Adamitics, an essay on first man's language; or, The easiest way to learn foreign languages, for the use of middle- and highschools

t-

/
"X

f J

w^

A

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
AT LOS ANGEI

FORNIA
LES

IN MEMORIAM
S. L. MILLARD ROSENBERG

i

ADAMITICS

AN ESSAY ON FIRST MAN'S LANGUAGE

OR

THE EASIEST WAY TO LEARN FOREIGN LANGUAGES

FOR THE USE OF MIDDLE- AND HIGHSCHOOLS
WRITTEN

BY ANTHONY DE VELICS M. D.

«Lj/e is of much worth according to the
great ideas bg which we are animated,
and the high ideals that inspire us.»

Prof. P. L. Velics.

BUDAPEST, 1914.

PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR AT BUDAPEST

VII., Elisabc'th-ring 37.

Price : two Shillings, G d.
. ...aellers can be supplied with
I is book on their customary terms.

\

ADAMITICS

AN ESSAY ON FIRST MAN'S LANGUAGE

OR

THE EASIEST WAY TO LEARN FOREIGN LANGUAGES

FOR THE USE OF MIDDLE- AND HIGHSCHOOLS
WRITTEN

BY ANTHONY DE VELICS M. D.

«Life is of much worth according to the
great ideas by which we are animated,
and the high ideals that inspire us.»

Prof. P. L. Velics.

BUDAPEST, 1914.

PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR AT BUDAPEST
VII., Elisabelh-ring 37.

(Price : two Shillings, 6 d.
'ooksellers can be supplied with
* us book on their ciutomary terms.

The following are some of the criticisms, that have been
sent to me up to the present : .

1 . ((Your gigantic work is accomphshed : you have found
out and investigated the mystery of language ; all the rest is a
simple task of patience, and but mechanical work. Your inven-
tion may be called a creation.)) (Mr. E. Reimer-Ironside, author,
Vienna, the 11 Dec. 1908.)

2. ((Your wonderfully important system, when fully deve-
loped, will be the only light of the world for studying foreign
languages.)) (Prof. K. Fusegawa, Kamakura, Japan, 16 Mai,
1911.)

3. ((I handed it to my son in law, a fine linguist, who
pronounces it a most scholarly work, of deep thought and far
research and feels that your name will be linked with the great
scholars of the day.)) (Mrs d'Utassy, Nonquitt, Mass. U. St.
America, August, 1913.)

The pronounciation of a few hungarian sounds :
cz = ts ; sz = s ;

cs = ch ; zs = french ((j».

Abbreviations.

ai.

= aino;

gr-

-= greek;

OS.

== ostiak;

ar.

= arable;

heb.

= hebrew;

per.

= Persian;

chin.

= Chinese;

hu.

-- hungarian;

russ.

= russian ;

eg.

=- egyptian;

it.

= Italian;

scrt.

= Sanscrit;

e.

= english;

jap.

= Japanese;

si.

= Slavic;

fi.

= finnic;

lat.

= latin ;

sp.

= Spanish;

fr.

= french ;

mal.

— malayic;

tu.

= turkish.

ge.

= german;

mong.

=- mongolic;

(All rights reserved.)

dlEPHAiiEUil li'-iOw-DK R. T.

TO

S3

>-

CO

UJ

o
or

754 X

I. INTRODUCTION.

In the preface of Mr I. Inoue's excellent new jap.-engl.
dictionary I read the following passage : «For several years
I have devoted every moment that I could call my own to the
compilation of this work and toiled at it day and night, often
until the small hours of the morning, so that its completion
leaves a void in my daily routine, a feeling of bereavement and
loneliness.))

The same feelings overcame me two years ago after having
edited my german pamphlet entitled «die Mnemotechnik der
Zukunft)) (mnemonics of the future^), which I design to be a
<o linguistic testament.

•2 This small work is the fruit of twelve years indefatigable

j^ exertion. It contains not only a short treatise on how to learn
'-' very easily foreign languages, but it is at the same time a dis-
cs sertation upon primitive language, the origin and unity of
^ languages and the universal language of the future.

By this small pamphlet I hoped to put the stone of the
mysteries of languages (resembling the alchymists' «mysterious
stone)) or ((philosopher's stone)>) and the seven golden keys of
human speech, into the hands of everyone who takes an inte-
g rest in the most important and most delightful of modern lin-
^ guistical questions.

^ Now I, too, feel a void in my daily tasks : ((uaturam

expellas furca !))

Also I feel that I might be deceived in my hope of being
well understood.

Besides a great many acknowledgments — high as the
peaks of Mount Chimborazo — on the part of men of great
erudition, I had to hear opposite views from critics of other
countries, philological authorities.^

^ Budapest, 1912, Stephaneum-Buchhandlung. (With the author's
portrait.) Price : 3 Kr. = 3 Fres = 2 Sh. 6 d.

2 Univ. Prof. Mr S. S. (Switzerland) wrote me in March 1913 :
«Your system is false. It would be useless my meeting you. We never
could agree either in words or writing.)) Really, a most off-hand
way of criticism !

1*

25195

^•'■^

Attributing these irreconcilable contrasts to the spirit
of hypercriticisni, and the want of sense and well merited indul-
gence on the part of our philologers for the honest efforts
of an uninterested zealous amateur,^ I dare again make my
respectful addresses to the academies and to all learned
men speaking the english language, and who take some
interest in a new system, reaching far above all other hnguisti-
cal systems.

Encouraged by the suggestions of my friends, I resolved
to add some corollaries to my linguistical testament.

My dear old mother, aged 89, also said to me : «You should
one day undertake the complete analysis of a dozen languages,
to prove the truth and the objectivity of your assertions.)) Her
wish shall be a command to me.

But who could really expect an amateur, — an inexpe-
rienced apprentice in the roj'^al art of high-school philology,
a too awkward locksmith for that lofty task, to unlock by
himself all the rusty padlocks of decayed centuries ; even though
he had in his hands the mysterious stone and the seven golden
keys of the languages.

Neither the superlatives of acknowledgments, nor dis^
suasion of disapproving, disagreeing critics, will put me out
of countenance. The truth will be found halfway, in this «juste
milieu)), in the noble sense of indulgence and thankfulness,
which accepts willingly such valuable discoveries, notwith-
standing an amateur's numerous mistakes, surrounded with
the gloomy uncertainties of the mystical ages.

Worn by age and fatigued by long and painful diseases,
I am sincerely sorry not to be able quite to adapt my system
to the results of modern philology : further exertions, long and
weary philological studies being completely out of my reach.

So I am induced to ask the highest indulgence for my
deficiencies.

Perhaps it will be interesting nevertheless to read, how
an amateur putting on Icaric wings ventures to swing himself
up to the loftiest regions, never touched even by essayists in
high-school science ; how he is able, by himself, to construct
a system serving — after being duly revised and developed — as
the only firm and constant base for all other philological systems.

^ I feel most happy to be rather of the dilettanti, this fact being
a sufficient opportunity for the procreation of my system. In the
contrary case I would have attacked it myself, as hardily as I have
been attacked on the part of high-school philologers who walk on old
trodden paths, and who try in vain to defend their own old system
with a lion's heroic courage and a desperate warrior's tragic exas-
peration.

And if, to-day, learned specialists cannot fully agree with
such results, they in time will find a consolation in their shedd-^
ing copious light on their own uncertainties, their own solu-
tions, and mendings of their own mistakes : the new system
enriching in the meantime philology and philosophy with innu-
merable facts of starthng novelty.

Often I pity poor modern philologers, seeing how end-
lessly the}^ hang around linguistical questions, which they
could solve in a moment by the aid of the new system.

Indeed ! Adamitics is the only solid base of all philology :
without it linguistics resembles a statue without feet, and a
house built on a sandy hill.

Adamitics is an interlingual and new branch of philology,
which by aid of physiology, psychology and logics, is destined
to find out the oldest sources of human speech : the evolution
and development of words and ideas.

In mathematics there are means for the exploration of the
minutest elements, common to different numbers and quantities.

In chymics there are methods to prove the existence of
common components among chymical elements supposed until
now to be plain and simple.

As in earlier centuries alchymists hoped to invent the
((philosophers stonew for converting metals into gold, I, too,
helped by divine favour, found out the minutest common ele-
ments of words, and discovered the mysterious stone of philo-
logy, bestowing to dead words new life and transparence.

By aid of a recently invented method I can show that
words and roots of words are not simple, as it was until now
supposed, on the contrary, that they are made of different par-
ticles, called common components, among which we can find
the chief common components or primary roots and several
secondary common components, elements of inferior value.

This new kind of analysis I call the microanalysis or
Rontgenanalysis of the verbal roots.

Applying this new kind of analysis to each language,
you get to see the minutest common elements of words, proving
the unity of all languages.

This interesting and new method I have the full right to
call the mysterious stone of future linguistics.

Of what value is this mysterious stone ? Highly learned
philologers, opposing critics, cannot discourage me : they cannot
change my firmest belief, that this mysterious stone alone is
of more worth for practical modern philology than all linguis-
tical researches of recent years, all these results being reduced
to insignificant values by the startling facts of this new system ;
and next centuries' numerous philological questions becorning
in a few years resolved by it.

6

1 shall feel highly honoured to see my work accepted
soon as a new base for further modern exertions on the road
of philological exploration.

In the present book I have endeavoured to put in everyone's
hand the mysterious stone and the seven keys ; these opening
the primitive sense of every word. I desired to make familiar
in this sketch the new system's chief principles, adding to my
work for the first time an essay on the adamitic analysis of
several languages.

Could I make to-day the complete analysis of a language ?
I feel, I should be able to do it only for the majority^ of words.
Still I must record that this kind of analysis is so complicated,
the keys so easy to be exchanged, to be mixed up and mistaken
for others — the construction of roots being unexpectedly
homogeneous — that fully correct solutions of this grave task are
only to be expected in future times. Meanwhile this serious question
wants much time, still harder brainwork, a good editor- and
perhaps the assistance of some kindhearted modern philologers.

In a few years I shall venture to reckon — in spite of my
mistakes — on all countries' undivided acknowledgment :
having given to philology, to philosophy and even to archeology
numerous new motives, and to humanity a valuable service, by
aiding youth how to learn foreign languages in half the time
and with half the difficulty.

With great joy and hopeful confidence I long for the
time, when the new system will be accomplished, when it will
be accepted and taught in the world's middleschools and acade-
mies ; when the dictionary of each language will have been
provided with the adamitic analysis of words.

Learning foreign languages will then become extremely
easy, memory receiving from it wholly new and powerful help and
support, as BreaP says : «En matiere de language la significa-
tion est le grand regulateur de la memoire.»

Hoping this english edition of my work will represent
some improvement on my last german pamphlet, I respectfully
invite all professors, teachers and persons taking an interest
in this new system, to take part also in the accomplishment of
the interesting and important task, by founding in each country
societies and journals for the analysis of their own national
language and for the support and development of the new
adamitic science.

^ I feel happy even to have got so far as to reach this lofty level. —
as I hope to prove it by innumerable well placed examples.

* The complete analysis of one country's vocabulary alone oc-
cupying several volumes.

2 Breal : Essai de semantique. Paris. Hachette. 1908.

Language is the first born child of human mind, neverthe-
less it has been treated until now as a poor neglected orphan :
fully missing the charming intimacy between parents and a
cherished child.

There are persons who pretend to read the secret thoughts
of men, but do not care to penetrate into the inmost spirit of
words used every day by them, avoiding all effort to elucidate
their origin and primitive meaning, not caring to find out all
the hidden treasures, words contain.

It is rather a shame that we even must for this purpose
make discoveries resembling the hardy expeditions to far and
unknown countries of the arctic regions.

Words are used to-day without the necessary insight ;
one plays with them as with lifeless, indifferent elements ;
which is like to swallowing nuts with their shells as do turkeys,
or bonbons with their boxes as does the hippopotamus of our
zoological gardens.

Linguistics has been until now a science which scarcely
treads on the thresholds of academies.

Words and speech are the greatest treasure of man-
kind. Really they would merit to be treated with kinder regard,
even with affectionate piety and a loving endeavour for their
more intense culture and popularization.

My essays to penetrate into the depths of human words
and human thought are for a while but a mixture of logics
and an amateur's light fancy. Having not yet reached the
level aimed at, I cannot give a correct and complete work ;
what I can present to-day is a very small but solid kernel
of crystallisation, the first step to the Parnassus, the beginning
of a lofty task regarded until now as unapproachable.

I only wish to-day to show the trials of an amateur's
essays and the golden paths on which I plucked, by myself,
so many lovely flowers.

Those who are provided with complete philological appa-
ratus will then be surely enabled to put together for themselves
numberless splendid nosegays.

By their kind co-operation the new system will be built
up in a few years.

Fatigued by long disease, I did not feel able, to weigh
fully all the entangled details of this vast interlingual work,
being obliged to profit by some moments of partial recovery,
in order to record, however superficially, my renewed testi-
mony; not wishing to delay it too long, or over an incertain period.

Besides I have never been an egoist ; so I would not allow
ambitious youth to make me the same reproaches Alexander
the Great made to his father Philippus, that he was left no
fields to conquer.

On the contrary, with hearty sympathy I invite not only
professors and teachers, but young students, too, of the middle
and higli schools to the same brainwork:^ they shall come and
unite their efforts with mine, consoling my trials, mending
my mistakes, and bringing, to their own delight and profit, this
useful and lovely task to highest perfection.

As a stranger, who has never had the desired occasion
of studying earnestly the english language and of practicing the
english style, 1 must ask the kindest forbearance.

The onomatopoeic origin of speech, the evolution and the
unity of language, the grouping of ideas, besides some hints
for a universal language, all these are interesting new pro-
blems, enriching with new chapters philology and philological
philosophy.

By pointing out this, I hope to exercise some influence
on the popularization of that kind of linguistics, which tries
to penetrate into the depth of words, and helps to use them with
conscious insight.

My God and my Lord ! My consolation, my support and
my light ! I thank Thee for the gifts of illumination ! Really,
Thou may'st have given Thy light to an incompetent, and
blessed an unworthy by Thy inspiration : ((Ex ore infantium et
lactentium perfecisti Tibi laudem. (Psalm 8. v. 3.)

^ If you take three, four or a dozen vocabularies of different
languages you are interested in, and then choose an idea (f. i. 1) to
writ-e, lat. scrib-o, gr. graph-o etc. or 2) e. grab, e. grabb-le, e. carv-e,
ge. grab-en, e. grav-e, e. dig etc.) comparing all these words and trying
to realise their analysis, and their equivalence, you get a very pleasant
and useful occupation. Keeping on in this way a few years, guided by
this book's advices, you can — by this interlingual «jeu de patience» —
find out the construction and the philosophical definition of each word,
getting in this manner a mighty support to your memory for the
learning of foreign languages with more facility.

II. How I found the m3^sterious stone and
the seven golden ke^^s.

Gems and golden keys are only found on golden roads.
Mine I found on the sunny paths of my travels in Europe, Africa,
Asia and America and in my indefatigable and practical studies
of languages.

Without being a linguist, notwithstanding my practical
knowledge of languages, I was used since my earliest youth
to make comparisons in my own manner between words and
ideas, their primitive senses, their formal and ideal affinities.

At the age of twenty five I knew already a dozen Europe-
an languages, later I became familiar with seven or eight
Asiatic tongues, besides the idioms of the old and the new egyp-
tian language.

As I was used to read the classical Htterature of the prin-
cipal nations in about twenty languages, I hardly could avoid
comparing the words of different ones containing the same
ideas.

I asked myself : why chin, huh, germ. Haueh (a wind,
a blow, an aspiration) is duch in slavic, tuuli in Finnic and szel
in Hungarian.

Soon I found out in these words common elements, con-
taining the common chief idea : to blow.

Ger. Hauch (wind, aspiration, blow) is the same word
as chin.hu, huh, — a plain imitation of the natural sound pro-
duced by a blow from the mouth.

1 concluded : chin, huh = ger. Hauch ; slav. duch =
t huh = t Hauch ; fin. tuul-i = t huh 1, t Hauch 1 ; hung, szel =
s huh 1, s Hauch I and perhaps : c. soul (ge. Seele) = s huh 1,
s Hauch 1.

This I call the mysterious stone of future linguistics, the
micro-analysis or Rontjjcn-analysis of the verbal root.

In the above mentioned roots there is a chief common
element (huh, ger. Hauch) containing the chief idea (to blow)
and besides these there are two small elements of inferior value.
In the next chapter we shall discuss the value of these latter
elements, the secondary components.

A

10

Often one is quite surprised by words wliicli present of
and in themselves all their components : in eng. scour (= s-
cou-r) the three components (s, cav, r) are to be found out
at once, the chief component cav being the same word as lat.
cav-are (to cav-e, to dig, to scratch, to rub). In German you
have the same word scheur-en, in Hungarian sur-ol, in Japanese
siir-i : scour = sehcur = sur.

The sounds eng. scour, germ, schcur-en, hung, siir-ol,
jap. sur-i are equal and have the same meaning ; so they all
must derive from s cav r = lat. cav-are = hung, kap-ar (to
cav-e, to dig, to scratch, to rub).

Such formularies or leading types (as : t huh 1, s huh 1,
or as : s cav r) once found out, you can unlock with them a great
many other words.

Further I imagined there must be in all languages a
few very old and plain common elements, perhaps 8 — 10 in
all, one of them being to be found as the chief component in
every word of each language.

These few common elements represent the first language
of mankind.^ In the same way as the Chinese employ the same
word for the expression of a hundred different ideas, first man,
too, may have been enabled to express by a dozen primitive
words a few hundred different conceptions.

By aid of physiology you can show, which are the plainest
sounds ; logic tells you these plain and primitive sounds must
be the oldest ones.

Examining the english word beat, I found it very simple
and very old.

Can I prove this word really represents the most primi-
tive, most ancient sound ? The Chinese dictionary will give
you full information about it.

In S. Wells Williams' Syllabic Dictionary^ of the Chinese
language pag. 122 I meet the word fa, fat (to beat, to chastise,
to destroy).

3000 years ago this word was pronounced pap, and later pat.

These facts are very instructive, because by aid of phy-
siological phonology I see at once, that pap is one of the
oldest types. You can hardly find another sound so plain, so
old, so primitive as this, — just as if taken out of Adam's dic-
tionary.

^ From this point of view Alfredo Trombetti writes in his cele-
brated work (Unita del linguaggio, pag. 54) : c<Cosa meravigliosa :
le parole, che noi usiamo ora, sono, per quanto alterate, quelle stesse,
che usarono i primi uomini. II linguaggio racchiude del pensiero fossile ;
e il rifarne la storia e rifare la storia del pensiero umano.«

2 Shanghai, 1874, Amer. Presbyt. Mission Press.

u

The idea to beat, too, is one oi the first conceptions, one
of the first ideal creations of mankind.

Now you can go on combining in this way : pap has been
the oldest type giving birth to the newer form pat, by exchange
of one of its two sounds p in t, (pat = pap t).

This second type pat fully corresponds with engl. beat,
fr. batt-re, hung, bot (fr. bat-on, a stick), fr. bat-aille,bat-aillon, etc.

In modern Chinese language, for the same word and for
the same idea there is a third new type fat (in Canton) and
fa (in Peking), two modern derivations of old pat and oldest pap.

This old-chinese pap is the point of departure in my sys-
tem's combinings : this first primitive three-lettered root (Ur-
Dreilaut) of onomatopoeic origin, is the Archimedic point of
my whole system.

Now we must ask : which are the next sounds, the oldest
roots related to pap by bands of nearest affinity ?

In many languages you will find that the most resembling
sounds contain the same idea, or a very near one.

Paff and puff (to beat) are sounds met with in many
European languages ;^ hung. piif-6l (to beat), hung, pah-ol
(to beat) have the same notions ; greek hap-t-o (to beat, to tap,
to touch a butt, to reach, to attain, to unite, to harmonize) ;
ge. pocli-en (to beat, to knock) ; hung, kop-og (to knock) ; si.
kop-at (to kick) ; si. kov-atch (a smith, to knock).

All these words represent slight transitions in their outer-
forms and stand very near to one another in the association
of their ideas.

Oldchin. pap = paff, puff, piif, pah, hap, poch or pok,
kop, kov, etc ; and this group also contains ideas of closest
affinity, such as : to beat, to knock, to strik-e, to kick, to
touch, etc.

This group I may call the group I, or pap, pah, pok, kop-
group, also : the beat-knock-strike-kick-group.

In Greek I meet with the word kop-t-o, (to cut) having
the same root as hu. kop-og (to knock). I conclude thus : gr.
kop-t-o may have the original meaning : to knock on wood,
to strike on wood, i. e. : to cut.

^ In most countries children, hearing the bustle produced by
beating with a stick on hard objects, or the noise occasioned by a stone
falling on the ground, say : paff or puff.

These sounds are the results of a spontaneous imitation of the
fore-mentioned bustles and noises, in the way of a plain physio-
psychological reflection.

We may call them sounds of imitation or onomatopy. Thus the
sounds paff, puff belong to the same category of oldest onomatopy
as old chin. pap.

12

So I get to group II, or kop-pok group, also : kopto-eut-
group.

Slav, kov-atch (a smith, a knock-er) and sK kop-at (to
kick) have the same roots and nearly-approaching ideas. Jap.
kov-ashi (to break) may derive, too, from the primitive sound
kop containing the idea : to knock ; hu. kov-ad (to break out,
to burst) ; hu. fak-ad (to break out, to burst).

In this group III I realise that there are other slight transi-
tions in sounds and ideas : kov = kop = fak,^ and I see only
slight transitions where the sequence is : to break, to break
out, to burst. I may give to this group the name of : kov-fak-
group, or else (with a supposititious middle-key) : kaw-wak-
group, also : break-burst-group.

These first and primitive ideas of group III give birth to
numberless secondary notions, such as : to break out, to burst,
to spring, to rise, to move, to draw, etc.

SI. kop-at (to dig, to hoe, to cav-e) may derive from :
kop (to beat the ground, to knock on the ground = to dig).
SI. kop-at (to hoe, to dig) = hu. kap-al (to hoe, to dig) == jap.
kuw-a (the hoe) = e. hoe = lat. cav-are (to dig) = fi. kaiw-aa
(to dig).

Thus we can place in group IV types, such as : kop, kap,
kuvv, hoe, eav, kaiw, etc. and ideas, such as : to dig, to hoe,
to cave, to carve, etc.

I choose as an average-type of this group the lat. root :
cav-are, and I may call this group : the cav-vac^-group, or dig-
cave-group. ^

Hu. kap-ar (ge. kratz-en*, to scratch) is the same sound
as hebr. ar. kab-ar (the grav-e), and ge. grab-en (to dig). I can
admit the ideas «to scratch and ge. grab-en (to dig))) as having
the same primitive source, and the words hu. kap-ar (to scratch),

^ Fak I regard as a plain inversion of kov, on account of the
two roots having identical notions, and conclude, fak = pok, to be the
inversion of kop, kov.

2 All these primitive roots have also inversed forms ; f. i. : lat.
cav-us (from cav-are, to make a hole, hollow) and vac-uus (void, exca-
vated, empty). Thus we can give to this group the name : cav-vac-
group.

* What is the origin of transcendental ideas ? We until now
saw only notions of the most primitive and material kind. Words,
such as lat. cav-are (to dig), cav-us (hollow, excavated), vac-uus
(void, i. e, hole, hollow, excavated), van-us = vac n us (void, hollow,
vain) lead the way, with slight transitions, to transcendental regions.

* Ge. kratz-en (to scratch) derives from : krap t, and this krap
is identic with ge. Kaf-er (the scarab, the scratcher) and with hu.
kap-ar (to scratch).

13

ge. Kaf-er (a scarab, or. : to scratch, a scratcher, a grabber)
and heb. ar. kab-ar (the grav-e) as representing ideas of close
resemblance.

I may call group V the kap-pak or scratch-group.

Also hu. kap-ar (to scratch) has the same root as hu.
kap (lat. eap-io, re-cip-io, to receive, to catch, to grasp, to grip,
to gripe), and the idea to scratch is of great affinity to the idea
to catch, to receive, to grasp, to gripe, to grab, etc.

This group VI I may call the eap-pac or capio-catch-
group, containing a great number of secondary ideas, such as :
to touch with the hand, to grab, to grasp, e. to pack, ge. pack-en,
ge. fass-en (= pac-s-en), to take, to keep, to press, to oppress, to
hold, to cover, to shelter, to hide, etc., etc.

This is the biggest group among all, and contains 50%
of all words.

Into group VII I admit some words deriving from plain
imitation of the natural sounds of respiration, such as blowing,
howling, laughing, roaring; etc.

Ge. hauch-en (to respire), chin, huh (hauch-en, to respire),
si. hoh-ot (to laugh), ge. weh-en, scrt. wah (to blow), ge. heul-en,
e. liow-1, etc. will afford us the simplest sources for the con-
struction of group VII, which I may call the huh-wah-group
or : blow-howl-laugh-group.

The group VII contains ideas, quite isolated from all the
ideas of the six other groups, which have been united, as
I tried to show, by links of primitive, common origin, prov-
ing a striking fact in the evolution of human speech.^

As there are ideas separated only by slight nuances of
transition, there must also be words with more than one
meaning, a circumstance which causes much difficulty in
properly placing a word in one of the six first groups.^

The most interesting example we see in german hau-en =
a) to strik-e, to beat ; b) to cut (f. i. : Fleisch-hauer = a butcher) ;
c) to hoe.^

Oldchin. k'ap (newchin. : k'6) means: 1) to beat; 2) to

1 The sketch of the six first groups presents us with the most
primitive sounds and the most primitive sequence of ideas, interasso-
ciated and brought together by a wonderful logic. I may call the
sequence in these sounds and ideas : the fundamental series of the
primitive three-lettered roots, of onomatopoeic origin, and the funda-
mental series of primitive ideas, both forming a basis to the modern
evolution of highly developed human speech.

* Even ge, hau-en = ge. Hieb = it, colp-os = fr. coup ; all three
mean : stroke, blow, beating.

* Thus we shall not be surprised to meet with the same word
in two or even in three different groups.

14

tap; 3. to take; 4. to gather. The idea «to beat» (old chin, pap)
is changing in rather an unnoticed way, gradually, into the
idea «to tap», this latter undergoing a more important transition
into the idea «to take, to gather, to unito).

So it will be hard for us to make a choice in placing this
word in one of the seven groups, i. e. in the group I ((beat» or
in the group VI «eap)) (cap-io, to catch, to keep).

Also oldchin. k'ap (newchin. k'6) has two significations :
1) to cave, a cavern, and 2) a magazine (i. e. : to hold, to contain,
lat. cap-io) ; so we must divide the signification of the chin,
sound ((k'6)) and place it in both groups, i. e. : in the group IV
<(cav-e)) (to dig) and in the group VI ((capw (to catch), though
the two ideas ((to dig, to cav-O) and ((to catch, to hide, to conceal,
to enmagazine» are naturally united.

Another old-chin, word : k'ap (new-chin, k'6) signifies :
1) to strike; 2) to pat ; 3) to gather ; 4) to cover. We hardly can
do else than place it in the group VI (cap-io), the majority of ideas
contained in this word corresponding to the ideas of that group,

Oldchin. kap (kat), newchin. kwa and wa (jap. kak-u)
(1) to lead, to drag; 2) to strike ; 3) to grab ; 4) to hold, to gripe)
contain quite different ideas ; they could hardly be placed but
in three different groups (I, III, and VI) This oldchinese word
represents the most brilliant example of the evolution of differ-
ent ideas from the same primitive, common source.

The two english words tap and pat have two significations :

1) to strike, to beat ; 2. to touch, to grasp, to take, to adapt,
to harmonize, etc.

In oldchinese we have the same word pak,pat^ (new-chin.
poh) with the same ideas: 1) to pat, to strike ; 2) to grasp, to
lay the hand on; the first signification coming near to old-chinese
pap, pat (to beat), the second being rather in connection with
lat. cap-io (to catch, to take, together, etc.).

Engl, beat ((has only one signification and its root is equal
to oldchin. pap ; we feel induced to place the word beat in the
group I (to beat). Engl, tap and pat have two significations and
their roots are equal to oldchin. pak ; we can place them in the
group VI (cap-io).

The same case we observe in greek hap-t-o = lat. ap-t-us,
both words having a double signification : 1) to strike, to beat ;

2) to reach, to touch, together, to harmonize, etc. The second
signification being prevalent, we place these words in the group
VI (cap-io), together with the words : engl. ab-le (lat. hab-ilis,
cap-ax, germ, fah-ig deriving from lat. cap-io (to catch, to keep,
to gather, together, unite, harmonize, etc.).

^ Pak is the oldest type, pat corresponding to engl. pat (and tap)
is a newer one ; poh is the modern form of old pat and oldest pak.

15

In the same group we shall place lat. tang-o (Rad. tae)
in spite of its two significations: 1) to beat, to strike ; 2) to tap,
to reach, to touch, to attain, to unite, to harmonize, etc. Thus
tak = t pac and eng. tap = t cap.

The idea «to bearw (lat. fer-o) derives from two older
ideas : 1) to hold ; 2) to move. So we are compelled to place
this word in the groups corresponding to both ideas : 1) to
bear motionless = to hold, to keep ; 2) to bear with motion =
to draw, to move away. First idea corresponds to group VI,
the second to group III.

The homophony of Chinese sounds affords us strik-
ing information as to the placing of ideas in our adamitic
groups.

In the Chinese dictionary you meet with sounds containing
a hundred different ideas.

The modern Chinese vocabulary contains 30.000 hiero-
glyphic signs and only about 600 monosyllabic sounds. In this
way one sound serves for the expression of 50 different ideas
on an average, separated only by the written characters.

As there were 3000 years ago only 3000 hieroglyphics
in the Chinese vocabulary, in that time every sound served
for the expression of five ideas only ; and we can conclude
strictly, that this immense quantity of new homophonic sounds
is derived from the primitive sources by the splitting of ideas
associated with the conceptions that follow them : the same
sounds being conserved, but the ideal content changed in the
imances of the new conceptions produced by the constant
progress of civilisation.

We must distinguish between groups of words, which
have different meanings, not on account of their common origin
but only by accidental homophony.

SI. list (a leaf) is the same sound as ge. List (the art, the
fraud) and hu. liszt (meal, flower) ; but all these words have
quite different meanings, being related not by common origin,
but by accidental homophony.

So in the same language we can have homophonic words,
with meanings of distinct origin, and mistaken very often for
the same roots ; f. i. si. tup-it = a) to dive, to deep-en, to dip, —
and b) to heat, to make fire ; both groups of ideas having quite
distinct sources. In the same way sort, rue = a) to lighten,
to shine, — and b) to please.^ E. blow = 1. papl I ; 2. huh 1 VII.

1 E. to deep-en, to div-e, to dip = t cav IV, to deepen ; si. tup
(to dip) = t cav IV, to deepen, to dive. E. heat = hev t III, to heat ;
si. tup (to heat) = t hev III, to heat. Scrt. rue (to shine) = vrk, wak r
III, to burst out, daybreak, light ; scrt. rue (to please) = prak, lat.
plac-et, pac 1 VI, to touch, to reach, to harmonize.

Ui

The new system, as we have seen, bestows on us the myste-
rious stone, the microanalysis, and the seven golden keys ol
ideas, thereby to discover the primitive sense of each word in
every language.

My method is just the contrary of what those high-school-
philologers are doing, who try to realize the sense of words by
the sounds, by the formal outer elements of words.

I, on the contrary, am constructing beforehand a splendid
palace of ideas, trying to place in its niches each word of every
language and getting in this manner to reahze more easily the
primitive sense of all roots, and to elucidate the philosophical
definitionof each idea. ^ Besides, I can show how words supposed
until now to be plain and simple include in reahty often a
long succession of ideas, owing to the primitive common source
of their providence, and to the evolution of speech.

III. On modifications of the first primitive
root pap, as motives in the formation of

new words.

Oldchin. pap (to beat) is the same word as hebr. vav (a nail,
an anvil) as lat. pav-io (to beat, to strike) and slav. bub-en
(a drum), all these words containing the idea to beat, to knock.

We saw how the primitive three-lettered root pap changes
into hung, p^h-ol (to beat), ge. poch-en (to beat, to knock, to
stamp), hu. kop-og (to knock), — so we have : pap = vav =
pav = bub = pah = poch (or pok) = kop.

But what is knock ? This word I analyse as : knock =
kok n, presupposing a simple changing of the root kop in kok^
or of the letter p in k, as it is proved by tu. kak-mak (to beat,
to knock), which word is equal to ge. poch or hung, kop-og ;
i. e. : kok = pok, or : k = p.^

^ I must add a rectification to my assertion. My system is built
up on words — called leading types — of very transparent struc-
ture and very evident ideal contents. Thus prepared, this system is
fit at the outset to disclose words of very complicated structure but
evident ideal contents; and again it happens often to attain through
them to the elucidation of the signification of words of very com-
plicated structure and of obscure primitive meaning.

2 Even e. kick = kak or kok (to beat, to knock), standing very
near to ge. geg-en (to touch, to meet) = jap. kyok-u (ge. geg-en).
All these words have the same primitive meaning (to beat, to tap.

17

So we can suppose — even though it were but a lofty
theory — for the use of our system, most words of each
language to be derived from the primitive three-lettered root pap.

The next step towards the modification of sounds we find in
the type : pat, or fat derived from pap by changing of p into t,
i. e. : pat = pap t, or fat = pap t. And as the sound t changes
very often into ts, tch and into s and sh, so we get many new
types, such as : pats, patch, pas, pash and their inversions,
such as : tsap, tchap, sap and shap.

In the same way as pap forms the newer types, such as
pat = pap t, tap = t pap, pas = pap s, sap = s pap, etc. we can
imagine the primitive three-lettered root pok to form new types,
such as: tok (= t pok), tak (t pok), sok (spok), sak(s pok), etc.

Even in the enlarged forms (iterative, frequentative,
intensitive) you find the same symptoms :

lat. ping-o (to paint) = lat. ting-o ; i. e. : pik = tik ; ge.
werf-en = ge. treff-en ; lat. s-calp-o (to scratch) = lat. talp-a
(the mole) ; gr. brad-us = lat. tard-us (lazy, late) ; lat. barb-a =
ge. Bart, e. beard ; lat. verb-um = e. word ; etc.

So we analyse : lat. ting-o = t ping-o ; lat. talp-a = lat.
t scalp-o ; lat. tard-us = gr. t brad-us ; e. beard = lat. barb-t ;
e. word = lat. verb t ; etc.

Most symptoms of the changing of sounds are clearly shown
by examples of analysis, found in the vocabulary of this book.

2. On the three different types of roots — the weak type,
the mixed or middle type and the hard type — in the primitive
three-lettered roots of the fundamental series.

We must distinguish three different types of roots in the
fundamental series. The first type I may call the weak type,
because it is formed by the softest oldest sounds, by two labial
consonants.

The roots, such as : paf, pap, bub, fr. frapp-er (pap r), e.
blow (pap 1), ge. werf-en (pap r) etc. contain two labials ; they
belong to the weak type.

Such roots as : ge. poch-en, hu. kop-og (to knock), hu.
kap-ar (to scratch), lat. cav-are (to cav-e, to dig), lat. eap-io
(to catch, to keep) etc. are formed by a labial consonant and
a guttural one.

These roots represent the middle or mixed type. The
third or hard type is formed by two guttural consonants : tu.
kak-mak (to beat), e. kick, ge. geg-en, jap. gak-u (the teaching),
ge. Hauch (the respiration), etc.

to touch) with the same onomatopoeic origin. They show a sHght and
gradual transition from the first primitive sound pap into the sounds :
vav, bub, pah (and hap) equal to pac and cap, then into pok and kop,
kak, geg, kick, kyok etc.

18

The majority of the words of each language correspond
to the middle type or mixed type, a very small number apper-
taining to the weak type, and a minimum quantity of words
to the hard type.

These sounds are very often exchanged for another :
f. i. : jap. kak-i (to write, to scratch), a hard type = hu. kap-ar
(to scratch), mixed or middle- type; ge. Wolf (weak type: vlb,
bib, ge. bell-en) = scrt. vrk-as (a wolf, middle type : vrk, brk,

e. bark) ; scrt. vrk-as (a wolf, middle type : vrk, brk) = pers.
gurg (a wolf, hard type : krk) ; ge. £iirch-ten (to fear, middle
type : pre) = tu. kork-u (to fear, hard type : krk) ; lat. eurv-us
(middle type : crv) = e. crook (hard type : krk) ; lat. coU-um
(the neck, fi. kaul-a, middle type : civ, curv-e, to bend) = si.
krku (the neck, hard type : krk) ; ge. poch-en (to beat, middle
type : pok) = oldchin. pap (to beat, weak type : pap) ; scrt.
krm-is (a worm, middle type : krm, crv, to curv-e) = lat. verm-is
(e. worm, weak type : vrv) ; fr. claqu-e (hard type : klk) = ge.
klopf-en (middle type : kip) ; ge. web-en (to weave, weak type :
pap) = gr. hyph-aino (to weave, middle type : cap) ; lat. pulv-is
(the dust, weak type : pip) = si. prach (the dust, middle type :
pre) ; lat, verb-erare (to beat, weak type : prap, pap r) = ge.
praek-en (to beat, middle type : prok, pok r) ; lat. eorv-us,
crep-o = ge. Krah-e, krach-en, krach-zen ; etc.

There are languages, (such as Turkish and Japanese, even
Chinese), having a predilection for hard types; f. i.: tu. kak (to
beat) = ge. poeh-en, hu. kop-og ; tu. kork-u = ge. Fureh-t,
(the fear); the types cav, kap, cap (f. i. lat. cav-are, lat. serib-o,
etc.) are represented in Japaneese by the hard type : kak ;

f. i. : jap. kak-e (to lack) = lat. cav-us; jap. kak-i (to write)
-- lat. scrib-o; jap. kak-u (to scratch) = hu. kap-ar ; etc.

In indogerm. languages we meet often with all three
types for the same idea : ge. hauch-en (hard type), ge. weh-en
(middle type) ; e. blow (weak type).

3. The value and importance of the vowels. Vowels have
often no importance in relation to the meaning of words : kak =
kick = geg = kok ; in the same way : ge. Stock = e. stick ;
chin, pap (to beat) = slav. bub-en (to beat, a drum) ; lat.
tang-o (to touch) = gr. ting-ano, gr. dak-tylos (the finger) =
lat. dig-itus, ge. poch-en (to knock) = it. picch-iare, si. liop-at
(to dig, to hoe, to cave) = hu. kap-al = jap. kuw-a = e. hoe.^

4. The inversion of roots is a very important motive, or factor,
in the formation of new words. Plain inversions we meet with in

1 It may be unnecessary to repeat that : k=h ; p = v, w, u etc. The
root kap = kav, f. 1. hung, kap-ar (to scratch) = hu. kav-ar (to mix
up) = vak-ar (to scratch, to rub) ; ge. hau = hu. kap-al, i. e. h = k
and u = p = V.

19

the roots: pok = kop; hu. kav-ar (to mix) = vak-ar (to scratch,
to rub) ; hu. pSh-ol (to beat) = hap-t-o (to tap, to touch) ; lat.
cap-io (to catch) = ge. pack-en (to catch) ; e. pat = e. tap.

Inversions merit our full attention, being a very frequent
symptom in the course of adamitical analysis. Many examples
prove it.

Examples of inversion: lat. cav-us (hollow, a cave, a
cavity) = lat. vae-uus (void, empty, vacuity) ; lat. da-re (to
give) — hu. ad (to give) ; lat. ad (to) = si. do (to, until) ; gr.
pleg-e, pok 1 (a blow) = gr. kolp-os, kop 1 (a blow) ; ge. Fleg-el,
pok 1 (a flail, to beat) = ge. Kolb-en, kop I (a mace, to beat) ;
lat. s-pee-t-o (to see) = gr. s-kep-to (to scout, to see).^ Hu.
kut (a well, from : cav t, to cave, to dig) = lat. put-eus (a well) =
vac t (to cave, to dig) ; gr. ech-o, fech-o (pah, pac, to have) =
lat. liab-eo (hap, cap, to have) ; e. pat = e. tap ; scrt. pat (tlie
foot) = hu. tap-OS (to tread) ; fr. batt-re (to beat) = fr. tap-age
(to beat, to make a noise) ; hu. tap-int (to tap, to pat) = e. pat ;
fr. batt-re (to beat) = gr. typ-to (to beat) ; ge. eng. bang = ge.
knapp;2ge. kneif-en = e. pinch, fr. pine-er;^eg. keleb-in(an axe) =
gr. pelek-iis;*ge. Wann-e(atub) = lat.uav-is(a boat); ge. Kalin
(a canoe) = ge. Nach-en (a canoe); e. tick-le = ge. kitz-eln ;
ge. Traub-e (a grape) =. gr. botr-iis ; hu. fiirt (grape, curie) =
OS. silib, hu. szolo (a grape) ; pers. ziilf (a curl) = hu. fiirt (a
curl) ; ge. Loeh- = e. hol-e ; e. good = ge. taug-en. Tug-end ;
ge. Zweck (the butt) = s pok, and gr. s-kop-os (the butt) =
s kop ; ge. tief (deep) = gr. bath-iis ; lat. vert-o, ge. Vers =
gr. trep-o, ge. Stroph-e; hu. but-a (silly) = si. tup-i, lat. s-tup-idus;
lat. inc-us (pnok, pok n I) = e. anv-il (knop, kop n I) ; fi. rap
(a crab), kap r V = hu. r^k (a crab), prak, pak r V ; lat. s-cop-are
= s kap V, it. s-paz-ettare (lat. scopare, to sweap) = s pak s V ;
chin, kii (= hav, e. how-le) = chin, wa (lat. vag-ire, to howl),

^ S kep to = s cap t ; the chief component cap = to catch, to
keep the eye on ; lat. s pec to = s pac t (to catch, to keep, ge. packen,
fassen) ; e. scout == s cap t ; ge. schau-en = s cap ; e. spy = lat. s pec to,
s pac, etc. Perhaps : e. see, ge. seh-en = s pac (to catch sight of, ge.
packen, fassen, erfassen, ergreifen). SI. biskup (episkopos, bishop) =
hu. piispok (a bishop), just as : s-kep-to = s-pec-to.

2 Lat. ang-or, ang-ustus = ge. eng, bang (pac n VI, to press, to
oppress) ; ge. knapp (narrow) = cap n VI, to press ; gr. an-ank-e
(necessity) = ang-ang (pac n VI, to press); gr. ank = lat. nee (nec-essity).

* E. pinch = hu. csip ; ge. kneif-en, kneip-en — e. nip ; e. pinch =
nigg-ard. The first example represents an inversion, the following an
abbreviation.

* Ge. Beil (an axe) is the same word as: eg. keleb = klop, kop-1
II, to cut, gr. pelek = plok, pok 1 II, to cut; ge. Beil = pok 1 II, to cut;
gr. pelek-iis = skrt. parag-u.

20

i. e. : liav = vah, in the same way as e. cow = lat. vacc-a ;
i^r. s-kart (the dung) — lat. s-tere-us (the dung) ; etc.

5. The abbreviation. We meet often with abbreviations
in pronouncing written sounds : fr. pas is pronounced pa, fr.
tas = ta ; e. battle = batti ; e. fine = fein, e. London = Londn,
etc. We saw the example of chin, fat (Canton) pronounced fa
in Peking. Chinese language is superabounding with this kind
of interesting phenomena : chin, pa (to catch, to seize, term of
accusative) is equivalent to oldchin. kap (lat. cap-io, to catch,
to seize). Generally the old-chin, roots show us the source of
the shortened sounds. But even if it be not possible to establish
a firm basis to the ancient Chinese sounds, the three-lettered
primitive roots of our fundamental series give us sufficient
authority for the probability of our suppositions, and we are
inclined to admit, also : chin, wa (hole, void) = vac (lat. vac-uus)
chin, wa (to seize) = vah, pac (lat. cap-io, to catch), ch. wa
(lat. vag-ire) = vag, vox, scrt. vatch, etc., etc.

When you find : lat. pug-illus (a fist) = hu. 6k-ol (a fist),
then you get to apokope (the omission of the sound p, getting :
pug (pok I) = ok (pok I), The same apokope you observe in :
fr. hache = ge. Axt ; hu. as (to cave, to dig) = oldhu. has =
tu. kaz (to dig) ; hu. ir, iir (to write, to engrave) = jap. hor-i
(to dig, to cave); gr. arach-ne (a spider) = ge. wirk-en (to spin);
lat. alap-a (a blow) = gr. kolp-os (fr. coup, a blow).

On account of a thousand such very interesting examples
you may conclude that in ancient times no word was beginning
with a vowel as is fully proved by our three-lettered primitive
rootSj which make the cynosura of our system, the keen-
est scalpels for our dissections and the strongest microscopes
for our investigations.

Examples of abbreviation : e. rak-e = si. grab-la, i. e.
rak = prak, pak r V or krap, kap r V, to scratch ; fi. rap = e.
crab, i. e. : rap = kap r V, to scratch ; si. hu. rak (a crab) =
prak, pak r V, to scratch ; ge. Rasp-el (a rasp) = krap s, kap
r s V, to scratch ; hu. lop = gr. klep-to (to steal) = klap, cap 1
VI, to take ; lat. lig-are (to bind) = lat. plie-are (to bind) =
pad VI, to bind ; hu. ro (to write, to rub, to engrave) = si. rov
(the grave) = e. grave, i. e. krap = kap r V, to scratch ; e.
rub = e. grav-e, i. e.: krap, kap r V, to scratch ; d. reib-en, to
rub^ = lat. fric-o = pak r V, to scratch ; fi. umpu (a bud) =
hu. bimbo ; litv. ulbut-i = lat. balbut-ire ; ge. lall-en = e. plapp-
ern, e. babbl-e, lat. balb-utire ; lat. latr-are (to bark) = blak-
trare ; lat. em-o (ge. nehm-en, to take) = ge. nehm-en ;^ ge.

^ Tere is, simultaneously, an inversion between the two roots :

e. rub = krap, kap r V, and : lat. frie-o = prak, pak r V, (to scratch).

2 Emo = hemb, cap n VI to take ; even ge. nehm-en is an abbre-

21

eng, lat. ang-or, ge. Ang-st = ge. bang (anxious) ; ge. arg
(anxious, pressing) = ge. karg (pressing, necessitous, penurious) ;
lat. rig-idus (rigid) = lat. frig-idus (cold);^ hu. rok-on (a rela-
tion) = lat. proc-simus ; hu. rokk-an = e. break down ; hu.
rosk-ad (rok-sad) = e. break down.

6. Frequentation or iteration, (also : intensitive form of the
three-lettered root) is the most important motive in the for-
mation of words. By this the plain three-lettered root becomes
enlargened in the same degree as the number of the frequen-
tative elements ; at the same time the idea contained in the
root gets intensified.

I imagine the hung, word kap-ar (to scratch) to be formed
in the following manner : kap-kap = kapap = kapar, i. e.
the plain reduplication of the root kap (= kap-kap) is changed
by abbreviation in kap-ap, and this latter form by euphony in
kap-ar. In the same way : hu. gag-og (to gaggle) is formed
from gag-gag, which type is changed by abbreviation in gag-ag
and this latter by euphony in gag-og. E. gaggle too is formed
in this way : gag-gag = gag-ag = gag-al or gaggle. In slavic
language the eng. type gaggle is changed by translation of the
sounds into : glag (f. i. : si. glag-ol = a word ; si. glas, glag s,
a sound. )2 The hu. type : kapar (to grab, to scratch) is changed

viation formed by : hnem, hem n, cap n VI, to take ; and lat. nom-en
(the name) is the abbreviation of gr. gno-men (a countersign.).

^ Both words contain the same root : to fix ; lat. frig-idus =
pac r VI, to fix, to become rigid ; lat. rig-idus = pac r VI, to fix,
gr. peg-o.

^ Gr. log-OS (the word) is an abbreviated form of the slavic root :
glag. E. babb-Ie = bab-bab = bab-ab = bab-al, babble. It is the same
word as : lat. barb-ar-us, lat. balb-us (a stammerer) — hu. maml-asz
(a stammerer, a falterer, a fool). E. babble = blab = plap = mlam.
Hebr. malal (to babble, balbus) is an abbreviation of : malm-al =
ar. balb-al, the same root as ar. bulb-ul (the nightingale), the same
word as the name of the town Babel. Ge. stammel-n = st maml, e.
stammer = st mamr ; ge. blod (silly) — plap t, hu. bolond (a fool) =
blab n t ; e. fool = pap 1 (to stamm-er, lat. balbus) ; e. falterer = plap-
ter-er = Babel, lat. balbus. Ge. Maul (the mouth) = maml, to stammer ;
hu. mamuly-a, papuly-a (the mouth). Ge. Tolpel (dolt, dull) is the
inversion of ge. blod ; so we can analyse : T6Ip-el = t plap 1 ; e. dolt,
dull = fr. foll-e = ge. toll = t plap, t pap 1. Many authors say : the
names Babel, Babil-onia cannot have the signification of lat. balb-us,
balbutire (to confound the words), because Babel is written Bab IIu
(the gate of Ilu). Others say : Balj Ilu is only an extern hieroglyphic
scriptural expression for Babel, in the same manner as in Chinese
language Hiung Nu (the cruel slaves) = the Huns, and Ku-pi-lai
(the old skin comes) = Kublai, the name of Kublai-Khan.

in j^crni. into : krap (f. i. engl. ijrav-e, earv-e and grab, gr.
graph-o, lat. s-erib-o, jap. chirib-anie, etc.).

Ge. poch-en (to beat) = ge. Fleg-el (a Hail), i. e. Fleg =
pok 1, formed in this way : pok-pok, pok-ok = pok-ol = plok
or Fleg (gr. pleg-e).

Ge. klopl-eil (to knock) is formed : kop-kop = kop-op
and by euphony kop-ol, klop. E. knock = kok-kok = kok-ok =
kok-on = knock. 1

In ge. Grab (a grave) we have only one term of iteration,
the sound r, in. ge. griib-el-n (to scrupulize, to rake) we find
r and 1, two terms of frequentation ; we can imagine the verb
griibel-n formed in this way : griib-griib = griib-iib and by
euphony griib-cl.

E. knock — kok n ; e. blow — weh 1 (from ge. weh-en,
scrt. wa) ; gr. pneu-o (to respire) = vveh-n (to blow). I may say :
e. knock is an intensive form of tu, kak (to beat, to knock)
and e. blow, gr. pnev are intensive forms of ge. weh-en, scrt.
wa (to blow, to respire).

There are types of iteration, in which an s or a t intersects
the primitive three-lettered root : f. i. ar. katab (to write) is
formed in this way : kap-kap (to scratch, to write) == kap-ap =
kap-t = katab ; or ar. kasb (to strike, to cut) = kop-kop (to
strike) = kop-op = kop-s, kosb, kasb ; or hu. kiiszob (the
threshold) = cap-cap (to hem, to limit) = cap-ap = kap s,
kasb, kiiszob.

Long or double vowels have often the same values in
iteration : si. pauk, hu. pok (a spider) = lat. plec-to (to plait) ;
si. bruch-o, ge. Bauch (the belly) = blow (belly = blown up).
Fr. coup (a blow) = it. colp-o ; i. e. coup =-= kop 1 I, and colp-o
= kop 1 I (to beat). Ge. Pauk-e (a drum) = plok, pok 1 I (to
beat) ; etc.

Examining such words as : ge. hiipf-en, hop-s-en (to
spring, to leap), we must admit they are formed by the redupli-
cation of the root heb-en, hoh-en, hoch, (to heave, to elevate).
Hiipf = heb-hcb ; hop-s = heb-heb = heb-eb — heb-es = hops.
The factor of repetition can be at the end or at the head of the root.

In Slavic language we have the same word : s-kok (to
spring, to leap) = ge. hoch-hoch (heb-heb) = ho-hoch, he-heb =
.s hoch, s kok. This word is abbreviated in hung, language into :
szok (to spring) and japan, sug-i (to spring over)^; in Chinese we

^ The sounds : I, r, n are the most important factors in iteration
or frequentation.

- A great many examples of this kind are presented in jap.
language: ta-tak-ai, (to beat) = tak-tak ; to-dok-eru (to arrive) =
tok-tok ; to-dom-eru (to rest, to stay) = dom-dom ; shi-zum-eru
(to dip) = shim-shim (chin, shim = to dip, to deepen, to dive), scrt^

23

have the plain old root : knok, kok (to spring over) = ge. heb,
hoeh ; the same word in hebrew is : heber (to spring over, to
leap over) = heb-heb = heb-eb ^ heb-er.^

Chin, sop (to sweep) == skap V(to scratch, to rub) = lat. s
eop-are (to sweep) = skap V (to rub) = hu. s6p-or, tii. siip-iir (to
sweep). In the hungarian and turkish word there is a double term
to be found, expressing the duplication : s kap r, kap V being the
chief-component, and s with r both terms of frequentation.

Ge. zuek-en, zuck-en ^ zieh-zieh ; i. e. : zucken, ziicken
(to move, to stir) is formed by the reduplication of the ge. root :
zieh, t veh III (to draw, to pull) ;- in the same way is formed :
ge. zwick-en (to pinch) from : t pac VI, to pinch, i. e. : by the
reduplication of the root cap (to pinch, to nip).

Here may be presented two examples of iteration of the
highest importance.

I imagine ge. zwick-en (to pinch, to nip) to be : t pac VI,
i. e. formed by the reduplication of the root cap (to catch, to
gripe, to grasp). T pac = pac-pac, i. e. to gripe twice, to press. ^

shi-shum-ara (a dolphin, a diving animal) = shim-shim (to dip^ to
dive) ; etc. We could even analyse : e. stick = tick-tick (from gr.
ting-ano or lat. tang-o tak, to touch, to beat) = ti-tick = stick ; ge.
vStab (a stick) = tap-tap = ta-tap = Stab. Also : e. shak-e = s pac =
pac pac (to gripe often, to seize often, to shake ; as it were an inten-
sitive, an act of grasping furiously ; quite near to it is : ge. Sieb, fi.
seu-l-o (a sieve) = s cap VI, to shake) ; and ge. schiittein (to shake) =
s cap 1 1 VI, to shake. E. tak-e = pac-pac = pa-pac =t pac = tak-e ;
ge. deck-en (to cover) = pac-pac = pa-pac = t pac = deck.

Lat. me-mor = mor-mor (mac r, pac r VI, to "retain) ; jap. ma-
mor-u (to retain, to shelter) — mar-mar (mac r, pac r VI, to hold,
to keep, to shelter).

A very interesting type of iteration is : gr. an-ank-e (the neces-
sity) formed by ank-ank (ank = pac n VI, to press).

1 The name of Hebrews derives from this root : heber = to leap
over, to emigrate. In Turkish there is a corresponding root: getch-er =
geg t, hoh t (to leap over, to emigrate) ; chin, yuet, jap. etchi (to leap
over) is the same word.

2 Another form of iteration of the same root is ge. zog-er-n (ge.
zieh-en, to delay, to tarry) — t veh r IlT; here the sounds t and r
are terms of iteration,

^ The same idea we find expressed in another form in finn. pakk-aa
= hu. iagg-at (to press) = pac-pac = pac-ac = pakk. Finn, pakk-aa
(pac-pac = pac-ac) has many significations, among them : to beg,
ge. bett-eln, ge. bitt-en (pac t VI), the same word as finn, pak-it-se
(to beg, ge. betteln, bitten) = pac t VI, to press, to urge, ge. in jeman^
den dringen (= bitten, to beg). Ge. bitt-en (pac t VI) = fi. pak-it-se
(pac t VI). Ge. Zwick could be analysed also : t pac-ac.

24

Ge. zwing-en = t pae n, i. e. the idea to gripe taken three times^

= to constrain (ge. zwing-en) ; the same analysis is to be made
in ge. Zang-e (the tongs) = t pac n VI, to gripe often, to pinch,
to constrain.

In the same way : ge. driick-en (to press) = dak r, t pae
r VI, to grip three times (often), to press ; ge. drang-en (to
press) = driick n, t pac r n, to gripe 4 times, to squeeze,
to urge. The same composition we find in lat. string-o (to press)'
= St pac r n VI, to grip often, to string, — and ge. streng
(strong) = lat. stringo, lat. severus, e. strict, etc. Even ge-
stark (strong) = st pac r VI, to gripe often, to string, to urge,,
to press, to oppress, etc.

Now I take the greek : taur-os (a bull) = t cap r VI, to
press, strong ; ar. thor (gr. taur-os) = ge. Stier = heb. shor =
s cap r VI, strong ; ho. szor-it (to press) = s cap r VI, to press ;
heb. sar (the Lord, the duke) = s cap r VI, to press, to oppress ;
tu. sor (to ask) = s cap r VI, to press, to urge.

E. tiek-le = tak-tak (from gr. ting-ano, lat. tango, to touch)-
= tak-ak = tak-al = tick! ; ge. kitzel-n is a plain inversion of e.
tiek-l = hu. csik-1-ant (to tickle) = fr. chat-ouill-er (to tickle).

A very interesting case of abbreviation, (with contraction)
of the form tick-le we see in eng. till = tak-tak = tak-ak =
tak-1 = till ; i. e. by euphony the sound ck is changed into U
The meaning of this word is the same as of the word tickle,^
i. e. to touch often, to reach.

In the same way is formed : e. hill = ge. Hiig-el = hoch-
hoch (high-high) = hoch-och = hoch 1, Hiigel. Ar. tell (a hill) =
tak 1, t hoch 1 ; e. tell, tale = dic-1 (to indicate) ; hu. kail (to
decay, to vanish) = cav 1 IV (to vanish) ; hu. ziill (to decay, to
vanish) = s cav 1 IV, (to vanish); ar. dhilP, zill (a shadow) =
t cap 1 VI, to cover, etc., etc.^

Often it is very difficult to distinguish the terms of fre-
quentation from plain alteration of sounds (Lautwechsel)^^
E. s-cou-r = fr. cur-er (ecurer) = jap. hor-i. Is the sound s
of e. scour an iterative or an evolution of h into sc ?

^ An interesting reduplicated form of e. tickl is lat. ti-till-are =
tUl-till-are = tickl-tickl-are. Fr. chat-ouiller ^= ge. kitz-eln = e. tick-le.

2 Here we can estimate the equivalence of the sound dh = z =
tk. Really, the three-lettered primitive roots are the most solid base
for all linguistical analysis.

. ' Also : e. hamm-er = ham-ham = kap-kap, kop-kop = ham-am
(kop-op) = hamm (kopp I) ; lat. mall-eus (a hamm-er) = mak 1, pok
1 I, = ge. klopf-en ; ge. Hamm-el (mutton) = ham-ham, kop-kop II,
(to cut, to castrate) = kop-op = gr. kop-t-o (to cut, to castrate). E.
mutt-on = mac t, pok t II, to cut, to mutilate ; lat. mut-ilo = mac t,.
pok t II, to cut.

25

In aino language : korop-ok = a grav-e, from kap V, to
scratch, or : cav. IV, to dig Korop is the same root as grav-e,
formed : kap-kap, kap-ap, kap-ar, krap. In the word korop-ok,
is the syllable ok a term of iteration, or an extraradical ele-
ment of independent signification ?

Again, in lat. s-crup-ul-us (ge. griib-el-n), is the sound s
a term of iteration or a development of ge. g into se ?

Frequentation and iteration are so important, we meet
so often with them in the formation of words, that it would
be meritorious to make them objects of special study.

7. Transition of sounds (Lautwechsel) : Comparing the
chin, word pat (to beat) to the engl. word cut (gr. kop-t-o), we
find a very essential difference in their composition.

The chin, word pat is corresponding to oldchin. pap (to
beat) and it is more than probable, that pat is formed from
pap by plain evolution of the sound p into t.

On the contrary e. cut being equivalent with gr. kop-t-o,
it is probable that cut is formed by reduplication of the root
kop, i. e. : cut == kop-kop = kop-op = kop-ot = kopt = cut ;
in the same way as gr. kop-t-o (to cut) is formed by reduplica-
tion of kop : kop-kop = kop-op = kop t.

We previously analysed : si. skok = hu. szok (to leap,
to spring) = s kok, the sound s representing a term of redupli-
cation : kok-kok = ko-kok = so-kok = s kok, szok.

In the word lat. sal (the salt), the sound s is the result of
a development of the greek h (gr. hal = lat. sal) into s.

I take the analysis of lat. sal (the salt) = to be s kap 1 V,
(to scratch, to have a scratching or acrid taste), s being a simple
exchange of sounds and I a term of reduplication (frequen-
tation).

8. Extraradical elements in the composition of words.
The roots are either corresponding to primitive plain roots (as :
pap, poch, etc.) or they are composed of different elements (as :
grab, shave, scour, etc.), the chief component (primitive root :
eav) and the secondary components (s, r) of inferior value.

Besides, there are elements not appertaining to the root,
as prefixes, suffixes, extraradical frequentatives, intensitives,
infinitives, perfects, passives, particles, etc., etc.

Really, it is not always easy, to find out the primitive
sense of these small elements playing an important part in the
signification of a complete word.

Chinese language affords us admirable examples in the
discovery of the real sense of these elements, represented in the
Chinese language as independent and full words, with very
clear and determined signification.

Chin. Hao teh'u (good-ness) is the same word as hung.
j6-sdg (good-ness) ; chin, teh'u = place, and hao tch'u =

place of good, goodness ; so we are inducted by analogy to see
in the hu. suffix sag a corrupted chin, tch'u (the place).

The chin, to, tck (to reach) assists in this language the
formation of the passive, the perfect, the genitive, etc. And
we can detect this word under similar circumstances in a great
many other languages.

Lat. am-at-us, (lov-ed), e. call-ed, ge. gelieb-t, hu. szeret-ett
(lov-ed), etc. are to be regarded as equivalents of the chin.
te. tek (to reach, to attain = perfectum^).

Chin, kia, kat (to augment, to heap, to frequent) is to
be found in the hung, language ; hu. iit-o-get (to beat often) ;
ver-e-ked-ik = to beat often.

Chin, ik, ing, i (to meet, a term for the passive,)^ is met
with very often in the majority of languages, in the same manner
as in jap. language the terms : ai and au (chin, ho, hop = cap
VI, unite, meet).

In Hungarian there are verbs in great quantity having
the suffix: ik (to meet, terms of reflexivnm, passivum; reflexion
or introspection).

We scarcely can make here a long study of this interesting
question, which would merit a full and detailed discussion,
the facts disclosed by the illustrations in the Chinese dictionary
being of startling interest.

So we are obliged to confine our essay to offering a few
examples often met with in the different languages.

Hu. fen-ek (the ground = grab-nd, cav r nd IV, to cave,
to dig) can be analysed : fen = vac n IV, to cave (or : pac
n VI, in, inner part, to enter) — and : ek = chin, i, ik, ing
(meeting, a term for tlie passive) ; fen-ek = caved, digged,
the ground.^

Lat. am-ic-us (the friend) = cap VI, to unite, ic = chin

1 Perhaps : lat. frig-id-us = chin, ping te so (ice, reach, which) ;
lat. frig = pac r VI, gr. peg-o, to fix ; chin, ping (ice) = gr. peg-o, to
fix. Chin, ping (the ice) =pac n VI, to fix ; te, tek = to reach ; lat.
ns = chin, so (the place, ge. statt haben).

We shall be less surprised, as we come to realise the transcription
of every word of each language through the monosyllabic Chinese
words.

=* F. i. : lat. ut-i (to use), lat. amar-i (to be loved), lat. merg-i
(to be merged.)

Even lat. nominal-suffix ex is formed by : ik and s, f. i. : vert-ex
= lat. vert-o (to turn) and ik (to meet, a passivum), i. e, : to be
turned ; s = chin, so (place or which.)

• Even e. ground = grav-ed, cav-ed, ex-cavat-ed ; and : ed =
chin, te, tek (to reach, to attain = perfectum).

i, ik, ing (to meet, term of the passive) and us = chin, so^ (taking
place, which) ; am-ic-us = united which.

Ge. giit-ig = to meet goodness ; lat. ben-ig-nus = ben-
ing-us = who meets goodness ; hu. vek-ony (thin) = veh III,
to extend and : ong, ing (to meet).^ Hu. val-ik (to be separated)
= separation meet = getrennt werden (passive). The hung,
genitive is formed by the same i, ik, ing (abbreviated : in) ;
atya-e = father's ; e = i, ik (to meet, to appertain) and s = so
(place, taking place); tu. pazar-iin = of the bazaar; the bazaar's;
iin — ing, ik, i and s = so (taking place). Ge. lieb-en = e.
lov-ing^ have the same root with the same signification ; as
can be proved easily by the turkish language : tu. sev-mek =
love-meet ; mek, mak being the same word as found in e. meet =
mac t, pac t VI, to unite, to meet ; holl. maat (a mate, a follower,
a fellow).

The greek media-verbs, as aga-mai, hik-neo-mai, have the'
same suffix mak, with the same meaning : to meet, term of
passivum or medium. Gr. ag-a-mai (to love) = pac VI to unite
and mak, pac VL to meet; so the complete meanings are: to
meet in unison, to be united. Gr. hik-ne-o-mai == kick (to touchy
to reach) and mac (to meet), the whole signifying: to meet tou-
ching, to have touched = to reach.

It is possible that suffixes, such as : bott-om, fath-om.

^ Chin, so (the place) = ge. so, or : welcher. For instance : Vaters
=Vater so, so dem Vater gehort. Lat. am-ic-us = so vereint wird
{welcher vereinigt ist).

2 Ik is changed often into other sounds, f. i. : tu. kai-ik (a canoe
a boat) = cav (to carve) and ik (to meet). Tu. kai-ik = hu. haj-6 ;
i. e. : ik is changed into 6. In the same way we find transitions of 6
into a, f. i. : tu. kap-u (a door), hu. kap-a (a hoe), jap. kuw^-a (a hoe),
etc. In the adjectives ik is changed into eg, in, ige, etc. f. i. : hu. mel-eg
(warm) = fi. mell-in (instead of : mell-ing) = mong. biil-ige (warm).
In is changed into on, f . i. : hu. szeg-cn (in old times • szeg-in, poor,
ar. mesk-in), and hu. vek-on (thin) ; etc., etc.

' Berl-in = Berl-ing. Even the german dativus-suffixes en have
the same origin, and the same meaning. Also : fi. mell-in (warm) =
hu. mel-eg = mong-bul-ige ; i. e. : in — ing = ig, ige = eg ; all these
suffixes having the meaning of chin, i, ik and jap. ai, an, to meet.
Often in hung, verbs this ik (to meet) expresses the idea of a reflexion,
meaning : reciprocal, mutual or reciprocally, mutually ; f. i. : hu ver-
eked-ik (beat — often — mutually) = to scuffle ; hu. ver (to beat) =
pok r I, ked = chin, kiat, kia (to heap, often), and ik (to meet) =
mutually, reciprocally. Hu. kap (to catch, to grip-e, lat. cap-io) and
chin, kat (to heap) form: hu. kap-kod = to grip often, to gripe to and
fro, ge. hin und her pack-en, hin und her greif-en.

28

Ath-em (Od-em), hu. al-om (dream), etc. are only abbreviations
of greek : mai or : tu. mak.

Chin, pa (to end, to finish) = pac VI, to finish, to close ;
I can admit lat. perfectum suffixes avi, cvi, etc. being of the
same origin (cap = claud-o, to close).

Chin, ngo (I, ge. ieh, lat. ego, hu. en, eng, eg. anok, anch,.
heb. anoki, ani) is the same word as chin, ngo (to meet, to
encounter) ; so we can find out the primitive sense of the pronouns.

Chin, yao (shall, should) I find in the hungarian conjunctive
ja, f. e. ad-ja (he should give).

Chin, ji, je (dshi, dslie) = oldchin. tak (to touch, this,
ge. der Betreffende) ; the same word as turk. suffix dji (f. i.
balta-dji, a hatchet-man, a pioneer; or : balik-dji = a fisher man).

I could produce a great many examples of this kind ;
but it is preferable to leave this as the object of a special work.

Chinese language with its monosyllabic plain words,
standing next to the primitive language of mankind, will be
ever the intermediary, the inexhaustible source in the elucida-
tion of these secondary elements ; it alone will afford us the
solution of these highly interesting interlingual questions.

9. The equivalence of words. Words, having the same
sounds, or having different sounds but giving the same results
by analysis, have the same meaning, at least within the same
larger groups of ideas. This is one of the fundamental theses
of my system.

We saw the equivalence of e. scour (s kap r V, to scratch),
ge. scheur-en (s kap r V), hu. sur-ol (s kap r V), jap. sur-i (s kap
r V) — having the same signification and giving the same results
in analysis.

A great number of words with different sounds but with
the same or a similar sense can be joined to these four words :
1. hu kap-ar (to scratch) = kap r V ; 2. ge. Kafer (scarab, beetle)
= kap r V ; 3. e. shav-e, ge. schab-en = s kap V ; 4. ar, kabr
(the grave) = kap r IV or V (to scratch, ge. grab-en) ; 5. jap. hor-i
(a pit, a ditch) = cav r IV (to dig, ge. grab-en), ; 6. hu. arok (a
pit) = har-ok = cav r IV, ; 7. hu. ir (to write) = hiir, cav r V ;
8. hu. sir, sur (a grave) = s cav r IV, etc. the ideas of group IV
and V being much inter-associated.

Ge. zwick-en (to nip) = t pac VI ; hu. csip, tep (to nip,
to pinch) = t cap VI ; e. catch = cap t VI ; all these words
present the same results in analysis.

Ge. zwick-en = t pac VI ; e. pinch = pac n VI ; ge. kneif-en
(to nip) = cap n VI ; ge. zwing-en = t pac n VI, to urge, to
press ; e. press = pac r s VI, to urge.

Ger. Haf-en (harbour) = hebr. chof (a harbour) ; ge.
hal-ten, Haf-t (a prison) = ar. haf-z (a prison) ; ge. Hof (a court)
== gr. kep-os.

29

Egypt, shtek-o (a prison) = ge. steek-en = liu. dug (stecken.
to put in) and hu.dutyi (a prison). I analyse thus: eg. shtek-o =
stpac VI, to hide ; ge. steck-en (to put in, to hide) = st pacVI,
to hide ; hu. dug (to put in, to hide) = t pac VI, to hide ; hu.
dutyi (a prison) = dug t = t pac t VI, to put in, to hide, etc.

Ge. driick-en (to press) = tak r, t pac r VI, to press ;
anglosax. drych-ten (the Lord) = tak r, t pac r VI, to oppress,
to dominate ; lat. string-o (to string, to press) = st pac r n VI,
to press ; ge. stark = st pac r VI, to press.

It. teng-o = lat. tene-o = tenh-o = tpac n VI, to take; on
the other hand gr. tein-o = ger. deh-n-en (to extend) = t veh n
III, to extend, lat. veh-o, trah-o is an example of noncoinci-
dence, lack of equivalence, and very intstructive by contrasts.

It is of no use to continue these interesting examples, my
work being chiefly a dissertation on the unity of languages,
which is based on equivalence by analytical results, made evident
by many hundreds of examples.

IV. The seven golden keys to the seven
groups of ideas.

«One must not fear to fall, when

reaching to grasp new fruit.»

(Jakob Grimm.)

In the last chapter I gave a short sketch of the seven
groups of ideas. The three first groups: I to beat (pap t), ge.
poch-en (pok), II to cut (kop t, gr. kop t o) and III to break
{pok r) have the same primitive roots : pap, kop or pok.

The three following groups: IV lat. cav-are, to cav-e, V hu.
kap-ar (to scratch, ge. kratz-en, krap-zen = kap r tz) and VI lat.
cap-io (to catch) have roots standing very near one to another,
by reason of their common origin.

The seventh group VII (to blow, to howl, to laugh, etc.)
is an isolated group.

In this way we could trace all ideas back to three sources.
I can designate the groups : I pap-kop, 1) to beat, 2) to cut,
3. to break; II cav-cap (or vac-pac), 1) to cave, to dig, 2) to
scratch, 3) to catch, to take, to grasp ; III huh, to blow, to res-
pire, to laugh, to howl, etc.^

^ In this way we could discover in every word of each language
one of the three keys of those above-mentioned three groups i. e. :
kop, cav-cap and huh. This would represent the most concise system
of words.

30

I liave preferred to establish seven groups, as I tried to
find a practical middle-way towards the classification of ideas,
the luunber three being too low, but the number seven being
just high enough to distinguish the chief leading ideas, which
again on their part give birth to numerous secondary and
tertiary derivations.^

In the same way as I discovered the mysterious stone
by steady observation, so the seven golden keys can be found
only by comparisons of tlie ideal value of a word of one language
with the different significations of another idiom's word. The
interlingual comparisons — begin with old and plain languages
and, pursuing the most complicated modern idioms, are the
only keys to this solution.

Such exertions are even not within the reach of one single
person. United efforts onl}'^ will lead men of research to success
and perfection.

There are words, as we have already mentioned, present-
ing the structure of their roots at once, f. i. e. s-cou-r =
s eav r (s kap r V). Such words we may call leading types
for the display of the words structure and its primitive meaning.

A very evident example of such leading types is given by
si. duch (wind, soul, respiration) == t huh VII; this word is
standing very near to fi. tuul-i (the wind) = t huh 1 VII ; both
words contain as their chief component the chin, root : hu,
huh VII (to blow) = ge. Hauch = hu. heh (the respiration).

Another classical example of leading types is ge. zwiek-en
(to pinch) = t pac VI (pac = ge. pack-en = to nip, to gripe),
and t pac VI = to gripe twice, to nip. Ge. zwing-en = e. twing-e
(to urge, to press, to pinch), only can be analysed by the leading
type t pac VI ; e. twing-e, ge. zwing-en = zwik t n = t pac
VI n (to pack, to gripe three times, to urge, to pinch), etc.

Also ge. driick-en (to press) = diick r = t pac r VI, to
urge, to press ; and we get in ge. driick a new leading type for
other words such as ge. dring-en (to urge) = driick n, t pac r n,
for lat. string-o, for e. strang-le, etc.

In every language you find a great number of leading
types, but they are to be found in greater number in the old
languages of plain structure, as oldchinese, or hnnic.

In both languages you meet with at least a hundred kap
and pak, two oldest roots, having a hundred different 'signi-
fications, united by the affinity of their common providence.

In the following sketch of the seven groups I give only
the chief leading types with a few examples ; the rest must be

^ In my last german pamphlet I gave 29 groups. I have reduced
them to seven groups, this number being now sufficient to make the
system more transparent.

31

elucidated by the application of these keys to the vocabulaiy
of each language.

In this way etymology becomes an interesting and diver-
ting jeu de patience for long winter-evenings, one language
giving the key (the leading type) to the words and ideas of
other languages.

Interlingual comparisons are the only solid and natural
base to etymology : if philologers had begun in this way, they
would have been spared much trouble and still more superifluous
brainwork in past times. However, following my advice they
may profit in the future.

The first means of expression of the feelings and thoughts
of man may have been gestures and a few exclamations of
affection. Then came plain imitations of natural sounds, such
as the blowing of the wind and the howling of wild beasts.
So the words of group VII become inferior elements in relation
to the polished and idealized terms contained in the first six
groups, the true basis of the evolution of speech. The impor-
tance of the wonderful evolution in the words of these six groups
gave me the idea to introduce these groups in the first instance,
and secondly only the plain sounds of imitation of group VII,
and to leave out the treatise on gestures and on affection.

I. Beat-group or pap-pok-kop-group. This group contains
the oldest and most primitive ideas such as : to beat, to knocks
etc. giving birth to a few secondary derivations. All the follow-
ing primitive three-lettered roots of onomatopoeic origin, as :
paff, puff, hu. piif-ol (to beat), oldchin. pap (to beat), hu. pah-ol
(to beat), ge. poeh-en (to beat, to knock), hu. kop-og (to knock)
tii. kak-mak (to beat), jap. kyok-u (to touch, to meet), ge.
geg-en (to touch, to meet), e. kick (to knock) are fully equi-
valent: the original meaning (to beat) being common to. all
and the sounds paff, puff, piif, pah, hap, poch, kop, kak, kyok,
geg, kick being only changes and transitions of the same fun-
damental types of sounds : paf, pap.

The three principal sounds of this series are : pap, pok
(or kop) ; so we gave to this first group the name : I beat-group
or pap-pok-kop-group.

I. 1. The first division of group I contains the following
ideas: of beating and kicking.

a) Type : pap, paf, puf (to beat, to knock) and : prap, plap.

Oldchin. pap (to beat) = paff, poch ; lat. pav-io (to beat,
to strike, to knock) = pap, paf, poch ; hu. piif-61 (to beat) =
paf ; hebr. vav (a nail) = pap, paf (to beat, to knock) ;^ hu.

^ Lat. elav-us (a nail) = klop I, kop 1 I (to beat) the same root
in : lat. clav-a (a mace) = klop I, kop 1 I ; hu. szeg (a nail) = s pok I,
to knock.

32

pof-a (the cheek)! ^ p^f (to beat) ; si. bub-en (a drum) = pap,
paf (to beat)2 ; tii. wur (hu. ver, to beat) = pap r, paf r ; lat.
pav-io (to beat) = pap, paf ; lat. verb-erare (to beat) = prap,
pap r, (the same word as fr. frapp-er ) ; lat. palp-are (to tap) =
plap, pap 1, paf 1 (to beat, to touch) ; hu. bab-r-al (lat. palp-are)
= pap r, paf r (to touch, to beat often) ; fr. frapp-er (to blow) =
pap r, paf r ; lat. alapa (a strike, a blow) = plap, pap 1 ; e. blow
= plap, pap 1, paf 1 ; ge. werf-en (to cast) = prap, pap r^ ; etc.

b) Type : pah, poch, pok, kop (and : mak, kam), besides
the intensive types : plok, klop, knop, etc. (to beat, to knock,
to stamp, etc.).

Hu. pSh-ol (to beat) = pok, ge. poch-en (to knock, to
stamp) = pok ; hu. kop-og (to knock) = kop ; ge. klopjf-en
(to knock) = klop, kop 1 ; fi. kepp-i (a stick) = kop ; it. picch-iare
(to knock) = pok ; ge. Pauk-e (a drum) = plok, pok 1 ; e. cuff
(a strike, a blow) = kop ; oldchin. kup (a drum) = klop, kopl
(to beat)* ; fi. puk-aa (to box) = hu. bok (to box) = pok ; fr.
pouss-er^ (to box) = pok s ; e. box = pok s ; gr. pyx (a fist) =

{)ok s ; lat. pug-ill-us (a fist) = pok 1 ; hu. 6k-6l (a fist) = pok 1*^ ;
at. pug-na (a combat) = pok n' ; hu. kiizd (to fight) = kop s t ;
jap. kob-ushi (the fist) = kop s ; ge. Faust (=e. fist) = pok st ;
ge. fech-ten (to fight) = lat. pug-nare ; ge. feh-den (to fight) =
pok t; ge. kampf-en (= lat. pug-nare) = kop; gr. bak-t-ron
(a stick) = pok t r ; lat. bac-ulus, bac-illus (a stick) = pok 1 ;
ge. Kolb-en (a mace)^ = klop, kop 1 ; hu. bunk-6 (a mace) =
pok n ;' lat. flag-ell-o = e. flog = pok 1 ; ge. Fleg-el = e. flai-1
= pok 1 ; ge. Keu-le (a mace) = kop 1 ; hu. kov-a, k6 (a stone) =
kop (to knock) ;'° si. hu. kov-atch (a smith) = kop ; gr. kop-is

^ We must admit : ge. Baek-e (the cheek) = pok I, to beat.

* Ge. Pauk-e (a drum) = plok I, pok 1 I (to beat) ; this word is
a plain inversion of oldchin. kup, newchin. ku (a drum) = kip I, to beat.

' Ge. treff-en (to tap, to trap, to hit) = t krop, t kop r ; fr. frapp-er
= prap, pap r ; lat. verb-erare (to beat) = prap, pap r ; hu. ver (to
beat) = abbreviation of lat. verb-erare ; hu. ver (to beat) = tu. wur
(to beat) ; fr. at-trap-er = ge. treff-en, e. trap = tap r, t kop r.

* Newchin. ku (a drum) is a plain abbreviation of: kup.

' Fr. pouss-er has a second meaning too : pac s VI, to press,
to urge, and even a third meaning : wak s III, to burst (as a bud).

* Lat. pug-illus = hu. 6k-61 ; i. e. : pok = ok (abbreviated form
of pok).

' Pug-na = pok n ; and e. knock = kok n ; kok is the hard form
of kop or pok.

« Mac-e = mok s, pok s ; i. e, : m = p ; in the same way ge.
Wies-e = e. mead-ow, i, e. : w = m.

» Kolb-en = kop 1 ; and hu. bunk-6 (ge. Kolb-en) = pok n.

" SI. kam-en (a stone) = kom, kop ; i. e. : m = p. In the same

33

(a javelin) = kop ; jap. kob-u (a stick) = kop ; ar. kalb (the
heart) = klop, to beat^ ; ge. hau-en (to beat) = kop ; ge. Hieb
(a strike) = klop, kop 1 ; it. colp-o (a strike) = kop 1 ; fr. coup =
it. colpo (a strike, a blow) ; gr. s-kept-ron (a sceptre) = s kop t ;
heb. scheb-et (a stick) = s kop t ; gr. pleg-e (a blow, a strike) =
pok P ; lat. lap-is (a stone) = klop, kop 1 ; ge. Ainb-os (= anv-il)
= knop, kop 1^ ; lat. scop-ulus (ge. Klippe, e. cliff) = s kop 1 ;
£je. Klipp-e, e. cliff = klop, kop 1 ; lat. scolop-s (e. pale, stake)
klop ; ge. Pflock (plug, peg) = plok* ; ge. Schrodt (a piece) =
.-, krop t (to knock, to divide) ; ge. Priig-el (a bang, a cudgel) =
pok r ; e. bang = pok n (to beat)^ ; ge. Rut-e (rood, switch) =
abbreviation of ge. priig-t (priigeln, to bang) ; hu. rud (ge. Rut-e)
== prok t, pok r t ; gr. rhabd-os = ge. Rut-e, krop-t, kop r t,
ge. priig-eln, prack-en, to beat ; lat. virg-a = ger. priig-eln,
praek-en ; hu. vessz-6 (a rod, a switch) = pok s = e. s-witcli,
s pok t ; e. rod = prok t, pok r t ; etc.

c) Type : mak, kam, mok, kom ; (a plain transition of
kop-pok in mok-kom, mak-kam, etc.).

E. mall-et (lat. mall-eus) = mok 1, pok 1, to knock ; si.
niolat-ok (a mallet) = mlak-t-ak, plok-t-ak, pok 1, to knock ;
e. s-mith = s mak t, s pok t, to knock, to strike, to beat ; si.
mlat-it (to thrash)" = plak t, pok 1 t ; ge. Hamm-er (mallet) =
kop r ; si. kam-en'' (stone) = kop n ; ge. Mark-e (a mark) =
iiirak, prok, pok r (hu. belyeg, a mark = plok, pok 1) ; etc.

d) Type: tap (== t kop), tak (= t pok).

Fr. toe-sin (alarm-bell) = t pok s ; ge. Stock (= e. stick) =
st pok ; ge. Stab (a stick) = st kop^ ; hu. bot (a stick) = pok t ;

way : ge. Hamm-er (a mallet) = kop r ; and e. mall-et = pok 1-et,
i. e. : m = p. Heb. eb-en (stone) = kop.

1 Heb. leb (the heart) is a plain abbreviation of ar. kalb (the
heart).

2 Gr. pleg-e = ge. Schlag ; so we must analyse : Schlag = s plag =
s pok 1 (to beat).

^ We must analyse : anv-il = knop 1, kop n 1, and : e. nail, ge.
Nag-el = pnok 1, pok n 1.

* In e. peg, plug — we have both types : pok and plok.

^ Ge. Kniit-e (a bang) — knop t, kop n t ; a plain inversion of :
e. bang ; chin, pang = e. bang. E. bang (pnok) is the middle type of
knok (hard type).

* E. thrash = t krop s, t kop r s ; hebr. dash = t kop s ; e. dash =
t kop s = e. throw (t krop, t kop r) = hu. dob (to throw) = t kop
(to dash, to knock, to kick, to throw).

' The same root as in hu. kiiv, kov-a (stone) = kop.

* Eventually we could analyse : ge. Stab=st cap VI, e. tap (to
touch, to prop) = hu. tap-ogat, tfim-ogat (to touch, to support), lat.
s-eip-io (= ge. Stab) = s cap (to support) ; ge. stiitz-en (to support) =

3

34

fr. but (a butt) = pok t (to beat, to reach) ; fr. bat-on, batt-re,.
bat-aille = pok t ; Iiu. dob (a drum) = t kop ; fr. tamb-our (a
drum) = t kop n ; e. drum = t krop, t kop r ; gr. typ-to (ta
blow, to beat) = t kop^ ; gr. tymp-anon (a drum) = t kop n ;.
ge. Zimra-er = gr. typ-to (to timber) ; fr. timb-re = hu. czim-er
= gr. typ-to (a type) ; ar. dharb (to beat) == t krop, t kop r ;
hu. darab (a piece) = t krop, t kop r (to knock, to divide) ; e.
stick = st pok (to beat) ; swed. tukk-i, ge. Stock =^ e. stick ;
fi. tap-uttaa (to beat) = t kop ; tu. top-uz (a mace) = t kop ;
si. top-or (a mace) = t kop ; hu. dob-og (to beat, to knock) =
t kop ; si. tim-a (to beat)^ ; hu. csap (to tap, to strike) — e. tap,
t kop ; ge. stoss-en (to push)^ == st pok s ; ge. Stiick (a piece) =
st pok* ; ge. stump! = si. tup-i = e. stupid = gr. typ-to (to beat
off, to cut off) ; e. thumb, ge. Daum-en = gr. typ-to (to beat
off) ; gr. typh-los (blind) = ge. taub = e. deaf = gr. typ-to
(to beat off, to cut off, to be stupid) ; ge. stumm = e. dumb =
gr. typ-to (to beat off, to cut off, obtuse) ; scrt. tud = lat. tund-a
(to beat off) = gr. typ-to (i. e. : scrt. tud = gr. typ t = t kop t) ;
chin, ta, tak (to beat) = tak, t pok ; hu. iit (to beat) = hiit =
kat, kop t ; hu. gut-a (ge. Schlag, hemi-plegy) = kop t, to beat,
to knock, to strike ; jap. uch-i, uts-u (to beat) = hu. iit (to
beat) ; etc.

e) Type : kak, kok,^ geg, etc.

Tu. kak-mak (to beat) = kak ; jap. kyok-u (to knock, to

stap t, st cap t (to touch, to prop, to support). This way of analysis
is explained by the different meanings of a word ; f. i. : e. tap = 1. to
strike, to beat, to knock, and 2. to touch, to prop, to support. Thus
even ge. Stab could mean : 1. to beat, to strike ; 2. to touch, to support.
Hebr. seheb-eth — gr. s kep t ron (a sceptre) means rather : to beat,
to strike.

^ It is very interesting to see how from these primitive sounds
derive transcendental ideas. Oldchin. tim (the truth) = newchin.
shen, shem ; the root : tim (timb) is the same as gr. typ-to (to beat).
So we can imagine the primitive sense of tim (the truth) = to beat a
butt, to reach a butt, to meet, to harmonize. Ge. Stimm-e (sound,
note) — s typ (to beat, to make a noise) ; ge. Stimm-ung = gr. typ-to,
e. type (i. e. : the type of the mind). Ge. ziem-en (to become) = typ-to
(to reach a butt). Fr. but, e. butt = pok t (to beat, to knock, to reach
an object) ; e. meet = pok t I (to beat, to knock, to reach a butt)
or : pac t VI, to touch, to unite, to harmonize, to be equal.

2 Standing near with gr. tem-no II, e. tim-e = lat. temp-us ; etc.

* E. push, fr. pouss-er = pok s ; e. box =. pok s.

* Ge. Stiick (a piece) = ge. stoss-en (to push, to break, to divide) ;
ar. dharb (to knock) = hu. darab (a piece).

' These types represent the hard forms of the middleform :
kop, pok, etc.

35

touch, to meet) = kok ; e. kick = kak, kok (to beat) = ge.
geg-en, Geg-end^ ; e. knock = kok n, kak n ; ge. Kiiiitt-el (clog,
stick) = knok t 1, kok n, kak n^ ; etc.

2. The second division of the 1 or beat-group contains
ideas such as: to step, to tread, to falP.

a) The subdivision : to step, to tread.

SI. kop-ito (a hoot) = kop (to beat, to knock) ; e. hoof,
ge. Huf = kop ; e. foot, ge. Fuss, scrt. pad = pok t ; hu. pat-a
(a hoof) = pok t ; hu. lab (foot) = klop, kop 1 ; ar. rigl (foot) =
prak 1, pok r 1 ; si. nog-a (foot) = knock, kak n ; fr. patt-e (paw)*
= pok t ; chin, pu, put (a step, to step) = pok t ; e. step =
st kop ; ge. trapp-en (to patter) = t kop r ; ge. tramp-eln =
t krop n, t kop r n ; ge. tre-ten (to step, to tread) = trep, t krop,
t kop r ; ge. Galopp = klop, kop 1 ; lat. calc-are (to walk) =
klak, kak 1 ; scrt. kram (to step) = krop, kop r ; scrt. marg
(the way) = mrak, prak, pok r, to step^ ; ge. schreiten = s
prok t, s pok r t ; e. tread = t krop t, t kop r t ; etc.

b) The subdivision : to fall.

Fr. pouff (to fall) = pap ; si. pad-nut (to fall) = pok t ;
hu. potty-an (to fall) = pok t ; gr. pi-pt-o, e-pat-on (to fall) =
pok t ; hu. zuh-an (to fall) = s pok ; e. drop (to fall, a drop) =
t krop, t kop r ; hu. csepp (a drop) = t kop ; lat. gutt-a (a drop) =
kop t ; gr. hyp-o (down) = kop (to fall) ; ger. ab (down) =
gr. hyp-o = kop (to fall) ; etc.

3. The third or noise-division contains such ideas as :
lat. crep-o (to make a noise), ge. poch-en (to beat, to make a
noise), ge. poltern (to bluster), fr. tap-age (to beat, to make
a noise) etc.

Fr. cliqu-etis (sound, tune) = klik, klak, kak 1 ; lat,

^ Ge. geg-en (ag-ainst) = e. kick, ge. stoss-en, an-stoss-en (to
push against, to meet). This word corresponds to jap. kyok-u (to meet)
and chin, ik, i, these latter words being equivalent to the hungarian
verbalsuffix ik (which means : to meet, or is the expression of the
passive or medium, (especially in Greek) ; f. i. : hu. mosd-ik = to meet
washing, to wash himself ; lat. pat-i (to meet trouble, to suffer) ; lat.
merg-i = to meet deepening (dipping) or to be deepened or dipped.
It gives to verbs often a reflexive meaning.

2 Est. nuh-tla (to cudgel) = knok t 1, kak n t 1 ; finn. nuh-ja
(a mace) = knok, kak n, or: pnok, pok n.

^ The same noises result by beating with a stick on hard objects
or by the falling of a stone on the ground ; both we can reconc ile by
the sounds, paff, puff, pap, pok, kop, etc. Even the kicking or striking
on the ground with the feet produces the same results.

* E. paw = pap (to beat, to knock, to strike) = lat. pav-io.

» Scrt. kram (to step) is a plain inversion of scrt. marg (the road
= fr. march-er.

36

elaiM)-or (sound, tune) = klak n, kak 1 n ; i>e. Klaiig, kliiig-en =^
klak n, kak 1 n ; ^e. klag-en (to lament)^ -^ klak, kak 1 ; lat.
plang-o (ge. klag-en) = plak n, pok 1 n^ ; si. plak-at (to cry) =
plok, pok 1 ; lat. crep-o (to make a noise) = kop r ; e. cry =
krop, kop r = lat. erep-o ; ge. schrei-en (to scream) = s krop,
s kop r^ ; si. krik (to cry) = ge. sclirill (e. shrill) = s krik 1 ;
lat. clam-are (to scream) = klop, kop 1 ; ge. larm-en, hu. lanii-
az (to scream) = clam r, klop r, kop 1 r ; hu. kfirom-ol (to curse)
=krom, krop, lat. crep-o ; lat. eahim-nia = klop, kop H ; hu.
korh-ol (to scold) = krak, kak r ; lat. plo-ro, fr. pleurer =
plok, pok 1 ; hu sir (to cry) = s kop r ; hu. riv (to cry) = lat.
crep-o ; e. scold = ge. schelt-en = s kop 1 t^ ; ar. kelam (the
word) = klop, kop 1 ; lat. verb-um (e. word, ge. Wort) — prap,
])ap r (to beat^) ; e. word = prap t, pap r t (to babble) ; si. vorob
(a sparrow) = prap, pap r (to beat, to make a noise, to chirps,;
pers. harf (the speech) = krop, kop r ; ge. sprech-en (to speak) =
s pre, lat. crep-o, kap r ; fr. crap-aud (a frog) = crep-o ; ge.
Frosch, e. irog = pre, crep-o ; hu. b§ka (a frog) = pre, crepo ;
gr. phry-ne (frog) = pre, crep-o^; tu. kurb-agha (a frog) =
crep-o ; ge. Kro-te (a frog) = crep t ; lat. corv-us (a craw) =
crep-o ; ge. Krah-e (a craw) = krak, krep, crepo ; hu. kelep-el,
ge. klapp-ern = klop, kop 1 ; ge. Storch, e. stork = st pre, crep-o ;
chin, nao, nok (noise) = knok, kak n ; e. iioi-se = knok s, kok

1 E. lam-ent = klam-ent = lat. clam-or = klop, kop 1 (to beat,
to make a noise).

2 Ge. plag = lat. klang ; i. e. : klag = plag. or kak = pok ; assyr.
halangu (cry of woe) = lat. plang-or, si. plak-ati.

^ We see that such ideas as : to beat, to make a noise, to cry, to
scold, to scream, to lam-ent, to sound, etc. have the same origin.
E. cry = lat. plang-o, ge. wein-en ; fr. eri-er, ge. schrei-en = si. krik =
to scream.

* Even ge. last-ern (calum-niare) = klop st, kop 1 st ; lat. blas-
pliemia = plap s, pap 1 s. In hu. karom-ol (to curse) we find the same
root as in si. rep-tat (to curse) and lat. carm-en (== crep-o, to scream),
and in e. charm (crep-o, to scream).

* Even hu. szid (to scold) is a plain abbreviation of : scold ; szid ==
s kop t.

* Verb-um (word) has the same root as lat. verb-erare (to beat).
So we see how the primitive ideas (to beat, to knock) gave birth to
such ideas as : to scream, to cry, to speak, etc. In German one says :
die Nachtigall schlagt (the nightingale trills) and in Persian one says :
harf zeden (to beat a word, to speak) ; e. babbl-e, ge. plapp-ern =
pap 1.

" Chirp = lat. crep-o, kop r.

« Lat. ra-na (a frog) = gr. phry-ne = e. frog, crep-o ; i. e. : pbry-ne
= frog-ne, and ra-na = frog-na.

n s ; si. rep-tat (to curse) = crep-o ; ge. ruf-en (to call) = erep-o;
ge. Ruhm (the rumour) = crm, crep-o ; gr. kal-eo (to call) =
kop U ; ar. khaber (rumour, news) = kop r, crep-o ; hu. hir
(rumour) = kop r ; e. harp = kop r (to beat) ; lut-e = klop t
(to beat) ; ge. Laut (loud, a sound) = ge. laut (loud), klop t ;
ge. laut-en (to ring the bell) = klop t ; ge. Glock-e, a clock =
klak, kak 1 ; si. kolok-ol (a clock) = klok, kak 1 ; fi. kell-o (a
clock) = kok 1 ; hu. kolomp (a klock) = klop n, kop 1 n ; e. bell
(a clock) = pok 1 ; ge. bell-en (to bark) = pok 1 ; e. bark =
pok r, crepo ; scrt. vrk-as (a wolf) = pre, crep-o ; tu. kurd (a
wolf) = crp t ; pers. gurg (a wolf) = krk ; ge. kraeh-en (to
crack) = kak r ; ge. rausch-en (to bustle) = krp s, kop r s ; hu.
zaj, ziig (to bluster) = s pok; ge. polt-ern (to bluster) = plok t,
pok 1 t ; e. blust-er = plok st = pok 1 s t ; e. bust-le = pok s t ;
ge. sehell-en (to ring) = s kop 1 ; chin, hiang = hu. hang (a
sound) = knak, kak n ; ge. Schall (a sound) = s kop 1 ; e. chatt-er
= t kop t r ; d. sehnatt-ern^ (to gaggle) = s knak t r ; e. gagg-le
=kak 1 ; hu. g^g-og (to gaggle) = kak^ ; fr. eoq (a cock) =
kak ; lat. gall-us = gagg-le, kak 1 ; hu. kak-as (a cock) = kak s ;
tu. khor-os (a cock) = kak r ; hu. kukk (a sound) = kak ; lat.
agn-us (a lamb) === gag n, kak n ; e. Iamb = plap, babble ; chin.
yang (a lamb) = gag n ; chin, yang (a poplar tree) = gag n,
to babble ; jap. yanag-i = tu. yanag-i = hu. jegen-e (a poplar
tree) = gag n, to babble, to tremble ; lat. popul-us (a poplar
tree) = plap, to babble ; si. hu. topol (a poplar-tree) = t pap 1 ;
si. lip-a (lime-tree) = plap, to babbl-e ; ge. Esp-e (asp) = pap s,
to babbl-e, to tremble ; ge. plap-ern = to babb-le ; si. kleb-et
(middle type of plap, babble) ; hu. pletyka = si. kleb-et, plapp-
ern, babbl-e ; hu. lib-a (a goose) =-- plap ; etc.

II Cut-group, or kop-to group. This second group contains
very old and primitive ideas congenial to the conceptions
of the first or beat-group ; such ideas are : to cut, to divide,
to shorten, etc.

Gr. kop-to (to cut) = kop t ; e. cut = gr. kopto == kop t* ;
lat. eult-er (a knife) = kop t 1 r ; e. knif-e, fr. eanif = kop n ;
hu. vfig (to cut) = pok^ ; hu. bak-6 (an executioner) = pok,

^ Perhaps : jap. yob-i (to call) = lat. jub-eo = kop.

2 The same root we find in : ge. (ians (a goose) = gang s, knak s ;
ge. Ent-e, lat. an-as (a duck) = gang s, knak s, kak n s ; lat. ans-er
(a goose) = gang s r, knak s r.

' We find this root in : si. glag-ol (the speech), si. glas (the sound)
= glag-s ; lat. loqu-i (to speak) — klok ; gr. log-os is an abbreviated
form ; sort. ar. lugh-a (word) ; lap (to speak) = blab, babb.

* I dare regard e. cut as a plain abbreviation of gr. kop-t-o (to
cut).

* Jap. wak-ari (to divide) = hu. vfig (to cut) ; ge. hack (to cut) =

2.51957

38

to cut ; jap. wak-ari (to divide) = pok ; e. shar-e = s kop r,
to cut ; fi. kalp-io (a sword) = klop, kop 1, to cut^ ; eg, liurp-u,
heb. khereb (a sword) = kop r, ta cut ; hu. kard (a sword) =
krop t, kop r t, to cut ; ge. Schwert, e. sword == s pok r t ; eg.
keleb-in (a liatchet) = klop, kop 1, to cut ; gr. pelek-us (a hatchet)
= scrt. paras-u = plak, pok 1, to cut^ ; si. nyiv-a (field, acre) =
knop, kop n, to cut; ^ ge. Beil (a hatchet) = pok 1; ge. Bard,
hu. bfird (a hatchet) = prok t, pok r t ; ge. Axt (a hatchet) =
kop s t ; lat. glad-ius = fr. glaiv-e — klop, kop 1, to cut ; lat.
sec-o (to cut) = ar. sikk-in (a knife) = s pok ; si. kos-a (a sithe)
kop s ; hu. kes (a knife) = kop s ; tii. kes-mek (to cut) = kop s ;
gr. skyth-os (a sith-e) = s kop t ; lat. Skyth-ae = s kop t, to
cut, to vanquish ; ge. sieg-en (to vanquish)* = s kop ; hu.
gyoz (to vanquish) = kop s ; lat. Caes-ar, caed-o = kop t ; jap.
katch-i (to vanquish) = kop t ; ar. kasb (a victory) = kop s ;
ar. kassab (the butcher) = kops ; e. buteh-er = pok t, to cut ;
ar. hebr. kaz-ir, kas-ir (short) = kop s r, be cut ; it. cort-are,
cort-o = kop r t = ge. kurz, e. short ; hu. rov-id (short) =
krop t ; ar. kat-al (to kill) = kop t 1, to cut ; oldchin. tak (a
knife, newchin. tao) = t pok, to cut ; scrt. dA (to cut) = chin.
tao (a knife) ; jap. kat-ana (a knife) = kop t n ; eg. kot (to kill) =
kop t, to cut ; hu. szab (to cut) = s kop-^ ; hu. seb (a wound) =
s kop ; hu. szab-lya, ge. Sab-el = s kop 1, to cut ; russ. skob-el
(a plain) = s kop 1 ; ge. Hob-el = russ. skobel ; ge. Sich-el (a
siek-le) = s pok 1 ; ge. Mess-er (a knife) = mak s, pok s, to
cut^ ; jap. sog-u (to cut) == s pok ; ge. sag-en (to saw) = s pok ;
ge. Seheer-e (scissors) = s kop r ; it. spad-a (a sword) = s

hard type of hu. vag (to cut). Ge. scheid-en (to part) = s kop t ; e.
part = prok t, pok a t ; ge. Seheer-e (scissors) = s kop r. Jap. wak-aru
= 1. to divide ; 2. to distinguish, to understand.

^ The same word as lat. s-ealp-o, s-culp-o (to carv-e). These
three words have different meanings, such as : to cav-e (to dig), to
serateh (to rub, to whet) and to cut.

2 The same root as e. knif-e, fr. canif.

^ Eg. keleb-in is a plain inversion of gr. pclek-us ; both are equi-
valent with ge. Beil. Gr. pelek-us = scrt. parae-u.

* Eventually it means rather : s cap VI, to press down, to oppress ;
lat. vinc-ere (to vaiiqu-ish) = pac n VI, to press down, to oppress ;
lat. vine-ire (to bind) = pac n VI, to unite, to attach, to bind ; e.
bind = pac n t.

* The common origin of the ideas to beat and to cut is proved
by fi. sauw-a (to beat) = s kop, which is the same word as hu. szab
(or. ge. Sab-el ) = s kop, to cut.

« Hu. met-sz (to cut) = mac t, pok t ; lat. met-o (to reap) =
mac t, pok t, to cut ; perhaps : e. mead-ow (= hu. mez-6) == mak t,
pok t, to cut.

39

pok ti ; ge. halb, e. half = klop, kop 1 (to cut, to divide) ; chin.
puan (half) = pokn ; hu. fel (half) = pok 1 ; hu. bark-a, tark-a
(checkered, spotted) = pok r, to divide ; e. tig-er = t pok, di-
vided, spotted^ ; e. zeb-ra = s kop r, divided, spotted, variega-
ted ; e. two, ge. zwei = t pok (divided)^ ; jap. wak-aru (to di-
vide) = pok ; hu. vag (to cut, to divide) = pok ; ge. haek-en,
Hack-e (to cut, a hatchet) = hard type of pok; ge. Aek-er, e. acr-e
= ge. hack-en, to cut; hu. acs (a carpenter) = hak, to cut ; etc.

Ill Break-burst-group, (or: wak-group) :

The oldchin. word pap has a dozen different meanings*,
such as : 1) to beat; 2) to cut down ; 3) to destroy, to break ;
4) broken down, exhausted, poor, weary ; 5) to fail, empty ;
6) to break out, to burst, a bud, the spring; 7) to open, to mani-
fest (as light, as the break of day) ; 8) to dispatch, to issue, out,
to send, to shoot ; 9) to expand ; 10) to ferment, to boil ; 11) to
boil, to rise, to elevate, etc.

This oldchin. pap and pat (newchin. fat and fa) is a classical
example of the dividing or splitting of ideas in the sense of
the assosiation of thoughts'^.

By this one example our task gets very easy : we can
find out at once all the secondary ideas deriving from the pri-
mitive and common ideas to break and to burst.

We are even reminded by it of the classical definition
of the evolution of words, made by the father of german poetry :

«Alle Gestalten sind ahnlich und keine gleicht der andern
und so deutet der Chor auf ein geheimes Gesetz, auf ein heiliges
Ratsel.)) (Goethe.)«

The oldest words belonging to this group have the weak
type (pap) in their roots ; later this type is changing into the
mixed type pah, and in newer times into the mixed types :
wak, wah, veh, heb, etc.

The sequence of ideas of group III is : to break, to break

^Wo

^ It. spad-a = s pok t (to cut) ; ge. Spat-en, e. spad-e = s vac t
dig). Thus we see the common origin of ideas, such as : to beat,
to cut, to cav-e or dig.

2 Even jap. tor-a (a tiger) could be analysed : t pok r, spotted,
variegated. Lat. var-ius (to divide, to part) = pok r, to part, to divide
= jap. wak-ari (to part, to divide, to distinguish) — pok r,

^ Hu. kett-6 = kop t ; it could mean : 1. to divide ; 2. cop-ulo,
to unite.

* See S. Wells Williams' Syllab. Dictionary of the Chinese Lan-
guage. Shanghai 1874. Pag. 121—123.

* Oldchinese dictionary for all times will represent the inexhaus-
tible source for investigations of the ideal affinity of words.

* «All forms are alike, and no one equal to the other ; so the
whole is pointing to a secret law, to a holy mystery.»

40

down, to break out, to burst, to open, to spring, (to live, to
move, to draw), to elevate, high, hump, back, bow, etc.

This group is so rich in ideas, united among them, that
we must accept several types or keys for our analysis.

Type 1 : pah, wah, wak, or : kaw, haw, hap, (to burst,
to open, to spring)!.

Oldchin. pap, pali and pat (to burst, to open, to appear) =
newchin. fat, fa ; hu. fak-ad^ (to burst) = wak, pah, pap ; hu.
kov-ad (to burst) = kaw ; jap. kow-ashi, kow-are (to break) =
kaw ; hu. has-ad (to burst, to split) = kaw s ; hebr. patah, ar.
fatah (to open, to begin) = pah t, wak t ; gr. phain-o (to appear)
= pah n, wak n (to open, to burst) ; lat. pat-et (to appear) =
pah t, wak t ; ge. sehein-en, e. shin-e = s pah n, s wak n ; eg.
ptah (to create, to open) = pah, t, wak t (to open) ; e. op-en =
hap, pah, wak ; ge. auf == e. open, ov-er ; gr. ex, e. utt-er, e.
out = pah t, wak t (to open, to burst) ; e. bud = pah t, wak t
(to open, to burst) ; hu. patt-an^ (to burst) = pah t, wak t ;
fr. bout-on = pah t, wak t (to open, to burst) ; jap. ak (open) =
pah, wak ; tu. ak (white) = wak, pah (to open, break of
day) ; jap. ak-ai (red) = wak, pah (break of day, to open) ;
chin, pek (white) = pah, wak (to open, break of the day, light) ;
hu. feh-er (white) = pah, vah, wak ; e. ge. white, weiss =
vah s, wak s ; ar. bhed-a (white) = vah t, wak t ; si. bel-i (white)
= pah 1, wak 1 ; lat. Aur-ora = hav r, kaw r ; heb. or (the light) =
lat. Aur-ora ; hu. haj-nal, chin, hiao (the break of the day) =
hav, kaw ; lat. orig-o (or-ior) (origin) = hav r, kaw r (to open,
to burst) ; ge. Ur (original, old) = havr, kaw r (the origin, to
open, to burst); ge. Tag, e. the day = t vah, t wak (to open, to
burst) ; hu. tav-asz (the spring) = t hav, t kaw (to open, to
burst) ; lat. ver (the spring) = vah r, wak r (to open, to burst^) ;

^ We can thus analyse : e. break = pok r, or : break = pah r,.
wak r ; e. burst = pah r st, or : wak r st ; e. op-en = hap n, or :
kaw n ; e. spring = s pig r n, s pah r n, s wak r n ; etc.

2 From this word I take the type : wak. Hu, lak-ad (to burst) —
wak ; hu. kov-ad (to burst) = kaw ; jap. wak-aru (to divide, to split) =
wak. We find the same root in heb. fak-ah (to open).

' Another word is: hu. robb-an (eruption) = lat. rump-o =•
krw n, kaw r n ; lat, rov-ina, ru-ina (a ruin) = hu. rom (a ruin) =
lat. rump-o ; ge. Lump, hu. rongy (a rag) = lat. rump-o ; e. rag = e.
break, wak r. Hu. ront, bout (to break down) = rump t ; si. loni-it
(to break) = lat. rump ; hu. lom (rag) = lat. rump,

* Ge. sprmg-en = to burst, to rise, to elevate, to jump ; e. spring
(Friihjahr) = to burst, to open ; e. spring (Brunnen) = to burst out,
to jump, to boil. We see how ideas such as : to open, to burst, to
spring, to jump, to rise, to elevate, to boil, high, etc. derive all from
the same •'ource. Hu er-ed — lat. or-ior, or-igo, e. origin.

41

pers. beh-ar (the spring) = vah r, wak r (to open, to burst) ;
gr. phy-o (to be, to grow) = pah, vah, wak (to open, to burst,
to rise) ; ge. wach-sen (to grow) = wak ; hu. fu (grass) = pah,
vah, wak (to burst, to grow, to rise) ; lat. eres-o, e. grow =
hav r, kaw r (to rise, to burst) ; lat. cre-o (to create) = kaw r,
to make rise, to make grow ; ge. Bau-m (gr. phy-ma), a tree =
vah m, wak m (to rise, to grow) ; lat. arb-or = havor, kaw r ;
lat. alb-US (white) = hav 1, kaw 1 ; gr. arg-os, arg-yron (white,
silver) = vah r, wak r ;^ ge. AVes-en, werd-en = vah s, wak s
(to rise, to grow, to be) ;^ scrt. vrik-sha (a tree) — vah r, wak r
(to grow) ; ge. werd-en = vah r t, wak r t (to grow, to be) ;
ge. Wass-er, e. wat-'^r, si. vod-a = vah s r (to burst, to spring,
to boil, to rise)^ ; hu. viz (water) = vah s = jap. miz-u (water) =
mah t, vah t ; gr. hyd-or (water) = kaw t ; hu. szikra (a sparkle)
= s wak r, to burst out, to squirt, to sprinkle ; hu. tej (milk) =
t wak (to burst out) ; scrt. dhe-na (cow) = hu. teh-en (a cow,
an animal giving milk) = t wak (to burst out)* ; ge. Brust
(breast) = to burst out = lat. ferv-eo, to boil, to sprinkle, ge.
spriihen, spritzen^ ; gr. gyn-e (a wife) = kaw n f si. krev (blood)
= kaw r, lat. ferv-eo ;' e. blood, ge. Blut = ferv t ; ge. wall-en
= ferv-eo, to boil ; ge. Feuer, e. flr-e, gr. pyr = ferv-eo ; lat.
febr-is (fever) = ferv-eo ; hu. fol (boil) = wak 1, ferv-eo ; si.

^ Lat. alb-US = hav 1 (to open, to burst) is a plain inversion of
gr. arg-os, vali r. Ge weiss (white) seems to be equal with ge. wiss-en
(to be clear, to know) ; even jap. shir-oi (white) s kaw r = jap. shir-i
(to know, to get clear). And lat. vid-eo, gr. oid-a (to see, to know) =
ge. weiss, e. whit-e.

- VVe-sen = e. to be = gr. phy-o.

^ Gr. hyd-or (water) = hav t r — is a plain inversion of ge. Wass-er
= vah t r.

* Perhaps the same ireaning in : fr. piss-er = wak s, to burst
out ; hu. hugy, lat. ur-ina = kaw r ; hu. fos (to shite) = wak s ; e.
shit-e = s kaw t ; etc. Hu. togy =- e. dug = t wak (to burst out).

^ E. spark-le = s wak r, to burst out, to spring ; ge. spriih-en
(to sprinkle, to sputter) = s wak r ; ge. spritz-en = lat. sparg-o (to
squirt) = s wak r ; si. prsh-at (to rain) = ge. spritz-en.

• The same root in gr. gi-gen-o (to bear) = kaw n, to burst
out III, or. to evac-uate, from cav IV. Hu. sziil (to bear) = s kaw i HI,
or s cav 1 IV ; fi. syn-taa = hu. sziil (to bear) = s kaw 1 HI, or s cav
1 IV ; si. syn = e. son = fi. syn-laa (to bear) ; gr. tik-to (to bear) =
t wak HI, or : t vac IV ; tii. togh-mak (to bear) = t wak HI, or : t vac
IV ; hu. tyuk (a hen) and toj (to lay eggs) = gr. tik-to (to bear) ; etc.

' Krev is a middle type, ferv a hard type. Krev = kaw r, ge.
wall-en (to boil) = wak 1 ; hu. v^r (the blood) is an abbreviated inver-
sion of si. krev : si. krev = kaw r, hu. v6r = wak r. SI. giiev (anger,
ge. Arger) = a) lat. ferv-eo, or b) cap n VI, to press, to be anxious.

42

war-it (to boil) = wak r, ferv-eo ; liu. forr (to boil) = lat.
forv-eo ; e. red, ge. rot - ferv t, to glow ; lat, ros-a (a rose) =
ferv s, red ; ar. raudlia (a rose) = ferv t, red ; ge. Rest, rust =
ferv st, red ; hu. rez (copper) = ferv s, red ; lat. ferr-uin (iron) =
ferv-eo, to glow ; e. ir-on = herv, ferv, to glow ; pers. germ
(warm) = kaw r ; ge. warm = ferv-eo ; f i. mell-in (warm) =
ge. wall-end, boiling ; hu. mel-eg = ge. wall-end, boiling^ ; ge.
Wall-fisch (a whale) = wall-en, to boil ; lat. bal-neum = ge.
wall-en, boil ; jap. ak-i (to open) = vah, wak (to burst, to open),
jap. ak-ari (the light) = vah, wak (to burst, to open) ; e. light,
lat. luc-s = vlh, s, wak 1 s (to burst, to open, to rise) ; lat. lu-na
or luc-na (the moon) = vlh n, wak 1 n, (light, clear) ; lat. soF =
gr. hel-ios, hav 1, haw 1 (to shine) ; ge. hell (light, clear) = hav 1,
kaw 1 ; scrt. bhan-u (the sun) = vah n, wak n ; hu. nap (the
sun) is a plain inversion of scrt. bhan-u ; jap. har-eru (to get
clear) = hav r, kaw r ; hu. regg (morning) = break, vah r,
wak r (to burst, to open f) gr. phos (light) = vah s, wak s ;
lat. fulg-eo (to glance, to glitter) = wlk, wak 1 (to burst out,
to open) ; hu. vil-ag (hght) = wak 1 ; hu. vlll-am (glance, glitter)
= wak 1, to burst out ; hu. vill-an^, csill-an (to twink-el) =
wak 1 ; e. twink-el = t wak n ; etc.

Type 2 : heb, hoch (high), to heav-e, to hop, to spring, etc.

E. heav-e, ge. heb-en = heb ; ge. hoch, e. high = hoch,
heb ; fr. lev-er, e. lif-t — hlb, heb 1 ; lat. lev-is (easy, light) =
si. lech-ki = ge. leich-t = easy to lift ; ge. hiipf-en (to hop) =
heb-heb, heave-heave ; ge. hop-s-en (to hop) = heb s ; chin.
kok, kuo (to spring over) = hoch ; e. ge. spring^ = s beh r,
s heb r, to heave ; hu. ug-rik (to spring) = hoch r ; si. s-kok
(to spring) = s hoch ; hu. szok (to spring) = s hoch ; jap. sug-i
(to spring over) = s hoch ; heb. Heb-er (to spring over, to leap
over) = heb r, hoch r; tu. getch, chin, yuet (to leap over)

^ Hu. mel-eg = boil-ing ; eg-ing = chin, i, ik (to meet) ; even
fi. mell-in = boil-ing, and : in = ing = chin, ik, i (to meet).

2 Lat. sol = s hav I, s kaw 1 ; e. sun = s hav n, s kaw n = shin-e
(s hav n, s kaw n).

^ Ge. Morg-en = mah r, vah r, wak r — is the same word as hu.
regg, this latter forming an abbreviation of ge. Morg-en.

* Hu. vill = lat. fuIg-eo, wak 1 ; fulg is the original root of lat.
lu-men, lu-na. Lat. fulg-eo = ge. gliih-en, to glow, the root of : ge.
Kohl-e (hard type), lat. carb-o (middle type). Lat. fulg-eo is standing
near to lat. ferv-eo.

^ Spring has different meanings : 1) to burst out, as a bud ;
2) to open as the season of spring ; 3) to heave, to hop as ge. springen
(to hop) ; 4) to boil as a fountain or well. Ge, spritz-en (to sprinkle,
to spout) = lat. sparg-o = si. prsh-it (to rain).

43

=^ heb t, hoch t ; ge. spritz-en (to sprinkle) = to spring
out^ etc.

Type 3: mov, miv, viv, vig, vih, hyg, (to move, to live,
to be quick, etc.).

Lat. mov-eo^ (to mov-e) = miv, to move ; scrt. miv (to
mov-e) = miv, viv ; lat. viv-o (to liv-e) = viv, to move ; e. liv-e
= hlv, hiv, vig ; gr. hyg-eio (to be lively) = hyg, viv ; e. quick
= vig, viv, to live, to move ; si. dvig (to move) = t vig, t viv ;
hu. gyik (a gekko, a lizard) = t vig, t viv ; e. Geck-o (a lizard)
= quick, vig, viv, lively ; ge. keck, geek = quick, lively, keen ;
gr. tach-ys^ (quick) ; si. tek-at (to run) = t vig ; etc.

Type 4: veh, hev (to draw, to protract, to extend, to stretch.)

Lat. veh-o (to draw) = veh ; e. draw = t hev r, t veh r ;
si. tah-at (to draw) = t veh ; ge. zieh-en (to draw) = t veh ;
lat. duc-o (to draw) = t veh ;* lat. via, ge. Weg, e.'way = veh
(Ziehen, to draw) ; lat. trah-o (to drag, to draw) = t veh r f
ge. Strass-e, it. strad-a (a street, a road) = s trail s, t veh r, to
draw ;'' ge. fahr-en = veh r, to draw ; ge. Wag-en, e. wagg-on =
veil, to draw ; e. train, tram = lat. trah-o, t veh r, to draw ;
si. vlak (a train) = veh 1, to draw ; hu. huz (to draw) = ge.
zieh-en •,"' hu. czep-el (ge. sehlepp-en, to drag) = t hev, t veil ;
ge. schlepp-en (to drag) = s hev 1, s veh 1 ; ge. fUhr-en^ (to draw,
to conduct) = veh r, to draw ; si. vez-it (to draw, to conduct) =
veh s ; hu. vez-et (to conduct) == veh s, to draw ; ar. vez-ir (a
guide, a conductor, a chief) = veh s, to draw ; hu. von (to

^Thesameroot insparkle, sprinkle and inlat. sparg-o = si. skrop-it.
Lat. sparg-o, s beh r — is a plain inversion of si. skrop-it = s heb r.

'^ Hu. mozog (to mov-e) = mov s, lat. mov-eo, to mov-e.

^ Perhaps ge. Dachs (a badger) = gr. tachys (quick) ; e. badg-er
= pac t VI, to press, to urge, to hurry ; even gr. taeh-ys, and si. tek-at
(to run) could be placed in group VI (to press, to urge, to hurry).

* Lat. dux, it. doge = ge. Her-tog, Her-zog = t veh (to draw).

^ The same word as ge. trag-en (to bear) = t veh r, to draw =
hu. teher (a burden), t veh r, to draw, to bear. Lat. trae-tatus = to
draw, to bear, to extend.

■ The same root in : ge. Reis-e (a travel) = veh r, to draw ; e.
rid-e, ge. relt-en = vehrt, to draw or to ride on horseback. Perhaps
€. rid (to get rid) = vrh t, veh r t, to draw away.

' Hu. huz = hev s, veh s ; ge. zieh-en = t veh ; hu. huz is an
inversion of ge. zieh-en. Ge. Hos-e (trows-ers) = hu. huz, hev s, veh s,
to draw ; e. trow-sers = to draw ; si. hu. na-drag (trow-sers) = lat.
trah-o, ge. trag-en. Jap. hik-i (to draw) = hard form of lat. vch-o,
to draw. Jap. momo-hik-i = legs-trowsers. Chin, in, ing, king (to
draw) = jap. hik-i = lat. veh-o.

" The same word as lat. fer-o (to bear, to draw) ; scrt. bhar =
lat. fer-o.

44

draw) = veil n ; lat. fei-o = scrt. bhar = e. bear = veil r (or :
pac r, to hold) ; lat. por-tare = £er-it-are (to bear ;)^ ge. Balir-c,
lat. fpret-nim (a coffin) = e. bear ; hu. visz (to bear) = veil s»
to draw, to bear ; liu. vis-el (to bear) = veli s ; si. nos-it (to bear»
to draw) = neh s, veil n s ; jap. nos-eru (porter) = iioh s, veh ii s ;
liu. neh-ez (heavy) — veh n, to be drawii^ ; jap. nag-ai (long) =
hu. nagy = chin, chaug = vnh, veh n, to draw, to protract ;
ge. deh-nen (to extend) = t veh, to draw, to extend ;^ gr. tei-no
(to extend) = t veh, to draw ; lat. tend-o (a tendon) = to ex-
tend ;^ hu. hossz-u (long) — liev s, veh s, to draw, to protract ;
gr. dolich-os ^- scrt. dirg-as = si. dlg-o, dlug-o (e. long^) =
t vlh, t veil 1 (to protract) = ge. trag-e (drow-sy, laz-y) f ge.
zog-ern, zaud-ern (to protract, to delay, to tarry) = zieh-er-n =
t veh, r, to draw often, to tarry ; ge. zah (tenacious) = t veh»
to draw, to stretch, to extend ; ge. zUck-en (to draw a sword) =

^ Standing near to lat. part-us, par-io (to bear).

2 Gr. bar-ys, ge. schwer (heavy) = not easy to bear ; e. heav-y =
not easy to heav-e ; hu. neh-ez (heavy) = not easy to bear ; si. taz-eli
(heavy, difficult) = not easy to draw ; from si. tah-at (to draw, to bear).

^ Ge. deh-nen (to extend) = si. tah-at (to draw) = gr. tei-no
(to extend). This root gives birth to many words, such as : e. thin =
lat. ten-uis, ten-er = e. tin-y = t veh n, to extend, to stretch.

In Japanese hos-oi (long) = hev s, to extend, — and us-ui
(thin) = hev s (to extend) ; both words have the same origin. Hu.
hossz-u (long) = jap. hos-oi (long) ; hu. vek-ony (thin) = veh (to
extend). Perhaps jap. wak-ai (young) = veh, to extend = lat. ten-er,.
ten-uis, tin-y. Ge. weit (large) = veh t (to extend) ; hu. bo (large) =
veh, to extend ; hu. buj-a (luxuriant) = hu. bo (to extend).

* Lat. tend-o (a nerve, a tendon) =gr. tei-no, t veh n. Ge. Sehn-e
(a tendon) = s veh n, to extend ; ge. sehn-en (to long) = s veh n, to
extend ; e. long, ling-er = 1 veh n, to extend ; ge. weil-en (to tarry,,
leisure) = veh 1, to extend, to tarry.

* Lat. long-us (long) = lat. larg-us (large) ; long = vlh n, 1 veh n
larg-e = vlh r, veh 1 r. Gr. makr-os (long) = veft r, large, protracted ;
gr. mikr-os, gr. mag-er, lat. mac-er (small) = pac r VI, to compress ;
e. small = s pac 1, to compress. A very interesting sequence of equi-
valent words is : ge. zieh-en (to draw) = t veh ; hu. hiiz (to draw) =
hev s (an inversion of ge. zieh-en) ; ge. Hos-e (trowsers) = hev s ;
hu. bossz-u (long) = hev s ; jap. hos-oi (long) = hev s.

' So we must analyse : e. drow-sy = t hrv, t veh r, to protract ;
e. laz-y ^ hu. lass-u = hlv-sy, vlh-sy, veh 1, to protract ; lat. tard-us
(= e. drow-sy, ge. trag-e) = trah t, t veh r t, to protract. SI. taz-eli
(heavy) = tah s, t veh s, drow-sy, i. e. : not easy to draw. E. tarr-y =
lat. trah-o, t veh r, to protract ; gr. brad-iis = vrh t = veh r t, to
tarry ; si. mlad-i (young, weak) = gr. brad-us ; e. weak = vlh, veh 1 ;
ge. scbwach (weak) = s veh ; jap. wak-ai (young, weak) = veh.

45

t veh ; fr. braiid-ir (to draw) = brh n t, veh r ii t ; ge. zuck-eii
(to move, to shrug, to quiver) = t veh ; ge. zerr-en (to drag) =
t veh r ; hu. hord (to bear, to drag) = hev r t, veh r t ;i e. swing,
ge. Schwung = s veh n, to draw fast ; fr. lois-ir, e, loit-er (to
ling-er) = vlh-t, to extend, to protract ; hu. lanyh-a, lajh-ar
(= laz-y) = vlh, to extend, to protract, to loiter; etc.

Type 5: curv-e = kaw r, to curve, to bend, to bow, to
wink, to wind, to incline, to rest, etc.

The ideas: to heave, high, present a very slight transition
into notions, such as : hump (= heave), ge. H6clc-er (hump)
= ge. hoch, high ; etc.

So we can admit also words such as : e. back, ge. Buck-el,
hu. bub, etc. two ideas included : a) the idea to heave and b) the
notion to bow.

Ge. beug-en, Bug = wak, to curve \^ ge. Huld-igung (ho-
mage) = kaw 1 1, to bow = hu. hod-ol ; fi. kaul-a (the neck) =
kaw 1 ; lat. eoll-um (the neck) = kaw 1, to bow, to curve, to
bend ; ge. Hal-s (the neck) = fi. kaw-la ; si. chaB-o (the neck) —
fi. kaw-la ; hu. hajl-ik (to bow, to bend) = kaw 1 ;^ lat. curv-are
(to curv-e) = kaw r, to bend ; e. bend = bed n, wak t n, to
curve ; e. neck = ge. Ge-nick = lat. nuch-a = hu. nyak =
go. neig-en = wnk, wak n, to curve* ; ge. Nach-t, e. nigh-t ==
ge. neig-en, ruh-en = hebr. nach-e, noah (to rest) ; hu. buk =
chin, fuk (to lay down) = wlk, klw, to inchne = hu. fek-szik
(to lay down) = chin, fuk ; hu. fek-ete (black) = night ;^ ar.

^ Hu. hord — a plain inversion of e. drag, ge. trag-en, lat. trah-o ;
trah-o — t veh r, and herd = hev r t,

- Ge. beug = wlk = civ = curv-are, to curv-e. E. bow = blw,
is the weak type of khv, curv-e. Gr. lat. gibb-us = ge. beug-en ; hu.
pup, bub (gibbus) = weak type of : bug, beug.

^ The same root in jap. kai-eru (to bend, to bow) ; jap. kub-i
(the neck) = the inversion of ge. beug-en (to bow). Even hu. kaj-Ia =
crooked, curved.

* The same root in e. wink = wak n, to curve, to bend ; e. Avind,
ge. wend-en = lat. vert-o, wak r t, to curve. A second form of lat.
vert-o is: flee-to, wak 1, to bend, to wind. Gr. streph-o (st k^^v) is
a plain inversion of lat. vert-o = wrk t.

^ Lat. nig-er (black) is a tertiary, e. night a secondary derivation
of the primary root : neig-en. In the same way hu. fek-ete (black) is a
tertiary derivation of chin, yek (the night)=iak, wak, to bow, to bend, to
incline, to lay down, (iak being the plain inversion of hu. haj-ol, to
incline), the primary root, Jap. kur-eru = to incline, to bow, to go,
to rest = kaw r, to incline ; jap. kur-oi, tu. kar-a (black) is a secondary
derivation of jap, kur-eru (to go down), E, black has the same root
as lat. flec-t-o, hu. ej (the night) = an inversion of newchin, ye, old-
chin, yek (the night).

rach-e (rest) = ge. Riih-e = heb. naeh-e = hu. nyug, ge. neig-en

(to bow, to incline, to rest) ; hu. huny (to incline) = hu. nyug
(to bend, to incline, to rest) ; chin, tao, jap. taor-eru, hu. dol
(overthrow) = t wak I, t vrc, to inchne, to fall ; e. fall = wak 1,
to incline ; lat. gen-u = ge. Knice = e. knee = kaw n, to bend,
to bow ; hu. konyok (the ell-bow) = ge. kniek-en, neig-en (to
incline) ; ge. leg-en, licg-en = wlk, to incline, to rest ; lat. lec-
tum (a bed) = ge. lieg-en, to rest ; gr. klin-o (to in-clin-e) =
klw n, curv n, to bend, to bow ; gr. klin-e (a bed) = to bend,^
to incline, to rest^ ; ge. wink-en (wink) = wak n, to bow, to
incline ; ge. scliwenk-en = s wak n, to make an evolution ;
fat. volv-o = wlw = wlh, hlw \^ ge. walz-en (to roll) = wlk,
wac 1 ; e. roll = wrk 1 ; e. walk = wak 1, to roll ; ge. Stroleh
(a tramp) = to roll, to walk ; lat. valg-us (curved) = wak 1,
to curve, to bend ; lat. vag-are (to plane) == wak, to walk, to
go around^ ; hu. boly-og (to plane) = wlk, to go around ; e.
plan-e = wlk n, to go around ; si. kriv-i (crooked) = curv-us,
krw ; hu. gorbe (crooked) = lat, curv-us, krw ; hu. kor (a circ-le)
= kaw r, krw, crook-ed ; si. krk (the neck) = crooked, bended ;
lat. cire-ulus = krw, krk* ; e. cross, lat. cruk-s = crooked,
curved ; e. crook = ge. krumm = krunb = krw n, curved ;
ge. Kruck-e, crutches = crooked ; ge. Reif (a ring) = hrw,
curved ; e. ring = wrnk, wak r n, curved ; ge. kraus (crisp)^ =
krw s, curved ; e. crisp = krw s, curved ; hu. fod-or (crisp) =
wak t, to turn, to curve ; hu. gondor (crisp) =:= kwn t, to curve ;
hu. for-og (to turn) = wnk r, to turn ; e. turn = t wrk n ; chin.
hoan (to turn) = kwn° ; ge. Wink-el (an angle) = wakn, to

1 Perhaps e. bed (ge. Bett) = wak t, to inchne, to rest. Hu. 51gy,
Mlgy (a bed) = inversion of ge. lieg-en = Ml (to rest, to sleep) =
kaw 1, to incline, to rest, to stay. The same root in : lat. loc-us (fr.
lieu) = wlk, to rest, to stay ; hu. lak (to stay, to dwell) ; etc.

2 Wlw is the weak type of wrk, krw, to curv-e, to bend. Wolga
(a river) a) = lat. volv-o, ge. walz-en (to roll, to move). The same
root in ge. Well-e (a wav-e = lat. volv-o), and perhaps in ge. flieh-sen,
to flow = to roll, to move.

' Around = round, lat. rot-undus, rot-a = wrk t, to curve, to
turn.

* Krk is the hard type of krw (to curv-e) ; gr. kyk-los (a circle) =
krk, krw ; gr. kyki = lat. cire. Hu. ker^k (a wheel) = kaw r ak ; lat.
rot-a, Rad = wrk t.

^ The same root in : e. curl = kwr 1, to curv-e ; ge. Lock-e (a
curl) = wlk, to curv-e. Fr. gouvr-er (to curie) = kwr, to curve ; fr.
gaufre = kwr, a curled cake.

* This type knw, we saw in : lat. genu = knw. The same root we
find in : lat. annus (the year, which returns often) = chin, hoan, kav n,
to turn. Chin, hoan (a ring, a circle) = kwn, to curve, to turn ; lat.

47

curve, to bend ; gr. gon-os (a corner, an angle) = kaw n, chin,
hoan ; e. ang-le = wak, the same root as in : ge. Wink-el, and
lat. genu ; e. corner = kwr n, to curve, to bend ; si. tcherv (a
worm) = t krw, to curv-e ; lat. verm-is (worm) = scrt. krm-is
(worm), krw, to curv-e ;* hu. fer-eg (a worm) = hu. for-og (to
turn) ; e. shrew = s krw, to curve ; hu. csavar (a shrew) =
t kawr, t krw ; e. wheel = wak 1 ; ge. Well-e (wheel) wak 1 ; etc.

Ge. beug-en, Bug, Biig-el = wlk, klw, to curv-e, to bend,
to bow ; hu. buk (to bow, to fall, to bend) = wlk, curv, to bend ;
lat. cub-iculum^, cumb-o, cub (a couch) = klw, curv-e, to
bend, to bow, to rest, to quiet ; hu. fek = chin, fuk = lat. cub,
cumb-o (to bend, to bow, to lay down),

Ge. leg-en = wlk, curv-e, to bend, to lay down = lat.
lec-tum (a bed) f lat. loc-us (place) = ge. leg-en, lay down,
stay ; hu. lak (to dwell ) = lay down, stay ; ge. hink-en ==
hnk (to hobble) = hard type of wnk, knw, to curve, to inchne ;
hu. s^nta, sanda (to hobble, and to squint) = s wnk t, to incline ;
ge. schiel-en (to squint) = s kawl, s klw ; ge. schief (wry) =
s klw, inclined ; e. wrong = lat. curv-us ;* e. wry^ = wrk, krw,
lat. eurv-us ; etc.

IV. The cav-vae-group.

Division 1 : to cav-e (lat. cav-are), to dig, a ditch, a hole,
a grav-e, etc.

Lat. cav-are (to cav-e, to dig) ; chin, kinet (to dig) =
cav t ; oldchin. ket, kwat (to dig) = cav t ; hu. kut (a well) =
cav t ; hu. kut-at, kot-or = (to sound, to investigate) = cav t ;
hu. puh-at-ol (to sound) = vac t ; lat. fod-io (to dig) = vac t ;
lat. fund-US (ground) = lat. fod-io ; ge. bagg-ern (to dig, to
cav-e) = vac ; fi. kaiv-aa (to dig) = cav ; fi. kaiv-o (a well) =
cav ; jap. hor-u^ (to dig) = cav r ; chin, hao (to dig) = cav ;
hu. as = tu. kaz (to dig) = cav s ; osset. hash-ta (to dig) =

ann-ulus (a ring) = chin, hoan, to turn ; lat. an-sa (a loop) = chin.
hoan. Hu. t^rd (the knee) = t vert = t wakr t, t krw t, to bend, to
curv-e. E. snak-e, and ge. Sehneek-e (s wnk) are inversions of lat.
genu.

^ Type : krm = krw, and type wrm = krm = krw (to curv-e).
\ Lat. cub-itus = ell-bow ; hu. konyok (ell-bow) = ge. knick-en,
neig-en, to bow, to bend.

. * Ge. Belt, e. bed = hu. fek t = wak t III, bow, bend, lay down,
rest.

* Wrong = wak r n, crooked = lat. curv-us (crooked). Hu.
kurv-a (ge. Hur-e = e. bar-lot) = kawr, krw = lat. curv-us, wrong.

* Ge. quer (wry) = kawr, krw, — and e. wry is the inversion of
it. : wrk.

* The same word as : hu. firok (a ditch) = cav r ak ; fr. eur-er
(to dig, to poke) = cav r ; hu. sir (a grav-e) = s cav r.

48

cav s ; lat. put-eus (a well) = vac I ; si. pud-a (the ground)
vac t ; ge. Bod-en (the ground)^ = si. pud-a, hu. fod, fold ; e.
pit = vac t ; e. diq, ditch = t vac ; hu. god-or (a ditch) = cav t^ ;
hu. kSty-u (a hole, a ditch) = cav t ; zyryen: gop (a ditch) =
cav ; e. chaiin-el = cav n, to dig ; chin, ho (a channel, a river) =
cav, to dig a channel ; hu. csat-orna (a channel) = cav t, to
dig, to make a hole, hollow ; si. kop-at (to dig) = hu. kap-al
(to hoe) = jap. kuw-a (a hoe) = e. hoe == lat. cav-are ; fi. haut-a
(a grave) = cav t ; jap. hat-ak-e (a field) == cav t ;^ lat. tub-us,
e. tub-e, hu. esov, tu. csib-uk (a tube) = t cav, to bore out ;
jap. kud-a (a tube) = cav t, to bore out ; ge. Rohr-e (a tube) —
vrc, vac r (to bore out) ; lat. for-are, e. bor-e, ge. bohr-en, hu.
fiir = vac r (to cav-e, to dig) ; ge. forsch-en (to scrutinize) =
vac r s (to dig often, to dig intensely) ; lat. s-cru-to = s crv t,
s cav r t, to bore, to dig ; ger. grab-en, Grub-e,^ grab-en, e. grip
(to dig) = cav r ; e. grav-e = ge. grab-en ; ar. hebr. kabr (a
grave) = cav r ; ar. khandak (a ditch) = cav n t, to dig ; ar.
khanz-ir (a hog) = cav n s, to dig ; e. ground, ge. Grund =
grab-n-t = cav r ; ge. Grott-e (grott-o) = grab t = cav r ; gr.
glaph-ii (a hole) = clv% cavP ; e. hol-e = cav 1 ; ge. Loch (a hole)
= vie, vac 1 ; hu. luk (a hole) = vie, vac 1; hu. hon (arm-pit) =
cav n (lat. ax-illa = vac s) ; lat. vall-is (a dale, a valley) =
vac 1, hollow ; si. dol,° ge. Thai = lat. vall-is ; hu. volgy (valle} )
= vie, vac 1 ; hu. vaj (to dig) == vac ; hu. v&j-u, v^l-u (a trough)
= vac 1, to carve ; etc.

^ Lat. fund-US = lat. fod-io, vac t, to dig ; e. ground = grab n d,
ge. grab-en, cav r, to dig.

2 E. dig = the inversion of hu. giid-or.

^ Perhaps: ge. Aek-er (field) = vac, to hc^ lat. ar-are = si,
or-at = jap. hor-i (to dig, to hoe) = cav r, Fr. chr i--ue = e. Scharr-en.
Pflug-Schar (a hoe) = s cav r. Hu. ek-e (a plough) = vac, to dig,
to hoe ; e. plough = vie, vac 1, to hoe. The same root in lat. porcus
(a hog) = vrc, vac r, to hoe, to dig, to root ; ar. khanz-ir (a hog) =
cav n s, to root ; lat. scroph-a (a hog) = s crv, s cav r. E. root, lat.
rad-ix, ge. VVurz-el = vrc t, vac r t, to dig out ; hu. gyok-er, dok-er
(a root) = t vac. Perhaps : e. hog = to hoe, to root. SI. swin-a, gr.
sus (swine) = s vac n, to dig, to root. Lat. hyan-a = cav n ; ge. Ham-
ster (a hamster) = cav s ; hu. hores-ok (hamster) = cav r, to dig,
to root.

* The same word as ge. griib-eln (to rake, to stir) = cav r ; lat.
s-erup-ul-us = ge. grub-eln ; lat. s-eni-t-o (scrutinize) = scrv, cav r ;
fr. creu-ser (to cav-e) = crv, cav r.

' Lat. glab-er (ge. kahl, lat. calv-us) = civ, cav 1 ; hu. kop-asz
(kahl, e. bald) = a) kop, to cut, b) cav, to shave.

• SI. dol-u = dale-wards, i. e. : dow-n ; perhaps : e. dow-n =
t cav n, hollow, dale-wards.

49

Division 3 : lat. cav-us, lat. vac-uus = empty, hollow,
void, vain, vanish, want, fail, etc.

Lat. cav-us (holl-ow, void, empty) = cav ; lat. vac-uus
(void, vac) ; lat. van-us = vac n (vain) ; lat. e-van-esco (to
vanish) = vac n ; heb. ab-ar (to vanish) = cav r ; e. want =
vac n t, to fail ; e. fail, ge. felil-en = vac 1 ; e. void, fr. vid-e =
vac t ; e. idl-e = vac t 1, hollow, empty ; ge. eitel (vain) =
e. idl-e ; hu. liiu = chin, hiii (vain) = cav ; chin, hoang (vast,
empty) = cav n ; chin, lioang (a lie) = cav n ; e. lie, ge. liig-en
= vie, vac 1 ; e. can-oe = cav n, void, hollow^ ; chin, wan (a
tub, a pot, a dish)^ = vac n, hollow, cut out ; ge. Wann-e
(a tub) = vac n, = chin, wan ; hu. kad = cav t^ ; ge. od-e (empty,
vast) = cav t, jap. us-o (a lie) — cav s; hu. haz-ug (a lie) =
jap. us-o ; hu. pusz-ta (wast-e, ge. Wiist-e) = vac s t ; ar. Sah-ara
= s vac r, vast ; lat. vast-us (vast) = vac s t ; jap. liar-a
(1, vast; 2. belly) = cav r, empty; hu. has (belly) = cav s
(empty) ; lat. fal-sus (false) = vac 1, hollow, empty, vain ; hu.
ham-is (false) — cav, vain ; lat. spur-ius (s vac r) = hu. fatty-u
= vac t ; gr. cher-os (void) = cav r ; ar. khal-i (void) = cav 1 ;
gr. koil-os (void) = cav 1 ; e. sky = s cav ; chin, t'ung (a hole,
a tube) = t vac n ; jap. ana (a hole) = han, cav n ; gr. skyt-os
(lat. spelunca) = s cav t ; e. skull, ge. Schad-el = s cav t 1 ;*,lat
sin-o, sine (to cease) = s cav n, to vacate ; hu. szun (to cease) =
s cav n ; chin, toen (to vanish) — t cav n ; hu. tiin (to disappear)
= t cav n ; e. swind, ge. schwind-en = s vac n t, to vanish ; etc.

Division 3 : deep, deep-en, dip, div-e, wet, etc.

Lat. pro-fund-us (deep) = fod-io, vac t, to dig, to deep-en ;
jap. fuk-ai (deep) = vac, to dig out ; fi. syv-a (deep) = s cav ;

^ E. canoe = ge. Kalm (and its inversion : Naeli-en) derives
from cav n (to carve, to engrave, to cut out) ; the same root in chann-el,
ge. Kan-al (cav n, to dig). Gr. trog-le = fr. trou (a hole) = t vac r ;
ge. Trog (trough) = hollow, carved out ; hu. tek-no (trough) = t vac,
carved out.

^ E. pot = vac t ; ge. Topf (a pot) = t cav ; e. tub = t cav ; lat.
tub-US = hu. esov (a tube) == t cav.

^ It is often very difficult to place a word in the seven groups.
Ge. VVann-e could be analysed : 1) vac n, hollow — and 2)pacn, to
contain. These two ideas are vicarious notions ; I could even call them
Janus-headcd notions.

* Skull could be analysed also : s cap 1 VI, to contain. Ideas,
such as : void, empty or hollow — and to contain, to hold, to keep, — are
vicarious or Janus-headed notions. Gr. skaph-os (a ship ) = s cav
(hollow, carved out) or : to contain. Chin, wan (a cup) = vac n (hollow),
or : pac n (to contain) ; etc. In e. box the idea to contain prevails, in
e. can-oe, ge. Wann-e (a tub), e. ship (gr. skaph-os) the notion is rela-
ted to cav (to carve out, hollow).

4

e. lack* = vie, vac 1, empty,
eav s hu. hi^ny (want) =

oldehin. shim (deep) = s cav ;^ e. tief, ge. deep = t cav ; si.
tup-it (to deepen, to dip) = t cav ; ge. taucli-en (to div-e) ==
t vac^ ; ge. tauff-en = e. div-e ;^ hu. mely (deep) = vac 1 ; lat.
merg-i (to deepen, to dive, to dip) = vrc, vac r ; hu. meriil =
lat. merg-i ; hu. mart (to dip) = vac r t, to deepen ; ge. trief-en
(to be dipped, to be wet) = t cav r ; e. wet = vac t, to be dipped ;
e. netz-en, nass (wet) = vnt, vac n t (to be dipped) ; etc.

Division 4: lack, want, to be indigent, to fail, etc.

Lat. ear-eo = cav r, to want ; e. want = vac n t, to be
empty, to be indigent ; lat. eg-eo (to want) = vac, empty, indi-
gent ; e. fail, ge. fchl-en = vac 1 " "
indigent ; hu. hez-ag (a lack) =

cav n ; chin, kien, hien (want) = cav n ; gr. orph-anos (an or-
phan) = cav, cav r, want ; chin, kua (a widow) = cav ; hu.
haj-adon (empty, void) = cav t ; ge. led-ig (empty, void, vac-
ant) = vie t, vac 1 t, lack, want ; lat. coeleb-s (a bachelor) =
civ, cav 1, vac-ant ; ge. baar^ (void) = vac r ; hu. ug-ar (an
empty field) = vac r ; jap. uh-e, hu. eh (hunger) = vac (void) ;
ge. e. hung-er = chin, hoang (empty, void), cav n, hollow,
void, empty ; lat. fa-mes (famine) = vac, void ; lat. fer-ia =
ge. Fei-er, Fest = vac r, vacation ; hu. iinnep, iid^-nap (feast-
day) = cav t, vacation ; heb. shabat (Saturday) = s cav (vaca-
tion) ; hu. sziin = lat. sin-o (to cease) = s cav n (vacation) ; hu.
tiin (vanish) = t cav n ; e. ge. swind = s vac n t (to vanish) ; etc.

Division 5 : to avoid, to fail, to cease.

Lat. cav-eo (to avoid) = cav, to leave empty, to let free ;
lat. vit-are = a-void (lat. cav-eo) ; chin, wei = ge. meid-en =
lat. vit-are ; lat. vet-o (= lat. vac-ito, to make void) ; lat.
vit-ium = vet-ium (a sin, a thing to be avoided) = vac t ;
hu. vet = lat. vet-ium (vac t, to avoid, to fail) ; hu. tev-ed

^ Oldehin. shim (deep) = newchin. shen; shim = s cav; jap.
shi-zum-aru (deep-en, div-e) = shim-shim-aru (a plain reduplication
of chin, shim) ; scrt. shi-shum-ara (a dolphin) = shim-shim (deepen-
deepen, or : dive-dive). Even e. dolph-in = deph-1, deep 1, dive 1, a
diver. Thus we can admit : e. div-e = fi. syv-a = oldehin. shim.

2 E. div-e = t cav, and ge. taueh-en = t vac ; e. duck (a diver) =
t vac,

^ Ge. tauff-en = t cav, and gr. bap-t-o (tauff-en, to div-e) =
weak form of vac ; ge. Bad, e. bath = bah t = vac t. Bap is the weak
form of bah, vac (to deepen, to dive).

* The same root as ge. Loch, e. hol-e = vie, vac 1, — and civ,
cav I.

^ The same root as lat. feri-a, ge. Feier = vac r, vacation. Span.
huelv-a = fr. gr6v-e = cav r, empty, void, vacation.

^ The same root in : ge. od-e (desert, vast) = cav t ; hu. od-ii
(a hole) = cav t.

51

(= hu. vet, lat. vet-ium), t cav, to fail; e. fail, ge. fehl-en, Fehl-er
==vac 1 ; hu. hib-a (a failing) = cav, to fail ; ge. schon-en (to
spare) = s cav n, to avoid ; e. spar-e = s vac r, to avoid ; e.
hat-e, ge. hass-en (to avoid) = cav t ;i gr. mis-os (hatr-ed) =
ge. meid-en, to a- void ; hu. gyiil-oP (to hate) = cav 1, or : cap r* ;
chin, mien (to avoid, to escape) = vac n ; hu. men, mene-kiil
(to avoid, to escape) = vac n, to avoid ; etc.

V. Scratch-rub-group, or : kap-pak-group.

Hu. kap-ar (to scratch, to rub) = kap ; ge. schab-en, e.
shav-e = s kap ; e. scour == s kap r ; ge. scheur-en = hu. sur-ol
= jap. sur-i = e. scour ; jap. sor-u (to shav-e) = s kap r ; ge.
Kreb-s, ge. Krabb-e, e. crab == kap r ; ge. Kaf-er (a beetle) =
kap r ; lat. ge. s-eorp-io = crab, kap r ; lat. s-carab-eus (a beetle)
= s krap, s kap r ; e. scratch = ge. kratz-en = krap t, kap r t ;
hu. vak-ar (to scratch) = pak r ; fi. rap (a crab) = abbreviation
of e. crab, kap r ; si. hu. rak (a crab) = prak = pak r ;* e. rub;
ge. reib-en = krp, kap r ; e. claw = kap 1 ; ge. Klau-e = kap 1 ;
ge. Krall-e (claw) = krap 1, kap r 1 ; hu. karom-korom (claw) =
krap, kap r ; hu. szu (bark-scarab) = s kap, to scratch ; hu. nyu
(to whet, to use) = knap, kap n ; e. earv-e^ = kap r, to scratch,
to rub, to grub, to dig ; gr. graph-o (to write) = kap r, to
rub, to grub, to dig ; lat. scrib-o, ge. schreib-en = gr. graph-o
(to rub, to carve) ; ge. ritz-en, kritz-en (to scrawl) = krap t,
kap r t ; e. write = the inversion of ge. krit-zen ;' hu. ir (to
write) = hir, kap r ;' hu. rov (to write, ge. kritzen) = krap,
kap r ; si. ris-at == ge. kritz-en, hu. rajz-ol (to scrawl, to design) ;
lat. rad-o, ge. ras-iren, e. raz-or = krap-s, kap r s, to rub, to
shave ; si. rez-at (to cut) — crap s f ge. schab-en, e. shav-e =
s kap, to scratch, to rub; gr. hal (salt) = kap 1, scratching ;
lat, sal (salt) = gr. hal ; chin, suan = e. sour = s kap r, to
scratch^ ; hu. savany-ii (sour) = s pak n ; si. kwas, hu. kov-asz
(sour) = kap s, to scratch ; lat. ac-idus, gr. ox-ys = pak s, to
scratch ; e. ge. bitt-er gr. pik-ros = pak t r, scratching ; hu.

^ Or it could be : e. hat-e = cap t VI, to press, to oppress.
2 Jap. gir-ai (to hate), cav r = hu. gyul-ol.
' a) to aVoid IV, or b) to oppress VI.

* Fi. rap = krap ; si. hu. rak = prak ; so is fi. rap an abbreviation
of e. crab, and an inversion of hu. rak i. e. : krap = prak.

* The same word as jap. chirib-ame (to carve).

* Ge. krit-zen = krap t, kap r t ; e. writ-e = prak t, pak r t.

' The same word as jap. hor-i, kap r (to carve, to dig) = hu.
kap-ar (to rub, to carve) = ge. seharr-en (to scratch, to dig) = s kap r
= jap. hor-i (a ditch) = lat. ar-are (to plough).

* E. raz-or, si. rez-at have rather the meaning to cut, though
fully equivalent with lat. rad-o, ge. rad-iren, to rub (with a rubber).

» I. e. : with scratching habits.

4*

52

kes-erii (bitter) = kap s. scratching ; hu. kosz-orii = lat. eos^
(a polishing stone) = kap s. to rub. to grind ; hu. kop-ik (to
whet, to use) = kap ; e. jgrind = krap n t. kap r n t ; e. sharp,
ge. scharf = s kap r, pohshed ; ge. wctz-en, to whet^ = pak t,
to scratch, to rub ; hu. dorg-61, lat. terg-o (to whet, to rub) =
t prk, t pak r ; lat. scab-ies (scab, itch) = s kap, to scratch, to
itch ; ge. Rau-de (scab) = krap t, kap r t ; si. voj (butter) =
hu. vaj = fi. voj-della (to smear, to anoint) ; si. mas-lo (fat,
butter, grease) = mak s, pak s, to grease, to smear, to rub ;
ge. sclimier-en = s mac r, s pak r, to rub, to grease, to smear ;.
lat. ungu-ere (anoint) = pak n, to smear ; ge. salb-en (to anoint)
= s kap 1 ; gr. chry-o, chrys-ma = krap, kap r ; hu. m6sz (chalk)
= mac s, pak s, to rub, to smear ; e. butt-er = pak t, r, to rub,
to smear ; hu. mos = e. wash, pak s, to rub ; jap. ar-au (ta
wash) = var, pak r, to rub ; ge. mahl-en (1. to paint; 2. to
grind) == pak 1, to rub, to grind ; lat. ping-o, to paint = pak n,^
to rub, to mark, to smear ; hu. fest (to paint) = pak s t, to rub,
to smear ; ge. wiseh-en, wichs-en (to sweep) = pak s, to rub ;;
lat. scop-are (to sweep) = hu. sop-6r = tu. siip-iir = chin.
sue, sop = malay. sap-u (to sweep) = s kap, to rub = to sweap ;
e. sweep = lat. seop-are ; chin, sop, malay. sap-u; litvan. kup-ti
(to polish) = kap, to rub ; e. pol-ish = pak 1, to rub ; lat. pur-us
= e. pol-ished ; ge. putz-en (to polish) — pak t, to rub ; ge^
kehr-en (to sweep) = kap r, to rub ; jap. kush-i (a comb) = kap s,
to rub ; e. comb = kap n, to rub ; lat. pec-ten (a comb) = pak t,
to rub ; hu. fes-ii (a comb) = pak s, to rub ; jap. tog-u (to whet,
ge. schleif-en) = t pak, to rub ; ge. schle f-en (to whet, to skate)
= s klap, s kap 1, to rub ; e. skat-e, swed. sky = s kap, to rub,
to S' ate ; hu. karez-ol, korcs-olyaz (to scate) = krap t, kap r t,
to rub, to si ate ; ge. Sehlitt-en = ge. gleit-en, glatt-en, glatt
(to glide, to slide) — klap t, kap 1 1, to rub, to scate ; ge. Gleis
(track, rut) = e. glide, slide ; hu. csusz (to glide, to slide) =
t pak s ; hu. sik, sik-al (to polish) = s pak ; lat. scab-er, glab-er
= s kap, kap 1, to rub ; ge. rauh, roh, e. rough = prak, pak r,
to rub ; ge. grob = kap r, to rub ; hu. durv-a (rough) = t l<ap r ;
e. rough = pak r, the inversion of ge. grob, kap r ; lat. rud-us =
prak t, pak r t, to rub, to molest, to hurt f etc.

^ Jap. kos-og-eru (to tickle) = kap s, to scratch, to itch. The
oldest roots of these words were: cav, vac, and not kap-pak (a fictitious
average-type). So we can analyse : lat. cos = cavs, caus = cos. In
the same way : hu. lul (a well) = cav t, caot, crut = tut. It is very
interesting to meet with the type kaot in the hu. dialects.

2 The same word as hu. ves (to whet, to carve) = ge. Meiss-el
(chisel) = pak s, to chisel, to carve).

* Lat. dur-us seems to be equal with ge. diirr = t cap r VI, to
compress, to shrink ; or : t kop r I, to knock, to hurt.

53

VI. Cap-pac or catch-group.

This is the most interesting of all groups, containing the
-greatest number of divisions and subdivisions with the most
•entangled ramifications of ideas.

The group VI, containing about the half of the words
of each language, is a classical example of the splitting of ideas
united among them by bonds of common origin.

Though I give numberless examples from this interesting
group, I confess to be very far from mentioning all the ideas
appertaining to the same nitches.

Division 1 : to catch, to keep, to hold, to have, to contain,
house, cabin, box, in, enter, to stay, to dwell, a mansion, to
^remain, to repose.

Lat. cap-io (to catch, to take) = cap ; e. catch = cap t ;

" -ge. hab-en, e. hav-e = lat. cap-io ; e. keep = cap, (to have, to

hold) ; ge. fah-en (to catch) = pac ; ge. fang-en (to catch) =

pac n ; ge. fass-en (to take, to seize) == pac-s ; ge. pack-en

•^to seize, to pack) = pac ; hu. kap (to catch, to seize, to receive)

= cap ; ar. kaf (the hand) = cap ; hu, kez (the hand) = cap s ;

gr. cheir (the hand) = cap r ; e. hand = cap n t ; hu. fog (to

xjatch) — pac^ ; ar. kabz (to catch) = cap s ; ar. hafz (a prison)

= cap s ; ar. hebr. yad (the hand) = cap t ; e. bag = pac (to

-contain) ; ar. geb (a sack) = cap ; hu. zseb (a pock-et) = s cap ;

«. pock-et = pac t ; e. sack = s pac ; ge. Beut-el (a purse) = pac

1 1 ; e. purs-e = pac r s ; jap. buk-uro, fuk-uro (a purse) = pac r ;

•€. pack, pack-et = pac ;^ hu. baty-u (a packet) = pac t ; hu.

h&z (house) = it, eas-a = cap s ; uralo-alt, kot (house) = kap t ;

rsl, kut-ie (house) = kap t ; e, hous-e = cap s ; jap, kap-an (a

bag) = cap n ; ge. Koff-er (a bag) = cap r ; e. cab-in = cap n ;

■«. box = pac s ; hebr, theb-ah (a box) = hu, dob-oz (a box) =

t cap s ; lat, scat-ula, Schachtel — s cap 1 1 ; ge, Kist-e (= chest)

= cap st ; e. screen = s crp n, s cap r n ; e. coff-in = hu. kop-orso

= cap, to contain ; ge, Schad-el = e, scull = s cap 1 (to contain^) ;

ge. Klamm-er (clamp) = cap 1 (to keep, to seize) ; ge Krampf,

e, cramp, fr. eramp-onner = cap r (to keep, to seize) ; hu, be

(in, enter) = pac, to hold, to keep, the inner part, to enter ;*

^ Hu, fog (tooth) = pac, to catch, to bite ; e, bite = pac t (to
•catch).

* Ge. paek-en = to pack, to seize. Chin, pa, pak = a) to seize ;
h) numeral for umbrellas, etc. (yi pak san = one umbrella, ge. ein
Griff, ein Griffel ; a handle,

* Skull (ge, Schadel) could be also analysed : s cav 1 (carved,
hollow).

* Hu. b61 (e. bowels, fr. entrailles, lat. intestina) = pac 1, in ;
perhaps : e, in, enter = bin, cap n ; and e, bowl, jap, bon = pac 1,
pac n, to contain. Lat, pen-itus = pac n (to enter).

e. man-sion = pac n, to dwell, to repose ; lat. man-eo (to stay,.
to remain) = pac n, to dwell, to stay ; hu. mar-ad (to stay,
to remain) = lat. man-eo ; ge. wohn-en (to dwell) = pac n, to
be contained in, to stay, to dwell ; e. dwell = t pac 1, to be
contained in, to stay, to repose ; tu. kal-mak, hu. hely (to stay,
to remain, to rest,^ to last) = cap 1, to dwell ; hu. lak (to stay,
to remain, to dwell) = inversion of hu. hely, tu. kal-mak ; chin.
lok (to sit down, to fall, to stay) = hu. lak, lat. loc-us ; jap.
or-u (to stay, to dwell) = cap r ; ge. Ort (lat. loc-us) = cap r ;
hu. hely = inversion of lat. loc-us ; eg. scrt. as (to sit, to stay) =
has, cap s ; gr. lat. hed-o-mai, sed-eo = cap t, s cap t ; si. sed-lo,
se-lo (a seat, a village) = lat. sed-eo, gr. hed-o-mai ;2 etc.

Division 2 : to shut, to close, to finish, end.

E. shut = s cap t ; ge. schliess-en (to shut, to close) =
s clap s, s cap 1 s ; ge. Schliiss-el (lat. clav-is) = s clap s, s cap 1 s ;
lat. clav-is = clap, cap 1 ; e. key = lat. clavis, fr. clef ; ge.
Schloss, a padlock = s claps, s cap 1 s ; e. lock = plac, pac 1 ;
si. lok-et, hu. lak-at (a padlock) = plak, pac 1 ; lat. claud-o^
(to shut, to close, to conclude)* = cap t 1 ; e. clos-e = clap s,
cap 1 s ; hu. v6g (end) = pac ; chin, wan (to finish) = pac n ;
lat. fin-is = chin, wan ; e. end = fend = lat. fin-is = chin.
wan ; lat. fac-io = pac (to finish) ; chin, tsok (to finish, to do) —
t pac ; fi. teh-da (to do) = t pac^ ; chin, tsok-ji (yesterday) = t

^ E. rest and last could be placed in the group III too, in the
division : veh, to extend, to loiter, to linger. Thus we could analyse :
e. rest = vrh st, veh r st, to linger ; hu. rest (a loiterer) = vrh st, veh r sf,
to linger ; long, ling-er = vlh n, veh 1 n, to extend ; e. loi-ter, fr. loi-sir
= vlh t, to extend, to linger ; e. last = vlh st, to extend, to rest ; ge.
weil-en (to stay, to tarry) = veh 1, to extend, to rest ; e. tarr-y =
fr. lat. tard, tard-us, t veh r t, to extend, to loiter, to linger. There are
many ideas, which can be placed even in two or three different groups
or divisions, on account of their distinct relationship to different no^
tions. Such words and ideas we could call : intermedial notions.

2 All these words could eventually be referred to kaw r III, to
bend, to inchne, to sit down, to lay down.

' Ge. Kleid (cap 1 1, a cloth) is the same word, having the meaning :
to contain, to cover, to shelter. Ar. lib-as (cloth) = clap s, cap 1 s, to
contain, to cover.

* Lat. con-elus-io (cap 1 s), the end — has the the same root as-
lat. in-cip-io (to undertake); e. be-gin =pac cap n (to under-tak-e) ;
hu. kezd (to begin) = cap s t, to undertake ; ge. an-fang-en = to
undertak-e.

^ Fi. teh-da = ge. thu-en = e. do ; chin, tsok (to finish, to pass) =
ii. teh-da = ge. thu-en = e. do.

DO

pac ;^ si. tvor (to shut)^ = t pac r ; si. dver, ge. Thiir, e. door =
si. tvor (to shut), t pac r ; tu. hu. kap-u (a door) = cap ; si.
zavor,^ hu. zkt (a lock) = s cap r ; hu. csuk (to shut, to close) —
t pac ; hu. si. kutch, klutch (a key) = cap t, to close, to shut ; etc.

Division 3 : to cover, to protect, to defend, clothes, castle,
tower, etc.

Ge. Kleid (cloth) — clap t, cap 1 t, to protect, to cover ;
lat, ve-stis (cloth) = pac st, to cover ;* ge. Hemd = it. cam-iscia
= gr. chlam-is and hym-ation = hu. iim-eg, hilm-eg = tu.
gom-lek = cap, to cover, to protect ; ge. Haf-en,^ e. harb-our =
cap, cap r, to protect ; ar. ghaf-ir (a guardian) = cap r, to pro-
tect ; gr. Pall-as = pac 1 (to protect) ; chin, pao, pac (to protect)
= pac ; ge. Pal-ast = pac 1, to protect ; lat. pall-ium, fr. pal-etot
= pac 1, to cover, to protect ; lat. cas-trum, cas-tellum (a castle)
= cap s, to protect ; ge. Burg (a castle) = pac r, ge. berg-en,
to protect ; gr. pyrg-e (a tower)*^ = pac r, to protect ; Perg-amon,
Berg-amo = pac r, to protect ; gr. kep-os (a court, a garden) =
cap, to gird, to protect ; ge. Gart-en = cap t r, to gird, to protect
=hu. kert ; hu. 6v (to protect) = cap, to protect ; hu. 6v =
jap. ob-i (a girdle) = cap, to gird, to protect ; si. grad (a castle)
= cap t r, to protect ; hu. var (a castle) — pac r, to protect ;
lat. for-ma (a form) = pac r, to gird, to protecf^ ; lat. teg-o
(to cover) = t pac ; ge. Deck-e (a cover) = t pac ; ge. Zieg-el
(fr. tuile, a tile) = t pac, to cover ; ge. Dach (roof) = t pac ;
hu. tak-ar (to cover) = t pac r ; hu. ved (to cover, to defend)
= pac t ; hu. fed (to cover) = pac t ; lat. tog-a (a cloth) =
lat. teg-o, t pac ; ge. Schatt-en, shad-ow = s cap t, to protect ;

1 Hu. teg-nap (y ester-day) is the same word as chin, tsok-ji ;
teg = tsok = t pac (to close, to finish) ; thus we get the original meaning
of e. to do : = to close, to finish ; lat. fac-io = pac, to finish.

2 The same root as lat. o-per-io (to shut up) = pac r.

* SI. za-vor is the same word as lat. o-per-io (or : ob-per-io =
cap-pacr-io).

* The same root as in : lat. ve-lum = hu. ffi-tyol (a veil) = pac,
to cover.

^ Hebr. chof (Hafen, harbour) = cap, to protect,

* Tow-er = t cap r, to protect ; lat. turr-is = t pac r. Ge. Berg
(a mount) = pac r, to hide, to protect = gr. hor-os, cap r, to protect ;
pers. guh (a mount) = clp, cap 1 ; pers. guh-iden (to hide, to protect)
= clp, capl = ge. berg-en, ver-berg-en.

' The same root as e. fra-me, pac r, to gird, to protect, to con-
tain = ge. Bahm-en = ge. Kremp-e (cock of a hat) — hu. karim-a-
Even e. carp-et = hu. kerev-et = cap r, to protect, to gird, to cover.
Also ge. Bau-m, e. roo-m = crp, cap r, to gird, to protect, to contain =
ge. Kamm-er (cbamb-er). Ge. Scbirm = sereen = s cap r n, to protect
= ar. harem, cap r, to protect.

56

fi. varj-o — a) hu. amy, a shadow = pac r, to protect ; b) hu.
erny-6 (ge. Schirm, e. screen) vrj, pre, pac; ge. Schlei er (a
veil) = s clap, s cap 1 ; jap. fut-a (a cover) = pac t ; ge. hiit-en
(to heed) = cap t ; ge. sehiitz-en (to protect) = s cap t ; ge. Hut
(a liat) = cap t ; ge. Hiitt-e (a shed, a hut, a cot) = cap t ; hu.
kulib-a (a shed) = clap, cap 1 ; hu. kalap (a hat) = lat. clup-eus,
cap 1 ; lat. clip-eus (a shield) = cap 1 ; ge. Schild, e. shield =
to shelt-er, to protect, s cap 1 t ; e. watch = pac t ; hu. or-iz
(to watch) = cap r ; etc.

Division 4: to cover, to veil, to hide, cloud, dim, black.

E. veil, lat. ve-lum = pac 1 ;^ hu. faty-ol (a veil) = pac 1 1 ;
hu. bor-it (to veil, to cover) = pac r ; e. cloud == clap t, cap 1 1 ;
hu. kod (cloud) = cap t ; e. black = pac 1, to cover ; chin, hek
(black) = pac, to cover ; hu. fek-et-e (black)'' = pac t, covered ;
hu. felh-6 = ge. Wolk-e = pac 1, to cover ; e. fog = pac, to
cover ; e. hid-e = cap t ; ge. hiill-en (to cover, to bide) = cap 1 ;
gr. hyi-e = ge. Wald (a forest) — cap 1, to hide ; jap. kak-eru (to
hide) == cap kak ;^ etc. Lat. vest-is (dress) = pac s t, to cover ; ge.
Kleid (dress) = clap t, cap 1 1, to cover ; e. coat = cap t, to cover.

Division 5: to hold, to suffer, to bear, to carry.

E. hold = cap 1 t ; ge. halt-en = e. hold ; hu. tart (= ge.
halt, e. hold) = t cap r t ; hu. tiir (to suffer) = t cap r ; ge.
duld-en (to suffer, to bear) = t halt, t cap 1 1 ; lat. pat-i (to bear,
to suffer) = pac t ; etc.

Division 6 : to hem, to hind-er, to hold back, to fetter,
to defend, a veto.

E. hem = cam, cap ; e. hind-er == hem-t-er, cam, cap ;
ge. Fess-el, e. fett-er = pac t, to hem, to hinder ; hu. fek* (a
break) = pac, to hem ; hu. gyep-16 (rein, bridle) = cap 1, to
hem ; hu. tiilt (to hem, to forbid) == t hold, t cap 1 t, to hold
back, to hem ; lat. ve-t-o (to forbid) = pac t, to forbid ;^ lat.

* Ge. hiill-en (to veil) = cap 1 ; ge. hiill-en is a plain inversion
of lat. vel-are = pac 1. Perhaps gr. hybe (the forest, leafy wood) =
cap 1, to veil, to cover ; lat. silv-a (forest, wood) = gr. hyl-e. Lat.
silv-a = s cap 1, to veil, to cover, ge. hiillen ; and ger. Laub, hu. lomb
(leaves) = clap, cap 1, to veil, to cover. Hu. ol-t = ge. hiill-en, to
cover.

2 Hu. fek-ete (black) = chin, hek (black) ; fek = hek, i. e.
hek is the hard type of fek = pac.

^ Japanese language uses with preference the hard types : kak,
instead of kap, pak.

* Lat. fre-num (a break) is the same root as hu. Uk ; lat. fre-num
= prac, pac r, — and hu. f6k = pac ; eng. rein = lat. fren-um ; e.
bridl-e = prac 1 1, pac r 1 1, to hem, a break.

* E. bid = 1) e. beg, ge. bet-en, lat. pet-o, pac t, to press, to urge ;
2) to command, to invite (with the same original meaning).

57

ve-tium (a sin) = pac t, forbidden ; hu. vet-ek = lat. vetium ;
hu. akad-aly (a hindering) = pac t, to hem, to keep ; ge. schweig-
en, gr. sig-e (to be silent) = s pac (to hold back, to abstain).^

Division 7: to catch, to accept, to take, to steal, to rob,
to grasp, to grip-e, to seize, harpagon, to covet, to ask, to buy, etc.

E. grasp = cap r s ; lat. carp-o (to grasp, to pluci.) =
•cap r ;2 ge. pfliick-en, e. pluck = pac 1 ; ge. zupf-en, hu. tep
{to tear, to pluck) = t cap ; ge. pliind-ern (pillage) = pac 1 n t,
to take, to tear, to rob ; e. pill-age = pac 1 to rob ; hu. vesz
{to take) = pac s ; hu. szed (to take, to pluck, to gather) =
s cap t ; ar. kabz (to tal> e, to rob) = hu. czib-al (to grasp, to
take, to pluck) — t cap ; hu. kob-oz, cap s ; heb. ganeb (a thief)
= cav n, to rob ; ge. Gaun-er — heb. ganav (a thief) ; hu.
lop = gr. klep-to (to steal) = kap 1, to take, to rob ; ge. raub-en,
e. rob = lat. carp-o, cap r ; e. thief, ge. Dieb = t cap ; hu. tolv-aj
{a thief) = t cap 1 ; lat. fur (a robber) = pac r ;^ ge. Beut-e
(a pillage) = pac t ; e. pill-age = pac 1 ; fr. gib-ier (ven-ison) =
cap, to catch ; heb. dag (to fish, a fish) = t pac, to catch ;*
hu. hal (a fish) = cap 1 ; lat. pisc-is (a fish) = pac s ; lat. ven-atio
{a chase, a hunting, ven-ison) = pac n, to catch ',^ ge. Karpf-en
{a carp-fish) = lat. carp-o, to grasp, to rob ; hu. ezap-a (a shark)
= lat. cap-io, to catch, to grasp, to take^ ; hu. csuk-a (a pik-e)
= c pak ; ge. zapf-en (to tap, to take, to draw) = t cap (to
take) ; hu. csap = ge. Zapf-en (tap)*^ ; hu. csemp-esz, abbreviated
csen (to steal) = cap n ; lat. av-arus (avariticu i) — cap r, to

^ We could also analyse : gr. sig-e = s vac (void, empty, silent,
to cease), and lat. sil-eo = sig-leo (to hold back, to abstain) s pac,
or s vac (to cease). Ge. still = stig-1, sig 1 1, s pac 1 1 (to abstain). Lat.
arc-eo — pac r, to repress, to hem.

2 Standing very near to e. harpag-on = lat. earp-o, to grasp.
Ge. Geiz (avarice) = cap t, to grasp as a harpagon (lat. harp-ax).
Ge. Gier (eagerness) = cap r.

' E. rob is a plain inversion of lat. fur.

* Thus the primitive meaning of fish is : to catch, and lat. host-is
(a guest) = ge. Gas-t = who is received ; lat. hosp-itium = cap s, to
receive.

^ Hu. ven-d6g (a guest) = pac n, to receive ; ge. Wirth (a host)
= pac r t, who receives. Thus we can explain that e. guest = cap s t,
who is received, — and eng. host = cap s t, who receives ; in guest
the vowel t is a term of passivum, in host it derives from p in lat.
hosp-es = cap s.

* Perhaps : ge. Hai (a shark) = cap ; and e. shark = s pac r ;
e. pik-e = ge. pack-en, to catch, to rob.

' Hu. csap (taster, feeler, antenna) = t cap VI, to touch ; the
same root in ge. zupf-en, and in e. tap = hu. tap-int, tap-ogat (to taste,
to touch).

cov-et ; liu. kap-ar-kodik (to grasp) = cap r ; ge. Gier, be-gehr-eii
(to cov-et) = cap r ; e. eov-et = cap t, to grasp ; ge. Geiz (avarice)
= cap t, to covet ; e. greedy = crap t, cap r t, to cov-et ; hu.
kiv-an, lat. cup-io (to cov-et) = cap ;^ ar. kabal (to accept,
to get) = cap 1, lat. cap-io, to receive ; tu. liaj-dud (a thief) =
cap t, to take ; hu. haj-dti (a police-man) = cap t, who seizes ;
ge. kod-ern (to bait) = cap t, to catch ; e. bait = pac t, to catch ;
hu. csal (to cheat) = cap 1, to catch ; e. cheat — cap t, ta
catch ; lat. fall-o = pac 1, to catch ; lat. fur (a thief) = pac
r ; etc.

Division 8 : to pinch, to press, to oppress (to rule), to
urge, to hurry, to need, to compress, to dry, etc.

This division is so rich in nuances, that we could put
together several subdivisions.

Subdivision a) : to pinch, to press, to oppress, to urge,
strong, stout, etc.

Ge. Zwick-en^ (to pinch) = t pac, to press, to pinch ; ge.
Zwang, zwing-en = e. twing-e (to constrain) = t pak n, to
pinch, to press ;^ ge. wiirg-en (to press, to strangle) = pac r,.
to press ; e. strangl-e, ge. Strang, e. string, lat. string-o^ =
st pac r n, to pinch, to press ; e. pinch = pac n, to press ; ge.
kneif-en (to pinch) = cap n ;^ hu. harap (to bite) = cap r, to
pinch ; ge. driick-en (to press) = t pac r, to pinch, to press ;
e. shak-e = s pac, to grasp often, to seize often, to press often ;
ge. schiitt-eln (to shak-e) = shak-t-1 = s pac 1 1, to pinch often,
to seize often ; lat. quat-io (to shake) = cap t, to press often,
to seize often ; anglosax. drycht-en (the Lord) = ge. driick-en,
t pac r, to press, to oppress ; ge. dross-eln (to strangle) = ge.
driick-seln = t pac r s, to press often ; scrt. sthir-as (stout, strong)
= st cap r, to press ; ge. Stier (a bull) = scrt. sthir-as (stout,
strong) ; gr. taur-us = ge. Stier = ar. chald. thor = heb. schor

^ SI. kup-it, ge. kauf-en (to buy) = cap, to take ; hu. vesz
(to buy, to take) = pac s, to catch, to take.

2 The simplest word of this division is chin, pa (oldchin. pak),
to press, to urge ; it corresponds to primitive pee (in the sense : to
press, to urge). Hu. csip (ge. zwick-en) == cap, to pinch.

^ We even can analyse : ge. zwing-en, (e. twing-e) = ge. zwick
t n = t pac n.

^ The same root in : e. strong, ge. streng, si. strog-i = e. strict =
st pac r n, to press, to pinch ; hu. szig-or- (strong) = s pac r, to press,
to pinch ; lat. aust-erus (strong) = cap s t, to press ; lat. sev-er-us
(strong) = s cap r, to press, to pinch = si. Sib-ir-ia ; e. strong = ge.
stark = st pac r, to press, to pinch. E. strait = lat. string-o, st pac r,
to press, to pinch. Ge. Kraft (strength) = cap r t, to press.

^ E. pinch is the inversion of ge. kneif-en.

59

= s cap r, to press, stout, strong ; hu. szor-it (to press)^ =
s cap r, to press ; fr. serr-er (to press) = s cap r, to press, to
pinch ;2 hebr. sar (a prince, a ruler) = s cap r, to press, to op-
press, to rule ; tu. Tar-im (God) = t cap r, to oppress, to rule =
tu. Tengr-i = sumero-accad. Ding-ir (God); gr. kyr-ios, ge. Herr
(the Lord) = cap r, to oppress, to rule = hu. ur (the Lord) ;
hu. huszar = e. hussar (ar. hasir, husara) = to press, to oppress,
to urge f hu. ero (strength) — cap r ak, to press, to urge ; si.
vlad-a == ge. Ge-walt,* walt-en = pac 1 to, to press ; lat. pot-est
= e. pow-er = pac r, to press ; hu. Mr (power) = pac r, to press ;
lat. vis, vio-lentia = pac s, to press ; lat. vir (a man) = pok r,
to press, to be powerful ; lat. scrt. bar-o (a man) = pac r.

Subdivision b) : to urge, to hurry, speed, to run, to flow.

Gr. tach-ys (quick, hurried) = t pac, to press, to urge,
to hurry ;^ si. tek-at (to flow, to fly, to hurry) = t pac, to urge ;
e. urg-e = pre, pac r, to hurry, to press ; hu. siirg-et (to urge) =
s pac r, to hurry ; hu. siih-et (to hurry) = s pac t, to urge ;
e. hast-e, ge. hast-en = cap st, to hurry ; it. pris-a (hurry) =
press, hurry ; ge. Eil-e (haste) = pac 1, to urge, to hurry ; lat.
curr-o = cap r, to be pressed, to hurry f hu. roh-an (to run) =
pre n, pac r n, to hurry ; e. run, ge. renn-en = hu. roh-an ;'''
ge. Eif-er^ (zeal) — cap r, to press, to hurry ; e. zeal = s cap 1,
to press, to hurry ; hu. fut (to fly, to flow, to run) = pac t, to
hurry.

Subdivision c) : to press down, sorrow, fear, grief, need,
narrow, pain, toil, trouble, molestation, etc.

Ge. Sorg-e, sorg-en (to care, to be afraid) = s pac r, to be

^ Even tu. sor-mak (to ask) — s cap r, to urge, to demand. — The
names : Tyr-us, Sur, Sir have the same roots ; also : e. tyr-ant =
t cap r, to oppress ; pers. zor = tyr-ant = s cap r, to oppress = hu.
zsar-nok (tyr-ant). Lat. pet-o = pac t, to press, to urge, to demand =
ge. bitt-cn, bett-eln, bet-en. E. beg — pac, to urge, to demand. Oldger.
Kraf-ja (to beg) = cap r, to urge, to demand.

2 Perhaps : ar. hebr. zaf-ar (victory) = s cap r, to oppress.

^ Perhaps the same word as : fr. ehass-er, chasseur = cap s r, to
press, to urge. Hu. fiz (= fr. chass-er) = cap s, to press, to urge.

* Ge. Ge-vvalt is the same word as e. cum-pression.

^ Perhaps : ge. Daeh-s (a badger) = t pac s, to hurry ; si. brzo
(hurrried, quick) = pre, s, pac r s, to hurry ; hu. borz (a badger) =
si. brzo (hurried, quick).

• E. hurr-y = lat. curr-o (to fly, to flow, to run, to hurry).

' Hu. roh-am = storm, attack ; ge. Sturm (storm) = st crm,
st cap r, to press, to oppress. Lat. im-pet-us = pac t, to press, to
oppress, to urge ; e. speed = s pac t, to urge.

" The same word as hu. ip-ar (industry).

GO

pressed down ;i e. sorr-ow, sorr-y = s cap r, to be pressed down,
to be urged and tormented ; lat. torqu-eo = t pac r, to press ;
lat. torm-entum (torment) = t pac r ; ge. qual-en (to pain) =
cap 1 ; e. pain = pac n, to press ;^ lat. poen-a,^ ge. Pein = gr.
pon-os = pac n, to press, to urge ; hu. bant (to pain, to bant-er)
— pac n t, to torment ; Im. ban, szan (to repent) = pac n, to be
pressed ; chin, fan ; (pain, molestation) — pac n ; e. re-pent =
pac n t, to be pressed ; e. badg-er = pac t, to press, to molest ;
fr. ag-asser (to molest) = pac s, to press, to badger ; hu. agg-6dik
(to care) = pac, to be pressed ; e. grief = cap r, to be pressed ;
ge. Gram (grief) = cap r, to be pressed ; hu. gond (sorrow) =
cap n t, to press, to molest; hu. kin (pain) — cap n, to press,
to molest ; hu. gyot-6r (to badger) = cap t ; ge. eng (narrow) =
pac n, to compress ; ge. bang (anxious) = pac n, to compress ;*
gr. an-ank-e (nec-essity) = ank-ank = eng-eng = pac n-pac n,
narrow, pressed ; lat. nee-esse (necessity) = pac n s, narrow ;
e. need, ge. Not — pnc t, pac n t, to be pressed, narrow ; hu. szuk
(narrow) = s pac, to compress ; ar. sek-in (poor) — s pac n, to be
pressed, needing, necessitous ; hu. szeg-en (poor) = ar. sek-in,
mesk-in (poor) ; hu. sek-ely csek-ely (few) = t pac, compressed,
needing ; ge. karg = e. s-carc-e = cap n, necessitous, narrow ;
si. treb-a (necessary) — t cap r, to press ; hu. kell (necessary) =
cap 1, to press ; chin, k'o (necessary) = cap, to press, to need ;
e. fear = pac r, to press, to molest = ge. fiircht-en = tu. kork-u
(to fear) ;^ fi. pelk-i (to fear) == pac 1 ; hu. fel (to fear) = fi.
pelk-i, lat. pall-eo (to fear, to be anxious) = pac 1 ; si. bol (pain)
= pac 1 ; lat. dol-or (pain) = t pac 1 ; e. aeh-e = ge. weh =
pac, to press, to molest ; hu. faj (ach-e) = pac, to press, to
molest ; hu. baj (bad) = pac, to press, to molest ; lat. rob-ur

^ Hu. szorg-alom (zeal) = s pac r, to press, to hurry.

^ Fi. pakk-aa (to fop, to press, to molest) = pac-pac = pac-ac,
to press, to pinch ; hu. fagg-at (to fop) = fi. pakk-aa, to press, to
molest ; even e. fop = weak type of pac, to press, to molest. The same
idea is contained in : e. beg, ge. bitt-en, bet-en, bett-eln = pac t, to
urge, to press (german : in jemanden dringen, jemanden drang-en).

^ Lat. poen-itet me = it pains me, it molests me, it torments me.

* Ge. eng is the same word as ge. bang ; even e. ang-ry = lat.
ang-or (compression of the mind) ; ge. Aerg-er = e. ang-ry. Ge. egg,
bang = ge. knapp (narrow, strait), i. e. : eng = pac n, and knapp =
cap n, the inversion of eng. E. narrow = knap-row = cap n r, strait,
compressed. E. pang = ge. bang (painful, narrow). Hu. nyiig-6z (to
press, to fetter) = pnac, pac n.

^ Ge. Fureht = pac r t (middle type) ; tu. kork-u (fear) = kak
r t, hard type (instead of pac r t). Hu. fel (to fear) = pac 1, to be pres-
sed, to be molested ; lat. pav-or (weak type, instead of pac-or). Chin.
p'a, p'ak (to fear) = pac, to be pressed.

61

(strength) = cap r, to press ; si. rob-it (ge. arb-eiten, to toil) =
crp, cap r ; ge. Werk, Wirk-ung, e. work = pac r ;^ lat. vir (a
man) = pac r, strong ; lat. vir-tus == pac r ; ge. Arb-eit = cap
to be pressed ; ge. Miih-e (a pain) = mac, pac, to press ; si.
muk-a (a pain) = niak, pac ; hu. munk-a (ge. Arbeit) = pak n ;
gr. kam-o, kam-no, ge. maeh-en, Maeh-t = cap, pac, to press,
to pain ;2 hebr. ab-ad (to pain, to serve) = cap t, to pain, to be
pressed, to be ruled ; ge. treib-en = t cap r, to press, to urge
= lat. trib-o and lat. trib-ulo = e. to troubl-e ; ge. triib-en,
triib = lat. trist-is, ge. Trau-er, traur-ig (sorrow-ful, painful,
sad) ; hu, zakl-at (to molest, to urge, to press) = s pac 1 ; hu.
zav-ar (to trouble, molest, to drive, to urge) = s pac r.

Subdivision d) : to compress, to diminish, to shrink, to
dry, to roast, to toast, etc.

E. dry, ge. trock-en = ge. ge-driickt, t pac r, to compress,
to diminish ; hu. herv-ad (to shrink) = cap r, to diminish ; ge.
welk-en (to fade, to shrink) = pac 1 ; hu. sorv-ad (to shrink, to
make dry) = s cap r, to compress, to diminish ; e. sick, ge. siech,
fr. sec (dry, shrunken) = s pac, to compress, to ma kedry ; fr.
fan-er (to fade) = ar. fen-a (to fade, to shrink) = pac n = hu. fen-e
(bad) ; e. fad-e = pac t ; hu. szar-az (dry) = s cap r ; tu. sar-ik =
hu. sarga (yellow) = s cap r ak, dry, compressed ; ge. diirr (dry) =
lat. torr-eo = t pac r, to shrink ; e. shrink = s pac r n, to di-
minish ; ge. gelb = e. yell-ow = ge. bleich^ = e. pal-e, lat. pall-eo,
pall-idus, pac 1, to be pressed, shrinked ; hu. fak-6 (yell-ow^
pale) = pac, to press down, to shrink ; lat. torr-eo (to dry, to
toast) = t pac r ; lat. frig-o (to roast) = pac r ; goth. bairg-en
(= bread) = lat. frig-o (to dry, to roast) ; ge. brat-en = frig t.

^ Lat. lab-or = cap 1, to be pressed. The suffix or seems to express
the passivum, standing near to lab-i (to be pressed down).

2 Even gr. poi-eo (to make, to trouble, to pain) — pac, to pain =
fr. pein-er. And ge. Mach-t (power) = pac t, to press ; e. pow-er, lat.
pot-estas = pac t, to press ; si. \ lad-a (power) = pac 1 1.

' Ge. bleieh (depressed, shrinked, pale) has the same root as ge.
flach, e. flat = pac t, pressed down (= lat. flec-to, to bend, to press
down). SI. ploeh-o = lat. vil-is = ge. schlecht = e. flat, plain, bad ;
si. ploch-o = pac 1, pressed down ; lat. vil-is = pac 1, pressed down ;
ge. schlech-t = s plac t, s pac 1 t, plain, flat ; e. plain = pac 1 n ; e.
flat = plac t, pac 1 t ; ge. Plank-e, e. plank — pac 1 n, flat ; ge. Brett,
board = pac r t, pressed down, flat ; lat. planta (sole, basis) = pressed
down, flat ; ge. Land, sp. lian-o = plain, flat ; hu. ron-a, si. rav-na =
sp. llan-o (plain, flat) ; ge. brav, si. prav = rav-no, plain, even, right ;
e. ev-en, ge. eb-en = hlb, cap 1, flat, plain, even ; lat, prav-us = si.
ploch-o = ge. schlceh-t = plain, flat, vile ; hu. rosz (vile) = lat. prav-us,
(i, e, : rosz = rav s = prav s) ; the ideas plain, even, brave have the
same root, as the ideas : plain, flat, vile, etc.

62

Division 9 : to grasp, to gather, to unite, to heap, all, full,''
to fill, rich,

Ge. samm-eln (to gather) = s cap, to gather ; e. gatli-er =
cap t r ; hu. gyiit (gath-er = cap t, to gath-er ; hu. szam (a
number = s cap, to gath-er, to heap ; e. heap, ge. hauf-en,
hauf-ig = clp, cap 1, to gather, to heap ; ge. oft = cap t, to
heap ; ge. viel = gr. pol-iis (much) = pac 1, to gather, to heap ;
hit. eop-ia (riches) = cap, to heap, lat. op-es (riches) = cap, to
heap ; hu. sok, tu. tchok, chin, tok, tuo^ (much) = s pac, t pac,
to heap ; hu. zsuf-ol (to heap) = s cap ; jap. tak-aru (to gather)
= t pak, to heap ; jap. tak-ara (a treasure) = t pac, to heap,
to gather ; hu. tak-arit (to gather) = t pac ; ge. dick, e. thick
= t pac, to heap, to add ; gr. pach-us (thick) = pac, to heap,
to add ; c. whol-e, all = gr. hol-os (ge. all) = cap 1, to heap,
to gather ; ge. voll, e. full, fill = pac 1, to gather, to heap ; hu.
torn (to fill) = t cap, to heap ; tu. dol-u (full) — i pac 1, to heap ;
hu. tabor (a camp, a crowd) = t cap r, to heap ; chin, kia, kat,
kap (to heap) = cap t, cap ;^ hu. eg-esz (full) = pac, to fill ;^
ge. ganz (full, entire) = cap t n, to heap ; ge. Schaar (a troop)
= s cap r, to heap ; lat. turb-a (a crowd) = t cap r, to heap ;
ge. Dorf (a village) = lat. turb-a, e. troop ; lat. fa-milia =
pac, 1. to heap; 2) to follow;* hu. tab-or, tab-an (a troop, a
camp) = t cap VI, to heap ; hu. tob-or oz (to gather) = t cap,
to heap ; si. boh-at (rich) = pac t, to heap, to fill ; hu. gazd-ag
(rich) = cap s t ak, to gather, to heap, to add ; ind. Nab-ob =
hnp-ap, cap n cap, to heap ; e. group = cap r, to heap ; hu.
bok-or (a bush) = pac r, to heap ; e. bush = pac s, to heap,
to gather ; fr. bouqu-et, bosch-etto (a nosegay) = pac s, to heap,
to gather ; fr. toup-et (a bush) = t cap, to heap, to gather ;
e. Schopf (toup-et) = s cap, to heap, to gather ; e. oft-en =
cap t, to heap; hu. gyak-ran (often) = chin, tak, kat, kia (to
heap) = cap t, pac t ; it. spesso = lat. spissus (thick) = s pac s,

1 Hu. tobb (more) is formed by hu. sok = chin, tok, t pac —
and chin, kia, kap, ap (to heap) ; hu. tobb (more) = sok-abb = chin.
tuo, tok (much) and kap, ap (to heap).

2 This kat, kap forms extraradical elements of frequentation
in several languages ; f. i. : hu. csap-kod (to strike often) = e. tap and
chin, kat (to heap, often) ; hu. ver-e-ked-ik (to scuffle) = hu. ver
(to beat) and chin, kat (to heap) with chin, ik, i (to meet) ; hu. ver-e-
ked-ik = to beat — often — mutually = to scuffle.

' Hu. eg-eszseg (the health) = pac, to be full, to be entire ; si.
celi (full, all, entire) = cap 1, entire ; ge. Heil (health) = si. ceU (to
be entire) ; lat. sal-us, san-us = ge. Heil.

* Lat. fa-mulus (a servant, a follower) = pac, to follow. An in-
teresting analogy we find in hu. csal-ad (a family) = cap 1, to heap,
— and hu. csel-ed (serv^ant) = cap 1, to follow.

63

to heap ; hu. szap-ora (heaped) = s cap ; lat. saep-e (oft-en) =
s cap, to heap ; lat. cum-ul-are (to heap) = cap 1 ;^ etc.

Division 10 : to unite, to follow, to tie, to bind, to knit, etc.

Lat. eop-ulare = cap ; lat. cum (with) = cap ; hebr. gam
(with) = lat, cum, cap ; gr. gam-eo (to wed) — cap ; chin, pok,
bak (to bind) = pac ; hu. bog-oz (to bind) = pac ; tu. bag-la-
mak (to bind) = pac ; e. wed (to unite) = pac t ; e. with =
pac t ; ge. mit, gr. meta = pac t ; e. meet = pac t ; holl. maat,
e. match = pac t ; ge. Paar (a pair) = pac r ; e. tie = tak, t pac,
to bind, to attach, to unite ; ge. Gatt-e (a husband) = cap t,
to bind, to unite ; hu. kot = e. tie = (to bind) = cap t ; lat.
cat-ena, ge. Kett-e (a chain) = cap t ; gr. raph-o^ (to sew) =
e. rope = cap r ; ge. Tau (a rope) = t cap ; e. cab-le = cap 1 ;
ge. tak-eln = e. tie (to bind) == t pac ; si. tka-t (to weave) = t
pac ; gr. hyph-aino (to weave) = cap ; e. weav-e, ge. web-en =
gr. hyph-aino ; lat. nec-to (e. knit) = pnuk, kniipf-en, cap n ;^
ge. nah-en (to sew) = lat. nec-to ; e. sew = si. shev, s cap ; lat.
su-tor=e. sew ;* ge. nah-e (near)=pac n ;^ hu. rok-on (approach,
lat. proximus) = prac, pac r ; chin, kin (approach, near)=cap n ;
chin, pien (to knit) = pac n ; lat. fun-us (a rope) = ho. fon
(to knit, to plait) = pac n ; ge. flech-ten, lat. plee-to^ (to plait) =
pac 1 ; fr. fil-er (to plait) = pac 1 : ge. Hanf (hemp) = lat. can-
nab-is = cap n, to knit, to plait ; ge, Knopf (a knob) = cap n ;
ge. Knod-el (a dumpling) = Knopf 1 1 ; ge. Flaehs, flax = pic s,
pac 1 s ; ge. wirk-en (to weave) = pac r ;' ge. Zwirn (thread) =

^ Even e. heap, ge. hauf-en = clp, cap 1 = lat. eumul-are, cap 1.
Also : gr. pol-is (a town) = pac 1, to heap = gr. pol-iis (much), pac 1,
to heap. Lat. eiv-itas = cap t, to heap, to gather, a society. Gr. polytes
(a citizen), e. politic-s have the same root ; lat. clv-itas, it. eitt-a, e.
cit-y, e. eit-izen = civ t, cap t (to heap) contain the same root as lat.
eiv-itas (a crowd, a society).

* Hu. van* (to sew) is an inversion of gr. raph.

* Ge. kniipf-en (to knit, to tie) = cap n ; lat. nec-t-o = pniik
(the inversion of ge. kniipf-en) = pac n ; e. knit = kniip t, cap n t,

* E. shoe-maker — lat. su-tor ; shoe = sew ; ge. Seide (silk) = sec
t, s pac t ; e = s plec, s pac 1. E. net = lat. nec-to ; lat. rct-e = e. net.

^ Gr. eng-iis (ge. nah-e, e. near) could be analysed also : pac n,
to press, to pinch, to approach.

* The same root in hu. pok, si. pauk (a spider) = plec, pac 1 ;
e. spid-er = s pac t ; ge. Spinn-e (a spider) = s pac n, to spin = chin
pien = hu. fon = lat. fun-us.

' E. weav-e = the weak type of gr. hyph-aino (cap n) ; ge. wirk =
gr. hyph, hlf ; i. e. : wirk is a plain inversion of hlf. SI. vrk-otch (a
cue) = pac r, to plait, to weave ; but : e. work, ge. Werk, Wirk-ung =
pac r, to press, to urge, to pain ; the same root in gr. erg-azo and e.
en-erg-y.

64

t wirk, t pac r ; si. vrk-otch (a cue) = wirk-en, pac r ; ge. Zopf
(cue) = t cap ; lat. aran-ea (a spider) = gr. arach-ne = ge.
wirk-en, pac r ;i jap. kum-i (to plait) = klm, kip = cap 1 ; jap.
kum-o (a spider) = klm, clp, cap 1 ; gr. tek-to (to weave) =
t pac ; ge. Tuch (cloth) = t pac ; e. cloth = clap t, cap 1 t ; ge.
Zeug (stuff) = t pac, to weave ; si. suk-no (linen) = s pac, to
weave ; lat. liii-um (linen) = pic n, pac 1 n ; lat. lint-eum (a sheet,
linen) = pic n, pac 1 n, to weave ; ge. Schnur (a string) = s
cnap r = ge. kniipf-en (to tie) ;^ ge. Sehimpp-e (a snuff, a heap)
= s cnap, s cap n ; ge. Freu-nd (a friend) ; si. pria-tel = pre,
pac r, to follow ; e. foU-ow, ge. folg-en, ge. froh-nen = pac 1,
to be united ; hu. kov-et (to follow) = cap t ; lat. sequ-or, sec-
undus (to follow) = s pac ; ge. Sitt-e (lat. mos moral) = sec t,
s pac t, to follow ; gr. seb-ao (to serve) = s cap, to follow ; lat.
soc-er, soc-ius = s pac, to follow ; si. tov-arish, hu. tars (a mate)
= t cap r s, to follow ; etc.

Divisiou 11 : to unite, to touch, to show, to reach, to
harmonize, to know, to be fit, power, can, ge. Kunst, ge. passen,
apt, ge. fahig, lat. cap-ax, good, etc.

Lat. tang-o (root : tac, to touch, it. tocc-are, fr. touch-er) =
t pac, to touch ; gr. ting-ano = lat. tang-o, to touch ; e. tast-e
= tac s t, lat. tac-tus, to touch ; lat. dig-itus, gr. dac-tiilos (a
finger)^ = t pac, to touch ; gr. dok-eo, dog-ma, lat. dic-o =
to show, to in-dic-ate, to teach ; e. teach = lat. doe-eo, lat. die-o,
ge. zcig-en ; ge. zeig-en = t pac, to show, to teach ; e. show =
s cap, to touch, to teach; oldchin. dik, (the finger, to touch,
to show, to know) t pac, to touch ; new-chin, tehee = old-chin.
dik (to teach, a finger) ; jap. tsuk-i = lat. dic-o, to teach, to
in-die-ate ; ger. sag-en (to say) = s pac, to teach ; si. kaz-at
(to show, to indicate) = cap s ;* ge. Zeich-en = lat. sig-num
(a sign) = s pac, to show ; chin, mut (to show) = mac t, pac t,
to show, to teach ; hu. mut-at (to show) = mac t, pac t, to
show, to teach ; hu. tan-it (to teach) = abbreviation of the
root tang, tak, t pac, to touch, to teach ; gr. tynch-ano, e-tych-on
(to touch, to reach) = t pac, to touch, to reach ; gr. tych-e
(the luck) = t pac, to reach ; e. luck, ge. Ge-liick = plak, pac 1,

^ Lat. arane-a = aranh-a = gr. arach-n-e = wrk-ne = ge. wirk-en
(to weave).

2 The same word as gr. neur-on (a nerve, a string) = kniip-r»
cap n r, to tie.

^ E. fing-er = ge. fang-en, pac n, to touch, to catch, to take,
to keep. In latin and greek language words such as : dig-itus, dae-
tiilos (the finger) have the same roots as : gr. dok-eo, lat. dic-o, ge.
zeig-en, i. e. : to touch, to show, to teach. E. touch = e. teach.

* Ge. sag-en, e. say = the inversion of si. kaz-at (to show, to
indicate).

65

to reach ; e. happ-en (to touch a butt, to reach) = gr. hap-t-o
(to touch, to reach) = cap t ; e. happ-y = cap, to touch, to
butt, to reach ; ge. reich, e. rich = prac, pac r, to reach ; chin.
fuk (happiness, richess) = pac, to reach ; gr. s-kop-os, ge.
Zweck, e. scope = s cap, to reach the butt^ ; ge. treff-en (fr.
at-trap-er) = t crap, t cap r, to touch, to reach, to hit ; ge. treff-
hch (excellent, eximious) = ge treff-en, fr. at-trap-er = to
touch, to butt, to reach ;^ lat. ap-tus, e. apt = gr. hap-to, cap,
to touch, to reach ; fr. hab-ilis = lat. ap-tus, apt, clever ; e.
clev-er = clap, cap 1, to touch, to butt, to reach, apt ; e. get,
got = cap t, to reach, to touch, to correspond ; oldchin. got
(good)^ = cap t, to reach, to touch, to be apt, to be harmoni-
zing ; jap. to-dok-eru (to get, to reach, to arrive) = tok-tok, a
reduplicated and inverted type of e. get, got ; e. eom-e , ge.
komm-en = cap, to touch, to reach, to arrive, to get) ; ge.
er-lang-en, gr. laneh-ano, e-Iach-on (to reach) is the same word
as e. luck (to reach), and as oldchin. lak (to get, to reach, to
arrive) = newchin. ISi (to come) ; chin, tek (to reach, type of
the past) = inversion of e. geti, got ; chin, tek = ge. Tug-end
(virtue) = ge. taug-en (fit, good) = hu. tok-ely (ge. Tug-end,
taug-en, to reach, perfection; sumer-accad.dug = a) good, b)
fair) = t pac, to reach, to agree ; lat. dee-et (to suit, to become)
= t pac, to reach, to agree ; lat. dig-nus (worthy) = t pac, to
touch, to reach ; lat. plac-et (to please) = pac 1, to touch, to
reach, to agree ; lat. pulch-er (beautiful, handsome, fair) =
lat. plac-et, to please ;* fr. plais-ir, e. pleas-ure = lat. plac-et,
to touch, to reach, to agree ; scrt. rue (to please) = plac, lac,

1 Standing near to gr. s-kep-t-o, lat. s-pec-t-o, ge. schau-en =
s cap, to grasp, to touch, to reach with the eyes.

2 In ge. treff-lich (good, excellent) we have a splendid leading
idea to unclose many other ideas, such as : good, to like, beautyful,
pleasant, to pleas-e, etc.

' It is an interesting fact that oldchin. got is fully equivalent
with e. good, ge. gut. New-chin, hao (good), fi. hyv-a (good) deriving
from oldchin. got, is the same word as jap. yoi (good), hu. j6 (good),
tu. eiii (good). Even the german roots : taug-en, Tug-end, hu. tok-ely
(perfection, virtue) have the same origin.

* Perhaps : ge. schon, fi. kau-n-is ; (fair, good) = s cap n, to
touch, to butt, to reach, to agree, and it. bcll-o (fair) = pac 1, agreeing ;
lat. bon-us (good), ben-e = oldchin. bien, pien (suiting, becoming) =
pac n, to touch, to agree. Ge. Lust = plac st, lat. plac-et, e. pleasure ;
hu. kcdv (= ge. Lust, pleasure) = cap t ; gr. bed-one = cap t. Hu.
sz6p (fair) = s cap. SI. pek-ni (fair, good) = pac ; si. pac-it (to please) =
pac. We see : lat. plae-eo (to please) = lat. pulch-er (fair, good), and
si. pac-it (to please) = si. pek-ni (fair, good) ; i. e. : plac = pulch,
and pac = pek.

5

66

rue, or : prac, pac r ; si. lep-i (fair, good) = clap, lat. plac-et
(pleasant, suiting, beeoniing) ; si. lep-shi (better) = clp, lat.
plae-et ; e. ge. bett-er, bess-er = pac s (suiting) ; gr. kal-os (fair,
good) = cap 1, to reach, to agree ; ger. hiibsch (fair) = cap s,
to agree ; lui. szep (fair) = s cap, to agree ; e. lik-e (to love, to
agree) = lat. plae-et ; e. lov-e, ge. lieb-en = clap, lat. plac-et,
to agree ; tu. sev-niek (to love, to like) = s cap, to agree ; hu.
sz6r-et (to like) = sev r, s cap r, to agree ; jap. suk-i (to love,
to like) = s pac (to agree) ; malay. suk-a (to love) = s pac, to
agree ; ge. waek-er (valiant) = pac r, to reach, to agree, to
correspond ; ge. bill-ig (fair, just) = pac 1, to agree, to corres-
pond ;^ ge. ge-nug (enough) = pnac, pac n, to touch, to reach,
to butt ; ge. satt, lat. sat-is (enough) = s cap t, to reach, to be
sufficent ; eg. nef-er (fair) = cnap r, cap n r, to please, to agree ;
lat. im-ito (to imitate) = cap t, to follow ; e. lik-e^ = plac, pac 1
(to touch, to reach, to follow, to imitate) ; etc.

Division 12 : to unite, to cleave, to fix, lat. fido, fidelis,
true, ge. treu, fast, freeze, ice, etc.

Ge. pick-en (to cleave) = pac ; ge. heft-en (to fix, to fasten)
= cap t ; ge. kleb-en (cleave) = cap 1 ; hu. lep (cleave) = ge.
kleb-en ; lat. pax (peace) = pac s, to agree, to unite, to fix ;
hu. bek-e (= si. pok-oi, lat. pax, e. peac-e) — pac s ; ge. Pech,
lat, pix (pitch) = pac ; fr. coll-er (cleave) = cap 1 ; hu. rag-aszt
(to cleave) = prac, pac r ; lat. fig-o, ge. fiig-en (to fix, to fasten)
= pac ; e. fast, fast-en = pac s t ;^ ge. fest — e. fast ; hu. fesz-it
(to fix) = pac s ; jap. kak-eru (ge. fiig-en, to fix, to hang) ; jap.
tsuk-u (to hang, to fix) = t pac ; gr. peg-o (to freeze) = pac,
to fix ; hu. fagy (to freeze) = pac, to fix ; e. freez-e, lat. frig-o,
frig-or = pac r, to fix ; lat. rig-or = pac r, to fix ;* lat. gel-u
(ice) = cap 1 ; e. ic-e = peg s, pac s, to fix ; hu. jeg (ice) = peg,
pac, to fix ; gr. cryst-allon (ice) = crp s, cap r s, to fix ;'^ lat.
fid-o, fid-es = pac t, to fix, to confide ; hu. biz (to confide) —
pac s, to fix, to confide ; hu. hisz (to believe) = cap s, to confide ;

^ All ideas standing near to ((fair, good, just)) have the same roots :
lat. rec-tus = prac-t, pac r t, to agree, to correspond ; lat. reg-o, rex,
sort, raj-a (to rule, a ruler, a king) = prac, pac r, — making agree.

2 Ge. gleich — ge-like == con-plac.

^ Ge. fast-en (to fast, shrove) = pac s t VI, to with hold, ent-
halten — the root pac being taken in this sense.

* Lat. frig-or and lat. rig-or have the same root. Hu. faz (to
freeze, to be cold) is an abbreviation of e. freez-e ; faz = pac s, to fix,
to freeze and a secondary idea : to be cold. Chin, ping (the ice) =
gr. peg-o, to fix. Lat. glac-ies = ge. glatt, glatt-en (to glaze, to polish)
= kap 1 V, to rub, to polish. Fr. glac-e = a) ice ; b) glass.

* SI. krcp-ost = fast, fixed = cap r, to fix, to fasten ; it is the
same root as in gr. kryst-allon.

67

hu. tap-ad (to attach) = t cap ; hu. hiv, hii (trust-ful) = cap ;
e. true, trust = ge. treu, t cap r ; ge. trost-en (to consolate) =
e. trust ; gr. hed-o, lat. sed-eo (to sit) = cap t, to fix, ge. sich
fiig-en^ ; hu. szek (a seat) = s pac, to fix, to lay, ge. sich fiig-en ;
ge. stock-en (to stick, to coagulate, to fix as ice or milk) =
st pac ; ge. storr-ig (stubborn) = stock-rig, stock-en ; ge. starr,
storr-ig (stubborn, crabb-ed) = st pac r, to fix, to hold fast ;
ge. sprod-e (prude) = s prac t, s pac r t, to fix ; e. prude,
proud = prac t, pac r t, to fix, rigid ; e. stubb-orn = st cap-ap
(to fix, to hold fast); e. crabb-ed = cap r, to fix, to hold fast :
hu. mak-acs (stubborn) = pac, fix, fast ; hu. mak-ranczos
(capricious) = pac r, to fix, to hold fast ; fr. capr-ice^ = cap r,
to fix, to hold fast ; e. chees-e, ge. Kas-e, lat. cas-eus = cap s,
to fix, to coagulate ; hu. sajt = s pac t, to fix, to coagulate (or :
to press) ;^ etc.

Division 13 : to grasp, to keep, to catch (with the mind,
with the eyes, with the ears, etc.), to hope, to seek, to see, to
hear, to understand, to examine, to wait, to regard, to honour, etc.

E. mind, lat. men-s = pac n, to catch, to receive ;* fr.
comprend-re = lat. con-prehend-o (to understand) = to catch ;
it. cap-isco (to understand) = cap, to catch, to receive ; lat.
s-ci-o^ (to know) = s cap, to catch, to take, to gather ; e. gaz-e
(ge. gaff-en) = cap s, to catch with the eyes, to look, to see ;
hu. nez (to look) = cnap-s, cap n s = jap. noz-omi ; e. feel =
pac 1, to catch, to touch ; hu. fill (the ear) = pac 1, to receive,
to catch ; hu. hall (to hear) = cap 1 ; e. hear = cap r ; e. ear =
cap r ;^ tu. bek-mek = tu. bak-mak (to see) = pac, to catch
with the eyes = lat. s-pec-to, gr. s-kep-to = to scout (s cap t)
= ge. schau-en, s cap = e. spy, fr. spi-on, s pec ; e. see = gr.
seh-en, s pac, to catch, to receive ; lat. oc-ulus (the eye) =
pac 1 ; to hop-e, ge. hoff-en = cap, to catch, to expect ; lat.

^ Jap. kak-eru, tsuk-u (to sit, be seated) = to fix, to hang, to lay
= ge. sich an einen Platz fiig-en. Hu. sz^k (a seat) = jap, tsuk-u (to
hang, to sit, to be seated).

2 Capr-ice = hu. makr-ancz ; i. e. : mak = pac = cap ; e. stubb-
orn = ge. steif ; hu. mak-acs = ge. muck-isch (peev-ish).

' Ge. Topf-en = lat. tyr-o, hu. tiir-6 (curd) = t cap r, to fix, to
coagulate ; e. curd = cap r t, to fix ; ge. quarg = e. curd, cap r ak, to
fix ; hu. kocs-onya (fr. gelee) = cap t, to fix.

* The same root as in : lat. man-us (the hand) — pac n, to take,
to catch, to receive. Chin, man = to feel, to examine, to hold, to search
for = lat. men-s and lat. man-us.

* The same root as in : si. ci-tat (to reed) = cap t, to gather
and in si. cuv (to bear, to feel) ; also in si. eti-t (ge. acht-en, to mind,
to think) = cap t.

« Lat. aur-is, and-io, e. ear and e. hear are the same roots.

68

cup-io = clp, cap-cap, to grasp, to gripe, to try, to catch ; si.
kup-it (ge. kauf-en, to buy) = cap, to catch, to take ; lat.
s-pe-ro (to hope) = s pec ro ;^ e. avar-itions = cap r, to catch,
to grasp, to gripe ; ge. Gier (greediness)^ = cap r, to grasp ;
ge. hasch-en (to grasp) = cap s ; e. striv-e, ge. streb-en (== to
strugg-le, to striv-e, to press) == st carp, to grasp, to press ;
lat. aud-eo (to dare) = avid-ity, cap t, to grasp, to strive, to
struggle ; hu. kap-arkodik (to catch, to grasp) = cap r ; lat.
stud-io (to study) = st cap t, to grasp, to strive, to struggle ;
e. wait = pac t ; e. watch = pac t, to keep in mind, to catch
with the mind ; tii. bek (to watch) = pac ; ge. wach-en (to
wait) = pac ; ge. wart-en (= to wait, to hop-e) = it. guard-are
(to look, to keep) = pac r t, to grasp, to catch with the mind ;
hu. v^r (= ge. wart-en), to wait = pac r, to grasp, to catch
with the mind ; it. spett-are (to wait) = lat. s-pec-tare (to look,
to watch) ; span, esper-o (to wait) = lat. sper-o (to hop-e) ;
ar. hafz (1, to watch ; 2, to keep ; 3, memory) = cap s ;^ ge.
aeht-en (to regard, to estimate) = pac t, to hold in the mind ;
ge. ehr-en (to honour) = pac r ; lat. hon-or (honour) = cap n,
to keep in the mind ; lat. ven-er-o (to venerate) = pac n ; e.
re-gard* = cap r t, to keep in the mind or before the eyes ; lat.
me-mor-ia = mar-mar, pac r-pac r, to keep'^ ; etc.

Division 14: to take in, to eat, to drink, to swallow, to
devour, food.

Hu. be-kap (to catch in, to take in, to devour) = be (in),
pac ; and kap = catch, cap ; gr. phag-o (to eat) = pac, cap,
to catch, to take in, to eat ; lat. phah-seolus = (beans) =
pac s = phag-o ; si. hu. bab, bob (lat. phah-seolus) = weak

^ Lat. ex-pec-to (to hope) has the same root ; and lat. s-pe-ro =
s pac r. Thus : e. hop-e = s-pec-to, to catch, to grasp, to grip-e. E.
s-cou-t = s cap t = ge. schau-en = s cap. Hu. cserk-esz (to scout) =
t pre, t pac r = it. cere-are, fr. ehereh-er, e. search = a) to catch, to
grasp, b) to scratch.

2 Perhaps the same word as : lat. quaer-o (to ask) span, quier-o
(to with, to love), hu. ker (to ask), etc. E. ask = pac s = a) to catch,
to grasp, or b) to press, to urge. Hu. ker-es (to search ) is rather : cap r,
a) to grasp ; b) to scratch.

3 Lat. me-mor = mer-mor = pac r-pac r ; jap. ma-mor-u (to
guard) = pac r-pac r ; hu. em-lek (memory) = hem-1 = cap 1 ; hu.
elme (memory) = hem 1, cap 1.

* The same word as it. guard-are (to keep), ge. wart-en, hu. var,
e. wait, etc.

• The same word as : jap. ma-mor-u (to keep, to guard) = pac r-
pac r VI, to keep. Gr. mi-me (mimics) =: pac-pac, to keep, to guard,
to imitate. Hu. majom, tu. maimun (an ape) = gr. mime, to imitate.

69

form of phag (to eat) ; si. zob-at (to eat) = s cap ; si. zob (oats)^
= s cap, to eat, a food ; si. zub (a tooth) = s cap, to eat ; scrt.
dham-s (to bite) = t cap s, to take in, to eat ; scrt. dham-t
(lat. dens, a tooth) = t cap ; lat. dap-s (food) = t cap, to eat ;
jap. tab-e (to eat) = t cap ; hu. tap (= lat. dap-s, food) =
t cap, to eat ;^ ge. Speis-e (food) = s pac s, to eat ; lat. vor-are
(to eat, to devour) = pac r, to take in, to eat ; hu. fal = lat.
vor-are ; gr. geu-o (to eat) = cap ; lat. gus-tare,^ ge. kos-ten,
Kost, (to eat) = lat. gul-a (glutt-ony) = cap 1, to take in, to
devour ; lat. glut-ire = cap 1 t ; fr. gout-er, ge. Jaus-e == gr.
gev-o, cap, to eat ; chin, fan (rice, food) = pac n, to eat ;* ge.
Futt-er^, e. food = pac t ; lat. nut-rio = vnukt-rio, pac n t,
to eat ; ge. nah-r-en = pnc-r, pac n r ; ge. Waitz-en (wheat) =
pac t, to eat ; hu. buz-a (wheat) = pac s, to eat ; hu. gyom-or
(stomach) = cap, to eat ; hu. pacz-al (tripe) = pac t, to eat ;
ge. Mag-en (stom-ac) = mac, pac, to take in ; gr. stom-achus =
st cap, to take in ; gr. sto-ma (stook-ma) = st pac, to eat ; hu.
szaj (the mouth) == s pac, to eat ; chin, kheu (the mouth) =
cap, to take in, to eat ; chin, chek* (to eat, to drink) = t pac,
to take in ; scrt. ad, lat. ed-o (to eat) = hed, cap t, to take in ;
gr. hed-us (sweat) = cap t, to be taken in, aggreable ; jap.
ham-u (to eat) = cap ;' hu. hamm (to eat, to devour) = cap, etc.

VII : the huh-weh-howl-group.

Division 1 : to blow, to respire, etc.

1 Lat. av-ena, ge. Haf-er = cap, to eat. Gr. phag (= pac) is the
middle type of pap, which means in a great many languages : to eat ;
f. i. : ge. Pap-i (the action of eating, the food of children ; si. bob, hu.
bab (beans) = pap, to eat, a food.

2 Lat. dap-s = t cap — is a plain inversion of e. food = pac t.
^ Pers. gusht (the meat, the flesh) = cap st = hu. bus (the meat)

— chin, juk (inversion of hu. hfis, the meat). E. meat = pac t, to eat ;
€. meal, ge. MabI = pac 1, to eat,

« Perhaps : lat. pan-is = pac n, to eat ; e. bread = prac t, pac r t,
to eat or: frig-t, to toast, to dry.

* Ge. fiitt-ern — a) eat ; b) lining ; both ideas have the meaning :
to take in, to put in ; to eat and to enter; both can be analysed : pac t
VI, take in, put in.

• Chin, ebe, cho (the abbreviated form of oldchin. chek) is a plain
inversion of tii. iitch-mek (to drink) = hu. iisz = (to drink) == hu*
osz (to eat) = cap s, to take in ; and lat. bi-bo, gr, pi-po — pac n, to
take in ; lat. po-tus = pac t. Hu. fiz, iz (== lat. gus-tare) = cap s,
to take in.

' The same root as in : ge. Mahl (a meal), lat. mel-o (a melon),
lat. mal-us (an apple), hu. alm-a = hamla (an apple), and e. app-le=
pap 1 (to eat), the same root as in lat. fab-a, si. bob, hu. bab = pap
(to eat), weak type of phag-o.

70

Chin, hu, ge. haueh-en (to blow, to respire) = huh ; hu.
heh = ge. liauch-eii ; hu. keh — ge. hauch-en, keueh-en, e.
cough ; hu. fu, fuv (to blow) = fuh, weh = jap. fuk-u (to blow) ;
jap. fuy-e (a flute) = fuh, weh ; jap, fuy-u (winter) = jap.
fuk-u, to blow ; scrt. wa = ge. weh-en (to blow) ; ge. Wind
= weh-en-d, to blow ; ge. Wett-er, e. vveath-er = weh t er (to
blow) ; si. hu. vih-ar (a storm-wind) ^ weh (to blow) ; e. wint-er
ge. Wint-er, = weh n t (to blow, season of winds) ; e. blow,
lat. f la-re = weh 1 ;^ lat. s-pi-ro, s-pi-ritus, (to blow, to respire,
the soul) = s weh r ; gr. pneu-ma (respiration, soul) = blow-ma ;^
si. dieh-at, duch (respiration, soul) = t huh, t weh ;^ fi. tuul-i
(the wind) = t huh 1, t weh 1 ; fi. talv-i (= tav-l-i), the winter =
t hew 1, t weh 1, the windy season ; hu. tel = fi. tav-1, t hev 1,
t veh 1 ; hu. sz61 = fi. tuul-i (the wind) = s huh 1, s weh 1 ; e.
soul, ge. Seel-e (respiration) = s huh 1, s weh 1, to blow ; ar.
nef-es* (the soul, the respiration) = hnv, hew n, weh n, to blow -;
ar. anf (the nose) = hnw, weh n, to blow ; ge. sehneu-tzen
(to snuff) = s hnew t, s hew n t, (the same root in e. nos-e =
new s, hnew s, hew n s ; hu. orr (the nose) = hewr, weh r, to
respire ; gr. rhy-n = hrw n, hew r n, weh r n ; hu. pih-eg =
e. blow ; fr. hal-eine, lat. ex-hal-are = hew 1, weh 1 ; gr. anem-os
(wind) = hem n, hew n, wehn = lat. anim-a (the soul, the spirit) ;
hu. lih-eg, leh-el, leh-elek or lelek (to respire, the soul) = wlh,
weh 1, to blow ; ar. hebr. ruch, ruach (the wind) = wrh, weh r,
to blow ; ge. Rauch (fume) = ar. ruch (to respire, to blow) =
wrh, weh r, to blow ; e. pow-der = to blow, to fume = lat.
pulv-is ; si. prach, hu, por (dust, powder) = weh 1 ; e. dust =

1 Lat. fla-re = flh, weh 1, and e. blow (blob, lat. fla, flab) =
weak type of wlh, wehl. E. blow (to beat) = pap 1, pok 1 I.

2 Gr. pneu = weh n, and blow = weh 1 ; I may call gr. pneu
the n-root of e. blow. E. bell-y = blow ; si. bruch = (belly) = blow ;
ge. Bauch (belly) = blow, blown up.

3 Even tof-tof, the newest onomatopy (for : motor-car) is resembl-
ing si. duch, dih-at. SI. duch = t huh, t weh ; tof = t weh, t hew.

* E. nos-e, ge. Nas-e = ar. anf (the nose) = ar. nef-s (the blow-
ing, the respiration, the soul) ; e. nos-e = hnw-s, hew n, weh n, to
blow, to respire ; e. snuff = (ge. sebnupf-en, scbneutz-en) = s hnew,
s hev n, to respire, to blow. Ar. nef-s, (has the same root as hu. nev-et
(to laugh); hu. nev-et (to laugh) = hnw, weh n, to respire quickly;
hu. hab-ota (laughter) = huh t, to respire quickly ; si. bob-ot (to
laugh) = hu. hab-ota ; hu. g6ny — ge. biibn-en (to scoff) = huh t,
to laugh ; e. scoff = s huh, to laugh ; hu. rib-og (to laugh) = wrh,
weh r, to respire quickly ; e. laugh, ge. lach-en = wlh, weh 1 ; lat.
rid-eo = wrh t, weh r t ; heb. zah-ak (to laugh) = s hah = si. bob-ot ;
ge. kieh-ern (to laugh) = hih, hoh, si. hoh-ot ; e. titt-er, ge. kich-ern =
t hih t.

71

t weh st = ge. Dunst (t veh n st VII) ;i hu. fiist (fume) =
wah s t, to blow ; lat. vap-or = e. blow ;^ gr. thy-o (to fumigate,
to incense) = t weh, to blow, to fumigate ; lat. thus (incense) =
t weh s, to fumigate ; lat. thy-on (sulphur) = t weh ; ge. Schwef-
el, sulph-ur = s weh 1 or : s hew 1 = s blow (to fumigate) ;
lat. fu-mus — weh, to fume ; ge. thy-mos, e. thy-me = t weh,
to fume, to blow ;^ oldchin. bong (the wind) = hu. bong, bug,
zug (ge. braus-en, saus-en, to rush, to bluster) ; newchin. feng4
(the wind) = oldchin. bong ; ar. duch-an (smoke) = t weh,
to blow ; hu. doh-any (tabacco) = t weh, to smoke, to blow ;
e. smok-e = s mah, s weh, to blow ; ge. Duft, duf-ten (fragrance)
= t hew, to fume, to emit fragrance ; lat. frag-or = weh r ; lat.
vex-illa (flag) = weh s, to blow ; ge. Fah-ne (flag) = weh n ;
e. flag = weh 1 (= lat. fla-re, flah-re, to blow).

Division 2 : to howl.

Chin, hu (the tiger) = the howl-er ; ge. Uli-u, Eul-e (the
ow-1) = huh, huh 1 ; e. how-1 = ge. heul-en, huh 1 ; mong. uh-er
(the ox) = huh, the howler ; hu. 6k-6r, tu. ok-iiz = mong.
uh-er (the ox) ; hu. bag-ol (the owl) = huh, buh, to how-1 ; lat.
mug-io = huh ; lat. vacc-a, it. muec-a (the cow) = lat. vag-io,
mug-io ; hu. ug-at (to bark) = huh, to howl, to bark ; lat.
musc-a = si. much-a (a fly) = mug, to hum ; ge. summ-en =
s hum, s mug ; ge. Miiek-e (mosquito) = muh, hum ;^ hu. mor-og,
ge. murr-en (to murmur) = mug r, gum r, hum r ; ge. Hunun-el
(a humble-bel) = to hum ; si. shum (a bustle) = s hum ; etc., etc.

1 Perhaps : lat. fav-ill-a (ashes) — weh 1 (fav weak type of wah),
si. pepel (ashes) = weh 1. Hu. ham-u (ashes) = hew, weh ; hu. hom-ok
(dust) = hew ; jap. gom-i (dust) = hew, weh. E. foam = weh m, ge.
Sehau-m = s hew m ; lat. spu-ma = s weh m (foam) ; ge. Flaum =
weh 1 m ; fr. plum-e = weh 1 m ; lat. phys-e (bladder) = weh s ; e.
bladd-er = blow-ter ; lat. fue-us (sea-weed) = weh, blown up ; lat.
bacc-a (berry) = weh ; lat. fie-us = weh, blown up.

2 Gr. kap-nos (fume, vapour) = hew, weh, to blow ; lat. vap-or
= weak type of weh, to blow ; hu. goz, gaz (vap-our, gas) = hew s,
weh s, to blow ; e. ghost, ge. Geist = hew s t, weh s t, to blow, to res-
pire. Ge. Dampf (steam) = t henw, t weh n ; e. steam = st henw, st
weh n, to blow, to fume, to smoke ; e. smok-e = s weh, to fume.

* Ge. Muth (courage) is the plain inversion of gr. thymos = to
blow, to fume.

* Hu. fing = the intestinal wind. Huh, buh, bug, bong are the
onomatopic sounds for the blowing of the wind.

* Mosquito is a diminutive of lat. muse-a (a fly) or : ge. Muck-e
(a mosquito). Hu. m^h (a bee) = muh, hum ; ge. Miick-e (a mosquito)
= muh, hum, and si. much-a (a fly) = muh, hum ; all three words
have the same root in the name of different animals, such as : bee,
mosquito, fly.

V. Vocabulary.

The new system may have all the advantages of a popular
science. It shows every amateur how to analyse words without
any other scientific or philological resource.

More than half of every dictionary can be analysed, by
applying to its words the seven keys, as indicated in this work.

For the other part, the minority of words found in the
vocabularies, they can be only disclosed by high-school ety-
mology, and often only by deep researches concerning the
historical associations of the origin of a great number of words.

Thus the aim of this new system — the complete analysis
of each vocabulary — can be attained only by the support of
the etymologists of each country, authorities in the knowledge
of their own vocabularies; nevertheless they will occasionally
profit — themselves — as much by laying claim to these new
principles, as my system will be assisted by their recognition
and support : both the systems united offering to make in the
future common work for common interests.

Under such circumstances I must feel contented to give
only a few illustrations in different languages, being hints for
those, who wish to make the same essays in their own country's
vocabulary, and who wish to take a part in the accomplishment
of the new system.

1. Examples of adamitic analysis taken from the english
language (letter a-c).

Abb = cap-cap, cap-ap, cap VI, to unite, to attache.
Abbot from heb. abba (the father), ar. ab (the father) = cap VI,
to protect.! Ab-ility = cap VI, lat. hab-ilis, cap-ax, g. fah-ig ;
hu. kep-es = lat. cap-ax.^ Abut = ad but, fr, but (the aim) =
pok t I, to beat, to knock ; or pac t VI, to touch, to attain.
Ache = pak, kap V to scratch, to molest ; or. pac VI, to oppress.'
Aeide, gr. oxys = pak s V, to scratch, to ache. Act = pac VI,

! Lat. pa-ter = pac VI, to protect = e. fah-ter (father) = pac VI ;
chin, fu, oldchin. fu, oldchin. pok (the father) =: pac VI, to protect.

2 All these words have the signification : to attain the aim ; lat.
ap-tus (able) = cap VI, lat. cap-io, to catch, to touch, to attain =
gr. hap-to (to touch, to attain) ; lat. cap-io (to catch) and lat. hab-eo
(to catch, to keep, to have) are in nearest affinity.

^ Pain = pac n VI, to oppress = ge. Pein, lat. poen-a ; hu. hkn
(to be sorry) = pac n VI to oppress = lat. poen-itet me (it oppresses
me). E. soiT-ow, sorr-y — s cap r VI, to oppress, to pain. Ge. bange
(anxious) = pac n VI, to press. Hu. szor (to press) = e. sorr-y ; tu.
sor (to ask) = s pac r (to urge).

73

to close, to finish, to perfect, concludere.^ Acute = pak, kap V,
to scratch. After = cap t VI, to touch, to attain. All = cap 1 VI,
to gather, to fill.^ Anger = pac n VI, to oppress. Angust =
pac n VI, to oppress ; ge. eng == pac n VI, ge. knapp (close,
narrow) = cap n VI, to press, to oppress.^ Angle, ankle =
ge. Winkel, to bend, lat. flec-to, curvo.* Angry = ge. eng, bang
= pac n VI, to press ; gr. an-ank-e = ank-ank, eng-eng (to
press-to press) ; gr. ananke = e. nec-essity ; ank- = nek ; and
narr-ow = nak-row ; e. need, ge. Not = nec-t. Ape = gr. hap-to,
to touch, to imitate == cap VI, together, like, similar.^ Arch
= wac r III, to curve, to bend. Argue == wac r III, to burst,
to open, light. Arm = cap r VI, to hem, to catch, to keep. Arms
= cap r, VI, to hem, to hinder. Ask = pac s VI, to press, to
urge. At, lat. ad = cap t VI, to keep, to touch. Avide = cap VI,
to covet, lat. cupidus.^ Awl, ge. Able = cav 1 IV, to dig, to cave,
to bore. Awry = curvus, kwr III, to curve. Axilla = vac s 1,
vac IV, to dig, to cave, hole, void. Babble, baby = plap I, to
make a noise, or VII, to babble. Back = ge. beug-en, to bow,
wlc, crv III, to curve, to bend. Bad = pap t III, broken down,
miserable, ill, bad.' Badger = pac t ak VI, to press, to oppress.
Bag = pac VI, to pack, to keep, to contain^. Bald = vac 1 1 IV,
to cave, to vaste, void, empty. Band, bind = pac n t VI, to
unite. Ban = pac n VI, to retain, to hem, to prohibit. Bang =
pok n I, to beat, to knock. Bank = pac n VI, to hem, to hinder,

^ Lat. con-clud-o, to close = clap t, cap 1 t VI, to perfect to,
finish.

2 Gr. hol-os (all)= cap 1 VI to gather ; e, fill = pac I VI, to gather ;
ge. viel (much) = pac 1 VI, to gather = gr. poliis (much) = gr. polls
(the town), an assembly.

^ ((Eng» is the inversion of «knapp» ; and ge. bang = ge. eng.
Narrow = knap r ap, or pnak r ap, cap n VI, to press. Press = prac s,
pac r s VI.

* Lat. curv-o (to bend, to curve) = kawr III, to bend ; ge. wend,
e. bend = wak n t III, to bend ; ge. Wink-el (a corner) = wak n III,
to bend ; e. corn-er = crv n, lat. curv-us, kaw r III, to bend, to curve.

^ Sim-ia (the ape) = sim-ilis (liking) = s cap VI, together, united,
harmonizing.

• Hav-idus = cup-idus ; lat. hab-eo (to take, to keep) = lat.
cap-io (to catch, to take) ; lat. harp-ax (harpagon) = hab r, cap r VI,
to covet.

' Oldchin. pap, pat = to beat, to break, to break down, poor,
miserable, bad. Ge. bos = e. bad. SI. beda (misery) = pap t III, broken
down ; or : pac t VI, to press.

® Ge. pack-en, ge. Sack = s pac, ge. Beut-el (a bag) == pac 1 1 VI,
to pack, to contain.

to dani.^ Bar = pac r VI, to hem, to dam. Bare = vac r IV, void,
empty. Bark = kap r V, pak r, V, to shell, to peel or : to cave,
to carve. Bark, ge. bellen = pre, lat. crep-o, kop r I, fr. tapage,
noise, ge. poltern, to bluster. Baron = pac r VI, to protect or
to oppress. Basin = pac s VI, to contain. Basket = pac s VI,
to contain. Bastard = pac s t VI, to gather, to mix up. Bastion
= pac s t VI, to shelter. Baston = pap s t, pok s t I, to beat.^
BatJi = gr. bap-t-o, to throw in the water I, to throw or vac
t IV, to dig, to dip, to duck. Bawl = babble or howl (VII or I,
noise). Be, gr. phy-o, scrt. bhu = wak III, to burst, to rise.
Bean = pac n VI, to take in, to eat. Bear = pac r VI, to hold
or wah r III, to draw, to wear, lat. veh-o. Beauty, it. bell-ezza
= pac 1 VI, to unite, to gather, together, to harmonize, to be
apt. Bed = pac t VI, to dwell, to rest. Beg = pac VI, to press,
to urge. Bell = pap 1, fr. frapp-er I, to beat.^ Belly = belh,
blow VII, to blow up, to puff up.* Belong = be (pac, to touch,
to unite) and long, gr. e-lach-on, plac, pac 1, VI, to reach, to
touch. Belt = pac 1 t VI, to clasp about, to embrace. Bend =
wnk t. III ge. wenden, winden, Winkel, lat. genu = ge. Knie,
knee.^ Best = superlative of lat. bene (well) = pac s t VI, to
unite, to harmonize. Bid = pac t VI 1) to touch, to give ; 2) to
urge, to beg ; the same as lat. pet-o, im-pet-us, ge. drangen,
to urge. Nearest affinities : ex-ped-io, to urge ; im-ped-io, to
force, to retain. Bide == pac t VI, to dwell, to bear.*' Bind = pac
n t VI, zusammenfassen, to unite.' Bird (to catch birds) =
pac r t VI, to catch. ^ Birth — lat. fero, pac r VI, to hold, to
bear or veh r III, to bring forth. Bit, to bite = pac t VI, to

1 Hem = cap VI, to retain ; dam == t hem, t cap VI, to retain,
to hinder ; hinder = hem t er = cap t er. Lat. dom-inus = e. to dam,
to tame.

2 Ge. Biittel = pap 1 1, pok 1 1 1, to beat ; ge. Knuttel = knop 1 1,
kop n 1 1 I, to beat ; ge. Priigel = pok r 1 I, to beat.

3 Ge. Glocke, e. clock = knock ; lat. camp-ana (clock, bell) =
kop n I, to beat ; hu. kolomp (clock, bell) = klop, kop 1 I, to beat.

* Hu. poh (belly^^ -= nuff up, ge. Bauch = hu. poh, si. brucho.

* Bow = ge. beu , i3ug = wak III to curve ; curve = kaw r III,
to bow ; lat. flec-to (to bend) = wak 1 III, to curve, to turn.

* Scrt. vas = pac s VI, to dwell, to rest ; ge. wohn-en = pac n
VI, to rest ; hu. lak = plac, pac 1 VI, to rest ; and e. bear = pac r VI,
to hold ; ge. dulden = t hold, t cap 1 1.

' Ge. kniipf-en (to bind) = cap n (zusammenfassen) ; e. bind =
pac n t VI ; the two words represent a simple inversion.

* Jap. tori (a bird) = jap. tori (to catch) ; heb. dag (a fish) =
t pac (to catch) ; perhaps hu. vad (venison, fr. gibier) = pac t, to
catch ; fr. gibier = cap (to catch) ; fr. chasse (to chase) = cap s (to
catch).

75

catch. Blaek = pac 1 VI, to close, to cover. ^ Bladder = blow t,
VII to blow up. Blank = wak 1 n III, to burst, to open, clear.^
Bleit = blabt, plap t VII, to babble. Bloat = blow t, VII, puffed
up. Blood = lat. ferv-eo III to boil.^ Bloom, blossom = blh,
wak 1 VII, to break out, to burst. Blunder = plap n t, I, to
babble. Bluster = plak s t, pok 1 st I, to beat, to knock, to make
a noise.* Boast = pok s t I, to knock, to make a noise. ^ Bob =
pap I, to beat, t knock, to cut.^ Bomb, bombast = pap n,
wak n III, to break out, to burst, to swell.' Boot = pac t VI,
to keep, to catch, to contain. Border — pac r t VI, to clasp,
to embrace, ge. einfassen.^ Bosky = pac s VI, to keep, to hide.
Bosom : to keep, to hide VI. Both = pac t VI, together, to
gather.^ Bottom = lat. fodeo, to cave, to dig, to deepen IV,
lat. cavare.^° Bounty, fr. bonte=i= pac n VI, to unite, to harmonize,
to be fit ;" ability, aptitude. Bow = ge. bug, beug = wak III,
to curve, to bend. Box = 1) pac s VI, to contain ; 2) pok s I to
beat. Brabble = babble I, noise. Brace = prac s, pac r s VI, to
press. Brag = pok r I noise, lat. crep-o. Brake = pac r VI, to
press, to hem. ^2 Breed = veh r t III, to draw, to educate, to
bring up. Bring = veh r n III, to draw, to bear. Bristle =vrc s t,
pak r s t V, to scratch, to rub. Brond = prok n t, pok r II, to cut,
gr. kop-to. Brook = pac r VI, to hold. Bruise = pok r s I to
knock, to break. Buckle = pac 1 VI, to unite, to bind. Buckler =

^ E. black = ge. Wolke (cloud) ;= pac 1 VI, to cover ; e. cloud =
clap t, cap 1 1 VI, to cover ; hu. kod (fog, cloud) = cap t VI, to cover ;
e. fog = pac, cap VI, to cover.

2 Break = wak r, to

* Hu. fol (to boil) = fev 1, lat. ferv-eo; e. boil = hu. fol, ge. wallen.
Ge. Blut = wall-t.

* Lat. clam-or (bluster) = klop, kop 1, I noise ; ge. Poller =
plok t, pok 1 1 I, noise.

^ Ge. prahlen (to boast) = prak 1, pok r 1 I, to make a noise =
e. poltern ; lat. calum-nia = kop 1 1, a noise, lat. crep-o ; ge. lastern =
lop st, kop 1 I, crepo, a noise ; hu. karom-ol (lastern) = kop r I, a
noise, lat. crep-o.

* Ge. spotten (bobbing) = s pok t I, to beat, to knock down.
' Fi. umpu (a bud) = hap n, kaw n III, to burst ; same words :

hu. bimbo (a bud), lat. pomjJa (a swelhng), lat. bombyx ; lat. bulb-us.

* Ge. Kremp-e (border) = cap r n VI clasp, ge. einfassen ; ge.
Rand (border) = crp n t, cap r n t VI.

* Gather = cap t r VI.

^« Lat. fod-io = vac t, to cave, to dig IV ; lat. put-eus (a well) =
vac t, fodio ; hu. kut (a well) = cav t, lat. cavare IV.

*^ Lat. bonus, bene = oldchin. bien, pien (fit, commodity, apti-
tude).

" Hem = cap VI, to retain, to hinder.

lat. clip-eus, clup-eus VI, to keep, to hide, to shelter. Bud =
wak t III, to break out, to burst. Budget = pac t VI, to contain.
Bull = lat. bubalus, ge. Buffel = babble I to make a noise,
to roar, to bellow. Bul-wark = ge. Boll, pac 1 VI, to protect.
Bump = puff, pap n I to beat. Bur = pac r VI together, united.^
Burg = ge. bergen, VI to protect, to defend. Burse = pac r s
VI to contain. Bury = vac r IV, to cave, to dig. Bush, it. bosco =
pac s VI to protect, to hide. Business = pac s VI, the occupa-
tion (ob cap-io). Buss = pac s VI, to unite, to touch. But =
U poc t I, to beat ; 2) pac t VI, to close, to finish. Butcher =
pok t I, to beat, to knock down, to cut. Butter = pak t V, to
scratch, to rub, to smear, to grease. Button = a big bud. Buy =
pac VI, to catch, to take.^ Cab = cap VI, to contain. Cabbage
from lat. caput (a head) = cap t VI, to contain, or VI, to begin,
or III, heb, to rise. Cabin = cap VI, to contain, to hide, to
shelter. Cable = cap 1 VI, to unite, to bind. Cade = cap t VI,
to contain = hu. kad, a tub, a coop. Calamity = cap 1 VI, to
urge, to press, grievance.^ Caliee, from. gr. kalyp-to, cap 1 VI,
to hide. Call = gr. kaleo, klv-o = kop 1 I, a noise.* Calm =
cap 1 VI, to remain, to hem, to stop, to rest. Calvity = cav 1 IV,
void, empty, deprived. Can, ge. die Kanne = cap n VI, to con-
tain. Can, ge. konnen, Kunst = cap n VI, to touch, to reach ;
nearly related to : know = cap n VI, to catch, ge. fassen. Cancer,
it. gamb-ero = kap n V, to scratch ; ge. Krebs = to scratch,
a crab, Krabbe, lat. scarabaus (a scratcher), scorpion = a
scratcher. Cannon = 1. cav n V, cave, hole ; or. kop n I, to
knock, to throw ; tu. top (a cannon) = t kop I, to knock, to
cast. Cap = cap VI, to hide, to cover. Capable, lat. capax =
cap VI to touch, to reach, to can ; related to : apt and lat. hab-ilis.

^ Ge. Klette (bur) = klap t, cap It VI, ge. kleben, together, united.

2 Chin, mai, mak (to buy and to sell) = pac VI, to catch, to take.
It seems to me : e. buy = pac, to catch, to take ; lat. ven-do = pac
n VI, to take, to catch. In both languages the ideas «to buy and to
sell)) seem to derive from the same common source, in the same manner
as in scrt, do — 1) to give, (tak, t pak, to touch, to give) and 2) do =
tak, t pac, to take, to catch ; as lat. vastare (to vaste) ' = vastus (ex-
tended, great, big) ; etc. E. bid we can explain : 1) pac t = to urge
taking, to give ; 2) to urge catching, to beg.

® Ge. greif-en (to gripe) is related to e. griev-ance, having the
sense : cap r VI, to press ; ge. driicken, ge. Drang, Bedrangnis =
tak r n, t pac r n VI, to press ; anglosax. dryhten (the Lord) = t cap
r t VI, to oppress, driicken.

* Ge. Ruf, Ruhm, lat. rum-or = crp-or, kop 1 1, to beat, to knock,
noise ; nearly related to lat. clam-or = to scream, kop 1 I, a noise,
ge. poltern, e. bluster ; ar. kelam (a speech) = kop 1 I, a noise ; lat.
calum-nia = kop 1 I, a noise.

77

Care = cap r VI, to presse, to urge. Career, lat. curro = cap r
VI to urge, to run,^ Carpe = cap r VI, to grasp, to rob, a robber.
Carpet = cap r VI, to embrace, to surround, to frame. ^ Carry
= 1) cap r VI to hold, to bear ; 2) hev r, veh r III, lat. veho,
to draw, to wear. Carve — cav r IV, to cave, to dig ; or kap r,
V, to scratch.^ Case = it. casa = ge. Haus = hu. haz = cap
s VI to contain, to shelter. Cask = cap s ak VI, to hem, to de-
fend*. Castle = cap s t VI, to defend, to shelter. Catch = cap
t VI, to catch, to take, to hold. Caul = cap 1 VI, to unite, to
bind, to knit, a net. Cause = cap s VI, to urge, to presse. Cave
= cav IV, to dig. Caw = kop I, to make a noise, to bluster.
Cecity = Blindness ^ Ceil = cap 1 VI, covered. Celibacy = cav 1
IV, void, free. Cell = cap 1 VI, to contain or cav 1 IV, to cave,
to dig. Cellar = cav 1 IV, a cave. Cement = lat. cum, cap VI,
to unite, to attache. Cenatory = cap n VI to take in, to eat.
Centre = cap n t VI, to enter, in, middle**. Cerate = cav r IV,
to cave, a cellule. Chafer, Kafer = kap r V, to scratch. Chagrin
= t pac r VI, to press. Chain, lat. catena = cap t VI, to attache,
to unite. Chamber = cap n VI, to contain'^. Champ = cap n VI
to take in, to eat, to bite. Change, it. cambiare I, kop n, to knock,
to divide. Channel = cav n IV, to cave, to dig. Chaos = cav

1 E. run = hu. roh-an = pac r n (to urge, to hurry) ; lat. curro
= e. hurry, cap r VI, to urge, to press.

2 Frame = prak am, pak r m (to surround) = lat. forma (to con-
tain, to surround)= hu. perem, ge. Krampe (to embrace, to surround,
to encircle). Gr. morphe (forma) is an interesting inversion of lat.
forma.

2 Lat. scribo, ge. schreiben = s cav r IV, or s kap r V ; e, write =
vrc t, vac r t IV, or pak r t V ; hu. r6, rov = crv, krp ; hu. Ir, hfr =
cvr, kpr ; jap. hori (to carve, to grab) = cav r IV.

* Ge. Helm (cask) = hem 1 VI, to hem, to hinder, to defend ;
ar. harem = hem r, cap r VI, to hem, to defent.

' It is very difficult to find out the primitive sense of lat. coecus
(blind). Hu. vak (blind) seems to accord with lat. vac-uus (hollow,
void) = chin, hia, oldchin. hap, hat, which can be explained : 1)
cap VI, dunkel, befangen, dim or cav IV, hollow, void. Lat. coec-us
= cav ac (void, empty) as fr. borgne = vrc, vac r IV, void, empty ;
and blind = pac 1 n t VI, dim, cloudy.

• Hu, be (in) = pac VI, to contain, to hold, to keep ; e. in =
hin, cap n VI, in, enter ; e. be-gin = pac-cap n (to take and to seize,
or to take and attack, to undertake.

' Chamber = ge. Kammer ; but ge. Zimmer = typ r, t kop r
(from timber = gr. typto, (to knock, to cut). The same root in : e.
type, ge. ziemen (treffend sein), fr. timbre, hu. czimer (a weapon),
hu. czim (an adresse).

78

IV, void, empty. ^ Chap = t kaw III, to burst, to split. Charity,
lal. cams = cap r VI, to attache, to unite, to harmonize. Charm
= krm, lat. crep-o, to babble. ^ Chaze = cap s VI, to urge, to
drive ; hu. huszar, the hussar = the chazer, the purchazer,
the driver, fr. chasseur.^ Chaste = cav s t, lat. cav-eo, to avoid
IV. Chat, chatter, t pap t, t pap t r I, to knock, to make a noise.
Chaw = cap VI, to catch, to take with the teeth ;* ge. kau-en
= cap VI. Cheer = cap r VI, 1) to take in, to eat ; 2) to har-
monize. Cheese = cap s VI to get firm, to coagulate. Chest =
cap s t VI, to contain. Chicken = hu. csirke, t pre, crep-o. Child
= kaw 1 t III, to burst, to be born. Chill, ge. kiihl = cap 1 VI,
to get firm, to congeal.^ Chip = t kop II, to cut or t cav IV,
to carve. Chive = cav or kap IV or V to dig, or to scratch.
Choke = t pak VI, to press. Chop = kop II, to cut. Cibol = t
bulb III, to rise like a bud, to swell.'' Cist = cap s t VI, to con-
tain. City = lat. civ-itas = cap t VI, to gather, full, much, an
assembly. Clamm = cap I VI, to press. Clamorous == clap-or,
kop 1 I, to beat, to make a noise. Clamp = cap 1 VI, to press,
to unite. Clan = cap 1 n VI, to gather, to unite. Clandestine =
lat. clam, cap 1 VI, to hide. Clap = kop 1 I noise, lat. crep-o.
Clasp = cap 1 s VI, to surround, to embrace. Claw = kap 1 V,
to scratch. Clef = cap 1 VI, to close. Clever' == cap 1 VI, to touch,
to reach, to harmonize. Clew = cap 1 VI, to unite, to heap.

1 Hebrew : tohu = t vac, and bohu = vac (empty, void). Tu.
bosh (empty, void) = vac IV, and si. bos (bare) = vac s IV.

2 Lat. clam-or = clap-or, crep-o ; ar. kelam (the word) = lat.
crep-o, lat. carmen = lat. crep-o ; ge. sprech-en (to speak) = s pre,
s crep-o ; e. spell = s pap 1 ; lat. fa-bula = pap ; si. ba-ti (spell, charm)
= pap, to speak, to babb-le.

3 Probably the word hussar is the same as ar. hasir (pi. hussar) =
cap s r VI, to press, to drive.

* Hu. fog = tooth ; hu. fog = pac VI, ge. packen, to catch, to
keep ; e. fog — pac VI, to cover ; hu. fog (to catch) = pac VI, ar. kaf
(the hand) = cap VI. Hu. rag (to chaw) = prac, pac r VI, ge. nag-en
(to chaw) = pac n VI, etc.

* Frig-or, to freeze = pac r s VI, to get firm ; hu. fagy = gr.
peg-o, to fix, pac VI, to get firm, to congeal. Lat. gelus = cap 1 VI,
to get fast, firm. Ice, pers. jech = gr. peg-o, to fix. Gelidus = cold
(cap 1 t, to fix). Gr. krystallon (a cristal, ice) = crp st = cap r st VI,
to fix. Lat. rig-idus is the same root as frig-idus (to fix).

* Lat. bulb-us = hu. bimbo (a bud) = fi. umpu (to rise). Ge.
Zwiebel = t bulb. The same root in : bomb, lat. pompa, etc. (to rise,
to swell).

' Stands near to ge. klapp-en (to clap, to succeed) = cap 1 VI,
to reach.

79

Click = fr. claqu-e, klak, kak 1 I, to beat, and to make a noise.*
Client = gr. kly-o, to hear, to follow, cap 1 VI, to follow. Cliff,
ge. Klipp-e = klop, kop 1 I, to knock ; lat. gr. s-eop-ulus, ge.
Schell-e, s kop 1, I, to push against. Climb, ge. klett-ern (clap t),
cap 1 VI, to cramp, to grapple.^ Clip = a) cap 1, to embrace ;
b) klop, kop 1, to cut. Cloak = clap-ak, cap 1 ak, VI, to cover.
Cloister = clap s t VI, to close. Clott-er = clap t, cap 1 t, in-
version of gr. peg-o, to fix, to coagulate. Cloud = cap 1 t, close,
covered, black, shadowy.' Clov-er, ge. Klee = kaw 1 III, to
burst, to divide, to split. Clown = kap 1 n, to rub, to molest,
to be rough. Cloy, fr. clou-er = klop, kop 1 I, to knock.* Club
(a mace) = ge. Kolb-en, klop, kop 1 I, to knock. ^ Cluster =
clap s t, cap 1 VI, to heap. Clutch = clap t, cap 1 1, VI, to catch.^
Clutt-er = klop t, I, to clap, to knock, to make a noise.'^ Coarse =
kap r, to rub, to be rough. Coat = hu. kab-at = ar. heb. kaf-t-an
= cap VI, to cover. Coax-e, ge. kos-en = cap s, VI, to tap, to
touch often. Cob = a) lat. cop-ulare, cap VI, to unite ; b) cap VI,
to tie, to knit. Cock = kok, klok, to gagg-le = lat. gall-us,
gagl-us = hu. kak-as, gag s. Cod = ge. Sehot-e — s cap t VI,
to cover. Coff-er, coff-in, cab-in = cap VI, to close, to containe.
Coif = ge. Haub-e, fr. capuch-on, coiff-ure, clp, cap 1 VI, to
cover. Cold = lat. gel-id-us, cap 1 VI, to fix, to freeze.^ Coll,
eoU-ar = kaw 1 III, to bend.^Colp = gr. kolp-os, kop 1 I, a blow.
Colt-er = lat. cult-er (e. cut-ler), kop t II, to cut, gr. kop-to.
Comb = kap n, to rub, to scratch. Com-e = cap VI, to touch,
to reach. Cook — ge. koch-en = ge. hoch, to rise III, to boil.
Cool = cold, cap 1 VI, to fix, to freeze, to congeal. Coop = clap,
cap 1 VI, to contain, to close. Cop-y = cap VI, to reach, to
touch, to equal, to imitate. Corb = cap r, VI, to contain, to
hold. Cord = cap r t, to tie, to bind. Cork = lat. quercus, the

^ The same root in : clock, ge. Gloek-e, si. glag-ol (the word,
a noise) ; the same : e. klink.

2 Cramp = cap r n, to seize, to hold ; grapp-le — cap r, to grip-e,
to seize.

^ Shad-ow = s cap t ap, VI, to cover, black.

* It. chiod-o, fr. clou, lat. clav-us = klop, kop 1, I, to knock.

8 Ge. Keul-e (a mace) = kop 1 I, to knock ; gr. pelek-iis (a mace)
= inversion of e. club, ge. Kolb-en.

« Clutch is an enlargened or intensive form of catch.

' Blust-er = plok st, and clutt-er = klop t, ge. Polt-er = plok t,
to make a noise.

* Frig-idus = fr. froid, pac r VI, to fix, gr. peg-o, to freeze, to
congeal.

» Neck, ge. Nack-en = ge. neig-en, wak n, to bend, to incline ; lat.
coU-um = si. chai-lo = fi. kau-la = ge. Hal-s = kaw 1, III, curv-ari,
to inchne, to bend. Hu. kaj-la = lat. div-us = si. kriv-i = civ, curv-us.

80

oak, or : lat. cort-ex, the rind. Corner = crv n III, to curve,
to bend. Corps (body) = krw, kaw r, VI, lat. crep-o, to burst.
Cosm-etic = gr. kosm-os, ge. Schmuck = cap s VI, union, har-
mony. Cost^ = cap s t VI, to take in, to eat, to enjoy. Cottage,
cot = cap t VI, to keep, to contain, as a house. Couch = i'r.
eouch-er = it. cuchiare = hu. fek, chin, fuk = lat. cub, cumb-o
= kaw, kaw n, to curve, to bend, to inchne.^ Cough = huh VII,
to respire, to cough. ^ Count is an abbreviation of lat. com-putarc.
Couple = lat. eop-ula, cap 1 VI, to take, together, to gather.
Courb = lat. curv-are, kaw r III. Course = lat. eurr-o, cap r VI,
to urge, to press. Court = ge. giirt-en, Gart-en, to gird, cap r
t VI, to cover, to shelter, to gird.* Cov-e (abode) = cap VI, to
protect = eov-er. Cov-et = cap (with an intensivum) = to
catch often, to grasp often = lat. eup-io, hu. kiv-an. Cow =
inversion of lat. vacc-a = lat. vag-ire, voc-s, VII, to howl.^
Cow = lat. cav-eo.^ Cow-1 = cap 1 VI, to contain (like a tub,
ge. Zub-er, t cap r). Crab = kap r V, to scratch. Crack, crack-er,'^
eraek-le = kak r, kop r I, lat. crep-o, to make a noise. Cradl-e =
crv t 1, III, to bend, to curve, to incline. Craft = cap r t, VI,
to urge. Crag = krak I, to make a noise, to knock against =
ge. Klipp-e, klop, kop 1 I. Cramp = cap r VI, to pack, to seize,
to hem. Crank = crook-ed, lat. curv-us, kaw r III, to curve,
to bend = ge. krank (crooked by disease). Crap-e = crv. III,
to curve. Crap-le = cap r VI, to catch, or kap r V, to scratch.
Crav-e = cap r VI, to urge.

1 This word comes from ge. kost-bar (to be eaten, to be enjoyed,
pretious) and as abbreviation cost = prize, value.

2 Gr. klin-e (a bed) = III, civ n, crv n, to eurv-e, to bend, to lay
down. E. down = III, t cavn, t knv = ge. knick-en, neig-en, to bend,
to incline. Even hu. buk (to fall down) = ge. biiek-en, beug-en, to
bow = lat. cub-itus, cumb-o. Hu. nyug (to rest) = ge. neig-en, ge.
Nach-t, lat. noc-s = heb. noach (to rest, to stop) = ar. rach-e = ge.
Ruh-e (quiet, repose). Even ge. leg-en = lat. lec-tum (a bed) ==
lat. loe-us=hu. hely=vlc, crv, to bend, to incline, to fall down, to rest.

3 Ge. bust-en (to cough) = huh st VII ; hu. kob-6g, keh ^ huh ;
chin, k'o (to cough) = koh, hub, etc.

* This word has not the root : to curve, to bend. Hu. ov (a girdle)
= jap. ob-i = cap, to protect, to gird. Hu. 6v (to protect) is quite the
same notion ; hu. 5r-iz (to protect) = ov r, cap r, to protect.

* How-1 = cow ; both roots are identic.

« Lat. cav-eo could be analysed : a) to a-void = vac (void, empty,
free), or b) cap, to hem, to hinder, to retain, to abstain. The same
root in cow-ard = hu. gyav-a = inversion of ge. feig. Perhaps the
same root in coy (= to abstain).

' The same worde as : crack-er, to make a noise ; ge. Prabl-er
(crack-er) = pok r I, to make a noise.

81

2. Slavic (from letter a — to letter e).

Abolko, jabolko (apple) = papl-ak VII, babble, g. plapp-
ern. Originally from : populus pyramidalis, poplar-tree.^ Agnu
(a lamb, lat. agnus) = gag-n VII, to gagg-le. Agurida (unripe
grape) = pak r, kap r, to scratch V, or pac r VI, to strangle,
g. wurgen (pac r VI). Agulu (hurdle, g. Dorf) = pac 1 VI, to
gather. 2 Airu (acorus) = pak r V, to scratch = fr. aigre, bitter.
Akovu, hu. ako (pail, buck-et) = pac VI, to contain.^ Alkati,
laknoti, (hunger) = pac 1 VI (to covet) or vac 1 IV (void). Alu,
jal (envy) = cap 1 VI, (to covet = cap t VI). Ambar (granary,
magazine) = cap n r VI (to contain). Angaria (compelled service)
= pang, pac n VI (to press, constrain). Apta (elder) = cap t VI
(to eat).* Ardov (lat. dolium, barrel, butt)= crp t = cap r t VI
(to contain).^ Arkanu (cable, rope) = prk n, pac r n VI (to
iDind).^ Ba-jati, ba-ti (to babble, to speak, to chatter, to spell,
to charm) = pap VII, babble.' Baba (old woman) = bab VII,
to babble. Baba (father) = pac pac VI, to shelter, to protect.
Babrat (to stir, to root) = pap r I, to tap often, to touch
often. Babunu, hu. babona (superstition) = bab n VII, to
babble. Bacat (to kiss) = pac VI (to unite, to touch). ^ SI.
bacit, it. buttare (to throw) = pok I, to beat, to fhrow ; frap-
per k terre. Bacit, tu. bek-mek and bak-mak (to scout, gr.
skepto, lat. specto, g. schauen) = pac VI, to catch with the

1 In China pears and apples were grafted on poplar-trees, called :
yang, jap. yanagi, tiirk. yanagi, hung, jegene. As lat. populus (poplar)
comes from babble, hu. topol (poplar) from t babble, so chin, yang,
jap. yanagi, tu. yanagi, hu. jegene derive from gagg-le. The same root
to be found in chin, yang = lat. agn-us (a lamb) ; also : e. lamb =
plap, babble, as g. Gans (goose) = gangs, to gaggle ; lat. anser, anas =
gangs, to gaggle.

2 Hurd-Ie = g. Heerde, Heer = cap r t VI, to gather ; g. Dorf
(a village) = t carp, t cap r VI, to gather, e. gath-er = cap t VI, to
heap, to crowd ; e. crowd = crap t, cap r t VI.

' Pail = pac 1 VI, buek-et = pac t VI.

* E. eld-er = fr. hieble (cap 1 VI, to eat) ; lat. samb-ucus ebulus ;
samb-ucus = s cap n VI, to eat ; eb-ulus = cap 1 VI, to eat.

* Eng. barr-el = pac r VI, e. but = pac t VI ; hu. hordo (barrel) =
si. ardov.

* E. cab-le = cap 1 VI, to bind ; rop-e = crp, cap r VI, to bind.
' Hu. h&i (charm, spell) has the same origin ; it. baj-azzo, e.

spell (sbabl), e. chatt-er (t bab-ter) may have the same signification.
Also : si. bas-it, bes-ed, hu. besz-6d (to speak, to chatter) = pap s VII ;
lat. fa-bula (a tale) = pap-bula VII; hu. pap, si. pop (a priest) = papVII,
to babble, to speak. Or : it baj-azzo = pagliazzo (straw-man).
8 E. kiss = cap s, to touch ; d. buss-en = pac s, to touch.

6

82

eyes.^ Bag, bahnut (to covet) = pac VI, lat. cup-io, to covet.
Bagor (harpoon) = pac r VI, to catch ; e. harpoon = lat.
carp-o, cap r VI, to catch. Bajit (to suck) = pac VI, to take,
to eat. Bajstriik (bastard) = pac-s-t-r-ak VI, to gather, to
mix up. Bajta, hu. pajta (a hut, a cot) = pac t VI, to keep,
to contain ; hu. bajtar (shepherd) from bajta (a hut for sheep).
Bakca, tur. bag, bagCe (a garden, a vineyard) = pac VI, to
keep, gr. kep-os to contain, to gird. Bakuru (copper, from
the isle of Cyprus). Balalajka (a lute) = plap-ak VII, to babble,
or from prap t = fr. frapp-er, to beat. Balamutit (to babble,
to cheat, dull, stupid) plam, plap VII, to babble ; hu. mam-
lasz (stupid) = mlam, plap VII, to babble = lat. balbus
(dull, stupid, to stammer).^ Balega (dung) = pakl V, to sweep,
lat. scop-are. Balta (hatchet, ax) = pok 1 t II (to cut) ; ge.
Beil (hatchet) = pok 1 I, gr. pelekiis (hatchet) = plok, pok
1 II. Balvan (idol), perhaps from : babble ; balvan (dull,
stupid) = from babble.^ Bangav (lame) = pok n I, gr. plego
(g. schlagen) ; e. lame = klm, kip, kop 1 I, gr. pleg-o (apo-
plexy). Banja (fan, tub) = pac n VI, to contain ;* hu. banya
(a pit, a mine) = vac n IV, to dig. Banovat (to be anxious) =
pac n VI, to press, to depress = germ, bang, pac n VI, anxious,
ge. be-engt = hu. ban (to be depressed) = oldchin. ban, new-
chin, fan = ge. Pein, pain, torment = lat. poenitet me, it
pains me. Bantovat, hu. bant (to cause pains, to torment,
to hurt) includes the same root as banovat. Bara (to touch)
■= pac r VI. Bardak (a jug) pre t ak, pac r t VI, to contain.
Baratat (to deceive, to bargain) = prap t VII, to babble. Baril
(barrel) = pac r VI. Barca (a boat) = pac r VI, to contain ;
lat. area = it. barca. Barsk (a badger) = pac r s VI, to urge,
to hurry ;^ hu. borz (a badger). Barva, g. Farbe (a colour)
= pap r I, anwerfen, to fling, to besprinkle. Barzav (a stork)
= prk s ak, VII lat. crep-o, to scream, (to clapper = klop,
kop 1 I, to beat, to knock, to make a noise).* Basnia (bastion)

^ Ge. schau-en = s cap VI = e. scont = gr. skepto ; e. spy =
s-pec-to = s pac VI.

2 Ge. stamm-eln, e. stamm-er = st mam 1, st blab VIII ; perhaps
e. dull = t pap 1 VII, babbling.

3 Perhaps : germ. Gotze (an idole) = gag t, to gaggle, to babble ;
then : God, Gudib would have the same old sense.

* Or : vac IV, to dig, to cave, to carve.

" SI. brzo (quick, to hurry) = pac r s VI, to urge, to press. Ge.
Daehs = gr. taeh-iis (quick, to hurry) = t pac s VI, to urge. Hu. urge
(a weasel) = lat. urg-eo, pac r VI, to urge.

" Scream = lat. clam-or, klap r = kop 1 r I ; we can place this
word in group I, to knock, to bluster. Stork = st pre, lat. crep-o, to
bluster. Ar. laklak (stork) = plak-plak = crep-o, hu. kelepel (to clapper.)

83

.= pac s n VI, to shelter, to protect ; hu. bastya. Bas, tu. bas
(head, the first) = pac s VI, to begin. ^ Basma, tu. basma (a
print) = pok s I, to box, to push, fr. pousser. Bastah, batog
(lat. bac-ulus, a stick) = pok s 1 1, to beat, to knock, g. pochen.
Bat (fr. baton, hu. bot, a stick) = pap t I, or pok t I, to beat,
to knock, to tap, to pat. Bankat (to bark) = blk, pok 1 I,
to make a noise. Bavluna, bumbule, tii. pambuk, hu. pamut
(cotton) bab 1, banb, bonb III, to swell like a bud, to rise.^
Bazar (a market) = pac s r VI, to catch, to take, to buy.
Bazul (bean), pac s 1 VI, to take, to eat ; lat. phaseolus.^
Bebru (beaver, castor) = pap r = lat. bap-t-o (to throw
himself in the water).* Bedro (a leg) = vactr, vrc t, crv till,
to curve, to bend, to bow.^ Beg (a Lord), tu. bej = pac VI,
1) to shelter or 2) to oppress (pac). Bekat (to bleat) = pok I,
lat. crep-o.** Bekjar (a bachelor) = pers. be, bi (without)
and kar (a work). Belb (stupid) = plap t VII or I, to babble.
Ber, brat (to take, to gather) = pac r VI. Brdit (to sharpen)
= pak r t V, to rub, to scour. Bredja, brezda (pregnant) =
prac t, pac r t VI, to bear.' Brega, ge. bergen and pfleg-en
(to attend, to foster, to shelter) = pac r VI, to keep, to pro-
tect. Berlog, hu. barlang (couch, repair) = berg 1, pac r I VI,
to protect. Brest, breza (birch) = brb s, babble, to tremble.
Brzo, barzo (quick, very) = vrhs, vig r, viv r III, to live, to
move, to be vigorous and quick. Berak, hu. berek (forest,
grove) = pac r VI, to hide, to protect. Beseda (speech) =
pap s t VII or I, to babble. Beteg, hu. beteg (sick, ill, mor-
bid) = pap t ak III, broken down.^ Bez (without) = vac s IV,

^ Ge. an-fang-en = pac n VI, to pack, to catch, to seize, to com-
mence.

2 Fin. iiinpu (a bud) = g. heben, sich erheben = hu. bimbo (a
bud) = g. Bombe, to rise, to swell = lat. pomp-a (elevation) = ge.
pmnp-en (to lift, to elevate), etc.

' Bean, g. Bohne = pac n VI, to eat.

* Lat. bap-t-o = e. bathe : 1) pap t, to throw himself or 2) vac t,
to dip, to dip or immerse himself in the water.

^ Leg = lat. flee-to, to bend ; hu. bonez (the leg) = bend t (to
bend, to bow) ; ge. Schenkel, Sehinke = s vnc, s wend = s bend. Vnc
= gnv = genu, knee, (to bend).

* Hu. b^k-a (a frog) = blk, crp, crepo ; e. frog = pre, crepo ;
tu, kurb-aga (a frog) = crp ak. Lat. crep-o (to bluster) = kop r I,
Jo beat, to make a noise ; e. blust-er = plok s t, pok 1 s t I ; ge. poltern
(to bluster) = plok t, pok 1 t I.

' This word has two significations : 1) to bear = to hold, to con-
tain = pac r VI ; 2) to draw (to bear with locomotion) = t hev r, t veh
r III, lajt. veh-o.

* Oldchin. pap, pat (= newchin. fat, fa) has following significa-

6*

84

void, empty. Beg (to fly^, to escape) == vac IV, void, avoid.
Bel-i, gr. phalos (white) = wak 1 III, to burst, out, light,
clear. Bit (beat) = pap, pok I, to beat. Bickija, hu. bicska
(knife) = pok t ak II, to cut, gr. kop-t-o. Bilezik (letter) = pak
1 s ak VI, to keep ; e. fetter = pac t r, to keep, to catch. Biru-
vat (to be able), hu. bir = pac r VI, able, lat. cap-ax. Bitovat,
ge. Beute (booty) = pac t VI, to catch, to take. Bitva, lat.
beta (rape) = pac t VI, to take, to eat. Blagu (silly, stupid)
= hu. balga == babble, gaggle, stammer = fr. blaguer ; ge.
plappern I, noise.^Blazu (erroneous, false) = plap I, to babble
to stammer.^ Blend (erroneous, false) = e. blunder, plap I,
babble ; hu. bolond (foolish) = blab n t I, to babble ; lat.
blaterare, latrare I, to babble, to bark. Blizna (scar, cicatrice
= plok s I, pok, to beat, to cut. Bliz (near) = plac s, pac 1
s VI, to unite, to attach. Blud (to observe) = plac t, pac
1 t VI, to keep, to catch with the eyes. Blisk (to glitter) =
wak 1 s III, to burst to open, light. Boda (to sting, a thorn) =
pac t V, to scratch. Begat = ge. folg-en, to follow = pac VI,
to unite, to attach. Begat, rich, boh (property) = pac VI,
to have, to gather. Bel (suffering) = pac 1 VI, to press ; lat. gr.
pati = pac t VI, to hold, to bear, or : to bepressed down.Belgu =
boh, begat (property) = pac 1 VI, to hold, to have, to gather.
Blato, hu. Balaton, a bog (fen, pool) = vie t, vac 1 t IV, to
dip, to sink.^ Breg, brah a heap = ge. Haufe, Schober, pac r,
cap r VI, to gather. Brasne food, meat, meal = pac r VI,
to take in, to eat.* Besu (bare) = vac s IV, void ; tu. bosh
(void) = vac s IV, vacuus, void, empty, e. bare = vac r IV,
void, empty. Bezdugan (a mace) = pok s tak I, pok, to beat.

lions : a) to beat ; b) to break; c) to break down, ill, fatigued ; etc. etc. So
I conclude: si. bet-eg, hu. bet-eg = old-chin, pat (broken down, fatigued) ;
e. fat-igued = chin. pat. Or:bet-eg = pact ak VI, pressed down,

^ Ge. albem = plap I, to babble, to stammer, stupid.

2 Lat. blasphemare = blabs, I, to babble, to make a noise, ge.
plappern.

» Dip = t cav, to deepen, to duck, to sink IV. The same root
we have in dolph-in : dip 1, t cav 1 IV, to dip, to deepen, to duck. Chin.
shim, shimb = to dip ; the same root we find in ge. Sump! (a pool).
Jap. shizum-aru = shim-shim-aru (to dip, to duck, to sink) ; scrt.
shishnmara (a dolphin) = shimb-shimb = to dip, to deepen, to duck.
Sink = s vac n IV, to deepen, to duck, to dive.

*Food = pac t VI, to take in, to eat ; meat = pac t VI, to eat ;
meal = pac 1 VI, to eat ; chin, fan (rice, bread) = pac n VI, to take iri;
to eat. SI. Bra§no = gr. brotos = pac r t VI, to eat. Heb. lechem
(bread) = ar. lachm (meat) = pic m, pac 1 VI, to eat. Lat. cib-us
(food) = cap VI, to eat ; lat. daps (food) = t cap s VI, to eat ; jap.
tabe (to eat, food) = t cap, to eat ; hu. t5p (food) = t cap, to eat.

§5

Braha, ge. Briihe (to brew) = ferv III, to burn, to ferve.
Brat (brother) = pac t r VI, to unite, together. Brhat, to
bark — lat. crep-o I, to make a noise. Brak (matrimony) =
pac r VI, to unite. Breme, gr. bremo (to hum) = prap, plap,
to blabber. Breslan, hu. boroszlan (ivy) = pre s, pac r s VI
to climb ; climb = clap, cap 1 VI, to cramp, to clasp ; Brezg
to dawn, wac r IV, to burst ; e. dawn = t kaw n III, to
burst, to break ; ge. damm-ern = t caw III, to burst as a bud
or as the morning = break of day. Brezg (sour, acid) = vrc s,
pak r s V, to scratch ; sour = s kap r, acjd = pak t, V, to
scratch. Brit (to shave) = prak t, pak r t V, to scratch ; e.
shave = s kap, to scratch. Briga (sorrow) — pac r VI, to
press, to oppress. Brogit (to be stormy) = prac t, pac r t VI,
to press. Brosit (to cast, it. buttare) = pok r s I, to throw,
ge. werf-en (prap I, pap r I) ; it. butt-are = pok t I, to throw ;
e. throw = t krop, t kop r I, to knock on the earth. Bruma (be
fit, be useful) = prac-am, pac r VI, to touch, to reach = ge.
fromm = comme il faut. Brut (a nail) = prok t, pok r t I,
to knock ; ge. Nag-el = to knock. Brnja (coat of mail) pac
r n VI, to shelter. Brsnat (to rub, to shave) = vrc s, vac r V,
to shave, to scratch. Brusti (a bud) = wak r st III, to burst.
Bruzda (break) = pre s t, pac r st VI, to hem, a break. Bryzga,
spritzen, lat. spargo = s wak r III, to make burst out, to
scatter.^ Buba (bombyx) = to rise like a bud.^ Bubregu (a
kidney) = as buba. Buda (a hut, a shed) = pac t VI, to con-
tain. Budala (stupid) = from plappern, babble. Bugai (a
bull) = hu. b6g (to howl). Bujak (luxurious, dense) = pac-ac
VI, to increase, to add, to augment. Bukler = fr. bouclier,
a shield = pac 1 VI, to shelter. Bukve (a beech) = pac VI
to take in, to eat, because the fruits of the beech are eatable.
From the beech derives : the book. Bulja = a boil, a tumour,
from blow, blow up ; = ge. Beule, a boil ; lat. bulla, fr. bulle,
ge. Blatter (blister = blowster). Buravit to bore, to drill =,
vac r av IV, to cave, to dig, to scratch. Burja (storm) = pac r ac
VI, to press. ^ Busija,pers.peusu=pacs VI, to hide. Bus, buxus,
it. bosco =pacs VI, to hide or: to gather. Butit, to box, to push =
pok s I, to knock.* Butora, hu. butor (baggage, furniture) =

^ Scatter = 1) s kop t er, I, to throw often on earth ; 2) V, s cav
t er, to dissipate. Dis-sip-ate = s cav IV, to make disappear, vanish ;
vanish = vac n IV, to make a void.

2 Bud = wak t III, burst, spring, rise. BomUyx = lat. pompa,
ge. pumpen (to rise, to burst). The original type we find in finnic umpu,
heben, pumpen, III heb, kaw, to rise, to lift. And hu. bimbo (a bud) =
fin. umpu, heb n III, to rise, to unfold.

^ Storm = st cap r, st pac r VI, to press, to urge.

* Box, push, fr. pousser=pok s I, hu. bok (to push) = pok I, lat.
pug-na, pag-illus (the fist) = pok I, e. fist = pok s t I, to push, to box.

pac t r VI. Buza (a beverage) = pac s VI, to take in, to eat,
to drink. Budit (to awake) = wac t III, to break up, to burst,
to rise. Bud, bcdnoti (to stop up) = pac t VI, to hem, to hin-
der. Budun, beden (a coop, a tub, a barrel) = pac t n VI.
Buchu, beh (to lie) = vac IV, to speak vain things. Bucliu,
beh, bash (all) = pac VI, to gather. Bahat, bakta, to trap =
pok t I, to beat the earth. Ber (hirse, barley) = pac r VI to
take in, to eat. Byt (to be, gr. phyo) = wak III, to burst out,
to spring out, to rise. Bystru (quick) = wac s tr III, to burst
out, to move, or: pac s VI, to press, to hurry.

C = ts. Tsakonin^ = t pak n VI, to contain, to shelter.
Capa, tsapa = t kop I, to beat, a hoe. Cap, tsap (a buck) =
a) t kop I, to knock, to push or 2) t kop, to copulate. Cebuija,
tsebulja = bulb, onion, t pap 1 III, a bulb, to swell, to rise.^
Ge. Zwiebel = a bulb. Cerkati, tserkati = hu. csiripel, g.
zwitschern, to chirp = t prak, I, t prp, plappern, to blab.
Tsediti, ge. seihen, to filter = t pac t VI, to press. Celi, tseli
(whole, entire) = t cap 1, VI to unite ; e. whole = cap 1 VI
to gather, to unite. Cena, tsena, value = cap n VI, to contain,
to harmonize, to accord. Cesta (way) = hev s t, veh s t III
to draw, to move. Car, hu. csov (a tube, a channel) = cav IV
cavus, hole, empty. Cica, ge. Zietze (a teal, a pap, a nipple)
t pac t VI, to take in, to eat ; nipple = cap n 1 VI, to take in,
to eat. Cigulu, tibia, tebla, lat. tegula (tile, brick) = teg-o,
to deck = t pac VI, to keep, to shelter. Cypka (a chicken) =
t pap ak, I; to make a noise. Cipa (cuticle, hide, film) t cap,
to keep, to contain, to shelter. Cipela (a boot) = cap 1 VI, to
contain. Copur, ge. Zauber (spell, charm) = cap r VI, ergreifen,
to seize ; or. kop r, fr. frapper, to overtake. Cveku, ge.
Zweck (aim, end, scope) = 1) t pok I, to knock the butt, or
2) t pac VI, to touch, to reach, to attain.

C = tch. Tchajal and tchakat (to wait, to hope) =
t pak VI, to catch with the mind. Cachnut = vanish, disappear
= cav n IV, to vanish. Caklya, hu. csaklya (hook) = t pac,
t wrc 1) to catch ; 2) to be curved. Cara (a shell, a bowl) =
cap r VI, to contain. Car, ge. Zauber (a spell ) = cap r VI,
to seize or I, to babble. Cas, time, hour = cap s, VI, to keep,
to last. Caturnya, hu. csatorna, lat. cisterna = cap s t VI,
to contain. Cavel, a nail = ' — '/ I, to knock. Cehl, a shirt,
a cover = t pac 1, to cover. Celau^i = lat. caelada, a helmet =
cap 1 VI, to hide, to cover. Celjadi, family and domestics ;
hu. csal^d (family), cseled (domestics) = cap 1 t (to follow,
to gather). Cein, a member = cap 1 n VI, to unite. Celun (a

1 Hu. csako (a military hat, a kind of helmet).

2 Lat. pompa = fi. ump-u, to rise = hu. bimbo (a bud) = to
rise, to burst ; etc.

87

boot) = cav 1 n IV, to excavate or VI, to contain. Celo (front)
= hebl III, to rise ; hu. homlok (the front) = heml, hebl III,
to rise. Cemer (poison, illness) = hem, VI to restrain, to press.
Cep, ge. Zapfen (tap, spigot) = r cap VI to take, to contain.
Cep (chain) = cap VI, to unite. Ceps (coif, cap) — cap VI.
Cerda, hu. csorda (herd, ge. Herde) = cap r t VI, to press.
Cei-d, cred (firm) = cap r t VI, oppress, firm. Cerga (a carpet,
a tent) = cap r ak VI, to protect. Cerga (a row) = cap r ak VI,
to press, to follow. Crem (a tent) = ahd. skirm, s cap r VI,
shelter, ge. schirmen.^ Cerm (a worm) = crv III, to curve,
to wind ; hu. csere-bogar = worm-beetle. Cren (a gripe, a
handle, a hold) = crp n, cap r n VI, to hold. Cerpat, haurire
= cap r VI, to take.^ Crep, ge. Scherbe, hu. cserep = lat.
crep-o, to break III, to break, to burst. ^ Cersti (schalen, shell,
peel) = crv V, cav r, to scratch ; lat. charta (the paper) =
dersti. Certog, tu. Cardak,^hu. csarda (cubiculum) = cap r t
ak VI, to^rest, to dwell. Cesati (to comb) = kaps, cavs V, to
scratch. Ceta (troop, band) = cap t VI, to bind, to unite.
Ceznat (to swindle, to be deficient) = cav s IV, void. Cibuk
(a pipe) = cav ak IV, cavus, empty, a tube. Cik (cobitis
fossilis) = t vig III, to be quick, to move.* Cinit, hu. csinal
(to make, to finish) = cap n VI, to close, to finish, to accom-
plish. Clovek (a man) = clap-ak, cap 1 ak VI, to unite, to
follow, a servant. Cuti (to know, to feel) = cap VI, to catch,
ge. fassen. Citat (read) = cap t VI, to gather ; lat. leg-o = pac
1 VI, to gather. Dage, ge. Dolch (a dagger) = t pok I, to beat,
to cut. Dal, dave (far) t cav IV, cavus, vast, far. Davit, dovit,
(to strangle, to torment) = t cap VI, to oppress.^ Debel (thick)
= t cap 1 VI, to press, to heap. Dlba (scalpere) = t clp, t kop 1,
t kap 1 II or IV. Dig (long) = t veh 1 III, from : veh-o, to
draw, to extend ; gr. dolichos = si. dolgo, dugo = scrt. dirgas.
Delgu (debt) = t vlh, t vac 1 IV, void, wanted. Delpin, dupin
(dolfin) = to dip, t cav 1 IV, to cave, to deepen, to dip, to
duck. Dera (to tear, to beat, to take) = t cap r VI, to take ;
ge. zer = si. der. Derba (to scratch) = t crVj t kap r IV, to
cave, to scratch. Derbi (debeo) = t cav IV, (void, wanting)

^ Ge. Schirm = s cap r VI, to protect ; ge. schiitz-en = s cap t VI,
to keep, to protect ; it. scherma (to fight) = s ham r VI, to hem, to
hinder, to defend one-self ; or : s kop r I, to beat.

2 Lat. haur-ire (to draw, to take) = cap r VI, to take, to take in.

^ Hu. csorba (broken, rotten) = lat. crep-o, to burst.

* Hu. dik, gyik (a lizard) = t vig III vigor, to be quick ; e. gecko
(a big lizard) — i vig, quick ; ge. geek = e. quick.

^ Strangle = st pac r VI, to press. Ge. zwick-en = t pac VI,
zwingen = t pac n VI, Drucken = t pac r VI, to press ; dringcn, dran-
gen = t pac r n VI, to press ; e. strangle = st pac r n VI, to press.

Drg, drzat (to hold) = i pac r VI. Derg (to rub, hu. dorgol.
= t pak r V, to scratch. Uerpat (to draw ; to tear) = t hev r,
t veh r III, to draw. Drvo (a tree) = t crv, t kaw r III, to
grov, scrt. vrk, lat. cre-sco, crv-sco. Desn, right, gr. dexios
= t pac s n VI, to touch, to unite, to harmonize. Deti (to put)
= dek-t, t pac t VI, to take, to put, to attach. Dete, devoika
(a child) = dev t, t cap t VI, to take in, to eat, to suck. Delat, to
do = dek-lat = t pac 1 VI, to conclude, to finish ; chin, tsok (to
do) = t pak, fi. teh-da (to do) = t pac, to finish ; e. do =
doh, dok, t pac VI, to finish. Delit (to deal) = t pok 1 I to
beat, to knock, to divide ; or e. deal = t pac 1 VI, to touch,
to communicate. Del (a hill) = t heb 1 III, elevate. Deza,
hu. dezsa (a milk coop) = from doj-it (to milk) = t vac IV,
to evacuate or wak III, to burst, to open, to issue like milk.
DBit (to be resplendent, to gloom) = t wak III, to burst,
to lighten.^ Divi (wild) = t cav IV, void, free. Divit (to won-
der) = t cap VI, to keep with the eyes. Dlabit (to press) =
t cap 1 VI, to press. Dluboli (deep) t cav 1 ak, IV, to cave,
to dig, to dip, to deepen. Doba (opportunity) = t cap VI, to
touch, to harmonize, to be fit. Dobri (good) = the same.^
U-dol-et, to be fit = t cap 1 VI, as doba and dobri. Del (hole,
pit, cavity) = t cav 1 IV, to dig.^

3. Examples taken from the hungarian language (letter b).

Bab (bean) = lat. fab-a, gr. phak-os = pac VI, to take
in, to eat ;* bab (a doll)^ = pl^P I» to make a noise, to babble ;
baba (a baby) = to babble ; bfiba (midwife) = to babble ;
bab-er (laurel) from si. bob-ek (the fruits resembling beans,
si. bob, bobek) ; babona (superstition) = pap n I, to babble ;
babral (to toy) = pap r I, to touch often ; bacs (shepherd) =
pac t VI, to protect, to watch, to heed ; badar (ge. kaudern,
e. gibberish) = pap t r I, to babble, lat, balbus ; bag-oly (the
owl) = hu. bog, e. how-1, haw VII, to howl ; bagy-ad (to
weary, to faint) = vac IV, void, failing, faint ; baj (pain,
plaque, torment) = pac VI to press ; b^j (spell) = bib, I,
to babble ;^ hu. bak-6 (the executioner) = pok II, to cut ;

^ Hu. dicso (splendid), hu. dics^r (to praise) have the same root ;
perhaps also : lat. decus, decet, etc.

2 Hebr. tob = si. dobri, t cap r VI, to touch, to reach, to har-
monize.

3 The same word means : down «the ground, the bottom, gr.
tholos — all having the root cav to dig ; gr. thol-os = t cavl IV.

* Gr. phak-os = gr. phag-o (to eat) ; lat. fab-a, hu. bab, si. bob —
are weak types of the middle type : pac.

6 Bdb, bSbu (a doll, ge. Puppe) - bib, to babble ; e. doll = t
bab 1 I, ge. plapp-ern.

• The same word as si. baj-ati (to babble, to spell, to charm).
Perhaps : ge. zaub-ern (to spell) = t pip, t blab, to babble.

89

bal (bad, sad, adverse) = pak 1 VI, to press down ;^ balga
(silly, ge. alb-ern) = plap, I, to babble ;^ balna (a whale) =
ge. wall-en, to boil, to bubble, to spring = wak 1 III, to boil,
to spring ; balta (a hatchet) = plok t, pok 1 t II, to cut ;
bamba (dolt) — plap, lat. balb-us ;^ ban, bdnat (the repen-
tance) = pac n VI, to press, to molest ;* banya (a mine —
vac n IV, to dig, lat. cav-are);^ bandsal (squint) = vnc III,
to curve, to bend ; barlang = si. berlog (a hiding place) =
ge. berg-en, pac r VI, to cover, to shelter, to protect ; barSt
{a friend) = prac t, pac r t VI, to unite ; bard (a hatchet) =
prok t, pok r t II, to cut ; barom (lat. pecus, a property) =^
pac r VI, to catch, to keep, lat. cap-io, and hab-eo;*^ b^ro
(a baron, a lord) = pac r VI, to press ; barka, barazda (fur-
row) = vrc s t IV, vac, cav-are, to carve, to dig ; barsony
(velvet) = fr. pell-uche, pelluchon ; bastya (a bastion) =
pac s t VI, to hem, to protect ; bator (keen, brave, valiant) =
pac t r VI, to press, to urge ;' be (in, into) = pac VI, to hide,
to screen, to enter ; bees (value) = pac t VI, to reach, to
touch, to harmonize, to be equal ; beg, bog = pic, lat. crep-o I,
to make a noise, or VII, to howl, to roar ; beka (a frog) =
brk, crep-o ;® beke (the peace) = pac VI, to unite, to agree ;®
beko (a break, a fetter) = pac VI, to hold, to hem, to hinder ;

^ Ar. bela (adverse) has the same meaning : pac 1 VI, to press
down.

2 ge. alb-ern = plap r, to babble = lat. balb-us ; hu. balg-a =
pic, lat. crep-o (to cry, to babble), and pre = middleform of the weak
form : pip. Ge. blod (silly) = plap t, to babble ; hu. bolond = ge, blod =
plap n t ; ge. Tolp-el (a fool) ^ t pip, lat, balb-utire ; e. fool = hu.
bolond = pap 1, to babble ; ge. toll (mad) ^ t plap, lat. balb-utire,
the same word as eng, doll (a baby) = t pap 1, to babble,

^ Lat, balb-us = hu, mam-1-asz, i. e. : plap = mlam ; hu, banba,
or. bamba = lat, balb-us, Hu. bSm-ul (to look like a dolt, to gape) =
lat. balb-utire,

^ The same word as : chin, fan (molestation) — pac n VI, lat,
poen-a, poenitet (a pain, repent) = pac n VI, to press, to molest ; hu.
bSnt (to molest) is the activ form of : bfin.

5 SI, banja (a tub) = ge. Wanne ; both contain the old root vac
n IV, lat. cav-are, to dig, to carve.

• The same word as tu. war (I have, lat. cap-io, hab-eo) = pac
r VI, to catch, to hold.

' This word is a plain inversion of ge. tapf-er = t cap r VI, to
press, to urge.

* E, frog = pre, lat. crep-o ; hu. brek-eg (to croak) = pre, lat.
crep-o ; tu. kurb-aga (a frog) = crep-o (to croak). Ge. Krahe = lat.
corv-us, i. e. krak = crep; krak being a hard type, crep (krop) a middle
type, » The same as : e. peace, lat, pac s, lat, pac-tum.

90

bel (in, inner) = pac 1 VI, to contain, to hide, to screen ; bel
(bowels) = pac 1 VI, inner, lat. intestinus ; belyeg (a stamp) =
plok, pok 1 I, to beat ; ber (wages) = pac r VI, to equal, to
harmonize; beszM (the speech) = pap s t VII, to babble;
beteg (ill, sick) = chin, pat, fat III, broken clown ;i betyar
(a gallant) a persian word : bi and kar (without a business) ;^
bibasz (a dolt) = pap s, VII, to babble, lat. balb-us; bibclodik
(to trifle, to dawdle) = pap 1, to touch, lat. palp-are;^ bicsak
(a knife) = pok t ak II, to cut ; bika (a bull), tu. buga =
hu. bog (to roar) = lat. vag-ire, vah VII, to howl, to roar ;
bilincs (a fetter) = plac n t, pac 1 n t VI, to hem, to repress ;
bimb-6 (a bud) = fi. umpu, heb n III, to rise, to spring, to
burst ; bir (to have, to can) = pac r VI, a) to have, to hold,
b) to oppress ; bitor (to usurp) = pac t r VI, to press ; biz
(to trust, to confide) = pac s VI, to fix, to hold ; bizony (sure)
= pac s VI, fix, fast; bizseg (ge. krieb-eln, to crawl, to tickle)
= pak s ak V, to scratch, to ache, to molest ;* boes^t (to
leave) = si. pust-it = vac s IV, to make void, make free ;
bodor (crisp, curled) = vac t r III, vrc t, crv t, to curve, to
curie ;^ bog (to knit) = lat. pic, plec-o = pac 1 VI, to bind,
to knit ; boka (knuckle, ankle) = vie, civ, to curve, to bend ;^
bok (a bow) = pic, vie, to curve, to bend ; bokor (a bush) =
pac r VI, to hide ;'' boldog (happ-y) = plak-t ak VI, to reach,
to touch, to harmonize ;^ boiha, ge. Floh, lat. pulex (a flea) =

^ Bet-eg = fat with chin, i, ik (to meet). Ge. schielen (to squint)
= lat. sculex = s cvl, crv, wry ; and wry = vrc, curve ; ge. schief =
s civ, curved. Or : bet-eg ^= pac t ak VI, to press down,

2 There is another word which came from China, through Persia.
Hu. bitang (idle, vain, useless) is the same word as chin, fei tang
(not fit, not convenient) = pers. bitang == hu. bitang.

' Another word of the same meaning is : hu, babral (to trifle,
to dawdle, = lat. palp-are (to touch, to trifle),

* The suffix eg in bizs-eg is an iterative or frequentative.

^ The same word is : hu. fodor (crisp) == vctr, vrc t, crv t ; e.
crisp = crv s III, to curve, to curie, and e. curl = crv 1, to curve ;
ge. kraus (crisp) = crv s III, to curve, to curie ; hu. giindor (crisp) =
cvn t r, cvn = cnv = crv, to curve, to bend, standing very near to
lat. genu (the knee) = cnv, crv, to curve, to bend.

* E. ankle, lat. ang-ulus = ge. Wink-el, vnc, cnv, to curve, to
bend ; ge. Wink-el = the inversion of lat. genu, knie, i. e. : vnc = cnv.

' It. bosco (a bush) = pac s VI, a) to hide, to shelter, or : to
heap, to gather ; e. bushel = pac s 1 VI, to heap ; the same as it. bo-
schetto, fr. bouquet (a nosegay) ; hu. bokr^ta (a nosegay) = a small
ttbokoD) ; in the same way it. : boschetto = a small bosco, a small bush ;
ge. Strauch (nosegay) = a small bush.

* SI. blag, blah (happy) = plak, pac 1 VI, to touch, to reach ;

91

plac, pac 1 VI, to molest, to urge, to stir, to excite; bolond
(ge. blod, e. a fool) = plap n t, to babble, lat. balb-us ; bolt
(it. volta, e. vault, arch) = vie t, to curve ;^ bolyg (lat. vag-are)
= vie, to curve, to walk an oblique crooked way ; hu. bor
(wine) = lat. ferv-eo, to boil, wak 1, III, to boil, to ferment;
borit (to cover) = pac r VI, to cover ; borj (a calf) = wak
r III, to burst, to appear, to be born,^ or : pac r VI, to bear,
to bring forth ; borona (harrow) = pac r n VI, to shelter, to
cover ; borso, bosso (pea, lat. pisum) = pac s VI, to take in,
to eat ; bosszantas (anger, vexation) = pac s VI, to press,
to molest ; hu. boszorkany (a witch) = pap s r, I, or VII, to
babble, to chatter, to charm ;^ bot (a stick) = fr. bat-on,
pok t I, to beat, to strike, to knock ; bot-lik (to stumble, ge.
stolp-ern) = pok t I, to beat, to knock ;* botrany (a scandal)
= pok t r I, to push against, ge. anstossen, to shock ;^ bo-
zontos (shaggy) = pac s VI, to bind, to mix ; bo (ample) =
boh, vlh, III, to extend ;^ bog (to bellow) = fr. beugler and
fr. mug-ir = wah VII, lat. vag-ire, lat. voc-s ; bogy (crop,
wen) = vie, crv III, to curve, to bend, hump-back ; bok (to
box) = pok I, to knock, to push ; boles (wise) = tu. bil (ge.
wissen, to know) ;' bolcso (a cradle) = fr. bereeau, from :
bil, ber, vrc III, to curve, to bend, to move, to fluctuate, to
waver ; bong, bong, bug (to buzz) = weh n, how 1 VII, to
howl, to buzz, (e. buzz = weh s, hew s = how-1) ; chin, feng =

the same word as lat. plae-et, fr. plaisir, lat. pulch-er = pac 1 VI, to
touch, to reach, to harmonize ; chin, fuk (happy, rich) = pac VI, to
reach ; e. happ-y = gr. hap-t-o, to reach, to touch, to harmonize ; e.
luck = plak, pac 1 VI, to reach, to touch, to harmonize ; etc.

1 Lat. arc-US (arch) = vrc, to curve.

2 The same root as heb. bar (the son) = wak r III, to burst, to
appear, or. pac r VI, to bear, lat. fero = pario ; si. syn (the son) =
fi. syn-ty, hu. sziil (to bear). Lat. fer-o (to bear) is standing near to
lat. pario (to bear) and lat. pario to lat. pareo (to appear). Ge. Kalb,
e. calf = scrt. garbh-as, cap r VI, to bear.

^ Pers. busur (imprecatio) = pap s r VII or I, to babble.

* In hu. bot-l-ik (to stumble) bot (pok t I) is the chief-component,
«!» is an iterative, and «ik» is an extraradical component = chin, i, ik
(to meet, or a term for passivum and medium) ; and hu. bot-l-ik =
to meet knocking, to knock himself, or : to be knocked.

" Ge. stoss-en (to shock) = stok s, st pok s I, to beat, to knock,
to push against ; and e. shock = s pok I, to push against.

' E. ample = fi. umpu, humpu (to heave, to extend) ; fi. umpu
hu. bimbo (a bud) = to heave, to spring, to extend. Ge. welt (wide,
broad) = veh t III, to extend.

' Tu. bil = pac 1 VI, to catch with the mind, to keep = it. cap-
isco.Ewise = ge.wissen(to know) == ge. weiss, e whit-e, wek 1 III, clear.

well 11 (the wind) ; oldchin. bong (the wind) = hu. bong,
bong, — and hu. fing (the fart) = chin, feng (the wind) ;
bor (the skin) = pac r VI, to cover; bii (grief) ^ = pac VI,
to press ; bub, pup (crop) = ge. Buck-el, vie, crv III, to curve,
to bend ; buja (luxurious) = pic, pac 1 VI, to heap, to thrive ;
buk (to fall) = pok I, to knock the earth ; bunko (a mace) =
pok n I, to knock ; burok (a cover) = pac r ak VI, to cover ;
butor (furniture) = pac t VI, to screen, to contain ; buza
(wheat) = pac s VI, to take in, to eat ; buzog (to boil) = wak
s III, to boil, to rise ; biidos (stinking) = wak t. III, to burst,
to explode ;^ bun = lat. poena, si. vina (a sin) = wak n VI, to
press, to molest ; biiszke (boasting) = wah s VII, to blow,
to puff up ; biiv (charm) = pip, babble VII, to speak, to spell,
to charm ; biityok (hump, bunch) = vie t ak III, to curve,
to heave ; etc.

4. Examples taken from finnic language (letter p only).

Paak-istu (to cleave) = pac s VI, to unite ; paanu
(shingle) = pac n VI, to cover ;^ paap-otta (to babble) = pap
t VII, to babble; paar-ta (to border) = pac r t VI, to frame ;4
paat-u (to fix, to cleave) = pac t VI, to unite ; paha (bad) =
pac VI, to oppress ; paho (to slander, to revile) — pac VI,
to oppress ; pak-aise (scarcely) = pac s VI, narrow, strait ;
pain-a^ (to press) = pac n VI, to oppress ; pain-o (weight) =
pac n VI, to press, to weigh ;^ pais-u (a tumor, a bile) = wah
s VII, to blow up, to puff up ; paits-e (without) = pac t VI,
to press, to be narrow ; pak-aa (to speak) = wah, vag'^ VII,
to blow, to lisp ; or I pok, to make a noise ; pak-asta (to freeze)
= pac s VI, to fix, gr. peg-o ; pak-ene (to flee) = pac n VI,
to hide, to restrain ;^ pakk-aa = 1) to press, to urge ; 2) to
beg, to desire ; e. beg = fi. pakk-oa and pakk-aa (ge. drangen,
dringen) ;^ pakk-o (necessity, pain, ache) = pac-ac VI, to
press, to oppress, to molest ) ; pak-otta (1) to force, to compel ;

^ E. grief = cap r VI, to press, to molest ; ge. Gram (grief) =
cap r VI, to press.

2 Lat. pod-ex = put-ex, put-eo = wak t III, to explode = fr.
pet = lat. put-eo = hu. bud-os.

^ E. shingl-c = s pac n 1 VI, to cover.

* E. fram-e = ge. Rahm-en = lat. form-a = pac r m VI, to border.

* The same word as e. pain, ge. Pein, lat. poena, hu. ban, etc.

« E. weigh = pac VI, to press ; hu. suly (weight) = s pak 1 VI,
to press.

' Lat. vag-ire, vacc-a, vox, etc.

* On the contrary e. run = hu. roh-an = ge. renn-en = to hurry,
to urge, lat. curr-o = cap r VI, to press, to urge ; and e. run, hu. roh-an
= prac n, pac r n VI, to hurry, to urge.

» Here we see the common origin of verbs, such as : to beg, to

93

2) pain, ache ;^ pak-su (thick) = gr. pach-ys, pac s VI, to
heap = hu vast-ag, pac s t ak VI, to heap, to add ; pal-a (to
boil, to burn) = ge. wall-en, wak 1 III, to break out, to spring,
to rise, to move, to boil ; palj-aa (naked) = vac 1 IV, void ;
palk-ee (to blow) = vah 1 VII, to blow ; fi. palk = e. blow ;
palk-ulaise (poor, small) = pad VI, to press, to limit; pallo-i,
pall-o (a ball) = pok 1 I, to beat^ ; palv-ee (to beg) = pakk-aa
(to urge) ; pan-e (lat. pono, to put) = pac n VI, to take,
to put ; pant-elo (band, lace) = pac n t VI, to bind, to unite ;
par-aa (the best) = scrt. para, pac VI, to heap, to add ; par-
ane (to better) = pac r n VI, to heap, to add ;^ park-u (to
howl) = lat. crep-o, kop r I, to make a noise ; parj-aa (to
scold) = pre, lat. crep-o, pok r I, to make a noise ;* park-a
(poor, little = lat. parc-us) = pac r VI, to press, to limite ;
parv-e (a heap, a troop) = prh, pac r VI, to heap ;^ pask-a
(ge. scheissen, to shite) = wak s III, to break out, to explode
(hu. fos = fi. paska ; e. shit-e = s wak s III, (to explode) ;
pat-ero (a ditch, a hole) = vac t r IV, to cave ; pat-o^ (a dam,
a dike) = pac t VI, to protect, to defend ; patt-o (a sin, a
trespass) = pac t VI, to hem, to hinder, to prohibit ;'' panh-aa

press. Hu. fagg-at (to fop, to urge, to molest, to examine) = fi. pakk-aa ;
both have the type : pac-ac. Even e. fop, seems to be the weak type
of pac. Such old and plain languages as finnic bestow on us a great num-
ber of leading types disclosing the more complicated forms of other
languages.

^ That is a classical example for the common source of a great
many ideas. Fi. a) kap-a (dry) = cap, pac VI, to press, to diminish ; b)
kap-ea (1) narrow ; 2) niedlich, nice) = cap, pac VI, to press, to li-
mit) ; c) kap-ene (to become narrow, ge. eng) = cap n VI, to press,
to limit ; d) kapp-era (clever, quick, sudden, to hurry) = cap-ap-r VI,
to urge ; e) all the mentioned words : pakk-aa, pakk-oa, pah-aise,
pai-na, pai-no, etc. are plain inversions of the root kap, with the same
ramification of the ideas. All these words represent first class leading
types for the analysis of ideal affinity.

2 It. pall-are (to beat) = pok 1 I, to strike, to knock.

' E. bett-er, best = pac s t VI, to heap, to add.

* E. scold, ge. schelt-en = s kop 1 t I, to make a noise ; hu. szid
(to scold) is a plain abbreviation of e. scold ; hu. szid = s cop t I,
to make a noise.

* E. troop = t cap r VI, to heap ; ge. Dorf (a village) = t cap r
VI, to heap, to group ; e. group (= troop) = cap r VI, to heap, to
add ; hu. falu (a village) = pac 1 ak VI, to heap.

* Hu. gat (a dike) = cap t VI, to protect, to hem ; gat, cap t VI,
= the inversion of fi pat-o, pac t VI.

' Lat. vet-o (to prohibit) = pac t VI, to hem, to prohibit = lat.
vet-ium (a sin, a prohibited action) = hu. vet-ek (a sin) ; e. sin =
s cap n VI, to prohibit.

(to bluster) = ge. pauck-en, plok, pok 1 I, to beat, to make a
noise ;^ paul-a^ (a band, a lace, a trap, a string) = pac 1 VI,
to bind ; pehk-a (rotten, brittle) = wak III, to break down,
(e. brittle = break t 1, e. rotten = break-ten, hu. rev-es =
brk, wrk, krw, hu. rokkan = break down); peih-o (an am-
bush, am-buscade) = pac VI, to hide ; (the same word as
pers. peusu (am-bush), pac s VI, to hide ; the same word as
it, bosco, ge. Busch (bush, wood) = pac s VI, to hide ; the
same word as hu. bok-or^ (a bush) = pac r VI, to hide ;
peit-e (a cover) = pac t VI, to cover ; pclasta (to rescue) =
pac 1 VI, to cover ; pelk-o (to fear) = pac 1 VI, to press, to
restrain ;* pcnko, peng-asta (to dig up, to search) == vac
n IV, to cave, to dig ;^ pens-aa (a bush) = pac n s VI, to hide ;
peri (to take)® = pac r VI, to catch, to take ; perk-aa (to
root out, to cleanse, to clear) = vac r IV, to cave or pak r V,
to rub ;' perk-i (wholly, fully) = pac r VI, to close ; pers-o
(eager, greedy) = pac r s VI, to catch often, to take often ;
pcs-e (to wash) = pak s, kap s V, to rub ; pes-a (a nest) =
pac s VI, to shelter ; pet-inko (cheat) = pac t VI, to catch,
to lay hold of ; petk-alta (to beat) = pok t 1 I, to beat ; pid-
ista (to press) = pac t s VI, to press ; piek-se (to beat) =
plk, pok 1 I, to beat ; pien-i (little, small, thin) == veh n III,
to extend ; pik-a (a court) =pac VI, to surround, =gr. kep-os ;
pih-auttele (to breathe, to snite)^ = weh VII, to respire,
to blow ; pih-ka (pitch) = pac VI, to fix, to cleave ; pih-te

^ It. colp-o (a strike) = klop, kop 1 I, to beat = fr. coup ; and
ge. pauck-en, fi. pauh-aa = plok, pok 1 I, to beat.

2 Hu. halo (net for catching fishes) = cap 1 VI, to catch.

^ Ge Busch, Buschel (a tuft fr. toup-et) eventually could be
analysed : pac s VI, to heap ; e. tuf-t, fr. toup-et = t cap (to heap) ;
hu. bok-or (a bush) = pac, to heap ; hu. bok-reta (fr. bouquet, a nose-
gay) = pac r, to heap, to bind, to tie, a bunch.

* Eventually : e. fear = hu. fel = fi. pelk-o = ge. fiirch-ten =
tu. kork-u = pac 1 VI, to press, to be anxious. Fi. pelk-uri (cow-ard) =
pak 1 VI, to be anxious. E. cow-ard — lat. cav-ens = hu. gyav-a, ge.
feig = cap VI, to hide, to recede, or : cav IV, to avoid.

5 Perhaps e. search, fr. cherch-er, hu. ker-es = s vac r, s cav
r IV, to dig up ; ge. wiihl-en (to dig up) = vac 1 IV, to cave, to dig ;
hu. tur (= ge. wiihl-en) = t vac r IV, to cave, to dig. Ge. forseh-en
(to investigate) = vac r s IV, to bore, to dig, to scrutinize.

« Jap. tor-i (to take) = t pac r VI..

' Perhaps e. clean, clear = kap n, kap r V, to rub, to purify, and
e. pure = pac r V, to rub = fi. perk-aa.

* E. snit-e = s vnih t, s veh n t VII, to respire ; e. nos-e = vnh s,
veh n s VII, to respire ; gr. pnev-o (to respire) = pnh, veh n VII, to
respire ; lat. s-pi-ro = s veh r VII, to breathe.

95

(pincers,^ tongs) = pac t VI, to nip ; piil-e (to hide) = pac
1 VI, to hide, to cover ; pii-ma (coagulated milk) = pac VI,
to fix, gr. peg-o ; piir-i (a circle, a ring) = wak r, crv III,
to curve ; piir-u (to design, to draw, to scratch) = pak r V,
to scratch ; pik-a (hurry) = pac-ac VI, to press ; pikk-u
(little, small) — pac-ac VI, to press, to limit ; pilh-o (to cut
in pieces) = pok 1 II, to cut ; pilk-ista (to look) = pac 1 VI, to
catch with the eyes ; pilkk-i (to glitter)^ = wlk III, to break
out, to shine ; pill-a (to spoil)^ = pac 1 VI, to press ; pilv-e
(cloud)* = pic, pac 1 VI, to cover ; pint-e (need) = pac n t VI,
to press ; pirakk-a (hard, fix, rigid) = prak, pac r VI, to fix ;
pirk-aile (to split, to break, to knock) = pok r II, and pok r I ;
pirp-ana (small, a piece) = pap r I, to beat, to knock, to
divide ; pirah-ta (to spring) = wak r III, to spring ; pit-ee
(to hold) = pac t VI, to keep, to hold ; pit-ka (long) = veh t
ak III, to draw, to extend, lat. veh-o ; pinkk-a (hard, narrow,
need) = plak, pac 1 VI, to press ; plak-aa (to beat) = pok 1 I,
to beat, ge. klopf-en ; poht-a (to shake) = pac t VI, to grasp
often, to shake ;^ poh-wa (puffed up, proud) = wah-av VII,
to blow up ;^ polk-e; (to tread, to step) = pok 1 I, to beat,
to knock the earth ;' pol-oise (poor, miserable) = pac 1 VI
to press ; poltt-ee (to burn, to ache) = pac 1 t VI, to urge,
to press, to molest ; polv-e (the knee) = plv, civ III, to
curve, to bend ;* por-a (to cry, to howl) = pre, lat. crep-o,

1 Pinch = pac n VI, to nip ; tongs (ge. Zang-e) = t pac n VI,
to nip, to pinch ; pinch (pac n VI) is the inversion of the abbreviated
form : nip, knip = cap n VI,

2 E giitt-er = klw-t III, to break out, to shine ; pilkk-i, wlk =
glitt-er, klw t (a plain inversion).

^ E. spoil = s pac 1 VI, to press ; or. s vac 1 IV, to annihilate, to
waste ; e. wast-e = vac st IV, to make void.

* E. cloud = clap t, cap 1 t VI, to cover ; hu. felh-6 (cloud) =
fi. pilve, i. e. : pic (mixed type) = plv (weak type) ; e. black (hu. fek-ete)
is the same word as hu. felh-6 (cloud, to cover) ; e. shad-ow = s cap
t VI, to cover.

^ E. shak-e — s pac=pac-pac, ge. fassen-fassen = to grasp twice,
to seize vehemently ; ge. sehiitt-ein (to shake) = s cap 1 1 VI, to gripe
often ; hu. rfiz (to shake) = prac s, pac r s VI, to gripe often, to nip.

• Hu. kev-ely (proud) = hav, vah VII, to blow up ; ar. keb-ir
(great, haughty, proud) = hav r VII to blow up ; hu. kov-er (fat) =
hev r VII, to blow up.

' Hu. tap-OS, tip-or (to tread) = t kop I, e. step = st kop I ; ge.
tre-ten, e. tread = trep t = t krop t = t kop r t I, to beat the earth
with the foot ; chin, p'ao, pok (to tread).

® Ge. Knie, e. knee = lat. genu = cvn III, to curve ; hu. t6rd
(the knee) = t vert, t vrc t III, curve, bend.

96

kop r I, to make a noise ;^ por-aa (to bore, to perforate) =
ge. bohr-en, lat. for-are, hu. fur = vac r IV, to cav-e, to dig.
5. Examples of hebrew language (from letter A — to,
letter _H.).

Ab (father) = cap VI, to protect ; lat. pa-ter = pac-ter
VI, to protect. Abad (to vanish) = cav t IV, to vanish. Abah
(to wish, to covet) = cap ak VI, to covet, lat. cup-io. Eben
(stone) = kop n I, to knock. Abar (strong) = cap r VI, to
press. Agad (to bind) = pac t VI, to bind, to unite. Agal (retain,
hem) = pac 1 VI, to retain. Agar (gather) = pac r VI, gather.
Ahab (to love) = cap ak VI, to unite, to harmonize. Aun (to
be valid) = cav n VI, to touch, to reach, to be fit. Aven (vanity)
= cav n IV, void, vanishing. Ain, en (nothing) = cav n IV, void,
vanished. Or (light) = kaw r III to burst, to hghten. Azal (to
want) = cav s 1 IV, void. Azal (to weave) = cap s 1 VI, to unite,
to knit. Azan, ozen (to hear, to explorate) = cap s n VI, to
catch with the ear. Azar (to gird) = cap s r VI, to gird, um-
fassen.2 Achar (late) = veh r III, to extend, to delay, to tarry.
Atam, atar (to close) = pac t or. cap t VI, to close. Ish (the
hus-band) = cap s VI, to unite ; eshet (woman, wife) = cap s VI,
to unite. ^ Akal (to eat) = pac 1 VI, to take in, to eat. Akar (to
dig) = vac r IV, to dig. Alal (vanish) = vac 1 IV, to vanish.
Alam (to link) = cap 1 VI, to unite. Alaf (to learn, to accustom)
= cap 1 VI, to follow, to unite. Im (with) = him, cap VI to
unite.* Aman (firm, sure) = ham n, cap n VI, to unite, to
press, to fix.^ Amar (to tell, to praj^)^ = cmr, lat. clam-are =
kop 1 I, to beat, to make a noise. Anah (to mourn) = cap n VI,
eng, angor, ge. bang. Anah (near) = cap n VI, to touch, to be
near. Anaf (to respire, the nose) = hav n, vah n VII, to blow.
Af (the nose) = hav, vah VII, to blow. Asaf (to take away) =
cap s VI, Asar (to link, to bind) = cap s r VI, to unite. Af (and,
too) = cap VI, to unite. Afad, Efod (to gird) = cap t VI, um-
fassen, to gird. Afal (to vanish) = cav 1 IV, to vanish. Afak
(valid) = lat. cap-ax, cap-ak VI, fix, firm. Azal (to remove)
= vac s 1 IV, to vanish or III veh, to draw, to move. Azar (to
heap) = cap s r VI, to gather. Arab (to knit) = cap r VI, to

^ Hu. por (quarrel) = pok r, lat. crep-o I, to make a noise ; fr.
tap-age = t kop I, to make a noise.

2 Hu. 6v; (girdle) == cap VI, umfassen ; ge. Garten = cap r t VI,
umfassen. (Fassen = pac s VI.)

3 Lat. uxor = pac s VI, to unite ; ge. Gatte = cap t VI, to unite.

* Gr. ham-a, lat. cum, scrt. sam-a are the same words.

' Lat. tutus = t cap t VI ; lat. totus (whole, all) = t cap t VI ;
tu. tut-mak (to hold) = t cap t ; hu. tart (to hold) = t hold = t cap
r t VL

• lieb. tephillah (a prayer) = t pap 1, to babble.

/
/

97

bind. Araz (to string) = cap r s VI, to press. Arach = lat.
calc-are, klak, krak, kak r I, to knock the earth, to step. Arek
(long) = veh r III, to extend. Arez (earth) = cav r t ly, to dig.
Arasii (to covet, lat. cup-io) = cap r sh VI, to catch. Esh (fire)
= wak s III, to boil, ferveo.^ Ashaf (to hide) = cap s VI, to
hide. Ashar (to do right) = cap s r VI, to touch, to reach, to
harmonize. Athat (to get) = cap t VI, to reach. ^ B. Be = e. be,
ge. be, hu. be (in) = pac VI, to take in, to pack in. Beer (a
well) = vac r IV, to dig. Beged (a garment) = pac t VI, to hide,
to cover. Badal (to separate, to change) = pok t 1 I, to beat,
to divide. Bachah (vacuity) = vac IV. Bachala (hurry) = pac
1 VI, to press, to urge. Baehar (to be splendid) = wak r III,
to burst, break of the day, light. Bo (to come, to get) = pac VI,
to touch, to reach, to come, to enter. Bun (to neglect) = vac
n IV, void, avoid. Bun (to understand) = pac n VI, to receive
in the mind. Buk (void) = vac IV, void. Baith (habitation,
family) = pac t VI, a) to dwell ; b) to be united. Bazaz (to
rub, to steal) = pac s VI, to take. Bazak (flash, lightening) =
wak s III, to burst, to open, to lighten. Bazar (to disperse) =
vac s r IV, to make void. Bachan (specula) = pac VI, lat. s-pec-to.
Batach (to be sure) = pac t VI, fix. Batal (to be in vacation) =
vac t 1 IV, void, empty. Beten (alvus, venter) = pac t n VI, to
enter, in.^ Bakah (to cry) = pok I, to beat, to make a noise.
Balah (to use, to whet) = lat. vetus, pak t V, to scratch, to rub,
to whet, to use. Bala (to devour) = pac 1 VI, to take in, to eat.
Balak (to waste) = vac 1 IV, vanish, waste. Banah (to make,
to construct) = pac n VI, to finish, to do. Ben, Bath (son, daugh-
ter) = wak t III, to break out, to burst, to be born. Baal (to
rule, to be a lord) = pac 1 VI, to press. Batsar (to cut off) = pok
s r II, to cut. Bakar (to inspect) = pac r VI, lat. s-pec-to. Bara
(to form, to create) = pac r VI, to do, to finish. Barah (to eat) =
pac r VI, to take in, to eat. Berith (an alhance) = pac r t VI, to
unite. Barsel (iron, mace, etc.) = pok r s I, to beat. Berek (knee)
= wrc III, to curv-e, to bend. Bathak (to bore) = vac t IV, to
cave, to bore. Gaah = ge. hoch, high III, to elevate, to rise.
Gaba (a hole, a grave) = cav IV, to cave, to dig. Gabah (to be
high, elevated) = ge. heb-en III, to rise. Gabal (a term, an end)
= cap 1 VI, to close, to finish. Gaban (to coagulate) = cap n VI
to fix. Gabar (strength, validity) = cap r VI, to press.* Gabash

1 E. boil=wak 1 III,wallen ; hu. f61(to boil)=wak 1 III, to boil.

2 «Ath» is the same word as e. get ; ath = cap t, or pact ; and
get = cap t.

3 Hu. be (in, enter) = pac VI, in, enter ; hu. b61 (intestines) =
pac 1 VI.

* Herus (dominus), ge. Herr = cap r VI, to press ; e. hero =
cap r VI, to press.

7

98

(to freeze, to congeal) = cap s VI, to fix.^ Gadal (colligatus,
niagnus) = cap 1 1 VI, to gather, to augment. Gub, geb (a grave,
a cistern) = cav IV, to dig.^ Guf (to be void) = cav IV, and to
close, VI, close. Gazar (to cut, to kill) = kop s r II, to cut. Galah
(to bare, to denude) = cav 1 IV, to make void. Galal (to roll,
to move) = hav 1, vah 1 III, to move, to draw. Galgal (a wheel)
= vah 1, vahl III, to move, to turn. Gam-am (to augment) =
cap-cap VI, to gather, to fill, to augment. Gamar (to finish, to
cess) = cap r VI, to close, to finish. Ganab (to steal) = cap n VI,
to take. Garab (scabies, to itch, mange) = kap r V, to scratch.
Daab (tabes, to languish) = t cav IV, to vanish. Dabar (to
speak) = t crep, lat. crep-o I, to make a noise. Dug, dag (to
fish, a fish) = t pac VI, to take, to catch. Dava (to be infirm) =
t pap III, to be broken down. Dum (to be silent) = t hem-, t
cap VI, to restrain. Dur (to turn) = t kwr III, to curve, to
turn. Dush (to thrash) = t kop s I, to beat.^ Dachak (to press) =
t pac ac VI, to press.* Dai (enough) = dak, t pac VI, to touch,
to reach.^ Dun, din (to judge) = t cap n VI, to urge. Aden
(Lord, husband) = pac t n VI, to press. Daka (to oppress) =
t pak VI, to press, to trouble. Dalai (to long) t vah 1 III, to
draw in the length. Damah^ (to be liking, to resemble) = t cap
VI, to touch, to reach. Dakar (to bore, to perforate) = t vac r IV,
to cave, to bore. Darak, derek (to step, the way) = t pok r I,
to knock. Darasch (to scrutinize, to examine) = t crap s V, to
scratch, to dig, to search. Habal (to be vain) = cav 1 IV, void.
Habar (to cut) = kop r II, to cut.

6. A few examples of tlie albanian language.

Dhan (to give) = lat. dare, donare. Skypetar (albanese) =
s cap t r VI, to press, to rule, to prevail. Molla (an apple) =
maml, papl, to bomb, to swell, a knob. Kosi (coagulated milk) =
cap s VI, to fix, to coagulate. Aari (gold)' = lat. aur-um, kaw
r III, to break out, to lighten, to glitter. Gruja (a woman) =
cap r VI, to bear ; like scrt. garbhas = ge. Frucht (from lat.
fero, to bear). Hcnnek (a ditch) = cav n ak IV, to cave, to dig.

1 Lat. gelu = cap 1 VI, to fix ; frig-or = pac r VI, to fix ; gr.
pego (to freeze) = pac VI, to fix ; hu. jeg (ice) = peg, pac VI, to fix ;
gr: crystallon (ice) = krp, cap r VI, to fix. The same root in : ge. kiihl,
ge. kalt (gelidus, cold), hu. hiil (ge. kuhl), etc.

2 Cysta, cisterna = 1. cap s t VI, to contain, or IV cav, to
cave, to be void.

^ Dush = t kop s ; e. thrash = t krop s, t kop r s I, to beat.

* Dachak = t pac-pac = t pac-ac"; oft packen, to press.

* Dai = dak = lat. tac, tango (to reach, to touch the butt),

" The same word as greek ham-a (together) = scrt. sam-a —
lat. cum = lat. sim-ilis.

' Hu. arany (gold) is the same word.

99

Miku (a friend) = mak, pac VI, to unite. Gadi (close) = cap t VI,
to close. Fol (to speak) = pap 1 1, a noise. Lig (ill) = plok, pok 1 1,
broken down. Sakt (sure) = s pac t VI, to fix, firm. Skopi (a
stick) = s kop I, to beat. Kopresi (a mace) = kop r I, to beat,
to knock. Sakica (a hoe) = s vac t IV, to dig. Lufta (a battle) =
klop t, kop 1 t I, to beat. Ba (to make) = pac VI, to close, to
finish, to fulfil. Chudit (to wonder) = si. chiit, to look, to stare
at, Tesha (a packet) = t pac s VI, to contain. Tsopa (a piece) =
t kop I, to knock, to break. Punne (to work) = gr. ponos, a pain
= pac n VI, to press. Dreka (a dinner) = t pac r VI, to take in,
to eat. Ufia (vinager) = kap 1 ak V, to scratch. Kreit (all, whole)
= cap r t VI, full, to gather. Vetn (alone) = vac t n IV, void,
free. Bask (together) = pac s VI, to gather. Boll (enough) =
pac 1 VI, to touch, to reach. Marr (to take) = pac r VI. Hup
(to loose) = cav IV, void. Hang-er (to eat) = perhaps to have
a hunger.^ Buk (to eat) = pac VI, to take in, to eat = gr. phag-o.
Piilla (a wood) = pac 1 VI, to hide, to protect. Uja (hunger)
= vac IV, void. Preht (sharp) = pak r t V, to scratch, to whet,
to rub, to sharpen. Dhimt (to pain, to ache) = t cap VI, to
press. Lodh (weary) plok t I, to break down. Bardh (white) =
wak r t III, to burst, to lighten, white. Shocheia (a wife) =
lat. socia (a mate). Krdni (a comb) = kap r n V, to scratch, to
rub. Biri (a boy) = wak r III, to break out, to be born. Dhomi
(tooth) = t cap VI, to catch, to bite. Grabit (to grasp) = cap
r t VI. Kap = hu. kap (to catch), VI, to catch, lat. cap-io. Peni
(fil) = pac n, ge. kniipf-en, VI, to knit, to bind, to unite.^ Krue
(a well, a fountain) = kaw r III, to burst, to spring. Toka (earth)
= t vac IV, to dig. Dhen (earth) = t cav IV, to dig. Skrne (to
write) = s kap r n V, to scratch, to carve. Hiip (to go up) =
gr. hyper, e. heave, heb III, to rise, to go up. Sipri (over) =
s hiip, s heb III. Ngaa (to flee) = ang, bang, pac n VI, to urge,
to press. Tiimi (smoke) = gr. thymos, lat. fumus = t hav
t vah VII, to blow.^ Bari (grass) = gr. phyo, hu. fu (the grass),
wak III, to burst, to spring, to rise. Kam (on foot) = scrt.
kram (to step, to walk) = kop I, to beat the earth. Menue (to
think) = lat. mens, mac n, pac n VI, to catch with the mind.
Freni (a break)* = pac r n VI, to hem, to keep, lat. fren-um.
Speit (hurried) = s pac t VI, to urge. Mujt (to be mighty) = ge.

1 Or : cap n ak VI, to take in, to eat.

^ The same root in : chin, pien = hu. fon = e. s-pin, ge. ge-
sponn-en.

3 The majority of words in alb. language come from greek and
turkish, a few from latin, Italian and Slavic.

* Hu. f6k (break) = pac VI, to hem ; hu. b6k-6 (break) = pac VI,
to hem ; e. break = 1) wak r III, to break ; 2) pac r VI, to hem, to
h'nder.

7*

lUO

Macht. Mledli (to gather) = mac 1 t, pac 1 t VI, to gather.*
Rrjejt (to lie) = vrc t, vac r t IV, to speak vain things. Zoti
(the Lord) = s cap t VI, to press. Repp (to clasp, to fasten) =
cap r VI, to unite, to keep. Mungue = ge. Mangel, e. want =
vac n t IV, void, wanting.^ Kot (in vain) = cav t IV, void, vain.
Dekun (dead) = t vac n IV, void, vanishing. Gjat (long) ==
hav t, veh t III, to extend. Pru (to bear) = pac r VI, to hold,
to bear. Sakt (true) = s pac t VI, to unite, to touch, to reach,
to harmonize. Pi (to drink) = pac VI, to take in. Skrue (to
write) = s kap r V, to scratch, to carve. Akulli (ice) = pac 1,
gr. peg-o, VI, to fix. Mir (good) = mac r, pac r VI, to touch,
to reach, to harmonize. Mallota (a mantle) = mac 1 1, pac 1 1 VI,
to protect. Marz (to receive) = pac r VI. Spata (a sword) = s
pok t II, to cut. Dami (damage) = t hem, VI, to hinder, to
stop, or IV t cav, void, vanished. Brusa (a brush) = pak r s V,
to rub. Duhet (necessary) = t pac t VI, to press. Katchulets
(a kerchief) = cap t 1, VI, to bind. Buka (bread) = pac VI,
to take in, to eat. Kerkue (to search) = fr. chercher, lat. quaero
= cap ar ak VI, to gripe (hu. kaparkodik). Ngust (narrow) =
lat. angustus, pac n VI, to press. Von (late) = veh n III, to
extend, to tarry. ^ Gadi (ready) = cap t VI, to close, to finish.
Dora (the hand) = t cap r VI, to take.* Vogel, vocer (little,
small) = pac 1 VI, to press, to confine. Mreti (a king) = mac
r t, pac r t VI, to oppress.^ Mege (a fog) = mac, pac VI, to
cover ; si. mrak (the darkness) has the same root. Konopi (rope)
= cap n VI, to bind.® Lidh (to bind) = plik t = pac 1 t VI, to
bind.' Afer (near) = cap r VI, to touch. Pusi (a well) = lat.
puteus, from fod-io = vac t IV, to dig. Paa (to see) = pac VI,
to catch with the eyes. Vajza (a maiden, a girl) = vac s IV,
void, free. Pata (a goose) = pap t, to gaggle, to babble. Bira
(a hole) = vac r IV, hole, empty. Baktiija (cattle) = pac t VI,
to have, Hab und Gut.^ Pak (few, little) = pac VI, to press,
to limit. Sdes (to undress) = st cap s VI, to take.' Madh (high) =

1 E. gath-er = hu. gyiit. * Want = vac n t IV, void.
3 Lat. tard-e = t veh r t III, to extend, to tarry ; e. tarry =
t veh r III, to extend.

* Jap. tori (to take) = t pac r VI, to take, to catch.

' Heb. melek (a king) == mac 1, pac 1 VI, to be able, to oppress
or to defend. Perhaps gr. basileus (the king) has the same meaning :
pac s 1 VI, to oppress or to protect.

* Perhaps this word derives from «hemp)).
' Near to e. link.

* Hu. barom (cattle) = pac r VI, to have, Hab and Gut. Hu.
marha (cattle) = pac r VI, to have. Perhaps : lat. pecus, oldgerm.
Vaih = pac VI, to have, Hab und Gut.

» Hu. szed (to take, to grasp) = s cap t VI, to take.

101

scrt. niah-ant, hu. mag-as. Nigjue (to hear) = pac n VI, to
catch with the ears. Praa (to cease) = pac r VI, to finish, to
close. Thell (deep) = t cav I IV, to cave, deep, dig. Scue (to go)
= it. scappare, s cav IV, void, empty, free. Lerg (far) = veh
1 III, to extend, it. largo. Jith (all) = cap t VI, to gather. Teper
(much) = t cap r VI, to gather. Pa (without) = vac IV, void,
pers. bi, chin. fei. Jinya (a people) = lat. gens, kaw n III, to
burst, to be born. Petku (a dress, a garment) = pac t ak VI,
to cover. Tharpt (sour) = s kap r t V, to scratch. Speitue (hurry)
= s pac t VI, to press. Ngaa, ngut (to hurry, lat. curr-ere) =
ang, bang, pac n VI, to press. Kriipa (salt) = kap r V, to scratch.
Sum (much) = scrt. sama, s cap VI, to gather. Baskiija (a nail)
= pok s I, to beat, to knock. Ecra (wind) = lat. aura, hav,
vah VII, to blow. Bukur (beautiful) = pac r VI, to touch,
to reach, to harmonize. Ngust (narrow) = ang, bang, pac n VI,
to press. Soku (a mate) = s pac VI, together. Tula (brick) from
tegula, t pac 1 VI, to cover. Gjiini (knee) from : genu, kaw n III,
to curve, to bend. Ruga (road) = prak, scrt. marga (road), scrt.
kram (to step). Rrah (to beat) = prak, pok r I, to beat. Teger
(wi'd) = t pac r VI, to catch. Lugu (a valley) = hu. volgy, vac
1 IV, deep. Thes (a sack) = t cap s VI, to contain.

7. Examples of adamitic analysis of Chinese and Japanese
language.

1.0.= old. Chinese, n. = new-chinese, k. = japonized
Chinese (kan-on, go-on) and j = Japanese.

Rad. 1 . 0. yat, ih (pac t, captVI)= one, unite, harmonize ;
n. yi, yit, i ; k. itsu, ichi ; j. hitotsu (cap t VI). O. Deng (t pac
n VI) = a) nail, to unite,^ b) to bear, to sustain ; n. ting ; k. tei,
cho ; j. hinoto (sign of fire). 0. Ts'ik, ts'ip (t cap VI) = seven ;
n. ts'i ;2 k. shichi ; j. nanats. 0. Dung, dzang (t cap n VI) =
a) to measure b) to honour ; n. chang ; k. jo ; j. take (t pac) ."
O. sam (s cap VI) = three, several, (to gather, to collect) ; the
same word as hu. szam (a number, a collection), scrt. sam-a,
lat. cum (to unite, to collect). 0. Shung (s hoch n III) = up, to
mount ; n. shang ; k. jo ; j. ue (Type : heb), kam-i (hem, heb),
nobor-u (heb n r), agaru (hoch r). 0. hat, ha, ga (cav t IV) down ;
n. hia ; k, ka, ge ; j. shita, shimo, kudaru, sagaru.* 0. man,

^ Perhaps the oldest sense is : t pok n (a) to beat, b) to dink,
to ting e) as si. klinC-ek (a nail) = a) to kUnk ; b) to beat ; in the same
way : hu. szeg (a nail) = a) s pok ; b) s pac ; tu. sek-sek = klink-klink.

2 To be pronounced : tshhi, aspiration corresponding always
to : hh (a very sharp h).

' Perhaps corresponding to germ, fassen, to contain and to keep
(in honour), G. Acht (to honour) = pac t ; e. aw-e = cap (to keep).

* The idea «down)) is derived from different sources. Si. dolu
(down) is the same word as lat. vall-is (a valley, a dale), which word

102

1

u^ ^

ban (pac n VI, an end, close) = 10,000 (because 10,000 is the
end-nuniber) ; n. wan ; k. man, ban ; j. yorozu (perhaps : not
relying on ; yoru = rely on, yorozu = not relying on, having
no succession). O. pot, bot, bok (vac, vac t IV, void, wanting) =
not ; n. pu, put ; k. fu ; j. zu. 0. K'oi, n. kai, k. katsu, j. katsu
= cap t VI, to covet, or : cap t VI, to urge, to press. 0. Shei,
shap, shik, n. se, k. sei, jap. yo (s pac, s cap VI, to follow) =
age, lat. saeculum, (to follow, lat. sequ-i = s pac VI, to touch,
to bind, to follow). Jap. yo = lat. jung-o, jug = pac VI, to
bind. 0. Guk, n. kyu, j. oka = ge. hoch, heb III, to rise, to be
high, a hill. 0. Ts'ia, ts'at = t cap, t cap t VI, to touch, to add,
n. ts'ie, j. katsu = cap t VI, to gather, to add, to augment.
0. Dsang (t pac n VI, to touch, to add, to help), n. sheng, k.
sho, j. tasukeru = tak-suk, t pak-s pak VI, to touch, to add,
to help. 0. Bing, ping (equal) = pac n VI, to touch, to reach, to
resemble ; n. ping ;^ k, hyo ; j. narabu = knap r, cap n r VI,
to touch, to make follow, to range, to make harmonious-equal
and resembling. 0. Tup, tin (to cast, to leave) = t kop I, to
throw or t cav IV, to waste, to vanish ; n. tiu ; k. chii ; j. saru
(s cav r IV, to waste) ; etc., etc.

Rad. 2. O. Ka, ko (cap VI) specif icatif-des boites, meubles,
etc. (all having the primitive idea : to contain). 0. dong (t pac
n VI) = middle, centre, in ; n. chung ; k. chii ; j. nak-a (pnac =
pac n VI, to contain, in, to enter).

Rad. 3. 0. Hwan (round, circular) = wak n III, to bend,
to curve ; n. wan ; k. gwan ; jap. marui (= mageru, wak r. III,
to curve, to bend). 0. Du, dot (a lord) = t pac t VI, to urge, to
press, to rule ; n. chu ; k. shu ; j. nushi = pnak s, pac n s VI, to
press.

Rad. 4. gai, ni, ik, ap (to cut, to rule) = kop II, to cut, or.
cap VI, to press ; n. i ; jap. karu = kop r II, to cut ; osameru =
cap s am VI, to press, to rule. O. Gut, kau (longtime) = cap
t VI, to hold, or : hev t, veh t III, to extend, to protract ; n. kyu ;
k. kyu ; jap. hisashi = hev s, veh s III, to extend.^ 0. Dat, dik

comes from lat. vacuus, cavare (cave, hollow) and down = dale-wards.
Perhaps «down» is the same word as si. dolu = a valley, hung, volgy.
Hung, le (down) is perhaps an abbreviation of volgy (vie, vac 1, to
cave, a hollow, a valley). Then oldchin. h'at would be : cav t (hollow,
a da e). Jap. shita (down) is the same word as oldchin. hat ; jap.
shim-o = oldchin. shim (deep, to dip) = t cav (to enfonce, to dip, to
dig in). Jap. kud-aru (to fall, to descend) = lat. cad-o (1) kop t = to
beat the earth falling or 2) cap t = to 'fix himself to the earth, to
lay himself on the earth), the same as gr. hed-o-mai, lat. sed-eo (to
sit, setzen, sich setzen = to sit himself down).

^ Inversion of ge. knupf-en, ankniipfen (to attach, to bind).

2 The same root in hu. hosszu (long).

103

(that)i = I pac t VI, to touch, to relate ; n. chi ; k. shi ; jap. no
(= nok, pnok, pac n VI, ge. kniipfen, to bind, to relate) ; yuk-u
= it. giungere, to reach ; kore = cap r VI, to touch, to relate.
Pap, pat (poor, insufficient) = pap III, to break down '^
n. fa, fat ; k. bo ; j. toboshii = t cav s IV, void, wanting. 0. Hu,
gu, wu (= huh VII, a sound, a voice, an asking aspiration);
n. hu ; k. ko ; j. ka. O. Kwai (to turn the back, kaw III, to turn) ;
n, kwai ; k. kwai ; j. tag-au (t vac IV, avoid), hanaru = cav n IV,
to avoid, to waste. 0. Zang (to mount) = s beh, sheb, ge. heb-en
III, to rise, high ; n. sheng ; k. sho ; j. noboru = heb nlll, ge
heb-en, rise, mount ; noru = abbreviation of : noboru.

Rad. 5. O. Gut (number nine, many) = cap t VI, to gather f
n. kyu ; k. ku ; j. kokonots. O. yap (hke, and) = cap VI, to
touch, to reach, to unite ; n. ye ; k. ya ; jap. nari = pnk, pac n VI,
to unite ; mata = gr. meta (with, to meet), mac t, pac t VI, to
unite.* 0. K'it, hat (to beg) = cap t VI, to covet, or VI, to urge ;
n. k'i ; k. kitsu ; j. koi-neg-au.^ Niok (milk, to suck) = n
pac VI, to take in, to eat ; n. juk, ju ; k. ju ; j. chichi.^ 0. Kan
(dry) = cap n VI to shrink ;' n. kan ; k. kan ; jap. kaw-aku =
cap-ak VI, to shrink.

Rad. 6. 0, Lio (to end, to finish, to understand) = lip,
clp, cap 1 VI, to close and to catch, to conceive ; n. leao ; k. ryo ;
jap. owari = cap r VI, to close. 0. Shei, shap, shik (a matter,
a business, to take in hand) = s cap VI, to begin, to under-
take, to be occupied ; n. shi ; k. ji ; jap. koto = cap t VI, to
undertake.

Rad. 7. 0. Nip, ni (two) = ge. kniipf-en, cap n VI, to bind ;
n. orh ; k. ji, ni ; jap. futats = pac t VI, to bind, to unite. 0. Go,
ho, wok (mutually, together) = cap, pac VI, together ; n. wu ;
k. go ; jap. tagai-ni = t pac VI, to unite, together. 0. Go, wok
(five, many, whole) = cap, pac VI, to gather ; n. wu ; k. go ;

^ Both words have the same origin, the same meaning.
2 A secundary meaning is : scarce (s cav r IV, void, wanting)
and lack (vac 1 IV, void, vanishing, wanting).
^ Gut, kyu (nine) = e. gath-er, many.

* The same word as e. mate (a compagnion).

' Neg-au = an abbreviation of chin, wang (to hope, to ex-pect.)
E. hop-e = cov-et = lat. cup-io = gr. s-kep-to (cap VI, to catch
with the mind or with the eyes), Ge. gierig, begehren = to gripe, to
grasp cap r VI, to catch, to covet). Lat. harpax = harpagon, from
carpo = to catch, to covet, lat. cupio. Chin, wang (to hope) = vac n VI.

• Chichi = ju-ju. Juk (the meat) = t pac VI, to take in, to eat.
The same root in : pers. gusht (the meat) = hu. hus. Gr. geu-o (to
eat) = cap VI, to take in = lat. gustus = ge. Kost. Hu. osz (to eat) =
lat. gustare. Hu. osz = hosz = hevsz = gr. gev-o, lat. gus-to.

' Ge. schrumpf-en (to shrink) = s crap n, s cap r n VI, to press.

104

jap. itsuts = hits, cap t VI, to unite ; hu. 6t. 0. A, ak (the next)
= pac VI, to touch, near ; n. ya ; k. a ; jap. tsug-u = t pac VI,
to bind. O. Se, sip (s cap VI, to press, to shrink) ; n. sie = few,
httle ; k. sha ; jap. sukoshi = s pak s VI, to press, to shrink.

Rad. 8. 0. Mong, bong, wong (lost, dead, escaped) == vac
n IV, void, vanished ; n, wang ; k. bo ; j. horobu = cav r ap IV,
to vanish ; ushin-au = vac s n IV, to vanish, to be lost ; hu.
vesz = vac s IV, to vanish. 0. K'ang (strong, to attack) =
kap n VI, to oppress ; n. k'ang ; k. ko ; j. ataru = cap t VI,
to touch, to press. O. Kot (to unite) = cap t VI, to unite ; n.
kiao ; k. ko ; jap. mazeru = mac s, pac s VI, to unite. 0. Yik,
yip (and, still, to unite) = pac, cap VI, to unite ; n. yi, i ; k. eki ;
j. mata = mac t, pac t VI, to unite ; e. mate. O. King (high,
capital) = hoch n, high n VI, high, ge. hoch ; n. king ; k. kei
(= e. high), kyo (= ge. hoch) ; jap. miyako = mi (high) and
yak-o = lat. jung-o (to bind, to gather, all). 0. T'ing (a pavi-
lion, a shelter, to stop) = t pac VI, to hem, to dwell, to stop ;
n. t'ing ; k. tei, ; jap. to-domaru = dom-dom = t hem-t hem VI,
to hem, to stop, to dwell ; the same word as lat. dom-us = a
stopping place, resting place. ^ 0. Leung (the light) = wak
1 III, to burst, to open, break of day, light ; n. hang ; k. ryo ;
jap. akireka, tu. ak = wak r III, open, light.

Rad. 9. O. Yan (perhaps gr. gen = kaw n III, to burst
out like a bud, to be born) ; n. jin, jen ; k. nin ; jap. hito (?)
pac t VI, to gather (?), all (?), people. O. Kim (now) = cap,
cnap, VI, ge. knapp, just this moment,^ necessity. 0. Kap
(good, help, assist) = cap VI, to touch, to be near ; n. kiai ;
k. kai ; jap. tasukeru (to help) = tak-suk == t pak-s pak VI,
to touch, to be near ; hu. seg-it, jap. suk-e. 0. Chak, tsek (to
bend, oblique) = t wak III, to curve, to bend (ge. beug =
wak III, to curve) ; n. tse ; k. soku ; jap. mageru = mak, wak III,
to curve, to bow, to bend. 0. Ling (to rule, to command) =
pac 1 n VI, to urge ; n. ling ; k. ryo ; jap. seshimeri = shem-shim
(chin, cham, chim = cap VI, to usurp, ^ to press, to rule). 0. Lak
(to come, to approach) = gr. e-lach-on (lanch-ano) = plak, pac

^ And lat. dominus = t hem, t cap VI, to hem, to press, to rule =
lat. dom-are, ge. zahmen = to doom, dame.

2 Now = nop, knop = cap n VI, to press, ge. knapp (just now) ;
ge. nun = knap n, cap n VI, just, narrow, ge. knapp.

^ Usurpe = csrp, cap s r VI, to press, to urge, to rule ; e. tyr-ant
= t cap r VI, to oppress ; heb. sar (a chief, a ruler) = s cap r VI, to
usurp, to oppress ; gr. kyr-ios = cap r Vl = ger. Herr = hu. ur =
egypt. uro (the king) ; and : king = kun-ing = kap n ing VI, to op-
press ; hu. bir (to can) = pac r VI, to oppress, to prevail ; sumero-
akkad. Dingir (the Lord) = t pac n VI, to oppress ; anglosax. drychten
(the lord) = t pac r t VI, to oppress.

105

1 VI, to touch, to reach ; n. lai ; k. rai ; jap. kit-aru = cap t VI,
to reach. O. Ts'ong (a granary, a box) = t pac n VI, to contain ;
n. ts'ang ; k. so; jap. kura = cap r VI, to contain. 0. Sam
(shelter, parasol) = s cap VI, to cover, to shelter ; n. san ; k.
san ; jap. kasa = cap s VI, to shelter ; etc., etc., etc.

Here I follow with the analysis of a few Japanese words.

Ab-ak-u (to open, break open, to divulge) = kaw ak III,
to break, to burst. Ab-ar-a (side, rib) = cap r VI, to unite, near,
proach. Ab-ara (broken down) = kaw III, to break. Ab-ar-e
(restive, rowdy) = cap r VI, to fix. Ab-u (a horse fly) = how VII,
to howl, to hum ; Ab-uk-u (foam)^ = hew ak VI I^ to blow, to
smoke, to fume. Ab-ur-a (oil) = kap r, to smear, to rub V.
Ab-ur-u (to roast) = cap r VI, to compress, to dry.^ Ad-a (empty,
vain) = cav t IV, void, empty. ^ Ai, au (each, other) = chin,
ho, hop (to meet) = cap VI, to unite, to meet. Ak-a (red) =
wak III, to burst out, to open, morning, break of day. Ak-ari
(light) = wak r, to burst out III, the light. Ak-i (autumn) =
pac VI, to gather, to close. Ak-i (gap, vacancy) = vac, vain,
void, lat. vac-uus.* Ak-u (lie) = vac IV, vain words, vanity.
Ak-u (sated) = pac VI, close, shut, end. Ak-u (bad, wrong) =
vac IV, vain, bad. Am-a (flax) = ham, cap VI, to unite, to
bind, to knit.^ Am-ari, am-ata (too much) = ham, cap VI, to
heap. Am-e (heaven) — heav, heb, ge. Himm-el III, to heave,
to lift, to rise, high.^ Am-u (to weave), am-i (a net) = ham,
cap VI, to unite, to bind, to knit.' An-a (a hole) = han, cav
n IV, to dig, hollow.^ Ao, aoi (green, blue) = haw, kaw III, to
grow, to burst out, to flourish. Ao-gu (to fan) = hew, weh VII,
to blow, to make a wind.^ Ar-a (fault, defect) = cav r IV, void.

^ Hu. hab (foam) = jap. abuku, habuku, — the same word as
jap. aw-a = arab. habb. Aw-a is contained in the germ, word Sehau-m
= s hew m (to blow, to fume, to smoke) = lat. s-pii-ma (foam) =
s hew m = e. foam = hew m.

2 Ge. druck-en (to compress) = ge. troek-en.

' Hu. od-u (a cavity) = cav t ; jap. ad-a has the same origin as
hu. od-u.

* E. gap = cav, void, empty.

» The same root in kum-i, kum-o (the spider) = klm, kip =
pic, lat. plec-to, to plait.

• Hu. em-el (to heave, to lift) = hem, ge. heb-en, e. heav-e, III.
Hu. ^g (heaven) = hoch, high = tu. gjok (heaven, high, ge. hoch).

' The same root in jap. kmn-o (a spider) = klm, kip, pic =
lat. plec-to, e. plait, knit.

8 The same root in lat. ean-alis, e. chann-el = cav n, IV, dig, a
ditch ; e. can-oe = cav n ; e. cann-on = cav n, IV, hollow ; e. gun =
cav n IV, hollow.

' E. Ian = weh n (to make a wind) ; ge. Fah-ne (a standard) =

106 9

Ar-ai (wash) = kap r, to scratch, to rub.i Ar-ai (coarse, rough) ='
kap r V, to rub. Ar-asu (to waste) = cav r IV, to make void^
and empty. Ar-aw-asu = kaw r III, to open, to bring to lioht
Ar-i (ant) = hev r III, lat. ferv-eo, to swarm. Ar-u (to be" to
have) = cap r VI, lat. hab-eo, cap-io. As-a (morning)' =
kaw s III, day-break. As-ob-i = cav s ap IV, to loiter, a leisure
a vacation. At-aeru (to give) = cap t VI, to hand.2 At-ai (price)
= at (cap t, to reach, to touch) and au (to meet). At-ar-a (pre-
cious) = touching the value. At-ari (neighbourhood) = cap
t VI, to touch. At-ari (hit, come true, to win) = cap t VI, to
touch. At-e, at-eru (rehance, object) -= cap t VI, to touch' to
reach. At-o (after) = cap t VI, to follow. Au (to meet, to follow)
= chin, ho, hop = cap VI, to touch, to reach. Aw-a (foam) =
hew, VII, to blow, to fume, to smoke. Aw-are (pity) = cap r
to be pressed. Aw-as-eru = cap s VI, to cause meeting. Ba

^P u TxT P^^ ^^' *^ ^^^^' ^^ ^^^P' ^^ contain. Baba (old woman)
= babble. Bach-i = pat, pap t I, to beat. Bak-ari (alone) =
pac r VI, to press, to compress. Ban (evening) = wak n III
to incline. Ban (watch) = a) pac n VI, to catch sight, or b)
wak n III, to turn. Ben (convenience) = oldchin. bien = fr.
bien, lat. ben-e = pac n VI, to harmonize. Bir-a, bir-u = lat
ferv-eo, ge. brau-en III, to boil. Bon (ordinary) = pac n VI to
heap. Bu, bun (rate, part) = pok II, to part, to cut, to divide.
till (wisdom) = oldchin. dok, t pac VI, to touch, to indi-
cate, to show. Chichi (milk) = abbreviation of chin, iuk-iuk
(t wak III, to burst out). Chichi (father) = abbreviation of
chin, tiep-tiep = t cap VI, to protect.^ Chichi (slow) = abbre-
viation of chin, cheh-cheh = t veh III, to draw, to tarry. Chi-e
(wisdom) = chin, dok (lat. dic-o, gr. dok-eo, e. teach) and e
(oldchin. get, ket, kek = e. quick, lively). Chiis-ai (little, tiny)
= chiks-ai = t pac s VI, to compress. Chik-ai (near) = t pac VI
to press to.* Chik-ara (strength) = t pac r VI, to press, to urge,
Dak-i (to embrace) = t pac VI. Dam-aru (to be silent) = t hem,
t cap VI, to restrain, to abstain, to hold back.^ Da-su, de-ru

ge. weh-en (to blow, to flirt, a flag. In German one says : die Fah-ne
weh-t (fah = weh). E. flag, ge. flatt-ern, e. flirt = weh I t VII.

1 E. wash = pak s V, to rub.-

2 Hu. ad (to give) = ar. at-a (to give) = si. da-ti = lat. da-re =
tu. at-mak. Sort, do (to give) = tak, t pac VI, to hand ; and scrt. do
to receive) = t pac VI, to take.

» The same word as oldegypt. tef-u (the father) = t cap VI, to
protect. - f ' ^

* It press-o, e. proach = to press to ; gr. angu (proach, near) =
pac n VI, to press. Ge. nah-e, e. near = abbreviation of gr. ang.ii

» The same word as lat : dom-are, ge. zahm-en. Jap. dam-ashi
(to cheat) is standing near to jap. dam-ari ; jap. dam-ashi (to cheat) =

107

(out, yield) = oldchin. t'uk, t wak III, to issue, to manifest.
E (picture, drawing) = chin, hoa, kap V, to rub, to scratch,
to write. Fue (a flute) = hu. fuj, to blow = jap. fuk-u, weh VII,
to blow. Fuk-ai (deep) = vac IV, to dig, to deepen. Fuk-eru
(to grow late) = veh III, to protract. Fuk-u (to blow) = hu.
fuj = weh VII, to blow. Fuk-u (to cover) = pac VI, to cover.
Fuk-u (to wip-e) = kap, pak V, to rub. Fuk-umu (to keep, to
hold) = pac VI, to keep, to bear. Fuk-uro (a bag) = pac VI,
to contain (fuk = bag). Fun-e (a boat, a vessel) = pac n VI,
to contain, or : vac n IV, to carve out. Fur-eru (to touch) =
pac r VI. Fur-eru (to shake) = pac r VI, to shake. ^ Fus-ag-u
(to stop) = pac s VI, to hem. Fu-suru = pac VI, to follow, to
attach. Fut-a (a lid) = pac t VI, to cover. Fut-oi (big, thick) =
pac t VI, to heap. Fuy-u (winter) = hu. fuj-6, the blow-er VII,
to blow.2 Ga (yet) = cap VI, to close. ^ Ga (moth) = kap V,
to rub, to scratch. Ga (picture) = kap V, to write, to scratch.
Gai (harm) = cap VI, to press.* Gai (extern) = kaw III, to
burst out, to open. Gak-u (a sum) = hard type of cap VI, to
heap. Gak-u (to learn) = hard type of cap VI, to catch with
the mind (it. eap-is-co). Gan (wild goose) = ge. Gan-s (goose),
gang s, gag n VII, to gaggl-e, hu. gag-og. Gan (cancer) = cav
n IV, to dig, to cav-e, to scratch. Gan (eye) = cap n VI, to catch
sight. Gats-u, gets-u" (the moon) = cap t VI, to follow. Got-ok-u
(like) = cap t VI, to follow, to imitate. Ha (tooth) = cap VI,
to catch, to bite. Hab-eru (wait) = cap VI, to catch sight. Hab-
uk-u (to omit) = kop II, to cut, or cav IV, to waste. Hae-ru
(to grow) = kaw III, to burst out. Hag-u (to strip) = ge. hack-en,
hard type ot kop II, to cut. Hai (worship) = chin, pai = ge.
beug-en, to bow, wak III, to bow, to incline. Ha-ir-u (to enter)

to make a man silent, to reduce him to fainting and impotency =
lat. dom-are, ge. zahm-en, e. tam-e (to restrain). Perhaps : e. trick,
ge. triig-en = ge. be-driick-en (to restrain, to tame).

Jap. to-dom-ari = dom-dom = t hem — t hem = t cap — t cap
VI, to restrain, to rest, to stay, to stop. The same root in lat. dom-us
(a house) and e, dom-e = to stop, to rest, to stay, a house, a big
house (a dom-e).

^ E. shak-e = s cap VI, to gripe often, to shake.

2 Fi. tuul-i (wind) = t weh 1 ; fi. talv-i (winter) = t hew 1, t weh 1,
to blow. E. wint-er = wind. Hu. t^l (winter) = fi. tuul-i (wind). Chin.
t'ong (winter) = t weh n, to blow, or: t pac n VI, to freeze.

^ E. yet = get, cap t VI, to touch, to reach, to close = hu. teg
(t pac, to close, to finish, in hu. teg-nap = yest-er-day = chin, tsok-jit
(yester-day). Chin, tsok = t pac VI, to finish, to close = hu. teg =
inversion of e. yet and yest-er, ge. gest-ern.

* E. harm = cap r VI, to press, to molest.

» Jap tSQk-i (the moon) = t pac VI, to follow, the mate of the sun.

108

= cap VI, to take in — and ir, hir = cap r VI, to take in.
Haji-me (to begin) = kaw t III, to open. Hak-aru (to measure)
= ge. hack-en (to divide, to distinguish). Hak-ob-u (to wear)
= hard type for pac VI, to hold, to bear. Hak-u (a brush, to
sweap) = hard type for pak, ge. feg-en, pak V,^ to scratch,
to sweep ; etc., etc.

8. Examples of the Chinese language.^

Ai (o. ap, ak), to force, to push, to suffer = cap, pac VI,
to press ; ai, ap, ak (cloudy) = cap VI, to cover ; ai, ap, ak
(luxuriant) = cap VI, to heap ; ai, ap, ak (dust) = cap VI, to
cover, obscure ; ai, ap, ak (narrow, urgent) = cap, pac VI, to
press ; ang (o. gang) = to rise, elevate, grand = wak n III,
to rise, high ; ang, gang (a bassin, a vessel) = pac n VI, to con-
tain ; cha (o. tap, tak), to take, to feel = t cap VI, to touch,
to catch ;^ cha (o. tap, tak), to open, to stretch, to extend =
t wak, t veh III, to open, to extend ; cha (o. tap, tak) = to
take, to seize, to grasp, to grab; (we see o. tak = e. tak-e) ;
cha (o. tap, tak), open, come out, spread out = t wak III, to
burst, to open ; cha (o. tap, tak), to tread, to step = t kop, t
pap I, to beat, to knock the ground, (hu. tap-os, tip-or, to step,
to tread = o. tap) ; cha (o. tap, tak), a noise = fr, tap-age, t
kop I, to beat, to knock, to make a noise ; cha (o. tap, tak),
cunning, false, to impose upon = t cap, VI, to press, to urge
(or. t cav IV = void, false, vain) ; ch'a (o. t'ap, t'ak), to nip,
to seize = t cap VI, to press, or to catch ; ch'a (t'ap, t'ak), tea,
gathering of the leaves = t pac VI, to gather ; ch'a (t'ap, t'ak),
to rub, to smear = t cav IV, to dig, to rub ;* ch'a (t'ap, t'ak),
to examine = t cap VI, to catch with the. eyes, or : t cav IV,
to cav-e, to di^, to bore, to scrutinize ;^ cha (o. tat, tap), to
bind = t cap VI, to bind, to unite ; cha (tap), pattering, ver-
bose,^ multitude of voices = e. patt-er, fr. tap-age = t kop I,

^ Hu. kef-e (a brush) = inversion of ge. feg-en, pak V, to scratch.

2 S. Wells Williams : Syllabic Dictionary of the Chinese language.
Shanghai 1874. 0. = oldchinese ; nch = new Chinese.

3 Hu. tap-int (to feel) = o. tap ; e. tap and e. pat are the same
roots.

* E. smear = s pak r V, to rub, to smear = ge. schmier-en,
Schmeer, Schmalz (fat, grease) ; e. fat = pak t V, to rub, to smear ;
e. butt-er = pak t r V, to rub, to smeer ; hu. vaj (butter) = pak (to
smeer) ; si. maslo (fat, grease) = pak s IV, to rub, to smeer ; e. greas-e
= krap s, kap r s V, to smeer ; hu. mesz (chalk) = pak s VI, to 'ub,
to smeer.

* Ge. forsch-en (to scrutinize) = to bore IV, cav, to dig ; e. scrut-
inize = s crv t, s cav r t IV, to cav-e, to dig, to bore.

* E. verb-ose = prap, pap r I, to tap, fr. frapper, tap-age, noise.

109

to beat, to knock, to make a noise ; cha (tap), to shut, to hem =
t cap VI, to close, to hem ; ch'a (o. t'ap, t'at), to examine, to
scrutinize — 1) to catch with the eyes VI, to catch, to grasp,
to gripe, or 2) to cave, to dig, to scrutinize IV, to dig, to bore.
ch'a (t'ap), to receive, to take, to gather = t cap VI, cap-io ;
chai (o. dak, dai, dat), to reverence, to guard, a closet = t pac VI,
to hold, to hold with the eyes ; ch'ai (t'ap, t'ai), fagot, wood,
to stop, to screen, to protect = VI, cap-io, to grasp, to gather,
to cover ; ch'ai (o. t'ap), a company = VI, to heap, to gather ;
ch'ai (t'ap), to tread on, to stamp = t kop I, to beat, to knock
the earth with the feet; e. s.-tamp =o. t'ap;^ chan (o. dam), cut,
short, temporary = t kop II, to cut, to shorten ; chan (o. dam),
a cup = t cap VI, to contain ; chan (o. dam), a ware-house =
t cap VI, to contain ; chan, tsan (o. dam), to deep, to steep, to
moisten = t cav IV, to excavate, to make deep, to dip, to mois-
ten ;2 ch'an (o. t'am, dam) to cut off = t kop II, to cut ; ch'an
(o. t'am), to taste, to peck at, to be gluttinous = VI, to take in,
to eat ; ch'an (t'am), to bear, to produce, to increase, t cap =
VI, to augment ; chan, chen (o. tim, dim), like, true, real =
t cap VI, to unite, to harmonize, to imitate, to touch a butt ;^
chan (o. tim, dim), precious, beautiful, a prize, to esteem =
t cap VI, a) to touch, to harmonize, to be fit ; b) to hold with
the eyes ; chan (tim, dim), a needle, to prick = pak r V, to rub,
to prick, to molest ; chan (tim, dim), an anvil = knop 1, kop
n 1 1, to beat, to knock ;* chan (tim, dim), the utmost, the highest
= tu. tep-e = t cap (to touch, to reach) VI ; chan (tim, dim),
a pillow = t cap, to touch, to lean on = hu. tfim (a support) ;^
chan (tim, dim), to tie, thick = t pac VI, 1) to unite ; 2) to

^ The same root as it. stamp-a (print) = st kop I ; tu. bas-mak
(to print) = pok s I, to beat, to knock, to stamp.

2 0. dam = o. tim (to dip) = jap. shi-zum-ern (to dip) = sort,
shi-shum-ara (a dolphin, a diver) = dolphin (dip 1, dipper, diver).
E. dolphin, ge. Delf-in could possibly derive from gr. delph-os (womb,
the dolphin being a mammiferous animal).

' Ge. ziem-en (to become, to be suited) is the same word as o.
tim, dim (to touch a butt, to harmonize, to be fit). Even ge. zimm-ern
(to cut), fr. timbr-e, ge. Stimm-e (a sound, a timbre, a type), hu. czim-
er (a type, a weapon) etc. have the same root.

* 0. tim, dim = gr. typ-to (to beat, to knock) = ge. zimm-ern
(to cut) = fr. timb-re, e. typ-e, hu. czim-er, (a type, a weapon), hu.
czim (an address), etc.

^ Hu. tfim (support) = o. tim, dim ; e. pill-ow = pac 1-ak, to
touch, to reach, to lean on ; hu. v6nk-os (a pillow) = pac n VI, to
touch, to be proach, to lean on ; hu. v5nk-os = chin, pang (proach,
next, leaning on) ; e. nigh = chin, pang, pac n VI, to touch ; e. near
= pnak r, pak n r.

110

heap ; chan (tim, dim) = to restrain, to keep = VI, cap, to^j
keep, to press down, to hem ;^ chan (tim, dim), to shake =■(!
t pac VI, to press, to catch often, to grip often ; eh'an (t'im,
dim, dam), to get angry = t pac VI, to be pressed, molested ; ,
ch'an (dim, dam), to stop = t cap VI, to stop, to hem ; ch'an '
(dim, dom), to arrange, to store, many, all = t cap VI, to heap ;
eh'an (dim, dam), a minister, to rule = t cap VI, to oppress,
ge. zahmen, lat. dom-are ; eh'an (dim, dam), to sink, deep*
= t cav IV, to dip, to dive, to cave, to deepen ; eh'an (dun,
dam), to follow = t cap VI, to touch, to unite, to attach ; chang
(o. tung, dung), to draw, to extend, to swell = t wah n III,
to draw ;' chang (o. tung, dung), the palm, a hoof = t pok n I,
to beat, to knock, to slap ; chang (a curtain) = t wah n III, to
spread out, to draw ; chang (to protect, a screen, a barricade) =
t pac n VI, to cover, to hem ; chang (to blow, to beat, to fight,
weapons) = t pok n I, to beat ; ch'ang (dung, shung), the light,
flourishing, increasing = t wak n III, to burst out, to increase ;
ch'ang (dung, shung), a field, a garden, a company = t pac
n VI, to contain, to protect, to hold ; ch'ang (the intestines) =
t pac n VI, to hold, in ; ch'ang (to taste) = t pac n VI, ge. fassen,
to catch, to touch ; ch'ang (long, grand, high, open), t wah n III,
to extend, to draw ;* ch'ang (a shed) = t pac n VI, to cover,
to shelter ; ch'ang (a billow) = t wah n III, to boil, to move ;
ch'ang (to lead) = t wah n, t veh n III = ge. zieh-en (to draw,
to lead, t wah, t veh III) = lat. duc-o (to lead) = t wah, t veh
III, to draw, to lead ; chang (to collect, to amass) = t pac n VI,
to unite, to gather ; chang (to stop) = t pac n VI, to hem, to
hinder ; ch'ang (to eat much) = t pac n VI, ge. einpacken, to
take in, to eat ; chao (o. tok, dok), the brightness of the sun,
manifest, show = t wak III, to burst out ;^ chao (tok, dok),

1 E. hem — cap VI, to press down ; lat, dom-are = t cap, t hem
(to press down) = ge. zahm, zahm-en ; even ge. Damm (a dike) = t
cap VI, to hem, to press down, to hinder.

2 E. sink = s vac n IV, to excavate, to make deep, to dive ;
to dip ; e. deep, dip = t cav IV, to excavate, to make deep, to dive.
Ge. tauch-en (to duck) = t vac IV, to excavate, to make deep, to dip,
to dive.

^ The same root as lat. duc-o = ge. zieh-en — e. draw = si. tah-at
= t wah, t veh III, to draw.

* Scrt, dirg (long) = t wah r, t v§h r, to draw III, to extend ;
e. long, si. dlug-o == t wahl, t veh 1 III, to extend ; hu. hosszu (long)
= haw s, hev s III, to draw, to extend = hu. huz (to draw) = haw s,
hev s III, to extend ; jap. hos-oi (long) = haw s, hev s III, to extend ;
jap. us-ui (thin) = haw s, hev s III, to extend.

' The same root as e. day, ge. Tag.

Ill

to scratch, to tickle, to titillate = t pak V, to scratch often ;i
chao (tok, dok), the morning, the dawn = t wak III, to break
out, to burst ;2 chao (to grasp) = t pac VI, to catch, to gripe ;
chao (seek, look for) = t pak V, to bore, to dig, or VI, to catch
with the eyes ; chao (to hasten, few) = t pac VI, 1) to urge,
2) to press, to make narrow ; chao (a basket, to catch) = t pac VI,
to catch, to keep, to contain ; chao (to commence) = t cap,
lat. in-cip-io = cap-io ; chao (to enlighten) = t wak III, to burst
out like the light or the morning ; ch'ao (o. t'ok, dok), to step
over, to leap over = t heb, t hoch III, to elevate, to hop ;^
ch'ao* (o. t'ok, dok), to be grieved = t pac VI, to press, to molest ;
ch'ao (o. t'ok, dok) = to tak-e, to seize = t pac VI, to catch ;
ch'ao (o. t'ok, dok) a retreat, a nest = t pac VI, to shelter ;
ch'ao (o. t'ok, dok) to roast, to fry,^ t pac VI, to press, to com-
press ; ch'ao (o. t'ok, dok) = tpok I, clamor, quarrel, noise ; =
che (o. tak) to cover, to veil = t pac VI, to cover ; cho (o. tak),
this, to meet = t pac VI, to touch, to unite, to meet ; ch'e (o.
t'ap), a cart, a coach = t cap VI, to contain, to bear ; cho (o.
tip), to stop, to oppress, to break = t cap VI, to press, — and
t kaw III, to break ; cho (o. tip), wise, aware = t cap VI, to
catch with the mind ; cho (o. tip), afraid, to bring under =
t cap VI, to press ; chan (o. tiam) to revere = t cap VI, to catch,
to keep in the mind ; chan (tiam) to open, to expand, to prolong
= t hem, t hev, t veh, to protract ; chan (o. tiam), to usurp
= t cap VI, to press ; chan (tiam) a war, anxious, fearful =
t cap VI, to press, to oppress ; ch'en (o. t'iam), a curtain =
t cap VI, to cover ; ch'en (o. t'iam), to peep, to spag = t cap VI,
to catch with the eyes ; cheu (o. tok, dok), frequent, plenty,
close, environs = t pac VI, to heap, or : t cap VI, to touch ;
chen (o. tok, dok), to give = t pac VI, to hand, to touch, to
put ; cheu (o. tok, dok), a helmet = t pac VI, to protect, to
cover ; cheu, ch'eu (o. tok, dok), to curse, spell, charm, incan-
tation = t pok I, to make a noise, to chatter, to babble ; chen
(o. tok, dok), day = t wak III, to burst out, to break out i^

1 E. tickl = t pak 1 V, to scratch often ; lat. ti-till-are = till-
till-are = tick-1-tick-l-are.

2 E. dawn = t kaw n III, to break out, to burst.

3 The same root as hu. szok (to leap over) = s hoh, s hop ; si.
s kok (to leap over) = s kok, s hop ; o. chin, kok, nch. kuo (to leap
over) = kok, hop ; the same root as hebr. heb-er (to leap over, to
emigrate), giving birth to the name «Hebrew, Heber», the emigrant.

* Ch'ao, o. dok = e. tak-e.

5 Lat. frig-o = pac r VI, to compress, to dry ; ge. troek-nen =
ge. driiek-en, and ge. brat-en (to roast, to toast) = lat. frig-t = ge.
Bred, e. bread (to dry, to roast). " The same word, as e. day, ge.

Tag = t wak III, to break out, break of day.

112

eh'eu (o. dok, tok), to take out, to pluck = t pac VI, to take ;
cli'eu (o. dok, tok), vexed = t pak VI, to oppress ; ch'eu (o.
tok, dok), company = t pac VI, to heap, to unite ; ch'eu (tok,
dok), shameful, ugly = t pac VI, to press, to be depressed ;
chf (dik), to know, to tell, to inform = t pak VI, to show, to
teach ;^ ehi (dik), a branch = t pok II, to divide ; chi (dik),
to stop = t pac VI, to hem, to retain, to hinder ;^ chi (dik),
scope, order, decree = t pak VI, to teach ; chi (dik), a finger =
lat. dig-itus, gr. dac-tylos, to teach ;^ chi (dik), wisdom = gr.
dog-ma, lat. in-dic-o ; chi (dik), an aim, an end = t pac VI, to
touch, to reach ; chi (dik), to cut, a law = t pok II, to cut out ;
chi (dik), to heal, to rule = t pac VI, a) to make whole ; b) to
repress ; chi (dik), to wait on = t pac VI, to catch sight, to
wait ; chi (dik), to meet, to happen, to hold, to manage = t pac
VI, to touch, to reach, to hold ; ehi (dik), to make firm, to place
= t pac VI, to fix ; chi (dik), water congealed, to stop = t pac
VI, to fix ; chi (dik),* to arrive, to reach = t pac VI, to touch,
to reach ; chi (dik), to remember, to record (in annals) = t pac
VI, to catch with the mind ; ch'i (dap, dik), a pool, a tank =
t cap VI, to heap, to collect, to stop ; ch'i (dap, dik), fast, a cour-
ser = t pac VI, to urge ; ch'i (dap, dik), slow, dilatory, late =
t veh III, to protract ;^ ch'i (dap, dik) = to grasp, to seize =
t cap VI, to catch, to keep, to seize ; ch'i (dap, dik), shame,
chagrin = t cap VI, to press, to molest ; chih (tik, dip), to seize,
to retain = t pac VI, to keep ; chih (tik, dip), to tie up, a fetter =
t pac VI, to hem, to retain ; chih^ (tik, dip), only, merely =
t cap VI, to compress, to hem ; chih (tik, dip), firm = t pac VI,
to press, to fix ; chih (tik, dip), to roast, to dry = t pac VI, to
press, to diminish, to dry ; chih (tik, dip), to gather = t pac VI,
to gather ; chih (tik, dip), to follow = t pac VI, to touch, to

^ Chi (dik) = e. teach = lat. dic-o = gr. dok-eo ; chin, chi (dik),
a finger = lat. dig-itus, gr. dak-tylos.

^ E. hind-er = hem ter — cap VI, to retain.

^ It is very interesting to realise, that ideas, such as : to touch,
a finger, to show, to teach, etc. have the same sources in european
and asiatic languages. Chin, chi-tao (to know) = oldchin. dik-dok-
thesame roots as gr. dok-eo, lat. in-dic-o, e. teach, lat. dise-o (= dic-
s-o) ; chin, chi-tao (to know) = e. to be shown, to be taught.

* Jap. to-dok-eru = tok-tok-eru (to arrive, to reach) = lat
tang-o, tak, t pac VI, to reach, to touch. Even e. com-e = kop, or cap'
a) to knock, to butt or b) to touch, to- reach ; chin. M (to come) =
gr. e-laeh-on, plak, pac 1 VI, to touch, to reach.

^ E. slow = s hlv, s hev 1, to draw, to protract ; e. lat-e = hlv t
= hev 1 t, veh 1 t III, to protract ; hu. lass-ii (late, slow) = vlh s,
veh Is III, to protract.

• Hu. csak (only) = chin. chih.

113

unite, to follow ; chih (tik, dip), to weave = t pac VI, to unite,
to bind, to knit ; ch'eng (ding),^ to finish = t pac n VI, to close ;
eh'eng (ding), a citadel, a city = t pac n VI, to protect ; ch'eng
(ding), to accept, to receive = t pac n VI, to catch, to take ;
eh'eng (ding), to repress, to punish = t pac n VI, to press ;
chao, cho (dok, tak), to cover, to press, must = t pac VI, a) to
cover, b) to press ; chao, cho (dok, tak), a handle, to tie =
t pac VI, to take, to unite ; choh, ch'oh (dok, tak), to stop =
t pac VI, to hem, to keep ; choh (dok, tak), firm, a table =
t pac VI, to fix ; choh (dok, tak), to peck, to pick = t pac VI,
to catch, to take ; choh (dok, tak), to strike = t pok I, to beat ;
choh (dok, tak), to castrate = t pok II, to cut ; ch'oh (t'ok),
slow, leisurely = t weh III, to draw, to delay, to tarry ; chu
(djot, du), a hog = t cav, t cav t IV, to dig ; chu to stop =
t pac VI, to hem ; ch'u (t'op), to cut out, to begin = t kop II,
to cut, to cut out ; ch'u (t'op), a hoe = t cav IV, to dig ; ch'uh
(t'uk), to go out, to spring = t wak III, to break out, to burst
out ; chui (tup), to follow = t cap VI, to touch, to attach, to
follow ; chui (tup), an awl,^ a borer = t cav IV, to dig, to bore ;
ehui (tup), a cudgel = t kop I, to beat, to knock, to strike ;'
chui (tup), to sew = t cap VI, to attach ;* ch'ui (dup)^ a hammer,
to beat = t kop I, to beat ; ch'un (dan), spring, budding =
t kaw n III, to break out, to burst out ; chung (tong), middle,
in = t pac n VI, to close, to shut, to enter, in ; chung (tong),
faithful = t pac n VI, to unite, to attach ; chung (tong), the
end = t pac n VI, to close ; chung (tong), to swell = t weh
t heb n III, to rise ; chung (tong), heavy = t weh n III, to bear,
to draw ; ch'ung (dong), to fill = t pac n VI, to heap, to fill ;
chwa (tap), a switch, a whip = tap, t kop I, to beat, to tap ;*
chwang (tung), a house, a cottage, a farm, a firm = t pac n VI,
to contain ; chwang (tung), to bind, to tie, to pack = t pac n VI,
to pack, to attach ; chwang (tung), stout, powerful = t pac
n VI, to press ; chw'ang (tong), a window = t vac n IV, a cavity,
to dig out ; chw'ang (tong), a wound = t pok n II, to cut ;
chw'ang (tong), to begin = t pok n II, to cut out ; ehw'an (fan),

1 The same word as ge. Ding, e. thing = t pac n VI, to close ;
chin, tsok (to do) = t pac VI, to close, to finish ; perhaps : lat. fac-io —
pac VI, to close, to finish.

2 E. aw-1 = cav 1 IV, to dig, to bore ; e. bor-e = vac r IV, to dig,
to bore.

^ Chin, chui = oldchin. tup = gr. typ-to (to beat) = t kop I.

* Chin, chui (to sew) = e. sew = si. shev = hu. szu-cs (a skinner,
ge. Schu-ster).

' The same word as gr. typ-to (to beat) — ge. zimm-ern (to knock,
to cut).

• Oldchin. tap = e. tap.

114

to perforate = t cav n IV, to dig, to carve, to bore ; chw'an
(t'an), to hurry = t cap n VI, to press, to urge ; chw'an (fan),
to string, together = t cap n VI, to press, to string ; fah^ (papj
pat), to expand, to shoot, to rise, to manifest, a bud, the spring
= wah III, to break out, to spring out ; fah (pap, pat), to beat =
pap I, to beat ;^ fan (pan, pam), pain, trouble, to ask, urgent =
pac n VI, to press, to urge ; fan, all = pac n VI, to heap ; fan,
to turn = weh n III, to turn ;^ fan, meal, rice = pac n VI,
to take in, to eat ; fan, to imitate, a law, a mold = pac n VI,
to unite, to follow, to imitate ; fan (pun, bun), to divide =
pok n II, to cut, to divide ; fan, vapor = weh n VII, to blow,
to exhale ; fan, a heap, a tumulus = pac n VI, to heap ; fan
(anger) = pac n VI, to press, to urge, to excite ; fan, ardor =
pac n VI, to urge ; fang (bung), impediment = pac n VI, to
hem ; fang, a room = pac n VI, to contain ;* fang, a bank,
a screen, protection = pac n VI, to cover, to protect ; fang,
to imitate = pac n VI, to attach, to unite, to follow ; fang,
to banish, to send away = wah n III, to shoot, to open, to
expand ; fei (pit, bit), swift, to fly = viv III, quick ; fei (pit,
bit), negation = vac t IV, void, empty ; fei, fat = pac t VI,
to heap ; fei, to destroy, to waste, to spend = vac IV, to waste,
to make void ;^ feu (put), a vessel, a jar = pac t VI, to contain,
or vac t IV, to be empty, carved out ; foh (bok), to tie = pac VI,
to bind, to unite, to knit f fu (pok, put), a man, a helper =
pac VI, to unite, to follow, to assist ; fu (put), a prisoner =
pac t VI, to catch ; fu (put),' a drumstick = pok t I, to beat ;
fu (put, pok), hasty, urgent = pac VI, to press ;^ fu (put, pok),
a noise, a clamor = pok I, or pok t I, to beat, to make a noise ;
fu, (put,® pok), to pat = pac t VI, to touch, to tap, to pat ; fu

^ Hu. fak-ad (to break out, to burst) is the same word as chin. fah.

2 There is an other fah (to be necessitous, poor) = ar. fak-ir
(poor) — pac r VI, to press, to urge, to be necessitous. I dare even
analyse : lat. pau-p-er = pah-ap-r = pac VI, to press, to oppress,
and lat, pau-l-us = pah 1, pac 1 VI, to compress, to diminish. Tu.
kiitch-uk (small) = hu. kich-i (small)=cap t ak, cap t VI, to compress ;
hu, kev-es (small) = cap s VI, to compress ; e. few = lat. pau-c-us =
pac VI, to compress.

^ E. bend = weh n t III, to curve, to turn ; ge. wend-en = e.
bend=chin. fan. * The same word as ge. um-fang-en, to hold, to contain,

^ E. wast-e = vac s t IV, to make void; e. void = vac t IV, empty.

* The same word as hu. bog (a knot) ; e, knot = ge. Knot-e,
kniipf-en = cap n VI, to unite, to knit ; ge. Knodel (a dumpling) di-
minitive of ge. Knot-e.

' This oldchin. put is the inverted form of gr. typ-to, to beat.

* The same root as fi. pakk-aa (to press, to urge).
^ The same root as : e. tap, and e. pat.

115

(put,^ pok), an axe, a hatchet = fu (put, pok), to lie,^ to fall, to
hide to conceal = a) wak t III, to bend, to inchne, b) pac t
VI, to hide ; fung (bong),^ the wind, the gale = weh 1 VII, to
howl, to blow ; fung (bong), insects = weh n VII, to hum ;
fung, fang, to meet = pac n VI, to unite, to meet ; fung, fang,
a) to receive, b) to hand = pac n VI, a) to catch, b) to hand
over ; hai, the Ocean,* vast = cav IV, void, vast ; hai, injure,
sorrow = cap VI, to press, to urge ; ban (ham, kam), to contain,
to hold = cap VI, to catch, to keep, to hold ; ban (kam) cold,
poor = cap VI, a) to fix, b) to press ; ban (kam), to roast, to
dry = cap VI, to press, to compress, to diminish ;^ ban (kam),'
to shut, a gate = cap VI, to close ; ban, hatred, vexation =
cap VI, to press, to molest ; bang, a noise, a beater = kak n,
kop n I, to beat, to make a noise ; hang, frightened = kak n,'
cap n VI, pressed ; hang, constant = cap n VI, to fix ; hao,
fosse, ditch = cav IV, to dig ; bao (got),' good = cap t VI,
to unite, to suit, to harmonize ; bao, wide, vast = cav IV, void,
vast ; beu (kup), happy, pretty, beautiful — cap VI, to touch,
to reach, to accord ;® beu (kup), after, to follow = cap VI, to
touch, to unite, to follow ; beu (kup), a monkey = cap VI, to
follow, to imitate ; beu (kup), a ruler, a follower of the prince =
cap VI, to follow ; beu (kup), to wait = cap VI, to catch sight ;
hi (git), light, open = kaw t III, to burst, to open ; hi, to laugh,
joy, play = hih VII, to respire, to laugh (= ge. kich-ern =
si. hob-ot = laugh) ; bi (git), to connect = cap t VI, to touch,
to unite, to bind ; hia (bat), open, distant = kaw t III, to burst,

^ The inversion of the word : si. tap-or (an axe),

2 The same word as hu. buk (to fall) and hu. fek (to lie down) ;

even hu. fek-ete (black) = hu. fek (to incline, to fall, the night, lat.

nig-er). E. black = lat. flec-to (to bend, to incline, to fall, night).
' Hu. bong = to howl, to hum.

* Jap. ok-u (the vast sea) = vac IV, void, vast ; lat, Oc-eanus =
vac IV, void, vast. Ge. Wiist-e, hu. puszt-a = vac s t, void, vast.

^ Ar. bomm-a (the heat), and ar. hanmi-am (a hot bath) are the
same roots as oldchin, kam.

* The same root as hu. tu. kap-u (a gate) ; e. gat-e = cap t VI,
to close.

' In Chinese the middle type cap is often replaced by the hard
type : kak.

' Oldchin. got is the same word as e, good, ge, gut, ge. Tug-end.
Even it corresponds to e, get, got, cap t VI, to touch, to reach. Ge.
Tug-end (virtue) = hu. tok-ely = t pac YI, to touch, to reach (a high
level).

* Ge. klapp-en (to accord) = lat. plac-et (to accord) = e. plea-
sure, fr. plaisir = lat. pulch-er (beautiful) = cap 1, or : pac 1 VI, to
touch, to reach, to accord.

8*

116

to open ; hia (hat), a crab =kap t V, to scratch ; hia (hat), summer
= cap t VI, to heap ; hia (hat), leisure, unoccupied = cav t IV,
void ; hia (hat, hap), a coff-er = cap t VI, to contai* ;^ hia,
hap, a well-trained dog, to approach, familiar = cap VI, to
follow ; hia, hap, to swallow = cap VI, to take in ; hia, hap,
narrow = cap VI, to press, to compress ; hia, hap, stout =
cap VI, to press, to oppress ; hiai, (kap), shoes = cap VI, to
keep, to cover ; hiai (kap), to harmonize, to pair, to accord =
cap VI, to unite ; hiai, (kap), a crab = kap V, to scratch ;
hiai (kap), a canal = cav IV, to dig ; kiai (kap), a valley =
cav IV, void, hollow ; hiai (kap), idle = cav IV, void, empt}^ ;
hiai (kap), to take hold = cap VI, to catch ; hiai (kap), to gnash,
ge. kneif-en = cap VI, to press ; hiai (kap), hasty, courageous ==
cap VI, to press, to urge ;^ hiang (hiung), echo, clamor = hu.
hang, kak n, kop n I, to beat, to make a noise ; hiang, a region,
a village = kak n, cap n VI, to unite, to approach, to heap ;
hiang, to offer, to accept = kak n, cap n VI, a) to hand, and b) to
catch ; hiao, to vociferate, to howl = haw VII, to howl ; hiao,
the dawn = hu. haj-nal = kaw III, to burst out, to break out,
day-break ; hie (gip), to unite, to help = cap VI, to unite, near,
to help, to assist ; hie, to desist, to rest = hu. hev-er = cav IV,
void, empty, to be unoccupied ; hien (kam), to restrain = hem,
cap VI, to hold back, to hem ;^ hien, kam, all = cap VI, to
unite, to heap ; hien, kam, light, manifest, apparent = kaw III,
to break out, like day-break ; hien, kam, example, to govern =
cap VI, to unite, to accord ; hih (hik), until, to reach = gr.
hik-neomai, to reach ;* hih, hik, to suck, to inhale = huh, VII,
to respire, to inhale ;^ hing (hang), to raise, to rise = ge. hoch n,
high n III, to raise, to rise ; hioh (gak), to learn = to imitate,
kak VI, or. cap VI, to unite, to follow, to imitate ; hioh (hak),
to laugh = si. hoh-ot (to laugh), ge. kich-ern,^ huh VII, to
respire, to laugh ; hiu, hu, to rest, to cease = cav IV, void,
empty, not occupied ; hiu, rotten, worn out = cav IV, void ;
hiun, hun, smoke, vapor = huh n VII, to blow, to exhale ;
hun, fragrant = huh n VII, to exhale ; hiung, cruel, injurious =

1 Hia, hap = e. coff-er.

2 The same root in hu. hos (a her-o) = cap s, and cap r VI, to
urge, to oppress.

' Oldchin. kam = e. hem ; chin, hien, kam, a threshold, a limit =
e. hem.

* Even e. kick (to knock) = chin, hih, hik (to touch) = ge. geg-en
= jap. kyok-u.

5 E. suck = s huh VII, to inhale ; hu. szlv (to suck) = s hih, s
huh VII, to inhale.

« E. titt-er = ge. kich-ern, a very interesting forni of evolution
of the sounds.

117

cap n VI, to press, to molest ; ho, breath = huh VII, to blow,
to respire ;^ ho (a river, a canal) = cav IV, to dig ; ho (hap),
to join, to unite, pair, to meet = jap. au, ai = cap VI, to unite,
to touch, to meet ;2 ho, ho, hap, to sip, to suck = hu. szorp-6l,
lat. sorb-eo = s huh VII, to inhale ; ho, hia, hap, anger =
cap VI, to press ; hu, breath, scream, a tiger, call, blow, the
dewlap of an ox = huh VII, to blow, to blow up, to puff up ;
hu, a gurd = cav IV, cave, void, puffed up ; hu, a lake = cav IV,
to dig, hollow ; hu, a pot = cav IV, hollow, empty, carved out ;
hu, a door, an opening, a hole = cav IV, to dig, to carve ; hu,
kut, to protect, mutual = cap t VI, to unite, to follow, to pro-
tect ; hu, covetous, avaricious = cap VI, to take, to catch ;^
hii, kut, empty, vacant, hollow = cav t IV, to dig, to carve
out ;* hu, to blow = huh VII, to blow ; hiie, kiet, a cave, a hole =
cav t IV, to dig ; hoa, kap, beauty, splendor, flowery, accom-
plished = cap VI, to touch, to reach, to harmonize ; hoa, kap,
to melt, to digest, to alter = cav IV, to vanish ; hoa, kap, noise,
to speak = kop I, to beat, to make a noise ; hoa, kap, a picture,
a drawing, carving = cav IV, to dig, to carve ; hwai, hwat,
to embrace, to harbour=cap t VI, to cover ; hwai, hwat, a sack
= cap t VI, to contain ; hoan, to return = kaw n III, to bend,
to turn ; hwan, a ring, to revolve = kaw n III, to turn \^ hwan,
wan, to finish = cap n VI, to close ; hwan, slow, to delay =
hev n, weh n III, to protract, to tarry ; hwan, evil, tribulation =
cap n VI, to press, to urge ; hwang, waste, deserted = cav n IV,
to waste, void, hollow ; hwang, powerful, sovereign = cap n VI,
to oppress ; hwang, leisure = cav n IV, void ; hwang, a lie =
cav n IV, void, vain ; hwo, hwa, crops = cap VI, to heap ;
hwo, hwa, harmony, accord = cap VI, to unite ; hwa, hwo,
numerous, comrade, furniture = cap VI, to unite, to attach,
to follow ;^ hwo, hwa, fire, to burn, to consume, to excite =

1 Hu. heh, breath = huh VII, to blow ; hu. keh, e. cough =
huh VII, to respire, to cough.

2 Forms reflexive and adjectival suffixes in Japanese . f. i. :
ta-tak-ai (to beat each other), kur-oi (black) = kur and ai, au, to meet.

' E. cov-et = lat. eup-io = cap VI, to catch ; e. avar-itious =
cap r VI, to catch often, to grasp. Fr. harp-agon = cap r VI, to catch,
to grasp.

* Fi. kaiv-aa, to dig, to carve. Hu. kut, a well = cav t IV, to dig.
Lat. put-eus, a well = lat. lod-io, to dig = vac t IV, to dig. Ge. Bod-en,
si. pud-a, the ground = lat. fod-io. Hu. fod (ge. Bod-en) = lat. fod-io.

^ The same root as : lat. ann-us (a revolving period), and lat.
ann-ulus (a ring), to revolve, to return. Chin, wan, a pill, a ball =
wak n III, to revolve.

• Hu. buty-or (furniture), and baty-u (a bundle) = pac t VI, to
attach, to add, to heap.

118

cap VI, to press, to molest ; liwo, hwa, evil, misery, woes =
cap VI, to press, to urge ; hwo, hwat, celerity, speed = cap t VI,
to urge, to press ; liwo, hwa, to carve = cav IV, to carve, to
dig, to grave ; hwo, hwa, to hunt, to catch, to take as a thief =
cap VI, to take, to steal ; hwui (kwe), bright, ghttering, glorious
= kaw III, to burst out ; hwui (kwe), to turn = kaw III, to
curve, to bend ;^ hwun, dark, dusk = cap n VI, covered, or :
kaw n III, to bend, to dechne, night; hwun, to marry = cap
n VI, to unite ; i (ik, ap), cover, clothes = pac, cap VI, to cover ;
i (ik, ap), right, good = pac, cap VI, to accord, to harmonize ;^
i, ik, harmonious, mutual = e. ag-ainst, to meet, ge. geg-en,
jap. kyok-u, kak or pac VI, to touch, to unite, to harmonize ;
i, ik, to rely on, to lean on, adjoining = pac VI, to touch, to
unite ;^i, ik, aptitude, skill, ability = kik, kak or cap VI, to
touch, to accord ;* jen (oldchin. nim), a man, fortitude = knim,

1 Lat. curv-us = kaw r III, and oldchin, kw6 = kaw III, to
curve, to turn.

2 The same word as : hu. ig-az (right, good), and hu. ig-azgat
(to rule, to make right).

' As we have already mentioned before in this book, i, ik
correspond to many suffixes of different kind in the turanian and
indogerman languages, f. i. : a) to the reflexive, medium and passive-
suffix ik in Japanese and Hungarian, b) to genitives in Latin, Hunga-
rian, Japanese and Turkish, c) to nominal and adjectival-suffixes in
turanian and indogerman languages, f . i. : tu. kai-ik (a boat) = cav IV,
to carve and ik (to meet) = to meet carving, to be carved out ; eskimo :
kaj-ak (a boat) = cav IV and ik ; hu. haj-6 (a boat) = cav IV and 6
(derived from : ak, ik) ; ge. giit-ig = ge. gut — and ik (to meet). Hu.
hossz-u (long) = hev s, veh s III, to extend — and u (derived from :
ak, ik) ; tii. uz-un (long) = veh s III, to extend — and un = ung,
ing, ik ; hu. szeg-^n (poor) = s pac VI, to depress, to diminish, — and
fe = ing, ik ; hu. bet-eg (sick) = pac t VI, to depress, to pain, —
and eg == i, ik ; fi. mell-in (warm) = hu. mel-eg (warm), i. e. : in =
ing, ik, eg ; ge. Berl-in = ing, ik ; ge. lieb-en = e. lov-ing, i. e. : en =
ing, ik (to meet). Hu. genit. suffix : 6 = i, ik ; tu. genit. suffix : iin =
ing, ik ; jap. genit. suffix : no = inversion of tu. iin, iing (to join, to
meet).

As new-chin, i, ik, ing has two different equivalents in Old-
. Chinese : ik, ing, — and ap, it is possible that the jap. verbal and
adjectival-suffix au, ai (to meet) derives from the same old-chinese
source ap (and not from chin, hoh, oldchin. hap, to unite). Thus we
could analyse : jap. wak-ai (young, weak) = pac VI, to depress, to
diminish, — and oldchin. ap (to meet), i. e. : wak-ai = meeting depres-
sion or diminution. Perhaps also : e. vain = vac (void) and n, in,
ing, ik.

* The same word as jap. gei (art, ability), and gei-sha = an artist.

119

knip, cap n VI, to press, to be stout ; jao (nok) = enough,
satisfied = pnac, pac n VI, to touch, to butt, to accord ;i Joh
(nok), feeble, weak = pac n VI, to depress, to diminish ; Jii
(nok), hke, equal = pac n VI, to touch, to join, to accord ;2
juh (nok), to enter, to take in, to usurp = pac n VI, to press,
to oppress, to take ; Ju, zhu, nok, shame, reproach, insult =
pac n VI, to oppress ;^ zhu, ju, nok, to pity = pac n VI, to press,
to molest ; zhwan, Jwan, nwan, weak = s cap n VI, to press
down ;* kai (kap), to rub = kap V, to rub ; kai (kap), to cover =
cap VI, to cover ; k'ai (k'at), to open = kaw t III, to break
out, to open ; kan (kam), sweet, agreeable = cap VI, to accord
kan (kam), rash, bold, to dare = cap VI, to press, to urge ;
k'an (k'am), to carve, to engrave = kap V, to scratch, to grave
k 'an, (k'am), to cut, to knock = kam, kop I, and kop II ;
k'an (k'am), to spy, to watch, to look = cap n VI, to catch
sight of ; k'an, k'en, to beg = cap n VI, to press, to urge ; k'an,
to gnaw = cap n VI, to press ; kang, firm, hard = kak n, cap
n VI, to press, or : to fix ; k'ang, peace, repose, delightful =
cap n VI, to accord, to harmonize ; k'ang, to oppose, strong =
kak n, cap n VI, .to oppress ; kao, (kok), high = ge. hoch III,
to rise, high ; kao (kok), fat = cap VI, to heap ; k'ao, to oppose
= cap VI, to oppress ; k'ao, to toast, to dry = cap VI, to com-
press, to dry, to diminish ; k'eu, ku, to collect = cap VI, to
gather ; k'eu (k'ut), mouth = cav t IV, a hole ; k'eu (k'ut),
cruel = cap t VI, to oppress ; ki, git, necessitous, famine =
cap t VI, to press, to urge ; ki, git, to remember = cap t VI,
to catch, to take ; ki, git, to fear = cap t VI, to be pressed ;
k'l, git, to rise = kaw t III, to burst out, to spring, to rise ;^
k'i, git, to open, to explain, the spring = kaw t III, to burst
out, to spring, to rise ; kia, kap, kat, to add, to increase =
cap VI, to heap ;' kia, kat, a house = cap t VI, to shelter, to
cover ;' kia, kat, false = cav t IV, void, vain ; kiali (kap) an

1 The same word as ge. ge-nug (oldch. nok), e. e-nough.

2 The same word as e. lik-e = plac, pac 1 VI, to join, to accord.
' Hu. szeg-en (poor) = s pac VI, oppressed ; hu. szegy-en (shame)

= s pac VI, to oppress ; si. hanba (shame) = cap n VI, to oppress,
to molest, (the same word as chin, fan); e. sham-e = s cap VI, to molest,
to press.

* Ge. kniek-en (to press down) = hu. geng-e, weak ; and per-
haps : e. young = hu, geng-e = tu. yeng-i (new, weak). The ideas
such as : weak, young, new are standing near to each other.

* The same word as hu. k6, k^l, to rise.

« Frequentatives are expressed in hungarian language by suffixes

such as : kad, ked, the same word as oldchin. kat = cap t VI, to heap.

^ The same word as : e. hous-e, hu. h6z, si. kut-ia, turan. kot, etc.

120

armour, a cuirass = cap VI, to cover ; kia, kap, to press, near^
= cap VI, to press ; k'ia, k'ap, just, fit = cap VI, to accord ;
kiai (kap), all = cap VI, to heap, to unite ; kiai, kap, to open =
kaw III, to break out, to burst out ; kiai, kap, a scratch, sore ==
kap V, to scratch ; kiai, kap, to reach = cap VI, to touch, to
reach ; k'iang, (k'ong), hollow, empty, vain = cav n vac n IV,
void, vain ; kiao, kot, to join, to unite = cap t VI, to touch,
to unite, to bind ; kiao, kot, crafty, wild, cruel = cap t VI,
to oppress ; kiao, kot, handsome, clever = cap t VI, to accord,
to harmonize ; kiao, kot, to teach = cap t VI, to touch a finger,
to show, to teach ;2 k'iao, k'ok = to tap, to knock ;^ k'iao,
k'ok = ge. hoch — high, curved, crooked ;* kie, kip,"^ to knit =
cap VI, to unite, to bind ; kieh, kip, martial, violence, to rob,
hurried = cap VI, to press, to urge, to hurry ; kieh, kip, to
stop = cap VI, to hold back, to hem ; k'ieh, k'ip, fearful =
cap VI, to be pressed down, to be anxious ; kien, kim, firm =
cap VI, to fix ; kien, kim, a room, a space, between = cap VI,
to contain, to take in ;^ kien, kim, to diminish = cap n VI,
to compress ; kien, kim, to see, to feel, to observe = cap VI,
to hold sight, to catch sight ; k'ien,' wanting = cav n IV, void,
wanting ; kih, kip, goad, lucky = cap VI, to touch, to reach,
to harmonize, to be fit ; kih, kip, a) to give, b) to receive =
cap VI, a) to hand, b) to catch ; kih, kip, empty = cav IV, void ;
kih, kip, to tap, to beat, to attack = kop I, to beat ; k'ih, k'ip,
to beg, to ask = cap VI, to press to urge ; k'ih, ch'ih, to eat,
to drink = cap VI, to take in ; kin, kim, a napkin, a kerchief =
cap VI, to unite, to bind ; kin, to urge, to press, to string, strait,
diligent = cap n VI, to press, to string ; kin, now^ = cap n VI,
to string, to approach ; kin, near, to approach, to like = cap

^ Gr. eng-iis (near) = ge. eng, knapp = ape n VI, cap n VI,
to press, to approach.

^ Oldchin. kot is an inversion of gr. dok-eo, e. teaeh ; lat. dic-o,
in-die-o ; etc.

3 Oldchin. k'ok forms the intensified* form : e. knock.

* Even in Chinese ideas such as : high, curved, crooked are united,
this proving the common origin of above-mentioned notions. E. hump
= a) to heave ; b) to curve, to be crooked ; e. back = to rise, to curve,
to bend.

^ Oldchin. kip = gr. hyph-aino, to weave.

* The same word as : ge. Kanmi-er, e. chamb-er.

' The same word as hu. hiSny, wanting = cav n IV, void, empty.

® E. now = ge. knapp = cap n VI, to press, to urge, to approach,
just now. Gr. eng-us, proach = an inversion of ge. knapp, and e. now.
Ge. nun, now = knap-n = cap n n VI, to approach, to string, to com-
press.

121

n VI, to string, to compress ;^ king, fear, to be cautious, to
warn = kak n, cap n VI, to be pressed, to restrain ; kioh, angle,
corner = e. crook, lat. eurv-us, kaw r III, to curve, to bend, to
bow, to incline ; kioh, to laugh = ge. kich-ern, si. hoch-ot, huh
VII to respire, to laugh ; kioh (kak), to knock on = tu. kak-
mak, to knock ; kak, kop I, to beat, to knock ; kin, kuk, nine,
much, full = cap VI, to heap ; kin, endure, last, continue =
hev, veh III, to protract ; kin, to stop, to hem, to rescue, to
deliver = cap VI, to hold back, to hem ;^ kin, kuk, to examine =
cap VI, to urge ;^ k'in, to ask, to beg = cap VI, to urge ; kiun,
kun, gun, a sovereign, a prince = cap n VI, to press, to urge,
to rule ; k'iung, afflicted, straitened, in urgent want = cap
n VI, to urge to press ; k'o, k'6, a hole = cav IV, hole, void ;
k'o (k'ap), willing, free, can, able = cap VI, to touch, to reach,
according, harmonizing ;* koh, kap, a gate = cap VI, to close ;
koh, kap, armpit = cav IV, a hole, a cavity ;^ k'oh, k'ap, a
quest = cap VI, to receive ; k'oh = e. cough, hu. koh-og
huh VII, to respire, to cough, to laugh ; k'oh, k'ap, to carve =
kap V, to scratch ; ku, kup, a cup = cap VI, to contain ;^ ku,
kup, a failure = cav IV, void, vain ; ku, kup, a bull, a cow =
o how-1 VII ;'' ku, kup, a drum = kop I, to beat ; ku, kup,
firm = cap VI, to fix ; ku, kot, to dwell, to desist, to repose =
cap t VI, to hold, to contain, to hold back, to hem, to stop ;^
ku, kup, all, the whole = cap VI, to heap ; ku, kup, to grasp,
to restrain = cap VI ; ku, kup, a saw = kop II, to cut ; k'ii,
k'op, to conceal to dwell = cap VI, to hide ;^ k'ii, k'op, toil,
labour, anxiety = cap VI, to press, to urge ; k'ii, k'op, to leave,
to part, to vanish = cav IV, to vanish ; kiie, ket, to dig =
cav t IV, to dig ;i° kiie, ket, speedy swift auxious = cap t VI,
to press to urge ; k'iieh, k'it, gateway, a hole, a deficiency =
cav t IV, void, a hole ;^^ k'iieh, k'it, to vacate, deficient = cav

1 Gr. eng-us, near = pac n VI, to press, to string ; ge. nah-e =
pne, pac n VI ; e. near = pac n r, VI, to press.

2 Jap. suk-ui (to help) = hu. seg-it (to help) = s pac VI, to hem,
to hinder an evil.

3 Fi. pakk-aa (to examine, to fop) = hu. fagg-at = pac-ac VI,
to urge, to press.

* The same word as hu. ko, koll, kell, com, shall.

^ Lat. ax-illa (armpit) = vac s IV, cave, hole ; hu. hon (armpit)
= e. hol-e.

' Chin, kup = e. cup ; e. gob-let = e. cup.

' SI. hu. bik-a = tu. bug-a (a bull) is the inversion of oldchin. kup.

* Perhaps the same word as: or. kot, hu. hfiz, ge. Haus, e. hous-e.
» Oldchin. k'op we find in gr. kalyp-to (to hide) = cap 1 VI.

1" The same word as lat : cav-are, to cav-e, to dig ; hu. kfit (a well).
11 Perhaps e. gat-e = cav t IV, void, a hole.

122

t IV, void ; k'iien, gien, a circle = kaw n III, to curve; ku,
kot, an empty space, a ravine, a valley = cav t IV, void ; ku,
kot, grain, income, food = cap VI, to take in ; ku, kot, a bone =
cav t IV, hollow ; k'uh, k'ot, a cave = cav t IV, hollow ; k'iih,
small, narrow = cap VI, to compress ;^ k'iih, k'iot, to oppress,
to bend^ = cap t VI, to oppress ; kung, skill, work = knak, ge.
klapp-en, cap 1 VI, to touch, to reach, to be fit ; kung, to attack,
to be made strong, urgency = kak n, cap n VI, to press ; kung,
a bow = e. crook, kaw r III, to curve, to bend ;^ k'ung, hole,
vacant, ignorant, rustic = kak n, cav n IV, void ; kvva, kap,
to take, to grab = cap VI to catch to take ;* kwa, kwat, to
shave = kap t V, to scratch, to shave ; k'wai, kw'at, to rub,
to smooth = kap t V, to scratch ; k'wai, kw'at, to swallow =
cap t VI, to take in ; kwan, an inspector, an officer, to observe
= cap n VI, to scout, to watch ; kwan, a coffin = cap n VI,
to contain ; kwan, to stop, to hem, to bar = cap n VI, to hem,
to hinder ; kwang, light, glory = kaw n III, to burst out, to
open, to manifest ; la, lap, to seize, to drag = clap, cap 1 VI
to catch to press, to bear ; lai, lak, to come, to reach = plak,
pac 1 VI, to touch, to reach ;^ lao, lok, to toil = pac 1 VI, to
press down ; lao, lok, a noise = plok, pok 1 I, to beat, to make a
noise ; lao, lok, to be sorry = pac 1 VI, to depress ; li, lik, sorrow,
strength = plac, pac 1 VI, to press ; lie, lep, to separate, to
divide = klop, kop 1 II, to cut ; lien, liem, to connect, a chain =
clam,^ cap 1 VI, to unite ; ling, leng, ice, cold = pac 1 n VI,
to fix ;' lioh, liak, to rob, to take by force = pac 1 VI, to take
to press ; liu, loh, lok, to stop, to remain, to dwell, to descend =
pac 1 VI, to stop, to retain ;* liu, lok, to kill = hu. lov, klop,

1 The same word as : hu. kis, kicsi, tu. kiich-iik (small) =
cap s VI, to compress, to diminish. Perhaps ge. klein = clap n, cap 1
n VI, to compress.

2 The idea to curve, to bend derives from the idea high (f. i. :
e. hmnp-back), or from the notion to press, to bend ; (ge. knick-en =
to oppress, to force, to bend.

^ Chin, kung, a bow = hard type of lat. curv-us, with an n ;
e. crook = hard type of lat. curv-us, with an r ; e. bow = weak type
of ge. beug-en, lat. flee-to = wak 1 III, to curve, to bend, to incline.

* From old kap derives : 1) chin, kvva (by transposition of the
vowel), and e. grab (by the intensitive or iterative r).

" The same word as gr. e-lach-on, to come, to reach = e. lock,
ge. Ge-liick.

« Chin, liem = an abbreviation of ge. Klamm-er, e. cramp = cap 1,
or cap 1 VI. Hun. lan-cz (a chain) is the same word as chin. lien, liem.

' Chin, ping, ice = pac n VI, to fix, gr. peg-o ; ling is an abbre-
viated form of ping. ^ Hu, lak-ik (to remain, to dwell) is the same
word as chin, liu, lok, loh = fr. lieu = lat. loc-us.

123

kop 1 I, to beat, or kop 1 II, to cut ; loh, lok, good, pleasure,
luck = lat. plae-et, ge. klapp-en, cap 1, pac 1 VI, to touch, to
reach, to accord, to harmonize; ma, mak,^ a horse, quick, war-
like = wah III, quick, spirited, chivalry ; mai, to bury = mac,
vac IV, to dig ; mai, to buy = pac VI, to catch, to take, (chin.
mai, pac VI = e. buy, pac VI) ; mai, to pass away, to travel
far = mac, mah, veh III, to draw, to travel, lat. veh-o, ge.
fahr-en, ziehen, iiberschreiten; man, to feel, to hold = pac n VI,
to hold, to touch ;2 ming, sound = mac n, pok n I, to make a
noise ; ma, to rub = ge. mah-len a) to rub, to grind, b) to rub,
to paint ;^ na, nap, to take = knap, e. nip, ge. kneif-en, cap n VI,
to catch, to press, to grab ; nah, nap, to press = e. nip, ge.
kneif-en, VI, to press ; nan, nam, grievous, hard = knam, knap,
cap n VI, to press ;* nao, nok, noise = pnok, pok n I, to beat,
to make a noise ; pa, pak, to take, to gather = pac VI ; pa, pak,
end, to finish = pac VI, to close ; pa, pac, father = pac VI,
to protect ; p'a, p'ak, to scratch = pak, kap V, to scratch ;
p'ai, bat, to strike = pap t, pok t I, to beat ; etc., etc.

By these few examples I tried to prove that my keys
can be applied to Chinese vocabulary as easily as to any other
language. Linguists by vocation, will be enabled to fulfil the
task with more success and less contradiction and will render an
immense service to the study of this highly interesting language,
surrounded until now by uncommon difficulties.

Also, the etymology of each language will get thereby
a mighty support, the primitive roots of every language being
found among the oldchinese roots, with their primitive meaning.

VI. Appendix.

Some hints on adamitic (or adamistic) universal language.

In human life, travel and the knowledge of foreign langu-
ages are two chief components of spiritual enjoyment.

Everyone partaking of the higher education of the future
should know at least the world*s leading languages such as :
english, french and german.

In reality, to-day, English is the world's first leading lan-
guage : this plain, elegant and transparent language being
spoken over about four-fifths of the world.

1 Perhaps the same root as in hu. magy-ar (Hungarian).

2 Chin, man = lat. man-us (the hand).

' Chin, ma = small, i. e. : made small by grinding, perhaps
s-ma-11, lat. moll-is derive from the same source.
* The same word as ge. knapp (narrow, pressing).

124

So we rather think it useless to replace it by arbitrary
creations, such as are Volapiik or Esperanto.

Nevertheless the efforts to procreate a universal language
have already begun : it is scarcely possible, and even of no use
to retard its development and its completion.

We must care in the first instance to direct this move-
ment in a practical manner, corresponding to natural indica-
tions, and assuring its prompt solution, so far as it be attainable
in such a gigantic task.

United efforts, gradual exertions only will give the desired
results, and that consolidation which is warmly wished-for.

A solid base is stil wanting to all attempts undertaken
until now : the only merit of the essays made being in the spirit
of enterprise, and the hardships, characterising them.

Pidgin-english — as spoken in China and its surround-
ings — is the oldest, and most interesting specimen of a natural
universal language, by reason of its natural and gradual deve-
lopment.

The union of two languages — as rich and as plain as
English and Chinese, — accomplished in the pidgin-english
dialect, will be for all times the most useful model for all efforts
to compose a universal language.

I only desire to add, that my efforts to arrange into a
system the simplest common roots of all languages, should
bestow good services upon the compilers of the dictionary of a
universal language.

I would still mention my own opinion that one plain and
simple universal language should be made for those of lower
pretensions among the people — as such language is represented
to day by pidgin-english, with a rudimentary grammar and
a dictionary containing a few hundred words only.

Another universal language might be formed on the same
basis for higher aims, with a fully developed modern grammar,
and a rich dictionary, compiled from the plainest elements of
all languages. Latin letters, and a special stenography, could be
admitted for both types.

Societies and journals, founded in every country for the
support and development of the adamitic science, should include
at the same time the forms for a universal language among the
articles of their programm.

I would quote here some details of pidgin-english text and
words, taken from Mr. Charles G. Leland's interesting book :
<(Pidgin-enghsh sing-song.» (London, Kegan P., Trench, Triib-
ner 1904).

A few specimens of pidgin-english words.

All-plopa (quite right) ; all-same (like, similar) ; blong,
belongey = to be ; bobbely (a noise, a quarrel) ; buU-chilo (a

125

male child) ; can do (yes, all right) ; catchee (to get, to have ;
chin-chin ;(to ask) ; coIo (cold) ; cow-chilo (a girl) ; fai (five) ;
fan-kuei (foreign devil, a foreigner) ; first-chop (first class, first,
best) ; flin (friend) ; fo (four) ; foolo (fool) ; fo-tin (fourteen) ;
got, hab got (I have, there is) ; han-tun (a hundred) ; ha-se-man
(husband) ; hop (half) ; how fashion (how, why, what for) ;
ing-ki (english) ; Josh or Joss (Dios, God) ; Joss-house (a temple) ;
Joss-house-man (a priest) ; Joss-pidgin (God's business, reli-
gion) ; kuk-man (cook) ; ko-lock (clock) ; la-li-Ioong (a thief) ;
lim (eleven) ; littee (little) ; long-side (near, with) ; look-see (to
see, to behold) ; love-love-pidgin (sensuality) ; lilt (red) ; ma-chin
(a merchant) ; maskee (all right) ; massa (master, mister) ;
mata (mother) ;^ missie (miss) ; mississee (mistress) ; muchee
(very) ; my (I, me, mine) ; nai (nine) ; nai-ti (night) ; nik-ki
(to strike) ; no can (or : no can do = cannot, it is not good) ;
nother tim (again) ; numpa one (number one, first class, good,
very) ; olo (old) ; one piecee (a, one, a man) ; pa-pa-man (barber-
man) ; pidgin (business) ; plenty (much) ; plopa (good, right) ;
sam (seven) ; savvy (to know) ; sha-man (servant) ; speakee
(to speak) ; side (a place; top-side = above, high) ; sik-se (six) ;
sing-song (musical entertainment, poem, song) ; supposey (if) ;
tak-ta (doctor) ; talkee (to tell) ; t'atti (thirty) ; t'attin (thirteen) ;
tiffin (lunch ; from «tien-sin)) = to calm the hart) ; te-lee (three) ;
tim (time) ; tui-li (twelve) ; tun-ti (twenty) ; wai-fo (wife) ;
wantchee (to want) ; wai lo (go away) ; yat (eight) ; yeung-ki
(uncle) ; yinkeli (english) ; ying-kwo (England).

I reproduce here a short text in pidgin-enghsh dialect,
showing the plain and natural way of the expression of thought
and at the same time the simplification and polishing (— like a
torrent's polishing of stones — ) of english sounds by the in-
fluence of the conservative Chinese spirit.

The cow and the compladore (the steward).

One-tim one mornin' belong tiffin-tim (at breakfast time)
in Canton one piecee fan-kwei (a foreign devil, a foreigner) no
catchee milk (had no milk) for chow-chow (to eat, to drink).
He talkee compladore (he said to his steward) : «What for no
got milk ?» (Why did'nt you get the milk), and makee one big
bobbely (babbling, bluster). Compladole he too muchee flaid
(was affraid), galaw (really). He talkee genteum (he told the
gentleman). «My velly much chin-chin you (I beg you much),
you hearee my talkee. Supposey no can catchee millv (no getting
the milk) how fashion can do ? (what can I do ?). T'hat fan-
kwei (the foreigner) talkee : «You no can makee so fashion.
(You cannot do in this way). Catchee milk belong your pidgin.
(Your business is to procure milk.) You savvy you catchee one

* Fata = father ; pu-Iu-ta = brother ; wata = water.

126

piecee cow makee milk. (You know, you take a cow that makes
milk), hab got one clog look-see he (you have a dog to watch)
one piecee woman take careum (a woman to take care of).

What for no can do ?

Compladore he too muchee fhten, he cly out one piecee
sing-song (the steward, too much afraid, began to sing.).

((That cow hab die-lo, (That cow has died,)

That dog hab wai-lo, (That dog is gone,)

T'hat woman catchee chile, (That woman got a child,)

How can catchee milk ?» (How can she get milk ?)

Suppose}^ sometim you go China-side, you hearee t'hat sing-
song. Now my hab (I have) talkee you what for he makeum. (Why
thej'^ have made it.) And when one piecee man talkee you that
pidgin (that thing or that business), supposey you say, ((My
leedee t'hat (read it) long tim go (long time ago) in one piecee
book (i n a book) — he first-chop pukkha book — (a very truthful
book) — s'posey you buy-lo». (I suppose you shall buy it.)
(Massa pay my cumshaw for talkee him alio this.) (Sir give me
a present for telling you all this.) '

VII. Conclusion.

How scarce, how poor, and how miserably insignificant
are the outer forms of words : really, a disgusting homophony.
And what a splendid sequence of ideas is behind these vain
signs ! From this point of view language is a magnificent monu-
ment of human spirit.

As Michel Angelo and Phidias with the simplest instru-
ments, a hammer and a chisel, created a world of unattainable
beauty, in the same way first-man created with full conscious-
ness from a few insignificant sounds a great world of ideas and
thoughts, a thousand fold connected. He made them and
recognized them, in their complete transparence, in their multi-
lateral combinations, and penetrated on each occasion their
inner value.^

His inheritance did not fall in the epochs of highest civi-
lisation : we have lost the thread of this labyrinth of words and
ideas ; they became for us a mystery, a problem, a secret closed
with seven locks. The thread of the historical tradition has
broken off : instead of the living, transparent creations of the
primitive human epoch we only got lifeless skeletons into our
hands. Our task is to make the sphinx speak!

1 Moses I, 2, 19.

127

How often I ask myself, how does it happen that animals
of highest development, notwithstanding the teachings of men,
during many thousand years, could not reach even to pronounce
an insignificant paff or puff, apart from their conscious use
of expressions for different ideas. ^ There is no other solution :
the divine spark, which glows in the soul of man, is the same,
which lives in the conscience, in the free will, in the individuality,
in the capacity for progress and in the utterance of speech and
thought. This celestial activity lifts man so high above the
animal world in his tragic passivity, in his great immobility.
Really, man got away far ahead of the rest. Man may be the
creator's shadow ; animals not even the shadows of men.

Indeed, the key of the mystery of language, — and in
general of the higher vitalism, which serves as basis to every
expression, is not to be apprehended in this scarce outer-covering
of the thoughts, in the outer-form of words ; it only is to be
found in the conscious and harmonious activity of the human
soul in the evolution of this unfathomable realm of ideas; in the
incomprehensible capacity of the human mind to embrace un-
limited fields of sight, such as art, philosophy, mathematics,
etc. — in the unsatiable and indelible struggle to reach the
highest levels of moral and spiritual perfection.

1 You may play — as much as you like — with the words rela-
ting to such discussions : animals are not fit for the same mental
assimilation of ideas as are men.

This we could not admit even to be a «Zukunfts musik» for apes.
Even the admitted «possibilities» are vain hypotheses, not proven
up to the present time.

It is not the quantity of brain-substance which is wanting :
the failure has been in the quality.

Even as sucbscribers to the theory of the animal origin of the
human body, and of evolution, we must admit a special creation of
the spirit : the creation of the human soul in the two first men, called
to-day Adam and Eve, taking place, perhaps only 10 — 12.000 years
ago. So the unity of the human race can be explained as issuing from
one man and one wife only, blessed Nvith the marvellous gifts of the
intelligence, free will, and all the moral and mental capacities, among
which is the faculty to make — for themselves — a language.

So only we can explain the unfathomable abyss existing between
the ((homo sapiens animatus» of history, the wise man of spirit, and
the prehistoric ((homo primigeDius alalus», with animal instincts only,
without speech, provided only with a very primitive culture, whose
skeletons are found in tertiary and quaternary geological strata of
an age of 2—300,000 years.

So only we can confront that dead-lock, and finaUty of evolution,
the appearance of man, the highest development, and the crown of
the creation.

128

The final results of our investigations are the following :

1) Language is the product of the human mind. Animals
never could — even by aid of man's mastership through many
thousand years, create a speech : language is the exclusive
resource of spiritual beings.

2) The gigantic majority (99%) of words are derived from
primitive sources of onomatopy. The first language began with
the primitive common roots of all languages.^

3) The first expressions of man's thoughts were gestures
and a few sounds of affection. Then came, the plain imitation
of natural sounds, such as hu, huh (to blow, wind, to howl,
etc.), besides pap and its next derivations, such as : pah, pooh,
kop, cap, cav, vac, kak).^ These sounds may represent the first
vocabulary of mankind, as most words can be referred to these
onomatopoeic, primitive sources. The words of each language
represent but modifications of these few onomatopoeic roots ;
such modifications being gradual and more or less conscious,
according to their distance from the primitive sources.

4) The micro-analysis (or Rontgen-analysis) of roots
shows us : a) the equivalence of different words having the
same idea ; b) the monotonic and homophonic structure of the
words in every language, besides, c) the common sources of the
origin and association of ideas, and, on account of these three
motives, the unity of languages. The micro-analysis, besides,
affords a great service to etymology by opening the primitive
meaning of words, and to phonetics, by elucidating the values
of sounds.

5) This new system could be developed into a uniform
and centralized system, — resembling Linnaeus' botanical
system. In this system, each word, each idea could be classified
separately.

6) The common roots of words contained in this system
could be included with advantage in the compilation of a voca-
bulary of the universal language of the future.

7) The new system is the most solid basis for mnemo-
technics, the art of, how to learn foreign languages with greatest
facihty.

8) The greatest service to be attained by such a method
is the deep insight into the words and their inner-treasures :

1 We can even admit two chief groups of languages : a) the Noahic-
group, derived from Noah's three sons : Japhet, Shem and Ham ;
b) the group of languages existing in the age between Adam and
Noah with all their possible derivations up to our days.

My work contains only analyses of the first mentioned group.

2 This pap and its derivations gave birth to a world of polished,
idealised words, and even to transcendental ideas.

129

dead forms being revived by it, and dim ideas getting enlightened
in the dawn of primitive Ught thrown on their common origin.

9) We must thus conclude that the linguistic scientists
of the future must abandon all limits to the principal groups
of languages. Future linguistic sciences must stand upon the
basis of primitive expressions compiled from the common
roots of all languages. They must lean more upon ideas and
their affinities, instead of favoring the sounds, the outer-forms
of words, as until now was done exclusively.

10) Many linguistical questions can be solved only by
this interlingual medium.

11) One must lay claim on every language in the adami-
tical analysis : very simple old languages such as Chinese, and
plain modern languages such as English, Finnic, etc. should
be preferred to others on account of their great richness and
transparency of words.

12) A universal language is to be created on the basis of
primitive language, with two types : a plain and popular one,
and a higher type for higher aims ; the first having a plain
grammar and a few hundred words in its vocabulary, the latter
a developed grammar and a richer vocabulary, compiled from
the common roots of every language. Both types should include
latin letters, besides a special stenography.

Budapest, 1. Nov. 1913.
VII. Elisabethring 37.

INDEX.

I. Introduction 3

II. How I found the mysterious stone and the seven golden
keys — ._ _ 9

III. On modifications of the first primitive root pap, as motives

in the formation of new words 16

IV. The seven golden keys to the seven groups of ideas 29

V. Vocabulary 72

VI. Appendix _ 123

VII. Conclusion 126

G 3 7

MAY

UNIVERSITY OF CALirnRNIA AT I ri« ASinwri e-e

University of California

SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY

405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1388

Return this material to the library

from which it was borrowed.

Form L-9-15m-2,'36

SOUTHERN REGIONAL UBRARY FjaLjT^

283 673 0

■^
^

n

^

tn

>