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323S.4-
.fP.uriU
ARABIC GRAMMAR.
PBINTII^'^7 0. J. CLAT, X.A.
AT THB UnVSaSITT PRESS.
rjt..j^^—^^
o
A CONCISE GRA.MMAE
OF THB
ARABIC LANGUAGE
BEVISBD BY
SHEIKH ALI NADY EL BARRANY.
W. J. ^AMONT, M.A.
FELLOW OF TBINIT7 COLLEGE, CAjfBBIDOE, AND mOUMBENT OF 8T MICHAEL'S
CAMBRIDGE. SOMETIME PBINCIPAL OF THE BNGU8H
COLLEGE, JBEUSALBM.
CAMBRIDGE :
DEIGHTON, BELL, AND CO.
LONDON: BELL AND DALDY.
1861.
^^vv3 6, y-
■^~^H"
I
I- '
PEEFACE.
The Grammar now offered to the Public is the
result of a conviction long entertained, that we
pay in England far too little attention to the
Arabic language. The importance of that language
to the study of Hebrew, the living to the dead,
can scarcely be overrated, for almost, if not quite,
every Hebrew root has its place in Arabic Lexicons.
The language of the Koran is also the sacred tongue
of Mohammedanism throughout the world, and is
the native speech of a very large proportion of
the empire which Christian powers have saved
from annihilation. To attempt the conversion of
the Moslem subjects of Turkey to the Christian
faith, is, as it appears to me, an imperative duty:
but, in order to do this, we must be able to hold
familiar intercourse with them. The absence of a
vi Preface.
compendious introduction to Arabic Grammar for
the use of English students, is a serious impe-
diment to the acquisition of the language. For
those who desire to pursue their studies into
elaborate detail, nothing better than De Sacy's
Oram/maire Arabe can be desired, It is full of
research, is accurate and comprehensive. Its very
size, however, renders it a tedious book for he-
ginnere, and it appeared to me possible to compress
into a short manual the main principles of the
language. The distinction between the Vulgar and
the Written Arabic ia not more than the distinction
between the speech of a ploughboy and the essay
of a philosopher ; I have not thought it necessary,
with some authors, to treat them as separate objects
of study. In the preparation of the present work
I have availed myself largely of the labours of pre-
ceding writers, and gladly acknowledge my especial
obligations to De Sacy, (of whose book Stewart's
is a poor abridgment,) to Caspari, and to the
Grammar of the American Missionaries published
in Arabic at Beyrout for the use of Arab boys.
That I might have the advice of native philologists.
I visited Cairo for the third time last winter, and
PrefoKse. vii
obtained the assistance of Sheikh Ali Nady el
Barrany, one of the Sheikhs of the El Azhar
Mosque. My mode of proceeding was to translate
portions of the manuscript into Arabic and amend
or improve it according to his criticisma He was
pleased to bestow a high commendation upon the
work, and made a special request that I would
connect his name with it on publication.
W. J, B,
Tbinitt College.
OcL gth, 1 86 1.
CONTENTS.
PAGE
Prbpaoe y
ORTHOGRAPHY.
A^habet 1
Glasses of Letters ^5
Weak Letters 6
Orthographic Signs 10
Paradigms of Changes of Weak Letters .... 11
PARTS OF SPEECH.
dasBes of Verbs 15
Coi^iigations of Triliteral Verbs ...... 17
Paradigm of Coi^ugations of Triliteral Verbs . .19
Tense and Mood 20
Paradigms of Triliteral Verbs 25
Conjmictiye Partides 39
Nun et Umkid 43
Passive Voice 46
Paradigm of Passiye Voice 47
Qoadriliteral Verbs 48
Paradigm of Regular Primitive Quadriliterals ... 49
Paradigm of Derivatiye Conjugations ..... 50
Remarks on Derivative Conjugations 51
Paradigms of Derivative Conjugations of Lregular Triliteral
Verbs 54
Passive of Derivative Coigugations and of Primitive Quad-
riliterals 61
V
X Contaitg.
PABB
VerbilB
NouDB of Action
Noun of ffingleneoi
„ l^me and PUce
ir Infftanmontality < , . ■ ■ ■ «
Tarbnl Adjectiyea 77
Belative Adjectives
Genderg of Nouns
Camparative AdjediveB
Niuuben of Nouna
Pedenmon <^ NomiB
ObBervationB on Declension
Pronouns
SYNTAX.
EERATA.
Page 8, line 1, /or Sjo\ read Sjj\
10, ... 16, ... Madda ... Maddah
s ^
21, ... 5f ... if a
41, ... 8, in CX«J^U ... J not J
45, ... 7, /or iii/»^^ ••• iij;*^^
49, ... 5, m Dual dde ' overj
c
52, last word, ybr J rea<{ J
58, line 7, /or JUJi read JUSl
'•• OD, ••• 4f ... LjT^ '" I \w^
«.. 71, ••• Op ••• f339 '" ? Vf
Page 76, l»at Km, in cUi« M c read ^
... 77, Hne 2, ^ •-r^j ■ " V"^
80, last line but an^ Mj- — (J»
... 89, line 7, /or ;* - ^
92, ... S, in F«n. /br »v ... »■
... B8, ... IB, for (_i- ■- J
... 112, ... i. ... er* ■ (tr* ■
... 120, ... B, ... Ja»- ..■ J*?-
... ISO, Bne» 10 and 11, /or Imftj — '-r^J
... 18*, line 10, for yj\ ■- ^^
^he Arahic Alphabet corUadns 28 letters whose forms
amd values a/re as foUotos:
Alif ....
Bay ... .
Tay .....
Thay...
Jim
\ Hhay...
2<Khay ..
^Dal ....
^Thal....
»Zay ....
i-Sin
'^Shin
'^ Ssaod. ..
^JDdaod ..
»T-ta
>Zza
'lAin
^^Ghrain..
^Fay
fK)lated.
Joined to
Medial.
Joined to
saoceeding
letter.
t
I
•
»
•
•
cy
y::^
—
J
^
f^ i^
A
A
J
^
t
•
• .
C
t
■SS
^
•
t
•
J
jk
•
J
J
J
«
J
(JW
t/-
AU
M)
A
A
JUA
A
U*
C^
•Id
^
c/»
c^
•
•Id
•
0^
!»
k
L
\,
1^
la
la
"&
t
X
&
e.
•
t
•
• •
I»^
(i-A
•
A.
»
3
1
Cawf...
Kaf ...
Nun...
Hay...
IFnw
Isolated.
Joinfdto
Ue<I]aL
Join»lto
BuccwUng
J
tf
ei
<
s
J
J
1
1
r
f
•«
-
u
w
A
J
n
A
•V
A
>
J
^
s?
J>
i
J
J
dded, but this is merely a combioatioii of
cannot properly be reckoned as an indo-
of short vowels in Arabic ia discharged by
ah, keertih, and da/m/mah.
hah = short « ot e j 1 = long a.
atah=ahort i; (j — \aa^ e.
mmah = short u; j = long u.
read and written Irom right to left.
■dent to a long, but if i be accented with
mc^ it assumes the sound of short i or w,
Alphabet.
o c
as <--^i Idrihy ,^' outee^ the ' serving as a slight
breatliing.
y = aUy as /%jJ> yaum,
= a^, as (JjJ^ ^t^.
At the end of nouns, and to distinguish their cases,
the accents fethahy kesrahy and dcvrnmah are doubled,
^ an, ^vriy^ oun.
This accentuation is called the v/u/n et tomvomy and the
nunnation in own ^, in an ^, and in in ^, indicates the
nominative, accusative and genitive cases respectively, as
N. \^j Bajoidowriy Ace. Sj>^ Rajoulany Gen. (J>^
Note. — The ^ is followed by ', except when it is
placed over 2r or the orthographic sign hamfiaah * (see
below), or when it precedes c^ mute; thus we write, as
above, Sj>^ in the Accusative, but A.4X^, 15^^ lj^*
Words of this last class do not admit a distinction of
nimnation in the different cases.
Alif serves sometimes as a mere breathing, sometimes
as a slight guttural, and is occasionally mute, as in the
3rd pL masc. of l^e Past Tense; but when preceded by
iias ih.e sound a
^, uJ, cJ, J,
' thing,' j, d, th
ctively.
[ju- and with *>
e Jim is coin-
ed, as it were,
udatioii.
scratch in the
resented hy gk,
\
Alphabet. 5
,3 is a ^, as it might be pronounced by a person
in the act of suffocation; the Copts drop the sound oik,
and give only the nisus in the throat.
^ very frequently serves as the feminine termination.
In this case it is surmounted by two dots H, and receives
the sound of eh. When followed by a noun in construc-
tion, or an adjective in agreement with it, it assumes
the pronunciation of t Ex. c^^ Hjij^ deeret Hcdeb;
'ijj^\ 5jU***^^ Emjadet d kebeereh.
J and (^ are sometimes consonants corresponding to
to and ^, at others vowela
The order of the letters was formerly different, and
was formed according to a series of eight unmeaning
words, the first of which, <Xsi' Abjad, is the Arabic
term for the alphabet. It was according to the Ahjad
that the letters received their significance as numerals.
The Arabs divide the letters into two classes, Solar
«
and Lunar. The Solar letters are C-?^ ci-^j ^3 ^y j>
ji ^i {J^y ijPp \j^9 oy b, ^. The Lunar, h <—>> ^^y
'Z! t t* ij *~^' ^^ ^^ (** ^'-?' L5*
1^ though a Lunar letter is generally treated as a
Solar.
65
6 Alphabet.
The difference between these two classes is, that if
the definite ftrticte (J) precede a Solar letter the sound of
ucceeding Solar letter, which is
^jyll, jyi\ are pronounced
letters of ^-a^ gun, and jM
eristics of these classes respect-
iolat and Lunar.
rided into Badical and Servile.
used to effect conjugation, in-
id are nine in number : ij CLJ,
a the word \^y*SLi.
ire called weak letters. This
J.
rchenged or contracted.
y of irregularities in Arabic
tf^sm arise &om the changes
■■ of these weak letters, the fol-
ikembered.
Alphabet. 7
It may be stated generally, that when a weak letter,
itself accented, follows an unaccented letter, the accent
of the weak letter is thrown back upon the precediag
letter, and the weak letter quiesces.
Ex. Jjkj for Jjkj; ^^ for j^.
The weak letters are rejected in three cases :
1st. When a weak letter, itself quiescent, is fol-
lowed by a jezmated letter, the weak letter is omitted
and its place supplied by the corresponding accent.
^^ e^v^il for c:^Ul; j^ for (^jij.
From this rule the alif of union and mute terminal
(Uif are excepted: thus we wiitej*^Li, )jjj»^j the *
in j*a3Li serving to unite the particle cJ to the verb.
Note. The cUif of union is an initial \ united by
Wasl to the preceding word. It only occurs in four
cases.
a
(1) In the article Jl .
(2) In Imperatives of the 1st form of the Primitive
TriliteraL
(3) In the 7th form of Derivative Verbs.
► ^
Alphabet.
r^l' ^:^1'
ii
y. u^'-
:ceptioii mctde by GrammariGins
it is scarcely a violation of the
iccented with Wail it pi-opetly
Bometimea written in addition
ak letter of the defective verb
Ji» Jf ijitsi J, the final
tense of verbs heginniDg with
a kesrated, as >**> for <^yii
}s of the same class, as ^-'jr
xmtracted in four cases.
[ become l when their accent
follow a quiescent letter, as
ng to the general rule above
Ekk letter is nnacccmted and the
Alphabet. 9
accent preceding it is clianged, the weak letter is clianged
into the weak letter analogous to the preceding accent.
Note, i and "*, j and ^, 4-^ and ^, are analogous
respectively. A similar rule applies to the orthographic
si^Eomzah.
Ex. 4Xi^jM> Pass, of JJbL»» <^^^ ^or iSi*^.
J and c5 occasionally remain after fethah and form
a diphthong with it, as a^> o>^9 pronounced ya/umi,
ladl/ or are pronounced as \ though not written so, as
Sy^y <U^^ pronounced scdaty ramaho,
Srdly. When j is the fourth letter in the inflection
of Defective Verbs, the persons are inflected with 1^
and not with j, except the accent preceding j be
cUbm/mah,
Ex. C^VjJi^ for (^^\*
4thly. When j and c^ come together and the first
ia quiescent they are changed into ^j as ^^^^^r* ^^^
4mSyoj^* ^ for c5jj»
Of the weak letters 4^ is weak, j weaker, 1 weakest.
ORTHOGRAPHIC SIGNS.
* ffameah, i& a alight pause followed by a guttural
breathing.
In Ali/-Jiamsah \, Hamzah accompanies the vovel
attached to 1 ; and when Alif is changed by the rules
of permutation the Hamzah remains attached to the j ot
(J, which replace 1. It not unfreqtiently happens that
Unm/Mtli. witli thfl nimivinriate vowel, scTvea the office of
hamzated, is usually written
indicates that the letter over
scent, ie. iB not immediately
letter over which it is placed,
office of T&hdid to 1 . "When
) placed over the first; and
iate vowel, takes the place of
ir the initial Alif to indicate
pronunciation to the preceding
preceding word termioates in
junction gives rise to certain
il/uih, kesrah, or daimmah. Tha
lerous rules for these changes
ecessary to burden his memory
Weak Letters, 11
with tliem in the commencement of his Arabic studies.
In ordinary writing the accents are for the most part
omitted
The accompanying Paradigms present in a tabular
form the usual permutations of the weak letters.
Medial
\ or \ becomes j or LS^ Ex. tmJjj for «-J]^ >
tM**' for (j»*«»»
Final 1 or » becomes ^ or c^» Ex. j^ Jo for l5*>i 5
:! -
^\jb for liU.
And Medial
S-* X s Xy sX>*
I or \ becomes j or 4-^- Ex. J^y-* for JlLs >
Jui for iU.
*i :e ^ ^ --^ -'>^ "i^
n or n becomes 1 or »• Ex. ^^'1 or .^^1 for ^11.
For euphony
X X ^"X- ^ ^X'
\\ sometimes becomes \y Ex. |^j^W for Vj^lU.
In a question 11 becomes A- Ex. JoS^l for JjoU>
^^ -iX i.^i'^sX c»-%^-iX
sometimes \ \ becomes jl Ex. 4^j^ for (Smj\\ 5
and U \J[. Ex. 11>1 for UlU
12 Weak Latan.
Note. Initial idif is still consideted imtial &ougli
leparable particlee 1i im-3,
ice is not aSeoted by the
OB, <— >), 1*1^ are written,
s there are a few excep'
words, as »XJbU^.> Jji.hj-
Ex. fa->\M for t—jly-
Ei (^U» for {jujjio.
Ijc for ^ in Triliteralfl.
as (_s^**-*i for j^i*-al
dc for ^«£> 1j.aC) ^.oc ;
for jl3A<, Ijkx^i jLxa-
j^ for j^ in Defective
Weak Letters. 13
Final ^j booomes y Ex. jAc for j^J^-
Final jJ becomes *^. Ex ^^^^ for jJf.* in Nouns
of the form (JtJ^-
Final J becomes ^^^ Ex. ^ for y^j.
Medial . becomes , ui . ^ ^ *'
1^ v^' JliX. (^j for {j*^j'
Knal f^ must quiesoe, Ex. Jjl for Jjl,
'^ - ^ -
also final c^^ or ^^ Ex. ^^U for ^U. and ^^U..
Hence
s
4^. and ^^ become ^- Ex. ^\j for ^^Ij and ^Ij,
and
c^ , (^ , iS ^ . Ex. ^ for ,^, UJo and ^.
Final ^_^ becomes U Ex. UjJb for ict^^Xfc-
- o- •^-
But the proper names ^^^Aai, ^j, retain ^^'
X. ,_y**' lor ^J*^^^
Ex. (,»*« for (^/oM,
tf- Ex. .ii for A^ji^l
^J for (jr/-
Ex. i_s^ for cfj'V"'
tJy- for ^_5>j-»-
i Ex. *U-i for^U-ii
fQ for jtj.
Qea 1 - Ex. |»\S for *y ;
jL> for _;J-"-
ireceded by a vowel be fol-
acent, the first of the con-
[f the preceding vowel be
s aot/ethoA it la made to
e lost letter.
i~ for i:)ij>" ' <-?>! for
PwrU of Speech. 15
The finality of the vowels ^ and i^ is not considered
«•
as affected by the affix of the termination y, nor by that
of the possessive pronouns.
"Ry- a^i^ for ^j(Xc 9 i? w«i>« for ^^j^j^ » ^U^ for
•* •» ^
2[2^9 ^^-^ for ^:^^' In the last example ' is fre-
quently written for t-^, as ^Vo;.
The finality of i is usually regarded as affected by
the affixed possessive pronouns or the termination h
but the rule is not absolute in these cases. Thus we
may write either ^\^> treating the » as medial^ or if^L^j
treatiDg it as final.
PARTS OF SPEECH.
The Arabs divide the parts of speech into three :
Verb (tW) Noun ( a*^m and Particle {l^j^j*
VERBS.
Z a
The Verb is of two kinds; Primitive ((J^' )> and
Derived
ided into Triliteral
I.
(jisr)
diatinotioii of Qender.
itains tliree Kadicals in the
he Past Teriae Active, which
no duplication of letter, nor
or iJ> the Terb is S^ular,
is Irregnlar, ( jJ" j^j-
have the ibllowiug classes:
•o^l, as iX«.
I on tiie Ist, Sad, or 3rd
"S 'i- i"
j»-l; ii JU; iii. ly.
le the word ^}>U to espreas tbe
I ftod inflectiOD, and its three let'
' the lit, and, and 3Td radical ;
; BtwUcal ii caUed U]lj Jj^>
on the 3rd, |«!UU jj*Y*'
Verbs. 17
3. Assimilated (Jlx«j, as «Xc^.
«* O- -C/- -c-
4. Concave ^c-JJ»-!^ , as a JlS ; 6 jL».
s" -
5. Defective ((j^^\ as a i/^ ; i^]^; y h^*
We may observe that the true second radical of Con-
cave Verbs is not i but j or lS, and that in the Con-
jugation of a and 6 these reappear respectively.
In /3 and y of Defective Verbs the true third radical
is J.
Of the primitive Triliteral Verb there are six Conju-
gations \^j}) distinguished by the change or persist-
ence of the vowel of the second radical These variations
are shewn by the Arab Grammarians on the word J^i.
FBBS. PAST.
.» sfO.- ■• — —
1st Conj. J*^ J«
2nd ... J*^ J«
s»-ij^ - - -
3rd ... Jx^i J^
4th ... J*ii JaJ
5th ... J*«i J«
-/c-
6th ... J*«i J«
c'#
der of (Jie let Emd Sad
be remarked, that the
i^eat namber of Verbs,
iftve a guttural for the
tlie 6th contain both
ave([«jJj Verbe. The
' lutransitiTe, aud the
'Will shew under what
'egular Triliteial Verbs
•
H
OQ
.•2
'^:^
'•^
'■*!
:•?•
••i;
(I4
'^'
^1
■•^
PAST.
' is
:-J,
COI
PRES.
!^
;^'
IBf.
PAST.
•
■■I-
; 2;
:^'
ASS
PRES.
•J-
1%
;.?' ^-^
:. III.
PAST.
:-V
HAMZ
PBES.
^^•
^—1
i-i;
, II.
PAST.
' J-
!?
Z. I. HAMZ
PAST. PBES.
u
n
rv
HAH.
PBES.
;:4
g
.i-l
.^•^
■;i
•
R£
PBES.
,i^'
,;-^.
-'.1;
i\
i:l
;^'
■ 1' ;-%
RI
PBES.
"f
' }
i't
tt
:]• ^^'
I
<N
CO
tfa
CD
under more than one of
however form a separate
ous irr^ularitiee incident
^\j' L^k' ^"1; J>
N OF THE VERB.
varieties of form for the
a&j be termed the Past
it Tenae (fjli* i)*ij-
pply the place of a Future
ig. Masc. of the Past Tense
B the part given
Aj, and is t
of Fast and Present Time
rticles and the Auxiliary
I the Past and Freaetit
ii> OH, and i_i^.
VerhM, 21
o-
«aS may be prefixed either to the Past or Present
Tense. When prefixed to the former it indicates either
emphasis^ as joj t>j, He did assist, or recent com-
o - - c-
pletion of the action of the Verb, as ci^v^lS 4X3
SjLJi, Prater is just over; when prefixed to the Pre-
sent it expresses either that the action of the Verb is
customary or is rarely repeated.
Ex. |^/1< Jjkt 05 or Jj^t 4>^ 0^, The
generovs man gives, or the miserly man gives.
" o-
(jM and (.J^ are prefixed only to the Present, the 1
former indicates an immediate, the latter a more remote, [
• * •
future. Ex. j *aJ^*h j*aw i—5^, ^e t^^ assist
^ prefixed to the Past forms a Phigerfect Tense;
prefixed to the Present an Imperfect. The Number and
Gender of the Yerb and the auxiliary must correspond.
With the Participles both of the Active and Passive
Voice jj« forms a Compound Tense exactly as in En- [
glisL ^
Ex. ^-r^ li)^> ^^ ^^ vyriiten; ^ ^
19
- o^
I UHu writing; VjoI; c:^-^? Hiou wast riding.
'ast Tenae are,
d Sing, is always accented
fli Fem-, except in some
liescent, as ^j Masc.,
Permutation of Weak
[u. and the other per-
itiaguislied hj affixes, as
3nd Sing. Masc. ; CIJ^
{literal none of the Badi-
■esent are,
3rd Sing, is accented with
Pern. Except in Defec-
fty Fem. (See Eulea of
led by prefix as well as
the four comprised in the
)Saac.,f^\ 1st Sing. Com-
first Radical is quiescent,
> 2nd PI. Masc Except in
Tense and Mood, 23
Reduplicated Verbs, as *X«J> J^9 and in certain Assi-
»# — •"
milated Verbs where the 1st Radical disappears, as
from ^^j9 the ^ being lost.
If the Present Tense of Reduplicated Verbs be con-
jugated Triliterally the 1st Radical quiesces in this case
also, as t^X^9 «Xr«*
The Present Participle is formed in Primitive Tri-
literals by inserting » between the 1st and 2nd Radicals,
kesrating the 2nd Radical, and replacing the final fethah
by the case accent, thus from j>aj we have in the Pres.
Part. y^U N. I^U Ace. y^U G.
j^^ij^j is formed from
the Present Tense. The servile prefix is rejected, the
2nd Radical retains its vowel, the last Radical is jezmated
by the accent % or by the rejection of terminal ^^ ex-
cept in the 2nd PI. Fem. which retains the ^] and if the
Ist Radical be jezmated, but not otherwise, i is prefixed
to the 2nd Persons of the Imperative.
Ex. jai\, j^J ^j\y ^j);
Where the 2nd Radical is dammate^, the prefixed
\ is dammated, otherwise it is kesrated.
e Imperative is the only one
rm the 3rd or Ist Persons J
tiding Feraons of the Present
iljtmctire and Optative Moods
minal accent oorrespoDding to
Led OF preceding Particlee.
ssed hj placing the respectiTe
sequence to the Verb of pnr-
igh leas coiTcctlj) vitiiout the
J/ J' 'Hy or l3ji ^>-
ible to either of the other two
Action.
•ite, UaO\ IJiaIc = We leami
nbers j Sing., Dual and FlnraL
Conjrigabum.
25
PARADIGM OP THE REGULAR TRIUTERAL.
>c* --*
1st Conj. j*^> j^ To assist.
Past Tense.
HuraL
Dual
Singular.
Fem. Com. Mas.
Fem. Com. Mas.
Fem. CkniL Mas.
• o— ---
-^-
— -
^^joi \^j^
\)jaj \jaj
0-- - c —
-0--
\jjaLi
3rd
2nd
1st
Present
— %f O'
- »»o-
ulr^ li)!;^
^o-
wW
«• ^c
jtOJJ
m ^O
«• «»o—
r**i
•# «• o—
^^^^ yfljj
j«aA}
J^l
ImperaHve,
*
^c^ Por^.
5^- - '^ ^
3rd
2nd
1st
2nd
Nom.
26 Cojyugatio^
In conversation the illiterate Aralw not nnfi-eqnentlj
prefix 1—^ to the Prea. Sing-, and sometimes <* to the
1st Plur, These prefixes are not admitted by the learned,
DUPLICATED VERB.
1 Conj. jU, ji Tojhe.
Fad.
Dual.
Singnlw.
'
F«L c™.
Mu.
Pan. Com. Hu,
«
«
CIS «
'^}
•'^
'^> y
M
^
- (.„
u:,>
'H'> "iiyi
8«i
'^>
H
Present.
-i
/
ConjugtUion* 27
The Present may also be conjugated as a regular
^ o-
Triliteral; 3rd Pers. Masc. Sing, j^y Fern, j^
Plural.
Fern. CSom. Maa.
Im/perative.
Doal.
Fern. Com. Mas.
Singular.
Fem. Com. Mas.
1&
^
- o o
-c c
SJ
- > - >
1;^
i4
^j»
-^4
2nd
or
2nd
The duplication of the 2nd and 3rd Badicals in this
form renders it an exception to the rule that the last
radical of the imperative is jezmated.
Act. Part.
s ^ *
UiJ'
s - - - ^ -
« -
JhM u\u^
i?^-
*,l»
£. I
M
iU
U
jj
u
Nom.
or
Nom.
In vulgar Arabic the 2nd and 1st Persons of the
Past Tense are usually formed by the insertion of {^
after the reduplicated letter and the usual terminal c:-^*
Ex. 2nd Pers. 0^> 1st Pers. 0^5/*
Cot^ugeiiofi.
MKATED ON THE FIEST
EADICAL.
^1 To nm away a» a slime.
Past
Dual.
Singuisr.
te. Oml
««
r«n. am. U^
1
Sri
and
1st
jUjIi Jill
.X .X
3iJ
'^'^ i'li
W
iX
U
/
Conjugation,
29
PluraL
Fern. CojTL Mas.
Imperatwe.
Dual.
Fern. Com. Mas.
Singular.
Fern. Com. Mas.
o-o
^'O
J*'} !^J
liu^l
o -o
^} o^}
2nd
-4c^. Pa/irt.
,.,Uil ,.,15j1
u"^
v:;^
oi
li\
Nom.
In respect of Yerbs whose second or third Badical is
hamzah, it is not necessary to give a separate Paradigm.
They are conjugated on the model of the Regular Trili-
teral, subject only to the changes arising from the Per-
mutation of the Weak Letters and Hamzah.' Thus we
- S
- *- ^ ^o- - :J- :f-o- S'- -% o- ^~
have<-Aaj, 4-^; (j^^, (j^y,\ jj^^, );J ; ^^., life.
D5
\
CoTyugatwn.
^Bm,ATEP TERB.
[i^j. iXc^i dk»-^ To jmd.
Fam. Com. Uu. Fern.
Ganjugation,
31
Plural.
Fern. C!om. Mas.
Imperative,
Dual.
Fem. Com. Has.
Singular.
Fem. Ck>m. Mas.
- o
4;^^
!^*^
2nd
Act. Pa/rt,
^•^1^ u-j*^!^ tt)^*^!^ J^'^^^
s
M^
s
M^
Nom.
Note. ABsimflated Verbs commencing with j and
b^onging to the 2nd and 5th Conjugations, follow the
Paradigm given above; with those of other Conjugations
the irregularity is not uniform, but some are conjugated
as the regular Triliteral, retaining the j throughout.
^ -o-
Ex. u^jyj (j*ijpi f^yj ^i^y
The few Verbs which commence with cJ are conju-
gated as r^ular Triliterals, observing however the law
of Permutation of the Weak Letters.
Got^ugatioH.
CONCAVE VERB.
Conj- Jj^' J^ ^0 »<»y-
Dual.
Pern. Com. Xtt.
^j£ ^A
Jj£ JA
3rd
#
^^ a>i-
3iid
lit
V
j) JS
2nd
Com^fo/gaJAon,
33
Act, Pa/rt,
Plural
Fern. Com. Mas.
Dual.
Fern. Com. Mas.
Singular.
Fern. Com. Mas.
s -*-^^-
c^JbLS ^j^ji^LJ
„jULLj .,XL3
Nom.
^^ — — —
2nd Conj. ^>*»*i> jV-* ^o ^o.
Past.
- o
cjtr' l^J^
^o
u«o
ttrlr* (^^
l3
'r*
UiWa itVM)
o - -
-»K/
u
dr*
iIi^Im) jIm)
- o
«» o
d^
3rd
2nd
1st
Preaeni,
ttiri c:).?;:^
- o -
U^ UJ!;:^***^
^^^ >*-^'
3rd
- X
J^
\ '
2nd
1st
ImpenUive.
Dnal. I Singalar.
Com. Uu. I Ii^m. Com. Hu. £
■ \ji^ (jjj^ j-i and 1
Act. Pari.
• \ St' ijTjL.^ Sji\—tt jj\_^ VSm-
Paradigms of the two Verbs Ju
er and with that of the Regular
een how exactly the IrKgularity
Is, and how in each case that
to the occurrence of the Weak
iie root respectively.
ConjugcUion,
35
DEFECTIVE VERB.
%«o-
1st Conj. ^j^.> y^ To plv/nder.
Fast
PluraL
Ihial.
Singular.
Fern. Com. Mas.
Fern. Com. Mas.
Fnm. Com. Mas.
- c- - O' -
--.- ^ —
o —
tjai* ^4>^
u> !,>
e^jc !>
3rd
^ »»o — o^o —
- .K^ —
0-- - o'-
criJ> |^J>
U3j^
ej^> dJj;*
2nc
-o —
^ o —
b^
iZJj^
1st
Present.
O^H^'
o.*o
uiLr^i UJ!J*i
o»»o-
O ^O'
»»o-
'jO-
-^o-
ij^}^ u!^^
-JO-
u5/^» !ir^
JO^
1,-^1
Imperative.
v»0-
• •••
%»C"
J!/"
- o
Jj«i
jo-
•*o^
^-;^
i\
3rd
2nd
1st
4J?;^
2ud
Gfftyv^atuM.
PlnHd. I I>n»l- I
FenL Com. M«. Purn. Com. M»«. F«m. Com. MM. ji
and Corg. (_y*jJ. ^^ To tkrmo.
Past.
yUy ^.U^jj
iV-P
^^
iSV
Conjugation.
37
Plural.
Fern. CkmL Mas.
Imperative.
Dual
Fern. CioiD. Mm.
Singular.
Fan. Com. Mas.
I
iO^j^
s
^o
\ u,l
rj
ilcfc Port.
^^1
J^i; tjjrl»
t>^l> D^b
S.
^l)
fl
2nd
fb
Nona.
By a companson of the Paradigms of N£ and ^^j
wiUi each other and with that of the Kegular Triliteral,
it will be easily seen that the Irregalarities are trace-
able, as in the case of Concave Verbs, to the occurrence
of a Weak Letter in the Boot, and to the observance
of the Rules of Permutation of the Weak Letters.
4th Conj. \j^jti ^j To please.
Fast.
o -
a^j
1
}yaj
Uxi
l>
Ujbi^ \jU9^
UJUJ;
L5*^
.# o
3rd
2nd
1st
E
Conjugation.
Preaent.
PlunL
Fein. Com. Uu,
Fan. Com. Hu.
Fern. Com. M«.
i
-a
3rd
2d
U
Imperative.
Act. Fart,
■eU ffon
lie of a, Verb combiuiiig two Irrega-
ake
'OBJ. j_^) jjj To aid.
PaH.
Conj^igation.
39
PlunO.
Fern. Com. Mas.
Present,
Dual
Fern. Com. Mas.
Singolar.
Fern. Com. Mas.
J^
u^j
y
O^" yUb Jj
<:^\A\, y^l,
obJj
l:)r
Imperative.
\!ij
Act* Part.
w^*J^^ u^^j
J
J.1
u\.
Ji
^ Jf
3rd
2nd
1st
2nd
J'j
Nom.
The terminal dammah of the Present Tense, as given
in the Paradigms, is liable to be affected by certain
Particles prefixed to the clause. The verb, when pre-
ceded by some of these Particles, serves as a Subjunctive
Mood. Of these Particles ten affect the final radical
wiik/eihdh in place of damffmh. Thej are as follows :
iS
1. ^ That, inferential When this particle con-
nects the two verbs by the statement of a mere fact,
40 Cotyunetive Fa/rticUt.
it does not require the second to be /ethated; in each
cases, however, ti\ is more usual.
2. ^y JVbt, strong negative.
^ in sequence of a preceding statement,
in order thM.
= ^j or, Jj*' |*'i i-e. (J after a
ordw thoL
' and J, in oonveying an answer.
89, an altemativa
des which affect the verb with f^hah
; the first four do ao by their innate
by the force of the particle yl implied
■^' w' "Hj^ ^ desire to strike Zad.
Jfji ^^jl Good, I will enter the
Conjimctive Particles. 41
idll (iU jiiA! c-^ JRepent, that God may
pardon thee.
-»»c«.- c«*
honour thee.
'j^^ J I Sma^ I will keep you hack^ or
ehe (= vmleaa) you
repent,
Nineteen Particles affect the verb with jezvn. They
are as follows:
1. J Not, strong negative.
2. UJ Not yet.
C'^ ^'^
3, 4. J 1 J Ujj Interrogatives of the two preceding.
5. (J In command and entreaty.
6. S In prohibition and entreaty.
7. J^ If.
>
8. v« That which,
9. ^ Whoever.
10. Uf« Whatsoever,
E5
43 Cm^Mu^ve ParticUr.
11. UJI Wheaner.
12. I,;! TTAoeiKr, vthalmw.
>
13. jjJU FA«».
15. |_^1 Wkermjer.
-a
16. ^JJJl ff'AewMier.
17. U>J#. tTieremjOTW.
18. Uij^ Sowem&r.
19. It^l TTA^n, in poetic langnage.
>
To these may be added some other indefinite rela-
tives, Bs tc (Jit jjf« lJ* wWoh affect the verb with
I of the V« and ,^ contained in them.
oles may also be divided into two classes;
Beet only one verb ; the reat, from 7 to
L felhah both the verb of the dq>endeiit
.ependent clause.
Nvm, et tauMd. 43
The word 5I\ as a compound of ^o^ and i> has a
siniilar force with the second of these classes.
»»0- O "OS- o-
Ex. jjAM^ t-^j| jj I did not take Amrou.
OjJl ^j»*^\ Ult Hme I not done thee good?
»»^-o ' O 'C-
idll ll«o^ ifay God pUy us.
^-o -o
o-o-
4lJ\ ^ jlj JjuJ U Fio^ thou doest ihou
ahdlt find unth God,
> o — ^i.
--^Ul C-..0-U17 UJ WhoTnsoever thou takeat
for compcmion I will
take.
O O"" s# «"<iO O" ^^
^-^ C^t/^ Ujr*^ L5^^ Wheresoever the victory
falls thou wilt do justly.
<>sr^ itfUi cXaxa^ Ul TF%e/i ;)(w^y W^ thee
hear it.
In addition to the inflection of the Present and Im-
perative given in the foregoing Paradigms, the Arabs
not nnfrequently affix a terminal nun, single or double
^j> or ^ This nun is called nmi et touMd, *^y^\ ^y*
and is principally used in five cases.
1. It is Bu emphatic affinnatiTe. Ex. ^JmH ^ \y
I noear hy Qod, I vriU do it.
2. It is ft forcible imperative, Ex. *SJ^j-> ^A***-!-
Take tip thy bed.
3. It ia a negative imperative. Ex. ^^ija^ 1
«M*lj>* Let not your heart* he troubled.
4. It is iaterTogatiT& Ex. ^\*i\ i^j"^^ J^
SliaU he JMid faith!
5. It is optativa Ex. (^/■"-w c3j^.
that (Aow wmildgt denote thygelf to Qod I
The Conjugation of the Present with the affixed rmn
et Umkid, the nun being double |^, is as follows:
Rural.
Dual
Sb^d^-.
»"•»-«"
Fern. Own. M...
Frai. Com. Mul
1
.-„.,.- ,-.^-
. --^- . --c-
«--^- S-..^- V-
t>V^. U^.
uW Jj^.
ur^' la/^ i>
3rf
. ^,.- .,-.-
. -.- .-,.-
'••-■"--■" dw
yj^- y>J_
2nd
W
Nun et toukid.
45
The single n/wn et toukid ^ is only admissible in the
persons of the Singular Number and in the Masculine
and Common Plural The Present is then conjugated
thus:
Plural.
DnaL
Singular.
1
Com. Mas.
Fern. Com. Mm.
o »» ^ "O
3rd
O " ■>»c
• •
(iU-^
ujr^ i:ir^ —
2nc
o - ^o-
o-^o^
ci/^
u,^l —
1st
The Imperative when conjugated with mm et UyuMd
assumes the following forms:
With the double ^^,
Plural.
Fern. Mas.
Dual.
Com.
Singular.
Fern. Mas.
Ujr^^ yj-w
31
2nd
With the single ^j,
o *» «* o!^
or*
31
;1
u.
o •'^•o:!
^j^
■A
2nd
46 Fatsive Voice.
The Arabs convert the Active Voice into the PasdTe
by changing the vovels, and retaining the letters of the
Active, or by using one of the Derivative Conjugation!
to be noticed below.
The Rule for the vowels in the Passive Voice is
to change the vowel of the Ist Radical into damnuih,
and that of the second into kearak in the Fast Tense,
Ex. t— 'j^ '-r'j^i Aiid ^ change the vowel of the ser-
vile prefixed into dammah, and the vowel of the 3nd
Radical into fethah in the Present, Ex. C-^^^ (r^'
The Passive Participle is formed &om the root by pre-
fixing A and inserting j between the second and thinl
Radioals, Elx. t—i^^At f-^j^- In chang^g the vowels
regard must be had to the Permutation of the Weak
Letters, The effect of this law of Permutation will be
seen in the Paradigm of the Passive Voice.
Paradigm of Fatnve Voice.
47
Part
Imp.
PASSIVE
Pres.
VOICE.
Past
— ^
^ Reg. Trilit
t5 ^
CJJli Beduplicated.
j^;.] Hamz. i.
JjLrf ILarnz. ii
*1 A ^
^^^Lo Hamz. iii
« %« ^
— s»
^ Assimilated.
S
S
m o-
h
•» - u
-o^
<-C^
-c«*
tr!;i
-o^
LS^
J:^
M «
Concave.
'^y
Defective.
** \
J
i-
Doubly
Irregular.
vj
48 QtiadrilUeral Verbs.
The use of the Actiye Yoioe is much preferred hj
the Arabs to that of the Passiye^ which in common lan-
guage is somewhat rare.
It may be observed with reference to its constractioii
that a Transitive Verb, which in the Active governs
a Dative of the Person and an Accusative of the thing or
a double Accusative, admits in the Passive an Accusa-
tive after it, thus : The king entrusted the commomd to
hie eon, expressed passively would be ^\ ^j\ ^j^UaUl
— o
ij^\f The hmg, hie son fjoas entrusted unth the command.
OF THE REGULAR PRIMITIVE QUADRIUTERAL.
For this Verb there is only one Conjugation; it
has a /ethah over the first and third Badicals in the
Past, a /ethah over the first and a kesrah under the
third Radical in the Present^ the second is jezmated in
both cases, and the servile prefix of the Present is
dammated.
Example.
i
FrimiUve Quadriliieral,
49
Plural.
Fem. Com. Mas.
PaaL
Dual.
Fern. Com. Mas.
Singular.
Fem. Com. Mas.
-o-o-
«• -o-
1%
J^jH Life
o-
o-
1% %
O --0-
— o-
o-o- - o- o-
»• o-o-
3rd
2nd
1st
«# C^«*
*» c-»»
cM ife
O- «• ^ O'
cA^" jy
3rd
2nd
1st
- o o-
«» O'
^y. ^A^
Imperative,
L>^
C O-
2nd
-4c<. Part,
^ »■ o— «# ^ «* o— »#
o-»#
S^- O- «• S" O-
Nom.
Of Primitive Verbs the Triliteral very fer surpass
in number the Qoadriliteral; but the latter serve as a
model for the conjugation of the Derivative Quadriliterals
from the Primitive Triliteral. We proceed to consider
F
'VxUive Conjttffolumi.
and shall commence by giving Fan-
.tivea of the Tariooa bduda of PrimitiTe
se ihe ordinary forma are nine, and ue
mitive is reckoned tke 1st Gonjugatdoa.
igaUotu of the. Regular TnlUertd.
i. DnpL Pn. FhL
^^ ^^^ _^17th
w^ t^j.ai^ (.fj j JJvii (—JjJXA lOtb
Derivcttwe Conjugebtions, 51
Note. — ^The foregoing Paradigm of Derivative Cotl-
jugations has been composed of the Derivatives of three
Primitives to indicate that no Primitive has all these
Derivative Conjugations in use; the large majority of
Verbs have not more than three or four. Not unfire-
quently the Primitive is obsolete, and one or more Deri-
vative Conjugations remain.
ci - ^— - ^ - ' -oi
Ex. v^, v^l, ^^^; «^U, u-isS^U
- — o
I
aS-], i— i^^*^U where we have the 2nd, 4th, and
5th; and the 3rd, 4th, 7th, and 8th Conjugations in uae
respectively.
Eemabkb on the Derivative Conjugations.
The 2nd Derivative adds an intensive force to the
Primitive, as ^^> to cut into Tnany pieces, or makes a
-•ci-
neuter verb transitive, as Ja^, to make great, or gives
a verb already transitive a doubly transitive sense, as
^^^, to make to write*
• 7
The 3rd and 6th derivatives indicate reciprocity be-
tween two agents, as 3rd, J^>**», to emvlate, 6th, L^j\^j
\
Derivaiivt ConjvgaHoaa.
itually. The 3rd howerer haa very &»■
iBe of the PiimitiTe, as ^U> to traetl.
1 generally die same sense as the Pri-
ioB IB transitive; vliere it is not, the
- - - . -a
}, as t^-^, to be wary, t-.-> » Jl, to moik
i 6tb may be considered tbe PassiTeB of
■A. forms, as jmU, to 6e (ra£en fo ;n«u,
iCruci mutuary,
enenilly pasdv^ as *^ja>\, to he atrwA.
s generally the mgnificatioii of the Pri-
i\, to dewur; it may however be pasEdTe,
1st Badical ia ^> ^, u«> ijo, the O
t the 8th Derivative is changed into Ui
; i-->j-i, <—>j3j\. When the lat Bodi-
it is doubled, as IcO. jjCJU JS, Ji\.
Dtrivatioe Coi^tgationa. 63
The 9th. form is employed for coloura, as liy", it
grmo black, or infirmitiea, as ^j^\ he wot crooked.
This form is not often osed, and has no Passive voice.
The 10th, form very frequently has merely the signi-
fioatiou of the primitiTe; it however is specially used to 1
express a request, as ^^omm] , to oik asdstanca.
From the forgoing Paradigm it is evident that in
the Derivative Conjugations the Passive Paxticiple is
formed fr«m the active merely by changing the kesrah
of the penultimate radical into /elhah; hence, in sno-
ceeding Paradigms it will not be necessary to
more than one of these forms.
Three other forms of Derivative Conjugal
^ven in Grammars, but ate rarely used. They e
jUui; 12th, ^^1; 13th, jj^l.
For the sake of convenienoe in the Farad
the Irregular Verbs a single verb will be taker
Irt Conjugation, and the Derivativea will be form
it; such Conjugations aa are not in use will be
with an asterisk.
Dermttive Cot^ugatumt.
BEDUPLIOATBD YEB3.
Jul
jjC
Jul
oU
jjuI
jjU
3ni
3
04^
dA
4-f
J-1 ith
JOtJk
JA*3 5th
jjU
jUlj
Sth-
tuuL
jjU;
JJJL«1 JtUMJ tUJ^lJ
lull lOtt
Derivative Conjttgaiions. 55
HAMZATED DERTVATIVES.
Act. Pftrk.
Imp.
PlWS.
Fftst.
•9 mS^%»
-t?:^
«A>^
•*f-ji
Oc^l 2nd*
* « t
^.>
- f-
1 ^^
ii^]yo
<x;.l
■^V.
J^^ 3rd
o
• *
• A 4
«9^»^
Oc^l
*Km
•>^Uth
^ /-.
o«i-
-<j5-'
'^t-
o^U^
o^U
o^^Usth
o-/«-. ^ -J-
- * - " >
•"- •••♦4 •«•• •"«
•Xi^l iXir^ J^l 8th
JA«J< lib lirilgth*
- > *
- -*-o
JiUw^ ic;.U^| iiU«u o^U^llOth
* - " >
56 Derivative Coryugatiotta.
Mora nsnally in the 3rd and 6tli fonns,
Act Fut. Imp. Prw Put.
(ii-lj,* ioAj ^^Ji '*=^|j 3rd
JA-iyU i>.\y ^^yi j>^ly 6th
The DerivatiTes of the Yerlia whose second vowel is
Eamzak are re^ularl^ formed, but are very little need.
The 3rd DerivBtire aBsomee the accompanying form
owing to the concurrence of Weak Letters.
«jJm vJ *j1j *'J 3rd
The DerivatiTes of Verbs Hamzated in the third
radical are regularly formed, obaerving the rule of Per-
mutation for the Samaah.
Ex. ^J*^ ^y* u5*«
Uft 2nd
ASSIMILATED VERBS.
The DeriTatives of Aasinulated Verbs present no
iir^olarity except in the 8th form. Tlma we have
•ii»~^ A^-j '''*')^ i)>>-} 2nd
th we hare j changed into CV, and thus
J)efioaf(ive Gonjuga^an.
the form becomes like that of the 8th
verbs Hamzated in the 1st radical
ActPurt. imp.
Pna. Fw
- *
J.s» AS
DERrVAlTVES OF CONCAVE
Act. Fart Imp.
Fra.
'J^ "Si
j;%
a--- ^-
«-.
J^ Ji-
jj-i
ii: JJ3
if.
;c >
'jf.
S . of
34
* - of
. ,
v*»- ^'
j«
j?i: j;i;
j^.
6S JJsrwofMM Cotywgation*.
DBETVATTVES OF CONCAVB VEEBS— eoniiiwrf.
ini^
jjiL-
j>ii
J>-
6th
IfZ
;u
;t^:
^u
Jill
>
if Ji^
1 jiiii
j2i
8th
S
j!~i
9th
Ofiii:
jii
10th
rted that the 4th, 7th, 8th, and 10th
OoDJugations are the same for Verl*
Ihrwcvtive Conjugations, 59
Concave in j and in 4^, and that the Weak Letter in the
other conjugations is treated like an ordinary ladioaL
DEFECTIVE DEEIVATIVES.
Act Part Imp. Pros. Past
C5lA* (T/^ LrtAl L5^' 7th
(^^ fl>[ CS^ ' 0^1 8th
P
c- «* c- o c-o- -0-0
^Jkm^ Lftr**^^ v,/V^ (..ftr^^ 10th
The forms of tihe Derivatives of the Defective Verb
are the same, whether the final radical be ^ or v.5.
DertwUive Chnjtu/atioTU.
DERIVATIVES OF VERBS DOUBLY IREEOULAB.
AcLPut Imp. Fm. FuL
n
^^
cyl
Ji
^-iw
^T
jTsri
f'^
cyT
Ji.
JXtst.
-i-
J^.
JiTsih
ujU,
Jij
J^.
JCeu.
- *
jSru.
- >
jweii
Jfi
JlUim
ignlnritim of a
Verb Hunmtrf
of
a Defective Verb, and ite
Dordinglf.
lierivalive Oonjttgaiiona.
The 3rd and 6th might admit the e
--£
the 3rd and 6th of Ai-S , tizl they might
AAPaA Imp. Fm.
The Passive Voice of Quadriliterals,
or Derived, is as follows ;
PwtPwt. Imp. Fres. Put
Plural.
DuJ.
Fem. Com. Uu
'"■ »■' »"■
Fern
^ ^^
t>i i>2
CJ
^>S '^j^
U>Ii
-i
yJs
Berivaiive ConjugalioTts.
Present.
Dual.
SiLgulu-.
Com. Mu
P«m. Cam. Mu.
£
Jii ^J)^_
>i- >£
Sri
J^
^>i- Jui-
2ad
lit
1^ ^^jUj jLaS 2iid
Quadriliteral only one Derivative
lent use. It is of t^e form of the
litive Triliterals.
is Derivative, as of the Stb, 6th,
tivea of the Primitive Trititeral
lissible, is of the following form :
V«H>ab.
DeEIVATIVB 01- QUADKlUTEEilA
Put. Imp. Fna. Put
(Jt^jJU J^j^ iS^j^i J^v^
OF Trilitebals.
Mjli'
cijUi
c
J2i
J^
j3!
j^
The PfljMive of the lOth Derirative of 1
of the fonu
OF VERBALS.
Under the head of Verbals may be range
stantives, 2ndl7, Adjectires, Srdly, Farticipia
Derivative Verbal Substantives are of
mimmated and noQ-ii
ns of Aetutri.
ivatiye fTonn of Action of Pruni-
r regular or irregular, is formed
c of the Present by subatitating
, and acceatisg the Sud Badical
nt of that Radical be /etkah or
f it be ketrah. The Arab term
mple of this formation. Oilier
>, from Pree. j"^
Uion, ("J*;
letimes added to this mimmated
Verb. Ex. iA*^^, a taudaHe
irivative Conjugation this aSx '^
uns of Action of the Derivative
d by substituting /• for the ser-
Nouns of Action.
vil« prefix of the 3rd Sing. Masc o
fethating the Feuultimate Radical.
Ex. *^C« 2nd DeiiT. a iwble act,
<jjlSU 3rd — o letter,
l*U.« 4tli — a atation,
jiMju.9 lOtli — pardon,
Non-Minimatod Maadars of Prim
of veiy Tarioos forms; they may 1
generally under three beads :
I, The second Radical is jezn
accented yn&fethah,, dammah, or A
^ or 1^1 not imirequently added.
Ex. <-r^ atriMng, fr<
^Ieu Mtttiny,
(Ji«.i resemblance,
^jSj memorial,
J^^ dduge,
itia of Aoum.
icalisfetlwted;
the accent of tbe
\ef, from
-/
iffrt. -
>
atroduced after the second Badi-
, dfunmated, or
kesrated raspec-
he first Eadical
varies.
i hji htmd, from J*i
^UUy, -
/
ishn,
- U^
*rv^,
- J-J
a terminal i is
iority, from *JiS
riitfy, — Jf-
hdded a few rare forms, b& i^-^
; »^5l> Wt»m^ from |^ ; J^'^
N<ywm of Action, 67
— - .S- »* O-
recoUection, from^O ; ^y^, evidence, from ^y, a form
peculiar to Concave Verbs; tf^ entireness, from (J5,
which is emphatic.
No Verb possesses more than a few of these Deri-
vative Nouns of Action; the most common are of the
forms Ja3, JjOj 3Ui^ J^ and 3^.
Transitive Verbs of the forms J^ and J^^S usually
S O-
construct their Nouns of Action on the model of (J*i)
as ^Ja5 ^ kUl, (Ji*; A^ ^0 understand, M*
Intransitive Verbs of the form Jxi usually follow
the model of <J^> as tX« ^o si^, i>^«35 (jwW ^o sz^,
Neuter Verbs like Jxi usually form their Nouns of
^- ^ »# ff— »— ^ ^ —
Action affcer the manner of 2^ or ^Uij as J>f^ ^o &e
ff^ «# ^ — »» — ^— — —
eowy, 2^^; ^^ ^0 he liberal, ^^}/^'
Neuter Verbs of the form Jxi generally take the
68 Noun* of Action.
model of J«. as ^ to Jb glad, ^J 4jj«»- to U
: of the preterite are differeat, dif-
formed from it accordingly. Thn»
derived ^Jj raimng; from ^j to
Jtij or Aitij high rank; frosa ^j
we have Acu_j) AeMji Ae-Mj) raii-
licated by the form JUij as (Jta-
Change is indicated by the form
u i_*U> to (wra. The form Jj*J
verbs of moTement, aa (j^»y from
ii and (J^J^ indicate a voice or
tJi from ^-^ to oroaJc; an art or
le form ^Uii as 4jU^ the art i^
Nowns of Action. 69
The Derivative Noun of Action ordinarily indicates
the action with reference to the flubject of the Verb;
it has, however, sometimes respect to the impression
received by the object of the Verb.
N^OD-Mimmated Derivative !Nouns
Derivative Conjugations:
rtUii or JjJ«ii? Jjo 2nd
Jl«\ JcG 3pd
JUsi J«l 4th
>
JxiJ Jjm; 5th
JtfU; JcU; 6th
JU;1 jILl 7th
JUajI J*Xil 8th
- > *
jiwl jil 9th
' > >
JUijL.1 J*iL)\ lot
The Mimmated Koims of Action of Primitive QuEidri-
Hteral Yexha follow the form of the Fast Participle; the
nou-Mimmated ai'e, of
^'^'^
ins of Action of Eeduplioated
require in their formation the
of Contraction and of PennHt*
re, but irhen theBe are observed
difSculty.
-ivalive Nouns of Action cf
lUated Verbs.
irhich lose the lat letter of tlie
Be usually form their nouns of
servile letter and affixing 1^
i^,^', laca, 1mJi Saa and the
iwever resume the 1st radical in
I thus are regular, as j^j frwi
forms, as yjjj ^^Ji^ j^j or
^j <li} are considered to beloif
' being regaj-ded aa a compen-
Nouns of Action.
aatiou for the Iosb of the initial radici
forms of Nouns of Action of Asainailatei
Some ABsimikted Verba have pe
Action, as ^^ and ^^ from t*^' ]
tJijaJ from ^j, ^^J Imj from £^
hke. ' '
In all the Derivative Conjugatioi
Action are regularly formed, due atteni
the Permutation of the Weak Letters.
Son-Mimmated Nouns of Aetum of
With the exception of the frequeni
the Weak Letters consequent upon tl
Verbs, there is little irregularity in
Action. The form 5^1*3 however is ]
in it the 2nd radical is always i^t as
iyji from f\>ii ^J^_ , *-jU .
Likewise the Derivative Nouns <
4th and 10th Derived Conjugations ha^
galarity. Thus they assume the forms <
72 Noum of Action.
not |*i}3i and |*|^ijiail, as the^ would be ^ tlie regular
role were followed.
Ntm-Mimrnated Noung of Action of De/eetive Verbs.
In the formB of Derivative Nouns of Action where
the 2nd radical ia jezmated, no irregularity is espe-
rienced; thus, jjij ^^Jl u^J, yjj, u'j-^j Ac. are
parfectly regular,
al forms if the secoiid radical is ac-
the third is always ^, and quieeoes,
Jxi we have \^j> ij*^» ^c,
lilar principle, "^LSk for '^U, Ita.
formation of these Kouus of Action
iome together, the rule of Pennuta-
ifiilly observed. Thus in the forms
have jJ* for ^e-\ ^j for tJ^j^j ; in
s - a -- ^' S'-
jWj JUi we have *lj-> for jJ;-»>
ive ConJHgaticms take in all cases t/
', BO do the Nouns of Action derived
1 the rules of Permutation are ob-
Bnt insularities are explained.
Nov/ne derived from the Verb. 73
Ex. »lke\ from ^JaJ,■, *U?jl from ^J. k«J
for i^ji**!. ^Jiy for ^y^y* When the nnniw
appears the 1,5 returns as jJaAiJi-
The formation of Derivative Nouns of Act
Doubly Irregular Verbs requires merely the
observance of the Rules of Permutation. Ti
ij^ comee iji ; from uJy^ comes ^^ •
NOUN OF SINGLENESS.
By adding to the form (J« the Noun of
of the Primitive Triliteral ii and accenting the
/ethah, a. Noun is formed which restricts the
tion of the Derivative to a single occurrence,
ij^, iiiM signify kelp, gesHon for once. S
the individualization of a collective Noun by the
of » J as <Uilii a piece of gold, from 1— -Oi J gold;
a pigeon, from *l*»- pigeons. By changing th
of the Noun of singleness into kesrah the Aral
times form what they call a Noun of specihcatioi
74 NowM derived from the Verb.
noun IB used after adjectives to limit the quality or
attribute they espress, to one particular branch, as good
to the taste, i^^iui} >Ut>-) this ie heaatifvl to the sight,
X
NOUN OF TIME AND PLACE.
In Simple Triliterals this Derivative is formed from
the 3rd Sing. Masc of the Present by changing the
servile prefix into [•> as f^^> ^j;-*" a place of secu-
md radical of the Present be dammah, it
fetltak, except in the twelve Nouna fol-
becomes kegrah; j/^j lain*-*) ^ -h.^i-i
J_/^, ■X^*', J^, ^JU, jJL;
In the last five and, according to some
. the firat six of these Kouns, fethah is
as the accent of the Snd radical,
£d Verbs the lost j is restored, as Aeyi
mcave in j, the Eules of Permutation
ly observed. Thns from *u we have
N(WM derived from the Verb, 71
l*jaj, *VL«) in Boots Concave in <j tho formation i
rtgular, as jtcj j^^> j^-*"-
In DefectiTe Terba it is only necesaar;
the rules of Permutation ; thus i<*? > lJ
not ^JS^■
Many of these Derivativea take a final
lUS^i SfU.«? but in auch ca^ea seem f
part to have a collective signification, aa
-"ill -""'
kennel, is^^ a paatrycooUa, iMm^ a set
Ac. In such Tvords as iM.s? and Sj\xv t
may be latent. Thus A-*Xs? court, literall]
place of decisions, ffjUr« minaref, liten
where many lights are collected.
NOUN OF INSTKTJMENTALITY
The Derivative, aignifying the instrume
forma, 1. J**-*! as J;J-« a cooler; 2. Jl«J
a key; 3. iiM.«, as -t*^^ cv/pping-glags
76 Noun» derived from the Verb.
The peculiarity of this Derivative is the prefixed *t
and the Jethah of the 3nd Kadical.
Some few of this class, signifying however rather a
vaae for containing something indicated by the Nonn,
assume the form J*«-« or 4*8-«i as jj^sJ^ a per/umt
jar, Zx^ kohl pot.
By fer the larger number of Arabic Substantivea
ai-e classed under the head of Derivatives from "Verbs,
after the manner indicated in the above ralea. There ia,
however, a smaller class which, though the substantive;
nomnriHincr it may frequently bear this relation to a verb
t is concerned, must be rather considered
1 origin to the verba connected with them
been originated by them. Such substan-
I Primitive. Examples are, i»-y a fax,
s both primitive and derivative, diminu-
rmed. The rules for such formation are
: suffice it to say that the ordinary charac-
doutives are the introduction of (_f after
idical, and the accentuation of the firet
Imnmah,; the concurrence of weak letters
ives rise to various modifications in the
liuutive.
Verbal Adjectives, 77
So- S "'* S-tr-
— J^ doa. Dim. v— ^oo^J Mi castle. Dim.
4? — ^
^•jJS; i^-ujj ^eiTieft, Dim. c-^oU)J.
VERBAL ADJECTIVES.
The following forms are enumerated as Adjectival
Derivatives of the Primitive Triliteral: J^> J-«> J^>
J^> Jj«, JUi, JUi, J«U ^^^, ^^.
•? - S - S^ "
Examples. <— ^»^ Tio&Ze, ^:^>^ merciful, «j**>- 56at^
tiful, C,^ ^ *g difflcidt, ^j*^ mendaciouSj <— ^j[^ C(Wi-
passionate^ ^Jf^ voracious, ^\f^ drunken, ^J^y*^ angry,
These adjectives are for the .est part derived from
neuter verbs.
s
Of these forms (Si^ is perhaps the commonest; it
belongs especially to Yerbs of the 4fch Conjugation;
••-ox «»' ox «»--o^
J«i expresses colours or infirmities, 9i& jA^ red, «j^t
^-ox »»-o-i?-o«»
crooked, c-^«X^i humpbacked; ^Jw, iiT^? mental or
.» - o - ^ - o-
bodily affections, as ^^Likft thirsty, (^v«4X} penitent.
H5
78 Verbal Adjectives.
Several AdjootiveB of the forms Jy«i and J^i
derived from Active Verbs, admit either an active or
a passive signification.
To these we may add the form JW» which iniii-
cates frequency or intensity, as (Jul a great eater, J^
placaMe. Hence it is employed to denote trtules, u
jUi a baker, i. e. one who frequently bakes ; eV* "
tailor, one who frequently sews, &c.
a JUj, 5 ia occasionally added, and
, signification of great intensity, as *<**
wise. This Adjective ought perhaps
isidered as a Substantive, as it does not
action of Gender.
sive or frequentative Adjectives assume
>) i}^> J^> ^^' ^^> ^jw> JxL«
^}M^l though it may be questioned
ist form should not rather be regarded
re Noun of instrumentality; thus jJ^
,an instrument for woi'd-making.
idjectives derived from Verbs, the Arabs
irived frY>m Substantives, or occasionaJty
Relative Adjectives . 79
even from other Adjectives, called Relative Adjectives.
Such are adjectives denoting origin, family, country, &c.
Their characteristic is the addition of v.^ to the end of
the substantive whence they are derived, though the
form of the adjective suffers various modifications, owing
to the occurrence of the weak letters in the root and to
the laws of euphony.
Ex. {^J^ Icmdy (^5^^ 9 *U»*rf Jieaven, v^U^-j >
s s
So- -.o- ^ — «- — s^ -
^ju^^ suTiy ^ mxaJ^ 9 CJi^ king, ^^y^ > <!^ Mecca,
L./^ ' idjf' *«^aw^j ^jj^ ' ^' father, ,^^\ \ aJ
blood, iJyeJ*
Occasionally we find the form of termination ^^1,
s s
as ^U^ufc^-j {^hy ^ ^^* ^^ ^^^ ^®® there is usually
a figurative signification attached, as material, enlight-
ening, not bodily, lucid, which would be expressed in
s s
the usual forms, y^^***^> ^J^'
The Relative Adjective is usually formed from the
Singular Number, but in some instances likewise from
•» — — ««.*«#
the plural, as ^^Icua a clockmaker, t^^ a libra/riom*
80 Rdative Adjectives.
We mfty aleo call Relative Adjectives some wUcb
assume the form O^vt aa they are derived from Nomis
rather than Verbs, for example, ^jtt a milk dealef,
*£* a provision dealer.
From the Relative Adjectives, Substantives may be
derived by the addition of S, which then indicate iie
quality expressed by the Adjective, aa ij**»- plarai,
^1.* /, — ;,-,.. i^^jJjS* lUmirian, &i^ library.
ilaas are such words as -yj^ qmddUy,
■,<dity, iJ^JiS - irooiinjs qiuxrUity.
LENDERS OF NOUNS.
ve two Genders, Masculine and Feaa-
! Feminine from two causes: I. Signi-
ainatiou.
ns two kinds.
Dse nature is necessarily Feminine, as
» Hind, ^i^ a brOe, A maSi^i
Genders of Nouns.
2. Those conventionally Feminine,
towns and provinces, and parta of tlie b
double, as j^^ Cairo or Egypt, aUJI S\
Ja-^ a foot, yJl an ear.
Class II. comprises Ifouns which en<
1. In s, as 4jk>- a garden, iMJe dc
2. In Ij non-radical, as 'Uj>i ^irttfe,
3. In 1^ servile quiescent preceded
ij/j manorial.
yoji iAe earth, y*.*-i (Ae smw, ^^
a few other words are used as Feminine
The letters of the Alphabet though oi
are most commonly treated as Feminii
other Noons are common, ss ^jj spinl,
Kouns not included in the foregoin
are Masculine; and even amongst thos«
termination some exceptional Masculines
as lui^ khalif.
82 Feminine Form in Adjective*.
In Adjectives the Feminine Gender is uguaJly formed
from the Masctiline by adding S, as ijM^-y iUuta-'i
y^ifir ^^y'l }i*^> ^ji*^'
A similar chaage of Gender is effeot«d by the Bsme
addition in certain SubataativeB, as ■&»• a grandfather,
jijka- a grandmother, *« tincle, 4a£ aunt.
In Adjectives of the form Jjolj not being com-
paratives or superlatives, the feminine becomes MJ, ss
j*^\ red, \j^a~'> ji^\ yellow, ^\^. Fromthismle
is excepted iX<j\ orjihan, whose Feminine is iLyi-
If the Adjective be a comparative or superlative, the
e fonn (_J^> m^jSI very great, ijSj»''
, u^iac. Similarly, Jjl first, wHch
or Jj_j> makes JjU^I /offer, forj>"
:eB in the Feminine ^•Ji-l-
F&rmnine Form in Adjectives. 83
*» — o—
Adjectives of the form jjw usually form their Femi-
nine on the model of ^J^i^ as ^^y^^ angry , ^^x^l
j^l^Lrf dnmken, ^j^^' But not invariably, for ^Obu^c,
^»j^ are also allowable; and in those of the form
JoM this is the regular Feminine, as fj^j^ naked,
S- - o»» •
Adjectives of the forms flUi? <3Ui> '^^y <d«j
iUioj JlxLo, and tJj^i^j as also Adjectives and
Superlatives where the term of comparison is expressed,
and Comparatives in all cases are invariable in Gender.
S o
Except ^j-Xx*u^ poor, which makes in the Feminine
The forms u^^ and (J^ are sometimes variable
and sometimes invariable in Gender. When the first
has an active, or the second a passive signification, they
admit a distinction of Gender whether the substantive be
expressed or understood; when the first has a passive or
the second an active signification, they only admit a
distmction when the subject is understood.
84 Comparative Adjectives.
DEGREES OF COMPARISON.
ComparBtive AdjectiveB are formed from tie Posi-
S
tive by prefix ipg ' , jezmating the first radical and fetli-
s - - -- .,?
ating the second, as y;*-*- beatUifiU, ^J'■•'a^^ man htan-
- ,- -i.i
iifvl; ^_jifi nc\ (.j**^ Tidier.
The Feminine of these Adjectives of Comparison
usually takes the form t_^**' Thus we have u^'
jy«iac, jlA-J) from ji^\> Jacl, Ji-il. When the
Superlative Masculine ends in i»f the Feminine tenni- I
— J.: — :. I. irding to the rules of Fermutatton, as
-a
Form of ^JJsl• Thus UJo ihepreseiU
■ a Superlative Feminine of ijJJ' *"-
7e of ^J. I
!
weak letters be introduced between the ,
ladicals in the Positive, it is retrenched
76, as (Jj«*»- pretty, J-*»-l preltUr;
reater. For the Comparative of good,
Comparatwe Adjectives. 85
the form ^^ is ordinarily employed, not ^U which
would be the regular form.
If the last letter of the Positive be ^ or * it is
s>» -
changed into v^ in the Comparative, as jl>- 8fvoee.ty
If the Positive begin with j or c^j and » is the
second letter, j or t^ is retained and \ retrenched, as
^Ij wide^ ^^1 5 C/**^V, ^^y> C/*^'*
The Comparative however is invariable both in Gen-
der and Number, whether the term of Comparison be
expressed or understood, as
ifjjuJ Jw»l j\ ij^- ^ ^j Jjjj^ c:,.^ J Then
yov/r hearts were hardened and were like stone, or even
ha/rder.
^ manner of those who before you were greater in
strength and more abundant in possessions, <fec.
If the Adjective be derived from a Reduplicated
Verb, and of the form (^^ in the Positive, the Weak
Letter is dropped and the second and third Radicals
86 Comparative Adjectivea.
coalesce in the Comparative, as c^J liale, )Ji\ Ua;
re is formed either by espressing the
>o, or by prefixing the Article to dw
inly certain adjectives, vi& tits Terbals
rimitive triliteral, whose Foaitivea admit
T the Comparative and Superlative, it ia
ases to make the necessary distinctdon
l^i -^.f '—£
by the words iX&U r^') t.p'9 "'^
by the quality of the thing in ^efe^
comparison is made, aa ^j^^ ^*^
Miger in warj »j^\ j^\ more inieUi-
mderstaudinj(. The term of compari-
S^umhert of S'owit.
NUMBEHS OF NOUNS.
The Arabs have three numbers, Singulu*, Dual,
Plural.
The Dual has only one form; it is derived fron
Singular by affixing ^- This rule holds for all N
MoBCulme or Feminine j in fern. Ifouns terminatin
H} this t is changed into iZJ-
E - - ^ oaf -flX
Ex. t-jUS" hook, ^J<>}^f A<1 Tiatian, ,J^-
If the last Badioal be a weak letter, and have
changed or suppressed in the Singular, it reappeai
the Dual.
*- --- Si _-f
Ex. Lac ^k, ^y^^'i j^ brother, (j')»-li
catting, jjV-*}^'
In affixii^ the Pronouna to the Dual Number
final ^J disappears, as cJI^-ac, cJljU^. The i
takes place Then a Oenitive follows in constructioi
Plurals are of two kinds, regular and irregular.
regular Plural Masculine is formed by adding tem
S8 Ifvimbera of Nouns,
^ to the smgular; the Feminiae by the addition of
tenninal t^K or the substitution of u:Jl for Ji if the
Koan end in S-
Ex. I— -jl^ vyrUing, Part ^^}^^'1 Jj-*f- pretty,
l^j)j.*»-; (Ujl^ writing. Fern. Part. tuUjK; t^-^jH
change, CuUl&ji ^_j^ Mary, CjUj^.
If the Masculine Singular suffer contraction by the
weakness of the last ^Radical, the Plural does so likewise
aa tjo^ Jfidgtrig, j^j-J^' A} casting, ijjy\)'' lS^^
of Feminine Nouns, whether snb-
,ves, form their plurals r^;ularly,
take the masculine form; these are
for their 3rd Hadical ji 4J or S,
i^j^ i though such Nouns may
a Fern. Plu., aa ij^t tZJ\y^-
of the last Itadical, where it is a
LOt be n^ected in the formation of
Nwmbers of Noune. 89
Ex. *u-is heaven, LLi\%A~>\ JjLc prayer, pronounced
The regular masc. pi, on the contrary, i
exclusively restricted to proper names of men,
ditninutiyes, to verbal adjectives and participles,
..a
latives of the form ^W'' or to professional Ai
as i'V*'' c!)^V*- taUon.
Some few Masculine Nouns of foreign orij
the feminine form of plural, as Ul Agha, <ZJ\y
Baska, Cj'yiJ.
The irregular, or broken plurals, as they ar
are the most capricious formation in the languagi
can only he le&mt by careful study of the diet
De Sacy enumerates thirty-one forms. The f
rules, taken from Delaporte's Idiome Arabe,
some of the more usual modes of formation.
1. Substantives of three letters, the second (
ifl i> form their plural by ohan^g \ into tj
ding yijasjW. neigKbour, ^Jj^'f j^ <t mouse
/J JWe, \^jii- But Jiii house, makes j'jJ-
90 Nvmhen of Nount.
2. Substantives of five letters, of 'which the 4th is ft
weak letter, form their plunil by inaertiiig \ after t^e
second; the weak letter of the siogaUr becomes or re-
maina 4.^ in the pluraL
ler, ^_,-^lj; yM-» Svltan, ^"i^'j
kjlx*; ^j ^ M^ poor, ^jSun^-
■J cf Triliteral Substantives, in which
ier second nor third, form their plural
' or J before the ultima, as ^^^
ieart, f-J^'y Jfy man, JU^-
il Nouns whose second letter is Li>
jntly formed by the insertion of _j
lical, as O^ Iiouse, bl^j^M ; jj!b
of four letters none of which axe
:aJ by inserting t after the second, aa
is^'j ij-at-v section, t,tcli«. Wlen
in the singular it is rejected in the
NuTTtbera of Nouns. S
The greater number of words indicating flowers (
fimits, or a part of an entire epeciea, ending in ', fori
their plural merely by rejecting this ij as i; "
of itratD, f^ straw; A-cw an onion, (J^ t
5. Professional Adjectives of which 1 is
letter, form their plural by transposing the
third place, and doubling the second radical,
t_>US a scribe; ***-> j»li>- a physician.
ever that the same forms, if not professional
plural rqpilarly, a^ i— -Ja? WJ^* ^ "^ '
uko roriie; fS\^i U?**^ ^ "^■
6. Quadriliterals of which the last letter
the plural by inserting 1 in the third plaa
chair, i^'S-
7. Names of trades and relative Adjecti
in t^ form their plurab by adding 3, as |^^
92 Numbers of N&wni.
AdjectiTca of the form (J«JU not being comparatives
or superlatives, form their plural for both genders on the
mode of J-«, as j^»\ red. Fern 'ly**-) PI. _;*»-'
\j^S whUe, Fem. L^, PI. |_,^ for (./s>j.
Adjectives of the form jJUi commonly tate the form
J*i in PL, as f.\j^, ^^.
As has been already observed. Comparative Adjec-
tives do not vary according to number. The same is
the case with Superlatives when the term of comparison
is expressed ; otherwise they vary as positive Adjectives.
The following table, taken from Erpeniua, and repre-
senting the more ordinary forms which the plural
assumes, may be useful :
1. tlJ^
2. jljcs- vxdl.
3. j-»»-l red .
4. ^j» jar .
Jf umbers of Noung.
snre. PLOE.
5. J»y man JV^
6. jjj ieeti
7. »— Jji^ striking
8. J^b perfect
9. /•]; an archer
10- ti;* monkey.
11. y/^ branch.'.
12. Ao-j _/(wje
13. jli« aAoMwr
14. JJJ fieeklace
15. y^U* frying-jian,
16. JU-1 Ufi
17. |«1U hoy
Nvmheri of Nouns.
r«>/ J'^
fwbU Uji
^« i
dear U&-1
wounded l^V?"
field fcjfjVs*
jEnsion of nouns.
un admits three inflections of case:
'e and AccusatiTe.
le Genitive serves likewise for He
iates, Diptotes, and Monoptotfs, or
eclension of Arabic youns is that of
;ludes all Kouns not excepted in the
B Nominative ends in ^, tie Gen-
DIPTOTES.
All Duals and B«gu]ar Plurals are Biptotea.
Duals form the Nominative in yU the Geniti'
Accusative in ^^! as N. fJ\jJ^ terUer, Gen. am
(jjjjl^; N. 4^U*-M plate, Gen. and Ace. jjj^^l*^
Ref^ar Plurals Masculine form the Kominat
^jt the Genitive and Accusative in ^M temdn
N. f^yjL^y believer, Gen, and Ace. jjJ»x«j^-
B^ular Plurals Feminine form the Nominal
CjU the Genitive and Accusative in iZj\, as N. d
bdi^Ber, Fem., Gen. and Ace. iJL)\j>^yt-
A large class of Diptotes form the Nominat
accenting the terminal letter with dammah, ai
Genitive and Accusative yntitjeihak. Such are
1. Positive and Comparative Adjectives of tb
Jwl- as N. j*^\, jJ^\, Gen. and Ace. jAb-\i
Deelention.
Ldjectives form their feminine in >
thus from (J-<j\ orjAan, Fern. ^)'
s-a -a ^-a
J-«jU Gen. (J-«jli Ace. 1*}^
uns of the form. ^,^1 may be eitlier
»B, 88 N, tJ>J«»-' or (jJ^i hawsk.
ending in ^J\ servile, whose femimse
thus irom \J'>^> Fern. ^j*^> we
>^ angry, Gen, and Aco. ^^Uoc-
i and Adjectives Singular, andlrr^-
in hamzah, preceded by AUfaiaxax^
tnsel ^\jAa
« ^
ie/g ■^Uijl
CasM of Nownt. 97
If the alif-hamzah be part of the root, they are Tri-
ptotes, as N. *liJf doak, Gen. '(jj. Ace. '\iif
4. Irregular Qoadrisyllabio Florals, of w]
first two syllables are accented with fethak, tl
vith &earah, as
HOK. OKN. AND ioa
*— -jl«i* wonders t,^\j^
(jWjlJi^ schools ^^IOl*
,^o3vu heys .^ujU^i
j^y hdpera j^'^
5. Proper munea of men, countriefl ant
&e., as
HOK. aSH. .Aim AOI
jjjUia Olhman 4^*^
fJJUji^ Abraham fi^^
fjUjU Cyprus V^ji^
98 CoMg of NoiMM.
If these names bo Triliteral, and tiie second letta-
be jezmated, they may be also treated as Triptotea, u
N. Joft Hind, J>*J Dad.
Under the head of Diptotes may be likewise ranged
nouns whose last letter is ij preceded by ketnA. Of
these the N. and G. are alike, and end in ^ — . The
Accusative ends in u, or in Derivatives firom the De-
fective Triliteral in (j-
BOX. Airi> OEM. ACO.
,jo\i Cadi b-»U
J^ spoiler Ijllc
caster V^Ij
smeaHng t/J*-*
MONOPTOTES.
un ends in It j or (_Si preceded by
> no variation of case, as Ifom., Cfen-
rod, ,_jO-_j mill, fjj&^ good rtetes, ijj-i
tedidne, MtW pretenis.
Cases of Nowna. 99
Six Nouns when placed in construction make a dis-
tinction of case by a change of terminal vowel. These
Nouns are written absolutely, c->i faJther^ ^\ hrothery
S - S" s - ^
*>• fath&r-in-laWy fi mouthy ^ a thing^ jJ endowed
toith; but when in construction the Nominative termi-
nates in j5 the Genitive in i^y the Accusative in *•
Thus we have in construction,
•*^ - *»jt
JU^, klJyJb, (jjy, cJy^^y (jJ^l CJ^I U. Nom.
j: ^ X'
JU U, (jJUto, «JU, «jJU>., (jJW, (jJbl ^::^|; Ace.
*» o^ -
Cbof^. CXxi^, eU^' CXx^V, CJaj>^ CLy,^ Gen.
JU i^jj
Note. The mim of ^i is elided.
The above variation does not take place in the case
of the affixed pronoun of the first person ij ; thus we
write in all cases
- - t t
J>f"> LT^' L5t^' kJ^' L^^
The Regular Declension of Triptotes to which all
nouns, except those abeady enumerated, belong, is
100 Caaea of Noum.
J»^) lUbdJi ji^, J^^) f^^ Nom.
Jft^, i»^, jijS, JWj' pU=S Gen.
IU-; 1 ijbaJi , \jj^ , H^j , \cl.a* Ace.
The difference of number doea not of itself make anj
difference in the declension, provided that the condition!
of a Triptote aoim are fdlfilled.
To express the Vocative case the Arabs use the
Accusative or the KoiiunatiT&
The Accusative is used -when the peraon addressed is
not defined hj name or by preseaoe, or in compoucd
espressions, as &»-) u man, the man addressed not
t; iiJljU-c \iOAbdallak!i^-fSi\
mountain.
tive without tanwin is used when &e
is a single noim, either a proper name
re which is specially pointed out, as
J*y u man, the man being pointed
IVATIONS ON DECLENSION.
el loinunn is never admissible when tiie
I by the definite article. In that case
ime ", , ", respectively ; thus we lam
Declension, 101
from c/?^^' w^?^/ ' J from <JJUtX<j <iUu<XiJi j from j»y***^->
cr***^^-
2. When a genitive case, definite either by reason
of the article or of its own signification, follows one or
more substantives placed in construction with it, it
deprives the one or more preceding substantives of the
nun et ta/nwin.
>» ^-
Ex. <u3\ Qy^j ^ the prophet of God cwme ; c:^,]^
j»a^ Cl)X« <Mft / saw the servant of the king of Egypt;
c-.^Ls? S^^^ <"^^^^^ ^^^^ hroibghtest the hook of
vxmders.
3. Duals and Regular Masc. Plurals, when followed
by a substantive in construction with them, as the latter
of two substantives, or by an affixed pronoun, lose their
final ^«
-O- *» C/--
Ex. *X»J 1*XAC (JL^jto^ I assisted Zeid^s two servcmts;
t ^ o
^\ Uij d^ \s>- my father^ s sons came,
4. Terminal ^ when followed by the latter of two
Substantives, or by an aflSxed Pronoun is pronounced
as C-^. In the latter case it is also written CL^*
K5
102 PronouiM.
Ex, C^IaIi ^-i^ U pronounced medeenet d vM;
jjiAJi written and pronounced dmet-te.
PERSONAL PRONOUira.
The Arabs have two kinds of Feraonal FronouDS,
Separate and Affixed.
The Separate are as foUows :
Singular.
Oaa.
Uu.
>»
3rd Per»
- c£
^^\
2iid —
-i
1st —
Dual.
U
3rd —
2nd -
Pltind.
?
3rd —
t-oX
fii
2iid —
Pronouns, 103
^«* — — —
If ^ or jJb are preceded by ^ or u^ conjunctional,
tliey sometimes lose their dammah and hear ah, as j^j
The Aflixed Pronouns serve as the oblique cases of
the Separate Personal Pronouns, and also as Possessives.
They are
Singula/r,
Fern. Com. Mas.
Ub }S 3rd Pers.
«J vJ 2nd —
j or LT when the object of
Verbs.
Dual.
Ujb 3rd —
U^ 2nd —
Plv/rait,
^ ,»«> 3rd —
^ j^ 2iid -
U 1st —
Ajfiaed Proiwunt.
<n him; l^lc upon her; Cii. CU to
ning me ; (_j*^ Ae t^vck me ; Wb^M
the affixed Personal and Possesiuve
[ia and Verbs, the following rules mnst
vn/win difiappeara, aa CAjW jis-l He
the affix of the lat Pers. to the Noun,
: of the Noun is merged in the feuroft
i^^m5 c:, -j^l hast thou seen my dogt
» becomes dJ, as ,j*^**J iZJti\j my
f^ of duals and plurals in nouns ia
S tUl^ / have read thy Itoo booki;
sons said; liJjj^^i ^y^J t^y hdptn
' 3rd PI. Masa of the Past the mute
'Xf^ UllR^* 'mamy helped thee. When
Affioced Profwuna, 106
the affixes of the 1st Pers., ^ and l3 are subjoined to
the 2nd and 3rd PI. Masc. of the Present, the terminal
(^ of the Present may be omitted, as \^^j^^ yov*
order me,
4. Nouns ending in alif-hamzah accented with
maddah change the alif into j or u.^ if the vowel ac-
^—
centing it be dammah or kesrah, thus from >w affHc-
— — k»k*»*—
turn, we have when the pronoun X is annexed, jLs ifyJ
AM* his affliction was hea/vy^ <uL c,^nXm j ^j>j explain
the cause of his ajffUction,
5. When a Pronoun is affixed to the 2nd PL Masc.
of the Past Tense a strengthening j is introduced be-
tween the terminal /♦ and the affixed pronoun, as
Jb^^Jo 1^ you soAJO them.
6. The quiescent terminal u.^ of Nouns or Verbs
preceded hjfethah and having in pronunciation the force
of I may be written i when a pronoun is affixed, as
«« — ^ ^ ^ «
*U; he threw it, 2^Ui his hoy. This change is not im-
pwative. ^A^ and ^jXii are also correct.
106 Affixed ProTioung.
7. When i or j quiescent precede the a£x t^i ito
kearah becomee /et&ah, aa i_;^U3»- mtf aina. If ij qui-
escent precede i_f • a diphthong ij ia fonned, as ^_^ upon
J quiescent after dammah is changed into tJ and
forms a similar diphthong; as ^jAm* my J/twfemt
The affixes of the 3rd Pen. in all numbers change
their dammoih into kesroA Trhen preceded by kesrah, or
by uf qnieacent, as iOU^> U»,Us>-> f^> rf) 'jl'' ,
Ac. - , - - ~ ^- - I
brm of Pronoun used in the AccuaatiTC
the unmeaning expletive ui and tlw
9. It is used fdr all peraons and niuo-
Singvlar,
Com. Mu,
^y 3rd Pers.
<^\i\ 2nd —
(jW 1st —
Strengthened Pronouns, 107
Dual.
Fern. Com. Mas.
UtoW 3rd Pers.
— %»^
\a^\A 2nd —
♦♦
>
Plural,
y/>y ^y 3rd —
^y ^Ij 2nd -
Ijlt 1st —
This form is used when an aflfix has been already
added to the verb, or even when there is no affix, for the
sake of emphasis, as in the phrase
^ j XnXujj CJy^ «Xa*3 cJy thee we serve, from thee we
ask help.
Several other particles are used as supports to the
affixed pronouns. In such cases these pronouns would
be called in English grammar nominatives, but the
Arabic Syntax refers them to the accusative case.
Ex. iJ\ I; ^^ we; lX\ thou; ^\ he; ^Jf^ hut
^ - - "C^- ^'^%-
I; U<J hut we; ilXj^asi/thou; ^^ as if he; CXl^
-.^—
wozUd iha4i thou; ul« perhaps we.
108 Demonetrative Prmwrana.
Wliea t_$ is affijced to particles ending in simple
^j) it is strengthened by the addition of a eecond ^^>
as ^jj-«i u^' *c-
Occaelonally two pronoims are affixed to the same
wordj in this case the affix of the 1st person precedes
the 2nd, the 2nd the 3rd.
Ex. JjJuact he ga/oe ii to me; ^^Mij U, vnU auf-
Jiee thee against them; ^*J*- w»y love for him.
The DemonstratiTe Fronouu this is thus declined :
Sitigular.
,J J^_
jj
\i
^ ^.
J_
Out.
J:
ji
Nom.
^
Ptwal.
Com.
-s *-- *
1,\ ,r -J,!
Gen. and Aoc
DemonstrcUive Fronoims. 109
That is thus declined :
JSingiUa/r,
Fem. Mas.
Dual.
(iijG CJJl'i Norn.
• •
CLXIJ CXw J Gen. and Ace.
Com.
CJJ,V or CUj(
J is often inserted before CJ^ and in this case the
\ is frequently suppressed, as C)Jj> (iJJj.
Ufc is frequently prefixed and the \ written over the
line, as i*Xib> iidJb^ ]i^ or omitting the ' we have
\3»ib9 ^JJb) ^. To make an emphatic demonstrative
^ is added to C)j<^ > as a^ jj^ ^v> <Aa^ cowrie w the
best for you.
Substantives qualified by demonstratives require the
Article.
ft
The relative (^il i who or which, is thus declined :
Rdalive Provwant.
Fern.
^1
Dwd.
KouL Geo. and Ace.
J^
jM
Norn.
e^f
Phral.
Gea. and Ace.
J&
Norn.
JP.
Gen. and Ace.
ral variations in the declension of this
ire not frequently used,
loes not admit tmy prefix^ particles
^ J the genitive is not ofben employed
fixes CJ and J . Where the constmc-
reqnire a genitive, the accusative of
ally employed, and the genitive of the
personal pronoun governed by a, pre-
> ijiii\ Ja-jll ^ (jja this is the man
Iiderrogct^m Pronmma. Ill
f^ tMo, is of both genders and of all nnmberB. It
to&y also be used without an antecedent in the dgnifi-
catiou of he who, she who.
Lo is mmilarly used for things without life
Wbach, interrogative, is expressed by ^'i 1
Tiiae form of which b ^1- Thia interrogatire
-i
governs the genitive, as (— 'US ,jV It is joii
vdse with the various personal pronouns of I
and plural, as *4j1, U^l.
Whosoever, whichsoever, are expressed by ^
-i
When (_ji is used alone it is regularly dec
iSinffular.
k^
c!l
Norn.
05
-t
^.1
J
don.
*oi
«i
V.1
J>mt.
»1
Aca
u,iij
^.'it
Horn.
'»S
«£
>>.'
^.^
Osn. 1
PhmO.
■ u
- s
^JpWl G«n. and Aoc
When nsed alone in an interrogative sense ^-w also
admits inflection as follows:
SvnffuUtr.
r-
Norn
J^
Gen.
. li.
Ace.
[jvi^ Nom.
^Ji^ Gen, aad Ace.
uroZ.
yjji-c Nom.
jjjjj^ Gen. and Ace,
Nv/rmralB.
113
2
8
10
Fern.
NUMERALS.
Mas.
id^i
-\ s '\
- o
(^*X>-1
— o
d^\i
S '%
-o
Fern.
' •%
Mas.
s<l
Ist J^ Jjl
j^Ui51
^^l
2nd
s —
3rd
Jjii
4? - oX
4th
S o-
5th
J7
t^ » ^ ,
6th
s
/t ^ t . .»
•
7th
•
s -
5^U
LoUJ
••
8th
iLii
s
y « ■ ■ t
7
9th
10th
s-
L 5
4 t—Ou:
i ty ai
I
rm of these fractional nmnerals from :
■ in tlie Sing. J« . in the PL alwsjs
X PL oJif.
I
and OrdinaJa from 12 to 19 an .
the Masc. units to ihe Fern, form of {
the Fern, units to the Ma«c. form of
aspectively. To express 11th a peca-
Joyed.
A^l
y- ^t
JJI
>i iL'l
is
ic.
nth iji^ h'^'^
12Gi iA^ tU>jlj
13th ijLn
U^
The decimal numbers 20 to 90 do not
any change when uaed as ordinals. The sai
applies also to the hundreds and thousands.
i^Jji^ 30 yjX
40
300 iU
^1
3000 my
4000 iJlSA
/a t
11,000 UH yus o>».t
*t,f .-- -I,
12,000 Uil yLc UM
100,000 tjll AjU
200,000 uJJl U'U
It is curious that the nusculine oardiual numberG
from three to ten have a feminine termination.
The cardinal numbers from three to ten may be
regarded as substantives or as adjectives; in the former
case they precede the substantive which they quali^,
and it follows them aa the latter of two substantives; in
the latter case they follow the substantive, and agree
with it in gender and case.
ined as Triptotes.
19 the cardinals are indeclinable, ml^
12, in which the unit is declined, aa in
\\ thus we have Maao. N. yU Iwl-
,. . ^. . .- ■ ■ ■ I ■ m ■ i^iii L t.i< i .mts I. i .inn.^t. i jtc awffngW^BB'^wWPiWir^ig^WP^i—P'*^
Numerals, 117
-o - » o - — o
€ren. and Ace. jAc ^^U Pern. Norn, iy^ UJol, Gen.
>
and Ace. 2rAc j<a-uV The ordinals decline the unit
when preceded by the article after the manner of Tri-
ptotes, the decimal remains indeclinable.
Numbers between 11 and 19 require the substantive
qualified in the singular.
The decimal numbers 20, 30, 40 4&a are declined as
Diptotes. N. y^^f**^9 Gen, and Ace. ^^y^' They
are used as substantives. The substantive whose num-
ber they express follows in the accusative absolute, as
In Numeration the unit always precedes the decimal,
as 23 ^Ji/^j Ci^JXi.
In the numeration of himdreds, De Sacy asserts that
the unit is declinable. This is contrary to the opinion
of other Grammarians, who write i>UjH5> iUju^l , as
if the unit were indeclinable. There seems no reason
why the units should not be declined, and De Sacy con-
firms his opinion by other authors. Hence we may con-
S- ^ — ' ^ «# -o^
aider that <oU» v^jb> ^U» ^jl are moi'e correct than
^ " ^ -
^'> It is however remarkable that ^U
in the singular number.
nibstantive, and when following the nu
3 10 is used in the plural, thus we say
JHI ^Ji- Herein the usage of i—^ u
that of ijU-
meration of hundreds and thousands it is
express first the thousands, then the hun-
lite, lastly tens; or first units, then tens,
3, and lastly hundreds.
wind eight hundred cmd forty.
re numbers are expressed by repeating the
er, as yUJl jjUj\ (mo hy two, iMj\ Mij\
by a peculiar number of the forma J^
i)l>.1 ii\a-\ or Jk»-»« Ja-^ (m« £y on«,'
y^* ti/* *** /otirs. These distributive
Numerals, 119
Relative adjectives may be formed in the regular
s
manner from the cardinal numbers, as j<a**^«^ belong-
ing to five; of two however the relative adjective is
• i.
^1-
Two-fold, three-fold, and the like, are formed by the
addition of ^^ to the first form of distributive numeral,
s s
>1 • A
as c5 '^J L5^*
THE ARTICLE.
o s-
The Arabs have only one Article ^j\ the. It is in-
declinable.
The usage of this Article is much the same as that of
our English the. Where, however, in abstract nouns
and in classes we speak indefinitely, the Arabs prefix
the Article, as <t«Si ^i^ ^jj* righteousness exalteth a
twitimii^ j^J^ t^ M^^' ^'^^ jpiwfit^c* vcmJties,
When the Article is prefixed to a noun subject to
tcmvnn, the tanudn is retrenched and becomes a simple
vowel, thus J^ indefinite becomes «J>^» the man.
The Article is not prefixed to proper names, which
are considered as in themselves suficientlv defined
The Ariida.
- be observed, that wkere there ia a bdc-
Dtivefl terminated by a definite genitive
Jl in English wonld be preceded bj lie
in Arabic, the last only is preceded by
ruioflKt torn 0/ the detert is expreased,
re indefinite it woald be necessaiy to
particle from tons, thus we might saj,
ia occasionally prefixed to a phrase,
insidered as constituting a single aoiu,
not common. I
Lrticle is prefixed to noons beginning
ber, the sound of the (J is mei^ed in
th that letter, which ia thereby doubled,
pronounced Ssh ghenui.
is connected by wad with the preceding
''en written thus when it is the fint
nee. Thus t)»-j!lf J-»^l are correct
rticle is prefixed to the genitive case of
igea the final Fethah into Ketrah.
P<Miicle8. 121
PARTICLES.
Tlie Arabs divide particles into two classes, Separate
and Inseparable. The second of these classes consists of
S , - - ,
eight single letters, yiz. U ^-'l Cl>> {j**, L^iy (S),
J and fj and j.
To these /♦ and 9 are usually added, but they can-
not be properly included in the list as they are mere
o o-
contractions for ^^ and ^^•
The Inseparable Particles are united as prefixes to
the words or sentences with which they are connected.
X
1. Interrogative. It is prefixed to verbs, nouns, and
also to other particles.
Ex. *X[J /♦«! has Zeid risen?
- -o- s 'S
C^JJLc *iJj\ is Zeid at your house?
\ followed by A conveys the alternative whether —
or.
Ex. >^3a5 S J ^J^W it^Ac' i\y^ it is the
sa/me thing to them whether thou warn them or loa/m
tkem, not,
U
133 ItaeparahU Pa/rHdea.
-t- a - -■;- s-S
%jA£- A dJJoc iXijI it it 2eid who itcUUtyh
or Avtrou?
1^,-jjJl J] {do you iman) in the house?
£ --\
\ is also vocative, as t-a-jil Joseph!
UfJ signifies,
I. Place, or proximity, as_,1iJ]V \j\ I am in ^
house, Vj '—ifj^ ^ passed near her.
lent, as tiJ^jl-J'j ^ he is at prayert.
intality, aa *Lw '•r^ ^ wrUe toiti »
3 an oath, as ""Mb hy God.
by reaeon o^ at the price o^ &«., »
' life for life, \y'^ (*i f^^ W^J* («^
^i ftatw o grievous puni^ment for tluv
Inseparable Particles. 123
6> It is prefixed to a predicate, and converts the
nominatiye into a genitive, especially in negative sen-
tences and after lOh as Ji^ ^i v« God is not neg-
lectful^ (Jf^V ^*^' behold the ma/nl
7. It expresses the object of a neuter verb, so as
to form a quasi transitive construction, as C-^Uflu ^]
he came vnth the hook, L e. he hroiLght the hook;
2^JiJ|}^ ^^ 4-Jlb A^«X4w« ^* 7 supply to your yxmt a
thousamd a/ngels.
<-^ is used merely as an oath, but always imply-
ing that God is invoked in such oath as ^u? ^y
by God; hy my Lord, Le. God.
The letter (jw prefixed to the Present gives it a
Future signification. The particle u- 5j-9 is prefixed for
the same purpose, but ^ assigns a more immediate,
c^jma a more distant future.
1S4 InttparabU Fartidea.
Ex. jj^V-* *« w»^ comas 80 also (jl\j uJj-i l(
uiiO etwM at a more didant period.
Thia letter is prefixed to verbs, nouns, and particlffl;
it indicates sequence either of effect or time. It gives
emphasis to the imperative, and ia commonly prefixed to
this mood after a conditional sentence, and is united, u
a kind of buttress, to other particles. Sometimes it loses
its sequential meaning and is a mere copulative, like
r
Ex. jjJJl tjii jyi\ ij^ let there he light, and
tliere «kw lighL
U;"^ ilJj \>- Zeid came, and then
mouiUed the horie.
Jj^\ _j *U JUjil Ji say, tiie gpoiU
and Ae prophet; reverence God.
e prefixed to the verb with a signification
TT ehe, as do not approach this tree or ^
%nsgreaaor8 IjJjS-w ijt^\ >Afc IjJ^ )
Inaepa/rahle Fa/rtides, 125
Ex. <t^U cJ^W*-!^ ^/^\ er^ -^^ wW */
ow« q/* the idolaters ask thee for help, help him,
CJ ?t^c, is a preposition governing tlie genitive case,
and is prefixed to nouns and independent pronouns;
rarely to affixed pronouns.
Ex. u^^ like a ma/riy Ui like us. United with
U it forms an adverb, as Ud as^ Jj^ is pleonastic,
like Hie likeness of.
1. (J is prefixed to Nouns as tlie sign of the dative,
and as a preposition signifying iecause of for the sake
of or expressing an oath with wonder.
Ex. aU d^A^ praise be to God.
Note. J becomes J when prefixed to all the affixed
pronouns except of the Isi Pers. Sing.
M5
126 Iiuiepanjiile PaTiicUt.
Ej. liJJ, U, J.
iiiiU iMj^ I beat him hecmae <^ Kia lie.
l_.^(>uU ^j^ I heat him for the sake of ingtruet-
ing him.
iU in/ God.
When (} is prefixed to the Article it causes a con-
traction, as in tlie instances already given. Jl becomeg
J!_.
2. ^J is used pleonasticallj with the vocative in
calling for help as <iJ,j> u j and aa expressing the pre-
dicate, particularly when ^Ji haa been prefixed to the
subject, asjjlal ilili ^\, and aa forming the apodoas
■nal sentence, as CiX*^ ^^jJu^ jl if thou
e I wovid honour thee.
refixed to the Freaent forma the 3rd Pets-
!rative, and all the persons of th* SubjuM-
Inaepa/rohle Fartidea, 127
O «»0«» «*»#0'
tive, as L,.*^.Ny.>j> |>f^^^ let him write, let them write;
(J prefixed to the Present forms an Optative, as
' «« «« <^ ^o^^a* V ^<^
sj^yi\ J^^i^li <dJl ^j ^e^ the faithful trust in
Gody i.e. I wi$h that they would so trust.
y
1. J couples nouns and sentences; it signifies merely
(m<f drink,
2. It expresses an oatb, as ^\^ hy God,
3. It signifies with, and then governs the accusa-
tive, as i«3^ ^ Cl)Jt« what hast thou to do with Zeidl
4. It is equivalent to whitst, and then throws the verb
into the subjunctive, as ^;>ij» ^j^ j CX^l JiU S
<^ou «AaZ^ 7W)^ ea< fish whilst thou a/rt drinking milk;
or to though, and is loosely added vdth a verb in the
present, as ^^^Amjj J>j\ j <Uc \jly S ^wr/i wo^ at(wy
yrow hi/m (God), though you hear his commands.
In special forma of Adverb tlie Arabic Ungasge ii (
BCanty, but the deficient is amply supplied by the pova
of cKtoerbiaiixmg. The accnmtiTea of all BubstanUna
sod Terbals ma; be uaed advorbiallj.
Ex. \Ji^ hy day, IjJ 6y m^ht, &asj anxiotufy,
^xw on the Tight, ltl«Ji on ihe UJt, U^J aorae day, 1>-W
within, iji^ much, iAjI /or ever.
The following list <rf common Adverbe may be nsefiil:
Place:
^1 lI-O^- where, interrogatiye, or otherwise.
' S ' - l .
^\ ^^\ whither, ^\ u-« wlienee.
refoever.
piifies also inaamach ai.
, 1,;:,^ belouj, (}m wtdemeath,
'e, ]_(j behind.
Adverbs. 129
Time:
o- o-
ui or ^\ now.
»#o-
*^*^ aftenoards.
^ o-
J^ before.
^^/*^^ yesterday, d^\x\ yesterday.
O) or iJi toAen^ UJb vo*J* whenever.
o -
(jfc>< ^Aen, or behold.
- 15^ -:^
(jk^ ^^ jj:?^" ti^' "i^hen, interrogatively or not.
o- o-
«X3 and iai are verbal ac^uncts; the first is prefixed
to the Past to increase the completeness of the action,
'OmC — 'O - O"
as .^Umw^J) /M 4X3 Christ has risen; « is employed after
o * »*»* i — —
a negative and increases its force, as « <Wb -^ wewr
saw him.
130 Adverbt.
INTEEROGATIVB ADVERBS.
S
\ (see above onder InBeparable Particles) and ^ an
£
simple Intem^tiTes; \ is prefixed to the firat word of
the sentence, and may be used in all cases; but J^
cannot be employed when the accuuative precedes the
verb, or when i_>) or _j> or *-') or the disjunctive A
follow.
<— *j lit. perhaps, is used either aa expressive of mul-
titude or paucity, aa,
C>ji] -JjS Jo-_j tJ) I met but few generout foen.
ijJ\j *jU J»y i_j^' 7 gaui many men standing.
■rhapt, expresses & hope or a possibility, u
11 t^ perhaps God will have merct/ wyw
>s he will.
e the afixed pronouns, as (^JUi O^i
ivhat reason, is expressed by Jj l+Ji WW^
Adverbs. 131
Negative interrogatives are formed by prefixing 1
to negative particles.
AFFIRMATIVE ADVERBS.
C-- — o-
A*^ «-5» yes; /^ is the ordinary form of affirmative
0--
but >«3 i^\ gives greater force. In reply to a call
0--
ft^ is used as equivalent to yes; what do you loant?
%»"
!fy} surely y is a form of oath = ^ j^l yes^ by Him,
L e. Gkni
<OJu sv/rely. {j\ is used also with other oaths, but
not alone as an affirmative.
^Jj certairdy.
NEGATIVE ADVERBS.
S> vo are simple negatives, tc is used either with
the present or past tense; 8 is used with the present as
expressing a single negation, with the past likewise when
a negative alternative is required, as ^^^ S ^ 4^(^ 51
139 Adverba.
he neither Uatphemed nor prayed. It is atao used for
the Qegntire imperative, or as preceding nouna and ei-
presung the absence of a whole cIabb.
J and Ml (compounded of J and Ue) vat, are pre-
fixed to the present and give to it a past significatioD,
as <>7-"^ Ul] J he hoe not written.
*^ dUt ^j jtAjUftJ Jj jrou did not kUl them,
but God killed them.
^J is prefixed to the present, giriog It a fat\ire ng-
nification. Compounded of ) and ^Jl•
^ certainly not. Compounded of Jfi and t-
Of all particles ^^\ is the most universal.
of
^ thai, expressing a mere conjunction of sentenMs,
- -Li ^S ^ S
as t— -J^ fji Aiji I laieh to write.
In this sense other particles are either prefixed to it
<.% - '.I -
er it, as y^ |^1 'mUU the time that ; tj' ^
turn that; t ^^ that-noL It is sometiises
itive, as cJVrtc yli yl caet down thy rod.
t,l if, as CA-jSl ^p J, ifthoa lumc
I will honow thee.
From thia mm of if, Ji ftwquentiy app.
negative in conditional sentemoea, eupecially '
lowed by t\, as
tAtn^ &iif a ddugion.
^J=i ^:^\ J^ SI ^_^l J ,ny ream
penda KhoUy on Aim tMo crmied me,
Thia n^afdve meaning is aaoribed to ^jl
sentences by Arabic Granmiarians, but it is a
whetJiBT it may Dot be a simple expletdve.
In such a phrase however as
- s — S t.^ s-t, ^o-_ tf t,
whether this is a trial /or yov, or a femporari
we may snppose an ellipsis = may I die if.
(J Ujl wUese, i^lj although, ,^ as if.
u jjjl i.!.-^ where, y' ui merely
a
igthened form of ^,'j and tued to
ler particles prefixed or affixed, &»
pie sense of ^J^, as lot fAol he, or
1 SO that; ^ CJ-& H no douht that;
ive; ^^U in fad; ^Ji) f&r, oltKotigh.
kCj) yiw. In interrogatiTe sentences
t
a preceded by t and followed by J *
xkea the form shewn in the follow-
jjUl «C^1 are yoK the men to enier-
<nt
I often a pore expletive serTing u
hang a sentence, aa
Adcerba.
believers wko when God has been mmtioned,
rent hearts, &e.
To these Adverbs may be added o' Oh,
lay; liU- God forbid; 'Mj sometmes; U
egpeeiaU^; (jOjc never; !Lu still less; ^^
how; ijL^ would &iatj\ U-o together; I* fit
^\ properly signifyiiig hut, is used to exj
ffis at the commencement of a sentence.
OP CONJUNCrnONS.
Of I—* and J we have already treated,
may be remarked that it is often used me
sentence should &1I to pieces for want of con
that though it implies sequence, that seqt
quently one of contrariety.
'i\ that not, composed of ^i and the
1)1 in order that not.
136 CotywietionB.
31 con^HMed of ^Jl and I, vtUeig.
nnB the second of two altenuUini
rogation or a plain declaration; it
gthened form W-
I of.
lien or is di^nnctire and is eqoh
-equiree the sabjunotiTe, aa CJkMjul
yoM or, Le. tmiesg you become t
Mi. This may be also contddered
injunction, as it ia used independ-
to couple sentences.
fee that; Sj^i 3j^ im mder thai nol.
^^ receives the affixed pronooni'
\ Sjj) U j! i/" not
PREPOSITIONS.
The number of prepoaitiona ia small;
fbllova:
^1 unto, in addition to.
l.wW-t iJiSi to-, ytt ji^ except; the firs
originally verbs and governed the acousativ
structioa is still allowable; the last is prop
e of the noun jJ« difference.
^ in, either of place or time.
,_jLc wpoM, of physical or of mental m
as (j»j31 ^^ on the grownd; bl)alt ^_i^ ,
to thee U v^pon me; 1<>JJ ti'^** toJce Zeid
ie. into your care.
|Ae likewise signifies agamet, as ^^ «
out againtt me,
jjjB Concermng, as (iUc yU (Aey ogj
Preporitioni.
jjie ^JH ruih teithma my aid.
confieqnence^ as 'r^;*- ii-»^
jIj the tear of Wayd produced
^y generalwiu.
e morning and had Tiot remaned
•■e the tmdreised.
>d as s complement to a prepo-
d^ aa yj:*^ ^^ ^^ from the
(juently combined with the reb-
s the forms U^> U«
lee may be an abbreviation of
eriy a noon mgnifying side ot
iX« — liXc Tiear, ere properly nouna Ldi
commencemeiit of a period; wKeii tbat p
yet terminated the; are folloired by the gei
vise not.
^^ from.
1. Point of departure either of time
1^3 1 ^1 t*^ ' ^ /»wn the begiimmg
jjjj I ^* —.1; he weni fr(ym fA« atwitry.
2. Origin, aB in composition or parti4
poserf o/ ftMti ow^ bodt/.
ybjD ( ^j.< L'''*?t^ ' '.^^**?"^ awnd the ab
idols, Le. resulting &onL
JkJUkUl ^r* <^' ^ iO(^ game gold pio
^J(y^4Ji 3 (jwUJl ^ «om« www do not Mi
even Bay, t,^*-^ equivalent to a part of th
persons.
140 PreponHons.
It appears to be an extension of this partitive aig-
nifioation that .« is need with, tte genitive singolar
'c^tive sentences in place of the
tive, as
> no man came to me,
^1 have you, vmiten a letter f
ft is frequently used as merely in-
ice of one substantive on another,
should use the word of, as
u he has incurred the torcUh of
actual prepositions is supplied by
: language affords for using every
i case, and so convert- 1
■Aim, thus, Jji above, is a quaei
fom jjji iAfi wppeT part, (J_j*-
e circumjacent parts. So of many
injunction, and preposition.
Prepo«iHoru. 141
As aa adverb it aignifiee even, and prodncsB no effect
- - -t_« « - - -t~o, -
on the following word, aa sULJI |_j*a- *jS!l W (Ae
people eame, even the wtUkera \^*j ij*^- •^i-*^^ \jiJo\,
I ate the jish, even Ue head.
As a conjnnctiaQ signifying ttmfl, it exennses
fluence npon tlie following verb, as ^^}yi**i \j*^ ^
they loorh untU they are tired. If it has an i
sense, in order that, it tben requires the mbja]
as ly^^ Lf^ Ltr^^ ^^ loork thai they may be
As a preposition it signifies up to a emiam
^ - ;- - «- i-
ae far as, aa (•^J' *i^ i_5*^ 'jV *A«y ca
<^ en<2 of their path.
All prepositions and quaBi-prepositions gover
genitive case.
OF INTEEJECTIONS.
£ I
Hi 1 are used to call or to chide, 0/
ft expresses grie^ a&/
•.S
f 1 oft/ woe w mel
lii Interjeetwne.
'u expresses sorprise.
(Jij cUaef is properly » Bubstantive, and admits the
additiona of the prouonns after it, as ilii Jjj alat!
to thee; ^^ Jjj woe! to me; or, ilihj woe to iAee.
Ij aiat is prefixed either to nouns or to seDtence&
The noun may follow in the nominatiTe, as <Uj \y alas!
Zeid; or either the single noun or the termination of
lay be affected by 1 or s\» as low^ Ij or
eie confusion might arise from the addi-
lal 'It or even, according to some gram-
there is no danger of such oonfosioii, '
I J when preceded by dammah, into ^J
\, as »jf*lc ij alai! Ims bIoax; iJi~<ie. \j
) slave, to avoid ambiguity between the
d V*^' iiX*i i and Cl)-<&£> thus made
j"^' liT* J '^''w/ for him loho digged
In a vocative formed by prefixing u to an accuBa-
tive followed hy the pronominal affix of tlie first person,
the (J ia frequently dropped, aa (♦j* 'i my people,
*JU) which ia properly a v&ib, is used as a
jection expreanng admiratioa or approval, as
mr htiper; noble helper, noble aidm" thai A<
Fntsr OONCWED.
xe 'with its Subject in P^son, t
B clause is added to a pronoon of tlie
son, the verb of that olanse is not
ito the third penon, as
who have bdieoed, iMfin ye hoax met
faos in jight do not turn t/ow baekt
»iiHst of two persons or more, the
_(,- ^ -i^ -i
he moat wortLy, as tuM (juj^ ^\
—I- i«-- - -a
, ttJj»- liAtfr* J ^JL^\ thou tutd
pncede the Verb, the Verb agrees
and Number, From this role are
Feminiite Plurals, which require the
Ex. ^ Juj 2«rf loent.
i^jSflj CUUUff 1 the jnge<ms fiy.
If the subject be smgular and immediately to
the verb, the verb uBoallj agrees with it in gei
and always in number.
If the Babject do not follov the verb im
tike verb usually rem&iiifi in the singular mafica
unless the subject be a rational feminine.
If the subject be dual and follow the verb in
diately, the verb agrees in gender, but not in num
if words be interposed, the verb remains in the me
line, unless the subject be a rational feminine.
If the subject be an irr^^ular plural and follow
verb immediately, the verb usually takes the fon
the singolar feminine.
I^ however, the subject be a r^nlar plnrtd mascv
or a proper name, it is a vulgarism to use the femin
the masculine singular is then employed; but w
tbeee plurals are of a difTerent form from their singu
146 ^rat Conconi.
aa in the case of words like jjjjw> ^J>\ th^ axe r^arfed
Hs iFHunilar nnil the verb is placed in the singular femi-
lar masculine may even be retained for
le subject is an animated plural femi-
s woman came.
vT^y "^^ "* 6«^tew as /ool» U-
i» iAe children of Adam said,
the vmters came.
' Z&da, i.e. ihe men hearing the wum
the women lied.
bject is a collective noun and precedes
rb is ordinarily pluial, as
First Concord, I47
ii^Ji/^ ^ (^^^ ^' ^ ^ 5«^ <Ae majority of
wew a/re not grateful; (jwUSl ^^yt*^ 1^^ J^^ ei
portion of them f eon' men.
In the case of regular animated plurals, especially
masculine plurals, it is not unusual to make the verb
agree both in number and gender, even though it pre-
cede its subject, as ^^jj^Ull /U «^ hdperB came.
SECOND CONCORD.
The adjective follows ite substantive, and agrees with
it in gender, number and case.
If the substantive be definite, the adjective is like-
wise definite; if the substantive be indefinite, the adjec-
tive is indefinite, except where a proper name is formed
by the combination of an indefinite substantive with a
definite adjective.
Ex. 4>j*X5il ^^b the iron gate.
In this case M. de Sacy supposes an ellipse, and
treats the adjective as in construction, the substantive
with which it agrees being understood.
Note. A substantive is definite when it is preceded
by the article or has an affixed pronoun* Proper names
Second Concord.
When, however, the sabsteutiTO is
.te, the adjectiYe which qualifies i^
lich refer to it^ take the form of Ak
Prononns precede the aubetantiTe
requite that the article be prefixed
EXAHPLES.
amj a betmti/ul gardm.
.I K wJl' the bea/uiifui garden.
^]j>} Abraham the /aWi/itl.
^..^ the holy house, L e. JemsdUm.
IjjI l(srge gates.
< this man.
we have a peculiar concord ol sab-
iva Where a phrase is appended to
ressiTe of the quality of a second
[ relation to the firat, the a^ectJw
» character of the seoond BubstantiTe
SynJtax of Numerals, 149
nsuaJlj agrees in definiteness or indefiniteness, and also
in case, with the first, but in gender and number with
the second substantive.
Ex. jiJfejUuJ CL>U^1 JVj^^ <*:>^ J^^ ^
entered the house of the men whose unves a/re wise.
Cardinal numerals from three to ten inclusive may
be treated either as substantives or adjectives: if they
are regarded as substantives, they precede the substan-
tive which they qualify, and thus convert it into the
latter of two substantives; if as adjectives, they follow
the substantive and agree with it like other adjectives.
They agree in gender with the substantive they qualify
in both cases.
From ten upwards to a himdred the units agree in
gender, but the whole number is treated as a substan-
tive; the following substantive, however, is in the accu-
sative singular, thus acting as a qualitative adjimct to
the numeral.
The numerals of hundreds and thousands are substan-
tives requiring the substantive qualified in the genitive
singular.
In a number composed of different classes the name
of the thing numbered is placed after the last numeral
in the number and case required by the construction
o 5
IfiO Syniaai qf NtimeraU.
To express the date of a year cardinal unmberB ate
used and agree with <U-)-
The order of the nnmerals is nnitB, tens, hundreds,
— J 1 — n_ tu jg^ ^jjg cksaes being all connected by
I nnmerab are all r^arded as the
mtives after <t-*-». Hence fU-j does
I article.
I are treated as other adjectives.
Examples.
iZJjM iLJiS three hoaaea.
£
eleven stars.
t*" jyty-nine fotmtains.
ku/ndred eervtmis.
Muscmd derumi.
Gomparatives a/ad Superlatvoes, 151
^^ 6^071 <Ae year 1396.
^/♦^-i ^ ^juub^li!* J^y ^^^■iir* ^ passed the
fifth motrntain, it was red.
Adjectives in the Compao^tive Degree admit no
variation for number or gender. See p. 45.
When the term of comparison is not expressed the
superlative agrees like an ordinary adjective; when it
is expressed the superlative is invariable both in number
and in gender. The construction of the substantive
following it is in this case that of the latter of two
substantives.
EbLlMPLES.
- o »*-o^ So
**r^^ J tiT* J**^' "^^ Sind is ha/ndsomer tham,
Zeineb.
4.^1^1 Jfl^l <UJm&4j1 adJb this is the greatest mis'
fortwrn,
^^^Wt jj^ \0I ^ He (God) is the best of
judges.
152 Syntax of
The relative agrees with its anteeedent like an ordi-
nary adjective, but it is not nsual (see p. 61) to employ
e genitive caae. In using both genitive
it is the practice to supply the pjrononn
n gender and number to the relative after
Examples.
t t— >UJ3t the hook whicA I wrote.
'1 js#^i the trees which I sa/w.
ij:„^\ h^iM 1 tl«.a^ Moha/m/med to whom
lUERBNCE OF StTESTAMTIVES.
of two substantives is usually placed in
lae. There may be a series of such Bub-
nnected sequence, each depending on ^the
it In these oases the last salratantive
!ihe tamnin and admits the definite artide.
)f this article, or of a pronominal afl&x to
antive, or of a proper name in the last
jective, and affecte all the foregoing snb-
I Article.
CovwwneMie of Subatcmtwea. 153
Examples.
"Hj ^J^ %JJ ^ ^^'^^^ ^ M^ 9f ^^'
- -^
^1 ^uj». i^\ he took Ms aorCa horse.
— >
-* - o » — - o -
c/^ir*' L5^ ^^w.**^ C)X« ^ nded the kingdom of
the sane of Israel,
<^
The word J^, which is used as equivalent to the
adjective all, is always constructed as a substantive,
and requires the substantive which follows it to be
placed in the genitiva
Ex. jjUuJSI J^ «-.4yuujJ JjE*^l Aewfew ^Aa« aW
^Ae loorld may hea/r.
The participle of a transitive verb may be treated
as a substantive, and be followed by a noun in the
genitive case, as
aJJl (^js^ jXs. Jj\ \ylis\ know that ye shall
not escape God: lit. ye a/re not escapers of God.
The Arabs admit an apposition of substantives to a
very large extent. These substantives may be classed
under five heads.
M
154 Conewmnca of SiAtAanivixa.
1. Eeflective, consistiDg of vonb lile y-i»j
■ -^"^ -"'' similar terms to which the pronouns aw
*«j tVAS^ JU Mohammed hitnadf said.
minatiTe, as
J i»- .Seid!', (Aj brother came.
itive, as
U*«j Zew^ Aid learning profited me,
C;!! tJ-J^i I ate the loaf, Lb. a third qf it.
ictive, as
^jJi jUji (Jli (Ae muitUude, viz. (io»8 mA*
SUBJECT AND PREDICATE.
ct of a Terb usually follows it, and is in
re case. Not unfrequently, however, the
sentence is placed first as a nominatiTe
Subject and Predicate. 155
absolute, and the rest of the sentence constructed with-
out reference to this nominative.
Ex. ^\ ^J^ ^Jijs!i\ <d "^U. tU^s? MohamTned,
<^ — •»
the Koran came to him from God.
When the subject and predicate of a sentence are
both nouns, or the subject a pronoun and the predicate
a noun, and are connected merely by the verb substan-
tive understood, they are both in the nominative case, as
JU iXjJ Zeid is learned; <*-fl^/«» c:^' thou art
noble/ (j^\ yb <d!* God, he is the 1/rue one.
When the subject and predicate are connected by
jj»5 or one of its fomily, the subject is in the nomi-
native, the predicate in the accusative. The verbs
which thus affect the predicate are as follows:
^\i it was.
^j>*^ it was evening; U was.
^^Ju^i it was morning.
?\ it was afternoon.
(Jl^ U contvnited^
156 Suigect and PrtdieaU.
t^u it mat mghL
j^ it UKU, became.
y^ it U not,
Uji' Uy ** ceased;
CXftJi it ceaeed tlemding;
loas young; he carUiniied;
by a QegativB
or interTOga-
tive particle.
xntimwd; when preceded by tha reU-
"Hj y)"^ ^^ '"'** rinng; ^ ^^hmI
, ^ s-a — -
u teate^Tig; ^\i fi^*a~\ Jl^ U Ahmed
':; Utli jjj cJiil U ^eid amtinaed
' - - -S-o t-S -
wiff/ 1Jj»-j- 411 (»|J U cJo^l H the
d ia jtfOl cowvai with yawn.
Particles. 157
When the particle ^^i , or any one of its femily is pre-
fixed to the subject of a sentence, the effect is to throw
the subject into the accusative case and the predicate
into the nominative. The particles which do this are
the following:
^^ ^
^ and ^ expletive particles to add force to a
statement.
^^ and ^^ hut.
^X-
^ as if,
c:^ woTdd that.
jj« perhaps.
E2CAMPLES.
^13 1 Jjj fji Zeid is stcmding.
CJujIJ *Xa>-1 fj\ j^_5^ / have heard that Ahmed
is devoted to Ood.
JjbW ^\ jj^ (fi^ j[/^ Am/rou is ijoise, hvi
his son is idle.
V
|,j^ Jjf^^ u^-jI toouid that the fooHA
yU 41l (^ perhap* Gfod may he mercifidi
The same rale applies when one of tlie affixed pro-
nouns iB attached to these particles, as
JitU i^\ thou art excellent.
l^wsz^ ilXJJi vxndd that Hum wart kind.
ji^i (,^)U perhaps thou mayest be able.
TransitiTe Yerfae in Arabio, as in other languages,
govern the accoaatiTe case, aa dill >j*j^^ obey God.
Certfun Yerhe, from their meaning, inv<dve and
ible acoosative. These Yerbs are ten.
toughi; *— -^Ma- he reohmved.
S-
hn/aght; ^si) Ae thought or aam.
Accusative Case, 159
fX^ he learnt; *>^ he found.
— ^
*Xi^« he took; u^ he made.
(JU» he thofight; ^-a*^ he hea/rd.
The construction of a double accusative is not infre-
quent after other verbs also.
A neuter verb often becomes equivalent to a trans-
itive one by the prefix of the preposition ^-^ to the
succeeding noun.
-«»o
Ex. jJjll) c-*^J^J he took the boy.
If a verb in the active governs a double accusative,
it is not uncommon to retain one of these accusatives as
the object of the verb when the active voice is changed
into the passive, thus, UjIS Wj u^^^liS^ / thought Zekl
s - ^ >»
was standing, may become in the passive UjU Jj * ^
Zeiid vxLS thought to he standi/ng.
The usage of the accusative in Arabic is very exten-
sive.
IW Acaaalive Com.
1. It Berves as a noon of action cognate to the
action of the verb, ae \jja tj>o^' / gtrwk a etnit;
UjU. >^ he aal in B
% lettwn.
2. It is the object of the Transitive Terb.
fjo with its fiunily require, and other verbs ainit,
a double accusative.
Ex. 1;Ub. Uj^ v» mounted a donkey.
i*^ Ia-J c--Ail» / thought Ze^ aJalfal.
lal affixes to the particle tl^andt^
1 ite tamily, are in the accusative oue.
of Time, Plac^ Caufle, Motive, DA-
[pressed in the accusative.
n the morning; l*.* in tlte evemig;
*Oje^ vn ths eowrt; lOi»a-< in the flaee
helow; jjy above; which last two,
Accusative Case, 161
though the ultima is accented with dammah, are poten-
tially accusatives.
Examples.
^ s»
vSj^ (--;Lo he died from vexation.
w^J j *** S-^ he fied from fea/r.
^ ' S Oy* c»»
«J (Ji^ v^«\AC / Aflw?e a ro^^ of oil.
^
Ls**^ C/iP' ' ^"^A; *^ Bowed the ground with wheat.
4. Adverbs descriptive of the state of body or mind
of the subject, as Ui|^ Sij U- ^eic? ca7?^€ riding;
^ - #► - »» ^-
W^U 1jl>J c:^.}^ / «a«^ i^eic? toi^ joy : or even of the
^ O »* - O-O-O >» 0-"
predicate, as l>yuMu* (jw^» iJ>^j I momUed the horse
^ ' ■>* ■* c- —
saddled; UJW «X4iar^ ^--iir* -^ passed by Mohainmed
seated.
5. J in the sense of ^c throws the noun which
it couples into the accusative. The accusative is also
used in certain cases after Si and other particles of ex-
ception. See below.
p 5
162 Aecueatwe Com.
EZAHFLES.
\<iJ\ J Clji^ w vihat M yowr business with Z^?
Note. If J could be used aa * fumple copula, the
constmotion with the accusative ia inadmissible.
6. In the n«^tive of genus expressed by "i the
accusative is employed. The force of this negative of
geuuB is somewhat the same aa that of the vulgar Eng-
lish expressioii jiever a. la this negative of geaos the
noun negative of genus must be indefinite, the predicate
most be likewise indefinite, and the subject mtut precede
the predicate.
EZAHFLES.
"' * 'A«re is not a man in the house.
there is no ascender of the moun-
.onal sentence the accusative i
L inteijection.
Accusative Case. 163
— «ri« •»»* -. ^ —
Ex. \*)j(^^ > ^ V^ ^^'^^ ^^^ ^ y^^ remember!
^\ssf^ praise he to him (God),
8. The accusative is often used elliptically as an
^ s» s»
imperative phrase, as ^V^ rise, »4>^ sit.
The Arabs are accustomed to subjoin the Present
Tense with a very loose construction to a Past, indi-
cating a purpose or action dependent upon that Past
Tense; also to use it after verbs indicating the com-
mencement or otmtinnance of an action, or an approach
to the accomplishment of a design.
Examples.
c-^^ *^U) ^jj^ ^\ ^\ he came to the well to drink.
■" — »» «» o»# - "• OS-
ijMij *'^^*W J^^ he sent to cmnownce this to him.
Jyb jjj)^« J-^ Karun began to say,
J-#9V. Joj ^Jj Zeid continued to send
^tbp ^^US\ {j:^j^ tlie spirit was nearly depa/rting.
164 PwftAcU* of Esxeption.
Partadea of Exception: Sli j^> ufj-*! ^«-' **'
lie.
Of these partioles ^ aloue ia strictly a particle;
jJ-c and tfjrf are more properly nouns, lAl»-> *>■ and
iJiC verbs. The conatruotion of -I' is threefold;
1. The following noun must necessarily be in the
accusative. This is the case in affirmative sentences
where the noun excepted is included in the preceding
noun, as 'jiJ; ■(' /*_>*"' r^ ^'^ aassmbly rose exc^
Zeid, Zeid being one of the assembly.
2. If the sentence be n^ative or interrogative,
and the exception be included in the preceding noun,
the noun excepted may be either in the nominative or
the accusative, as
f s 1 (•y^' j»u l« (fe agaemUy did not rise
^^wjtA the exee^flon of Zeid, Zeid being one of them.
k.
Farticles of Exception. 165
Zt/e o/* the present world in the last day hut a mwdl
portion?
If however the noun excepted be not included in
the preceding noun from which the exception is made,
the noun following i\ must be in the accusative, as
]^U^- I) A,yj\ i*v5 U the asB&mhly did not rise, hut
donkeys; donkejrs not being included in the preceding
substantive
3. When *» has the adverbial sense ordyy it pro-
duces no effect upon the construction of the sentence,
thus we say, wj Si Vil^^'j U / saw only Zeid.
,*■
^ ^
Of ^^ and i^y^ it may be observed that they
themselves follow the construction of nouns after Si, so
>
that we may suppose Si always understood before them,
>
and accent them accordingly. As has been remarked
above, they are properly substantives, and retain the con-
struction of substantives, governing the noun which fol-
lows them in the genitive case. a>>> i«X& he deserted.
166 Fartieleg of Exertion.
he omUled, are properly verbs, and govern the i
tive case; they may however be treated in affirmative
aentencea as prepoBitions, and the noun following them
put in the genitive.
kiV>- he excepted, is likewise properly a verb, but
in affirmative Bentences it admits the same alternative
as ia- and 1j>c- It is not used in negative sentences.
The Indeclinable Kumerals ^, ^^ , ^^ and (^IS
how much and hovj momy, if used interrogatively, re-
quire the following substantive in the accusative Edngn-
lar, but if S be preceded by a preposition, the follow-
ing noun is put in the genitive singular. If these
words be not used interrogatively, they are followed by
a genitive singular or plural.
Examples.
L^^ouu ^Ldj S how nw/ivy letl&e» haat thou torittent
•^ -joi \ ) jjb ^uo J'lj'i Sj how many dirhems does
JO how wiMcA fah hast thou eaten f
Interrogaiive Numerals,
167
o O —
JJULC
O" >» <^S- "
' f^ V— ^» to / kTiow not haw many
sla/ves I killed.
If followed by ^ the construction is adapted to
this preposition, as
- -o-o^
o o-
Uufljbl <0y ^ j^S how ma/ny villages did we
destroy ?
J ^ uiiLr^* ufjSI J <^1}UJ^ ly ^l^ jiT* <J^
— %» o »* — c o »»
U}fj*^ T^ (^ ^^<>^ wwmy sigTis a/re there in the
hewo&ns amd the ea/rOi? they pass hy them amd rebel
agadnst them.
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