.
stabbey a thick stick or stump ; Icel. stabbi,
a stub, stump, allied to sfqfr, a staif ;
Dan. dial, stabb, a short peg. Allied to
Stub, Staff, q.v. Der. stab, sb.
Stable (i)} a stall for horses. (F.— L.)
O. F. estable, a stable. *L. stabulum, a
stall. —L. stare, to stand still. Brugm. ii.
§§ 62, 77. See StalL
stable (2), firm. (F.~L.) O.F. estab/e.
m, L. stabilis, firm. — L. stare (above).
Stablish. (F.-L.) Short for Es-
tablish.
Stack, a large pile of wood, &c. (Scand.)
M. £. stak, — Icel. stakkr, a stack of hay ;
stakka, a stump (as in our chimney-stack);
Swed. stack, a rick, heap, stack; Dan. stak,
Teut type *staknoz (Noreen). The sense
is * a pile.' Cf. Russ. stog\ a heap, hay-
rick. Allied to Stake.
Staff. (£.) A. S. staf; pi. stafas, staves.
+ Du. stafi Icel. stafr, Dan. stab, stav,
Swed. staf, Goth, stafs or stabs, G. stab.
Allied to O. H. G. staben, to be stiff, E.
Fries, staf, unmoved ; cf. Skt. stambh, to
make firm.
Stag, a male deer. (Scand.) Also ap-
plied (in dialects) to a male animal gene-
rally. Late A. S. stagga (from Norse). —
Icel. steggr, steggi, a he-bird, drake, tom-
cat ; Norw, stegg, a cock. Icel. steggr is
said to be for *stig-joz, lit. * mounter ; *
from stig'y weak grade of sttga, to mount ;
see Stair. (Noreen, % 140 ; but doubtful.)
Stage. (F. - L.) A. F. and M. F.
estage, ' a story, stage, loft, also a dwell-
ing-house;' Cot [Hence it meant a
stopping-place on a journey, or the dis-
tance between stopping-places.] Cf. Prov.
estatge, a dwelling-place ; answering to a
Late L. form *staticum, a dwelling-place.
i-L. stat'Unty supine oi stare, to stand.
Stagger, to reel, vacillate. (Scand.)
A weakened (voiced) form of stacker,
M. £. stakeren, ^lct\, stakra, to push, to
stagger; frequentative of stcJta, to punt,
push, also to stagger ; Norw. stcUh^a,
staka, to stagger; Swed. dial, stagra;
Dan. dial, stagge, stag/e. Allied to Icel.
stjaki, a punt-pole ; and to Stake.
Stagnate^ to cease to flow. (L.) Fr(»n
L. stagftd/us, pp. of stagndre, to be still,
cease to flow. — L. siagnum, a still pool,
a stank ; see Stank. Der. stagnant, from
stem of pres. pt. of stagnare.
Staid, grave. (F. — M. Du.) Formerly
stayd, pp. of stay, vb., to support, make
steady. See Stay (i).
Stain, vb. (F.— L.) Short for Distain.
* I stayne a thjmge, Je destayns ; ' Pals-
grave. The orig. sense was to dim the
colour of a thing. Der. stain, sb.
Stair, a step up. (£.) M. £. steir, steyen
A. S. stager, a stair, step ; lit. a step to
climb by. Formed (with mutation to <f )
from stag, 2nd grade of stigan, to climb.
^-Du. steiger, a stair ; cf. Icel. stegi, step,
Swed. stege, ladder, Dan. stige, ladder, G.
steg, a path ; respectively from Du. stijgen,
Icel. sttga, Swed. stiga, Dan. stige, G.
steigen, to mount, climb ; Teut. verb
*steigan-j pt. t. *staig, pp. *stiganoz.
Allied to Skt. stigh, to ascend, Gr. (rrctr
X^iv, (ySTEIGH.)
Staitne, a landing-place. (£.) A. S.
stcE^t bank, shore. + Icel. stoh, harbour,
roadstead; M.Du. j/ao^, 'ahaven.* Allied
to Stead.
Stake, a post, strong stick. (£•) M. £.
stake. A. S. staca, a stake. ^ Du. staak,
Swed. stake, Dan. stage, P>om the Teut.
base *stak, 2nd grade oi*stek-un-,\o pierce,
appearing in G. stcuh^ pt. t. of stecken, to
stick, pierce ; see Stick (i).
Stalactite, a kind of crystal hanging
from the roof of some caverns. (Gk.)
Formed, with suffix 'ite (Gk. -«Tiys), from
araXaicT-6s, trickling. ^ Gk. araX&^^iv
(= ordKay-y€iv), to drip; allied to era-
\av, to drip.
stalagmite, a cone of carbonate pf
lime on the floor of some caverns. (Gk.)
Gk. ariXa^ii-a, a drop ; with suffix -ite
(Gk. -tnys). — Gk. ardKaitiv (above).
Stale (1)9 too long kept, vapid, trite.
(E. ; <?r F. - Teut.) 1. Stale, as a sb.,
means urine of cattle or horses. Cf. £.
Fries, and Low G. stallen, Swed. stalla, to
put into a stall, also to stale (as cattle) ;
Dan. stalde, to stall-feed, static, to stale (as
horses). From stall, sb. 2. Stale, adj.,
is that which stands too long, from M. F,
estaler^ to display wares on a stall, from
estal, a, stall. Cf. M. Du. stel, stale, Du.
stel, a stall, place ; G. stelle, a place,
stellen, to place, from G. stall, a stall.
See StaU.
hn
s
STALE
STANCHION
gtala (a), a decoy, bait ; Shak. (F. ^.
Teut.) — A. F. istaUt a decoy-bird (Boson).
Perhaps adapted from A.S. stal-, as in
stal-hr&n, a decoy reindeer, allied to M.E.
staley theft, A.S. J/a/u, theft; allied to Steal.
StalA (3)1 Btaalf the handle of any-
thing. (E.) VL.'E. stale, side. The latter
answers to A. S. stela, steola, a stalk, stem.
Hh I^ iltel, stalk, stem, handle ; G. stiel,
stalk, handle. Cf. Gk. o'rcXc^y, a handle.
Allied to still and stall \ the stale being
that by which the tool is held firm and
unmoved. And see Stalk (i).
Stalk (I), a stem. (E.) M.E. stalke,
of which one sense is the side-piece (stem)
of a ladder. A dimin. form, with suffix -ky
from M. £. stale, variant of steh ; see
Stale (3) above. 4-Icel> stilkr, Swed. stjelk,
Dan. stilk, stalk ; cf. Gk. trriXcxot, stem
of a tree, allied to crrcXct^i^, a handle.
Stalk (3)» to stride. (E.) M. £. stalken,
A.S. stealcian, to walk warily; allied
to stealc, steep. 4" I^&i^- stalke, to stalk.
The notion is that of walking cautiously.
Cf. perhaps A. S. stellan, styllan^ to leap.
Der. stalk'ing-horse, a horse for stalking
game ; see Halliwell.
Stally a standing-place for cattle, &c.
(E.) M. £. staX, A. S. steall, station,
stall.-f Da. stal, Icel. stallr^ Dan. staid,
Swed. stall, G. stalL Teut. type *stalloz,
perhaps for *stadloz ; cf. A. S. standan, to
stand, E. stead ; Gk. ffroB-fiSs, a stall ; L.
stab'ulum_ (for *stHlh'lom), Allied to
Stead. Bmgm. i. 593 (4). Der. stalled
ox, a fatted ox ; cf. Swed. dial, stalla, to
fatten, stalloxe^ fatted ox (Moller).
stallioilff an «itire horse. (F. —
O. H. G.) M. E. stalm, - O. F. estalon
(F. Halon), a stallion ; so called because
kept in a stall and not made to work. —
O. H. G. stal (G. stall), a stall, stable ;
see Stall.
Stalwart, sturdy. (E.) Yox stalworth.
M.E. stalwortk, stelewuHte, stealewurUe^
stalewurde ; A. S. stalivyrde, pi., service-
able (said of ships) ; A. S. Chron. an. 896.
p. We find A. S. gestalan used as short
for pestadelian. Hence Sievers explains
the form stal- or stal- as being contracted
from stadol, a foundation [or from a
paniUel form *stafl]. Thus stal-wyrUe
is lot . *stad0l ' Tvyrde, lit, * foundation-
Worthy,' i.e. firmly fixed, firm, constant;
cf. A. S. staJSol-fiest, steadfast. The A. S
italiel, staHol is allied to Stead. Cf.
stead-fast.
StailMlif male organ of a flower. (L.)
Lit. 'a thread.'— L. stamen, a thread, the
warp standing up in an upright loom. — L.
stare, to stand. Der. stamina, orig. pi.
of stamen, lit. threads in a warp, a firm
texture.
Stamin, a kind of stuff. (F. ^ L.)
M. E. stamin. — M. F. estamine, ' the stuffe
tamine ; ' Cot. — L. stdmineus, consisting
of threads. — L. stamin-, stem of stamen,
a thread (above). Also spelt stammel,
tamine, tammy.
Stammer, to stutter. (E). M. E. stam-
eren, vb. ; A. S. sUmirian (Shrine, p. 42) ;
from A. S. stamer, stamor, adj., stammer-
ing ; where the suffix -^r, -or is adjectival
From a base *stam, extended from ^STA,
to stand, remain fixed ; cf. prov. £. stam,
to amaze, confound ; related by gradation
to G. stumm, dumb. 4" ^u* stameren,
stamelen, G. stammem, stammeln; loel.
stamma, Dan. stamme, Swed. stamma^ to
stammer; Icel. stamr, O. H. G. stam, Goth.
stamms, adj., stammering. See Stem (1).
Stamp, to tread heavily, to pound. (E.)
M. £. stampen, A. S. stempan (for ^stam-
pian).^'Du. stampen, Icel. stappa, Swed.
stampa, Dan. stampe, G. stampfen ; also
Gk. iTrit*fiuv, to stamp.
stam^eday a panic (Span.— Teut.)
Stampede is a sudden panic, causing cattle
to take to flight and run for many miles ;
any sudden flight due to panic — Span,
(and Port.) estampido, a crash, sudden
sound of anything bursting or falling.
Formed as if from a verb *estampir, akin
to estampar, to stamp. The reference
appears to be to the noise made by the
blows of a pestle upon a mortar. Of Teut.
origin ; see Stamp above.
Stanch, Staunch, to stop a flow of
blood. (F. ~ L.) O. F. estancher, to
stanch; Walloon stanchi (Remade).-*
Late L. stanc&re, to stanch, a variant of
Late L. type *stagnicare, to cause to stag-
nate, from L. stagnare, to cease to flow ;
see Stagnate. ^ It is probable that the
sense was influenced by G. stange, a pole,
a. bar (Korting, $ 7733). Der. stamh,
adj., firm, sound, not leaky; cf. F. £tanche.
water-tight.
Stanchion, a support, beam, bar. (F.
— L.) O. North F. estanchon. Norm. dial.
itanchon ; M. Y.estan^on, estanson, 'a prop,
stay ; * Cot. Not derived from the O. F.
estancher, to prop (allied to E. stanch),
but a diminutive ofOtF.estanre, asituation,
5M
STAND
condition, also a stanchion (Scheler). —
Late L. stantioy a chamber, a house, lit.
* that which stands (irm.*— L. stant-y stem
of pies. pt. of stare, to stand. See State.
% Bnt tne word may have been confosed
with O. F. estancher, to prop (as above),
which is the same word as esUmcher, to
staunch; for which see Stanch. The
ultimate root is the same either way.
(VSTA.)
Stand. (E.) A. S. sfandan, pt. t. stddj
pp. standen,^lcel, standa, Goth, standan ;
cf. Dn. staan (pt. t stand) ; Swed. st&
(pt. t. st0d)\ G. stehen (pt. t. stand),
Teut. type ^standan-, pt. t. *stoth; base
*statk, *stadf the n being orig. characteristic
of the pres. tense. Allied to L. stare, Gk.
iarrp^, I stood, Russ. stoiate, Skt. sthd, to
stand. (VSTA.) See State. Der. stand,
sb. ; standish, short for stand'dish, a stand-
ing dish for pen and ink.
Standard. (F.-L.) \.Y,estandard,
a standard or ensign, O. F. estendard, a
standard measure. The flag was a large
one, on a fixed (standing) pole ; and hence
was modified by the innnence of the verb
to stand. The O. F. estendard, Ital. sten-
dardo, are unmodified forms ; from L.
extend-ere, to extend ; with suffix -ard
(bO. H. G. 'hart, suffix, orig. the same
as hart, hard). See Extend.
Stangy a pole, stake. (Scand.) M. £.
stange,^lct\, stottg (gen. stangat^, a pole,
stake; Dan. stang,Swed, st&ng, Du. stang,
G. stange; A.S. sten^. From the and
grade of the verb to sttng, Cf. Stake.
Staniel. a kind of hawk. (£.) A. S.
stdngel/a ; lit. * rock-yeller.' — A. S. stdn,
rock (see Stone) ; and gellan, to yell (see
Yell).
Stank, a pool, tank. (F. -L.) An old
word ; once common. — Walloon stank,
O. F. estang, a pond.. (The same as Prov.
estanc. Span, estanque. Port, tangue, a
pond, pool.) — L. stagnum, a pool of stag-
nant or standing water. See Stagnate,
Stanoh, Tank.
Stannary, relating to tin-mines. (L.)
Late L. stanndria, a tin-mine. •> L. stan-
num, tin.
Stansa. (Ital.-L.) Ital. stansa, M.
Jtal. stantia, * a lodging, chamber, dwell-
ing, also stance or stafTe of verses ; * Florio.
So called from the stop or pause at the
end of it. « Late L. stantia, an abode. —
L. stant', stem of pres. pt. of st&re, to
stand • see Stanchion, State.
STARE
Staple (i), a loop of iron. (E.) A. S.
stapol, a post, pillar ; also, a step. Orig.
sense a prop, something that holds firm.
—A. S. staP', base of stappan, strong
verb, to step, tread firmly ; cf. stamp, ^
Dn. stapel, staple, stocks, a pile ; Dan.
stcdfel, Swed. stapel', G. staffel, a step,
stapel, a staple (below).
staple (2), a chief commodity of a
place. (F. — Low G.) The sense has
changed ; it formerly meant a chief market,
with reference to the place where things
were most sold. » O. F. estaple, M. F.
estape, 'a staple, a mart or general market,
a pnblique storehouse;' Cot (F. //a/e.) —
Low G. stapel, a heap ; hence a heap laid
in order, store, store-house; the same
word as Staple (i). The Du. stapel mt9Xi^
(i) a staple, (a) the stocks, (3) a pile or
heap. All from the notion of fixity or
firmness.
Star. (E.) M. E. st€rre. A. S. steorra.
+ Du. ster\ O, U, G, sterro. Cf. Icel.
stjama, Dan. stieme, Swed. stjema, Goth.
staimd, G. stem ; also L. Stella (for ^ster-
Id), Gk. dar^p. Com, steren, "Bret, sterenn,
W. seren, Skt. tdrd. Orig. sense uncertain.
Cf. Brugm. i. § 473 (2).
StarHboard, the right side of a ship.
(£.) M. £. sterebourde, A. S. siiorbord,
i. e. steer-board, the side on which the
steersman stood ; in the first instance, he
used a paddle, not a helm. Cf. Icel.
& stjdm, at the helm, or on the starboard
side.* A. S. stlor, a rudder or paddle to
steer with ; bord, board, border, edge or
side; see Steer (2) and Board. The
O. H* G. stiura (G. steuer) means a prop,
staff, paddle, rudder, allied to Joel, staurr,
a post, stake, Gk. aravpSt, an upright pole
or stake. (ySTEU, allied to ySTA.)
^ Du. stuurboord, Icel. stjomhortii, Dan.
Swed. styrbord; all similarly compounded.
Starch. (E.) Starch is stuff that
stiffens ; fit>m the adj. Stark, stiff, strong.
Cf. G. Starke, (i) strength, (a) starch;
from stark, adj., strong.
lltare (i)> to gaze fixedly. (E.) A. S.
starian; from a Teut. adj. *staroz, fixed,
appearing in G. 5/arr, fixed ; cf. Skt sthira;
fixed, allied to sthd, to stand ; and Gk.
artp€6s, firm. (V STA.) 4" ^' staren ;
Icel. stara, stira, to stare ; Swed. stirra^
Dan. stirre, to stare ; O.H.G. star In,
% Hence ' staring hair ' is * stiff-standing
hair.* Brugm. i. % aoo.
(2), to glitter. (E.) M. E.
5»5
STARK
STEAD
siaren ; whence staring colours ^ bright sta/tanrm, ace. oi static, a standing still. »
colonrBb The same word as stare (i) ; 'L.statum.wa^mtoi stare. "Dvt.statum-e*-,
from the glittering of staring eyes. orig. a bookseller who had a station or
Sturk. stiff, rigid, entire. (E.) A. S. | stall in a market-place; hoiot siatiatt-er-jr,
stearc,9ttf(f§tTODg.'^T>n.sterA,lc«LsterJh'y things sold by a statiemer. ALsostalioM-
Dan. stari, Swed. and G. starJk, From j ary, adj. See State.
Tent, verb ^sterAan-y to stiffen ; of which fftatisty a statesman, politiciaD. (F.~
the weak grade appears in Goth, ga-staurk- ; L. ; with Gk. suffix.) Coined frran stat€
uan, to become dry, Icel. storkinn, pp. ; by adding -ist (L. -ista, Gk. -HOnp),
coagulated. Further allied to Lith. j/r^^/, statu. (F.— L.) 0.¥. statue {tn-
to become rigid, Pers. suturg, big, strong, syllabic). •L. statua, a standing image.—
Root STERG, extension of y^STER ; see L. statu-, for status, a position, standing. -
Stare (i). Der. stark, adv., as in stark L. statum, snpine oi stare, to stand.
fftad.
Stark-naked, quite naked. (E.) A
substitution for M. E. start-naked, lit.
' tail-naked,* 1. e. with the hinder parts
exposed, but used in the sense of wholly
naked. From A. S. steort, a tail ; as in
8tatlire« height (F. - L.) F. stature,
— L. statUra, an upright posture, height
— L. statum, supine oi stare, to stand.
statnSy condition. (L.) 1.. status \ sfst
State.
Statate. (F.-L.) F. statut.^l.
red-start f i. e. red-tail, a bird.^Du. staart, statHtum, a statute ; neut. oftstatOtus, ppi
Icel. stertr^ Dan. stiert, Swed. stjert, G. of statuere, to place, set, causal of stare,
sterz, a tail ; cf. Gk. aropOrjy a spike. to stand.
Btarliiur. (E.) M. £. sterling, double Staunck; see Stanch,
dimin. ofM. E. stare, a starling. — A. S. lEItaTe, piece of a cask, part of a piece
star, a starling. + Icel. starri, stari^ Dan.
star, Swed. stare, G. staar, L. stumus.
Cf. A.S. steam, a tern.
Stut, to move suddenly. (E.) M. E.
sterten ; pt. t. stirte (Havelok, 873), sturte,
storte (Layamon, 23951). 'Allied to Du.
storten, to precipitate, fall, rush, G. stUrz-
en. Also, perhaps, to M. Du. steerten, to
flee, run away. Some even connect it with
A.S. steort, a tail. See Stark-naked.
Der. start-U ; A. S. steartlian, to stumble.
Starve. (£•) M. E. steruen {stervetC),
to die (without reference to the means of
death). A. S. steorfan, pt. t. stearf, pp.
stoffen, to die ; whence -stierfan, to kill
(woik verb). + Du. steruen, G. sterben,
Teut. type *sterban-, pt. t. *starb. Der.
starve-l'ing, double dimin., expressive of
contempt ; starv-ation, a hybrid word,
introduced from the North about 1775.
StatSf a standing, position, condition,
&c. (F.— L.) O. F. estat.^L.. statum, ace.
of status, condition. — L. statum, supine
of stSre, to stand.+Gk. iarrfv, I stood ;
Skt. stkd, to stand ; cognate with K stand.
(VSTA.)
Statics, the science treating of bodies
at rest. (Gk.) From Gk. ararucSs, at a
standstill ; ij ararucii, statics. *» Gk. arar-Ss,
placed, standing; verbal adj. from ara-,
allied to -trrrt- in tarfjfju, I place, stand.
(VSTA.)
Stirtion. (F.-L.) F. station. ^L,
of music. (K.) Merely another form of
staff", due to M. E. dat. sing, staue {stave)
and pi. staues {staves^. Cf. Icel. sta/r, a
staff, a stave ; Dan. stav, staff, staue, stave.
SeeStaft
Stavesacre, the seeds of a larkspur;
Delphinium staphisagria, (L. — Gk.)
Lat. form of Gk. arai^h dypia; where
&ypia, wild, is from 07^0^, a field (E.
acre).
Stay (1) » to prop, delay, remain. (F. —
M. Du.) M. F. estayer, 'to prop, stay;'
Cot * M. F. estaye, sb. fem. *■ a prop, stay ;*
id. — M. Du. stade, also staeye, *a prop,
stay,* Hexham ; O. Flem. staty, a prop ;
allied to E. Stead. [The loss of ^ between
two vowels is usual in Dutch, as in broer,
brother, teer (for teder), tender.] Sec
Stay (a).
Stay {'^)y ^ ^^V^ supporting a mast. (E.)
A. S. stag, a stay (whence F. ^tai, a ship^s
stay ; Hatzfeld). + Du. stag, Icel. Dan.
Swed. G. stag. Der. stay-sail. % It is
difficult to decide whether El. stay (2) is a
survival of A. S. stag, * a rope for a mast,*
or is from O. F. estaye, a prop, for which
see Stay (1).
StaySp a bodice. (F.— M. Du.) Merely
a pi. of stay, a support (So also bodice »
bwUes^ See Stay (i).
Stead. (E.) M. E. stede. A. S. stede,
a place.-f Du. stede, stee, a place; cf. Du.
stad, a town, Icel. staXir, staSa, a place ;
516
STEADFAST
STEER
Dan. Swed. stadf town, Dan. sted^ place ;
G. stadtyStatt^ town, placCi Goth, staths
(gen. 5tadis)y a place. Allied to L. statio^
a station { Gk. ^o'reurif, Skt. sthiti-^ a
standing. (^STA.) Der. home- steady
bed-stead.
Steadlkst. (£0 A. S. stedefisst, firm
in its place. — A. S. stede, place ; fcest,
6rm ; see Fast. 4- M. Du. stedevast, Icel.
staSfastry Dan. stadfast,
steady, firm. (£.) Spelt 5/^r^« in
Palsgrave. (The sole example of j/^^i
in Stratraann has another form and sense.)
A new formation from stead, sb., with
suffix -y ; suggested by steadfast.
SteUy a slice of meat for cooking.
(Scand.) M. £. steike. — Icel. steik, a
steak; so called from being stock on a
wooden pe^, and roasted before the fire ;
cf. Icel. steikja, to roast on a spit or peg.
Allied to Icel. stika^ a stick ; and to Stick
;,i). -^Swed. stekf roast meat, steka^ to
roast; allied to sticky a prick, sticka, to
stick, stab; Dan. steg, a roast, at vende
stegy to tarn the spit. Cf. G. ansteckefiy to
put on a spit, anstechen, to pierce.
SteaL (£0 A. S. stelan, pt. t. stal, pp.
stolen.^'Dvi. stelen, Icel. stela, Dan. stiale,
Swed. stjdla, G. stehlen, Goth, stilan.
Teut type *steian-, pt. t. *sta/y pp. *stu/-
anoz.
Steam, sb. (£.^ M. £. steem. A. S.
steam, vapour, smell, smoke.^'I^u. stoom,
Der. steam, vb.
Stearine, one of the proximate princi-
ples of animal fat. (F. — Gk.) F. stiarine ;
formed, with suffix -irUy from Gk. oikoj^y
tallow, hardened fat. Allied to Gk. a^vai,
to stand ; Bmgm. ii. $ 82. See Statios.
stealdtei a soft magnesian rock with a
soapy feel. (F.—Gk.) Formed with suffix
'ite, from Gk. <nkar- as in o'r^r-of, gen.
of ariafty tallow, fat See above.
Steed. (£.) U.'E.stede. A.S. st/da,
a stud-horse, stallion, war-horse; Teut.
type *stdd'jon^. — A. S. stdd, a stud (with the
usual change from 0 to i). Cf. G. stute,
a stud-mare ; Icel. stffdhestr, stud-horse,
stffSmerr, stud-mare. See £tad (i).
Steel. (£.) M. £. steel. O. Merc.
stilt ; A. S. style, which is a late Wessex
spelling. i^Du. staal, Icel. stdl, Dan. s(aal,
Swed- stStly G. stahl, O. H. G. stahal. The
O. H. G. stahal answers to O. Pruss. stak-
la-, as in panu-stakla-j steel for kindling
fire; cf. also SKt* stak, to resist, Zend
staxra-, strong. Named from its firm re-
sistance. Brugm. ii. $ 76. Der. steel,
vb., A. S. sty Ian (Icel. staid).
Steelyard (i). (Low G.) Said to be
the yan^ in London where steel was sold
by German merchants (Stow) ; but really
for Low G. staal-hof, * sample-yard,' from
staal, a sample of goods ; see Bremen
Wort. Low G. staal is from O. F. estate,
a sample. — O. F. estaler ; see Stale (i).
Steelyard (2), a kind of balance,
with unequal arms. (F. — L.?) Now
generally misunderstood as meaning a yard
or bar of steel ; but spelt stelleere by
Cotgrave, s. v. Crochet. Perhaps from
O.F. astelier, a spit-cratch, in which
spits lay horizontally (Roquefort) ; cf.
Span, etstillero, the same, and astil, the
beam of a balance. From L. hasta, a
lance.
Steenbok, a S. African antelope.
(Du.) Du. steenbok^ lit. * rock-goat.'— Du.
stun, stone, rock; boh, he-goat; see
Buok (i).
Steep (i )» precipitous. (£.) M. £. steep.
A. S. stiapy steep, high. + Icel. steyplfr,
steep, lofty. Allied to stoop, whence the
notion of sloping down, or tilted up ; cf.
Swed. stupande, sloping ; Norweg. stupa,
to fall, stup, a steep clitt. See Stoop.
steep (2), to soak in a liquid. (Scand.)
M. £. stepen, Icel. steypa, to make to
stoop, overturn, pour out liquids, cast
metals (hence to pour water over grain or
steep it) ; causal of stiipa, to stoop ; see
Stoop. So also Swed. stbpa, to cast
metals, steep com ; Dan. stbbe, the same.
steeple. (£.) O. Merc. 5/1^/, A. S.
sf^pel, a lofty tower; so called from its
height. — A. S. steap, steep, high (with
regular change from ia to y)»'^ Icel.
sto6ull\ Low G. stipel.
Steer (i)> a young ox. (£.) K.^.stgor,
+Du. and G. stier, a bull, Icel. stjorr,
Goth. stiur\ Teut. type *steurot, m.
[Also *theutvz, for Idg. *teuros; as in
Icel. /j'brr, Swed. tjur, Dan. tyr, a steer.
Cf. also L. taurus, Gk. rccupof, Rnss.
tur\'] p. The sense is 'full-grown* or
* large,' as in Skt. sthUla- (for sthura-),
great, large, powerful, sthHra-, a man,
sthuri, a pack-horse; cf. Zend staora-,
Pers. suiUr, a beast of burden. Der. stir-k,
a bullock, A. S. styr-ic (with vowel-change
from go toy)'. Low G. stark.
Steer (2), to guide. (£.) M. £. steren.
A. S. steoran, styran, to steer.-fDn* sturen,
Icel. styra, Dan, styre, Swed. styra, G.
517
STELLAR
sUuerUf to steer ; Goth. sHurjau^ to coa-
finn. ^. Weak rerb ; from the sb. appear-
ing in M. E. sUre, Do. siuur, loeL siyri,
G. sterner, a rudder, ftill retained in star^
board; see Sinr-boMd. The O. H.G.
stiura meant (i ) a prop, stafl^ snppoit, (a)
a rodder; and is allied to loel. sfaurr, a
stake. Noreen, | 145 ; Biagm. L § 198.
SUHmt. (L.) L.x/^i^/Tr, starry. -L.
j/^iliEi, star; for ^sUr-la, a dimin. form
allied to E. 8Ur. Bmgm. i. § 473.
Stem (i), tnmk of a tree. (E.) M. E.
s/em. A. S. sU/h, sUmn, (1) stem of a
tree ; (3) stem, prow of a yessel, for which
stefna {sUtftuC) u also used. Apparently
allied to Steff; bnt the primitive fonns
are nnoeitatn. ^ Do. stam, tnmk, steven,
prow ; loeL stein^ stamn, stem of a vessel,
siofftt tnmk ; Dan. stamme, tnmk, staim,
prow ; Swed. stam, tnmk, sta/^ ^mm^fnwi-
stam, fore-stem, baJk-stam, back-stem,
stem; G. stamm, tnmk, vordkr Steven,
prow.post, stem, hinter Steven, stem-post
Some compare O. Irish tamcn (Ir . tamhan) ,
the stem of a tree.
stem (2\ prow of a vessel. (E.) See
above.
Stem (3)» to check, stop. (E.) E.
Fries, stemmen, to check, stop, hinder.
So IceL stemma. Dan. stemme, to dam up;
G. stemmen, to dam np water, checK,
resist. From Tent *stam, to stop; see
Stammer.
Stonehy sb. (E.) A. S. stene, a strong
smell, often in the sense of fragrance.*
A. S. stone, 2nd grade of stincan, to stink,
also to smell sweetly.^G. ^-j/oififc. See
Stink.
Stenoilp to paint in figures by help
of a pierced plate. (F.— L.) From O. F.
estenceUr, to sparkle, also to cover with
stars, to adorn with bright colours (Gode-
froy). xi O. F. estencele^ a spark. • L. type
*stincilla, mistaken form of L. scintilla, a
spark. See Solntillation.
fltanograplLT, shorthand writing.
(Gk.) Y rom Gk. (Treves, narrow, close ;
ypaiP'tiv, to write.
Stantoriaa, extremely loud. (Gk.)
From Gk. Jiriyrup, Stentor, a Greek at
Troy, with a loud voice (Homer). »Gk
ariv'tiv, to groan; with suffix -rwp. (^
STEN.) See Stun.
Step* a pace, degree, foot-print. (£.)
M. E. steppe. From A. S. steppan, stap-
pan (for *stapjan), a str. verb with a weak
present ; pt. t. stop, pp. stapen, Cf. Du.
STEVEDORE
stapy G. staff e, a footstep; Ross, siapa,
a step. Allied to Stamp.
fltmebiUL (E.) A. S. stiopciJd\ where
cildJlL child', see Child. We also find
A. S. stiopbeam^ step-baim, stepdiild.
stiopfctder, step&ther, sfiepmddar, step-
mother, &C. p. The sense of stiop is ' or-
phaned,' and stiepcild is the oldest com-
pound; we find A.S. dstiapte, pL, made
orphans, also O. H. G. sttufan, to deprive
of parents. +Dn. stie/kind, stepchild ; Icel.
stjupham, step-baim ; Swed. sty/barn ; G.
sti^fkind.
tfteppey a large plain. (Rnss.) Rnss.
stepe, a waste, heath, steppe.
8tweOSCap6» an optical instmment for
giving an appearance of solidity. (Gk.)
From Gk. 9r9ot6-t, solid, stiff; iskow-w, to
behold. '
■tairttO^Tpey a solid plate for printing.
(Gk.) Gk. oTtpto-s, hard, solid ; and tfpe,
q. V.
Sterile. (F.-L.) 0,F, sUHle L.
sterilem, aoc. of steriiis, barren. Cf. Gk.
ardpaifoT *ar4p'/a), a barren cow ; Goth.
stairff, a barren woman. Brugm. i. § 838.
Sterling. (E.) M. E. j/^/^V, a ster-
ling coin; A. F. esterling. Said to be
named from the Esterlings (i.e. easter-
lings, men of the east) ; this was a name
for the Hanse merchants in London, temp.
Henry III.«M. E. est, east See Bast;
and see Easterling in N. & D.
Stem ( I ), severe, austere. (E.) M. E.
steme, stume. A. S. styme, stem. Allied
to G. storrig, morose, stubborn; Goth.
and'StaurrcM, to murmur against.
Stem (2), hind part of a vessel. ^Scand.)
Icel. stjdm, a steering, steerage, helm;
hence a name for the hind part of a vessel.
Cf. Icel. stjdr-i, a steerer, allied to EX
steer (2).
Sternutation^ sneezing. (L.) la^ster^
nOtdtiOf a sneezing. «L. stemOtdtus, pp.
of stemHtdre, to sneeze, frequentative of
sternuere, to sneeze. Allied to Gk. irr^
vwrBcu, to sneeze.
Sterterons, snoring. (L.) Coined from
L. stertere, to snore.
StetllOSOOpa, the tube used in aus-
cultation, as applied to the chest. (Gk.)
Lit 'chest-examiner.* — Gk. ar^o-i, chest ;
trK(9-€iv, to consider.
St0T6dor6y one who stows a cargo.
(Span. — L.) Span, estivador, a wool-
packer; hence a stower of wool for
exportation, and generally, one who stows
518
STEW
STILL
a cargo. «*Spaii. estivar^ to compress wool,
to stow a cargo. — L. stlpare, to press
together. Allied to Stiff. Cf. Span.
estiva, O. F. estive^ stowage ; Ital. stiva,
ballast.
Stew, to boil slowly. (F.-Teut.) M.E.
stuweHi orig. to bathe ; formed from the
old sb. stew in the sense of bath or hot-
house (as it was called); the pi. stews
generally meant brothels. An Aiiglicised
form of O. F. estuve, a stew, stove, hot-
house (F. ^/iw^).— O. H. G. stupa, a hot
room for a bath (mod. G. stube, a cham-
ber). Allied to Stove, q. v. f The
history of O. F. estuve and of O. H.G.
stupa is much disputed.
Steward. (E.) h,S,stiweard,stiwardy
a steward. Lit. ' a sty-ward ; ' from A. S.
stigUj a farmyard, weard, a ward. The
orig. sense was one who looked after the
domestic animals, and gave them their food ;
hence, one who provides for his master's
table, or who superintends household
affairs. We also find stiwita, stigwtta, a
steward, where the former element is the
same. See Sty (i) and Ward.
Stick (i), to stab, pierce, thrust in, ad-
here. (£.) The orig. sense was to sting,
pierce, stab, fasten into a thing'; hence, to
be thrust into a thing, to adhere. Two verbs
are confused in mod. E., viz. (i) sticky to
pierce ; (2 ) sticky to be fixed in. o. We find
(1) M. E. stekeHy strong verb, to pierce,
pt. t stakf pp. steken, stiken ; answering to
an A. S. *stecan^ pt. t. ^stacy pp. *stecen
(not found) ; cognate Mrith O. Fries, steka^
O. Sax. stekan- (pt. t. stak), E. Fries.
stekefty Low G. steken (pt. t. stak^ pp.
steken) ; G. stecken (pt. t. sttuhy pp. ge-
stochen), Teut. type *stekan- (pt. t. *stak) ;
transferred to the ^-series from an older
type *stetkan- (weak grade stik) ; cf. Goth.
stakSy a mark, stikSy a point. Further
allied to Gk. ffri^av (»=.<rr/'y-^€ii'), to
prick, L. iftstigdrey to prick, Skt. tiL to be
sharp; and to E. Stins. (VSTEIG.)
p. We also find (a) A. S. sticiany pt. t. stic-
ode, weak verb; allied to Icel. stika, to
drive piles, Swed. sticka, Dan. stikke, to
stab, sting, G. stecken, to stick, set, also
to stick fast, remain.
stick (a), a small branch of a Ujee.
(E.) M. £. stikke, A. S. sticca, a stick,
peg, nail. . So called from its piercing or
sticking into anything; the orig. sense
being 'peg,' also a small bit of a tree.
Allied to Stiok (i) above. -|- Icel. stika.
a stick, E. Fries, stikke, stik\ Du. stek\
G. stecken,
stickleback, a small fish. (E. ) So
called from the stickles or small prickles on
its back. Stick-U is a dimin. of stick ( 2) ;
cf. E. Fries, stikel, a thorn.
SticUer, one who parts combatants, or
settles disputes between two who are fight-
ing. (E.) Now only used of one who in-
sists on etiquette or persists in an opinion.
Corruption of a sb. formed from M. E.'
stigktleHy stigktlieny to dispose, order,
arrange, govern, subdue; commonly used
of a steward who arranged matters, acting
as a master of ceremonies. See Will, of
Paleme, 1199, 2899, 3281. 3841, 5379;
Destruction of Troy, 117, 1997, 2193,
13282, &c. This M. E. stightlen is a
frequentative of A. S. stihtatty stihtiany to
control. Cognate with M. Du. stichten,
to build, impose a law ; Dan. stifte, to
institute, Swed. stiftay siikta, G. stifteuy
to found, institute. Cf. also Icel. stitt (for
*stihti')y a foundation, base.
Stiff. (E.) M. E. stif, A. S. sttfy stiff.
4- Low G. ^///'(Danneil) ; Du. stijjfy Dan.
stivy Swed. styf. Allied to Lith. stiprus,
strong, stip'tiy to be stiff, L. stipes, a stem,
stipare, to pack tight, stipuluSy firm,
stifle. (Scand.) XVI. cent. From
Icel. stifla, to dam up, choke; Norweg.
strvkty to stop, hem in, lit to stiffen;
stivray to stiffen ; frequentatives of Norw.
stivQy Dan. stive y to stiffen. All from the
adj. above. % The prov. E. stive, to stuff,
from O. F. estiver, to pack tight, is ult.
fi om the same root ; see Stevedore. •
Stigmatise. (F. -Gk.) Y.stigmatisery
to brand with a hot iron, defame. «Gk.
irriy/juiTt(«Vy to mark, brand. — Gk. <tt«7-
nar-, base oftrriyfuiy a prick, mark, brand,
— Gk. ariC«tv (— ^criy-ytiv), to prick.
Allied to Stiok (i). (VSTEIG.)
Stile (i), a set of steps for climbing
over. (E.) M.E, stile. A. S.stigel, a stilt.
— A. S. stig', weak grade of stfgun, to
climb ; with suffix -el See Stair, -f M.
Do. and O.H.G. stickel.
Stile (2), the correct spelling of Style
(1), o.v.
Stllettc, a small dagger. (Ital.->L.>
Ital. stiletto, a dagger; dimin. of M. Ital.
sti/o, a dagger. -L. stilum, ace. of stilus^
an iron pin; see Style (1).
Still (i), motionless. (E.) M. E. sHlle.
A. S. stille, still ; cf. stillany vb., to re-
main in a place or stall. For *steljoz\
519
STILL
allied to A. S. sUllan^ to place, from A. S.
staly a place; cfl steall\ see Stall. +
Do. stilt still, stilUny to be still, stelletiy
to place, from sial^ a stall; Dan. stilU^
Swed. stUla, G. still, still ; Dan. stilUy to
still, also to place, Swed. stilla^ to qniet ;
G. stillen^ to still, stellen, to place ; Dan.
staid J Swed. G. stally a stall. Der. stilly
adv., A. S. stille, continually, ever.
Still (3), to distil, trickle down. (L. ;
^F.— L.) In some cases, it represents
L. stilldre, to fall in drops ; more often, it
is short for Distil, q. v.
■tiUl (3), sb., an apparatus for distilling.
(L.) Short for M. E. stillatorie, a still,
from stilldt'US, pp. of stilldre (above).
Stilt. (Scand.) M. £. stilte. ^^Swed,
stylta^ Dan. stylte, a stilt ; Dan. stylte, to
walk on stilts.*^ Dn. stelt\ G. stelze, a
stilt ; O. H. G. stelza, prop, crutch. Per-
haps allied to Stalk (i) ; cf. £. Fries.
J stUte^ a stem, stalk.
»/ Stimulate. CU) From pp. of L.
^ stimuldre, to pride forward. •- L. stimulus ^
a goad.
Sting. (E.) A. S. stingan, pt. t. stang,
pp. stungen.^lQtX, stingay Swed. stinga,
Dan. stinge. Teut. type ^stengan-. Der.
stang.
SXingy^ mean. (E.) The same as
Norfolk stingy, pronounced (stin-ji), nip-
ping, unkindly, ill-humoured. Merely the
adj. from sting, sb., which is pronounced
(stinj) in Wiltshire. So also Swed. sticken,
pettish, fretful, from sticka, to sting.
Stink. (E.) A. S. stincan, pt. t. stanc,
pp. stuncen. + Du. stinken^ Dan. stinke,
Swed. stinka, G. stinken. Cf. Gk. ray^ds,
rancid.
Stintf to limit, restrain, cut short. (E.)
Orig. ' to shorten.* M. E. stinien (also
stentan). A. S. styntan, in for-styntan,
properly ' to make dull ' ; formed from
A. S. stunt ^ stupid, by vowel-change from
u to y. The peculiar sense is Scand. •4-
Icel. stytta (for *stynta), to shorten, from
stuttr, short, stunted ; Swed. dial, stynta,
to take short steps, from stunt, short ;
Dan.^ dial, stynte, to crop. See Stunted.
Stipend, salary. (L.) L. stipendiutn^
a tax, tribute ; for *stip-pendium, a pay-
ment in money. — L. slip-, stem of slips,
small coin ; pendere, to weigh out, pay ;
see Pendant, p. Slips is supposea to
mean * pile of money ' ; cf. stip&re, to heap
together.
Stipple, to engrave by means of small
5
STOCK
dots. (Du.) Du. stippelen^ to speckle, dot
over. — Du. stippel, a speckle; dimin. of
slip, a point. Allied to Low G. stippelcn,
to drip as raindrops (Danneil), stippen, to
speckle ; G. steppen, to stitch, stif^t, a tack,
peg, pin.
Stipulation, a contract. (F.-L.) F.
stipuTcUion, — L. ace. stipulatidnem, a
covenant. — L. stipuldtus, pp. of stipuldrl,
to settle an agreement. — O. Lat. stipulus,
firm, fast ; allied to stipes, a post. % Not
from stipula, a straw, though this is an
allied word.
Stir. (E.) M. E. stiren, sturen. A. S.
styrian, to move, stir. Allied to Icel.
styrr, a stir ; Du. storen, Swed. stora, G.
storen, to disturb, O. H. G. storen, to
scatter, destroy, disturb. Teut. types
^sturjan-, *staurjan- (Franck). Prob. allied
to Storm.
Stirk ; see Steer (i).
Stirrup. (E.) ForJ(y-«7/^, i. e. aroi^e
to mount by ; the orig. stirrup was a looped
rope for mounting into the saddle. M. £.
sttrop, A. S. sti-rdp, stig-rdp, — A. S.
stig-, weak grade of stigan^ to mount ; rdp,
a rope; see Stair and Rope. 4* Icel. stig-
reip, Du. steg-reep, G. steg-reif,
Stdtolli a pain in the side, a passing
through stuff of a needle and thread. (E.)
M. E. stiche. A. S. slice, a pricking sensa-
tion. » A. S. stician, to prick, pierce. See
Stick (i).
Stithp an anvil. (Scand.) M. E. stith.
— Icel. ste6i, an anvil; allied to staSr, a
fixed place ; named from its firmness ; see
Stead. + Swed. stdd, an anvil ; M. Du.
stiet. Der. stith<'y, properly a smithy, but
also an anvil, like M. E. stethi.
Stiver, a Dutch penny. (Du.) Du.
stuiver, a small coin. Perhaps orig. ' bit '
or small piece. Franck connects it with
Low G. stuuf, stumpy, Icel. stUfr, a stump,
Icel. styfa^ to cut off.
Stoax, an animal. (Scand.) A late
word; stole, Phillips, 1706; Levins, 1570.
M. £. slot, a stoat, also a bull, stallion.
See Stot.
Stoccado, Stoccata, a thrust in
fencing. (Ital. — Teut.) Stoccado is an
accommodated form, as if it were Spanish.
— Ital. stoccata, * a foyne, thrust,* Florio.—
Ital. stocco, * a short sword, a tuck,' Florio ;
with pp. suffix -a/a. — G. stock, a stick,
staff, trunk, stump; cognate with E.
stock.
stocky a post, &c. (£.) The old sense
20
STOCKADE
STOT
was a stump ; hence a post, trunk, stem,
a iixed store, fund, capital, cattle, stalk,
butt-end of a gun, Sec. A. S. s/ocCf- stock,
stump. + G. s^ocJk, O. H. G. s^ccA ; Du.
siak, Icel. stokkr, Dan. stok^ Swed. stock.
Allied to A. S. stykke, G. stiick, a bit,
fragment
Stookade, a breastwork formed of
stakes. (Span. — Teut.) Coined as if
from £. stock (above) ; but adapted from
Span. estcKCuUiy a palisade, fence. —Span.
estaca, a stake, pale. -> M. Du. stake^ Du.
^aaky a stake ; see Stake.
^ Stockillff. (£.) Stocking is a dimin.
^ form of stock, used as short for nether-stock.
* Un bas des chausses, a stocking, or nether-
stock ; * Cot. The clothing of the lower
part of the body consisted of a single
garment, called hose, in F. chausses. }$,
was afterwards cut in two at the knees, and
divided into upper^tocks, and nether-stocks
or stockings. In this case, stock means a
piece or stump, a piece cut off; see Stock.
Stoic. (L.-Gk.) L. Stoicus. - Gk.
SrowiTor, a Stoic; lit. 'belonging to a
colonnade,' because Zeno taught under a
colonnade at Athens. — Gk. oroa, aroia (for
*crof'y6,\ a colonnade, row of pillars ; cf.
CTv-Xoy, a pillar, v V^TEU.)
Stoker, one who tends a fire. (Du.)
Ori£. used to mean one wlio looked afiter a
tire m a brew-house (Phillip). — Du. stoker,
'a kindler. or setter on nre,' Hexham.—
Du. stoken, to kindle a fire, stir a fire.
Allied to Du. stok, a stock, stick (hence, a
poker for a fire) ; cognate with Stock. Cf.
\Vestphal. stoken, to poke a fire.
Stole, long robe, scarf. (L. — Gk.) L.
stola.^GV. ffTokfi, equipment, robe, stole.
— Gk. ariKKu¥, to equip.
Stolidf stupid. (L.) L. stoluhis, firm,
stock-like, stupid.
Stomaoh. (F.— L.-Gk.) M.E. stomak.
— O. F. estofnac.^L. ace. stomachum.^
Gk. ardfiaxos, mouth, gullet, stomach;
dimin. of <rr<$i4a, mouth. Brugm. i. $ 421.
Stone. (£•) M.F^.stoon, A.S.stdn,'^
Du. steen, Icel. steinn, Dan. Swed. sten,
G. stein, Goth, stains. Cf. Gk. ffria, a
stone; O. Bulgarian stina, Russ, stiena,
a wall. Der. stan-iel.
Stook, a shock of com. (E.) It
answers to A. S. *stdc, from ^stdk-, strong
grade of ^stak-, as in E. Stack. -f Low G.
stuke, a stock ; Swed. dial, stuke.
Stool. (E.) M.E. stool. A.S. stol,
beat.4'Du. stocl, led. stdll, Dan. Swed.
stol, Goth, stols, seat, chair ; G. stuhl, chair,
pillar. Lit. *that which stands firm.*
(VSTA.) Brugm. i. § 191.
stoop (i)» to lean forward. (£.) Prov.
E.stov^\ M.E. stonpen. A.S. stupian.
4*M. Du. stuypen, O. Icel. stupa, to stoop ;
Swed. stupa, to tilt, fall. Allied to Steep
(IV
Stoop C2), a beaker ; see Stoup.
Stop. (L.) Of L. origin. M. E. stop-
pen, A. S. -stoppian, to stop up ; so also Du.
stoppen, to stop, stuff, cram, Swed. stoppa,
Dan. stoppCy G. stopfen; Ital. stoppare,
to stop up with tow, Late L. stuppdre, to
stop up with tow, cram, stop. AH from
L. stupa, stuppa, coarse part of flax, hards,
oakum, tow. Cf. Gk. trrvwij, arvmni, the
same. Der. stopp-le, Le. stopper; also
estop, A. F. estoper, from Late L. stuppdre.
StoraSy a resinous gum. (L. — Gk.) L.
storax, styrax. — Gk. orvpa^.
Store, sb. (F. — L.) M. E. stor, stoor,
provisions.- O. F. estor, store, provisions
(Godefroy) ; Late L. staurum, the same
as instaurum, store. — L. instaurdre, to
construct, build, restore ; Late L. instaurdre,
to provide necessaries. — L. in, in ; *stau-
r&re, to set up, place, also found in ;v-
staurdre, to restore. From an adj.
*staurus « Skt. sthdvara-, fixed j cf. Gk.
irravpSs, an upright pole. ( ^STA. "^ Der.
store, vb., O. F. estorer, from Late L.
staurdre == instaurdre.
Stork, bird. (E.) A. S. storc-^iyu.
stork, Icel. storkr, Dan. and Swed. stork ;
G. storch. Cf. Gk. r6pyos, a large bird
(vulture, swan)« Prob. allied to Stark.
Storm. (E.) A. S. storm, storm.^-Icel.
stormr, Du. Swed. Dan. storm, G. sturm.
Teut. type *stur-mpz. From the same
root as £. Stir.
Story (0. (F.-L.-Gk.) M.K.storie.
— A. F. storie (Bartsch), O. F. estoire,
a history, tale. — L. historia. — Gk. hropia,
information ; see History.
Story ( a)} set of rooms on a level or flat.
(F.— L.) Orig. merely *a building' or
* thing built.' — O. F. estor/e, a thing
built ; fem. of pp. of estorer, to build. —
Late L. staurdre, for L. instaurdre,
to construct, build, &c. See Store. Der.
clerestory, i. e. clear-story, story lighted
with windows, as distinct from blind'Story.
Stot. stallion, bullock. (£.) M.E.
stot. Cf. Icel. stmr, a bull, Swed. stut,
Dan. stud, 9 bull ; allied to Swed. stota^ to
push, G. stossen,
5" S 3
STOUP
STRAW
^
StOUp, Stoop, flagon. (M. Du.) M. E.
slope. « M. Du. stoops a large cup (Kilian) ;
Du. stoop, a gallon; cf. Icel. staup^ a
knobby famp, also a stoup ; Low G. stoop,
a stoup (whence Swed. stop, three pints ;
Dan. dial, stob^ a stoup). 4* ^- S. stiap,
a cup ; G. stauf, a cup. Allied to A. S.
stiap, steep ; perhaps as being high and
upright ; see Steep (i), and Stoop.
Stout. (F.-O.LowG.) M.E.j/tf«/.-
O. F. estoiU, stout, bold. — M. Du. stolt,
stout, stout, bold ; Low G. stolt, A. S. stolt,
the same. 4* G* stolz, proud. Perhaps all
from L. stultus, foolisb, foolhardy. Ber.
stout, sb., a strong beer.
Stove. (E.) A. S. stofa.'^l/i, Du. stove,
*a stewe, hot>house, or a baine/ Hex-
ham ; Low G. stove ; cf. Icel. stofa, stufa,
a bath-room with a stove ; G. stube,
O.H.G. stupa, a room (whence Ital. stufa,
F. 4tuve\ See Stew.
Stover, food for cattle. (F. -L. ?) In
Shak. ; M. E. stotur {stover), necessaries.
■- O. F. estover, estovoir, necessaries ; orig.
the infin. mood of a verb which was used
impersonally with the sense 'it is necessary.'
Perhaps from L. est opus (Tobler).
Stow, to pack away. (E.) M.E. stoweuy
lit. to put in a place. — A. S. stffwigan
(Sweet) ; from stihv, a place.+Icel.^/((/-;/J,
fire-place. Also Lith. stowa, place where
a thing stands, from stoti^ to stand.
(4/STA.)
Straddle. (E.) Formerly striddle
(Levins) ; frequentative of Stride.
Straggle. (E.) Formerly strc^ie.
For strackle ; cf. prov. E. strackle-brained,
thoughtless. Apparently the frequentative
of M. E. strdken, to roam, wander ; P.
Plowman's Crede, 8a ; with a shortened
before k-L Allied to Strike. Perhaps
Swed. dial, strakla, to stagger, totter, is
related.
Straight. (E.) M. E. streijt, orig. pp.
of M. E. strecchen, to stretch; A. S. streht,
pp. of streccan, to stretch ; see Stretch.
Der. straight, adv., M. E. streijt\ straight'
way, straight-en.
Strain (i ), vb. (F. — L.) From estraign-.
a stem of M. F. estraindre, * to wring hard ;
Cot. —L. stringere, to draw tight. See
Stringent. ^
Strain (a), descent, lineage, biith. (E.)
Strain in Shak. ; strene in Spenser. M. E.
streen, Chaucer, C.T. , CI. Tale, 157. A . S.
strion, gain, product, lineage, progeny;
whence strpnan, to beget.
Strait, adj. (F.-L.) 'M.E.streit,^
A. F. estreit {F. itroit), narrow, strict.—
L. strictum, slcc, of strictus ; see Striot.
Strand (i)} shore. (E.) A. S. strand.'^
Icel. strand (gen. strandar), margin, edge ;
Dan. Swed. G. strand.
Strand (a)i thread of a rope. (Du.)
The final d is added. — Du. streen, a skein,
hank of thread. -f> G. strdhne, a skein,
hank, O. H. G. strefto, Cf. Du. striem^
a stripe.
Strionge, foreign, odd. (F. — L.) O. F.
estrange. ^h. extrdneum, ace. of extrd-
neus, foreign, on the outside. — L. extra,
without. See Extra and Estrange.
Strangle, to choke. (F.— L.— Gk.)
O. F. estrangier. — la, stranguUtre. — Gk,
ffTpayyakofw, ffTfiay^OdCdy, to strangle.
•■ Gk. ffTpayyaKrj, a halter. — Gk. arpayy^s,
twisted. Allied to String and Strict.
Str8Ulgnry.(L.-Gk.) la. stranguria.
— Gk. (TT/xxyYoup/a, retention of urine, when
it falls by drops. — Gk. arpayy-, base of
(Trp6,y(, a drop, that which oozes out (allied
to ffTpayyos, twisted) ; oZp-ov, urine.
Strap. (L.) Prov. E. strop; A. S.
stropp. — h. struppus (also stroppus), a
strap, thong, fillet. (Hence F. ^trope.)
Stoappado. (Ital.— Teut.) A modified
form 01 strappata (just as stoccado was used
for stoccata) . — Ital. strappata, a pulling, a
wringing, the strappado. —Ital. strappare,
to pull, wring. — H. G. (Swiss) strapfen,
to pull tight, allied to G. straff, tight,
borrowed from Low G. or Du. — Du. straf-
fen, to punish, from straf, severe ; cf. E.
Fries, strabben, to be stiff.
Stratagem. (F. - L. - Gk.) M. F.
stratageme. — L. strategima. — Gk. tSTpari)'
jpj/M, the device of a general. — Gk. crpa-
Trfy6s, general, leader. — Gk. CTpar-^, army,
camp ; &y-tiv, to lead. The Gk. arparSt
is allied to tndpvvfju, I spread. See
Stratum.
strategy. (F.-L.-Gk.) Y.stratJgte,
— L. strategia. -mGk. arpa-nfyla, general-
ship. — Gk. ffTparrjySs (above).
SWatll, a fiat valley. (C.) Gael. 5ra/^,
a valley with a river, low-lying country be-
side a river ; Irish srath, sratha, the bottom
of a valley, fields beside a river ; V^.ystrad,
a flat vale. Allied to Stratum (below) .
Stratum. (L.) L. strdtum, a layer,
that which is spread flat; neut. oi stratus,
pp. of stemere, to spread. + Gk. (rrSpwfu,
I spread out. (^STER.)
Straw, sb. (E.) A. S. streaw {streow).
533
STRAW-BERRY
STRIKE
4-Du. stroOy Icel. strd, Dan. straa^ Swed.
str&i G. stroh, Teut. type ^strawom^
n. Allied to L. strdmen^ straw, stemere^ to
strew ; see Strew, Stratum.
straw-berry. (E.) A.S. j/r^fflw-
btrigCy straw-berry ; perhaps from its pro-
pagation by runners ; cf. strew,
mray, to wander. (F. - L.) O. F.
estraieTy to wander; orig. to rove about
the streets or ways. Cf. rrov. estradter^ a
wanderer in the streets, one who strays,
from Prov. estrada (=0. F. estree)y a
street ; M. Ital. stradiotto, a wanderer, from
stradOf street. — L. strata^ a street; see
Street. Der. stray , estray^ sb.
Streaky a line or lone mark. (E.)
M. £. streie, more commonly strike. A. S.
Sirica^ from *j/nV-,weak grade oi strtcauy
to stroke, rub. Cf. E. Fries, streke, stroke,
a stroke, streak ; Du. streek ; Swed. strecky
a dash, streak, line ; Dan. streg, the same.
Also Goth. strikSj a stroke with the pen ;
G. strichi from Teut. *strik, weak grade of
*streikan'; see Strike. Ct alsoh. striga,
a swath, furrow.
Stream. (E.) A. S. stream, '^ Du.
strooniy Icel. straumr, Swed. Dan. strom,
G. Strom, Teut. tyjDe *straumoZf m»
Allied to Russ. struta, Irish sruaim, a
stream. All from ^^SREU, to flow, which
in Teut and Russ. became STREU; cf.
Skt. sru, Gk. fiitiv (for *(Tpip'€tv), to flow.
Cf. Bheum.
Street. (L.) A. S. str^t; O.Merc.
stret ; a very early loan-word ; cf. Du.
straaty G. strasse, — L. strata, i. e. strata
uia, a paved way ; strata being fem. of pp.
of stemere, to strew, pave.
Strenj^. (E.) A.S. j/r^if^«; (for
*strang't-thu), * A. S. strange strong. Sec,
Strong.
Strenuons. (L.) L.j/r/»«-«j, vigor-
ous, active; with suffix -^MJ.+Gk. arprfvriSy
strong, allied to arc/>c($f, Arm. •
StreSSy strain. (F.— L.) Sometimes
short for distress; see DistreBS. Other-
wise, from O. F. estrecier, estressier, to
straiten, pinch, contract. This answers to
a Folk-L. type *strectidre, regularly formed
from L. strictus, tightened ; see Strict.
Stretch. (£•) M. E. strecchen, - A. S.
streccoHy pt t strehte. pp. streht. Formed
as a causal verb from A. S. strttc, hard,
rigid, violent, strong. Thus stretch »X.o
make stiff or hard, as in straining a cord.
strdcka; G. strecken, from st rocky adj.,
tight. Perhaps allied to Strong. .
Strew, Straw, vb. (E.) M. E.
strewen, A. S. streowian, to strew, scatter.
Closely allied to A. S. streaWy straw. 4* Do*
strooijetiy to strew, allied to stroo, straw;
G. streueuy to strew, allied to stroh, straw ;
Goth, straujan (pt t. strawida), to strew.
From a derivative of the root STER, as
in L. ster-ture (pt. t. strdut), to strew ;
cf. Gk. crd^yjL^ I spread; Skt. j/r, to
spread. See Stratum. Brugm. 1. § 570.
Der. bestrew,
Steioken ; see strike.
Strict. (L.) L. strictuSypp, ofstrtn-
gere, to tighten, draw together, &c. Sec
Stringent. Doublet, strait.
Stride, vb. (E.) M. E. striden, pt. t.
strad, strood. A. S. strtdan, to stride, pt.
t. strdd{rzxt\ but cf. bestr&d, JEM, Horn,
ii. 1 36). So also Low G. striden (pt. t.
streed), to strive, to stride ; Du. strijden,
G. streitefty Dan. stride, strong verbs, to
strive, contend ; Icel. strtHa, Swed. stridoy
weak verbs, to strive, p. Teut. type
*streidan'y pt. t. *straidt pp. *stridanoz ;
whence also Icel. strJdf woe, strife ; strtffr,
hard, stubborn. Cf. Skt. sridk, to assail ;
also, an enemy. The orig. sense was ' to
contend,* hence to take long steps (as if
in contention with another). Der. be-
stride, stridy straddle, strife, strive,
strife. (F.-Scand.) O. F. ^j/n/, strife.
Apparently modified from Icel. stripy strife,
contention. Cf. O. Sax. and O. Fries, strid,
strife ; Du. strijd', G. streit. From the
verb Stride (above). % The connexion
with G. streben, Du. streven, is obscure.
Der. strive, vb., qf. v.
Strike, to hit. (E.) Ul.'E, striken, ofig,
to proceed, advance, to flow ; hence used
of smooth swift motion, to strike with a
rod or sword. The verb is strong ; pt. t.
strak, pp. striken ; the phrase * stricken in
years* meant * advanced in years.' A.S.
strtcan, to go, proceed, advance swiftly and
smoothly; pt. t. strdc, pp. stricen.^Dn.
strijken, to smooth, ruo, stroke, spread,
strike ; G. streichen, the same. [Cf. Icel.
strjaka, to stroke, rub, wipe, strike; Swed.
stryka, Dan. stryge, the same.] Allied to
L. stringhcc, to graze, touch lightly with a
swift motion ; striga, a row of mown hay.
Der. strike, sb., the name of a measure,
orig. an instrument with a straight edge
for levelling (striking off) a measure of
+Du. strekken, to stretch, from strak,
stretched, tight, rigid ; Dan. strakkgy Swed. [ grain. Also streak, stroke,
5»3
STRING
String. (K.) A. S. strtnge^ cord ; from
its being tightly twisted. — A. S. strange
strong, violent. Cf. Gk. arpaYydXi;, a
halter; from erpayyos, tightly twisted. <4"
Du. streng-, string, allied to strengy severe ;
so also Icel. strengr^ Dan. strange Swed.
strange G. strong^ cord, string. See
Strong.
Stringent. (L.) L, stringent-, stem of
pres. pt. of striftgere, to draw tight, com-
press, uige, also to graze, stroke; pp.
sirictus. Perhaps alli^ to Strike.
Strip. (£.) M. £. stripen, A. S. strte-
pan^ strypan^ to plunder, strip ; in comp.
bC'Strppan.-^'jyxx, strtwpeny to ^\xai<diet \ £.
Fries, stroftn^ strbpen ; G. streifen^ from
M. H. G. stroufen, Teut. type ^straupjan- ;
from the and grade of the strong verb
*sireupan-f for which cf. Norw. strUpa^ to
grip, to throttle, pt. t straup. Der. strip^
sb., a piece stripped off ; see below.
Stripe. (Du.) Orig. a streak ; M. £.
stripe ; not an old word ; prob. a weaver's
term, i- M. Du. strijpe, a stripe in cloth,
variant of strepe (Kilian) ; Du. streep ;
Low G. stripe, a stripe, -f" Norw, stripa^
Dan. stribe^ a stripe, streak ; G. streijen^
M. H. G. streif. From a Teut. base *streip,
allied to *streik ; see Strike. Cf. O. Irish
sriiib, a stripe. ^ Low G. stripe, a stripe,
also means a strip of cloth ; altnough j/ri^
belongs strictly to the verb above.
Stripling. (£.) A double dimin. from
strip, variant of stripe ; hence a lad as thin
as a strip, a growing lad not yet filled out.
Strive. (F.— Scand.) M. £. striuen
(striven), properly a weak verb. — O.F.
estriver, to strive ; Walloon striver, — O. F.
estrif^ strife ; see Strife.
Stroke (i), a blow. (K) M. £. strook.
From strdc, 2nd grade of A. S. strican, to
strike. Cf. G. streick, a stroke.
■troln (2), to rub gently. (£.) M. £.
stroken, A. S. strddan^ to stroke ; a causal
verb ; from strdc, 2nd grade of strican, to
strike. Cf. G. streicheln, to stroke, from
streichen, to stroke ; see Strike.
Stroll, to wander. (F. - Teut. , For-
merly striulet stroyle. Formed by prefixing
J- (O. F. es-y L. ex) to treU, used (m P. PI.)
with the sense 'to range*; see Troll.
Cf. Guernsey itreAUn [= estreuU\ adj.,
idle, vagabond (Metivier ; who notes that,
at Valognes, dep. Manche^ the eouivalent
term is tretdier, i. e. * troller ') ; cf. Norm,
dial. treuUr, to rove (Moisy), dial, of
Verdun trSler, trauUr,
STRYCHNINE
Strong. (E.) A. S. Strang, strong.^
Du. streng, Icel. strangr, Dan. streug\
Swed. Strang \ G. streng, strict. Cf. Gk.
(rrpayy6s, tightly twisted.
StroPf a piece of leather, for sharpening
razors. (L.) A.S. stropp, a strap, from
L. ; see Strap. Cf. Westphal. strop*
Stroplie, part of a poem or dance.
(Gk.) Gk. arpwp^, a turning ; the turning
of the chorus, dancing to one side of the
orchestra, or the strain sung during this
evolution ; the strophe, to which the atUi^
strophe ssisvrtn, •Gk. a7pi<f>4iv, to turn.
Strow ; see Strew.
Structure. (F. - L.) ¥. structure, - L.
structura, a structure. «>L. structus, pp. of
struere, to build, orig. to heap together.
Struggle, vb. (F.-M.Du. ?) M.£.
stroge/en, strugelen ; apparently from A.F.
es' (L. ex) prefixed to M. Du. truggelen
(Du. troggeleti)^ Low G. truggeln, to beg
persistently, which prob. also had the
same sense as K Fries. trUggeln,to struggle
against, as when a horse jibs or refuses to
move forward, also to beg persistently.
All from Teut. base Hhrug-, as in Icel.
fruga^ Dan. true, to press, ultimately
related to A. S. Pryccan, G. driicken, to
press. (Doubtful.)
Stnun, to thrum on a piano. (E.)
An imitative word. Made by prefixing an
intensive j- (=0. F. «-«=L. ex), verji to
the imitative word trum (also thrum), as
seen in Low G. trumnun, Du. trommen,
to drum ; see Drum and Thrum.
Stnunpet. (F. — Teut. ?) M. £. Strom-
pet. The form answers to O. F. *estrom'
pette (not found), as if from M.Du. strompe,
a stocking. Or (if the ^/ be an insertion)
it is from O. F. strupe, Late L. strupum^
dishonour, violation; from L. stuprum,
(Unexplained.)
Stmt (i), to walk about pompously.
(Scand.) M. £. strouten, to spread or swell
out. — Swed. dial, strutta, to walk with
a jolting step; Dan. strutte, struck, to
strut ; cf. Norw. strut, a spout that sticks
out, a nozzle. The orig. sense seems to
be * to stick out stiffly' ; cf. Icel. strUtr, a
hood sticking out like a horn; Low G.
strutt, rigid, -f G. strotzen^ to strut, be
puffed up ; cf. strauss, a tuft, bunch.
Stmv (3), a support for a rafter.
(Scand.) Orig. a stiff piece of wood ; from
strut, to stick out or up. Cf. Icel. strutr.
Low G. strutt (above).
Strychnine. (Gk.) FromGk.orr^x-
524
STUB
vost nightshade, poison; with F. suffix
-t'ne.
Stub, stump of a tree. (E.) A. S. siydd,
a stub ; £. Fries. stud^.'^DvL, stobbe, Icel.
stubbi, Dan. stub, Swed. stubbe. Allied
to Icel. stiifr, a stump (Noreen) ; and see
Stab. Also to Gk. arvwoi^ a stump, Skt.
st^pa-y a heap. Allied to Stump.
StuHble. (F.-LateL.) M.E. stobi/,
stable. - A. F. estub/e, Q. F. estouble.'^hsLie
L. stupuia, stuplay stubble; a variant of
L. stipula^ stubble, due to the influence of
LowG. stoppel^ stubble (Lubben),Du. and
£. Fries, stoppely cognate with M. H. G.
stupfel, O. H. G. stupfila, stubble.
^ BtnDbom. (£.) M. £. stobum, sH-
bom\ also stibomesse, stybomesse, stub-
bornness, for which Palsgrave has stubble-
ftesse. The final n is prol). due to mis-
understanding stibornesse as stibom-ftesse ;
in any case, it has been added; cf. bitter'ti,
slcUter-n, *Stubory *stibor represent an
A. S. form *styb'Or ; -or being a common
adj. suffix, as in bit-ar^ bitter. From A. S.
siybby a stub. Thus stubborn = stock-like,
not easily moved, like an old stub or
stump. See Stub.
StuOOO. (Ital.-O.H. G.) liv\, stucco,
hardened, encrusted; stucco. — O. H. G.
stuccAiy a crust ; G. stUcJk, a piece, patch ;
cognate with A. S. stycce, a piece, bit.
Allied to Stock.
Stud (i )» a collection of breeding-horses
and mares. (£.) M. £. stood, A. S. stdd,
a stud ; orig. an establishment or herd in
a 8tall.4- Icel. stdd, Dan. stod^ M. H. G.
stuot (whence G. gestiit), Cf. Russ. stadOy
a herd or drove, Lith. stodas, a drove of
horses. (^STA.) Der. stud-horse, steed.
Stud (3), a nvet, large-beaded Yiail,
&c. (K.) Also a stout post, prop ; hence
a projection, boss, support •» A. S. stttdu,
stufuy a po8t.^Icel. stc^y Swed. stod, a
post; Dan. stiidy stub, stump; G. stiitUy
a prop. Cf. Gk. <rrv-Xot, a pillar.
(ySTEU. allied to ySTA.)
MlldMKt. (L.*) From L. student-y stem
of pres. pt. oittuderey to be busy about, to
study.
study, sb. (F.-L.) M.E, studie.^
A. F. estudie (F. itude), — L. studiuniy
zeal, study. Der. studioy Ital. studiOy a
school, from L. stttdium,
StnfT, materials. (F.-L.) O.Y.estoffCy
' stnife ; * Cot. ; Walloon stoff (RemacTe).
—L. stupuy stuppa^ the coarse part of flax,
hards, tow ; the pronunciation of this L.
STUPEFY
word being (lermanised before it passed
into French (Diez). Cf. G. stoffy stuff,
materials, p. The sense of the L. word is
better preserved in the verb to stuffy i. e. to
cram, to stop up, M. F. estouffery to stifle
(Cot.), G. stopfeuy to fill, stuC quilt, from
Late L. stuppdre, to stop up ; whence also
£. Stop, q. V.
stuffy close, stifling. (F.— L.) From
O. F. estouffer, to choke (F. ^touffer) ; the
same as O. F. estoffer, to stuff or cram
up. Cf. Walloon stoft, stifled (Remade). —
O. F. estoffcy stuff (above). % So Scheler,
disputing the suggestion of Diez, who need-
lessly goes to the Gk. rwpoiSy smoke, mist,
in order to explain estoffe.
StvltiiV. (h.) Coined, >Tith suffix ^
(F. 'JUTy L. -fichre^y from L. stuUi-y for
stuUuSy foolish.
Stumble, vb. (E.) The b is ex-
crescent. M. £. stombletty stomeleHy stum-
ten ; also stomeren, £. Fries, stummelny to
go stumbling along ; cf. Dan. dial, stumhy
to stumble; Icel. stumra Norw. stum-
ray to stumble; Swed. dial, stamblay
stonila, stamtnray to stumble, falter. From
the base *stum. Practically a doublet of
stammeTy with reference to hesitation of
the step instead of the speech ; see Stam-
mer. Cf. O. Sax. and O. H. G. stuniy mute.
Stump. (£>) M. £. stumpe ; £. Fries.
stump.^ct\. stumpTy Swed. Dan. stump ^
stump, end, bit ; Du. stonip ; G. stump/.
Allied to G. stumpfy blunt, stumpy ; Du.
stomp, blunt, dull. Also to Lith. statu-
braSy stalk of grass, &c. Brugm. i. § 424.
Stun, to make a loud din, to amaze,
esp. with a blow. (£.) M. K. stoniev,
A. S. stunian, to make a din ; ge'Stun,
a din. Cf. Icel. stynja, to groan, stynr, a
groan ; Du. stenen, G. stbhnen, to groan,
Kuss. sten-ate, Lith. sten-^ti, Gk. <rrh •«i',
to groan ; Skt. statty to sound, to thunder.
(^T£N.) Brugm. i. % 818 (a). And
see Thunder.
Stuntad, hindered in growth. (£.)
From A. S. stunt, adi., dull, obtuse,
stupid, orig. * short ; ' hence, metapho-
ricallv, short of wit; also not well grown;
but the peculiar sense is Scand. 4* Icel.
stuttr (for *sfun/r)y short, stunted (No-
reen) ; M. Svie6. stunt, cut short. Cf. Stint.
Stup«iy. (F.-L.) F,stup(fier;dw
to L. stupe/acere, to stupefy ; cf. F. stup/-
fait, pp., directly from L. stupef actus,
made stupid. -•L. stupe-re y to be stupid;
facerey to make.
5^5
STUPENDOUS
StupeadoiUI. (L.) For L. stupend'
us, amazing, to be wondered at, gerun-
dive of stupire, to be amazed ; with suffix
'OUS,
jid. (F. - L.) F. siu/fide. - L.
stupidus, senseless. » L. stupire, to be
amazed.
Stnrdy. (F.) It formerly meant rash
or reckless ; hence, brave, bold. M. £.
siurdi, stordy^ rash, — O. F. estourdi,
amazed, also rash, heedless; pp. of es-
tourdirj * to amaze ; * Cot. (Mod. F.
^tourdir, Ital. stordire, to stun, amaze.)
Of unknown origin ; see Korting.
Sturgeon, a fish. (F. — O. H. G.)
O. F. estourge4m, estur^on ; Late L. ace.
sturiffnem, from nom. sturio. — O. H. G.
sturjo, sturo, a sturgeon. Sometimes ex-
plained as ' a stirrer,* because it stirs up
mud by floundering at the bottom of the
water ; of. O. H. G. storen, to spread, stir
(G. storen); see Stir. 4" A. S. styria,
styriga, a sturgeon, as if from styriany to
stir ; Swed. Dan. stor^ sturgeon, as if from
Swed. stora, to stir ; Icel. styrja ; Du.
steur (see Franck), Origin doubtful.
Stutter. (£.) Frequentative of stut,
once common in the same sense. ' I stutte,
I can nat speake my wordes redyly ; ' Pals-
grave, M. E. stoten, Cf. E. Fries, stut-
tern, to stutter; Du. stotteren (whence
G. stottem). From M. E. stot- (Teut
*stuf\ weak grade of Teut. root *sieuty for
which cf. Du. stuiten, to stop ; 2nd grade
*staut, as in Icel. stauta, to beat, strike,
also to stutter, Swed. stifia, Dan. stode, to
strike against, G. siossen, Goth, stautan,
to strike. Orig. ' to strike against,' to trip.
('^STEUD ; £rom the weak grade come
Skt. iud, L. tundere^ to strike.)
Sty (i), enclosure for swine. (E.) M.E.
site. A. S. stigu, a sty, a pen for cattle. ■4-
Icel. stia, sti, sty, kennel, Swed. j/me, pig-
sty, pen for geese, Swed. dial. j/«, steg,
pen for swine, goats, or sheep, G. steige,
pen, chicken-coop, O. H. G. stfa^
Sty (2), small tumour on the eyelid.
(E.) The A. S. name was stigend^ lit.
* rising ; ' as if from the pres. pt. of stigan,
to ascend, climb, rise ; but this is doubtful.
M. £. styanyty as if it meant ' sty on eye.'
-f Low G. stieg, stige, sty on the eye, as if
from stigefty to rise; E. Fries. stiger\
Norw. stig, stigje, also stigkoyna (from
kbyna, a pustule).
Style (i), a pointed tool for writing, a
mode of writing. (F. — L.) It should be
SUBJECT
stiU^ as it is not Gk. M. E. stile, — M. F.
stile, style, < a stile, manner of indicting ; '
Cot.«-L. stilus, an iron pin for writing;
a way of writing. Der. stiletto.
Style (a), the middle part of the pistil of
a flower ; gnomon of a dial. (Gk.) Gk.
ijTvXoSy a pillar, long upright body like a
pillar. Cf. Skt. sthUnd, a pillar, posL
(VSTEU, by-form of ySTA.)
StsrptiCy' astringent. (F. — L. — Gk.) F.
styptiqiie. — L. stypticus. — Gk. cn/irrticoy,
astringent —Gk. irru^ciVyto contract, draw
together, to be astringent ; orig. to make
firm; allied to o'rf/vos, a stump, stem, block.
Snaeio&f advice. (F.— L.) M. F. JMa-
sion, — L. ace. sudsionem ; from sudsio,
persuasion. -> L. sudsus, pp. of suddere, to
persuade, lit. ' to make sweet.' Allied to
suduis {ta*suaduis), sweet. See Sweet.
Brugm. i. § 187.
SUavey pleasant. (F. — L.) F. suave;
Cot. — L. suduis, sweet (above).
Sub-, prefix. (L., orF, — L.) L. (and
F.) j«^-, prefix. Orig. form *sup ; whence
the comparative form sup-er, above, allied
to Skt. upari, above. The prefix y- prob.
answers to Gk. «£ ; cf. s-uper with k^-
^€p$€, * from above.' Su6 seems to have
meant ' up to ' ; hence it also came to mean
just under or below ; it is allied. to £. Up,
q. v., and to Gk. Ifvh ; see Hypo-. ^ Sui
becomes sue- before c, suf- before f, sug-
before^, sunt' before m, sup- before /, sur-
before r; and see Bus- (below).
Subaltern, inferior to another. (F. —
L.) F. suhalteme; Cot.— L. subaltemus,
subordinate. — L.J^M^, under; alter, another.
Subaqueous, under water. (L.) L.
sub, under ; aqua, water. See Aqueous.
Subdivide. (L.) L. sub^ under ; and
diuidere, to divide. See Divide. Der.
subdivision (from the pp.).
Subdue. (F.— L.) M. F,soduen (after-
wards * learnedly' altered to subdue). First
used in the pp. sodued, sodewed.^ K. F.
*subdut, as in subduz (for subduts), pp.
pi., subdued.— Late L. *subdutus, for L.
subditus, subdued. — L. subdere, to sub-
due.—L. sub, under; -dere, to put, weak
grade of -^ DHE, to put. % Not from
L. subdHcere, with an alien sense.
Sulljacent. (L.) From stem of pres.
pt. of L. sub-iacere, to lie under. — L. sub,
under ; iacere, to lie. See Jet (i).
subject. (F.-L.) Vi,'F..5tiget,subjet.
— O. F. suiet, suiect {loXtx subjects, mod. F.
suj'etj a subject. — L. subiectus, pp. of sub-
526
SUBJOIN
SUBURB
icere^ to put under, subject. -• L. sub^
under ; iacere, to cast, to put.
Subjoin. (F.-L.) M. F, subjoign^, a
stem oi subjoindre.^'L, subiungerey to join
beneath, annex, subjoin. »L. sub, beneath ;
iungere, to join. See Join.
SUld^^i&^i ^^ bring under the yoke.
(L.) From pp. of L. subiugdrey vb. •- L.
sub iugff, under the yoke ; where iugd is
abl. of iugum, a yoke. See Yoke.
SUlqimcldve. (L.) l^subiunetmus,
lit. joining on dependently, from the use of
the subjunctive mood in dependent clauses.
— L. subiunctuSy pp. of subiungere, to sub-
join ; see Subjoin (above).
Sublime. (F..— L.) ¥. sublime, ^L,,
sublimisy lofty, raised on high. Perhaps
from L. suby and ItmeUy lintel ; * up to the
lintel ;' Brugm. it § 12.
Sublunar, under the moon, earthly.
(L.) Coined from L. sub, under ; and E.
lunar, belonging to the moon, from L.
liina, moon ; see Lunar.
Submerge, to plunge underwater. (F.
— L.) F. submerger, — L. submergere. —
L. sub, under ; mergere^ to dip ; see
Merge.
Submit. (L.) L. submittere, to let
down, submit, bow to (pp. subtnissus),'^
L. sub, under; mittere, to send. See
Missile. Der. submiss'ion, -ive.
Subordinate, of lower rank. (L.)
From the pp. of Late L. subordindre, to
place in a lower rank.^L. sub, below;
ordindre, to rank, from ordin-, stem of
ordo, order. See Order.
Suborn, to procure secretly, bribe. (F.
— L.) F. suborner, •- L. suborndre, — L.
sub, secretly; omdre, to furnish, properly,
to adorn. See Ornament.
SubpOBna, & writ, commanding attend-
ance under a penalty. (L.) L. sm, under ;
p<Bnd, abl. of poena, a penalty. See
Pain.
Subscribe. (L.) L. subscrtbere, to
write (one's name) under; pp. subscrtptus
(whence subscriplion), — L. sub, under;
scrlbere^ to write. See Scribe.
Subsequent. (1^0 From stem of pres.
pt. of subsequt, to follow close after. «- L.
sub, under, near; sequt, to follow. See
Sequence.
Subserve. (L.) L. subsermre, to serve
under another. — L. sub, under ; serutre,
to serve. See Serve.
Subside. (I^O L. substdere, to settle
down. — L. sub, under, down ; stdere, to
settle, allied to sedere, to sit. See Se-
dentary. Brugm. i. § 882.
subsidy. (F. - L.) A: F. subsidie
(Godefroy) ; F, subside. — L. subsidium,
a body of troops in reserve, assistance ;
lit. that which sits in reserve. >■ L. sub,
under, in reserve ; sedere, to sit. Der.
subsidi-ary^ from L. adj. subsidi&rius.
Subsist, to live, continue. (F.— L.)
F. subsister, * to subsist ; ' Cot. — L. sub-
sistere, to stay, abide. -• L. sub, near to ;
sistere, to stand, also to place, from stare,
to stahd. See State.
substance. (F.-L.) Y, substance,^
L. substantia, substance, essence.— L. sub-
stant', stem of pres. pt. oisubstdre, to exist,
lit. ^to stand near or beneath.^ — L. sub,
near; stdre, to stand. Der. substanti-a/ ;
also substant'ive, F. substantif, L. substan-
ttuus, self-existent, used of the verb esse,
and afterwards applied, as a grammatical
term, to nouns substantive.
substitute, sb. (F.-L.) ¥,substitut,
a substitute. —L. substitUtus, pp. of substi-
tuere, to put in stead of. — L. jf/^,near, in-
stead of; statuere^ to put, place, causal of
stdre, to stand.
Subtend. (L.) 1., subtendere, to^txttch.
or extend beneath.— L. sub, beneath; ten-
dere, to stretch. See Tend (i). '
Subterfuge. (F.-L.) F. subterfuge,
* a shift ; ' Cot. — Late L. subtetfugium. —
L. subterfugere, to escape by stealth. — L.
subter, stealthily (from sub, under, with
compar. suffix); fi^gere, to flee. See
Fugitive.
Subterranean, Subterraneous.
(L.) From L. subterrdne-us, underground.
— L. sub, under; terra, ground. See
Terrace.
Subtle. (F.-L.) 'FonacTly sotil, sotel ;
the b was a pedantic insertion, and is never
sounded.— O.F. sotil, soutil, later subtil,
— L. subtflem, ace. of subtilis, fine, thin,
accurate, subtle. The orig. sense of subtilis
was ' finely woven ' ; from L. sub, under,
closely, and tila, a web, for which see
Toil (2). Der. subtle^ty, M. E. soteltee,
from O. F. sotilleti, subtlety, from L. ace.
subttlitdtem, Brugm. i. % 134.
Subtract. (L.) From L. subtractus,
pp. of subtrahere, to draw away under-
neath, to subtract. — L. sub, beneath ; tra-
here, to draw. See Trace (i).
Suburb. (F.-L.) A. F. suburbe
(a. d. 1285). — L. suburbium, suburb.
— L. sub, near; urbi- decl. stem of
6^7
SUBVERT
SUGGESTION
urbSf a town. Der. suburb-an. See
Urbane.
BnlHrtrt. (F.— L.) ¥. sudvertir; Cot.
— L. subuertertt to turn upside down,
overthrow. -iL. sub^ beneath; uertere, to
turn. See Verse. T^vt.subverS'ion^iTom.
the pp. subuerS'Us,
Succeed. (F.-L.) Y.succider\Qcfi.
»L. succederi (pp. siucessus), to follow
after. --L. sue- (rub), next ; cedere, to go,
come. Der. success , O. F. succeSf L. j«^-
cessus, result, from pp. successus.
Succinct, concise. (L.) L. succtncfuSy
pp. of succingere, to gird up, tuck up short.
— L. sue- (sub), up ; cingere, to gird. See
Cincture.
Succory; seeChiconr.
Succour. (F.— L.) M,E, soc0urcn,<m
O. F. sucurre (Burguy). Mod. F. secourir,
— L. succurrere, to run near or to, run
to help, aid.«-L. sue- (for sub), near;
currere, to run. See Oorrent.
Succulent, juicy. (F.-L.) Y.succu-
lent.^lj. suculentus, sueculenius, full of
juice. —L. sucu-s,succu-Sf juice; with suffix
-lentus. See Suok.
Succumb. (L.) L. succumbere, to lie
under, to sink down.—L. suc' (for sub),
under; *cutnbere, to recline, allied to
cubare, to lie down. See Oovey.
Suchp of a like kind. (£.) M. £. swulc,
sTvilCt stvich, such, A. S. jwy/f.+O. Sax.
suHk, Du. zulk, Icel. slikr, Dan. slig, Swed.
slik, G. solch, Goth, swaleiks. B. The Goth.
swaieiks is from jtmi, so, and ieiks, like ;
hence such ^so-like; see So and IjilEe.
Suck. (E.) M.E, simhen. A.S. sucan,
pt. t. siac, pp. J0r^;i. [There is an A. S.
by-form sugun; cognate with Icel. sjiiga,
suga, Dan. suge, Swed. suga, G. saugen,
Du. zuigenr^ fi. The A. S. sucan is cog-
nate with L. sugere, W. sugno, to suck,
O. Irish siig'im, I suck ; cf. O. Ir. and W.
sug, Gael, sugh, L. j;?rf#j, juice; see Suo-
oulent. Brugm. i. § 112.
suction. (F. — L.) M. F. suction.
Formed (as if from L. *suctio) from L.
suet 'US, pp. of sugere, to suck.
Sudatory, a sweating-bath. (L.) L.
suddtdrium, a sweating-bath; neut. of
suddtdrius, serving for sweating. — L.
suddtor-, stem of sUddtor, a sweater.—
L. sudd-re, to sweat ; with suffix -tor (of
the agent). Cognate with £. Sweat.
Suoden. (F.-L.) U,E.sodain.^O.Y,
sodain, sudain (F. saudain), [Cf. Ital.
subitaneo, snbitano^ sudden.] — Late L.
*subitdnus, for L. subitdneus, sudden,
extended from subi/us, sudden, lit. that
which has come stealthily, orig. pp. of
subire, to come or go stealthily. — L. sub,
under, stealthily ; ire, to go.
Sudorific. (F.-L.) F. sudorifipu,
causing sweat ; as if from L. *suddrificus.
— L. siidori-, for sud-or, sweat, allied to
suddre, to sweat; -Jicus, making, from
facere, to make. See Sudatory.
Suds. (E.) The proper sense is ' things
sodden ' ; pi. of sud, which is derived from
A. S. sud', weak grade oiseo9an, to seethe.
Cf. prov. £. sudded, flooded ; M. Du. zode^
a seething, boiling ; Low G. sod, cooked
broth, s'dde, a boiling. Cf. Sod.
Sue. (F. — L.) M. E. suen, sewen.^
A. F. suer ; O. F. sevre^ suir (F, suivre)^
to follow. — Late L. sequere, to follow, used
for L. seqm, to follow. See Sequence.
Der. en-sue, pur-sue, suit, si4ite.
Suet. (F.-L.) M. E. ^21^. Formed,
with dimin. suffix -et, from O.F. sen, sut's
(Norman sieu, Walloon sew, Littrd ; F.
suif), suet, fat — L. sibum, tallow, suet,
grease.
Suffer. (F.— L.) yi,Y.. soffren, suffren,
-O.F. soffrir (F. Jwi^r»V). - Folk-L.
suffertre, for L. sufferre, to undergo. — L.
suf- {sub), under; ferre, to bear. See
Fertile.
Suffice. (F.-L.) From F. jt^-,base
of suffis-ant, pres. pt. of suffire, to suffice.
'^la. sufficere, to supply. • L. suf-, for sub,
under ; facere, to m^e, put. See Fact.
Suffix. (L.) From L. sujffix-us, pp. of
suffigere, to fix beneath, fix on. — L. suf-
(for sub), beneath; figere, to fix. See
Fix.
Suffocate. (L.) From pp. of L.
suffifcSre, to choke; lit to squeeze the
throat — L. suf- (for sub), under; faue-,
stem oifauc-Ss^ sb. pi., gullet, throat.
Sufltoge,avote. (F.-L.) Y, suffrage,
— L. suffrdgium, a vote, suffrage.
Suflhsion. (F.-L.) Y. suffusion, 'mU
suffusionem, ace. of suffiisio, a pouring
over. — L. suffusus, pp. of suffundere, to
pour over.— L. suf- (for sub), under, also
over ; fundere, to pour. See Fuse (i).
Sugar. (F. — Span. — Arab.— Pers. —
Skt.) F. sture, — Span, osw^^ar.— Arab.
assokkar ; for al, the, sokkar, sakkar, sugar.
— Pers. shakar. — Skt. farkard, gravel, also
candied sugar. Prob. allied to Skt. har-
kara-, hard.
Suggestion. (F.-L.) Y. suggestion..
528
SUICIDE
i- L. ace. suggestiSneni. i- L. suggestns, pp.
^ suggerere^ to bring under, supply,
suggest. — L. sug' (for sub^^ under ; gerere^
to bring. See Oemnd.
8llicid6« self-murder; one who dies
by his own hand. (F. — L.) A word coined
in England (before a.d. 1750), but on
a F. model; yet the F. suicide was
borrowed from us. Like homicide ^ the
word has a double meaning, (i) answering
to L. *sutcuiiumy from L. sut, of himself^
and 'Ctdium, a slaying, from cadere, to
slay; (2)s:L. ^suicida, from L. 5»f, of
himself, and -cida^ a slayer. See Cessura.
Suit. (F.— L.) F. suite y a pursuit, suit
at law, also a suite or * following.' — Late
L. *sequita^ variant of secta (L. secUta),
a following, a sect, a suite, a suit at
law, suit of clothes, set, &c. ; see Sect.
■vita. (F.— L.) F. suite', see above.
SnlcateOf furrowed. (L.) L^sulcdtus,
pp. of sulcdre, to furrow. — L. sulcus ^ a
furrow. 4" ^^* dA«^f , a furrow ; from
lA«ciy, to draw along ; cf. A. S. sulh^ a
plough.
SuUiy. obstinate, silently sullen. (£.)
Not an Old form, but deduced from the sb.
stdkinesSf by dropping -ness. However,
sulkiness is itself a corrupt form iorsulken-
nesSf formed by adding -ness to the adj.
sulken. This appears as A. S. solcen,
slothful, remiss ; chiefly in the comp.
d-solcen, also be-solcen, with a like sense.
Tht sb. dsolcennes, sloth, disgust, sulkiness,
is quite a common word. p. Further,
d'Solcen was the pp. of a strong verb ^d-seol-
can, to be slothful or languid. Cf. Skt.
srif to let flow, let loose.
^ Svlleily morose. (F.— L.) Orig. soli-
tary, hating company. M. £. solain,
sulain, solitary ; also, a mess of food for
one person. — O. F. solain, lonely; given
as ' a pittance for one monk ' in Roquefort,
and in Dncange, s. v. solatium (5). — Late
L. *sdldnus ; equivalent in sense to O. F.
soltain, solitary, Late L. solitdneuSy rare. —
L. sdlus, alone ; see Sole (3).
Sully, to tarnish, spot. (£.) M. £.
sulien. A. S. sylian, to sully, defile, lit. to
bemire. Formed (with the usual change
from Teut. j» (> A. S. tf) to^) from A. S.
so/, mud, mire.^Swed. sola^ to bemire,
Dan. si>U, Goth, bisauljan^ G. siihlen ;
from the sb. appearing as Dan. sol^ G.
suhUy 0. 11. G. sol, mire. % Not allied
to the verb to soil, with which it was doubt
less often confnge<1.
SUMMONS
Sulphur. (L.) L. sulphur. Cf. also
Skt. culvdri-, sulphur.
Sultan. (F.~Arab.) ¥, sultan. ^Arah.
sultan, victorious, also a ruler, prince ;
orig. * dominion.' Cf. Chaldee sholtdn,
dominion. Der. sultan-a^ from Ital. stil-
tana, fem. of sultanOf sultan, from Arab.
sultan.
Sultry, Sweltry, very hot and op-
pressive. (E.) Sweltry is the older form,
and is short for swell er-y, from the verb
to swelter (M. K swelteren^ swalieren).
Again, swelter is a frequentative form from
M. £. swelten, to swoon, faint, die. — A. S.
sweltan, to die. 4* O. Sax. sweltan ; Icel.
svelta (pt. t. svalt), Dan. sulte^ Swed.
svdlta ; Goth, swilian, to die. Cf. Icel.
sultr, Dan. sult^ hunger, famine ; from the
weak grade *swult '>'*sult. Also O.H.G.
schwelzan, to bum, to be consumed by fire
or love. The Teut. root *swelt' seems to
be an extension of *swel', to bum, as in
A. S. swelan, to burn, perish with heat,
Lith. swilti, to shine, bum, Skt. svar,
splendour, M. Du. zoel^ * sultrie/ Hexham.
Sum, amount, total. (F. — L.) M. £.
summe. * F. somme, — L. summa^ sum,
chief part, amount ; orig. ftm. of summits
i^sup-mus), highest, superl. form from sub ^
\<.*sup), above. Bmgm. i. § 762. Der.'
summ-ar-y, sb., from F. sommaire, * a sum-
mary,' Cot., from L. summdrtum, a sum-
mary.
Sumach., a tree. (F. — Span. — Arab.)
F. sumac y M. ¥ . sumach.^S^zn. zumaque.
•i Arab, summdq, a species of shrub,
sumach.
Summer (i), hot season. (£.) M. K.
somer, sumer, A. S. sumer, sumor.'^'Dw.
somer^ Icel. sumar, Dan. sommer, Swed.
sommar, G. sommer, O. H. G. sumar.
Further allied to O. Irish sam, samrad,
O. Welsh ham, W. haf, Zend hama^ sum-
mer ; Skt. samd, a year. Bmgm. i. § 436.
Siunmer (a), a beam ; see Sumpter.
Summerset ; see Somersftult.
Summit* top. (F. — L.) Y.soffimet,
top. Dimiii. of O. F. sofn, top of a hill.—
L. summum, highest point, neut. of sum-
mus, highest ; see Sum.
Summon. (F.— L.) A. F. sommoner
(G<xlefroy) ; O. F. somoner (Roquefort),
early altered to semoner and semofidre (F.
senwndre^, to summon. — L. summonire\
to remind privily. — L. sum- (for sub^^
under, privily ; monfre^ to remind.
summons, sb. (F.— L.) JA.V.. som-
5^9
SUMPTER
SUPERIOR
otois, i- A. F. sonionSf earlier somonse, fern. ;
M. F. senwncet 'a warning, summons/
Cot. ; orig. the fem. of the pp. of the verb
somoner^ semondre (above), fl" Thus the
final s of summons is not due to L. sum-
monedSf as some have suggested.
Stuapter, a pack-horse. (F.— LowL,
— Gk.) Summer is a derivative from
M. £. sofner, a pack-horse, which must be
first considered, p. M. E. somer is from
O. F. somier, sommier, a pack-horse, the
same as Late L. sagmdrius, corruptly sai-
mdrius, a pack-horse. — Gk. ady/xa^ a
pack-saddle. « Gk. ffdrrttv (base €raK-)j to
pack, fasten on a load, orig. to fasten.
y. Hence £. sumpfer, which orig. meant
(not a pack-horse, but) a pac^- horse-
driver, baggage-carrier. — O. F. somffietter,
a pack-horse-driver ; answering to a Late
L. *sagmaian'uSy for which I^cange has
summatdrius, saumatirius, •- Gk. aayitar-,
stem of frdyiM (above). 8. The old word
summer^ a beam, was so called from its
bearing a great weight, and is the same as
M.E. somer (above) ; cf. F. sommier, *a
summer,* Cot. Hence E. bressomer^ familiar
form of breast-summery a beam placed
breastwise, to support a superincumbent
wall. % I explain sumpter in K. Lear, ii.
*4. a 19, as meaning 'pack-horse-driver*;
a man, not a horse.
Sumptuary, relating to expenses. (L.)
L. sumptudriuSy adj. from sumptu-s, ex-
pense. See below.
SUmptnoiUI, costly. (F.-L.) Y.somp-
tuSux (Cot.) — L. sumptuosuSf costly. * L.
sumptuSy expense. -• L. sumptuSy pp. of
sumerey to take, use, spend ; a derivative
from emerey to take. Brugm. i. § 340.
Sun. (E.) M. E. Sonne. A. S. sunne,
fem. sb.4-Du. zon, G. sonney Goth. sunnOy
all feminine; Teut. type *sunndn', fem.
% Cf. Icel. sffiy Swed. Dan. w/, L. sffly
Goth, saui/y Lith. sauUy W. Aauiy Gk.
ijiKios {1j\ios)y Skt. sura-y surya-, the sun.
Der. Sun-day, A. S. sunnanrdag.
Sunder, to divide. (E.) A. S. syndriany
-sundrian, to put asunder. — A. S. sundory
adv., asunder, apart. •4- Icel. sundroy Dan.
sondrey Swed. sondra, G. sondem, to
sunder; from Icel. sundry Dan. Swed.
sondeTySidy.y apart, G. sondery adj., separate.
Cf. Gk. 6.r*p (for *snUer)y without ; allied
to Gk. dli/cv, L. sine^ without. Brugm. i.
§ .'joo.
Sup, to imbibe, lap up. (E.) M. E.
soupen. A. S. supan (pt. t. siapy pp. sopen)y
to sup, drink in. + Du. zuipeuy Icel.
supay Swed. supa, G. saufen^ O. H. G.
sifan.
Super-, prefix. (L.) L. super y above ;
cf. L. superusy upper. For s-uperus \
where s- corresponds to Gk. !£• ; see 8ub-.
Cf. Gk. {ntk^t above ; 6ir^, from under ;
Skt. upariy above, allied to upara-y upper,
comparative of upa, near, close to.
Superannuate. (L.) Formerly (and
better) superannate. — Late L. superan-
ndtuSy orig. that has lived beyond a year.
— L. super y beyond ; annus ^ a year. See
Annals.
Superb. (F. — L.) F. superbe. « L.
superbuSy proud ; one who thinks himself
above others. For *super-fu-os, one who
is above (cf. L. fu-iy I was) ; Brugm. ii.
§4. — L. super y above. See Super-.
Supercargo. (L. ; and Span. — C.)
From L. super y above ; and Span. cargOy a
freight. Suggested by Span, sobrecargo, a
supercargo ; where sobre < L. super. See
Cargo.
Supercilious, disdainful. (L.) From
L. supercili-umy (i) an eyebrow, {i)
haughtiness, as expressed by raising the
eyebrows. — L. super, above ; cil-iumy eye-
lid, allied to Gk. rd «vAa, the parts under
the eyes (Prellwitz).
Supererogation. (L.) From ace. of
Late X. supererogdtioy that which is done
beyond what is due. — L. supererogatty to
pay out in excess. •• L. supery beyond ; i,
out; rogdrty to ask. (L. erogdre = Xo lay
out, expend.) See Bogation.
Superficies. (L.) L. superficUsy sur-
face, outer face. — L. super, above ; faciiSy
face.
Superfine. (F.-L.) From L. supery
above ; ^n^fine (i).
Superfiuous, excessive. (L.) L.super-
^«-«j, overflowing ; with sufhx -^wx.—L.
super, over ; Jluere, to flow ; see Fluent.
Dep. superjlui-tyy F. superfluiti, ffom L.
ace. supeHluHdtem.
Superinduce. (L.) L. super y beyond;
and tn-ducerey to induce. See Induoe.
Superintendent, an overseer. (F. -
L.) M. F. superintendant ; Cot. — L. super^
intendent-y stem of pres. pt. of superintend
derey to superintend. — L. super ^ above;
intenderey to apply the mind to ; see
Intend.
Superior. (F.-L.) Formeriy supe-
Hour, — M. F. si4perienr.^la, supeHdreiHy
ace. of superior y higher ; comparative fron\
530
SUPERLATIVE
snperuSf high, which is itself an old com-
parative form. See Super-.
SnperlatlTe. (F.-L.) Y,superlatif,
Cot. — L. supertdtiuuSj as a grammatical
term. — L. superldtus^ excessive, lit. * borne
beyond.' --L. super ^ beyond ; IdtuSy pp. of
tollere, to bear. (^TEL.) See Tolerate.
Supernal (F.-L.) M. F. superml,
* supemall ; * Cot. Answering to a Late L.
*supemd/tSf from L, supem-us, upper;
from supery "above ; see Super-.
Supernatural. (L.) From U super,
bevond ; and natural y adj., from nature,
SnpmiiiiiLerary. (F. -L.) M. F.
supemumeraire {CoL).^L.supernumerd-
riuSy excessive in number. — L. super,
b^ond ; numertis, number.
Supersoription. (F. - L.) M. F.
superscription; Cot.»L. ace. superscrip-
tidnem, — L. superscriptus, pp. oisuperscri-
here, to write above or over. — L. super,
above ; scribere, to write ; see Scribe.
Supersede. (F.-L.) O.Y.superseder,
to leave off, desist (hence to suspend or
defer a matter). » L. supersedere, to sit
upon, to preside over, refrain, desist from.
» L. super, upon ; sedfre, to sit. See
Sedentary. Der. supersess-ion (from pp.
supersess-us)'y cL surcease.
Superstition. (F.-L.) F. supersti-
tion. "^L. ace. superstitionem, a standing
near a thing, amazement, dread, religions
awe, scruple. — L. superstit-^ stem of
superstes, one who stands near, a witness.
— L. super, above, near; statum, supine
oi stare, to stand.
SupMTStruoture. (L.) From L. su-
per, above ; and Structure.
Supenrene. (L.) L. superumtre, to
come upon or over, to follow, occur. *L.
super, beyond; uenire, to come. See
Venture.
Supervise; see Vision.
SupinOf on one's back, lazy. (L.) L.
supinus, lying on one's back. •- L. *sup,
orig. form of sub, up ; with suffix -inus.
Supper. (F. - Teut.) M. £. soper, -
O. F. soper (F. souper), a supper. It is the
infin. mood used as a sb. — O. F. soper, to
sup (F. souper). — Low G. supen, loel. sQpa,
Sweci supa, to sup. See Sup.
Supplant. (F.-L.) Y.supplanter.^
L. supphntdre, to put some&ing under
the sole of the foot, trip up, overthrow. -•
L. sup- (> sub), under; planta, sole ; see
Plant.
Supple. (F.-L.) M. E. sottple. - F.
53
SURCEASE
soupie, supple, pliant.— L. supplicem, ace.
of supplex, with the old sense of ' bending
under. — L. sup- {^sub), under; plic-, as
seen in plic&re, to fold. See Ply.
Supplement. (F. - L.) F. suppU-
ment ; Cot. — L. supplimenium, a filling
up. — L. supplere, to fill up.— L. sup- (sub),
up ; plire, to fill. See Plenary.
{Suppliant. (F. - L.) F. suppliant,
pres. pt. oi supplier, to pray humbly.— L.
supplicdre ; see below.
supplicate. (L.) From pp. of L. sup-
plicdre, to beseech. — L. supplic-, stem of
supplex, bending under or down, beseech-
ing ; see Supple
Supply. (F. - L.) Formerly supploy
(Levins). -O. F. supploier, F. supplier, to
supply ; Cot.-L. supplire, to fill up ; see
Supplement.
Support. (F.-L.) M.E. supporten.
— F. supporter. ^"L. supportdre, to carry
to a place; in Late L., to endure. — L.
sup- (sub), near ; portdre, to carry. See
Port (I).
Su^OSe. (F.-L. aMdTGk.) Y. sup-
poser, to imagine. — L. sup- (sub)y under,
near; F./oj^r, to place, put. See Pose.
Supposition. (F.-L.) Y. supposition.
— L. ace. suppositidmm, — L. suppositus,
^^.oisupponere, to suppose. — L.sitp- (sub),
near ; pdnere, to place. See Position.
Suppress. (L.) From L. suppressus,
pp. ol supprimere, to suppress. — L. sup-
(stdi), wider ; premere, to press. See Press.
Suppurate. (L.) From pp. of L.
suppUrdrCy to gather pus underneath.-
L. sup- (sub), under; pur-, for pus,
matter. See Pus.
Supra-f prefix, above. (L.) L. supra,
above, adv. and prep. ; allied to superus,
upper; see Super-. "Der. supra-mundane;
see Mundane.
Supreme. (F.-L.) F. suprhne, - L.
suprimuSy highest. Supre-mus is from
*suprg, an adverb, with suffix -mus;
Brug. ii. § 75. This *supri is allied to
L. super, above.
Sur- (I ), prefix. (L.) For sub before
r ; only in sur-reptitious^ sur-rt^gate.
Sur- (2), prefix. (F. — L.) F. sur, above.
— L. super, above. See Super-.
SurceasOf to cease, cause to cease.
(F.— L.) Not allied to cease (except in
popular etymology). A corruption of
O. F. sursis, masc., sursise, fem., ' sur-
ceased, intermitted;' Cot. This word was
also used as a sb., to signify ^ delay' ; hence
SURCHARGE
surcease^ vb., to delay. Sursis is the pp.
of O. F. surseoir, * to surceaaCi delay,' Cot.
* L. supersedere f to desist from, hence to
delay proceedings ; see Supersede.
Siircliargef sb. (F.— L. a»</C.) F.
surcharge, an over-charge. — F. st4r (<L.
j-»^r), above; and Charge.
onrd, having no rational root (in
mathematics). (L.) L. surdus, deaf;
hence, deaf to reason, irrational. Sun/us
also means dim ; and connexion •mthsordid
is possible. Bnigm. i. § 362.
Sore. (F. - L.) O. F. sear (F. s^r),
earliest form segur, * L. securus ; see Se-
cure. Doublet, secure^
Surf, the foam of the waves on the
shore. (E.) The r is intrusive; spelt
sujfe, with the sense of/ rush,* in Hak<
Inyt's Voyages, ed. 1598, vol. ii. pt. i. 227 :
* The suffe of the sea [sweep or rush of the
inflowing wave] setteth her [a raft's] lading
dry on land.* I suppose suffe to be the
same as * sough of the sea,* also spelt
sou/, souch in Jamieson. M. E. swougk,
from swougheUj srvowen, to make a rushing
noise. Cf. ' the swogh of the see,' Morte
Arth. 759. — A. S. swffgan, to make a
rushing noise ; see Sough.
Surmce. (F. - L.) Y, surface, upper
face. — F. sur, above ; face, face. — L. s'tper,
above ; faciis, face. See Face.
Surfeit, sb. (F. - L.) O. F. surfait,
sorfait, excess; orig. pp. of sorfaire, to
augment, exaggerate. — L. super, above ;
facere, to make. See Faot.
Snri^e, the swell of waves. (F.~L.)
' Surge of the see, uague ; ' Palsgrave.
Coined from O. F. stem sourge-, as in
sottrge-ant, pres. pt. of sourdre^ to rise.*-
L. surgere i^^^sur-rigere, i.e. *sub'regere),
to rise. -^ L. sub, up ; regere^ to direct.
See Begent.
SurgeOlIf contracted form of chirur-
geon ; see Ohirurgeon. So also Gascon
surgen, a surgeon ; O. F. surgien (Gode-
froy) . Der. surgical, short for chirurgical ;
stirgery, corruption of M. E. surgenry, i.e.
surgeon-ry, or of O.F. cirurgerie.
Snrloui ; see Sirloin.
Surly, proud, churlish. (E.) Spelt
serly (Levins) ; syrly^ Spenser, Shep. Kal.
July, 203. Prob. from A. S. ^sur-tfc, lit.
* sour-like.* We find sowre, meaning ^ mo-
rose* (Baret); see Sour. Cf. G. sauer^
sour, surly; Swed. Dan. syrlig^ sourish.
Also M. E. sttrdagh, * sour dough ; * Wrt.
Vocab. 663. 22.
SURROGATE
SurmiBa, an imagination, guess. (F.
— L.) O. F. surmise, an accusation,
charge ; orig. fern, of surmis, pp. of sur-
tnettre, to put upon, lay to one's charge. ^
F. sur, above ; mettre, to put. — L. super,
above; mittere, to send, put. See Mis-
sile.
SnmiOlint. (F.— L.) Y.surmonter.^
F. sur (L, super), above ; monier, to mount ;
see Mount (2).
Snmanie. (F. - L. ; aiu/ E.) From
F. sur (L. super), above, over; and E.
Name.
Surpass. (F. - L.) F. surpasser, to
excel. — F. sur (L. super}, beyond ; passer,
topass ; see Pass.
Surplice. (F.— L.) M. E. j«/^/rr.-
F. surplis'. Cot — I^te L. superpelliceum,
a surplice. — L. super, over; pelliceus,
made of skins, from pellis, a ^in; see
Pelisse.
Snrplas. (F. - L.) F. surplus, * an
over-plus ; * Cot. — Late L. superplUs, a
residuum. — L. super, above ; plUs, more.
See Plural.
Surprise, sb. (F.— L.) 0,Y.sorprise,
surprise, a taking unawares. Fern, of
sorpris, pp. of sorprendre, surprendre, to
surprise. — L. super, upon ; prehendere,
to seize, from prce, before, and -hendere,
to seize. See Prehensile.
Surrebutter. (F.-L. andO. H. G.)
A legal term, meaning an answer or reply
to a rebut. From F. sur (L. super), upon,
in reply to ; and M.F. rebouter, to rebut, the
infin. mood being used as a sb. See Bebut.
And see Surrejoinder.
Surrejoinder. (F.-L.) K rejoinder
in reply. * The plaintiff may answer him
by a rejoinder*, upon which the defendant
may rebut ; and the plaintiff may answer
him by a surrebutter ; * Blackstone, Com-
ment, b. iii. c. 20. From F. sur, upon, in
reply to ; and F. rejoindre, to rejoin, used
as a sb. See Bejoin.
Surrender. (F.-L.) O. F. surrendre.
to give up. — F. sur ,L. super), above;
rendre, to render, from L. reddere, to
restore. See Bender.
Surreptitious. ^L.) L. stirreptrti-us,
better surrepticius, done stealtliily ; with
suffix -M<f. — L surreptum, supine of sur-
ripere, to pilfer, purloin. — L. sur^ {sub),
under, secretly ; rapere, to seize. Sec
Bspid.
Surrogate, a substitute. Jw.) L. sur-
rogdtus. pp. of snrrogRre, to elect in place
53a
SURROUND
SWADDLE
of another. —L.J«^ (for sub)^ in place of;
rogdre, to ask, elect. See Bogation.
Surround. (F. — L.) Confused with
rowtd. Orig. suroutid, i.c. * to overflow ; *
as in Caxton*s Statutes of lien. VII, leaf
c 7. ■■ O. F. suronder. — L. superunddrey to
overflow (Lewis). — L. super ^ over, above ;
unddrey to flow« from undot a wave. Cf.
ah-ound, red-aund,
Surtout. (F.-L.'^ Yrom ¥, suriouty
lit. • over all.'» L. super ^ over ; totumy ace.
of tdtusy all. See Total.
Snrveillaaoe, inspection. (F. - L.)
F. surveillance, superintendence. — F. sur-
veiller, to superintend. — L. super y over;
uigildre^ to watch, from uigily adj., awake.
See Vigil.
Surr^. (F. — L.) A. F. surveiery sur-
veer (O. F. saurveoir)^ to survey. — Late L.
superuiderey to supervise. — L. super ^ over ;
uiderey to see. See Vision. Doublet,
supervise.
Survive. (F.-L.) F. survivre, to
outlive. —L. superufuere, to live beyond,
outlive. — L. super, beyond ; uTuere^ to live.
See Victuals.
Su8-y prefix. (L.) L. sus-, prefix; for
*supSy extended form of *J«/, sub, under.
Susceptible. (F. — L.) F. susceptible,
— L. susceptibiliSy ready to receive. — L.
sus-y for *sup-s, under; and capi'Um, supine
of caperey to take. See Oapacious.
Suspect. (F.-L.^ M. E. suspectyOng.
a pp. with the sense suspected or suspicions.
— F. suspect, suspected. — L. suspectusy pp.
of suspicere, to suspect, lit. ^ to look under,*
mistrust.— L. su- (for sus-y sups-), under ;
specere, to look. See Species.
Suspend. (F.-L.> V.suspendre.^L.
suspendere (pp. suspensus). to hang up.—
L. sus- (for sups-), extension of suby under ;
pendire^ to hang. See Pendant. Der.
suspensey suspension.
Suspicion. (F — L.) lA'.lL suspecion.
— A. K suspeciun ; O, F. suspecciany sus-
picion ; later souspcfony Cot. (mod. F. soup-
f30if). — L. suspicidnetn, ace. of suspiciOy
suspicion. — L. suspicere, to suspect; see
Suspect.
Sustain. (F.— L.) M.K.susleinen,'^
A. F. sustein-y a stem of O. F. sustenir,
sostenir (F. s&utenir).^L, suslinere, to
uphold. — L. suS' (for sups-), up: tenure y
to hold. See Tenable. Der. sustenance,
O. F. sustenance, L. sustinetttia, sb. ; sus
Sutler, one who sells provisions in a
camp. (Du.) Du. soete/aar (Sewel. ;
usually zoetelcutr't M. Du. zoetclaer, 'a
scullion, a sutler, or a victualler,' Hexham.
Orig. a scullion, drudge, menial who does
dirty work ; formed with suffix -oar ( » £.
-er) from zoetel-eUy *to sullie,' Hexham.
Cognate with Low G. suddeluy Dan. sudlc,
G. sudelny to sully, daub. All these are
frequentative forms, with suffix el- or -/- ;
from Teut. *sud-y as in Swed. sudda, to
daub, stain, soil. Allied to Icel. suddi,
steam from cooking, drizzling rain, sud-
daligTy wet and dank, seidy broth in which
meat has been sodden ; all from the weak
grade of Teut. *seuthan-y Icel. sjd^a, to
seethe. Further allied to £. suds, and to
the verb Seethe, q. v.
Suttee. (Skt.) Skt. satiy a true or
virtuous wife, a term applied to a widow
who immolates herself on the funeral pile
of her husband ; hence (incorrectly) the
bumin£ of a widow. Skt sati is the
fem. oT santy being, existing, true, right,
virtuous ; pres. pt. of asy to be. (^ES.)
See Sooth.
Suture, a scam. ; F. — L.) F . suture. —
L. siilura. — L. sutus, pp. of suere, to sew ;
see Sew.
Suserain, a feudal lord. (F. — L.) F.
suzerain, * sovereign, yet subaltern ; ' Cot.
A coined word, made from F. sus < L.
sOsum or sursum, above; so that F.
suzerain answers to a Late L. *siiserdnus
or *surserdnus. fi. The L. sursum =- *su-
uorsuMy lit. turned upwards ; from su-y for
sub, up, and uorsum^uersum, neut. of pp.
ofuertere, to turn. See Verse. ^ Piob.
imitated from O. F. soverain (from ^super-
dnus^y which accounts for the -er-.
Swabber. 'Du.) Older than swaby
\h.'^'Dvi,zwcU>ber, 'a swabber, the diudge
of a ship ; ' Sewel. Cf. Du. zwabbereny to
drudge ; Swed. svabby a fire-brush, svablay
to swab ; Dan. svabrCy to swab ; G.
schwabber, a swabber. Cf. also Norw.
svabbay Poroeran. swabbelny to splash
about ; £. Fries, swabbeln, G. schwcMelUy
Low G. swappen (Danneil), to shake about
(said of liquids). Of imitative origin.
Compare M. E. quappen, to palpitate ;
and K. svfop, s7vasA,
Swaddfof to swathe an infiemt (£.)
Formerly sifodley swade/l; for svfatheL
M. £. swathlen. It means to wrap in a
/cn/atian,fToml^,st*s/en/dfio,mtiiniciiSince, ^ swaddling -b.and, which was called a swa-
from sustentdre, Irequcntative of sustinire. \ tkel ox swetheL — A.S. swedel (once swadil),
533
SWAGQER
SWAY
a swaddling - band ; lit. *that which
swathes ; * cf. O. U. G. nuedily a bandage :
see Swathe.
Swagger. (Scand.) Frequentative of
szvag, to sway from side to side. ' I swagge,
as a fatte persons belly swaggeth as he
goth ; * Palsgrave. — Norw. svagga^ to
swag ; cf. Icel. sveggja^ to cause to sway.
Swag is allied to sway ; see Sway.
Swain. (Scand.) Icel. sveinuy a boy,
lad, servant; Swed. sven^ Dan. svend, a
swain, servant-^ Low G. sween ; O. H. G.
sweiUf a swine-herd ; A. S. swan, a swine-
herd. Tent, type *swaifk>z; allied (by
gradation) to *sweinont, A. S. xwin ,a swine,
pig. Thus 'swine-herd* was the orig.
sense
Swallow (0, a bird. (E.) A. S.
swealwe.'\'T>}i, zwaluw, Icel. svala, Dan.
svaUf Swed. szni/dj G. schwalbe, Teut.
type *swalwdn^ f. Cf. E. Fries, swalke,
Low G. swaa/ke, a swallow.
Swallow (2), to absorb. (E.) M.E.
swel^ttj swelwen, swoljA€n,swolwen; A.S.
swe/gafty to swallow, strong verb, pt. t.
swea/Af pp. swolgen. + Du. zwelgen, Icel.
svelgja, Dan. svalgSf Swed. svdlja^ G.
schwelgen. (The weak and strong forms
are confused.) Der. groundsel y q. v.
Swamp. (Scand.) Not an old word in
E. i- Dan. Swed. svamp^ a sponge, fungus ;
(hence applied to swampy ground, which
is the usual E. use) ; Icel. svoppr, a sponge.
Cf. G. sumpff a swamp (whence Du.
somp) ; allied to M. H.G. swam^ swamps
G. schwamniy a sponge, fungus; Goth.
swatnmSy sponge; Low G.swammt swampy
fungus ; Du. zwam, A. S. swamm, fungus.
We find also prov. E. swank, swang, a
swamp ; Swed. dial, svank.
Sw^a. (E.) A. S. swan.^'Dxx. zwaan.
Icel. svanry Dan. svane^ Swed. svan, G.
schwan. The form resembles that of Skt.
svan, to resound, sound, sing (L. sondre),
BWan-llOppinffy taking up swans to
mark them. (E^) The usual explanation,
that it stands for swan-uppingj is right.
See old tract on uppingia Hone, Every-day
Book, ii. 958. From the prep, up.
Swap, to strike. (E.) M. E. swappen,
to strikie; also, to go swiftly. £. Fries.
swappen, to strike with a noise, from swap,
a slap, noise of a blow ; cf. Low G. swaps,
interj. crack !, said of a slap. Imitative ;
cf. slap, whop ; prov. E. swack^ a Wow.
Sward. (E.) It ori^. meant skin, rind,
or covering. A.S. swear J ^ the skin of
bacon, rind. Green-sward is the grassy
covering of the land, green turf (of Scand.
origin ).^Du. zwoord, rind of bacon ; Icel.
svordr, skin, sward, grassvordr, green-
sward ; Dan. fleskesvdry flesh - sward,
gronsvardy green-sward; G. schwarte jxind,
bark, skin.
Swarm. (E.) A. S. swearm ; lit. ' that
which hums ; * from -^SWER, to hum,
buzz, as in Skt. stfr, to sound, sTfara-, voice,
L. susurrus, a hum ; G. schwirreny to buzz.
+Du. zwerm, Icel. svarmr^ Dan. svartn^
Swed. svdmit G. sclnvartn. Cf. Lith.
surma, a pipe. Brugm. i. § 375 (8).
Swart, Swarthy. (E.) The proper
form was J7«/flr/, afterwards j^arM, whence
swart h-y, M. E. swart, A. S. sweart,^
Du. zwartf Icel. svartr, Dan. sort, Swed.
svart, G. schwartz, Goth, sivarts. Cf.
A. S. sweorcan, to grow dark.
Swarth, a quantity of grass cut down
at one stroke of the scythe. (E.) In Tw.
Nt. ii. 3. 162. An error for swatk, as in
Troil. V. 5. 25. See Swath.
Swash, to strike forcibly. (E.) Of
imitative origin. Cf. Swed. dial, svasska,
to make a swashing noise, as when one
walks with water in the shoes. It stands
for *svak'Sa ; cf. Norweg. svakka, to make
a noise like water under the feet ; prov.
E. swiuk, a blow, fall, swacking, crushing,
huge. Der. swasA-duckler, one who strikes
or flourishes his shield.
Swath, a row of mown grass. (E.) A. S.
swiedt a track ; swaOu, a track, foot-track,
trace. E. Fries, swad, a swath. ^Du.
zwad, zwade, a swath (Sewel) ; G. schwad.
The sense of ' mourn grass ' is original ; cf.
Low G. swad, a swath, swade, a scythe.
The earliest meaning may have been
' shred' or * slice * ; cf. Norweg. svada, vb.,
act. and neut., to shred or slice off, to flake
off. Franck suggests that swath answers
to an Idg. pp. form *swa-to-, from the root
of the verb to sway ; with reference to the
sweep of a scythe.
SwathOy to enwrap, bandage. (E.)
M. E. swat hen ; also swethen. From a
base swath' ; whence A. S. swedel (swaOil),
a swaddling-band ; de-sweOian, to enwrap.
Cf. O. H. G. swedil, swithel, a bandage ;
M. H. G. swede, a plaster.
Sway, to swing incline, nile over. (E.)
M. £. swetyeu, £. Fries, swdien, swdjen,
to sway about, to swing. Cf. Swed. svaja^
to jerk, Dan. svaid Du. zwaaijen, to sway,
swing. Allied to Swagger.
554
&WEAR
SWINE
Swear. (E.) M. E. sweren, A. S. swer-
iarty pt. t. swor, pp. sworen, to swear. +Dii.
zweren, Icel. sverja^ Dan. svarge^ Swed.
svarya, G. schworen. Allied to Goth.
swaran^ Icel. svara^ to answer. Orig. * to
speak loudly;' cf.Skt. xz^anz-, sound, voice.
See Swarm. (-^SWER.) Der. answer.
Sweat, sb. and vb. (E.) M. £. swoot^
sweat, sb. ; whence sivcten, to sweat. A. S.
swat J sb. ; whence swatan, yb. The A. S.
swatan became M. E. sweilen, and should
be mod. E. swet, the vowel having been
shortened ; similarly A. S. iStan > M. E.
li/en > mod. E. let» The spelling sweat
is now unsuitable. The A. S. sb. swat
would now be swotey but has been super-
seded by the verb. + l^Q* evfeet, sb. ; Icel.
sveiti, Dan. sved, Swed. svett, G. schweiss.
Teut. stem *swaito; Allied to L, sudor,
sweat ; G. Ww, I sweat, l^pits, sweat ; W.
cktt/ysj sweat; Skt. sveda-^ sweat, from
svid, to sweat. (VSWEID.) See Suda-
tory. Brugm. i. $ 33T c.
Sweep, vb. (E.) M. £. swipen, A
wesJc verb, formed from the base swap-y
as in swapdf 3 p. s. pres. t. of A.S. swdpan,
to sweep. Cf. also O. Fries, swepa^ to
sweep ; E, Fries, swipen (pL t. swipde),
to swing, sway, vibrate. Cf. Icel. sdpa,
to sweep, M. Swed. swepa^ Swed.
sopa. From Teut. base *swaip- ; seen
also in O. H. G. sweifan (pt. t. swief),
whence G. schweifen^ to rove, stray, sweep
along; Icel. sveipa^ to sweep along, a
weak verb, from an old verb svipa (pt. t.
sveipt pp. *STnpinn). Teut. root *sweip.
See Swoop, Swipe. Brugm. i. § 701.
Sweet. (E.) M. K s^vete^ with by-forms
swote^ sote. A.S. swite^ sweet (for *sw&ti») ;
swdte^ adv. sweetly. + O. Sax. swotiy Du.
zoetf Icel. soetr^ Dan. sbd^ Swed. sot^ G.
5//fj, O.H.G. suozi\ Goth. j»/j. p. From
the Idg. ^SWAD, to please ; whence
Skt. svad^ svSdf to taste, eat, please, svadu-,
sweet, Gk. i)St;s, L. suduis. See Suave.
sweetheart. (E.) M,E. sivete Aerte,
lit. sweet heart, i.e. dear love ; see Chaucer,
Troil. iii. 11 81, laio, and last line.
SwelL (E.) M. E. STvellen^ pt. t. swal.
A. S. swellan, pt. t. sweall^ pp. swollen.^
t)u. mvelien, Icel. svellat Sw»j. svalla^ G.
sckwellen, Teut. type *swellan-y pt. t.
*swally pp. *swullanoz. Cf. Goth, i^-
swaileinsy a swelling up. Brugm. i. $ 903.
Swelter ; see Sultry.
Swerve, to turn aside. (E.) M. E.
swertten swerven). A. S. stveoffan, ptA.
swearf^ pp. swotfen^ to rub, 61e, polish
(hence to move swiftly to and fro, to turn
aside in moving).+Du. zwerven, to swerve,
wander, riot, rove ; O. Sax. swertan^ to
wipe ; O. Fries, swerva, to rove ; Icel.
sverfa (pt. t. svarf), to file ; O. H. G.
swerban^ to nm round, whirl round ; Goth.
Hswairban , to wipe. Teut. tj'pe ^swerban- ,
pt. t. *swarb, pp. *swurbanoz, Cf. E.
Fries, swarven, to wander, Swed. svarfva,
to turn.
Swifli. (E.) h,S. swift. Yrom swi/'f
weak grade of A. S. swtfan, to move
quickly ; with suffix -t (Idg. -tos). Cf.
Icel. svifay to rove, turn, sweep ; O. H. G.
sweibdn,. to move or turn quickly. Teut.
base *sweib.
Swill, to wash dishes, drink greedily.
(£.) M. E. swilien. A. S. swtliant to
wash. Der. swill ^ sb., hog's-wash ; whence
swill, vb., to drink like a pig. Rich. Ill,
V. 3. ^.
Swim (i), to move about in water. (E.)
A. S. swimman^ pt. t. Jwawwi.+Du. vutem-
tnen, Icel. svipinta, Dan. svomme, Swed.
simnm\ G.schwimmen. Teut. type *jw««-
man-j pt. t. *swatnm^ pp. *swummanoz.
Swim (a), to be dizzy. (E.) From
M. £. swime, a dizziness. A. S. swima,
a swoon, swimming in the head, -f- Du.
vudjm, a swoon ; E. Fries, swim ; cf. Icel.
svimiy dizziness, Dan. srnmle^ to be giddy,
besvime, to swoon ; Swed. sznmma, to be
dizzy, swimning, swoon ; Pomeran. swi-
pten, to swoon; Low G. swimeln^ to
reel (Danneil). p. A. S. swtma «
swi-ma ; the real base is *swi (*swei) ;
whence also O. H. G. swinan, to decrease,
disappear, allied to Swed. sinndel, G.
schwtndel, dizziness ; Swed. /orsvinna, to
disappear, Icel. svina, to subside (as a
swellmg). The orig. notion is that of
failure, giving way, subsidence, &c. ; see
swindler.
swindler, a cheat. (G.) XVIII cent.
—G. schwindlery an extravagant projector,
a swindler. » G. schwindeln, to be dizzy,
act thoughtlessly. • G. schwinden, to decay,
sink, vanish, fail. + A. S. swindan, pt. t.
swand, to languish ; allied to O. H. G.
swtnan, to fail. See above.
Swine, a sow, pig, pigs. (E.) M. E. '
STvin, both sing, and pi. A. S. swfn, a
pig; pi. swfn, swine, -f Du. zwtjn, a
swine, hog ; Icel. svfn, ]>\. svTn ; Dan.
sviin, pi. sviin ; Swed. svin^ G. schwein,
O. H. G. fwfw; Goth, swein, ncut. sb.
535
SWINQ
SYCAMORE
iing. ; Teut type *swift^m, neut. So also
Knts. svineyOf a swiue, sz/inka, a pig,
svtHoi. swinish. All diminutive or adjec-
tiral forms, like L. sumus (Varro), re-
lated to swine, from suSy a sow. See Sow.
Bmgm. i. I 95.
Swing. (E.) M. E. swingen, pt. t.
swangt pp. svmngen. A. S. swingan^ pt. t.
swangy pp. swungen, to scourge, also to
fly, flutter, flap with the wings. 4* Swed.
svinga, Dan. svinge^ to swing;, whirl ; G.
schwingen ; cf. also Goth, af-swaggwjany
to cause to doubt or despair. Teut. type
*swengwan; pt. t. *swangWj pp. *swung-
SWillg^f to bcal, whip. (E.) M. E.
swengen, A. S. swengan, to dash, strike
(cf. swengf a blow) ; the causal form of
Swing. As if ' to Hourish a whip.*
■wintflSf a staff for dressing flax.
(M. Du.y M. £. swinglen^ to beat flax ;
swingle y a swingle. From M. Du. swingelen^
or swingerij * to beate flax,* Hexliam ; see
Swing. Cf. A. S. swingele^ a scourging ;
E. Fries, swengel^ G. schwengely a pump-
handle.
swingle-tree, the bar that swings at
the heels of harnessed horses. (£.) M. £.
swingU'ire. "M. E. swingle ^ a beater, but
lit. ' a swinger,* or that which swings ; fre,
a piece of wood; see Tree. Cf. Du.
zwengelf a swing; Low G. swengel
(Danneil), G. schwengel, a swingle-tree.
Swink, to toil. (E.) Obsolete ; once
very common. A.S. swincan^ pt. t. swanc^
pp. swuncen, to laboar, work hard. From
the violent action ; allied to Swing. Cf.
Du. zwenJkf a swing, a turn ; G. schwenken^
to swing, whirl about.
Swipe, to strike with a sweeping stroke.
(£.) Allied to M. £. swippen\ A. S.
swipian, swippan, to scourge, beat, from
*swip', weak grade of Teut. *sweipan- ;
cf. Icel. sveipa, to sweep, swoop. Cf.
A. S. swipe, a whip ; Icel. smpa, to whip,
svipa, a whip. In form, mod. £. swipe
answers to O. Icel. svipa, to sweep, swoop.
See Sweep.
Swirl, to whirl in an eddy. (Scand.)
Norweg. svirla, to whirl round ; frequent
of sverra ( = Dan. svirre)^ to whirl, orig.
to hum. Note also Norw. svervel, a whirl-
pool, svervla, to swirl. Cf. Swed. stdrra,
to murmur ; G. schwirren, to whir ; Skt.
svfy to sound. See Swarm.
Switch, a pliant rod. (M. Dii.) For
sivich, palatalised form of swick.^Vi,
Du. swick, * a swich, or a whip ; * Hexham ;
cf. Low G. zwukse (Hanov. swutsche)^ a
long thin rod. We also find Norw. svige,
sveig, a switch, Icel. svigi, sifeigr, a
switch ; Swed. sveg^ a green twig ; all
allied to Icel. sveigja, to bend ; cf. Swagr.
Swivel, a link turning on a pin or neck.
(E.) Spelt swiuell in Minsheu (1627) ;
formed, with suffix -el, from swif-, weak
grade of A. S. swifcM, to move quickly
(revolved Allied to Swift. Lit sense
*• that which readily revolves.' ^f. Icel.
sveifla, to spin round ; from svtfa, to turn.
Brugm. i. § 818(2).
Swoon, to faint. (E.) M. £. svHmnen,
swoghenen, swowenen, to swoon. Formed
(with formalive n, usually with a passive
sense, as in Goth, verbs in ••nan) from
M. E. swawen^ swoghen, to swoon, to sigh
deeply, aUo to sough, sigh. This is a
strong verb, from A. S. swdgan^ to move
or sweep along noisily, to sough, to sigh
as the wind, a strong yerb, of which the
pp. geswdgen occurs with the actual sense
oP in a swoon.' * Se laeg geswdgen * = he
lay in a swoon, ^lfric*s Hom. ii. 336. So
also A. S. geswowung-, a swooning, A. S.
Leechdoms, ii. 176, 1. 13. Cf. Low G.
swogen, to sigh, swugten, to swoon ;
Lith. swageti, to resound. Allied to
Sough, q. V.
Swoop, vb. (E.) M. E. swdpen, nsnally
in the sense to sweep. [The 0, orig. open
(<A. S. a) became close owing to the
preceding w.'] A. S. swdpan, to sweep
along, rush, swoop ; also, to sweep (pt. t.
swiqp, pp. swdpen). ^ Icel. sveipa, to
sweep, swoop ; sdpa, to sweep ; G. sckwei-
fen, to rove. Base *swaipy allied to
*swaip, 2nd grade of Teut. *sweipan-y as
in O. Icel. svtpa, to move quickly. See
Sweep.
Sword. I E.^ M.E. jft/^^. h,^.sweord,
+Dn. zwaardy Icel. sverS^ Dan. svard^
Swed. svdrd^ G. schwert. Teut. type
^swerdontf neut.
Sybarite, an effeminate person. (L. —
Gk.) L. Sybarita, — Gk. XufiaplrrfSf an
inhabitant of Sybaris, a town named from
the river Sybaris, on which it was sitnated ;
in Lncania, Lower Italy.
Syoamine, a tree. (L. — Gk. — Heb. ?)
L. sycaminus. •» Gk. avKd/tivot ; Luke xvii. 6.
Prob. a Gk. adaptation of Heb. skiqmtm,
pi. of skiqmdh, a sycamore ; that it has
been confused with sycamore is obvious.
Syoamorei a tree. ( L. — Gk. — Heb. ?)
536
SYCOPHANT
Better sycamore, — L. sy corner us » — Gk.
(fvfeSfxopoSf as if it meant * fig-mulberry * ;
[Gk. ffvKO'V, fig ; fi6pov, a mulberry] ; but
prob. a Gk. acuiptation of Heb. sntqmdhf
a sycamore ; see above.
liqrcopluuit. (L.-Gk.) I., ^cophanta,
an mformer, parasite. « Gk. fTVK0^t6ani!iif
lit. < fig-shewer/ also an informer, a false
adviser. [Etymology certain, but the reason
for the peculiar use is unknown. The
usual explanation, ' informer against those
who exported sacred figs from Attica,' is
unauthorised.] •- Gk. avKo-Vy a fig; -ifMVTris,
lit * shewer/ from ^oii'cii', to shew. See
Hierophant.
Syllable. (F.-L.-Gk.) The third/
is intrusive. M. £. sillable. -i O. F. sillabe,
also sillable.^1^. syllaba.^Gk, evXXafi^,
a syllable, lit ' holding together/ so much
of a word as makes a single sound or ele-
ment. — Gk. crvX-, for oriH^, together ; Xai3-,
base of Xafifidvuv, to take, seize.
Qyllogumii a reasoning from premises.
(F. — L.— Gk.) F. syllogisnte.'m'L. syllo*
gismus.^QrV, irvXXoyiCfMds, a reasoning.—
Gk. (TuXXoY^^ofceu, I reckon together, reason.
— Gk. avX' (^ — aiv)y together; \oyi(otuu,
I reckon, from k6yos, discourse, reason-
ing.
^Srlph, an imaginary being inhabiting
the air. (F.-Gk.) F. jry^A^.-Gk.<r(A^,
a kind of worm or grub (Aristotle). On
this word it would seem that Paracelsus
formed the name sylpAe ; he also used the
names gnome ^ salamander y and nymph (all
of Greek origin), to signify, respectively, a
genius of earth, fire, and water. Hence
the form sylph-id^ a false form, but only
explicable on the hypothesis of a Greek
origin ; as if from a nom. *<nk^i (base
<ri\<^(8-). % Littr^'s explanation, that
sylph is of Gaulish origin, seems to me
futile ; Paracelsus could hardly have known
Gaulish.
Sylvan, misspelling of Silvan.
Symbol, a sign. (F.-L.-Gk.) F.
sym^le.^L. sym&lum.'^Gk. trvftfioXoVy a
token, pledge, a sign by which one infers
a thing. — Gk. <rvfc/3(iAAciv, to throw to-
gether, compare, infer. — Gk. avfi- (oi;y),
t^ether; /9dXXc<y, to throw, put
Symmetry. ( F. - L. - Gk.) M. F.
symmefrie; Cot — L. symmetria»^Gk,av/A'
litrptay due proportion. — Gk. a^fi/Atrpotf
of like measure with.— Gk. avfi- (^ (tvv),
with ; fUrpoy, a measure. See Metre.
Sympathy. (Gk.) From Gk. ffvfi-
SYNDIC
n69«tay fellow-feelinjp;. — Gk. ffv/A-, for trw,
with ; vaOttv, to suiter. See Pathos.
Symphony. (F.-L.-Gk.) Y.sym-
phonte, Cot. — L. symphonia. — Gk. avfi-
^fltfv^a, music (Luke XV. 35). — Gk. ff^/jupowoSf
harmonious.— Gk. trvfji-, for crrjv, together;
ipeav^j sound. See Fhonetio.
Symposium, a merry feast. (L.-Gk.)
L. symposium, — Gk. avfiirdatov, a drinking-
party, banquet. — Gk. at;/*- (for <rwv), to-
gether; iro-, base of W-iw-iva, I have
dmnk, v6ffis, a drink. See Potable.
Symptom, an indication of disease.
(F. — L, — Gk.) Properly a medical term.
M. F. svmptome ; Cot. — L. symptdma, —
Gk. <rv/iirr<ofM, a casualty, anything that
befals one. — Gk. ffvfjnmrrtiv, to fall in
with.— Gk. avpi' (aw), together; tr/wTci*',
to fall. (VPET.)
Syn-. prefix. (L. — Gk. ; . or F. — L. —
Gk.) A Latinised spelling of Gk. atV, to-
gether. It becomes sy/' before /; sym-
before d, m, p, ph ; and sy- before
s or z.
SynSBVOSis, the coalescence of two
vowels into a diphthong. (L. — Gk.) L.
synaresis, — Gk. awaiptaiSf a taking to-
gether. — Gk. tr&Vf together; atptais^ a
taking, from alpttv, to take. See Heresy.
SynagOgUO. (F.-L.-Gk.) Y, syna-
gogue, — L. synagoga, — Gk. OMvar^forfy^ a
bringing together; congregation. — Gk. avi^,
together; £70071}, a bringing, from Srinv^
to bring, drive. (^AG.)
SynalOBpha^ a coalescence of two syl-
lables into one. (L. ~ Gk.) L. synaUepha,
— Gk. owaKoi^f lit. a smearing together.
— Gk. a-iwy together ; dXc^^cti^, to anoint,
allied to Aiiror, grease. Cf. Skt. lip^ to
besmear, anoint.
Synohronism, concurrence in time.
(Gk.) Gk. ovyxpovifffxds, — Gk. ahyxpovos,
contemporaneous. — Gk. airy-, for afltv, to-
gether; xP^voSf time. See Chronicle.
Syncopate, to shorten a word by
dropping a syllable. (L. — Gk.) From
pp. of L. synccpdre, of which the usual
sense is ' to swoon.' — L. syncopic syncopa,
a swoon ; also, syncope. — Gk. at/7«oir4,
a cutting short, syncope, loss of strength.
— Gk. av7- (written for oi/v^ together,
before k) ; /roir-, base of kv/wtuv, to. tut.
See Apocope.
Syndic. (F.-L.-Gk.) ¥. syndic, 'a
syndick, censor, controller of manners;'
Cot. — L. syndicus, — Gk. atJy&^os, adj.,
helping in a court of justice ; as a sb., a
537
SYNECDOCHE
syndic. — Gk. 91^, together ; HKtjy justice.
Allied to Diction. (VDEIK.)
8y]l6Cdoc]L6« a figure of speech where-
by a part is put tor the whole. (L. — Gk.)
L. syfucdochl, — Gk. <rvrcir8ox4? lit. a re-
ceiving together. « Gk. nvv^ together ; \k-
dixofMu, I receive, from tte, out, and ^x^M^
(Ion. UKOftai)j I receive. {^DEK,)
Synod. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. synode.-^
L. syptcduM, ace. o{syfu>dus,-'Gk,ffwo9oSj
a coming together, a meeting. — Gk. aw,
together; 696s, a way, a coming. See
Method. (VSED.)
Bjmmym. (F.-I — Gk.) F. sync
nymc^'L, (pi.) syn<fnyma, lit. synonyms ;
from the adj. synonymuSj synonymous,
having the same sense as another word.-*
Gk. avv^innffAos, of like meaning. * Gk. <njy,
together; Svoyta, a name. Der. synony-
mous, from L. syndnymus\ synonymy,
from L. syndnymia, Gk. trwwvv/ua, like-
ness of name. See OnomatopoBia.
Synopsis, a general view. (L. - Gk.)
L. synopsis. * Gk. <n^o^i;, a seeing all
together. — Gk. aw, together ; ikf/is, sight.
Der. synoptic-al, from Ok. adj. awovriK^s.
See Optio.
Sjrntax. (F.-L.-Gk.) ¥, syn/axe.
— L. syntaxis. — Gk. avyrc^ts, arrange-
ment ; hence, arrangement of words. —Gk.
avv, together ; ra^ts, order, from rdtrffdv,
to arrange. See Tactios.
Syntnesis. (L.- — Gk.) h, synthesis.^
Gk. <Tvv$((ris, a putting together. •- Gk. oi/v,
together ; 0i(ns, a putting, from nSivm, to
set, place. See Thesis. Der. synthet-
ic-al, from Gk. aw$tTiK6s, skilled in put-
ting together.
Syphon, Syren ; see Siphon, Siren.
Syringe. (F.-L.-Gk.) M.F.syrin'
gue, * a sinnge, squirt ; * Cot. — L. syringem,
ace. of syrinx, a reed, pipe, tube. — Gk.
(fvpiy^j a reed, pipe, shepherd's pipe,
whistle. Der. syring-a, a flowering shrub,
so named because the stems were used for
making Turkish pipes.
Symp, Sirai;. (F.- Span. -Arab.)
M. F. syrop ; F. sirop, — M. Span, xarope,
a drinic ; Span, jarope, — Arab, shardb,
sAurdd,ynne, beverage, syrup. — Arab, root
shariba, he drank. See Sherbet.
System, method. (L. - Gk.) XVII
cent.'— L. systema.^Ok, avarr/fia, a com-
plex whole put together, a system. — Gk.
<rv-v, together ; (TTrj-vai, to stand, pres. t.
itrrrffu, I stand. See Statics.
STStolOf contraction of the heart.
TABOUR
shortening of a syllable. (Gk.) Gk. ov-
.arohrf, a drawing together. — Gk. au^rcA-
ActK, to draw together. — Gk. <rv-v^ to-
gether; ar4\Xuv, to place, put. See
Diastole, Stole.
Sysygy, conjunction. (Gk.) Gk.(rv(v-
yla, conjunction. — Gk. frujCvyos, conjoined.
— Gk. trv-v, together; (vy-, weak grade
of (tvyvv/u, I join ; see Yoke, Coxijugal.
(VYEUG.)
Taburd, a herald's coat. (F.) M. £.
tabard, •- O. F. fabarf, tabard, also tribari
^Ducange), a kind of coat. Etym. un-
known. Cf. M. Ital. and L. trabea, a robe
of state.
Tabby, a kind of waved silk. (F.—
Span. --Arab.) A /oM/ cat is one marked
like the silk. — F. tabis (15th cent.) ; also
atabis (Godefroy). — Span, tabi, a silken
stuff; Low L. aitabi, — Arab, 'utdbiy a
rich watered silk. It was the name of
a quarter in Bagdad where the ^Ik was
made ; named after prince Attab, great-
grandson of Omey ya. (See Dozy and L^vic.)
Der. tabi-n-et, a variety of tabby ; from
Ital. tabin-o, * tabine, tabby ; ' Torriano.
Tabernacle. (F.-L.) ¥,tabema€le,
— L. tabemdculum, a tent ; double dimin.
of tab^ma, a booth. See Tavern.
Tabid. (L.) L. taHdus, wasting away.
— L. tabire, to waste away, languid.
Table. (F.-L.) ¥,table,^L, tabula,
a plank, flat board, table. Der. tabulate,
tabul-ar, from L. tabu/a; tabl-eau, from
F. tableau, dimin. of F. table. Also en-
tablature^ tafferel.
Taboo, Tabn, to forbid the use of.
(Pol3aiesian.) The verb is formed from
Uie sb. taboo, which is the £. pronunciation
of New Zealand tapu, a prohibition or
interdict ; pronounced tambu in the Solo-
mon Islands. Kotzebue mentions the
* Tabu, or interdict,* in his New Voyage
Round the World, London, 1830, ii. 178.
% Not in any way connected with the
custom of te pi, as erroneously said in
some former editions.
Tabonr, Tabor, a small drum. (F.—
Span. — Arab.) M. F. labour (mod. F. tam-
bour), — Span, tambor, M. Span, atambor
(where a =■ al, the Arab. def. article). >•
Arab. tambUr, ^ a kind of lute or guitar
with a long neck, and six brass strings,
also a drum.* Prob. of imitative origin ;
538
TABULAR
TAINT
. cf. Arab, tably a drmn, tabbdl, a drummer.
Dep. tabour-et or tabret, a dimin. form ;
also tambour.
Tabular, Tabulate ; see Table.
Tache (i)) a fastening. (F.-Low G.)
'A tache, a buckle, a claspe;* Baret
(1580), s. V. Ci^pe, - O. F. tachey a nail,
fastening (Godefroy). — E. Fries, take, a
point, prick, thorn ; allied to tak, takke,
a pointed thing, a twig ; Low G. takk, a
point, pointed thing. See Tack. Cf. at-
tcuhy de-tach,
Taohe (2), a blemish. (F.) M. £.
tache, also tecche, a bad habit, blemish,
vice, caprice, behavionr. » F. tache, ^ a
spot, staine, reproach;* Cot. Also for-
merly spelt taiche, teche, teque, teke, a
natural quality, esp. a vice, ill habit ; mod.
F. tache, a stain ; Picard take. Cf. Ital.
tacca, taccia, defect, stain ; Port, and Span.
tacha, defect, flaw, crack. Root unknown ;
it is difficult to connect it with Tache (i);
yet this may be right. Ital. tacca also
means * notch * or * dent * ; cf. E. Fries.
takke, a notch, takje, a small notch, small
twig, take (Du. tcik), a twig.
Taoit, silent. (L.) L. tacitus, silent.
— L. tacere, to be silent. ^ Goth, thahan,
Icel. Pegja, Swed. tiga, O. H. G. dagin, to
be silent. Der. tacit-urn, F. tacitume,
L. tacitumus, silent ; tacit-umity, F.
taciturnity, L. ace. tacitumitdtem, silence;
also re-ticent.
Tacky a small nail, a fastening ; also to
fasten. (E.) M. E. takke, tak, a fastening ;
takken^ to £uten together. Of £. or Low
G. origin ; cf. £. Fries. Dan. takke, a tine,
pointed thing ; Low G. takk (the same) ;
G. zacke, a tooth, tine, prong, twig. Allied
to E. Fries, tak, * a twig, bough ; * the same
as Du. takf a twig. [The Irish taca, pin,
peg, nail, fastening, Gael, tacaid, tack,
peg, are from £.] Cf. Norman dial, taque,
a nail. p. Hence a tack or rope fastening
a sail ; also the verb tack, to sew slightly,
attach, y. Perhaps a tack, in sailing,
refers to branching out in a given direc-
tion ; from Du. tcSken, to branch.
TaoUe, equipment , gear, tools. ( Scand .)
M. E, take/. — Swed. and M. Swed. tacke/,
tackle of a ship ; Dan. takkel, tackle,
whence takle, to rig. Cf. Du. takel, a
pulley, takelen, to rig. The suffix -el
denotes the agent ; tack'le is that which
takes or holds firmly ; cf. M. Du. taeckel,
' a rope to drawe a boate.* « Icel. taka, to
grasp, seize, &c., also to take ; cf. E. Fries.
taken, to grip. % The W. tad, a tool, is
borrowed from M. £. takel*
Taot. (L.) L. tactus, touch; hence,
delicacy. — L. tactus, pp. of tangere, to
touch. See Tangent.
TactiO0| the art of manoeuviing forces.
(Gk.) Gk. TaicTiK&, neut. pi., tactics. -•
Gk. raic7uc6s, adj., fit for arranging. — Gk.
ToucT^s, arranged, ordered ; verbal adj. of
r&aaHv (for *T6jc-y€w), to arrange, order.
Der. tactic-ian.
Tadpole. (£•) Lit. a toad which is
nearly all poll or head ; from its shape ;
see Poll. Formerly called a bullhead^
which was also the name of a small fish with
a large head.
Tafferel, Taffirail, upper part of the
stern of a ship. (Du.— L.) J>vi. ta/ereel,
a panel, a picture, a tablet or board. For
*tq/el-eel, dimin. of Du. ta/el, a table ; cf.
G. tafelei, boarded work, from G. tafel,
a table. *L. tabula, a table, plank, board.
Doublet, tableau. % The spelling taffrail
points to confusion with rail.
Taffeta, Taffety, a thin silk stuff. (F.
- Itol. - Pers.) F. taffetas, * taffata ; * Cot.
- Ital. taffeth, * taffeta ; ' Florio. - Pers. tsf-
tail, twisted, woven, taffeta. —Pers. tdfian,
to twist, spin, curl (Horn, § 372).
Tag, a point of metal at the end of a
lace, &c (Scand.) * An aglet or tag of
a poynt;' Baret (1580). — Swed. tagg, a
prickle, point, tooth ; Norw. tagge, a tooth,
cog. 4* Pomeran. tagg, a point, tack ; Low
G. takk, point, tooth. See Tack. Der.
tag-rfig, for tag and rag » every appendage
and shred.
Tail (i)) hairy appendage, appendage.
(E.) M. E. tayl. A.S. tagel^ tagl, a
tail. 4- Icel. tagl, Swed. tagel, hair of mane
or tail ; Goth, tagl, hair ; O. H. G. tagel,
a tail. * Cf. Irish dual, a plait, lock of
hair, Skt. dafd, a skirt. Brugm. i. §
783.
Tail (a)» the term applied to an estate
which is limited to ccrtam heirs. (F.— L.)
Better spelt taille ; see Todd's Johnson. —
F. taille, a cutting, shred ; the same word
as Tally (below\ And see Bntail.
tailor. (F.-L.) Properiy * a cutter,*
or cutter out. M. E. taylor.^O.V. tail'
leor, later taiileur, 'a cutter;' Cot — F.
tailler, to cut ; cf. F. taille, a slitting, an
incision.— Late L. t&lidre, to cut; cf. L.
t&lea, a thin rod, stick, slip ; an agricultural
term for a slip or layer.
Taint, sb. (F. — L.) F. teint, * a stain ; '
539
TAKE
TAMPER
Cot. * F. teinli pp. of teindrt, to tinge. —
L. tingerif to dye. See Tinge.
Take. (Scand.) M. £. taken, pt. t. tok,
pp. taken. •• Icel. taka^ pt. t. tdk, pp.
tekinn, to lay hold of, seize, grasp, take ;
Swed. tagat O. Swed. taka, Dan. tojge. *f
Goth, tikan, to touch.
Talo. ft mineral. (F. — Span. — Arab.) F.
/a/f.«iSpan. /a/r^. ■- Arab, tal^f talc, mica.
Ta16| a number, a narrative. (E.) M. E.
tale, A. S. /<?/, a number, ta/u^ a narra-
tive. 4" Da> f^f speech ; Icel. tal, speech,
taia, number ; Dan. taiet speech, Swed.
tat, number, speech, G. zah/, number.
Der. tal-kf tell.
Talent. (F.-L.-Gk.) The sense of
' ability ' is from the parable ; Matt. xxv.
F. talent, * a talent in money ; also will,
desire;* Cot.— L. talentum,^G)s„ raXw-
rovy a balance, weight, sum of money,
talent. Named from being lifted and
weighed; cf. Skt. tul, L. tollere, to lift,
Gk. r^-at, sustaining. (^TEL.) Allied
to Tolerate. Der. talent-eel, in use before
A. D. 1640.
Taliemaa, a spell. (Span.— Arab.—
Gk.) Span, talisman, a magical character.
— Arab, tilsamdn, pi. of tilsam, tilism,
a talisman, magical image. — Late Gk.
riktfffM, mystery, initiation ; Gk. riK^fffui,
a pavment ; TtKtafji6s, an accomplishment.
— Gk. T€\itiv, to accomplish, end. — Gk.
TiKos, end ; also initiation into a mystery.
Talk. (E.) E. Fries, talken, to talk ;
cf. talke, a short tale. The Low G.
taalke means (i) a jackdaw, (2) a talka-
tive woman. Extended (like ivaf-k, q. v.)
from A. S. tal-, as in talu, a tale, talian,
to account, with suffix -k', which seems to
give a frequentative force. Cf. Icel. Swed.
tala, Dan. tale, to talk. See Tale and Tell.
Tall, high in stature, lofty. (Cf) [We
find M. £. /a/, which meant seemly, also
obedient, obsequious, valiant; allied to
A. S. tal, appearing in llof-tcel, friendly.
So also Goth, un-tals, indocile, unin-
structed, from which we infer tals, docile.
Note also A. S. ge-tal, quick, prompt ;
O. H. G. gi'Zal, quick.] But mod. E. tall
seems to be quite distinct, and of Celtic
origin. Cf. W. tal, high. Corn, tal, high ;
Corn, tal cam, the high rock ; W. taldra,
tallness, loftiness.
Tallow. (E.) M. E. talgh, E. Fries.
talg, tallig,^M.'Dn, talgh, talch, tallow;
Du. talk, Low G. talg\ Dan. Swed. taig\
Icel. tolgr. So also G. talg, tallow (bor-
rowed from Low G.) ; cf. O. Merc, talg,
a dye.
Tally, a stick notched so as to match
another stick; an exact match. (F. — L.)
M. E. tat lie, a tally ; for keeping accounts.
— F. taille, a notch, cut, incision, cutting ;
also a tally, or score kep(t on a piece of
stick by notches. — F. tailler, to cut. — Late
L. tdlidre, to cut ; cf L. t&lea^ a slip of
woo4« % The final -y in tall-y is due
to the frequent use of F. tailU, pp., to
signify * notched ' ; cf. lezhy,jur-y, pun-y,
where -y = F. -/.
Talnmd, the body of Hebrew laws, witli
comments. (Chaldee.) Chaldee talmftd,
instruction, doctrine ; cf. Heb. talmid, a
scholar, from Idrnad, to learn, limmad, to
teach.
Talon. (F.— L.) Particularly used of
a hawVs hind claw and toe. — F. talon, a
heel. — Late L. tdlcnem, ace. oitdlo, heel.
— L. tdlus, heel.
Tamaildua, an ant-eater. (Brazil. <
From Guarani tambndud, an ant-eater
(where d is nasal) ; see Granada, Vocab.
Rioplatense.
Taniarind. (F.— Span. — Arab, and
Pers.) M.F. tamarind. — Span, tamarindo.
— Arab, tamr, a ripe date ; Hind. India.
Lit. * Indian date.' p. The Arab, tamr is
allied to Heb. tdmdr, a palm-tree. Hind
is borrowed from Pers. (which turns j into
h), and is derived from Skt. sindhu-, the
river Indus. See Indigo.
Tamarisk, a tree. (L.) L. tamariscits.
also tamarix, tamartci; of foreigTi origin.
Cf. Gk. fJiVfuKij, a tamarisk.
Tambour, a small drum-like frame, for
embroidering. (F. — Span. - Arab.) F.
tambour, a tambour, also a drum; see
Tabour.
tambourine. (F.- Span. -Arab.) F.
tambourin, a tabour, dimin. of F. tambour,
a tabour or drum ; see Tabour.
Tame, adj. (E.) M. E. tame, A. S.
tarn, tame; whence temian, to tame.-f
Du. tam, Icel. tamr, Swed. Dan. tam, G.
saAm, Allied to L. domdre. Skt. dam,
Gk. 8a/tti€«v, W. doji, to tame. (^DAM.)
See Daunt.
Tammy, Tamine ; the same as
Stamin.
Tamper, to meddle, interfere with. (F.
— L.) The same word as temper, used
actively, but in a bad sense ; *■ to influence
in a bad way.* Godefroy gives tramper as
another form of temprer ; and tempreure,
540
TAMPION
TAP
tampreure, moderation, manner of operat-
ing« temper of a weapon. See Temper.
Tampion, a kind of plug. (F. — Tent.)
F. tampon^ buig, stopple ; nasalised form
of F. tapon, the same, augment, of O. F.
tampe^ tape, a bung. Cf. F. taper, tapper,
to stop with a bung (a Pioard word).—
Du. tap, a bung, tap ; Low G. tappe, the
same. See Tap (a).
Tan. (F.-G.) From F. tan, 'the
bark of a yomig oak, wherewith leather is
tanned;' Cot. (Bret, tann, an oak, also
tan.)*>G. tanne, fir-tree.+Du. den, a fir-
.tree ; M. Du. dan, as in * alnes, eyn dan,'
Mone, Quellen, p. 30a. Der. tan^ vb.,
&c. ; tan-ling, Cymb. iv. 4. 39.
Tandem. (L.) L. tandem, at length ;
applied to two horses harnessed at length.
A University joke.
Tang (1), a strong taste. (Du.) Cf.
M. Du. tanger, sharp, biting to the taste ;
lit. pinching. — Du. tttng, a pair of pincers ;
see Tongs. Cf. O. H. G. zangar, sharp
to the taste; A. S. ge-tingan, to press
hard upon (pt. t. getang).
Tang (a), to make a shrill sound. (E.)
To tang is to ring out ; an imitative word ;
allied to tinker, tingle, twang.
Tang (3), tongue of a buckle, the part
of a knii'e which goes into the haft. (Scand. )
Icel. tangiy tang of a knife, which is nipped
by the handle; Norw. tange, tang of a
knife, tongue of land ; allied to tong,
tongs ; see Tang (i). Tongs.
Tang (4), seaweed ; see Tangle.
Tangent. (L.) From L. tangent',
touching, stem of pres. pt. of tangere (base
tag), to touch; pp. tactus, -f Gk. base
roTf; as in rtra'yiiv, taking.
tangible. (F.-L.) F.tangidle.^h,
tangibuis, touchable. — L. tangere^ to
touch.
Tangle, to knot confusedly. (Scand.)
Spelt tangell in Palsgrave. To tangle is
' to keep twisting together like seaweed ' ;
a frequentative verb from North £. tang,
sea-weed. — Dan. tang, Swed. t^ng, Icel.
Pangy kelp or bladder- wrack, a sea-weed
(whence the idea of confused heap) ; cf.
Icel. JHtngull, sea-weed, Norw. tongul^ a
tangle-stalk. So also prov. £. tan^e, sea-
we^ ; Norman F. tangtm<, a kind of sea-
weed {Fuais flagelltfonnis, M^tivier).
Der. en-tangle, ^\^ F. prefix en- (<L.i«).
Tanietf a presumptive heir to a prince.
(Irish.") Irish tanaiste, apparent heir. —
Irish tanaise, second in rank (Kh^s).
Tank, a pool. (Port. - L.) Port, tanque,
cognate with Span, estanque, O. F. estang,
a stank, pool. — L. stagnum, a pool. See
Stank. % Anglo-Indian ; see Yule.
Tankard. (F.) O. F. tanquard, a
tankard (Rabelais) ; M. Du. tanckaert, 'a
wodden [wooden] tankard,' Hexham (from
F.). Prob. from Swed. st&nka, a wooden
tankard ; with F. augment, suffix -ard,
Swed. st&nka is a dimin. of stdnna, st&nda,
a vat (Rietz) ; note the aa in Norw.
/oaff^ar, a tankard. Cf. Tudor ^.standard,
a tankard, standing-bowl (Greene).
Tansyi a plant. (F. — Low L — Gk.)
M. £. tansaye^ tans^. — O. F. tanasie,
tanaisie ; earlier form athanasie, atanasie,
(Cf. M. Ital. atanasia, Port, atanasia,
tansy.) ■* Late L. *athanasia, merely the
Latinised form of Gk. d9avaala, immor-
tality. Cf. M. Ital. atanato (lit. immortal),
the rose-campion ; Florio. Prob. from its
supposed virtue, and its use in medicine.
» Gk. iBayaros, immortal. «• Gk. d-, not ;
$av-€iv, 2 aor. of 9vii<rK^iv, to die.
Tantalise. (Gk.) Formed with F.
suffix -iser (< L. -tzdre < Gk. -ifwv), from
Gk. T(&i'raA-os, Tantalus, in allusion to his
story. The fable was that he was placed
up to his chin in water, which fled from
his lips whenever he desired to drink.
Allied to ravrdKiiuv, rayTaXct/cif, to oscil-
late, sway like a balance ; intensive form
from ToX-y as in rdXoyroi^, a balance. See
Talent.
Tantamonnt. (F.-L.) First used as
a verb, with the sense ' to amount to as
much.'->F. tantf so much, as much, from
L. tantum, neut. of tantus, so great ; and
£. amount (of F. origin) ; see Amoont.
Tap (i), to knock gently. (F.— Teut.)
F. taffr, M. F. tapper, ' to tap. hit ; ' Cot.
^how G. tappen, to grope, fumble, tappe,
a paw ; £. Fries, tappen^ to grope, tap,
a light blow ; Icel. tapsa, to tap. Prob.
of imitative origin ; cf. Russ. topate, to
stamp with the foot, Arab, tabl, a drum ;
£. dub-a-dub. % Perhaps a native word ;
M. £. tappen occurs rather early.
Tap (2), a short pipe to draw liquor from
a cask, a plug. (£.) M. £. tappe, A. S.
lappa, (Toller) ; we also find A. S. tap-
pere, one who taps casks. ^ Du. tap, Icel.
tappi^ Don. tap, a tap ; Swed. tapp, a tap,
handful, wisp, G. ssapfen, a tap. p. The
orig. idea was prob. a tuft or wisp of some-
thing, to stop a hole with ; cf. Swed. tapp
(above) , halm- tapp, a wisp of straw. Der.
541
TAPE
TARPAULING
ttf^-rooi, tap-sieTf A. S. tappesire^ a fem.
form of tctppere (above) ; tampion^ q. v.
Tap«. (L.-Gk.) M. £. tape, also
tappt, A. S. tappe^ a tape, a fillet ; closely
allied to A. S. tappet ^ tapped^ a tippet, a
carpet. The A. S. pi. tappan prol>ably
meant strips of stuff or cloth. Borrowed
from L. tapite^ cloth ; see Tapestry.
Taper (0) ^ small wax candle. (£.)
M. £. taper, A. S. tapor^ taper, Cf. Irish
tapar^ a taper, W. tampr, a taper, torch.
taper (a), long and slender. (E.)
Taper means taper-like^ shaped like the
tapers used in churches, which were some-
times thinner at the top. Holland has :
' taper-wise, sharp-pointed in the top ; ' tr.
of Pliny, xvl. 1 6. See above. fTheA.S.
taper-ax, a kind of ax, is nnallied; cf.
Knss. topor\ Pers. tahar^ an ax.
TapMtrj. (F.-L.-Gk.) A corrup-
tion of the old form tapisserie. « F. tapis-
serie, tapestry. •« F. tapisser^ to furnish
with tap«8tnr. * F. tapis, tapestry, hang-
ings ; Late L. tapecius. — L. tapite, cloth,
hangings. »Gk. rcatqr; stem of ram;;, a
carpet, woollen rug. CC Pers. tabastah,
a fringed carpet ; tddidan, to spin, tdftah,
taffeta ; see Taffeta.
Tapiooa. (Brazilian.) Brazilian /<i/2V;>&a,
the poisonous juice which issues from the
root of the cassava when pressed (Littr^) ;
hence tapioca, which is also prepared from
the root of the cassava. The Tupi or
Brazilian tipi-dca means 'dregs squeezed
out* ; from tipi, residue, dregs, and the
verbal root og, ok, to take by force, pull,
pluck off, hence to squeeze (Cavalcanti).
Tapir, a quadruped. (Brazilian.) Tupi
or Brazilian tapyra, taplra, a tapir.
Tar. (E.) M.E. terre, A.S. teoru,
teru, tar ; cf. also tyrwa. 4- Du. teer, Icel.
tjara, Dan. tiare, Swed. tjdra, B. Cf.
Icel. tyri, tyrvi, resinous wood ; allied to
Lithuan. darwa, derwa, resinous wood,
particularly the parts of the fir-tree that
readily burn ; also to Russ. drevo, a tree,
derevo, wood, timber, W. derw, an oak-
tree, and E. tree, Orig. sense * wood,* esp.
resinous wood for fuel ; hence resin from
such wood. Allied to Tree.
Tar (a)> a sailor ; see Tarpauling.
Tarantella. (Ital.) A dance so called
(also a tarantula); so named from Ital.
Taranto, Tarento, a town in S. Italy.
TaraxaoiUU, the dandelion. (Arab.)
From Arab, tarasacon, explained as a
kind of succory, Pers. tarkhaskqiln, wild
endive ; IjoXiniwtdtAtaraxaetm, in Avicenna.
(Devic ; supp. to Littr^.)
Tardy. (F.-L.) V.tardif,Uxdy, (Cf.
Ital. tardive, tardy.) From L. tard-us,
slow ; with suffix 'tuus.
Tare (0» <l plant. (E.) M. £. tare,
darnel (Matt. xiii. 25). Not in A. S. ; bnt
the sense is peculiar to English, as the
mod. E. tare is short for tare-vetch, i.e.
darnel-vetch. + M. Du. terwe, Dn. tarwe,
Low G. tarve, wheat ; Lith. dirwa, corn-
field ; Skt. diirva, a kind of grass.
Taife (2), an allowance. (F.^Span.—
Arab.) F. tare, loss, waste in merchandise.
•-Span, tara, tare, allowance in weight.
Lit. * what is thrown away.' i- Arab, tarka,
what is thrown away, detriment (Devic) ;
tirh, turrah, thrown away, -i Axab. root
taraha, he threw prostrate, threw down.
Target, a small shield, &c. (F. —
Scand. ; with F. suffix.) Formerly also
tergat ; the -et is the F. dimin. suffix. —
O. F. targuete (Godefroy), a small shield ;
dimin. of O. F. targtu (as in Cot), F.
targe, <^ Icel. targa, a target, small shield ;
A. S. targe; O. H. G. zarga, a frame, side
of a vessel, wall, G. sa/ge, frame, case,
edge, border. % Distinct from Arab, tldr-
kat, darakat, a shield, whence Port, and
Sran. adarga, a small square target.
Targnnii a Chaldee paraphrase of the
Old Testament. (Chaldee.) Chaldee /or-
giim, an interpretation. «Chal. targim, to
interpret. Cf. Arab, tarjum&n, an inter-
preter ; see Dragomaa.
Tariif. (F.- Span. -Arab.) F. taHj.
M. F. tumffe, a casting of accounts. « Span.
tarifa, a list of prices, book of rates. •-
Arab, tarif, giving information, notifica-
tion (because a tariff gives notice). i-Anb.
*irf, knowing, knowledge. — Arab, root
*arafa, he knew.
Tarn, a pool. (Scand.) M. E. teme,'^
Icel. tjom (gen. tjamar), a tarn, pool:
Swed. dial, tjdrn, tarn, Norw. tj$m, a pool
without an outlet.
Tamieli. (F.-O.H.G.)^ F.temtss-,
stem of pres. pt. of se temtr, to become
dim, lose lustre (Cot.).-M. H. G. temen,
O.H.G. tamen, to obscure, darken; from
O. H. G. tami, secret (whence F. term.
dim). + A. S. dernan, dyman, to hide,
from deme, dyme, adj., secret ; cf. O. Sax.
demi, hidden, secret.
Tarpauling, a cover of tarred canvas.
(E. and L.) It means tarred pauHng or
tarred palling', a palling is a covering,
,'>4^
TARRAGON
TATTER
from the verb /a//, to cover. This verb is
from pall, tb., a cover ; see Pall. Per.
tarpaulin, an old name for a sailor
(Smollett)y now abbreviated to tar.
Tarragon, a plant. (Span. — Arab. —
Gk.) Span, taragena (Diez) ; ttsnally tara-
gantia (cf. M. F. targon, tragon),''ArsLh.
tarkhun, dragon-wort. *^ Gk. ipdtcoay, a
dragon. See Devic, s. v. tstragon) and
see Dragon.
Tarre« to incite, set on. (E.) In Shak.
Hamlet, ii. a. 570. M. £. terren, terien,
tarien, to irritate, provoke. -* A. S. tergan
(rare), tirgan, to vex, provoke ; N. Fries.
tarre, terre, to set on a dog. See tarry.
taxrjT* (^) The present form is due
to M.L. tarien, terien, to irritate, pro-
voke, worry, vex ; hence to hinder, delay.
^This is the true source of the word, though
Its meaning may have been affected and
fixed by the O. F. larger i to delay, from
Late L. *tardicHre^ to delay, from L. tardus,
slow; see Tardy.] -i A. S. tergan, usually
tirgan, to vex, provoke. + Dn. iergen.
Low G. targen, tarren, to provoke ; prov.
G. zereen, to provoke.
Taxx (i), acrid, sharp, severe. (E.)
A. S. teart, tart, severe. Perhaps lit. tear-
ing, i. e. bitter. — A.S. *tar {tar), and
grade of teran, to tear. See Tear (i).
Tart (a), a small pie. (F.-L.) M.E.
tarte. - O. F. tarte, • a tart ; ' Cot. It
seems to be a perverted form of O.F. tarter
F. tcurte, a tart, Ital. tartera, tarta, a pie
or tart. Span, torta, a round cake. — L.
4orta, fern, of tortus, pp. of torquire, to
twist. Perhaps confused with L. tracta, a
long piece of dough.
Tartan, a woollen stuff. (F.— Span.)
F. tiretaine, * linsie - wolsie, or a kind
therof, worn ordinarily by the French
peasants;' Cot. — Span. Hritafla-, a thin
woollen stufT; so named from its flimsiness ;
cf. Port, tiritana, a light silk. » Span, and
Port, tiritar, to shiver, shake with cold.
Perha])s of imitative origin.
Tartar (i), an acid salt in casks, a
concretion on the teeth. (F. — Late L.—
Arab.) A term due to the alchemists;
called sal tartre, or tartre, in Chaucer. —
F. tartre, * tartar,* Cot. ; Late L. tartarum
(by concision with Tartarus), •» Arab.
durd, dregs, sediment, tartar of wine;
durdty, dregs. Cf. Arab, darad, a shed-
ding of teeth ; which Devic connects with
tartar on the teeth.
•''2\ a native of Tartary. (Tatar.';
A perverse spelling of Tatar, owing to a
popular etymology which regarded Tatars
as let loose out of Tartarus or hell (see
below^. From Tatar, a Tatar or inhabi-
tant of Tatary (as it should be spelt).
Tartar (3), Tartarus, hell. (L. - Gk. )
* The gates of Tartar";" Tw. Nt. ii. 5. 225,
«-L. Tartarus, ^OV, Tdfn-apos, Tartarus,
the infernal regions; conceived to be a
place of extreme cold ; cf. Gk. rapTapl{tiv,
to shiver with cold.
Task, sb. (F.-L.) Lit. a tax. M.E.
tasAe. — O. North F. tasque. Norm. dial.
tasque, a tax, O. F. tasche, a task (mod.
F. tSUhe),^\j8X<t L. tasca^ a tax, another
form of Late L. taxa, a tax. i* L. taxare,
to tax. See Tax.
Tassel (i), a bunch of silk, &c., as an
ornament. (F. — L.) M. E. tassel. -O.F.
tassel, foi ornament, fringe; also a piece
of square stuff (cf: Ital. tassello, a square,
a collar of a cloak). —L. taxillum^ ace. of
taxillus, a small die ; dimin. of talus, a
knuckle -bone, a die made of knuckle-
bone. Talus « *tax'lus, as shewn by the
dimin. taxillus ^ and means a bone cut or
squared ; cf. Skt taksh, to hew, prepare,
miake. % The application to a tassel is
curious ; a woodcut at p. 27 a of Gnillim*s
Display of Heraldry (1660) shews a tassel
ornamented with strings and dots; these
strings divide it into squares, each of
which (having a dot in the middle) re-
sembles an ace ana die. It was confused
with L. tessella ^ee Teaaelated) ; cf.
< Tessera, tasol ; ' O. E. Texts.
Tassel (a^ ; the same as Tercel.
Taste. (F.-L.) Orig. to handle, feel,
the usual sense of M. £. fasten. * O. F.
taster, to handle, feel, taste. Cf. Late L.
taxtaj O.F» taste, a probe for wounds.; so
that O. F. taster answers to a Late L.
*taxitdre, iterative form of taxAre, to feel,
handle (Gellius). Again tax&re {<*tag'-
sdre) is an intensive form of L. tangere.,
to touch. See Tangent.
Tatf to. make trimming. (Scand.)
North E. tat, to entangle. —M. Swed. tatie,
Dan. dial, tat, Norw. taatt, a thread, strand
of a rope, whence Norw. tatta, to inter-
weave. Cf. lix\,pdttr, Swed. t&t, a strand,
filament ; Dan. tot; G. docAt,.& wick.
Tatter, a shred. (Scand.) Also spelt
totter, — Icel. toturr;. pi. totrar, tottrar,
rags, tatters; Norw. totror, tottrur, also
ialtrar, pi., rags, tatters. ^ Low Ct. taitern^
rags, taltrig, ragged ; E. Fries, talte. a rag,
.S4.^
TATTLE
talirigy ragged. Thus iaiter stands for
falter, witn loss of /; cf. Low G. /a//V,
tadiier, a rag (Danneil); perhaps also
A. S. ialtec, a rag. I suppose the orig.
sense was 'that which flaps or flutters
about/ and that it is closely allied to
tot/erj a.v.
Tattl6» vb. (£.) l/l,Y,.tatelen,totelen,
tatereHy to tattle, prattle. We also Bad
M. E. titeretty to tattle, whence mod. £.
tittle, in the phrase tittle-tattle. Tattle and
tittle are frequentative formSi from a base
TAT or Til , expressive of the iteration
of the syllables /«, ta^ ta, or /i, tiy ti, to
indicate constant prattling. So also Du.
tateren, to stammer, £. taratantara, the
sound of a trumpet, Low G. tateln^ to
tattle, titetatelny to tittle-tattle, taat-goQs,
a gabbling goose, a chatterer ; Ital. tatta-
fnella^ chat, prattle. Der. tittle, weakened
form oi tattle J as above ; whence tittletattle.
Tattoo (i)) the beat of a drum recalling
soldiers to their quarters. (Du. or Low G.)
Formerly taptoo (Phillips) ; used as early
as A. D. 1663. — Du. taptoe^ tattoo. • Du.
tap, a tap ; toe, to, i.e. shut, closed. Due
to the phrase appearing in Low G. tappen
to slaan, lit. ^ to strike a tap to,* a prover-
bial phrase (like £. shut up) signifying to
close, conclude ; esp. used of closing the
taps of the public-houses, at the sound of
the drum. So also G. zapfinstreich, the
tattoo, is lit. 'tap-stroke; and Low G.
tappenslag, the tattoo, is its equivalent.
p. The Du. tap is cognate with £. tap ;
and Du. toe with £. to, prep. See Tap
and To.
Tattoo ( 2)> to mark the skin withfigtues,
by pricking in colouring matter. (Tahitian.)
See Cook's First Voyage, b. i. c. 17, b. iii.
c. 9. — Tahitian taiau, tattoo-marks ; de-
rived from ta, a mark (Littr^). The
Maori ta means to tattoo, to mark.
Taunt, vb. (F.-L.) Hardly from O.F.
tanter (see Littre), occasional form - of
tenter, *to tempt, prove, essay, suggest,
provoke, or move unto evill ; ' Cot. — L.
tentdre, to try, prove, attack, assail, &c. ;
see Tempt, p. Rather from the M.F.
phrase tant pour tant, * one for another,'
Cot. ; cf. tit /or tat. -O. F. taunt, tant, so
much.^L. tantumj neut., so much.
Tanms. (L.) L. taurus, a buU.-^Gk.
ravpov. Allied to Steer (i).
Taut, tight, firm. (E.) M. £. to^,
toght. Lit. 'pulled tight;* pp. of M.E.
togen, to tow, pull. S^ Tow.
TEA
Tautology. (F.-Gk.) \..tautologia,
wGk. TavroA!o7ia, a repetition of what has
been said already.— Gk. ravroKorfos, re-
peating what has been said. — Gk. rovro,
short for rd a&ro or rd ohrdv, the same
thing; -A070S, speaking, from Kk^iv^ to
spei£.
Tavem. (F. - L.) F. taveme. - L.
tabema, a hut, orig. a hut of boards ; a
tavern. Perhaps allied to L. tabula^ a
plank, board ; see Table.
Taw, a game at marbles. (Gk.) Orig.
the mark from which the marbles were
shot, and marked (originally) with a T,
to denote an exact spot. From Gk.
rav, among schoolboys ; a letter-name of
Semitic origin. Cf. Tee.
TaWf Tew. to prepare skins, curry;
also to toil. (£.) M. £. tawen, iewan.
A. S. taivian, to prepare, dress, get ready ;
also, to scourge. Cf. A.S, getawa, imple-
ments. ^ Du. touwen, to curry leather ;
O. H. G. zouwen, to make, prepare ; Goth.
tauf'an, to do, cause. See Tool.
Tawdzy, showy, gaudy. (£.) Formerly
used in the phrase tawdry lace^ which meant
lace bought at St, Awdry^s fair, held in the
Isle of ^y (and elsewhere) on St. Awdry's
day, Oct. 17. Tawdry is a familiar con-
traction of St, Awdry, p. Again, Avfdry
is a popular form of Etheldrida, the
Latinised form of the A.S. female name
^Pelpryd, It means < noble strength*;
from A.S. cedel or apei, noble, and^i^ or
PryCu, strength. Cf. lixL/rudr, the name
of a goddess ; and the suffix in Ger-^rude^
a name of O. H. G. origin.
Tawny. (F.— G.) For tanny\ spelt
tenny in heraldry. < Tanny colowre, or
tawny ; ' Prompt. Parv. — F. tanni, tawny ;
lit. tanned ; pp. of tanner, to tan. — F. tan,
sb^ tan. — G. tanne, a fir-tree. See Tan.
TaaK,sb. (F.— L.) M,E.taxe.'-F,taxe.
— F, taxer, to tax.— L. taxdre, to handle,
value, appraise, tax. For *tag-sdre ; from
tag-, base of tangere, to touch. Doublet,
task,
Tazidenny, the art of stuffing the
skins of animaS. (Gk.) From Gk. ra^<-s,
order (see Tactics) ; i4pfi-o., a skin, from
b4p-€tv, to flay, cognate with Tear (i).
Tea. (Chinese.) Spelt tee in Pepys'
Diary, Sept. a8, 1600; cAa in Blount
(1674). From the Amoy pronunciation
(/f) of the Chinese name for the plant,
which is (in other parts of the empire)
called cA*a or ts*a ; Williams, Chin. Diet.
544
TEACH
TEETOTALLER
p. 5 ; Douglas, Chin. Diet, of the Amoy
vernacular, p. 481. Hence Ital. cihy tea;
F. thdy G. thee, Malay tih, tea.
Teacll. (£.) M. £. t^hen, A. S. tacan,
to shew how to do, shew, pt. t. iahte^ pp.
iaht. Formed (with change of a to ^
before/, as in Teut. ^tcUkjan-), from tdc-
(Teut. *taii'), base of idc-en, a token.
Allied to Gk. 9uK-pvfu, I shew. See
Token.
TeaJky a tree. (Malayalam.) Malayalam
tekka, the teak-tree ; Tamil tekkUy the same
(H. H. Wilson).
Teal, a bird. (E.) M.£. teie (13th
cent.); not in A. S. + Da. taling^ older
form tailing (Sewel), M. Du. tedingh^ a
teal (Kilian) . The A.S. form would be *tale,
Teaniy a family, set, animals harnessed
in a row. (£.) M. £. tetn^ teem, A. S.
teanty a family, offspring. 4- Du. toonit a rein
(from the notion of drawing or guiding) ;
Low G. tooMy offspring, also a rein; Icel.
taumr, a rein ; Dan. tomme, Swed. tomj a
rein; G. zaum, a bridle. Teut. type
*tau-moz, for *ta$tg-tnoz (Noreen), from
teuihy 2nd grade of ^teuh^an-^ to draw.
See Tow (i). (V^EUK.) Der. teem.
Tear (i), to rend. (£.) M. E. teren,
A. S. teratiy pt. t. tar, pp. toren,'^Go\.\i.
ga-tairoHy to break, destroy ; Lith. dir-tiy
to flay, Gk. Bip-tiv, to flay ; Russ. dra-te,
to tear ; Pers. dartdan, to tear ; cf. W.
dartty a fragment ; Zend ddry to cut ; Skt.
ddrayay to tear. Teut. type ^teran-y pt. t.
*tar ; pp. *turamz, ( ^DER.) Cf. also
G. zehren (weak verb). Brugm. i. § 594.
Tear (3), a drop of fluid from the eye.
(£.) M. E. tere. A. S. teary toTy also
teagof ; O. Northumb. taker, ^ Icel.
tdry Dan. taar^ taare, Swed. thr, Goth.
tagTy O. H. G. zahar (pi. zaheriy whence
mod. G. zdAre), Cf. O. Lat. dacrumay L.
lacrimay Gk. ^&KpVy Scurpvfia, W. dagry a
tear, O. Irish dir. Brugm. i. % 178. Per.
train-oil.
Tease, to card wool, to vex, plague.
(E.) M. £. tisen, A.S. tasan, to pluck,
puU.^M. Du. teeseny to pluck wool ; Swed.
dial, tesa, Dan. tase. Bavarian zaisen
(Schmeller), O. H. G. zeisan. All from
Teut. base *teis.
teasel, a plant. (E.) M. E. tisel.
A. S. tasly tSsely lit. ' teaser,* from its use
in teasing wool. —A. S. tSsany to tease. -f
O. H. G. zeisalay teasel ; from zeisan, to
tease.
Teat, nipple of the female breast. (F.
-Low G.) M. E. tetey tette. - O. F. tete,
tette-y F. tette, ^Ia^n G. title , M. Du.
titte.^A. S. tit (pi. tittas), whence E. tit,
a teat ; G. zitze, Cf. also W. didiy did,
a teat. (As if from an Idg. base DI.)
^ Distinct from Gk. rlrOrfy rirOSsy a teat,
which appears to be allied to Skt. dAiy to
suck, Goth, daddjan^ to suckle.
Teazle^ i. e. teasel ; see teasel.
Teclmical. (Gk.) Formed with suffix
-<j/ (=sL. '&lis) from Gk. t€x»'**<5s, belong-
ing to the arts.— Gk. rexvrjy art, allied to
riKTwVy a carpenter. Cf. Skt. takshany a
carpenter, from takshy to cut wood. Allied
to Text. -^
Techy, fretful ; see Tetchy.
Ted, to spread mown grass. - (Scand.)
Icel. tt^ay to spread manure, from /a9,
manure ; cf. ta^a, hay grown in a well-
manured field, todu-verky hay-making, lit.
* ted-work.' So also Norw. tedjay Swed.
dial, today to spread manure; from tady
manure. -4- Bavarian zetteuy O. H. G. zettany
to strew ; cf. G. ver-zettelny to scatter.
TedioiUI. (L.) L. tadiosus, irksome.
— L. /^^/»m, irksomeness.— L. tadety it
irks one. (We also use tedium, sb.)
Tee, & mark. (£.) From the use of a
T to denote an exact spot Cf. tee-totum ;
and see Taw.
Teem (0* ^ be prolific. (E.) M. E.
timeny to teem; tetny sb., progeny, off-
spring ; whence mod. E. team. See Team.
The M. E. temen answers to A. S. teman,
tymany older tieman, to teem. Teut. type
*taumjan-y from *taumozy a team.
Teem (3), to empty. (Scand.) Icel.
tamOy Dan. tomme, Swed. tomma, vb. ;
from the adj. loom ; see Toom.
Teen, vexation, grief. (E.) M. E. tene,
A. S. teona, accusation, vexation. — A. S.
tiony contracted form of *tthany to accuse.
+Goth. gateihany to tell, make known ; G.
zeihen, to accuse ; cf. L. dicarey to make
known. Allied to Diction. (VDEIK.)
% Teen means a making known, public
accusation, reproach, injury, vexation,
grief, harm.
Teetotaller, a total abstainer. (F. —
L. ; vfith E. frejix and suffix.) Tee-total
is an emphasised form of Total, q.v. I'he
word originated with R. Turner^ of Pres-
ton, who, at a temperance meetwg about
1833, asserted that nothing but te-te-total
will do; see the Staunch Teetotaller, ed.
by J. Livesey, of Preston, Jan. 1867.
(Haydn.) See below.
545
TEETOTUM
TENDER
Teetotnnif Totnm, a spinning toy.
(L.) Formerly /<?/«w (Ash, 1775, Phillips,
1706). So called from the side formerly
marked 7", which signified totUMy i. e. all
the stake, from L. totum, neut. of totus,
the whole ; see Total. Hence the name
Mum, .or T'totum\ which may have
suggested T-total,
Teg1I]II61it, a covering. (L.) L. tegu-
mentuniy a covering. — L. tegtrtt to cover.
-f-Gk. ariyuv, Skt. stkag, to cover. Cf.
O. Irish teckt W. t^, a house. Allied to
Thatch. (-/STEG.) Brugm. 1. § 632.
Teil-treef a linden tree. (F.— L. ; and
£.) O. F. ieilf a lime-tree ; also, the inner
bark of a lime-tree (mod. F. /t7i^).«L.
iilia, a lime-tree ; also, the inner bark of
a lime-tree.+Irish tet/e.
Telegraph. (Gk.) Modem. From
Gk. T^Ac, afar ; ypaupttv, to write. Der.
ielegram, coined to express 'telegraphic
message ' ; from yfidfAfta^ a written char-
acter.
telescope. (Gk.) From Gk. r^Xc,
afar ; ctcov-uvy to behold. See Scope.
Telli to count, narrate. (£.) A. S.
te/lan, pt. t. tea/de, pp. Uaid; a weak verb
(for *taI-jan),^A. S. ta/u, number, narra-
tive; see Tale.+Du. te/ien, Icel. tflj'a,
Dan. /a/It, Swed. fal/a, G. zdhUn\ all
from sbs. Teut. type ^taljan-,
TellnriOf belonging to earth. (L.) From
L. tellur-, stem of tellus, earth. Der.
telluri-um, a rare metal.
Temerity. (F.— L.) ^,¥,temeriti.^
L. ace. temeritdtem, rashness. » L. adv.
temere, rashly. The orig. sense of temere
was *in the dark*; cf. Skt. tanias, gloom.
Temper, vb. (L.) M. £. tempren,
A. S. temprian, to temper. —L. temperdre^
to apportion, regulate, qualify. Allied to
tempert, tempori, adv., seasonably, and to
/«i»/fix, time; see Temporal (i). Brugm.
ii. § 133.
tempest. (F.-L.) 0.¥./empest^(F,
temp^te)^ a storm ; answering to a Late L.
tempesta, fem. of Late L. tempestus, adj.,
used instead of L. tempestas, season, fit
time, weather, also bad weather, storm.
From L. tempus, time (above). Brugm. ii.
§5 102, 133.
Temple (i). a fane. (L.) A.S. tempi,
tempel. — L. templum, a temple. + Gk.
Tf fifvo9, a sacred enclosure, piece of ground
cut off ; allied to riftytiv, to cut. ( VTEM.)
Brunrm. ii. § 76. Der. templ-ar. Late L.
templdrius.
Temple (a)» flat portion of the side of
the head above the cheek-bone. (F. ~ L.)
M. E. tempKss pi. —O. F. temples, pi., the
temples (mod. F« tempes. Norm. dial.
temples), ^1^ tempora, pi., the temples.
Der. tempor-cUy adj., belonging to the
temples.
Temporal (i)) worldly, secular. (F.~
L.) \L E. temporal, — O. F. temporal,
temporel, adj.-iL. tempordlis, temporal.—
L. tempor-f for *tempoS', stem of tempus,
time.
Temporal (a), belonging to the tem-
ples ; see Temple (a).
Tempt. (F.— L.) O.F. tempter, later
tenter, to tempt, prove. — L. tempt are,
tentdre, to handle, try the strength of,
assail, tempt ; frequentative of tendere (pp.
ten/us), to stretch rBr6al). See Tend (i).
Ten. (£.) A. S. ^, tten, with mu-
tation; O. Merc. tlfn. The long vowel
appears in -teen, -^ Du. tien ; loel. tlu,
Dan. ti, Swed. tio ; Goth, taihun ; G.
zehn ; L. decem, Gk. Hiccl, Lilh. deszimtis,
Russ. desiate^ W. deg, Irish and Gael.
deich, Pers. dah, Skt. da^, Teut. type
*tek9n', Idg. t3ipe *dek9m, Brugm. ii.
$ 174. Der. ten-th; see Tithe.
Tenable, that can be held. (F.— L.)
F. tenable, *holdable,' Cot. - F. tenir, to
hold. -• L. tenire, to hold, keep ; orig. to
extend. + Skt. tan, to extend, stretch ; Gk.
T€f¥€tv (for *Tivy€tv), to stretch. Allied
to Thin.
tenaoions. (L.) Coined from L.
tendc-i', decl. stem of tenax, holding fast ;
with suffix -MiJ. — L. tenere (above).
tenacity. (F.-L.) yi,Y,tenaciti,^
L. tendcitdtem, ace of tenScitds, a holding
firm. — L. tendci' (above).
tenant. (F.— L.) F. tenant, holding,
pres. pt. of tenir, — L. tenire, to hold.
Der. lieu-tenant, q. v.
Tench, a fish. (F.— L.) 0,F, tenche
(F. tanche),^!^, tinea, a tench.
Tend (i)» to aim at, move towards, in-
cline, bend to. (F. - L.) F. tendre, - L.
tendere, to stretch, extend, direct, tender.
Allied to tenire, to hold ; see Tenable.
(V'TEN.) Brugm. ii. % 6^6 (3). T>w,
tend-enc-y, form^ by adding -y to the obs.
sb. tendence, coined from the stem of the
pres. part, oi tendere.
Tend (3), to take care of. (F.— L.) A
docked form of Attend.
Tender ( I ), soft, delicate. (F.— L.) F.
tendre.^L. tenerttm, ace. of tener, tender,
54^
TENDER
orig. thin ; allied to tenuis, thin. (^
TEN.') See Thin. Der. tender, vb., to
regarcl fondly, a word more or less con-
fused with tender (2) ; whence tender ^ sb.,
r^ard, care, K. Lear, i. 4. 230.
Tendor (2), to proffer, offer, shew. ^F.
— L.) F. tendre, * to tend, . . also to tenaer
or offer nnto ; ' Cot — L. tendere, to stretch
out. See Tend (i).
tender (3), a small vessel that attends
a larger, a coal-carriage attached to ^a
locomotive engine. (F. — L. ; with £.
suffix.) Short for cUtendery i. e. attendant
on ; see Tend (2) and Attend.
tendon. (F.— L.) F. /^nd^, ' a ten-
don, or taile of a muscle ; ' Cot. From
a Late L. form *tendo, gen. tendinis and
tendinis ; cf. Span, ten&n, Ital, tendine,
a tendon ; Port, tend&o. Lit. ' stretcher.*
— L. tendere, to stretch.
Tendril. (F.-L.) FromO. F. /w-
drillonSj pi. ' tendrells ; ' Cot. ; or from an
O. F. *tendrilley not recorded. We also
find O. F. tendron, * a tender fellow, also
a tendrell ; * Cot. '^ F. tendre, tender ; see
Tender (i).
TenenronSy TenelirionSy gloomy.
(F. — L.) M. F. tenebreux. — L. tenebrosus,
gloomy. — L. tenebra, pi., darkness. Allied
to Skt. tamisra-t darlmess, tamos, gloom.
Bmgm. i. § 413. (VTEM.) See Dim.
Tenement, a holding. (F.— L.) M.F.
tenement, ^LaXe L. tenementum, a fief.*
L. tenere, to hold.
tenet. (L.) L. tenet, he holds; 3rd ^rs.
sing. pres. of tenlre. (Cf. habitat, exit,)
Tennis. (F. — L.) M.E. ten^z (accented
on latter e) ; Gower, Balade to Henrv IV,
!• 395, also tenise, teneis, teneys; wnence
Late L. tenisia, teniludium, » A. F. tenetz,
F. tenez (< L. tenete), imp. pi. of tenire,
to hold ; perhaps used to mean ' take this,'
and ejaculated by the player in serving.
Tenny, a colour in heraldry. (F.— G.)
The same as tawny or tanny; see Tawny.
Tenon. (F.— L.) Y, tenon,* ^.tenou,
the end of a rafter put into a morteise ; '
Cot.. So called because it ^/<i:r/u/.-F.
tenir, to hold fast. — L. tenere, to hold.
tenor. (F. — L.) Formerly (better)
tenour, M. £. tenour, import « F. teneur,
import, content of a matter.— L. tendrem^
ace. of tenor, a holding on ; a course,
tenor of a law. — L. tenere, to hold. % The
sense of tenor hn music (Ital. tenpre) is due
to the notion of holding or continuing the
dominant note (Sc^eler).
TEPID
Tense (0, part of a verb, indicating
time of action. (F. — L.) M.E. temps.
Chancer, C. T. 16343. — F. temps, time
(also O. F. tens), — L. tempus, time, also
a tense.
Tense (2), tightly strained. (L.) L.
tensus, pp. of tendere, to stretch ; see
Tend (i). Der. tense-ness, with £. suffix. .
tension, the act of straining, a strain.
(F.~L.) F. tension, used in i6th cent.
— L. tensiSnem, ace. of tensio, a stretching.
•*L. tens-um, supine of tendere (above).
So also tens-or, a coined word.
tent (i), a pavilion. (F.-L.) F. ten/e.
—Late L. tenta, a tent; fem. of L. tenius,
pp. of tendere, to stretch, spread out
Tent (2), a roll of lint used to dilate a
wound. (F. — L.) M. E. tente, — F. tente ;
Cot. A verbal sb. from F. tenter < L.
tentdre, to try, prove, probe. Cf. Span.
tienta, a probe. See Tempt.
Tent (3), a wine. (Span.— L.) From
Span, vino tinto, a deep -coloured (lit.
tinted) wine.— L. tinctus, pp. of tingere,
to dye. See Tinge.
Tent (4)» heed, attention. (F.— L.) In
LowL Sc. tak tmt. Short for attent, i. e.
attention.
Tentacle, feeler of an insect (L.)
Coined from L. tentd-re, to feel; with
suffix -cu-tum ; see Tempt.
tentative. (L.) L. tentdtmus, adj.,
trying, tentative.— L. tent&re, to try; see
Tempt.
Tenter, a frame for stretching cloth.
(F. - L.) Properly tenture ; but a vb. tent
was coined, and from it a sb. tenter, which
supplanted M.E. tenture, ^M J? , tenture,
a stretching. — L. tentHra, a stretching. —
L. tentus, pp. of tendere, to stretch. See
Tend (i). Der. tenter-hook.
Tenth. (£.) M. £. tenfe, coined (by
analogy with seven-th, nin^th) from ten ;
the true E. word is tithe,
Tennity, thinness. (F. — L.) M. F.
tenuity, "-■ L. tenuitdtem, ace. of tenuitds,
thinness. — L. tenuis, thin ; lit. * stretched
out* Cognate with Thin. (^TEN.)
Tennre. (F.-L.) F. tenure. - Late
L. tenHra, a holding (of land). — L. tenere,
to hold. See Tenable.
Teooallif a temple. (Mexican.) From
teoti, a god ; and ca//i, a house.
Tepid. (L.) L. tepidus, warm. » L.
tepere, to be warm. 4* Skt. tap, to be
warm ; Russ. topite, to heat ; Irish tl, hot
(VTEP.)
547
TERAPHIM
TERROR
Teraphim, idols, honsehold gods.
(Heb.) Heb. ierdphim, s. pi., images
connected with magical rites.
TerOOf ^^^ same as Tieroe.
Tercel, Tassel, the male of any hawk.
(F.— L.) M. E. tercel; dimin. tercel-tt.
— O. F. tercel y tiercel \ whence the dimin.
tiercelet, *■ the tassell, or male of any kind
of hawke ; so tearmed because he is, com-
monly, a third part lesse then the female ; '
Cot. [Another alleged reason is, that
every third bird hatched was, in popular
opinion, sure to be a male. So also Ital.
terzoloy *■ a tassel gentle of a hauke ; '
Florio.] — O. F. tiers i tierce, third. ■• L. ter-
tins, third ; see Tierce.
Terebinth, turpentine-tree. (L.-Gk.)
L. tereSintkus. ^Gk, rtpifiivBos, the -tur-
pentine-tree ; earlier form ripfuvBos.
Ter£[iTersation, a subterfuge, fickle-
ness, {t . — L.) F. ter^versation, — L. tergi-
uersattanem^ ace. of tergiuers&tio^ a sub-
terfuge. «L. tergiuersatus, pp. of tergiuer-
sari, to turn one*s back, turn right round,
shuffle. — L. tergi', for tergum, the back;
uersdrTf to turn about, pass, of uersdre,
frequent, of uerter^, to turn ; see
Verse.
Term. (F. — L.) M. E. terme. - F.
terffie.'^h. terminum, ace. of terminus ,
boundary, limit, -f Gk. ripfia, limit ; Skt.
tdrayaj to cause to pass over. (-^TER.)
Termagant. (F.-ltal.-L.) M. E.
Termagant J Teruaganty a (supposed) Sara-
cen idol, hence a ranting character in old
moralities [plays], and Hnally a scolding
woman. *0.F. Tervagunt, Tervagan, a
(supposed) Saracen idol (Chanson de
Roland). -• Ital. Trivigante, the same
(Ariosto, xii. 59). Explained as Triva-
gantey the moon, wandering under the three
names of Selene (or Zuna) in heaven,
Artemis {Diand) in earth, Persephone
{Proserpina) in the lower world.— L. ter,
thrice ; uagant-, stem of pres. pt. ofuagdrt,
to wander. But perhaps Eastern.
Termination. (F. -L.) M,F. termina-
tion, — L. ace. termindtionem, a bounding,
ending. — L. termindtus, pp. of termindrey
to bound, end. — L. terminus, boundary.
See Term.
terminnSy end. (L.) L. terminus
(above).
Tern, a bird. (Scand.) Dan. teme,
tamey Swed. tdma, Icel. ]>emay a tern.
Cf. A. S. steamy a tern ; and Starling.
Ternary. (L.) L. temdriusy consisting
of three. — L. temT, pi., by threes.— L. ter,
three times ; tres, three ; see Three.
Terra COtta, a kind of hard pottery.
(Ital. — L.) Ital. terracottay baked earth . —
L. terra, earth (below) ; cocta, fem. oicoctusy
pp. of coquere, to cook ; see Cook.
terrace. (F.-Ital.— L.) M.F. terrcue,
terrasse, a terrace, platform, plat. — M. Ital.
terracciay terrazza, a terrace, long mound of
earth. — Ital. terrOy earth. — L. terray earth.
p. Terra=^*tersay i.e. dry ground; allied
to O. Irish tiry W. /«>, earth ; also to Gk.
T4p<T€<r0aiy to dry up. (VOTERS.) See
Torrid, Thirst. Brugm. i. § 706 (b).
terreen, tureen, a large bowl for
soup. (F. — L.) Both spellings are bad ;
terrine would be better. — F. terrine, an
earthen pan. — L. terr-a, earth ; with suffix
-tna, fem. of -tnus.
terrene, earthly. (L.) L. terrenus,
earthly. — L. terruy earth.
terrestrial. (L.) From L. terrestri-s,
earthly; with suffix -dlis, — L. terra,
earth ; with suffix -st-tr-.
Terrible. (F.-L.) F, terrible,^!.,
terribilisy causing terror. — L. terrire, to
frighten. See Terror.
Terrier (i), a kind of dog. (F.— L.)
M. E. terrere, a * burrow-dog,' one who
pursues rabbits, &c. at their holes.— F.
terrier, as in chien terrier, * a terrier ; '
Cot Cf. terrier, * the hole, berry, or earth
of a conny [rabbit] or fox ; also, a little
hillock ; ' Cot. — Late L. terrdrius, belong-
ing to earth. — L. terra, earth. See
Terrace.
terrier (2), a register of landed pro-
perty. (F. — L.) M. Y, papier terrier, a roll
of tenants' names, &c. — Late L. terrdrius,
as in terrdrius liber, a book wherein
landed property is described. — L. terray
land.
Terrific. (L.) L. terrificusy causing
terror. — L. terri-, for terrere y to frighten ;
'Jicus, causing, ixoxsi facere, to make.
Terrine ; see terreen.
Territory, domain. (F.-L.) F. ter-
ritoirey a territory. — L. territorium, a
domain, land round a town.— L. terray
land. Formed as if from a sb. with decl.
stem territori-, i. e. possessor of land.
Terror, dread. (F.— L.) Formerly also
terrour, — F. terreur, — L. terror em, ace.
of terror, dread. — L. terrerty to scare,
make afraid, orig. to tremble. Cf. Gk.
rpiiiv (for *rpiauv)y to tremble ; Skt. tras,
to tremble, be afraid; Lith. trisztti, to
548
TERSE
TEUTONIC
tremble, Russ. triasti^ to shiver. Allied to
Tremble. Brngm. ii. § 657.
TerSOi concise, neat. (L.) L. tersus^
wiped off, clean, neat, pure, nice, terse;
pp. of tergerCf to wipe, wipe dry, polish a
stone.4-Gk. rpificiv, to rab.
Tertian, recurring every third day. (F.
— L.) M. F. tertiane^ a tertian ague. — L.
terti&na^ fern, of tertianus^ tertian. *L.
teriius, third. — L. ier^ thrice, treSy three.
SeeTri-.
tertiAry. (L.) L. /^//^rtW, contain-
ing a third part ; used to mean belonging
to the third. — L. tertius, third (above).
Tesselated. (L.) . L. tesselldtus,
checkered, furnished with small square
stones (as a pavement). — L. /^jj«/^(,a small
square piece of stone, little cube; dimin.
of tessera^ a die (to play with), small
cube.
Test, a pot in which metals are tried, a
trial, proof. (F. — L.) M. E. test^ a pot or
vessel used in alchemy. —O. F. test (F. ///),
a test, in chemistry. — L: testuniy an earthen
vessel. Closely allied to O. F. teste (F.
tHi)y a pot-sherd, a skull, answering to
Late L. testa, a vessel used in alchemy.
So also Ital. testo^ a test, melting-pot,
from L. testum ; testa, an earthen pot, pot-
sherd, skull, head, burnt tile or brick, from
L. testa, a piece of baked earthenware,
potsherd, shell, skull. Perhaps testa^
*terstay i.e. dried, baked, allied to terra
{^*tersa), dry ground; from VTERS,
to dry. See Terrace.
testaceolUi, having a hard shell. (L.)
L. testOce-us, having a shell; with suffix
'Ous.'^h. testa, tiley shell, &c.
Testament. (F.-L.) F, testament, sl
will. — L. testdmentum, a will. — L. testd-ri,
to be a witness. — L. testis, a witness. Der.
in-testate, i. e. without a will ; testa-tor,
one who makes a will, fem. testa- trix.
Tester, a sixpence ; flat canopy over a
bed or pulpit. (F.— L.) Mod. E. (slang)
tizzie, a sixpence ; the tester, testem, or
testoon was named from a French coin with
a head upon it (of Louis XII of France) ;
in England all coins bore the head, so that
our use of the term was borrowed. — O. F.
testre, the head-piece of a bed ; M. F.
teston, *& testoon, piece of silver worth
xviij^. sterling ; ' Cot. — O. F. teste, a head.
— L. testa, tile, skull. ^ A tester for a bed
also appears as M. F. testiere, * a head-
piece,' Cot. ; from O. F. teste (as before).
Testicle. (F.~L.) V, testicule.^L.
testiculum, ace. of testiculus, dimin. of
testis, a testicle.
Testi^. (F.-L.) l/l.Y.testiJier.^'L.
testific&rl, to bear witness. — L. testis, a
witness ; -ficdrT, for facere, to make.
testimony. (L.) L. testimonium, evi-
dence.—L. testis, a witness; with Idg.
suffixes -mdnso-.
Testy, fretful. (F. -L.) M. E. testif,
Ch.-O. F. *testif (not found); M. F.
testu, * heady;* Cot. -O.F. teste, the
head ; see Tester.
Tetchy, Techy, fretful, peevish,
touchy. (F.— Low G.) The sense is full
of freaks, whims, or caprices ; from tetch,
M. E. teche, tecche, iache, a bad habit,
whim; see Taohe (2). % This is the
word which is now altered to touchy,
as if sensitive to the touch.
Tether, a rope for fastening up. (E.)
Formerly written tedder, M. E. tedir. —
A. S. *teoder (not found) «0. Fries, tiader,
tieder.-^lcel, tjoOr, a tether, Swed. tjuder,
Dan. tHr, Norw. tjor, tjoder; Low G.tider,
O. H. G. zeotar, zieter, Teut. type *teu-
dro-, of uncertain origin ; sometimes re-
ferred to Teut. root *teuh'\ see Team.
^ Gael, ieadhair is from E. Cf. Bahder,
p. 147 ; Brugm. ii. § 62.
Tetragon, a figure with four angles.
(F. — L. — Gk. ) M. F. tetragone, adj., four-
cornered. — L. tetragonus, adj. — Gk. rer^-
yeavos, four-cornered. — Gk. rirpa-, allied
to ricaapts, four, cognate with E. Four ;
and yojvia, an angle, from y6vv, a knee,
cognate with E. £iee.
tetrahedron, a solid figure contained
by four equilateral triangles. (Gk.) Gk.
rirpO' (as above) ; -thpov, from ihpa, a base,
which is from tt^tv, to sit ; see Sit.
tetrarch. (L.-Gk.) L. tetrarcha.
— Gk. rtTp&pxqs, one of four chiefs ;
Luke, iii. i. — Gk. rcrp-, allied to rioffapts,
four ; and Apx^^^t to rule. See Four and
Arch-, prefix.
tetrasyllable, a word of four sylla-
bles. (F'.-L.-Gk.) Coined from Gk.
rirpa-, four (as above); and av\Kafi'fi, a
syllable. Cf. M. F. tetrasyllabe, L. tetra-
syllabus, Gk. rcrpafft^AAa/Sos, of four sylla-
bles. See Syllable.
Tetter, a cutaneous disease. (£.) M. E.
teter, A. S. teter, a kind of itch. Cf. G.
zittermal,a.tciteT ; Bayar. zittaroch,0. H.G.
zitaroch. Allied to L. derbiosus, scabby ;
Skt. dadru-, a tetter.
(L.- Gothic.) L. Teuto-
549.
TEXT
thiudUf a people, nation (or from a dia
lectal variant of this word). See Dutch.
Text. (F. - L.) M. E. texie, - F. texte,
a text, subject of a book.^L. iextum, a
thing woven, fabric, style of an author,
text of a book. » L. textusj woven, pp. of
texere, to weave. -fSkt. taksh, to cut wood,
to prepare ; cfRnss. testate, to hew. Further
allied to Teohnioal. (yT£K.) Brugm.i.
§ 594. Der. textu-alf from M. F. textu-el,
textile. (L.) L.texttlis,vroven.mmL.,
textus, pp. of texere, to weave.
teztnre. (F.— L.) F. texture/ a tex-
ture, web ; * Cot. ^ L. textura, a web. — L.
textus, pp. of texere, to weave.
Th. This is distinct from /, and should
have a distinct symbol. Formerly, the
A. S. } and tt were used (but indiscrimin-
ately) to denote both the sounds now de-
noted by th. When/ degenerated into a
symbol closely resembling ^,^ was at last
substituted for it; hence we find^ and^
used, by early printers, for the, that ; it is
needless (I hope) to remark that ^ man
was never pronounced as ye man in the
Middle Ages, as it often is now.
I here use 9 for A. S. words, and 9 or
th for M. £. words, beginning with the
sound of M in that\ and/ for A. S. and
M. £. words, beginning with the sound of
th in thin. Observe these facts. ( i ) Initial
th is always pronounced as in thin except
(a) in words allied to that ; and {J}) in words
allied to thou, (a) At the end of a woi-d,
it is pronounced as th in thin, except
when a written e follows ; compare breath
with breathe ; exceptions are 'with, smooth,
(3) No word beginning with th (except
thurible, formed on a Greek base) is of
Latin origin; some (easily known) are
Greek \ thummim is Hebrew, all the rest
are English or Scandian,
Than, conj. (£.) Frequently written
then, and orig. the same word as then,
M. £. thanne, thonne, A. S. donne, than.
Closely allied to the def. art. ; see That,
§ p. -f Du. dan ; G. dann, denn, Ct L.
turn.
Thanei a dignitary among the English.
(E.) M. E. J>ein. A. S. Pegen, fegn, fin,
a thane. Lit. 'child* or 'begotten.' -f
THAW
lct\,fegn ; G. degen, a warrior, O. H. G.
degan. Teut. type ""^thegnSz, m. Allied
to Gk. riicyoy, a child ; from rttc-, as in
rc«-c&, a aor. inf. of rueruv, to beget.
(VJEK.) Brugm. ii. $ 66.
Thank, Thanks. (£.) M.E/a^,
a thought, kindly remembrance, goodwill;
hencs thanks, pi., expressions of goodwill.
A. S,Panc,fonc, sb., thought, favour, con-
tent, thank. 4* ^o* dank, Icel. fokk, Dan.
tak, Swed. tack, Goth, thagks, i.e. *thanks,
remembrance, thank. Teut type *thankoz,
TSL ; from *thank, and grade of Hhenkan-,
to think. See Think. (^TENG.) Der.
thank, vb., A. S. ^ncian.
That. (£.) M. £. that, A. S. Hat,
orig. neuter of a demonstrative pronoun,
which came to be nsedas the definite article.
The masc. and fem. forms in use were sg
(se)f sio, which in late A. S. were replaced
by be, deo, by analogy with the neuter and
other cases. The neut. dat is from
the Teut. pronominal base THA = Idg.
TO, meaning * he ' or • that' The suffix
-/ is merely the sign of the neut. gender,
like Lat. -^ in i-d, illu-d, istu-d, qui-d.
p. The declension was as follows. Sing.
NOM. se, seo, tfat [replaced in late A. S.
by tfe, deo, 9at] ; GEN. das, 9Sre, das ;
DAT. dam, ddm, dSre, dam, dam ; ACC.
done, dd, dot; instrumental {dy, don).
Plural ; nom. and acc. da ; gen. dara,
ddra ; DAT. ddm,^T>vi, de, the, dat, that ;
Icel. neat pat, the; Dan. den,ntut. det, the;
Swed. den, neut. det, this ; G. der, die, das,
the, dass, that ; Goth, thata^ neut. of def.
article. Cf. Lith. tas, ta, that ; Russ. to/',
ta, to, that ; Gk. rh, neut. of def. art ; Skt.
tat, it, that ; L. ^te, -ta, -tud (in is-te, is-ta,
is-tud).
Thatch, sb. (£.) lli.lEs.pak. A,S.pac,
thatch ; whence Peccan, to thatch. ^ Du.
dak, sb., whence dekken, vb. (whence £.
cUck is borrowed) ; lct\, pak, sb., Dan. tag,
Swed. tak, G. dach, Teut. type *thak'om,n.
From *thak, and grade of Teut. root
*thek-, to cover, cognate with L. teg-, as
in teg-ere, to cover. + Gk. riyos, crtyos, a
roof; Irish teo^gh, Gael, teach, tigh, O. Irish
tech, W. ty, a house ; Lith. stogas, a thatch,
sttgti, to thatch; Skt sthag, to cover.
(VSTEG, TEG.) Allied to Tegument.
Thaw, vb. (E.) M. £. thdwen ; prov.
£. thow {pw as in snoiv) ; A,S,pawian, to
melt. 4- Du. dooijen, to thaw, from dooi,
thaw ; lcit\,peyja, from /J, sb. ; Dan. toe,
Swed. too. Cu G. verdauen, to digest,
550
THE
concoct; thatienf O. H. G. dauwen^ to
thaw. Perhaps allied to Gk. 'Hjietiv, to
melt ; W. iodcU, to melt. ^ AToi allied to
dew.
The (i), def. art. (£.) M.£. lAe. A. S.
ife, used as nom. masc. of def. art. in late
MSS., but early common as an inde-
clinable relative ; see That, § fi.
the (3), in what (or that) degree. (E.)
Only in such phrases as * the more, the
meirier.' This is the instrumental case
of the def. art. M. E. the ; A. S. Hy ; see
That, § p. + Goth, the, lct\./vt,^t, inst.
case of art. or dem. pronoun.
Theatre. (F.-L.-Gk.) M.¥. theatre;
CoL^h, thedtrum.''Gk. Biarpov, a place
for seeing shows. — Gk. StdofMu, I see.
Cf. $4a, a sight ; see Prellwitz.
Thee (i)* (£•) A. S. tSi, dat. and ace.
of 9Uf thou ; see Thou.
Thee (a)> to prosper, thrive. (E.) Obso-
lete. M. £. theen. — A. S. /ion, fion (for
*}{han\ pt. i.pdh,fiahf pp. Pigen,}ogen^
also gefungen, to thrive. <^Goth. theihan,
to thnve, increase ; G,gedeihen ; Du.gedij-
en. The A. S. pp. ge-hut^en shews that
the A. S. *fihan is for *firSian (cf. O. Sax.
ge-fengiem, to fulfil). Teut. root *^inx,
*fenxt Idg. Toot*teni, as in Lith. tenku, it
suffices, O.Irish /^tufyprosperity ; W. tyngid,
luck ; cf. Lith. tehti, to suffice. Bri^m. i.
§ 431 (3).
Theft. (E.) Inp1aceofM</i^A. M.E.
^//e; for A.S. ]>tef}y feofp, theft.- A. S.
}iof, a thief.+Icel./^tf, O. Fries, thiufihe.
See Thief.
Their, belonging to them. (Scand.)
M. £. thair. — Icd./^Vra, of them, used
as gen. pi. of hannt he, but really the gen.
pi. of a denL pronoun, as shewn by A. S.
pdra ; see They, and That, % B.
Theism, belief in a God. (Gk.) Coined,
with suffix 'ism (Gk. -urftot), from Gk.
$*-6ty a god. Perhaps for an older form
*0€ffo9; cf. O. Ir. dess, God (Stoket-Fick,
p. 151), Gk. B^^iparoSf spoken by God
(Prcllwite).
Them, objective case of they. (Scand.)
Really an old dat case. — Icel./n'm, dat.
of /^i>, they; see They. 4- A. S. /am, dat
pi. of def. Art. ; see That, $ p.
Theme. (F.— L.-Gk.) M.E. teme,^
O.F. teme, M.F. theme, * a theam ;' Cot-
L. thema.^Gk, ^^/lOy that which is laid
down, a theme for argument — Gk. base
0C-, to place; t^^-/ii, I ^ace.4'Skt« dhd,
to put ; see Do (i). (yDHE.)
THERAPEUTIC
Then. (E.) Frequently written than in
old books, and originally identical with it ;
see Than.
thence. (E.) M. £. thennes (dissyl-
labic) ; whence thens, by contraction, later
written thence. The s is an adverbial
suffix ; earlier forms were thenne, thanne,
in which a final n has been lost. — A. S.
Oanan, thence ; formed from base da-, with
the suffix 'na-n', or -na-na. The base do- »
Teut. base THA ; see That. 4- G. cUinnen,
O. H. G. dannana, thence ; from base da-.
Theocracy. (Gk.) Lit 'government
by God.' From 0co-, for 0f<$s, God ; -xpa-
rla, government, from Kparttv, to govern,
which is from icpariis, strong. Cf. aris-
ta-cracy, autO'Cracy, demo-cracy^ See
Theism.
Theodolite, an instrument used in sur-
veying. ( F. — Gk. T) Generally said to be
Greek. Formerly theodelitus, meaning * a
circle with a graduated border * ; used a. d.
1 57 1. Also theodolet, theodelet. Appar-
ently imitated (it is not known why) uom
O. F. theodelet, theodolet^ the name of a
treatise, lit. * a work by Theodtdus^ * Gk.
ecoSovXos, Theodulus; lit. 'servant of
God.' * Ung theodelet coute viij. s. ; ' Gode-
froy.
Theogony. (L.— Gk.) L,thecgonia.^
Gk. ^coToWa, the origin of the gods.— Gk.
BfS'S, a god ; -^oWa, origin, from yw-, base
of ytyvo/juu, I become ; see Genus.
theology. (F L. ~ Gk.) M. £. theo-
logie.^M.F.theclogie; Cot— L. theologia,
— Gk. 9€oXoyla, a speaking about God.—
Gk. 0€o\6yos, adj., speaking about God.
— Gk. Bid's, a god ; A^7ctv, to speak.
TheorbOf a large lute. (Ital.) Formerly
thecrba. ^IW. tiorba ; the th being due to
the occasional F. spelling thiorbe for tiorbe.
{Said to have been named after the in-
ventor.)
Theorem. (L.— Gk.) la. theorima.^
Gk. Btitpriiui, a spectacle; a subject for
contemplation, theorem. — Gk. B%wpttv, to
behold. — Gk. B€«p6%, a spectator. — Gk.
Bt6oiiQt, I see. See Theatre.
theory. (F. - L. - Gk.) M. F. theorie,
'theory;' Cot.-L. theorta.^Gli.Btupla,
a beholding, contemplation, speculation.
— Gk. BtwfZt, a spectator (above).
TherapeutiOfpertainingto thehealing
art. (F.-L.-Gk.) lA.Y . therapeutique,
healing; Cot— L. therapeutica {ars), the
healing art; fem. oi therapeuticus.^GV.
BfpainvTtit6sf tending. » Gk. Btpairtvrijs, an
551
THERE
THIhTQ
attendant. •- Gk. $fpav(vuVf to wait on. »
Gk. $tpaw', stem of Oipoaf/, an assistant;
cf. $€pdw'Cjyf a servant. From i^DHER,
to maintain, support ; cf. Skt. dAr, to main-
tain, bear, dhantri, a supporter.
There* in that place. (£.) M. £. ther,
ihar, A. S. Har, The suffix -r seems to
be due to a locatival formation like that
in Skt. upa-ri^ Gk. &W-p. The base is
Teut. base THA ; see That.4-Du. dcuir^
Icel. /ar, Dan. Swed. afer, Goth, thar^ G.
da. Compare Here, Where. Hence
there-, in tkere-by, ikere-in, tkere-of, &c.
Cf. G. tUtr- in dar-in, dar-an,
Themnonietery an instrument for mea-
suring the temperature. (Gk.) From Gk.
0fpfi6-5f warm (allied to h,/ormus, warm,
Skt.^^rma- heat); and fc^rpoi^, a measurer;
see Metre.
Thesannui. (L. — Gk.) See Trea-
sure.
These. (£•) M. £. tAisey these, theos ;
a new pi. of this. The old pi. (A. S.^ds)
is the mod. E. those. See Those.
Thesis. (L.— Gk.) L. thesis. ^Gk,
OiaiSy a thing laid down, a proposition. «
Gk. base 0c- ; cf. riBrnu, I place. Per.
apo-thesiSy para-thesis, pros-thesis, pro-
thesis, all rare words, with prefixes dw(5,
irapa, rrp6i, vp6 respectively; also anti-
thesis, hypo-thesis, meta-thesis, par-en-the-
sis, syn-thesis, which see.
Theurgy, supernatural agency. (L. —
Gk.) L. tneurgia.^QfV. B^ovprfia, divine
work, magic. — Gk. B^-%, a god ; ipy-ov, a
work, cognate with E. Work.
Thews, pi. sb., sinews; (formerly)
manners. (E.) Thews in Shak. means
sinews or strength ; but M. £. thewes
almost always means habits or manners.
A. S. fiawas, pi. of feaw, habit, custom,
demeanour (orig. sense * strength ').4'0.
Sax. thau, custom ; O. H. G. dau, thau,
discipline. Cf. Skt. tavas^ strong.
They. (Scand.) M. E. thai (gen. thair,
dat. and ace. thaim, tham) ; chiefly in the
Northern dialect. This usage is Scand.,
not £. , as the A. S. corresponding forms were
used as pi. of def. art. — Icel. feir, nom.
pi., they; feirra, gen. pi., their; Peim,
dat. pi., them. So also Dan. Swed. de,
they, dem, them ; Dan. deres, Swed. deras,
their, theirs.-^- A. S. fa, nom. pi. of def.
art. ; gen.f&ra ; dat. fam ; see That, § p.
Thick. (E.) yi.lL.pikke, K.^, piece,
thick. + 0. Sax. thikki, Du. dik, Icel.
hykhr, Dan. tyk^ Swed. tjok, tjock ; G. dick.
Allied to Gael, and Irish tingh, fat, thick ;
W. tew, plump, from Celtic base *tegu- ;
also to Tight. % Not Scand. ; see
below.
thicket. (£.) A. S.piccet, 1. e. a thick
set of bushes, &c.4-Dan. dial, tykke.
Thief. (£.) PI. thieves, M. E,peef, pi.
Peues. A. S. Piof, pi. feofcts, + Du. dief^
Icel. fjojr, Dan. tyv, Swed. tjuf, G. dieb,
Goth, thiubs, Teut. type *theuboz, for
*theufoz. Perhaps allied to Lith. tupHi,
to squat down (hence, to hide oneself).
Thigh. (£.) Vi,E,pih,peh, O.Merc
Psh, A. S. Peoh, thigh.^-Du. dij, Icel. J>jd,
thigh, rump, O. H. G. dioh, Teut. type
^theuhom, n. The orig. sense is *■ thick
or plump part * ; allied to Lith. tink-ti, to
become fat, Rnss. tuch-nitej to fatten;
Russ. tuk*, Pol. tiih, sb., fat ; Lith. taukas,
sb., fat (of animals).
Thilly shaft of a cart. (£.) Also spelt
^/; vfhencejiil-horse, M.E.fiite. A. S.
pi//e, slip of wood, thin board, plank,
flooring ; allied to pet, n., a plank, as in
denc-pel, a bench-board.^-Icel./^'^d;, plank,
Swed. ti/je, a plank, floor ; G. diele, plank,
board; Du. deet, a plank. Teut. types
^theljdn, f., *thelom, n. Cf. Lith. title,
a little plank in the floor of a boat. Cf.
Skt. tcda-, bottom, floor. (See Franck.)
Doublet, deal, a thin board.
Thimble. (E.) M.E./^'^sv^t/; formed
(with excrescent b) from A. S. j^mel, a
thumb-stall. — A. S. pUma, thumb (with
the usual change from H to y), Cf. G.
daumling, a thumb-stall; from daum,
thumb.
Thin. (E.) yi,E,pinne. K.S.Pynne.
4-Du. dun, Icel. punnr, Dan. tynd (for
*tynfC)y Swed. tunn, G. dunn, O.H.G
dunni, Cf. W. teneu, Gael. lsi&\itana, Russ.
tonkii, L. tenuis, Gk. Taya6s, Skt. tanu-,
thin ; Pers. tunuk, slender. Lit. * stretched
out.* (yTEN.) See Tend (i).
Thine, Thy. (£.) M. E. thin, short-
ened to thy before a following consonant.
A. S. 9m, thy, possessive pronoun, declined
as an adj. ; allied to A. S. 9u, thou. <^ Icel.
pinn, Dan. Swed. din, G. dein, Goth, theins.
Der. thyself {= thine self).
Thing. (£.) A. S. ping, pine, pincg,
a thing, cause, orig. a discussion ; cf.
pingian, to discuss, pingere, a pleader.-^-
Du. G. ding ; Icel. ping, a thing, also an
assembling, meeting, council (so also Dan.
Swed. ting), Kluge compares it with
Goth, theihs, season, time ; and even with
552
THINK
THORP
L. temfus; but see tempus in Brugm. i.
§ 412, ii. $ 13a. Der. hus'tings^ q. v.
Thinlr. (E.) M. £. Penken^ to think ;
orig. distinct from the impers. yh.funcken^
to seem, for which see Methinks. [But
confusion between the two was easy and
common. The pt. t. of M. £. fenken
should have been thoghte, and of M. £.
Punchen should have been thughte ; both
were merged in the form thoughte, mod. £.
thought,']^ K.S. fencarit to think, pt. t.
fohte. A weak verb ; allied to A. S,fanc,
a thought, also a thank. 4- Icel. pekkja^
Dan. tanke, Swed. tanka^ G. denken (pt. t.
dachte) ; Goth, thagkjan^ i. e. *thankjan
(pt. t. thdhta). Teut. type *thankjan-\
from *thankf and grade of root *thenkf
Idg. *tenk ; cf. O. L. tongirey to think. See
Thiank. Der. ^tf-Mt>f>&, with prefix ^-s^.
Third. (E.) Formerly thrid, M. E.
}ridde, Jtride, A. S. ]>ridda, third. — A. S.
Jtri't iox^reo, three.+Du. derde, Icel.pridi,
Dan. iredUf Swed. tre^/f, G. drifU, Goth.
thridja^\^, trydydd^ Russ. treHi^ Gk^rpiros,
Skt. trtiya-.
Thirly to pierce ; see Thrill.
Thirst, sb. (E.) Lit. ' dryness.' M.E.
Purst, A. S. furst^ Pyrst^ thirst ; whence
Pyrstan^ vb., to thirst. + Du. dorst^ led.
Porstij Dan. /^'ry/, Swed. iorsty G. ^«rj/,
Goth, thaurstei, fi, Goth, thaurstei is
from the Goth, wesik stem tkaurs-y as in
'thaurs-ans, pp. of 'thairsan (pt. t. -thars),
to be dry; with suffix -/df. The Goth.
-thairsan (Teut. *Persan') is cognate with
Gk. T4pa€a$ai, to become dry. Cf. Skt.
/rjA, to thirst ; /arj^a-. thirst. (-^TERS.)
Allied to Terrace and Torrid.
Thirteen. (E.) M.Kpret^em, A.S.
}>riotync, — A. S. Preo^ three ; /yn, ten ; with
pi. suffix -«.+Du. dertien, Icel. PrettSn,
Dan. trettcHy Swed. trttton^ G. dreizehn.
thirty. (E.) U,E,prttii, A.S.priiig,
PriUig. — A* S. /ri", also /r^?, three ; -ft^,
suffix denoting * ten * ; see Ten.<4-Da* der-
tig^ Icel. Prir tigiry Dan. tredivg, Swed.
trettiOy G. dreissig.
This. (£.) M. E. MiV| thes ; pi. M^j^,
Mf^^, thoSy &c.y the forms M^'Jd and those
being both used aa plurals of this; the
plural of that being /^. Gradually these
became the settled pi. of this, whilst those
supplanted tho as pi. of thcU* — A. S. ties,
tiioSy 9is, this; pi. 9ds, [M. E. the answers
to A.S. da, pi. of def. art. ; see That, § p.]
p. This (A. S. Oe-s) is an emphatic form,
due to suffixing an emphatic particle to
the Teut. pronom. base THA.+Du. deze,
loeX. Pessiy G. dieser.
Thistle. (£.) M,E.pistil. A,S.pisteL
+Du. diste/, Icel.pistili, Dan. tidsel, Swed.
tistel, G. distel. The 1 was once long, as
in some £. and G. dialects ; cf. Somersets.
daash'l, a thistle ; £. Fries, dissel. Teut.
types *pistiloZj m., *fistild, f.
Thither. (E.) M.E. thider, A.S.
dider, Cf, Icel. PaOra, there; Goth.
ihathrd, thence ; also Skt. tatra, there,
thither. Formed from Teut base THA
(Idg. TO) with a suffix which is to be
compared with L. -tro in ul-tro.
Thole (0* Thowl, a peg to steady an
oar. (E.) U,E.thol. A.S.>/ (8th cent.).
•4-Du. do/; Icel./^/Zr, young tree, wooden
p^, thole ; Dan. toi; Swed. tail, pine-tree ;
Norw. ta//, toil, fir-tree, toii, a thole. Orig.
sense ' young tree * ; hence a bit of fir- wood
for a peg. Cf. Icel. peiia, a young pine,
Poii {gen. Paiiar), a young fir.
Thole (a), to endure. M.E. Polien,
\,S. Poiian, to suffer, endure. "f Icel. /o/a,
Dan. taale, Swed. t&la, O. H. G. doiin
(whence G. geduld, patience), Goth, thulan.
Cf. L. tollere, tolerare; Gk. tX^i^qi, to
suffer ; Skt. tul, to lift. See Tolerate.
Thongy a strip of leather. (E.) For
thtuong, M. E. thwong, a thong ;. A. S.
Pwang, a thong, string, cord ; also a bit.
+IceT. pwengr, a thong. From *Pwang,
and grade of Teut. *pwengan-^ to constrain
(O. Fries, thwinga). See Twinge. Cf.
O. Fries, thwong, th^ang, compulsion ;
Du. dwang, Dan. tvang, Swed. tv&ttg, G.
zwang, constraint.
Thoraac (L. — Gk.) L. thorax, - Gk.
O&pa^^K breast-plate ; also the breast, chest.
Lit. ' defender ; * ci, Skt. dh&raka^, a trunk
to protect clothes, from dhr, to carry,
maintain, keep. (VDHER.)
Thorn. (E.) A. S./anf.«f Du. doom,
Icel. Pom, Dan. tiom, Swed. torn, G.
dom, Goth, thaumus. Teut. type *^r-
nuz, m. ^ Russ. tgnC, the blaoc-thom ;
Polish tarn, a thorn ; cf. Skt. tfna^z. grass-
blade. Perhaps 'piercer'; cf. L. terere,
to pierce.
Thorough. (£.) Merely a by-form
of the prep, through, spelt Poru in Have-
lok, and puruh in the Ancren Riwle. It
became an adverb, whence thoroughly,
adv., with added suffix. And hence, finally,.
thorough, adj.
Thorp, Thorpe, a village. (£.)
A. S. Porp, a village.^Du. dorp, \iy^,porp.
553
T3
THOSE
Dan. Swed. torp, G. dorf\ GoXYi. faurpy a
field. Teut. type *ihurp(h. Cf. Lith.
troba^ a balldine, nouse. Also Irish ireabhi
village, W. tref, hamlet ; Idg. tjrpe *trebo'.
Brugra. i. % 553.
Tnosa. (^0 A. S. 9ix, originally the
pi. of A« S. 9Ar, this. See This.
Thou. (E.) A. S. dii, thon.4-Icel./M,
Goth, thut Dan. Swed. G. du ; Irish and
Gael, tu ; W. ti ; L. tu^ Kuss. tut ; Gk. <riy
Tu ; Pers. tU ; Skt. tvam.
Though. (Scand.) ^.l£..thogh\ [also
theighy A. S. dfahy UM.] — Icel. fo (for
*^auA) ; cf. Dan. dog, Swed. di^/(.+0. Sax.
tk^At Du. dfiM'A, yet, but ; G. eifcA, Goth.
thauh, Teut. type *thaU'hy in which -^
seems to be an enclitic ; cf. L. ^ti^, ' and/
T^^AM- is prob. from the same base as That.
% In the Du. and G. dock, &c., the short 0
is due to loss of emphasis.
Thought, flb. (E.) Better thogkt,
M. E,poght, A. S. pdht, ge^pdht^ a thought,
lit. thing thought of. — A. S. Poht, pp. of
fiiHcan, to think ; see Think. <fIcel./<T//i,
}(fttr\ cf. G. ^dacht^ adj., thought of,
orig. pp. of denieny to think.
Taoiuiand. (E.) M. IL^hmsand, A. S.
^f7ftf»</.4*Du. duiund, Icel. fiisund, fus-
hundf }ushundraO ; Dan. tusind, Swed.
tuseUf^G, tausendj Goth, thusundi, Cf.
also Lith. tukstantis, Russ. tuisiacha, a
thousand. ^ Not yet explained ; in Icel.
PuS'kund, the syllable hund^h, S. ^«»^/,
a hundred, and is due to popular etymology,
which may (however) be correct.
Thowl; see Thole (i).
Thrall, a slave. (Scand.) O. Northumb.
^r^l^ borrowed from Norse, Mk. x. 44;
the r? was perhaps shortened in M.E.
Praldomy from Icel. Praldontr.^lcGhPrall,
a thrall, serf; Dan. tral, Swed. trdl. The
Icel. Pra/i stands for *Pr&hiloZy m., and is
cognate with O. H. G. dregil, drigil, a
thrall, serf; lit. 'a runner/ i:e. one who
runs on messages. From base of Goth.
thragjan, A. S. Pr&gan, to run ; allied to
Gk. rpkx'^iv, to run. See Trochee, Feu-
terer. Der. thral-dom, Icel. Pralddmr,
Bragm. i. § 784.
Thrash, Thrash. (E.) Thresh is
older; M. E. Preshen, for Pershen^^K. S.
PerscaHt to thrash (strong verb). + Du.
dorschen, Icel. Preskja^ Dan. tarske, Swed.
iroska^ G. dreschen^ Goth, thriskan (pt. t.
thrask). Orig. to rattle, make a din or
rattling noise; cf. Russ. tresk-ate^ to crackle,
burst, tresk\K coaYij O. Slav, troska, stroke
THRESHOLD
of lightning ; Lith. treszketiy traszketi, to
rattle, crack. Teut. base *thresk\ Idg.
root *tresk, Prob. first used of thunder,
then of the noise of the flail. Der. thresh-
old*
ThraSOnioalf vain-glorious. (L. -
Gk.) Coined from Thrason-, stem of
ThrasOt the name of a bragging soldier in
Terence's Eunuchus. Evidently from Gk.
Bpaa-^j bold, spirited ; allied to Dare (i).
(VDHERS.)
ThraTOa a number of sheaves of wheat.
(Scand.) M. E. Praue, Preue {fhrave,
threve), -• Icel. Prefix a thrave ; Dan. trove y
a score of sheaves; Swed. trafve, a pile of
wood ; Swed. dial, trafve, 24 or 30 sheaves
set up in shocks (F. Moller). Cf. Icel.
Prefy a loft for com.
Thread. (E.) U.^E^PreedyPnd, A.S.
PrM (^<^prSt'diz)y thread ; lit. ' that which
is twisted.* — A. S. Prdwan, to twist. -^-Du.
draad, Icel./raffr, Dan. trciady Swed. tr^,
thread; G. drahty O. H. G. drdt^ wire.
Teut. type ^prSt-diz. See Throw.
Threat, sb. (E.) yi,Y.,pret. A.S.//-«i/,
a crowd, crush of people, also great pres-
sure, calamity, trouble, threat. — A. S.
PricU, 2nd gi^de of str.vb./f/i7/'a»,to afflict,
vex, urge. 4" Goth, us-thriutan, to vex
greatly, G. verdrUssen, to vex ; Russ.
truditey to make one work, uxge, vex ;
L. trUdere, to push, crowd, uxge. (Base
TREUD.) Der. threat-en, vb.
Three. (E.) M.E./r<!?. A.S. PrriPry),
frto {^rio)y three. -fDu. drte, Icel. /n>,
Dan. trey Swed. tre, Goth, threisy G. dret.
Cf. Irish, Gael, and W. triy Russ. tri, L.
tres (neut trt-a), Gk. rptts (neut. rpi-a),
Lith. tfysy Skt^ masc. nom. pi. trayas;
Idg. masc. nom. pi. *treyes.
Threnody, a lament. (Gk.) G\i.0priv-
qidiay a lamentmg. — Gk. Ofnjv-osy a wailing,
from $pi-oftou, I cry aloud ; fiAj, ode ; see
Drone (i) and Ode.
Thresn; see Thrash.
Threshold, a piece of wood or stone
under an entrance-door. (E.) Thresh-old
was usually written thresh-woldy as if it
were the piece of wood threshed or beaten
by the tread of the foot ; but this was due
to a popular etymology (suggested by
waldy perhaps Kfioor). A. S. persewaldy
late form of A. S. Perscold, — A. S. Perse-
arty to thresh ; with -olJf suffix. 4* Icel.
Preskolder, threshold ; from Presk-Ja, to
thresh. |3. The A. S. Perscold i^ from a
form *Pers£'0'(il{fir ; cf. 0.,H. G. drisc^u-
5.M
THRICE
JIL And -^Uh represents Idg. 'tro-\ see
Princ. of E. Etym. i. § 228 (A).
Thrice. (E.) For MrTr, contr. form of
M. "E, fries, fryes (dissyllabic), where the
suffix 'S is adverbial (orig. a mark of gen.
case). Earlier form fne.^A,S, frivHi,
thrice, i- A. S. friy three. See Three.
Thrid, a thread. (E.) Another form
of thread (Dryden, Hind and Panther, iii.
378).
Thrift, frugality. (Scand.) 1/1,'E.frift.
— Icel. friftj thrift ; also Prif, the same.
«>Icel. weak grade frif', as in Prif-inn^
pp. ofprifuy to thrive. Cf. Dan. triveUe,
prosperity. See Thrive.
Thrill, Thirl, to pierce. (E.) The old
sense of thrill was to pierce ; also spelt
thirl, which is an older spelling. M. E.
fiirlen, Prillen, A. S. Pyrlian, to pierce ;
shorter form oiPyrelian, the same ; lit. ' to
make a hole.*— A. S. fyrel, fprel, a hole,
orig. an adj. with the sense ' pierced,* for
*fyrh'il, as shewn by the cognate M. H. G.
durchel, pierced. Derived from A. S./urh,
through (with change of uio y), just as
M. H. G. durchel is from G. durch,
through. See Through.
Thrive. (Scand.) M. E,hriuen (thri-
ven) ^ pt. t. fraffhrof, pj). priuen. ^Ictl.
Prtfa (pt. t. Preif, pp. prifinn)^ to clutch,
grasp, grip, seize; hence Prifask (with
suffixed 'sk^'Sik, self)} lit. to seize for
oneself, to thrive. 4* I^* l^ves, Swed.
trifvas, reflex, verb, to thrive; cf. Norw.
triva, to seize. Der. thrif-t, a. v.
Throat, the gullet. (£.) M. E. Prote.
A. S. Protu, also -Prote, throat. +0. H. G.
drozza, whence G. drossel, throat, throttle.
Prob. allied to Du. strot, M. Du. stroot,
stroote, the throat, gullet; Ital. strozza,
the gullet (a word of Tent, origin). We
also find Swed. strupe, Dan. struhe, the
throat. Der. throttle, q. v.
Throb, to beat forcibly, as the heart.
(£.) M. E. Probben, to throb. Allied to
Rnss. trepete, palpitation, throbbing; L.
trepidus, trembling. See Trepidation.
Throe, a pang* (Scand.?) M.E.//vi&^,
thrawe. [Cf. O. Merc, thrauu, * argutise,
O. E. Texts; A. S.pria, a rebuke, afflic-
tion, threat, evil ; which seem to have
been confused with it.] Prob. from Icel.
fra, a throe. Cf. A. S.prfiwian, to suffer;
O. H. G. droa, burden, suffering, druoen,
droin, to suffer.
Throne. (F. — L. — Gk.) Formerly
trone (\Vyclif).-0. F. trone (F. trdne).'^
THRUM
L. thronum, ace. of thrantis, — Gk. $fi6yo5,
a seat ; lit. a support. (^^DHEK.)
Thronif, a great crowd of people. (E.)
M. E, Prong, A. S. ge-prang, a throng.
— A. S. Prangs 2nd grade of pringan, to
crowd, press, -f Du. drang, Icel. prong,
G. drang, a throng ; cf. Dan. trang, Swed.
trhng, adj., narrow, close. Allied to
Goth, ihreihan, to throng, Lith. trenk-ti,
to jolt, push. Der. throng, vb.
Thronpple, Thrapple, wind -pipe.
(E.) Thropple is prob. a reduction of
A. S. Prot-bolla, the wind -pipe; from
Prot'U, throat, and bolla, prominence. See
Throttle, Throat, and Bowl (2).
Throstle, the song-thrush. (E.) M. E.
ProsteL A. S. Prostle, a thro8tle.+M.H.G.
trostel. Teut. type *Prustld, fern.; Idg.
type *t9rzdld ; cf. L. turdus, a thrush, and
Icel.prost (gen.prastar), Swed. and Norw.
trast, a thrush (from the 2nd grade, *Prast,
of a Teut. base *Prest), Also, with initial
s, Lith. strazdas, m., strazda, f., a thrush.
See further under Thmah (i). Throstle
has a variant throshel (M. E. thrusshil.
Prompt. Parv.). Brugm. i. §§ 818 (2), 882.
Throttle, the wind-pipe. (E.) Dimin.
of throat', cf. G. drossel, throat. Der.
throttle, vb., to press on the wind-pipe ;
M. £. throtlen.
Through, prep. (E.) M. E. purh,
A. S,purh, O. Noithumb.^r^.+Du. door,
G. durch, O. H. G. duruh ; Teut. type
*Purh\ allied to Goth, thairh, through
(Teut. type *perh), p. The Goth, thairh,
through, is allied to thairkd, a hole ; from
Teut. base *perk » Idg. base *terg, an
extension of ^^TER, as in L. ter-ere, to
bore. Cf. Gk. rp^Xtj, a hole. Brugm.
i. i 527. Der. thrill.
Throw, to cast, hurl. (E.) M. E.
Protuen, pt. t. prew, pp. hrowen, A. S.
Pr&wan, to twist, hurl, whirl ; pt. i^preow,
^p,Prdwen, [The orig. sense, to twist, is
preserved in thread.'] Allied to Du. draa-
tjen, to twist, whirl ; O. H. G. draen,
&. drehen, to turn ; all from Teut. base
*Prk = Idg. base *tre, as in Gk. rfnir6s,
bored through, rpvjfM, a hole. The grade
*ter appears in L. terere, to bore, Gk.
T«i>iv (for ^4f^iv), to bore. (VTER.)
Thmin (i), the tufted end of a weaver s
thread. (£.) M. E. prum, not found in
A. S. ^ Icel. Promr (gen. Pramar), the
edge, verge, brim of a thing (hence the
edge of a web) ; Norw. trotn, treun, trumm,
edge, brim ; Swed. dial, trumm, trCmm^
555^
THRUM
a stnmp, the end of a log ; M. Da. drontf
thread on a weaver's shuttle ; G. trumm^
end of threads, thrnm. Tent, base *PrUy
weak grade of ^}cr ■= Idg. *tcr. Hence
it is allied to Gk, ripi»a, end, L. terminus \
see Term.
Thrum (a)) to play noisily. (Scand.)
Icel. fruma^ to rattle, tfannder; Swed.
trumma, to beat, drum ; cf. Dan. trommey
a drum. See Drum, Strum.
Thmsh (i), a bird. (E.) m.'E, frusck.
A. S. frysce, a thrush; Tent, type
*thruskjffny f. C£ O. H. G . drosca or drosca^
a thrush; whence G. drosstU Allied to
Throstle, q. v.
Thrasll (2)1 a disease marked by small
ulcerations in the mouth. (E.) In Phillips
(1706). Orig. * a dryness ; ' or lit. * diy-
ishness.' Formed by adding the A. S.
suffix 'Uc {=-isk) to A. S^/fyrr-e, cognate
with Icel. /«rr, dry, as proved by Dan.
troske, Swed. torsk, Swed. dial, trdsk, the
thrush ; forms which are to be compared
with Dan. torke^ Swed. tifrka, Icel. purka^
drought, and with M. £. thurst^ thirst.
Closely allied to Thirst, q. v.
Thrastf vb. (Scand.) Vi..^,]>rusteny
}risten. — Icel. frysta, to thrust, press,
compel. Allied to Threaten, and to L.
truderCf to thrust.
Thud, a. dull sound of a blow. (E.)
Used ' by G. Douglas and Bums. A. S.
hyddauy to strike. Cf. L. tundere.
Tkngr, an assassin. (Hindustani.) Hind.
thagy thug (with cerebral M), a cheat,
knave, a robber who strangles travdlers ;
Marathi thak, thagy a thug (H. H. Wilson).
Thumb. (£•) M,E,pomde; with ex-
crescent d, A. S. Pumay the thumb. 4*
Du. dutm, Swed. tumme, G. daumen;
also Ictl. Pupftaliy the thumb of a glove,
Dan. tomnicl'Jinger, thumb. Lit. ^the
thick finger ;' from -y^EU, to grow large.
See TomicL Der. thimbU,
Thummim, perfection. (Heb.) Urim
and thummim » light and perfection ;
though the forms are, strictly, plural.—
Heb. tummimy pi. of tonty perfection,
truth. — Heb. root tdmamy to be perfect.
Thump, vb. (E.) Allied to Icel. ^f#m(/a,
to thump, Swed. dial, dompay to thump,
dumpa, to make a noise.
Thunder, sb. (E.) For thuner; the d
is excrescent. M. 'E.poner. A. S.punor,
■•A. S.punian, to rattle, thunder ; cf. ge-
Pun, a loud noise.4'I^n. donder; lcel.porr
(for P^r), Thor, god of thunder; G.
THWITE
donner\ L. tonare, to thunder, Skt. tany
to sound, p. We further find A. S. tonian,
to thunder, prob. from L. ; but compare
Skt. staUy to sound, thunder, sigh, stanita-y
thunder, and £.^/Kif. (^STEN.) See Stun.
Thurible, a censer. (L.^Gk.) English
from L. thUribulum, tHribulumy a vessel
for holding incense. — L. thUri-y tUri-, decl.
stem of thUSy tOSy frankincense ; with suffix
'bulum (as in fundi-duium, (rom/undere),
L. thus is borrowed from Gk. $voSy incense.
— Gk. $v-tw, to bum a sacrifice. Allied
to Fume. (^DHEU.) See Thyme.
Thursday. (Scand.) M^Kpirsdayy
Pffrs-day, A. S. pures dagy Thursday. —
A. S^pSres, gen. of /^r, Thor; dtegy day.
Borrowed from Icel, ParsdagTy Thux^day;
from P^s, gen. oiporvy Thor, and dagry a
day; cf. Swed. Dan. Torsdag. So also
A. S. Punresdag (the native word) ; Du.
Donderdagt G. Donnerstag, All transla-
tions of L, digs lifuis, (See Sweet, Hist. £.
Sounds, § 578.)
Thus. (E.) M. E. thus, A. S. ^us.
4* O. Fries, and O. Sax. thus \ Du. dus.
Allied to That; and perhaps to This.
Thwack, Whack, to beat. (E.)
Prob. imitative. Compare IctX, pjdkkay to
thwack, thump ; also Pjakay the same ;
prov. G. wackelny to cudgel.
ThwaitCy a clearing. (Scand.) Com-
mon in place-names. lotX. pveit^ a pad-
dock, orig. a clearing in woods, a cutting.
— Icel. *pveity and grade of *pVJtay not
found, but » A. S. fivitany to cut See
Thwite. Cf. Norw. tveity a cutting, also
a clearing ; Dan. dial, tved,
Thwarty transversely, transverse.
(Scand.) Properly an adv. ; afterwards
an adj. ; lastly, a verb. M. £. thwerty
thwart, across. ^lcs\,pverty neut. ofpverry
adj., 'perverse, adverse. Used adverbially
in phrases such as um pverty across,
athwart, takahverty to take athwart, to
deny flatly, p. The Icel. pverTy adj., is
cognate with K.^,pweorh, perverse, trans-
verse, Dan. tvcWy transverse (whence tvarty
adv., across), Swed. tvary across (whence
tvarty adv., rudely), Du. dwar{s) ; Goth.
thwairhsy angry ; G, zwerthy adv., across,
awry. From Teut. base *Pwerhy Idg. root
*twerk y cf. L. torquere, to twist ; Skt.
tarku-y a spindle. Brugm. i. % 593 (3).
Allied to Twirl.
Thwite, to cut. (E.) Obsolete. A.S.
pwttany pt. t. pwdty pp. pwiten, to cut.
Der. thwaite, whittle, q. v.
556
THY
Thy; see Thine.
Tll^me, a plant. (F.-L.-Gk.) The
th is pronovnced as /, because borrowed
from French. M. £. /^m^.— M. F. Mj^m,
* the herb time ; ' Cot. — L. thymum, ace.
oi thymus, — Gk. Bviaos, B^fiov, th3rme, from
ks sweet smell. Cf. Gk. $i&os, incense;
see Thurible. (yDHEU.)
Tl-TT.
Tiaray a wreathed ornament for the
head. (L.— Gk.— Pers.) L. tiara. ^Gk.
rtafM, Tidpas, a Persian head-dress. Doubt-
less of Pers. origin.
Tibert,acat. (F.-Teut.) SeeNares.
O. F.TAi6aut, Theobald. -O. Sax. TAM-
bald\ O. H. G. DietbahL - O. Sax. thiady
O. H. G. diet, diot, people (see Dutch) ;
hold, bold.
Tibia, the large bone of the leg. (L.)
L. tibia, shin-bone.
TiOy a twitching of the muscles. (F. —
Teut.) F. ticy a twitching ; tic douloureux,
painful twitching, a nervous disease. For-
merly F. ticq, tiquet, a disease suddenly
seizing a horse (Cot.). Cf. Ital. ticchio, a
vicious habit, caprice. Most likely allied
to Low G. tukken, to twitch; G. zucken
(M. H. G. sucken^zUcken), to twitch, shrug ;
with which cf. zug, a draught, Ziehen, to
draw (Scheler). See Touch.
Tick (i), a small insect infesting dogs,
sheep, &c. (E.) M. £. tyke, teke ; cf. A.S.
ticia (Sweet, O. E.T.). [The F. tique is
borrowed, from Teutonic] -f M. Du. teke,
Du. teek. Low G. teke, take, G. zecke
(whence Ital. zeccd), Cf. Lith. dygus,
sharp, cUgti, to sting (Fninck).
Tick (3)t cover of a feather bed. (L. —
Gk.) M. E. teke, 14th cent. — L. tica,
thica, a case (whence F. /ai>).»Gk. ^m;,
a case to put a thing in. -"Gk. 9r^^ base of
ri9riyi, I put, put away.
Tick (3), to beat as a watch. (E.) An
imitative word, like click; perhaps sug-
gested by Tick (4). Cf. G. ticktack, pit-
a-pat ; £. Fries, tik-tak, the ticking of a
dock
Tilde (4), to touch lightly. (E.) M.E.
teck, a light touch ; whence the game called
tick tjit tig, in which children try to touch
each other. Not in A.S. £. Fries. /f/(/^^»,
to touch lightly. ^ Du. tik, a touch, pat,
tick, tikken, to ticlc, pat; Low G. tikk, a
light touch ; Norw. ttkka, to touch lightly.
Tick (5), credit. (F.-G.) Short for
TIERCE.
ticket ; Nares shews that to take things on
credit was ' to take on ticket^ See below.
Ticket, a bill stuck up, a label. (F.—
G.) M. F. etiquet, * a little bill, note, or
ticket, esp. such as is stuck up on the gate
of a court ; ' Cot. O. F. esHquet, estiquete
(Godefroy). — G. stecken, to stick, stick
up, fix ; see Stick. And see Btiquette.
TicUe. (E.) M. E. ticklen ; frequen-
tative form from the base tik-, to touch
lightly ; see Tick (4). It means * to keep
on touching lightly.* Hence also M. E.
tikel, unstable, ticklish, easily moved by a
touch ; mod. £. ticklish, unstable. % Not
necessarily a variant oi\Qt\Mtla,Xo tickle ;
but a parallel formation.
Tide. (E.) M.E./M&?. A. S. //V, time,
hour, season, -f- I^u. tijd, Icel. tt9, Dan.
Swed. tid, G. zeit. Teut. type *ti'di'.
Allied to Time. Der. tide-waiter, an
officer who waits for arrival of vessels
with the tide, to secure payment of duties.
tidings. (Scand.) M. E. tidinde, also
tidinge; tifierwajds tidings. Orig. Uhings
that happen ; ' cf. A. S. tidung, tidings ;
tidan, to happen. But rather from Icel.
tidindi, neut. pi., tidings, news, Dan. ti-
dende, tidings ; cf. Du. tijding, G. zeitung.
All from the sb. above.
tidy, seasonable, neat. (E.) M.E.//'^,
seasonable, from M. E. tid or ticU, time ;
see Tide. Hh I^- li/'^ig^ 'Din. Swed. tidig,
G. zeitig, timely.
TiCy vb. (E.) M. E. tien, ti^en, teyen,
to tie; A. S. tiegan, ge-ttgan; an unori-
ginal verb, from A. S. teag, a bond, chain,
rope. — A. S. teah, Teut. type *tauh, and
grade of *teuhan', to pull, draw ; see Tow,
Tv^, C€ Icel. taug, a tie, tygill, a string.
Tier^ a rank, row. (F.— Late L.) For-
merly tire, a better spelling; Florio ex-
plains Ital. tiro by * a tyre of ordinance.*—
F. tire, * a draught, pull, . . also a tire ;
a stroke, hit, reach, gate, course, or
continuance of course ; * Cot [Cf. Span.
tiro, a set of mules; lta,\, tiro, * ti shoot,
shot, tire, reach, . . a stones caste, a tyre
of ordinance ; * Florio (1598).] «- F. tirer,
to draw, drag, pull, &c.— Late L. tirdre,
to draw, pull, extend, hurl ; whence also
Ital. tirare. Span. Port. Prov. tirar. Of
unknown origin. ^ The A. S. tier, occur-
ring but once, is an obscure and doubtful
word, and has nothing to do with it.
Tierce, Terce. (F.~L.) It meant
a third hour, a third of a pipe or cask,
a third card, a third thrust (in fencing).—
567
/ TIFF
riMio
O. F. tierZf tierce^ third. — L. tertius^ third.
— L. ter^ thrice; /r/i, three. See Tri-,
Threes
Tiff ( i) , to deck, dress out. (F. — O. Low
G.) M. E./i^<r«.-M.F./j#<?r,/i/^rr(more
commonly attiffer)^ *■ to deck, trim, adorn ;'
Cotg. — Dn. tipptfiy to cnt, clip, cut ofF
the tip of the hair ; Low G. tippen^ to
touch lightly. See Tip (i).
TifP(a)) a pet, fit of ill-humour; also
liquor, drink. (Scand.) Orig. *■ a sniff ; '
hence (i) a pet, (2) a sip or draught of
beer. — Norweg. tevy a drawing in of the
breath, sniff, teva^ to sniff; Swed. dial.
tav^ smell, taste ; Icel. fffa, to sniff.
Tiffin* luncheon. (Scand.) Anglo-
Indian ; orig. Northern English tiffin^ i. e.
^iffi*^St sipping} eating and drinking out
of due season. From tiff^ a draught of
beer. Sdb above.
Tiger. (F.-L.-Gk.-Pers.) M. E.
iigre,^¥. tigre.'m'L. tigrem, ace. oitigris,
a tiger. — Gk. riypis. — 2^d tighri-, an
arrow (hence perhaps a tiger, from its
swiftness, also the river Tigris, from its
swiftness) ; mod. Pers. ttr^ an arrow, the
river Tigris. « 2^nd tighra,, sharp; allied to
Skt. tignia-, sharp, from tij\ to be sharp.
Perhaps allied to Stiffma.
Tinit. (Scand.) ¥ox*thight\ but, as
both Dan. and Norw. have / for th, it easily
became tight. Orkney thight, water-tight ;
prov. E. tkite^ tight, close, compact; M.E.
//y, also /»y, thyht. - Icel. pittr, tight,
esp. water-tight ; Norw. tjttt, tttt, dose,
water-tight; Swed. dial. (;>//, /iV/; Swed.
taty close, tight, solid, compact ; Dan. A?/,
tight, close, compact, water-tight. M. E.
ti)t shews the old guttural ; the lct\. fittr
is for *}thtry as shewn by Du. dicht,
digt, G. dicht, tight, M. H. G. {ge)dihte,
adv., continually. Teut. type *hihtoz, for
*fenxtoz. Allied to Lith. tettku, I have
enough, tanius, close, tight.
Tike* a dog, low fellow. (Scand.) M.E.
/iM— Icel. Norw. tlk, Swed. tik, a bitch ;
Dan. dial, tiig, a male dog.
Tile. (L.) M. E. tii^f contracted form
of A. S. tigeU, a tile. — L. tigula, a tile. —
L. tegere, to cover. See Tegument.
Till (i), to cultivate. (E.) M.E. tilien.
A. S. tilian, to labour, endeavour, strive
after, to till land. + Du. telgn, to breed,
cultivate, till ; G. zie/en, to aim at, O. H. G.
zilon, to strive after, Bavar. ze/gen, to till.
From A. S. ti/, adj., beneficial, excellent ;
cf. O. H. G. zil, a goal, mark; Goth.
ga-ti/s, fit, convenient ; A. S. til, sb.,
use. Der. tii-tAf A.S. tiid, a crop,
cultivation ; cf. Du. tee/^, crop.
Till (a), to the time when. (Scand.)
M. £. ti/; chiefly in the Northern dialect ;
O. Northumb. til. Matt. xxvi. 31. — Icel.
til, Dan. til, Swed. ////, prep., to. Also
O. Fries, til, prep. Apparently allied to
Icel. tili, tfli, aim, bent, cognate with
O. H. G. zil, aim, mark ; see Till (i).
Till (3), a drawer for money. (E.) The
proper sense is 'drawer,' something that
can be pulled out. Dryden has tiller in
this sense, tr. of Juvenal, vi. 384. From
M. E. tilUn, to draw, draw out, also to
allure ; also spelt tullen. A. S. tyllan,
only in the comp. far-tySan, to draw
aside, lead astray. Cf. Toll (2).
tiller, the handle of a rudder. (£.)
Prov. E. tiller, a handle, lit. * puller.' From
M. E. tilUn, to draw, pull (above).
Tilt (i), the covering of a cart. (E,)
M. E. teld, later telt, the same. A. S. teld,
a tent. The final t was due to the cognate
E. Fries., Low G., and Dan. telt, Swed.
tcUt, a tent, -f- M. Du. telde, Icel. tjald,
G. zelt.
Tilt (a)} to cause to heel over, to joust
in a tourney. (E.) Orig. sense * to totter';
hence to cause to totter, to upset, tilt over,
upset an enemy in a tourney. M. E. tilten,
tulten, to totter, be unsteady ; answering
to an A. S. *tyltan (not found), r^idarly
formed (by change from ea to ie, y) from
A. S. tealt, adj., unsteady, unstable. Hhloel.
tolta, to amble ; Norw. tylta, to walk on
tiptoe ; Swed. tulta, to waddle ; G. zelt, an
ambling pace. Cf. Totter. Der. till, sb.
Tilth; seeTiU(i).
Timber, wood for building. (E.) A. S.
timber, material to build with; for *titnrO'
(the b being excrescent). + Icel. timbr,
Dan. tommer, Swed. timnter\ G. zimmer,
Cf. Goth, timrjan, to build. From Teut.
base *tetn-, to build; cf. Gk. liifjt^dy, to
build ; L. dom-us, a house. See Dome.-
Brugm. i. $ 421 (8). (VDEM.)
Tuabrely a kind of tambourine. (F. >
L. — Gk.) Dimin. of M. E. timbre, a small
tambourine. — O. F. timbre, a timbrel. «
L. tympanum, a drum. — Gk. r^fiwayov,
a drum. See Tympanum.
Time. (E.) A. S. tima, + Icel. ttmi ;
Dan. time; Swed. timme. Teut. type
*tt-pian-. Allied to Tide.
Timid, fearful. (F.-L.) F. timide.^
L. timidus.^lj. timere, to fear.
558
TIMOROUS
TIRADE
timoroiUI. (L.) Coined , with suffix -<?itf,
from L. timor, fear.i-L. titnere^ to fear.
Tin. (E.) A. S. /i».+Du. tin, Icel. titty
Dan. tin, Swed. tenn, G. zinn, % Distinct
from L. stannum (F. Haiti).
Tinctnre. (L.) L. tinctHra, a dyeing.
— L. tittctusj pp. of tingere, to dye. See
Tinge.
Tind, to light or kindle. (£.) Also
spelt titie ; nearly obsolete. M.E. tettden,
A. S. 'tendan, to kindle. -4" T>Viti, tcende,
Swed. tdnda, Goth, tandjan. Teut. type
*tandjan-, from the and ^ade of a lost
strong verb *tmdan', making pt. t. *tand,
pp. *tundattoz. See below.
tinder. (£.) M.E./f»di?r, more com-
monly tuttder, tondre, A. S. tyndre, f.,
anything for kindling fires from a spark.
Cf. O. H. G. zuntira, tinder. * Tent, type
*tund-ir'ffn\ from ^tund, weak grade of
lost verb ^tendan, to kindle; see above. +
Icel. tundr (cf. tatidri, fire) ; Dan. fonder ,
Swed. tunder\ Du. tondsr\ G. zuttder,
tinder.
Tine (i)» the tooth or spike of a fork
or harrow. (E.) Formerly tind, M. E.
tind. A. S. tind. -f Icel. tindr, Swed.
tintu, Dan. dial. /iW, tooth of a rake ;
M. H. G. zint. Tent, type *tmdoz, m. ;
allied to L. detts (gen. dent'is\ a tooth ; cf.
also Skt. danta-y a tooth. Noreen, § 144.
See Tooth.
Tine (a)^ to kindle; see Tind.
Tine (3)1 to lose. (Scand.) Icel. tyna,
to lose. — Icel. tjdn, loss, damage ; allied
to A. S. teona, harm ; see Teen.
Tinge* to dye. (L.) L. tingere, pp.
iinctuSy to dye (see Tint).+Gk. t«77€iv,
to wet, dye ; O. H. G. thunkdn, G. tunken,
to dip, steep (from the weak grade).
(-•TENG.)
Tinffle. (E.) M. £. tinglen^ a by-form
of titti/en, to tinkle, which, again, is a
frequentative form of M.E. tinken, to
tink (see tinker), of which a weaker form
is titig. < To titigt tinnire ; tingil^ tinnire ; '
Levins (1570). Cf. E. Fries, tingeln.
The orig. sense was to ring, then to vibrate,
thrill, to feel a sense of ^bration as when
a bell is rung. t
tinker. (E.) M. E. tinkere. So called
because he makes a tinking sound, in the
mending of metal pots, &c. From M. E.
tinken^ to ring or tinkle; Wyclif, i Cor.
xiii. I. Of imitative origin ; cf. M. Du.
tinge-tangen, to tingle, tintelen, to tinkle ;
E. Fries, tinken, tingen, tengen, to make
a bell ring; L. tinnfre, to tinkle, ring,
tintinnutn, a tinkling. Cf. Tudor £. tin%'
ler, a tinker (Levins).
tinUe, to jingle. (E.) Frequentative
of M. E. titiken, to ring ; see tinker.
Tinsely gaudy ornament. (F. — L.)
From M. F. estinceU, a spark, a star-like
ornament; for *escintele.^'L, scintilla, a
spark. See Scintillation, Stenoil.
Tinty a tinge of colour. (L.) Formerly
titut, Spenser has tinct b dyed. — L.
tittctus, pp. of tingere, to dye ; see Tinge.
Or from Ital. tittta, a dye. — L. tincta, fern,
of tinctus.
Tiny, very small. (F.— L.) Preceded,
in Shakespeare, by the word little; as,
'a little tiny boy,' < my little tiny thief,'
'pretty little /{»y kickshaws ; ' spelt titte
or tyne in ed. 1623. Lydgate has a little
tytUy a little bit. Perhaps from O. F.
tinee, a tubful (hence, quantity, bit) ; from
O. F. titte, a tub. (Athen., July ai, 1900.)
Tip (i). (E.) Often assodated with
top, but not etymologicallv connected with
it. M. £. /f^.4-Du. Swed. Dan. tip. Low
G. tipp ; cf. G. zipfel, a small tip. Allied
to Du. and E. Fries, tepel, a nipple, teat,
and to E. Tap (2). Cf. M. Du. tipken, a
teat. Der. tip, vb., chiefly in pp. tipped,
i.e. frimished with a silver top or iron
spike; whence tipped-staff, later tipstaff,
an officer with a tipped staff; cf. tipple.
Tip (2), to tilt. (E.) Generally in the
phrase tip up, or tip over; a secondary
form of tap, Cf. tip and run, i. e. tap and
run (a game) ; tip for tap, blow for blow
(Bullinger's Works, i. 283), now tit for tat,
E. Fries, tippen, to tap lightly. 4- Low G.
tippen; Swed. tippa, to tap, tip, strike
gently, touch lightly. C£ Icel. tapsa, to
tap. See Tap (i).
Tippet. (L.-Gk.) Vi.^,tipet,tepet,
A. S. tappet, a carpet, tippet. -• L. tapete,
cloth, hangings ; see Tapestry.
Kpple, to drink habitually. (Scand.)
Norweg. tipla, to tipple, frequentative of
tippa, to drip from a point or tip ; Swed.
dial, tippa^ to drip, from tipp, a tip ; cf.
Du. tepel, a nipple, teat ; see Tip (i).
Tipsy. (E.) Lit. * unsteady.* Formed
from tip (2) with suffix -jy, as in trick-sy,
&c ; see Tip (2) above.
Tiradei a strain of reproofl (F. — Ital.
— Late L.) F. tirade, lit. *■ a lengthening
out.' i- Ital. tirata, a drawing, a pulling. '^
Ital. tirare^ to pull, draw, pluck ; the same
as F. tirer ; see Tier.
559
TIRE
TO-
Tire (i), to exhaust. (E.) M. E. tirien,
teorien. A. S. teoriant (i) to be tired, (2)
to tire ; weak verb ; see Atire in New E.
Diet. * FatigatuSf atered ; ' Voc. 1 70. 30.
Tire (a), to deck. (F.) Both as sb.
and vb. M. £. /iV, tyr^ sb. ; which is
merely M. E. atir with the initial a-dropped.
Thus tire is short for attire, like pecU {pi
bells) for appeal. See Attire.
Tire (3), a hoop of iron that binds the
fellies of wheels. (F.) ' Tire, the orna-
ment of womens heads, the iron band of
a cart-wheel,' Phillips, ed. 1706. Prob.
identical with tire, a woman's head-dress.
Tire meant to deck, also to arrange, being
short for attire. Palsgrave has: *I tyer
an egge, Je accoustre ; I tyer with gar-
mentes,' &c. See Tire (2).
Tire (4)9 to tear a prey, as is done by
predatory birds. (F. — Lite L.) M. E.
tiren, to tear a prey. — F. tirer, to pull,
drag. See Tirade.
Tire (5), a train. (F.— Late L.) Only
in Spenser, F. Q. i. 4. 35. From F. tirer,
to draw ; see Tirade and Tier.
Tiro, TyiWf * novice. (L.) L. tiro, a
novice, recruit, fl" The frequent spelling
with ^^ is absurd.
Tisic ; see Phthisis.
Tissne. (F.-L.) F. tissu, 'a ribbon,
fillet, or headband of woven stuife ; ' Cot.
Also tissu, raasc., tissue, fem., woven ; old
pp. oltistre (mod. F. tisser), to weave.—
L. texere, to weave. See Text.
Tit (1)1 a small horse or child. (Scand.)
Icel. tittr, a tit, bird ; Norw. tita, a little
bird, small trout. Cf. prov. E. titty, small.
Tit (2), a teat (E.) A. S. tit, titt, a
teat ; see Teat.
ntan, a giant. (L.— Gk.) L. Titan;
cf. titio, a firebrand. — Gk. Titov, a giant ;
perhaps allied to rir6j, day (Prellwitz).-f'
Skt. titha-, fire. (VTEITH, to burn.)
Der. titan-ic.
Tit for taty blow for blow. (Scand.)
A corruption oi tip for tap, where tip is a
slight tap (Bnllinger, Works, i. 283).
Tithe, a tenth part. (E.) 'M.,^ tithe,
also tethe, A. S. tedSa, tenth ; O. Merc.
'tegda ; fuller form teognjKia, corresponding
to Gk. 8c«aro;, tenth. See Ten.
Titillation, a tickling. (F. - L.) F.
titillation.'^'L. ace. titilldtiSnem, a tick-
ling.—L. titilldtus, pp. of titilldre, to
tickle.
Titlark. (Scand. and E.) Lit. < small
lark ; ' from Tit (i) and Iiark.
Title. (F.-L.) M.E. /»//<?. -O.F.
title (F. litre). ^L., titulum, ace. oititulus,
a superscription on a tomb or altar. Der.
tkul-ar, from F. titulaire, titular.
TitmoUBe, a kind of small bird. (Scand.
andE,) Not connected with mouse; the
true pi. should be titmouses, but titmice
is used, by confusion with mice, M. £.
titmose. Compounded of ///, small (see
Tit (i)) ; and A. ^.mdse, a name for several
small birds, e. g. A. S./rac-mase, col-m&se,
spic'tnase, all names of birds. 4" Du. mees,
G. meise^ a titmouse, small bird ; Icel.
meisingr(¥.m^sange). Tent. type*maisdn-,
f. ; the sense of which was ' twittering * ;
cf. L. maerire (for *maesere, cf. maes-tus),
to lament, mourn (Franck).
Titter, to giggle. (E.) The same as
M. E. titereft, to prattle ; from a repetition
of the syllable /i, which was also used to
indicate lau^ter, as in the word te-Aee (in
Chaucer). See also twitter and twaddle.
And see Tattle.
Tittle, a jot. (F.-L.) U.E.titel.^
O.F. title, a title; M.F. litre, HUre, *a
tittle, a small line drawn over an abridged
word, also a title ; ' Cot — L. titulum, ace
of titulus, a title, p. In late Latin titulus
must have meant a mark over a word, as
shewn by O. F. title (above). Wyclif has
titel for the Vulgate titulus (Matt. v. 18),
Tittle- tattMv prattle ; see Tattle.
To. (E.) M. E. to. A. S. to. + Du.
toe, G. zu ; O. Irish do, Russ. do, to, up to.
Cfl Gk. -8f, towards.
to- (a), prefix,, to. (E.) Only in to-day,
to-gether, to-morrow, to-night, to-ward;
and in the obsolete M. E. to-name, nick-
name, and a few other words ; see To-day.
To- (i)» prefix, in twain, asunder, to
pieces. (E.) Only retained in the phrase
edl to-brake — utterly broke asunder, Judges
ix* 53* The M. K phrase alto-drahe meant
wholly brake-asunder, the al being adver-
bial, and to-brake the pt. t. of tobreken,
to break asunder. But about A. D. 1500,
it was mistakenly written all-to brake, as if
all-to meant 'altogether,' and brake was
separate firom to ; and later writers much
confused the matter, which is still often
wrongly explained. The A. S. to-, prefix,
was very common, as in tohrecan^ to break
asunder, tobldwan, to blow asunder ; cog-
nate with O. Friesic to-, te- ; and allied to
O. H. G. zar-, G. zer-, signifying * asun-
der.*
To- (a)> prefix; see To.
560
TOAD
Toad. (E.) M.E. /^. A,S,/adig^,
iSdie, a toad. Der. tad-pole,
toad-eater. (E.) Formerly a com-
panion or assistant to a mountebank, who
pretended to eat toads, swallow fire, &c. ;
now represented by toady.
Toast (i), scorched bread. (F.-L.)
O. F. tostie^ a toast of bread ; orig. pp.
fem.«-L. tosta (for *tors-td), pp. fem. of
torrere, to parch ; see Torrid.
toast {2)) a person whose health is
dnmk. (F.— L.) The reference is to the
toast nsnally pnt in stirmp-cnps, &c., in
drinking healths; see the story in the
Tatler, no. 24, June 4, 1709 (Todd).
Tobaoeo. (Span.— Hayti.) Span. /tf-
biuo. A word taken from the language of
Hayti (ClaVigero, Hist, of Mexico). I-as
Casas says tlmt tahcuo was the name of the
pipe in which the Caribs smoked the plant.
Toboffgaily a kind of snow-sledge.
(Amer. Indian.) A Canadian perversion
of an Amer. Indian oddbagan^ a sledge.
Tocliery a dowry. (Gael.) Gael, and
Irish tochoTy a dowry, assigned portion. —
O. Irish tochur, a putting; tocAurimt I
put.»0. Irish to-, <kh, to; cuir-im, I put,
assign.
Tocsillf sound of an alarm-bell. (F.—
Teut. and L.) M. F. toquiesing (F. tocsin) ,
an alarm-bell, or its sound ; see Cot. Lit.
'striking of the signal-bell.* — O. F. toqu-er,
to strike, touch (Picard iokery Norm. dial.
toquer^ to strike) ; O. F. sing (Norm. dial.
sin)y a bell, from Late L. signum, a bell,
L. signum, a sign ; see Touch and Sign.
Tod, a bush, a measure of wool, a fox.
(Scand.) Icel. toddi, a tod of wool, bit,
Eiece (the fox being named tod from his
ushy tail). 4* E. Fries, todtfej a bundle ;
Du. todde, a rag ; G. gotttf zote, a tuft of
hair, anything shaggy.
To-day* this day. (E.) Compounded of
to, prep., and day ; to being formerly used
in tne sense of ' for.' Thus A. S. todage —
for the day, to-day ; dage being the dat. of
diBgf day. So also to-night, to-morrow.
Toddle, to walk unsteadily. (£.) The
same as Lowl. So. tottle, to walk with
short steps, and equivalent to E. totter;
see Totter. Cf. tottlish, tottery, unsteady
(Cent. Diet) ; Bavarian zotteln, zotten^ to
toddle, walk feebly.
Toddy. (Hindustani — Pers.) Hind.
tarty t&qiy * vulgarly toddy, juice or sap of
the palmyra-tree,* &c. ; H. H. Wilson. —
Hind, tar, a palm-tree, palmyra-tree.— |
56
TOKEN
Pers. tar, a palm-tree yielding toddy;
Skt. tdla-. ^ The Hind, r has a peculiar
[cerebral] sound, which has come to be
represented by dia English.
Toe. (E.) A. S. tS, pi. tan, A con-
tracted form ; O. Merc, tdhae. -f" ^^'
teen, Icel. td, Dan. taa, Swed. td, G. zehe;
O. H. G. zeAa, a toe. Teut. type *taihdn.
(Further connexions unknown.)
Toft, a green knoll, open ground, home-
stead. (Scand.) M. E. toft, a knoll.—
Icel. topt (pron. toft), also tupt (pron.
tuff), toft, tomt (the oldest spelling), a
place to build on. Perhaps for *tumft-
K^^tumf- (Noreen, §§ 83, 338), as if * suit-
able place ' ; from *tum-^ weak grade of
*tem-an-, O. Sax. teman, to suit. Cf. G.
zunft, a guild, O. H. G. zumft ; and Goth.
ga-timan, to suit.
Toga. (L.) L. toga, a mantle, lit. cover-
ing. — L. tegere, to cover. See Tegument.
Together. (E.) '^.^.togedere.^h.^.
td-gadre, to-gadere. — A. S. td, to, gador-,
geador, together ; see Gather.
Toil (i), labour; to labour. (F. — L.)
M.E./^7, disturbance, tumult ; toilen,Xoy\x\\
about (the sense having somewhat altered).
— O. F. toillier, M. F. touiller, to entangle,
shufiQe together, mix confusedly, trouble,
&C. ; see Cotgrave. Godefroy also gives
the sb. iooil, toeil, toil, toel, a massacre,
trouble, confusion, disorder. — L. tudicu-
Idre, to stir up (Hatzfeld). — L. tudicula,
a machine for bruising olives, dimin. of
tudes, a mallet. — L. tud-, as in tu-tud-i,
pt. t. of tundere, to beat. % Toil is often
derived from M. Du. tuylen, to till or
manure land, but it is impossible to explain
it from this source ; the M. E. usage is
completely at variance with this view.
Toil (2), a net, snare. (F.— L.) Y.toiie,
cloth; pi. toiles, toils, snares for wild
beasts. —L. tila, a web, thing woven ; for
*tex-la, from texere, to weave. See Text.
toilet, toilette. (F.-L.) ¥, toilette,
' a toy let, the stuff which drapers lap about
their cloths, a bag to put nightcloths in ; '
Cot. — F. toile, a cloth (above).
Toise, a measure, 6 ft. 4I in. (F.— L.)
F. toise, ' a fadome ; ' Cot. — L. tensa, sc.
brdchia, neut pi. of tensus, pp. of tendere,
to stretch (reach). See Tend.
Tokay, a wine. (Hungary.) From
Tokay, a town in Hungary, E. N. E. from
Pesth.
Token. (E.) M. E. token, A. S. tdcen,
tdcn, ^ Du. teeken, Icel. teikn, Dan.
TOLERATE
te^tj Swed. iecketi^ G. zeichen, Goth.
taikns, Teut. types ^taiknotn^ n., taikniz^
f. ; allied to Teaoh. Usually referred to
an Idg. base *deig', by-form of *cUik-^ as
in Gk. 9tlK'WfUf I shew, cognate with
Goth, ga'teihan, to point out; which is
not wholly satisfactory.
Tolerate. (L.) Frompp. ofL. /^/(^r-
(IrCy to put up with ; allied to tolUrty
to lift, bear, take.-f Skt. tul, to lift, Glc
rA^rat, to suffer, A. S. folian^ to endure.
(VTEL.) 6. From L. tidium^ supine of
toiUriy usually written llUum^ are formed
numerous derivatives, such as ab-lat-ive^
coilat'iony di-iaie, e-late, Ob-late^ &c.
Toll (0, a tax. (E.;<?rL.-Gk.) M.E.
toL A. S. toll, tribute.+Du. tol, Icel. tollr,
Dan. told (for *toll), Swed. /«//, G. zolL
Teut. type *tulloZy m. ; which might be
explained as < *tulnoz, from the weak
grade ♦/«/ (with suffix 'ftez) of */'^/,
the root of Tale ; with the sense * that
which is counted out or paid.' But the
existence of by-forms, as A. S. toln, toll
(whence tolnere, a toller), O. Sax. tolna^
O. Fries, tolney toll, O. H. G. zollan-tuom,
as well as O. H. G. zolonarif M. Dn. tol-
lenaeKy a toller, suggest that the forms are
borrowed from Late L. tolonium, for L.
telSnium, which is from Gk. rcA^woi^, a
toll-house (Matt. ix. 9) ; from Gk. rkKoi^
an end, a toll. Cf. F. tonlieu^ a toll ; from
Late L. tonleium^ tolneum, for L. telonium.
Toll (2), to pull a bell, sound as a bell.
(E.) The old use was * to toll a bell,' i. e.
to pull it ; from M. £. tolleuy to stir, draw,
pull, allied to tullerty to entice, allure, and
prob. to A. S. fortyllan, to allure ; see
Till (3).
TolUi a kind of resin. (S. America.)
Said to be named from Tolu, a place
on the N. W. coast of New Granada,
now Colombia, in S. America.
Tonii pet name for Thomas. (L.--Gk.
- Heb.) M. E. Thomme. - L. ThomOs.
— Gk. 0et;/M», Thomas ; ' a twin.' Cf.
Heb. tffmim, pi., twins.
Tomahawk, a light war-hatchet. (W.
Indian.) Algonkin tomehagen^ Mohegan
tumnakegan^ Delaware tamoihecan, a war-
hatchet. * Explained by Lacombe from
the Cree dialect: otomahuk, knock him
down; otdmaAwaw, he is knocked down ;'
Cent. Diet.
Tomato, a love-apple. (Span.— Mexi-
can.) Span, (and Port.) /<7wa/^.-i Mexican
tomatlf a tomato.
TONSURE
Tomb. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. iombe.'^l..
tumha. — Gk. rvfi/Sa, a late form of rvfifioSj
a tomb. Allied to Tumuliu.
Tomboy* a rude girl. (L. — Gk. — Heb. ;
and E.) From Tom and Boy.
Tome, a volume. (F.— L.— Gk.) F.
tome,^h. ace. tomum. ^Gk* r6§ioSy a
section, a volume. — Gk. to/a-, and grade
of Tc^-, as in rtfi-vtiv, to cut. Allied to
Tonaure. (^TEM.)
To-morrow; see To-day.
Tomtit, a small bird. (L. - Gk. — Heb. ;
a^^Scand.) From Tom and Tit.
Tomtom, a kind of drum. (Ben^i.)
Bengali tantan, vulgarly tomtom, a small
drum. Prob. named from the sound.
Ton, Tan, a large barrel, great weight.
(L.) M. £. tonne, a large barrel, hence a
great weight. A. S. tunne, a barrel. So
also Du. tatty Icel. Swed. tunna, Dan. tonde,
tun, cask ; G. tonne, cask, weight ; Gael,
and Irish tunna, W. tynell, tun, barrel.
All from Late L. tunna, a cask (9th cent).
If the orig. sense was ' wine-skin,' perhaps
from O. Irish tonn^ skin.
Tone. (F. - L. - Gk.) F. ton, - L. ace.
t<mum,^G\i* rSvos, a thing stretched, a
string, note, tone. « Gk. rov', and grade
of rtV', as in *T€vyftv > nivtiv, to stretch.
+Skt. tan, to stretch. (y^EN.)
Tongs, sb. pL (£.) M.E. tonge, tange,
sing. sb. ; the pi. is due to the two arms
of the instrument. A. S. tange^ a pair of
tongs, pincers; also/ai^^.^-Du. /a»^, Icel.
long (pi. tangir), Dan. tang, Swed. t&ng,
G. zange, Orig. sense * a biter * or * nip-
per ' ; from a nasalised form of ^DAK, to
bite, as in Gk. h6.KV€iv. Brugm. i. § 420.
Tongne. (E.) M. E. tunge, tonge. A.S.
tunge, + Icel. Swed. tunga, Dan. tunge,
Du. tong, G. zunge, Goth, tuggo (^^tungo).
Teut. type *tungon, f. + O. Lat. dingua
(L. lingua), a tongue. Root uncertain.
Allied to Lins^al. Brugm. i. § 441.
Tonie. (Gk.) Lit. 'giving tone.' -Late
Gk. Tow«($y, adj., from t6vos\ see Tone.
To-nigbt ; see To-day.
Tonsu. (F.-L.) M.¥, tonstlle; Cot.
— L. tonsilla, formed from the pi. tonsillar
the tonsils. ' There is one [Latin] sb. in
'li, Lat. tolis, pi. m. " wen on the neck,"
for *tons-li-y from tens- " stretch " (Goth.
at-thinsan, to draw towards one, Lith.
tls-ti, to stretch by pulling) ; tonsilla,
** tonsils," points to an older form *tons'lo-
or *tons-ld; ' Brugm. ii. § 98.
Tonsnre. (F.— L.) F, tonsure. ^L.
56 a
TONTINE
TORCH
tonsuruy a clipping. — L. fonsus, pp. of
tondere, to shear, clip. Cf. Gk. rMuVf to
gnaw ; see Tome.
Tontine, a kind of lottery. (F. ~ Ital.)
F. tontine. Named from Laurence Tontit
a Neapolitan (about a.d. 1653).
Too. (E.) The emphatic form of to,
prep. ; used adverbially.
Tool. (E.) M. E. tol, tool, A. S. tdl,
a tool. '4- Icel. tolf neut. pi., tools. Lit.
an implement for working with; Teut.
type *tdlomj n., for *toU'lom ; where *tdU'
is related to *tau, as in A. S. tawian, to pre-
pare, dress, get ready. See Taw. Streit-
berg, § 85.
Toom, empty. (Scand.) M. E. torn,
toom, — Icel. tomr, Swed. Dan. tom, empty.
Toot {i\ to peep, spy ; see Tout.
Toot Q3), to blow a horn. (O. Low G.)
Spelt tt4te in Levins (lOo).— M. Du. tuy-
ten, * to sound a comet,' Hexham ; cf. Du.
toethoren, a toot-horn, bugle. Cf. Swed.
tjuta, Dan. tude, to howl, to toot ; lct\, fjota
(pt. t. }attt), to resound, blow a horn ;
E. Fries, and Low G. tuten, to toot ; A. S.
feotan, to howl; cf. Goth, thuthaumf
a trumpet. Of imitative origin ; but the
M. Du. form may have been borrowed
from Scandinavian.
TootJi. (E.) A. S. tod, pi. ted and tdtias.
Lengthened 0 produced loss of n {td6 <
tontk).'^iyvi, tandf Icel. tonn, Dan. tandy
Swed. tand. G. zahn, O. H. G. zand, zan.
Tent, stem *tanth- ; or (in Goth, tunthus)
*/wM-.+L. dens (stem dent-), Lith. dan-
tts, W. dant, Skt. danta-, Gk. 6801/f (stem
^vT'), All participial forms ; Idg. stem
*(/)ddnt' ; orig. sense * eating ' ; from V
ED, to eat ; see Sat.
Top (i), summit. (E.) M.E. top, A. S.
/<?/.+ Du. top; Icel. toppr, tuft, top; Dan.
fopy tuft, crest, top ; Swed. topp, summit ;
G. zopf, tuft, top. Der. topp-ie, to be top-
heavy, tumble over.
Top (a), a child's tov. (F.-G.) M. E.
top. — A. F. *top, only found in the dimin.
form topet. * Trocus, topet ; ' Glasgow
MS. (Godefroy) ; cf. O. F. topier, to turn
as a top ; also tupin, a pipkin (Cot.). —
M. H. G. topff a top, pot, scull (apparently
with reference to the large hollow hum-
ming-top).-f Low G. dopf a shell ; M. Du.
dcpf doppe, a top (also top, from H. G.),
dopy a shell, doppe, a little pot; E. Fries.
dop, doppe, a shell. Prob. allied to M. E.
doppm, to dive, dip (a water-pot) ; and to
E. Dip, Deep. Cf. M. Du. toppen, * to
whipe a top ; * Hexham. ^ Or froifl M;
Du. fop, borrowed from M. H. G. top/.
Topa«,agem. (F.— L.-Gk.) M.F.fo-
pase.^h. topa^tiSf topazion,^GV. T6va(os,
Tovd^toVf a topaz. ^ Pliny derives it
from an island called Topazas, in the Red
Sea, the position of which is ' conjectural ' ;
from Gk. rovA^eiv, to conjecture. This is
* conjectural ' indeed.
Toper, a great drinker. (F. or Ital. —
Teut.) Certainly allied to F. tSper, to
cover a stake, a term in dice-playing;
whence fdpe, interjection (short for/> fSpe,
1 accept your offer) in the sense * agreed ! *
Also used as a term in drinking ; cf. M.
Ital. topa, in dicing, agreed ! throw ! also
(in drinking), I pledge you! Cf. Span.
topar, to butt, strike, accept a bet. Of
Teut. origin ; from the striking of hands
or of glasses together, as in Picard toper,
to strike hands in bargaining, Ital. in-
toppare, to strike against an obstacle.
Originally from the placing together of
the tops of the thumbs, at the same time
crying topp! See Ihre, Outzen, Brem.
Worterbuch.
Topiary. (L. — Gk.) Tb/iary work is
a term applied to clipped trees and shrubs.
L. topidrius, belonging to landscape gar-
dening. «L. topia, fancy gardening, i- Gk.
roiror, a place, district.
topie. (F. — L. — Gk.) M. F. topiques,
* topicks, books or places of logical inven-
tion.'»L. topica, sb. pi., title of a work by
Aristotle. — Gk. rovtKd (the same), neut.
pi. of Tovue6s, local, relating to tovoi or
common-places. ^ Gk. r6vos, a place.
topography. (F.- L.-Gk.) F.topo-
graphie, — L. topographia, — Gk. roito-
ypatpia, description of a place. — Gk. r<$iro-s,
a place ; ypdj>-€iv, to describe.
Top^lO ; see under Top (i).
Topsyturvy. (E.) Formerly top-
turuy, topsydturvy, topsy-tervy (1528).
[Not for top-side-turvy, where top-side—
upper side; for topsytervy is the older
form.] Just as upside down was formerly
upsodowny so topsytervy prob. = top so
tervy, Tervy is from M. E. terven, to
roll, roll back (heiice, overthrow) ; see
my Gloss, to Chaucer ; cf. M. E. over-
tyrven, to upset ; A. S. tearjlian, to turn,
roll over ; Low G. tarven, to roll or turn
up a cuff. % Explained topside f other way
by late writers, where toother way is a false
gloss.
Torcll. (F. - L.) M. E. torche.^Y.
563
TORMENT
torchi^ a torch, also a wreath, wreathed
wisp or piece of tow (Low L. tortia^ a
torch), twist. ■« Late L. tortica, a torch ;
(cf. porche from porticum), ^ L. tartusy pp.
of torqulre, to twist. See Torture.
torment. (F.-L.) O. F. torment (F.
tourment).^L,, tormentum, an engine for
throwing stones, or for inflicting torture.
Formed with suffix -mentum from tor-^ for
torC't base of torquire, to twist, hurl.
tormentil, a herb. (F.— L.) F. tOT'
mentille (Cot.) ; Late L. tormentiHa^ Voc.
713. 6. Said to be so called from its
relieving tooth-ache. — O. F. torment, tor-
ment, pain (above).
TomadOy a hurricane. (Span. — L.)
Dampier speaks of * tornadoes or thunder-
showers.* For *tronaia, — Span, tronada, a
thunder-storm. * Span, tronar, to thunder.
— L. tondre, to tliunder.
Torpedo. (L.^ L. torpido, numbness ;
also a cramp-fisa (which electrifies or
numbs). •■ L. /tf^^^, to be numb (below).
torpid, sluggish. (L.) L. torpidus,
bennmoed. ^ L. torpere, to be numb or
stiff. Cf. Lith. tirptiy to grow stiff; Russ.
terpnutt, to grow numb. Brugm. i.
Torque, a collar of twisted gold. (F.
— L.) F. torque, in Littr^. — L. torqueniy
ace. of torques, a twisted collar, a torque.
— L. torquire, to twist See Torture.
Cf. W. torch, a wreath, O. Irish tore.
Torrent. (F. — L.) F. torrent, — L.
ace. torrentem^ a raging stream ; from
iorrens, raging, impetuous, boiling, hot ;
orig. pres. pt. of iorrere^ to heat (below).
torrid. (F.-L.) Y. torride,'^!., tor-
ridus, scorched. ■■ L. torrere, to scorch. +
Gk. Tipff€(r$ai, to become dry. See Tor-
raoe, Thimt. (VTERS.)
Torsion. (F. — L.) F. torsion, *a
wresting;* Cot. « L. ace. torsionem, a
wringing.— L. /^rr-, as in tors-t, pt. t. of
torquire, to twist
Torso, trunk of a statue. (Ital.— L.—
Gk.) Ital. torso, stump, trunk, stalk. --L.
thyrsus, stalk, stem. — Gk. B^ptros, a stalk,
rod, thyisns.
Tort, a wrong. (F.-L.) F. tort, a
wrong, harm ; pp. of tordrt, to twist —
L. tortus, pp. of torquire, to twist.
tortoise. (F. — L.) M. E. tortuce,
tortu ; later, tortoise, with changed suffix ;
cf. Prov. tortesttt a tortoise. The M. E.
tortu answers to F. tortue, a tortoise; Late
L. tortuca. So named from the twisted
TOUCH
feet ; cf. O. F. tortis, crooked. All due to
L. tort'US, pp. of torquire, to twist.
tortuous. (F.—L.) yi,Y^ tor-tuos.^
F. tortueux. 'm'L, tortuosus, crooked. — L.
tortus, pp. of torquire, to twist (beloMr).
torture. (I'-'-L.) F. torture, mm L.
tortura, torture, wringing pain.«-L. tortus,
pp. of torquire, to twist, wring, ^rliirl.
(VTERQ.)
Tory. (Irish.) First used about 1680
in the political sense. The Irish State
Papers, Jan. 34, 1656, mention * taries
and other lawless persons.* —Irish totruiAe,
toruighe, lit. a (hostile) pursuer, also a
searcher (hence, a plunderer) ; cf. toir^acht, •
pursuit, search, &c. •- Irish toirightfn^ I
fancy, I pursue, search closely. Cf. Gael.
toir, pursuit, search ; O. Irish toracht (for
*do-/o'racht), pursuit ; where do (to) and
/o (under) are prefixes, and racht is from
^REG, as in L. reg-ere, to direct, Irish
rig-im, I stretch out.
TosSy to jerk. (Scand. ?) Cf. W. tosio,
to jerk, toss ; tos, a quick jerk, toss ; bor-
rowed from £. Perhaps from Norw. tossa^
to scatter, spread out ; cf. * to toss hay ; '
Dan. dial, tusse, to stir, move, shake.
Allied to Touse.
Total. (F.-L.) F. /tf/tf/.-LateL./^-
Zdz/iir, adj. ; extended from L. t&us, entire.
Totter, to be unsteady. (E.) Prov. E.
tolter, a form occTirring in Clare's Village
Minstrel; cf. Lowl. Sc. tolter, adj. and
adv., unsteady (not a 7>erb, as Jamieson
says). Tolter ^ as a vb., is related to M. E.
tulten, to tilt, be unsteady (see Tilt (2));
and is allied to A. S. tealtrian^ to totter,
from the adj. tealt, unsteady. <^ M. Du.
touteren {<,*tolteren), to tremble, shake.
Cf. prov. £. totter, B.SYnxkg; Bayar.ultem,
to hobble along.
Toucan, a bird. (F.— Brazil.) F. tou-
can; a Brazilian word (Littr^). — Guarani
tucd ; whence Port, tucano. Granada
gives Guarani tiicd (^ and d both nasal).
Touch. (F.-Teut) F, toucher. [Also
O. F. toquer, Walloon toquer, to knock
or strike against ; Ital. toccare, to touch,
strike, smite.]— Teut. *tukkdn, represented
by Low G. tukken^O, H. G. zucchen, G.
zucken, to twitch, draw with a quick
motion; cf. M. Du. tucken, tocken, 'to
knock head to head; to touch;* Hexham.
A secondary verb, due to the weak grade
(^tuh) of Teut. *teuhan-, as in Goth, tiu-
han, A. S. teon {<*tiohan), to pull, draw,
O. H. G. ziohan (G. ziehen), cognate with
6^4
TOUCHY
L. dUcere, to draw, lead. (VDEUK.)
See Tuok (i), Tow (i). Der. toc-sifiy
tuck-cL
Tonchyy corruption of Tetchy, q. v.
Tough. (£.) VL.'e.. tough, K.^,tdh,
tough. 4-Du. tacd^ flexible, pliant, viscous,
tongh ; G. zdh^ O. H. G. zakif lough,
tenacious. Teut. type *tanxuz ( '>*tdhuz) ;
allied to A. S. ge-teng-e^ close to, oppres-
sive, 0. Sax. bi'teng'i, oppressive. The
orig. sense is ' holding close together * or
*■ tenacious * ; cf. Tongs.
ToUTy a circuit. (F.— L.) Lit. * a turn.*
— F. tour\ lit. a turn ; also ' a turner's
wheel,' Cot — L. tomum, ace. of tomus,
— Gk. rdpifosj a lathe. See Turn.
Tourmalinei the name of a mineral.
(F.— Cingalese.) F. toi4rmaline. Formed
from the native name in Ceylon, where it
was called tSramalli, Explained (vaguely)
as ' a general name for the cornelian ' ;
Clough, Singhalese Diet (1830), ii. 246.
Tonmament. (F.-L.-Gk.) M. E.
titmement, — A. F. tournament, O. F.
tomoiement, a tournament. * A. F. tour-
neuTy O. F. tomoier, to joust ; cf. A. F. tur-
ney, tomey^ O. F. tomoi, a tourney, joust,
lit. a turning about. ^ O. F. tomer^ to
turn ; see Turn.
tonmey. (F.-.L.-Gk.) A. F. tur-
ney, O. F. tomoi (above).
toumiqiiet. (F. — L. — Gk.) F. tottr-
niquety lit^that which turns about;' a
name given to a stick turned round to
tighten a bandage, to stop a flow of blood.
— F. toumeTf to turn (above). Cf. Picard
tomiker, to turn round.
Toil8e« to pull about, tear. (E.) M. E.
tiisen, in comp. to-tusen^ to pull about.
[Cf. mod. £. Towser, a dog's name, lit.
' tearer.'] This answers to E. Fries, tiisen,
to tear, pull, rend. + G. zausen, O. H. G.
{er)zusanf {5dr)zusSn^ to tug, pull, drag
about. Der. tussle ; cf. toss,
Touty to solicit custom. (E.) A dialectal
form of toot, M. E. toten, orig. to peep ;
hence to be on the look-out for custom.
A. S. tfftian, to project, stick out (hence,
peep out) ; whence TootAi/I, Tothiil, a
look-out hill (W. TwtAi/itLt Carnarvon).
Tow (i). to tug along. (E.) M. E.
towen, tojen, O. Fries, toga, to pull, tow ;
cf. A. 8. toA-line, a tow-line, towing-rope.
— A. S. tog', as in tog-en, pp. of tiohan,
teoH^ to pull, draw. + E. Fries, tagen, Icel.
toga, to pull ; O. H. G. zogdn ; all simi-
luly formed from Teut *tuh (>*tug),
TOXICOLOGY
weak grade of *teukan-, to draw, cognate
with L. diicere, to draw, lead. (-^DEUK.)
Tow (2), coarse part of hemp. (E.)
M. E. tozv. A. S. tow-, occurring in tow-ltc
weorc, material for spinning, lit. ^ tow-like
stuff,* and in tow-hits, a tow-house, house
for spinning. Orig. the operation, not the
material; cf. A. S. getawa, implements.
Allied to A. S. tawian, to prepare, work ;
see Taw and Tool, -f" M. Du. touw, tow,
touwen, to tan leather, touwe, a weaver's
implement; Icel. to, a tuft of wool for
spinning.
Toward, Towards. (E.) M. E.
towardes, formed by adding -es (genitive
sufSx used adverbially) to M. E. toward.
The A. S. toweard is usually an adj., with
the sense * future, about to come ; ' tff-
weardes was a prep., usually put after its
case. •- A. S. to, to ; -weard, in the direc-
tion of, cognate with Icel. -verdr, M. H. G.
'Werty Goth, -wairths, and allied to L.
uersus, towards, p. All these suffixes are
derivatives of the verb appearing in E. as
worth, to become ; see Worth (2). The
same suffix appears in after-ward, in-
ward, &c. ; the lit sense is * that which
has become' or *that which is made to
be,' or ' that which is turned ' ; hence m-
n/an/s turned in, to-ward, turned to, &c.
Towel. (F. - O. H. G.) M. E. towaille.
- F. touaille, * a towel ; ' Cot. O. F.
toaille (Low L. toacula, Span, todlla, Ital.
tovaglia),^0, H. G. twahila, dwahila (G.
zwehle), a towel. -■ O. H. G. trvahan, to
wash.4-A. %,]fwian {<*J>wahan), O. Sax.
thwahan, ^ctl.fvA, Swed. tv&, Dan. toe,
Goth, thwahan, to wash. Cf. A. S.
fwale, a towel (Sweet, O. E. T.) ; fweal,
a bath; ixomfwrnn.
Tower. (F.-L.-Gk.) O.F. tur, tour.
'^'L.turrem, ace. oiturris, a tower. — Gk.
Tvpffis, rvppii, a tower, bastion ; cf. Gael.
torr, conical hill, tower, castle. % A. S.
torr is from L. turris ; and late A. S. tur
from O. F. tur.
Town. (E.) M. £. toun, an enclosure,
town. A. S. tUn, a fence, farm, town.^
Du. tuin, fence, Icel. tUn, enclosure, home-
stead, O. H. G. zUn, hedge ; Irish and
Gael, dan, a fortress, W. £n, a hill-fort.
Lit 'fastness;' cf. Gk. H-vaius, strength,
Irish dUr, L. durus, firm. BrugOL i. $ 112,
ii. $ 66.
Toxicologyy the science which inves-
tigates poisons. (Gk.) From Gk. to^iko'V,
poison for arrows (from rifov, a bow) ;
5^6
TOY
TRAIL
'Koyta, from \4y€iv, to discourse, p. T6(ov
may be from '^TEKS, to hew, shape ; see
Teohnioal. But cf. L. taxus, yew-tree.
Toy, sb. (Du.) Dn. /tft^f, tools, utensils,
implements, stuff, refuse, trash; whence
sptel'tuig, playthings, toys, lit. * stuff to
play with.' M. Du. tuyg^ * silver chains
with a knife, dzzais, pincushion, &c. as
women wear,' Sewel. + Icel. tygi^ gear,
Dan. toi^ gear, Ugitdi^ a plaything, toy,
Swed. tyg^ gear, trash, G. zeug, stuff, trash,
G. spielzeug^ playthings, p. The orig.
sense was stuff, material, gear ; and G.
zeug is connected with G. zeugen, to beget,
to produce, and even to witness. So also Du.
tuig is connected with 'DrxJuigen, to equip,
to witness, E. Fries, tiigeuy to produce, pre-
pare, equip, O. Fries, tiuga^ tioga^ to wit-
ness, M. H. G. ziugettf to produce, equip,
witness ; all weak verbs, due to the strong
Teut. verb *teuhan- (Goth, tiuhan, A. S.
teon, O. H. G. ziohan^ G. Ziehen), cognate
with L. dOcerey to lead. (VDEUK.)
^ As to the sound, cf. ^^^ Flemish huL
See Tow (i). Team.
' Trace (i)} a track, foot-print. (F.— L.)
F. trace, * trace, path, tract ; * Cot. A
verbal sb. from M. F. tracer, to trace, follow,
also spelt trasser, to trace out, delineate.
The same as Ital. trcuciare, Span, trazar,
to trace out, plan, sketch. These answer
to a Late L. *tracti&re^ formed from
tractus, pp. of trahere, to draw, drag.
trace (2), one of the straps by which
a vehicle is drawn . (F. — L.) M . E. traice,
trace, which Palsgrave explains by O. F.
trays ; this is a plural form » mod. F.
traits, pi. of trait, — O. F. trays, later
traits, traicts^ pi. of traict, explained by
Cotgrave as ' a teame-trace or trait.' Thus
trace ^traits, pi. oi trait \ see Trait.
Trachea, wind-pipe. (L. — Gk.) L.
trachea. — Gk. Tpax«a, lit. * the rough,'
from the rings of gristle round it ; fem. of
TpixiJs, rough. Allied to Ti-rprfX'^t pt- t.
of $p2(r<T€iv, rapdffcreiVj to disturb.
Track, a course. (F.— Teut.) From
F. trac, *a track, beaten way;* Cot.
Norm. dial. trac. 'mDu. trek, a draught;
trekken, to draw, pull, tow, travel, march,
&c. Allied to Low G. and £. Fries.
trekken, O. Fries, trekka, and O. H. . G.
strong verb trehhan, to scrape, shove,
draw ; see Franck. Scheler regards F. trac
as due to F. tracer, to trace; sec Trace (i) ;
but N. Fries, has tracke for Du. trekken.
Tract (1)9 a continued duration, a
region. (L.) L. tractus, a drawings out,
course, region.— L. tractus, pp. oiirtihere,
to draw.
tract (2), a short treatise. (L.) Short
for tractate, now little used. — L. tractatus^
a tractate, treatise, tract. — L. trcu:tdtu5^
pp. of tract&re, to handle ; see Treat.
tractable. (L.) L. tractdbilis^ man-
ageable. — L. tractdre, to handle, frequent.
oltrahere (pp. tractus), to draw.
traction, a drawing along. (F. — L.)
M. F. traction. —Late L. ace. "^trcKtiartetn,
ace. of *tractio. — L. tracfius, pp. of ^ra-
here (above).
Trade. (E.) The old sense was * path * ;
hence a beaten track, regular business.
Cf. M. £. trede, a tread, a step; from A. S.
tredan, to tread ; see Tread. Cf. A. S.
trod, a track, from the weak grade of
tredan. But the right forni occurs in
Low G. trade, Swed. dial, trad, a beaten
path, track ; from the 2nd grade of the
verb. Der. tratfe-wind^ a wind that keeps
a beaten track, or blows always in the
same direction.
Tradition. (L.) From ace. of L.
traditio, a surrender, a tradition (CoL ii. 8).
— L. traditus^ pp. of tradere, to deliver.
— L. trd-, for trans, across; -dere, for dare^
to give. See Trans-, Date.
iSradnce, to defame. (L.) L. tradA'
cere, to lead over, transport, also, to de-
fame. Here trd- — trans, across; and
dUcere is ' to lead.' See Trans- and
Duke.
Traffic, vb. (F.— Ital.) Y.trafiquer,
* to trafhck ; ' Cot. — Ital. trafficare ; cf.
Span, trafagar. Port, traficar, tn^eguear,
to traffic, p. Origin unknown. It is pro-
posed to derive the Ital. word from traffik,
a late Hebrew form of Gk. Tpomuirtis, the
Gk. rendering of L. uictoridtus, sl silver
coin bearing the image of Victory (Athen.,
Apr. 7, 1900).
Tragedy. (F. - L. - Gk.) O.Y.tra-
gedie. — L. tragcedia* — Gk. rpa'^ia^ a
tragedy ; lit. ^ a goat-song ; ' prob. because
the actors were clad in goat-skins to re-
semble satyrs. — Gk. rpay^lSs, a tragic
singer; lit *goat-singer.*— Gk. Tpd7-os, a
he-goat; tp^s^ a singer, contracted from
doi&s; see Ode. Der. trag-ic^ F. tra-
gique, L. tragicus, Gk. rpayiKos, lit.
' goatish.'
Trail, vb. (F.-L.) M. E. //'«/?», to
draw along, answering to A. F. trailer^
to trail, occurring in trailebaston (below).
S.66
TRAILBASTON
— O. F. trailUr^ to tow a boat ; allied to
F. traille^ a ferry-boat with a cord. « L.
tragula^ a drag-net, sledge, traha^ a sledge;
from traherCy to draw. Cf. Gascon trailho^
a track ; Port, tralha^ a net ; Span, tralla,
a cord. % M. Du. treyien, to draw along,
is merely borrowed from F. trainer^ * to
traile a deer, or hunt him upon a cold
sent, to reel, or wind yam/ Cot. ; or else
from £. trail (see Franck). [The A. S.
traglian is a very scarce word, m a gloss,
and means ' to pluck.']
trailbaston, a law term. (F.-L.)
Anglo- F. traylebastoMiy a term applied to
certain lawless men. It meant ' trail-stick'
or * stick -carryer.* Fully explained in
Wright's Polit. Songs, p. 383; but con-
stantly misinterpret^. The justices of
tt'aylbaston were appointed by £dw. I to
try them. From trails vb. (above) ; and
O. F. bastofty a stick. See Baton.
train, sb. and vb. (F.— L.) M. £.
train, sb., trainen, vb. •- M. F. train, a great
roan's retinue ; traine, a sledge ; trainer,
to trail along (Cot.)* --Late L. tragindre,
to drag along (Schwan). •• L. trakerey to
draw. Der. train-band, corruption of
traifi d'band.
Tram-oil. (Du. ; and F. - L. — Gk.)
For oil, see Oil. Formerly trane^oyle or
trane» — M. Du. traen, ' trayne-oyle made
of the fat of whales ; also a tear, liquor
pressed out by the fire ; ' Hexham. The
orig. sense is ' tear' ; then drops forced out
in boiling blubber, &c. Mod. Du. traan, a
tear; cf. G. thrdne. The G.tkrdne is really
a pi. form » M. H. G. trehene, pi. oftraAen,
O. H. G. trahan, a tear; cf. O. Sax. trakni,
pi., tears ; £. Fries, trdn, tear-dropt. We
also find M. H. G. treher, p]., tears, which
may be connected with O. Northumb.
taher^ a tear, and A. S. tiar, a tear.
Similarly, Du. traan may be allied to
Dan. taar^ a tear, and to £. tear.
Trait, a feature. (F.-L.) F. trait ^ a
line, stroke ; Cot. — F. trait, pp. of traire^
to draw.«*L. traherSy to draw.
Traitor, one who betrays. (F.-L.)
O. F. trmtor, oblique case from nom.
traitre, — L. trdditdrem, ace. of trdditor,
one who betrays. — L. trddcre, to betray ;
see Tradition.
Tri^eotory, the curve which a pro-
jectile describes. (F.— L.) Suggested by
M.F. trajectoire, • casting ; * Cot. Formed
as if from L. *trdiectdrius, belonging to
projection. » L. trdiectusy pp. of trdicere
TRANQUIL
(= *trd-jicere), to throw across, fling. —
L. trd-, for trans, across ; iacere, to cast.
Der. traject (M. F. traject, a ferry), the
right reading for tranect, Merch. Yen. iii.
4-53.
Tram, a coal-waggon, tar on rails.
(Scand.) The words dram-road and tram-
road fxxxx as early as a.d. 1794; we even
find tram in a will dated 1555 (Surtees
iSoc. Public, xxxviii. 37). The same as
Lowl. Sc. tram, shaft of a cart, beam, bar,
prov. £. tram, a milk-bench (orig. a log of
wood). The tram-road \iz& prob. at first
a log-road, then a rail-road on sleepers.—
Norw. tram, door-step (of wood) ; traam,
a frame ; cf. Swed. dial, tromm, log, stock
of a tuse, also a summer-sledge ; M . Swed.
tr&m, trum, piece of a cut tree. Orig.
sense a beam, shaft, bar, log ; then a shaft
of a cart, a sledge ; cf. £. Fries, trame,
trime, step of a ladder, handle of a barrow ;
Low G. traamy a beam, handle of a wheel-
barrow; O. H. G. drdmy trdm, M. Du.
drom, a beam, O. Icel. ]>ram (in Pram-
valr\ % The 'derivation * from Outratn
(about 1800) is ridiculous; it ignores the
accent, and contradicts the history.
Trammel. (F. — L.) "M.. E. tramaile.
— M. F. tramail, 'a tramell, or a net
for partridges ; * Cot. (Mod. F. tramail,
Littre ; Gascon tramail ; Ital. tramaglio,)
Late L. tremac{u)lum, a kind of net (Lex
Salica). Prob. from L. /rt-, threefold, and
macula^ a mesh, net (Diez). % The Span,
form trasmallo is corrupt.
Tramontane, foreign to Italy. (F. -
Ital.— L.) M. F. tramontain, — Ital. tra-
montano, living beyond the mountains. — L.
trd; for trans, beyond ; mont-, stem of
mons, mountain.
Tramp, vb. (£.) M. £. trampen ; not
in A. S. ; £. Fries. trampen.^ljQ\t G. and
G. trampeny Dan. trampe, Swed. trampa,
to tramp, tread; cf. Goth, ana-trimpan
(pt. t. ana-tramps, to tread on. Nasalised
form of base TRAP; see Trap (i).'
trample. (£•) M. £. trampeUn, fre-
quent, of M. %• trampen (above); £. Fries.
trampeln,^G. trampeln.
Tram-way ; see Tram.
Tranoe. (F. — L.) F. transe, ' a trance,
or swoon;* Cot. Lit. a passing away
(from consciousness). — O. F. transiry to
depart, die. i- L. transire, to pass away ;
see Transit .
Tranquil. (F. -- L.) F. tranquUle,
calm. » L. tratiquilluSy at rest.
567
TRANS-
TRANSPOSE
Trans-, preBx. (L.) L, trans, beyond, \ Translate. (F.~L.) V, translater.
across, over. Orig. pres. pt. of a verb
*trdre (whence in-trdre), to pass over;
cf. Skt. ^^f^'M & crossing over. ^ It occurs
as trans- f Iran-, and trd-» Brugm. ii.
§ 57Q-
Transaotf to perform. (L.) From L.
transacius, pp. of transigercy to complete.
« L. trans i beyond, fully; agerey to do.
See Agent.
Transalpine. (L.) From L. trans-
alptnuSj beyond the Alps ; see Alp.
Transcend. (L.) L. transcendere, to
climb over, to surpass. ^ L. /mi»-, for
trans f beyond ; scandere, to climb.
Transcribe. (L.) L. transcnderg, to
copy out from one book into another. .-
L. tran-, for trans, across, over ; scrihere,
to write. Der. transcript, from neut. of
pp. tran-scriptus ; also transcript-ion.
Transept. (LO Lit. cross-enclosure.
— L. tran-, for trans, across; septum, en-
closure, orig. neut. of pp.of J^fr^, saplre,
to enclose, from sapes, a hedge.
Transfer. (F.-L.) Y.transftrcr.^
L. trans-ferre, to convey across. — L. treats,
across ; ferre, to bear ; see Bear (i).
Transfigure. (F. - L.) F. trans-
figurer,^^,, transfigUrOre, to change the
figure or appearance. * L. trans, across
(impl3ring change) ; figHra, figure.
Transfix. (L.) From L. transjix-us,
pp. of transjftgere, to tnooa&n.^'L^ trans,
through ; ftgere, to fix ; see Fix.
Triuisform. (F.-L.) Y,transfortner,
«L. transformdre, to diange the shape
of. — L. trans, across (implying change) ;
fomidre, to form, ixova. forma, shape ; see
Form.
TransAlSe. (L.) From L. transfOsus,
pp. of transfundere, to pour out of one
vessel into another. — L. trans, across ;
fundere, to pour ; see Fuse (i).
Transgression. (F.-L.) F. trans-
gression.'mh.ii.'cc.transgressidnem, a pas-
sage across, in late Lat. a transgression. .•
L. transgressus, pp. of transgredl, to go
across.— L. trans, beyond ; grculi, to step,
go ; see Grade.
iSeansient. (L.) From transient-,
supposed stem of L. transiens, passing
away, though the real stem is transeunt- ;
pres. pt. of transire, to pass across or away.
— L. trans, beyond ; ire, to go.
transit. (L.) L. transitus, lit. a
passing across. — L. transitum, supine of
transire, to pass across (above).
Cot. — Late L. transldtdre, to translate
(lath cent). — L. /raMf/d/i^, transferred;
used as pp. of transferre (but from a dif-
ferent root). — L. trans, across, beyond;
Idtus, borne, used as pp. oi ferre, to bear.
See Tolerate.
Translucent, allowing light to pass
through. (L.) L. translucent-, stra of
^pres. pt of translucire, to shine throagh.
— L. trans, beyond ; lOcere, to shine ; see
Iiuoid.
Transmigration. (F.-L.) F. trans-
migration* — L. ace. 'transmigrdtidneni,
orig. a removing fl-om one country to
another. — L. transmigrdre, to migrate
across. — L. trcms, across ; migrdre, to go ;
see Migrate.
Transmit. (L.") L. transmittere. ^
L. trans, across; mittere, to send; see
Missile. Der. transmiss-ion (from pp.
transmissus).
Transmutation. (F.-L.) F, trans-
mutation. — L. -ace. transmUtdtidnem* —
L. transmOtdtus, pp. of transmHtdre, to
change over, shift, transmute. — L. trans,
across ; mdtdre, to change ; see Mutable.
Transom, a thwart -piece across a
double window, lintel, cross-beam. (L.)
Shortened from transtrom (see Florio,
under Transtri and Trastt), — L. trans-
trum, a transom (Vitruvius).— L. trans,
going across ; -trum, suffix (as in ardtrum,
that which ploughs, a plough).
Transparent. (F. - L.) F. trans-
parent^ * clear-shining ; * Cot. — L. trans,
through; pdrent-, stem of pres. pt. of
pdrere, to appear ; see Appear.
Transpicuous, transparent (L.)
Coined, as if from L. *transpicuus, from
transpicere, to see through.— L. tran-, for
trans, beyond ; specere, to look. Compare
perspicuous.
Transpire* to ooze out (L.) From
L. tran-, for trans, through ; spirdre, to
breathe ; see Spirit*
Transplant. (F.-L.) F, transplanter.
— L. transplantdre, to plant in a new
place. — L. trans, across; pktntdre, to
plant, from planta, a plant; see Plant.
Transport. (F.-L.) F. transporter,
* to carry or convey over ; ' Cot. — L. trans-
portdre, to carry across. —L. trcMs, across ;
portdre, to carry ; see Port (i).
Transpose. (F. - L. and Ok.) F.
transposer, to transpose, remove. — L. trans,
across ; F. poser ,^ to put ; see Poae (i).
568
TRANSPOSITION
Transposition. (F.-L.) Y. trans-
position. — L. ace. transpositionem, — L.
transpositus, pp. of transponere, to trans-
pose.—L, trans, across; ponere, to put;
see Position.
Transnbstantiation, the doctrine
that the bread and wine in the Eucharist
are changed into Christ*s body and blood.
(F. — L.) F. transsubstantiation, — Late
L. ace. transubstantidtidnem ; see Hilde-
bert of Tours (died 1134), sermon 93.—
Late L. transudstantidtus, pp. of tran-
sudstantidre ; coined from trans , across
(implying change) and substantia, sub-
stance ; see Substsnoe.
Transverse. (F. - L.) O. F. trans-
z^ers, placed across. — L. transuersus,
turned across, laid across ; pp. of trans-
uertere, to tarn across. — L. trans, across ;
uertere, to turn ; see Verse.
Trap (i)» a snare, giii. (E.) M. E.
trappe. A. S. treppe, a trap, for *trappe,
whence be-trappan, vb., to entrap (cf. F.
trappe, of Tent, origin) ; E. Fries, trappe,
trap (i) a step, (a) a trap.^-M. Dxx, trappe,
mouse-trap ; O. H. G. trappa. Orig. sense
' step * ; a trap is that on which an animal
steps, or puts its foot. Cf. Westphal.
trappe, a step ; Du. trap, a stair, step, kick,
Swed. trappa, a stair. Allied to Du.
trappen, to tread on, Norw. trappa, E.
Fries, and Low G. trappen, to tread on,
trample. Allied to Tramp. Cf. Span.
trampa, a trap. Der. trap, vb.; trap-door^
trapbat.
Trap (a), to adorn, deck. (F. — Teut.)
M. £. trapped, decked ; from M.E. trappe,
trappings of a horse, &c. Coined, with
unusual change from dr to tr, by sound-
nssociation with trap (i), from F. drap,
cloth, as proved by Chaucer's use of
trappure, trappings of a horse, from O. F.
drapure, with the same sense (Godefroy).
Cf. also Late L. trapus, cloth (usually
drappus), trappatura, a horse's trappings,
Span, and Port, trapo, cloth. See Drape.
Der. trappings, sb. pi.
Trap (3), a kind of igneous rock.
(Swed!) Swed. trappa, a stair; whence
trapp, trap-rock; cf. Dan. trappe, stair.
So called from its appearance ; its tabular
masses seem to rise in steps. Cf. Trap (i).
trapan, teepan (2), to ensnare. (F.
-O. H. G.) Formerly trapan. - O. F.
trappan, trapant, a snare, trap -door
(Roquefort); a plank (Godefroy). •Late
L. trapentum, a plank for a trap-door. >
TRAVERSE
F. trappe, a trap.^O.H.G. trappa, a trap ;
see Trap (i).
Trapesmm, an irregular four -sided
figure. (L. — Gk.) L. trapezium, — Gk.
Tpaw4(iov, a small table, also a trapezium.
Dimin. of rft&trt^a, a table, of which the
orig. sense was a four-footed bench. i-Gk
Tfta-, a reduced form of the Idg. word for
* four * ; ir€fa, foot, allied to voh (stem *
iro8-),a foot; see Foot. See Brugm. ii.
§ 168. Der. trapeze, F. trapize, a swing
in the shape of a trapezium, as thus : ^ .
From L. trapezium (above).
Trappings; see Trap (2).
TrasEi reiuse. (Scand.) The orig. sense
was bits of broken sticks found under trees ;
' trash and short sticks,' Evelyn. Cf. Icel.
tros, rubbish, twigs used for fuel ; Norweg.
trosy fallen twigs, half-rotten branches easily
broken ; Swed. trasa, a rag, tatter, Swed.
dial, tr&s, a heap of sticks. Derived from
the Swed. dial, phrase sl& i tras, to break
in pieces, the same as Swed. sl& in kras,
to break in pieces ; so that ir stands for
kr, just as Icel. trani means a crane (see
Crane). ~ Swed. krasa, Dan. krase, to
crash, break; see Crash. Trash means
* crashings,' i. e. bits readily cracked off,
dry twigs that break with a crash or
snap.
Travail, toil. (F.-L.) F. travail,
toil, labour. The same as Ital. travaglio,
Span, trabajo, Port, trabalho, toil, labour.
According to P. Meyer (Rom. xvii. 431)
it answers to Late L. trepdlium, a kind
of rack for torturing martyrs (Ducange) ;
perhaps made of three beams (Jres pdii).
Others make it answer to Late L. *trabd'
culum, formed from L. trab-em, ace. of
trabs, trabes, a beam. Cf. Late L. tra-
bale, an axle-tree. And see below.
Trave, a shackle. (F.— L.) A trove
was a frame of rails for confining unruly
horses. — O. F. traf^ a beam (Supp. to
Roquefort), usual form tref{(ZoV). Cf. F.
en-trover, to shackle, en-traves, shackles ;
(Cot.) ; Span, trabar, to clog, traba, a
shackle. «i L. trabem, ace. of trabs, a beam.
Der. archi'trave, q. v.
Travel, to joumey. (F. — L.) The same
word as travail ; from the toil of travelling
in olden times.
Traverse, laid across. (F.-L.) M. F.
trovers, masc., traverse, fem. 'crosse-wise ;*
Cot. — L. transuersus, transverse. — L.
trans, across ; uersus, pp. of uertere, to
turn ; see Verse. Der. traverse, vb., F.
6^9
TRAVERTINE
traverser, * to thwart or go overthwart/
Cot.
TraTMrti&df a kind of white lime-
stone. (Ital.—L.) YromltaX, trcoferiino J
formerly tivertino (Florio). — L. TUmr"
tinus^ adj., belonging to Ttiur, the modem
Tivoli.
Travesty- (F.-ItaL-L.) Orig. a
* pp., borrowed from F. travesti, disguised,
pp. of J^ travestir^ to change one's apparel.
— M. Ital. travestircy to disguise, mask.—
L. tr&' (for trans), impl3ring * change * ;
uestire, to clothe, which is from uestisy a
garment ; see Vest.
Trawlf to fish with a drag-net. (F. —
Teut.) Walloon trauUr, O. F. trauler,
to go hither and thither (Roquefort) ; also
spelt trailer , mod. F. trdler ; see Troll.
Tray, a shallow vessel. (EL) M. £.
trey. A. S. *trygj written trig (A. S.
Loechdoms, ii. 340). — A. S. trog, a trough.
4> Low G. trugge (Stratmann) ; deriv. of
trog. See Trough. (Doubtful ; the alleged
A. S. treg\% an error for trog^
Treachenr. (F.-L.) yi.'E.trecheriey
tricherie, — O. F. trecherie, treachery. —
O. F. trechier, trickier, to trick ; cf. Ital.
treccare, to cheat — Late L. *triccdre, for
L. tricare, to dally (Ecclns. xxxii. 15), trl-
cdri, to make difficulties. — L. tricae, pi.
difficulties, wiles ; see Intrioste.
Treacle. ( F. — L. - Gk.) F ormerly a
medicament ; the mod. treacle is named
from resembling it in appearance. M. £.
triacle, a sovereign remedy. — O. F. triacle,
also spelt theriaque y^the / being unoriginal,
as in syllable), — L. theriaca, an antidote
against poisons, esp. venomous bites. — Gk.
Oripiaied. ipdpfiaica, sb. pi., antidotes against
the bites of wild beasts. — Gk. $rjpi<ue6s,
. belonging to a wild beast. — Gk. Orjpiov, a
wild animal. —Gk. $^p, a wild beast.
Tready vb. (£.) M. £. treden. A. S.
tredan, pt t. trad, pp. treden.'^'Tivi, treden,
G. treten. We also find Icel. tr(^a, pt. t
tra^, pp. troSinn (cf. £. trodden) ; Dan.
trcede, Swed. trhda, Goth, trudan (pt. t.
troth). Der. tread-le^ a thing to tread on
(in a lathe) ; also track*
Treason. (F.-L.) lA.TL traison.^
O. F. treason, — L. ace. trdditionem. — L.
trdditus, pp. of trddere, to deliver over,
betray. Doublet, tradition.
Treasure. (F.-L.-Gk.) The former
r is intrusive. M. £. tresor. — O. F. tresor
(F. tresor) ; the same as Ital. tesoro. Span.
tesoro,^\^ tkisaurum, ace. of thesaurus,
TRENCH
a treasure. — Gk. BrjiravpSs, a treasure,
store, hoard. — Gk. base Orj-, Otja-, as in
ri-$ri'iu, I place, store up, fat. ftjor-o; ; (the
suffixes are not dear). Der. treasur-y,
O. F. tresorie.
Treaty vb. (F. - L.) F. traiter, — L.
tracture, to handle ; frequentative of tra-
here (pp. tractus), to draw.
treatise. (F. - L.) M. £. trefis. —
O. F. tretis, traitis, a thix^ well handled or
nicely made ; answering to a Late L. form
tractitius.'mF. traiter, to treat (above).
treaty. (F. - L.) M. £. tretee. - O. F.
traite [i.e. traits], a treaty, pp. of traiter,
to treat (above) ; Late L. tractdtus.
Treble, threefold. (F. - L.) O. F.
treble,''!^, triplum, ace. oltriplus, three-
fold ; see Triple.
Treddle, for Treadle ; see Tread.
Tree. (£.) M. £. tree, tre (which also
means dead wood, timber). A. 8. treo
or trioWy a tree, timber.-^ Icel. tre^ Dan.
tree ; Swed. trd, timber, also trad, a tree
(for trd-et, lit. the wood, with post-posi-
tive article) ; Goth. triu. Teut. type ♦/«-
worn, n. Cf. Russ. drevo, a tree, W. derw,
an oak, Irish darag, Gk. tpSh, oak, Skt.
dru, wood ; dL Skt. dSru, a kind of pine ;
Gk. h6pv, a spear-shaft. Der. tar (i),
trough.
Trefoil. (F. - L.) O. F. trefoil - L.
trifolium, lit * three-leaf.*— L. tri-, allied
to tresy three ; folium, a leaf. See Folia«^.
Trellis, latUce-work. (F.~L.) M.£.
trelis.^Y, treillis, * a trellis ;' Cot. Ulti-
mately from F. treille, a latticed frame.—
Late L. trichila, tricla, an arbour. But
the suffix 'is is due to O. F. treilis^ treslis
(mod. F. treillis, sack-cloth), adj., applied
to armour covered with a sort of lattice-
work, Late L. trislidum, a covering of
sack -cloth. — L. tris, three, licium, a
thread ; cf. L. tri-lix.
Tremble. (F. — L.) F. trembler, - Late
L. tremuldre, — L. tremulus, adj., trem-
blmg. — L. tremere, to tremble. 4- Lith.
trim-tiy Gk. rpi/A-tiVy to tremble. {^
TR£M.) Brugm. i. $ 474. Der. trem-or,
L. tremor, a trembling ; tremulous, from
L. tremulus (above) ; tremendous, from
L. tremendusy lit to be feared, gerundive
of tremere, to fear.
Trenchf vb. (F.-L. ?) M. £. trenche,
- A. F. and O. F. trencher, vb., 'to
cut, carve, slice, hew,* Cot. Now spelt
trancher, p. £tym. much disputed. Cf.
Prov. trencar, trinquar. Span, and Port.
570
^
TREND
irirtthar^ Ital. trinciare. Apf>arently from
Late L. trencdre, to cut, substituted for
L. truncdre, to lop, from truncus, the
tmnk of a tree. Der. trench-ant^ cutting,
from the pres. part, of trencher \ also
trench-er, a wooden plate, to cut things
on, O. F. trencheor.
Trendy to bend away, said of direction.
(£.) M. £. trenden, to roll, turn round.
Allied to A. S. trendel, a circle round
the sun, a ring; d'trendlian^ to roll ; A. S.
iryndel, a ring ; Du. otn-trent, about; Dan.
Swed. trindf round ; M. H. G. tr'endely
O. H. G. trenniia, a ball ; O. H. G. tren-
nilon^ to revolve. See Trundle.
Trental, a set of thirty masses for the
dead. (F. - L.) O. F. trentel^ trental
(Roquefort). ■- F. trente, thirty. — L. tri-
gintdt thirty. — L. tri-j thrice ; -ginta^ allied
to Gk. -JVOKro, short for ^ZtHwra, a decad,
from 8^«a, ten.
Trepaa (i)i a small saw for removing
a piece of a broken skull. (F. — L. — Gk.)
M. F. trepan, ^"LoAit L. trepanum.^Gk,
Tpwnxyoy, an anger, borer ; also a trepan.
— Gk. Tpvw§¥, to bore. » Gk. r/nrwa, rp^wrj,
a bole. From VTER, to pierce, as in
L. ter-ere, Gk. rttptiv ( = *W^«i').
Trepan (a) ,* to ensnare. See Trapan.
Trepang : see Tripang.
Trepidation. (F. - L. ) M. F. trepida-
tion.'^, ace. treptddtionem, a trembling.
•• L. trepiddtuSy pp. of trepiddre^ to
tremble.— L. trepidus, trembling, agitated.
Cf. Brugm. ii. § 797 (note).
Trespass. (F.-L.) 0,Y. trespasser,
to exceed, pass beyond (hence, in E., to
sin).<»0. F. tres-y from L. trans, beyond ;
passer, to pass ; see Pass.
TreSS« a pUit of hair, ringlet (F.—
Gk.) M. £. tresse, — F. tresse, a tress;
tresser, to braid hair. [The same as Ital.
treccia, a braid, plait, Span, trenza."] —
Late ll tricia, variant of trica, a plait. —
Gk. rfiya, in three parts, threefold ; from
a common way of plaiting hair (Dies,
Scbeler). — Gk. r^-, thrice, allied to r/Ma ,
three ; see Three. (Doubtful.)
tressnre. an heraldic border. (F.->
Gk.) Formea, with F. suffix 'Ure, from
F. tresser, to plait.— F. tresse, a plait
(above).
Trestle, Tressel. a support for a
table. (F.-L.) 0,¥, treste/, l&itT tres-
teau, ' a tresle for a table,' Cot. (Mod. F.
iriteau^j — Late L. *transtellum, the same
as L. transtilium, dimin. of transtrum,
TRICE
a cross-beam. See Transom, f For
O. ¥. tres- < L. trans, cf. tresspass.
Tret. (F. ~ L.) Tret, * an allowance
made for the waste, which is always 4 in
every 104 pounds ; ' Phillips. It prob.
meant an allowance for waste in transport.
— F. traite, * a draught, . . also a transpor-
tation, shipping over, and an imposition
upon commodities ; ' Cot. — L. tracta, fem.
of tractus, pp. of trahere, to draw; see
Trace (i). Cf. M. Ital. tratta, * leane to
transport merchandise ; ' Florio.
Trey, three. (F.-L.) A.Y. treis.^
L. tris, three.
Tri-, relating to three. (L.) L. tri-,
three times; allied to tres (neut. tri-d)^
three. So also Gk. rpi-, prefix ; from rpw
(neut. rpi-a), three. See Three.
triad, the union of three. (F.— L.—
Gk.) F. trtade*. Cot — L. triad-, stem of
triast a triad.— Gk. rpiis, triad. — Gk. rpi-,
thrice (above).
Trial ; see Try.
Triangle. (F.-L.) Y , triangie.^l.,
triangulum, sb. ; neut. of triangulus,
three-angled. — L. tri-, thrice ; angulus,
an angle ; see Tri- and Angle (i).
Tribey a race. (F.-L.) F. trihu, • a
tribe ; ' Cot. — L. tribu-, decl. stem of
tribus, a tribe ; cf. Umbrian trifo. Said
to have been one of the three original
families in Rome ; as if from L. tri-,
three. But see Brugm. ii. % 104.
Tribrack. a metrical foot containing
3 short syllables. (L.— Gk.) L. tribrachys,
— Gk. rpifipayvs, — Gk. t/m-, three ; fip^x^s,
short.
Tribulation. (F.-L.) VJribulation.
— L. ace. tribuldtionem^ affliction. — L. tri-
buldtus, pp. of trUmldre, to rub out com ;
hence, to afflict. — L. trtbu/um, a sledge for
rubbing out com, consisting of a wooden
frame with iron spikes beneath it.- L. tri;
as in tri-tus, pp. of terere, to rub ; with
suffix -^«/fi/», • denoting the agent. See
Trite.
Tribune. (F. -L.) M. E. tribun.'^T,
tribun, — L. tribunum, ace. of tribUntts,
lit. the chief officer of a tribe.— L. tribus,^
a tribe ; see Tribe.
Tribute, sb. (F.-L.) U.E,tHbut.
— F. tribut, tribute. — L. tributum, tribute,
lit. a thing paid ; neut. of pp. of tribuere,
to assign, pay. Perhaps from L. tribu-s,
a tribe (Br&l).
Trice (i ) 1 ashort space of time. ^Scand .)
M. £. at a tryse, at a (single) pull;
571
TRICE
Ipomydon, 392. From Trice (2), below.
p. Later, in Uie phr. tn a trice^ as if imi-
tated from Span, en un iris^ in a trice, in
an instant ; from tris^ the noise made by
the cracking of glass, a crack, an instant.
So also Port. triZf cracking of glass, a
crash, crack, instant; en hum triz^ in a
trice. Prob. of imitative origin ; cf. Span.
tris traSi a noise ; trisca, a cracking,
crashing ; triscar, * to make such a noise
as of treading on glass, nut-shells, or the
like ; ' Pineda.
Trice (a)« Tri8e« to hanl up, hoist.
(Scand.) M. £. trisen, to hoist sail (orig.
with a pulley).— Swed. trissa, a pulley,
triss^ spritsail-brace ; Norw. triss, also
trissely a pulley; Dan. tridsey a pulley,
tridse^ vb., to trice. Cf. also Low G.
trisel^ anything that revolves, a dizziness,
a top. The Brem. Wort, also cites Ham-
burg drysen, to trice ; dryse-blok^ a pulley.
^ Orig. initial = \,
Tricentenaafy. (L.) Coined from
L. tri' and Centenary, q. v.
Trick (i), a stratagem. (Du. — F. - L.)
XVI cent — M. Du. treke^ a trick ; Du.
treek, Prob. distinct from Du. trek, a
pull, draught ; and l^orrowed from O. F.
triquer^ Nojman form of O. F. trUher^ to
tridc. In fact, E. trickery is from O. F.
triqturie, dial, form of tricherie, whence
E. treachery ; see Treachery ; and trick
may have been borrowed directly from
Norm. dial, trigue, a trick. % But doubt-
less influenced oy Du. trek^ a pull, stroke,
touch ; from trekken, to pull ; see below.
Trick (a), to deck out. (Du.) From
the vb. trick below ; the sb. also meant a
neat contrivance, a toy, trifle, Sec.
trick (3), to delineate a coat of arms.
(Du.) Du. trekken^ to draw, also (in M.
Du.) to delineate, trick, or sketch out.-f*
0. H. G. trehhany str. vb., to push.
TricklCiVb. (E.) M.E./rri/(;fi, short
for strikleny strikehn^ t» trickle, fre-
quentative of M. E. striken^ to flow (Spec,
of English, ed. Morris and Skeat, p. 48,
1. 21). — A. S. strtcany to flow, a par-
ticular use ofstrtcan, to strike; see Strike.
Cf. streaky and G. streichen. % The loss
of 5 arose in the phr. teres strikUn = tears
trickle ; see Ch. C. T., B. 1864, &c.
Tricolor. (F. - L.) F. tricolorey for
drapeau tricolorey three-coloured flag ; cf.
F. tricolor, the three-coloured amaranth.
— L. tri-y three; color-y stem of color,
colour.
TRILOBITE
trident. (F.-L.^ Y, trident. ^\..
tridententy ace. of tridens, a three-pronged
spear. — L. tri-, three ; dens, tooth, prong.
triennial. (L.) Coined from L. tri-
enniufHy a period of three years. — L. /n-,
three ; annus, year.
Trifle. (F.-L.) M. E. truJU, trefle,
rarely trifle. '^O, F. truJUy mockery, rail-
lery, a little jest, dimin. of truffe, a gibe,
jest (Cot). Properly a truffle, a things of
small worth ; the O. F. truffe also means
a truffle (Cot.) ; cf. Prov. trufo, a tmflie,
mockery. See truffe in Scheler. See
Truffle.
Trifoliate, three-leaved. (L.) From
L. tri', three ; foli'Uniy leaf.
trifozium, a gallery above the arches
of the nave and choir of a church. (L.)
From L. tri-, for tres, three; fori-s, a
door, opening. % Now usually with but
two ardies (within a third) ; some early
examples had thru such.
triform, having a triple form. (L.)
'L.tri/ormis.^h. tri-, three ; form-a^form.
Tzigger. (Du.) Formerly trtcker.^
Du. trekker, a trigger : lit. * that which
draws or pulls.' — Du. trekken, to pull.
See Track.
Triglyph, a three-grooved tablet. (L.
— Gk.; L. triglyphus.^Gk.. rplyKwpos, a
triglyph ; lit. * thiice-cloven.* — Gk. rpt-,
thrice ; yX^uv, to carve, groove.
trigonometry. (Gk.) < Measure-
ment of triangles.* — Gk. rpiywthP, a tri-
^uigle ; -fifrpia, measurement, from iilrpw,
a measure. Gk. rplyavov is from rpi-,
three ; yojv4a, angle, allied to y6yvy knee.
trilateraL trilingual, trilite-
ral. (L.) From L. tri-, three; and
latercUy &c.
Trill (i), to shake, quaver. (Ital.) In
music. — Ital. trillare, to trill, shake ; trillo,
sb., a shake. An imitative word, like
Span, trinar, to trill.
Tnll (2), to tum round and round.
(Scand.) Perhaps obsolete. M. E. trillen^
Chaucer, C. T. 10630. • Swed. /nV/a, Dan,
trille, to roll, tum round; the same as
Du. drillen\ see Drill (i).
trill (3), to trickle, roll. (Scand.)
Merely a particular use of the word above.
Perhaps confused with trickle.
Trillion. (F.— L.) A coined word;
to express tri-million ; see Billion.
Trilobite, a kind of fossil. (Gk.)
It has three lobes. «■ Gk. t/m-j for rpcfs,
three ; \ofi-6s, a lobe ; -ir-ffs, suffix.
572
TRIM
TRIVIAL
L,vb. (E.) M.E, frtpien, tmmen.
A. S. trymman^ to set firm, to strengthen,
set in order, prepare, array. Formed
(by usnal change of u to y) from A. S.
trtifUy adj., firm, strong. Der. trim, sb. ;
be-trim.
Txinity. (F. -L.) VL.'E, irinitee.^
O. F. trinite. « L. ace. trinitStemy a triad.
— L. trinus, pi. trtniy by threes ; for *tris-
nusy allied to tris, three. Brugm. ii.
§ 66.
Trinket (i)> a small ornament. (F.)
M. E. trenkety a shoemaker's knife ; also
spelt trynket (Palsgrave). Tnsser speaks
of ' trinkets and tooles.' Hence it seems
to have meant a toy-knife, such as ladies
wore on chains ; and, generally, a small
ornament. Prob. from O. North F. tren-
query to cut, by-form of trencher y to cat ;
cf. Span, trinchary Ital. trindarey to cut,
carve ; Span, trinchetey a cook's mincing-
knife, a shoemaker's knife (Minsheu). See
Trench.
Trinket (a). Trinqnet, the highest
sail of a ship. (F. - Span. -L.) M. F. trin-
quety the highest sail ; Cot. — Span, trin-
quetey a trinket. Cf. Ital. trinchettOy a
trinket ; Port traquetey a foresail. Prob.
from L. triquetruSy triangular (from the
shape).— L. /n'-, allied to /r/j, three; see
Tri- ; -quetrus, of doubtful origin. The
n may be due to Span, trinca, a rope.
Tno. (Ital.—ll) ItaL trio, music in
three parts. ^ L. tri-, three ; see Tri-.
Trip, vb. (E.) M. £. trippeHy to step
lightly. A lighter form ot the base
TRAP, to tread ; see Trap (i) and Tramp.
^ Dn. tripperiy to skip, whence trippelen,
to trip, dance ; Swed. trippa, Dan. trippe,
to trip, tread lightly.
Tnpang, an edible sea-slug. (Malay.)
Malay tripang.
Tripe. (F.) M. E. tripe. - F. tripe ;
cf. Span, and Port, tripay Ital. trippa, tripe.
Also Irish triopaSy sb. pi., entrails, tripes;
W. tripay intestines ; Bret stripen, tripe,
pi. strtpouy intestines. Of unknown ori^n.
Perhaps from Low G. stripe, a stripe, also
a strip.
Triple, three-fold. (F.-L.) V, triple.
-L. tripluMy ace. oitripluSy threefold. «-
L. tri'y three ; -pluSy allied to pUnuSy full.
See Tri- and Double.
triplicate, threefold. (L.) From
pp. of L. triplicdrey to treble. — L. /W-,
three ; plicdrey to weave, fold ; see Fly.
of tripiis.'^Gk.'rpiirovs (jstem rpivoS-), a
tripod, three -footed brass kettle, three-
legged table. «Gk. t/m-, three; iroi^s, foot;
see Foot.
tripos, an honour examination at Cam-
bridge. (L.— Gk.) Better spelt /rf)>fif, as
in An Eng. Gamer, vii. 267 (1670). It was
orig. applied to a certain M.A. chosen at
a commencement to make an ingenious
satirical speech ; hence the later tripos-
verseSy i.e. facetious Latin verses on the
reverse side of which the tripos-lists were
printed. Thus the orig. reference was
(not to the tkree classes, but) to the three-
legged stool used by the TripuSy who was
also called a Pravaricator, or (at Oxford)
a Terra filius ; and the lists were named
from the verses which took the place of
the speech delivered by the M.A. who sat
on the tripus. From L. tripHs (above).
trireme, galley with three banks of
oars. (L.) L. tririmisy having three banks
of oars. •- L. tri-y three ; rimusy oar.
trisect. (L.) Coined from L. tri-y in
three parts ; and sect-tiffiy supine of secdrey
to cut.
Triet; see Tryst.
Trite> (LO L. trltus, worn, pp. of
tererey to rub, wear away.4*Russ. teretey
Lilh. tritiy to rub; Gk. rtiptiv (<*t^/)-
yw)y to rub. (^TER.)
Triton, a sea-god. (L. — Gk.) L. triton.
- Gk. Tf^TWy a Triton. Cf. Irish triathy
the sea ; Skt. trita-^ the name of a deity.
Triturate. (L.) From pp. of L. tri-
tUrdrey to rub down, thrash, grind. —L.
tritHra, a rubbing. — L. tritus, pp. of
tererey to rub. See Trite.
Triumph. (F.-L.) O. ¥. triumpke,
later triomphe. — L. triumphunty ace. of
triumphusy a public rejoicing for a victory.
4-Gk. Bpia/ifioiy a hynm to Bacchus.
Triumvir. (L.) One of three men
associated in an office. L. pi. triumuirt,
three men, evolved from the gen. pi. trium
uirdrum, belonging to three men. •- L.
trium, gen. pi. of tres, three ; uir^rum,
gen. pi. of uiry a man ; see Virile.
Trivet, Trevet, a three-footed sup-
port. (L.) Spelt trevid (1493). A. S.
trefetj Cart. Sax. iii. 367. — L. tripedem,
ace. of tripiSy having three feet. — L. tri-,
three ; pgSy a foot. Cf. tripod.
trivial, common. (F.—L.) F, trivial.'
*L. triuidlis, belonging to three cross-
roads ; that which may l^ picked up any-
tripbd. (L. — Gk.) L. tripod-y stem I where, common. «- L. triuia, a place where
573
TROCHEE
three roads meet. — L. tri-, three; »ui, a
wav ; see Viadaot.
Triooliee. (L.*Gk.) L. trochaus,^
Gk. rpoxBiOff nmning; also the tripping
foot which consists of a long syllable
followed by a short one. — Gk. rpix^tt*, to
run. Allied to Thrall.
Troglodyte, a dweller in a cave. (F.
— L. — Gk.) F. troglodyte. — L. trdgtodyta,
— Gk. rpvyXoi^Trii^ one who creeps into
holes, a cave-dweller. — Gk. rporfXO'f for
rpir^Kfli a hole, cave ; 8v«(k, to enter, p.
Tp&ykrj is from Tpdrytiv, to gnaw, bite,
gnaw a hole. Cf. Trout.
TroUff to roll, sing a catch, fish for pike.
(F. - Teut.) M. E. trol/en, to roll ; to
troll a catch is to sine; it irregularly (see
below) ; to troll a bom is to circulate it ;
to troll is also to draw hither and thither.
— M. F. troller^ which Cotgrave explains
by 'hounds to trowle, rannge, or huiit out
of order ' ; O. F. trauler, to run or draw
hither and thither ; mod. F. trdler. — G.
trollen, to roll, trolL-f-M. Du. drollen, * to
troole,' Hexham ; Low G. drulen, to
roll, troll. Prob. allied to E. Fries, drallen,
to turn, roll ; and to Drill (i). ^ Dis-
tinct from trail.
Trombone. (Ital. — G. ^ Slav. ) Ital.
trombone^ a trombone, augmentative form
of Ital. tromba, a trumpet ; see Trump (i),
Tron, a weighing-machine. (F. — L.)
O. F. trone, a weighing-machine ; Low L.
trona (Ducange). — L. trutina, a pair of
scales. Cf. Gk. rptrrdyrj, tongue of a ba-
lance, pair of scales. Der. tron-age.
Troop, a crew. (F.) F. troupe ; M. F.
trope. Also Span, tropa, M. Ital. troppa.
Origin unknown. Cf. M. Du. tropy Late
L. troppus^ a troop. Perhaps from Norw.
torpy a flock, crowd, Icel. porp ; cf. Icel.
Jonpast, to throng.
Trope, a figure of speech. (L.— Gk.)
L. tropus. — Gk. rp&mSf a turn, a trope. —
Gk. rpiiKiv, to turn. + O. Lat. trepere^ to
turn.
trophy- (F.-.L.-Gk.) F. trophie,
' a trophee ; * Cot. — L. trop<Bum, a sign of
victory. — Gk. rpo-muoy^ a trophy, monu-
ment of an enemy's defecU, Neut. of rpo-
ffoTof, belonging to a defeat. -• Gk. rporrqf
a return, putting to flight of an enemy. ••
Gk. rpintiv^ to turn (above).
tropio. (F.-L.-Gk.) U.E.tr€piA.
— F. tropiquej * a troplck ; ' Cot, — L. tro-
picum, ace. of tropicus, tropical. — Gk.
rpomxit, belonging to a turn ; the tropic is
TROUSSEAU
the point where the sun appears to turn
from N. to S., or from S. to N. in the
zodiac. -iGk. rpSwoSf a turn ; see Trope.
And see Trepan (i), Trover.
Trot, vb. (F.-L.) F. trotfer; O. F.
troter. We also find O. F. trotter^ Low
L. trotdrius, a trotter, messenger, supposed
to be from L. tolOtarius, going at a trot.
— L. toiatim, adv., at a trot ; lit. ' liftingly,'
i.e. lifting the feet.—L. tollere, to lift ; see
Tolerate. (So Diez, Scheler, and Littre.)
But cf. M. H. G. trotten, to run, perhaps
allied to tretettf to tread ; M. Da. tratten,
' to goe, to pace, or to trot.*
Troth. (E.) Merely a variant oi truth,
M. E. trotvffe, Ormulum ; see Trow.
Troubadour. CProv.-.L.-Gk.) A
F. modification of Prov. trobador, also
trobaire, a tronbadonr, inventor of songs
or verses. Here trobador answers to a
Late L. ace. *tropdtdrem (-= Ital. trava^
tore. Span, trovador) ; whilst F. trouv^re
answers to a Late L. nom. *tropdior. Both
from the verb *trop&re (as seen in Ital.
trovare. Span, trovar, Prov. trobar, F.
trouver), to find. See Trover.
Trouble, vb. (F.— L.) F. troubler,
O. F. trubUr* It answers to a Late L.
*turbulare, a verb made from L. turbula,
a disorderly group, dimin. of L. turba, a
crowd. In fact, we find O. F. torbleur,
tourbleur, one who troubles. Cf. Gk.
Hpfifi, disorder, throng; Skt. tvar, tur,
to hasten. See Turbid.
Trough. (£.) M,E, tro^^h, A.S.troky
trog, a hollow vessel, trough. + Du. Icel.
G. trog, Dan. ti-ug, Swed. trStg, Teut
type *trug6z, Idg. type *dru'k^; from
*aru; as in Skt. dru, a tree, with adj,
suffix. Thus the sense is ' wood-en ' ; see
Tree.
Trounoe, to beat. (F.— L.) To beat
with a truncheon. — O. F. trofts, a trun-
cheon, m. ; tronce, f., variant of troncAe,
a great piece of timber, allied to tronc, a
trunk ; see Truncheon.
Trousers, Trowsers. (F.) The
latter r is modem ; from the old word
trowses, or trouses, breeches ; older forms
trowze, troou; also trews \ esp, used of
the Irish trews or breeches ; (whence Irish
trius, triubhas, trousers ; M. Irish tribus ;
Gael, triubhas), ■» F. trousses, trunk-hose,
breeches (Littr^), pi. of trotisse, O. F.
tourse, a bundle, package, case ; from O. F.
tourser, trousser, to pack ; see Truss.
trousseau, a package; bride's outfit.
574
TROUT
TRUDGE
(F.) F. trousseaUy a little bundle ; dimin.
of troussty a bundle, a pack ; from O. F.
trousser, to pack. Of doubtful origin.
See Tnios.
Trout. (L. - Gk.) A. S. truht. - L.
tructa, •- Gk. rpdfKTfjSf a nibbler, also a
fish with sharp teeth.— Gk. rp^tiv, to
bite, gnaw. lit ' nibbler.' Cf. Troglo-
dyte.
Trorer, an action at law arising out
of the finding of goods. (F.— L.— Gk.)
O. F. ttwer (F. trotwer), to find; orig. to
devise, invent, make up poetry. The
same as Prov. trobavy Port. Span, trovar,
Ital. travare, to versify, fi. Since Ital.
V and Prov. d arise from L. /, the cor-
responding Late L. form is *tivfidre, to
versify. — L. tropus, a trope ; Late L. tro-
pus, a song, manner of singing. — Gk.
Tp6vos, a trope, also a mode & music.
See Troubadour, Trope.
TroWy to believe, suppose. (£.) M. £.
tro7ven, O. Fries, trouwa, E. Fries, trdeiiy
to believe. A. S. tr&wian, to trow, trust,
from Tent, base */rw- ; also trioivian, to
believe, which is allied to the sb. triowy
faith, trust, and to the adj. triowe, true,
from Tent, base *trew{w)-. Cf. Icel. /rwa,
to trow, trury true ; Dan. iroe, to trow, tro^
true; Swed. trOy to trow; Low G. troueUy to
trow, trou^ true ; Du. trouwetty to marry,
trouw, true ; G. traueHy O. H. G. trUwiny
to trust, Goth, trauan, to believe. See
True.
Trowel. (F.-L.) M.E. tmel. - F.
trttelie, O. F. truelex Late L. truellay a
trowel. Dimin. of L. truay a stirring-
spoon, skimmer, ladle (hence a trowel,
from the shape) ; cf. L. trulla,
TrowBOm ; see Trouaers.
Troy-WOight. (F. and E.) Orig. a
weight used at the fair of Troyes^ a town
in France, S. £. of Paris. See Amold^s
Chronicle, ed. i8i f, pp. io8, 191 ; Haydn,
Diet, of Dates, &c.
Tmant, an idler. (F.—C.) Y.truandy
a beggar; truandy adj., beggarly; Cot.
[The same as Span, truharty Port, truhdo^
a buffoon, jester.] >- W. truany wretched,
a wretch; Bret, truek, a beggar; Gael,
and Irish truaghany a wretch, miserable
creature. Ct W. /r», wretched. Com.
troc, wretched, Gael, truagh, Irish troghay
miserable, O. Irish tr1iag\ Celt, type
*troygoSy wretched (Stokes, 138). The
Late L. trutdnuSy a wandering beggar, is
from the same source.
Tmoe. (FO It should rather be trewst
i. e. pledges; it is the pi. of trewy a pledge
of truth. (This is proved by the M. £.
forms.) — A. S. irtdw, a compact, promise,
pledge, faith ; cf. A. S. treowe, true ; see
True.
Tmok (i), to barter, exchange. (F.)
M. E. trukken, — F. troqucTy * to truck,
barter ; * Cot. So also Span, trocar y to
barter; whence some have thought that the
F. form was borrowed. Cf. Ital. truccarey
' to truck, barter, to skud away ; * Florio
(1598). Origin disputed ; the sense ^ skud
away* is clearlv due to Gk. rpdxoff a
course, from rpix^tVy to run ; see Truck
(a), p. But the Vocab. du haut Maine has
trie pour troc, a simple exchange ; and we
find Norm. dial.^fV^ la trogue, to barter,
from W. Flemish (roky used with respect
to the (good or bad) * sale ' of goods ; cf.
in trok zijny to be in vogue ; and W. Flem,
trok - Du. trek. The form trok is from
Du. trok'y weak grade of trekkmy to pull,
for which W. Flemish employs trokken.
Track (3), a small wheel, Ipw-wheeled
vehicle. (L.—Gk.) Modified from L. /ri^-
cAuSy a wheel. •- Gk. rpox&ft a runner,
wheel, disc. * Gk. rp^X''>'> ^^ ^"* ^®'*
tnukle-bedy a bed on little wheels, where
truckle ^L,, trochlea, a pulley ; Baret has :
' Pullie, trochlea ; a truckle, or puUie.'
Cf. Span, trocla, a pulley.
trncUe, to submit servilely to another.
(L. — Gk.) From the phrase to truckle
under, due to the old custom of putting
a truckle-bed under a larger one ; the
truckle-bed being occupied by a servant,
pupil, or inferior. It prob. originated in
University slang, from L. trochlea (as
above).
Tmenloilt, barbarous. (F.~L.) F.
truculent, ^Lh, ace. truculentum, cruel.-*
L. true-, stem of trux, fierce, wild.
Tm^O, to march heavily. (F. —
Tent. ?) Perhaps to slouch along, or go
about as an idle beggar. -> F. truchery to
beg idly; obsol. (Littr^). Of Tent, origin;
cf. Low G. truggeleny to beg fawningly, to
wheedle ; Du. troggelen^ to beg, wheedle ;
M. Du. truggelen, ' to trugge up and
downe a Begging,' Hexham ; W. Flem.
troggelen, to walk with difficulty; Dan.
trygle, to importune ; E. Fries. trUggeln,
to press, push backward, also to be im-
portunate. Allied to G. driicken, to press,
A. S. fryccan, to press, afHict, prov. £.
thrutch, to press.
S75
TRUE
TRY
Tmei firm, certain. (£.) M. E. trewe.
A. S. triowe^ trywe, true. Orig. * believed ; '
allied to O. Prussian druwtt, to believe
(Kick) ; Lith. driitas, firm. + Du. trouw,
Icel. tryggTt Swed. trogen, G. treu, Goth.
triggwSy true. Cf. also Icel. trury true,
Goth, trauan, to believe,trust, be persuaded.
See Vto^it
Trnffle. (F. - L.) M. F. trujle, F.
truffe, a round edible fungus, found under-
ground. Span, trufay a trufBe. It is
thought that the F. truffe, Span, trufa^
answer to L. pi. tuberay truffles, whence
was formed a F. fem. sb. *tufre, easily
altered to truffe. We also find Ital. tar-
tufOy a truffle < L. terra tuder, i. e. truffle
of the earth ; whence G. kartoffely earlier
form tartuffely a pqtato. See Trifle.
Tmllf a worthless woman. (G.) G.
trulle, irollt (whence Picard trimlle)^ a
trull. Cognate with M. Du. drol, a jester,
Icel. trolly a merry elf; see Droll and
Troll.
Tmuup (i), a trumpet. (F. — G. — Slav.)
M. E. trumpCy trompe. — F. trompCy * a
trump ; ' Cot. Cf. Span, trompay Ital.
trombay a trump. — O. H. G. trumpay
/r//m^a, a trumpet. —O.Slav, type *tromhay
as in O. Slav, and Pol. traba (with former a
nasal) , Slovenian trombay trdba, a trumpet,
Rnss. trubay a pipe, tube, trumpet.
Trump (e), one of a leading suit of
cards. (t.—L.) Well known to be a cor-
ruption of triumph ; see Latimer's Ser-
mons, and Nares. — F. triomphBy 'the
card-game called ruffe, or trump ; also the
ruflfe or trump at it ; * Cot. : triomphery * to
triumph, to trump at cards;' Cot. — L.
triumphuSy triumph ; see Triumph.
Trnnipery, nonsense. (F. — G. — Slav.)
F. trompericy ' a wile, fraud ; * Cot. — F.
trompery to deceive ; orig. to sound a horn ;
whence the phrase se tromper de quelqu^utty
to play with any one, amuse oneself at
their expense. See Trump (i).
trumpet. (F.-G. -Slav.) Y.trom-
pette^ dimin. oitrompey a hom ; see Trump
(I).
Tnmcate, to cut off short. (L.) From
pp. of L. truncarCy to cut off. — L. truncus,
a stump. See Trunk (i).
tmncheon. (F. — L.) M. £. tron-
choun.^O. North F, trofuAon (Norm,
dial. ) ; O. F. tronson, a thick stick ; formed
from troncy a trunk ; see Trunk. Mod. F.
trottfon.
Trundle, to roll. (F.-Low G.) Cf.
trundle-bedy a bed running on -wheels;
trundU'taily a curly tail of a dog^ ; A. S.
tryndyUdy rounded ; Voc. 15a. 5. — M. F.
(Picard) trondelery * to trundle ; ' Cot. ;
Walloon trondelery to roll (Sigart). Of
Low G. origin ; cf. Low G. trondeln^
Pomeran. triindelny to trundle a hoop;
O. Fries, trund, round ; N. Fries, trind^
round. From Teut. ^trund-^ weak grade
of a lost verb *trendan-^ to roll (pt. t.
^trand) ; whence also A. S. Hn-tryndely
a large round shield. The i appears in
Dan. Swed. trindy round ; the a, modified
to Cy appears in M. £. trenden, to turn, roll,
secondary verb from *irandy 2nd grade of
*trefidan'. See Trend.
Tnmk (i) , stem of a tree, &c. (F. — L.)
F. tronCy trunk. — L. truncum, ace. of
truncuSy trunk, stem, bit cut off. » L.
truncus, adj., cut off, maimed. Brugm. i.
§144. Der. trunk-hose y\,t, trunl^ d-hosCy
knee-breeches, breeches cut short.
Tmnlc (2), of an elephant. (F.—G.
—Slav.) Formerly trump, signifying (i)
trumpet, (2) tube. — F. trompe, * a trump, or
trumpet, the snowt of an elephant ; * Cot.
Cf. O. F. tromper, to blow a trumpet ; see
Trump (i).
TnUillioil, one of the projecting
stumps on each side of a cannon, on which
it rests in the carriage. (F. — L.) F. tro-
gnony a stump ; from tronCy a trunk ; cf.
M. F. trony a stump ; see Trunk (i).
TmSS, to pack, fasten up. (F.) O. F.
trousser, tourser, to pack up; whence
the sb. trousse, tourse, a bundle ; and the
dimin. troussely toursely later trousseau;
see Trousseau. Cf. Port trouxa, a pack,
Span, trq/ay a soldier's knapsack. Origin
doubtful ; perhaps from O. F. troSy trous,
a small piece; from Late L. tursus, L.
thyrsus y a stalk. - Gk. $vp<T05 ; see Thyr-
sus. So Korting.
Trust. (Scand.) M. E. trust. — Icel.
traust, trust, protection, firmness; Dan
Swed. trosty consolation. + G. trost, con-
solation, Goth, traustiy a covenant. Re-
lated to Trow, True.
tmth. (E.) M. E. trewthCy trouthe ;
A. S. treoTi^y truth. — A. S. triowey true ;
see True. + Icel. tryggSy truth. And see
Troth.
Try, to select, test, examine, &c. (F.-
L.) M.E. trieny to select, pick out, choose.
- F. trier, * to cull out ; ' Cot. The
same as Prov. triary to separate com
from the straw, also to choose. — Late L.
57<5
TRYST
TUMEFY
trtidrey to pound small ; cf. Ital. iritare^
to pound, grind, mince, also to ponder,
consider, scan.^L. trtfuSfpTp. of Urere, to
rub. It meant to thresh, pulverise, separate,
purify, cull, pick. (Disputed.) Der.
tri-aL
Trsrst, Trist, an appointment to meet.
(F.— Tent?) See Jamieson ; orig. a set
station, place of meeting. M. £. tristCi
trisire, a station (in hunting), place to
watch. •- O.F. triste^ tristre^ station to
watch (in hunting), ambush ; Low L.
trista. Of doubtful origin ; but perhaps
related to Frankish L. trustts, one in a
place of trust (see Ducange). Allied to
O. H. G. trffst, help, M. H. G. vb. troestenj
to assist ; see Trust.
Tnb, a small cask. (O. Low G.) M.'E.
tubbe. ^ M. Dn. tobbe, a tub ; Low G. and
£. Fries, tubbe J a tub.
Tnbe. (F.-L.) F. iube.^U tubum,
aoc. of tubus, a tnbe, pipe ; akin to tuba,
a trumpet Der. tub-ul-ar, from L. tu-
bulus, aimin. of tubus.
Tuber, a rounded root. (L.) L. tiiber,
a bump, tumour, also a truffle. Lit
' swelling ; ' allied to Tumid. Brugm. L
§413 (8). Der. tubercle, a little swdling.
Tiusk (i)) to ^ther in a dress. (O. Low
G.) M.£. tukken. - Low G. tukkm, to
pull up, draw up, tuck up, also to entice
(=M. Du. tocken, to entice). 4* G. zucien,
to twitch up ; O. H. G.zuccAen, Teut. base
*tukk-% intensive form from the weak grade
{*tuh) of Teut *teuAMn', to pull; see
Tow (1), Tug, Touch.
Tuck (a), a rapier. (F. - Ital. - G.)
Short for F. ^toc, occasional form of
estoc, * the stock of a tree, a rapier, a tuck ; '
Cot. — ItaL stocco, a truncheon, rapier,
tuck; ¥iono,^G. stock, a stock, stump,
&C. ; see Stock, Stoooado.
Tuck (3), beat of drum. (F. - Teut.)
From Pioud or Walloon toquer, taker,
to touch, strike ; variant of F. toucker, to
touch ; see Touch, Tocsin.
tucker, a fuller. (F.-Teut.) M.E.
touker, lit. ' beater ;' though the doth was
worked up with the feet - O. North F.
touker, toquer, to beat; variant of F.
toucher, to touch. See Toeain.
tucket, a flourish on a trumpet. (F.
- Teut.) North F. touquet, for O. F.
touchet, a stroke ; equivalent to Ital. toc-
cata, a prdnde, tolling of a bell, a tucket,
a striking ; from toccare, to strike, touch ;
see Touch. % Or from Italian.
Tuesday. (£.) A. S. TTw^i ^^, the
day of Ttw, the god of war. + IceL jys'
dc^f the day of TJr; Dan. Tirsdag,
Swed. Tisdc^\ O. H. G. ZUs tac, the day
of Ziu, god of war. p. The A.S. Ttw,
led. lyr, O. H. G. Ziu are the same as
Skt dfua-s, god, and allied to L. deus,
god, and even to L. lu- in lu'piter, Gk.
Z(«/s, Skt. Dyaus, % A translation of L.
diis Martis.
TufEly a soft stone. (Ital.— L.) For
tufa, - Ital. tufo. - L. tdjus, tffphus. Cf.
Gk. T<$^$. (>igin unknown.
Tuft (i), a crest, knot (F. -Teut.)
M. £. tuft, but the final / is excrescent ;
prov. E. tuff, a tuft.-F. touffe, a tuft or
lock of hair. —Swed. dial, tuppa, a tuft,
fringe; led. toppr, a top, tuft, or lock
of hair ; M. Du. top, a tuft ; G. sopf,
% W. twff is borrowed from £.| and
preserves tne correct form.
Tuft (3), a plantation, a green knoll.
(Scand.) See Toft.
Tugy vb. (Scand.) M. £. toggen. From
led. tog, M. 3wed. tog, a rope to pull by ;
allied to £. Fries, tokken, to pull; Low
G. tukken, to pull up, draw up ; c£ Low
G. togg, a pull (Danndl). From the weak
grade {pih-) of Teut *teuh'an', to pull;
see Tow (i). Tuck (i).
Tuition. (F. — L.) F. tuition. — L. ace.
tuitionem, protection.— L. tuit-us, pp. of
tufrt, to guard, protect.
Tulip, a flower. (F. -ItaL -Turk. -
Pers.) M. F. tulippe, also tulipan, a tulip ;
so called from its likeness to a turban. —
Ital. tulipa, ttdipano, a tulip. —Turk, tul-
bend, a turban ; also dulbend — Pers. dul-
band, a turban ; see Turban.
Tulle, a kind of silk open-work or lace.
(F.) Named from Tulle, the chief town
in the department of Coir^ze (France),
where it was first made (Littr^).
Tumble, vb. (£.) M. £. tumblen ;
freouent. of tomben, tumben, to tumble. —
A.S. tumbian, to turn heels over head,
dance. 4" ^u* tuimelen ; cf. G. tummeln,
from O. H. G. tUmdn, to turn over and
over (whence F. tomber) ; Dan. tumle,
Der. tumbler, sb., (i) an acrobat (a) a
glass without a foot, which could only be
set down when empty ; tumb-r-el, a cart
that falls over, O.F. tomberel, from F.
tomber, to tumble, fall over, a word of
Teut. origin.
Tume^. to cause to swell. (F. — L.)
M. F. tunufier ; Cot. - Late L. *tumefic&re,
S77
u
TUMID
TURN
for L. tumefaeerif to make to swell — L.
tumi-re, to swell ; facere, to make.
tnniid. (L.) L. tumidus, swollen.— ,
L. tumere^ to swell. Cf. Gk. riJXiy, a
swelling ; Skt. tu, to increase. Bmgm. i.
§ 413 (8). (VTEU.) Der. tum-our, F.
tumeur^ from L. ace. tumorem^ a swelling.
Tnnipi a hillock. (C.) W. twmp, a
tump, is perhaps from £. But the word
seems to be Celtic ; from W. tomy Gael,
and Irish torn, a hillock ; cf. Gk. tv/i/3os,
L. tumulus, a monnd. See Tomb.
Tninillt. (F. — L.) F. tumulte. — L.
ace. tumultum, an uproar.— L. tumere^ to
swell, surge up.
tTmLUllUI. (L.) L. tumulus, a mound.
— L. tumire, to swell. And see Tomb.
Tun ; see Ton.
Tune, tone, melody. (F.— L.— Gk.)
M. E. tune, — A. F. tun^ F. ton, * a time,
or sound ; * Cot — L. ace. tonum, — Gk.
T6voij a tone. See Tone.
Tungsten, a heavy metal. (Swed.)
Swed. tungsten J lit. 'heavy stone.*— Swed.
tung, heavy ; sten, stone. Swed. tung^ ^
IccX.fungr, heavy; sten is cognate with
£. stone.
Tunic. (F. -L.) O.F. tunique.'^li.
tunifa, an under-garment ; whence A. S.
tunica, Der. tunic-le, tunic-at-ed.
Tnnnel. (F.— L.) O. F. /«»w/ (later
tonneau), a tun, great vessel ; hence a
tunnel (or trap) for partridges, which was
an arched tunnel of wire, strengthened by
hoops at intervals (whence the name; it
was also called tonnelle in F.). It came
to mean any kind of tunnel or shaft,
e. g. the shaft or pipe of a chimney, &c
Dimin. from Late L. tunna, a ton ; see
Ton.
Tunny, a fish. (F. - L. - Gk.) F. than ;
Cot. — L. thunnum, ace. of thunnus. —
Gk. Bvwos, $vvos, a tunny. Lit. 'the
darter.' — Gk. 0vv€tv, allied to Oij€iv, to
rush along. (-/DHEU.)
Tnp, a ram. (Scand. ) Prob. a trans-
ferred name; cf. Swed. and Norw. tupp,
a cock, allied to Dan. top, a cock^s crest,
and to Icel. toppr, a top, a crest. See Top.
Tnrban. (F. - Ital. - Turk. - Pers.)
Formerly turbant, turribant, turband;
also toltpant, tultpant, tulibant. — M. F.
turbanty turban, a tnrban ; Cot. — Ital. tur-
-bante, * a turbant ; * Florio. — Turk, tul-
bend, vulgar form of dulbend, a turban. —
Pers. dulband, a turban. Cf. Tulip.
Turbary, a right of digging turf, or a
place for digging it. (F.-O.H.G.) O.F.
torberie; Low L. turb&ria, the same. —
O. H. G. *turba, older form of zurda^ turf.
+ A. S. turf. See Turf.
Turbid. (L.) L. turbidus, disturbed.
— L. turbdre, to disturb. — L. turda, a
crowd, confused mass of people. See
Trouble.
Tnrbot. (F.-L.) F. turbot, a fish.—
Late L. turbo, a turbot ; L. turbo, a spindle,
reel ; from its rhomboidal shape. So also
L. rhombus, a spindle, rhombus, turbot.
Tnrbnlent. (F. - L.) F. turbulent. -
L. turbulentus, full of commotion. — L.
turbdre, to disturb ; see Turbid.
Tureen, the same as Terreen, q. v.
Tnrl (E.) M. E. tutf, pi. turues
{turves). A. S. tutf.'^Du.. turf, Icel. toff,
sod, peat ; Dan. torv, Swed. tojf, O. H. G.
zurba, Cf. Skt. darbha-^ a matted grass,
from drbh, to bind.
Tnrgid. (LO L. /nr^tfj, swollen.—
L. turgere, to swell out.
Turkey. (F.- Tatar.) Called a r^r^^
cock, or a cock of India, from the notion
that it came from Turkey or from India ;
so also G. Calecutischer hahn, a turkey-
cock, is lit. a cock of Calicut (It really
came from the New World.) From F.
Turquie, Turkey. — F. Turc, a Turk. —
Tatar lurk, a Turk; orig. an adj. meaning
' brave.' % The usual Turkish word for
*Turk'is't}j»i5»/f.
Turmeric. (Arabic?) NewL..turm€rica
(Minsheu). Cf. F. terre-mhite, turmeric
(Littre ; s. v. Curcuma) ; as if L. terra
merita, apparently * excellent earth * ; but
cf. terrcB meritum, *the produce of the
earth,' in Dueange. % But terra merita,
like turmeric, is prob. a corruption of an
Eastern word. Span. Port, curcuma, tur-
meric, are from Arab, kurkum, saffron;
whence also L. crocus.
Turmoil, sb. (F. ? - L. ?) Formerly
turm^fyl; probably a corrupt form, the
latter part of the word being assimilated
to motif q. V. ; and the former part to
turn, Prob. from M. F. tremouille, * the
hopper of a mill,' also called trameul
(Cotgrave) ; O. F. trameure, p. So named
from being in continual motion. — L. tre-
mere, to tremble, shake. Cf. O. F. tram-
oier, to tremble.
Turn, vb. (L.-Gk.) M. E. iumen,
toumen\ A. S. tyman, tumian. [Cf.
O. H. G. tumen, to turn.] — L. tomdre,
to turn in a lathe. — L. tomus, a lathe. ••
678
TURNIP
Gk. T6pvos, a tool to draw circles with ;
allied to rop^r, -piercing, L. terere j^to rah,
bore. (j/TER.) Der. iurUy sb.
Tnmip, Turnep, a plant. (F.-L. ;
and L.) The latter part of the word is
M. £. nepe, a turnip, A. S. n^p, borrowed
from L. ndpus, a kind of turnip ; cf. Irish
and Gael, nap, a turnip, fi. The origin
of the former part is unknown ; the sug-
gestion terra ndpus does not agree with
the spelling, which rather resembles the
F. t^r in the sense of ' wheel,* as signify-
ing its round shape ; it looks as if it had
been turned. A turner's whe^l was for-
merly called a turn in English, and tourt
in French. Cf. Irish turnapa, a turnep,
turnoir, a turner (from E.).
Tnmpike. Formerly a name given
to the oid-fai^ioned turn-stile, whi(£ re-
volved on the top of a post, and resembled
a frame with pikes, used for defence.
From Turn and Pike.
Tnrpentilief exudation from the tere-
binth. (F.-L.-Gk.) lA,Y,turhentine\
Cot. ; Norman dial. turbintine^^'L. tere-
binthus, » Gk. rtpifiivBos, the terebinth-
tree. See Terebintii.
Tnrpitnde. (F.-L.) 'B. turpitude.^
L. turpitudo, Imseness. — L. turpisy base.
Torauoise, Tnrkis, a gem. (F.-
Ital. — Tatar.) F. iurqucise ; orig. fem. of
Ti^ri^tt^, Turkish. •M. Ital. Turchesa,9L,
turquoise, or Turkish stone. * Tatar Turk^
a Turk.
Turret. (F.-L.) M.F. /4iMr^//^;Cot.
Dimin. of O. F. tur, F. tour, a tower, i-
L. ace. turrem. See Tower.
Tnrtle (i)) a turtle-dove. (L.) A. S.
turtle ; formed, by change of r to /, from
L. turtur, a turtle ^whence also G. turtel,
Ital. tortora, tortola). An imitative word ;
due to a repetition of tur, used to express
the coo of a pigeon.
Turtle (a), the sea-tortoise. (L.) Eng-
lish sailors, ill understanding the Port.
tartaruga, Span, tortuga, a tortoise or sea-
turtle, turned these words into turtle ; see
above. The Span, and Port, words are
allied to Tortoise.
Tush, an exclamation of impatience.
(£.) Formerly iwish, an expression of
disgust. Cf. pish and tut\ and cf. Low
G. tuss^ silence! Also Dan. tysse, to
silence.
Tusk. (E.) South E. tush (as in Shak.).
A. S. tusc, usually spelt tux \ prob. origin-
ally *tusc, Cf. O. Fries, tusch, tush ; £.
TWEEZERS
Fries, tusk ; Icel. toskr. Perhaps related
to Tooth. Brugm. i. % 795.
Tussley to scufHe. (E.) The same as
tousle, to disorder ; frequent, of touse, to
pull about. See Touse. Cf. Westphal.
tusseln, to pull about, and E. toss,
Tuty an exclamation of impatience. (E.)
Cf. M. F. trut (the same) ; and cf. tush.
Tutelage! guardianship. (L.; withY,
suffix.) From L. tutel-a, protection ; with
F. sufHx 'Oge (< L. -dticum). — L. tut-us,
short for tuitus, pp. of tuirt, to guard,
protect ; see Tuition.
tutelar. (L.) L. tatildris, protecting.
— L. tut-us, short for tuitus (above).
tutor. (L.) L. tutor, a guardian, tutor.
— L. tat-us (above).
Tutty« a collyrium. (F.-Pers.) F.
tutie ; M. F. tuthie, * tutie,* Cot. - Pers.
tatiyd, green vitriol. Cf. Skt. tuitha-, blue
vitriol.
Twaddle, to tattle. (E.) Formerly
twattle, a collateral form of tattle.
Twain ; see Two.
Twangf to sound with a sharp noise.
(E.) A collateral form of tang\ see
Tang (2). Cf. Tingle.
Tweaki to twitch, pinch. (K) M. £.
twikken ; A. S. twiccian, pt. t. twicc-ode,
(spelt twiccede. Shrine, 4 1) ; cf. A. S. twicce,
as in A. S. angel-twicce, a hook-twitcher,
the name of a worm used as a bait. + Low
G. twikken, E. Fries, twikken, G. zwicken,
topinch. See Twitoh.
Tweesers, nippers. (F.— Teut. ; with
£. suffix,) A surgeon's box of instruments
was formerly called a tweese, whence small
surgical instruments were called tweezes, a
form afterwards turned into tweezers, and
used of small nippers in particular, p.
Again, the word tweese was really at first
twees, the plural of twee or etwee, a sur-
gical case; etwee being merely an Englished
form of M. F. esti^t F. ^tuu^Hi, F. esiuy,
'a sheath, case, a case of little instru-
ments, now commonly termed an ettwee ; *
Cot y. The M. F. estuy is cognate with
Span, estuche. Port, estojo, M. Ital. stuccio,
stucchio, * a little pocket-cace with cisors,
pen-knives, and such trifles in them * (sic) ;
Florio. — M. H. G. stUche (prov. G. stauche) ,
a short and narrow muff (hence a case).
4- IceL staka, a sleeve. % Etymology
quite clear ; estuy became etwee, twee, then
twees, then tweeses, and lastly tweezers,
which might be explained as ' instruments
belonging to a tweese or twee*
579
TWELVE
Twelye. (E.) M. E. twelf^ whence
twelf-e^ a pi. fonn, also written iweiue
twilif^ Da. twatUfy loel. tiUf^ Dan. tohf^
Swed. tolf, G. twolf, O. H.G. nv^/i/, Goth.
twaiif, p. The Goth. twa-H/is composed
of /Bfo, two; and -It/, the equivalent of
the Lithaan. -/iJka, occurring in dwy'lika,
twelve. Again, the suffix -lika is allied to
lithuan. /r^ox, remaining^ left over, from
lik-tiy to remain. Hence hva-lif ^ two
over ten, i.e. twelve. Brugm. ii. \ 175.
Der. iwflf'thy for Iwelft'^A.S. twelfta,
twelfUi ; twelvemonth » M. £. twelffnanthe.
twenty. (E.) A. S. tu/entig. — A. S.
/wen = twin, short for twegen, twain ; and
'tig, suffix allied to Goth, -tigfus and £. ten.
4>Goth. twaitigfus, Du. twtntig, loel. tttt-
tugu, G. noiiMSf]f ; all similarly formed.
twibill, twr^billf a two-edged bill.
(E.) M.£. /ttfi£7. A.S. /ivi^/.-A.S.
twi't double; bill^ a bill; see twice
(below).
twioe. (E.) M.E./ivi^^ (dissyllabic).
A. S. twiges, a late form, for the older
tttfiwa, twice. — A. S. /nrf-, doable ; like
L. di', Gk. 81-, Skt. dui- ; allied to twd,
two. See Two.
twiff (i )» a shoot of a tree. (E.) A. S.
twig (pi. twigu), a twig; Northumb.
^^ (pl- ^iggo), Jo. XV. 5, 6 ; orig. the
fork of a branch, and named from being
double, the small shoot branching off from
the larger one. » A.S. twi-^ double; see
above.+Du./a;^^, Low G. twig (t)anneil),
Westphal. twich^ twick^ G. zweig. Cog-
nate with Skt. dm-ka-y ' consisting of two,'
Gk. 9iffa6s, double, twofold. Brugm. ii.
$ 166.
Twig (a)f to comprehend. (C.) Irish
tuig'im, O. Irish tttcc-im, 1 understand ;
Gael. tuig. to understand.
Twilight. (E.) M. E. ttoi/igAt, The
prefix twt' (A.S. twi-) is lit * double' (see
twice above) ; but is here used rather in
the sense of doubtful or between ; cf. L.
dubius, doubtful, from duOt two. 4" G*
zwielichty M.Du. tweelicAt; similarly com-
pounded.
twillff to weave, shewing ribs. (Low
G.) The word has reference to a peculiar
method of doubling the warp-threads, or
taking two of them together; this gives
an appearance of diagonal lines, in textile
fabrics. From Low G. twillen. [One
Low G. twillen, to bifurcate, is allied to
O. H. G. zwinel, twin, and to E. Twin.]
TWIRL
Bnt twillen is here a Low G. spelling
of M. H. G. zwilAen, to double ; from
M. H. G. zwilc^, O. H. G. tnvilihy adj.,
two-threaded, a word suggested by L. bi-
lix, two-threaded (from L. bi-, double,
Ucium, thread). Cf. G. zwillich, ticking.
twin. (£.) h..S. ge-twinnas, twins. •4-
Icel. tvinnr, in pairs ; Lithuan. dvoyni,
twins ; cf. L. bint, two at a time. From
the A. S. twi', double ; the -n gives a dis-
tributive force, as in hM-n-i, two at a time.
Cf. Goth, tweihnai, two apiece; Bavar.
swin'ling, G. zwil-ling, a twin.
twinOi vb. (E.) M. £. twinen^ to
twist together. From A. S. twin^ sb., a
twisted or doubled thread.+Du./zcf^'n, sb.,
a twist, twine, Icel. tvinni, twine ; Swed.
ttnnntrdd^ twine-thread ; also Du. tweem,
G. swim, p. All from Teut. type *trtiis'
nO'>*twiz'mh, double ; the iz becomes i
in A. S. twin, Du. twi/n ; the zn becomes
nn in Icel. and Swed. ; and the z becomes
r in Du. and G. The base twis- occurs
in E. twis-ti Goth, twis-, prefix; cf. L.
bis (for *dwis), Gk. Ms, Skt. duis, twice.
Brugm. i. $ 903 (c, note a).
Twi]ige« to nip. (£.) M, E. twengen,
weak vb. (^"V')* Causal of twingen,
str. vb., O. Fries, twinga, thwinga (pt. t.
twang), to constrain, O. Sax. birthwingan,
Icel. fvinga, Du. dwingen, G. zwingen,
O. H.G. dwingan ; Teut type *thwengan-,
pt t. thwang. Cf. also Lith. twenkti,
to be hot, to smart ; twankas, sultry.
(VTWENK.) -Det. thong,
TwinUe. (E.) A. S. twinclian, to
twinkle ; a frequentative form of twink,
appearing in M. £. twinken, to blink, wink.
Again, this is a nasalised form of M. £.
twikken, to twitch (hence to quiver) ; see
Tweak. + Bavarian zwinhem, frequent,
of zwinken^ to blink.
twinkling. (E.) M.£. twinkeling,
the twitching of an eye. — M. E. twinkelen,
to wink ; the same word as £. twinkle,
Twinter, a beast two years old. (£.)
A. S. twi'Wintre, adj., of two years. — A.S.
twi', double (see twice), and winter,
a winter, a year.
Twire. to peep out. (E.) In Shak.
Son. 28. Only recorded in the cognate Bava-
rian zwiren, zwieren, to peep (Schmeller),
M. H. G. zwieren, to peep out (Schade).
% Nares is wrong in citing twire =^ twitter
from Chaucer; the true reading is twitreth.
Twirlf to turn rapidly round. (£.) It
stands for thwirl (like twinge for thwinge).
580
TWIST
Frequentative of A. S. -Jrweran^ to turn,
whence Jnviril, the handle of a chum.
Cognate with G. qturlen^ quirlen^ to twirl,
querly a twirling-stick ;* from O. H. G.
tweran^ dweran, to whirl round, p. The
frequent. form appears also in "DvL.dwarlen,
to twirl, dwariwindj a whirlwind ; cf.
I^ow G. dweerwindy a whirlwind. We also
find Icel. pvara, a stirring-stick ; from
thwar, and grade of Teut. *thw€ran', as seen
in A. S. -Jnveran. Also E. Fries, dwtreln,
dwirlen^ to twirl, dtuarrel, a whirl, from
dweretiy to turn ; cf. Gk. Topvyrj, a stirrer.
(V'TWER.)
Twisty vb. (E.) M. E. listen, vb.
formed from A. S, •twisty sb., a rope or
twisted cord. — A. S. *twis'y double (see
Twine) ; with suffix -/ (Idg. suffix -to-).
The Du. twisty Dan. Swed. tvisty G. zwisty
mean Miscord,' i^hich is another sense
of the same word ; so also M. E. twisty
a twig or fork of a branch ; Icel. tvistTy
the deuce, in card-playing.
Twit, to reromd of a fault. (E.)
Shortened from M.E. atwiten, to reproach.
— A. S. atwttafty to twit, reproach. » A. S.
aty at, upon; witaUy to blame, orig. to
observe, hence to observe what is amiss. , iufan^ a hurricane, storm. — Gk. rv^^,
p. This A. S. wttan answers to Goth.
'Weitan in comp. fra-weitafty to avenge ;
cf. weitjhny to observe; allied to Goth.
witaUy to know ; see "Wit (i). Cf. Du.
wijteHy to reproach, G. ver-weiseriy from
Teut. base *w«V. (yWEID.)
Twitchp to pluck. (E.) M.E. twicchen,
palatalised form of M. E. twikkeny A. S.
twicciatty to tweak. See Tweak. For
the form, cf. A. S. angel-twicce^ prov. £.
angletwitchy an earthworm (N. E. D.).
Twitter, vb. (E.) Frequentative from
a base twit ; cf. titter y tattUy and twaddle\
all of imitative origin.4'G. twitschemy to
twitter, Bavar. vunttem ; Du. kwettereUy
Dan. qmddrty Swed. qvittra.
Two, Twain. (E.) The A. S. forms
shew that the difference between two and
twain was orig. one of gender only. A. S.
twegeny masc, two (M. E. tweien, tweifiy
E twain) ; twdy fem., two ; neut. twd or
tQy two. 4* ^^- ^^9 ^ce^* tveiry Dan. tOy
Swed. tv&y tu, Goth, twai, G. swei (also
nveen, masc.) ; Irish da^ Gael, day doy W.
dauy Russ. dvay Lith. dwiy L. duo (whence
F. deuxy E. deuce) y Gk. IfstOy Skt. dvdUy dvd,
Cf. also L. H-f dis, twice ; and the pre-
fixes di'y dia-y dis', Der. a-two, i. e. on
two -• \m two.
UDDER
Tybalt, the * prince of cats.' (Low G.)
In Shak. A. F. Teda/dy Tebaud, - O. Sax.
Thiod-baldy Theobald. Cf. Tyberty the
cat ; in * Reynard the Fox.*
TympaUTlllL, the hollow part of the
ear, &c. (L. — Gk.) L. tympanuniy a
drum, tympanum. * Gk. ri&iatavovy a drum,
roller; the same as Ti^orov, a drum. •Gk.
Twr-, base oinhrtiv, to strike. Der. typt-
panyy Gk. rvfAimvias, a dropsy in which the
belly is tightly stretched, as a drum.
type. (F.-I Gk.) F. type (Sher-
wood). — L. typum, ace. of ty/fus, — Gk.
Tvnos, a blow, mark of a blow, stamp,
impress, mark, mould, type, &c. — Gk.
Twr-y base of rvurtiVy to strike. Cf. Skt.
tupy tumPy to hurt ; allied to Gk.
aTwpfXi((iyy to strike. (ySTEU.) Der.
typ-icy Gk. rvrnxhi ; whence typic-al, &c
Typhoon, a violent whirls ind. (Arab.
— Gk.) [Sometimes claimed as a Chinese
word meaning * a great wind.' — Chinese
ta, great ; fing (in Canton fung)y wind,
whence ta fungy a gale, a typhoon
(Williams).] But this seems to be a late
mystification. In old authors the forms
are tuffon, tuffoony tiphon, Arc. — Arab.
better rv^f, a whirlwind. The close
accidental coincidence of these words in
sense and form is very remarkable, as
Whitney notes. See below.
TypnnSy a kind of fever. (I^— Gk.)
L. typhus.^ GV. jwpoty smoke, mist; also
stupor, esp. if arising from fever ; typhus
fever ■» stupor-fever. — Gk. n^tiVy to smoke.
(yDHEU.) Der. typho-id, i. e. typhus-
like, from cf5of, resemblance.
Tyrant. (F.-L.-Gk.) The final/ is
added. O. F. tirany also tyrant, — L.
tyrannunty ace. of tyrannus, a tyrant.—
Gk. rvpawosy a lord, sovereign, matter;
orig. in a good sense (see Prellwitz).
Der. tyrann-y, F. tyranniey Late L.
tyrannia, Gk. rvpavvia, sovereignty.
Tyro, misspelling of Tiro, q.y.
XTbi^nityi omnipresence. (F.— L.) F.
ubiquity, * an ubiquity ; ' Cot. As if from
L. ace. *ubtquitdiemy a being everywhere ;
a coined word. — L. ubtguey everywhere. —
L. ubiy where ; with suffix -que, allied to
lu^uisy who. Der. ubiquit-ous.
udder. (E.) A.S. adery an udder.
+ M. Du. uder, Du. uij'er, letl. jugr (for
681
UQLY
*judr)t Swed. jufoer^ jur^ Dan. yver\ G.
eutcTy O. H. G. uter\ also L. uber, Gk.
oJAap^ Skt. udhaTy iidhan, an udder. Brugm.
i. § 113-
Ugly, frightful. (Scand.) M. E. ugly,
ugltke.'^lcS., uggligr^ fearful, dreadful.—
Icel. ugg-r^ fear; -/igr=A,S. -IfCj like.
Allied to Icel. ugga, to fear. Der. ugii'
ness.
Uhlan, Ulan, a lancer. (G.— Polish.-
Turkish.) G. uhian, a lancer. — Pol. uian,
a lancer. Borrowed from Turk, ogldn, also
olauy a youth, lad. Of Tatar origin.
Ukase* an edict. (F. — Russ.) Y, ukase,
-i Russ. ukaz\ an edict ; cf. ukazate^ to
indicate, shew, order, prescribe. — Russ. u-,
prefix, allied to Skt. ava^ away, off ; kazatey
to shew, Ch. Slav. kazatL Brugm. i. §§
163 (note), 616.
Ulcer, a dangerous sore. (F.— L.) F.
ulch'e, — L. ulcer-, for *ulces-^ stem of
ulcus y a sore.4-Gk. IKkos, a wound, sore ;
Skt. arfoSy hemorrhoids.
Ullage, the unfilled part of a cask.
(Prov. — L.) * Ullage of a cask, that which
it wants of being full ;' Phillips. — Mod.
Prov. ulhage ; O. F. ouillage^ eullage,
a filling up. — Mod. Prov. ulha ; O. F.
ouillier, eullier, to fill a cask up to the
bung. Cotgrave spells it oeiller, and the
sb. as oeillage. The Late L. t3rpe of the
vb. is *oculdre, i. e. to fill up to the oculus,
eye, orifice. We also find O. F. aouillier,
as if for *adaculdre.
Ulterior, further. (L.) L. ulterior,
further ; comp. of O. L. ulter, adj.
ultimate, furthest. (L.) L. ultimdtus,
pp. of ultimdre, to be at the last. — L. ulti-
mus, last ; ul-ti-mus being a double superl.
form from the base ul- ; see ultra-.
ultra-, beyond. (L.) L. «//r5, beyond,
adv. and prep. Allied to O. Lat. ul-s,
beyond, olluSy that one.
ultramarine, beyond sea; as sb.,
sky-blue. (Span. — L.) Span, ullramarino,
beyond sea ; also a blue colour. — L. ultra,
beyond ', mar-e, sea ; and suffix 'fnus ; see
Marine.
ultramontane, beyond the Alps. (F.
— Ital. — L.) F. ultramoniatn. — Ital.
oltramoniano.'^'L, ultra, beyond; mont-
em, ace, a mountain ; with suffix -anus ;
see Tramontane and Mountain.
ultramundane, beyond the world.
(L.) L. ultra, beyond ; munddnus,
worldly, from mundus, world ; see Mun-
dane.
UN-
Umbel, an umbrella-like inflorescence.
(L.) L. umbella, a parasol; dimin. of
umbra, a shade ; see TTmbrage.
umber. (F.- Ital. -Lat.) ¥, ombre,
short for terre d*ombre, lit. * earth of
shadow,* a brown earth used for shadowing
in paintings. — IXsX.^erra d^ombra, lit. earth
of shadow (Torriano). — L.,/'^fr», earth;
de, of ; umbra, shadow.
Umbilical, pertaining to the navel. (F.
— L.) M. F. umbtliccUt adj., from umdi/ic,
navel (Cot.). — L. umbillcum, ace. qI um-
bilicus, navel, middle, centre. 4* Gk. o/jupa-
\6s, navel; cf. Skt. ndbhi-, navel; see
Nave (i). Brugm. i. § 467.
Umbrage, shade of trees ; offence. (F.
— L.) Properly * shadow ' ; hence, shadow
or suspicion of injury. — M. F. ombrage, um-
brage, shade, also suspicion. — F. ombre,
shadow (with suffix -age < L. -dticum).^
L. umbra, shadow.
umbrella. (Ital. — L.) ItaX. umbre/la,
ombrella, a parasol ; dimin. of Ital. ombra,
a shade, -i L. umbra, a shade.
Umpire . (F. — L.) For numpire, the
old form of the word ; M. E. nompere,
noumpere, also nounpere, nounpier, "P.
Plowman, B. v. 337. — O. F. nomper, later
nompair, peerless, odd (Cot.) ; earliest
form nonper (Roquefort).— L. turn, not;
parem, ace. of par, equal. Used, like L.
impar, in the sense of arbitrator; the
lit. sense is unequal, odd, hence a third,
man called in to arbitrate, a * non-peer.'
See Non- and Peer.
Un- (i), neg. prefix. (E.) Prefixed to
sbs.) adjs., and advs. (Distinct from un-
(2) below.) A. S. un-, neg. prefix.+Du.
on-, Icel. o-, a-, Dan. «-, Swed. o-, Goth.
un-, G. un-, W. an-, L. in-, Gk. dv-, d-,
Zend, an-, a-, Skt. an-, a-. Readily pre-
fixed to a large number of words ; a few
of these, such as un-couth, of which the
simple form is not used, will be found
below.
Un- (2), verbal prefix, expressing the
reversal of an action. (E.) Quite distinct
from un- (i) above ; only used with verbs.
Thus to un-lock = to reverse locking, to
open that which was closed by locking.
A. S. ««-.+Du. ont-, G. ent-, O. H. G. ant-,
Goth, and- (as in and-bindan, to unbind).
Precisely the same as E. an- in an-swer,
A. S. and-, Gk. iiVTt- ; see Anti-. U In
the case of past participles, the prefix is
ambiguous ; thus un-bound may either
mean ' not bound,' with prefix un- (i), or
582
UN-
UNIT
may mean * undone * or released, with prefix
un- (2).
XTn- (3)1 prefix. (E.) Only in un-to,
un-til, which see.
Unaneledf without having received
extreme unction. (E. ; and L. — Gk.) In
Hamlet, i. 5. 77. Lit. * un-on-oiled.*— A. S.
un-i not ; M. £. an-eled, from an (for
A. S. on) and eled, pp. of M. £. elieny to
oil, vb., from eUj sb., oil. The A. S. ele^
oil, is borrowed from L. oleum f Gk. iKaiov,
oil ; see Oil.
Unanimous, of one mind. (L.) L.
unamm-t4Sf of one mind ; with suffix -ous,
— L. tin-US J one (see One) ; animus, mind.
Uncial, large, applied to letters. (L.)
I^. uncid/is, adj. from uncia, inch ; see
Inch. (From the large size of the letters.)
Uncle. (F. ~ L.) M. K unc/e. - A. F.
uncle; F. oncle.^h. auunculum, ace. of
auunculusy a mother^s brother, lit. ' little
grandfather;' dimin. of auus, a grand-
father.
Uncouth. (E.) A. S. uncud, orig. un-
known ; hence, strange, odd. — A. S. un-,
not ; and ciiOf known, pp. of cunnan, to
know. See Can.
Unction. (F.— L.) F. onction,"!.,
unctidnemy acc of unctio, an anointing. —
L. uncl'US, pp. of ungere^ to anoint. Der.
unctu-ous. Late L. unctu-dsus, Brugm. 1.
§ .^98. See Unguent.
Under, beneath. (E.) K,S, under.'^
Dn. onder, Icel. undir, Dan. Swed. under,
Golh. undar, G. unter, under. Common
as a prefix. Brugm. i. $ 446, ii. § 75.
Undem, a certain period of the day.
(E.) The time denoted differed at different
periods. The A. S. undem meant the
third hour, about 9 a. m.; later, it meant
about noon ; and, still later, the after-
noon, in which sense it survives in prov. E.
aunder, aandom, omdoms, doundrtns,
&c.<4-Icel. undom, O.H.G. untom, Goth.
undaumi-; the lit. sense being * intervening
or middle period.' Perhaps from A. S.
under, with the sense 'among' or 'be-
tween,* like G. un/er. Cf. L. inlemus,
inward ; from L. infer. ^ Kluge explains
it as equivalent to A. S. un-dyme, * not
dark,' hence ' dawn.' (But dyme usually
means 'not manifest.') See Eng. Stud.
Understand. (E.) A.S.understandan,
lit. to stand under or among, hence, to com-
prehend (like L. iniel-ligon). * A. S. under,
under ; standan, to stand.
Undertake, to take upon oneself,
attempt. (E. and Scand.) M. E. under-
taken, compounded of under and M. E.
taken, to take. Der. undertdk-er^ lit.
one who takes a business in hand ; Oth. iv.
I. 224.
UndnlatCy to wave. (L.) From pp.
of L. undulare, to fluctuate.— L. *undula,
dimin. of unda, a wave. Allied to Water ;
cf. Skt. udan, water, und, to wet, Lith.
VHindit, water, Russ. voda, water. Brugm.
i. §5 102. 594.
Uneath, scarcely, with difficulty. (E.)
Obsolete. M.E, unefe. A,S, uniade, adv,,
from adj. uniaOe, difficult. «- A. S. un-, not ;
ia6e, iaS, easy ; the orig. sense being waste,
empty, hence easy to occupy. Cf. O. Sax.
d6i, easy; G. ode, waste, deserted, Icel.
audr, empty, Goth, auths, authis, desert,
waste. % But some dissociate A. S. ealSe,
O. Sax. otii, from the rest.
Un^^ainly, awkward. (Scand.; with
E. prefix ami suffix^) Fonned by adding
-^ to M. E. ungein, inconvenient. «> A. S.
un-, not; Icel. gegn, ready, serviceable,
convenient, allied to gegna, to meet, suit,
gegn, against, and to £• Again. Cf. Icel.
O'gegn, ungainly.
Undent, ointment. (L.) L. un-
guentum, ointment. — L. unguent-, stem
of pres. pt. of ungere, to anoint, -f Skt.
aHi, to smear. Brugm. i. § 398.
unicorn. (F.~L.) M. F. unicome, a
fabulous one-homed animal. ^ L. Unicor-
nem, acc. of unicornis, one-homed. — L.
Uni-, for anus, one (see One) ; com-U,
a horn. See Horn.
uniform, adj. (F.— L.) F. uniformed
«>L. uniformem, acc. of Uniformis, hav-
ing one form. — L. Uni-, for iinus, one;
form-a, form ; see Form.
union ( i ) , concord. (F. — L.) F. union.
—L. acc. Unionem, oneness. -^L. Uni-, for
UnuSf one.
union (2), a large pearl. (F.— L.) The
same word as the above; the L. iinio
means oneness, also a single pearl of a
large size, also a kind of onion.
nniqne. (F.-L.) F.unifue, daglt,
— L. Unicumf acc. of Unicus, smgle. •■ L.
uni-, for UnuSt one.
nnison, concord. (F.—L.) F.unissoH,
— L. Unisonum, acc. of Unisonus, having
a like sound. — L. Uni; for iinus, one;
sontts, sound ; see Bound (3).
nnit. (F. — L.) Formed by dropping
the final -y of unity, * Unit, Unite, or
583
UNITE
Unity, in arithmetic, the first significatit
figure, or nnmber i/ .&c., Phillips ; see
Unity.
unite. (LO L* umtus, pp. of iimre,
to unite. — L. unus^ one.
TUlity, oneness. (F.— L.) M.E.unitee.
— M.F. unite {uniti),^lj, Unitdtem, ace.
of UnitdSf unity. «L. Uni-, for Unus, one,
cognate "with One.
xmiTersaL (F.— L.) F. universel
(Latinised). — L. UniuersdliSy belonging
to the whole. — L. Uniutrsus, turned into
one, combined into a whole. —L. Uni-,
for anus, one ; uersus, pp. of uertert^ to
turn ; see Verse. Dep. univers-ity, F.
university, from L. ace. Uniuersitdtem.
nnivocal, having but one meaning.
(I..) From L. Qniuoc-us, univocal ; with
sufllix 'olis. — L. uni; for anus, one;
uoc'<, allied iouox^ voice, sense ; see Voice.
Unkenptf i e. uncombed ; for un-
kemh'd. l^rom A. S. cemban, to comb;
formed (by vowel-change of a to e) from
catnb, a comb. See Ck>mb.
Unless, if not, except. (£.) Formerly
on les, on lesse, in the phrase on lesse that,
i.e. in less than, on a less supposition than.
Thus un- here stands for on. See On
and Less.
Unmly, disregarding restraint. (E. ;
and F.---L.) From un-, prefix, and rule ;
with suffix -y ; a coined word. See Bole.
Fabyan has unruled.
Until. (E.) The same word as below,
with the substitution of North £. (and
Scand.) til, to, for E. to. See Till.
nntOv even to. (£.) M. K»»/tf(not
in A. S.). For und-to ; where to is the
usual £. prep., and und is the O. Fries.
und, ont, Goth, und, O.Sax. und^ nnto,
whence O. Sax. uft'td, unto. A related
form o9 {<*anth) is common in A. S. ; cf.
also A. S. and-, prefix, for which see
Un- (2).
Up. (E.) M.E. »/,«/; A.S. «/,«//,
adv. Hh ^u* ^y Icel. upp, Dan. op, Swed.
upp, Goth, iup, G. auf, O.H.G. Of,
Allied to Over; cf. ab-ove,
UpaSy the poison-tree of Java. (Malay.)
Malay apas, a poisonous juice; puhun
apcu, poison-tree (^pukun—Xitit),
upbraidf to reproach. (E.) M. E. vp-
bretden, to reproach. « A. S. up, up, upon,
on ; hregdan, to braid, weave, also to lay
hold of, seize. The orig. sense seems to
have been to lay hold of, hence to attack,
accuse, &c. The A. S. bregdan, also^^E.
URINE
braid, to weave ; so that -braid in up-braid
is the usual verb braid, used in a special
sense. So also Dan. he-breide (lit. be-braid},
to upbraid.
Upholsterer. (E.) Lengthened from
upholster, for uphold-ster, another form of
upholder, which was formerly used of a
dealer in fiixniture ; lit. one who holds up
for sale.
Upon. (E.) A.S. uppon, upon. — A. S.
upp, up, up ; on, on. 4- ^cel* ^pp ^ upon ;
Swed. pit, Dan. paa (reduced forms).
Uproar, tumult. (Du.) The sjselling
shews confusion with £. roar, — Du. oproer^
* uprore, tumult ; ' Hexham. ^ Du. op, up ;
roeren, to excite, stir, move ; so that eproer
ssa stirring up, commotion.+Low G. upph-
ror (Danneil) ; Swed. uppror, Dan. uprdr,
G. aufruhr, fi. The verb is Du. roeren,
Swed. rora, Dan. rore^ G. ruhren, A. S.
hriran, to stir; see Beremouse. The
A.S. hreran is from hror, adj., active, busy.
Upsidedown. (E.) From up, side,
and doivn. But the M. £. form was up-
so-dbun, i. e. ' up as it were down.'
Upstart, sb. (E.) From upstart, vb.,
to start up; Spenser, F. Q. i. i. 16;
Chaucer, C. T., A. 1080. See Start.
Upwards ; see ITp and -ward, suffix.
Urbane, courteous. (L.) L. urbdnus,
belonging to a city. — L. urb-s, a city.
Der. urban, doublet of urbane; urban-
i-ty, ¥. urbanity, from L. ace urbdnitdtem,
courteousness.
Uroliin, a hedgehog, goblin, imp, small
child. (F.— L.) One. hedgehc^; hence,
goblin, imp, small child (Tempest, i. 2,
326) ; it beingsupposed that some imps took
a hedgehog s shape. « Walloon urechon,
irchon (Sigart) ; Norm. dial, h^rirhon;
O. North. F. herichon ; O.F. irefon, erifon,
herisson, a hedgehog ; formed with suffix
-on ( = L. -dnem) from L. ericius, a hedge-
hog, lengthened form of fr (gen. eri-s),
a hedgehog. +Gk. xfiP* hedgehog ; cf. x^'
&ffff€iv, to scratch.
UrOy practise, use. (F.— L.) Obsolete,
except in in-ure, man-ure. (Distinct from
use,) — O. F. eure, uevre, core, work, action.
— L. opera, work ; see Operate.
Urge. (L.) L. urgere, to urge, drive.
Allied to "Wreak. (VWERG.) Der.
urg-ent, firom stem of pres. part.
Urim. (Heb.) Heb. arim, lights ; pi.
of ur, light. See Thummim.
Urine. (F.— L.) F. urine, ^l.. urina.
-^Gk. oZpov, urine ; Skt. vdri, var, water ;
584
UM.
iVACCINAt
Icel. Hr^ drizzling rain ; Icel. wr, A. S.
war^ sea. Orig, * water.*
Urn. (F. — L.) M. E. ume. - F. um€,
— L. uma, nm. For *urc'na ; cf. urc-eus,
a pitcher. Bmgm. i. $ 756.
US. (E.) A. S. iiSf dat. pi. of 7C^, we ;
us, usiCf ace. pi. of ze^/.-f Du. ons^ Icel. oss,
Swed. OSS, Dan. as, G. »;» ; Goth, uns,
unsisy dat. and ace. pi. Tent, base *uns',
Cf. L. if^j, Skt. nas ; also Gk. i)A<as, Skt.
asmdn, ns. Bmgm. i. § 437 (2) ; ii. { 436.
Use (i)> sb. (F.-L.) M.E. use, v —
O.K. »j, use, usage. -^L. usum, ace ofusus,
use.i*L. iisus, pp. of utt, to use, Der.
use, vh; F. user, Late L. »jdr^y frequent,
of L. tUi, to use ; us-age, F. «j^d^if ; usu-ai,
L. usudlis, adj., from mjm-, stem of mxmj ,
use; &c.
Use (a), profit, benefit. (T.-L.) When
tfj^ is employed, legally, m the sense of
' benefit,* it is a modernised spelling of the
Anglo-F. form of the Lat. opus, employ-
ment, need. We find the Anglo-F. spell-
ings oes, oeps, uoes ; O. F. oes, eus, ues.
Usher, a door-keeper. (F.— L.) M. £.
uschere, ussher. — A. F. usser ; O. F. ussier,
uissier, later huissier, * an usher, or door-
keeper ; ' Cot. — L. ostidrium, ace. of osti"
drius, a door-keeper. — L. ostium, a door.
Extended from L. at, mouth ; see Oral.
Usquebaugh. (Irish.) Irish uisge
beatha, usquebaugh, whisky. — Irish uisge,
water (see Whisky) ; beaiha, life, O. Ir.
bethu, allied to Gk. fiioi, life. Bmgm. i.
§« 85» 368.
Usnrpy to seize to one's own use. (F. ->
L.) F. usurper, «• L. Osurpdre, to employ,
acquire ; also, to usurp, p. Clearly de-
rived from Os-us, use, but tiie rest of the
word is obscure; Bmgmann (ii. § a)
suggests Hsu- and rapere, to seize to one s
own use.
usury. (F.~L.) lli,TLusufye,usure.
»F. usure, usury, the occupation of a
thing.— L. usQra, use, enjoyment, interest,
usury.— L. Os-us, pp. of Oti, to use.
Ut, the first note of the musical scale.
(L.) L. uL See G-amut.
Utas, the octave of a feast. (F.~L.)
Utas is for utaves, an A. F. woid corre-
sponding to O. F. oitauveSf pi. of oitauve,
octave, eighth day.— L. octdua {diis\
eighth day ; fem. of octduus, eighth.— L.
octd^ eight. See Octave.
UtensiL (F.-L.) M,¥.u/ensile,%h,
— L. atensUis, adj., fit for use ; whence
iUensUia, neut. pi., utensils. For *iUeni'
tilis, from the stem of pres. pt. oiotf, i6
use. Cf. Use (1).
Uterinef born of the same mother by a
different father. (F.-L.) U.¥.uterin,'oi
the womb, borne of one mother ; * Cot. — L.
uterinus, bom of one mother. — L. uterus,
womb. Cf. Gk. hcTipa, womb. Bmgm. i.
§ 706.
Utilise. (F. — L.) F. utiiiser, a modem
word ; coined from util-e, useful, with suffix
'iser (Gk. -1 (tw). — L. Otitis, useful. — L. Oti,
to use. Cf. Use (i).
utility. (F.-L.) F. utility, - L. ace.
atititdtem, from nom. Utilitds, usefulness.
— L. tltili-s, useful.— L. Uti, to use.
UtiSf festival merriment ; see Utas.
Utmost. (E.) M.E, outemest, A.S.
ate-m-est, double superL form, from m/,
out. Doublet of outmost. See Out.
Utopian. (Gk.) An adj. due to Sir T.
More*s description of Utopia, an imaginary
island, situate nowhere, — Gk. 06, not;
T^vor, a place ; see Topio.
Utter, outer. (E.) M. E. utter. A. S.
uttera, which occurs as well as Otera ; both
are comparative forms of Ht, out ; see Out.
Der. utter, vb. ; cf. G. aussem, vb., from
dusser, outer; also A. S. Ht-ian, to put
out, from &t, out.
Utteranoe (i), an uttering. (E. ; tvitA
F. suffix,) From the verb to utter, M. E*
outren; formed from M.E. outer, titter,
compar. of A. S. at, out See Out.
Utterance (3), extremity. In Shak.
(F. — L.) F. outroftce, extremity. ^ F.
outre, beyond.— L. ultrd, beyond; see
Ultra-.
Uvula. (L.) Late L. Ovuia, dimin. of
L. iiua, a grape, a cluster, also the uvula.
"f-Lith. &ga, a berry. Bmgm. i. $ 233 (a).
UjCOriouSf excessively fond of a wife.
(L.) L. $4xdri-us, fond of a wife ; with
suffix 'ous, — L. uxor-, stem of uxor, a wife.
V.
V. In Middle -English, v is commonly
written as M in the MSS. ; conversely, v is
put for » in a few words, chiefly vp, vnder,
vnto, vs, vsef and the prefix zm-.
Vacation. (F. ~ L.) F. vacation. - L.
aoe. uaedtidftem, leisure.— L. uacdtus, pp.
of uaedre, to be empty or at leisure. Cf.
L. uacuus, W. gwag, eDn>ty.
Vaccinate. (L.) Coined as if from
pp. of *v€uctndre, to inoculate. *L. uac'
anus, belonging to cows.— L. uaeca, a
585
U3
VACILLATION
cow. 4* Skt vofdf a cow. f Fint used
about 1 798.
Yaoillation. (F--L.) T^. vacillation,
* a reelingi sta^ering ; ' Cot — L. uacilld'
timemt ace. of uacilldtio, a reeling, waver-
ing.—L. uacilldtus, pp. of luuilldrey to
reel. Cf. Skt. vahk, to go tortaooslyi
vaJkrU', bent
▼aouum. (L.) L. uacuumy an empty
space ; neat o(uacuus, empty. «L. uacdre,
to be empty ; see Vaoation.
▼ade, to fade. (Da.->F.»L.) M. Da.
vadden, * to fade,* Hexham. —O. F. fader y
to fade ; see Vade.
Vagabond. (F.-L.) ¥. vagabond/ 1^
vagabond;' Coti^L. uagdlmndus, adj.,
strolling about. i-L. uagd-rt, to wander;
with safHx -bundus,
vanry. (L.) Also z'^fBr(; (trisyllabic;
StanynnrsQ ; orig. used as a verb; [cf. F.
vaguer, 'to wander, vagary;' Cot.]— L.
uagdri, to wander ; see Vague.
Vagrant. (F.-G.) K.Y , wakerant,
a vagrant ; O. F. walcrant, wandering,
pres. pt. of walcrer, to wander. — M. G.
welkem, M. H. G. walgem, to walk about ;
allied to E. Walk. 4 Confused with L.
itagdrt, to wander, but nol derived from
it See Phil. See. Trans., 1885, 1888, 1889.
Vagne« unsettled. (F.— L.) F, vague,
wandering ; vaguer, to wander. — L. uagus,
wandering ; whence uagdrt, to wander.
Vail (i), the same as Veil.
Vail <2), to lower. (F.-L.) From
O. F. avaler, to let fall down. — F. aval,
downward. — L. <»/ uallem, to the valley.
Vail (3), a gift to a servant TF.-L.)
A headless form of ai>ail, sb., in the sense
of profit, help ( Palsgrave). From Avail^vb.
Vain. (F.— L.) Y . vain,^\^ udnum,
ace. of udnus, empty, vain. Brugm. i.
Vair, a kindoffur. (F.— L.) F,vair,
* a rich fur ; * Cot — L. uarius, variegated.
Der. vair-y (in heraldry), from M. F. vairi,
* diversified with argent and azure ; * Cot.
Hence meni-ver ( = F. menu vair), * little
vair/
ValancOf a fringe of drapery, now
applied to a part of the bed-hangings.
(F. — L.) Chaucer has *a litel kerchief
of valence^'. Assembly of Foules, 27a.
Prob. named from Valence in France, near
Lyons (still famous for silks). — L. Valentia,
a name given to several towns, evidently
from the name VaUns, lit. * strong.* — L.
ualent', stem of pres. pt. of ualcre, to be | ace. of uallis, a vale.
586
VALLEY
strong ; see Valid. % Johnson derives it
from Valentia in Spain, which is also
famous for silks.
Vale, a valley. (F. -L.) M. E. vaL -
F. val, — L. uallem, ace. of uallis, valley.
Valediction, a frtfewell. (L.) Formed
from L. ualicUctus, pp. of ualedfcere, to
say farewell. — L. uaH, £uewell ; cUcere, to
say. p. L. uali, lit. 'be strong,* is the
a p. s. imp. of ucdere, to be strong.
valentine. (F.— L.) Named from 5/.
Valentines day, Feb. 14. -F. Valentin. —
L. VaUntinus. ^"L, tuUgnt-, stem of pres.
pt of ualere, to be strong.
valerian. (F.— L.) l/L.Y.valerHane,
valerian; a flower.* Late L. ualeridna,
valerian. Fem. of Valeridnus, prob. a
personal name; from L. ualere, to be
strong.
Valet. (F.-C.) F.iwiis/.'agroom;*
Cot. The same word as Varlet, q. v.
Valetndinazy. (F.-L.) M.F. valetu-
dinaire, sickly. — L. ualetUdindrius, sickly.
— L. uaUtadin', stem of uaUtOdo, healUi
(good or bad). • L. uale-re, to be strong.
Valhalla, the hall of the slain. (Scand.)
Icel. valholl (gen. valhcUlar), lit. the hall
of the slain. — Icel. valr, the slain,
slaughter ; holl, hall, a hall ; see Hall.
Valiant, brave. (F.-L.) Y.vaillant,
valiant ; O. F. vailant, pres. pt of F.
valoir, to profit. — L. ualire, to he strong,
valid, having force. (F.— I^) F,valide.
— L. ualidus, strong. «-L. ualere, to be
strong.
Vauae, a travelling-bag. (F.— Ital.)
F. valise, 'a male [mail], wallet;' Cot
«Ital. valigia; corrupted in German
to feUeisen, p, Etym. unknown ; Diez
supposes it to be founded on L. uidulus,
a leathern travelling-trunk. Devic suggests
Pers. wallchah, a large sack, or Arab.
walihat, a coin-sack.
Valkyrie* ValkTria, one of the
handmaidens of Odm. (Scand.) IceL
Valkyria, a goddess ; lit ' chooser of the
slain.*— Icel. val, ace. of valr, the slain
(A. S. wal) ; -kyrja, {., a chooser, from
kur^ {<,*kus-), weak grade of kjosa^ to
choose, cognate with £. choose.
Valley. (F.-L.) M.E.valOfValeie.-'
O. F. valee (F. valine), a valley ; parallel
to Ital valldta, a valley, which appears
to mean, literally, ' formed like a valley.'
Formed with suffix -ee (< L. -dta), from
F. val^ a vale, representing L. uallem.
VALOUR
Valour. (F.— L.) 0,¥, valor, va/ur^
valeur, value, worthiness. — L. ucUorem^
ace of ualor^ worth. •■ L. ualere^ to be
strong, to be worth.
VlQne. (F.— L.) M. F. valuHy fern.
* value;' Cot. Fem. of «/«/«, pp. of »a/M>,
to be worth. — L. ualerCy to be worth.
Valve. (F.— L.) F.z«fl/z/«, 'a foulding,
or two-leafed door, or window ; * Cot. —
L. ucUuaf sing, of i4a/uai, the leaves of a
folding-door. Allied tO' L. uoluere, to
revolve ; see Voluble.
Vambrace, Vantbrace, armour for
the fore-arm. (F.— L.) The word simply
means ' fore-arm.* It is short for avant-
^ace.^M.F, avant-bras, *a vambrace,
armour for an arm ; also, the part of the
arm which extends from the elbow to the
wrist ; ' Cotgrave. (The latter is the orig.
sense.) ^ F. avant, before ; bras, the arm.
— L. ab ante, from before, in front; brd-
Mum, arm (the pi. of which gave O. F.
brace, arm; see Scheler). See Van (i)
and Vamp. % Similarly, armour for the
upper part of the arm was called a rere-
brace, i. e. rear-brace.
VaniPf the fore-part of a shoe. (F.— L.)
Short for M. £. vampay, also vaumpi, a
vamp. — M. ¥,4ivant-pied, * the part of the
foot that's next to the ioes.*^¥, avant,
before ; pied (A. F. pee), foot, from L.
pedem, ace. oipis, foot.
Vampire. (F. — G. —Servian.) F. vam-
pire, — G. vampyr, — Servian vampir, a
blood-sucker, a supposed ghost that sucked
men's blood. Prob. of Turkish origin ;
cf. N. Turk, uber, a witch (Miklosich).
Vamplate, an iron plate protecting a
lance. (F. — L.) From F. avant, in front,
fore ; and plate. See Vambraoe.
Van (i), the front of an army. (F.— L.)
Short for van-guard, which stands for
M. E. vantwarde, — O. F. avant-wardcy
later avant-garde, 'the vanguard of an
army ; ' Cot — F. avant, before ; O. F.
•warde, a guard ; see Advance and Guard
or "Ward.
Van (a)» a ian. (F. — L.) F. van, a fan.
— L. uannum, ace of uannus, a fan.
Doublet, ^M.
Van (3)> a covered waggon for goods.
F.— Pers.) Short for caravan, like bus
or omnibus. See Caravan.
Vandalf a barbarian. (L.— Teut.) One
of the tribe of Vandalt (Pliny) ; answering
to A.S, Wendiasy pi. (from Wendil-). Cf.
loel. Vendill (aUo Fisn^/i//), a proper name.
i
VARLET
Vane* a weather-eock. (E.) A Southern
form ; formerly also fane. A. S. fana, a
small flag.-f'Dwv vaan, Icel. fdni, Dan.
fane, Swed. Goth, fana, (},fahne, Teut.
type *fanon-, m. Orig. a bit of cloth;
allied to L. pannus, a cloth ; see Fane.
Vanguard; see Van (i).
Vanillai a plant. (Span.— L.) Span.
vainilla, a small pod, or capsule (which
is the orig. sense). Dimin. of Span, vaina,
a scabbara, a pod. — li. uagJna, scabbard,
sheath, pod.
Vanish. (F. — L.) M. E. vamssen,
vanisshen ; also evanisshen. Derived
from an O. F. vb. *vanir, with pres. pt.
*vanissant. The verb is only recorded
as A. F. evanir, O. F. esvanir, esvanuir ;
but we find O. F. esvanuir and vanuir,
Cf. Ital. svanire, to vanish (where j = L.
ex) ; Late L. type *exvantre, for L.
iudnescere, — L. /, out, away ; udnescere,
to vanish, lit. to become empty, from L.
udnus, empty. See Vain.
vanity. (F. — L.) F. vanity, — L.
udnitatem, ace. of u&nitds, emptiness.—
L. uanus, vain, empty.
Vanomsh. (F.— L.) M,E. venkisen,
venquishen, — A. F. venquis-, O. F. vein-
quiss-j stem of pres. pt. of A. F. venquir,
veinquir, occurring as a collateral form
of veincre, to conquer (F. vaincre). — L.
uincere, to conquer. Brugm. i. $ 367.
Vantage. (F.-L.) Short for M. E.
avanta^e ; see Advantage.
Vapidy insipid. (L.) 'L. uapidus, ^isXt,
flat, said of wme ; cf. L. uappa, vapid or
palled wine ; wine that has emitted its va-
pour or strength. Allied to uapor (below).
vapour, mist. (F. - L.) F. vapeur, —
L. uaporem, ace. of uapor, vapour. + Gk.
Kowvbs, smoke. Bnigm. i. % 193.
Varicose, permanently dilated, as a
vein. (L.) h. udrtcosus.'^'L.udrlc-, stem
of udrix, a dilated vein ; named from its
crooked appearance. —L. udrus, crooked.
Variegate. (L-) From pp. of L. uarie-
gdre, to make of various colours. — L.
uario-,{oT uarius, of divers colours; igdre,
due to agere, to drive, to make.
various. (L.) L. warj-KJ, variegated,
diverse, manifold ; with suffix -ous, Der.
varie-ty, M. F. variety, from L. ace. tuirie-
tdtem, variety.
Varlet. (F. - C.) M. F. varlet, ' a
groom, striplmg, youth ; * Cot. An older
spelling was vaslet, dimin. of O. ¥, vcual,
vassal, a vassal; see Vassal. The sue-
587
VARNISH
VEHICLE
cessive spellings were vctslet^ variety valUt,
valet.
Vamisll. (F.) F. wr«w, 'vamish;'
Cot. Cognate with Ital. vemice, Port.
vemizy Span, berniz, varnish ; Late L.
vemuium^ vernix^ bemix. Origin un-
known. Perhaps from M. Gk. fiffwiieij;
see Schade, p. 1439.
Vary. (F.— L.) ¥,vaner,'ml^,uaridre,
to vary. — L. uarius, various.
Vascular. (L.) From L. uascu/umy a
small vessel ; double dimin. oiuds (below).
vase. (F. — L.) F. vasCf a vessel. — L.
udsum^ allied to uds, a vessel. Allied to
Skt. vdsana-, a receptacle, cover.
Vassal, a dependant. (F.—C.) M. £.
vassal. — F. vassal, * a vassall, subject, ten-
ant ;* Cot. The Celtic sense is ' servant ' ;
Low L. uassallus ; extended from Low L.
uassust uasuSf a servant. — O. Bret uuas,
Bret, gwazy a servant, vassal ; W., Com.
gwas, youth, servant ; O. Irish yow. Celtic
type *wassos.
Vast. (F.-L.) Y.vasle.^'L. udsluSf
vast, great, of large extent. See "Waste.
Vatp a 'large vessel for liquors. (£.)
M. E. vol (Southern) ; also/al (Northern).
A. S,/at, a vessel, cask. + Du. val, Icel.
/aty f)sui./ad, Swed./al, G./ass. Teut.
type */alomy n. Lit. 'that which con-
tains ; * cf. E. Fries, /ateny O. Fries. /&/m,
Dn. vattefiy to catch, contain, Q.jassen,
to seize, contain.
Vaticinate, to foretell. (L.) From
L. tiaticinatusy pp. of u&ticindriy to pro-
phesy.—L. udticin-us, prophetic. — L. ud-
ti-y for udtesy a prophet, allied to
"Wood (3) ; -fi«-, from can-ere, to sing,
proclaim (^Br^al).
Vaudeville. (F.) Y. vatidevilley ong.
a country ballad ; ' so tearmed of VaucU'
virCf a Norman town, wherein Olivier
Bassel [or Basselin}, the first inventer of
them, lived ; ' Cot Basselin was a Nor-
man poet (died ab. 141 8), whose songs
were named after his native valley, the
Val de Vire ; Vire is in Normandy, S. of
Bayeux.
Vault (i), an arched roof, cellar. (F.—
L.) For vaut ; the / was pedantically in-
serted. M. E. voutgy vawtCj vawte, vaute. —
M. F. v&ute (also voultc, with inserted /),
* a vault, arch, a vaulted roof ; ' Cot. O.F.
volley a vault (whence the later form voule,
mod. F. voiile) ; this is the fem. of O. F.
voUy vaulted, lit. bent, bowed, the same as
Ital. valla. — Late L. *vollus, substituted { riage. — L. ue/iere, to carry, convey. +Skt.
588
for uolutuSy pp. of uoluere, to roll, turn
round. Thus a vaull meant a ' bowed '
roof, hence a chamber with bowed roof,
a cellar which has an arched roof.
vault (a), to bound, leap. (F. — Ital. —
L.) M. F. vollery * to vault ; ' Cot. - M. F.
voile y a round, turn, tumbler's gambol.—
Ital. vollay a sudden turn ; the same word
as vollay a vault (above). See Volute.
Vaunt. (F. — L.) F. se vanter, to
boast — Late L. vdnitdrey to speak vanity,
flatter; (F. se vanter = to flatter oneself).
A frequentative form from udnus, vain ;
see Vain.
Vavasour, a vassal of the second rank.
(F.— C.) A. F. vavasour, ^hovf L. vassus
vassdrupty vassal of vassals ; see Vassal.
Vaward, another spelling of vanward
or vanguard \ see Van (i).
Veal. (F.-L.) O. F. z;^7, a calf. - L.
uilellumySiCG, ofuilellus, dimm. of uilu/us,
q. calf.4-Gk. lra\6st a calf ; cf. Skt. valsa-, a
calf, properly * a yearling,* from Skt. valsa- ,
Gk. Itoj, a year. Allied to "Wether and
Vetaran.
Veda, knowledge ; one of the ancient
sacred Skt. books. (Skt.) Skt. veda-, lit.
knowledge. — Skt. vid, to know ; allied to
Wit.
Vedette, Vidette, a cavalry sentinel.
(F. — Ital. — L.) M. F. vedette, a sentinel. —
Ital. vedettay a horse-sentry ; formerly a
watch-tower. — Ital. vedere, to see. — L. ui-
dere^ to see ; see Vision.
Veer. (F. — L. ?) F. virer, to turn, veer.
Said to be derived from L. gyrdre, to turn
round (see Qyrate), but influenced by L.
uirtokLydimm. of uiria (only in pi. uirta),
an armlet, large ring. Allied to Environ.
Cf. also M. F. virolet, * a boy's wind-mill ; *
Cot. (Doubtful.)
Vegetable. (F.-L.) M.Y.vegelabUy
4i'» * vegetable, fit or able to live ; * Cot.
a
This is the old sense. — L. uegetdbilis, full of
life, animating. — L. uegetdre, to quicken,
enliven. — L. uegetus, lively. — L. uegere, to
quicken, arouse. Allied to Vigour. Der.
vegetat'iofty M. F. vegetation (Cot).
Vehement, passionate. (F.—L.) M.F.
vehement (Cot.). — L. uehement-y stem of
uehemens, passionate; lit. *out of one's
mind.' p. Uehe- has been explained as
equivalent to f//-, * apart from,* as in ue-
cors, senseless ; cf. Skt vahis^ apart For
mens^ mind, see Mental.
Vehicle. (L.) L. uehiculumy b, car
VEIL
VENTAIL
vah^ to carry. Allied to 'Weigh and
Wain. (VWEGH.) Brugm. i. § 128.
Veil, sb. (F - L.) O. F. veile, later
voile. — L. uelnntf a sail ; also a cloth.
For *uexlum = *uecslum ; cf. uexillum^ a
standard. Lit. * propeller* of a ship;
from ueherCj to carry along. Brugm. i.
§ 883.
Vein. (F.— L.) ¥. veine.^lj.uinajB.
vein. For *uecsna. Lit. * conveyer * of
the blood. — L. uehere, to carry. Brugm. ii.
§ 66.
Vellum. (F. - L.) M. E. velim, - O. F.
velin ( F. Vi^lin) ; cf. Late L. vitultnium,
OT pelHs vtiuitna, vellum, calf's skin. — L.
uitultnusj adj., from uitulus, a calf. See
Veal.
Velocity. (F.-L.) M.F.w/<7«V^ swift-
ness. — L. ace. uelocitdtem, — L. ueloci',
decl. stem of uilox^ swift. Allied to Vola-
tile. Dep. veloci-pede^ lit. * swift-foot,*
coined from L. ueloci- (above), and L.
ped', stem oipes, a foot.
Velvet. (Ital.-L.) IS.,^ veloueite,
velouet ; Spenser has vellet, A. F. velwet,
veluet ; Low L. velluHum ; answering to
a Romanic type *villutettum, Cf. M. Ital.
veluto (Ital. veUutd)y velvet ; answering to
a Late L. *uillutus, shaggy, by-form of
L. uilldsusy shaggy. All from L. utllus^
shaggy hair ; allied to uellus, fleece, and
to E. Wool.
Venal. (F.— L.) M. F. venal j saleable.
*L. uendliSj saleable. — L. uinus, uenum,
sale. Allied to Gk. Sivos^ a price, iiviiy a
buying ; Brugm. i. § 329. Der. venal-ity,
vend, to sell. (F.— L.) F. vendre.^
L. nendere^ to sell ; short for uenundarey
lit. to give or offer for sale, also written
uenum dare. -■ L. u^num, sale ; dare, to
give, offer.
Veneer, to overlay with a thin slice of
wood. (G.-F.-O.. H. G.) Formerly
fineer, — Qt.ftimiren^ to furnish or provide
small pieces of wood, to veneer. — F.y^r-
nir^ to furnish ; a word of G. origin ; see
Fnrnish.
Venerable. (F.— L.) M. F. venerable,
— L, uenerdbiliSy to be reverenced.— L.
uenerd-riy to reverence. — L. uener-, for
*uenes, stem of uenus, love. Der. vene-
ral-ton, from pp. of uenerdrt.
venereal. (L.) Coined from L. uene-
re-US, ueneri'Us, pertaining to Venus or
love. — L. ueneri-y decl. stem of uenus,
love. Allied to Skt. van, to love, honour.
Venery, hunting. (F. — L.) M. F.
venerie, * hunting ; * Cot. — O. F. vener^ to
hunt. — L. uendrty to hunt; see Venison.
Venesection, blood-letting.* (L.) L.
uencBf of a vein, gen. of uena ; and section.
See Vein and Section.
Venew, Venne, Veney, (i) a turn
or bout or thrust in fencing ; (2) a locality.
(F. — L.) M. F. ventie, * a coming, a venny
in fencing, turn, trick ;* Cot. Lit. a coming,
home- thrust ; fem. oivenu, pp. ofvenir, to
come. — L. uenfre, to come ; see Venture.
2. As a law-term, venue is the same
word, and signifies a place of arrival,
locality. ^ Apparently confused by
Blackstone with O.F. visn^, vicinity (a
derivative of L. utctnuSy near).
Vengeance. (F.-L.) F, vengeance,
'vengeance ; ' Cot. — F. venger, to avenge.
— L. uindicdre'f see Vindicate.
Venial. (F. — L.) 0,¥. venial, •^L.
uenidlis, pardonable. — L. uenia^ pardon ;
also grace, favour. Allied to venereal.
Venison. (F. — L.) M . E. veneison, —
A. F. veneisun, M. F. venaison, ' venison,
flesh of beasts of chase ; * Cot. — L. uind'
tidnem, ace. of uendtio, the chase, also
game. — L. uendtus, pp. of uendrt, to hunt.
Cf. Gain, vb. And see Venery.
Venom. (F. — L.) M. E. venim. — A. F.
venim (F. venin)."!^* ueninum, poison.
Venous, belonging to a vein. (L.)
For L. uendsuSf adj. ; from u^na, a vein.
See Vein.
Vent (i), an air-hole, flue. (F.— L.)
* A venty meatus, poms ; To vent, aperire,
euacuare ; ' Levins. Doubtless influenced
by a popular etymology from F. vent,
wind, as if * air-hole * ; but the true sense
was * fissure.' YormttXyfent, ' Pent of a
govrnef/ente ; ' Palsgrave. — M. F./ente, * a
cleft, rift ; ' Cot. — F.fendre, to cleave. — L.
findere, to cleave. See Fissure. Der»
vent, vb.,Temp. ii. 2. iii ; certainly con-
fused with F, vent, wind ; see Vent (3).
Vent (2), sale, utterance. (F. — L.)
Formerly common. — F. vente, sale, selling.
— F. vendre, — L. uendere, to sell ; see
Vend.
Vent (3), to snuff up air, breathe, ex-
pose to air. (F.— L.) See Spenser, Shep.
Kal. Feb. 75 ; F. Q. iii. i. 42. The word
was prob. due to a misuse of vent\i) ; but
the popular etymology is obvious. — F.vent,
wind. — L. uentum, ace. of uentus, wind ;
cognate with Wind (i). Der. vent-age,
air-hole, Hamlet, iii. .3. 373.
ventail, lower half of the moveable
589
VENTILATE
part of a helmet. (F. — L.) M. E. anentaile
(with prefix a = F. a < L. ad). — M. F. ven-
tailUy * lyeathing-part of a helmet ; ' Cot.
— F. vent-er^ to puff ; with suffix -aille (<
L. 'dcula). — F. vent, wind (above).
ventilate. (L.) From pp. of L. uen-
tildre, to blow, winnow. — L. uerUulus^ a
light wind. » L. uentus^ wind.
ventral, belonging to the belly. (L.)
L. uentr&liSt adj. ; from uenter^ the belly.
ventricle. (F. — L.) F. ventricule,
* the ventricle, the place wherein the meat
sent from the stomack is digested ; ' Cot.
— L. uentriculuffi, ace. of uenfriculus,
stomach, ventricle, doable dimin. oiuentery
the belly.
ventriloquist. (L.) Coined from
L. uentriioqU'USy lit. speaking from (or
in) the belly. — L. uentri-^ decl. stem of
uenier (above) ; loqui, to speak. See
Loquaoious.
Venture, sb. (F. — L.) A headless
form of M. £. aueniure {aventure\ an
adventure, chance, t- F. aventure, a chance,
occurrence. — L. aduentiira, fern, of aduen-
iuruSf about to happen. • L. ad, to ; u^n-
tiirus, fut. pt. ofuentrgf to come. Cognate
with E. Come. (^GwEM.) Doublet,
adventure, Der. venture, vb.
Venue ; see Venew.
Veracions, truthful. (L.) From L.
ueraci', decl. stem of uerdx, true ; with
suffix -ous.^'L. uerus^ true. See Very.
Veranda, Verandah, a covered
balcony. (Port. — Span. — L.) Port, va-
randa.^0. Span, varanda, a stair-railing;
in Pedro de Alcala (1505). If of native
Span, origin, it may be from Span, vara,
a rod, rail. — L. udra, a forked pole. Cf.
L. udrus, crooked. ^ Hence also was
borrowed Skt. varanda, a portico, which
is quite a modern word ; see veranda in
Yule.
Verb, the word ; the chief word in a sen-
tence. (F. — L.) F. verde.^h, uerbum, a
word. For *uerdhum, cognate with E.
Word. Der. verb-iage, F. verbiage, from
O. F. *verlner, verboier, to talk.
Verbena. (L.) L. uerbena, orig. a
sacred bough ; afterwards, vervain. Al-
lied to uerber, a rod. See Vervain.
Verdant, flourishing. (F.—L.) A false
form ; as if from F. *verdant, substituted
for verdissant, pres. pt. of verdir, to flourish.
— O. F. verd, green. — L. uiridis, green.
See Vert. Cf. also verdure, F. verdure,
lit. greenness.
VERMICELLI
Verdict. (F.-L.) M. E. «^m/// (the
correct form). — A. F. and O. F. verdit,
vetrdit, — L. uere dictum, truly said ;
whence Late L. uerSdictum, true saying,
verdict. — L. uSre, adv., from turns, true ;
dictum, neut. of dictus, pp. of dicere, to
say. ^ Mod. F. verdict is from £.
verdigfris, rust of copper. (F.—L.)
M. F. verd de gris, * verdigrease, Spanish
green ; * Cot. Spelt verte grez in the 13th
cent., and verd degrice in the 14th (Littre).
A better form is the M. E. verdegrece, i. e.
verd de Grece, lit. * green of Greece;' so
also A. F. vert de Grece, Vie de S. Gile,
853. Cf. 'uiridegrecum, Ang. verdegrece ;'
Wulker, Voc. 619. 35. M. F. verd (F.
vert) is from uiridem, ace. of uiridis,
green. (See Acad. 11 18, Oct. 1893.)
verditer, a green pigment. (F. — L.)
M. F. verd de terre, a green mineral ; Cot.
— L. ace. uiridem, green (above) \.di, of;
terra, earth.
Verge (i)» a wand of office, edge, brink.
(F.—L.) Distinct from verge (2) below.
M.E. verget a wand, rod, yard (in measure).
— F. verge, * a rod, wand, yard, hoope, ring,
rood of land ; ' Cot. From the sense of
rod it came to mean hoop, ring (hence,
edge) ; the sense of edge also easily fol-
lowed from the Law-term vefge, i. e. limit
of jurisdiction. — L. uirga, a rod, pliant
twig. Der. verg-er, a rod-bearer, mace-
bearer, F. verger, L. uirgdrius.
Verge (3), to tend towards. (L.) L.
uetgere, to bend, tend, incline towards, in-
cline. % The phrase * to be on the verge
oV is quite distinct, and belongs to Verge
Verify. (F.-L.) M. F.»^^;Cot.
•iLate L. verific&re, to make true. — L.
tieri', for uerus, true ; 'ficdre, for facere,
to make.
verisimiUtnde, likelihood. (F.~
L.) M. F. verisimilitude, ^lij. uerisimili-
tiido.^ L. uiri similis, like the truth. — L.
uirt, gen. of uerum, the truth, orig. neuter
of uirtis, true ; similis, like.
veritjTf truth, (F.—L.) M. F. veritS.
— L. uerttdtem, ace. oiuiritds, truth. — L.
ueri', for uerus, true. See Very.
Veijnice. (F. - L.) F. verjus, ver-
juice ; lit. * green juice,' i. e. juice of green
gtapes. — O. F. verd, green, from L. uiri-
dem, ace. of uiridis ; jus, juice, from L.
iiis ; see Juioe.
Vermicelli. (Ital. — L.) Ital. vermi-
celli, lit. * little worms ; * from the shape.
590
VERMICULAR
Pi. of vefynicellOf dimin. of vermes a worm.
— L. uermem^ ace. of uermis, a worm.
See "Worm.
▼ermicnlar, pertaining to a worm.
(L.) From L. uermicul'US, a little worm ;
dimin. of uermis^ a worm.
vermilion. (F.— L.) Y. vermilion,
* a little worm, vermillion ; ' Cot. — F. ver-
meily vermilion. — L. ace uermtculum,
dimin. of uermis (above). % So named
from the cochineal insect (see Orimson) ;
but vemiilion is now generally made from
red lead.
vermin. (F.— L.) F. «wwi>i^, ver-
min ; applied to obnoxious insects, &c.
As if from a Lat. adj. *uermTnuSf formed
from uermt-j decl. stem of uermis, a
worm, cognate with £. Worm.'
Vemacnlajr, native. (L.) From L.
uemScul'US^ adj., native; lit.- belonging
to a home-bom slave. — L. uema, a
home-bom slave. Lit. 'dweller;* cf.
Skt. vas, to dwell. (^/WES.) Bragm. ii.
§ 66.
Vernal. (L.) L. uemSlis, extended
from uemus, belonging to spring. « L. uir,
spring. 4- Gk. lap (for *fiaap), Russ. vesna,
Icel. vdr, Dan. vaar*, Swed. v&r, spring;
the time of increasing brightness. Cf.
Lith. wasara, summer; Skt. vasanta-,
spring, ushf to bum, glow; also O. Irish
diry W. gTvawr, dawn.
Vernier, a kind of scale, for fine mea-
surement. (F.) Invented by P, Vernier,
b. 1580, died Sept 14, 1637.
Verse. (L.) M. E. vers,fers (Ormu-
Inm) ; A. S. fers ^perhaps from O. Irish
fers^ also from L.). * Late L. versus, L.
uersuSy a turning, course, row, line of
poetry. — L. uersus, pp. of uertere, to
turn. Allied to Worth (i). (-/WERT.)
Der. vers-ed, imitated from L. uersatus^
pp. of uersdrt, pass, of frequent, of uer^
tere ; vers-at-ile, quickly turning, M. F.
versatil (Cot.), L. uersdtilis, versatile,
likewise from L. pp. uersdtus,
•vertdfy, (F — L.) F. versifier. ^L,
uersijicdre, to make verses. —L. uersi-, for
uersus, a verse ; 'ficdre, for facere, to
make. Der. versificat-'ian, from pp. uersifi-
cdtus,
version. (F. — L.) Y, version, ^Ij^Xa
L. uersidnem, ace. of uersio, a version,
translation. i«L. uersus, pp. of uertere, to
turn.
verstf a Russian measure of length.
(Russ.) Rust, versia, 3500 English feet;
VESTIBULE
also, age. For HerMd; from yWERT
(Russ. vertiete\ to turn.
Vert, green. (F.-L.) F. vert, O. F.
verd. — L. uiridem, ace of uiridis, green.
Cf. L. uirere, to be green.+W. gwyrdd^
green ; Cora, guirt. Or (if these Celtic
words are borrowed) allied to vivid; cf.
Skt. ji-ra', active, ji-va, living. Bmgm.
ii. % 74.
Vertebra. (L.) L. uertebra, a joint,
vertebra. — L. uertere, to tum.
vertex, top. (L.) L. uertex, top, pole
of the sky (which is the turning-point of
the stars), but afterwards the zenith, m
L. uertere, to tum. Dep. vertic-al, F.
vertical, from L. uerticdlis, vertical, which
is from uertic-, for uertec-, stem of uertex,
top.
vertigo, giddiness. (L.) L. uertigo,
giddiness.— L. uertere, Xo tum round.
Vervain. (F.— L.) Y.verveine, *ver-
vaine ; ' Cot. — L. uerbena, a sacred bough ;
afterwards, vervain. See Verbena.
Very, tme. (F.— L.) M.E. v^rrai.—
O. F. verai (F. vrai), true. Cf. Prov.
verai, tme. It answers to a Late L. type
*verdcus, allied to L. uirax^ tme. — L.
uerus, tme, credible (whence O. F. voir).
+W. gwir, O. Irish y?r, tme; G. wahr,
A. S. iv&r, tme. Cf. Russ. viera, faitb.
Bragm. i. \ 367.
Vesicle, a small tumour or cell. (L.)
L. uesfcula, dimin. of uisica, a bladder.
Vesper. (L.) M. £. vesper, the evening-
star (Gower). — L. uesper, evening-star,
evening; cf. uespera, even-tide. Hence
O. F. vespre (F. vipre), evening, and ves-
pres (F. vipres), vespers, even-song. 4* Gk.
Sfoircpor, adj. and sb., evening; O. Irish
fescor, W. ucher, evening. Bragm. i. % 329.
VesseL (F. - L.) M. E. vessel - A. F.
vessel; O. F. vaissel, a vessel, ship, later
vaisseau, a vessel (of any kind). — L.
uascellum, a small vase or urn ; dimin. of
uds, a vase. See Vase.
Vest, a garment (L.) L. uestis, a
garment, clothing. 4* Goth, wasti, clothing ;
cf. Gk. \v-wyA {^^fka-wyA), I clothe, ka-
O^fs, clothing, Skt. vas, to put on clothes.
(VWES.) See Wear.
Vestal. (F.-L.) F, Vestale, ti Vestal
virgin. -^ L. Vestdlis, belonging to a Vestal,
also a priestess of Vesta. — L. Vesta, Vesta,
goddess of the flocks and household. 4>Ok.
IttTla, goddess of the domestic hearth.
Vestibmle. (L.) L.uestidulum,tL fore-
court; lit. ' separated from the abode.'—
691
VESTIGE
VIDELICET
L. ui'f separate from, sfaduium, an abode ;
see Stable (Vanifiek).
Vestige. (F.-L.) F. wj/i]^, a step,
foot-track.^L. uesttgiutn, foot-track.
Vestment. (F.->L.) 'M.'E^vestiment.
— O. F. vestement (F. vHement). -■ L.
uesttmen/um, clothing. —L. uesttre, to
clothe ; from uestiSy clothing. See Vest.
▼estry. (F. — L.) M. E. vestrie ; short-
ened from O. F. vestiarie ; cf. M. F. vesti-
aire, * vestry;' Cot. — L. uesti&rium^
a wardrobe ; nent. oiuestidrius, adj., from
uesfiSf a robe.
• vesture. (F.— L.) O. F. vesture,
vesteure.'^hQie L. vestttiira, clothing. «
L. uesttre, to clothe. * L. uestis, a robe.
Vetch, a plant. (F. — L.) Mso Jitch,
M. E. feche (of which the Sonthern form
was veche).^0. F. vecAe, vece^ M. F. vesce,
vetch (where vecheis a Walloon and North
F. form). — L. uicia, a vetch ; whence also
G. wickcy Du. wikke.
Veteran. (L.) L. ueterdnus, expe-
rienced; as sb., a veteran. — L. ueter-, for
*ueteSy stem of «^/»5, old, lit. ' advanced in
years.' Cf. Gk. irot, Skt. vatsa-, a year.
See Veal.
veterinary. (L.) L uetertnarius, of
or belonging to beasts of burden; as sb.,
a cattle-doctor. — L. ueterfnus, belonging
to beasts of burden. The L. uetertna
meant an animal at least a year old, one
that had passed its first year; from the
base *uet-, year (above). See Wether.
Veto, a prohibition. (L.) L. ueto, I
forbid ; O. L. uoto.
Vex, to harass. (F. — L.) ¥,vexer.^
L. uexdre, to vex ; orig. intensive form of
uekere (pt. t. uex-i). See Vehicle.
Viadnct. (L.) L. uia ducta, a road
conducted across (a river, &c).*-L. uia^ a
way, road ; ducta, fern, of pp. of d&cere, to
carry, conduct, p. L. uia, formerly uea «
Skt. vaha-, a road ; from L. i^i^r^:= Skt.
vah, to carry ; see Vehicle, Way.
Vial, Phial, a small bottle. (F.— L.
-Gk.) M.E. viole,fiole,^0,¥, and F.
fiole.^'L, phiala.^Gk, <pid\fj, a shallow
cup or bowl.
Viands, food. (F. -L.) PI. of viand.
— F. vtande, food. m.'L, utuenda, neut. pi.,
provisions, food ; from the gerundive of
utuere, to live. See Victuals.
Vibrate. (L.) From pp. of L. uibr&re,
to swing, shake. Cf. Skt. vep, to tremble.
(VWEIP.) Bragm. i. § 701.
Vicar. (F.^L.) F. vUaire, a deputy. I
^ L. uicdrius, a deputy, orig. an adj.,
deputed, put in place of. — L. uic-,
base of uuis, gen. case, a tarn, change,
succession. (^WEIQ.) Brugm. i. § 701,
Vice (i)> a fault (F.—L.) F. vice.^
L. uitium, blemish, fault. Der. vic-t'ous,
F. vicieux, L. uttidsus, faulty ; viti^cUe,
from pp. of L. uitidre, to injure. And see
Vituperation.
Vice (a) I an instrument for holding
things firmly. (F.~L.) M. E. zvV^, orig.
*' a s<A«w,' because tightened by a screw.
— F. 7ns, *vice, a winding-staire ; ' Cot.
O. F. zv«. — L. uitis, a vine, bryony, lit.
* that which winds or twines.' (^WEI.)
See IVithy.
Vice-gerent. (F.-L.) M. F. vice-
gerenty a deputy ; Cot. — L. uice, in place
of ; gerent'f stem of pres. pt. of gerere, to
carry on, rule ; see Gesture. % So also
vice-admiral', vice-rcy (from F. roi, L. ace.
rigem. king), vice-regal.
Vicinage, neighbourhood. (F. — L.)
Altered from F. voisinage^ neighbourhood.
— F. voisin, near. — L. uicinus, near, lit.
' belonging to the same street' «L. ulcus,
a village, street ; see Wick (a).
vicinity, neighbourhood. (F.—L.)
M. F. vicimtL * L. ace. utcJnitStem, neigh-
bourhood.—L. f/frmMf, near (above).
Vicissitnde. (L.) L. uicissitadc,
change. Allied to uicissim, by turns.—
L. uic'is (genitive), a change; see Vicar.
Victim. (F.-L.) ¥,victime.^'L,uic-
tima, a victim. Cf. Goth, weihan, to
consecrate. Brugm. i. § 606.
Victor. (L.) L. uictor, a conqueror.
— L. uic'y base of uincere, to conquer
(pt. t. uic-i)\ with suffix -Z^.+Goth.
weihan, to fight ; cf. A. S. wig, war.
(VWEIQ.) Bnigm.i.§367. JieT.victor-y,
A. F. victorie, L. uictoria.
Victuals. (F.-L.) Vhoi victual, 2i
pedantic spelling of M. E. vitaUle^ provi-
sions. — O. F. vitaille, usually in pi. vi-
tailles, provisions. — L. neut. pi. uictudlia,
provisions; from uictudlis, adj., belong-
ing to nourishment.— L. uictu-, stem of
uictuSy food.— L. uictus, pp. ofuTuere, to
live; allied to utuus, living, and to E.
Quick. (VGwEl.) Brugm. ii. § 488.
Vienna, a quadruped of the camel
tribe. (Span.— Pemv.) S^2Ji, vicuHa ; of
Peruvian origin (Acosta, iv. 40).
Videlicet, vis., namely. (L.) In old
MSS. and books, the abbreviation for et
resembled z\ hence viet (short for vide-
693
VIDETTE
licet) WHS misread as viz, — L. uidiiicet^
short for uidere licet, it i& possible to see,
it is evident, hence, to wit, namely. * L.
uidere, to see ; licei^ it is allowable ; see
Vision and Lioenoe.
Vidette ; see Vedette.
Viei to contend for superiority. (F. —
L.) M. £. vien, a contracted form of en-
vien, to vie, contend for superiority. (Ci,
fence for defence^ story for history, &c.) —
O. F. ewvier {au ieu), * to vie ; ' Cot. The
lit. sense of O. F. envier was to invite
[quite distinct from envier, to envy], esp.
used in gaming in the sense * to open a
game by staking a certain sum ' ; precisely
as Span, etwidar, Ital. itwitare, to invite,
to vie, or propose a stake. — L. inuitdre,
to invite (of which vie is thus seen to be a
doublet). See Invite. % The sense was
to stake a sum to draw on or invite a game,
then to wager, bet against, contend, strive
for the upper hand.
View.sb. (F.— L.) Pl,¥. view, verve,
vue ; M. F. veui, < a view, sight ; * Cot. Fem.
oiveu, pp. of O. F. veoir (F. voir), to see.
-iL. i/iV]l^, to see. See Viaion.
Vigil. (F.-L.) Lit. ' a watching.' F.
vigile, * a vigile, eve of a holy day p Cot.
— L. uigilia, a watch, -i L. uigil, awake. —
L. uigere, to be lively; cf. uegere, to
arouse; allied to "Wake. See Vigour.
Der. vigil-ant, F. vigilant, from stem of
pres. pt. of L. uigildre^ to watch.
Vignotte, a small engraving with orna-
mented border. (F.— L.) First applied to
borders in which vine-leaves and tendrils
were introduced; XVIIth cent^F. vi*
gnetie, a little vine ; pi. vignettes, * branch-
like flourishes ;' Cot. Dimin. of F. vigne,
a vine ; see Vine.
Vigour, energy. (F. - L.) O. F. vigor ;
F. zngueur, 'm'L, uigifrem, ace. of uigor^
liveliness. -■ L. uigire, to be lively ; see
Vigil. Der. vigor-ous,
Vikinff, a Northern pirate. (Scand.)
Icel. viktngr^ a pirate, free-booter, rover.
Lit. 'a warrior;* for *vigningr {ign^
ik); allied to vtg, war, Goth, weihan^
to fight, L. uincert, to conquer. See
Victor. (So Noreen, $ 35a ; cf. Sweet,
Hist. E. Sounds, $ 319.) •f A. S. wtcing,
^ Usually explained as ' creek-dweller ' ;
from Icel. vtJk, a creek.
Vile. (F. — L.) F. vil, fem. vile, base.
— L. utlis, base, mean.+W. gwael, vile.
Villa. (L.) L. uilla, a farm-house;
O. L. uella. Perhaps for ^ues'la, i. e. a
VIOLATE
dwelling, from -^WES, to dwell; see*
Was.
village. (F. - L.) F. village, - L.
uilldticus, adj., belonging to a farm-house.
— L. uilla (above).
villain. (F.-L.) M.E.vilein.^A.¥,
vilein,sern\t\ as sb., a bondman, slave,
villain. --Late L. villdnus, orig. a farm-
servant, hence a slave, serf, villain. »L.
uilla, a farm-house. Der. villain-y, A. F.
vilanie, servitude, baseness.
Vinonlnm, a link. (L.) L. uinculum,
a bond, fetter. «L. uinctre, to bind.
Vindicate. (L.) From pp. of L. uin-
dicdret to arrogate, lay claim to; cf. uindic-,
stem of uindex, a claimant.
vindictive. (F.—L.) Shortened from
F. vindicatift 'revenging;' Cot. From
L. uindicdt-us, pp. of uimlicdre, to avenge ;
with suffix 'fuus, F. -if.
Vine. (F. — L.) F. vigfte, — L. uinea^ a
vineyard ; in Late L. (apparently) a vine.
Fem. of L. utneus, adj. , from uinum, wine ;
see Wine. Der. vine-yard, substituted
for A. S. wtn-geard, a vineyard, lit. * wine-
yard.' See Tard (i).
vinegar. (F. - L.) M. £. vinegre. *
O. F. Tfin egre (F. tnnaigre). * L. uinum,
wine ; dcrem, ace. of deer, sharp. See
Wine and Sager.
Vinewedy mouldy. (£.) A Southern
form. Also Jinewed, fenowed (Nares).
From M. £. fenow, mouldiness ; with
suffix -ed; cf. A. S. fynegian, to become
mouldy. -^ A. S. fynig, mouldy (Joshua,
ix. 5). i- A. S. fyne, mould, moistness.
Allied to Du. vuns, rank ; M. Du. vunstigh,
* mustie (as hay) ; * Hexham.
Vintage. (F.-L.) An alteration of
M. £. rnndcige, vendage ; by influence of
vint-ner,^¥. vendange, M. F. vendenge,
vintage.— L. «fW(fmia, vintage.— L. uin-
um, wine, grapes ; -dimia^ a taking away,
from dimere, to take away. Dimere^^de-m
itnere^ from etnere, to take.
vintner. (F.— L.) M. £. vintener,
altered form of earlier vineter, viniter. —
M. F. vinetier, * a vintner ; ' Cot. — Late L.
uinitdrius, a wine-seller.— L. uinitum^ a
vineyaxd. — L. uinum, grapes, wine.
Viol. (F.-Prov.-Late L.) M. F.
viole, violle, ' a violin ; ' Cot. — Prov. viula,
—Late L. vidula, vitula, a viol; whence
also O. H. G. fidula, A. S. fifele, a fiddle.
See Fiddle.
Violate. (L.) From pp. of L. uioldre,
to treat with force, violate. Formed as if
593
VIOLET
VIVACITY
from an adj. *uiolus^ dae to ut-s^ force.
Brugm. i. % 655.
Violent. (F. - L.) F. violent. - L.
uiolentuSy full of might. Formed as if
from an adj. *utolus ; see Violate.
Violet, a flower. (F.-L.) M. F. violet,
m., violttte, f. (Cot.). Dimin. of M . F. viole,
* a gilliflower ; ' Cot. — L. uiolay a violet.
4- Cik. fov, a violet. Der. vioUt, adj.
Violin. (Ital.— Late L.) Ital. violino,
dimin. of Ital. viola, a viol ; see VioL
violoncello. (Ital. - Late L.) Ital.
violoncello^ dimin. of violone, a bass-viol,
an augmentative form of viola^ a viol.
Viper. (F. — L.) F. vipire, — L. uipera,
a viper. Usually explained as ' that pro-
duces living young' ; short for uiuipara,
fem. oi uiuijiirus, producing living young;
see viviparous.
Virago. (L.) L. uirdgo, a manlike
woman. —L. uir, a man ; see Virile.
VirgatOy a measure of land. (L.) From
Late L. terra uirgdta, land measured with
a rod.— L. uirga, a rod ; see Verge (i).
Virgin. (F.-L.) O.F.virpne.~L,
uirgineniy ace. of uirgo, a maid. Der.
virgin-alSy the name of a musical instru-
ment, played upon by virgins.
Viridity, greenness. (L.) L. uiridiids,
greenness. — L. uiridis, green. See Vert.
Virile, manly. (F. — L.) F. viril,
* manly ; ' Cot. — L. uirtlis, adj., from uir,
SL man. 4- A. S. wer; O. H. G. wer\ Goth.
wair ; Icel. verr ; O. Irish fir, W. gwr,
a man ; cf. Skt. vira-, a hero.
virtne. (F.-L.) M. E. vertu.^^Y.
vertu. — L. uirtutem, ace. of uirtUs, manly
excellence. — L. uir, a man.
virtuoso. (Ital.-L.) ItaX, virtuoso,
one skilled in the fine arts, orig. ' virtuous.*
— Ital. ifirti^, shortened form of virtute,
virtue, also, a love of the fine arts.— L.
uirtutem (above).
. Virulent. (F.-L.) ¥, virulent. '^U
uirulentus, full of poison. — L. uirus,
poison.4>Gk. I6i^ Skt msha-, poison. Cf.
Wizen.
Visage, look, face. (F.-L.) ¥. visage,
face, look. — M. F. vis, visage ; with suffix
-age «L. -Sticum). — L. msurn, ace. of
msus, sight, afterwards look, face. » L.
ulsus, pp. of uidSre, to see.
visard, the same as visor.
Viscera, entrails. (L.) L.MtV^ra,nent.
pi., entrails. Der. e-viscer-ate, to remove
the entrails.
Viscid, sticky, clammy. (L.) L. uis-
cidus, sticky, clammy. — L. uiscum, mistle-
toe, birdlime. 4* CHc. \^6^^ mistletoe.
Visconnt. (F. — L.) Also spelt vi^
counte (and the inserted s is not pro-
nounced). A. F. visconte, viconte ; F.
vicomte, ' a vicount, at first the deputy of
an earl/ Cot. ; O. F. viscomte (lathcent.).
— L. uice, in place of; comitem, ace. of
comes, a count; see Count (i).
Visible. (F. - L.) F. visible. - L.
uisibilis, that can be seen.— L. uTs-us, pp.
of uidere, to see.+Gk. t^iv, to see ; Skt.
vid, to know. Allied to Wit. (^WEID.)
vision. (F. — L.) F. vision. — L, uTsi-
onem, ace. of uisio, sight. — L. utsus, pp.
of uidere, to see.
visit. (F.-L.) f. visiter. ^UuTsi-
tdre, to visit, go to see, frequent, of uisere,
to behold ; from msus, pp. of uidere, to
see.
visor, visard, visor. (F. — L.)
The d is added. M. £. visere. — M. F.
visiere, 'the viser, or sight of a helmet ;*
Cot. Formed from M. F. vis, the face ; see
Visage. A visor also meant a mask,
from its covering the face ; Cotgrave has
^faux visage, a maske, or visard.'
vista. (Ital.— L.) Ital. vista, lit. a
view. — Ital. z^/a, fem. oivisto, seen, from
vedere, to isee. — L. uidire, to see.
visual. (F.-L.) M. F. visual. '•^'L,
uisudlis, belonging to the sight.— L.t^rjf«-,
decL stem of uisus, sight. — L. msus, pp. of
uidire, to see.
Visier ; see Virier.
Vital. (F.-L.) F. vital. ^Uuitdlis,
belonging to life.— L. mta, life ; allied to
muere, to live. See Victuals.
Vitiate ; «ee Vice (i).
Vitreous. (L.) L. uitre-us,g\assy; with
suffix 'OUs.^JI uitri', for uitrum, glass.
The I in uitrum is common ; some connect
the word with uidere, to see. % L. uitrum^
* woad,* is cognate with £. Woad.
vitriol. (F.-L.) F. wVnV//vitrioll;'
Cot. Said to be so called from its glassy
look. — L. uitreolus, glassy. — L. uitreus,
glassy. — L. uitrum, glass (above).
Vituperation, blame. (F.-L.) M.F.
vituperation,^la. ace. uituperStionem.^
L. uituperdtus, pp. oiuituperdre, to blame,
lit. *to prepare (or find) a blemish.*— L.
uitu; for uiti-, base of uitium, a vice,
fault ; pardre, to prepare, provide.
Vivacity. (F.-L.) ¥. vivacity, Xytt-
liness.^L. utudcitdtem, ace. oi uiudcitds,
liveliness. — L. uiudci-, decl. stem oluiudx,
594
VIVID
VOLUNTARY
tenacious of life. — L. utueref to live. See
Victuals.
vivid. (L.) L. uTuidus, lively. -^L.
utuere, to live.
vivify. (F. — L.) F. mvijier, to quicken.
— L. uiutficare, to quicken. — L. uiui-^ for
uiuuSf living ; -ficare^ iorfaceref to make.
viviparous. (L.) From L. mut-
paruSy producing living young. -"L. uiui'y
for uiuus, living ; partrCy to produce.
vivisection. (L.) Coined from L.
uJui' (above) ; and section*
Vixen. (K) M. £. vixenyjixen, a she-
fox ; answering to A. ^.fyx-en, made from
fox by vowel-change of Teut. u (A. S. d)
X.oy, with fem. suffix -en (for *'in-J0') ; pre-
cisely as A. S. gyden^ a goddess, from god,
a god. See Fox. Cf. G./uchsin, {, of
fuchsy fox. The v for /Is Southern.
Vis. ; see Videlicet.
Visasd; see Visor.
Viiier, Visier, a councillor of state.
(F. — Arab.) F. vtztr, — Arab, waztr, a
councillor of state ; orig. a porter, one
who bears the burden of state affairs.—
Arab, root wazara, to bear a burden,
sustain.
VocablOf a term, word. (F.— L.) F.
vocable. — L. uocdbulum, an appellation,
name. — L. uocdre, to call. — L. uoc^, re-
lated to uSC', stem of udx, voice, name
(below). Der. vocabulary^ from Late L.
uocdbuldrium, a list of words.
VOCftly uttering sound. (F. — L.) F.
vocal. '^'L, udc&lis, adj., from uoc-, stem of
uoXf voice, sound. <^ Gk. tiros, a word ;
Skt. vacha-s, speech, from vach, to speak.
(VWEQ.) Brugm. i. § 678.
vocation. (F. ~ L.) F. voccUion, — L.
ace. tiocdtionem, a calling, invitation. »L.
uocdiuSy pp. of uocdre, to call.
vociferation. (F.-L.) l/i.Y.voci/e-
ration, — L. ace udciferdtionem, an outcry.
— L. uikiferdtus, pp. of udcifer&ri, to lift
up the voice, cry aloud.— L. uoci', decl.
stem of uox, voice ; fer-re, to bear, carry,
cognate with £. bear,
Voffue, mode, fashion. (F.— Ital.—
Teut.) Formerly vogue meant sway, au-
thority, power.— F. z«(fM^, ' vogue, sway,
power ; a cleere passage, as of a ship in a
broad sea ; ' Cot. Orig. ' sway of a ship,'
verbal sb. of F. voguer, * to saile forth ; *
id. — Ital. voga, sb., stroke of an oar,
vo^re, to row in a galley. — M. H. G.
wdgen, G. wogen, to fluctuate, be in motion
on the sea. — M. H. G. wag, G. wage,
a wave ; O. H. G. w^r.+A.S. w^g, Goth.
wigs, a wave; Teut. type *w&goz, m. ;
from *w^g-, 3rd stem of Teut. *wegan-, to
move ; see Weigh.
Voice. (F.-L.) M. E. vois. O. F.
vois (F. voix).^h. uocem, ace. of uox,
voice, sound. See vocal.
Void, empty. (F.) O. F. vuide, voide
(F. vide) ; a fem. form of which the masc.
is vuit. Origin unknown.
Volant, flying. (F. — L.) F. volant,
pres. pt. of voler^ to fly. — L, uoldre, to
fly. Cf. Gk. /3oXi}, a throw; Brugm. i.
5(563.
volatile. (F.-L.) F.w/a/iV, 'flying;*
Cot — L. uoldtilis, flying. — L. uoldtus^
flight. — L. uoldre, to fly.
Volcano, a burning mountain. (Ital. ^
L.) Ital. volcano, a volcano. — L. Volcd-
num, ace. of Volc&nus, Vulcdnus, Vulcan,
god of fire, fire. Cf. Skt. varcha-s, lustre.
Vole, a field-mouse. (Scand.) Also
called vole-mouse, field-mouse, nteadow-
mouse, campagnol ; "Carvicola, A modem
word; abbreviated from North £. vole-
mouse, i. e. field-mouse. From Norw. voll,
field ; cognate with E. Wold. Der. water-
vole, i. e. water field-mouse.
Volition. (F.-L.) F. w/jV/^«.-Late
L. *volitidnem, ace. of *volitio, volition
(prob. a term of the schools).— L. uolo,
I wish. See Voluntary.
Volley. (F. - L.) F. vol^e, « a flight ; '
Cot. Hence, a flight of shot. — L. uoldta,
fem. of pp. of uoldre, to fly.
Volt, another spelling of Vault (2).
Voltaic, originated by Volta. (Ital.)
From A, Volta, of Como, died March 5,
1826.
Voluble, fluent. (F. -L.) M.F. voluble,
'voluble, easily rolled, glib;* Cot— L.
uolabilis, easily turned about. —L. uolU-,
as in uoia-tus, pp. oiuoluere, to roll ; with
suffix -bilis.'^Goih., walwjan, to roll, Gk.
^Xkiftiv, to enfold ; allied to Russ. valite, to
roll. (VWEL.) See Helix.
volume, a roll, a book. (F.— L.) F.
volume. — L. uolumen, a roll, scroll ; hence,
a book on a parchment roll. — L. uolii-, as
in uolU'tus, pp. of uoluere, to roll.
Voluntary. (F.-L.) Vi.Y.voluntaire,
volontaire. — L. uoluntdrius, willing. —
L. uoluntds, free will. — L. *uolunt-, rekted
to uolent; stem of uolens, willing, from
uelle, to wish, uolo, I wish. 4* Skt. vr,
to choose, select. Allied to "Will (i).
(<^W£L.) Brugm. ii. §( 102, 493.
595
VOLUPTUOUS
▼oluptnons. (F.-L.) ¥,voluptueux.
Cot. — L. uoluptuosuSyjBL^AxcttA to, or full
of pleasure. — L. uolupt-ds^ pleasure. — L.
uolup, uolupe, adv., agreeably. — L. uol-o,
I wish. Cf. Gk. I\ir(s, hope.
Volute, a spiral scroll on a capital. (F.
— L.) F. voltiie (Cot.). — L. uoluta^ a
volute ; fem. of uolutus, pp. of uoluere, to
roll ; see Voluble.
Vomit, sb. (L.) L. uomitus, a vomit-
ing; whence iiomitdre, to vomit.— L.
uomitus, pp. of uomere^ to vomit.+Gk.
jficfK, Lith. wemtif Skt. vam^ to vomit.
(VWEM.)
Voracity. (F. — L.) F. voraciti, — L.
uordcitdtem^ ace. of uordctfds, hungriness.
— L. uordci; for uorax, voracious, greedy
to devour.— L. uordrey to devour. — L,
'UoruSy devouring, as in cami-uorus, flesh-
eating. Allied to Skt. -gara-^ as in aja-
gara-y goat-devouring; Gk. /3op^r, glut-
tonous. (^GwER.) Brugm. i. § 653.
VorteZy a whirlpool. (L.) L. uortex,
also uerfeXf whirlpool.— L. uertere, to
turn ; see Verse.
Vote, sb. (L.) L. tiotum^ a wish ; orig.
a vow. — L. ufffum, neut. of udtus, pp. of
uouerey to vow. Der. vot-ivey L. uotiuus,
promised by a vow; vot-aryy a coined
word, like votaresSy votress,
Vonch, to warrant. (F.— L.) M. F.
voucher, < to vouch, cite, pray in aid in a
suit ; * Cot. O. F. vochier, — L. uocdrey to
call, call upon, summon. See Vocable.
VOUCllSafe. (F. — L.) Yorvatrly vouch
safSy i. e. warrant as safe ; from vouch and
safe.
Vow, sb. (F.— L.) M.E. vowy vou.-^
O. F. veUf vou (F. vosu), a vow. — L. uotuniy
a vow ; see Vote. % Hence the M. E.
avowy sb., common in the sense of ^ vow,*
Chaucer, C. T. 2237, 2414; and hence
the verb avoWy to vow. Another avow
answers to F. avouer, L. cuiuocdre, and is
a doublet of avouch.
Vowel. (F.-L.) O. F. voutly voiel'y F.
voyelhy * a vowell ; ' Cot. — L. uocdlenty ace.
of uocdlis {littera)y a vowel, vocal letter ;
see Vocal.
Voyage. (F. — L.) yi.^,viage,veage.
— O. F. veiagey later voyage, — L. tHdiicuniy
properly provisions for a journey. — L. uid-
ticuSy belonging to a journey. —L. «i«, a
way. See Viaduct.
Vulcanise, to combine caoutchouc
with sulphur by heat. (L.) Coined, with
suffix -ise, from Vulcan, goA of fire,
WAD1
fire. See Volcano. Der. vulcan-ztey
vulcanised caoutchouc.
Vals^. (F.-L.) F. vulgaire.'^l^,
uulgansy belonging to the common people.
— L. uulguSy uolguSy the common people;
a throng, crowd. Der. vulgar-ity ; also
vulgate, the £. name for the L. version
of the Bible known as the editio vulgdfa,
where vulgdia is a later form of the fem.
of the pp. of uu/gSre, to publish.
Vulnerable. (F.-L.) M.F.vuInef-
able, — L. uulnerdbiliSy liable to injury. — L.
uuinerdrey to wound.— L. uulner-y for
*uulne5-j stem of uulnuSy a wound ; O. L.
uolnus. Allied to uellerey to pluck, tear.
Cf. Skt. vrana-y a wound, fracture ; Gk.
ou\i7, W.^//, awound. (-/WEL.)
Vnlpine, fox-like. (F.-L.) M. F.
vulpin ; Cot. — L. uulpinuSy fox-like. — L.
uulp-y base of uulpesy a fox. Allied to
"Wolf (Darbishire, Reliquiae Philologicse,
p. 92).
Vulture. (L.) L. uultuTy a vulture ;
O. L. uolturus ; lit. * tearer.* — L. uul-
(uol')y as in uuMy pt. t. of uellere^ to
pluck, tear. Allied to Vulmrable.
W.
Wabble, Wobble, to leel, move un-
steadily. (E.) Frequentative of wap,
whapy to flutter (Halliwell) ; see "Wave,
VIThap. Cf. E. Fries. wabbelUy to wabble;
Low G. wabbelfty quabbeltiy to palpitate,
to wabble ; Swed. dial, vabbla^ to move
food to and fro in the mouth.
WackOy a rock derived from basalt. (G.)
G. wackey wacke ; M.H.G. wackey O.H.G.
waggo, a kind of flint.
Wad, a small bundle of stuff, little mass
of tow. (Scand.) Swed. vaddy wadding,
M. Swed. wady clothing, stuff; cf. Icel.
vdKimdIy wadmal, a plain woollen stuff. -f
G. watte, wadding, wad (whence F. ouate).
Der. wadd-ingy wad-mal. Cf. "Weed (2), .
Waddle, to walk clumsily. (E.) Fre-
quentative of wade (below).
Wade, to walk slowly, esp. through
water. (E.) A.S. wadan, -pt, i. wdd, to
wade, go. + Du. waden ; Icel. vdJUa, pt. t.
5tiy to wade ; (cf. Icel. va6, a ford) ; Dan.
vcide, Swed. vcuUt, G. watetty O. H. G.
watan, to wade, go. Further allied to
L. uadum (for *uadhofn)y a ford, uddere,
to go.
Wadiy a water-course, river. (Arab.)
Arab. wdiiT.
59<5
n
WAFER
Wafer. (F.-Teut.) M.E. wafre.^
A. F, wafrCi O. F. waufre (F. gaufre),
a wafer. — M. Dii. wae/el, a wafer (Du.
wafel) ; Low G. wafel^ whence G. waffel,
wafer, 6. F. gau/re also means * honey-
comb ' ; hence Low G. wafel may be allied
to G. wahe, a honey-comb, Icel. vaf^ a weft ;
from Tent. *waf^ 2nd grade of *wddan-f to
weave ; see "Weave.
Waft. (E.) For waff like graft for
graj^. Again, wa^ is the same as wave,
in the sense * to beckon by vjaving some-
thing ' ; see waft, pt. t. of waff, in Merch.
Ven. V. I. II. See Wave (i).
Wag (i). (Scand.) M.E. waggen.'^M.
Swed. wagga, Swed. vagga, to wag, sway,
rock. Cognate with A. S. wagian (>M. E.
wawen), to wag, which is a secondary verb
derived from the 2nd grade of A. S. wegan,
to carry, move. Similarly, the Swed. wc^gga
is a secondary verb, from O. Swed. *wegay
Icel. z'^ftf, to weigh ; see Weigh. So also
Goth, wagjan^ to shake. Der. wag-tail \
'Oiaggle, q. v.
wag (2), a merry knave. (£.) Short
for wag-halter^ one who deserves hanging
(jocosely).
Wage, a gage, pledge ; pi. Wages, pay
for service. (F. — Teut.) M. E. wage^ pi.
wages. ^O.Y. wage, later gage, a gage,
pledge ; hence a stipulated pacyment ; whence
O. F. wager, to pledge. Low L. wadidre.
—Low L. wadium ; formed from Goth.
wadi, a pledge; see Wed. Der. wage,
vb., as in to wage war, orig. to declare (or
pledge oneself to) war; of. Walloon wager,
to pledge.
wager, a bet. (F.-Teut.) M.E.
wager, waiour. p- O. F. wageure, later
gugeure, *a wager;* Cot.— Low L. wa-
didtura, from wadidre, to pledge (above).
Der. wager, vb. See also Oage (i).
Waggle, to wag frequently. (Scand.)
Frequent, form of Wag (above) ; df. Swed.
dial, vagloy Swed. vackla, to totter; also G.
wackeln, Pomeran. waggeln, to waggle ;
Low G. wigelwageln, to wiggle-waggle.
wagon, WWgpn. (Du.) XlVthcent.
Borrowed from Du. wagen, a wagon ; which
is cognate with Wain.
wag[tail; from Wag and Tail.
Wau, sb., a thing abandoned, a thing
found astray. (F.— Scand.) M.E. waif,
weif\ pi. wayues, weyues, {wayves,weyves) .
— A. F. and O. F. waif, later ^^, pi.
waives, guizfes; chases gayves, 'weifes,
things forsaken, or lost;' Cot— O. Icel. | ing (above).
697
WAIT
*weif, Icel. veif, anj^ing moving or
flapping about (applied, e.g. to the fin
of a seal) ; allied to veif a, to vibrate, move
about ; see Waive.
Wail, to lament. (Scand.) M. E. weiUn.
— O. Icel. *W(Bla, Icel. vala, to wail;
also vdla. Lit. * to cry wo ; * from va,
,vei, interj., woi> See "Wo. Cf. Swed.
dial, vala, to wail ; Dan. dial, valle, to
wail, val, a wail ; Norw. vala, to bleat.
Wain, a waggon. (E.) M. £. wain,
wayn ; formed (by the usual change of <Bg
to ay) from A. S. wagn, a wain ; we also
find A. S. wan, a contracted form. From
the 2nd grade (*wag) of wegan, to carry ;
see Weigh. 4- Du. wagen (whence £.
wagon), Icel. vagn, Dan. vogn, Swed.
vagn, G. wagen. Allied to L. ueh-iculum,
Gk. 6x'0s, O. Irishy^, a car. (yWEGH.)
Wainscot, panelled boards on walls of
rooms. (Du.) XlVthcent. — Dvuwagenschot,
* wainscot,* Hexham ; cf . Low G. wagenschot,
the best kinid of oak-wood. As if from
Du. wagen, a wain ; but really an altera-
tion of M. Du. waeghe-schot, which Kiiian
explains as ' oak-wood with a waving
grain * ; from M. Du. waeghe (G. wo^e,
M. H. G. wag), a wave, and schot, * a wain-
scot, partition,' &c., Sewel, or * a closure of
boards,' Hexham. The Du. schot is cog-
nate with £. scot and shot, ^ Not from
M. Du. weegh, a wall.
Waist. (E.) M.E. wast, waist; lit.
^ the growth * of a man, or the part of the
body where size and strength are developed.
The same word as M. E. wacst, strength,
answering to an A. S. form *wcext, not
found, but nearly allied to A. S. wastm,
growth. — A. S. weaxan, to grow ; see
Wax (i). 4- Goth, wahstus, growth, in-
crease, stature ; Icel. voxtr, stature, shape ;
Swed. vaxt, Dan. rjaxt, growth. Brugm.
i. § 795 (2). Der. waist-coat.
Wait, sb. (F.-O. H. G.) Orig. a
watchman, sentinel, afterwards one who is
awake at night, a night-musician. — O. F.
waite, a guard, watcmnan ; cf. F. guet. —
O. H. G. wahta, a watchman, orig. a
watch, a guard, a being awake. From the
Teut. base *wak-, as in Goth, wak-an, to
be awake ; see 'Wake (1) ; with Teut. suffix
'ton-, % Also used in the phr. to lie in
wait ; ct. Walloon weitier, to spy.
wait, vb. (F.-O. H. G.) O. F. waiter,
waitier, gaiter, later guetter, to watch,
wait.— O. F. waite, a watchman, a watch-
WAIVE
Waive, to reliD<}uish a claim. (F.—
Scand.) M. E. watuen, weiuen {waivent
weiv€n)j to set aside, shun, push aside,
remove. — A. F. weiveTf M. F. guesver, * to
waive, refuse, abandon, give over, surren-
der, resigne ; ' Cot. (Low L. wavidre, to
waive.) — O. Icei *wei/ay Icel. vei/af to
vibrate, flap, flatter, whence veifi-skatii a
spendthrift Cf. Norw. veivai to turn (a
grindstone), veiv^ a crank, Swed. ve/va^ to
wind. Allied to O. H. G. weibdn^ to hover,
move about; M. Du. weyfclen, to be in-
constant ; £. Fries, wif^ restless. And to
Vibrato. (VWEIP.) Cf. Waif, f Dis-
tinct from wave.
Wake (i), to be brisk, cease from sleep.
(E.) M. E. waken, pt. t. woffk : properly
intransitive; whence the weak verb wah'en,
pt. t. Ttfoked, to cause to wake, rouse. A. S.
wacan, to arise, come to life, be bom, pt. t.
wJc, pp. wacen; whence wacian, weak
verb, to wake, watch, pt. t. wacode. 4*
Goth, wakan (pt. t. wok), wakjan (pt. t.
2vakida) ; Du. waken, Icel. vaka, Dan.
vaage, Swed. vaka, G. wacken (whence Du.
wekken, Icel. vekka, Dan. vakke, Swed.
vdcka, G. wecken). Ultimately allied to
Vigil ; see Brugm. ii. § 804. Per. w<ike^
sb., a vigil, A. S. -wacu.
Wake (3)1 the track of a ship. (Scand.)
In Norfolk, a wake means a space of un-
frozen water in a frozen tarn or ' broad.'
The proper sense is an opening in ice,
passage through ice, hence a track of a
ship through a frozen sea, or a track gene-
rally. -• O. Icel. *wak', Icel. vak-, stem of
vok, a. hole, opening in ice ; Swed. vak,
Norweg. vok (the same). Hence Norweg.
vekkja, Dan. vakke, to cut a passage for
ships through ice. The orig. sense was
* a wet place.* •- Icel. vokr, wet (Lowl.
Scotch wak); cf. Du. wak, moist, Gk.
iry-pSs, wet.
Waken, to awake. (£.) Now usually
transitive, but orig. intransitive only, in
the sense ^ to become awake.* M. E.
waknen, wakenen. A. S. wacnan, to be
aroused, be bom ; intrans. form from
wacan, to wake ; see Wake. % The
verbal suffix -en has now usually a tran-
sitive force ; the M. E. suffix -n-en is pro-
perly intransitive, as in Gothic Cf. Goth.
gawaknan, Swed. vakna, Dan. vaagne, to
become awake. Der. a-«;a^<r», where the
pre5x a = A. S. tf- ; see A- (4).
Wale, Weal, the mark of a blow. (E.)
M. E. wcUe, A. S. watu, a weal ; also I
WALNUT
wvrt-'tuatu, the root of a tree (with the
idea of ridge). + E. Fries, wa/e, a weal ;
O. Fries, waiu, rod, wand, Icel. zfolr, a
round stick, Goth, walus, a staff. Cf.
K Fries, walen, to turn round, roll ;
Russ. val\ a cylinder, valiate, to roll. p.
The sense of rod or beam is preserved in
gun-wale, the plank along the edge of
a ship protecting the guns.
Walki vb. (E.) M. E. walken, pt. t.
welk, pp. walken, A. S. wealcan, pt. t.
weok, pp. weaken, to roll, toss oneself
about, rove about ; hence, generally, to
ramble, walk;. Cf. M.Dn. walcken, to press,
full cloth, Swed. valka, to roll, full, work,
Dan. viilke (same), G. walken, to full.
Allied to Skt. valg, to go by leaps.
\M. E. walker , a fuller, is from M. Du.
iTall. (L.) A. S. weall, borrowed from
L. tiallum, a rampart, orig. a row of stakes ;
Cf. L. uallus, a stake, palisade, lit protec-
tion. Allied to O. Irish ya/, a hedge.
Wallahi lit. an agent. (Hmd.) H. H.
Wilson explains Hind, wdld as one who is
charged with doing any duty ; Yule says it
is practically an adj. suffix, like the L.
•drius (or E. -er) ; orig. an agent, doer, &c.
See Competition'Wallah in Yule ; we may
explain this as competition-er^ competitor,
Wallety a bag, budget. (E. ? or F. —
O. H. G. ?) M. E. walet, apparently equi-
valent to M. E. wcUel, a wattle, also a bag.
In P. Plowman, C. xi. 269, where some MSS,
express * bag-full* by watel-ful, others
have walet-fuL Again, Shakespeare has
wallets for bags of flesh upon the neck
(Temp. iii. 3. 46), which is the same as
wattles, % Very doubtful ; the form sug-
gests an A. F. *walet^ possibly from
O. H. G. waJlon, to go on pilgrimage.
Cf. O. F. gauler, to wander (Dncange).
Wall - eyed, with diseased eyes.
(Scand.) ' Glauciolus, an horse with a
waule eye;' Cooper (1565). — Icel. vald-
eygdr, corruption of vagleygr^ wall-eyed,
said of a horse. — Icel. vctgl, a beam, also
a beam in the eye, disease of the eye ;
eygdr, eygr, eyed, from /luga, eye, cognate
with E. eye. The Icel. va£^ is the same
as Swed. vagel, a perch, roost, sty in the
eye, Norw. vagi, a hen-roost. Cf. Wars
of Alexander, 608, 1706.
Wallop ; see Fotwalloper.
Wallow. (E.) M. E. walwen, A. S.
wealwian, to roll round. Cf. Goth, wal-
wjan, L. uolture, to roll ; see Voluble.
Walnut. (E.) Lit. ' foreign (Gaulish)
598
WALRUS
WARD
nut.' O. Merc, walh-hnutu, from O. Merc.
w<ilhf A. S. wealk, foreign ; hnutu, a nut.
4-Du. walnooty Icel. valhnot^ Dan. valnod^
Swed. valnot, G. wallnuss. p. The A. S.
wealh makes the pi. wuUas, O. Merc.
walas, which is the mod. £. Wales (now
applied to the -country itself) ; cognate
with O. H. G. walaA, a foreigner, whence
G. Walschf Italian. % The explanation
' foreign ' is inexact ; the A . S. wealh meant
a Celt, either of Wales or Gaul. In form
it answers to * one of the tribe of Volca^^
who occupied Southern Gaul.
"Walnui, a large seal. (Du.— Scand.)
"Du. walrus, — Swed. vallross, Dan. hvcUros,
a morse ; lit. a ' whale-horse ' ; the same
as A. S. liors-hwalf a morse, horse-whale.
— Swed. vallf Dan. hval, a whale ; Icel.
hrossy a horse. Said to be named from
the neighing sound made by the animal.
See 'Whale and Horse.
Walts, a dance. (G.) Short for G.
walzer, sl waltz (with z sotmded as Is), -•
G. walzettf to roll, revolve ; see Welter.
WampiUlI, small heads, used as
money. (N. American Indian.) Amer.
Indian wampum \ from the Massachusetts
w6mpi, Delaware wdpi, white (Mahn).
Cf. Algonkin wab^ white (Cuoq).
Wan, colourless. (E.) M.E. wan, A.S.
ivann, wonn, dark, blade, colourless; now
applied to pale objects deficient in colour.
Wand, a slender rod. (Scand.) M. £.
wand, — Icel. vondr (gen. vand-ar), a
switch ; M. Swed. wand ; Dan. vaand. -f
Goth, wandus, a rod, orig. a pliant stick ;
prob. from mutd^ and grade of windan,
to wind, bind. From the use of wands in
wicker-work.
Wander, to ramble. (£.) A, S, wand-
rian, to wander ; used as frequentative of
wend, to go, but formed from wand, and
grade of windan, to wind ; see Wend.
•f-E. Fries, wandem, wandeln ; Du. wan-
delen, G. wandeln \ Swed. tKmdra, Dan.
vandre.
Wane, to decrease (as the moon), to
fail. (E.) A.S. zvanian, to wane, decrease.
—A. S. wan^ won, deficient. 4* ^ccL vana,
vb., from vanr, deficient. Cf. Goth, wans,
lacking, Gk. cSi^ir, bereft of, Skt. una-,
wanting. BrugOL ii. § 67.
wanion. (£.) In the phr. with a
wanton, i.e. with ill-luck. I believe
wanion •■ North £. tvaniand, waning, pres.
pt. of M. £. wanien, to wane ; see Wane
(ab6ve>. Sir T. Moore (Works, p. 306)
writes in the waniand, which I explain to
mean 'in the waning of the, moon,* i.e.
with ill-luck ; see Brand, Popular Antiq.
on The Moon. (So also Wedgwood.)
want, lack. (Scand.) M. £. want, first
used as an adj., signifying ' deficient.' ■>
Icel. vant, neut. of vanr, adj., lacking,
which was formerlv used with a' gen. case
following ; as,varpeim vetiugis vant, there
was lacking to them of nothing, i. e. they
wanted noming. The Icel. vanr » A. S.
wan; see Wane (above). Der. want,y\),p
Icel. vanta, from the neut. adj. vant,
wanton, unrestrained. (E.) M. £.
wantoun, unrestrained, not educated ; full
form wantowen. • M. E. wan-, prefix, lack-
ing, a neg. prefix (from A. S. wan, lack-
ing) ; towen < A. S. togen, pp. of teon, to
draw, to educate. See Wane and Tow (i).
Wap, to strike ; see Whap.
Wapentake, a district. (Scand.)
M.E. wapentake, A. S. w&pengetac, not
an £. word, but borrowed from Icel. vdp-
natak, lit a weapon-touching, hence, a
vote of consent so expressed ; and, finally,
the district governed by a man whose
authority was confirmed by the touching
of weapons. See Thorpe, Ancient Laws,
i* 455* " Icel. v&pna, gen. pi. of vApn, a
weapon; and tak, a touching, grasping;
see Weapon and Take.
Wapiti, the N. Amer. elk. (Amer. In-
dian.) Cree wapitik, < white deer;' cf.
Delaware wdpi, white (see Wampum).
War. (F.-Teut.) M. £. u^^rr^ ; A. S.
Chron. an. 11 19. Also war-; we find:
' armorum oneribus, quod Angli war-scot
dicunt/ Laws of Cnut, De Foresta, § 9.
[Not common, the usual A. S. words being
wig, hild, ttnnn,giid,'\ *0. F. werre, later
guerre (gee Low L. werra, guerra\ war.
^ M. Du. werre, war, cf. warren, to em-
broil ; O. H. G. werra, broil, confusion,
strife. «0. Sax. and O. H. G. werran^ str.
vb., to confuse. Base *werr-, for *werz- ;
allied to Worse. Cf. G. verwirren, to
embroil. Der. war-fare, i. e. war-expedi-
tion ; from A. S.faran, to go.
Warble, to sing as a bird. (F.— O. H.
G.) M. £. werMn, werdelen, — O. F.
werdler (Burguy). - M. H. G. *werdelen,
old form of G. wirbeln, to whirl, run round,
warble ; see Whirl.
Ward, a guard, watch, &c (£.) M. £.
ward, A,S..7t/eard, masc., a guard, watch-
man, defender ; also weard, fern., a guard-
ing, protection, defence. Allied to Wary.
599
WARDEN
(Base *war,) -f Icel. vordr, (i) a watch-
man, (2) a watching; G. war^f Goth.
-wards in daura- wards, a door-keeper.
Cf. also A. F. wardcy sb.; see Ghuard.
Der. ward, vb., ward-tr, sb.; also bear-
ward, sU-ward, &c.
warden, a gnardian. (F. - Tent.)
M. £. wardein. — A. F. wardetn, old spel-
ling of O. F. gardein, gardain. Low L.
gnrdt'dnttSf a guardian. * O. F. warder,
later garder, to guard ; with L. suffix
-ianus, — O. Sax. warden, to watch ; see
Guard. Doublet, guardian.
wardrobe. (F.— G.) M. £. war^/t?-
robe. — O. F. warderobe, later garderobe, a
guardrobe, i.e. place for keeping robes.
See Guard and Bobe.
Ware (i), merchandise. (E.) M. E.
ware, A. S. ze;ar«(L.»wrji:; Wright). The
orig. sense was prob. ' valuables,' and the
word may be allied to A. S. waru, pro-
tection, guard, custody. 4'Icel. vara, Dan.
vare, Swed. vara, Du. waar, G. waare, a
commodity; prob. allied to Dan. vare,
Swed. vara, care ; see Wary and Worth
Ware (a), aware. (E.) See Acts xiv. 6.
M. £. war ; A. S. war, cautious. (The
tme form, whence wafy was made by
adding -y,) See "Wary.
Wariness ; see Wary.
Warison, Warisonn, protection,
reward. (F. — O.H. G.) M, E, warisoun,
protection (the true sense) ; more com-
mon in the sense of reward or help ; it
also meant recovery from illness or healing.
--0. F. warison, garison, surety, safety,
provision, healing. — O. F. warir, to pro-
tect, heal.— O, H. G. watjan, werjan, to
protect ; see Weir.
Warlock, a wizard. (E.) M. E. war-
loghe, a wicked one, the devil ; warlawe,
a deceiver. — A. S. wctrloga, a traitor, per-
fidious man, liar, truce-breaker ; (hence, a
witch, wizard). Lit. ' liar against the truth.*
— A.S.w^r, truth (cognate with L. uSrum,
truth) ; loga, a liar, from log- (Teut. *lug-),
weak grade of leogan, to lie. See Very
and Iiie (2).
Warm. (E.) A. S. wearm, + Du. G.
warm, Icel. varmr, Don. Swed. varm.
Teut. type *warmoz. Cf. Lith. wirti, to
cook, Russ. varite, to boil, scorch.
Brugm. i. § 680. (Doubtful; some com-
pare warm with L. farmus, Gk. 0fpfi6s,
warm, Skt. gharma-s, heat; with labio-
velar gh,)
>HAf{>f
Warn. (E.) A. S. weamian, ware-
nian, (i) to take heed, which is the usual
sense, (2) to warn. Cf. the sb. weam,
refusal, denial, orig. an obstacle ; whence
wierttan, to refuse. Prob. allied to "Weir.
4- Icel. vama, to warn off, from vom, a
defence ; Swed. vama, G. women, I>er.
fore-warn, pre-wam.
Warp, sb. (E.) M. E. warp, A. S.
wearp, a warp, in weaving. — A. S. tvearp,
for *wa*p, and grade of weorpan (strong
verb), to cast, throw, hence, to throw the
shuttle. 4" ^c^l* varp, a throwing, from
Tfarp, 2nd grade of verpa, to throw ; Swed.
varp, a warp ; O. H. G. warfifj, werft)^
from werfen, to throw ; cf. Goth, wairpan,
to throw. From Teut. str. vb. *werp>an-
(pt. t. *warp, pp. *WHrpanoz), Allied to
Russ. vergale, to throw. Der. warp,
vb., from Icel. varpa, to throw, cast
(hence, to twist out of shape) ; this mod.
£. warp is a secondary (weak) verb, not
the same as A. S. weorpan. So also Swed.
varpa, Dan. varpe, to warp a ship, from
Swed. varp, the draught of a net.
Warrant, sb. (F.-O. H. G.) M. E.
warant, — O. F. warant, guarant, later
garant, * a warrant ; * Cot The form war-
ant is that of the pres. pt., with the sense
'warranting.*— O.H. G. werent-, stem of
pres. pt. of werin (G. gewdhren), to cer-
tify, to warrant. ^Of obscure origin. Der.
warrant, vb. ; warrant-y, O.F. waranite,
fern. sb. formed from waraniir, to war-
rant ; see Guarantee.
Warren, sb. (F. - O. H. G.) M. E.
wareine, — O. F. warenne, varenne, later
garenne, * a warren of conies,' Cot. ; Low
L. warenna, a preserve for hares, &€.—
O. H. G. warjan, to protect, preserve;
see Warison.
Warrior. (F.-O. H. G.) M. E. wer-
riour, — A. F. werreiur, old spelling of
A. F. guerreiur, a warrior. — A. F. wer-
reier, guerreier, to make war (whence E.
warray in Spenser, F. Q. i. 5. 48, ii. 10. 2 1).
■• O. F. werre, guerre, war. — O. H. G.
werra, strife ; see War.
Wart. (E.) M.E. werte, A.S. wearie,
a wart.4'DQ> wrat, Icel. varta, Dan. vorte,
Swed. v&rta, G. warze. Perhaps * growth*
as from a root; and allied to W^ort (i).
Some connect it with L. uerruea, wart;
A. S. wearr, a callosity.
Wary, Ware, cautious. (E.) M. E.
war; war-y is a rather late form, with
added -y (as in murk-y), A. S.' war, cau-
600
WAS
tious.+Icel. varTf Dan. Swed. var^ Goth.
wars, Cf. G.gewahr, aware. Allied to
Gk. 6p^a>, I perceive, L. ueriri, to re-
gard, dread. (-^WER.) T>eT. wari-ness.
Was, pt. t. of the verb /o be. (E.) M. E.
was^ pi. weren. A. S. was^ I was, he was ;
ware, thou wast ; pi. wStrant were ; sub-
junctive sing. wS^ii V^ fv^ren. Mod. £.
substitutes wast for the A. S. ttkh^e in the
indicative, and werl for the same in the
subjunctive ; both are late forms, fi. The
infin. is A. 8. wesan, to be ; cognate with
Du. wezen. O. Icel. vesa, Dan. vare^ Swed.
varct, Goth, wisan, to be, dwell, remain ;
Skt. vas, to dwell. (-/WES, to dwell.)
y. The form te^oj answers toO. Icel. vas, Du.
was, Dan. Swed. var, G. war, Goth, was ;
and the pi. wire to Icel. varum, vdrut,
vdru, Du. G. waren, Swed. v^ro, Goth.
wesum, wesuth, wesun.
Wash, vb. (E.) M. E. waschen, pt. t.
wessh, A. S. wascan, waxan, pt t. wdx,
pp. wtfjr«».+Du. wasscAeff, Icel. Swed.
vaska. Dan. t«tf>&^, G. waschen (pt t. tcffi^r^).
Allied to Water. Brugm. i. $ 94a.
Wasp. (E.) Prov. E. waps, wops ; A. S.
waps, wa/s, 4* O. wespe, ll ir&s;^ ; Lith.
wapsh, a gad-fly; Russ. tf^o, a wasp.
Allied to Weave. Brugm. i. § 918.
WassaiL (E.) M. E. wasseyl, wassayl,
orig. a drinking of a health, from the
Northern £. wef heil, answering to A. S.
wes hdl, lit. ' be whole,' a form of wishing
good health. Here wes is imperative sing,
of wesan, to be ; and heil is cognate with
mod. E. whole. The dialectal neil is the
Scand. form ; Icel. heill^ whole. See
Hail (a) and Whole.
Waste, desert, unused. (F.- O. H. G.
-L.) M. E. wast. — O. F. wcutj in the
phrase ^fVif wast, to lay waste (Roque-
fort); whence mod. F. gdter (Kgaster
<,waster),^M, H. G. waste, sb., a waste,
wasten, to lay waste. Borrowed from L.
uastus, waste, desolate, also vast, uastdre,
to lay waste, p. We also find A. S. weste,
O. H. G. wuastij waste ; these forms are
not borrowed from Latin, but are cognate.
So also O. Irish fas, empty. Idg. types
*wds/os, *wdstios, Brugm. i. \ 317.
Watoh, lb. (E.) M. E. wacche; A. S.
wacce, a watch, guard. i» A. S. wacan, to
wake; see Wake (i). Der. watch, vb.,
M. E. wacchen, A. S. wceccan, weak verb.
Water, sb. (E.) A. S. water, 4> Du.
water, G. wasser. Allied to Icel. vatn,
Dan. ifand, Swed. vatten, Goth, wato;
60
WEAK
Russ. voda, Gk. H^ojp, L. ufidaj Lith.
waitdtt, Skt. udan-y water. Brugm. i, § 594.
Der. water, vb. ; otter.
Wattle, a flexible rod, hurdle ; fleshy
part under the throat of a cock or turkey.
(E.) The orig. sense was something twined
cr woven together ; hence a hurdle, woven
stuff, a fleshy flap on a cock's neck. M.E.
watel, a bag ; A.S. wcUel, watul, a hnrdlc.
Cf. Weed (2).
Wave (i), to fluctuate. (E.) M. E.
wauen, A. S. wafian^ to wave with the
hand ; also, wcnder at or waver in mind ;
cf. the adj. wafre, wavering, restless. Cf.
Icel. vafra, vafla, to waver ; vafl^ hesita-
tion ; Bavar. wabern, to sway to and fro
(Schmeller). Der. wave, sb., from the
verb above (not the same word as M. E.
wawe, a wave, which is allied to wag\
wavei;, vb. (E.) M. E. waueren
(waveren), to wander about. •- A. S. wafre,
restless, wandering. -^Icel. vafra, to waver;
cf. O. H. G. wabar; adj., wavering ; see
above.
Was (i)> to grow. (E.) M. E. waxen,
pt. t wox, wex, pp. woxen, waxen, A.S.
weaxan, pt. t. weox, pp. geweaxen, 4- Du.
wcusen, Icel. vaxa, Dan. voxe, Swed. vdxa,
G. wcuhsen, Goth, wahsjan, pt. t. wdhs.
Further allied to Gk. aJbi^ifuv, Skt vaksh,
to wax, grow. Brugm. ii. § 657.
Wax (a), a substance made by bees.
(E.) M. E. wax\ A. S. wecuc, 4* I^u. was,
Icel. Swed. vclx, Dan. vox, G. wachs, Russ.
vosU , Lith. wasthas.
Way. (E.) M. E. wey, way, A,S.weg,
+I)u. Wig, Icel. vegr, Dan. vet, Swed. vdg,
G. weg, Goth. wigs. Also Lith. weia, the
track of a cart; L. uia; Skt vaha-, a
way, from ZH»h, to carry. See Weigh.
(^WEGH.) Der. al'Way,al'Ways,%ttAX\\
way-faring, i. e. faring on the way, A. S.
weg-farende, ythtie farende is the pres. pt.
oifaran, to travel ; way-lay, way-worn,
wayward, perverse. (E.) M. E. wei-
ward, headless form of M. E. aweiward,
adv., in a direction away from a thing;
from M. E. cnvei, away, and -ward, suffix.
See Away.
We, pi. of the 1st pers. pronoun. (E.)
M. E. we, A. S. w/.+Du. wij\ Icel. vir,
Dan. Swed. vi\ G,wir', Goth. weis\ Skt
vay-am.
Weak. (E.) [The verbal form has
ousted the M. E. wook, A. S. wdc, adj.,
weak.] A back-formation from the verb
signifying to weaken ; from M. E. wiken
WEAL
WED
(Ch.), to make weak, A. S. wScan ; the
M. £ >& being due to association with the
adj. wook. This verb is for *wdC'ian, from
A. S. waCf weak. -^ Icel. veikr^ adj., weak,
Swed. vekf Dan. veg^ pliant, Dn. week, G.
weich, O. H. G. weih. All from Tent.
*waik, 2nd grade of *wikan-y as in A. S.
and O. Sax. wtcan, G. weichen, to yield.
Weal (i), sb, (E.) M. E. wele ; A. S.
welat weal, prosperity ; allied to A. S. welt
adv., well; see "Well (i). + Dan. vel,
Swed. vdl^ G. wohl, welfare.
Weal (a) ; see 'Wale.
Wealdf a wooded region, an open
country. (£.) The M. £. wold became
wold\ but Layamon has a by-form w(sld\
1.31 339. Caxton speaks of * the weeld * of
Kent, which is apparently connected with
this M. E. waidi but seems also to have
been more or less confused with Wild.
Shakespeare and Lyly speak of ' the wilde*
of Kent ; see Wild and Wold.
Wealth, riches. (£.) M. £. welthe ;
not in A. S. Extended from M. E. wele,
weal ; see Weal (i).+Da. weelde, luxury ;
O. H. G. welida, riches.
Weaily to accustom a child to bread
and meat, to reconcile to a new custom.
(E.) We also use the word, less properly,
in the sense, ' 10 disaccustom,' bscause a
child that is weaned to meat is also being
weaned from the breast. M. E. wemn;
A S. wenian, to accustom ; awenian, to
wean away or disaccustom. From an adj.
base *wano-, accustomed, found in the cog-
nate Icel, zfanr (Swed. van)^ accustom^
(cf. vani, custom) ; from *wan, 2nd grade
of Teut. *wenan-f to crave ; see Ween.
The weak grade appears in A. S. gewuna,
SiQcwsiomsSifWunian, to dwell.4*6u. ze^«»-
nen, to accustom, afwennen, to wean from ;
Icel. venja, Dan. vanne, Swed. vdnja, G.
gewohnen^ to accustom ; Dan. vcennefra,
Swed. vdnja af^ G. entwohnen, to wean
from.
Weapon. (£.) M. E. wepen. A. S.
wctpen^ a weapon. 4~ ^u* wapen, Icel.
vapn, Dan. vaaden, Swed. vapen, G. waffe ;
Goth.wepna, neut. pi., weapons. Cf. A. S.
w&pntnanny w&pmann, a full-grown man,
a male.
Wear (i), to wear clothes, to consume
by use. (E.) M. E. weren, pt. t. wered,
A. S. werian (pt. t. werode). + Icel. vetya,
O. H. G. werian, to wear ; Goth, wasjan,
to clothe. Allied to Vest. (-/WES, to
clothe.) See Vest. % All the senses of
wear come from the sense of carrying
clothes on the body; hence it means to
consume or use up by wear, to destroy,
efface. The pt. t. wore is modem. I^ot
allied to A. S. werian^ to defend, which is
a different word.
Wear (2) a weir ; see Weir.
Wear (3), to veer a ship ; the same as
Veep, q. v.
Weary, exhausted, tired. (E.) M. £.
weri, A. S. werig^ tired ; cf. A. S. wdriart,
to tramp about, wander, travel. ^^ A. S.
wor-, a moor, swampy place (tedious to
tramp over) in the comp. wor-kana, moor-
cock ; O. E. Texts, p. 465.4-0. Sax. worig^,
weary. (The change from J to ^ is regular.)
% Not allied to wear (i).
weasand, Wesand, the wind-pipe.
(E.) A. S. wdsend, the gullet ; but the
mod. E. wesand answers rather to a by-
form *wasend, ^ O. Fries, wasaide, wind-
pipe ; Bavar. waisel^ the gullet
WeaseL (£.) M. £. wesel, wesele.
A. S. wesle, wesula,o. weasel. + I^Q* v}ezel^
Icel. -vtsla, Dan. vasel, Swed, vesla, G.
wieseL
Weather. (E.) M.E. weder\ A.S.
weder, (The -ther for -der seems to have
arisen in prov. (Northern) E. ; ci, father^
4-Dn. weder, Icel. vedr, fivji.veir; Swed.
voder ^ wind, weather ; G. wetter. Allied
to G. gewitterj a storm, Icel. land-vidri,
a land-wind; Rnss. vietr', wind, breeze,
Lith. wetra, storm. Allied to Wind (i) ;
cf. GQih.waian, to blow, O. Irish ^M, air.
-weather - beaten* weather -
bitten. (£.) Both forms seem to be
correct. The former means ' beaten by the
weather,* from beat. The latter means
'bitten by the weather,' from bite, and
occurs in Wint. Tale, v. a. 60; derived
from Norw. vederbiten, Swed. vdder-bitcn,
lit. bitten by the weather.
Weave. (£*) M. £. weuen {weven).
A. S. we/an, pt. t. waf, pp. we/en. + Du.
weven, Icel. vefa, Dan. vave, Swed. vefva,
G. weben. Also Gk. v<p-aiv(iv, to weave.
Teut. type *wtf^a»-. (-/WEBH.) Brugm.
i. § 56a.
web. (E.) A. S. webb, a web ; Teut.
type *wabjom, n. ; from *wab, 2nd grade
of *weban- (above).4'Dii. w^^, Icel. vefrf
Dan. vav, Swed. vdf, G. gewebe.
Wed, vb. (E.) M. £. wtdden. A. S.
weddian, lit. to pledge, engage ; hence to
betroth. — A. S. we£i, a pledge; Tent,
type *wadjom, n. -f- M. Du. wsdde, Icel.
6oa
WEDGE
WEIGHT
vedf Swed. vad, G. w^//^, Gotfa. wadi^ a
pledge, wager. Allied to L. uas (gen.
ucul-is)y a pledge, Gk. &'€$\ov ( = a-ftO-
Xov), the prize of a contest; Lith. wadoti^
to redeem a pledge. (-^WEDH.)
Wedge. (E.) M. E. wegge, A. S. wecg,
+I)u. wigy Icel. veggr, Dan. vaggCy Swed.
wjg^, O. H. G. ze;^r^/, a wedge ; G. wtf^/&,
weckcy a kind of wedge-shaped loaf; of.
prov. £. wigt a kind of cake. Also Lith.
TvdgiSf a wedge, wooden peg. Teut. type
*wagjoZy m. Lit. *a mover,' from its
effect in splitting trees; allied to Wag.
(VWEGH.)
Wedloclc, marriage. (E.) A. S. wedldc,
lit. a pledge, pledging. — A. S. wedy wedd,
a pledge ; lac, a sport, also, a gift, often a
mere suffix. See Wed.
Wednesday. (E;) M. E. Wednesday.
A. S. wodnesdagy Woden's day ; O. Fries.
wemisdei (for *wednisdei)y where e is the
mutation of J; N. Fries, weensdiy Outzen,
P* 3^> + ^u* woensdag, Icel. obinsdagry
Swed. Dan. onsdag ; all meaning * Woden's
(or Odin's) day." fl. The name Wodett
signifies ' furious,' from A. S. wddy mad,
furious ( -» Icel. ^r, Goth, wods) ; or
else * filled with divine frenzy.' See Wood
(2). ^ A translation of L. dtis Mercurii ;
Woden was identified with L. Mercurius.
Brugm. i. § 190.
Wee^ tiny. (£.) M. E. wey weiy only as
sb., in the phrase ' a litel ze/^ ' = a little bit,
a short time. I have little hesitation in
assuming the 0. Northern £. we^ or wey
(Barbour), or wet (Cursor Mundi), a way,
space, to be the same as M. £• wei, away,
also a distance, mod. £. Way, q. v. Cf.
North. £. way-hity also wee-bity a small
space. ^ Certainly not allied to G. wenigy
little.
Weed (i), a noxious plant. (E.) M. E.
weed ; A. S. wiodj wiody a weed. + O.
Saxon wiod'y whence Du. wieden, vb., to
weed. Root unknown.
Weed (a), a garment. (E.) M.E.
wede. A. S. w^dey neuter, wady fem., a
garment, -f O. Fries, widey O. Sax. wOdi ;
Icel. vSd, vffdy a piece of stuff, cloth;
O. H. G. w&ty woty clothing, armour. Lit.
'something woven;' from the Idg. root
WE, Skt. vdy to weave.
Week. (E.) M. E. wekey wike\ A. S.
wicey wicu, a week. (There was a later
A. S. wucUy a week, which became M. E.
woukey a week, and is obsolete.) 4" I^u.
week, Iccl. vika^ Swed. vecka, O. H. G.
wechay wehha (mod. G. woche)» We also
once find Goth, wiko in the sense of order
or succession (Luke i. 8), answering to L.
ordine (not to uicis) in the Vulgate version.
The orig. sense seems to have been * suc-
cession," series ; cf. Icel. vikjoy to turn, re-
turn ; from *wik'y weak grade of *wikan-,
to give way; see WeaJc. And cf. G.
wechsel^ a change.
Ween, to suppose, think. (E.) M. E.
weneny A. S. winany to imagine. — A. S.
weny sb., expectation; orig. *a striving
after.' Teut. type w&niZy f. (Sievers,
§ 269) ; firom *wkny 3rd grade of a sup-
posed Teut. str. vb. *wenan-, to crave,
desire. Cf. A. S. wine, friend, Skt. vany
to crave; L. uenusy desire. + Du. waneny
Icel. v&nay G. wd'Anen, Goth, wenjany to
expect, fancy ; from Du. waany Icel. van,
G. wahny Goth. wenSy expectation, con-
jecture, orig. * a wish.' See Wish.
Weep. (E.) M. E. wepeny pt. t. weep^
wep. A. S. wipany pt. t. wiopy to cry aloud,
raise an outcry ; cf. A. S. wSpy a clamour,
outcry (note the change from J to ^). +
O. Sax. wdpioHy to cry out, wop, outcry ;
Icel. apUy to shout, opy outcry ; GoUi.
wdpjany wk. vb., to cry out. % Not allied
to whoop,
Weet, to know. (E.) Another spelling
of Wit (i) ; in Spenser, F. Q., i. 3. 6 ;
&c.
Weevil, a small beetle. (E.) M.E.
weuely wiuel (wevel, wivet) ; A. S. wifel,
m'^iV.+Icel. -yfilly M. Du. wevely O. H. G.
wibil\ cf. E. Fries, wefevy (i) a weaver,
(2) a beetle. A dimin. form; cf. A. S.
wibbay a beetle. Apparently allied to
Weave. Cf. Lith. wdbalasy a chafer,
insect.
eft. (E.) A. S. weft, weftdy the
threads woven across the warp; from
we/any to weave. + Icel. veftr. See
Weave.
Weigh. (E.) M. E. weghen, A. S.
wegan, pt. t. wag, to carry, bear ; also, to
move; also to raise, lift (cf. to wet^k
anchor) ; to weigh. + Du. wegen ; Icel.
i»egay to move, lift ; Dan. veiey Swed. vdga ;
G. bewegeny to move, wiegen, to rock ; and
cf. wdggn, to weigh. Allied to L. uehere,
Skt. »aA, to carry. (VWEGH.)
weight. (E.) M.E. weghty wight,
A. S. wthiy gewihty weight ; for *wehti-<
*weg-ti'\ from wegan (above). +1^'»' ^^-
wigty Icel. vcett^ Dan. vagt^ Swed. vigty
G. gewicht.
603
WEIR
Weir, Wear* a dam. (E.) M,E.wer;
A. S. w€r; allied to werian, to defend,
protect, also dam up. ^ Low G. ware, a
weir; M.Da. weer^ a rampart; Icel. f^rr,
a fenced-in landing-place, vetya^ to defend;
G. wekr, a defence, miihlwekr, a mill-
dam ; Goth, warjan^ to defend. Allied to
Stct. vr, to cover, varaya^ to stop, hinder,
keep off.
Weirdy fate, destiny. (E.) Properly a
sb. ; but used as adj. M. £. wyrde, wirde.
A. S. wyrd^ fate ; Teut. type ^wurd-iz, f. ;
from *wurd (for *wurii<*wurP, by Ver-
ner's law), weak grade of Teut. *wertkan-i
to become, take place, happen; see
Worth (i). + O. Sax. wurU, Icel. ur6r,
fate.
Welcome. (Scand.) For well come.
— Icel. velkominriy welcome, lit. well come.
* Icel. vel^ well ; kominn, pp. of kama, to
come. So also Dan. velkommen^ Swed.
vdlkommen, welcome. Hence A. F. wel^
comer, to welcome (Godefroy). % Dis-
tinct from A. S. wilcuma, one who comes
at another's pleasure; where cuma is 'a
comer,* from cuman, to come.
Weld (i)t to beat metal together.
(Swed.) Late M. E. well (G. Douglas).
The final d is modem; the word is
Swedish, from the iron-works there. —
Swed. vdlla, orig. to well, whence valla
up, to well up, vdlle ihop, to weld (iron) ;
cf. Dan. vcBlde, to well up (with excrescent
d, as in English). Cognate with E. well,
vb. ; from "Well (a).
Weld (a), dyer's weed. (E.) M. E.
welde, woide\ Lowl. Sc. wcdd, -f Du.
wouw ; Low G. wolde (Liibben) ; G. wau
(from Du.). Tent, base *wald-, as shewn
by Span. guaMo, F. gaude, weld. Prob.
* belonging to the wood ; ' cf. A. S. weaJd,
a wood; see Wold. % Quite distinct
from wood.
Welfare. (E.) M. E. welfare, ^IH, E.
wel, well ; fare^K, S.faru, a faring, lit.
a journey, from A. S. faran, to fare ; see
Fare.
WeUdn, sky, clouds. (E.) M. E.
welkne, welkene\ also wolkne^ wolkene,
A. S. wolcnu, clouds, pi. of woken, a
cIoud.4-0. Sax. wolkan, Du. wolk, Low G.
wulke; G. wolke, O. H. G. wolka, f.,
wolcan, n., a cloud. All from the base
*wulk- , weak grade of *walkan- , to roll (see
Walk) ; or else allied to O. H. G. welc,
moist.
Well(i), excellently. (E.) M.E. wel;
WEN
A. S. wel, orig. * agreeably to a vdsh ; '
allied to will, sb. and vb.-f>Du. we/, IceL
vel, Dan. vel, Swed. vdl, Goth, wailat ; G.
wohl, O. H. G. wela, wola, Cf. W. giveli^
better; also Skt. vara-, better, var-iz-, a
wish ; prati zfaram, according to a vrisb.
See WiU (i) and WeaL
Well (a), a spring, fount, (E.) M. E.
welle ; A. S. wylla, wella, a spring ; i^ith
two other by-forms. Teut type ^ivalljon-,
m, ; cf. A. S. weallan (pt. t. w^o/l\
to well up, boil ; [but the mod. E. ive/l,
vb., is derived from the sb.]. + Icel.
veil, ebullition, from vella, to boil (pt. t
vail) ; Du. wel^ a spring; Dan. vceldi G.
welle, a wave, surge ; cf. wallen, to boil.
Further allied to Skt. vol, to move to
and fro, Russ. vaT, a wave, valiate, to
roll. See Walk, Helix. (VWEL.) Der.
well, vb., as above.
WeUawayf an exclamation of sorrow.
(E.) M. E. weilawey ; also wa la wa.
It stands for wet la wet or wa la wa. A. S.
wd Id wd, lit. wo ! lo ! wo ! — A. S. wd,
wo; m, lo; wd, wo; cf. Icel. vet, wo.
% Early misunderstood, and turned into
wel/dway, and even into welladay, Merry
Wives, iii. 3. 106. See Wo.
Welsh, pertaining to Wales. (E.) M.E.
walsA, foreign. A.S. walisc, welisc, wylisc,
Celtic. Formed, with suffix -isc (E. -ish)
and vowel-change, from A.S. wealh, a
Celt ; whence fVealas, pi., mod. E. PVales,
-f G. wdlsch^ Italian. See Walnut.
Welt. (E.) The old sense seems to
be border, hem, fringe. M. E. wait, welte ;
cf. Lowl. Sc. waut, a welt, prov. E. welt,
to turn down the upper leather of a shoe.
Perhaps from A. S. wyltan, waltan, to
roll; cf. IceL velta, to roll over; see
Welter. +W.^wrt/r/, a hem, vre\t,gwalles,
the welt of a shoe ; gwcUdu, to welt, hem.
Welter, to wallow, roll about. (E.)
Formerly also waiter, Walter, welter, are
frequentatives from M. E. walten, to roll
over, tumble, turn over. — A.S. waltan
to roll (cf. gewalien, strong pp., Matt,
xvii. 14, Lind.). Cf. Icel. velta (pt t.
valt), to roll, Dan. valte, to overturn;
Swed. vdUra, to welter, frequent of vdlta,
to roll ; G. wdlzen, to roll, welter, from
walzen, to roll. Cf. Goth, us-waltjan, to
subvert ; L. uoluere, to roll. (VWEL)
Wen, a tumour. (E.) A.S. ww«.+
Do. wen ; Low G. ween ; Dan. dial. van.
A. S. wenn<Tcut. type *wanjoz, m. Prob.
from wann, and grade of A. S. winnan, to
604
WENCH
toil, to win, to suffer from illness (whence
£. win). See Win, Wound.
Wenoh. (£.) M. £. wencke, earlier
form wenchelf a child (male or female). -•
A. S. wenclo^ winclo^ sb. pi., children (of
either sex). Allied to A. S. wancol, tot-
tery (hence weak, infantine). From the
base *wank, seen in G. wanken^ to totter,
M. H. G. wenien, to render unsteady.
Allied to Wink.
Wendy to go. (E.) Little used except
in the pt. t. wen/ (used as pt. t. of to go),
M. £. wenden ; A. S. wendan, to turn, also
to turn oneself, proceed, go. The pt. t.
wende became wente^ and finally went.
Causal of A. S. windan, to wind; see
Wind (a). 4* I^Q* wenden, Icel. venda,
Dan. vende, Swed. vdnda, Goth, wandjan^
G. wenden, to turn ; all causal forms.
went. •(£.) See above.
Werey pi. of Was, a. v.
Werwolf f a man-wolf. TE.) A.S. were-
wulf, a werwolf, the devil. ^ A.S. wer,
a man; wulf^ a wolf. 4* ^* wahrwolf,
M. H. G. werwolf f a man-wolf; from
M. H. G. wer.z, man, and wolf, (Hence
O. F. garoulf Y.garou, now loupgarou, i.e.
wolf-werwolf.) See Virile. % It was
supposed that fierce men could turn into
wolves; c£ Gk. XvxMfwwos, i. e. wolf-
man.
West. (£•) A. S. west, adv. , westward ;
west-dSl, west part or quarter. ^Du. west,
Icel. vestr, Dan. Swed. vest, G. west. Per-
haps allied to Vesper.
Wet, moist. (£.) M. £. wet, weet ;
A. S. w^t, wet 4" Icel. vdtr, Dan. vaad^
Swed. v&, wet Teut type *w^/<0s. Allied
(by gradation) to Water. Der. wet, vb.,
A. S. wittan.
Wether, a castrated nun. (£.) A. S.
zci^r.4-0. Sax. wethar^ witAar, Icel. vedr,
Dan. voder, Swed. vddur, G. widder, Goth.
w/Mrifj, a lamb. Lit. 'a yearling;* allied
to Veal. Bmgm. i. § 118.
Wey« a heavy weight; from two to three
cwt. {£.) M. £. wege, A. S. wStge, wStg^
a weight. — A. S. wctg-^ 3rd grade of toegan,
to weigh. ^Icd. v&g, O. H. G. wdga. See
Weigh.
Wk. This is distinct from w. The
mod. E. wh answers to A S. hw, Icel. hv,
L. qu, Gk. r, t, ip, Idg. ^.
whack, to beat; see Thwack. But
WHEEDLE
cf. £. Fries, and Westphal. wackeln, to
beat, to cudgel.
Whale. (£.) U,E,wkal,qual, AS.
Awal.'^'Du, walinsch (whale-nsh), G. wal-
fisch, Icel. hvalr, Dan. Swed. hval. It also
meant a porpoise, grampus, &c. Cf. Gk.
v4\o)pf a monster. Der. wal-rus,
Whap, to beat, flutter. (£.) Also
whopy waPy wop, M. £. quappen, to palpi-
tate, throb. £. Fries. kwMen, kwappen,
to strike violently. From a base *kwap,
to throb; see Quaver. Cf. also W.
chwap, a sudden stroke, chwapio, to strike,
slap.
Wharf (i)) a place for landing goods.
(£.) A. S. hwerj, a dam or bank to keep
out water (Thorpe, Diplomatarinm, pp.
341,361) ; mere-hweatf, sea-shore (Grem).
— Teut. *hwarb, A S. hwearf, and grade
of hweorfan, to turn, turn about p. This
difficult word, with a great range of senses,
meant a turning, reversion, turning-place,
space, dam, shore, dockyard, as proved by
the cognate words, viz. Dn. we^, Icel.
kuatf, Dan. vtBrft, Swed. varf, M. Swed.
hwarfj Sec, The A S. hweorfan answers
to GoUi. hwairban, to turn oneself about,
walk, and to Icel. kverfa, to turn. (Base
HW£RB.) % Not alli^ to G. werfen,
to throw ; but rather to Gk. Kapiir6s, the
wrist. Der. wAatf-inger, for wiasfager;
with inserted ^ as in messenger, passenger.
wharf (2), bank of a river. (£.) In
Shak. Hamlet, i. 5. 33. Cf. A. S. mere-
hwearf, sea-shore (Grein) ; it is the same
word as Wharf (i).
What. (£.) A. S. hwat, neut. of hw& ;
see Who.
Wheal (i)) a pimple. (E.) Distinct
from weal, wale, a mark of a blow. Per-
haps from A S. hwele, a wheal (Somner) ;
A S. hwelian^ to form pus ; ge-hweled,
inflamed. Cf. also W. ckwiler, a maggot,
wheal, pimple.
Wheal \i), a mine. (C.) A Cornish
word. « Com. kwH, a work, a mine. Cf.
W. ckwel, chwyl, a course, a turn.
Wheat. (£.) 'Mi.E.whete. A,S, hwSte,
wheat ; Teut. type *hwaitj'o', m. ; from
* Await, and grade oiHweit- ; named from
the whiteness of the meal ; see White. +
Du. weite, weit, Icel. hveiti, Dan. hvede,
Swed. hvete, Goth. hwtUteis, G. weizen,
Der. wheat-en, adj., A. S. hwSten,
Wheedle. (£.?) Spelt wheadle in
Blount ed. 1674 ; who connects it (quite
unsatis£Eictorily) with W. chwedla, to gos-
605
WHEEL
sip, chwedl^ a fable, tale. Bat periiaps
from A. S. wSdiian, to b^, orig. to be
poor ; from wSdl, poverty.
WheeL (E.) A. S. hwioly shorter form
of hweowcl, hweogul, a wheel ; also spelt
kweohL'^latl. hjdl^ Dan. hiul,^weA.hjul,
O.Swed,Atu^A/(lhre). Teut type *Aw<f^-
wUm, n., for */iweA7uUmt Idg. *qeqld-y as
in Skt. chakrd'f a wheel, Gk. jcvxXos, a
wheel. Idg. *qe'qlih is a redaplicated
form, from ^QEL, to drive ; whence Gk.
v^Aor, an axis, Russ. koleso, Icel. hvelj
a wheel. See Cycle and Pole (2).
Brngm. i. % 658.
HHieeBe. (E.) A.S. kwisan (pt t
hwfos\ to wheeze. Allied to A. S. hwos-ta^
proT. E. hoiut, a congh. Da. hcest, G.
husten. From Teat. *hwos-y Idg. *qds^ as
in Skt. kdSf to coogh ; from ^QAS, as in
Irish ctu-achdach, W. /or, a coagh; cf.
Lith. kosti, to coogh. See Pose (3).
Whelk (i), a mollusc with a spiral
shell. (E.) Ill spelt ; it shoald be welk or
wilk. M. E. wilk ; A. S. wUoCy also
weoluCf weiuc.^Da.vmlk, also spelt wtlk,
wilky wilhky wullok, Prob. named from
its convoluted shell ; cf. Gk. ix^ (f ^X-<^),
a volute ; see Helix. Der. whelk d^ i. e.
convoluted, K. Lear, iv. 6. 71 ; spelt
wealkd in the first folio.
Whelk (a)) a small pimple. (E.) M.E.
whelke, Chaucer, C. T., A. 65a. Dimin.
of Wheal (i).
Whelm, to overturn, cover over by
something that is turned over, to over-
whelm, submerge. (Scand.) 'h/iJE^whelmenf
to turn a hollow vessel upside down (Pals-
grave), to turn over ; Lowl. Sc. quhemle,
whommlef whamley to turn upside down.
Closely related to M. £. wAeluen (wAeiven)
and ouerwheluen (overwA£iven),xised in the
same sense, p. The only difficulty is to
explain the final -m ; this is due to the fact
that whelm J vb. , is really formed from a
sb. whelm, standing for hwelf-m^ the /
being dropped because unpronounceable.
This appears from M. Swed. hwalma, to
cock hay, derived from the sb. hwalm, a
hay-cock ; where hwcdm is for *hwalfm,
being derived from M. Swed. hwalf^ an arch,
vault; cf. hwalfwa, to arch over (make
into a rounded shape). Thus the suffix -m
is substantival (as in doo-m, bloo-m^ &c.),
and the Teut. base is HWELB, to become
convex (M. H. G. welden, pt. t. wold), the
derivatives of which appear in A.S. hweal/,
adj., convex, sb., a vault, Icel. hval/^ holf^
WHICH
a vault, hodifa^ hdlftL, to ' whelve * or turn
upside down, G. wolben^ to arch over,
y. We thus trace the following formSy viz.
base HWELB, to swell out, become con-
vex, Icel. hvelfa^ to vault, turn a round
vessel upside down ; hence whelm, sb., a
thing made convex, whrlm, vb., to malce
convex, turn a round vessel over, capsize.
Forby remarks that whelm, in the £.
Anglian dialect, signifies ' to turn a tub or
other vessel upside down, whether to cover
anything vdth it or not.* From ^QELP ;
whence also Gk. ir^iros, bosom, a hollow.
Per, cver-whelm.
Whelp, a puppy. (E.) A. S. hwelpy sb.
•^ Du. welp, Icel. hvelpr, Dan. kvcUp,
Swed. valpy M. H. G. welf. Root un-
known.
When. (£.) M. K whan\ A.S.
hwanne, hwomtey when. ^^ M. Du. wan,
G. wann, Goth, hwan ; W. ^if. Allied
to Goth, hwasy A. S. hwd, who. Cf. L.
quan-do, Gk. v3-tc, when.
whence. (E.) M. E. whennes, older
form whan€ne,^k,S, hwanon, whence;
closely allied to "When (above).
where. (E.) M.E. wher\ A.S. hw&r,
where; allied to hwA, who.+Du. waar,
Icel. hvar, Dan. hvor, Swed. hvar, G. war
(in war-um), Goth, hwar; Lith. hur.
Wherry, a shallow, light boat. (E.)
Spelt whirry by Latimer. Perhaps allied
to Whir; cf. Sc. whirry, to whir, to hurry.
Origin unknown.
Whet. (E.) M. E. whetten. A. S.
hwettan, to sharpen {<*hwat'jan,) — A. S.
hwat, keen, bold, brave. ^-Du. wetten,
Icel. hvetja, Swed. rfdtja, G. wetzen, to
sharpen, encourage ; from O. Sax. hvat,
Icel. hvatr, bold, O. H. G. hwaz, sharp.
Per, whetstone, A. S. hwetstdn.
Whether, whidi of two. (E.) See
Matt, xxvii. ai. A.S. ^w<?^^ which of
two ; formed with comparative suffix -der
(Idg. -tero') from the base of who, +
Icel. hvdrr, Goth, hwathar ; cf. Lith. ka-
traSy Gk. tc6rtpos, irSrcpos, Skt. katara-.
Whey. (E.) M. E. whey. A. S. hwag^
whey.+M. Du. wey ; Du. hui, wei, Cf.
W. chwig, whey fermented with sour
herbs.
Which. (E.) M.E. which', quhilk
(Barbour). A. S. hwilc, hwelc, which ;
short for hwi^ltc, lit. *of what form.* —
A. S. hwi', allied to hwd, who; lie, like;
see "Who and Iiike. + O. Sax. hwilik,
O. Fries, hwelik, Du. welk, Goth, hwileiks.
606
WHIFF
WHIRL
hwileiks^ Icel. hvilikr^ Dan. Swed. kvUken,
G. welcher, O.H.G. hwelih. Cf. L. qualis,
Ok. inyXtiirog. Brugm. ii. § 88.
Whiff, sb., a puff. (E.) M. E. weffey
vapour. An imitative word, like puff, fife.
.+W. chwiffy a puff, chwaff, a gust; JDan.
vift^ a pun, gust. Cf. A. S. hwiHay Icel.
Avtdaj a breeze.
whifflOi to blow in gusts, veer as the
wind. (E.) Frequentative of whiff, to
puff. Der. whiff -er, a piper, fifer, hence
one who goes first in a procession.
Whig. (E. ?) See Todd's Johnson and
Nares. IVhi^^ is a shortened form of whig-
gamar^ applied to certain Scotchmen who
came from the west to buy com at Leith ;
from the word whiggam, employed by
these men in driving their horses. A
march to Edinburgh made by Argyle (in
1648) was called * the whiggamor^s inroad,*
and afterwards those who were opposed to
the court came (in 1680) to be called whigs.
(Burnet, Own Times, b. i.) But the term
had previously been applied (in 1667) ^^
the Scotch Covenanters (Lingard). The
Glossary to Sir W. Scott's novels has:
^whigamore, a great whig; whiggingj
jopging rudely, urging forward.* To whig
awcC is to jog on briskly. Perhaps for
wig\ cf. E. Fries, wiggen^ Norw. vigga^
to rock ; Icel. vigg, a horse ; £. wiggle
and w€ig.
While, a time. (E.) A. S. hwil, sb., a
pause, a time. 4" Icel. hvila^ a place of rest ;
Dan. hviUy rest; Swed. hvila-, rest; G.
weiU^ Goth, hweila^ a time. Prob. allied
to L. qui-es^ rest. (-^QEI.) Brugm. i.
% 675. Der. whiUf adv. ; whiles^ M. E.
whiles, adv. (with gen. suffix -ts) ; whence
whils'tf with added / (as in amongs-tf
amids-t)', also whil-om, formerly, from
A.S. hwtlum, dat. pi. of hwil, a time.
Also mean-while, see Mean (3); also
whiling'iime, the waiting a little time
before dinner (Spectator, no. 448), whence
the phrase to while away limey probably
with some thought of confusion with wile,
Whinti a freak. (Scand.) Skelton has
whim-wham. * Icel. hinma, to wander with
the eyes, as a silly person ; Norw. Jknma,
to whisk about, trifle. Cf. Swed. dial.
hvimmerkanltg, giddy in the head ; Norw.
hvim, foolery (Ross). Der. whimsey, a
whim, from die allied Norw. kvimsay
Swed. dial, hvimsa, Dan. vimse, to be
giddy, skip or whisk about.
WJli]|ipar« to whine. (£.) The same
as Lowland Sc. whimmer, to whimper,
frequentative of whim^ another form of
whine ; see Whine. * [They] wil whympe
and whine ; ' Latimer, Seven Sermons, ed.
Arber, p. 77.+G. wimmem.
Whin, gorse. (C.) M. E. whynne,
quyn.^^. chwyn, weeds; -cf. Bret, chou-
enna (with guttural ch\ to weed.
Whine, vb. (E.) A. S. hwtnan, to
whine. 4" Icel. hvtna, Swed. hvina, Dan.
hvine, to whir, whiz, whine. [Cf. Icel.
kveina^ to wail, Goth, kwaindn^ to mourn.]
Der. whimp-evy q. v.
Whinyard, a kind of sword. (Scand.)
Lit. whtne-yardy where yard (probably)
is a mere suffix (-»-ar(flf). — Icel. hvtn-a,
to whiz, whistle through the air like a
weapon ; the same word as E. whine, but
used in a different way. Cf. also E.
whinny ; and Lowl. Sc. whing-er^ a whin-
yard, from the verb whinge, an extension
of whine.
Whip, to move quickly, to flog. (E.)
M.E. whippen, to overlay a cord by rapidly
binding the twine round it, whippe, a
scourge. From the sense of rapid move-
ment ; M. E. wipperty to jump up and
down suddenly, to jig.+Du. wippen, to
skip, formerly to shake ; Low G. wippen,
to bob up and down ; Dan. vippe, to see-
saw, bob ; Swed. vippa, to wag, jerk ; G.
wippen, to move up and down, see-saw,
jerk. (I find no very early authority for
the^.) Cf. L.Mf^rJr^; see Vibrate. Der.
whip^ sb., M. Du. wippe (Hexham).
whippl0-tree, a swing-bar for traces.
(E.) The sense is 'piece of swinging-
wood,' composed of tree (as in axle-tree)
and the verb Whipple, frequent, of whip, to
move about quickly, to see-saw (above).
Whir, to buzz. (Scand.) An imitative
word, like whiz.^'Doxx, hvirre, to whirl,
twirl ; Swed. dial, hvirra, to whirl. Allied
to "WliirL
Whirl. (Scand.) M. E. whirlen ; a
contraction for * whiff -len, frequent, of
M.E. whtrfen, to turn. — Icel. hvirfla, to
whirl ; frequent, of hverfa (pt. t. hvatf), to
turn round; Dan. hvirvle, Swed. hvirfla,
M. Dn. wervelen, to whirl ; G. wirdeln, io
whirl, to warble. (Base HWERB.) Allied
to 'Wharf. Cf. Goth, hwairban, to go
about ; Gk. icapit6i, the wrist. Brugm. i.
% 675. Der. whirl-wind, from Icel.
hviffiltnndr, Dan. hvirvelvind, Swed.
hviffvelvindy a whirlwind; also whirl-
pool ; whirl-i-gig (see Oig).
607
WHISK
Whiflkf to move or sweep quickly.
(Scand.) The h is intrusive. It is pro-
perly wiskf orig. to wipe, brush, sweep,
esp. with a quick motion, as when using
a light brush ; the h was due to confusion
with whizy whirf whirl, &c. ^ Dan. viske,
to wipe, rub,, sponge, from Tnsk^ a wisp,
rubber ; Swed. tfiskaj to wipe, also to wag
(or whisk) the tail, from viska^ * whisk
(^5u)j a small broom,' Widegren ; Icel. visk,
a wisp of hay, something to wipe with, a
rubber.+G. wischen, * to wipe, wisk, rub,*
Fliigel ; from the sb. wisch, ^ whisk (jfV),
clout,' id, Cf, A.S. uueoxian (for *wiS'
dan), to wipe. p. The sb. which thus
appears as Icel. visk, Swed. wska, G.
wisch, meant orig. ' a wisp.' Der. whisk-
er, from the likeness to a small brush.
'Nestor brushed her with his whiskers;^
Dryden, Troilus, iv. 3. Also whisk-y^
a light gig, easily whisked along.
Whisky, WMskey, a spirit (Gaelic.)
Gaelic uisge-beatha, water of life,. whisky;
the latter element being dropped; see
Usquebaugh.
Wlli8p0r« vb. (£.) M. £. whisperen,
O. Northumb. hivisprian, to murmur,
Luke xix. 7, John vii. 1 2. ^^ M. Du.
wisperen, wispelen, G. wispelu. Cf. also
Icel. hvtskra, Swed. hviska, Dan. hviske,
to whisper. (Imitative base HWIS.) Allied
to 'Wldx and 'Whistle.
Wllifltf a game requiring silence. (£.)
Orig. called whisk, from the sweeping up
of the tricks (see Whisk) ; renamed as
whist, from the use of the word whist to
enjoin silence ; cf. hist and hush. Chaucer
has both hush and whist in the sense of
' silenced ' or ' quiet ' ; tr. of Boethius, b. ii.
met. 5, 1. 1341.
Whistle, vb. (E.) A. S. hwistlian, to
hiss ; hwistlere, a whistler, piper. 4* Icel.
hvtsla, to whisper ; Dan. hvisle, to hiss,
whistle ; Swed. hvissla, to whistle. (Base
HWIS.) See -Whisper.
Whit, a thing, particle. (£.) The h is
misplaced ; whit is for wiht, the same as
wight, a person, also a thing, bit, whit—
A. S. wiht, a wight, a thing, bit; see
Wight (i). Der. aught » A. S. dwiht,
one whit ; whence n-aught, n-ot.
White. (E.) M. E. whit. A. S. hwlt,
4>I)u. wit, Icel. hvitr, Dan. hvid, Swed.
hvit, Goth, hweits, G. weiss. Allied to
Skt. fvSta-, white, from fvit, to shine, to be
white; also to Russ. svietite, to shine;
Lith. szwaitinti, to illuminate. Brugm. i.
WHITTLE
S 319. (yKW£I.) Der. whit-in^, a fish
with delicate white flesh, also ground
chalk ; v^HQwhit-ster, a whitener, bleacher;
whittle (2), wheat, Whit-sunday , q. v.
Whitiier. (E.) M.E. a;>5wfer. A. S.
hwider, hwader, whither.«4-Goth. hzi/adre,
Cf. hither, thither. Allied to "Wlio.
Whitlow, a pamful swelling on the
fingers. (Scand.) Corruption of -whick-
fiaw, a whitlow (Halliwell) ; where tvAick
is the Northern pronunciation oi quick, i. e.
the sensitive part of the finger round the
nail ; IceL kvtka, Flaw is the Swed^JlagVy
a flaw, crack, breach, flake. See ^uick
and Flaw. The sense is * crack near the
quick,' hence a painful sore, afterwards a
painful swelling. It was corrupted first to
whitflaw (Holland), or whitjlowe (Pals-
grave), and afterwards to whitlow ; by
confusion with white and low (4). ' Par-
onychia, a whitflaw,^ Wiseman, Surgery,
b. i. c. II.
Whit-snndaj. (£.) \a\., white Sun^
day, as is perfectly certain horn, the A.S.
name hwita sunnan-dag, Icel. hvftasun-
nudagr, Norwegian kzntsunndt^; these
art /acts, though constantly denied by the
lovers of paradoxical and far-fetched ety-
mologies. The difficulty lies only in the
reason for the name. ' The great festivals^
Yule, Easter, and Pentecost, but esp. the
two latter, were the great seasons for
christening ; in the Roman Catholic church
especially Easter, whence in Roman usage
the Sunday after Easter was called Domi-
nica in Albis ; but in the Northern
churches, perhaps owing to the cold
weather at Easter-time, Pentecost . . seems
to have been esp. appointed for christening
and for ordination ; hence the following
week was called the Holy WeeJc, Icel.
Helga Vika ; ' Icel. Diet. The case is
parallel to that of noon, which at first
meant 9th hour, or 3 p.m., but was after-
wards shifted. So also in other cases.
Cf. W. sulgwyn, Whitsunday ; from sul,
sun, gwyn, white. Der. IVhitsun-week,
short for Whitsundays week (Icel. kvita-
sunnudags-vikcC) ; Whitsunrtide, short for
Whitsunday-tide ; cf. Palmson for Palm-
Sunday, Lowson for Lowsunday.
Whittle (i), to pare or cut with a
knife. From the obsolete sb. whittle, a
knife, the same as }i/L.E.pwitel, a Imife,
lit. ' a cutter.* —A. S. ^wit-, weak grade of
fwitan, to cut. See Thwite.
(2), to sharpen. (£.) Used as
608
VI. DISTRIBUTION OF WORDS, ETC.
Spanish from Mexican : cacao, choco*
late, copal, tomato ?.
Cuba I maguey.-
Hayti\ maiiogany.
Spanish from Haytix cassava, gnaia-
cum, maize, manateci potato, tobacco.
Caribbean {or other West Indian Ian'
guages) : cayman, hammock, macaw.
Spanish from West Indian \ cacique,
cannibal, canoe, guava, hurricane, iguana,
papaw.
French from West Indihn : buccaneer,
caoutchouc, peccary, pirogue.
Peruvian', inca, jerked (beef), llama,
oca, pampas, puma. .
Spanish from Peruvian : alpaca, coca,
condor, guanaco, guano.
French from Peruvian I quinine.
Brazilian : ai, manioc, tapioca, tapir.
Portuguese fromBrazi Han : ipecacuanha.
Spanish from Brazilian : ananas.
French from Spanish from Brazilian :
agouti.
French from Brazilian : cashew-nut,
jaguar, toucan.
South American {Colombia) : tolu.
66 r
WIDE
WIMBERRY
dial. visAa, to throw, swing ; G. wischen,
to rub, to slip aside. See Whisk. Used
of a small door, easily opened, made within
a large gate ; cf. Norw. viskjetiy light and
quick (Ross). (Korting, § 8714.) Dor.
wicket (at cricket), which was at first ' a
small gate,* being made 2 feet wide by i
foot high (a.d. 1700).
Wide. (E.) a. S. wtd» -f* I^u. wijd^
Icel. vi6r^ Swed. Dan. vid^ G. weit, Teut.
type *wtdoz» Der. wtd-tk, XVI cent. ; in
place of the old word wide-ness.
Widgeon, a bird. (F. - L.?) Spelt
wigion in Levins (1570). — A. F. *wigeony
for O. F. Tngeon, a whistling duck (Littre).
Prob. fronx L. uipidnemy ace. of uipio^ a
kind of small crane (Pliny, x. 49).
Widow. (E.) M. £. widewe ; A. S.
widwe, widuwe.^Jyoi, weduwe^ G. wittwe,
Goth, widuwo. Further allied to L. uidua,
fem« of uiduus, bereft of, deprived of;
Irish feadhby W. gweddw ; Russ. vdcva^
Skt. vidhavdy a widow. Brugm. ii. % 64.
VWIDH, as in Skt vidh, to lack (St
Petersburg Diet. vi. 1070). Der. widow-er^
M. K widtwer, coined from widow by
adding -er ; so also G. witwer.
Wield. (E.) M. £. weldetiy to govern,
possess, manage. A. S. gewyldan, to have
power over. This is a weak verb, due to
A. S. wealdan (pt. t. weold), to have power
over, govern, rule, possess. ^ Icel. valda^
G. walien, Goth, waldan, to govern ; allied
to Lith. waldytiy Russ. vlcutiete^ to rule,
possess. Cf. W. gwlady a region.
Wife. (E.) A. S. wlf^ a woman, neut.
sb. with pi. w^ (unchanged). + Du. wijf^
Icel. vlfy Dan. viv^ G. weib^ O, H. G. wtp^
a woman. Teut. type *wtbom, n. Root
obscure; certainly not allied to weave
(A. S. wefan)f as the fable runs. Der.
woman.
Wijf . (Du. - F. - ItaL - L.) Short for
periwtgj which see.
Wi|^t (1)1 a person, creature. (E.)
M. E. wight y wijt. A.S. wiht^ a creature,
animal, person, thing (very common).-^
Du. wichtf a child ; Icel. vattr ; Dan.
vattey an elf; G. wicht^ Goth, waihts^
fem. a wight, waiht, neut. a whit. Teut.
type *wehtizy f. Perhaps it meant * some-
thing moving,* from A. S. wegan^ to move ;
see Weigh, Whit.
Wight (a), nimble, strong. (Scand.) In
Spenser, Shep. Kal., March, 91. M. E.
wigktf valiant. — Icel. vigr, fit for war,
neut. vtgt, serviceable (accounting for the
6
final /), Swed. vigj nimble, vigt, adv.,
nimbly. From Icel. vig (« A. S. vuig),
war; cf. Icel. vega^ to fight, smite ; Goth.
weihan (pt. t. waiK)^ to fight, strive ; L.
uincere, to conquer. Cf. Lith. vek,\j
strength.
WigwaJU, an Indian hut (N. Amer.
Indian.) Massachusetts wek, hie house;
this word, with possessive and locative
affixes, becomes wekou-om-ui, in his house;
whence E. weekwam or wigwam (Web-
ster). Cuoq gives Algonquin mikituam^
also wikiwaniy a house (pp. 221, 438).
Wild. (E.) M. E. wilde ; A. S. wilde,
wild, untamed. + Du. wild\ Icel. vtl/r,
wild, also astray, bewildered, confused
(whence Lowl. Sc. willy astray); Dan.
Swed. vildy G. wild, Goth. 7uiliheis. Teut.
type *welthJoz, Cf. W. gwyllt^ wild.
Root uncertain.
wilderness, a waste place. (E.) M. K
wildemessey Layamon, 30335. From A. S.
wilder, a wild animal ; also wildor\ Teut.
type *wilthos, n., a derivative of wilde,
wild. Sievers, § 289.^-M.Du. wildemisse.
And see Bewilder.
Wile, a trick. (E.) M. E. wile ; A. S.
wtl, a wile. Cf. Lithuan. wilti, to deceive.
And see Guile. % The A. S. wtl is a late
word ; and a derivation from A. S. wtg-
Han, to practise sorcery, is possible; cf.
' wtlung, divinatio,' Kentish Glosses, 554 ;
also His [the devil's] vn^les, Ancr. Riwle,
300 ; A. S. wigl, divination (Napier).
Wilfol. (E.) M.E. wilful; formed
with suffix 'ful from M. E. wil-ley will ;
see Will (2) below.
Will (i), to desire, be willing. (E.)
M.E. willen, pt. t. wolde\ A. S. wilidn,
luyllan* to wish, be willing ; pres. wille,
wile (2 p. wfV/), pt. t. wolde,'\'T>Ji. willen,
Icel. vilja, Dan. ville, Swed. vilja^ Goth.
wiljan (pt. t. wilda), G. wollen (pres. will,
pt. t. wollte), Lithuan. weliti, L. uelle
(pres. uold) ; Skt. vr, to choose. (^WEL.)
Dep. will-ingy orig. a pres. part. Also willy-
nilly, answering both to will /, nill /, and
to will he, nill he ; from A. S. nillan, short
for ne willan, not to wish (=L. nolle, not
to wish).
will (2), sb., desire. (E.) M. E. wille,
A. S. Tvilla, sb. — A. S. willan, to will ; see
Will (i) above. -fDu. wil, Icel. vili, Dan.
villie, Swed. vilja, G. wille, Russ. volia.
Willow. (E.) M.E. wilow, wilwe;
.A.S. welig.-^Du. wilg. Low G. wilge.
WimberrytWinberry. (L.andE.)
10
WIMBLE
WINE
A. S. wtnberie^ winberige, a grape, lit. a
wine-berry. — A. S. wtn, from L. uinumj
wine ; berige^ a berry ; see Berry.
Wimble (i). a gimlet. (E.) M. E.
ivimbil. Cf. Dan. vimmeU a boring-tool ;
Low G. wemel, wemmel^ a wimble (Liib-
ben) ; M. Du. weme^ * a pearcer, or a
wimble,* Hexham ; M. Du. wenteleny * to
pearce or bore with a wimble/ Hexham.
Apparently from a Teut. base *wem, to
turn ; see below. Cf. Shropsh. wim-wam^
a turnstile. Der. gimlet.
Wimble (2), active. (Scand.) In
Spenser, Shep. Kal., March, 91.— Swed.
dial, vitnmlay to be giddy or skittish, fre-
quent, of Swed. dial, vima, to be giddy,
allied to Icel. vim^ giddiness. Compare
'Wimble (1) and Whim.
Wimple« a covering for the neck. (E.)
"M. E. wimpel; A. S. winpel^ a wimple. +
Du. wimpelf a streamer, pendant; Icel.
vimpill^ Dan. Swed. vimpel, G. wimpel^ a
pennon, O. H. G. wimpal, a summer robe.
p. The A. S. winpel suggests *wtnd-pel\
from wind, the wind, and (perhaps^ A. S.
pall, pell (L. pallium), a covering ; cf.
O. H. G. wim-pcU, See Wind (i) and
Fall (i). % This would also account for
the sense of ' streamer,' \i pel can mean a
strip of bright-coloured stuff. (A guess.)
win, to gain by labour, earn. (E.)
M. £. winnen,pt, t. wan, won, pp. wonnen.
A. S. wtnnan, to fight, struggle, try to get,
labour, suffer; pt. t. wann, pp. wunnen,^
Du. winnen, Icel. vinna, Dan. vinde,
Swed. vinna \ G. getuinnen, O. H. G. win-
nan, to fight, strive, earn ; Goth, winnan,
to suffer. Allied to Skt. van, to beg, ask
for, honour ; L. uenerart, to honour, uenus,
desire ; W. gwht, a smile. (^WEN.)
Winberry; see Wimberry.
Wince. (F. — Teut.) M. E. wincen.
-* A. F. *wencir, necessarily the old form
of A. F. guencir (Toynbee), for O. Y.guen-
chir, later guincher, to wriggle, writhe
aside (Cot.). « O. Sax. wenkian ; M. H. G.
wenken, to wince, start aside; for Teut.
^wankjan-.'m'M., H. G. wank, and grade of
winken, to move aside, nod, beckon ; see
Wink.
winch, the crank of an axle. (£.)
M. E. winche ; prov. E. wink ; A. S.
wincey awinch, orig. a bent handle. Cf. A.S.
wincel, a comer, lit. bend ; from the strong
verb *wincan\ see Wink. Note also
Lithuan. winge, a bend or turn of a river
or road.
Wind (1), air in motion. (E.) M. E.
wind', A. S. wind, + Du. wind, Icel.
viftdr, Dan. Swed. vind^ G. wind, Goth.
winds, Teut. type *wendoz. Further
cognate with W. gwynt, Bret, gwent,
L. uentus, wind. Grig, a pres. part.,_with
the sense of * blowing.* From ^WE, to
blow; whence also Skt. vd, to blow,
vdtaSf wind, Goth, waian, to blow, Russ.
vieiate, to blow, metet^y wind, 'Lithuan.
wejas, wind. From the same root is E.
weather, q.v. Der. wind^ to blow a horn,
pt. t. and pp. winded. Much Ado, i. i. 343,
often oddly corrupted to wound \ Cf.
Sweet, Gr. 1367. Also wind-fall, wind-
mill, &c.
Wind (2), to turn round, twist (E.)
M. E. winden, pt. t. wand, wond, pp.
wunden, A. S. windan, pt. t. wand, pp.
wunden-^jyvL, winden, Icel. vinda, Dan.
vinde, Swed. vinda (to squint), G. winden,
Goth, -windan (in i^-windan), Teut.
type *wendan-, pt. t. *wand, pp. ^wund-
anoz,
windlass (Oi a machine with a turn-
ing axis. (Scand.) M. E. windelas ; from
Icel. vindil-dss (still in use), a compound
of Icel. vindill, a winder, and Uss (ex-
plained below). Here Icel. vindil^'h/L.E.
windel, Swed. dial, vindel, a winder ; from
the verb to wind, fi. We also find M. £.
windas, A windlass; Chaucer, C.T. 10498,
&c. i> Icel. vinddss, a windlass. » Icel.
vind-a, to wind ; dss, a pole, rounded beam,
+Du. windas, M. Du. windaes, a windlass.
y. Here M. Du. aes, Icel. &ss, is cognate
with Goth, ans, a beam (distinct from Du.
as, M.Du. asse^ an axis, for which see
wxndlass (2), a circuit. (Scand.)
Formerly windlasse; Hamlet, ii. i. 65;
&c. A peculiar use of Windlass (i),
perhaps misunderstood as if used for wind-
lace, a winding course; from wind, vb.,
and lace, a snare, twist, mod. £. lace.
Window. (Scand.) Orig. sense ' wind-
eye,* an eye or hole for the admission of
air and light. M. E. windowe, windohe,
windoge, — Icel. vindauga (for *windauga),
a window ; lit. * wind-eye ; * Dan. vindue,
* Icel. vindr, wind ; auga, eye ; see Eye.
% Butler has windore, a corrupted form,
as if for wind-door.
Wine. (LO A. S. win, wine ; borrowed
from L. uinum, wine (whence also G.
wein, &c.).^Gk. olvos, wine ; ofyi;, a vine.
The Gk. oivr\ is from ^^N^ei, to wind,
611
I
WINQ
twist, twine (see Withy) ; from the twining
growth of the vine. Bragm. ii. § 66.
Wing. (Scand.) M. £. winge^ wenge.
— Icel. vangr (for ^wangr), a wing ; Dan.
Swed. vinge \ N. Fries, winge.
Winky to move the eyelids quickly.
(E.) 1. M. £. winkeftf pt. t winkede. —
A. S. winciaftf to wink. 2. But we also
find winketty strong verb, pt. t. wank^
wortit shewing that there was also a strong
A. S. verb *wincan, (pt. t. *wanCy pp. *ge-
wuncen)y whence A.S. wanc-ol, waver-
ing, and other forms. + M. Du.. winckcUy
wencken, to wink ; wancky sb., a twinkling
of an eye, an instant ; Icel. vanka, to wink ;
Dan. vinie, Swed. vinka, to beckon ; G.
winketty to nod ; O. H. G. winkan, str.
vb., to move aside, stir, waver (see Schade).
Cf. Lith. wingisy a bend of a river, wangus,
idle, wengti, to shirk work, to flinch.
winkle, a kind of shell-fish. (£.)
A. S. -wincla (in wim-winclcC), a winkle.
Named from the convoluted shell; cf.
Dan. dial, vinkel, a snail-shell ; allied to
wince f a vdnch (orig. a bend, tnm?). See
also Wenoh.
Wifinow. (£>) M. £. windewefti
winewen, to winnow. A. S. windwiany to
winnow, expose to wind. — A. S. wind^
wind. So also O. H. G. wintdn^ from
wint ; L. uentilare, from uentus.
Winsome, pleasant. (E.) A. S. «y/«-
sumy delightful ; formed with suffix -sum
from wyntty joy. A. S. wynn < Teut.
*wunjd, i.f is formed (by vowel-change
of u to y) from wun-, as in Goth, un-
wun-andSj unrejoicing, weak grade of
Idg. ^wen, to desire. See "Wont. Cf. G.
wonney joy, O. Sax. wunnia.
Winter. (£.) A. S. winter ^ a winter,
also a year.-f-Du. winter, Icel. vetr, Dan.
Swed. vintery G. winter, Goth, wintrus.
Teut. type *wintruz. Root unknown.
Wipe- (£•) A.S. wipian, to wipe;
orig. *to rub with a wisp of straw. From
a sb. preserved in £. Fries, wtp. Low G.
wiepy a twist or wisp of straw. Allied to
Goth, waips, a wreath ; from the str. vb.
weipan, to crown (twine).
wire. (£.) A. S. wfr, a wire. + Icel.
tntTy wire ; cf. Swed. vira, to twist ;
O. H. G. wiara, an ornament of (twisted)
gold ; L. uiruBy armlets. Some compare
Irish y&ir, crooked (bent) ; from i^W£I,
to twine.
Wis; seeTwis.
Wise (i)) discreet, learned. (£.) A. S.
WISTFUL
wtSy wise. +1^11. wijsy Icel. vtss, Dan. w/j,
Swed. viSy G. weise, wise. Teut. type
*wisoZy for *wit'toZy from Idg. -v^WEID,
to know. See Wit (i). Thus uftsa =
'knowing'; cf. cunning. Brugm. i. §§
759, 794. Der. wis-donty A. S. wis-dom.
wise (2), manner, way. (E.) M. E.
wise ; A. S. wise, way. Orig. sense * vrise-
ness ' or skill ; from wts, adj., wise
(above). + 1^0. wijs, Dan. viis, Swed. zfis,
G. weise, sb. Der. like-wise (i. e. in like
wise) ; other-wise. Doublet, guise,
wiseacre. (Du. — G.) Borrowed from
M. Du. wijsseggery supposed to mean a
wise sayer, sooth-sayer. — G. weissager,
supposed to mean ' wise sayer.* p. But the
G. word is itself a corruption of O. H. G.
wtzagOy a prophet, seer ; from O. H. G.
wtzan, to see. The cognate A. S. word is
wttega, a prophet, seer ; from A. S. wTteut,
to observe. B. The verbs wtzan, wttan, are
cognate with L. uidire (pt. t. utd-i), to
see ; and closely allied to A. S. witan, to
know ; see Wit (i).
Wish, vb. (£.) M.E. wischen. A.S.
wyscan, to widi; for Teut. *wunskjan-y
formed from Teut. *wunsko-, sb., a wish.
Compare A.S. wOsc- (in comp.), which
is cognate with M. Du. wunschy Icel.
osk, G. wunsch, O.H. G. wunsc, a wish
[the derived verbs being IceL askja, G.
wiinschen^ to wish]. Allied to Skt.
vdHch, to desire, wish, formed (with verbal
suffix -skch) from van, to ask. Similarly
the E. word is a derivative from ^^WEN,
to desire, whence E. win; see Win.
Brugm. ii. § 90. Der. wishful', and see
wistfuL
wisp, a small bundle of straw or hay.
(£.) M. £. wisp, also wips. The form
wips may be connected with the verb to
wipe. Allied to Low G. wi^, Norweg.
vippa, a wisp, Swed. dial, vippy a little
sheaf or bundle, Goth. waipSy a crown
(orig. a twisted wreath). Cf. Dan. vippe,
to see-saw, go to and fro, Swed. vippOy
G. wippen, to go up and down, see-saw.
Perhaps from the vibratory motion in
rubbing^ ; see Whip, Vibrate.
Wist, knew ; see Wit (i).
Wistfioly eager. (£.) The history of
the word shews it to be a substitution for
wishful y 3 Hen. VI, iii. i. 14 ; which is
from wish^ sb., with suffix -ful, fi. But it
seems to have been confrised with wistfyy
a word used by Shakespeare in place of
M. £. wisly, certainly, verily, exactly.
6l9
WIT
WITTOL
formerly a common word ; see Chaucer,
C. T. 1865, 3992, &c. This M. E.
ivisly is from Icel. viss^ certain (distinct
from, yet allied to, viss, wise), orig. pp.
of Icel. vita^ to know (Noreen) ; see
T^it (I).
Wit (i), to know. (E.) The parts
of this verb are often ill understood and
wrodgly given. M. E. infin. witen ; pres.
t. / wot^ with 3 p. he wot (later wottetK)^
and a p. thou most (later wottest), pi. witen ;
pt. t. wistCj pp. wist, A. S. Ttdtan ; pres.
t. ic wat^ fa wdstf he wOt, pi. witon, pt. t.
wiste, also wisstt pi. wiston ; pp. wtten ;
gerund tdwitanne (mod. K to nri/).^Du.
weten^ loel. vita^ Dan. vide, Swed. veta,
G. wissen, Goth, ztn'tan, to know. Further
allied to L. uidlrgf to see, Gk. IdciV, to
see (perff t oTSa a I wot, I know), Skt.
•t^ii/, to see, vida, I know. (-^WEID.)
wit (2), sb., knowledge, &c. (E.)
M. £. wit ; A. S. wttt, knowledge ; Teut.
type *wit'jom, neut. — A. S. witan, to
know ; see "Wit (i). + Icel. vitf Dan. vid,
Swed. vettf G. w//«, wit.
wit (3), a wise man. (E.) M.K wite;
A. S. witay lit. ' one who knows.* -• A. S.
witan, to know. Der. A. S. witena ge-
mdty a meeting of ' wits,* a parliament.
Witch. (£.) M. £. wicche, both masc.
and fem., a wizard, a witch ; A. S. wicce^
fem. ; also wicca^isi. Allied to A.S. wiccian,
to practise witchcraft; E. Fries, wikkett.
+M. Du. wicker, * a soothsayer,' Hexham ;
Low G. wikken, to predict. Cf. Norw.
vikja, (i) to turn aside, (2) to conjure
away. This links it with Icel. vikja (pp.
rnk'inn), to move, turn, push aside ; and
with E. 'Weak. Thus witch perhaps ^
'avcrter.' Dor. bewitch, vb. (above).
Witch-elm, Wych-elm. (E.) M.E.
wiche, A. S. wice. The sense is < bend-
ing,' or drooping; from the pendulous
branches. « A. S. wic^en, pp. of wican, to
bead ; see Wicker.
With. (E.) A.S. wid, by, near, among;
it also means 'against,' as in mod.E. with-
standi with'Say, 4* Icel. vi9, against, by,
at; Dan. ved, Swed. vid, near, by, at.
Allied to A. S. ^uiOer, against ; see
Withers. Der. with-al, from M.E. with^
with, eUle, dat case of al, all ; with-in,
AS. widinnan't with-out, A.S. widOtan,
Hence also with-draw, with-hold, with-
'say^ withstand.
Withdraw. (£.) From wUh, i.e.
back, towards oneself; and draw, Hoace
with-draw- if tg-room, a retiring-room, now
oddly contracted to drawing room.
Withe ; see Withy.
Wither. (E.) Orig. trans. ; M. E. wid-
ren, wederen, to expose to weather. From
M, E. weder, weather ; see Weather. Cf.
G. verwittem, to wither; from wetter,
weather.
Witiiere, the ridge between the
shoulder-blades of a horse. (E.) So called
because it is the part which a horse opposes
to his load, or on which the stress of the
collar comes in drawing. » A. S. wider,
against ; as sb., resistance ; cf. also A. S.
wiO, against (above). Cf. G. wider-
rist, withers of a horse ; from wider, by-
form of wieder, against, and rist^ an
elevated part. A. S. wider is further re-
lated to Icel. viOr, against, O. H. G. widar,
Goth, withra, against (for wi-thra^ a
compar. form). Cf. Skt. vi, apart, vi-
taram, further. Brugm. i. $ 86.
Withhold. (E.) From wiM,i.e. back,
towards oneself; and hold.
Within, Without ; see Wifb.
Witheay, to contradict. (E.) From
withy in the sense ' against ' ; and say.
Withstand, to resist. (E.) From with,
in the sense ' against ' ; and stand,
WithT, Withe, a flexible twig. (E.)
M . E. wSii ; A. S. wtHig, a willow. Named
from its flexibility ; from V^^^* ^^ twine,
plait, as in L. ui-ere, Russ. vite, to twine.
+M. Du. weede, hop-plant (twiner) ; Icel.
vitija, a withy, vid, a withe, vidir, a willow;
Dan. vidie, Swed. vide^ willow; G. weide,
willow. Also Lith. wytis, a withe, zil-
wittis, a willow (cf. iill-as, gray) ; L.
uttis, a vine; Gk. Wo, a willow; W.
gwden, a withe. Cf. L. ut-men, a twig.
Brugm. ii. §$ 685, 789.
WltneeSy testimony. (E.) Properly an
abstract sb. A. S. witnes, testimony. —
A. S. wit-an, to know, with suffix -nes ;
thus the orig. sense was 'knowledge* or
'consciousness.' Cf. Icel. w'tna, Dan.
vidne, to testify ; Goth, weit-wods, a wit-
ness. Der. witness, vb.
Wittol, a cuckold. (Low G.) Formerly
supposed to mean ' wit-all ' ; also thought to
represent A. S. witol^ knowing, wise, from
witan, to know. There is no foundation
for this, as the word is not used in the M. E.
period. Bp. Hall writes witwat; i.e. wittot
is the same as witwail, or woodwale, the
name of a bird. Florio (ed. 1^98) explains
Ital. godano by ' the bini called a witweU
613
WIVERN
WONT
or woodwall ' ; and in a later edition, ' a
wittal or woodwaie* If this be so, we may
be sure that allusions were made to the
witwall similar to those endless allusions
to the cuckoo which produced the word
cuckold. Witwall represents the M. Du.
or Low G. form of £. woodwale\ and,
while woodwaU usually means the wood-
pecker, witwall seems to have been applied
to the oriole. See Woodwale.
Wivern ; see Wyvem.
Wisard, Wisard. (F.-Teut.) M.E.
zoijan/. — A. F. *wischard, necessarily the
orig. form of O. F. guischard, guiscart,
sagacious.— Icel. vizk-r, clever, sagacious,
knowing (where -r is merely the suffix of
the nom. case) ; with F. suffix -ard = G.
kartf hard, strong, confirmed in (as in
numerous other words), p. The Icel.
vizkr = vitskKf with z for ts ; from vit-a^
to know, with suffix 'Sk- (=E. -i>/4).
Hence wiz-ard=wit-ish-ard,
WiieiLf to shrivel or dry up. (E.) M.E.
wisenen, to become shrivelled ; O. North-
umb. wisnian, to become dry, John xv.
6 ; we find also A. S. for-wisnian, to dry
up. -f* Icel. visna, to wither, allied to the
old pp. visinn, wizened, occurring also
as Dan. and Swed. vissen. This is a pp.
of a lost strong verb, from a base WEIS,
to dry up. Cf. O. H. G. wesanen, to dry
up. And cf. Virulent.
WO, Wo©. (E.) M. E. wo ; A. S. wa,
interj. and adv. ; wia, wo, sb. 4* ^°* ^^^>
interj. and sb. ; Icel. vei^ Dan. veCj Swed.
ve, G. wehf Goth, waij interj. ; also Dan.
vee, G. wek, sb. Allied to yN,gwae, woe,
L. ucBj wo ! Orig. an exclamation ; hence
a cry of pain, &c. Der. wo-hegone^ i. e.
wo-snrrounded, from M. E. begotty pp. of
begifn = A. S. hegan^ to surround, lit. to go
round about ; from A. S. he- ( = E. by)^
and gan, to go. Also wo worthy i. e. wo
be to ; see Worth.
Woady a plant, used for dyeing. (E.)
M. E. wody wood, woad. A. S. wad,
woad. + Du. wcedCy Dan. vaid, veid^
Swed. veidct G. waid^ M. H. G. weit
(whence O. F. waide^ mod. F. guide).
Allied to L. uitrum^ woad. % Distinct
from weld (2).
Woldi a down, plain, open country. (E.)
M. E. woldy wald, A. S. weald, wald, a
wood, forest (hence waste ground, and
even open country, as in Icelandic). +
Du. woudy O. Sax. and O. Fries, wald^
a wood ; G. wald\ O. H. G. wait, a
wood ; Icel. vollr, gen. vallar, a field,
plain. Tent type *walthuz, Cf. TVeald.
Wolf. (E.) M. E. wolf, pi. wotuss («
wolves), A. S. wulfi pi. wulfas,^T>\x, G.
wolf, Icel. alfr, Dan. «/z/, Swed. uif, Gotb.
wulfs. Further allied either to L. ut^lpcs
(see Vulpine) ; or else (together ivith
Icel. ylgr, a she-wolf) to Lith. wi/Jbas,
Kuss. volk\ Gk. \iK05, Skt. vrka-, a "wolf.
Teut. type *wulfoz, Idg. type *w9lqos ;
from *welq, to tear ; cf. Skt. vrofch, to
tear, Lith. wilkti^ to pull. Brugnu ii.
§ 60. Der. wolv-er-ene, a coined word ;
wulverin in Hakluyt, i. 277.
Woman. (E.) A phonetic alteration of
A.S. wifman, lit. wife-man, the word fnan
being formerly applied to both sexes. This
word became winiman, pi. wimmen, in
the loth century, and this pi. is still in use
in spoken English. In the 12th century/
it became wutntnan (just as, in A. S., widu
became wudu, see Wood), whence £.
woman and prov. E. wumman [wnm'un].
% Cf. leman from A. S. leofman, Lani"
mas from A. S. hlaf masse \ see Iieman,
Xiammas.
Womb. (E.) Lowl. Sc. wame, the
belly. 'hmL,wombe,wambe, A,S,wamb,
womb, the belly.+Du. wam, belly of a fish;
Icel. vomb, Dan. vom, Swed. vBmb, vamm,
G. wampe^ wamme, Goth, wamba, the
belly.
Wombaty a marsupial mammal. (Aus-
tralian.) A corruption of womback, the
native Australian name. (Collins, New
South Wales, 1802; Bewick, Quadrupeds ;
E. E, Morris, Austral English.)
WoiLf to dwell, remain. (E.) M. E.
wonen, A. S. wunian, to dwell; see
Wont.
Wonder, sb. (E.) A. S. wundor, a
portent, wonder.^-Dn. wonder, Icel. undr,
G. wunder, O. H. G. wuntar; Teut. type
*wundrom, n. Origin unknown.
wondrous, wonderful. (E.) A cor-
ruption of the old word wonders, won-
drous, orig. an adv., but also an adj.
* ^((7«flferj dere'=wondrouslydear; * won-
ders men* = wonderful men. Wonders
was formed by adding the adv. suffix -s
(orig. a gen. case) to the M. E. wonder,
adj., wonderful, Chaucer, C. T. -^55. This
adj. is short for wonderly, adj. « A. S.
wunderlic, wonderful, 4y being dropped
because it seemed like an adverbial ending.
Wont, used, accustomed. (E.) M. £.
wotted, pp. of wonien, to dwell, remain,
614
woo
WORMWOOD
be used to ; it came to be used as a sb. ;
and, its origin being forgotten, the pp.
sufBx 'td was again added, producing a
form wont'td ^ won-ed-edX Chaucer has
wonedy i. e. wont^ as a pp. ; C. T. 8215 ;
Troilus, i. 511. A.S. wuttod, pp. of A.S.
wunian^ to dwell, be used to. -i A.S. ge-
wuna, sb. ^custom, use, * wont* •« A. S.wun-,
weakgrade of -^ WEN, to desire, strive after;
^ee Win, Wish. fVont is a habit due to
acquiescence in what seems pleasant. Cf.
Icel. vanr, adj., accustomed, vani, a usage,
allied to vinr, a friend ; G. gewohnty wont,
pp. of woknen^ to dwell. Der. wont, sb.,
for M. £. wonct usage (by confusion) ;
hence wonty vb., wont-ed, accustomed.
Woo, to court. (E.) M. E,^wo)ent
wazven, A. S. tvogian, to woo ; of obscare
origin.
Wood (i)) timber, forest. (E.) M. E.
wade. A.S. wuduy of which the orig. form
was widu, wood. ^f- Icel. viOrf a tree, wood ',
Dan. Swed. ved; O. H. G. witu, Cf. Irish
fiodky a wood, tree ; O. Irish yf^, a tree ;
W, gwfddy trees. Teut. type *widuz,
Der. wood-en, -y, -ed; wood-bine, A.S.
wudu'binde\ -ruff, -wale*
Wood (a)) mad, furious. (E.) In Mids.
Nt Dr. ii. 1. 192. M. E. wod. A. S. wod,
mad, raging. + Icel. oOr, Goth. wSds,
'frantic. Cf. G. wuth, madness. Perhaps
allied to L. udtes, a prophet, one filled
with divine frenzy ; O. Irish ^i^A. a pro-
phet. Hence perhaps the name tVffden;
see Wednesday.
Woodruff, a plant. (£.) M. £. wod-
ruffe, woderoove, h.^.wuderdfe,wudurfffey
woodruff. Perhaps allied to A. S. rof,
meaning 'strong or 'famous.* Cf. G.
waldmeister, woodruff; L. hastula ngia,
WOOdwalOi a bird. (E.) Also'oilled
witwail, witial, M. E. wodewale^ perhaps
a woodpecker. From A. S. wudu, a wood ;
the form witwail being due to the Low G.
and M. Du. forms. The sense of -wale
is not known.+M. Du. weduwael, a kind
of yellow bird ; Low G. widewaal; M.H.G.
witewaly an oriole. (Cf. Wittol.)
Woof, the weft (E) This curious
word 18 a corruption of M. E. oof, the w
being prefixed owing to a popular ety-
mology from weave (which is true, but not
in the way which popular etymologists
would understand). Tne M. E. 01^ is a
contraction of A. S. owef, the woof. —
A. S. 0-, variant of a- (as in d-wefan), wef,
r.E.
a sb. due to wefan, to weave. Cf. prov.
abb, A. S. aweb, woof; from d-wefan, to
weave together.
Wool. (E.) M. E. wolle, A. S. wall,
n;M/.<4-Du. wol, Icel. ull, Dan. uld, Swed.
ull, G. wolle, Goth, wulla^ wool. Allied
to Lith. wilna, Russ. volna, Skt. urndy
wool; L. uellus Tfor ^velnus), fieece.
Also to Gk. \9ivqs (for *fKrjvo5)j L. ISna,
Irish olannyV^ , gwlan,
WOOlwardi clothed in wool only, for
penance. (E.) See L. L. L. v. a. 717.
M. E. wollewardy lit. with the skin to-
wards (against) the wool. From w^/and
•ward, suffix. See Toward.
Woon, a governor, officer. (Burmese.)
Burm. wun, a governor or officer of ad-
ministration; lit. 'a burden,* hence pre-
sumably ' the bearer of the burden '; Yule,
p. 867. See Viaier for the sense.
Word. (E.) A. S. wo«/.+Du. woord,
Icel. orHi Dan. Swed. ordy G. wort, Goth.
waurd. Teut type *wurdom, n. ; Idg.
type *w?rdho-, Cf. Lith. wardas, a name ;
L. uerbum^ word. Lit. ^ a thing spoken ; '
from ^/WER, to speak ; cf. Gk. tXptw, to
speak. Doublet, verb*
work, sb. (E.) M. E. werk» A. S.
weorCy werc'^uxx, werk, Icel. verky Dan.
vark, Swed. verk>, G. werk, Teut. type
*werkomy n. Further allied to Gk. ipyovy
work, lop7a, I have wrought, Zend, vareza,
a working, 'Pen.'^arB, gain. (^^WERG.)
Allied to Organ. Der. worJk, vb., wright.
World. (E.) M. K werld, A. S.
weoruldy weorold 4'Du. wereld^ Icel. verbid,
Dan. verden (where -en is the article),
Swed. verldy G. welt, M. H. G. werU,
O. H. G. weralt, fi. The lit. sense is
'age of man* or 'course of man's life,*
hence a life-time, course of life, experience
of life, &C. The component parts are A. S.
wer (Icel. verr, O. H. G. wer, Goth, wair),
a man ; and A. S. eldy an age (Icel. old,
Goth, aids, an age) ; see Virile and Eld.
Worm. (E. ) M. E. worm, A. S. wyrm^
a worm, snake. -fDu. womty Icel. ormr,
Dan. Swed. orm^ G. wurtny Go\h,waurms\
also L. uertnis, a worm. Teut. type
*wurmit, Idg. type *w9rmiz. Brugm. i.
5 371; ii. ? 97. Prob. allied to Gk.
^/xor (for *^p6fjMs), a wood-worm.
Wormwood, a bitter plant. (E.) A
corrupted form, the word having no refer-
ence either to 2vorm or to wood. M. E.
wermodey later wortnwod, A. S. wemiod.
•f G. wermuthy O. H. G. werimuota.
Origin unknown.
616
WORRY
WRACK
Worry, to harass. (E.) M. E. wirien,
worowen, orig. to strangle, and used of
the worrying of sheep by dogs or wolves.
A. S. wyrgafiy to strangle, harm ; see O. £.
Texts, p. 99. + ^"' vtorgen, O. Fries.
wergia^ wirgia^ G. wUrgent to strangle,
suffocate, p. G. wiirgen is the causal
form of the M. H. G. strong verb -wergan,
only in comp. ir-wergafty to strangle.
Teut. base *werg, Idg. V WERGH ; as in
Lith. w€rs%-tiy to strangle, oppress. Bnigm.
i. § 634.
Worsay comparative adj. and adv.,
more bad. (£.) M. E. wurs^ wers, adv.,
wurse, werse^ adj.; A. S. wyrs, adv.,
ivyrsa, adj., worse. -|" O. Sax. wirSy adv.,
wirsa, adj. ; Icel. verr^ adv., verri^ adj. ;
Dan. varrCy Swed. vdrrty adj. ; M. H. G.
wirSf adv., wirser, adj. ; Goth, wairs,
adv., wairsiza, adj. p. The common
Teut type is *wersizon', adj., where -izon-
is the comparative suffix, and the base is
*wers, to twist, entangle, confuse ; cf.
O. H. G. werran, G. wirren, to twist,
entangle; see War. Der. wors-en, vb.
See Worst.
Worship, sb. (E.) Short for w&rth-
ship, A. S. weofHscipe, wyrdsctpe^ honour.
~ A. S. weortft wyHf^ adj., honourable ;
with suffix 'Scipe (E. -ship), allied to E.
sAapg, See Worth. Der. worship, vb.
Worst, superlative. (E.) A. S. wyrs/,
adv., wyrsta, contracted form of ^wyrsesta^
adj., whicli also occurs as wyrresta. Matt,
xii. 45.4*0. Sax. wirsista^ adj. ; Icel. verst,
adv., verstr, adj. ; Dan. vctrst, Swed. vdrst^
O. H. G. wirsisto. Teut type *wers'ist-oz,
adj. ; see Worse.
Worstedy twisted yam. (E.) M. E.
worsted^ Chaucer, C. T. 264. Named from
the town of Worsted, in Norfolk. Worsted
stands for Worth-stead \ from Worth, an
estate, and stead, a place.
Wort (I), a plant (E.) M. E. wort.
A. S. wyri, a wort, plant, herb. + O. Sax.
wurt, G. wurz, Goth, waurts ; cf. Dan.
urt, Swed. ort. Teut. type *wurtiZj f. ;
Idg. type *w9rdis. Allied to Icel. rot^
L. rddix, Gk. pi^a, a root ; fidd-afiyos, a
young shoot ; W. gwreiddyn, O. Irish
/rem, a root. See Badix, Boot. Brugm.
i- §§ .^50, 529.
Wort (2), an infusion of malt, new beer.
(E.) M. E. wort or worte, A. S. -wyrt,
in the compound mdx-wyrt, lit. mash- wort,
an infusion of worts. + Icel. virtr^ Norw.
vyrt, vort, Swed. vort, G. Oier-wurze, beer-
wort ; M. H. G. wirz, p. The Icel. zfirtr,
M. H. G. wirz are from a Tent, base
*wertu\ which differs in gradation from
Wort (i)y but is closely allied to it.
Worth (i), adj., deserving of; sb., de-
sert, value. (E.) M. E. wurtk, ^vartk,
A. S. wyrde, adj., mutated by-form of vfeorf,
adj. valuable; v)yr}, weorf, sb., value.
•f* Du. waard, adj., waarde, sb. ; loel.
ver6rt adj., verU, sb. ; Dan. vard, adj. and
sb. ; Swed. vdrd, adj., vdrde, sb ; G. uterth^
adj. and sb. ; Goth, wairths, adj. and sb.
p. Teut type *werCog, adj., valuable ; cog-
nate with Lith. wertas, worthy; cf W.
^w^fi^A, value ; L. utr-irt^ to respect. Prob.
from y^WER, to guard, keep. Allied to
Ware (i) and Wary. Der. worth-y, adj.,
suggested by Icel. verHugr, worthy ; worth'
less.
Worth (2), to become, to be, to befall.
(£.) In phr. wo worth the day = wo be to
'the day. M. E. wort hen, to become. A. S.
weorHan, to become, pt. t. wearHf, pi.
wurdon, -f- Du. warden, pt. t. werd\ loel.
verda, pt t vard ; Dan. vorde ; Swed.
varda; G. werden; Goth, wairthan, to
become, pt. t. warth, p. All from Tent,
base WERTH, to become « yWERT, to
turn ; cf. L. uertere, to turn, uerti, to turn
tOf become. See Verse.
Wot, I know, or he knows; see Wit (i).*
Would; see Will (1).
Wound, a hurt. (E.) A. S. wuttd. -f
Du. wond, wonde, Icel. und, Dan. vunde,
G. wunde, sb. We also find an older type
in A. S. wund, G. wund, Goth, wunds,
wounded, harmed ; Teat, type *wun'd6z ;
Idg. type *w9n'tos. Origin doubtful. Cf.
Wen, Win.
Wourali, (hirali, Oorali, Ou-
rari,* Curari, a resinous substance, used
for poisoning arrows. (Guiana.) From
* ourali, written also zvouraii^ urali, urari,
curare, &c., according to the pronunciation
of the various tribes ' ; W. H. Brett, Indian
Tribes of Guiana, 1868, p. 140.
Wrack, a kind of sea-weed ; shipwreck,
ruin. (E.) Lit. * that which is cast ashore ;'
well shewn by mod. F. varech, (i) sea-
weed cast ashore, (2) pieces of a wrecked
ship cast ashore ; this F. word being bor-
rowed from English. M .E. wrak, a wreck ;
a peculiar use of A. S. wrac, * what is
driven* (Lat. actudrius), O. E. Texts, 37.
62. — A. S. wrac, for *wrac, and grade
of wrecan, to drive, urge, wreak ; see
Wreak. 4- Du. wrak, sb., a wreck, adj.,
616
WRAITH
WRIGHT
broken; Icel. r^>&, anything drifted ashore;
Dan. vragy Swed. vrak, wreck, trash. Cf.
Du. wraJken, Dan. vrage^ to reject.
"Wraitll, an apparition. (Scand.) Lowl.
So. wraith^ G. Doaglas, tr. of Virgil,
i£n. X. 641. The only similar word is
Icel . reidry formerly vreihr^ angry, offended,
eqniv. to E. wroth ; but the sense does not
suit. ^ Jamieson gives also an Ayrshire
warthy with the sense of 'apparition.'
Cf. Icel. varOa, varHi, a beacon, a pile
of stones to warn a way-farer, Norw.
varde, a beacon, vardyvle ( = ward- evil?),
a guardian or attendant spirit seen to follow
or precede one, vordf an attendant spirit,
Dan. dial, vardyr, varedyr^ a ghostly
creature resembling a man, who attends
and preserves him. (Doubtful.)
Wraaglei vb. (£.) M. £. wrangUn, to
wrestle, also to dispute. Frequentative
of wringy formed from the A. S. wrang^
2nd grade of wring-on ; see "Wring.
Thus the sense was to keep on twisting
or urging ; hence to wrestle or argue vehe-
mently. Cf. Dan. vringUy to twist, en-
tangle. Der. wrangle^ sb. ; wrangl-er,
a disputant in the schools (at Cambridge),
now applied to a first-class man in the
mathematical tripos.
Wrap, to enfold. (£.) Vi.^,wrappm\
also wTappen, whence Lap (3). Cf. N.
Fries, wrappe^ to stop up. Doublet, lap
(3). Cf. en-vehp, de-velop.
Wrath, anger. (E.) M. £. wraththe,
wreththe^ A. S. wrafPuy wrath ; Teut.
tv\)^*wraiihithd* — A. S. wrS8, adj., wroth ;
Tent, type *wraitAos ; see "Wroth. + IceL
reiOi, Dan. Swed. z^ede, sb., wrath ; from
Icel. reidr, Dan. Swed. vta/, adj., wroth.
See Wrotii.
Wreak, to revenge. (£.) M. £. wreken,
A. S. wrecan, pt t. wnec, pp. wrecen, to
wreak, revenge, punish, orig. to drive, urge*
impel.^Du. wreken ; Icel. reka^ pt. t. rak,
to drive, thnisti repel, wreak ; G. rachen^
to avenge ; Goth, wrikan^ to persecute.
p. AUi^ to Lith. wargtiy to suffer afflic-
tion; Gk. cfpYctr (for Hfipyuv)^ to shut
in : and to Urge. (VW£RG.)
Wreath, a garland. (£.) M.E,wrefAe,
A. S. wrSOf a twisted band, bandage,
fillet. Formed (with vowel-change of a
to 3) from wrSO, and grade of Tvndan^
to writhe, twist. See Writhe. Der.
wreathey vb.
Wreok, ruin, remains of what is wrecked.
(£.) Formerly wrA:^; the same as Wraok.
61
Wren, a small bird. (£.) M. £. wrenne.
A. S. wrennay wranna^ a wren. Cf. Icel.
rindilly a wren.
Wrenchi a twist, sprain. (£.) M. £.
wrenckey only in the metaphorical sense
of perversion, deceit. A. S. wrenc (dat.
wrence\ guile, fraud, ori?. crookedness or
perversion, lit. * a twist. + G. rank (pi.
rdnke)y a trick. Teut. type *wrankiz, m.
From *wrank- ; perhaps allied to A. S.
wringany to wring, twist ; see Wrinkle.
Der. wrench, vb.
Wrest, to distort. (£.) M. £. wresten,
A. S. wrastan, to twist forcibly. From
wrasty adj., firm, strong (orig. tightly
strung or twisted) ; formed with the suffix
-t and vowel-change of a to a, from wratf,
2nd grade of wridan, to twist. (For the
form, see Sievers, § 232 ; cf. A. S. idsty
foot-track, from lid-an (pt. t. lad), to travel.)
Cf. Icel. reisia, to wrest, Dan. vrisle, to
wrest.
wrestle. (£•) M.E. wrestlen. A.S.
wrastlian, to wrestle; frequentative of
wrSstan, to wrest, twist about ; see above.
4*M. Du. wrastelen, worstelen, to struggle,
wrestle ; £. Fries, worsteln ; N. Fries.
wrassele.
Wretch, a miserable creature. (£.)
Lit. 'outcast.' M. £. wrecche, A. S.
wrecctty wracca, an outcast, an exile. 4-
O. Sax. wrekkio, O. H. G. rcuheo, G. recke,
a warrior (adventurer). Teut. type *wrak-
jon-y m. — Teut. *wrak, 2nd grade of
*wrekan-y to drive, urge, hence to exile ;
see Wreak. Cf. Lithuan. wargasy misery.
Dec. wretch-edy 1. e. made like a wretch.
Wretchlessness, the same as reck-
lessness ; see Beck.
Wriggle, vb. (£.) Frequentative of
wrigy to move about, Skelton, £linour
Rumming, 1 76 ; which is a weakened form
of M. K wrikkeny to twist ; [we actually
find A. S. wrigian, but this passed into the
form wry,"] O. Fries, wrigia, E. Fries.
wriggen, Nor^\ rigga (whence rigla)y to
move about, rock. By-form of £. Fries.
wrikken, to turn hither and thither. 4- Du.
wriggelen, to wriggle, frequent, oi wrikkeny
to move or stir to and fro ; Low G. wrick-
eln (Richey); Dan. vrikke, to wriggle,
Swed. vricka, to turn to and fro. See
Biokets and Wry.
Wrighty a workman. (£.) M. £.
wrighte, A. S. wy'rA/^?, a worker.-»A. S.
wyrhty a deed, work ; formed with suffix
-/ from wyrc-OHj to work. [Teut. type
7 X3
WRING
*wurhtiz ; related to ^werkjan-^ to work.]
— A. S. weorcy work, sb. See "Work. +
O. Sax. wurhtio, O. H. G. wurhtOy a wright.
Dep. cart-wright^ ship-wright, wheel-
Wrights
Wrin^f, to twist. (E.) M. E. wringen^
A. S. wrmgariy pt. t. wrang^ pp. wrungen^
to press, compress, strain, wring. ^ Du.
wrtngen ; G. ringen (pt. t. rang), to
wrestle, to wring, turn. Allied to Wry,
and perhaps to Worry. Der. wrong.
Wrinkld (x)) & small ridge or uneven-
ness on a surface. (E.) M. E. wrinkel.
Perhaps allied to Wrenoh, and to A. S.
wringan, to twist. The lit. sense is 'a
little twist,' causing nnevenness. -^ M. Dn.
wrinckelj a wrinkle, allied to wrtngen^ to
twist. % Dan. rynke^ Swed. rynka, Icel.
hrtikka (for *Arunka), a wrinkle, forms
due to the pp. of an old strong vb.
*hrenkanj are related to Buck (i). Der.
wrinkle, vb.
Wrinkle (3), a hint. (£.) Lit. 'a
small trick ; ' dimin. of A. S« wrene, a
trick ; see Wrench.
Wrist. (E.) 1/L.lS., wrist, wirst, A.S.
wrist, also called handwrist, i. e. that
which turns the hand about. Formed
(like wrest, q. t.) with suffix -4 from
wriO', weak grade of wridan, to writhe,
twist about. + Low G. wrist ; Icel. rist,
instep, from riO-, weak grade of rtda, to
twist ; Dan. Swed. vrist, instep, from vride
or vrida, to twist ,* G. rist, instep, wrist.
Write. (E.) The orig. sense was ' to
score,' i.e. to scratch the surface of wood
with a knife. M. E. wriien, pt. t. wroot,
pp. writen (with short 1). A. S. writan,
pt. t. wr&t, pp. writen. + O. Sax. writan,
to cut, write ; Dn. rijten, to tear ; Icel.
rita, to scratch, write; Swed. rita, to
draw ; G. reissen, to cut, tear. Tent,
type ♦««;'«/««-, pt t. *wrait, pp. *writanoz,
Der. writy sb., A. S. gewrit, from the weak
gracie writ-.
Writhe. (E.) M. E. writhen, pt. t.
wroth, pp. writhen (with short 1). A. S.
wridan, pt. t. wrad, pp. wriCen, to twist
about. 4-Icel. r/Va, Dan. vride, Swed. vrida,
to wring, twist, turn ; O. H. G. ridan.
Teut.type *wreithan-, Der. wroth, wrath,
wreath, wrest, wrist.
Wrong, perverted, bad. (Scand.) M.E.
wrong. Late A. S. wrong, a wrong, sb. ;
orig. an adj. — Icel. rangr, O. Icel.
*wrangr>vraHgr, awry, wrong; Dan.
vrang, Swed. vrhng, perverse. From
YANKEE
vrang, and grade of vringa, to wring
(only preserved in the pt. t. 3 p. pi.
vrungu) ; cognate with E. Wriiis.<4-Dn.
wrang, acid, sour (because acids vuring
the mouth).
Wrotll, angry. (E.) A. S. wrdtf ; from
wrdSy 2nd grade of wriOan, to writhe. +
Du. wreed, cruel ; Icel. reidr, Swed. Dan.
vred; O. H. G. reid^ reidi, twisted^ curly.
See Writhe.
Wnr, twisted, turned aside. (E.) From
the NL £. wrien, vb., to tvdst, bend aside ;
A. S. wrigian, to turn, incline towards.
See Wriggle. Der. a-wry^ for en vfry,
Barbour, Bruce, 4. 705.
Wych-elm ; see Witoh-elm.
Wyvern, wiTem, a two-legged
dragon, in heraldry. (F. — L.) The final
n is added, as in bitter-n. M. E. wiuere
{wivere), a serpent. — A. F. wyvre, O. F.
wivre (F. givre), a viper. — L. uiperoy a
viper ; see Viper. % The w is doe to G.
influence ; as if from O. H. G. ^wtpera,
borrowed from L.
XebeCf a small three-masted vessel.
(Span. — Turk.) Span, xabeque. — Turic.
sumhakt, a kind of ship. Cf. Peis. sum-
buky Arab. sumbUk, a small boat, a pin-
nace. (Devic; Rich., p. 852.)
Y.
Y-, prefix. (E.) In y-clept, y-wis. M.E.
y-^ i' ; A. S. ge-, a common prefix. This
prefix appears as e- in e-mmgh, and as a-
m a-ware. 4-Du. G. ge-, prefix ; Goth, ga-,
prefix.
f acht. (Dn.) Du./s^, M.Dn./eu-A/,
a swift boat, a hunting. — Du. jagen, to
hunt, chase. 4" ^* j^S^^i to l^unt. See
Yaw.
Yak, a wild ox. (Thibet) Thibetan
*iyag^ a male yak, where the symbol 7 is
used to denote a peculiar Thibetan sound ;
H. A. Jaschke, Diet. p. 668.
Yam, a large esculent tuber. (Port. —
W. African.) Port, inhame, a yam
(Littr^). Formerly called inamia in
Benin ; Hakluyt, ii. 3. 1 39.
Yankeei a citizen of New England, or
of the United States. (North. E.) In use
in Boston, 1 765. Dr. Wm. Gordon, in his
Hist, of the American War, ed. 1789, vol. i.
pp. 334, 325, says it was a favourite cant
618
YAP
YEAH
word in Cambridge, Mass., as early as 1 7 1 3,
and that it meant * excellent/ as ' 9,yankee
good horse.' The word may have spread
from the stndents through New England,
and have thence obtained a wider currency.
It appears to be the same as Lowl. Sc.
yankie, a sharp, clever, forward woman ;
cf. Lowl. Sc. yanker^ an agile girl, an
incessant talker, a smart stroke, yank, a
jerk, smart Wotyt , yanking, active (Jamie-
son). We also find yank, to jerk, noted
by Buckland (Log of a Naturalist, 1876,
p. 130) as an American word. p. Thus
yank-y is quick, spry, from yank, to
jerk. % Dampier (Voyages, 1690, i.
38) mentions a Captain Yanky several
times.
Tap, to yelp. (£.) Of imitative origin ;
cf. E. Fries, and Low Qi,japptn, to gasp ;
F. japper, to yap. Note also Lowl. Sc.
yaup, to yelp, fi'om Icel. gjatpa. See Telp.
Tard (i), an enclosed space. (E.) M.E.
yerd. A. S. geard, an enclosure, court. +
Icel. garHr (whence 1^, garth), Dan. Du.
gaard, Swed. ghrd ; Goth, gards, a house ;
O. H. G. gart, a circle ; allied to O. H. G.
garta, a garden, Goth, garda, a fold. Teut.
type *gardoz, m. ; Idg. type *ghortos, as
in O. Irish girt, a field, lub-gort^ a garden ;
L. hortus, a garden ; Gk. xopros, a court-
yard. But the connexion with Gk. x^P^o^
is not certain. Doublets, garden, garth,
Der. court-yard, orchard,
Tard (3), a rod, 36 inches, cross-bar on
a mast. (£.) M. E. )erde, yerde, a stick,
rod. A. S. gyrd, gerd, a rod.+Du. garde^
a twig, rod, G,gerte, a switch; O. H. G.
gerta\ Teut. type gardjd, f. Allied to
O. Bulg. zriidt (Russ. jerde)^ a rod. But
not to Icel. gaddr, Goth, gazds, a goad.
Streitberg, § 125 (4).
TarOy ready. (£.) M.E. jare, yart,
ready. A. S. gearu, gearo, ready, quick,
prompt. "^ Du. gaar, done, dressed (as
meat) ; Icel. ^rr, ready ; O. H. G. garo,
ready ; cf. G. gar, adv., wholly. Teut.
type *garwoz. Allied to Oear.
X am. (E.) M. £. yam, A. S. geam,
thread. ^ Du. garen, Icel. Dan. Swed. G.
gam. Allied to Gk. x^P^> ^ cord, ori^r.
a string of gut ; cf. Litb. iamos, Icel.
gamir, guts. See Cord, Chord.
Tarrow, the plant milfoil. (E.) M.E.
yarowe, yarwe, A. S. garuwe, gearuwe^
gearwe, yarrow. -^ Du. genu, G. garbe,
0. H. G. garawa. If allied to Yare, per-
hai)s it meant * that which dresses,* or puts
in order ; from the old belief in its curative
properties as a healer of wounds.
Tata^han, Ataglian, a dagger like
sabre, with doubly curved blade. (Turk.)
Turk, yataghan, the same ; Zenker's Diet.
PP-947»968-
xaw, to go unsteadily, as a ship.
(Scand.— Du.) \tjf\,jaga, to move to and
fro ; also, to hunt. — Du. jagen, to hunt.
See Tacht.
7awl (i)f a small boat. (Du.) Du.
jol, a yawl, a Jutland boat ; M. 'Dm. Jo lie"
ken, 'a small hsuVt.^^Dt^n, jolle^ Swed.
julle, a yawl ; E. Fries, jiil, jiille \ Low
G^olU (Liibben). Root unknown.
Xawl (2), to howl. (E.) Also yole,
yowl (Halliwell). M. E. ^ulen. Also
M. E. goulen, Cf. E. Fries, jaueln. Low
G.jaueln, to yawl. + Icel. gaula, Norw.
gaula, to low, bellow, roar; cf. 'DvL,joi€n,
togroan. Imitative. Cf. Yell.
X awn, to gape. (E.) M. E. geonien,
yonien; whence E. yawn^ by lengthening
of d to open long 0 ; cf. 'K, frost, broth, — A. S.
geonian, to yawn. K\sxiginian ; from gin-,
weak grade of -gfnan, strong verb, to gape
widely.+O. H. G.ginin, to yawn ; cf. Icel.
ginay to gape, pt. t. gein. Allied to L.
hiare, to gape ; see Hiatus. (^^GHEI.)
Ye. (E.) M. E. ye, )e, nom. ; your,
^ur, gen. ; you^ jou, yow, dat. and ace.
pi. A. S. gi, nom. ye ; iower, gen. of
you ; iow, to you, you, dat. and ace. +
Du. gij, ye, », you ; Icel. ir, ier,ye,y9ar,
your, yOr, you ; Dan. Swed. «, ye, you ;
G. ihr ; Goth. jus, ye, izwara, your, tzwis,
you. p. The common Idg. base is YTJ ;
whence Lith. jus, ye ; Gk. v-fius, ye, Skt.
yu-yam, ye. Brugm. ii. § 436.
Tea, verily. (£.) This is the simple
affirmative; yes is a strengthened form,
often accompanied by an oath in our early
writers. M. E. ye, A. S. gia, ged, yea.-f
Du. Dan. Swed. G,ja, Icel, ja, Goth.yii,
j'ai ; W. ie ; Gk. ^, truly. Der. yes,
Yeaa, Ean, to bring forth young.
(£.) Here the prefixed >'• answers to the
A. S. prefix ge-. A. S. ianian, to ean ;
ge-ianian, to yean. We find ge-eOne eowa
= the ewes great with young. Gen. xxxiii.
13; cf. Swed. dial, ima^ to yean, vara
I on, to be with lamb (Rietz, p. 114).
Teut. type ^aundjan-, to yean. From
Teut. type *auno- (for *agwnih), corre-
^nding to L. agnus, a lamb (Kluge).
Cf. Irish Han, W. oen. Com. oin, Bret.
can, Manx eayn, a lamb. Hence Manx
619
YEAR
YET
eayneyt to yean. % Sievers derives ean
from A. S. eowu, a ewe ; see Bwe. Bragm.
i. $ 671. Der. yean-Hng^ a new-born
lamb.
Tear. (E.) M. E. ^er, yeer, often un-
altered in the plural (hence * a two-year
old colt'). A. S g^ar^ ger^ a year; pi.
same.<4-Du.yaar, Icel. dr^ Dan.atfr, Swed.
4r, G.jahr, Goth.y/r. Teut. type ^yStrom^
n. Cf. Zend yar{e\ a year. Perhaps
allied to Gk. fnpo^t a season, year, j^a,
season, hour ; Skt. yatu-^ time. Lit. ' that
which passes.' (^V£, to pass; from ^El,
to go.) Brugm. i. % 308, ii. § 587.
Tearn (i)» to long for. (E.) M. E.
yernen, A. S. gUrttan, to yearn, be de-
sirous. « A. S. georftf adj., desirous. + Icel.
gimay to desire, from gjam^ eager ; Goth.
gaimjan^ to long for, from -gairnSy de-
sirous (Teut. type *gcmoz), fi. Again, the
adj. is from the verb appearing in O. H. G.
geroHt G. be-gehreny to long for ; allied to
Gk. xokptiv^ to rejoice, x^^i j^yi Skt.
hary^ to desire. (yGHER.)
Team (2), to grieve. (E.) Also spelt
eanty em ; Hen. V. ii. 3. 3, ii. 3. 6 ; Jul.
Cses. ii. a. 129 ; Merry Wives, iii. 5. 45 ;
Rich. II. V. 5. 76 ; Hen. V. iv. 3. 26 ; the
prefixed y- being due to A. S. prefix ge-,
as in the case of yean. From A. S. eom- ;
as in eorn-igende^ murmuring; eom-fuly
anxious: ^(7r»-/fV, diligent ; perhaps allied
to Xarnest.
Teast. (E.) yL.E^yeest^yesL A.S.
gist, yeast. + Du. gest^gist, N. Fries. _/?j/,
Icel. jastf jastr^ Swed. jdst, Dan. gitsry
G. gaschtf gischt, Teut. base ^yest-. All
from V^ES, to ferment, appearing in
O. H. G.jesan, G. gaAren, to terment, Gk.
(UiVf to boil, {tffT6s, fervent. See Zeal.
Der. yeast-y or yest-y, frothy, Hamlet, v.
2. 199.
Yede, went. (E.) M. E. yede, )ede;
also eode. A. S. ge-eode, also iode, went,
only in the pt. t Cf. A. S. eodottf pt. t pi.,
with Goth, tddjiduftf pt. t. pi. Perhaps
A. S. go- = *i'0, from VEI, to go. Cf. Skt.
ay at, iydt, he went. Brugm. i. § 309 (2) ;
ii. § 478.
Telk ; see Tolk.
Tell. (E.) M..E.yellen. A.S.geilan,
giellan, to cry out, resound. + Du. gillen,
Icel. gella, also gjalla (pt. t. gall^, Dan.
gicelle, gialde, Swed. gdlla, G. gelletty to
sound loud and shrill. Teut. type *gellan-,
pt. t. *^//. Allied to Icel. gala, pt. t got,
to sing, O. H. G. galan ; A. S. galan.
pt. t. ^(^/, whence E. nightin-gale^ Der.
stan-ieL
Tellow. (E.) yi,E.yelwe,yelu. A.S.
^^^, ^^/m, yellow. + Du. geel, G. gelb.
Teut. type *gelwo%, Idg. type *g-hsl'wos.
Allied to L. heluus^ light yelloi«r, Gk.
XA<5i;, young verdure of trees, Russ. zele-
nuii, green, Skt. hart, green, yellow.
Further allied to Gall (i). "Der, yolk.
yellow - luuumer, yellow -am-
mer, a song-bird. (E.) The h is an
ignorant insertion ; am/n^r answers to A.S.
amore, a small bird.+M. Du. emmerickj a
yellow-ammer, G. gelbammer^ goldatnm^ry
yellow-ammer or gold-ammer, emmeriing,
the same ; O. H. G. amero.
Telp, to bark shrilly. (E.) M.E. >/<?/-
pen, also to boast. A. S. gielpan, pt. t.
gealp, ])p. golpen, to boast, exult, talk
noisily. + Icel. gjdlpa,, to yelp ; M. H. G.
gelfen. Allied to Yell Cf. Yap.
Xeoman. (E.) M. E. yornauy also
yeman. It appears to answer to an A. S.
*geatnan (not found), which might become
*geaman ; these would give yeman,
yonian in M. E. The word is cleared up
by the existence of O. Fries, gdman, a
villager, from gd, also gd, a village, and
man, a man ; so also M. Du. goymamien,
arbitrators appointed to decide disputes,
from M. \^\s.» gouwe, a hamlet (Hexham).
C£ also G. gau, a province, Goth, ganui,
a district; O. H. G.^«wi (without muta-
tion), and O. H. G. gewi (with mutation),
like Bavarian gdu, whence gdumann, * land-
mann.* Observe yore, as compared with
year. Many solutions have been proposed
of this difficult word.
York, the same as Jerk.
7es. (E.) A strengthened form olyea.
M. E. yis, yus, A. S. gise, gese, yes. ftob.
short for gea swd, i. e. yea, so ; see Yea.
Yesterday. (E.) M. E. ytsterdai\
from A. S. geostra, giestra (yester-), and
dag, a day.+Du. gisteren^ dag van gister,
G. gestem ; Goth, gistradagis, tomorrow.
p. Cf. Lat. hester- in hes-ter-nus^ adj.,
belonging to yesterday ; where again the
syllable hes- is cognate with Icel. gar,
Dan. gaar, Swed. g&r^ Lat. her-i^ Gk. x^«,
Skt. hyas, yesterday,. The suffix -ter is
of a comparative form, as in in-ter-ior, &c.
Brugm. i. §§ 624, 923.
Tet. (E.) M. E. yet, yit. A. S. git,
get, giet, moreover. + O. Fries, ieta, ita,
M. H. G. iezuo, ieze, yet; cf. G. jetz-t,
now. Origin obscure.
620
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