Address of Thomas Gold, esq. ... delivered before the Berkshire Association for the Promotion of Agriculture and Manufactures, at Pittsfield, Oct. 3d, 1816 ..

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OF /

THOMAS GOLD, ESQ.

President of the Berkshire Agricultural Socieffj,

AND MEMIlEn OF THB

MASSACHUSETTS SOCIETY,

BKHVEUED DEFOHE THE

BERKSHIRE ASSOCIATION,

EOa THE pnOJtOTION OP

Agriculture and Manufactures j

AT PITTSFIELD, OCT. 3u, 1316,

" Quid faciat Icetas segetcs : quo sidere terrain •

Vertere ISIsecenas, ulnifeq'. " litljaog'ere v#tes

Conveniat : quae cura boiim, qui cuitus habendo

Sit pecori ;

Ilinc cimere incipiam." Vihg. Geo. Lib. 1.

TOGETH-ER AVITH THE

Heport of the Committee on Agi'iculture^

AND rUE ABDllESS OF

. ELKANAH WATSON, Esq,.

PREV'IOUS TO DECLARING THE PREMICIJS REFORTEB.

1811. 0

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PITTS ri£:/.7) :
'5.INTSL! BY PHr..':-:iiAS a:,t,ev<

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^ J^.^^^^^ ^ ^' ^'^

OF

THOMAS GOLD, ESQ.

President of the Berkshire Jgricultwal SocletUy

AND membeh op thb

MASSACHUSETTS SOCIETY,

DKilVEUED BEFOHE THE

BERKSHIRE ASSOCIATION,

EOa THE rno MOTION OF

Agriculture and Manufactures j

AT PITTSFIELD, OCT. 3u, 1316,

" Quid faciat Icetas segetes : quo sldere terrain •

Verlere !Mjecenas, ulnsteq'; ■ adjungere v#tes

Conveniat : quse cura boum, qui cuitiis habendo

Sit pecori ;

Hinc cimere incipiam." Vmo. Geo. Lib. 1.

TOGET*H-En WITH THE

Meport of the Committee on Agriculture^

AND XUE AI'UHESS OF

. ELKANAH WATSON, Escu

PREVIOUS TO DECLARING THE PREMIWJIS REFORTEB.

■■•% 18U. S>/

^ssae^aiif^Kamamamm.KaJjmumm

PITTSFIl.LT) ■

?.\iK'TEu BY PK :.;;■; a AS Ar,i-E>;

*

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V

Berkshire Agricultural Society.

Oct. 3d, 1816.

Voted, That the Address this day delivered by THOMAS GOLD;
Esq.. the President of the Society, be requested for pubHcation — and,
also, the Address this day delivered by El/KANAH WATSON, Esa-
previous to declaring the premiums awarded.

Fer Order. WOLCOTT LAWREXCE, Secretary.

Pittsfield, ("Mass. J 3d October, 1816.

Sin,

THE members of the BEllKSHIRE AGRICULTURAL SOCIE-

TY thank you for the highly interesting and excellent Address, vhich
you this day delivered to them, and respectfully request of you a copy
of the same for pubhcation.

We have the honor to be,
JNIost cordially.
Your friends and humble servants,

JOHN' W. HULP.ERT, ■)^ Special Com-
TLMOTHY CHILDS, C mittee of said
JOHN B. ROOT, 5 Society.

To THOMAS GOLT>, Esq. President of the
Merksidre ./IgricuUural Society.

Pittsfeld, Octoba- 4th, 1816.

GEKTtEMEN,

T'lie Address I had the honor to deliver, yesterday, before the
Berkshire Association for tlie promotion of Agriculture and Manufac-
tures, is surrendered for publication, as you have requested. The Ad-
dress was prepared on sliort notice, and at a time when extremely occu-
pied with prolessional concerns, solely with a view to promote tlie im-
portant and useful purposes of tlie Society. It is proper that I sohcit
the indulgence of the public, and your protection.
I iiave the honor, Gentlemen,

To remain with perfect esteem and regard.
Your devoted liumble sei-vant,

THOMAS GOLD

I/on. John TF. Tlulbert, lion. Timothy Chiids,
and John JJ. Jioot^ J^sq.

ADDRESS.

GzHfLEMEN OF THE BERKSHIRE AcRICULtURAL SoCIEn-,
AND FELLOtt'^-Cll'IZENSy

E are again permitted to assemble to review
the events of the past year, which relate to
our institution, and to execute the duties which the
occasion has imposed. A meeting so interesting and
auspicious to human happiness, is not more a subject
of joy, than of gratitude, to the great author of nature,
who iias preserved us, and who has caused his bles-
sings so richly to descend on us, individually, and so-
cially ; and who has inspired us to devote our best
services to render the cultivation of the earth more
fruitful, and the condition of man more independent
and happy. Five years have elapsed since this insti-
tution was incorporated, and we this day witness the
sixth celebration which the Society has caused to be
observed. During this period, the Society has faithr
fully and zealously pursued the objects committed to
its trust. With what success our labors have been
crowned, with what value public opinion has stampt
them, may be seen in the rapid increase cf the fruity
pf agriculture, and the rise and progress of manufac-
tures. Public fame has done justice to your preten-
sions, and your fellow-citizens are gathering a rich and-
glorious reward in the prosperity of this highly favor-
ed county. The constitution of our Commonwecilth
has made it the duty of the legislature, " to encour-
age private societies, and public institutions, to grant
rewards and immunities for the promotion of agricul-
ture, arts, sciences, common trades, manufactures,
and a natural history of the country." The legisla?
tuie on whom these duties were imposed have delega-
ted to you^ the power of performing on the spjali

scale, what it was proper for them long since to have
attempted on the great theatre of the Commonwealth!
It is a subject of regret, that the rulers of freemen
should have delayed so long to devise a system,
effectually to execute this constitutional injunction!
The rewards and encouragements bestowed by socie-
ties acting under limited delegated powers, and Vvith
inconsiderable means, shew what mighty effects could
have been produced, had legislative wisdom and libe- -'
rality been directed by more fortunate auspices. It is
not less a mark of good sense, and provident care, in
the conductors of a government, to stimulate the peo-
ple by suitable rewards to increase the treasures and
resources of agriculture and manufactures, than to
frame good laws for the protection of life, liberty and
property. A sentiment so favorable to private inde-
pendence, and the increase of public power, has seK
dom b^en felt, and never sufficiently realized. H ence
we observe the condition of a nation, its advance or
its decline, its rapid, or its retarded march towards its
destined perfection. The state of agriculture and the
extent of manufactures, determine the strength, and
the commercial prosperity of a state. If the legishi-
ture of a country encourage the people, by a system of
ways and means, to acquire a more ready and ample
subsistence, and open to them the way to opulence,
they soon become attached to their soil,'and a passion
for their local habitation and country becomes habitu-
al, and produces content. Thus cherished, and ac-
commodated by a government devoted to their hap-
piness, no spirit of restlessness invades their peaceful
homes, and no vagrant disposition impels them to
search for new and distant countries. The spirit of
emigration, the plague and the misfortune of New-
England would become extinct. For forty years the
spirit of emigration has exhausted this prolific region,
to accumulate strength, and wealtli, and glory, to dis-
tant states. Happily the public feeling is becoming
less torpid, aiid the public eye clearer sighted on this
momentous subject. The legislature of this Com-
monwealth manifests a solicitude to cheek this grow-
ing evil. The remedy is obvious. Qbey the consti-

intional injunction, " encourage private societies and
public institutions, by rewards and innnunitics for the
promotion of agriculture and manufactures." Hold-
ing the responsible station which your favor has as-
signed, it is an incumbent duty, annually, to present
this subject for public consideration ; and it is not a
less imperious duty, on the members of tliis institu-
tion to cherish these sentiments, and to diffuse them a-
f^road amongst the people, that the Vvhole community
may be awakened to a sense of their condition and fu-
ture prospects.

The duties of the day require me to review the e-
vents and transactions which have happened since the
foundation of the society, that relate to agriculture and
nianufctctures, the legitimate objects of the inslitution.
In executing this task, I shall be allowed by your in-
dulgence to ask your attention to such topics as con-
cern the general welfare of this institution, rather thi.ij
to details of rural management, if we had t!ic leis-
ure to prepare an appropriate lecture on the composi-
tion of our soils ; on experiments to ascertain their
native fitness for various modes of cultivation, an4
crops ; on the nature vnd preparation of njanures ;
on the rearing and managing of our domestic animals j
on the means of rer.dering farms more fruitful ; on
the various species of sustenance composing the ve-
getable creation ; on the planting, rearing and preser-
vation of fruit and forest trees ; on materials for man-
ufactures and tiie measures to promote them, it might
well be doubted whether this he a fit occasion for such
a display. Jiespect for my audience, and sir.cere con-
cern for the v^'cifare of the vSocicty, induce me to omit
these topics, and devote myself to other considerations
which the crisis imperiously demands.

Gentlem.en of tlie Societv, yon will allow rne ta
remark, that the details alluded to constitute the ap-
propriate employmen.t of the Society, on occasions
expressly assigned for corporate meeti:igs ; and you
will permit me to add, that a sense ol duty and an cn-
lighiened zeal for our cause, demand a belter orgunir

zed arrangement for the execution of these duties.—
The honor and the prosperity of the institution re-
quire that there should be at least semi-annual meet-
ings of the members, for the express purpose of ana-
iitical enquiries into the subjects of the trust ; for col-
lecting experiments ; for receiving projects ; and fi-
nally, arranging them for public use. The views of
the Society cannot be answered short of such an ar-
rangement. The good Ave nim at will never be ef-
fected unless the fruits of these labors are placed in
the hands of our fellow-citizens. Through thcit me-
dium, information will be conveyed to all. The re-
sult will be a general excitement, a general enquiry,
and a scries of valuable experiments. Gentlemen, the
great object is to combine theor}'- and practice. Thro'
this ordeal information may be transmitted to the com-
jTiunity that shall merit confidence.

The course prescribed to myself, excites a diffidence
for its execution, and I shall repose much on the indul-
gence of my respected audience. The short time since
it has been my duty to address you, together with al-
most constant professional engagements, justly awa-
ken solicitude, and will deprive my hearers of much
of that entertainment which they have a right to ex-
pect. Tills Society had its origin in the praise-worthy
project of improving the condition of agriculture, and
awakening our feilow-citizens to exertions for prose-
cuting manufactures. The agriculture of the coun-
ty had become stationary, and the spirit of improv e-
jnent nearlv extinct. Few inducements remained to
5:herish enterprize, or occupy industry and talents.—
The spirit of emigration was every where in acti\ity,
and the census of the county painfully admonished us,
that a too general disposition prevailed of seeking as-
s} hims in the western region of oin^ country. It was
at this crisis the bociety commenced the novel and
interesting experiment, of exciting the people of the
county to examine their situations, to explore the re-
sources' of their soils, and to commence improve-
pients that ensured success and profit.

The spirit and energy of the people gloriously su5-

tained the projects submitted for experiinent. The
annual reiurns of the Committees on agriculture fur-
nish conclusive evidence that their farms are subject-
ed to better managemenf ; the products more abun-
dant, and more estimable for their quality. The dai-
ry department has received valuable improvements,
and commands better prices. The cattle have be-
come more select, and preferable for our rearing. —
The subject of sheep has been pursued with an in-
telligence and utility never surpassed. Our grass-fed
swine, the humble tenants of the earth, are an acquisi-
tion of no small value to a country wiiere heretofore
they were reared with expence, and often with sacri-
fice. Kxperience continues to recommiend, with in-
creasing interest, the use of ashes and lime, of gyp-
sum, or plaister, and marls, as manures ; and their fit-
ness to our soils. The present year, plaister has not
so uniformly produced the effects usually ascribed to
it. The presence of so much cold weather, and the
absence of tlie usual moisture of the earth, have ren-
dered plaister less operative. It appears from this
fact that considerable heat and moisture are requisite
to give effect to the principle by whicli it has in a sin-
gular manner affected vegetation. The recent dis-
covery of marls in thecounty, and particularly in Pitts-
field, is an important event in rural history. It is
found in several places, in sufficient quantities, and is
a most valuable manure, being adapted to a more gen-
eral use than plaister.

The search for an article, so necessary to prosperous
husbandry, should be continued ; and let it be remem-
bered, that it is not fit for use, unless dug in autumn,,
and exposed to tiie frosts of winter. A laudable at-
.tention to the preservation of our forests, and v/ood,
and their increase is discovered. And it is whh
pleasure we observe the numerous plantings of the
sugar maple, a tree most easily raised, and of great
value. The Society have particularly recommended
the propagatiopi of this tree, by a liberal premium.
And when it is recollected that the produce of this tree,
in the United States, constitutes oue seve-rJi part ci

the sugar consumed, and exceeds ten millions ol'
pounds, and of the vahie of twelve hundred thousand
dollars, it forms a prominent object in rural econom}'.

The subject of manufactures presents to us many
interesting considerations. In the year 1811, the con-
dition of manufactures in this county, was desolate
and hopeless. The most we could boast of, was an
indiderent supply of -coarse and imperfect household
i'abrics. These small beginnings were indicacions of
successful progress, and an, earnest of what spjiit and
energy would eventually effect. The attempt was
fhade, and the event has realized all our anticipations.
The period at which this experiment commenced was
favorable, and numerous occurrences conspired to cre-
ate confidence.

Desolating wars raging in Europe, and the prostra-
tion of the laws which commonly protected neutral com-
merce, concurred to accelerate this enterprize. The
consequences were such as to excite an almost instan-
taneous enquiry into the natural resources of the coun-
try, and the ability to apply them to useful purposes.

Such was llie result, that in the autumn of the year
1815, the county was one general display of house-
hold manufactures, and also contained twenty- one
woollen and six cotton mamifacturing establishments,
of various extent and value. Also, an extensive manu-
factory for sail cloth, from which the American Navy,
in the proud days of her triun^ph, had respectable
supplies. There is also in this town an excellent es-
tablislrment for the manufacture of fire arms, supplied
with most valuable machinery, of the latest improve-
ments, and is conducted with skill and effect. These
establishments have employed a large capital, and ma-
r>y artizans. At present they do not operate so ex-
tensively as they have done, and must be contented to
move under a restricted nianagemcnt, imtil our gov-
ernment shall be able to devise a more efficient protec-
tion for them. In these great, and most useiul im-
pi-o\-emcMt!>, r;o i)0))orablc imd valuable to the county,

this Society have acted a distinguished part. It is rid
mark of vanity to say, that this Societ}', by their pre-
iiiiums and encouragements stimuh\ted the enterprize,
and, by their perseverance, have created confidence in
the doubting, and spirit in all. The impression is per-
manent, and no obstacles can long detain Berkshire
from ranking high on the roll of distinguished merit.

It is true that the present time is not without its
embarrassments. The prospects are obscured by in-
cidents, which depend not on the wisdom or prudence
of man. The seasons and their effects on human la-
bor, are in the disposition of the Most High, who will
order every event in perfect wisdom. The produc-
tions of the earth, however, in many places, are abun-
dant and uncommon. Distinguished mercies are in-
termingled with judgments. But in nothing are em-
barrassments so severely felt, as in that of our com-
mercial relations. For twenty years, the U. States
enjoyed almost exclusively, the navigation and com-
merce of Europe, as well as of America. During
this period, the accumulation of capital, and extent of
business, was unparalleled ; and produced changes in
society, proportioned to such astonishing causes.

The return of a general peace, arrested this suc-
cessful course of affairs, and produced sudden revo-
lutions in commerce and agriculture ; and now aston-
ishment, doubt and depression seem alone to remain as
the successors of the former state of prosperity, case,
and contentmenti Not only has this great revolution
in cur affairs taken place, but even the prospect of re-
taining any considerable share of our former naviga*
tion and commerce is questionable : and we see on ev-
ery quarter, business restricted, and enterprise depri-
ved of its legitimate pursuits.

In every country, we behold the government devo-
ted to the cultivation of their own resources, and de-
termined that their exclusive success shall occupy all
their care snd protection. The U. States have noth-
ing to hope, and nothing to fear. The road is open

10

for our government to prosecute the same wise meas-
ures. We will not believe that our statesmen are in-
sensible to this state of human affairs, or that they will
be deaf to the claims which the crisis renders imperi-
ous, and which patriotism sanctifies. These occur-
rences lead us to remark, that in such periods, the la-
bors ;ind exertions of institutions like ours, are per-
ceived to be most useful. They are guides to direct
the enquirer to the means of relief. They encourage
the desponding, animate the doubting, and scatter
knowledge anidng all ranks of people. They stimu-
late to enterprize, and open the way to success. The
utility of their works, commands confidence ; and the
fruits of their researches and sacrifices, become a rich
harvest of blessings to the world.

With impressions warranted by constant experience,
may we not anxiously enquire why a larger number of
our fellow-citizens of Berkshire have not openly at-
tached themselves to this institution, and by acts of
liberality proportioned to the merits of the cause, be-
come its avowed patrons ? Let me ask, why there
should be in Berkshire a single respectable farmer or
manufacturer, unconcerned for the welfare of this in-
stitution ? It was created for their advantage, it has
been sustained for their benefit, and its views all har-
monize with, and cherish the prominent interests of
the county. . Is there not, then, a sufficient motive
to induce all to co-operate ?

Fellow- citizens, this institution is numbered in the
first order of your blessings. Shall it be in jeopardy
for the want of your support ? Are you contented to
behold a heavy debt of gratitude accumulating from
year to year, to the few, generous, enlightened and be-
nevolent Uicn, who have so long by their labors and
pecuniary sacrifices, sustained your honor, and reared
a name for Berkshire, that shall be transmitted to oth-
er times, Vi^ith increasing glory. Fellow-citizens of
Berksliire, let me entreat you no longer to indulge ap-
athy, or indifference ; but come forward with your
counsels, and your pecuniary aids, to sustain a Socie-

11

ty, peculiarly committed to your protection. On this
occasion, the language of wisdom is prophetic and
impressive. Our Almighty Benefactor has never
promised a blessing to the idle steward, of the treas-
ures committed to his care.

The peculiar influence of distinguished individuals
in promoting the benevolent views of this institution,
merit to be recognized at every returning anniversary.
Good works will receive as they merit the applause of
all men. Among our benefactors, none stand more
conspicuous than tiie worthy and patriotic gentleman,
who is justly stiied the founder of the institution, and
his successor, whose liberality and industry in promo--
ting its welfare, have been distinguished. May the
recollection of their counsels, and the value of their
examples, be cherished by the members of the Socie-
ty, and repaid with gratitude and respect.

Among the events which have distinguished the
Berkshire Association, none has been more interest-
ing and valuable than the decided support received
from the female portion of society. On every occa-
sion it is due to them to declare, their example has been
conspicuous, and their exertions prompt and efficient.
During the progress of the Society, the ladies have
not been more admired for industry, than for the vari-
ety, taste, and ingenious ejiiecution of useful and valu-
able fabrics. They have essential!}^ increased the
means of social happiness, and have established nev/
claims to the admiration and devotion of the other sex.
They have excited a spirit of enterprize, and exem-
plary industry, and they have arisen above the preju-
dices which idleness and flmcied distinction attached
to useful employment. It is settled that the cUgmtij
and excellence of female character is not diminished hij
exertions of industry — -that distinction in society has'
no legitimate foundation^ but the good diffused— that a
life of amusement is the bane of virtue^ and of honor —
and a day spent to no useful purpose^ a subject of re-
gret. In fine, the ladies of Berkshire have reclaimed
the properties, and merit that meed of praise, whlcli.

12

Solomon, the wisest man of his time, awarded to the
sex of that day — " They will do good and not evil all
the days of their lives. They seek the wool and the
flax, and work willingly with their hands. They make
themselves coverings of tapestry. Their clothing is
silk and purple. Their husbands are known in the
gates, when they sit among the elders of the land. — •
Strength and honor are their clothing'^ — " they shall
rejoice in time to come."

I have now, my respected auditory, rapidly review-
ed the chief events and transactions in relation to the
agriculture and manufactures of the county. Having
observed these local occurrences, we cannot dismiss
the subject, without considering what has been doing
elsewhere. The example of this association, its nov-
el manner, its practical usefulness, have given an im-
pulse to public speculations which are fast maturing
to a state of systematic usefulness. In this Common-
wealth, public attention is awaking to a knowledge of
their condition and their future prospects ; and we are
encouraged to hope the legislature will zealously and
sincerely resume the enquiry, what ought to be done,
and what is practicable, for the greater encouragement
of our agriculture and manufactures ?

Among the important institutions for advancing
the general happiness, none is more conspicuous than
the Massachusetts Society for the promotion of Ag^
riculture. This institution has long maintained a dis-
tinguished reputation for its researches, essays and
valuable collections on rural affairs. They have man-
ifested an exemplary liberality in offering rewards and
encouragements for useful improvements, and this
year, they are attempting a ntw and more effectual ex-
citement, by directing a show of animals at Brighton,
near Boston. This is well, so far as it goes. It is
far short of utility. The worthy and learned Presi-
dent of that institution has expressed his approbation
of your measures, and his admiration of their success ;
and he has requested me, gentlemen, to offer you the
testimony of respect and best wishes of that institu-

13

t;on, for the prosperity of a Society so " extensively
useful as yours."

The respectable state of New- York has adopted
this Society as their model, and they are forming sev-
eral institutions resembling tliis. And within a few daya
past, we have had an application from the state of
Kentucky, requesting our assistance to enable the^Ti to
form a societ}^ like our own. The application has
been complied with. The state of Connecticut, also,
has this month, for the first time, beheld an associa-
tion of eminent men of that state, assembled to pro-
mote their agriculture and manufactures. This nov-
el exhibition took place at the city of New- Haven,
under the patronage of a revered revolutionary pat-
riot and statesman, by whom they were addressed. —
Thus we behold the spirit of improvement in active
operation, in several important sections of the coun-
try. These occurrences should confirm us in the
correctness of our viev;s, and should stimulate us to
unabated perseverance.

While we reflect with pleasure, and with gratitude,
on these propitious events, the Society should not rest
satisfied with the enlightened and benevolent views of
the past time. Greater prosperity and more extensive
usefulness are before them. That these prospects
may not become illusory, or momentary in effect, I
ask permission to recommend, gentlemen of the So-
ciety and fellow-citizens, the advantages of collecting
books on agriculture and manufactures ; on the dis-
eases of all domestic animals, and their remedies ; and
on all the improvem.ents which ancient and modern
times have consecrated to the prosperity of man. — ■
These researches v/ould excite a spirit of enquiry and
a passion for reading, which would difilise through
our ranks important social advantages. Pleasure ar«:l
profit would walk hand in hand, and we should wit-
ness among the risen, and rising generation, that pol-
ish of tnind, and those treasures of k)unvlcdt(e^ ivhwh
commend man to f)ian^ and exalt ii'im to the first moral
distinction^ as he is elevated by the tenor of his rights^
to the enviable rank of lord of the suil he cultivates.

14

Gentlemen of the Society,

Before we separate, the occasion requires that I
suggest for your consideration several matters, that
anerit examination and experiment, It is apparrent
for several years past, that our husbandry has been
inclining to grazing rather than to tillage. The high
price of labor, has unquestionably contributed chiefly
to this change. The consequence is a diminution of
the products of tillage, and a gradual rise of the pri-
ces in the market. Hence this county, as well fitted
by nature for the production of white crops as any o-
ther in the same latitude, has annually sent abroad
large sums of money for flour and grain.

During this period, the population of the county
has considerably increased, and of that population a
larger proportion has exchanged its employments in
agriculture for manufacturing. These changes have
not suflUciently attracted attention. The period has
arrived, when the interest and prosperity of the coun-
ty demand, that our rural concerns should be conform-
ed to this new state of society. It is precisely the
course of events which has happened in every coun-
try in its progressive advancement, through the vari-
ous stages of improvement ; and at such a period,
and in such a state of things, good sense, which al-
ways leads to correct results, has discovered and ap-
plied the remedy. It consists in varying the husband-
ry from grazing to tillage, and adopting a free use of
the jjIow, attended with ample manuring, a rotation of
crops, and faithfully stocking the land with suitable
grasses. This course will furnish a complete remedy
for the privations and losses attending the pastural
state of farming. Experience has demonstrated, that
by no other course can a numerous population be sus-
tained, manufactures be prospered, or any considera-
ble commerce be expected. These remarks are all
exemplified in the kingdom of Great Britain, where
tillage is advanced of every other country, and sus-
tains a wonderful and increasing population, and is
piade the basis of the n^ost extensive manufactures

15

and commerce, which the world ever witnessed.—^
There agricultural employments hold the most eleva-
ted rank in public opinion. The most noble and
distinguished men are its patrons. The nobles of the
land take the lead in their numerous and highly es-
teemed associations, for the promotion of these great-
est national interests. Do we, gendemen, possess less
public spirit ? Have we less sensibility to the best
interests of this county ?

The time allowed me will not permit the pursuit
of this subject through all its relations ; especially in
what concerns the grasses proper for this soil and cli-
mate, and the most approved implements of cultiva-
tion. These subjects I recommend to your faithful
consideration, and to experiments that may test their
utility.

There yet remains a subject of the greatest possible
interest to this county, about which much delusion
and error have commenced their destructive career.
You will perceive I allude to our sheep. This animal
has always occupied the first consideration, in the e-
numeration of articles of convenience or necessity. —
If we consider the subject, as it relates to domestic e-
conomy, or agricultural prosperity, or the source of
commercial supplies, or the basis of individual and
national opulence and independence, it acquires the
greatest interest, and merits the most decided and
persevering support. On this occasion, it cannot be
expected, that I should occupy your attention with
details of their comparative profit, their peculiar fit-
ness to our country and course of husbandry, and of
the superior advantages derived to our hill country,
from multiplying this esteemed animal.

These details I recommend to your sober and care-
ful examination. Treat the subject dispassionately,
and the result will correct error, and dissipate all delu-
sion. In every country where man has existed and
multiplied since the days of the shepherds of Juden,
to this time; sheep have been considered as neccssary

|r

16

to civilized society, and a source of incalculable profit.
On what foundation then rests the prejudice and clam-
or, so inconsiderately cxeixised towards this most in-
offensive of animals. Has it any foandatioa, but the
accidental occurrence of one or two uiipropitious sea-
sons, by which the products of ag-riculture have been
dimhiished, and the expence of sustaining them in-
creased ? Does it rest on the scanty supjilies of grain,
and the enhanced price of the dairy ? If so, the evil
will soon be corrected. Another season will, proba-
bly, restore agriculture to its usual prosperity, and the
return to an efficient course of tillage husbandry, will
lemove all other grounds of complaint. Thus it is
readily perceived, the objections to sheep are casual,
and of short duration.

The increasing demand for wool, for the immediate
supply of the people of the U. States, is greater tha?i
some imagine ; and it will soon command a price be-
yond the relative value of other objects of agriculture.
If the people of the United States, like those of Eng-
land, (true to themselves) would endeavor to raise
the wool necessary for their home supply, the quaiiti-
t}' would probably equal fifty millions of pounds, re-
quiring at least sixteen millions of sheep to supply
the demand. It is probable, at the present time, that
the wool and sheep of the U. States, do not exceed
the quantity sufficient to supply more than one half of
the above amount. Here, then, is a prospect sufficient-
ly encouraging to the American agriculturalist, es-
pecially when we take into the account that foreign
tvools are subject to a duty of fifteen cents on the
pound, and foreign woollens to a duty of twenty-five
per centum* These causes cannot fail in due time to
produce an ample compensation to all growers of wool.

The same enlightened spirit, which commenced
this system of protection for American wool and man-
ufactures, will never cease its vigilance and activity,
until these great interests are placed out of jeopardy.
Taking it for granted, that this view of the subject
will repress die complaints against sheep, I feel it an

17

imperious duty to urge my fellow- citizens to perse-
vere vigorously in this part of their rural employments^
The merino sheep, so invaluable and requisite in all
fine cloth fabrics, maintain the reputation acquired,
and merit increasing confidence. The comparative
profit of these sheep is great, and although their nom-
inal value has declined, their present value is sufficient
to stimulate to the most active exertions in rearing
them. However much it is the interest of the coun-
ty to give these animals the decided preference, it is
proper that our native races of sheep should not be
forgotten. In all common and household manufac-
tures they deserve to be held in great estimation. —
Permit me to urge more care in selecting and rearing
of this native stock. It will amply repay the labor
and expence.

And I cannot dismiss this subject v/ithout recom-
mending toyour notice the remarkable fine race of sheep,
which, for several years, have been reared by Asahel
Pomroy, Esq. of Northampton. For beauty, size,
and good quality of wool, they surpass all our native
sheep. Much has been said of the Virginia, Arling-
ton, and Smith Island sheep. They are pronoun-
ced by good judges as little inferior in value to the far
famed merino. It is hoped, that shortly we shall be
able to procure enough of these races to make an ex-
periment, that will decide their utility and fitness for
this climate.

G.ENTLEMEN — The United States possess two
great and leading interests, those of agriculture and
manufactures. All other interests are subordinate
and dependent on these. The former was the early
pursuit of our venerable forefathers, their chief re-
source, and the last and surest reliance of posterity.
Manufactures became an object of patronage with iho
framers of the present Constitution of the United
States. Tiie first acts of the government recognized
their importance, and identified their existence and
prosperity with the policy adopted to suiitain the des-
tjjiy of a great nation.

To fix their importance and create public sensibility,
the first President of the United States, the immortal
Washington, appeared, on the day of his inaugura-
tion, in a full suit of American manufacture. This
timely display of patriotism was soon followed by a
report on this very interesting subject, by the great
and ever-lamented Hamilton.

From that day to the present time, the Presidents,
in succession, have never failed to place this great
subject before their countrymen, in language of deci-
ded approbation ; and it is due to the present Presi-
dent of the United States, to declare that the agricultu-
ral and manufacturing interests of the nation, have u-
niformly been encouraged, by him, and received his
decided support. In the success of these great inter-
ests, tills county has an immense value at stake. Du-
ring the last ses^sion of Congress, this important cause
was gloriously sustained, by a distinguished band
of patriotic representatives. In that difficult and ar-
duous controversy the worthy representative of this
district powerfully advocated the interests of his con-
stituents, and merits their gratitude.

Fellow-Citizens — The important duties, as-
signed to my discharge this day, have led me to occu-
py your attention, perhaps, too long. To some the
jaibjects may appear distant and uninteresting ; to
others combining too liule of fancy, and elegant spec-
ulation, to excite the feelings of the heart, or produce
the charm of amusement. Anxious to acquit myself
usefully of the trust reposed, I have attempted to pre-
sent to you, those considerations, which demand your
more particular attention. On their success depends
our happiness, and the prosperity and glory of our
country. I have this day experienced an elevated
jileasure in pursuing a course near to ray heart, and
for your indulgence I am grateful.

Gentlemen of the Society,

Before we separate, let me appeal to your pa-

19

triotism, and to the sensibility of interest, to engage
you zealously and persevcringly to espouse, support,
and execute the great and benevolent purposes of this
institution. It is with pride and respect that I have
announced your meritorious exertions and sacrifices,
during the period of your association. These benev-
olent labors, shall shed blessings oa your country, and
will be rewarded by the grateful homage of the pres-
ent and future generations.

MR. WATSON'S ADDRESS.

Gentlemen,

I am again invited to proclaim your premiums — Also, to
offer some preliminary remarks on this auspicious occasion.

After my remo\'al from this State, I little expected this new
proof of honor and confidence — I meet the compliment with
sensations of gratitude. Following the interesting and excel-
lent communication of your President, just delivered, it would
be preposterous and improper that I should attempt any gen-
eral observations on the subjects of agriculture and manufac-
tures, the promotion qf which are the exclusive objects of your
novel and interesting association.

ATy only object in addressing to you a few •words, is again
to express my undiminished zeal for your prosperity and happi-
ness, and to endeavor to impress on your minds the vast impor-
tance of continuing your labors.

Your measures, my friends, (with whom T have been so long
accustomed to act in this pleasing and useful employmt-nt) are
considered by the American nation, not as localized, or identified
■with the immediate interests of Pitisficld — or Berkshire — or
^iassachusetls. — No, Gentlcinen, 1 can now say with pride
and with pleasure, the eyes of America are fixed on your pat-
I'iotic course with anxious solicitude. For some weeks past, we
find the public papers from Maine to Georgia — from the Al-

lanlic to liie Missis-iippi — all teeming in the praises of your So-
ciety, and holding it up to view as worthy of general imitation.
Several Agriculluial Societies are recently organized — others
in contemjjlation — and ail avowedly on your model. It will,
also, be peculi:.i'ly grat> ful to every member of this glorious
Society, to know that tlic moiliei Soci- ty of this State is following
your jfoot -St c/is mihtiv first Cattle Siiow, to be cxiiibilcd the
ensuing week at Brighton. — They are blessed with an over-
flowing treasury, and have, af. lengf/i, evinced a disposition to
appropiiate a small /loriion of their income, to excite a lauda-
ble spirit of emulation in the viciniiy of the ca))ital. Your ex-
emplary measun^s are considered national, since their infiuence
is extended into every section of this great republic.

It is a singular fact, and ought not to be concealed — the far-
ther you recede fiom this centre, which in\igor;iics and gives

21

Kfe and animation to your annual exhibitions, into l^Iie most «^ls«-
tant points ot" the union, the more yovii" patriotic exertions aro
appreciated. With these truths in view, and in a full knowl-
edge how far this immediate connnunity have been benefitted
by the visible and increasing good effects resulting iron) a laud-
able excitement in every direction ; every farmer in this coun-
ty must be dead to his own interest, dead to the honor of Berk-
shire, not 10 contribute iiis mite to a general fund, on which, a^
lone, must depend the existi^ncc of this society.

Some have supposed it indispensible that a literary character
sliould always preside over this institution. This is a mistake.
Since it is not necessary a formal address should be annually
made. Any plain, respectable farmer, of sound iniormation, of
enlarged and liberal views, can with equal propriety discharge
the necessary functions, by an annual communicaiion, simply
confined to your progressive improvements in agriculture and
manufactures, to be read by your Secretary, and published for
general information. Since practical experiments are the es-
sential points in view, the more simple your future course, and
the less ostentatious, the greater will be popular confidence.

The only effectual measure to keep your wheels in motion is
to oil them. Oil them, by an exact puncluality in your volun-
tary engagements. A few annual drops of this oil, from each
farmer, will, I stand pledged, cvitntually overs}ire<,id tiiis coun?
ty with wealth and happiness.

To ensure wjth greater certainty the necessary funds, per-
haps it may he found expedient and prt)per to reduce fiie num-
ber of your premiums, and in the same view to confine them,
in each succes;-.;vi^ year, aiiernateiy, either to Agriculture or to
Manuiaclures exclusively. The present distressed situation of
this touritry and England, is full evidence that we musi fall
back on our native resouices, to a certain point. Aliliougn tne
shelves of our merchants, and tiie'stores of our Custom-H'jU:-ies,
are loaded v/itn foreig!) manufactures, estimated at the frigiuful
sum of 200 millions of dollars, and selling at half their ii^iin-
sic value — although we are standing on the verge of a preci-
pice, which threatens universal desolation in the mercantile
and manufactuiing world, yet ii is gcateful to the patriot's eye,
to see so large a propoition of this respectable assembiai;-c clad
in homespun, on the increase of which, we must cvenujally
build our prosperity — our substantial indtjiendcnce. In a word,
my friends, we must practice the salutary lesson of ccoia.njy — .
we must retrace the humble footstejjs of otir ancestors, or be
cnalaved to our credirors at home and abroad. Tht oniv pi'ido
of our females in ti;ese glcon)) times [awil much depends on
their example) should he^ to be attired in llie woi ks of their own
hands, and to see their fathers, tiicir hu hands, their brothers,
nay, their snuect-hcarts., marching by their sides, clothed in
homet-Jmn also, of their uwri makn.'i^.* \_pce A'oSc,22d fia^e.']

22

We must buy less — make more — holding credit as the
bane and curse of this community — thus, also, holding the law-
yers and sheriffs a( dcjiance. Every freeman would then rest
in peace under his own vine, and walk erect, with a firm and
manly step, on the blessed soil of America, truly the lords of
the creation. Sliould your labors produce these glorious re-
sults, yoiur names will stand immortalized, and future genera-
tions who stroll in church-yards, may read on your tombs this
pioud but simple epitaph —

Here lies a member of the first Berkshire .^g^riciiltural Society —
JMay generations yet unborn learn, by his example, to love their country.

On the other hand, if this Society must perish, all farther ef-
forts on this scale will be deadened for a century to come. But
you \vill always have the censolation of knowing, that you are
entitled to the eternal gratitude of Berkshire — that you have
kept your feet firm on the stiff neck of party spirit — that you
have held the monster down — hence your prosperity. That
you have struggled year after year, performing a great national
object, deprived of funds, or legislative pationage ; and yet, by
a miracle^ as it were, you have commanded both respect and
success. My friends, you have a solemn charge committed to
your hands — since as on the successful result of your example,
numerous Agricultural Societies will yet arise to bless the land,
or be repressed by your fall. With these remarks, and implo-
ring Heaven's blessings to crown your patriotic efforts with
merited success, I will again proceed to the remaining duty as-
signed to me.

JVote. — Here the venerable Orator turned towards the north
gallery, which was exclusively appropriated to a beautiful col-
ieclion of Ladies — female singers included — and the delighted
audience spontaneously applauded. The eftect may be better
coqceived than described. — Ed. Sun.']

REPORT ON AGRICULTURE,

The Committee of the Berkshire Agricultural Society appoin-
led tor viewing crops standing in the fields, have faithfully at-
tended to the discharge of their important trust, and beg leave,
respectfully, to report :

That they noticed with peculiar pleasure a growing atten-
tion to improvements in Agriculture in every pan of the Coun-
ty, where their duty called them, which was highly gratifying
to them, especially as it Avas manifest that these interesting re-
sults of our enquiries were principally owing to the effects of
your Society, in diffusing a laudable spirit of emulation among
our farmers, which has stimulated a ^^eneral ambition to excel,
not only in raising good crops, but keeping buildings and fences
in belter repair. It is, therefore, our earnest wish and entreaty,
thai the ntembers of the Society, and the community at large,
will contribute liberally to the support of an institution so emi-
nently calculated to do good to the whole country.

Wc will not, on this occasion, trespass on the time of the
public by going into detail as to the best method of fencing, of
collecting and creating mar.ures, or of raising and preserving
fruit trees, and mai^y other objects interesting to every farmer.
At the same titne we beg leave strongly to recommend a gene-
ral attention to these interesting objects, that the Society and
posterity may derive knowledge and benefit from our experience.

Your Committee cannot refrain from expressing their deep
sense of gratitude and praise to Almighty GOD, in blessing
this people with such abundant crops of wheat, rye, oats, flax
and peas ; notwithstanding the unconmion cold, and severe
drought, they were never greater. Indian coiti having, for the
same reasons, generally failed, the applicants for premiums on
that article, generous'y waved their pretensions, and are entitkul
to the thanks of the Society. The candidates were numerous,
and had the season been favorable, the whole eommunity would
have been sensible of the visible effects of your premiums.

On the suggestion of the President, your Committee exam-
ined a mill erected by Capt. Merrill's, for grinding Plaister of
Paris, on an extensive scale ; and they beg leave to recommend
it, from its promised utility, as an object worthy of a premium.

By order of the Viewing Committee of jl^riculture.

JOEL BRADLEY, C/mlrMan.

0 HONORARY members:

Hon. John Adams, Qtiinceii, (Mass.)
BIr. Joel Bradley, iMnesborouifh.
t\mxin. De Witt Clinton, J^Ttw-York.
G. W. P. Custis, Esq. Abington, (Va.)
lion. Samuel Dexter, Bcsion.
Major-General Henry Deai-born, Esq. liosioT..
H. A. S. Dearborn, Esq. do.

Aaron Dexter, Esq. do.

Hon. Christopiier Gore, do.

Hon. John Holmes, Alfred, (Maine.)
Hon. Thomas JefFer&on, Moiiiicello, (Va.)
Samuel G. Jarvis, Esq. Clareinont, (N. II.)
Wiiliara Jarvis, Esq. U'eaihersficid, (Vt.)
:. Leonard Jarvis^
Ti'. James Lloyd, Bostun.
Hon. Jolin Lansing, jun. Albawr.
Robert L. Livingston, Esq. Cleiimnt, (N. Y.)
Dr. Joseph L. Lovell, lio&ton.
His Excellency James Madison.
Dr. S. L. Mitchell, J^ev-rork.

Hon. John 'vlason, Ceor^eioton, (DisUict of Columbia.)
Thomas Melvill, Esq. Boston.
John R. Murray, Esq. J^ev>-York,
Hon. Harrison G. Otis, Boston.
Hon. Richard Peters, PlUladdphia.
James Prince, Esq. Boston.
Son. Josiah Quinccy, do.
Zachariah Peirson, Esq. JRichmond.
Hon. Stc])hcn Van Rensselxr, Albiwy
His Excellency Caleb Strong', JK^orthamptan
Hon. Richard Sullivan, Boston.
Jeremiah Stebbins, Esq. Spi-ingfeld.
Lemuel Shaw, Esq. Boston.
Hon. John Tayler, AlLanir.
Hon. Dudley A. Tyng", Cambridge.
lion. Thomas L. Winthrop, Boston.
Nathan Appleton, Esq. do.

Samur.l Appltton, Esq. do.

ilimGOTi »o Witt, Esq. Albany.

•k