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A
^ DICTIONARY OF NUMISMATIC NAMES
THEIE OFFICIAL AND POPUUE DESIGNATIONS
By •• •
ALBEET B. FEET
• ,- • • •
• • •
QUAERENDA PECUNIA PRIMUM EST.
HORACE, EpiitiM (I. i, 53).
THE AMERICAN NUMISMATIC SOCIFTY
BROADWAY AT 156TH STREET
NEW YORK
1917
THK AMERICAN NUMISMATIC SOCIETTY, NEW YORK, N. Y.
1917
BEPBINTBD 7R0M
THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF NUMISMATICS
TOUJME L
CONTENTS
A Dictionary of Numismatic Names, thsib Official and Popular Designations.
By Albert R. Frey
Introduction
Bibliography .
Abbreviations used in Numismatic Works
Dictionary
Geographical Index
Paper Money Index
V
• •
VII
X
1
267
311
«a
i
INTRODUCTION
The purport of the present book is a twofold one. The beginner
will find in it definitions of such terms as he will encounter during his
perusal of numismatic works in both English and foreign languages.
The advanced student and collector will have his labors facilitated by
the large number of citations of authorities which have been consulted
in the preparation of this volume. The author has frequently had the
experience of discovering that the same coin is alluded to by one or
more writers under entirely different names, and what is still more per-
plexing is the fact that these designations naturally fall far apart in any
alphabetical arrangement. Notable examples are Cuarto and Quarto,
Double and Moneta Duplex, Levant Dollar, Maria Theresa Thaler and
Tallero del Levante, Glass Coins and Monnaies de Verre, Black Far-
thing and Denier Noir, etc. To obviate these duplications extensive
cross references have been introduced.
The divisions and multiples of a standard are usually to be found
under the name of the particular coin which constitutes the monetary
unit; the only exceptions to this rule are Where the larger or smaller
denomination has so incorporated itself into numismatic history as to
merit a separate description. Thus the terms Quarter Dollar, Medio
Real, etc., are to be found under the substantive and not the adjective,
whereas in the case of Tetradrachm, Quadrupla, etc., the opposite rule
has been adopted, and these names are retained.
This is not a work on the metrology of coins, and weights are only
introduced where they affect the name of a denomination due to its en -
larged or reduced size. Many of the Oriental monetary systems are
based on the weights and quantities of certain seeds, and to cite these
moneys of account would exceed the scope of the present volume. The
ancient Indian weights for gold and silver are described in detail by
Prinsep, in his Useful Tables (i, 212) ; R. C. Temple has enumerated
the Malayan weights in the Indian Antiquary (April, 1913) ; the Chinese
metrology is treated by J. A. Decourdemanche, in the Traite des Mon-
naies, Mesures et Poids anciens et modernes de I'lnde et de la Chine,
Paris, 1913 ; and the Greek and Roman standards comprise pages 222
to 225 inclusive of G. F. Hill's Handbook of Greek and Roman Coins.
vi Introduction
The popular slang names, as well as the unusual substances em-
ployed in coinage have been enumerated; these features, will be of
special interest to the beginner.
Special obligations are due to the officers of The American Numis -
matic Society for their assistance and counsel. Mr. Edward T. Newell
the President, Mr. Howland Wood the Curator, Mr. John Reilly, Jr.,
the Treasurer, and Mr. Sydney P. Noe the Secretary and Librarian,
have all made valuable suggestions, corrections, and additions.
Among other contributors should be mentioned Mrs. Agnes Bald-
win Brett who has supplied notes on the ancient coins ; Mr. J. de
Lagerberg who has revised the Scandinavian nomenclature ; and Mr.
Dennis Mclnerney who has kindly made the Gaelic translations. Credit
must also be given for assistance in general to Messrs. William F. Beller,
Bernard J. Nangle, A. D. Savage, Elliott Smith, and Moritz Wormser.
The difficulties attending the execution of a work of this magnitude
are enormous, hence, its imperfections will not, it is to be hoped, be
judged too severely. A French author has said: * ' La numismatique
est une maitresse dangereuse pour Tamateur, et toujours adoree, bien
que cruelle, pour ses fervents disciples; " and if the present volume
will make the numismatic paths more accessible, and the stepping-
stones somewhat easier, the writer will feel that his labor has not been
in vain.
A. R. F.
LIST OF THE PRINCIPAL AUTHORITIES CITED
Akerman, Tradesmen's Tokens. 1849.
Appel's Repertorium. 1820-29.
Atkins, Coins and Tokens of the Possessions and Colonies of the British Empire. 1889.
Atkins, Tradesmen's Tokens of the Eighteenth Century. 1892.
Babelon, Les origines de la monnaie.
Babelon, Traite des monnaies grecques et romaines. 1901-04.
Bahrfeld, Das Munzwesen der Mark Brandenbarg. 1895.
Batty, Copper Coinage of Great Britain. 1868-98.
Betts, American Colonial History Illustrated by Medals. 1894.
Blanchet, Nouveau manuel de numismatique. 1890.
Bohl, Die Trierischen Miinzen. 1823-57.
Breton, Coins and Tokens Relating to Canada. 1894.
British Museum Catalogues. 1873-1903.
Campos, Numismatica Indo-Portug^esa. 1901.
Cappe, Beschreibung der Mainzer Miinzen. 1856.
Cappe, Die Mittelalter-Miinzen von Miinster, etc. 1850.
Cappe, Die Munzen der deutschen Kaiser, etc. 1848-57.
Cappe, Beschreibung der Colnischen Miinzen. 1853.
Chalmers, History of Currency in the British Colonies. 1893.
Chaudoir, Aper9u sur les monnaies russes. 1836.
Chestret, Numismatique de la Principaut^ de Lifege. 1890-1900.
Chijs, van der, Les monnaies des Pays-Bas. 1851-66.
Cinagliy Le Moneta dei Papi. 1848.
Codrington, Manual of Musalman Numismatics. 1904.
Cohen, Description des monnaies romaines. 1859-68.
Corpus Inscriptionum Graecarum, Attica.
Crosby, Early Coins of America. 1875.
Cunningham, Coins of Ancient India. 1891.
Dannenberg, Miinzgeschichte Pommems im Mittelalter. 1893-98.
Davids, On the Ancient Coins and Measures of Ceylon. 1877.
De la Torre, Description des monnaies espagnoles. 1852.
Du Cange, Glossarium. 1875.
Elliot, Coins of Southern India. 1886.
Engel et Sen*ure, Traits de numismatique du moyen &ge. 1897-99.
;
viii Principal Authobitisb Cited
Fernandes, Memoria das moedas correntes em Portugal. 1856.
Florez, Medallas de . . . . Espafia. 1767-73.
Fonrobert, Die Jules Fonrobert'sche Sammlung iiberseeischer Miinzen. 1878.
Frey, The Dated European Coinage Prior to 1501. 1914.
Friedensburg und Seger, Schlesiens Miinzen und Medaillen der neueren Zeit. 1901.
Friedlander, Die Miinzen der Ostgoten und Vandalen. 1844-49.
Gaedechens, Hamburger Miinzen und Medaillen. 1843-74.
Gaillard, Recherches sur les monnaies des comtes de Flandre. 1857.
Haller, Schweizerisches Miinz- und Medaillenkabinet. 1780, '81.
Head, Historia Numorum. 1911.
Heiss, Monedas Hispano-Cristianos. 1865-69.
Hill, Handbook of Greek and Roman Coins. 1899.
Hoffmann, Les monnaies royales de France. 1878.
Hultsch, Metrologicorum Scriptorum Reliquiae. 1864-66.
Inn und Knyphausen, Miinzen und Medaillen Kabinet. 1872-77.
Joseph, Goldmiinzen des XIV. und XV. Jahrhunderts. 1882.
Joseph und Fellner, Die Miinzen von Frankfurt a.M. 1896.
Jungk, Die Bremischen Miinzen. 1875.
Kelly, Le Cambiste Universel. The Universal Cambist. 1823-35.
Kohler, VoUstandiges Ducaten-Cabinet. 1759, '60.
Lacroix, Numismatique annamite. 1900.
Lampridius, Alexander Severus.
Lane-Poole, The Coins of the Moghul Emperors of Hindustan. 1892.
Langlois, Numismatique de TArm^nie. 1855.
Langlois, Essai de classification des suites monetaires de la G^orgie. 1860.
Lelewel, Numismatique du moyen ^ge. 1835.
Lenormant, La monnaie dans I'antiquit^. 1878, '79.
Lockhart, A Guide to the Inscriptions on the Coins of the Farther East. 1898. .
Lockhart, The Stewart Lockhart Collection of Chinese Copper Coins. 1915.
Loon, Beschryving der nederlandsche Historipenningen. 1723-35.
Madai, Vollstandiges Thaler-Cabinet. 1765-74.
Madden, History of the Jewish Coinage. 1864.
Mailliet, Monnaies obsidionales. 1870.
Marsden, Numismata Orientalia lUustrata. 1823-25.
Mateer, Coinage of Travancore. In the Madras Journal of Literature and Science.
1894.
Meili, Das bi'asilianische Geldwesen. 1875-1905.
Meili, Portugiesische Miinzen. 1890.
Millies, Recherches sur les monnaies des indigenes de I'Archipel Indien et de la Pen-
insule Malaie. 1871.
Millingen, Considerations sur la numismatique de I'ancienne Italic. 1841-44.
Mommsen, Histoire de la monnaie romaine. 1865-75.
Principal Authorities Cited ix
Munro, Coins of Japan. 1904.
Nahuys, Histoire numismatique du royaume de HoUande. 1858.
Netscher en Van der Chijs, De Munten van Nederlandsch-Indie. 1863.
Neumann, Beschreibung der bekanntesten Kupfermiinzen. 1868-72.
Noback, Munz, Mass, und Gewichts-verhaltnisse. 1860.
Papadopoli, Le monete di Venezia. 1893-1912.
Pichler, Repertorium der steierischen Miinzkunde. 1865-67.
Poey d'Avant, Monnaies feudales de France. 1860.
Pollux, Onomasticon.
Prinsep, Useful Tables. 1868.
Promis, Le monete dei reali di Savoia. 1841.
Promis, Monete del Piemonte. 1852-70.
Raczinski, Le m^daillier de Pologne. 1838-45.
Ramsden, Chinese Early Barter and Uninscribed Money. 1912.
Reinach, l-^es monnaies juives. 1888. ,
Ruding, Annals of the Coinage of Britain. 1840.
Sabatier, Description g^n^mle des monnaies byzantines.
Sambon, Les monnaies antiques de Tltalie. 1903.
Saulcy, Numismatique de la Terre Sainte. 1847.
Saulcy, Numismatiques des croisades. 1847.
Saurmasche Miinzsammlung deutscher, schweizerischer und polnischer Geprage von
etwa dem Beginn der Groschenzeit bis zur Kipperperiode. 1892.
Schlumberger, Numismatique de I'Orient latin. 1878.
Schroeder, Annam, Etudes numismatiques. 1906.
Schubert, Collection de monnaies et m6dailles russes. . 1843-67.
Schulthess-Rechberg, Thaler Cabinet. 1840-67.
Spink, Numismatic Circular.
Stevenson, A Dictionary of Roman Coins. 1889.
Teixeira de Amgdo, Descrip^ao das moedas de Portugal. 1875-80.
Teifien de Lacouperie, Catalogue of Chinese Coins. 1892.
Thomas, Chronicles of the Pathan Kings of Dehli. 1871.
Thomas, Essays on Indian Antiquities. 1868.
Thureton, History of the Coinage of the Territories of the East India Company. 1890.
Valentine, Modern Copper Coins of the Muhammadan States. 1911.
Verkade, Muntboek. 1848.
Wood, The Coinage of the West Indies, and the Sou Marqu6. 1914.
Zanetti, Monete d'ltalia. 1786.
Zay, Histoire mon^taire des colonies frangaises. 1892.
ABBREVIATIONS USED IN NUMISMATIC WORKS
a. b. c.
a. d.
Adv.
AE.
a. g.
AR.
a. s.
AV.
B.
Br.
('«.
c.s.
D.
D.
d.
desgl.
E. F.
El.
E8.
F.
FDC,
four,
fr.
(;.
G. B.
>r. «*•
geh.
gel.
Gj.
Gr.
lis.
Ins.
L.
I^it.
Lb.
Leg.
M.
M.
M. B.
Fair condition (French, assez bien
conserv^).
To the right (French, h droite:
Italian, a destra).
Obverse (Latin, ad verso).
Copper or bronze (Latin, aes, cop-
per).
To the left (French, k gauche).
Silver (Latin, ar^entum).
To the left (Italian, a sinistra).
Gold (I^tin, auruni).
In good condition (French, belle:
Italian, buono).
Bronze: brass.
In good condition.
In medium condition.
In poor condition.
Coun terstamped .
Obverse (Italian, dritto).
Daler.
Pence (Latin, denarius).
The same: ditto (German, des-
gleichen).
Extremely fine.
Electmm.
Specimen (Italian, esemplare).
In fine condition.
In mint state (French, fieur de
coin).
Plated (French, fourr^e).
In i>oor condition (French, fruste).
In good condition.
Laige bronze (Italian, gran bronzo).
In good condition (German, gut
erhalten).
With a ring attached (German,
gehenkelt).
Perforated; with a hole (German,
gelocht).
In good condition (Swedish, Gjuten).
Grammes.
Obverse (German, Hauptseite).
Inscription.
Left.
Tin (French, Laiton).
Small bronze (Swedish, Li ten brons).
Legend.
In medium condition.
Billon (Italian, mistura).
Medium bronze.
Med.
Medal.
MM.
Mint mark: marque mon^taire.
m.m.
Millimeters.
Mon.
Monogram.
Mzz.
Mint mark (German, Miinzzeichen).
n. 1.
To the left (German, nach links).
No.
Number.
n. r.
Tq the right (German, nach rechts).
O.
Gold (Italian, oro).
Obv.
Obverse.
P.
Lead (Latin, plumbum).
P. B.
Small bronze (Italian, piccolo
(bronzo).
Pee.
Piece.
Perf.
Perforated: with a hole.
Wg.
Pfennig.
PI.
Lead (Jjitin, plumbum).
R.
Right.
R.
Reverse.
R.
Rare.
Rev.
Reverse.
Rgsdlr.
Rigsdaler.
R. R.
Very rare.
R. R. R.
Exceedingly rare.
Rs.
Reverse (German, Ruckseite).
S.
Scarce.
schl. erh.
In poor condition (German, schlecht
erhalten).
sch.
Fine (German, schon).
8. g. e.
In very good condition (German,
sehr gut erhalten).
Sh.
Shilling.
Stb.
Large bronze (Swedish, Stor brons).
Stg.
Standing.
St.-gl.
In proof condition (German, Stem-
pelglanz).
T. B.
Verv good (French, tr^s belle).
Thlr.
Th^er.
Tr.
Perforated: with a hole (French,
troupe).
r.
Unique (Italian, unico).
Unc.
l^ncirculated.
Val.
Value.
Var.
Variety; variant.
V. F.
Very tine.
vorz. erh.
Extremely fine (German, vorziiglich
erhalten).
Wt.
Weight.
z. g. e.
In medium condition (German,
ziemlich gut erhalten).
Abacift
Abu*Cinco
A
Abadt. A silver coin mentioned by
Teixeira de Aragao (iii) and claimed to
have been formerly in use both in Portu-
guese India and in the Portuguese posses-
sions in East Africa.
Aban<|iie. See Abenge.
AbatsL See Abbasi.
Abaze. See Abbasi.
AbbatL A Persian silver coin which
takes its name from Shah Abbas I (A.H.
996-1038=1587-1629). It was divided
into two Mahmudis, or four Shahis, or ten
Bisti.
In the Georgian series the Abbasi was
introduced in the reign of Theimouraz II
(1744-1762), and had a value of ten Bisti.
The half Abbasi, called Chaouri or Schauri,
Langlois (No. 67), Ponrobert (4288, 4303)
appeared in 1779 under Brecl6 (Hercules)
II.
With the Russian occupation of Georgia
under Alexander I, beginning in 1801, this
coin received the name of Abaze or Rial,
and the currency was made to harmonize
with that of Russia, as follows : 1 Abaze=
200 Thetri=10 Kopecks. The Kopeck was
again divided into tenths, one of which was
called Phoul or Pul; plural Phuli.
The modem Persian coinage retains this
piece under the name of Abassi, and the
half is called Senar. In the Afghan coin-
age the Abaze is computed at one-third of
the Rial.
Abbey-Pieces. A name given to both
coins and tokens that were issued by the
great monastic establishments. Some of
these pieces were not coins in the modem
sense, but were intended as Tesserae
Sacrae for use of pilgrims and monks who
travelled from one religious house to an^
other.
Others, however, were legitimate coins,
and the issues of the abbatial mint of St.
Martin at Tours were noted during the
Middle Ages.
Abbesses as well as abbots enjoyed the
privilege of striking coins. The most no-
table are those of the Prauenmiinster in
Zurich, and the abbeys of Quedlinburg,
Herford, Essen, and Thorn in Brabant.
AbendmaU Pfennige. See Communion
Tokens.
Abenge. Du Cange mentions this as
being a small coin, the name of which is
found in an agreement dated 1320 between
Philip V of Prance and the Bishop of
Tournay. An ordinance of 1330 mentions
**deux soulz uz deniers et une abanque
Parisis,'' which is probably the same coin.
Abidi. A name given to the half Rupee
of Mysore by Tipu Sultan, in 1786, when
he adopted his new system of reckoning,
based on the Muludi, i.e., dating from the
birth of the Prophet. The coin is so called
after the fourth Imam, Zainul-abidin, or
Abid Bimar.
Aboudjidid. The name given to certain
cotton fabrics used for currency in Abys-
sinia; in some localities it is known as
Stamma.
Abraemos. A gold coin said to have
been struck by the Portuguese for their
possessipns in India. See Teixeira de
Aragao (iii).
Abschlag. A term used by German
numismatists to indicate a restrike from
an original die. The later impression fre-
quently occurs in an entirely different
metal, e.g., Dukaten-Abschlage in silver,
etc.
Abtolutioiistbaler. The name given to
a medallic Thaler struck by Henry IV of
Prance in 1595, after his reconciliation
with the Pope. On the obverse of this coin
is a portrait of Clement VIII, and on the
reverse his own bust.
Abii-Cinco. An Egyptian denomination
to indicate the silver piece of five Prancs.
[1]
Abukash
Adha-ani
Abukash, or Abuketh. Zanetti (i. 450)
states that this was the name given to the
Thaler of the Low Countries in the Levant
during the seventeenth century. A simi-
lar designation, Aslani, meaning a lion,
was used in the Ottoman Empire to desig-
nate this coin, the allusion being, of course,
to the prominent figure of a lion on the
obverse.
Abu-Mafta. The last word in Egyptian
means a cannon, and this name was applied
to the Spanish Piastre in Egypt, because
the Pillars of Hercules on the reverse were
mistaken for cannon.
Abuqudp, or Griscio. According to
Kelly, this was a current silver coin of
Egypt of the value of twenty Medini.
Abu-tera. The name given in Egypt to
the Levant Dollar (g.v.)- It appears to be
an abbreviation of Theresa.
Accolated or AccoUed* See Jugate.
Achaean League Cohiage. About B.C.
370 several cities on the southern side of
the Corinthian Gulf banded together as a
means of defence against Macedonian ag-
gression, and the coins issued by them are
usually referred to by the above name.
The monogram of the League was AX,
which is frequently found on the coins.
The League increased in power circa B.C.
280, and eventually included all of the
Peloponnesian cities, some of which, how-
ever, also struck independently. It ceased
B.C. 146 with the constitution of the Ro-
man province.
Achesoim or Atkinsoii* The name some-
times given to the Plack of the first coinage
of James VI of Scotland. It was so called
on account of Thomas Atkinson, who was
master of the Edinburgh mint from 1581
to 161L
Achtbriiderthaler. The name given to
a series of Thaler struck in Sachsen-
Weimar circa 1605-1620, with eight busts
of the princes, four on each side. They
were all sons of Duke Johann Ernst.
Conf. -Madai (1478, 1479), who cites a
variety ^with all the eight portraits on
one side.
Achtehalber, means actually ^' eight
halves" or four, but popularly ** eight less
one half," or seven and a half. The term
was used in Prussia for the piece of two
and a half Silbergroschen which was equal
to seven and a half Schillinge.
Achtelthaler. The name given to a
piece of three Groschen or the one-eighth
of the Ortsthaler. It was common to Sax-
ony, Brunswick, and other German States
in the seventeenth century. See Ort.
Acht en Twmtig. See Guilder.
Achter. A name given to the Marien-
groschen formerly issued in Brunswick,
Hanover, Westphalia, etc., because they
were equal to eight Pf ennige instead of the
customary twelve Pfennige.
AchterMfiel. A popular Dutch name for
the current silver coin of two and one-half
Gulden.
Achtzehner. See Ort.
Achtzehngroscher* See Tympf .
Ackey. An English colonial silver coin
issued by the African Company on the
Gold Coast in 1796 and 1818. There is a
corresponding half Ackey.
The name is a native term, used as a
monetary standard, denoting twenty grains
of gold dust. See Takoe.
Acrimontana. A general name for coins
struck at the mint of Agramont. These
pieces were current in Catalonia under
James I, king of Aragon (1213-1276), and
in Prance under Louis XIV. See Blanchet
(i, 165).
Adarkomm* Another name for the
Daric (^.v.)-
Adelheidsdenare* A. name given to a
variety of Deniers which have been found
in great quantities in Saxony, though the
exact localities where they were struck
have never been determined.
These coins have on one side a cross and
the name otto, and on the reverse a figure
of a church and the inscription ateahlht,
or similar, whence the designation. Some
authorities attribute these to Otto I, king
of Germany (936-962) and his queen, Ade-
laide or Adelheid, while others ascribe them
to Otto III during his minority.
Adha. A name given to the half Mohur
of Nepal, struck by the Malla Bajas in the
seventeenth century. See Ponrobert (2324
et seq.). See Suka.
Adha-^nL The one-sixteenth silver Mo-
hur introduced by the Gorkhas in the coin-
age of Nepal ; it must not be confused with
[2]
Adhada
Af fonso de Ouro
the Adhani, i,e,, the one thirty-second of
the gold Mohur. See Suka.
Adhada. A money of account of Cutch
and Kathiawar, and equal to the one
ninety-sixth part of the Kori {q.v,).
Adheeda. Another name for the silver
eight-anna piece of Nepal. See Mehnder-
Mulie.
Adhelah. A copper coin of Hindustan
and equal to one-half of the Dam (q.v,).
Adlea or AdlL A billon coin, plated
with gold, issued by Yussuf Pascha in
Tripoli in 1827. It was forced upon the
people as the equivalent of a Spanish Dol-
lar, but only a few days after its introduc-
tion the value of this coin depreciated
over ninety per cent, and it was one of the
factors that led to the revolution of 1832,
which resulted in Yussuf 's abdication.
Adler-pfennigy Schfllingi etc. The popu-
lar name for any coin having the figure
of a double eagle prominently displayed;
e.g., the numerous issues for Aix-la-Cha-
pelle, the Thaler, Groschen, and Schillinge
of Bentheim, etc.
AdlL A silver coin of Dehli introduced
by Muhammad III Ibn Tughlag, A.H. 725
(A.D. 1324). Its weight was 140 grains,
and it was a substitute for the old
Tankahor Rupee of his predecessors which
weighed 175 grains. It was discontinued
about A.H. 730 and the old standard re-
stored. See Thomas (Nos. 180, 181). Also
a piece of fifty Tankahs used in Hindustan.
See Tankah.
Adl Gutkah. A gold coin of Akbar,
Emperor of Hindustan, and valued at nine
Rupees. See Sihansah.
Adolffld'or. The name given to the gold
coin of ten Thaler issued by Adolf Fredrik,
King of Sweden (1751-1771).
Aerosi NummL The name given by the
Romans to billon coins (g.v.).
Aesy or more properly As. A Latin word
of probably Arian origin, meaning both
pure copper and a mixture of tin and cop-
per. The term served, afterwards in Rome
as a generic word for every variety of
money.
The earliest types of the Aes are called
the Aes Rude or Aes Infectum, i.e., un-
wrqught copper. There was no monetary
unit and the weight formed the basis of
all exchanges.
11 ounces
10
u
9
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8
*(
7
u
6
u
5
<t
4
«
3
t*
2
u
1%
t«
1
<t
^
t«
Aes Grave (heavy bronze) ; also called
the Aes Libralis {i.e., pound of bronze),
was the first Roman monetary unit. The
basis was the As, which in its earliest form
weighed an Oscan — Latin pound of twelve
ounces, derived from a standard originally
brought to Italy by the Phocaeans. It is of
a lenticular shape and the obverse bears
the portrait of Janus bif rons and the figure
1 as an indication of the value. The re-
verse has the prow of a galley, probably
indicative of the maritime power of Rome,
which had been greatly developed by the
Decemviri (B.C. 452-450), to which period
these coins are usually assigned. The best
and latest authorities, however, place them
a century later.
The divisions of the As are the
DeuDX or labus,
Dextans or Dccunx,
Dodrans or Dodras,
Bes or Bessis,
Soptunx, ^
Semis, Semlsgis, or Sexcunx,
QniDCUDx, Quicunx, or Cingus,
Trlens, Trlente, or Trias,
Quadrans, Quadrant, or Teruncia,
Sextans, Sextante, or Sextas,
Sescunx,
Uncia,
Semuncin
The multiples are the Dupondius, Tri-
pondius, and Decussis; all of these are de-
scribed under their rlespective names.
The As was reduced in weight as follows :
Primitive Libral, B.C. 450 Twelve ounces
Semillbral, B.C. 388 Six ounces
Sextantal, B.C. 268 Two ounces
Uncial. B.C. 217 One ounce
Semi-IIncIal, B.C. 89 Half of an ounce
Aes Rude. The name given to the prim-
itive and shapeless pieces of bronze used
by the Romans as money previous to the
Aes Signatum (q.v.).
Aes Signatum. The second type of the
Aes, so called because rude stamps or marks
are to be found on it, signifying the weight
and an approximate value. These are of
oblong, square, and oval shapes. They are
generally supposed to have originated in
the reign of Servius Tullius (B.C. 578-
535), but are more likely of the 5th and
4th centuries B.C.
Aetolian League. See League Coinage.
Affonsim. See Qrosso Affonsim.
Affonso de Ouro. Another name for the
earliest type of Cruzado (q.v.), issued by
Alfonso V of Portugal (1438-1481), and
so called in honor of the ruler.
[3]
Pfminige
Albertm
Afrikanische Pfennige. See Schiffs Du-
katen.
Aftaby* A gold coin of Akbar, Emperor
of Hindustan, of the value of ten Rupees.
See Sihansah.
Aggio or Agio. A term used more in
banking than in numismatics to indicate the
fluctuations of exchange rates, L e., the
actual value of a coin as compared with its
current exchange value.
Agnel (plural Agneaux). A French
gold coin first issued under Philip IV in
January, 1310. It is the French form of
the Agnus Dei (g.v.), with similar designs
and inscriptions. The Agnel was struck in
France until the period of Charles VI
(1380-1422). See Denier d'Or, Gouden
Lam, and Mouton.
Agnus Dei. A silver coin of Castile
issued by John I (1379-1390) and struck at
Toledo, Burgos, and Seville. The obverse
shows the Paschal Lamb, and on the reverse
is a large crown. The inscription reads:
'* Agnus Dei Qui Tolis Pecate Mundi
Misere Nobis," referring to the words in
the Gospel of St. John (i: 29). See Agnel.
Agod. The name given to the half Talari
piece of Abyssinia. See Ber.
Agontano. See Anconitano.
Agostaro. See Augustalis.
Agiiglmo. The popular name for the
Aquilino (g. v.).
Aguila de Oro. The name given to a
variety of the Dobla de los Excelentes, or
double Excelente, issued in the reign of
Ferdinand and Isabella (1474-1516). It
has on the reverse the armorial shields of
Castile, Leon, Aragon, and Sicily sup-
ported by an eagle with wings extended.
Ahmadi or AhmedL The name given
to the gold Mohur of Mysore, by Tipu Sul-
tan, when he adopted his new system of
reckoning, based on the Muludi, dating
from the birth of the Prophet.
Airgead. A Gaelic word meaning sil-
ver; but Simon, in his Essay on the Coins
of Ireland, doubts that it was ever ap-
plied to coins of this metal. Bonn Airgead,
or Airgid, means a silver medal. See Bonn.
Akahi Dala. The name of the silver
coins issued for the Hawaiian Islands
under Kalakaua I. They are all dated
1883 and represent the value of a silver
dollar of the United States.
Akcheh, or Othmany* A small Turkish
silver coin, the only piece issued by Ur-
khan, the son of Othman I, when he in-
augurated the Ottoman coinage, A.H. 729.
When the Ghrush was introduced, A.H.
1099, it was divided into fifty Akchehs,
but the relation of the two coins constantly
altered. Lane-Poole states, Num. Chroni-
cle, 3d Series (ii: 175-176), that "at first
50 Akchehs went to the (Jhrush, then 40,
sometimes as many as 80, and finally, in
A.H. 1138, as many as 120 Akchehs went
to the new Turkish unit. This last figure,
however, is perhaps explained by the fact
that another small silver coin, the Para,
had come into existence . . . and eventu-
ally usurped the place of the Akcheh."
See Para.
In the Tunis currency this coin had the
same value as the Asper, Le,, the fourth
part of the Kharub.
Akhtar. A name given to the copper
five-cash piece of Mysore, by Tipu Sultan,
in 1792, after the adoption of his new
system of reckoning. This system was be-
gun in 1786, and was based on the Muludi,
i.e., dating from the birth of the Prophet.
The name is the Arabic designation of the
word ''Star."
AlamgirL A small copper coin for-
merly current in the Deccan principality.
It was valued at one sixty-fourth of the
Chandor Rupee.
Albansgulden. A name given to the
gold coins issued by the Knights of St.
Alban at Mainz, who received the privi-
lege of striking coins from the Emperor
Maximilian I in 1518. The number was
limited and they were distributed to the
members of the Order on St. Martin's Day
(November 11), and are consequently
sometimes referred to as Martinsgulden.
They bear on one side a figure of St. Alban
holding his head in his hand.
AlberettOi or Albero, meaning a tree,
was the popular name for the copper
Baiocco struck by the Roman Republic in
1797. The obverse has the lictor's fasces
surmounted by a Phrygian cap, which
bear a fanciful resemblance to a tree.
Albertin. A gold coin issued for Bra-
bant, Tournay, Flanders, etc., which ob^
[4]
Albertusthaler
Alicomo
tains its name from Albert, Archduke of
Austria (1598-1621), who was governor of
the Netherlands. The obverse bears his
bust, together with that of his consort
Elizabeth, and on the reverse is the cross of
Burgundy, in the angles of which are dis-
posed the figures of the date.
Albertusthaler. A silver coin struck
for the Low Countries by Albert, Archduke
of Austria, and of the same design as the
Albertin {q.v.). Prom the Burgundy cross
on the reverse these pieces are also called
Kreuzthaler and Burgunderthaler. Their
value was three Gulden or fifty Patards.
The coin was copied in Holstein, Bruns-
wick, Brandenburg, etc. Those of Freder-
ick II bear the inscription nach dsm fvs
DEB ALBERTVS THALER^ and thosc of Fred-
erick William II, struck in 1797, read, ad
NORMAM TALERORUM ALBERTi. Correspond-
ing smaller silver coins of the same design
as the Albertusthaler were called respect-
ively Albertusgulden and Albertusgros-
chen.
Albuloy or Albido del San Pietro. A
base silver coin of Lucca issued during the
Republican rule (1369-1805). It has, on
the reverse, a figure of St. Peter holding
the keys. The name is the Italian equiva-
lent for the Albus.
Albas. A billon coin current in Ger-
many and the Low Countries in the four-
teenth and fifteenth centuries. It was com-
mon in Cologne, Trier, Mainz, Hessen, and
the Palatinate, and gradually replaced the
older Tumosgroschen.
The name Grossus Albus, or Weiss-
groschen was given to these coins on ac-
count of their white appearance, due to the
silver of which they were composed, and
which compared favorably with other coins
of the same era.
An even earlier coin was the Denarius
Albus, or Weisspfennig. It is frequently
mentioned in records of the Middle Ages,
and owes its name to its white, shiny ap-
pearance. Both of these coins are more or
less synonymous with the French Blanc,
the Spanish Blanco, the Italian Bianco,
and the Witten Pennine of the Low Coun-
tries.
The later issues of the Albus, however,
hardly deserved the name, as gradually
more and more copper was added to their
material, and their color naturally became
darker. See Raderalbus, and Reichsalbus.
Alderman. An English slang term for
a half crown. An alderman as chief mag-
istrate is half a king in his own ward, and
the half crown is a sort of half king.
Ale-sflyer. Blount, in his Law Diction-
ary, 1691, states that this is the name of
**a Rent or Tribute yearly paid to the
Lord Maior of London, by those that sell
Ale within the City.''
Alexander. A gold coin of ten Lei,
issued for Bulgaria under King Alexander
L
Alexanders. A general name in modern
parlance for the coins of Alexander the
Great and those bearing the type of this
monarch's coinage. The designation for
these pieces in ancient times was Alexan-
dreioi. See Babelon, Traite (i, 482).
Alexandreion. A silver coin of four
Drachmai struck circa B.C. 315-310 by
Ptolemy I, king of Egypt.
Alexandrian Coinage. The coinage
struck under the Roman emperors at Alex-
andria in Egypt.
Alexandrine Coinage. The coinage
bearing the types of Alexander the Great.
Struck at many mints in European Greece,
Asia Minor, Syria, Babylonia, and North
Africa from B.C. 336 down to the Roman
occupation. This coinage, while invariably
using the types of Alexander the Great,
sometimes substituted for his name the
name of a ruling king, such as Philip III,
Lysimachus, Seleucus, Antiochus, and
others.
Alfonsino. A silver coin of the Carlino
type issued by Alfonso I of Aragon, while
ruler of Naples and Sicily (1442-1468).
The Alfonsino d'Oro of the same king
was a large gold coin, also known by the
name of Ducatone d'Oro.
Alfonso. A term used to indicate the
Spanish gold coin of twenty-five Pesetas,
it having been originally issued under
Alfonso XII, and the portrait of this mon-
arch is on the obverse.
Alicomo. A silver coin of Ferrara,
issued by Duke Hercules I (1471-1505),
which receives this name from the figure
of a unicorn on one side. Its value is de-
termined in an ordinance of 1492 as being
equal to twelve Quattrini.
[5]
Coins
Amoles
Alliance Coins« A name given to cer-
tain coins of Greece and Asia Minor, which
were issued by a joint agreement between
two or more cities. 8ee Head (Introduc. §
17).
Among the earliest types of Alliance
pieces are those of the federal coinage of
Rhodes, Cnidus, Samos, and Ephesus, B.C.
394-387. Each bore the type of its city on
the reverse; and on the obverse a figure of
the infant Heracles strangling the snakes,
and the legend STN (for aupLpLax*^^^)-
Almonds used as money. See Badam.
Alms Money. See Peter's Pence.
Aloethaler. In 1701 an aloe, which had
been introduced to Germany a few years
previously, blossomed for the first time,
and in commemoration thereof the Dukes
Rudolph August and Anton Ulrich of
Brunswick- Wolf enbiittel struck a .Tha-
ler. This coin has on one side a figure of
the plant in bloom, with an appropriate
description.
Alpaka. An alloy of copper, zinc, and
nickel, and used in the composition of the
twenty Heller piece of Austria of 1916.
Altilik. A base silver coin of Turkey in
the series of Metalliks; its value is five
Piastres.
Altininck. Bee Altyn.
Altnaishlik, or Double Zolota. A silver
coin of the Ottoman Empire of the value
of one and one-half Piastres, or sixty
Paras. Its weight varies from 300 to 420
grains. The name is derived from Altmish,
t.6., sixty. See Utuzlik.
Alton. This word in Turkish signifies
gold, and after the conquest of Constanti-
nople, Muhammad II, in A.H. 833, issued
a gold coin named Sultany Altun, which,
for brevity's sake, was called Altun.
It was patterned after the Sequin, and,
according to Lane-Poole, iVwm. Chronicle,
3d Series (ii. 167-168), "was known by
various other names, according to the pre-
dominant foreign commercial influence; —
under western influence it was called
Flury (florin) ; under Persian, Shahy; and
after the Conquest of Egypt, the name
Ashrafy, or Sherify, which had been given
to the improved coinage of El-Ashraf Bar-
sabay, was transferred to the issues of the
Constantinopolitan mint. ' '
[6
Altyn, sometimes called Altininck, was
a base silver coin of Russia of the value of
three Kopecks or six Dengi, first issued in
1704. The date on the reverse is in Slav-
onic characters, and three dots or bosses
are usually found upon this side of the
coin, indicative of the value. The coinage
of these pieces was discontinued in 1736.
Aluminium, or Aluminum. A grayish-
wliite metal resembling silver in color but
of much lighter specific gravity. It is used
extensively for tokens and medals, but the
employment of it for actual coins has
proved rather unsatisfactory.
For British East Africa and Uganda
aluminium Cents and half Cents have been
Ifesued, and a one-tenth Penny was struck
for Nigeria in 1907 in the same metal. It
has also been employed as a money of
necessity by Germany in 1916-1917.
Ambrosino. A name given to both a
gold and a silver coin of Milan, struck
under the first Republic (1250-1310), and
retained by the Sforzas to the end of the
fifteenth century.
They obtain their name from St. Am-
brosius, the patron saint of the city, who
is generally represented standing, but
sometimes on horseback, with a whip in
his hand, which is supposed to have refer-
ence to Christ's driving the money-
changers out of the temple. See Cahier^
Characteristiques des Saints dans VAri
Populaire (ii. 429), and Jameson, Sacred
and Legendary Art (i. 395).
Amedeo d'Oro. The popular name for
the gold Lira, of the value of ten Scudi,
issued by Victor Amedeus I of Savoy at
the Turin mint in 1633. See Beato Amedeo.
Amoles. A name given to the salt money
of Abyssinia which was used as a circu-
lating medium for smaller monetary trans-
actions to the west of Gondar. This
currency appears to have been in the form
of blocks of rock-salt, about eight inches
long by one and one-half inches in breadth,
and of a value of from two to three pence
each. It is described by Foville, Les Man-
naies de VEthiopie, and is mentioned as
early as 1625 in the works of Don Alonzo
Mendez, patriarch of Abyssinia, who trav-
ersed the country, and says: "The boun-
dary between the kingdoms of Daucali and
Tygre is a plain, four days' journey in
length and one in breadth, which they call
]
Amulets
Angel
the country of salt, for there is found all
that they use in Ethiopia, instead of
money; being bricks almost a span long
and four fingers thick and broad, and won-
derfully white, fine and hard, and there
is never any miss of it, though they carry
away never so much; and this quantity is
so great Ihat we met a caravan of it,
wherein we believed there could be no less
than 600 beasts of burden, camels, mules,
and asses, of which the camels carry 600
of those bricks, and the asses 140 or 150,
and these continually going and coming."
For the purchasing powers of the Amole,
or Emol, as it is sometimes called, see an
interesting contribution by A. Thomson
D'Abbadie to the Numismatic Chronicle
(Vol. XL 1839-1840). ^See also Wakea and
Salt, infra.
Amulets. The name given to certain
coins or medals that are supposed to have
talismanic qualities attached to them, such
as warding off evil, disease, accidents, etc.
There are a large number of Chinese and
Korean pieces known as Amulet coins.
Anat Ani See Anna.
Ana 'Ichi Sen. See Kagami Ya Sen.
Anandaramen. A gold coin of Travan-
core of double the weight of the Fanam.
This coin appears to have been struck un-
der R&ma R&ja (1758-1798). See Elliot
(pp. 138-139).
Anchor Pieces. The name given to a
series of silver coins struck in 1822 under
George IV of England for general use in
the West Indies, Canada, and Mauritius.
The issue consisted of a half, quarter,
eighth, and sixteenth of a dollar; on the
reverse is an anchor, crowned, between
the figures of value and the inscription:
OOLONIAB BRFTAN MONET. See Brctou (857-
860).
Anchors. Hesychiiis states that the
Cypriotes called their Triobols ** anchors."
As no ancient money of Cyprus bears the
type of an anchor. Six has believed that
we should conclude that the coins called
Anchors were something very different
from ordinary money; Babelon, on the
other hand, thinks there were very ancient
pieces of a primitive epoch, and of small
size, which were anchor-shaped, having
fiukes or recurving arms; for it is impos-
sible that the anchor of any vessel, how-
ever small, should have had only the value
of a triobol, as Hesychius tells us.
Anconitanoy or Agontano. The name
frequently used to describe a variety of
Grosso struck at Ancona in the thirteenth
century, and of the value of twelve De-
narii. In 1476 Sixtus IV reduced the
value of this coin from ten to eight Quat-
trini, and in 1498 Pope Alexander VI
issued an ordinance making the Anconi-
tano one-third of the Carlino in weight and
equal to two and one-half Bolognini in
value.
Andreas DucaL A gold coin of Russia,
of the value of two gold Rubles, struck
under a ukase of February 14, 1718, and
continued until 1730. These coins bear
the figure of the Saint on a cross, copied
from the design on the Order of St. An-
drew, which was instituted by Peter I in
1698.
Andreas Thaler. A silver coin issued by
Ernst V of Hohnstein (1508-1552), which
receives its name from the figure of the
Saint on the reverse, and the inscription
SANTVS ANDREAS.
The coins of the Dukes of Brunswick-
Liineburg, which are also called Andreas
Thaler, take this name .from the mines at
Andreasberg in the Ilarz Mountains from
which the silver was obtained for coining
them. See also under St. Andrew and St.
Andries, infra.
Smaller coins of similar design are
known as Andreas Gulden, Andreas Pfen-
nige, etc.
Anepigrafa. An Italian term for a coin
which has no legend, as, e.g., certain types
of the half Bezzo, which have only figures
and no inscription whatever.
Anepigraphic Coins. A general term
for coins without inscriptions. See Mon-
naies Muettes.
Ange d'Or. A large French gold coin
first struck under Philip VI of Valois
(1328-1350). It receives its name from the
crowned angel on the obverse, who is rep-
resented seated under a canopy, his feet
over a dragon, holding in one hand a long
cross and in the other a shield with the
fleurs de lis.
Angel. An English gold coin, first
struck by Edward IV in 1470. It received
[7]
Angelet
its name from the design on the obverse,
which represents the archangel Michael,
standing with his left foot upon a dragon,
and piercing him through the mouth with
a spear.
On the reverse is a ship, and the original
inscription reads, per cbucem tuam salva
Nos CHRiSTE REDEMPTOR (**By thy cross
save us O Christ, our Redeemer''). The
Angel succeeded the Noble (q.v,), and was
not coined after 1634.
This coin was the one used for ** touch-
ing for the King's Evil," probably on ac-
count of its religious inscriptions. See
Touchpiece. Tyler, in his History of Scot-
land, 1864 (ii, 390), cites an Inventory of
Jewels of the year 1488 in which are men-
tioned **Twa hundredth four score and V
angelis," and Shakespeare, in The Merry
Wives of Windsor (i, 3), speaks of *'a
legion of angels."
AngdeL A half -Angel. It was of simi-
lar type as the preceding and the original
reverse inscription was o crux ave spes
umcA (**Hail, Cross, our only hope").
In the time of Elizabeth the motto had been
changed to an abbreviated form of a
DOMINO FACTUM EST ISTUD ET EST MHIA-
BiLE IN ocuLis NOSTRis (**This is the Lord's
doing and it is marvellous in our eyes").
The Angelet was discontinued in 1619.
Angelot A gold coin of the Anglo-
Gallic series corresponding to the Angelet
(g.v.), and as the latter constituted hdf of
an Angel, so the Angelot was valued at
fifteen Sols or about two-thirds of a Salute
iq.v.).
It was first struck by Henry VI of Eng-
land about 1427, with the usual obverse of
St. Michael slaying the dragon. The type
is found on coins of Thorn in Brabant,
issued by the Abbess Margaret qf Breder-
ode (1531-1577) and also occurs on speci-
mens issued by Henri II of Brederode
(1556-1568), struck at Vianen in Luxem-
burg.
Under Louis XI of France (1461-1485)
a series of Angelots were issued to com-
memorate the foundation of the Order of
St. Michael. See Hoffmann (7-10).
Angevin. See Monnaies Angevines.
Anglo-American Money. The general
name given to the coins of the American
settlements struck by English rulers from
the time of Elizabeth until 1776.
Anglo-Gallic Coins are such as were
issued by the English rulers and princes in
their French territories. The earliest
specimens are the Deniers of Henry II,
which must have been struck previous to
1168, in which year Aquitaine was given
by Henry to his son, Richard I.
The last of the series of Anglo-Gallic
coins are the Tournay Groats of Henry
VIII, issued in 1513.
Angroigne. A billon coin of Burgundy
Issued by Philip the Good (1419-1467) and
struck at the mint at Auxonne. It has on
the reverse a cross with lions and fleurs de
lis in the opposite angles, and the inscrip-
tion: ANSERNA DE AVXONE. See Blanchet
(i, 394).
Angtter. A small base silver coin struck
bi various Cantons of Switzerland, but
specially in Luzerne, Schwyz, Appenzell,
Zug, Zurich, Schaifhausen, and St. Gallen.
They are mentioned as early as 1424, and
in a Munzbuch, printed at Nuremburg by
Georg Wachter in 1530, the value of the
Angster is stated to be one-fourth of the
Kreuzer. They occur in the coinage as
late as the middle of the nineteenth cen-
tury, and retained this value.
The etymology of the name is dubious.
Du Cange (i) states that it is a corrup-
tion of Angesicht, i.e., face or visage. An-
other authority derives the name from an
individual named Angst, the master of a
mint in Switzerland.
Ang-tiik. A silver piece struck in Nepal
for currency in Tibet, by the Newar King
Jaya Bhupatindra Malla Deva in the year
816 of the Newar Bra, corresponding to
A.D. 1696. The name Ang-tuk means
** number six," and it is given to the coin
on account of the last figure in the date.
The Tibetans call it Pa-nying Tang-ka, or
**old Nepalese" coinage. It is also known
as the Dung-tang, i.e., ** Spear Tang-ka,"
or Dung-tse, i.e., ** Spear-point," from the
trident emblem of the Newar kings, which
is minted on the reverse. It is called a
Moharjn Nepal. See Tang-ka, and Conf.
Walsh, Coinage of Tibet, in Memoirs
Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1907 (ii), and
Wood, in American Journal of Numis-
matics, 1912.
Am. A gold coin of Nepal of the value
of one-sixteenth of a Mohur. See Suka,
and Anna.
[8]
Animals
Aplus
Animals, especially sheep and cattle,
were used as basis of exchange in ancient
times. In Homer oxen are frequently
mentioned as the commodity by which
other things were valued. The armor of
Diomedes was said to be worth nine oxen,
while that of Glaucus was valued at a
hundred. Iliad (vi). In the same work it
is stated that the first prize given to the
wrestlers at the Grecian games was worth
twelve oxen. See Kugildi.
Anna. A copper coin of India, the six-
teenth part of a Rupee. It is subdivided
into four Pice or twelve Pies.
It is referred to early in the eighteenth
century by A. Hamilton, in A New Ac-
count of the East Indies, 1727 (ii, App. 8),
who states that **in Bengal their accounts
are kept in Pice, twelve to an Annoe, six-
teen Annoes to a Rupee."
Annapolis Coinage. See Chalmers.
Annengroschen. The name given to a
series of silver coins issued in Brunswick,
Hanover, and Hildesheim at the begin-
ning of the sixteenth century. They have
a figure of St. Anne standing, who is hold-
ing the Christ child on one arm and the
infant Mary on the other.
Annenpfennig. A copper token struck
at Annaberg, Saxony, w^ith the inscrip-
tion HILF HEHilGE ANNA.
Annoe. An old form of writing Anna
(q.v.).
Annulet Coinage. A name given to
certain issues in gold and silver of the
period of Henry V and Henry VI of Eng-
land, on account of the annulet which was
one of the distinguishing characteristics
of the money of these reigns.
Annundata. The popular name for a
coin of the Gonzaga family, princes of
Guastalla, which bears on the obverse the
annunciation to the Virgin. It was equal
to fourteen Soldi and was issued to the end
of the sixteenth century.
The type was copied in 1745 on the
Quadruplo d'Oro of Charles Emanuel
III, king of Sardinia.
Anselmino. A name given to the double
Giulio issued in Mantua under Vincenzo
I. Gonzaga (1587-1613). It was a silver
coin of the value of twenty Soldi and re-
ceived this name from the figure of St.
Anselm on the obverse. See Selmino.
Antoninianos, also called Argenteus An-
toninianus, and Aurelianus, is a Roman
double Denarius which takes its name from
M. Aurelius Antoninus Caracalla ;i211-
217), who introduced it. This coin was
distinguished from the Denarius by the
fact that the Emperor's head bore a
radiated crown, and there is a crescent
under the head of the Empress. It was
originally of moderately good silver, b%it
gradually depreciated until at the time of
Gallienus it was barely more than a sil-
vered copper coin. It was abolished about
the period of Constantine the Great. The
original weight of this coin was 5.45
grammes, or about eighty grains.
Ant's Nose Coins. A name given to
certain small copper pellet-like shaped
money of China, convex on one side and
flat on the other. They are generally con-
ceded to have been in use about B.C. 650-
600, and the designation *' Ant's Nose
Money ^' is due, perhaps, to the ancient
practice of burying ** valuable ants" with
the dead. ** Ghost's Face or Head Money"
is also an appellation given to them, no
doubt on account of their likeness to the
features of a spectre of the nether world.
Their latest cognomen is that of *' Metallic
Cowries" in imitation of cowry shells,
whose shape they are supposed to follow
and which were known to be used as a
currency medium in ancient China.
The most common variety is that sup-
posed to be inscribed with the weight value
Pan Liang, or half Tael. For a detailed
account see Ramsden, Numismatic and
Philatelic Journal of Japan, 1914 (iii, 4,
5), and Spink (xxiii, p. 564),
Anvoire. Du Cange states that this was
a kind of tribute of twenty-eight Deniers
to be used for the church which the Bishop
of Beauvais exacted from newly married
couples.
Aparas. According to Teixeira de
Aragao (iii) this was a Portuguese silver
coin struck for their possessions in India.
The word means to cut off, or to divide,
and the coins consisted of pieces cut from
the Piastre and counterstamped.
Aplus. The Assyrian equivalent for the
Greek Obol (^.v.)-
[9]
ApoUma
Arenkopf
ApoUnuL The popular name used in
Sicily for the gold coins of Syracuse of the
period of Agathocles (B.C. 317-310),
which bore on the obverse the head of
Apollo.
Apottd Thaler. A silver medallic Tha-
ler of the Holy Roman Empire, bearing no
date but issued under Riidolf II (1576-
1612). It is from designs by Christian
Maler, and obtains its name from the
figure of the Savior surrounded by the
symbols of the twelve apostles.
Appdgulden* A nickname given to the
gold Gulden of the city of Cologne, issued
in the latter part of the fifteenth century
Cappe (No. 1244), on account of the im-
perial globe on the reverse, which was fre-
quently mistaken for an apple.
The name was adopted throughout the
Rhine Provinces and was used in the con-
temporary archives. Conf. Paul Joseph
(passim).
Appoints. See Assignat.
Apuliaiise. The name given to a small
silver coin struck by William II (1166-
1189) for Brindisi, Palermo, etc. The re-
verse has usually a palm-tree and the in-
scription APVLiENBis. Some varieties are
concave. The value was equal to a Ducato
d'Argento, and divisions of three, six, and
twelve were issued called respectively
Tercia or Terzo, Sesto, and Dodicesimo.
A<|dtcli6ii. A silver coin of Egypt, in-
troduced by Ahmed III (A.H. 1115-1143),
and corresponding to the Asper, or one-
third of the Para.
AquQino. A silver coin, which, as its
name indicates, bears a large eagle on the
obverse, and is common to a number of
Italian States.
It was issued at Padua during the Re-
publican period (1200-1318), and from its
size was generally known as the Grosso
Aquilino. At Treviso it was struck by
Enrico II di Gtorizia (1319-1323) ; at Man-
tua by the Gonzaga family in the latter
part of the fourteenth century; and at
Aquila under Joanna II of Durazzo (1414-
1435) and her successors. The last-named
coin was also called Cella or Trentino and
had a value of half a Paolo. It bore an
eagle with outstretched wings, which re-
ceived the popular name of Uccello, i.e., a
bird, and this in turn was corrupted to
CeUa.
C
Arbaa. A name given to certain base
gold coins of Egypt of the value of four
Piastres or one-half of the Kairie.
ArbbI de Valencia. The billon Deniers
issued by John I of Aragon (1387-1395),
for Valencia, are so called. See Engel and
Serrure (iii. 1346).
Arcadian League. See League Coinage.
Archaic Coinage. A general name for
the earliest types of the Greek coins struck
from circa B.C. 700 to B.C. 480. In this
period ** there is a gradual development
from extreme rudeness of execution to
more clearly defined forms characterised by
stiffness and angularity of style. ' ' This is
the first of the art periods according to
Head's classification, and the figures on
the coins usually consist of animals, heads
of animals, and human heads in profile.
Archer. A name sometimes given to
both the Persian gold Daric and the silver
Siglos, as these coins bear the figure of a
bowman on the obverse. The term xo^OTat
from an archer, is also used to define these
coins, and they were known by this latter
name.
. Ardha. An Indian word meaning half,
and used in conjunction with denomina-
tions such as Kakini, Pana, etc. See Pana.
. A corruption of Hardi or Hardit
(q.v.).^
Ardite. A small copper coin of Barce-
lona struck by Philip III (1598-1621) and
by his successors until the middle of the
eighteenth century. It probably obtained
its name from the fact that on the earliest
types the portrait of the king separated the
two letters A.R. (Aragoniae Rex).
Ardpanchio. A silver coin of Cutch
and Kathiawar of the value of two and a
half Koris. See Panchia.
Arendt-Rijksdaalder. A silver Thaler
issued by the United Provinces, Friesland,
etc., in the latter part of the sixteenth cen-
tury. The name is obtained from the em-
blem of the two eagles upon the obverse.
The smaller denominations, the Arends-
Oroot and the Arends-Schelling have the
same design. The Thaler was equal to
sixty Groten.
Arenkopfi or Amekopf. A name given
to the half Pfennig of Goslar, on account of
the eagle's head appearing on the same.
10]
Argenteolus
Arsura
These diminutive base silver coins were
issued originally in the fifteenth century;
they are also alluded to by the names of
Scherf (q.v,) and Goslar.
Argenteolus. See Argenteus.
Argenteiis. Another name for the De-
narius, revived by Diocletian and struck
96 to the pound of silver. It was also
called Argenteus minutulus or Argenteo-
lus, and continued to be struck until the
time of Julian II the Apostate.
Argenteus. See Talari.
Argenteus Antoninianus. See Antoni-
nianus.
Argenteus Aurelianus. See Antonini-
anus.
Argenteus Minutulus. So called in con-
tradistinction to the larger Argenteus An-
toninianus. See Argenteus.
Argentino. A gold coin of the Argen-
tine Republic, introduced in 1880, and of
the value of five Pesos.
Argent le Roy, i.e., the King's silver.
When this term was used in connection
with coins issued in Prance during the
Middle Ages it implied that the metal was
23 karats fine. In a document of 1378 the
Grosso of Charles V of Prance is called
Argento le Roy, probably on account of
the purity of the metal.
Argento. In the fifteenth century this
name was applied to silver coins struck
by the Popes at Avignon and Carpentrasso.
Argenton, or Maillechort. The name
given to a mixture of nickel, copper, and
2inc which constituted the basis of the
Swiss coins of 1850. See Nickel.
Argentum Dei. See Earnest.
Argentum Oscense. See Denarius Os-
censis.
Argentum Nigrum. See Billon.
Argurion. A Greek word meaning **a
piece of silver, ' ' and so used in the Gospel
of St. Matthew (xvii: 27, xxvi: 15). See
Pieces of Silver.
Arlabaso. See RoUbatzen.
Armellino. A silver coin of the value of
half a Carlino, issued by Perdinand I of
Aragon, as king of Naples and Sicily (1458-
1494). It obtains its name from the figure
of an ermine on the reverse.
The type was copied by his successors,
Alfonso II and Perdinand II, and also by
Prancesco Maria I, Duke of Urbino (1508-
1513). The ermine being mistaken for a
fox (volpe), the coin received the nick-
name of Volpetta.
Amaldes, or Amaudin. The name given
to a small base silver coin struck at Agen
in Aquitaine, and supposed to obtain its
name from Arnaldo I of Bonneville, who
was bishop of Agen in the eleventh cen-
tury. Poey d'Avant (ii, 143) ascribes its
origin to Arnaldo de Rovinhan, bishop of
Agen and the first to coin money there in
1217. The same authority (p. 145) cites
an account of the year 1252 in which Ar-
naldeses are mentioned as being of slightly
less weight than the Italian coins of the
same period.
Amekopf. See Arenkopf.
Amoldus. The ducat of Arnould, Count
of Egmont and Duke of Gueldres (1423-
1472) is so called.
Arrhes. A Prench expression meaning
money given for the binding of a bargain
and corresponding to Earnest (q.v.).
In the American Journal of Numismat-
ics (xli. 31), there is an extensive descrip-
tion of the Arrhae, or ** tokens of spous-
age,'* called by the Prench Deniers pour
epouser.
Arrow Head Money. Arrow heads of
stone or metal have been used by various
primitive people as objects of barter. Al-
though they may be considered as prim-
itive money they cannot be classed as
coins. The American Indians and the Jap-
anese used stone arrow heads for purposes
of exchange and the Chinese used bronze
arrow points. Chinese numismatists have
sometimes included these in their works.
See Ramsden. There is, however, a specific
instance of an inscribed bronze arrow
point in the Korean series known as Chun
Pei (q.v.),
Arsum. A name applied to any coinage
of base metal resembling billon. Du Cange
states that the etymology is from an old
Prench word, ards, meaning black.
Arsura. The trial of money by fire, after
it was coined. — Blount, Law Dictionary,
1670.
[11]
Arletienne
Asper
Artesienne. A general name for the
coins, especially Mailles, struck at Artois,
toward the latter part of the eleventh cen-
tury. The type was copied in Lille, Ant-
werp, Brussels, etc. See Blauchet (i, 444,
449), who refers to them by the names of
Artescense and Atrebatensis.
Artigy plural Artiger. A small silver
coin^ the fractional part of a Schilling,
issued by the bishops of Dorpat and the
archbishops of Riga early in the sixteenth
century. They also belong to the currency
of the Order of Livonia.
ArtHucco, or Artiliik. A silver coin of
the Republic of Ragusa issued from 1627
to 1701. It had a value of three Grossetti,
and was copied from the Polish Drei-
groscher {q.v.).
The name appears to be taken from the
Turkish word altiluk, i,e., six-fold, because
its equivalent in the Ottoman Empire was
six Para. For a detailed account of this
coinage see Resetar, in the Monatsblatt der
Num. Oesell in Wien (viii, 18-21).
Aruzzehi or Tamunah, is a quarter of
a Ilabbeh or one-fortieth of a Danik, or
one forty-eighth of a Danik {q.v.) of
Khwarizm.
Aryandic Coinage. The name given to
a series of silver coins struck by Aryandes,
a satrap of Egypt, in imitation of the royal
Persian coinage. Darius, from the ac-
count by Herodotus (iv, 165-167), would
appear to have been angry with Aryandes
for issuing silver of excessive purity. No
coins are extant which can be attributed to
this satrap, and Hill suggests that **he
coined sigli with the royal types which
should only have been issued by the royal
mint, and that this was the real reason of
his fall.'' See Head (p. 845).
As* See Aes Grave.
Atadi Ghrush. The name given by the
Turks to the Austrian Thaler, and the Rix
Daler of the Low Countries, which were
the principal large silver coins current in
the Ottoman Empire prior to the reign of
Soleiman II, who introduced the Ghrush,
or Piastre, in imitation of these coins.
Marsden, however (i. 373), quotes Me-
ninski, that the Utuzlik, or Zolota, a
smaller coin, was *'Thalerus Hollandicius
fioreno Rhenensi aequivalens. * '
[
The confusion is probably due to the fact
that the Piastre and the Utuzlik are of
nearly the same size.
Ascanische Pfennige. A variety of
bracteates issued by the Dukes of Anhalt,
who established a mint at Ascania, or As-
caria, now Aschersleben, in the eleventh
century. They are very difficult to class-
ify, being without inscriptions and corre-
sponding to the Monnaies Muettes {q.v.),
Aschera* The name given to the quarter
Piastre in the Egyptian series. It is a base
silver coin of the value of ten Paras. The
name for the half Piastre of the same i&sue
is Aschreneah. Both coins were introduced
A.II. 1255 or A.D. 1839.
As'ek* According to R. C. Temple, in
the Indian AntiqtLary, 1898 (p. 14), this
name is given to a rough silver casting,
used by the Lao tribes in the northern part
of Siam. It is valued at three Rupees,
thoiigh it contains only about one Rupee's
worth of silver.
Ashrafiy or Sherify. A Persian word
meaning ** noble,*' and applied to a gold
coin issued by the Sufi, or Safi, dynasty.
It corresponds in approximate size and
weight to the Dinar and Sequin. The
triple Ashrafi, occasionally struck, received
the name of Muhr- Ashrafi. See Altun.
Ashrafi. A small silver coin struck by
the Emirs of El Harrar, a province of
Abyssinia. About twenty-two of these
were computed to a Dollar, though the
value fluctuated under the different emirs.
It was formerly a gold coin.
In the modern Abyssian coinage it is a
money of account, three being equal to a
Talari.
AshL A silver coin of India and equal
to one-eighth of a Rupee. See Sihansah.
AslanL Siee Abukash.
Asmaniy or UsinanL A name given to
the copper forty-cash piece of Mysore, by
Tipu Sultan, in 1789, after the adoption
of his new system of reckoning. This sys-
tem was begun in 1786, and based on the
Muludi, i.e., dating from the birth of the
Prophet. The coin is so called after
'Usman-ibn-'Aifan, the third khalifa. See
Mushtari.
Asper, or Aspre. A billon coin of the
value of one-third of a Para formerly eur-
12]
A^rione
Augustalis
rent in Turkey and Asia Minor. It weighs
from two to three grains.
The name appears to be derived from the
SfTxpo^y of the modern Greeks, being
** white" money, as distinguished from the
copper.
In the Tunis currency the Asper is divi-
ded into twelve Bourbes.
The name is also given to a silver coin
current in Rhodes in the fourteenth cen-
tury and later. It was issued by the
Knights of St. John of Jerusalem, and is
the same as the Denier of Western Europe.
There is a series of them struck at Tre-
bizond, under the Commenes, from Manuel
I (1238-1263) to Alexis IV (1417-1447),
and they were copied in Georgia under
Georgi VIII (1452-1469).
In 1492 it was computed in Venice at 20
Tomesi, and In 1677 it was coined in the
Republic of Genoa for the Levantine trade.
Asprione. Du Cange cites ordinances
which indicate that this was a name given
to the Soldo d'Oro struck at the mint of
Ravenna.
Assarion* The Greek diminutive form
of the Latin word As {q.v,).
The fourth part of the FoUis
(q.v.). It was introduced by Diocletian,
and corresponds to the Dekanummion of
the Byzantine Empire.
AstignaL The name given to a species
of paper money first issued in France pur-
suant to an order of the National Assem-
bly of April 19, 1790. The Republic issued
them in denominations from 10,000 Livres
to 5 Livres, as well as a smaller currency
called Appoints as low as ten Sous.
As there was an inadequate gold or sil-
ver redemption fund their value soon de-
preciated to one-sixth of their original
worth. By an order of the Directorate of
February 19, 1795, they were abolished,
and the holders were permitted to exchange
them for a new variety of paper money
called the Mandat. This also became
worthless in a short time.
Essays of Assignats for 100, 50, 25, and
5 Livres struck in white metal and copper
were issued in 1791.
Asiit. The Roman As (q.v.).
m
AiMSy plural Asses. A base silver coin
of the value of six Kreuzer issued in Basle,
Strasburg, and Luxemburg during the
seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.
In the Luxemburg coinage it represents
a Sol or Sou, and a necessity piece of 72
Asses was issued during the siege of Lux-
emburg by the French, in 1795. See Mail-
liet (73, 1).
Atia« A copper coin struck for the Por-
tuguese Indies at Diu, with a correspond-
ing half. The issue appears to have been
begun under Joseph I about 1750 and was
continued until 1851. The reverses usually
exhibit a cross with the four figures of the
date in the angles. The value of the Atia
was fifteen Reis or twenty Bazaruccos.
Atkinson. See Achesoun.
Atmah. A gold coin of Akbar, Em-
peror of Hindustan, equal to one-fourth of
the Sihansah (q.v.).
Atrebatmsis, See Artesienne.
Atribuo. See Judenpfennige.
Atsida, plural Atsidor or Atsidorna. An
expression used by Swedish numismatists
to signify the obverse of a coin or medal.
It is a compound word meaning **the side
toward the person." See Fransida.
Ail a Siamese copper coin, the sixty-
fourth part of the Tical (q.v.). In the
former Cambodian coinage the Att repre-
sented the one four-hundredth of the Tical.
Attesaal. In the constitution of Erik
VII of Denmark, 1269, this monetary de-
nomination is mentioned, and Du Cange
states that it was current for a Tremissis,
or third part of a Solidus.
Aubonne* The name given to a variety
of Ecu struck for Lorraine and Bar, by
Monsieur d'Aubonne, the director of the
mint from 1724 to 1728. See De Saulcy,
(PI. xxxii).
Auferstehungsthaler, i.e.. Resurrection
Thaler. See Schmalkaldischer Bundes-
thaler.
Augslups Polleten. See PoUeten.
Augustalis. A gold coin issued by the
Emperor Frederick II as king of the Two
Sicilies. The}'' were struck at Brindisi from
1197 to 1220, and were valued at one and
a quarter gold Gulden. The design on
these pieces is copied from the Roman
[13]
August d'Or
Axe Money
Aurei; the Emperor's head is laureated,
and he is clothed in Roman costume, from
which fact they derive their name. Italian
numismatists refer to this coin by the
name of Agostaro.
August d'Or. A gold coin of Saxony,
struck originally by the electors and later
by the king. It was a variety of the Pis-
tole or five-Thaler gold piece. The
Ephraim d'Or, a type issued by Frederick
the Great, at Leipzig, from 1756 to 1758
was greatly inferior and contained only
about one-third the quantity of gold of
the regular Pistoles. See Ephraimiten.
Augustosp or AugustarL A name given
to such coins as bear the figure of the
bishops of Augsburg, i.e., Augusta Vin-
delicorun. These ecclesiastics struck coins
after 1402. See Blanchet (ii, 92).
Aur. The Icelandic equivalent for the
Scandinavian Ore (q.v.).
Aurelianus. See Antoninianus.
Aureola, plural Aurelii. An ordinance
of the mint of Venice of 1178 reads fu
stampata motieta d' argent o nominata
Aurelii. The value of these coins was com-
puted at two Soldi, but no specimens are
known to exist.
The best known of the Roman
gold coins. It succeeded the Scripulum,
and appeared toward the end of the Re-
public, when Sulla in B.C. 87, Pompey in
B.C. 81, and Julius Caesar in B.C. 46,
issued a military gold coinage. This series
forms part of the Nummi Castrenses (q.v.).
The regular coinage of the Aurei began
under Julius Caesar, and their value was
twenty-five Denarii. The weight of the
Aureus gradually declined, and it was
finally abolished when Constantino the
Great established the Solidus.
Under Augustus quadruple Aurei called
Quaterniones were issued.
Originally the Aureus was struck at the
proportion of 42 to the Roman pound
(327.45 grammes) but its weight gradu-
ally tended to diminish, the reduction being
approximately as follows :
In the time of Augustus the Aureus was
one forty-second of a pound, i.e., 120.3
grains ; in the time of Nero, one forty-fifth
of a pound, i.e., 113.5 grains; in the time
of Caracalla, one-fiftieth of a pound, i.e.,
101.05 grains; in the time of Gallienus',
one sixtieth to one-seventieth of a pound,
i.e., 84 to 72 grains.
Aureus Regalis. See Royal d'Or.
Aurum. The Latin generic term for
money.
Aurum ad Obrussam. See Obryzum.
Aurum Ezcoctuin. See Excoctum and
ObryzuuL
Ausbeutemimzen. The name given to
both gold and silver coins and implying the
product of a local mine. The earliest speci-
men is probably the Saxon Ausbeutethaler
of St. Katharinenberg, dated 1505.
The various Dukes of Brunswick resorted
to this practice extensively, and it was
common in other German states as well as
in France, Scandinavia, etc.
The Ausbeutethaler frequently bear
views of the mines or allusions to the place
of striking. In many cases they have dis-
tinctive mottoes, e.g., das land die pruchte
BRiNGT., etc. The Isargold Dukaten and
the Rheingold Dukaten struck from the
product of washings in these rivers are
also classed with the Ausbeutemiinzen.
A third variety are such pieces as bear a
motto invoking a blessing on the mining
operations. These are known as Bergse-
gensthaler and occur for Mansfeld, the
Harz Mountains, etc.
Auswurf Mimzeii. See Maundy Money.
Autonomous Coins. A name given to
coins struck by such cities and territories as
required no external authority to issue
them. They are common in the Greek
series and to some extent in the Roman;
but the provinces of the latter empire
were usually restricted to the extent that
they were permitted to strike only in cop-
per.
AyerSy from the Latin adversus, i.e.,
facing. The same as obverse {q.v.). The
term is used as early as the year 1715 in
the catalogue of an auction sale of coins
held at Gotha in Saxony. See Berliner
Miinzhldtter (No. 141).
Awpenny. See Half-Penny.
Axe Money. The common name for a
rude copper currency used by the Mexican
Indians. The native name is Sicca, or Sic-
capili (q.v.). The shape of "these pieces
resembles an axe, about twenty by forty
millimetres.
[14]
Aydans Azzalino
Aydans. A variety of base silver de- Azialino. The name given to a Testone
niers issued in Flanders during the fif- issued by the Paleologi at Casale during
teenth century. Du Cange cites an ordi- the fourteenth century. The word is a
nance of 1450 shofwing that they were corruption of acciarino, meaning a steel
struck at Li^ge and that twenty were com- for striking fire, this device occurring on
puted to the Florin. the coin. For a similar emblem, see Bri-
quet.
[16]
Bacca di Allemagna
Bahrain
B
Bacca di Allemagna. According to Pro-
mis (ii. 66), this term was used in Pied-
mont for a coin of two Soldi. In 1548 a
Scudo of Savoy was equal to 22^^ Bacca.
Bacchanalian C<Nns. A name given to
the issues of Jahangir, Emperor of Hin-
dustan, which bear on one side the ruler
seated with a goblet of wine before him.
These pieces appeared in 1612 and later.
Bacquette. Another name for Baquette
(q.v.).
Badam, or Padens. The name given to
the almond of Persia which was used as
money in some parts of India and on the
Malabar Coast. Stavorninus, in his Voy-
ages to the East Indies, 1798 (iii. 8), in
writing of the coinage current at Surat,
says: '*In the same way as cowries are
made use of in Bengal, as the lowest me-
dium of exchange, almonds, which are
called badams, are employed for that pur-
pose here; the comparative value whereof
is, as may easily be conceived, more liable
to variation than any other respective me-
dium."
J. A. de Mandelslo, who was in Gujarat
about 1638, published an account of his
voyages in 1669, and says of the natives
tliat * * they also make use of almonds where-
of thirty-six make a Peyse" (tPaisa).
Biir Pfennige. A nickname given to the
small silver and billon coins of the Swiss
Cantons of Berne and St. Gallen, which
have a figure of a bear. This privilege
was granted them by Frederick III in 1475.
See Blanchet (ii. 263).
A base silver coin of Stras-
burg current in the sixteenth century and
later. It was equivalent to eight Deniers,
or the sixth part of a Dick-Pfennig, and
multiples called Dreibaetzner, or one half
of the Dick-Pfennig were also issued.
In the Luzerne coinage the Baetzner was
equal to four Kreuzer, and silver denomi-
nations of Zehnbaetzner were struck from
about 1750 to 1812.
[
Bagarone, or Bagaroto. The popular
name for a variety of the mezzo Bolog-
nino, issued in Bologna, Ferrara, and Mo-
dena, during the fifteenth century and
later. In 1507 it was current in Parma
at one fourth of the Quattrino.
Bagattinoy from bagata, a trifle. A small
copper and billon coin of Venice, which
appeared originally about the reign of the
Doge Francesco Foscari (1423-1457), and
was in use for about two centuries.
It was also extensively employed at
Friuli, Sebenico, Spalato, Zara, Rovigo and
other Venetian colonies. At Verona it ap-
pears with a date as early as 1516.
The Bagattino was the Venetian unit in
copper, and it was usually computed at
one half of the Soldo.
Baggiane, or Bagiane. A coin issued by
the mint of Mirandola early in the seven-
. teenth century and of the value of four
Soldi. An ordinance of 1693 mentions
Baggiane of Modena.
Bagni (?plural of Bagno). There is a
reference in Promis (i. 316) to an order
of the year 1717 which prohibits the cir-
culation of coins called Bagni in the Duchy
of Savoy.
Bahar. According to Noback (p. 82), a
money of account was formerly used at
Bantam, on the island of Java, which is
based on a decimal system, as follows:
1 Bahar = 10 Utas
= 100 Cattlee
= 1000 Laxsans
= 10000 Peccoes
The smallest of these, the Peccoe, was
computed at 30 to the Spanish Dollar,
though the value fluctuated.
Bahloli. See Buhloli.
Bahranii or Behram. A name given to
the copper five cash piece of Mysore, by
Tipu Sultan, in 1790, after the adoption
of his new system of reckoning. This sys-
tem was begun in 1786, and was based on
the Muludi, i.e., dating from the birth of
the Prophet. The name of the coin is the
Persian designation of the planet Mars.
16]
Baiarda
Bamboo Money
Baiarda. A coin of the value of two
Bolognini struck in Modena from 1551 to
1553. It was a variety of the Murajola
(g.v.).
Baiocco, or Bajocco. A coin formerly
in use in the Papal States. It was orig-
inally struck in base silver and later in
copper, and it obtains its name from its
brown color, the Italian for a bay or brown
tint being bajo. But Cinagli states that
the name is probably derived from Bayeux,
a town of France (old name, Bajocae),
where there was at one time a mint.
The Baiocco was the tenth part of the
Paolo, and the one hundredth part of a
Scudo, and it was subdivided into five
Quattrini.
In 1712 Pope Clement XI issued a sil-
ver coin of 80 Baiocci, and in 1796 Pius VI
struck a 60 Baiocci piece at Bologna in
copper. Among the obsidional pieces Mail-
liet cites copper coins of two and one half
and five Baiocci struck during the French
occupation of Civita-Vecchia, 1796-1797;
five, two and one half, and one half Baiocci
for San-Severino, 1797; and five Baiocci
for Tivoli in 1797. See Ducato.
The Baiocco is mentioned by Andrew
Boorde, in his Introduction to Knowledge,
1547 (179), who says, **In bras they haue
Kateryns and byokes and denares."
Baioccone. The name given to a cop-
per coin of the value of five ^aiocci struck
for the Papal States during the pontifi-
cate of Pius IX.
Baiochella. A billon coin i^ued by Six-
tus V (1585-1590), for Rome, Fano, Mont-
alto, Ancona, etc., and in use during the
early part of the seventeenth century.
The name is a diminutive of Baiocco.
Baiochetto. A small silver coin issued by .
the Farnesi Family for Castro, Piacenza,
etc., during the sixteenth century. Those
of Pietro Luigi Farnese (1545-1547) are
quite common and usually bear the figure
of Saint Savinus on the reverse.
Baiotta* Promis (ii. 174) states that
pursuant to an order of February 17, 1717,
a tax was levied in Piedmont consisting
of a Baiotta, i.e., five Soldi. This would
make it a variety of the Ducatone, but no
such coin is known at the present time.
[17
Baisa. In a report of the United States
Consulate at Maskat, Oman, dated March
23, 1911, it is stated that the only Oman
coin is the copper Baisa or '^ Maskat Pice.*'
**It is used in retail transactions and can
usually be exchanged in small quantities at
the rate of twelve Baisas for one Anna of
Indian currency."
Bajoire. A name given to coins on
which occur two or more profile portraits,
one superimposed and more or less obscur-
ing the one underneath. Notable examples
are the English Crown of William and
Mary; the Lafayette Dollar, etc. See Ju-
gate.
Bakiri, or Bakhri. A name given to the
quarter Rupee of Mysore by Tipu Sultan,
in 1786, when he adopted his new system
of reckoning, based on the Muludi, i.e.,
dating from the birth of the Prophet. The
coin is so called after Muhammad Bakir,
the fifth Imam.
Bakla Aiarfi. A gold coin of Nepal of
the value of two Mohurs. See Suka.
Balance Half Merk. See Merk.
Balastraca. A name given to the Span-
ish Peseta stamped with the figure 400 in
a rectangle to indicate its altered value in-
to Reis. There are corresponding halves
and quarters, stamped respeetively 200 and
100. This practice was extensively carried
on by private persons in the province of
Rio Grande do Sul. See Meili (ii. 355).
Balboa. The unit of the gold standard
of Panama, divided into one hundred
Centesimos and of the same value as the
money of the United States. It is named
after the explorer, but up to the present
time has not been struck, the largest coin
of Panama being the Peso, or half Balboa.
Baldacckino* An Italian word meaning
a canopy, and sometimes used to describe
the Pavilion d'Or {q.v.).
Baliardut. Du Cange cites a manuscript
of the thirteenth century of the Diocese
of Bourges which reads, **Henricus de
Soliaco cantor Bituricensis qui dedit de-
cem libras Baliardorum ad emendos reddi-
tus.'' It is probably the same as the
Baviardus (q.v.).
Balssonaya. See Bossonaya.
Bamboo Money. An elongated, nar-
row, tablet-like shaped money supposed to
]
Banco
Barbarian Coins
have been derived from ancient metal
checks said to have been current in the city
of Tsi-an fu, the capital of Shantung, as
far back as A.D. 1275, but as time went
on, its circulation was not limited to this
locality. They are now found in nearly
all parts of China, although they appear
to be most popular in the Yang-tse regions.
This subsidiary money was issued by small
banks, exchange houses, contractors of la-
bor, etc., to serve as a medium of small
exchange according to the values indicated
on them. Besides the value, the names of
the issuers, as well as the address of their
business place, is found on a great many
of them.
Their field of circulation was, as a rule,
purely local, although no few extended
over the limits to which they were first
intended. Some, on the other hand, served
as checks, to be redeemed for cash on pre-
sentation. Others were intended to be
used as tallies for calculating the amount
of a journey, a day's work, or some other
such purpose. The values inscribed on
them are stated, in the majority of cases,
in cash, and range from 1 Kwan (1000-
cash) down to 1 cash denomination. Their
sizes also vary, from six inches down to a
little over one inch. The inscription is
usually in relief, burnt with a stamping
iron, and countermarks are sometimes
added afterwards to prevent fraud. See
Wooden Money.
Banco. The system of banco currency
was instituted in the sixteenth century in
Italy, when the banks sought relief from
failur©^ by application to the government
.^ior authority to reduce the weight of the
Ducat, Zecchino, etc. The practice of a
government to profit by the variation of
weight and fineness of metal is of frequent
occurrence.
The Mark Banco was a money of ac-
count introduced by the Bank of Ham-
burg which insisted on payments by its
depositors of bars of fine silver, but liquid-
ated its transactions with so-called Banco
Thaler, i.e., with silver coins containing
more or less alloy.
Frederick the Great issued a silver
Banco Thaler in 1765 upon the institution
of the Royal Bank. At the present day
the terms Banco Thaler, Banco Daler, etc.,
are usually applied to paper money issued
by a national government.
The Skilling Banco was a copper coin
introduced in Sweden in 1819 for Avesta
and in 1832 for Stockholm. It was last
struck in 1855.
Banderuola. Another name for the Du-
catone struck by Odoardo Farnese (1622-
1646) at Piacenza. It has on one side the
figure of St. Anthony holding a banner.
Bankje. A Dutch term popularly used
for paper money in general.
Bank Note. A term used to describe a
promissory note issued by a bank, and
made payable in coin to the bearer on de-
mand. It is a circulating medium author-
ized by law.
Formerly bank notes, or bank bills, as
they were sometimes called, were made
payable to a particular individual and the
date was limited.
Bank of England Dollar. See Dollar.
Bank of Ireland Dollar. See Dollar.
Bankportugaloser. See Portugaloser.
Banktchelling, also known as Escalin au
Lion. A silver coin of West Friesland is-
sued in 1676 and later. It bears the in-
scription VI STVIVERS BANKGELT.
Banngeld. The popular name for fines
paid to the local exchequer or court during
the Middle Ages in many parts of Ger-
many.
Ban Sen. The Japanese for numbered
sen. The pieces have numbers on the back
and are found in the Eiraku, Genwa and
Kwanei series.
Banu. A copper coin of Boumania
adopted in 1867 when this country based
its monetary system on the Latin Union.
One hundred Bani are equal to one Leu,
and ten Lei are equal to one Alexander.
Baptismal Thaler. See Tauf Thaler.
Baquette. The name given to a Liard
struck by Louis XIII for Beam in 1642
and later. It is a small copper coin on
the obverse side of which the field is di-
vided into four compartments with crowned
Ls and cows in the opposite corners. See
Vacquette.
Barbarian Coins. A general designa-
tion for pieces struck from circa B.C. 400
to A.D. 300 in imitation of Greek and Ro-
[18]
Barbarin
Bar Money
man types. To this class may be assigned
the imitations of Athenian coins towards
the end of the fifth century B.C. ; the imi-
tations of the coins of Philip II, of Mace-
donia, the Gaulish coinage, the imitations
of the latter for Britain, and finally imita-
tions of Roman Imperial issues. See Hill
(pp. 9-10).
Barbarin. A base silver coin of the
Abbey of Saint Martial in Bretagne, is-
sued at the beginning of the twelfth cen-
tury. It obtains its name from the bearded
face of the saint on the obverse. See Le-
mocia.
Barbarina. The name given to a silver
coin of Mantua of the value of ten Soldi,
which bears the figure of St. Barbara, the
patron of the city. It was originally
struck by Duke Guglielmo Gonzaga (1550-
1587) and was copied in Guastalla.
A variety of this coin, but smaller, was
issued at the beginning of the seventeenth
century, and was computed at one Grosso.
It was known as the Barbarina Nuova, or
Barbarina col Girasole, from the sun-flower
in the design.
Barbary Ducat. The popular name for
the Zecchino in some of the West Indian
Islands where it was introduced in the
latter part of the seventeenth century. See
Chalmers (p. 397).
Wavell Smith, the Secretary of the Lee-
ward Islands, in a pamphlet entitled Two
Letters to Mr. Wood, 1740, states that
these coins were **clipt of five grains of
their weight'' and adds the following note:
**When I first discovered the introduc-
tion of these Barbary ducats in my office
at St. Kitt's, I soon put a stop to their
currency by refusing them in my office;
and afterwards talking with some gentle-
men, they were desirous to give them a
common name. Upon which I reply 'd: —
* Christen them as sons after their fathers'
name: so let them be called Toby's and
Jerry's,' for they were introduced by a
rich man at Nevis, Tobias Wall, and Jere-
miah Brown, another very rich man at St.
Christopher."
Barberine. A general name for the
piece of five Soldi struck at Avignon in
1637 by Pope Urban VIII, whose family
name was Barberini.
Barbonaccio. The name given to the
Barbone of Lucca after its value had been
reduced from twelve to nine Soldi.
Barbone. A silver coin of the Republic
of Lucca issued in the second half of the
fifteenth century and continued to the
middle of the eighteenth. The name is
derived from the bearded face of Christ
on the obverse, which is usually accom-
panied by the inscription sanctvs wltvs.
Its value was twelve Soldi.
Barbuda. A billon coin of Portugal is-
sued in the reign of Fernando (1367-1383)
and struck at Lisbon, Porto, Miranda, and
Tuy. There is a corresponding half. On
both types the ruler is depicted as crowned
with a vizor over his face, and on the re-
verse is a cross surcharged with a shield.
The Barbuda had a value of three Din-
heiros.
Bar CenL The name given to a United
States copper trial or experimental piece
supposed to have been struck about 1776,
according to a proposed plan for a decimal
coinage.
It takes its name from the thirteen lat-
eral bars which cover one entire side of
the coin.
Barebeaded Noble. See Noble.
Bargellino. This word means ''pertain-
ing to a sheriff," and the name was be-
stowed on a piece of six Denarii issued in
1316 by Lando di Agubbio, the Sheriff
(Bargello) of Florence.
Bari-firi. The unit of weight in the
Soudan, and corresponding* to 18 grammes.
It is worth 14 Miscals, and each Miscal is
divided into 27 Banans, the latter being
a native seed. See Spink (ii. 841).
Barile. A silver coin of Florence struck
early in the sixteenth century and adopted
by Alessandro Medici (1533-1536), the
first Duke. It has a figure of St. John the
Baptist on one side and a lily on the re-
verse. The original value was twelve Sols
and six Deniers. It was copied in the
Duchy of Urbino.
The name is said to have been bestowed
on this coin because its value represented
the duty or tax on a barrel of wine.
•
Bar Money. A name generally applied
to bars of metal which are stamped with
[19]
Barrinha
Bauri
some value, and were formerly used as
currency. See Bonk, and Tang.
Cajsar, De Bello Oallico (v. 12) uses the
phrase ''utuntur aut acre aut taleis ferreis
ad certum pondus examinatis pro nummo, * '
Le,, **They (the Britons), use either cop-
per or iron rods (that have been) weighed
by a fixed weight, for coined money."
Barrinha. A gold coin of bar form
struck under Maria II of Portugal for
Mozambique. Its value was two and one
half Maticaesor sixty-six Cruzados. There
was a corresponding half for one and one
quarter Maticaes.
Bartgroschen* See Judenkopfgroschen.
BaseL Ilolinshed, Chronicles, 1577 (ii.
67), states that in **the same yeare [Le.,
in 1158], also the King altered his coine,
abrogating certeine peeces called basels."
See Ruding (i. 170).
Bassanajra* See Bossonaya.
Bastardo. A tin coin introduced by
Albuquerque, Governor General of Mal-
acca in 1510. See Caixa.
Bastiao. The collo(iuial name for a
variety of the silver Xeraphin struck at
Goa in 1659. It received this designation
from the figure of St. Sebastian on the
obverse. Its value was three hundred Reis
or five Tangas.
Bat. The Siamese name for the Tical
(g.v.).
Bath MetaL According to Ure, Dic-
tionary of Chemistry, this is an alloy con-
sisting of three or four ounces of zinc to
one pound of copper. It is said to have
been used in the manufacture of the Rosa
Americana coins.
Battezone. A broad silver Grosso of
Florence, issued in 1503-4. It is of the
type of the Carlino {q.v.) and the baptism
of Christ by St. John is represented on
the obverse. The name of the coin is from
the Italian hattezzare, to baptize.
Batzen, or more properly in the singu-
lar, Batz or Batze, was the name origin-
ally given to a silver coin of the size of
the Groschen, which was introduced in
Borne, early in the sixteenth century, when
the Plappart was abolished. It was copied
in the other Swiss cantons, as well as in
Bavaria, Isny, Strasburg, Nordlingen,
Augsburg, etc. According to the best au-
thorities the name seems to be derived
from the figure of the bear, the armorial
device of the canton of Berne. The old
German name for this animal was Betz,
later Batz. The etymology from the Ital-
ian pezza, a piece, is erroneous, as these
coins never originated in Italy, but were
copied in that country. See Rollbatzen.
The original value of the Batzen was
four Kreuzer, therefore 18 Batzen made
the Thaler of 72 Kreuzer. It appears to
have retained this ratio for a long time,
because in Adam Berg's Miinzbuch, pub-
lished in 1597, as low as 17 Batzen are
given as the equivalent of a Thaler.
In the modern Swiss coinage prior to
the introduction of the Latin Union sys-
tem, the Batzen was one tenth of the Franc,
and equal to ten Rappen.
Baubee. See Bawbee.
Baudeqiiin. A French word meaning a
tent or canopy, and sometimes applied to
the Pavilion d'Or (g.v.).
Bauemgrotchen, i.e., Peasant's Gros-
chen. A name given to the silver Groschen
of Goslar on account of their poor execu-
tion. These coins bore the figures of Judas
with a staff and Simon holding a saw, iand
they were supposed to bear a resemblance
to two peasants. The Bauerngroschen
were originally struck about the middle of
the fifteenth century, and were of the value
of twelve Pfennig.
Bauem Thaler. The common designa-
tion for a small brass token bearing the
inscription wer mich last stehen dem
wmos VBEL GEHEN, and on the reverse,
BEHALT MIR NICH DAS RATE ICH DICH.
The object of these pieces was the fol-
lowing: whenever it was necessary to con-
voke an important convention of peasants
living at some distance apart, the head of
the community despatched a message to
the nearest farmer with this token and a
summons. The latter in his turn was ex-
pected to notify his nearest neighbor, and
each recipient pursued the same course
until all had been informed.
These tokens were common in Westpha-
lia during the eighteenth century.
Bauri. Another name for the Burrie
(q.v.).
[20]
I
Baviardus
Beichtthaler
Baviardut, or Bauviardut. A coin of
the thirteenth century cited by Du Cange.
It is a term relating to pa^Tnents probably
made in Berri in 1203 and 1227, and may
be the same as the Baliardus {q.v,).
Bawbee. A Scotch billon coin first
struck in the reign of James V and dis-
continued under William III.
The early varieties, issued at the Edin-
burgh or Stirling mints, were of the value
of one and one half pence, but in the
reign of Charles II the value was raised
to sixpence.
The name by some is derived from bos
piece or has billon; others think it takes
its name from Alexander Orrok, Lord of
Sillebawbye, who is said to have been the
first to strike these coins.
Marston in The Malcontent, 1604 (In;
duction), speaks of a wager **that was not
worth five bau-bees," and the coin is also
mentioned by Beaumont and Fletcher, in
Wit at Severall Weapons, 1647 (v. 2).
Bay Shillings. See Pine Tree Coins.
Bazamcco. A coin struck by the Portu-
guese in the sixteenth and seventeenth
centuries, and current in their possessions
at Chaul, Goa, Bassein, Diu, and in the
vicinity of Bombay. Specimens occur in
copper, lead, and billon.
In the early Goa coinage of about 1510,
the Bazarucco, also called Leal, was equal
to two Reis. Later it became the fifteenth
part of a Vintem ; but the value fluctuated.
Multiples exist as high as twenty.
The coin bears on one side the armorial
shield of Portugal, which is sometimes
found with the letters D and B to the left
and right, to indicate the mints at Diu
and Bassein. The reverse designs vary;
some specimens have a St. Andrew's cross
with a central horizontal bar, others a
sphere, and others again a cross with the
four figures of the date in the angles. See
Boda.
Jacob Canter Visscher, in his Letters
from Malabar, Madras, 1862 (p. 82), de-
scribes a base coin struck at Cochin which
he calls Boeserokken, consisting of an alloy
of lead and tin, with the arms of the Dutch
East India Company on one side. Sixty
of them are equal to a Cochin Fanam.
The name of this coin is frequently cor-
rupted to Buzerook, and the nickname
Tinney is also given to it, in allusion to
its composition.
Beads used as money. See Borjookes,
and Kharf.
An English slang term for a
Sovereign or Guinea, and for money when
u.sed in the plural.
William Harrison Ainsworth, in his
novel, Rookwood, 1834 (iii. 9) has the fol-
lowing passage : * * Zoroaster took long odds
that the match was off; offering 9, bean to
half a quid (in other words, a guinea to
a half guinea), that Sybil would be the
bride.''
Bean Money. See Cho Gin.
Beard Money. See Borodovaya.
Beato Amedeo, i.e.. Blessed Amedeus.
A name given to a silver coin of the value
of nine Fiorini struck at the mints of
Turin and Vercelli in 1616 by Duke
Charles Emanuel I. It bears a bust of the
Duke in armor and a figure of St. Ame-
deus.
Beato Luigi. A silver coin of Mantua
issued by Vincenzo II. Gonzaga (1626-
1627) in honor of Luigi Gonzaga. Its
value was half a Scudo.
Beaver Skins. See Hudson Bay Tokens.
Bees. See Bezzo.
Bedidlik. A gold coin of the modern
Egyptian series of the value of one hun-
dred Piastres. It was introduced A.H.
1255 or A.D. 1839.
Begkina. Du Cange cites this as being
a small coin mentioned in the Pacto Ton-
grejisi of 1403.
Begrabniss Thaler. See Mortuary
Pieces.
Beguinette. A name given to a variety
of the Maille Blanche (g.v.) struck by
Guillaume de Nancy, a moneyer of Robert,
Count of Bar, from 1370-1374. See Blan-
che t (i. 475).
Behram. See Bahram.
Beichlingscher Thaler. A Thaler of Po-
land, issued under August II in 1702. The
obverse bears the cross of the Danebrog
surrounded by four crowned monograms.
Beichtthaler, meaning * * Confession Tha-
ler," was the name bestowed on a medallic
Thaler issued by Johann Georg II of Sax-
[21]
Bekah
Bertha Thaler
apy in 1663. The obverse represents the
Elector standing at a table, and the coin
received its name from the fact that he is
supposed to have handed one of these pieces
to the church every time that he went to
confession.
Bekah. An early Jewish weight stand-
ard ; it was equal to one half of the Shekel.
See Exodus (xxxviii. 26).
Bell Dollar. See Glockenthaler.
Bell Money. The name given to a vari-
ety of early Chinese metallic currency on
account of its resemblance to a bell. These
coins average from 50 to 100 millimetres
in height. They are described in detail,
by Ramsden (pp. 13-15).
Bender. A slang name for the English
sixpence ; it probably owes its origin to the
fact that it is easily bent. Dickens in
Sketches by Box says * * Niver mind the loss
of two bob and a bender ; ' ' and Thackeray
in The Newcomes (xi) has **By cock and
pye it is not worth a bender.''
Benduqi. A gold coin of Morocco which
appears to have been originally issued in
the reign of Muley Soleiman (A.H. 1207-
1238).
Benedikttpfennige, or Benediktuspfen-
nige. A series of religious medalets the
origin of which can probably be traced to
masses said in cloisters. See Kohler, Miinz-
helv^tigungen (vi. 105).
Bener Dener. This term occurs in the
laws of William I as given by Ingulphus,
and according to Turner, History of the
Anglo Saxons (ii. 135), it signifies ** better
pennies." Ruding (i. 110) observes that
the word bener is omitted in all the later
editions of these laws, and adds that ** pos-
sibly the word may be nothing more than
the following one, dener, mis-spelled."
Benggolo. A leaden coin of Celebes,
supposed to have been issued by the ruler
Abdoullah de Tallo. See Millies (p. 178),
Fonrobert (No. 904).
Ber. The Amharic word for the Abys-
sinian Talari (g.v.), of Menelik. The word
primarily means silver, and thence silver
money. The value expressed on the Talari
is Amd Ber, i,e,, one Ber. The half has
Yaber Agod, i,e,, half Ber; the quarter
Yaber Roob or Rub, i.e., quarter Ber ; and
the eighth Yaber Tenan, Temun, or Tou-
mon.
BerenidL See Ptolomaici.
Bergsegensthaler. See Ausbeutemiinzen.
Berling. A small base silver coin of
Goslar of the value of one quarter Pfennig
or one half Arenkopf (g.v.).
Berlinga. A silver coin of Filippo Maria
Visconti, Duke of Milan (1412-1447). The
obverse bears an equestrian figure of the
Duke and the reverse has St. Ambrosius
on a throne. It is a variety of the Grosso.
Bemardin. A name given to the Denier
issued at the mint of Anduse during the
thirteenth century. These coins are char-
acterized by a large letter B on the ob-
verse which is supposed to stand for Ber-
nard, a local ruler, although this name was
borne by the Seigneurs of Anduse from
1024 until 1243. See Blanchet (i. 19).
Bemer or Pemer, were diminutive base
silver coins current in Tyrol from the
thirteenth to the sixteenth century. They
were copied from the Deniers of Verona,
called in German, Bern, which must not
be confused with the Swiss town Berne
or Bern. Four Berner were equal to
one Vierer, and twenty Berner were equal
to one Kreuzer, or Zwainziger. See Frey
(No. 72).
Bemhardtgrotcken. A silver coin of
Hildesheim which appeared in 1490 and
which has on the reverse a half length
figure of St. Bernard with a cross and
mitre and the inscription sac berwardv p.
See Frey (No. 345).
The concluding letter of the inscription
is taken to be the abbreviation of Patronus.
Cappe, in his introduction shows that the
choice of this saint was an error, and that
the blunder occurred in the year 1298,
when a new seal was ordered for the city.
The patron saint of the city is Godehard,
and he appears with his bishop's title S\
God: Episc. in the earliest seal and arch-
ives. He further states that the last ap-
pearance of St. Bernard on the Hildesheim
coins occurs in the year 1552.
•
Bertha Thaler. A broad medallic Thaler
of the Canton of Solothurn which shows
[22]
Bes
Bianchetto
on the obverse St. Ursus, the martyr, re-
ceiving a model of the cathedral from the
kneeling queen Bertha of Burgundy. The
date, A.D. 932, when this is supposed to
have happened, is added.
Bes, or Bessis. The two-thirds of the
As of a weight of eight ounces. See Aes
Grave.
I. A copper coin issued for Italian
Somaliland; it represents the value of the
one hundredth part of a silver Rupee, and
there are multiples of two Bese and four
Bese.
These pieces were first struck at Rome,
from Giorgi's models, and they were au-
thorized by a royal decree of January 28,
1909.
In the Abyssinian coinage the one fifth
of the Gersh, or one hundredth part of
the Talari, is a copper coin called Besa.
Besante. A Venetian copper coin struck
by the Doges Girolamo Priuli (1559-1567)
and Pietro Loredano (1567-1570), for Ni-
cosia, in Cyprus. See Solidus.
Besh. A copper coin of modern Turkey
of the value of eight Paras or one fifth of
the Piastre.
Beshlik. Originally this was a silver
coin of the Ottoman Empire of the value
of five Paras, and weighing from 20 to 40
grains.
In the modern silver currency of Turkey
the Beshlik represents four and three quar-
ter Piastres, and in the series of Metalliks,
two and one half Piastres.
The Beshlik of Egypt was originally a
copper coin of the value of five Aspers or
Medins; under Mahmud II (A.II. 1223-
1255) it was made of billon. The issues
for Tunis and Tripoli are billon and worth
five Paras.
Besorg. Mandelslo in his Voyage and
Travels to the East Indies, 1669 (p. 8),
under date of 1638 states that at Gombroon
the native currency is a copper coin called
the Besorg, ** whereof six make a Peys, and
ten Peys make a Sh&hi, which is worth
about fivepence English.'* This is prob-
ably the same as the Bazarucco (g.v.).
Betpfennige. See Weihemiinzen.
Betd^rthaleTy or Martmsthaler. A gen-
eral name used to describe such coins as
bear a figure of St. Martin and the beggar.
[ 23
They occur in the series of Mainz, Erfurt,
Magdeburg, Schwarzburg, etc., and in the
coinage of Lucca where they receive the
name of San Martino {q.v.),
Beutelt meaning a purse, was a former
Turkish money of account. The Keser, or
Beutel of silver, was computed at 500
Ghrush or Piastres. The Kitze or Chise,
i.e,, .the Beutel of gold, was valued at 30,000
Piastres.
The corresponding French equivalents
are Bourse d 'argent and Bourse d'or.
In Egypt the Beutel was equal to 25,000
Medini, or 75,000 Aspers.
Beutgroschen, meaning Groschen made
of booty, was a name given to certain vari-
eties of silver coins struck in 1542 by the
Elector Johann Frederick of Sachsen and
the Landgrave Philip of Hessen. They
were minted from captured silverware and
bore the portraits of the two rulers with
the inscription bevt. g. v. wolfbvt.
Bezant. See Solidus.
Bezemstuiver. The name given to a
small silver coin issued in Friesland, Over-
ysel, Utrecht, etc., from about 1620 to
1770. It had on the obverse a figure re-
sembling the fasces, to indicate the union
of the Provinces, and hence the French
equivalent, Sou au Faisceau.
>. A small Venetian silver coin in-
troduced about the period of the Doge
Andrea Gritti (1523-1538), and continued
until the beginning of the seventeenth cen-
tury. The type usually represents a flori-
ated cross on one side and the lion of St.
Mark on the other.
The name is supposed to be derived from
the Illyrian word hecs, meaning a small
piece of money.
Bezzone. A copper coin of the value
of six Bagattini struck in Venice by the
Doge Marino Grimani in 1604.
Bia. A former money of account in
Siam, based on the cowrie shells of which
it was equal to 200. The copper Pai (q.v.)
was computed at 200 Bia.
Bianchetto. A billon coin of Casale in
the Marquisate of Monteferrato, of the
value of one twelfth of a Grosso. It was
introduced by Teodoro II, Palaeologo
(1381-1418), and continued in use for
]
Bianco
about a century. See Maglia. The type
was imitated at many mints in Savoy and
Piedmont.
Bianco. An Italian coin of base silver
corresponding to the German Albus and
the French Blanc. It appeared probably
before the fifteenth century and was issued
at Bologna, Venice, the Duchy of Mantua,
etc. For an extended account see Papod-
opoli, Del Piccolo e del Bianco, 1887.
Biancone. A base silver coin originally
issued at Monteferrato in 1528 of the value
of ten Soldi. It was copied in Modena,
Bologna, and Reggio, and in 1558 it was
computed at 13^ Baiocchi in Perugia.
Biche. A copper coin struck by the
French at Pondichery for Mahe on the
Malabar Coast. It corresponds to the Pice
and is the fifteenth part of a Fanam (g.v.).
There are divisions of halves and quarters.
See Zay (p. 289).
Bigati. A name given to certain issues
of the Roman Denarius on account of the
figures of Diana, Victory, etc., in a biga
{i.e., a two-horse chariot) which appear
on the reverse. They are referred to by
Pliny, Historia Nat. (Ixxxiii. c. 12). See
Quadrigati.
Biglione. The Italian. name^<t* Billon
(q.v.).
Bilibres Formae were extraordinarily
large gold medallions of two pounds
weight, said by Lampridius (Sev. Alex.,
39) to have been struck by Elagabakis.
Another name for these medallions is For-
mae Centenariae, as two pounds exactly
equal one hundred Aurei. No specimens
have survived.
Bi-Iingual Coins are common to all peri-
ods. When Rome controlled portions of
Asia Minor the pro-consuls issued coins
with both Latin and Greek inscriptions.
In the Bactrian and Indo-Scythian series
occur Greek and native Indian characters;
on the Sicilian coins of the Middle Ages
are. Latin and Arabic legends, etc.
In a number of modern coinages it is
now common to find inscriptions in more
than one language; these are coins for
over-sea Colonial possessions, e.g., China,
India, etc. The coinage of the Manchu
dynasty of China is bi-lingual.
Bitsolo
Bille. A slang French term for copper
coins in general ; it is probably from Billon
iq.v.).
Billon* A base metal usually obtained
by mixing silver and copper.
The designation is now generally applied
to any coin ostensibly called silver, but
containing in reality more than fifty per
cent of copper. If the proportion of cop-
per is more than seventy-five per cent, the
composition is called black billon, argen-
tum nigrum, or moneta argentosa. Lastly,
if the coin is of copper, and is only thinly
washed with silver, as in the case of some
of the Scheidemiinzeti {q.v.) it is called
Weisskupfer, i.e., white copper. See Potin.
The Encyclopaedia Britannica in an early
edition of 1797 states that gold under
twelve carats fine is called billon of gold.
Ruding (i. 210) mentions the TuroncTises
nigri, that is, the black money of Tours,
which was brought to England in the four-
teenth century and prohibited.
Billon Groat See Blanc.
Binauriae Formae were gold medallions,
equal in weight to two Aurei, said by Lam-
pridius (Sev. Alex., 39) to have been is-
sued by Elagabalus. None have come
down to us.
Biniones, or medallions of the weight of
two Aurei, struck by Gallienus.
BinsaL A gold coin of Akbar, Emperor
of Hindustan, equal to one fifth of the
Sihansah {q.v.).
Bir-ghmsh. See Piastre.
Birthday Thaler. See Geburtstagstha-
ler.
Bishop's Money. See Salding.
Bissolo. A base silver coin of the Duchy
of Milan issued by Giovanni Maria Vis-
conti (1402-1412), and retained in the
coinage of Estore and Giancarlo Visconti.
It had a value of one eighteenth of the
Soldo.
The obverse of this piece usually bears
a floriated cross or a bust of St. Ambrosius ;
the reverse has a crowned serpent or viper
{hiscia), the arms of the Visconti family,
from which design the coin obtains its
name.
[24]
Bissona
Black Farthing
Bissona. A silver coin struck by Louis
XII of France for Milan (1500-1512), with
a value of three Soldi. It has on the ob-
verse the arms of France between two
crowned vipers or serpents. See Bissolo.
BistL A Persian copper coin of the Sufi
or Safi Dynastv which appeared about the
reign of Shah "^ Abbas I (A.II. 996-1038=
1587-1629). It bore a proportion of two
and one-half to the Shahi, or five Bisti
equal to two Shahi, and was also equal
to four Eashbegis.
In the Georgian series this coin can be
traced to the reign of Queen Rusudan
(A.D. 1227-1247), and there is a corre-
sponding half, called Nim-Bisti. See Lang-
lois and Fonrobert (4249 et seq.).
EiL The central portion of the Spanish
Peso or Colonato, which was cut out and
counterstamped for use in British Guiana
and a number of the West Indian islands.
The word is also sometimes written
Bitt, and is generally used as an equiva-
lent for the Spanish silver Real. The
value of the Bit itself was generally un-
altered, but their number as an equivalent
for the Spanish Dollar was increased or
lowered. For details as to these fluctua-
tions, see Caldecott in British Numismatic
Journal (i. 294), and Wood in American
Journal of Numismatics (xlviii. 89).
The name was used in an abbreviated
form on a brass token issued by Herman
Gossling in 1771, for the island of ' St.
Eustatius. There are two varieties, marked
1 Bt. and y2 Bt.
The Bit, when used in computation in
the Danish West Indies, is reckoned at the
one-fifth of the copper cent of that country.
The last coinage of the islands before
their purchase by the United States had
their values expressed thus : 50 bit - 10
CENTS on the dime-size silver, 25 bit on
the nickel, and 10, 5, and 2^/^ bit on the
bronze. See Daler.
Bit. A popular name in many of the
western parts of the United States to in-
dicate the value of twelve and one-half
cents. As, however, no coin of this de-
nomination was ever struck, the expression
*'two bits,'* i.e., the quarter dollar, was
much more common.
In Cressy (Chap. 1) one of Bret Harte's
Calif ornian tales, a boy is paid **two bits"
for giving some lessons.
In some parts of California the Dime or
ten-cent piece is called a ** short bit."
Bit and Bung are slang terms used by
thieves in referring respectively to money
and a purse. The old English dramatists,
Thomas Dekker and Robert Greene, refer
to these terms. Dekker in his Jests to
make Merie, 1607 (repr. Grosart, ii. 328),
says, *'If they . . . once knew where the
bung and the bit is . . . your purse and
the money;" and in the same writer's
Belman of London, 1608 (repr. iii. 122),
we find a passage, **To learne . . . what
store of Bit he hath in his bag." Greene
in A Defense of Conny -catching, 1592
(Works, xi. 44) states, **Some . . . would
venter all the byte in their boung at dice."
Bita Sen* The Japanese name for bad
or counterfeit coins. See Shima Sen.
Bitt See Bit.
Bizante. See Solidus.
BizadchinL Promis (ii. 180) quotes a
document of the district of Cortona, dated
August 17, 1727, in which are mentioned
coins called Bizzichini, which are valued at
a trifle over seven Soldi.
Black Billon. See Billon.
Black Dogs. A cant name in Queen
Anne's time for bad shillings or other
base silver coin. Ashton, in The Reign of
Queen Anne (ii. 225) mentions **The Art
of making Black Dogs, which are Shillings
or other pieces of Money, made only of
Pewter double Wash'd."
See also Swift, Drapier's Letters (iii.) ;
and Crosby (p. 203).
Black Dogs. This name was given to
the Cayenne Sous when introduced in the
English islands in the West Indies.
Black Farthing. A name given to the
Scotch Farthing issued in the reign of
James III (1460-1488). There appear to
be two varieties. One has on Ohv, i. rex
scoTORVM, with Rev. villa edinbvrg and a
saltire cross in a circle. The other variety
has the crowned initials I. R. on the ob-
verse, and a crowned saltire cross on the
reverse.
[25]
Black Maa
Hanc
Black MaiL Wharton^ Law Lexicon,
1864y states that this is ''a certain rent of
money, coin, or other thing, anciently paid
to persons upon or near the borders, who
were men of influence, and allied with cer-
tain robbers and brigands for protection
from the devastations of the latter; ren-
dered illegal by 43 Eliz. c. 13. Also rent
paid in cattle, otherwise called neat-gild."
Black Money. A general term for coins
ostensibly issued for silver, but which actu-
ally contain a large proportion of base
metal alloy, the latter soon giving them a
dark appearance. See Billon and Korten.
The principal coins thus debased were
the silver pennies, and from the twelfth
to the fourteenth centuries there is fre-
quent mention of the Denier Noir of
France, the Schwarze Pfennige of the Ger-
man States, and the Swarte or Zwarte Pen-
ninge which originated in Brabant and the
Low Countries. They are also found in the
coinage of Denmark, Ireland, Scotland, and
in the Anglo-Gallic series.
In the reign of Richard II Ruding (i.
457) states that ** among other expedients
to procure money, a writ was issued for
the discovering of black money, and other
subterraneous treasure hidden of old in
the county of Southampton, in whosesoever
hands it might be, and to seize it to the
King's use. He afterwards claimed black
money to the amount of 150 pounds of
full weight, which had been found in that
county, as belonging to him in right of
his crown."
As early as 1331 an ordinance was passed
**that all manner of black money which
had been commonly current in the King's
realm, should be utterly excluded."
Bladamith Half Crown. A name given
to a rudely struck half-crown of Charles I,
which was issued at Kilkenny in 1642.
Coins to the amount of £4000 were struck
under an ordinance of **The Confederated
Catholics."
Blacksmith Half Groat. A variety of
half groat issued in the reign of Charles I,
which received its name from the barbarous
workmanship. Hawkins states that the
Blacksmith Half Crowns of the same pe-
riod, also very rude in design, **are now
generally considered to be Irish." See
British Numismatic Journal (xi. 317).
Blacksmith Tokens. A series of tokens
of 4»opper and brass issued about 1820 and
usually classified with the Canadian
** doubtful" series. The majority of them
are said to have been made in Montreal by
a blacksmith, from which fact the series
has received its name. For a detailed ac-
count see Wood, Canadian Blacksmith Cop-
pers, 1910.
Black Tang-Ka. See Tang-ka.
Blafferty or Plappart, is a base silver
coin of the value of three Kreuzer or six
Happen, introduced in Switzerland in the
fifteenth century, and a variety of St. Gal-
len dated 1424 (Frey No. 21), is the
earliest coin known bearing Arabic numer-
als with a Christian era.
The type was soon copied in (Jermany.
The Hohlblaffert of Liibeck bears an eagle,
that of Mecklenburg a bull's head, that of
Liineburg a lion, etc. All of the preced-
ing were valued at two Pfennige. In the
Rhine Provinces the Blaftert was variously
computed at three Stuber or four Albus.
It was gradually abolished in the sixteenth
century, the Batzen taking its place.
An amusing story occurs in Cahn's Miim
und Oeldgeschichte der im Orossherzogtum
Baden Vereinigten Oehiete, 1911 (p. 274),
relating to a quarrel between the munici-
palities of Constance and Berne because a
nobleman of the former town ridiculed
these coins by the name of Kuhplapperte,
i.e., **cow plapparts.
79
A silver coin of Munster,
Cleve, Liege, Dortmund, etc. It is re-
ferred to in an ordinance of Bishop Chris-
topher Bernhard of Munster dated May 4,
1658, as a Schilling of Brabant or Blau-
miiser **to be current at three Schillinge
and five Pfennige." In Li^ge it was com-
puted at two Groschen and in Cleve at
three Groschen.
The name in Southern Germany was
variously written Blomiiser and Blomeiser,
and it is mentioned by Grimmelshausen, in
Simplicius Simplicissimus, 1669.
Blanc, or Blancfue, also called Gros
Blanc, is the name of a silver coin which
was struck in France in the fourteenth
century, contemporaneously with the Gros
Tournois. Originally it was of very pure
silver from which circumstance it probably
[26]
Blanca
Blanquillo
received its name, but the later issues de-
teriorated in fineness. It was divided into
Deniers, the quantity of the latter, how-
ever, varied. The general type was that
of the Gros, the long cross being a con-
spicuous feature, and the inscription ben-
EDicTUM SIT NOMEN DOMINI, ctc, was re-
tained for a long period. The later issues
were characterized by various symbols,
such as a sun, star, lily, etc., giving rise
to distinctive titles, all of which will be
found under the word Gros, infra.
The Blanque appears in the Anglo-Gallic
coinage issued by Henry VI of England.
It was a billon groat, silvered over to hide
the baseness of the metal. There existed
large and small varieties, known respec-
tively as the Grand Blanque or Gros
Blanque and the Petit Blanque.
The Blanque was struck in France as
late as 1791, in which year the Caisse de
Bonne Foi at Paris issued a piece of six
Blancs in copper.
Blanca, or. Blanco. A Spanish coin of
inferior silver issued from the fourteenth
to the sixteenth centuries. It receives its
name from its white, shiny appearance,
and corresponds to the German Albus and
the French Blanc. •
The Blanca Agnus Dei appeared origin-
ally in the reign of Juan I (1379-1390),
and obtains its designation from the Pas-
chal Lamb on the obverse. It was struck at
Toledo, Burgos, etc. See De La Torre (No.
6430).
Blanc a la Couronne. A French silver
coin of the value of twelve Deniers Parisis
issued by John II (1350-1364). It re-
ceives this name from the large crown
which is a conspicuous feature, and is also
known as the Gros Blanque k la Couronne.
Blanc a la Patte d'Oie. A nickname
given to a variety of Blanc issued in
France in 1357. It had a poorly executed
figure of the fleurs de lis, which was sup-
posed to bear some resemblance to the foot
of a goose.
Blanc a la Queue. This was struck by
John II of France in 1355 to take the place
of the Blanc k la Couronne (q.v.),
Blanc a FEcu* A silver coin of Charles
VII of France. It was of large size and
bore a shield of fleurs de lis.
Blanc a TEtoile. A variety of the Blane
with a star in the centre. See Gros
Blanque a TEtoile.
Blanc aux Trois Fleurs. A variety of
Denier coined in France in 1359, but only
in use for a short period.
Blanc de Donne. A type of silver Gros
struck by Charles V of France. It bore a
letter K crowned, and was intended, as its
name implies, for presentation purposes
on special occasions.
Blanc Guenar. See Guenar.
Blancha. Du Cange cites an edition of
Giacomo d'Aragona (1213-1276) which
mentions solidos de blancha moneta; and
he quotes from an ordinance of 1381 the
term * * Blanchees, " being the quantity of
any article that could be purchased for a
Blanco.
Blanco. The Spanish equivalent of the
Blanc or Blanque. The Blancos Burgales
were pieces of two Deniers struck about
1258 by Alfonso X of Castile and Leon,
and ninety were equal to a gold Maravedi.
Bland Dollar. The popular name for
the silver dollar issued in the United States
from 1878 to 1904 inclusive. It owes its
origin to the Bland-Allison Act of Feb-
ruary 28, 1878, which provided for a mini-
mum monthly silver coinage of two mil-
lion dollars, and established this coin of
412^ grains troy as legal tender.
The Act takes its name from Congress-
man Richard Bland of Missouri, and Sen-
ator William B. Allison of Iowa.
Blank. A coin of the Netherlands, of
inferior silver, issued during the sixteenth
century. It was originally of the value of
half a Stuiver, but its value fluctuated
greatly. The name was probably derived
from its white, shiny appearance when
newly struck.
Blank. See Planchet.
BlankeeL See Blanquillo.
Blanque. See Blanc.
Blanquillo, or Muzuna, sometimes in-
correctly referred to as Blankeel. A for-
mer base silver coin of Morocco, the name
of which is a diminutive of blanca, given
to it on account of its white, shiny appear-
ance. It was divided into twenty-four
Falus. The issue terminated in the latter
part of the eighteenth century. See Mu-
zuna.
[27]
Blaumiiser
Bolette
Blaumiiser. See Blamiiser.
Blech, meaning *'tin/' is a German
slang term for money in general.
Blechmimzen, i.e., tin coins, is a com-
mon German name for the Bracteates
iq.v.).
Blesensisy or Blesianis. A general name
for the Deniers struck by the Counts of
Blois, beginning with those of Thibaud IV,
called the Impostor (922-978). They gen-
erally bear the head of a wolf, which in
Celtic is called hlez.
Blob. A popular name for the copper
coin of five cents struck for Ceylon in 1909
and 1910. See Spink (xviii. 12602).
Blomiiser. See Blamiiser.
Bluebacks. A nickname for certain is-
sues of the paper money of the Confeder-
ate States, in contradistinction to the
Greenbacks of the North.
Blue William. Another nickname for
the preceding and used in various parts
of the Southern States of the United States
at the time. The name is a play upon the
words bill and Bill, the latter being a
familiar term for the name William.
Blunt. An English slang term for money
available at once. It was in use at the be-
ginning of the nineteenth century. Dick-
ens, in Oliver Twist, says, ''I must have
some blunt from you to-night.''
Blutpfemiig. The popular name for a
new or red Pfennig in allusion to its ruddy
color.
Berthold Auerbach, in his Dichtungen
(i. 14) has the line:
"Ich habe keinen Blutpfennig."
Bluzger, or Blutzger. A base silver coin
issued in the Bishopric of Chur in the Can-
ton of Graubiinden from the middle of the
sixteenth to the end of the eighteenth cen-
tury, and also at Haldenstein during the
same period. The early types have a fig-
ure of the cross and Madonna, and the
later issues have armorial bearings.
Constantin von Buttlar, Abbot of Fulda
(1714-1726) copied them.
They are computed at seventy to the
Gulden.
Blyen. See Bolette.
Bo. A square coin of An nam usually
assigned to circa B.C. 475-221. See Schroe-
der (p. 46), and Lacroix, Numismatique
Annnmite, 1900 (p. 52).
Boars' Feet. See Hams.
Bob. The common nickname for an
English Shilling. J. H. Vaux, in his Flash
Dictionarji, 1812, has *'Bob or Bobstick,
a Shilling,'' and Dickens uses the term in
the Pick wick Papers,
In the Athenwuni, 1864 (558), is a state-
ment to the effect that the nickname is sup-
posed to have originated in Sir Robert
Walpole's time. See Magpie.
Bocksthaler. The name given to a var-
iety of silver coins struck in the bishopric
of Chur, which have as a device a stand-
ing ram (Bock), the armorial shield of this
district.
The name, Bockspfennige, or Bockler, is
similarly applied to coins of Schaffhausen,
which have a running ram as a design.
Boddiferus. Du Cange gives citations
showing that this name was given to some
early base silver coins of Liege, of which
36 were equal to a Florin.
Bodle. A Scotch copper coin, some-
times known as the half-plack or two pence
Scotch. It appeared in the latter part of
the sixteenth century, and was last coined
in 1697.
The name is said to be a corruption of
Bothwell, a mintmaster, but no documen-
tary evidence to this effect is cited.
Its value in England was considerably
lower, as is indicated by R. Holme, in his
Armoury, 1688 (iii. 2), who says, **A
Bodle, three of them make a half -penny
English.''
Bockler. See Bocksthaler.
Bohmen. The name given to the popu-
lar Groschen of Prague by the natives of
Silesia. It is probably due to the figure
of the lion of Bohemia and the inscription,
df:i gratia rex boemie, found on these
coins.
[28
See Trade Dollar.
Boeotian League. See League Coinage.
Boeserokken. See Bazarucco.
Bolette. A leaden token issued at Frank-
fort a. M. as early as 1497 and in use until
the beginning of the seventeenth century.
Joseph and Fellner, in their work on the
coinage of that city (1896, pp. 39-40), state
that the Boleton, or Blyen (i.e., Blei-lead)
were of two sizes: the larger were re-
]
Bolivar
Borbi
deemed for twelve Heller and the smaller
for six Heller.
Bolivar. A silver coin of Venezuela, of
the same value as the Franc, and named
after Simon Bolivar, the liberator. It is
divided into one hundred Centimos, or Cen-
tavos. For the different systems of mone-
tary standards in use in Venezuela, see the
A)inual Report of the Director of the U. S.
Mint, 1912, and for the Peso system, still
in use to some extent, see Peso. The Boli-
var is sometimes called Venezolano.
Boliviano. The unit of the silver stan-
dard of Bolivia, and divided into one hun-
dred Centavos.
The former gold Boliviano, of the same
country, introduced in 1868, was equal to
half an Escudo.
Bolognino. Originally a silver coin of
Bologna issued during the Republican pe-
riod (1191-1337), and of the value of half
a Grosso. It also occurs in the coinage of
Modena as a Republic (1226-1293); was
copied for Aquila, under Ludovico II
(1382-1384), and is found as a )?illon coin
in Ferrara in the thirteenth century. Tlie
half of the same coin was known as the
Ferrarino.
In the sixteenth century, when Bologna
was under Papal rule, a Bolognino was
struck in copper. Copper Bologuini were
also issued for Modena under Rinaldo
(1694-1737), and for Lucca early in the
eighteenth century.
Bone. A slang term, which appears to
be confined to the United States, and which
was originally applied to a silver dollar,
but was afterwards used for a dollar
whether of paper or metal. The name
probably originated from the bone or ivory
counters or chips used in the game of
poker.
Bon Grot. The French equivalent for
Gute Groschen (q.v.).
Bonk. A name given to the rectangular
copper coins struck in Java from 1796 to
1818. See Netscher and van dor Chijs
(passim), where Bonks, varying from one
half Stuiver to eight Stuivers, are de-
scribed.
A similar coin, known as the Tang (q.v.),
was issned bv the Dutch East India Com-
pany for Ceylon.
[20]
Bonn. Dinneen, Irish-English Diction-
ary, 1904, has : * * Bonn, a piece of money, a
groat, a medal ; bonn airgid, a silver medal ;
bonn or, a gold medal ; bonn buidhe, a yel-
low medal ; bonn ruadh, a copper or brass
medal; bonn ban, a shilling."
O'Reilly, Irish-English Dictionary, has
Bonn sian, a half-penny.
There is a Gaelic proverb, **Is fearr
caraid sa cuairt, na bonn sa sparan," i.e.,
* ' A friend at court is better than a groat in
the purse."
Bonnet Piece. A gold coin of James V
of Scotland, issued only in 1539 and 1540,
and remarkable as being the earliest dated
Scottish coin.
It is so called from the king's head being
decorated with a bonnet, or square cap, in-
stead of a crown.
Its weight is 881/^ grains, and there are
one third and two third pieces of similar
type.
This coin is sometimes referred to as a
Ducat, but this designation belongs more
properly to the gold coin struck by Mary
Stuart in 1558.
Bonnet Tjrpe. A designation employed
to classify English silver coins. Thus on
some of the pennies of William I the term
is used where the full-face bust, and large
crowTi with long pendent lappets occur.
Bononenus. The name given to the
mezzo Grosso struck at Bologna by Pope
Eugenius IV from 1431 to 1438. It has on
the reverse the figure of St. Petronius seat-
ed, holding in his hand the cathedral of the
city. The inscription reads s. petroniv. de
BONONIA.
Booby Head. The popular name for
one of the varieties of the cents of the
United States issued in 1839. It has a
large, stupid-looking head of Liberty ,on
the obverse.
Borage Groat. Jamieson, Etymological
Dictionary of the Scottish Language, states
that this was a four-penny piece formerly
current in Scotland, and that it may have
received this name from the use of borax
as an alloy in its composition.
BorbL Kelly (p. 4) states that this was
an Egyptian copper coin at the beginning
of the nineteenth century, and that 320 of
them were equal to the Piastre. Cmif.
Bourbe.
Bord
Bord. A, slang name for a Shilling. See
Hog.
BordabL An Italian term applied to
coins that are not perfectly round.
Bord Halfpenny. Wharton, Law Lex-
icon, 1864, states that this is **a customary
small toll paid to the lord of a town for
setting up boards, tables, booths, etc., in
fairs or markets."
Borgesi Neri, i.e., black Bourgeois. Ac-
cording to Promis (ii. 12), this was a var-
iety of base silver Denier struck in the
borough of Bressa, and by an ordinance
of Turin of December 15, 1335, it was
valued at one eighth of the Grosso.
Borjookes. The name given by the
Abyssinians to glass beads of different col-
ors which were formerly current as money,
and which were computed at the rate of
thirty to the Para. See Wakea, and Kharf.
Borodovayat or Beard Money. Among
Peter the Great's measures to bring Rus-
sia up to the level of European civiliza-
tion was his decree that beards should not
be worn. To encourage shaving he im-
posed a tax, varying in amount, according
to the social standing, the mercantile
class paying the highest tax for the privi-
lege of retaining their beards. When the
tax was paid a token was given as a re-
ceipt.
Chaudoir cites a piece in silver, dated
1705, of the size of the twenty Kopeck sil-
ver coin. Schubert (p. 103) states that
the specimens in silver are modern, and
did not exist in the time of Peter I. Of
those in copper there were two varieties.
One is like the silver piece and the other
has the size and weight of a Ruble, and
is square. They are dated 1699, 1705, and
1725.
Bott. The native name for the African
cowries formerly used as a money of ac-
count on the Gold Coast.
Noback (p. 311), gives the following
table of equivalents:
25 Cowries =1 Tabo.
40 Cowries =1 Daniba.
1000 Cowries =1 Boss Dollar.
1600 Cowries =1 Cabes (small).
2000 Cowries =1 Cabes (large).
When converted into an actual monetary
unit 1600 Cowries are equal to one six-
teenth of an ounce of gold dust.
BoMonajra* A Spanish billon coin
struck by the Counts of Barcelona during
Boulton't Twopence
the thirteenth century, to distinguish the
type from the contemporary issues of the
Kings of Aragon. See Blanchet (i. 312).
The name is also written Bassanaya and
Balssonaya, and Du Cange quotes docu-
ments of 1209 and 1343, the former of
which states that '^fuit aspera moneta de
Bassanaya quae duravit tres annos.''
Boston Money. In the Colonial Rec-
ords of Pennsylvania, 1683 (i. 85), there
is a passage reading, ** their Abuse to ye
Governm*, in Quining of Spanish Bitts and
Boston money." The latter expression
probably refers to the Pine Tree Coins
iq.v.)
Botdrager. The popular name for the
double Gros which was struck in Brabant
and Flanders early in the fifteenth cen-
tury. The name signifies **pot carrier,*'
the allusion being to the helmet on the
lion's head which looks like an inverted
pot or kettle. See van der Chijs tp. 123-
125).
The type was copied in the various prov-
inces of the Low Countries, and the coin
is also referred to as the Brabandsche
Leeuw and the Gehelmde Leeuw. See
Heaume.
BotinaL A silver coin of Georgia which
appeared in the reign of Queen Rusudan
(A.D. 1227-1247), and which received its
name from the fact that it was a close copy
of the coins struck by Nicephoras Boto-
niates of the Byzantine Empire. See Lang-
lois (p. 73) ; and Fonrobert (No. 4253).
Boudjou. See Budschu.
Botthamstafh. A billon coin of Tripoli,
introduced by Nedschib Pascha in 1835.
and of the value of fifteen Paras.
Boulton't Twopence. A very large and
beautiful copper coin, issued in 1797 at the
Soho mint, Birmingham, which owes its
existence to Matthew Boulton (6. 1728).
Its weight was exactly two ounces, and the
corresponding penny was one ounce; yet
this weight rendered them unwieldy and
they were only issued in the year above
mentioned. See Montagu, and Spink (ix.
4519). They were long used as weights by
shopkeepers, and from their size obtained
the niclmame of * * Cartwheels. ' '
This is the first and last twopenny piece
that was ever coined by authority in cop-
per.
[30 1
Bouquet Series
Bracteates
Bouquet Series. See Sou Tokens.
Bourbe, also called Burbe. A copper
coin of Tunis, introduced at the beginning
of the eighteenth century, and of the value
of one twelfth of an Asper.
Bourbonnais. The name given to a var-
iety of Denier and Obole struck originally
by Louis VII of France (1137-1180),
which have on the reverse a cross and the
inscription, borbonensis. They should not
be confused with the issues for Bourges by
the same ruler, which have on the reverse,
VRBS BiTVRiCA. See Blanchet (i. 149).
Bourdelois. See Denier Bourdelois.
Bourgeois. This term was applied to
various varieties of the billon Deniers is-
sued in France and Lorraine during the
thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. As
the name implies, it was used to designate
coins of the baser sort from those of pure
metal.
The Bourgeois Fort, i,e., the heavy Bour-
geois, bore the inscription, bvrgensis fob-
Tis, and the Bourgeois Simple was in-
scribed BVRGENSIS Nows. See Borgesi Neri.
Bourse* See Beutel.
Bousebbatash. A billon coin of Tripoli,
introduced by Nedschib Pascha in 1835,
and of the value of seven and a half Paras.
Bout de L'ble Tokens. The name given
to a series of twelve tokens which were
struck at Birmingham and imported to
Canada to be used as tickets or passes over
three different bridges which were built to
unite the Island of Montreal with the
mainland. They are described in detail in
Breton (p. 43), and see Repentigny (in-
fra).
Boutleteen. A billon coin of Tripoli, in-
troduced by Nedschib Pascha in 1835, and
of the value of thirty Paras.
Bowed Money. A term used to indi-
cate coins which were purposely bent and
then given as pledges of love or friend-
ship. Thomas Greene, in The Art of Con-
ny 'Catching, 1592, has as follows: ** Taking
forth a bowed groat and an old penny
bowed he gave it [sic] her."
A passage in the will of Sir Edward
Howard, 1512, copied in Archaeologia
(xxxviii. 370), reads, **I bequeathe him
my rope of bowed nobles.*'
Box Thaler. The same as Schraubthaler
iq.v.).
Brabandsche Leeuw. See Botdrager.
Brabandsche Mijt. See Myte.
Brabandsch Schfld. A gold coin intro-
duced pursuant to the Ordonnantie of May
10, 1430. It was struck by Philip I, Con-
stable of France and Duke of Ligny and
St. Pol. It has on the obverse the full-
length figure of the Duke holding an ar-
morial shield. See v,d. Chijs, De Munten
. . . Brdband en Limburg, 1851 (p. 141)
and conf. Schild, infra. '
Brabant A base silver coin which cir-
culated in England toward the close of the
thirteenth century. For a short time they
were allowed to pass at the rate of two for
a penny, but were prohibited in 1310. The
name was probably given to them from the
fact that they originated in Flanders, Bra-
bant, or the Low Countries.
Ending (i. 201) states that ''these coins
were distinguished by the names of pol-
lards, crocards, scaldings, brabants, eagles
leonmes, sleepings, etc.'' Holinshed, in his
Chronvcle, 1577- '87 (iii. 309), adds that
all these were white monies, artificiallie
made of siluer, copper, and sulphur."
Brabant Thaler. A variety of the Al-
bertusthaler (g.v.) issued for the Low
Countries. They have the Burgundy cross,
in the angles of which are crowns and the
order of the Golden Fleece.
Brabeon. A name employed in Switzer-
land to designate a certain class of medals
which were distributed as awards for pro-
ficiency to scholars in colleges, schools, etc.
The custom appears to have originated at
Basle in the latter part of the sixteenth
century. They are also known as Schul-
pfennige.
Bracata* A Polish term signifying
money that has the stamp of the Braca-
tori, or mint master. Du Cange (i.) cites
an ordinance of 1467 reading minuta pe-
cunia hracata, etc.
Bracteates. From the Latin bractea, a
thin piece of metal, is a name usually given
to pieces of thin silver, impressed with
a die, on which the device is cut in relief.
Consequently the lines and figures de-
pressed on the one side appear raised on
the other, and the obverse of the coin pre-
[31]
Brmgone
Brassage
sents the same features as the surface of
the die.
They are supposed to have originated at
the beginning of the twelfth century in
Thuringia, and they were copied in other
German provinces as well as in Switzer-
land, Hungary, Bohemia, Poland, and
Scandinavia. They were in use until the
latter part of the fourteenth century, at
which time the many types of Groschen
gradually supplanted them.
The majority are of silver, but gold ones
have been found; some of them, struck in
copper and very base silver, probably
served the same purpose as the tokens of
succeeding periods.
The name, Bracteate, however, was not
applied to these coins until the eighteenth
century. Their contemporary designa-
tions were Pfennige, or Denarii, and that
they took the place of the latter pieces and
passed as current money is attested by the
words numus, monetae denarius, etc., which
are occasionally found in their inscriptions.
To these varieties the name Schrift Brac-
teaten is usually applied.
Bragone. The popular name in Italy
for the Hungarian Ducat extensively
struck during the sixteenth century. The
word is a corruption of brache, i.e., trou-
sers, and these coins exhibit the standing
figure of the ruler, with large, expansive
breeches.
Braise, i.e., glowing coals. A slang
French expression for money, i.e., an allu-
sion to * * coal to keep the pot boiling. ' '
Branca Moeda. A term used by Portu-
guese numismatists, and corresponding to
the French Blanc or Blanque.
Brandthaler. The name given to a Po-
lish Thaler, issued at Thorn, in 1629, to
commemorate the gallant defence of that
city against the Swedes under General
Wrangel. There are a number of minor
varieties, all exhibiting a view of the city
in flames, and the inscription fides et con-
STANTIA PER lONEM PROBATA.
Brasanghim. See Brassage.
Brasher Doubloon. A gold coin, struck
in the city of New York in 1787. It ob-
tains its name from its originator, Ephraim
Brasher, a goldsmith, whose place of busi-
ness was at number one. Cherry Street.
Brasher made application to the Legisla-
ture of the State of New York for permis-
sion to strike copper coins. His petition
was not granted, and in consequence only
the gold Doubloons are known.
Braspenning. A base silver coin of Bra-
bant, Friesland, and the Low Countries, in
general use during the fifteenth century
and later. It appears to have been orig-
inally of the value of two Stuivers, but
later was equal to only one Stuiver and
eight Pfenninge. Some authorities refer
to it as the Dubbele Jager. See Blanchet
(i. 462).
Brass. The terms first, second, and third
brass (or bronze), applied to Roman coins
according to their sizes, is convenient but
unscientific. The first brass, or Great
Brass, is in reality the Sestertius; the Sec-
ond Brass, or Middle Brass, is the Dupon-
dius and As; and the Third Brass, or
Small Brass, is the Semis and other small
coins.
It should further be remembered that
the latter class is of copper; the larger
coins are neither brass nor bronze, but
composed of orichalcum, a mixture of cop-
per and zinc.
Brass. An English colloquial term for
a copper coin, but chiefly used for the
plural. The expression can be traced to
the fourteenth century. Langland, in Piers
Ploughman, circa 1362 (iii. 189), has
**Becre heor bras on thi Bac.** In his
translation of the New Testament in 1526,
Tindale renders Matthew (x. 9) thus:
** Posses not gold, nor silver, nor brasse."
At a later period the word was slang
or dialect for money in general, as the
following quotations indicate:
"Shame that the muHPii 8houkl be bou}?bt and sold
For every peasant'^ brass."
— HiHhop Hall, Satires, 1597.
"Thou damned and luxurious mountain goat,
Offer'st me brass V"
— Shakespeare, King Henry the Fifth (Iv. 4).
"Who ne'er despises books that bring him brass."
Byron, Hints from Horace (548).
Brassage. A French term used to in-
dicate the variation between the actual
value of the metal, and the denomination
stamped on the coin. This difference in
former years constituted the payment
which the official who struck the coins re-
ceived. See Slegelpenninge.
Du Cange (i.) states that as early as the
thirteenth century the name Brasangium
was given to the official whose duty it was
[ 32 ]
Bravuda
Briquet
to determine the above-named variations.
See Seignorage.
Bravuda. A monetary denomination
mentioned in ordinances of the reign of
Duarte I, King of Portugal (1433-1438),
and computed at three Dinheiros.
Bread Tokens. The name given to a
series of tokens extensively issued in Nu-
remberg, Paderborn, and other Grerman
towns during the sixteenth century and
later, which on presentation could be re-
deemed for a loaf of bread. They are of
various shapes and metals, and some of
them bear the inscription prot or brod. A
Brodmarke was struck by the Kornverein
of Elberfeld in 1817.
Breeches Money. A nickname given to
the coins of the English Commonwealth
(1648-1660) on account of the elongated
shields on the obverse which bear a fanci-
ful resemblance to a pair of trousers.
Breite Groschen, also called Breitgro-
schen, or Grossi Lati, was a name applied
in the fourteenth century and later to cer-
tain types of Bohemian Groschen of large
module, to distinguish them from smaller
pieces of the same denomination, Grossi
Praecisi, which were struck contempora-
neously.
It should be remembered, however, that
the adjective hreit is employed in a gen-
ral way to define the broad type, as distin-
guished from the dick, or thick specimens.
This accounts for such names as the Breit-
pfennig of Augsburg; the Breiter Thaler,
etc. See Dickthaler.
Bremsenthaler. A name given to a Tha-
ler of Liibeck, struck in 1537, so called be-
cause a fly (Bremse) appears in the field
on the obverse. The ** Bremse'' was the
coat of arms of Nicholas von Brombseu,
the Burgomaster.
Brenajgium. According to Wharton,
Law Lexicon f 1864, this was **a payment
in bran, which tenants anciently made to
feed their lords' hounds."
Brick Tea is a recognized unit of value
in some parts of Burma and Tibet; the
different qualities each bear a distinctive
mark and pass at different prices.
Clement Williams, in Through Burma to
Western China, 1864 (p. 34), has a note
which seems to refer to a currency consist-
ing of cakes of tea. He says : * * The only
[33
kinds apparently known in the market at
Bamo are the flat discs of China tea and
the balls of Shan tea. The discs weigh
twenty Tickals each; seven piled together
make a packet which used to sell at one and
one-half Tickals and two Ticks" [sic].
See also Terrien de la Couperie (xx) and
the Am. Journal of Numismatics (xli. 79).
Bridge Money. The name given to a
variety of Chinese metallic currency on ac-
count of their bridgelike appearance.
Ramsden, who describes these pieces in de-
tail (pp. 29-32), adds, '*! would suggest
the name of Tingle Dangle as more appro-
priate, since they will probably result to
be miniature token representatives of the
larger musical instruments which are still
to be seen in certain parts of China. ' ' The
Chinese name for Bridge Money is Kiao
Pi, and for Tingle Dangle money is King
Shih Pi.
•
Brillen Diikat. A gold coin of Denmark
struck by Christian IV in 1647. The
reverse exhibits a pair of spectacles
(**Brille"), with the motto vide mdia
DOMi. There is a corresponding half.
BriUenthaler. The name given to a
variety of Thalej* issued by Duke Julius of
Brunswick-Liineburg at Goslar from 1586
to 1589. They are of the so-called '*Wild
Man" type, and from the arm of this fig-
ure there hangs a skull, an hour-glass, and
a pair of spectacles (*'Brille"). See Louis
aux Lunettes.
Briot's Crown. The name given to a
variety of Crown executed about 1633 by
Nicholas Briot, who had been appointed at
the Tower mint by Charles I in 1628. This
piece, though not of very spirited work-
manship, is neat and well formed, and was
struck by the independent apparatus which
Briot owned. There is a half crown of the
same type. Briot 's coins can be distin-
guished by the initial B.
Briciuet. A silver coin of the fifteenth
century issued in Brabant, Burgundy, and
the Low Countries. It has on the obverse
the figure of a lion holding a fire-steel in
his claw. There are corresponding doubles,
halves, and quarters.
The word means a steel for striking fire,
and the chain attached to the Order of the
Golden Fleece instituted in 1429 by Philip
the Good, Duke of Burgundy, was decor-
]
Britain Crown
Bruneti
ated with sparkling precious stones, and
golden fire-steels.
The Dutch equivalent is Vuurijzer, and
by this name these coins are known in Hol-
land, Gueldres, etc. See Azzalino and
Pewreysen.
Britain Crown. An English gold coin,
struck in the reign of James I pursuant to
a proclamation of October 20, 1604. Its
original value was five shillings, which was
raised to five shillings and sixpence in
1611. The union of the kingdoms is re-
ferred to in the legend Henricus rosas reg-
na Jacobus, i.e., ** Henry unites the roses,
James unites the Kingdoms." This coin
was discontinued in 1661- '62. See Crown.
Britannia Groat. A name given to the
English silver fourpence which was re-
vived for general circulation in 1836 and
discontinued in 1856. The following cu-
rious note concerning these coins appears
in Hawkins:
** These pieces are said to have owed
their existence to the pressing instance of
Mr. Joseph Hume, from whence they, for
some time, bore the nickname of Joeys. As
they were very convenient to pay short
cab fares, the Hon. Member of Parliament
was extremely unpopular with the drivers,
who frequently received only a groat where
otherwise they would have received a six-
pence without any demand for change."
British Dollar. See Dollar.
Broad. Another name for the Unite
(q.v,)y a gold coin issued by James I of
England.
In the reign of Charles II the term was
used to distinguish the hammered twenty-
shilling pieces from the new coins of the
same value then introduced called Guineas
iq.v.).
The Broads were called in and declared
to be no longer current in 1732-33, the
majority of them having become much dim-
inished in value and size by wear and clip-
ping.
Broad Thaler. See Breite Groschen.
Brockage. A faulty piece in coining; a
damaged coin. In a report of the mint-
masters under Elizabeth, temp. 1572, men-
tion is made of ''brocage'' in the making of
six-pences. See Num, Chron, (Ser. iv. Vol.
16, p. 75).
Brod. See Bread Tokens.
[
Broke Money. A term used to indi-
cate the cut Bracteates, Deniers, and es-
pecially Pennies of the Middle Ages. The
process of quartering or halving appears
to be adapted to the Anglo-Saxon coinage,
e.g., to the Pennies of Althelred II (978-
1016), on which the shears or chisel is
guided by the cross on the reverse.
The practice of cutting coins was sanc-
tioned by Philip VI of France by an ordi-
nance of May 29, 1347. See Blanchet, Les
Monnaies Coupees in the Revue Numis-
matique (iv. 1).
In the Bury Wills, 1463 (repr. 1850, 41),
there is a reference to ** broke silvir."
Bronze. An alloy made of ninety-five
parts of copper, four parts of tin, and one
part of zinc, which has been found more
serviceable for coining purposes than pure
copper. A somewhat similar mixture was
employed by the Greeks and Romans, but
among modern nations it was not used un-
til 1850, when the Swiss Government be-
gan to issue coins of this metal. Prance
adopted it in 1852, Sweden in 1855, En-
gland in 1860, and Belgium in 1861. See
Brass.
Bronzo. The name given to a small cop-
per coin which appears at Messina, Raven-
na, etc., before the tenth century. The
Bronzi are generally of very rude work-
manship, and a number of types have both
Latin and Cufic inscriptions.
Brown. An English slang term for a
copper coin, especially a halfpenny, in allu-
sion to its color.
Brown Money. A dialect word used
both in Ireland and in Devonshire for
copper coins.
Briickenpfennige. SeeLandsbergerPfen-
nige.
Brule. A copper coin struck, in the
Bishopric of Liege from about 1513 to the
end of the century. It was valued at four
Stuivers. See de Chestret {passim).
Brununer. A base silver coin of Poland,
struck by Sigismund III at the beginning
of the seventeenth century. It is a variety
of the Dreipolker (q.v.), and receives its
name from Bromberg, where it was coined.
Bninetiy or Bnini. A term used hy
Italian numismatists to indicate coins that
have become greatly oxidized, and to such
34]
Bnisselaar
BulBon
pieces that are subject to oxidation on ac-
count of the impurity of the metal.
Bnisselaar. A variety of the double
Briquet issued by Maximilian in 1488 dur-
ing the minority of Philip the Good. It
has on the reverse an ornamented cross,
with the letter B in the centre, from which
circumstance it is assumed that it was
struck at Brussels. See Frey (No. 298).
Bryan Dollars. The name given to a
series of satirical pieces issued in 1896 and
1900 during the first and second **free sil-
ver '* campaign of William J. Bryan. They
occur in silver and other metals and are
of various shapes, sizes, and designs.
Brymann. A billon coin of Brabant,
struck in 1381 and later. The type pre-
sents two shields placed side by side, with
small lions over each. For a detailed ac-
count of these pieces see van der Chijs (p.
96). Their value is mentioned as being
equal to four Grooten of Vilvorde.
Bu. A small, rectangular Japanese gold
coin, first issued in 1599. It was the fourth
part of a Ryo, and bears the inscription,
Ichi Bu, meaning one Bu. The Bu was
also divided into four parts, each one being
called Shu.
The silver Bu was introduced in 1830,
and continued in use until the introduction
of the Meiji currencjjic in 1870.
Biiajra. A copper coin of the Malay
Peninsula. See Pitje. The word means
a crocodile, and is probably derived from
the old tin ingot money cast in this shape
and minted at Selangor, etc.
Buck. A slang term used in some parts
of the United States for a dollar. The word
is of comparatively recent origin and the
etymology is unknown.
Buckscha. See Kabir.
Budata. A coin of Palermo issued in
1686 and prohibited and retired from cir-
culation in 1698. Delia Rovere, Memorie
Storiche . . . sopra le Monete basse, 1814
(129), gives an account of this debased
currency and asserts that it was composed
of a mixture of copper and chalk or plas-
ter.
Bodgrook. A coin of Bombay, first is-
sued under the charter of 1677, granted to
the East India Company. The name is
probably a variation or corruption of the
Portuguese Bazarucco (g.v.). It was
struck in copper, tin, and lead, and was
usually computed at one forty-eighth of a
Fanam.
Budschuy or Boudjou* A former silver
coin of Algiers, introduced at the begin-
ning of the nineteenth century and divided
into twenty-four Muzunas.
The multiples and divisions of this coin
all have their particular names, as follows :
2 Budschu, called Zudi, or Soudi Budschu ;
1 Budschu, called Rial Budschu; 1/4 Bud-
schu, called Rebja, or Rebia Budschu; %
Budschu, called Temin Budschu.
Biiggeli. A Swiss nickname for a coin
of more or less concave form. **Biicker'
means a bent back or hunch back.
Bugne. A base silver coin struck in
Metz and current in Lorraine during the
fifteenth centurv and later. It is men-
tioned in an ordinance of 1511 as having a
value of ten Deniers.
There are both municipal and epi.scopai
types, and the usual devices bear a figure
of St. Stephen, with the inscription s'.
STEP-H, PROTHO'.
It is sometimes called Tiercelle. See
Blanchet (486).
Bugslavefy probably a corruption of
Bogislauer. The popular name for the
small silver coins issued in Pommerania
under Bogeslaus X (1471-1523) and his
successors.
Buhloliy or Bahloli. A coin of mixed
metal, weighing about 145 grains, intro-
duced by Bahlol Lodi, the Afghan ruler of
Dehli, A.H. 855-894 (A.D. 1450-1488). It
was the standard coin for about seventy
years. See Thomas (No. 311).
Bull. A slang expression for an English
Crown piece. J. H. Vaux, in his Flush
Dictionary, 1812, says: **Bull, a Crown
or five Shillings.*'
Bullet Money. See Tical.
Bullion. The original meaning of the
word appears to have been a mint or assay
oflice, but the writers of the sixteenth cen-
tury sometimes refer to it as a place of
exchange.
The Termes de la Ley, 1641 (p. 43),
states that ** Bullion ... is the place
where gold is tryed,'* and Blount, in his
Law Dictionarie, 1679, has: *' Bullion . . .
signifies sometimes the Kings Exchange, or
[33]
Bundesthaler
Butaca
place whither such Qold in the lump is
brought to be tryed or exchanged.*'
The definition in use at the present time,
i.e., gold or silver in the lump, as distin-
guished from coin or manufactured arti-
cles, can be traced to the latter part of the
sixteenth century. Thomas North, in his
translation of Plutarch's Lives of the Nohle
Qredafis and Romans, 1580 (p. 865), says:
** Bringing with him all his plate, both Gold
and Silver, unto the Mint-master, he gave
it him to put into bullion, and so to be
converted into currant [sic] coin.''
Bundesthaler. The name is usually
given to any silver coin of Convention
Money (q.v.). The Schweizer Bundes-
thaler is in reality a medal designed by
Jakob Stampfer (obit. 1579) to commem-
orate the foundation of Swiss Independ-
ence. See Schmalkaldischer Bundesthaler.
Bung* A slang term used by thieves in
referring to a purse. See Bit.
Bungtowns. A name given to clumsy
imitations of the English half pennies
which circulated extensively in Pennsyl-
vania and the other states in the latter part
of the eighteenth century.
The name is probably derived from the
slang term, '*to bung," meaning to cheat
or deceive.
There is an extensive list of them in At-
kins. See also Amer. Journal of Numis-
matics (xxxiii. 67, xxxvi. 94).
Bun Sen. A Kwanei sen {q,v.) having
the character Bun (learning) on the re-
• verse. The coin was made in 1668 from
the fragments of the Daibutsu, or great
image of Buddha, at Nara. The last pieces
to be made from the Daibutsu statue are
called **Tori Sumi" Sen (gathered end-
ings), which have this inscription as well
on the reverse.
Burbe. See Bourbe.
Burgalet. See Blaneos Burgales.
Burgunderthaler. See Albertusthaler.
Biirigozzo. A heavy silver Testone of
the value of 32 Soldi, struck by the Em-
peror Charles V for the Duchy of Milan
(1535-1556). It has a bust of the Em-
peror on one side and a standing figure of
St. Ambrosius on the reverse.
Burriey or Bauri. A money of account
in the Maldive Islands, and equal to twenty
Cowries (g.v.).
[
Bursariemeichen. A series of copper
tokens struck by the bursar of the guild
or chapter at Munster and Paderbom from
1543 to 1633. They are of the denomina-
tions of three Schillinge, 12, 6, 4, 3, 2, 1
Pfennig, and one Heller. The value is
on one side and a figure of St. Paul on the
reverse. Many are countermarked with
the arms or name of the bursar.
Bosch (plural Buschen). In 1493 Her-
mann IV, Archbishop of Cologne, the duke
of Julich and Berg, and the municipal
authorities of the city of Cologne, held a
conference to adjust the irregular mone-
tary system then prevalent, and agreed
upon the following values : Weisspf ennige,
24 to a Gulden ; Blanken, 12 to a Gulden ;
Double Buyschen, 18 to a Gulden; Simple
Buyschen, 36 to a Gulden ; Half Buyschen,
72 to a Gulden; Old Morchen (Moergyhe),
8 to a Weisspf ennig ; Neu Morchen: 12 to
a Weisspfennig.
The above appears to be an early refer-
ence to a small copper coin which derived
its name from a bouquet or bunch of flow-
ers and leaves which appeared on one side.
These coins were later identified with the
city of Aachen, or Aix-la-Chapelle. The
obsidional pieces of six and twelve sols
issued in 1597 are sometimes called Bu-
schen, and in the seventeenth and eigh-
teenth centuries the twelve and four Hel-
ler pieces had a respective value of three
and one Buschen. They were struck as
late as 1790 or 1792 and were abolished by
the Prussian coinage system of 1821.
Bussignarfi. According to Caucich, Bol-
lettino di Numism^tica Italiana (iii. 34),
this was a name used in Ancona to desig-
nate either the mezzi Ducati, or the mezzi
Scudi d'oro of twenty Bolognini.
Bussola, or Bossolotto. A popular name
for the Grosso issued at Mantua from the
period of Ludovico III. Gonzaga (1444-
1478) to Carlo II (1637-1647). The word
means a pyx, and these coins have on the
obverse the figure of a pyx, used for hold-
ing the host.
Bussolotto Papale. This was another
name for the Giulio struck in Parma by
Pope Clement VII, the type being copied
from the preceding coin.
Biitaca, or ButkL A former gold coin
of Morocco, the name of which is probably
36]
Butchers' Half -pence
a corruption of the Pataca (q.v.). Its value
was two Rials or twenty-seven Ukkias.
Butchers* Half-pence. This term is used
by Dean Swift in his Drapiers' Letters,
1724 (iii), and implies counterfeit or very
base silver coins.
Butgen. A silver coin issued at Campen,
Groningen, Deventer, ZwoUe, etc., during
the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. It
appears to have been of the value of two
Plakken, and is sometimes referred to as
the half Groot. See Prey (No. 459).
Butki. See Butaca.
Buttala. The popular name for a coin
of Piacenza issued during the seventeenth
Byzant
century and originally of a value of ten
Soldi. Its value, however, fluctuated con-
siderably, as in a monetary ordinance of
Sabbioneta of 1648, the Buttala is men-
tioned as equal to 14 Soldi, having been
ehanged from 12 Soldi.
Buzerook. See Bazarucco.
Buzzard. A slang term formerly ap-
plied to the silver dollar of the United
States on account of the buzzard-like eagle
on the reverse.
Byoke. An obsolete form of writing
Baiocco {q.v.).
Byte. An old English form of Bit (g.v.).
Byzant. See Solidus.
[37]
Cabes
Cambist
c
Cabes. An African money of account.
See Boss.
Cache. A copper coin issued by Prance
from 1720 to 1837 for its possessions in
Pondichery and Karikal on the Coroman-
del Coast. Conf. Kas.
There are a large number of varieties,
for a detailed account of which, see Zay
(pp. 273-285).
Cadiere. A billon coin of France issued
for Dauphiny by Charles V (1364-1380),
and retained by his successor Charles VI.
See Hoffmann (ii. 43).
Anne, Queen of France and Duchess of
Bretagne, struck a gold type, the Cadi^re
d'Oro, circa 1498. Conf. Engel and Ser-
rure (iii. 972).
Caduceati. See Nummi Caduceati.
CagUarescOy or Callaresifos. A small
copper coin of Cagliari which must not be
confused with the Cagliarese. It was orig-
inally struck by Charles II (1665-1700),
of the value of one sixth of the Soldo, or
one three-hundredth of the Scudo. In 1711
it was reduced to one half of its original
weight.
Cagliarese. A copper coin of Cagliari
in the island of Sardinia. It was first struck
by the Kings of Spain as rulers of Sar
dinia in the sixteenth century, and the
coinage extends to the beginning of the
nineteenth century under the House of
Savoy. Multiples of three Cagliaresi were
issued as late as the reign of Victor Eman-
uel I (1814-1821). It is usually computed
at two Denari.
Cagnolo. The popular name for a bil-
lon coin issued at Mantua by Giovanni
Francesco, a leader of the people. It had
on the obverse the figure of a dog, and on
the reverse a cross with the inscription:
PER SIGNUM LIBERA NOS.
Cagnone, meaning ''money of the stran-
gers," is, according to the Rivista Italiana
di Numismatica (ix. 86), a coin mentioned
in a proclamation issued at Milan in 1520;
its nominal value was three Soldi.
Caime. An inconvertible paper cur-
rency used in Turkey and Cyprus and abol-
ished in 1879.
The word Kaim, plural Kdime, in Turk-
ish, means ** upright,*' and comes to be used
for a bond, hence for the Treasury note.
or i..aza. A copper coin former-
ly used in the Malay Peninsula ; the name is
a Portuguese word derived from the Hindu
Kasu, or Kas. The common word cash
{q.v.) comes from this root.
A Dutch writer in the latter part of the
sixteenth century refers to it as being of
the size of the Duit, but with a hole in the
centre. He adds that two hundred Caixas
are equal to one Sata, and five Satas have
the value of a Carolus Gulden or a Portu-
guese Cruzado.
Houtman, in his Journaal (June 11,
1596), kept in the Straits of Sunda, states
that one hundred and sixteen Caxas are
equal to one Spanish Real. Conf, Netscher
and v.d. Chijs (p. 152). *
Birch, in his Commentaries , Hakluyt
Soc'y (ii. 128 ff), states that Albuquerque,
the Governor General, ordered a coinage
for Malacca in 1510, as follows: Pieces of
2 Caixas (tin) = 1 Dinheiro; 10 Dinheiros
(tin) = 1 Soldo; 10 Soldos (tin) =- 1 Bas-
tardo; 5 Bastardos (tin)=l Malaque
(silver), or 1 Catholico (gold).
Calculus. The Latin name for a
counter (g.v.).
Calderilla. A Spanish copper coin
struck by Philip IV, circa 1636 to 1654. Its
value fluctuated, for while originally equal
to eight Maravedis, specimens occur coun-
terstamped for twelve Maravedis.
Callaretifos. See Cagliaresco.
Cambist. A banker. Cambistry. The
science of exchange. From the Italian
cambista, from camhio, meaning exchange.
Ruding (ii. 138) states that **in the year
1270, the keeper of the cambium was ap-
pointed to assay the coins throughout the
whole Kingdom. '*
[38]
Camera
Carapace Money
Camera. An Italian term, meaning
money of exchequer, and usually found in
conjunction with the name of a coin, e.g.,
Piorini di Camera, Ducati di Camera, etc.
Camillipo. A silver coin of Correggio
which bears on the obverse a bust of Camil-
lo of AiLstria, Count of Correggio (1597-
1606). Its value was two Soldi.
Cammacks. Ruding (ii. 102) states
that at the close of the eighteenth century
**the copper coinage of Ireland was in an
infinitely better state compared with the
silver, coinage of England. The greater
part of it, however, was not mint coin, but
what was called Cammac's, being half
pence made by a person of that name, a
proprietor of copper mines, with a device
upon it, not the King's face."
Campiiltts* A coin mentioned in con-
junction with the rentals of the Roman
Catholic Church. Du Cange (ii. 67) thinks
that it probably signifies the revenue at-
tached to a small field.
Canaries. Francis Orose, in his Diction-
ary of the Vulgar Tongue, 1785, states
that this is a slang name for Guineas; the
reference is of course to the yellow color.
Candareen. The name given by for-
eigners in the Far East to the Chinese Fen
or Fun, the one hundredth part of the
Liang, or Tael {q.v.), and the tenth part of
the Mace (q.v.). Pieces are struck in the
following denominations: 7.2 Candareens,
equal to one tenth of a Dollar, and 3.6
Candareens, equal to one twentieth of a
Dollar; also known as five cents. As a
money of account it is worth about 1.4
cents. See Ch'ien and Fen.
Candle Thaler. A popular name for the
Licht Thaler (q,v.),
Canella, or On^. A denomination is-
sued in 1843 and 1845 under Maria II of
Portugal for Mozambique. It consisted of
an oblong bar of silver, bearing on one side
an M,and on the reverse onqa— 6 crs (Cru-
zados). The piece is also known as Pataca
iq.v.). See Teixeira de Aragao (xiv. 4),
and Fernandes (p. 333).
Canopy Type. A designation employed
to classify English silver coins. Thus on
some of the pennies of William I the term
is used where a full-face bust under a
canopy occurs.
Canteim. A copper coin of Bulgaria.
See Stotinka.
Capellone. From the Italian word ca-
pello, meaning **hair.'' The name given to
a silver coin of Modena struck by Frances-
co III d'Este (1737-1780), and distin-
guished by the long hair on the portrait.
Its value was one third of the Lira.
Capones. Du Cange cites a document of
the year 1250 reading sex denarios pro quo-
lihet foco . . . qui capones B, Mariae nun-
cupantur, etc., and assumes that this was
a tribute to the church.
Capuciae. A name given to a variety of
FoUari struck at Ragusa at the end of the
thirteenth century. The diadem and toga
on the figure on the obverse gave it the ap-
pearance of being covered with a cap,
hence the popular designation. A statute
of the year 1294 mentions, follari, qui
dicuntur capuciae.
Caput Aspergellis. See Skins of Ani-
mals.
Carambole. A name given to the silver
ficu of eighty Sols issued by Louis XIV in
1686 for Flanders. The reverse has a
crowned shield with the quartered arms of
France and Burgundy. There were also
struck divisions consisting of halves, quar-
ters, eighths, and sixteenths.
Carantanoy also variously written Car-
ano, and Charantano, and possibly a cor-
ruption, of Carinthia. The general name
in Italy for the Grosso Tirolino. It is thus
referred to as early as 1509 in some cor-
respondence between the Emperor Maxi-
milian and Giacomo IV, Appiani, Signor
of Piombino. During the sixteenth cen-
tury and later the name was common in
Venice and other parts of Northern Italy
to indicate the Kreuzer, and it was es-
pecially used for the Austrian Kreuzer
struck by Francis Joseph I for Milan, etc.
Multiples of five and ten Carantini of this
issue exist in silver. Conf. Quarantano,
infra.
Cara o Sella. A Spanish term meaning
**face or seal'* and corresponding to the
English ' ' Heads or Tails ' ' ( q.v. ) .
Carapace Money. A name given to a
variety of Chinese money, or tokens, issued
in the time of the Emperor Wu Ti of the
Ilan Dynasty (B.C. 140-86). It is de-
scribed in the Ch'ien Pu T'ung Chih, a
[39]
Carasco Dollar
Carolus
rare native work. The obverse, or tipper
side, resembles tJie back of a tortoise, with
scales, while the lower side is hollow, trav-
ersed by two ** roads." The name is due,
probably, to the shape and design of the
objects themselves, rather than to the an-
cient custom of using tortoise-shell in bar-
ter.
For detailed information concerning
types and designs, see Ramsden, in Am.
Joiirnal of Numismatics (xlv. p. 70).
Carasco Dollar. The name given to one
of the coins issued by the . Constitutional
Provisional Government of Mexico. They
were struck by orders of General Carasco,
at Culiacan, the capital of Sinaloa, in No-
vember, 1913.
Carat. Kelly (p. 49) mentions this as a
small Arabian coin and equal to one eigh-
tieth of a Piastre. He may have it con-
fused with Kabir (g.v.).
Caratto. Another name for the Pic-
ciolo (g.v.), but specially applied to the
coinage of Sbio. The Caratto, in copper,
was issued here during the reign of Lor-
enzo Giustiniani Banca (1483).
CarcL The plural of Carzia (q.v.).
Cardecii. See Quart d'Ecu.
Card Money. The name given to a
variety of promissory notes written on the
backs of playing cards, which were issued
by Intendant de Meules, in 1685, in Can-
ada, for the payments in arrears to sol-
diers. The issue continued for over thirty
years. See Breton (p. 11, et seq,).
CarivaL A former silver coin of Bom-
bay, the fifth part of a Rupee, and equal to
twelve Paisa. See Noback (p. 64).
Carl d'or. A gold coin of Brunswick
which takes its name from Charles Wil-
liam Ferdinand (1780-1806). It was
usually computed the same as the Pistole,
i.e., at five Thaler in gold. The name was
retained, after the death of Duke Charles,
until the end of 1834, when a new mone-
tary system went into effect. The name is
sometimes written Karl d'or.
Carle. A French nickname for the Car-
olus (q.v.).
Carlin. A silver coin of France struck
for Dauphiny by Charles V (1364-1380).
See Hoffmann (12).
Carlino. A gold coin of Sardinia issued
by Carlo Emanuele III (1730-1773), and
of the value of about thirty-five Lira in the
present monetary system.
His successor, Vittorio Amedeo III
(1773-1796), struck the Carlino Nuovo in
1790. This was a much larger coin, equal
to about one hundred and twenty Lira.
Carlino. A silver coin, the twelfth part
of the Ducato (^.v.), issued by Charles II
of Anjou, King of Naples and Sicily (1285-
1309). It was also called Gigliato (g.v.),
and the type was copied in the Florentine
series. By an ordinance of April 20, 1818,
the Carlino was made the tenth of the Du-
cato and equal to one hundred Grani for
Naples, or two hundred Baiocci for Sicily.
The Carlino of Bologna appeared under
Clement VII (1523-1534), and was issued
almost uninterruptedly until the middle of
the seventeenth century.
In Malta the Carlino was struck in sil-
ver of the value of half a Tarin as early as
the middle of the sixteenth century; its
value, however, was reduced, and under
Raimondo Despuig (1736-1741) copper
Carlini were issued.
Carlino Paiiale. A silver coin of Rome
of the Grosso type. It was first struck by
Urban V in 1367, and was issued by Boni-
face IX to commemorate his jubilee in
1400. Karlini Papali are referred to in a
Milanese ordinance of 1474, and again in
a tariflf of Bologna of 1588. This coin was
gradually reduced in weight, and eventual-
ly the Grosso took its place.
Carolin, plural Caroliner. A gold coin
of Sweden of the value of ten Francs. The
name is probably taken from Charles John
XIV (Bernadotte). It was last struck in
1868 by Charles XV.
The same designation is also applied to
a silver coin of Sweden issued by Charles
XI and Charles XII. See Karolin.
Carolingian Money. A general term for
the coins struck during the Carolingian
period in France, i.e., from Pepin (752-
768) to Hugh Capet {obit. 987). The
name is derived from Charlemagne, who
introduced monetary reforms. See Engel
and Serrure (passim) y and Blanchet (i.
141).
Carolus. A base silver or billon coin
struck by, and named after Charles VIII
[40]
Carolu8
Cash
of France (1483-1498). It probably re-
ceived its name from the large letter K. on
the obverse. It had a value of ten De-
niers Tournois, and, besides the regular
type, there were special issues for Bre-
tagne and Dauphiny. See Hoffman (pas-
sim). A proclamation of Henry VIII,
dated November 5, 1522, fixed its value at
four-pence sterling. See Ruding (i. 305).
Carolus, or Carolus Gulden* A silver
Gulden issued by Charles V for the Nether-
lands. There is an extensive series of them
for Besan^n. They begin about 1540, and
the name appears to have been retained
until the end of the sixteenth century,
even after the death of the Emperor.
Carolus Dollar. The common name for
the Spanish-American silver Dollar or
piece of eight Reales when used for trade
in the far East. The term is confined to
the issues of Charles III (1759-1789) and
Charles IV (1789-1808).
Caron. A name given to the billon
Marque in the Reunion Islands.
Caroub. See Kharub.
Carrarino. A silver coin of Padua,
struck by Jacopino da Carrara (1350-
1355) and his successor Francesco I da
Carrara (1355-1388). The name is de-
rived from the prominent figure of a car-
ra, or cart, on the obverse, which may pos-
sibly be the origin of the name of the
governing family.
CarrettinL A general name for the
money issued by the Marchesi del Caretto,
Signors of Cortemiglia. In the Rivista
Italiana di Numismatica (xiii. 79), a chron-
icle of Piacenza of the year 1255 is cited
which reads: eodem anno de mense de-
cemhris mercatores fecerunt fieri monetam
novam apud marchiones de Carretto quam
appellabant carrettini.
CarturheeL A nickname given to the sil- ^
ver Dollar of the United States, probably
on account of its size compared to all of
the other coins. The term is applied to
any large coin that is unwieldy. See Boul-
ton's Twopence.
Carucage. A tax of one penny formerly
impeded in England on every plough. See
Eleemosyna Aratri.
The Italian equivalent of Kreu-
zer {q,v,). It is applied to copper coins
issued by the Prioli Family for Nicosia in
the sixteenth century, etc.
Carzia. The popular name to indicate
the fractional part of the money of Cy-
prus, and usually applied to the Danaro.
The term was copied by the Venetians in
the sixteenth century.
A slang expression for a dollar.
The etymology is uncertain, but it may be
a corruption of the French caisse, i.e.,
money.
Cash, in commerce, signifies ready
money, or actual coin paid on the instant,
and in this sense it has been in use since
the latter part of the sixteenth century.
The etymology appears to be from the
French word caisse,, a coffer or chest in
which money was kept.
Two early instances of the use of the
term are to be found in Saffron Walden,
by Thomas Nashe, 1596 (106), to wit, '*He
put his hand in his pocket but . . . not
to pluck out anie cash;" and in Shake-
speare's King Henry V (ii. 1, 120).
Cash. The name, given by foreigners to
the Chinese copper coin with a square hole
in the centre. The term is probably derived
through the Portuguese word Caixa, from
the Telugu and Karanese word Easu (^.v.),
and the Tamil Kas, which, in turn, prob- '
ably comes from the Sanskrit Karsha, or
Karshapana. The Chinese call this coin
by various names, Ch'ien (q.v.) being the
most common. The more modern Chinese
term is Wen (g.v.), which is the word ex-
pressed in Chinese characters on many of
the modern copper coins that bear as well
the English word Cash. The Chinese Li,
the thousandth part of a Tael, is the equi-
valent of the word Cash.
The coin known as Cash has been for
about two thousand years of an almost uni-
form design, circular in shape, and with a
square hole in the centre, the object of the
latter feature being for the purpose of
stringing (a string of Cash being known as
a Kuan, Ch'iian or Tiao, q.v.).
These coins are cast and sometimes are
of fine brass, while others are a mixture
of copper, spelter, and iron.
The inscriptions on these coins since
A.D. 621 are mostly uniform. The char-
[41]
r^A
Catde
acters to the right and left can be trans-
lated "current coin" or ** currency, "while
those at the top and bottom are the names
of the emperors, or more properly the
name under which their reign is known.
For the most part the value has been one
li or one thousandth, though multiples of
two and five have been made from early
times. During the nineteenth century, fol-
lowing the Tai Ping rebellion tokens up
to 1000 cash in denomination were issued.
In 1895 some improvement was made
in the coinage, the pieces being made of
uniform size and struck instead of cast.
About the year 1900, when silver was
no longer circulated in China by weight,
but by value, copper was struck of one
general design for the different provinces
into which the country is divided. The
new denomination consisted of 1, 2, 5, 10,
and 20 cash. The 10 cash in Kwang Tung
Province bore the inscription one cent,
probabh^ due to the influence of the Hong
Kong coinage. These new coins had a
dragon on one side, and the central hole
was no longer retained except for the
Kwang Tung issues. Conf^ also Ramsden,
in Spink (xxiii. 163-169), and see Kas.
The English word for the Hindu
Kas or Kasu (g.r.). The word cash is
used on the copper coins of Mysore about
iSiO under Krishna Raja Udaiyar (1799-
1^6^). The inscriptions read xl cash,
XXV CASH, XX CASH, X CASH, V CASH. The
rare 21^2' ^^4» ^^^ l^^o cash pieces have
the value in Kanarese numerals.
Certain of the modern copper coins of
Travaneore have their values expressed in
ea^h as well as a number of the copper
et>ins of the British East India Co. In
Sumatra it was a money of account and
worth about three cents.
See Timbre de Valencia.
A silver coin of the
Durhv of Berg struck bv Joachim Murat
in l^Yi. It is fretiuently referred to as
the Kasi^nthaler, but the reverse has the
inscription i. bergischer. cassa. thaler.
CaMavsraadiCB. The name given to a
silver Gn>eschen of Bonn which has on the
n^verse a ^iew of the church of St. Cas-
Niu^, the patn>n saint of the citv. Thev
were i^ueii under Aivhbishop Henrv II,
Earl uf Vimebure (1304-1332^
The name applied 'in gen-
eral to an3^ gold coin bearing the armorial
shield of Castile, but specially to such as
were one-fiftieth of the gold marc in
weight. Under Pedro I, King of Castile
(1350-1368), the Castellano was computed
at thirty Maravedis.
CastoriatL See Denarius.
Castorland Token. A silver pattern
struck in Paris in 1796 by Duvivier, for
a French settlement in the northern part
of the State of New York. It has on the
reverse the figure of Ceres and a beaver
in the exei^rue, with the motto salve magna
PARENS PRUGUM.
For a detailed description of the token
and the Colony see Hickcox, Historical
Account of American Coinage^ 1858 (p.
85), and Amer, Journal of Numismatics
(iv. 34).
CastrooL A general term for the Orossi
struck in the Duchy of Castro by Pier
Luigi Famese (1545-1547). These usually
have the inscription vrb. castricvs.
Castmocino. A silver coin of Lucca
which receives its name from Castruccio
Castrucci (1316-1328). It has a crowned
bust portrait figure holding a sceptre, and
on the reverse the inscription imperiaus,
with LVCA in the exei^rue. Its value was
equal to the mezzo Grosso.
Cataa Hamae. A gold coin of the mod-
ern Eg^^tian series of the value of five
Piastres. It was introduced A.H. 1255 or
A.D. 1839.
Catenen. Forgeries of ancient Oreek
coins are said to be known by this term
in Sicily. The name owes its origin to
the activities in this line of the notorious
brothers Bianchi of Catania.
CatedusuMHtlialer, or danbensduJer.
A medallic silver Thaler issued by Ernst,
Duke of Sachsen 6otha in 1668. It has
the articles of belief from the catechism
on both obverse and reverse. See Madai
(1512).
CatednL The Sp>anish equivalent of the
Chaise d*Or and valued at 33 Marabo-
tini. Old French documents mention the
Cathedra in alluding to the same coin.
CatboGoo. A gold coin introduced by
Albuquertjue, Governor General of Mal-
acca in 1510. ^^Y Caixa.
Catde useil for pa\nnents. See Pecunia,
Nowt Greld, and Animals.
[42]
Catty
Cent
Catty, or Chin. The Chinese pound,
composed of sixteen Taels or Liangs, and
weighing approximately one and one third
of our pounds.
Catty, or Chang. A Siamese weight of
2.675 lbs., avoirdupois. Treasury pieces
of a spherical form have been made in
silver of the value of 1, V2» Mj Vs ^^^
Wq Cattys, or in Ticals 80, 40, 20, 10,
and 5.
Catty. See Bahar.
Caturvim^tiniana. See Krishnala.
Cauci. A term employed by Italian
numismatic writers to indicate coins of
concave shape.
Cavalier. A name given to coins bear-
ing on the obverse the figure of a knight
on horseback. The term is generally ap-
plied to the French and Flemish series,
the provinces of the Low Countries re-
taining the name Rijder (q.v,). Conse-
quently the Cavalier d^Or is the same as
the Gouden Rijder, and the Cavalier d'
Argent is the Rijderdaelder. A silver
Gros au Cavalier was struck by John II,
Count of Hainaut (1280-1304).
CavalittL A nickname used in Bologna
for the Grossi of Ferrara which bore the
figure of St. George on horseback.
Cavalla. According to the Corpus Num-
morum Italicorum (xxiv. 9), this was
a billon coin of Antonio I, Prince of Mon-
aco (1701-1731) of the value of four
Danari.
Cavallina. A necessity coin issued for
Candia under Venetian rule in 1571 and
1573 to supply the lack of Danari. Speci-
mens occur in both copper and base sil-
ver. It receives its name from Marino
Cavalli, the governor.
CavaUo. A copper coin issued by Fer-
dinand I of Aragon while ruler of Naples
and Sicily (1458-1494), which obtains its
name from the figure of a horse on the re-
verse. This device was abandoned in the
sixteenth century, but the coin neverthe-
less retained its name.
An idea of the small value of the coin
can be readily obtained when we consider
that 1200 went to the Ducato (g.v.) and
that it was the twelfth part of a Grano, as
the issues under Ferdinand IV dated 1786
to 1797 state.
The coin was consequently largely struck
in multiples, and pieces of 2, 3, 4, 6, and
9 Cavalli are common.
CavaUotto. A silver coin which, like
the Cavallo, derives its name from the
figure of the horse on the reverse.
It was struck for Asti by Louis XII of
France early in the sixteenth century; at
Carmagnola under Michele Antonio (1504-
1528) ; at Correggio by Camillo and Fab-
rizio (1580-1597) ; at Sabbioneta by Ves-
pasiano Gonzaga (1559-1591) ; etc,
Caveer. See Kabir.
Caveria. Du Cange (ii) cites an ordi-
nance of Sancho VII, King of Navarre
(1194-1234), in which viginti caverias are
referred to.
Cawne, or Kahan. A money of ac-
count in the Maldive Islands and equal to
1280 Cowries (g.v.),
Caxa. See Caixa.
Cecchine. A corruption of Zecchino
(g.v.) and conf, Checquin and Chickino,
infra.
Ben Jonson, in his play Volpone, 1605
(i. 3), uses the phrase **When euery word
. . . is a cecchine."
Ceiniog. An old Welsh word meaning
a penny. See Cianog.
Ceitily also called Real Preto, the earliest
copper coin of Portugal, of the value of
one-sixth of the Real, first issued by Al-
fonso III (1248-1279). It has usually a
castle with three towers occupying a large
part of the field, and was extensively
struck at Lisbon, Porto, and Ceuta. The
latter town in Northern Africa is sup-
posed to have supplied the name of the
coin.
Cella. See Aquilino.
Cenoglego. A name given to a variety
of the silver Soldo issued in Venice under
Francesco Dandolo (1326-1339), and his
successors Bartolomeo Gradenigo and An-
drea Dandolo. The name is derived from
the kneeling figure of the Doge on the
obverse.
Cent The name of a copper coin of the
United States of North America, and equal
to the one-hundredth part of the Dollar.
The word was first used on the so-called
Washington Cent of 1783, but the reg-
ular coinage of the Cent and half Cent was
not authorized until 1792.
[43]
CtuJlAF Ct1>#hn|fc
For an early use of the word in the
history of the United States coinage see
Am, Journal of Numismatics (xv. 77).
The Cents are classified according to
their devices, c.^., Fillet head. Turban
head, Indian head, etc. They were first
struck in 1793 and everj' year thereafter
with the exception of 1815. In 1857 the
size was reduced.
The half Cent was abolished in 1857;
the two-Cent pieces were issued from 1864
to 1873; the nickel three-Cent pieces were
issued from 1865 to 1889 ; the sUver three-
Cent pieces from 1851 to 1873; and the
nickel five-cent pieces were authorized in
1866 and are still in use. For four years,
1875 to 1878, silver twenty-Cent pieces
were coined.
The Cent as an equivalent of the one-
hundredth part of the Dollar is also used
in British North America, British Quiana,
British Honduras, the Danish West Indies,
Hawaii, Fiji, Liberia, Cuba, Guam, the
Philippine Islands, Porto Rico, North Bor-
neo, Hong Kong, China, the Chinese
Treaty Ports, Labuan, Sierra Leone, Sar-
awak, and the Straits Settlements.
In Ceylon, Mauritius and Seychelles it
is the one-hundredth part of a Rupee ; and
in the Netherlands and the Dutch Col-
onies the one-hundredth part of the Florin
or Gulden.
CenlaTO. A copper coin of Mexico,
Central America, and many countries in
South America. It is almost uniformly
the one-hundredth part of a Peso.
Centenariaey or Centauuruie Fomuie
were large gold medallions equal to one
hundred Aurei, said by Lampridius, Sev.
Alex. (39) to have been struck by the Em-
peror Elagabalus.
or Ntuniinit CentaiMMudit. A coin first
mentioned in an edict of Constantius II
and Julian of the year 356 A.D. It was
of bronze, slightly washed with silver, and
weighed between 3.55 and 2.60 grammes.
It was first introduced by Constantine the
Great and continued to be issued in great
numbers until after Arcadius. It was the
hundredth part of the silver Siliqua. See
Babelon, Traite (i. 612-614).
Centenno. A copper coin of various
countries, which, as its name indicates, is
the one-hundredth part of some larger and
frequently standard coin. Thus, in Italy,
Lombardy, Venice, and San Marino, 100
Centesimi equal one Lira; in Uruguay 100
Centesimi equal one Peso; etc.
Cwilime, A copper coin; the one-hun-
dredth part of a Franc. It bears this re-
lationship in France and the French Col-
onies, Monaco, Belgium, Bulgaria, Luxem-
burg, Switzerland, etc.
In Haiti the Centime is the one hun-
dredth part of the (Jourde.
The multiples of the Centime exist in
both copper and nickel.
Oiil i iBu . The Spanish equivalent of
the Centime and Centesimo. In Spain it
is the one hundredth of the Peseta, and
before 1871 it was the one hundredth of
the Escudo. It is used in the same rela-
tion to a larger coin in Morocco, Vene-
zuela, Costa Rica, and the Dominican Re-
public.
See Talent.
A multiple of one hundred
Asses after the first reduction, and used
as a money of account.
See Leal.
A French nickname for any
piece of money in allusion to its shape.
Cerrette, or CcnrettonL According to
the Rivista Italiana di Numismatica (xxii.
39), this was a coin issued in Casale dur-
ing the war of 1628. It received its name
from the figure of a stag on the obverse.
Cenria. A silver coin of Massa di Lu-
nigiana, a fief of the Malaspino Family.
It appears to have been originally issued
under Alberico I Cibo (1559-1623), with
a figure of St. Peter on the reverse, and
a stag on the obverse. The latter gave
rise to the nickname Lupetta for the coin,
as the stag was supposed to bear a re-
semblance to a wolf.
The Cervia was also a coin of Casale
Monferrato struck by William II Pale-
ologo (1494-1518) ; it bore the figure of a
stag in an enclosure. Promis (i. 185) cites
a proclamation of Charles III, Duke of
Savoy, dated 1529 which prohibits monete
et dinari di Monferrato nomati cervoni.
Chahar Gothah, meaning a square piece,
is the name given to a gold coin of Al:bar,
Emperor of Hindustan, and valued at
thirty Rupees. See Sihansah.
[44]
Chaine Money
Chazza
Chain Cent. The popular name for the
earliest type of copper cents issued by the
Grovernment of the United States in 1793.
There are several varieties, one of which
reads ameri.
Chaine Money. See Ghany.
Chaise, or Chaise d*Or. A French gold
coin struck originally by Philip IV (1285-
1314) and copied by Edward III in the
Anglo-Gallic series. It received this name
because the ruler is seated on a Gothic
throne or chair of state.
A similar coin was issued in Germany
by Ludwig IV (1314-1347) and the type
was copied in the Low Countries under the
name of Clinckaert {q.v,).
Chakram, or Chuckram. A silver coin
of the Hindu State of Travancore issued
in the eighteenth century and later. There
are multiples and divisions, and report
says that Chakrams of gold had once been
coined, but this, though probable, lacks
confirmation.
The Chakram is equal to sixteen copper
Kas, and is the fourth part of the Fanam.
Conf. Elliot {passim),
Chalddian League. See League Coin-
age.
Chalcos, or Chalkos* The earliest Greek
copper coin and the eighth part of the
Obol iq.v,). The etymology is probably
from XaXxo?, i,e,, ore, or from Chalcis, the
city that commanded the market for cop-
per.
It is supposed to have been first struck
in the time of the Peloponnesian War, and
was largely used by the successors of Alex-
ander the Great.
The multiples of the Chalcus were the
Dekachalk (=- 10 units), Octochalk (= 8
units), Pentachalk (= 5 units), Tetra-
chalk (=4 units), Trichalk (= 3 units),
Dichalk (=2 units). It was subdivided
into the Hemichalk (=% unit).
Chalk* See Chalcus.
Challaine. See Chazza.
Challies and half Challies are copper
coins issued by the Dutch Government for
Ceylon. They are the same as the Duit
{q.v.).
Chabners' Tokens. The name given to
a series of three silver pieces issued in
1783 by I. Chalmers, a goldsmith of An-
napolis, Maryland. They consist of the
Shilling, six-pence and three-pence denomi-
nations. For details, etc., see Crosby.
Chalongia, or Chaloigne. Du Cange
cites this as an example of how the word
Schilling is corrupted in mediaeval docu-
ments. The word occurs in ordinances of
Peter, Bishop of Laon, of 1377 and 1386.
Chamsi. The name given to the one
eighth Piastre in the Egyptian series. It
is a base silver coin of the value of five
Paras.
Chang. The Siamese name for Catty
(q.v.),
Ch'an Pi, or Ch'an Pu. See Pu.
Chany, or Chaine Money. A dialect
corruption of China money and applied to
the porcelain tokens issued by the Pinxton
China Works in East Derbyshire, England.
These pieces are oval in shape, flat on one
side and convex on the other. The convex
side bears the value in large figures.
Ch'ao. One of the Chinese names for
their paper money.
Chaouri. See Abbasi.
Charantano. See Carantano.
Charms, i.e., metallic tokens with pic-
tures in lieu of inscriptions, were used in
Japan and Korea for money at times. See
ESen.
Cham. A silver coin of India and
equivalent to the quarter Rupee. See
Sihansah.
Charon's OboL See Naulum.
Charta Magna Thaler. Another name
for the Convention Thaler struck in 1818
by Maximilian Joseph I, King of Bavaria.
It has on the reverse a figure of a tablet
bearing the inscription charta magna
BAVARIAE.
Chasperli. See Kasperle.
Chaubinhank. See Chulon.
Chavo. The native name in Porto Rico
for the Spani3h copper pieces in use on
this island.
Chazza. A tin coin of Malacca and
probably a later name for the Bastardo
iq.v.). William Barret in his Travels
(circa 1550), says:
**Por the mony of Malacca the least
mony current is of tinne stamped with
the Armes of Portugall and 12 of these
[45]
Checquin
Ch'ien
make a Chazza. The Chazza is also of
tinne with the said Armes and two of
these make a Challaine. The Challaine is
of tinne with the said Armes and forty
of these make a Tanga of Goa good mony
but not made in Malacca."
Checquin, Chekin, and Che<ium are all
corruptions of Sequin, the latter being a
colloquial form of the Zecchino (q.v,). In
HakluyVs Voyages, 1599 (ii. i. 152), he
says, * * Buery man a chekin, which is seuen
shillings and two pence sterling." Brome,
Novella, 1632 (i. 2), uses the term ** Here's
a thousand checquines. "
Massinger, in A Very Woman, 1655 (iii.
1), uses the form **chekeen"; and Wheler,
in his Journey to Greece, 1682 (vi. 413),
has *'chequin." Conf, Chickino, infra,
A table adopted in the Province of Mary-
land in 1763, as a standard for payments,
mentions the Arabian Chequin as equal to
108 pounds of tobacco. By an act of 1781,
after Maryland became a State, fixed val-
uations were put on foreign coins, and
among others Arabian Chequins are quoted
as equal to thirteen shillings and sixpence.
See Gubber.
Chelin. A corruption of Shilling, and
applied in lower Canada first to the silver
twenty cent piece issued in 1858, and later
to the twenty-five cent piece which ap-
peared in 1870.
Chelonai, or ** Tortoises." The Greek
popular name for the money of Aegina
bearing the tortoise type.
Chequin* See Checquin.
Cherafin* A silver coin of Goa. Sec
Xeraphin.
Cherassi. The name of a modern Per-
sian gold coin struck at coronations and
of varying value. See Kelly (p. 358).
Chesle-money. An English dialect
word used in Gloucestershire by the coun-
try people to designate the Roman coins
which are frequently found in ploughing,
etc.
Chhi-Ke. A Tibetan coin of the value
of three Annas. See Tang-Ka.
Chia Ch'ien. See Yu Chia Ch^en.
Chianflune. See Cianfrone.
The modern Chinese name for
the 10 cent coin. In some provinces the
5, 10, 20 and 50 cent pieces are expressed
by 1/^, 1, 2 and 5 Chiao instead of by Mace
and Candareens. See Hao.
Chiappe di Forte. Promis (ii. 12) cites
this as a money current in Turin in 1335
of which 28 were equal to a Grosso.
Chiavarino. A copper coin of Frinco
issued by the Counts Ercole and Claudio
Mazzetti (1581-1601). The word Chiavajo
in Italian means the Keeper of the Keys,
and the coin receives its name from the
Papal type of the keys and tiara which
appear on this issue.
Chickino, and Chickquiny are corrup-
tions of Zecchino (q.v,), Caesar Pred-
erici in Hakluyt's Voyages, 1583 (ii. 342)
mentions ''Chickinos which be pieces of
gold woorth seuen shillings a piece ster-
ling." W. Parry, Travels of Sir A, Sher-
ley, 1601 (30) uses the expression ** Feed-
ing her with two chickins.*^ Chapman, in
May Day, 1611, has *'Half a cliickeene to
cut's throat,*' and Greaves in Seraglio,
1653 (9), says, **Six hundred thousand
chicquins yearly. ' '
In the first quarto edition of Shakes-
peare's Pericles, 1609 (iv. 2), we find men-
tion of ** three or four thousand clieckins,"
but in the later quartos, and in the third
and fourth folios (1664, 1685), the same
word is written '^chickins" and **chick-
eens," thus indicating that there was no
fixed rule for the spelling.
Ch'ieny also written Tsien or Tsen. The
common Chinese term for money which has
been thus used from very early times. It
probably superseded the word Ch'uan
(q.v.). Specifically it applied to the round
copper coins, they being the only coins
made, and is synonomous to our word
cash (q.v.). It originally meant the Hoe
coins as the word was used for a hoe. The
word has been until recent times written
Tsien. It is also a weight and is then
known as a Mace (q.v.) by foreigners, it be-
ing the one tenth part of the Liang or Tael.
Certain coins of the Hsien Feng period had
the weight thus expressed on them, as well
as the first struck Kwang-tung cash, which
bore ** Treasury weight, one Ch'ien." The
words Ch'ien Pi are also used as a general
term for copper money. See also Wen and
Li.
[46]
Chienes
Chon
In Japan the word is Sen {q.v.) ; in
Korea, Chun or Chon {q,v.) ; in Siam
Salung (q.v.).
Chienes, or Kiennes. A term found in
an ordinance of 1380 which reads minuta
moneta chiamata chiens che ad essi costo
la somma di 15 franchi; and a document
of Liege of 1382 reads certaine monnaie
que on appeloit Kiennes, Du Cange as-
sumes that in all probability these are the
popular names of some coins with a figure
of a dog upon them.
Ch'ien Fan. The Chinese name for the
coin moulds in which their coins from the
earliest times to about 1890 were cast.
Ch'ien Pi. See Ch'ien.
Chih Pi. The Chinese word now com-
monly used for paper money.
Chih-tsL See Kiao-tze.
Chih-tsien. The Chinese word meaning
standard coinage.
ChikinOy like Chickino, supra, was a cor-
ruption of Zecchino (q.v.). T. Sanders,
in An Unfortunate Voyage to Tripoli^
1589, says **lend him 100 chikinos."
Chimfram. The name given to the half
Real Portuguez issued under Alfonso V
(1438-1481). These coins were struck at
Lisbon and Porto. The word signifies
clipped and was applied to these pieces
on account of their inferior weight.
Chimney Money, also called Hearth
Money, was a crown duty for every fire-
place in a house, established 14 Charles II
(c. 2). It was productive of great dis-
content and was abolished by 1 William
and Mary (Stat. 1. c. 10).
Pepys, in his Diary, under October 15,
1666, writes, * * One moved that the chimney-
money might be taken from the King."
Chin, or Kin. The Chinese word for
Catty (g.v.) or pound. The word is found
on certain Ku Pu coins (g.v.) as a weight
value. Another Chinese character with
the same sound means gold or precious,
and is sometimes used for money. The
word Chin Pi is now commonly used for
gold money. See Kin for a specific piece.
China Money. See Chany.
Chinker. A colloquial name for any-
thing that chinks, as a coin or a piece of
money.
Sir Henry Taylor, in Philip Van Arte-
velde, 1834 (ii. 185), has this passage:
**Are men like us to be entrapped and
sold, and see no money? ... So let us
see your chinkers."
Chin Tao. See Knife Money.
Chiqua. According to Du Cange this
was a small coin issued by the Bishop of
Grenoble in 1343.
Chiquiney. A corruption of Zecchino
(g.v.) and conf, Chickino and Checquin,
supra,
Coryat, in his Crudities, 1611 (191),
refers to '* chests . . . full of chiquineys. ' '
Chise. A Turkish money of account.
See Beutel.
Chitopense. Ruding (i. 197) states that
in 1289 or 1290 the Mayor of Bordeaux
**made proclamation that until the feast of
Saint Martin, the Chitopenses should still
be current at the rate of five Chitopenses
for four new Pennies, or the same number
of petit Tournois.^'
In 1312 eight Chipotenses were reck-
oned to be equal to one Sterling.
Cho Gin, meaning ^'long silver," is a
name given to oval lumps of silver, more
or less diluted with copper, issued in Japan
as early as 1601. They have no right to
be called circulating coin.
Munro states (p. 202) that **the weight
was supposed to be 43 momme, but owing
to uncouth form and rough casting, these
pieces frequently fell short of this amount.
To correct the deficiency, pieces of silver
of various weights were added. These have
been described in some works as Bean
money, but this is quite incorrect, the ex-
pression Mame Gin, or Bean Silver, hav-
ing reference to their usually round or
bean like form. They all represent Dai-
koku Ten, the god of wealth, and have
the year period impressed in the centre
of each figure."
Chon, or Chun, generally referred to
colloquially as Yopchon, is a Korean word,
and a general term for any copper coin,
circular in form, and having a square hole
in the centre. The Chinese word is Ch'ien.
The Tang-bak-chon was a copper coin of
Korea issued in the third year of the Em-
peror Tai, i.e., A.D. 1866, for the purpose
of making up the deficit in the funds for
building the Kyong-pok palace. It bore
[47]
Chonen Taiho
Chugul
characters meaning ''worth a hundred,"
but having no such real value its use had
to be forced upon the people, causing great
distress.
The Tang-au-chon was a copper coin
issued in the twentieth year of the same
Emperor, i.e., A.D. 1883. It had charac-
ters meaning ** worth five" on the reverse
and was put into circulation at the value
of five of the older coins, but having no
such real value and being similar in size
with the larger varieties of the older coins,
it was often used indiscriminately with the
latter. For the silver pieces with enamel
centres see Daidong Chun.
The modem copper Korean Chon is the
equivalent and almost the counterpart of
the Japanese Sen. In 1894 nickel two
Chon five Pun pieces were issued in great
quantities, and in 1897 silver ten and
twenty Chons, nickel five Chon, and copper
one and half Chons were issued.
Chonen Taiho. See Jiu ni Zene.
Chopped Dollars. The popular desig-
nation for the Mexican silver Dollars
stamped by one or more business firms in
Chinese and Indo-Chinese ports as a token
of their genuineness.
A decision of the United States Treas-
ury Department dated April 18, 1905 (No.
26281) reads as follows:
**0n and after May 1, 1905, the silver
dollar of Mexico will be valued at $0,498,
as proclaimed on April 1, 1905 (Treasury
Decision 26223). The duties on mer-
chandise imported from countries other
than Mexico, invoiced in so-called Mexican
dollars, will be computed on the bullion
value as heretofore.''
In Treasury Decision 26560, which gives
the value of foreign coins after July 1,
1905, the Mexican chopped dollar is cited
for the first time, its value being given
as $0,458.
The word **chop'' in China, India, etc.,
means an official impression of a seal or
stamp.
Ovington, in A Voyage to Snratt, 1696
(251), says: **Upon their Chops, as they
call them in India, or Seals engraven, are
only Characters, generally those of their
Name."
Simmonds, in his Dictionary of Trade,
1859, has: *'Chhap, an official mark on
weights and measures to indicate their ac-
[
curacy ; an eastern Custom-house stamp or
seal on goods that have been examined and
have paid duty."
Cho-tang. See Tang-Ea.
Christfest Thaler. See Weihnachts Tha-
ler.
Christian d'Or. A gold coin of Den-
mark struck sipce 1775 by Christian VII,
from whom it receives its name.
Christkindl Dnkat The popular name
for any of the numerous varieties of gold
Ducats bearing the figure of the infant
Savior.
Christus Gulden. The popular name for
a gold florin of Utrecht, struck by David
de Bourgogne (1456-1496). It has on the
obverse a figure of the Savior seated on a
throne. See v.d. Chijs (xvii. 7).
Chriraos* A Greek word meaning gold ;
the Staters were consequently known as
Chrysoi Stateroi.
Chu. Also variously written Schu and
Tchu. A Chinese weight, equivalent to
about a drachm, and occasionally found
stamped on some of the earlier coins. The
name may be derived from Tsu, the most
southerly State of China in the last cen-
turies before the Christian era.
The Chu and its multiples became the
standard coins of the Chinese Empire dur-
ing many of the later dynasties. See Wu
Tchu.
Ch'uan. A Chinese word meaning funds
held in reserve, also a spring. The word is
also used for money. The word Ch'uan
was eventually supplanted by Ch'ien
(q.v,). The character for Ch'uan is found
on the coins of Wang Mang (A.D. 7-14).
We find the following combinations:
Ch'uan Fa=coinage, Ch'uan Pi=metal
money, Ch'uan Pu, or Pu Ch'uan«cur-
rency.
Ch'iian« The Chinese word for a string
of Cash. This word has somewhat taken
the place of Kuan, or Kwan. Another
word is Tiao.
Chuc. Annamese money of account.
See Quan.
Chuckram. See Chakram.
Chugul. A gold coin of Akbar, Em-
peror of Hindustan, valued at 27 Rupees.
See Sihansah.
48]
ChOlon
Civil War Tokens
Chuloiiy or ChaobinlMaik. The name
given to certain silver ingots shaped some-
thing like a mower's whetstone, between
four and five inches long. These pieces
are characterized by rows of protuber-
ances on one of the surfaces, and are used
in Annam and the Lao States. See Schroe-
der (p. 637).
Chun. See Chon.
Chun Dam. The half of the Dam in the
currency of Nepal. See Suka.
Chung Pao. The Chinese name for
heavy coin, and it is thus written, instead
of T 'ung Pao, on many of the larger of the
old type Gash.
Chun Pdt meaning ''arrow money," was
a variety of coin struck in Korea in the
ninth year of King Sei-cho, i.e., A.D. 1464.
One piece of Chun Pei was fixed by law to
be worth three pieces of the paper money,
and the coins were used as arrows in times
of emergency. See Arrow Head Money.
Church Tokens. A series of brass or
copper counters issued by churches in Sax-
ony and other parts of Germany in the
seventeenth century. They were common-
ly known as Kirchenpfennige, and were
sold to the worshippers, who deposited
them in the offertory, etc. See, also, Com-
munion Tokens.
Cianfranct or Chianflune. A name given
to a variety of the silver Scudo issjied by
Charles V, and also during the siege of
Naples in 1528. This coin is mentioned in
a monetary edict of October 8, 1533.
Under Philip III of Naples (1598-1621),
the same name was applied to the silver
half Ducato, which had a value of five Car-
lini, and which was later known as Pataca
(q.v.).
Cianogt Cianoige, or Cionog. Macbain,
Etymological Dictionary of the Gaelic
Language, 1896, defines this as a small
coin. Conf. Welsh, Ceiniog, a Penny. In
Cork, Galway, Donegal, etc., it is used to
designate a half Farthing.
Cica«la Money. The name given to a
variety of Chinese metallic currency on ac-
count of its resemblance to the harvest fly.
Ramsden, who describes them in detail
(pp. 33-34), quotes a Chinese manual
where they are mentioned as money to be
fastened to wearing apparel.
Cinco. A name given to the French
piece of five Francs in the Dominican Re-
public.
Cincuentin. See Cinquantina.
Cingus. Another name for the Quin-
cunx (q.v.),
Cinquantina, also called Cincuentin.
The largest of all the Spanish silver coins
of a value of fifty Reales. It was issued
by Philip III, Philip IV, and Charles II.
Some of the varieties struck at Segovia
have a view of the aqueduct of that town.
Cinquina. A silver coin struck under
Ferdinand I of Aragon, as King of Naples
and Sicily (1458-1494). Its value appears
to have been originally five Grani but the
later issues .being of copper were only
equal to two and a half Grani. See Du-
cato.
In the Maltese series this coin appears
at the beginning of the seventeenth cen-
tury in copper and was struck as late as
the reign of Emanuel de Rohan (1775-
1797).
Cinquinho. A small silver coin of Por-
tugal, first issued under Manuel (1495-
1521), with a value of five Reis. It was
continued under the reign of John III
(1521-1557) and then abolished.
Cimiog. See Cianog.
Cisele. An expression used by French
numismatists to indicate that a coin or
medal has been re-engraved or tooled to
bring out certain portions in relief.
lorus. A silver coin principally
minted in the Kingdom of Pergamos dur-
ing the second and first centuries B.C. and
which was valued at three Roman Denarii.
It receives its name from the representa-
tion on the obverse of the cista, or mystic
chest of Bacchus, from which serpents are
escaping.
The place of mintage of the Cistophori
is often indicated by the first letters of
the name of the city, the types of which
appear as subordinate symbols in the field
of the coin.
Citharepliori. At first a popular term
which later became an official name for
the silver Hemidrachms of the Lycian
League which bore the reverse type of a
lyre (Ke^apa, hence KtOapti^opoe).
Civfl War Tokens. See Copperheads.
[49]
Clean Dollars
Cob Money
Qean Dollars. A term used to desig-
nate the unehopped Chinese Dollars; they
usually command a premium of one per
cent or more over the chopped varieties.
See Chalmers (p. 378).
ClementL A general term for the
Grossi issued by Pope Clement VII (1523-
1534) ; a practise instituted by Julius II
with the Giulio. An earlier silver coin,
the Grosso Clementino, or Clementino, was
struck by Pope Clement V (1304-1314).
Clenunergulden. A name given to the
gold florin of Gueldres and Juliers struck
by Charles of Egmond (1492-1538). It
has a figure of St. John the Baptist, and
the inscription: karol . d-v-x . gelb . ivl '.
Cliche. A term used in French numis-
matic works to indicate an electrotype
copy of an original coin or medal, and
usually the sides are given separately to
show the obverse and reverse. The ety-
mology is probably from the old French
cliquer, to fix.
Clinckaerl, or KlinkhaerL A gold coin
of Flanders and the Low Countries, issued
in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries.
It resembles the Anglo-Gallic Chaise (g.v.)
and the name is probably derived from
**Klinken," i.e., to ring.
There are divisions of one half and one
third.
Clipped. A name given to such coins
as have their edges trimmed. This prac-
tice was pursued by dishonest persons for
the sake of retaining some of the metal.
The abuse is referred to by W. Wood, in
his Survey of Trade, 1719 (346).
John Foxe, in his Acts and Monuments
of the Church, 1596 (311), has: ** About
which time also . . . lewes for monie clip-
ping were put to execution."
Clou. Zay (p. 361) states that this name
was given to the cut segment representing
one eighth of the Mexican Dollar, when
used in Cochin China, prior to 1879, in
which year the regular French coins were
issued.
Qover Cent The popular name for a
variety of the 1793 cent of the United
States, which has under the bust of Liberty
a sprig of leaves resembling those of a
clover plant.
Cnapcock, or Knapkoeken. The name
given to the half gold florin struck at
[
Nimegue, Groningen, etc., at the beginning
of the sixteenth century. The obverse
bears a figure of St. Stephen or St. Martin.
The German equivalent is Knackkuchen,
and all of these terms mean a brittle cake
or as We would call it, a cracker. The
nickname was bestowed on the coin from
the reverse design which resembled a cake
in common use. ^ ,
Coal Money. The name given to cir-
cular pieces of jet or carved coal, which
appear to be waste in Roman times from the
lathes of turners, after working oif rings,
etc. They are found at Kimmeridge in
Dorsetshire, England, but it is questiona-
ble whether they were ever used as money.
See Spink (xiii. 154), and Buding (i. 4).
Coban. See Koban.
Cob Money. A term applied to the
early Mexican and South American money,
both in gold and silver, from the method
of striking the coins with a hammer. They
are known in Mexico by the name of
Mdquina de papalote y jcruz^ i.6.,. wind-
mill and cross money, the cross being of
an unusual form, and not unlike the fan
of a windmill. In the Numismatic Manual
of Eckfeldt and Dubois, we are informed
that: ''these were of the lawful standards,
or nearly so, but scarcely deserved the
name of coin, being rather lumps of bul-
lion flattened and i^lpressed by a hammer ;
the edge presenting every variety of form
except that of a circle, and affording ample
scope for the practice of clipping. Not-
withstanding, they are generally found,
even to this day, within a few grains of
lawful weight. Some are dated as late as
1770. They are distinguished by a large
cross, of which the four arms are equal
in length, and loaded at the ends; the
date generally omits the thousandth place,
so that 736 is to be read 1736. The letters
PLVSVLTBA are crowded in, without atten-
tion to order."
Cob Money. A name given in the
seventeenth and eighteenth centuries in
Ireland, and subsequently in some British
colonies and possessions to the Spanish
Dollar or ''Piece of Eight."
Petty, in his Political Anatomy of Ire-
land, 1672 (350), refers to "Spanish
pieces of eight, called cobs in Ireland,"
and Dinely in his Journal of a Tour in
Ireland, 1681, in the Transactions of the
60]
Cochrane Placks
Comet Cent
Kilkenny Archaeological Society (ii. II
55), says, **The most usual money . . .
is Spanish Coyne knowne here by the name
of a cob, an half cob, and a quarter cob/'
The word means something rounded, or
forming a roundish lump.
Cochrane Placks. In the reign of Ed-
ward III of Scotland permission was given
to Cochrane, Earl of Mar, to coin base
money, which were called '* Cochrane
placks," and this was a chief charge
against him, and for which he was hanged
over Lauder Bridge in 1482. The Placks
were called in by proclamation after his
death.
This coinage was probably the billon
placks and black half pennies (afterwards
reduced to farthings). They are said to
have been made of copper, and the placks
to have been current for three pennies.
Cofaiische Mark. See Mark.
Coin. Usually a piece of metal which
bears an impression conferring upon it a
legal character by public or private agree-
ment.
Coined money probably originated in
Lydia in the eighth century before the
Christian era. Herodotus states that the
Lydians were the first people to strike
coins of gold and silver; this probably re-
fers to the reform of the coinage by Croe-
sus B.C. 561-546. Prior to that period
electrum was probably used altogether.
The use of the word in English litera-
ture can be traced to the fourteenth cen-
tury, and Chaucer in the Clerk's Tale
(1. 1112) writes, '* though the coyn be
fair at eye."
ColloL A nickname given to a counter-
stamped sou of Guadeloupe. In October,
1766, Louis XV signed an edict ordering
the minting of copper pieces of the value
of one sou for the use of the American
Colonies. These pieces were struck in
1767, and probably did not reach Guade-
loupe until the following year, but they
were not put in circulation.
In 1793 George Henri Victor CoUot
was the governor of the island and on
October 2 he issued an order for the release
of these pieces, the latter to be counter-
stamped R.P. before being put in circula-
tion. These coins brought into the treas-
ury an amount of 50,000 livres, and re-
lieved the scarcity of the Sou Marques and
the small silver. They were popularly
known as CoUots, after the Governor.
Collybos. A small bronze coin. A name
given at Athens to the Lepton (q.v.).
Hesychius also mentions the Dicollybos
and the Tricollybos.
Colombiano. A variety of the Peso is-
sued at Santa Fe de Bogota from 1834 to
about 1850. Its value was eight Reales.
See Fonrobert, (8077, 8078, 8090).
Colombina. A base silver coin of Beg-
gio, issued by Hercules II (1534-1559). It
has on the reverse a figure of Saint Daria,
the martyr.
Colon. The unit of the gold standard
of Costa Rica, named after Columbus, and
divided into one hundred Centimos. The
Colon was not coined, but multiplies of
two, five, ten, and twenty Colones have been
struck since 1899.
Colonato. A name given to a variety
of the Spanish Peso which exhibits two
crowned pillars rising from the sea. These
are the so-called Pillars of Hercules, as-
sumed by the ancients to be the limits of
habitation. The Emperor Charles V
(Charles I of Spain) added the motto Plus
Ultra on these coins to indicate that his
dominion was beyond the territory recog-
nized by the ancients.
Colts. (HtoXot.) The popular name
among the ancients for the silver coins of
Corinth which bear the figure of the
winged horse Pegasus on the reverse. See
Pollux (ix. 76).
Columbia Farthing. The name given
to a copper token with the figure of a
head and the word Columbia. Their exact
origin is unknown but they were probably
manufactured in England at the begin-
ning of the nineteenth century and in-
tended for export.
Columbian Half Dollar. The name
given to a silver coin of the United States
struck in 1892 and 1893 to commemorate
the four hundredth anniversary of the dis-
covery of America.
A corresponding quarter Dollar is pop-
ularly known as the Isabella Quarter
(g.v.).
Comet Cent The popular name for
one of the varieties of the United States
cents of 1807, which has behind the head
[61]
Comet Dollar
Conttanlinati
of Liberty a peculiar die-break resembling
a comet in appearance.
Comet Dollar. See Kometenthaler.
See Kommassi.
Commissarie. See Prestation Money.
Communion Tokens. A series of tokens
said to have originated in Switzerland,
where it is claimed John Calvin introduced
them about the year 1561 to exercise con-
trol over such as presented themselves for
Communion services. They were know^n
as Abendmahl Pfennige.
The Liturgy drawn up for the Church
of Scotland, circa 1635, has the following
rubric prefixed to the Order for the ad-
ministration of the Holy Communion: '*So
many as intend to be partakers of the
Holy Communion shall receive these tokens
from the minister the night before."
Spalding, Bannantyne Club Puhlica-
twns (i. 77), states that they were used
at the Glasgow Assembly of 1638, to wit:
** Within the said Church, the Assembly
thereafter sitts down ; the church door was
straitly guarded by the toun, none had
entrance but he who had ane token of lead,
declaring he was ane covenanter."
The first church or sacramental token
employed in America of which we have
any authentic account, was used in the
Welsh Run Church in Pennsylvania, which
was founded in 1741, and the token is
dated 1748. This church was generally
known as the Lower West Conecheague
Church, and the token bears the two let-
ters C.C.
For Canada over two hundred varieties
of the communion tokens are known, and
a list of them has been compiled by R. W.
McLachlan of Montreal.
Conmiunis. See Centenionalis and Fol-
lis.
Compagnon. A name given to a vari-
ety of the Gros Blanc issued by John II
of France (1350-1364). See Hoffmann
(xx. 41, 42).
ConanL A nickname given to the silver
Peso of the Philippine Islands introduced
in 1903 on the recommendation of Charles
A. Conant.
Concave Coins. A name given to such
pieces as present the appearance of a shal-
low bowl, due to a convex die having been«
used for the obverse, and a concave one
for the reverse.
These nummi scyphati, as they were
called, made their appearance as early as
the second century B.C. among the Ger-
manic tribes inhabiting what is now Bava-
ria and Bohemia. Later, this type of coin
was extensively employed by the Byzan-
tine Emperors of the eleventh and twelfth
centuries.
ConceigaOy or Conception. A gold coin
of Portugal of the value of 4800 Reis is-
sued by John IV in 1648 in honor of the
Madonna de Conception, the protectress
of the King. It has on the obverse a cross
and a scriptural inscription on the reverse.
Conder Tokens. See Tokens.
Condor. A gold coin of Chile and of
Ecuador which receives its name from the
figure of the condor on the obverse. In
Ecuador its value is ten Sucres and in
Chile twenty Pesos.
Condor Doblado. A gold coin of the
value of twenty Pesos struck at Santa Fe
de Bogota for the Confederacion Grana-
dina. See Fonrobert (8160).
Confederate Half Dollar. The popular
name for a silver coin of the size of the
regular issues of the United States Half
Dollars, but which was struck by the Con-
federate States of America in the New
Orleans Mint in 1861.
It is claimed that but four originals are
in existence.
Confederatio. The name given to a
copper coin issued in 1785 with this in-
scription. It is muled with a number of
other dies. For details, see Crosby.
Confession Thaler. See Beichtthaler.
Cents. The name given to
a State coinage struck in copper from 1785
to 1788 inclusive. For varieties, etc., see
Crosby.
Consecration Coins. A name given to
such Roman coins as were struck to com-
memorate the apotheosis of a ruler, — a
ceremony which celebrated his passage to
the Divinities, and which was ordered
either by the Senate or the successors of
the deceased individual.
ConstantinatL Byzantine Solidi, struck
by various emperors of the name of Con-
stantine, were known by this term.
[52]
Constantin d'Or
Copoludi
Constantin d'Or, or Konstantin d'Or.
The name given to the Pistole or double
Ducat issued by Ludwig Constantin von
Rohan-Montbazon, Bishop of Strasburg
(1756-1779).
Consular Coins* Roman coins struck
under the government of the Consuls from
circa B.C. 335-27. They are also known
as Family Coins. .
Continental Currency* The name given
to the paper money issued by the Congress
of the United Colonies in North America.
They were first made May 10, 1775, and
continued in use until prohibited by the
Constitution of the United States as that
instrument was finally ratified and adopted
in 1789.
The Colonies from 1775 to 1779 issued
large numbers of bills of various denomi-
nations from one sixth of a Dollar to eighty
Dollars; twenty different values with
eleven distinct dates.
Continental Dollar. See Fugio Cent.
Conto. A copper denomination of Bra-
zil, introduced by Calmon Dupin, the
Minister of Finance, in 1828 and 1829.
These coins were put out at a fictitious
value to defray the cost of a war with
Buenos Aires, and were withdrawn in
1836. See Noback (p. 1020).
Contomiates. A name given to certain
Roman tokens or small medallions which
can always be readily distinguished by a
groove encircling the entire planchet.
They were first Lssued about the time of
Constantine the Great and were continued
until the close of the fifth century.
Their use has not been definitely deter-
mined. It is supposed that they were em-
ployed at the public games in the allot-
ment of prizes, or that they were used as
counters in games of chance. See Numis-
matic Chronicle, 1906 (p. 232).
Contomo. An Italian word signifying
the edge around the rim of a coin.
Contragardator. From the French con-
tregarder, to keep, was a former comp-
troller whose duty it was to keep accounts
of the mints. Ruding (ii. 252) cites the
use of the term as early as 1354.
Contribution Coins. The name applied
to any series of coins which were issued
as necessity money to pay an indemnity
levied. They were freiiuently struck from
[
the private silver of the residents and
from metallic ornaments, regalia, chalices,
etc., belonging to the churches. See Obsi-
dional Coins.
Convention Money. A form of cur-
rency which was accepted by mutual agree-
ment at a fixed standard within certain
boundaries. In ancient times uniform
types are found on the coins of the Ach-
aean League, originally formed in the
fourth century B.C. by some cities on the
Corinthian Gulf. All these issues have AX
or AXAIQN, the mark of the League, and
over forty cities joined it before it was
dissolved. The example was copied by the
Aetolian, Boeotion, Ionian, and other
Leagues.
The Electors of Cologne, Trier, Mainz,
and the Palatinate made an agreement in
the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries by
which their gold florins were struck of a
uniform weight and value. Other import-
ant monetary conferences were those of
various cities in the Low Countries in the
fifteenth century; the coinage of the Prot-
estant Rulers during the Thirty Years'
War; the Convention of 1753, legalizing
the Species Thaler; the one of 1865, called
the Latin Union, in which the Franc, Lira
(and later the Drachma and Peseta) were
put on the same basis ; and lastly the Scan-
dinavian Conference of 1872 between
Sweden and Denmark, to which Norway
became a party in 1877.
The Tallero di Convenzione, struck for
Venice under Francesco I (1814-1834) and
later, had a value of three Lira. The term
Vereins Thaler is frequently found on the
coins of Leopold Friedrich of Anhalt-
Dessau (1817-1871), and Alexander Carl
of Anhalt-Bernburg (1834-1863). See
Verfassungsthaler.
Cooter. See Couter.
Copeck. See Kopeck.
Copetuniy or Coppes. Both of these
words are used in mediaeval ordinances of
Holland and Flanders to designate coins
with a head on the obverse and correspond-
ing to the Kopfsttick {q.v,),
Copkinus. A mediaeval silver coin
which is referred to in the Opstal homicis
Frisci^ (cap. 21).
Copoludi, or CoppolutL A name given
to such of the Piccoli and the Bagattini
53]
Copper
Corona
of the Doge Christopher Moro of Venice
(1462-1471), as were of concave shape.
Conf. Papadopoli, Le Monete di Venezia
(i. 285).
Copper in a pure state has been practi-
cally abandoned for coining purposes, it
having been ascertained that bronze was
more suitable. It is now used only for
coins of minor denominations, but there
was a period when it was made the stand-
ard of value. See Aes.
Copper, i.e., ''a copper'' (and the plural
coppers), is used colloquially in England
to denote any small copper coin and in the
United States it means a cent. Shakes-
peare in Love's Labour's Lost (iv. 3. 386)
says, '*our copper buys no better treas-
ure," and Steele, in The Spectator (No.
509), states that **the beadle might seize
their copper."
Copperheads. A name commonly ap-
plied to the tokens issued during the Civil
War in the United States (1862-1865).
In the latter part of the year 1862 the
first of these copper tokens were issued
in Cincinnati, Ohio, and other western
cities. Many of them have on the obverse
the Indian head copied from the United
States cent, and this feature probably gave
them their name. Some of the later issues
however, were struck in brass, white-metal
and silver. There are at least five thou-
sand varieties, and they continued in circu-
lation until the end of the year 1863, when
their use was prohibited.
Copper Noses. A nickname given to
the English silver of the fourth and fifth
coinages of Henry VIII. They were great-
ly debased, and having the full face of
the king, they soon began to wear and
show the inferior metal at the end of the
nose, the most prominent part.
Coppes. See Copetum.
Coppoluti. See Copoludi.
Coquibus. A billon coin struck by Guy
II, Bishop of Cambrai (1296-1306), and
copied by William I of Hainaut (1304-
1337). It has on the obverse the rude
figure of an eagle which was mistaken by
the common people for a cock, and the
nickname was consequently applied to the
coin. See Blanchet (i. 19. 461).
CoraL Marco Polo in his Travels (ii.
37), states that this material was used for
money in Thibet.
Cordoba. A silver coin of Nicaragua,
introduced in 1912 and of the size and
value of the United States Dollar. It is
divided into one hundred Centavos. On
October 31, 1915, the Cordoba was made
the only legal tender of the Republic.
Comabo. A silver coin of the value of
half a Testone, issued during the fifteenth
and sixteenth centuries in Northern Italy.
It occurs in the coinages of Carmagnola,
Mantua, Montanaro, Casale, etc. The dis-
tinguishing feature of almost every variety
of the Cornabo is the figure of Saint Con-
stantius on horseback.
Comado. Originally a Spanish silver
coin issued under Alfonso X of Castile
(1252-1284), and struck principally at To-
ledo. It bears a crowned bust of the king,
and on the reverse a gateway of three
towers. In the fourteenth century it began
to appear made of billon and of much in-
ferior workmanship, and it seems to have
been discontinued early in the sixteenth
century.
Comet. A general name for money
coined by the Princes of Orange in whose
armorial bearings a hunter's horn appears.
See Blanchet (i. 353).
Comone. In an ordinance of 1522 re-
lating to the value of various coins issued
in Pavia, old and new Cornoni of the
mints of Casale, Messerano, and Dezana
are referred to, of a value of nine Soldi.
Comuto. A silver coin of Savoy of the
value of five Grossi, issued by Charles II
(1504-1553). It has on the obverse the
armorial shield with a large helmet, and
on the reverse an equestrian figure of St.
Mauritius.
Coroa, or Crown. A gold coin of Por-
tugal of the value of five thousand Reis.
It was first issued in 1835. There is a
half and fifth.
Coroa de Praia. A silver coin of Por-
tugal of the type of the preceding and of
a value of one thousand Reis. It was is-
sued in 1837 and designed by W. Wyon.
There is a corresponding half.
Corona. A silver coin of Naples, issued
under Robert of Anjou (1309-1343) for
the provinces, and continued by some of
[ 54 ]
Coroiuit
Couhterfrit
his successors. It appears to have been
the predecessor of the Coronato (g.v.) and
obtains its name from the large crown on
the obverse.
The word Corona and the plural Cor-
onae is used on the Austrian silver and
gold issues, especially the latter. The
term was introduced about 1892. See
Krone and Korona.
Coronal* See Royal Coronat.
Coronation Coins are such as are
struck specially when the coronation of a
ruler takes place and usually contain
some allusion to the ceremony. They occur
extensively in the German series and are
known as Kronungs Miinzen.
Coronato. A silver coin issued by
Ferdinand I of Aragon, as King of Naples
and Sicily (1458-1494), and copied by his
successor, Alfonso II. It receives its name
from the inscription: coronatvs qvia
LEGITIME CERTAViT, ou the obvcrsc, which
surrounds the seated figure of the king,
the latter being crowned by a cardinal,
with a bishop standing on the other side.
On the reverse is a large cross.
The Coronato del Angelo, of the same
ruler, bears a representation of the arch-
angel Michael slaying a dragon.
Coronilla. The word means a small
crown and the designation was applied in
a general way to the Spanish gold coins
of the value of half an Escudo which bore
a crown on the reverse.
Cosel Gulden, or Kosel Gulden. The
name given to a silver coin of August II,
King of Poland and Elector of Saxony,
issued in 1706 and 1707. The name is
obtained from the Countess of Cosel, a
mistress of the Elector. These coins differ
only from the ordinary types in that on
the reverse, a dot,- probably a mint mark,
is a distinguishing feature between the in-
terlacedr shields of Poland and Saxony.
Cosimo. The popular name for the
Grosjio of Cosmus I, Duke of Florence
(1536-1574). It was valued at 160 "Pic-
coli.
Cotale. A silver coin of Florence issued
under the Republic in the early part of
the sixteenth century, with a value of four
Grossi. It has a figure of St. John the
Baptist on one side and a lily on the re-
verse.
Cotrim. A billon Portugueise coin issued
by Alfonso V (1438-1481). It has the
figure of a coronet between two annelets.
CottereL A washer, or broad thin ring
of metal placed below the head or nut of
a bolt; in several English dialects it is
the nickname for a coin. In the plural,
written the same, it is used to express
money or coins.
Counter. A token frequently struck in
imitation of a real coin and usually of
brass, copper, or some other inferior metal.
John Skelton in The Interlude of Mag-
nyfycence, 1526 (1. 1186) has **Nay, offer
hym a counter in stede of a peny," and
in Dent, The Pathway to Heaven, 1601
(24) occurs this phrase: **A fool believeth
every thing; that copper is gold, and a
counter an angel." The last word is of
course an allusion to the gold coin.
The second meaning of Counter is to
signify a piece of metal used for calcula-
tions, e,g,, in games of chance. In this
sense it corresponds to the Rechenpfennig
(q.v.), and it is so used by Thomas Hobbes,
in his Leviathan, 1651 (i. iv. 15), who has
this passage: ** Words are wise mens
counters, they do but reckon by them ; but
they are the mony of fooles."
Similarly, the clown in Shakespeare's
play, The Winter's Tale (iv. 3), attempts
to compute his money, but says, **I cannot
do't without counters.'*
Finally the word was employed in the
plural form for base coin and money in
general. An example is to be found in
Shakespeare's Julius Cmsar (iv. 3) where
Brutus sayi^:
I did send
To you for gold to pay my legions.
Which you denied me : was that done like Casslus ?
Should I have answer'd Caius Cassius so?
When Marcus Brutus grows so covetous.
To lock such rascal counters from his friends,
Be ready, gods, with all your thunderbolts.
Dash him to pieces !
Counterfeit* This term is used in nu-
mismatics both to indicate fraudulent is-
sues of rare coins prepared to deceive col-
lectors, and to debased current coins struck
to be circulated among the general public.
The limits of the present work prevent
a detailed description; the reader should
consult the exhaustive treatise in Luschin
von Ebengreuth, Allgemeine Munzkunde
und Oeldgeschichte (pp. 122-132).
[55]
Countermark
Crocard
Countermark, also called Counterstamp.
A device or lettering, generally made with
a punch, on the face of a regular issue,
either to give it a new valuation or to
indicate its acceptance as a coin of a dif-
ferent country or locality from the one
that struck the original piece.
Coupure. Thi^ word, meaning a "cut-
ting," was originally applied to the
French twenty franc paper notes. It is
now, however, identified with bank notes
of smaller denomination, and beginning in
1914 necessity paper money called cou-
pures ranging as low as a few centimes,
were issued in many of the French cities.
Courant This term is generally em-
ployed to distinguish the internal currency
from that used in commerce and abroad,
or from paper money.
The Courant Thaler of Poland was is-
sued under Stanislaus Augustus in 1794
and 1795. It had a value of six Zloty, and
the reverse reads 14 ^/jg ex marca pur
COLONIENS.
Courie. See Cowries.
Couronne d'Or. A French gold coin,
introduced by Louis IX (1226-1270), and
continued almost uninterruptedly to the
end of the reign of Philip VI of Valois
(1328-1350). It receives its name from
the large crown on one side; the reverse
has an ornamental cross with fleurs des
lis in the angles, and the inscription:
+XPC :VINCIT :XPC IREGNAT :XPC zIMPERAT.
Couronne du SoleQ. A French gold
coin of the sixteenth century. It was of
the same weight and quality as the Eng-
lish Crown of the Rose issued 'in the reign
of Henry VIII.
CouronneUe. See Ecu k la Couronne.
Courte Noire. See Korten.
Couter, or Cooler. A slang expression
for a Sovereign. It may be derived from
the Danubian-Gipsy word cuta, meaning a
gold coin.
Cow Money. See Kugildi.
Cow Plappert. See Blaffert.
Cowries. A general term for the shells
of the Cyprcea Moneta. The word comes
from the Hindustani Kauri. The shells
are abundant in the Indian Ocean and are
collected especially in the Maldive and
Laccadive Islands, and have been used in
China as a medium of exchange from prim-
itive times. They have been used in most
parts of Asia and Africa up to very recent
times. In Siam 6400 cowries are equal to
about Is. 6d. English money. The Chinese
name is Pei.
In the Bengal Gazette for 1780, refer-
ring to the introduction of a copper coin-
age, the editor states that '4t will be of
the greatest use to the public, and ¥nll
totally abolish the trade of cowries, which
for a long time has formed so extensive
a field for deception and fraud."
See Allan, Numismatic Chronicle (Ser.
iv. xii. 313), and Elliot (p. 59).
Bowrey, in his Account of Countries
Round the Bay of Bengal, published by
the Hakluyt Society in 1905, states (p.
2l8) that there is a money of account in
the Maldives, based on tiie Cowries, as
follows :
1 Ounda
5 Oundas
4 BurrleB
16 Pone
2^ Cawne
4 Cowries.
1 Burrie, or 20 Cowries.
1 Pone or Poon, or 80 Cowries.
1 Cawne, or 1280 Cowries.
1 Rupee, or 3200 Cowries.
Crabbelaer. See Erabbelaar.
See Orazia.
The popular name for the
Grosso issued at Cremona during the Re-
publican rule,' i.e., from the twelfth to the
-fourteenth centuries.
CreiitZy or Criutz. A copper coin of
Gustavus II Adolphus of Sweden struck
in 1632 has the value as 1 Creutz or Criutz.
It is the size of the ^ Ore piece.
Creutier. An obsolete spelling of the
Kreuzer (g.v.). Adam Berg, in his New
MUnzbuch, 1597, invariably uses the form
Creutzc^r.
CrimbaL In 1731 and 1732 the French
Government issued silver coins of six and
twelve Sols for the Isles du Vent, or Wind-
ward Islands. An Englishman named
Crimbal introduced them at Barbadoes
and in that island they received the name
of Crimbals. See Wood (p. 2).
Criutz. See Creutz.
Croat. The Spanish equivalent of the
Gros. The name is usually applied to a
series of silver coins issued by tiie Counts
of Barcelona during the fourteenth and
fifteenth centuries.
Crocardt or Crokard. A base coin
which circulated extensively in England
[66]
Croce o Testa
Grown of the Rose
toward the close of the thirteenth century.
For a short time they were allowed to pass
at the rate of two for a penny, but were
prohibited in 1310. They were decried in
Ireland by a proclamation of Edward I,
and an ordinance of this ruler (Act 27,
1300) refers to mauveises monees que sunt
appellez Pollards et crokardz. See Bra-
bant.
Croce o Testa. An Italian term mean-
ing ** cross or head" and corresponding to
the English ** Heads or Tails'' {q.v.).
Crocherd* Probably an obsolete spelling
of Crocard. See Halard.
Crocione. A silver coin of Milan intro-
duced under Joseph II (1780-1790). It
is the Italian name for the Austrian Kron-
enthaler (q.v.).
Cronichte Groschen. See Kronigte.
Croeseids. See Kroiseioi.
Crokard. See Crocard.
Cromstaert. See Kromstaart.
Crookie. An obsolete Scotch term for a
sixpence, and formerly common to Lanark-
shire. The name is probably due to the
fact that it was easily ** crooked" or bent.
Croondaalder. The Dutch and Flem-
ish equivalent of the Kronenthaler (q.v,).
Crore. A money of account used in
India and equal to one hundred Lacs.
Crosatus, or Crozat Du Cange cites
documents of the fourteenth century in-
dicating that this name was generally used
to describe a coin with a cross upon it.
CrosazaEo. A silver coin of Genoa cur-
rent from the beginning to the middle of
the seventeenth century. The obverse
bears a crown beneath which is the Castell
di Genova, and on the reverse is an in-
scription surrounding a cross with a star
in each angle.
Cross Dollar. The popular name for
the Spanish silver coin of eight Reales
with the Burgundian cross on the reverse.
In the London Gazette, 1689 (No. 2444)
mention is made of * * about 40 1. in Spanish
Money and Cross Dollars."
Cross-t3rpe. See Monnaies a la Croix.
Crown. An English gold coin first is-
sued in the reign of Henry VIII pursuant
to a proclamation dated November 5, 1526,
and originally called a Crown of the
Double Rose. It was current for five shil-
lings and was made of 22 carat gold fine
only, this being the earliest example of
a gold coin of less than standard fineness
in England. This alloy was henceforth
known as Crown gold, and it has been the
standard for all English gold coins since
1634.
In the time of Elizabeth this coin reached
the low value of three shillings and four
pence, and it was entirely discontinued in
1601, being superseded in 1604 by the
Britain Crown and the Thistle Crown
(q.v.).
Crown. The English silver coin of this
denomination was first issued in 1551, and
formed a * part of the third coinage of
Edward VI. Those struck at Southwark
under the direction of Sir John Yorke have
a letter Y for a mint mark, and those is-
sued at the Tower under Throgmorton
have a figure of a ton.
The double crown of the value of ten
shillings first appeared in the second coin-
age of James I.
Crown. See Coroa, Korona, and Krone.
Crown of the Rose. By a proclama-
was ordered to be struck. This coin was
an imitation of the French Couronne du
Soleil, and it was made current for four
shillings and sixpence, to which value the
French coin was also raised. As the ex-
portation of gold to France and Flanders
did not cease, it was thought that this
could be stopped by an increase in the
nominal value of this and other gold coins,
and consequently on November 5, 1526, an-
other proclamation was issued, by which
another crown, called the Crown of the
Double Rose, was to be made, and which
should be current for five shillings. The
latter coin is the regular issue of the gold
Crown (g.v.).
As the existence of such a coin as the
Crown of the Rose was questioned for a
long time a detailed description of this
great rarity follows:
Obv. A shield crowned bearing the arms
of England and France quarterly, all with-
in two inner circles, the innermost one
linear, the outer dotted, both pierced above
by the ball and cross on top of the crown,
mm. a rose, legend henric'-8:dei:gra':
REX : aql' :z :pra'; Rev. A full-blown
single rose of five petals, surrounding it
four fleurs de lis arranged crossways, be-
[57]
Crozat
Cut Dollar
tion of August 22, 1526, a new English
gold coin, called the Crown of the Rose,
tween these a lion passant guardant and
the letter H crowned, placed alternately,
all within inner circles as on the obverse,
mm. a rose, legend henric^: RVTHiANS:
ROSA : SINE : SPINA, the letters on both sides
in Roman characters, except the letter H,
the numeral Arabic. See American Jour-
nal of Numismatics (xliv, 22).
Crozat See Orosatus.
Crudatusy Cmcifer, Cruciger. See
Kreuzer.
Cniickston Dollars. A name sometimes
given to the Scottish crowns of Mary and
Darnley of the second issue of 1565, be-
cause the yew tree on the reverse is sup-
posed to represent a noted yew at Cruick-
ston, Lord Darnley 's residencie near Glas-
gow.
Cniitzer. An obsolete spelling of Kreu-
zer discontinued at the end of the eigh-
teenth century. See Poy.
Crusade* See Cruzado.
Cruzadinho. A small Portuguese gold
coin issued under John V (1706-1750),
and struck at Lisbon; it was copied for
the colonial possessions and specimens
occur with the Rio and Minas mint marks.
Its value was the same as the later Cru-
zado, i.e., four hundred Reis.
Cruzadoy also called Crusado and Cru-
sade, a gold coin of Portugal, originally
issued by Alfonso V (1438-1481). It ob-
tains its name from the cross on the re-
verse which was placed there to commem-
orate the participation of this King in the
crusade against the Turks.
The value of the Cruzado was originally
390 Reis, and in 1517 it was fixed at four
Tostoes, or four hundred Reis, i.e., the
tenth part of the Moidore. Under Manoel
I (1495-1521) it was called Manoel, out
of compliment to that ruler.
The silver Cruzado appears under the
restoration of the House of Braganza, in
the reign of John IV (1640-1656). Its
value was the same as the gold, but many
specimens occur counterstamped 500, indi-
cating that it possessed a higher value on
special occasions. It was extensively struck
at the mints in Lisbon, Porto, and Evora.
Pedro II, in 1688, issued a Cruzado
Nuevo, also called Pinto, of the value of
480 Reis, but his successor, John V, re-
turned to the old standard.
Cruzado Calvario. A gold coin of Por-
ii.pfal first issued in the reign of John III
(1521-1557). It obtains its name from the
elongated cross on the reverse, which re-
sembles the cross of Calvary, and succeeds
the square type of cross previously em-
ployed.
Ciiarenta. The name given to the Cuban
silver coin of forty Centavos introduced
in 1915.
Cuartilku A Mexican copper coin and
the same as the Cuartino (q.v.). The
designation is used for issues of Alvarado,
Chihuahua, Durango, Hermosillo, Guan-
axuato, Sinaloa, etc.
Cuartillo. The same as Cuartino (q.v.).
Cuartino. A silver coin of Guatemala,
Nicaragua, Colombia, Venezuela, Peru, the
Argentine Republic, etc., of the value of
one quarter Real. See Quartinho.
Cuarto. See Quarto.
Cufic Coins. See Kufic.
Cunagiuni. According to Du Cange this
implies tributum pro impressione iypi ex-
solvendum. Ruding (ii. 256) states that
in 1422, Henry Somer, the keeper of the
dies in the Tower of London, was com-
manded by writ to deliver cunagia for the
mints in this town. He adds: **This, I
presume, had been paid to the warden of
the mint in the Tower, and was therefore
to be returned by him to the treasurer of
the mint, to which it properly belonged."
Cuneator. A former officer in the mint
who was responsible for the accuracy of
the dies; he received the old and broken
dies as his fee. See Ruding (i. 41).
Cunnetti Type. The name given to a
series of Anglo-Saxon Pennies principally
struck at York under Guthred {circa S7J-
894) which bear on the reverse the inscrip-
tion CVN. NET. TI.
Cupang. This coin mentioned by Chal-
mers in Colonial Currency, 1893 (p. 383)
is the same as the Kepeng {q,v,).
Currency. By this is meant coin or bank
notes, or other paper money issued by au-
thority, and which are continually passing
as and for coin.
Cut Dollar. The name given to the
Spanish Peso or Colonato when cut into
[58]
CypTBsa Moneta Czvorak
four, eight, or twelve segments, each of seated figure of St. Cyril the Apostle of
which passed for the corresponding value the Slavs.
of the fractional part. See Bit. Cyzicenes (Greek: Ku^cxtivoe). A name
Cypraea Moneta. See Cowries. . given by the Greeks to the electrum Staters
Cyrilliu Thaler. A silver coin of 01- of Cyzicus in Mysia.
miitz struck by Wolfgang, Earl of Schrat- Czvorak. The name given to the Polish
tenbach in 1730. It bears on one side a silver coin of four Grossi. See Szelong.
[59]
Daalder
Danegeh
D
DajJder, or Dadder. The equivalent in
Brabant and the various provinces of the
Low Countries for the Thaler. This coin
varied in value, in some parts of the
Netherlands it was the same as two Gul-
den and five Stuivers, while in others it
was equal to thirty-two Patards. See
Dollar.
Dabou. See Dub.
Dadder. See Daalder.
Dagger Money. A sum of money for-
merly paid to the justices of assize on the
northern circuit in England to provide
against marauders.
Dahab. An Abyssinian money of ac-
count. See Wakea.
Daidoog Chun. The Korean name for
silver coins with porcelain centres on
reverse minted in 1882 but never put into
circulation. They come in three denomina-
tions, one, two and three Chun. See Um-
pyo. ^
Daing. The name given to the cast sil-
ver ingots of Burmah. They are the earli-
est types of money of this country.
Data. See Akahi Dala.
Dalar. The Polish equivalent of Thaler
and like the German type divided into
thirty Groszy corresponding to Groschen.
It was originally struck by Sigismund III
(1587-1632).
Daler. See Plate Money, De Gortz
Daler, Rigsdaler, and Species.
Daler. A coin of the Danish West In-
dies introduced in 1904 and equal to five
Francs or five hundred Bits. It is issued
in gold in four and ten Daler denomina-
tions.
Dam. A copper coin of Hindustan, and
of about the same value as the Pais&, i.e.,
the fortieth part of the Rupee. Of the
Moghul emperors, the Dams of Akbar
(1556-1605) were minted at Lahore, Delhi,
Malpur, etc. The Bahmanis of Eolbarga
also employed this currency.
The Phoka Dam is a Nepalese copper
coin belonging to the reign of Surendra
Vikrama (1847). See Thomas (p. 439 et
seq,), and Sihansah and Suka (infra).
See Demareteion.
Damba. An African money of account.
See Boss.
Dampang. See Tampang.
DamrL A copper coin of Hindustan
and equal to one eighth of the Dam (q.v.),
Danake. The AoEvaxtj of the Greeks. At
first it designated a small silver coin in the
East, but later came to be applied to a
copi)er coin. In the Persian Empire it
corresponded to the Greek Obol. It was
also popularly applied to Charon's Obol
(q.v.) according to Suidas and other an-
cient authors. The word i)ersi8ted imtil
the Middle Ages as the Arabic daneq, the
Persian dangh and the neo-Sanscrit tanka,
Danaretto. See Denaretto.
Danaro. The Italian equivalent of the
Denier, which can be traced in Beneven-
tum to the reign of Grimaldo (793-806)
and was current in nearly all the Italian
states, provinces, and cities.
It is frequently written Denaro, and a
smaller coin which was issued by the Doges
of Venice from circa 1170 to 1250 is called
the Danaretto, or Denaretto.
There are also multiples, and under
Antonio I (1701-1731) and Onorato III
(1731-1793) of Monaco, pieces of eight
Danari in copper were struck.
Dandiprat, also but rarely written Dan-
dyprat. The colloquial name for a small
silver coin which was current in England
at the beginning of the sixteenth century.
It was probably the half Groat of Henry
VII (1485-1509).
Camden, in his Remaines, 1605 (188),
refers to it thus: '*K. Henry the 7th
stamped a small coine called dandyprats. * '
DanegelL An annual tax formerly laid
on the English nation for maintaining
forces to oppose the Danes, or to furnish
tribute to procure peace. It was at first
one shilling, afterward two, and at last
seven, for every hide of land except such
as belonged to the church.
At a subsequent period, when the Danes
became masters, the Danegelt was a tax
[60]
Daneq
Decaen Piastre
levied by the Danish princes on every
hide of land owned by the Anglo-Saxons.
Daneq. See Danake.
Dangli. A small Persian silver coin cur-
rent in the seventeenth century. The
Dangh was primarily a weight, hence its
equivalents, in silver, came to represent
the fractions of the coin. See Larin and
Danake.
Danielstlialer. The name given to a
Thaler struck in 1561 by the Princess Maria
of the House of Jever. It has on the re-
verse a figure of the prophet Daniel sur-
rounded by four lions. See Madai (1734).
Danik. The sixth of the Dinar and of
the Dirhem: therefore of variable weight
in reference to one or the other, and in
respect of the varying weights of either.
As one sixth of a dinar, it is equal to 12, or
to 10, or to 8 habbehs, according to the
number of habbehs to the dinar. Hence
we find the following relations recorded:
= 2 kirats (of silver, i.e., 2]/$, as there
are 14 kirats or 6 daniks to the dirhem) ;
or = 3 1/3 kirats {i.e., in relation to the
dinar of 20 kirats) or = 10 habbehs or
40 aruzzehs, i.e., in reference to the dinar
of 60 habbehs ; or =» 12 grains, i.e., in ref-
erence to the dinar of 72 habbehs. Five
daniks of gold = 11 ^^/jg dirhems at Bag-
dad, where the dinar was worth 14 '/S. The
danik was the quarter of a dirhem in
Khwarizm, afterward 4^.
Danimu See Mahmudi.
Darb* A silver coin of India and equiv-
alent to the half Rupee. See Sihansah.
Darby. An obsolete English slang word
meaning ** ready money." Hickeringill,
in his Works y 1682 (ii. 20), says, **down
with the dust and ready Darby," and
Shadwell, in his play The Squire of AU
satia, 1688 (i. 1), uses the expression, *'the
ready, the Darby."
Dardenne. A copper coin of France
struck in 1711 and 1712 for Provence. 1\jr
value was six Deniers, indicated by six
crowned figures L placed opposite the sides
of an equilateral triangle with the figure
& in the centre.
Daric A Persian gold coin which is
supposed to have obtained its name from
the figure on the obverse of the Persian
King Darius. They appear to have been
originally issued by Darius I, the son of
Hystaspes (B.C. 521-485). See Herodotus,
Historia (iv. 166). The King is generally
represented as a kneeling bowman, and con-
sequently these coins are sometimes re-
ferred to as Archers (q.v.). The reverse
bears an incuse punch-mark.
These coins are the Aapetx.oe of the
Greeks, and in those parts of the Scriptures
written after the Babylonish captivity, they
are called Adarkonim. Ezra (viii. 26, 27),
/ Chron. (xxix. 7), and by the Talmudists,
Darkonoth; Nehemiah (vii. 70-72). Cojif.
Hill, Historical Greek Coins (p. 2,7).
Darkonoth. The Talmudic name for
the Daric (g.v.).
DaMu A silver coin of India and equal
to one tenth of a Rupee. See Sihansah.
Dauphin. A billon coin of France which
receives its name on account of being spe-
cially struck for Dauphiny. The Petit
Dauphin was issued by Charles V (1364-
1380), and the Grand Dauphin by Charles
VII (1422-1461).
Davkbthaler. The name given to a sil-
ver coin of David, Coui^t of Mansfeld, is-
sued from about 1605 to 1628.
DavidstinTer. The name given to the
double Gros of Utrecht issued in 1477 by
David de Bourgogne, Bishop of Utrecht.
See Prey (No. 182).
A gold Florin issued by the same ruler
with a figure of David and his harp, is
commonly known as the Davidsharp, or
Harpe d'or.
Debased Coin is money that is lowered
in character or quality. Macaulay, in his
History of England (v. 3), uses the term
'*a debased currency.'' See Embase and
Imbasing.
Decachalk. This multiple, 10 Chalkoi,
seems to have been coined only under the
Ptolemaic sovereigns of Egypt.
Decadrachm, or Dekadrachmon, repre-
sented the multiple of ten Drachms {q.v.).
Next to the Dodecadrachm it is the largest
of all the silver coins struck by the Greeks,
and was issued principally in the Sicilian
cities.
Decaen Piastre. A silver coin of the
value of ten Livres, issued in the Isle of
Prance in 1810. The coins were struck
from metal captured in the ship Oviedor,
and obtained their name from Decaen, the
[61]
DecaKtron
Demand Notes
captain general. For a detailed account,
see Spink (ix. 4415), and Zay (p. 265).
Decalitron. The Corinthian Stater, we
know from Pollux, was so called in Sicily
because it equalled exactly 10 litrae of the
native standard. Coins of this standard
bearing Corinthian types were frequently
struck in Sicily.
Decanummion. See Nummus and Fol-
lis.
Decargynis. A Roman silver coin first
issued by Honorius, and of one half the
value of the Siliqua. See Babelon, Traite
(L 581).
Decenario. Th« name given to a vari-
ety of mezzo Grosso struck by the Counts
of Tyrol at Merano. Its value was ten
Piccoli. See Bivista Italiana di Numis-
matica (xx. 430).
Decline. A copper coin of the first
French Revolution, issued in 1794, from
dies by Charles Wielandy, a medallist and
engraver of Geneva.
When the Franc system was introduced
in 1803, the Decime was made the one
tenth of the Franc, a position which it
nominally still holds, though no longer
struck.
The Decime was issued in 1838 for Mon-
aco, and in 1840 for France, as a pattern
for a proposed new copper coinage. Mail-
liet (cii. ciii. 3-6) cites Decimes struck in
1814 and 1815 for Strasburg when block-
aded by the allies. A cast Decime was
issued for Santo Domingo in 1801. It is
of very rude workmanship arid bears tlie
reverse inscription in three lines: un
DECIHE LAN 8, all of the letters N on both
sides being reversed.
Dedmo. A silver coin of the Central
American States of the value 6f ten Cen-
tavos, or the tenth part of a Peso.
For Buenos Aires there was struck in
1822 and later at copper Decimo equal to
the tenth part of the copper Real of the
same city; the Real, in fact, is stamped
10 DECIM BUENOS AYRES.
Declaration Type. See Oxford Unite.
Decobol. Mentioned in inscriptions (C.
I. G. Attic t. II, No. 387) was never struck,
being solely a money of account.
Decondonf or Aexcoyxcov, or Deunx (q.v.)
was ten twelfths of the litra (or As of
twelve ounces). Bronze coins of this de-
nomination were struck at Centuripae in
Sicily.
Decunx. One of the divisions of the
As, of the weight of ten ounces: It is
sometimes called the Dextans. See Aes
Grave.
Deciis* A nickname for the silver
Crown of James II of England, the first
issues of which had an edge inscription
reading decvs et tvtamen, i.e., **ari orna-
ment and a safeguard."
Thomas Shadwell, in his play. The
Squire of Alsatia, 1688, has the phrase,
*'To equip you with some Meggs, Smelts,
Decus's and Georges;'' Sir Walter Scott
mentions the term in his novel The For-
tunes of Nigel (xxiii.) thus: ''noble Mas-
ter Grahame . . . has got the decuses and
the smelts. ' ' See Megg.
DeciiMtt. A multiple of the Roman As
after the first reduction. It bears on the
obverse the head of Minerva or Roma and
on the reverse the prow of a galley and
the mark X, i.e,, ten Asses.
De Gortz Daler, or Notdaler. The
name given to a series of eleven copper
coins struck in Sweden from 1715 to 1719,
which are so called from Baron George
Henry de Gortz, a nobleman who obtained
the sanction of Charles XII to issue them.
They were intended to pass for four times
the value which they would have possessed
if composed of an equal weight of fine
silver.
The death of the King in 1718, and the
execution of de Gortz in the following
year, put an end to the exaggerated valua-
tion of these coins, and they were reduced
to something like their actual worth, that
is, about two Pfennige.
Dehliwala. A base silver coin of the
Path4n Sultans of Hindustan. They were
imitated and adopted, with altered legends,
by Altamsh, and his feudatories, until
about A.H. 630 (A.D. 1232). See Thomas
(p. 14).
Dekadrachmon. See Decadrachm.
Ddcanummion. A name given to the
quarter PoUis, consisting of ten Nummi.
See Follis.
Demand Notes. The name given to a
variety of paper money issued by the
United States in 1861, of values from five
dollars to twenty dollars. See Greenbacks.
[62]
Demareteioii
Denarius Oscensis
Demaretekm, or Damaretekm. The
name given to a variety of Decadraehm
struck at Syracuse circa B.C. 480. They
were issued in celebration of the victory of
Gelon over the Carthaginians at Ilimera
and were named from Demarete, the wife
of Gelon.
These coins were each worth ten Attic
Drachms; the Sicilians called them Pente-
contalitra on account of their weight.
Conf. Hill, Coins of Ancient Sicily (p.
56).
Demy* A Scotch gold coin issued by
James I. It has on the obverse the arms
of Scotland in a lozenge shape, and on
the reverse a St. Andrew 's cross in tressure.
Its weight was usually from fifty to
fifty-three grains and the half in propor-
tion.
Delia. A silver coin of Tuscany of the
value of ten Lira struck by the Queen
Maria Louisa pursuant to an ordinance of
July 21, 1803.
Dcnar. The German equivalent of both
the Denarius and Denier.
Denaretto. A name given to such vari-
eties of the Denaro as are of small fabric.
They are common to the Venetian series
from the twelfth to the fourteenth cen-
tury. See Danaro.
Denarii Augmentabfles. See Okelpen-
ning.
Denarii Corvonim, or Rabenpfennige,
was the name given to small silver coins
struck at Freiburg in Breisgau in the
fourteenth century, on account of the head
of a raven on the obverse, which was
copied from the arms of the city. Raben
was later corrupted into Rappen (q.v,),
Denarino. A base silver coin of Mo-
dena issued during the sixteenth century.
It was equal to the half Soldo.
Denarius. A Roman silver coin first
issued B.C. 268 with the Quinarius and
Sestertius as its divisions. At that time
the Aes Libralis had been reduced to two
ounces in weight and the Denarius was
equivalent to ten of them.
The original type bears on the obverse
the head of Minerva and the numeral X,
and on the reverse the Dioscuri on horse-
back and the legend roma in the exergue.
There is a tradition that the Romans won
the battle of Lake Regilius, circa B.C. 496,
by the aid of Castor and Pollux who ap-
peared on the battlefield as youths riding
white horses. These early types of De-
narii are consequently also known as Cas-
toriati.
In B.C. 217 the value of the Denarius
was changed to sixteen Asses, and the
numeral XVI substituted, the latter being
generally abbreviated by the sign *.
The Denarius, in A.D. 296, was suc-
ceeded by the Centenionalia as a silver
coin, and the name Denarius was applied
to a copper coin, commonly known as the
*^ third bronze.'' See FoUis.
The gold Denarius, of the same weight
as the silver one and of the value of ten,
was the same as the half Aureus or Quin-
arius. It occurs both in the Roman Con-
sular and Imperial series.
The following table shows how exten-
sively the silver Denarii were debased, and
their corresponding values:
Percentage ot
copper alloy
Under Augustus the Denarius was one
eighty-fourth of a pound, copper 60
grains 5
Under Nero the Denarius was one nine-
tieth of a pound, copper 55 grains 5 to 10
Under Trajan the Denarius was one
ninety-ninth of a pound, copper 51
grains 15 to 18
Under Hadrian the Denarius was one
ninety-ninth of a pound, copper 51
grains 18 to 20
Under M. Aurelius the Denarius was one
ninety-ninth of a pound, copper 51
grains 20 to 25
Under Commodus the Denarius was one
one hundred and a third of a pound,
copper 49 grains 25 to 30
Under Sept. Severus the Denarius was one
one hundred and a fifth of a pound,
copper 48 grains 30 to 55
Denarius Aereus. From the time of
Gallienus the Denarius became so debased
that it was little more than copper and
was henceforth called D. Aereus (Vopiscus
Aurelian, 9).
Denarius Albus. See Albus.
Denarius Communis. See Follis.
Denarius Dentatus. See Serrated Coins.
Denarius Novus Argenteus. This in-
scription occurs on a large silver coin
struck for Riga in 1574. It had a value
of eighteen Ferding.
Denarius Oscensb. A coin of the weight
of a Roman Denarius but bearing as types :
obverse, a youthful or bearded male head ;
reverse, a horseman, was issued in the
second and first centuries B.C. from vari-
[63]
Denaro Mancuso
Desjat Deneg
ous mints in Spain to facilitate exchange
between the local population and the Ro-
mans. This coin is spoken of as Argentum
Oscense and Oscenses by Livy (xxxiv, 10;
46; xl, 43). The name is derived from the
city of Osca (the modern Huesca) in Tar-
raconensis which was the capital of Ser-
torius and, owing to the proximity of large
silver mines, was the principal place of
issue of this coinage.
Denaro Mancuso. See Mancoso.
Denaro Provisino. See Provisino.
Denga* Also called Tenga and Den-
uschka. A Russian word meaning money
in general. The term was first applied to
silver coins struck by the Dukes of Mos-
kow and Kiev, as early as the second half
of the fourteenth century, and subse-
quently by the free cities of Novgorod and
Pskof. The Dengi were intended for cir-
culation among the Tartars, and the style
and denomination of the Tartar money
was naturally adopted. Their form is gen-
erally oblong and irregular, but nearly
circular specimens have been found. In
numerous instances they bear a portrait
of the ruler or the same personage on horse-
back. They were divided into half Denga
pieces and Poluschkas {q.v.).
The later issues are of billon and copper
and the value of the Denga degenerated
to that of half a Kopeck. These were is-
sued as late as the first half of the eigh-
teenth century. A copper Para or three
Dengi piece was struck by Catherine II
of Russia in 1771 and 1772 for circulation
in Moldavia and Wallachia.
Denier. A silver and billon coin, corre-
sponding to the Penny, and current
throughout Western Europe from the
time of the Merovingian Dynasty.
The name is derived from the Denarius,
which it resembled in size and fabric; and
the Danaro, Dinero, Dinar, and Dinheiro,
are modifications of the same coin, em-
ployed according to the country or terri-
tory where this type was in circulation.
Its value fluctuated; under Charle-
magne's reforms of the monetary system
240 Deniers were ordered to be struck from
one pound of fine silver, and the Denier
was valued at one twelfth of the Solidus.
When the Gros Toumois and later the
Gros Parisis appeared, the same ratio of
[
twelve to one was retained for the Denier,
and it was styled Denier Tournois or
Denier Parisis according to the place of
mintage. In the reign of Louis XVI the
base silver Denier was worth only one •
eighth or one tenth as much as the fine
silver one of Charlemagne.
Last of all the Denier was struck in cop-
per and its value diminished still more.
Frederick the Great issued it in this metal
for Upper .Silesia in 1746; the copper
Denier of Prance was equal to four Liards,
or the twelfth part of the Sol or Sou.
Denier a la Reine. See Reine.
Denier Bourdelois. A variety of the
Denier struck by Louis XI of France and
retained by his successors Charles VIII
and Francis I. All the early types ap-
pear to have a small shell as a mint-mark.
Denier d'Or. A gold coin of Western
Europe which appeared about the time of
the Carlovingian Dynasty. It was exten-
sively issued at Melle and occurs in the
Anglo-Gallic series, where it corresponds
to the Salute and was valued at 25 Sols.
Denier d*Or. Another name for the
Mouton (q.v,) and generally applied to
such types as were struck by the Counts "^
of Bar and throughout Flanders. Louis
of Malle, Count of Flanders, by a com-
mission dated April 13, 1357, ordered his
moneyer, Andrieu du Porche, to strike
Deniers d'or au Mouton for the Seignory
of Rethel, with the inscription Ludovicus
Comes Regitestensis.
Denier Faible. See Lausannais.
Denier Noir. See Black Farthing and
Zwarte Penning.
Denier Palatin. The name given to a
silver coin of the Carolingian series issued
by Louis I (816-840) with the inscription
PALATiNA MONETA. Conf, also Moucta Pal-
atina, infra.
Denier Parisis. A billon coin belonging
to the Anglo-Gallic series, and struck by
Henry VI pursuant to an ordinance of
May 31, 1424.
Deniers pour £pouser. See Arrhes.
Denkmiinze. A commemorative coin or
medal. See Jubileums Thaler.
Denuschka. See Denga.
Desjat Doieg. The name given to the
Russian base silver coin of five Kopecks,
64]
Deuce
Didrachm
which was first struck at the beginning of
the eighteenth century under Peter I.
Deuce, also written Duce. An English
dialect term for two pence. See Mayhew,
London Labour and London Poor, 1851
(i. 256).
Deunx, or labus. A division of the As
and equal to eleven ounces. See Acs Grave
and Deconcia.
Deventergans. A nickname given to
the Grosso issued in Deventer by Frederick
von Blankenheim, Bishop of Utrecht (1393-
1423). This coin bore a poorly executed
figure of an eagle which was mistaken for
a goose.
Device* This term is used by numis-
matists to describe the emblem or armorial
design on a coin in conjunction with a
national motto. Thus the United States
uses a figure of Liberty and the words **In
God we trust.'' Great Britain has **Dieu
et mon droit/' etc.
Devfl's Bit. An English dialect term
current in Lincolnshire and meaning a
threepenny piece.
It is so called because proud people
will not give copper at collections in
church, and therefore provide themselves
with the smallest silver coin.
Deztans. See Decunx.
Dhabbuy or Dhabu. A copper coin for-
merly current in the Deccan principality;
it was valued at two of the Alamgiri Pice
or one thirty-second of a Chandor Rupee.
See Kori and Pice.
Dbarana. A silver coin of ancient In-
dia, the same as the Purana (q.v.).
The name is from dhriy "to hold," and
probably means, according to Cunning-
ham, *'a handful of sixteen copper Panas.''
See Pana.
Dhebua. A rough unstamped lump of
copper used in the currency system of
Nepal. It was computed at four Dams.
See Suka.
Dhingalo, or Dhinglo. A copper coin
of Cutch and Kathiawar, of the value of
one sixteenth of a Kori (q.v.). Codring-
ton states that ''Dhingo" is a Cutch term
meaning **fat," and *'lo'' is a masculine
suffix, and he adds, '*so Dingalo means
something fat, hence the fattest coin.
Though at present it is used for a pice
[65
and a half, I think it was originally three
pice or tambios."
Diamante. A silver coin of Ferrara,
corresponding to the Grosso, first struck
by Borso (1450-1471) and imitated by
several of his successors. It receives its
name from a figure resembling a diamond
on the obverse. A smaller coin of similar
type is known as the Diamantino.
Dibsy or Dibbs. A slang term for money
and possibly a corruption of **tips," i.e.,
gifts for service rendered. Horace and
James Smith in their Rejected Addresses,
1812, George Barnwell use the phrase
**make nunky surrender his dibs," and
Smyth, in The Sailor's Word-hook, 1867,
has, ** Dibbs, a galley term for ready
money. ' '
DicciottinOy or Diciottino. This word
means eighteen and it was used in Parma,
Milan, etc., during the fifteenth century
to indicate the pieces of 18 Danari struck
in Savoy.
Dichallum. ^ A Greek copper coin of the
value of double the Chalcus or one fourth
of the Obol (q.v.),
Dicken, Dickpfennige. A popular name
to distinguish coins of thick fabric, and
usually applied to the silver issues of
Switzerland of the fifteenth and sixteenth
centuries. These pieces were patterned
after the Italian Testones but did not have
the light weight. The Dicken of Berne,
dated 1492 (Frey, No. 369), is a good ex-
ample.
Dick Thaler, Dick Groschen. A name,
like Dicken, employed to designate the
thick characteristics of a coin, to distin-
guish it from the broad type. See Breite
Groschen, and Gros.
The term Dick Groschen, or Nummi
Grossi, was originally applied in the four-
teenth century in France, Bohemia, Ger-
many, etc., to coins of the Gros Tournois
variety but struck on much thicker planch-
ets.
The Dick Thaler of Tyrol, dated 1484
(Frey No. 260), is one of the earliest of
these, and its small and thick fabric was
imitated in a number of the German
states, as well as in Denmark.
Didrachm, or Didrachmon. A Greek sil-
ver coin of the value of two Drachms
{q.v.). It was copied from the silver
]
Die
Dirhdn
Stater of the Persians, and is consequently
frequently referred to by this name,
though as a monetary unit it was soon re-
placed by the Drachm. The Didrachm
was extensively struck in Corinth and its
colonies (see Stater, Poloi) and also in the
cities of Sicily and lower Italy.
Die. The stamp used in coining. An
early reference to it is found in M. Smith's
Memoirs of the Secret Service, 1699 (App.
19), viz., "to bring or send to him some
Deys ... to coin some milled Money."
Digenoit. See Divionensis.
DOcoUjrboii* A Greek copper coin of
the value of half of the Chalcus (g.v.).
Conf. CoUybos {supra).
Dilitrcm. Silver coins of two Litra in
value were struck at Rhegium in Italy.
See Litra.
Dime. A silver coin of the United
States, the tenth part of a Dollar. This
coin, and its corresponding half, \yere au-
thorized by Act of Congress, April 2, 1792.
The half Dime was first coined in 1794
and discontinued in 1873. The Dime was
struck in 1796 and is still coined. See
Disme.
The name is probably derived from the
French, dixieme.
Dinar. A Muhammadan gold coin, first
issued in the latter part of the seventh
century. The name is derived from the
Roman Denarius. The weight of the early
Dinars was about sixt^'-six grains, but at
later periods the same term was used for
gold coins of greater or less weight and
size.
The quality of the metal was almost al-
ways fine gold, the chief exceptions being
the coins struck in Turkey and Morocco,
some of which contain a large amount of
alloy.
Dinar. A money of account used in
modern Persia, and computed as follows:
1000 Dinar — 1 Kran Bllver
100 Dinar — 1 Sonar silver
.'JO Dinar = 1 Shahi copper
2T) Dinar = 1 Pul copper
Dinar. A silver coin of Servia adopted
in 1867 when that country followed the
Latin Union in its monetary system. It
is of the same value as the Franc, Lira, etc.,
and is subdivided into one hundred Paras.
There are pieces of ten and twenty Dinara
in gold.
[
Dindcrt, also written Dynders. Phil-
lips, in his History of Shrewsbury (pp.
199, 200), in referring to Wroxeter, has
the following note: *'The Roman coins
found here are a proof of the antiquity of
the place; the inhabitants call them din-
ders, a corruption of the Roman denarius."
Dinerilloy or Dincrudo. A small cop-
per coin struck by Philip III and Philip
IV of Spain during the seventeenth cen-
tury for Valencia and Barcelona. The
name is a diminutive of Dinero.
Dinero. The Spanish equivalent of the
Denier. It appears to have been intro-
duced about the reign of Fernando III of
Castile (1230-1252), and is mentioned as
late as the French occupation of Navarre
under Henri II d' Albret (1516-1551).
The half is called Malla.
Dinero* A silver coin of Peru of the
value of one half the Peseta or ten Cen-
tavos.
Dinga. A Burmese word signifying a
coin. It is probably a corruption of Tanga
(q.v.). See also the Indian Antiqu4xry
(xxvi. 235-245).
Dinheiro* The Portuguese equivalent of
the Denier. The coinage of these pieces
begins under Alfonso I (1128-1185) and
extends to the latter part of the fourteenth
century. See Caixa.
Dinomos. The ancient name for the sil-
ver piece of the value of two Nomoi struck
at times in South Italy, notably at Thu-
rium and Metapontum. See Mommsen-
Blacas, Monnaies Romaines (i. 155). They
are known to modern numismatists as Te-
tradrachms or Distaters.
Diobol<m. A piece of two Oboli. See
Obol.
Dirhem. A Muhammadan silver coin,
first issued in the latter part of the seventh
century. The name is a modification of
the Greek Drachma. The weight of the
Dirhem originally was forty-six grains,
but both the weight and size have under-
gone many variations.
Originally the Dirhem was one tenth of
the Dinar, but this relation was not kept
up.
The legal Dirhem is a money of account ;
the actual Dirhem of currency varied
greatly in weight, e.g., in 710 the Egyptian
Dirhem weighed 64 Habbehs, at other
66]
Disk
Dobler
times 48. The divisions of the Dirhem are
into 6 Daniks, or 14 Kirats, or 70 Barley-
corns.
Disk. An English dialect term for a
half Crown.
Boswell, Poetical Works, 1811, has the
lines
"I ask but half-a-crown a line
The song be your's, the disk be mine."
Disme. A pattern or experimental coin
of the United States issued in 1792, with
a corresponding half. See Dime.
Di-Stater. The double of the gold Stater
(q.v.). It occurs in the coins struck by
Alexander the Great. This name also
designated a silver coin equal to two silver
Staters.
Ditto Bolo. An obsolete copper coin of
the Ionian Islands. The name is probably
a corruption of di oholi.
Diviniy or DiwanL The Abyssinian
name and equivalent of the Para. See
Wakea.
Fonrobert (Nos. 4989-5003) enumerates
silver coins of San 'a, in Arabia, called
Diwani, forty of which were equal to one
Ghrush.
Divionensisy Digenois, or Dijonnois,
The name usually applied to the money
struck at Dijon, the capital of the ancient
Duchy of Burgundy. Silver issues date
from the eleventh century. See Blanchet
(i. 395) and Poey d'Avant (iii. 192).
Dixain. A French billon coin ^lich, as
its name indicates, was the teutli part of
the silver Franc and later of the Ecu.
In the reign of Louis XII (1498-1515)
were issued the Dixain a Couronne and
the Dixain du Dauphine, both of a similar
type to the Douzain (q.v,). Under Fran-
cis I (1515-1547) it received the name
Franciscus, probably from the large letter
F with the crown above, which is a promi-
nent feature.
In 1791 an essay was struck in bell-
metal of a coin to equal one tenth of the
Livre, and the prototype of the Decime
(q.v.). It bears on one side the date in
a wreath and on the reverse the word
DIXAIN surrounded by the inscription
METAL DE CLOCHE.
Djampely or Jampal. A silver coin of
the Malay Peninsula of the value of one
half the Real. See Pitje. The name is
also given to the Krishnala {q*v.).
Do-am. In the Nepalese system this is
half of the Suka (q.v.),
Dobla. A gold coin of Spain, intro-
duced about the time of Peter I (1350-
1368) and struck at Seville, Toledo, etc.
The original type bore on one side a three-
turreted castle, but this was followed by
the portrait variety under Ferdinand and
Isabella (1474-1516). The earlier variety
is frequently known as the Dobla Castel-
lana and the other as the Dobla a la
Cabeza.
The value of the Dobla, also called Dob-
Ion, was two Escudos or one eighth of
the Onza. There were multiples, called
Doblon de a Cuatro and Doblon de a Ocho,
the latter was of course the same as the
Onza ; it was struck principally for Mexico
and other Spanish colonies, and is com-
monly known as the Doubloon.
Another variety, the Dublone, was is-
sued by Charles V during the Spanish
occupation of the Low Countries.
By a royal decree of 1849 the metric
system was introduced in Spain, and the
money of account was made as follows:
One Doblon de Isabel was equal to ten
Escudos, or one hundred Reales, or five
gold Piastres.
In the Italian coinage the term Dobla
is generally applied to the double Ducato
di Oro, such as was struck by the Emperor
Charles V for Naples and Sicily, etc. See
Chalmers (p. 395).
Dobla de la Banda. A gold coin of
Castile struck by Juan I (1379-1390). It
receives its name from the band crossing
the shield, which was a feature of the
Ordre de la Vanda (Band), an Order of
Knighthood instituted by Alfonso XI.
Cojif, De La Torre (No. 6427).
Dobla de lot Excelentes. See Aguila
de Oro.
Doblado. Another name for the Dobla,
but usually applied to the gold coin of
two Escudos struck in Ecuador in 1835
and later. See Fonrobert (8298).
DoblengOy or Duplo. A denomination
struck by Berenger Ramon IV, Count of
Barcelona (1131-1162), and later adopted
by the Kings of Aragon. It probably rep-
resented a piece of two Deniers in value.
Dobler. A name given to the billon
double Gros of the Island of Majorca. It
[67]
Doblon
Dog Dollars
was issued as early as the thirteenth cen-
tury and continued in use until the time
of Philip V (1700-1746). The general
type has on one side a crowned bust be-
tween two roses, and on the reverse a cross
or armorial shield. The later issues were
struck in copper and reduced to the value
of two Dineros.
Doblon. A Mexican gold coin, the Onza
of eight Escudos. See Dobla.
The name is still employed in Chile and
Uruguay for the piece of ten Pesos.
DobI<me* The name given to a gold
coin struck in Bologna in 1529 by the
Dominicans at the time of a famine; its
value was four Scudi d' Oro. The Papal
mint at Rome used the same name for the
Doppia da due, also valued at four Scudi
d'Oro, which was issued as early as the
reign of Innocent X (1644-1655).
In Modena the Doblone was a gold coin
of the value of eight Scudi struck by
Francis I (1629-1637).
Doblon Sencillo. This was not an ac-
tual coin but a money of account in the
old Spanish system representing a value
of sixty Reales.
Dobra. A gold coin of Portugal which
was first issued in the reign of Pedro I
(1357-1367) and equal to 82 Soldi.
At the beginning of the reign of John
V (1706-1750) appeared the Dobra de
oito Escudos, and the Dobra de quatro
Escudos, valued respectively at eight and
four Escudos, or 12,800 and 6400 Reis.
The former coin was commonly known as
the Joannes, and in the British West In-
dies, where they circulated extensively, this
was abbreviated into Joe, the latter coin
being called the half Joe. The striking of
these coins ceased by virtue of a Portu-
guese proclamation of November 29, 1732.
They gradually disappeared from circula-
tion^ and in time the half Dobras were im-
properly alluded to in some places as Joes
instead of half Joes.
It should be added that in 1731 a Dobra
of twenty-four and another of sixteen Es-
cudos were struck. These large gold coins
are illustrated by Aragao (pi. xli. 23, 24)
and described by Meili.
In 1750, the Dobra, now reduced to four
Escudos, or 6400 Reis, received the name
of Peca, and this designation continued
until its abolition early in the nineteenth
century.
Dobra Gentil, also known as Gentil, a
Portuguese gold coin issued in the reign
of Fernando I (1367-1383). Like the
Chaise d'Or it represents the King seated
on a throne under a canopy, and on the
reverse a cross formed of five shields with-
in an outer circle composed of eight
castles.
Doddane. Lewis Rice, in the Mysore
Gazetteer, 1877 (p. 8), states that a silver
coin of this name and of the value of two
Annas was in circulation in the above-
mentioned year.
Dodecadrachm* A Greek silver coin of
the value of twelve Drachms (g.v.). See
Hexastater.
Dodicesimo. The name given to the
one twelfth of the Apuliense {q.v.).
Dodkin. A diminutive of Doit (^.v.),
and usually applied to inferior coins
brought into England by foreign traders.
Dodrans. One of the divisions of the
As, of the weight of nine ounces.
The reverse of this very rare coin bears
an S, as in the Semis, and three bosses in
addition. See Aes Grave.
Dolpeltbaler. A name used in Adam
Berg's Milnzbuch, 1597, to describe the
issues of Philip II of Spain for Burgundy
and the Spanish Netherlands. The word
means *' clumsy*' and the nickname is ap-
plied on account of their coarse and thick
fabric.
DoewL The Malay equivalent of the
word Duit. It occurs on the copper coin
of Celebes dated A.H. 1250, i.e., 1834- '35.
Dog. See Black Dogs.
Dog Dollar, or Lion Dollar. The
Leeuwendaalder of the United Provinces
{q. v.).
Dog Dollars. In an act of the Assem-
bly of West Jersey, dated October 3-18,
1693, it is stated that *'Dog Dollars not
dipt," are worth six Shillings each, being
of the same value as Mexican ''pieces of
eight" of twelve pennyweight.
The Assembly of the Province of Mary-
land in 1708 passed a law fixing the rates
of exchange, and this act mentions Dog
Dollars as being the money which was
most plentiful in the Province, and with
[68]
Dogganey
Doppia
which the inhabitants were best ac-
quainted; upon them the value of four
shillings and sixpence was placed. In the
laws of Pennsylvania, these coins are fre-
quently mentioned as the Lion or Dog
Dollars, and are rated in 1723 at five Shil-
lings.
Dogganey. See Duggani.
Doit, or DoyL The English equivalent
for the Duit {q.v.). The name is evi-
dently a corruption of the French d^huit,
an eighth, this being their value as com-
pared to the Stuiver.
Doits were current in Scotland during
the reign of the Stuarts, but their im-
portation was prohibited in 1685. See
Ruding (ii. 22).
DokanL See Nasfi.
Dokdoy or Dokro. A copper coin of
Cutch and Kathiawar, of the value of one
twenty-fourth of a Kori (q.v.), Codring-
ton states that it is from the Prakrit Duk-
kado, or the Sanscrit Dvikrita, meaning
** twice done,*' i.e,, twice a Tambio. He
adds that ** though now used to mean one
pice, it must originally have been two
pice. ' '
Dolche, i.e., daggers. A name given to
the ducal Groschen of Lorraine struck
during the fifteenth and sixteenth cen-
turies. The obverse of these coins bore the
figure of an arm holding a short sword
which was easily mistaken for a dagger
or poniard.
Dollar. The derivation is generally sup-
posed to come from the German word
Thaler (^.v.), and this in its turn takes
its name from the silver coins struck about
1525 in the mining region of Joachimsthal
in Bohemia.
It is the unit of value of the United
States and is worth ten dimes or one hun-
dred cents. The silver dollar was author-
ized to be coined by an Act of Congress
dated April 2, 1792, and the first coins
were issued in 1794. They were originally
of 416 grains; reduced in 1837 to 412.5
grains. The coinage of the silver dollar
ceased in 1904.
The gold dollar was authorized by an
Act of March 8, 1849, and abolished in
1890. It is of the weight of 25.8 grains,
and was designed by James B. Longacre,
the chief engraver of the mint.
Many of the British Colonies now use
a silver dollar, called the British Dollar,
and based on a metric system. This piece
was authorized in 1895 and first struck for
circulation in 1896, being intended prin-
cipally for Hong Kong and the Straits
Settlements. It was originally 416 grains
fine. The Bank of England dollar of the
value of five shillings, and the Bank of
Ireland dollar of the value of six shillings
were both issued in 1804.
Dollar. A silver coin struck by Charles
II for Scotland from 1676 to 1682, and
constituting his second coinage. It is of
the weight of 429 grains, the same as the
Four Merk piece of the preceding issue.
There are divisions to one sixteenth of a
Dollar.
Donarioy or Donathr. This, as the name
indicates, is a coin or medal issued to com-
memorate some event and not sold, but
distributed on an anniversary. -One of
Carl Gustav of Sweden struck f«r Riga
prior to his accession in 1645, reads: EX
AVREO SOLIDO CIVITATIS RIGENSIS ME FIERI
FECIT.
Pietro Virgilio on his accession to the
Bishopric of Trent in 1776 coined the
Donario in both gold and silver for pres-
entation purposes.
Donativ. See Donario.
Dong. Another name for the Sapeque
(g.v.). A piece of 100 Dong of the Em-
peror Hien-Tong of Annam (1740-1785)
is described by Lavoix (xxv. 389). Dong
and Dong-thien is the Annamese equiva-
lent for the Chinese Cash.
Doppel in German, and Doppio in Ital-
ian, means double, and is generally used
in conjunction with Thaler, Grosso, etc.
Doppia, from doppio, double, is the
name of a former gold coin of a number
of the Italian States, and the double of
some recognized unit.
It appears in Milan in the fifteenth cen-
tury under the Sforza dynasty as a piece
of two Zecchini, and it bore the same value
in Malta. ,
As a coin of two Scudi it occurs in the
coinage of Genoa, Venice, Mantua, the
Papal series both at Rome and Bologna,
etc.
[69]
Doppia da Due
Drachm
The name is variously written as Dop-
pione and Doppietta, the latter form usu-
ally for Sardinia.
Doppia da Due. See Quadrupla.
Doppietta and Doppi<me. See Doppia.
Doppler, like Doppia, is a general term
used to express the double of any recog-
nized standard, e.g., pieces of two Kreuzer,
two Thaler, etc.
Dorea, or Durih. A money of account
of Bombay, etc., computed at six Reis.
See Mohur.
Dos. A Siamese gold coin of the value
of ten Ticals issued pursuant to an order of
King Chulalongkorn, dated November 11,
1908. The reverse has the figure of Gam-
da, with a shield bearing the **Chakra''
and trident. Legend, one dos siama rath
(in Siamese), and the date of mintage.
Do Sen. The name given by the Jap-
anese to their coins with central holes that
were issued from A.D. 708 to 1868, when
the modern coinage, began.
Double. The abbreviated name for the
French piece of two Deniers. In the
Anglo-Gallic series the same term was ap-
plied to the double Gros, and in the Irish
series under Edward IV to the double
Groat, which was current for eight pence.
See Ruding (i. 284).
The earliest varieties of this coin bear
the inscription moneta dvplex and they
are found in Brabant under Jean III
(1312-1355).
Double. A copper coin of the Island
of Guernsey, introduced in 1830, and of
the value of one eighth of the English
penny. There are multiples of four and
eight Doubles. Bronze replaced the copper
in 1861.
Double Key. A corruption of Dub-
beltje (q.v.). Chalmers (p. 382) men-
tions Double Keys, or Kupangs, as being
the Dutch coin of two Stuivers. See also
the Indian Antiquary (xxvi. 335).
Double Lorrain. A variety of the
Double Tournois struck by Louis XIII of
France in 1635 and 1636. It has on the
reverse three lilies and the words dovble
LORRAIN with the date. See Hoffmann
(134, 135).
Double Merk. See Thistle Dollar.
[
DoubI<m. The French equivalent for
Doblon and Doubloon. The name is used
on a series of silver tokens ranging from
one eighth to one Doublon struck in Paris
in 1825 for Guadeloupe. See Zay (p.
203).
Doublo<m. See Dobla.
Doudou. See Duddu.
Dough. A slang term for money.
Douzain. A billon French coin, which,
as its name indicates, was the douzieme or
twelfth part of the silver Franc and later
the twelfth part of the Ecu. It appears
to have been introduced in the reign of
Charles VIII (1483-1498), and the gen-
eral type represents on one side a crowned
shield with three fleurs-de-lis, and on the
reverse a cross with crowns and fleurs-de-
lis in the angles. The issues for Perpig-
nan have a P over the cross, and the Dou-
zain pour le Dauphine has dolphins in the
angles. Among the numerous other varie-
ties are the Douzain de Bretagne with the
letters R or N on the cross to represent
Rennes or Nantes ; the Douzain a la Cour-
onne, and the Douzain au pore-epic, the
latter with a porcupine under the shield,
both of which appeared under Louis XII
(1498-1515) ; the Douzain a la Salamandre
issued in the time of Francis I (1515-
1547) on which the shield has two crowned
Salamanders as supporters; the Douzain
a la Croisette of the same monarch, on
which the cross appears in a quadrilobe;
the Douzain aux Croissants of Henri II
(1547-1559), having two interwoven cross-
es on the reverse; and besides all these
there are special issues for Beam, Navarre,
etc. Under Louis XIII specimens occur
countermarked with a lis or lily, pursuant
to the ordinance of June, 1640.
There is an obsidional Douzain struck
for the Low Countries during the French
occupation in 1672. See Mailliet (lii. 9).
Doyt. See Doit.
Dozzeno. The double of the Sesino
(q,v.), and consequently the third part of
the Grosso. It exists as a coin of Frinco
in the latter part of the sixteenth century.
Drachm, or Drachnum. The unit of
the silver coinage of Greece, the normal
weight of which in the Attic standard was
4.367 grammes, or 67.28 grains.
70]
Drachma
Dripmy Bit
The name is derived from the Greek
verb 5paTT0|i.at, i.e., to grasp, to hold, liter-
ally a handful, or as much as can be con-
veniently held in the hand to be put in the
scales for weighing.
The multiples of the Drachm are :
Dodeoadrachm = 12 Drachms
Decadrachm = 10 Drachma
Octodrachm = 8 Drachms
Hexadrachm = « Drachma
Pentadrachm = »'> Drachma
Tetradrachm = 4 Drachma
Dldrachm, or Stater = 2 Drachma
But no single monetary system possesses
all of these types.
The Drachm was equal to six Obols or
Oboli (g.v.)- , „
The first coined piece known to the He-
brews was the Persian Daric (g.v.). This
is rendered as Dram in the authorized ver-
sion. See I Chronicles (xxix. 7), Ezra (ii.
69), and Nehemiah (vii. 70-72).
Drachma. (Plural Drachmai.) The
unit and basis of the coinage of modem
Greece since 1833, and also adopted by
Crete in 1901. It is a silver coin of the
same value as the Franc, Lira, and other
coins of the Latin Union, and is divided
into one hundred Lepta.
Drakani, or DrahkanL Brosset, in his
Hisloire de la Oeorgie (pp. 159, 169),
states that this name is given to a gold
coin, the same as the Armenian Tahegan
(q.v.).
Drake. A popular name for the silver
milled Shilling of Elizabeth, with a mart-
let, commonly called a drake, as a mint
mark. They were usually struck at the
York mint. See Murdoch Catalogue (No.
646).
Dram. See Drachm.
Dramma. A name given to the large
gold coins of the mediaeval dynasties of
Central India, notably the Chandellas
(A.D. 1015-1150). Detailed descriptions
will be found in the Journal of the Asiatic
Society of Bengal, 1897 (Ixvi. p. 306).
Cunningham (p. 3) cites an inscription
from Jaunpur of A.D. 1216, where it is
referred to as equal to six Vodris, and
adds that this '* certainly refers to the
Greek Drachm of six Oboli."
Dreibaetzner. See Baetzner.
Dreier. A common name for the base
silver piece of three Pfennige or three
Kreuzer which was struck in a number of
the German States since the sixteenth cen-
tury. See Sechser.
Dreigroscher. A popular name for the
triple Groschen which were struck in
Poland, Lithuania, and some portions of
Prussia in the sixteenth century. At a
later period the Electors of Brandenburg
issued Dreigroscher of the value of three
Prussian Groschen plus four Pfennige, with
corresponding larger coins called Sechs-
groscher and Zwolfgroscher. All of the
above named were of base silver.
Drdkaiterthaler. A name given to a
variety of Thaler struck by the Emperor
Ferdinand I (1556-1564) which bear the
triple crowned profile busts of himself, the
Emperor Maximilian I, and Charles V.
They are without date.
Dreilander. A name given to the double
Gros when the same type was adopted by
three districts or territories. Thus Jean IV
of Brabant (1415-1427) struck a Dreilan-
der current in Brabant, Hennegau, and
Holland. The name is also written Drie-
lander.
Dreiling. A term formerly employed in
the North German States, e,g., Holstein,
Hamburg, Mecklenburg, etc., to indicate the
triple of the lowest existing denomination
in use at the time, or the one fourth of
some standard like the Groschen.
During the French occupation of Ham-
burg in 1809 a billon piece was issued with
the inscription i. dreiling. An essay of
this coin struck in gold appeared in 1807.
Dreipolker. The half of the Dreigros-
cher, i.e., a piece of one and one half
Groschen. It was common in Prussia dur-
ing the seventeenth century. See Poltora.
Dreissiger. A general term for a coin
of thirty Kreuzer. See Sechser, Zwanziger,
etc.
Dreizehner. The popular name for the
silver coins of Dortmund, issued during
the seventeenth century. They had a figure
13 stamped on them to indicate that their
value was one thirteenth of the Thaler.
Drie Diiitstuk. See Duit.
Drielander. See Dreilander.
Dripmy Bit. A corruption of three
penny piece ; it is an English dialect word
used in Devonshire.
[71]
Druttainer
Ducato d'Argento
Druttainer, or Dritteiner. The name
used in Munster to designate the Prussian
coin of five Silbergroschen. See Kasten-
mannchen.
Dtchingara. A pale gold coin with Ara-
bic inscriptions issued for Gowa in Celebes,
A.H. 1078, and later. It was valued at
four Koupas. Conf. Millies (p. 177), and
Fonrobert (Nos. 899, 901).
Duariiis. The common name for the base
silver two Kreuzer piece struck for Hun-
gary and Transylvania during the sixteenth
and seventeenth centuries.
Dub* A Persian word meaning thick,
and applied to various Indian coins of the
Fels type having a thick or heavy module.
The French equivalent is Dabou, and
Zay (p. 287) states that at Yanaon in the
French Indies forty-six to forty-eight Da-
bous are equal to one Rupee.
The Dub with multiples was also Issued
by the Madras East India Company in
1807 and later. See Neumann (19906),
and Faluce, infra.
Dubbeltje, or Dubeltje, meaning twice,
or double, is the popular name for the
former Dutch coin of two Stuivers.
In the currency of the Malay Peninsula
it is equal to two and one half Duits, and is
called by the natives Wang Baharu, mean-
ing ** small change.'* Conf, Pitje.
The word is still retained in Holland to
designate the silver coin of ten Cents.
Dublone. See Dobla.
Ducat. Also called Ducato and Dukat.
The best known of all gold coins. It is
generally supposed to have been first issued
by Roger II, King of Sicily, about 1150.
This coin bore the figure of Christ, and the
inscription sit tibi xre dat q tv regis iste
DVCAT, i.e., Sit tibi Christe datus, quem tu
regis iste ducatus — '*To thee, O Christ, be
dedicated this duchy which thou rulest."
From the last word of the inscription the
coin received its name.
The Ducat was extensively copied by the
chief rulers of Europe, and has almost uni-
versally retained its fineness. The last
country to issue this denomination was
Austria.
There are divisions as low as one thirty-
second, and multiples as high as pieces of
over one hundred ducats. It also occurs in
square and hexagonal shapes. See Zec-
chino.
Ducat. A gold coin of Scotland, struck
in 1558 after the marriage of Mary Stuart
to Francis, the Dauphin of France. Its
weight is 118 grains. See Bonnet Piece.
DucaL A money of account in the Vene-
tian Republic during the fifteenth century.
Coryat, in his CrMdities, 1611 (286), has
the following : * * Now whereas the Venetian
duckat is much spoken of, you must con-
sider that this word duckat doth not sig-
nifie any one certaine coyne. But many
severall pieces do concurre to make one
duckat, namely six livers [ ? livres] and two
gazets,'' i.e., Gazzetti.
Ducatdlo. A silver coin of the Republic
of Venice, which appeared under the Doge
Marco Foscarini (1762-1763). It was evi-
dently intended for foreign trade, and as
late as 1823 the Ducatello is referred to
in Alexandrian coinage as equal to ten
Medini, or one fourth of the Piastre.
Ducato. A coin struck in both gold and
silver for several parts of Italy but espe-
cially for Naples and the two Sicilies. In
order to indicate the complicated relation-
ship of these coins to their multiples and
divisions the following table is appended :
Ducato d'Oro = 10 Neapolitan Carlini;
Ducato d'Argento = 100 Grani; the half
of the silver Ducato, of the value of 50
Grani, being also known as the Pataca.
Following the ordinance of April 20,
1818, there were issued the Oncetta, a gold
coin of three Ducati, with double, quintu-
ple, and ten Oncetta pieces, and the Ducato
d'Argento, of ten Carlini or 100 Grani.
In Sicily the divisions of the Ducato,
prior to 1818, has only half the value of
those in Naples, i.e. —
^■4 *^ ^^ V ^*4 ^p4
^ ^ %^ i^ X Z a es ^ >
9 cs ei oi 5 u o 9 ij es
QCmHOO O H O dn O
Naples 1 2 5 10 40 100 200 300 600 1200
Sicily 1 10 20 200 1200
pspeclally called
Palermo Baloccl
The silver Ducato of Ragusa, struck only
in the years 1722 and 1723, had a value
of forty Grossetti. See Vislino.
Ducato d'Argento. A silver coin of the
Danaro size, issued for Naples and Sicily,
[72]
Dacalo di Banco
Duit
Apulia, etc., as early as the twelfth cen-
tury. Roger II (Ruggiero), Duke of Na-
ples (1105-1130), and King (1130-1154)
struck it in concave form in imitation of
the Byzantine types, with the reverse in-
scription ii< ic XC RE IN AETERN, i.e., JcSUS
Christus regnat in aeternum. It was issued
in Venice under the Doge Girolamo Priuli
(1559-1567), with a value of 124 Soldi. In
Savoy, Duke Philibert II (1497-1504)
struck pieces of the same name, and it is
to be found in the currency of other Italian
states. It must, however, be remembered
that these latter Ducats in silver were ap-
proximately of the size of a Thaler or
Crown. See Romesine.
Ducato di Banco. A money of account
instituted by Cardinal Paletti in 1581 by
which he decreed that ten Ducati di Banco
were the equivalent of twelve ordinary cur-
rent Ducati. As it was simply a scheme
for local profit it never went into effect.
Ducato di Camera. Another name for
the Zecchino of the Papal States, which
later became a money of account.
Docatony also called Ducatone. A silver
coin of crown size first struck in 1598 by
the Spaniards during their occupation of
the Low Countries. The original types had
on one side the busts of the Archduke Al-
bert and his wife Elizabeth, but the name
had been previously employed to designate
the Philippus Daalder {q.v.). It was usu-
ally computed at thirty Stuivers.
The Ducaton Wjas extensively copied in
Savoy, Milan, Parma, etc., and an issue for
the Dutch Colonies bears the special colo-
nial mark.
An obsidional Ducaton was issued for
Amsterdam in the war against France,
1672-1673. See Mailliet (Suppl. iii. 4-6).
Ducats, always used in the plural, is a
slang or colloquial term for money.
Whyte Melville, in Dighy Orand (vi.),
has the following: **From spendthrift King
John downwards, the Christian has ever
pocketed the ducats, and abused the do-
nor."
Duce. See Deuce.
Dudduy also variously written Dudu,
Doudou, and Tuttu. A copper coin of
Southern India, the value of which varied
according to the locality. In the Travan-
core State there are varieties marked Ara
Chakram, meaning half a Chakram. See
Elliot (p. 139), who describes two varieties
of the value of four and eight Cash re-
spectively.
In the Madras Presidency these coins
were issued early in the eighteenth cen-
tury, and in Bengal they were computed
as equal to the half Paisa.
When the French operated their mints
at Pondichery and Karikal, they struck the
Doudou, as they called it, with a rude fleur
de lis on one side, and a Tamil inscription
on the reverse. There is a dated variety of
1836, with the Gallic cock on the obverse.
These coins were also valued at four Cash.
See Zay (pp. 278, 285).
Diitchen. The name given in the prov-
inces of Bast and West Prussia to the for-
mer Silbergroschen equal to one sixteenth
of the Thaler. It is very extensively found
in the coinages of Bremen, IIolstein-Got-
torp, Stralsund, etc., at the beginning of
the seventeenth century.
See a curious treatise on the etymology
of the name by Schroder, in the Nieder-
detttsches Jahrhuch, 1907 (xxxiii.).
Duetto. A copper coin of Florence,
Lucca, etc., of the value of two Quattrini.
It was issued throughout the eighteenth
century and was gradually abolished from
the coinage before 1850.
Duffer. An English slang term for a
counterfeit coin or non-negotiable money.
W. S. Jevons, in his work on Money, the
Mechanism of Exchange, 1875 (xxi. 289),
has the following: **The cheques, bills,
[etc.] are regarded by thieves as * duffer,'
with which they dare not meddle.*'
DugganL Lewis Rice, in the Mysore
Oazetteer, 1877 (p. 8), states that a copper
coin of this name, and of the value of half
the Duddu, was in circulation in the above-
mentioned year.
The Duganih, or Dogganey, probably a
variant of the above, was a name some-
times given to the Pice of Bombay, etc.,
when used as a money of account. See
Mohur.
Duit, also variously written Duyt, Dute,
and Doit (q.v,), is a copper coin of the
value of one eighth of a Stuiver, issued in
the various provinces of the Low Countries
[73]
Asarfi
Dynders
from about 1580 to the beginning of the
nineteenth century. According to the
Munt Ordonnantie of 1586 it was equal to
two Penninge.
The Dutch Government also issued Duits
in copper and lead for their possessions in
Ceylon from 1782 to 1792, and for Java
from 1764 to the early part of the nine-
teenth century. See Oord, and Pitje.
The name is retained in the Dutch In-
dies as a popular appellation for the cur-
rent one cent copper coin of Holland, and
the two and one half cent piece is usually
referred to as a Drie* Duitstuk.
Duitole Asarfi. A gold coin of Nepal
of the value of four Mohurs. See Suka.
Duk. The name given to a silver amulet
resembling a coin, and current in Annam.
It usually bears an inscription on one side,
and a figure (rose, swastika, vase, etc.) on
the reverse. See Fonrobert (2125, 2136).
Dukat. The German equivalent of Du-
cat (g.v.).
Dumare. According to Kelly (p. 232),
this was a former money of account used
on the Malabar coast and equal to four
cowrie shells. Twelve Dumares were equal
to one copper Pice.
Dump, A name generally applied to any
small coin of unusual thickness, irrespec-
tive of the metal or value. Well known
examples are the early coins of Ceylon with
elephants on the obverse; the thick small
half penny of George I of England, issued
in 1718 ; the Bit (g.v.) cut out of the Span-
ish Pesos ; and the centre piece of the Holey
Dollar {q.v.),
Dimg-tangy and Dimg-tse, are names
given to the Pa-nying Tang-ka by the Ti-
betans. See Ang-tuk.
Duodeciaere. Another name for the
Dodrans, which see.
Duplo. See Doblengo.
Duplone. A gold coin of a number of
the cantons of Switzerland and adopted by
the Helvetian Republic in 1800. It repre-
sented in value a double Ducat or sixteen
Francs, some of the issues reading 16
SCHWEIZER FRANKEN. Quadruples and
quintuples were occasionally struck.
Dupondius. A multiple of the Roman
As after the first reduction. It bears on
the obverse the head of Minerva or Roma,
and on the reverse the prow of a galley and
the mark n, i.e., two Asses.
The Dupondius continued to be coined
under the Roman Emperors but in brass
(in contradistinction to the As, which con-
sisted of more or less pure copper). Be-
cause in size it was about equal to the As
it was distinguished from the latter by
placing a radiate crown upon the Em-
peror's portrait on the obverse. It was
discontinued under Trajan Decius and Tre-
bonianus.
Durantingi, or Durantmi. A mediaeval
monej'' of Clermont-Ferrand, in Auvergne.
Du Cange cites an order of the eleventh
century showing that these coins were then
in common use. They were probably some
variety of Denier or Maille.
Duriglio. The name given to the gold
Pezzetta of Philip V of Spain and his suc-
cessors to the end of the eighteenth cen-
tury.
Durih. See Dorea.
Duro. The same as the Peso (^.t;.).
But the name Duro was used as a designa-
tion on an obsidional silver piece struck
for Gerona by Ferdinand VII in 1808
(Mailliet xlii. 10).
h\ the Morocco coinage the gold piece of
twenty Rials is called a Duro.
Duro de Plata. See Vellon.
Duro de Vell<m« See Vellon.
Duro Resellado. See Resellado.
Dust. A colloquial term for gold dust,
hence money. Wilkins, in his play The
Miseries of Enforced Marriage^ 1607 (iv.),
has the phrase **come, down with your
dust,*' and Smollett, in Ferdinand Count
Fathom, 1753 (i. 122), says, **I have more
dust in my fob.'*
John G. Saxe in his poem Jupiter and
Danae has the line, * * open your purse, and
come down with the dust." See Darby.
Dvoiak. The name given to the Polish
silver coin of two Grossi. See Szelong.
Dvougrivenik. See Grivna.
DwL A word meaning '^two," and used
in conjunction with the Pana {q.v.).
Dyak. A silver coin introduced by the
Gorkhas into Nepal and equal to two Paisa.
See Suka.
Dsmdert. See Dinders.
[74]
Eagle
Ecu
E
Eagle. A base silver coin current in
Ireland in the latter part of the thirteenth
century. For a time they were accepted
in England at the rate of two for a penny,
but were prohibited in 1310. W. Hemin-
burgh, in his Chronicon, circa, 1350 (repr.
ii. 187), says Monetas . . . pessimi metalli,
pollardorum, crocardoriim, . . . aquilariim.
See Brabant.
Eagle* The standard gold coin of the
United Sates of the value of ten dollars.
They were authorized to be coined by an
Act of Congress dated April 2, 1792, and
were to have a fineness of .916 2/^ and a
weight of 270 grains. They were issued
from 1795 to 1804 with the exception of
1802. In 1838 a new design appeared, en-
graved by William Kneass, and of a fine-
ness of .900, as provided by an Act of
Congress dated January 18, 1837. This
issue continued until the year 1907 when
it was succeeded by the new design of
Augustus St. Gaudens. There are also
double, half, and quarter Eagles.
Ea^e Cent The popular name for the
cent of small size issued in the United
States from 1856 to 1858. It has the figure
of a flying eagle on the obverse.
Earnest. Money or goods given to bind
an agreement ; specifically in law, the pay-
ment of part of the price by the buyer of
a commodity as a guarantee that he will
uphold the bargain.
*'If any part of the price is paid down,
if it be but a penny, or any portion of the
goods delivered by way of earnest (which
the civil law calls arrha and interprets to
be empiionis venditioni^ contractae argu-
menhm), the property of the goods is abso-
lutely bound by it. ' '— Blackstone, Com-
mentaries (ii. 30).
'*To constitute earnest the thing must
be given as a token of ratification of the
contract, and it should be expressly stated
so by the giver." Chitty, Common Law
Practice (iii. 289).
[
**Argentum Dei, God's money, i.e.,
money given in earnest upon the making
of any bargain.'' Blount, Law Dictionary,
1670.
Easterling. See Esterlin.
Ebenezer. A variety of the double
Krone or piece of eight Marks struck by
Frederick III of Denmark is so called. It
was issued to commemorate the unsuccess-
ful attempt of the Swedes to take Copen-
hagen on February 11, 1659.
The obverse has the King's initials
crowned, with the inscriptions dominvs
PROViDEBiT and ebenezer, the latter word
referring to the memorial stone mentioned
in I Samuel (iv. 1 and vii. 12).
On the reverse is a hand grasping at a
crown which is being severed from the arm
by a sword. The motto reads soli deo
GLORIA.
Ebraer, or Hebraer. The name given to
certain gold and silver coins of Denmark
issued by Christian IV from 1644 to 1648
to commemorate the expulsion of the
Swedes. The reverse of these coins bears
the inscription iustus iudex, and between
these words occurs the name Jehovah in
Hebrew script.
Ecclesiastical Coins. A name given in
general to such pieces as were issued by
archbishops, bishops, and abbots, to dis-
tinguish them from those struck by sov-
ereigns and rulers.
In England ecclesiastical coins were not
issued after the reign of Henry VIII.
Eckige Pfennige. A common designa-
tion for the mediaeval German issues which
were not struck on circular planchets. The
word means ** having corners."
Ecu, corresponding to the Italian scudo,
meant originally a shield, from the device
on the coin. Similarly the Dutch employ
the term Schild, the Spaniards Escudo, etc.
The silver Ecu, or Ecu Blanc, as it is
frequently called, appeared under Louis
XIIT in 1641, and had a value of sixty
75]
Ecu a la Couronne
Ecu du Parlement
Sols. There were also struck a number of
sub-divisions. See Hoffmann {pdssim).
Under Louis XV the value of the Ecu
varied at three, five, and six Livres, and
under Louis XVI it was made equal to the
latter figure.
Ecu a la Couronne, also called Couron-
nelle. A large French gold coin first is-
sued by Charles VII (1422-1461). It ob-
tains its name from the crowned shield, the
principal design on the obverse. It was
struck at Paris, Rouen, and Tournay.
Ecu a la Croisette* A variety of the
Ecu au Soleil issued by Francis 1 of France
in his second coinage (1540-1547). It has
a small equilateral cross on the reverse and
was struck at Montpellier, Saint Andre,
Lyons, Paris, and Marseilles. The type
was retained by his successor, Henri II.
Ecu a la Croix de Bourgogne. See
Kruisdaalder.
Ecu a I'Aigle. A silver coin, the one
third of the Arends-Rijksdaalder (g.v.),
and having a value of twenty Groten.
Ecu a la Perruque. A name given to a
variety of the silver Ecu of Louis XIV
struck in 1686 and later, on account of the
elaborate head-dress on the bust portrait.
Ecu a la Salamandre. A variety of the
gold Ecu issued by Francis I in his second
coinage (1540-1547). It receives its name
from the obverse design, two salamanders
supporting tlie armorial shield of France.
Ecu au Bandeau. The name given to a
variety of the silver Ecu of Louis XV is-
sued in 1740 and later, on account of the
broad band or ribbon which is a prominent
feature in the head-dress.
Ecu au Briquet. A variety of the Ecu
k la Couronne, having on the reverse alter-
nate lozenges and fleurs de lis in the angles
of the cross.
Ecu au Licm. See Leeuwendaalder.
Ecu au Pore-epic. A name given to the
Ecu d'or of Louis XII of France, on ac-
count of the porcupines on the reverse, in
the angles of the cross.
In 1522, in consequence of the lack of
English coins, several foreign coins of both
gold and silver were proclaimed current in
England; among these were ** crowns
named Porpynes, at four shillings and four
pence Sterling.'* Possibly this reference is
to a silver coin with a porcupine on it, as
Louis introduced a Gros au Pore-epic into
his Franco-Italian series, which was issued
at Milan.
Ecu au St Victor. See St. Victor Daal-
der.
Ecu au SoleO. The name given to the
variety of Ecu struck by Louis XI (1461-
1483) which bears the figure of a small
sun over the crowned shield of France. It
was also copied by Charles VIII, Louis XII,
and Francis I.
Ecu aux Colliers. A name given to a
variety' of the silver Ecu of Louis XIV
struck in 1684 and 1685, on account of the
chains or ribbons of the Order encircling
the shield.
Ecu aux Lauriert. The name given to
a variety of the silver Ecu struck by Louis
XV in 1737 and later, on account of the
reverse design which represented a crowned
shield between two branches of laurels.
There are divisions of one half, one fifth,
one tenth, and one twentieth.
Ecu aux Lunettes. See Louis aux Lu-
nettes.
Ecu Blanc. See Ecu.
Ecu de Six Livres. See Laubthaler.
Ecu d'Or. A gold coin of France in-
troduced by Philip VI (1328-1350). The
earliest types have a figure of the King
seated, holding a shield in his hand, and
this was imitated by Edward III in the
Anglo-Gallic series. Under Charles VI
(1380-1422) the new type, with the large
shield on the obverse, was struck. This
varietv was copied in Gueldres by Maria of
Brabant (1361-1399).
A Scottish gold coin issued in 1525 and
again in 1543 has received the same name.
See also Chaise.
Ecu du Dauphine. A gold coin issued
by Francis I of France (1515-1547) for
Dauphiny, and struck at Grenoble, Cre-
mieu, etc. It differs from the Ecu au Soleil
in having the quartered arms of France-
Dauphiny on the obverse.
Ecu du Parlement. A variety of the sil-
ver Ecu of Louis XIV struck in 1680 and
later. It has a bust in armor with peruke
and embroidered cravat, and on the re-
verse a crowned shield.
[76]
Ecu Heaume
Ecu Heaume. The name given to any
variety of the Ecu on which a helmet ap-
pears above the shield. See Ileaume.
Ecu Pistolet. A gold coin of Geneva is-
sued from about 1562 to 1585. It has on
the reverse a radiating sun with the motto
POST TENEBRAS Lvx. A larger gold coin of
the same type but struck in the following
century is known as the Quadruple.
Edelrost, i.e., ** noble rust.'* An ex-
pression used by German numismatic writ-
ers for patina.
Egitthaler. A name formerly used in
Hungary for the Convention Thaler.
Eight Brothers' Thaler. See Achtbrii-
derthaler.
Eintrachtsthaler. A name given to such
coins as were struck jointly by two or more
rulers ostensibly from pure motives of
friendship, but frequently a political pur-
pose of unity is also to be served.
The following are the principal ones : for
Baden, struck by the Margraves Bernhard
and Ernst in 1533 ; for Saxony, struck by
the Dukes Kasimir of Gotha and Johann
Ernst of Eisenach in 1598 ; for Brunswick,
struck by Julius Ernst and August in 1599
and 1617; and for Stolberg, struck by
Christian Friedrich and Jost Christian in
1704.
All of these have the busts facing or the
names of the contracting rulers and fre-
quently a device of clasped hands, etc.
Eiraku Sen. Originally a Chinese cop-
per coin introduced into Japan in the fif-
teenth century and made the sole lawful
currency of Japan in 1573. The piece was
coined by the Ming Emperor Cheng Tsu
in 1403-1425 and has the inscription yung
Lo TiTNG-PAO. Eiraku Tsuho is the Japan-
ese pronunciation.
Ekaba. A name given to a variety of
glass beads used as money by the Galla
tribes of Abyssinia. Those most esteemed
are red with an equatorial zone of white
enamel. See A. Thomson D'Abbadie, in
the Nvmisma tic Chronicle (ii. 1839- '40).
Ek-anL The one eighth Mohur intro-
duced by the Gorkhas in the coinage of
Nepal. See Suka.
Ekilik. See Ikilik.
[
Engel
V
Electro. An abbreviation of electrotype
and used in numismatics to indicate a copy
of an original coin or medal by the elec-
trotype process.
Electron, or Electrum. A natural alloy
of gold and silver employed by the Ionian
Greeks at an early period for money. The
name seems to be derived from the Greek,
tjXexTpov, i.e., amber, the color of the al-
loy resembling this product. It was
found in considerable quantities in the
river Pactolus in Lydia, and is mentioned
by Pliny and Sophocles. The electrum of
Asia Minor contained approximately twen-
ty-seven per cent of silver, but coins of
Africa and Sicilian coins of Agathocles in
this metal contain a larger percentage.
The pale gold coins of the Merovingians
and the Postulatsgulden of Liege, issued
about A.D. 1500 and containing about fifty
per cent of silver, are not natural electrum,
but a mixture purposely effected.
Eleemosyna Aratri. A tribute or tax
mentioned in the Leges Athelstan aptid
Lamlyard, and consisting of **a penny
which King Ethelred ordered to be paid for
every plough in England towards the sup-
port of the poor.*' It is also known by
the name of Carucage.
EUilik. A gold coin of the modern Turk-
ish series of the value of fifty Piastres.
Elm Seed Money. See Yu Chia Chien.
Embase. To depreciate coins in price or
value. Holinshed, in his Chronicles , 1577
(iii. 1192), states that '*the teston coined
for twelue pence and in the reigne of King
Edward embased by proclamation to six
pence.'' See Debased and Imbasing.
EmoL The salt money of Abyssinia.
See Amole.
Encased Stamps. See Postal Currency.
Enest. A word meaning "female" and
used in Abyssinia to designate the Maria
Theresa Thaler. See Wand.
Engel. The name frequently applied to
any coin with the device of an angel. In
Brabant the Brusselaar {q.v.) receives this
name from the figure of the archangel Mi-
chael on the same.
An ordinance of 1404 in the archives of
Frankfort a M. orders the striking of En-
gels, these coins to be valued at one third
of the Turnose. Cf. Paul Joseph (p. 223).
77]
Engelsgroschen
Esralin
Engdtgroschen. In the year 1490 rich
silver deposits were discovered in the
Schreckenberge in Saxony, and two years
later mining operations were instituted.
Prom the product of these mines the Elec-
tor Frederick III (1486-1525), in conjunc-
tion with Dukes Albrecht and Johann, or-
dered a new variety of Groschen to be
struck in 1498. These coins had on the
obverse the figure of an angel standing and
holding a shield, and received the name of
Engelsgroschen or Schreckenberger. Their
actual value was four Groschen and twelve
Kreuzer, and they were issued for a long
period by both the *Albertinian and the
Ernestinian Lines.
Engelsk. A Danish coin corresponding
to the Esterlin. It was current in the latter
part of the fourteenth century. See Blan-
chet (ii. 314).
Engelthaler. A silver coin of the same
type as the Engelsgroschen but of a larger
size and of the value of fortv Groschen. It
was struck for Juliers, Cleve, and Berg at
the beginning of the seventeenth century.
Engenhoso. A gold coin of Portugal of
the value of five hundred Reis, first issued
by Sebastian in 1562. It differed from the
older Cruzado in having the date and the
words IN HOC siGNO viNCES in the four an-
gles of the cross. The letters G.A., the
initials of the engraver Guimarens, are at
the side of the shield. The name of the
coin means artistic or novel.
Engl Tsiiho. See Jiu Ni Zene.
Engrafledy when applied to coins, means
having an edge or border formed by a ring
of dots or curvilinear indentations.
Engroigne. See Angroigne.
Enneobol (evveo^oXov) is a sum of nine
Obols or 114 Drachms. A money of ac-
count mentioned in inscriptions.
Enriciy or Enriciani. The name given to
Deniers struck in Lucca, with the name of
Henry II (1004-1024), but also used in the
early coinage of Milan where there were
several rulers named Henry prior to the
first Republic (1250-1310).
Enrique. A Spanish gold coin which
takes its name from Henry IV (1454-1474)
in whose reign it was struck at Madrid,
Toledo, and Villalon. It has on one side
the King seated on a throne and on the
reverse the quartered arms of Castile, etc.
There is a half or Medio Enrique of sim-
ilar type. Conf. Henri d'Or.
Ephraimiten. A nickname given to a
series of coins of debased silver and gold
issued by Frederick the Great in Saxony
from 1753 to 1756, during the Seven Years'
War.
The King appointed a merchant named
Itzig Ephraim as mint-master and he
caused these coins to be struck from dies
of the year 1753 found in Leipzig. They
consisted principally of the August d'Or
(g.v.) and pieces of eight and four Gros-
chen in silver, and they were so debased
that they contained two thirds or more of
base metal alloy. They were gradually
withdrawn from circulation after the peace
of 1763.
Equipaga. A Portuguese copper coin
struck for Angola and other African pos-
sessions. It is the fourth of the Macuta
iq.v.). A corresponding half was called
Pano.
Emestus. A silver coin of the Denier
tvpe issued by Ernest of Bavaria as Bishop
of Liege (1581-1612). See de Chestret
(533, etc.).
Ernst d'Or. The name given to the gold
Pistole or piece of five Thaler struck by
Ernst August, Duke of Hanover (1837-
1851).
Escalin. A silver coin current in the
various provinces of the Low Countries
since the latter part of the sixteenth cen-
tury. It is the same as the Schelling (q,v.)j
but the term Escalin was generally applied
to such coins as were employed in the trade
outside of the Netherlands proper. Thus
the issues of the Compagnie van Verre of
Amsterdam struck for Java in 1601 were
called Escalins or Reals, and had a value
of 48 Dutes. See Netcher and v.d. Chijs
(i. 4). Verkade (199. 4).
Mailliet (cxxxi.) cites an obsidional Esca-
lin struck for Zeeland in 1672.
Escalin. A silver coin issued for Santo-
Domingo and Guadeloupe. The type for
the former province was struck by order of
General Leclerc about 1801. The pieces for
Guadeloupe issued during the English occu-
pation of 1810 and 1813 are countermarked
[78]
/
Escalin a la Rose
Esterlin
with a letter G crowned, and those under
French rule have the initials R. P. for Re-
publique FranQaise. See Zay (pp. 227,
230). The Escalin of Curagao was com-
puted at three Sous.
Escalin a la Rose. See Roosschelling.
Escalin au Cavalier. See Snaphaan.
Escalin au Lion. See Bankschelling.
Escalin au Navire. See Scheepjeschel-
ling.
Escoufle. The nickname given to a coin
of Flanders of the fourteenth century, of
the value of twelve Deniers Parisis. Du
Cange, who cites several ordinances show-
ing its value, thinks that it is from the old
French word escouhle, meaning a kite, the
eagle on this coin being mistaken for this
bird.
Escudfllo d'Oro. A gold coin of Spain
struck by Charles III about 1770 and con-
tinued by his successor, Charles IV. It
was valued at ten Reales.
Escudoy meaning a shield, is the Spanish
equivalent for the French Ecu, and the
Italian Scudo. The term Escudo de Oro
is generally applied to the gold Ducat type
issued in the beginning of the sixteenth cen-
tury, and the value appears to have been
one eighth of the Doubloon.
In the silver series there is an obsidional
Escudo of five Pesetas issued for Tarra-
gona in 1809, and another for Lerida of
the same date. The silver Escudo was also
extensively struck during the Spanish occu-
pation of the Low Countries. Under a
law of 1864 the Escudo was made the Span-
ish monetarv basis with a value of ten
Reales.
It has now disappeared as a monetary
unit in Europe, and the only country where
it is still in use is Chile, where the Escudo
is a gold coin of the value of five Pesos.
Escudo. A gold coin of Portugal origin-
ally issued about 1720 with a value of 1600
Heis, and which receives its name from the
large shield on the reverse. It was imme-
diately adopted by the colonial possessions
and struck at Rio and Minas.
When the new monetary system went
into effect, on May 22, 1911, the unit fixed
for the entire territory of the Republic,
except the possessions in India, was the
[
gold Escudo, which contains the same
amount of gold as the Milreis, and is di-
vided into one hundred equal parts called
Centavos, so that one Centavo is equal to
ten Reis of the old system. There are mul-
tiples of two, five, and ten gold Escudos,
and a silver Escudo was struck, bearing the
date October 5, 1910, to commemorate the
proclamation of the new Republic.
E Sen, or Picture Sen. Japanese tokens
or charms ; they are either made at govern-
ment mints or privately, and for the most
part have pictures on them rather than
inscriptions. They are about the size of
the old Japanese copper coins and often-
times passed as money.
Espadim. A gold coin of Portugal is-
sued by Joannes II (1481-1495), and the
half of the Justo iq,v,). It obtains its
name from the device of a hand holding a
sword (espad<i), A silver coin of the same
type was issued by Alfonso V (1438-1481).
See Spadin.
Esphera. The name given to a gold semi-
Cruzado, issued under Manuel I (1495-
1521), and struck at Goa under the govern-
ment of Alfonso de Albuquerque (1509-
1515). The obverse has the word mea
(half) under a large crown, and the re-
verse shows a large sphere from which the
coin derives its name. See Teixeira de
Aragao (i. 1).
A copper coin of the same name was
struck under Antonio (1580) for the Por-
tuguese colonies in India.
EssaySy called in French Monnaies d'-
essai, and in German Probemiinzen, are
trial pieces, the object of which is to test
the die and note the details of the design.
They are frequently made of a different
thickness and in other metals than the
coins subsequently to be struck from the
same die. 'See Piefort.
• Esterlin. A small silver coin current in
the thirteenth century and later. The
name is also found written as Easterling,
Sterling, and in a mint ordinance issued
at Antwerp in 1525 there is a reference to
Estrelin.
Their characteristic is a bust or head of
the ruler or mint master on the obverse,
and a cross with pellets in the angles on
the reverse.
79]
v
Efttevenante
. *
E Yien Ch'ien
The Esterlins were originally introduced
into England and were copied in Brabant,
Flanders, various parts of France and in
Germany. 8ee Sterling.
Estevenante, or Stephanenm. The name
given to money struck in Besan^on, the
original issues bearing a figure of St. Ste-
phen. The town had a mint as early as
the ninth century. The type was imitated
in other places, especially in Burgundy,
and by the Princes of Orange.
Etampe. See Tampe.
Etschkrettzer. See Kreuzer.
Etschvierer. See Vierer.
Euboean League. See League Coinage.
Eulendukaten. A name given to certain
gold coins struck by the Emperor Charles
VI from 1712 to 1715 from metal obtained
from the Eule mine near Prague. A figure
of an owl which they bear refers to this
incident.
Ewiger Pfennig. The name given to a
variety of Bracteate issued by Henry II of
Klingenberg, Bishop of Constance (1293-
1306). The word means eternal, and was
applied to the coin because the type was
retained for many years.
Exagium. A piece of circular or rectan-
gular bronze which was employed to deter-
mine the standard weight of the Solidus.
Ezcelente. A Spanish gold coin first
issued in the reign of Ferdinand and Isa-
bella. It is of the size of a Ducat and its
value was eleven Reals and one Maravedi
or 375 Maravedis. There are quadruples,
doubles, and halves of corresponding val-
ues. See Aquila de Oro.
Ezcoctum. Axiruin excocticm is a Latin
term for pure gold. See also Obryzum.
Exergue. The lower segment usually on
the reverse of a coin and separated by a
horizontal bar. It frequently contains the
date, initials of the designer, and in some
instances the place of minting.
Eanirgat Money. A name applied to the
Oxford Crowns issued in the reign of
Charles I, derived from the inscription on
these pieces which reads: Exurgai Dens
dmipentur immici, from the Book of
Psalms (Ixviii. 1). See Oxford Unite.
E Yen Ch^en. See Goose Eye Coins.
[80]
Face
Farthing
F
Face. The two faces of a coin are the
Obverse and Reverse (q.v,).
Face. The French term for obverse.
Face. A French slang expression for
any coin having a portrait stamped upon it.
Fadge is cited by J. H. Vaux, in his
Flash Dictionary, 1812, as a slang term for
a Farthing.
Falconer's Half Crown. A name given
to a variety of half Crown of Charles I,
issued by the Scottish mint, and bearing
the letter F under the horses' feet. This
type was executed by John Falconer, the
son-in-law of Nicholas Briot and the war-
den of the Edinburgh mint.
Falkendukat. The name given to a
variety of the gold Ducat issued by the
Margrave Karl Wilhelm Friedrich, of
Brandenburg- Anspach ( 1729-1757 ) . It
bears on the obverse a hooded falcon, and
on the reverse a falconer on horseback. A
corresponding silver coin is known as the
Falkenthaler.
Falken Schfld. The Chaise d'Or struck
at Antwerp during the fourteenth century
is so called, from Falco of Pistoia, the
mint master.
Fak. See Fels.
Fakche Miinzen. The German equiva-
lent for counterfeit coins.
Faluce, or Faliis. A copper coin of
Madras and vicinity, issued early in the
eighteenth century, and of a value of
twenty Cash, or Kas.
On a Madras copper of 1801 the obverse
has an Arabic inscription indicating its
value to be two Falus, and the reverse in-
scription is partly in English and partly
in Telugu, stating a value of two Dubs.
The Dub and the Falus may therefore be
considered as synonymous.
In 1794 a one forty-eighth copper Rupee
was struck by the United East India Com-
pany for the Circars, a large district on
the coast of the Bay of Bengal to the north
[
of the Carnatic country. In this coin an
attempt was made to assimilate the Mu-
hammadan with the Hindu monetary sys-
tem, as the forty-eighth part of a Rupee
is just equal to the piece of twenty Kas.
Falus. The plural of Fels (q.v,).
Fanuly Coins. See Consular Coins.
Fanam. A word probably corrupted
from Panam by Europeans. A name given
to both gold and silver coins which are
common in the southern part of India.
The gold Fanam is a minute coin circu-
lating in Travancore and on the Malabar
Coast.
The silver Fanam probably originated at
the Bombay mint in the middle of the
seventeenth century. The earliest types
have on the obverse two C's interlinked,
and on the reverse the figure of a deity,
Vishnu or Swami.
In Travancore the silver Fanam has a
value of four Chakrams; in Madras it is
equal to four Falus.
A silver piece of five Fanams was issued
by Denmark, in 1683, for its possessions
in Tranquebar. France struck Fanams
from the time of Louis XIV to the year
1837 for its possessions in Pondichery,
Chandernagor, etc. There are many varie-
ties, for detailed account of which see Zay
(p. 295 et seq,).
The Fanam struck by the French at
Pondichery for use at Mahe on the Mal-
abar Coast is the fifth part of a Rupee and
is divided into fifteen Biches, i.e., Pice.
Conf. also Elliot (part IV).
In the coinage of early India the Fanam
was a gold coin weighing somewhat over
five grains and equal to the tenth part of
the Pagoda. See Pana and Panam.
Fanon. The French name for the Fa-
nam iq.v.).
Farthing. This word was originally
feorthing, and the term * * f ourthling ' ' oc-
curs in the Anglo-Saxon version of the
Gospels (Matthew v. 26, and Luke xxi. 2).
HI]
Farthing
Pels
At first the Farthing was the fourth part
of a silver penny, and it no doubt received
its name from the practice of cutting pen-
nies into quarters ; specimens of these have
been found dating back to the time of Ed-
ward the Confessor.
Farthings of silver were first struck un-
der Edward I for England, although John
had coined them as Lord of Ireland in
1210. Gold farthings are mentioned in an
Act of the ninth year of Henry V, i.e.,
1421; and a project for coining farthings
in tin was brought up about 1679, and this
metal was used for them to a small extent
in the latter part of the reign of Charles II.
James I, in 1613, granted a patent to
Lord Harington, of Exton, in the county
of Rutland, to strike Royal Tokens, each
of the nominal value of one farthing.
These pieces were nicknamed Haringtons.
The silver farthings were last coined in
the reign of Edward VI, and in 1561 a
three-farthing piece was ordered to be
struck. This was discontinued in 1582.
The copper farthing was originally
struck in the reign of James I. In 1635,
a farthing token, called the Rose Farthing,
or Royal Farthing, was issued; it was
coined in copper, but was sometimes com-
posed of two metals to make counterfeiting
more diflBcult. It obtained its name from
the rose surmounted by a crown on the re-
verse.
The proclamation of Charles II, dated
August 16, 1672, made the farthing a legal
tender only for sums less than sixpence.
In the reign of James II the farthings
were made of tin, with a square plug of
copper in the centre.
During the reign of Queen Anne no cop-
per money was struck for currency, but
patterns for farthings were minted. One
of these, executed shortly before the
Queen's death, gave rise to the vulgar
error that only three farthings were issued
in this reign. This variety was put in cir-
culation and is not rare.
Half Farthings were struck in 1828 and
later, for use in Ceylon ; one third Farth-
ings appeared in 1827 to supersede the
Grani of Malta; quarter Farthings have
also been issued for colonial use.
Farthing. The translators of the New
Testament use this word several times, and
in each instance the original text indi-
cates a different coin.
In the Gospel of St. Matthew (x. 29)
the Greek text reads iadapiov; in St. Luke
(xii. 6) the Vulgate has dupondius; finally
in St. Matthew (v. 26) and St. Mark (xii.
42), the Greek word is xoBpovxTj?.
FarukL The name given to the gold
Pagoda of Mysore by Tipu Sultan in the
year A.M. 1216, i.e., 1787, that is the year
following his new system of dates based on
the Muludi, the year of the birth of the
Prophet.
The name is derived from Omar Faruk,
the second Khalifa.
Federal Coinage. See League Coinage.
Fedem Thaler. A popular name for a
Thaler which was supposed to be worth one
Groschen more than the ordinary issues.
Berthold Auerbach refers to them in his
novel Barfiissele (p. 245), but does not
specify what district they belong to.
Fedgat. A name given to pieces of
coarse cotton cloth, about nine inches in
width, and eighteen or twenty feet in
length, which circulated as money in Ethio-
pia and other parts of Africa. One piece
of this cloth is of the value of sixty pieces
of the iron **Hashshah'* {q-v,),
Fehrbelliner Sieges Thaler. See Sieves
Thaler.
The native name for the Stone
Money iq,v.) used on the Island of Yap.
Feingoldgulden. The name given by
German numismatists to the Fiorino d'Oro.
FeinsOberthaler. A denomination struck
by William IV of Hanover in 1835 and
1836 and copied by Ernst August in 1838.
See Schwalbach- (88, 92).
Feldthaler, Feldklippe. The general
name for a coin struck during the course
of a campaign. See Mailliet {passim). The
Dutch have a similar term, Velddaaldcr,
which includes obsidional coins.
See Filippo.
Feb, plural Falus. The general Arabic
name for a copper coin; the name denotes
any piece of money accepted by weight,
though it is commonly used to indicate a
particular copper issue. Possibly the name
was derived from the Roman FoUis. See
Pagoda.
[82]
Felu8
Fewreysen
The coin is very common in Morocco,
where multiples of two and four Falus
occur as early as the reign of Muley Solei-
man (A.H. 1207-1238). Its characteristic
design consists of two equilateral triangles
so overlaid as to form a six-pointed star.
The type was copied in other Muhamma-
dan countries.
Felus. See Kasbegi.
Femtia. The popular name for the
Swedish bank-note of fifty Krona.
Fen, or Fun. The Chinese name for
what foreigners call the Candareen. The
modern Chinese silver coins are found with
the following values inscribed on them:
7 Mace, 2 Candareens = one Yuan, or Dollar
3 Mace, 6 Candareens = one half Yuan, or Dollar
1 Mace, 4.4 Candareens = one fifth Yuan, or Dollar
7.2 Candareens = one tenth Yuan, or Dollar
3.6 Candareens = one twentieth Yuan, or Dollar
The Fen is used in some instances as
the equivalent of the Cent.
In the Sino-Tibetan coinage a Tael of
silver is computed at eighteen Fen. The
latter coin is valued at one tenth of the
Chien (q.v.). Pieces of five Fen issued for
Kashgar have a square hole in the centre
and Chinese characters.
The Chinese rebel ruler, Wu-san-Kwei,
of the Tschao-wu epoch (1673-1679), issued
the Fen extensively.
Fenice. See Phoenix.
Feorlainn. The Gaelic name for a
Farthing.
Feorthing. See Farthing.
Ferding. A silver coin issued by the
Bishops of Dorpat as early as 1528, and
by Erik XIV of Sweden, for Reval, in 1561
and later. It also belongs to the currency
of the Order of Livonia. The name means
one fourth, and four were originally com-
puted to the Mark, but the later issues
became so depreciated that they were only
worth one half the original amount. See
Mite.
Ferling Noble. A name given to the
quarter Noble, first issued by Edward III.
See Noble.
Ruding (i. 222) states that in 1346 Per-
cival de Porche, master of the mint, **cov-
enant;ied to make Mailles and Ferlinges of
the alloy of old sterling. The Mailles to
be of the weight of the standard of the
Tower of London, and 23 shillings and
three pence in number to the pound.
»»
Femandinoy or Ferrandino. The popu-
lar designation for the Neapolitan Ducati
struck by Ferdinand I of Aragon (1458-
1494) .
Ferrarino. A billon coin of Ferrara.
See Bolognino.
Fcrt. A gold coin of Savoy struck by
Duke Lodovico (1439-1465). It is sup-
posed to have received its name from the
initial letters of the motto Fortitudo Eius
Rhodum Tenuity which was used by the
family since the thirteenth century. Mrs.
Bury Palisser, in Historic Devices, 1870
(p. 230), demolishes the story of the de-
fense of Rhodes by Amedeus IV (1232-
1253).
On a ten Scudi d'Oro of Victor Amedeus
I (1630-1637) the legend reads Foedere et
Reli{jione Tenemur. Both the Scudo d'Oro
and the Testone of Carlo II (1504-1553),
struck at Nizza, Aosta, etc., have on the
reverse a shield dividing the letters fe-rt.
Conf. also Forte.
Ferto. The one fourth of the Mark
(g.v.).
Festing Penny. According to Wharton,
Law Lexicon, 1864, this was ** earnest given
to servants when hired or retained in ser-
vice.'* It was called the God Penny. See
Earnest.
Fettmannchen. The popular name for
the billon pieces of eight and six Heller
which appeared from the latter part of the
sixteenth to the middle of the seventeenth
centuries at Cologne, Trier, Juliers, Cleve,
etc. The name is said to be derived from
the short, stout figure of some saint or
ecclesiastic on the obverse.
Under the Abbesses of Essen (1646-
1688) their value was fixed at one one
hundred and twentieth Thaler.
Feuchtwanger Metal. A composition
resembling nickel, which receives its name
from Dr. Lewis Feuchtwanger, who en-
deavored to induce the United States Con-
gress in 1837 to adopt it for the manufac-
ture of the minor coins.
FevnreyBen, or Vureysen. This is men-
tioned by Budelius, De Monetis, 1591 (pp.
250, 253), as a silver coin worth nine and
one half Pfennige. It is no doubt a cor-
ruption of the German word Feuer-eisen,
i.e., a steel for striking fire, and the coin
[83]
Fiat Money
referred to is probably the Briquet (g.v.)-
See also Azzalino.
Fiat Money. The name given to a paper
currency issued by a government but which
is not redeemable in coin or bullion.
Fiddle. A slang English stock-exchange
term and used for transactions involving
the one sixteenth part of a Pound ster-
ling.
Fiddler. An English slang expression
meaning a six pence. Grose, in A Diction-
ary of the Vulgar Tongue, 1785, has,
''Fiddlers' Money, all sixpences.'' The
term may have originated from the old
custom of each couple at a dance paying
the fiddler sixpence.
Field. The blank space on either side
of a coin not occupied by the head, in-
scriptions, etc.
Fierer. See Vierer.
Filiberto. The popular name for a gold
coin, issued by Emanuel Filibert of Savoy
(1553-1559), of the value of three Scudi
d'Oro. The silver coin of the same was
equal to one twelfth of the silver Scudo.
FilippOy or Felipo. A name given to the
silver Scudo struck by Philip II of Spain
and his successors for the Duchy of Milan.
There are dated specimens as early as
1598, and halves, quarters, and eighths
exist.
The Scudo di Oro of Milan is also occa-
sionally referred to by this name.
Filippone. A base silver coin of Filippo
of Savoy, Prince of Achaia (1297-1334) ;
it was valued at one twenty-fourth of the
Qrosso Tornese.
Filipsdaalder. See Philippus Daalder.
Filips Gulden. The name given to a
variety of the gold Florin issued by Philip,
Archduke of Austria, for Brabant, in the
latter part of the fifteenth century. There
is a dated specimen with St. Philip wHh
a sceptre and book on the obverse, and the
inscription: sancte phe intercede pro
NOBIS. 1499.
The reverse has an ornamented cross,
and PHS DEI GRA ARCHIDVX AVST DX BVR BRA.
There is a half of the same type. See
Philippus.
Filler. A copper denomination of Hun-
gary introduced in 1892. It represents the
one hundredth part of the Korona.
[
Head. The name given to a vari-
ety of the United States Cents and half
Cents issued from 1796 to 1807 on which
the hair of the head of Liberty is tied with
a ribbon.
Fflthy Lucre. See Lucre.
Finances. The revenue of a sovereign
or state, or the money raised by loans,
taxes, etc., for the public service.
Find. A term applied to a discovery of
coins, and corresponding to the French
trouvaille,
Finif. A Yiddish term for the five-dol-
lar bill of the United States; the word is,
no doubt, a corruption of the (Jerman
**fiinf," meaning five.
Fmkenauge. See Vinkenauge.
Fiordaliso d'Oro. See Lis d'Or.
Fior di Conio. See Fleur de Coin.
Fi<Nrino. See Florin.
Fip. A corruption of **fipny bit,** i.e.,
a ''five-penny bit.'* It was used in the
Eastern Middle States for the Spanish
Medio or half Real.
Firdung. The one fourth of the Mark
(q.v.).
Firleyoe Mont. A Danish term mean-
ing ''four mints,** and applied to coins
which were current in the four Hanseatic
cities: Liibeck, Rostock, Wismar, and
Stralsund.
Fisca. A former silver denomination of
the Canary Islands and equal to one six-
teenth of the Spanish Piastre.
Fish-Hook Money. See Larin.
Fish Money. A name given to a variety
of copper coins issued at Olbia, in Sar-
matia, which resemble a fish in shape. Au-
thorities differ, however, whether these
"fishes,** as they are called were true coins
or only commercial tokens used in the fish
trade, for which Olbia was famous. Conf.
Babelon (pp. 8 and 83), and von Sallet,
in Zeitschrift fiir Numismatik, 1883 (x.
144).
Fitpence. A corruption of fivepence. It
is an English dialect term, and is used in
Somersetshire, Dorsetshire, and Devon-
shire.
A popular name for the five-
pound note of the Bank of England.
84]
Flabbe
Florin
Whyte Melville, in Digby Grand, 1853
(i.), says: **Spooner . . . loses a five-pound
note, or, as he calls it, a fiver'' ; and Doyle,
in Sherlock Holmes, has, '*I'll lay you a
fiver . . . that you will never hear from
him again/'
Flabbe. A billon coin struck in Gron-
ingen from the middle of the fifteenth cen-
tury, and copied at Deventer ZwoUe, and
other towns. It had a value of four Stui-
vers. See Langrok.
Flag. An obsolete English slang ex-
pression for a Groat or fourpence. Thomas
Harman, in A Caveat or Warening for
Vagabones, 1567 (85), says: **A flagge, a
wyn, and a make (a grot, a penny, and
a halfe penny)."
Flan. The blank piece of metal which
is to receive the impression for the coin.
In old French the word is written flaon,
and it is derived from flatum. The verb
flare is employed to designate the casting
of metal into a mold, and the Roman mint-
masters were officially termed III viri
A.A.A.F.F., i.e.. Triumviri auro, argento,
aeri, flando, feriundo. See Planchet.
Flan BmnL An expression used by
French numismatists to indicate a coin or
medal struck from a polished die and
corresponding to our proof.
Fledermaus, meaning a bat, was the
nickname given to the Groschel of Silesia,
and the base silver Kreuzer of Prussia
struck at the beginning of the nineteenth
century, on account of the supposed re-
semblance of the eagle on these coins to a
bat.
Fleiir de Coin. A French term which,
when applied to describe a coin, signifies
in mint condition. The Italian equivalent
is yior di conio,
Fleiir de Lis. An early French gold
coin. See Franc a Pied,
Flicca, or Flica. A popular name used
in Fiume and other parts of Northern
Italy for a piece of ten Soldi.
Flimsy. An English slang expression
for a bank-note or paper money in gen-
eral, which name is probably due to the
frail nature of paper as compared with
metallic currency. Barham uses the term
in the Ingoldsby Legends.
Flinderke. A money of account used in
Bremen and computed at four Groten. •
Jungk (p. 100) quotes a system of reck-
oning based on Peter Roster's work, Neue
Woklgegrundete Bremer Miinze, 1664, as
follows :
1 Reichsthaler = 2 Gulden
6 KopfstUcke
16 DQtchen
18 Flinderken
72 Groten
360 Schwaren
.720 Pfennlge
Flindrich. A silver coin of East Fries-
land, Oldenburg, etc., issued during the
fifteenth century. It was valued at three
Stuber.
A very small base silver coin
of thin workmanship and resembling the
Bracteates. They appeared in Goslar as
early as 1620, and later in Hameln, Lippe,
Northeim, etc.
Florette. A variety of the Gros struck
by Charles VI of France (1380-1422) and
which had a value of twenty Deniers Tour-
nois, or sixteen Deniers Parisis. It ob-
tained its name from the three large fleurs
de lis on the obverse. See Hoffmann (17-
21, etc.).
The type was copied in the Anglo-Gallic
series by Henry V (1415-1422).
Florin. The gold Florin, according to
Villari, was first coined in the Republic
of Florence, in the year 1252. The ob-
verse bore a full-length figure of St. John
the Baptist, with the legend s. ioannes. b.,
i.e., Sanctus Johannes Baptista. On the
reverse was a lily, the arms of the city of
Florence, and the inscription plorentia,
usually preceded by a small cross.
The excellence of the gold made the
fiorino d'oro, as it was commonly called,
speedily current throughout Europe, and
the type was adopted by all the principal
powers, as well as by other potentates who
possessed the right to strike money.
In England the gold Florin was first
issued by Edward III in 1343, for Aqui-
taine. The indenture made states that it
was **to be equal in weight to two petit
florins of Florence of good weight,'* i.e.,
108 grains, and of the same fineness, name-
ly, 23 carats and 31/2 grains pure gold to
half a grain of alloy; and the half and
quarter Florin in the same proportion. By
the proclamation of January 27, 1343, these
[85]
Florin
FoUis
coins were described as *'one coin with two
leopards, each piece to be current for six
shillings, another piece of one leopard,
and another piece of one helm, being re-
spectively the half and quarter of the
larger coin,*' and they were ordered to be
accepted by all persons. It was, however,
soon discovered that the coins were valued
too high, and they were consequently gen-
erally refused ; this led to their being dis-
continued in the following year. The half
Florins were commonly called Leopards
{q.v.).
In France, King Charles V issued a gold
coin called the Florin d'Or, which was cop-
ied after the Florentine type ; it was, how-
ever, not very long in use, as, according
to Leblanc, it was considered '* derogatory
to the dignity of the crown, being bor-
rowed. ' '
The gold Florin was also extensively
copied in other parts of Italy, as well as
in Spain, the Low Countries, and especially
in Hungary and Germany. These imita-
tions usually retained the obverse inscrip-
tions of the Florentine type, but to the
same were added small marks, letters, fig-
ures, crowns, and similar devices ; while on
the reverse the name of the mint appears
in some cases, and the armorial shield of
the locality or the mintmaster is frequently
substituted for the lily.
Prior to the introduction of the Florin
the coinage of the German States consisted
chiefly of silver of the denarius and pfen-
nig types, all of which were more or less
base. The new coin was, therefore, called
the Giilden Penning, or gold Pfennig, a
designation which was gradually abbrevi-
ated into Gulden (q.v.).
Florin. The silver Florin, or fiorino
d'argentOy of Florence was introduced
about the same time as the gold coin of
the same name, its value being one tenth
of the latter. It bore the rhjoning Latin
verse :
Det tibi florere
Christua, Florentia, vere.
The Florins of Germany and Austria are
multiples of 100 Kreuzer, and those of the
Netherlands of 28 Stuivers. All these coins
are of the same value as the silver Gulden
(q.v.).
Silver Florins, or two shilling pieces,
were issued in England in 1S49 with the
The English Florin circulated extensive-
ly in Cyprus, but was replaced by a silver
coin of 18 Piastres in 1901.
In 1910 and after, a silver coin inscribed
ONE FLORIN-TWO SHILLINGS WaS COiucd for
Australia.
Florin-Georges. A gold coin of France
issued by Philip VI of Valois (1328-1350).
The obverse has a figure of St. George on
horseback slaying a dragon with a spear.
The inscription reads: philippvs dei gra
FRACOR REX. Thcsc Florius were struck at
Languedoc, pursuant to an ordinance of
April 27, 1346.
Flury. A Florin. See Altun.
Flusch. See Mahmudi.
Flying Money. One of the names given
by the Chinese to their early paper money.
FoghettL The name given to half Grossi
struck in Parma by Pope Adrian VI (1522-
1523). They are also known as Pelegrini,
from the figure of Saint Thomas in a pil-
grim's habit.
FoUaro. A copper coin common to a
large number of the Italian states, of which
the Follis (q.v.) was the prototype.
They were issued in Naples before the
ninth century, those of Stefanio (821-832)
having a figure of St. Januarius. Capua
and Salerno struck them about the same
time. At Gaeta and Mileto they appear in
the eleventh century, and at Messina, Brin-
disi, and Cattaro before the termination of
the twelfth. Those of the last-named town
bear the figure of St. Trifon, the patron
saint. Ragusa and Scutari issued them be-
fore the fourteenth century, but after this
period they were gradually superseded by
other coins.
Follis. The original meaning of this
word was a purse, or a bag containing
money Juven. (xiv. 281). After the mon-
etary reform of Constantine the Great this
term was employed alongside of the older
sesterces (which soon disappeared) in ac-
counts, i.e., so many bags of gold {follis
auri), of silver {follis argentei), or of cop-
per {follis ad denarismum, follis denarior-
urn, or follis aeri^). The use of this term
was commonest for sums in bronze, and
soon the name follis was transferred to the
actual coin once contained in the follis
or purse. Certain decrees of Constantine
[86]
is ad Denarismum
Fractional Currency
view to establishing a decimal system in the
coinage. The piece was greatly objected
to, on account of the omission of the let-
ters D. G., or Dei Oratia, in the legend,
and it received the name of the Godless,
or graceless, Florin. Three quarters of a
million were struck, all dated 1849. The
next issue, in which the omission was rem-
edied, appeared in 1851, and is a broader
and thinner coin. The Florin of Edward
VII, issued in 1902, shows the figure of
Britannia standing on the prow of a ves-
sel, her right hand holding a trident and
her left resting on a shield,
the Great and his immediate successors al-
ready use follis as the name of a bronze
coin — the numrmis centenionalis.
In the Byzantine Empire, from the time
of Anastasius, the name follis seems to
have been applied to the large copper
pieces of forty nummi first issued by that
Emperor.
Its divisions were indicated by Greek
letters, as follows:
M = 1 Follis, or 40 Nummi
A = % Follis, or 30 Nummi
K = 1/^ Follis, or 20 Nummi
I =: ^ Follis, or 10 Nummi
(also called Dekanummion)
E = ^ Follis, or 5 Nummi
(also called Pentanummiou)
Later, the name came to be used for a
copper coin in general and was adopted
by the Arabs as Fels, pi. Falus. See Babe-
Ion, Traits (i. 761-771).
Follis ad Denarismum. A purse or sum
of two hundred and fifty Denarii of bronze.
See Hultsch, Script, (vol. I, p. 308).
Follis Aeris. See Follis.
Follis ArgenteL A purse or sum of one
hundred and twenty-five Arguria. From
ancient sources we learn that in the Con-
stantinian period a Follis Argentei was val-
ued at one hundred and twenty-five Mil-
larenses, or two hundred and eighteen Sili-
quae plus eight Nummi of bronze. It was
equal to one eighth of the Follis Auri, or
nine gold Solidi. Babelon, Trait e (i. 764,
765) and Hultsch, Script, (vol. I, p. 308).
Follis Auri. A purse or sum of seventy-
two gold Solidi, equal in weight to a gold
Pound (libra). The term was also used
for its equivalent in silver (one thousand
silver Millarenses), or in bronze (six thou-
sand bronze Denarii).
Follis Denariorum. See Follis ad De-
narismum.
Fond. A variety of the ''cut money''
and equal to three Mocos or two Shillings
and six Pence sterling. It was established
in the Windward Islands in 1840. See
Chalmers (p. 91).
Fondug. See Funduk.
Forint. The Hungarian word for Flor-
in. It occurs usually in the abbreviated
form Fmt on the Austrian silver issues
specially struck for Hungary.
ForlL A former money of account used
in Egypt and computed at one sixth of
the Medino.
ForL A rare gold coin struck at Bor-
deaux by Charles of France, as Duke of
Aquitaine (1469-1474). It has on the ob-
verse a lion, two leopards, and two fleurs
de lis, and on the reverse the quartered
arms of France and England. See Blan-
chet (i. 298). It is sometimes called the
Samson d'Or.
Forte. This term, like the Italian titolo,
is used to indicate the fineness rather than
the value, and in this sense it is applied
to Portuguese silver coins issued under
Fernando I ; to those struck in Savoy dur-
ing the fourteenth century under Amedeo
VI, to the issues of the Fieschi Family for
Messerano, etc. See Fert.
Fortuna Thaler, or Glucksthaier. A
general term for any Thaler with the fig-
ure of Fortuna, such as those struck in
Brunswick- Wolfenbiittel, Mecklenburg, etc.
In 1623 and 1624 Christian IV of Den-
mark issued Thaler for Qliickstadt, which
bore the figure of Fortuna, the armorial
bearings of the city. These receive the
same name.
Fouage. See Smoke Farthings.
Fouang. See Fuang.
Fourre. See Plated Coins.
Fourthling. See Farthing.
Fractional Currency. This term is usu-
ally applied to an issue of paper money of
the United States of America which ap-
peared from 1862 to 1876 inclusive. The
values ranged from three to fifty Cents.
There are five general issues, as follows:
First issue, August 21, 1862, to May 27, 1863.
Second Issue, October 10, 1863, to February 23, 1867.
Third issue, December 5, 1864. to August 16, 1869.
Fourth issue, July 14, 1869. to February 16, 1875.
Fifth issue, February 26, 1875, to February 15, 1876.
[87]
Franc
Frelucques
Franc Originally a French silver coin
of nearly the size of the Ecu or Crown,
the latter coin superseding it in 1642. The
Franc was created under Henri III by a
decree dated March 31, 1575, which estab*
lished its value at twenty Sols. The first
Revolution created a new silver coin on
which the name Franc was bestowed. By
an ordinance of March 28, 1803 (7 Ger-
minal, an. xi), it was decreed that the
Franc was to be nine hundred one thou-
sandths of pure silver, and that gold pieces
of twenty and forty Francs were to be
struck. At the same time the ratio of
silver and gold was made at fifteen and
one half to one, and the decimal system
was introduced.
The Franc, divided into one hundred
Centimes, has been adopted by the French
Colonies, Belgium {see Frank), Luxem-
burg, Monaco, Switzerland, etc.
The term also occurs on the gold issues
for Sweden in 1868 and on the Austrian
gold coins for Hungary in 1880. In both
instances an attempt was made to har-
monize with the French decimal system but
was abandoned.
Beginning in 1904 the monetary system
of the Danish West Indies was changed
and fifty Franc or ten Daler pieces and
twenty Franc or four Daler pieces in gold
were issued, as well as two and one Francs
or forty and twenty Cents in silver.
Franc a ChevaL The name given to an
early French gold coinage dating from
John II (1350-1364). The coins received
this name from the figure of the King on
horseback, the type of the Gouden Rijder.
They were copied in the Low Countries,
and in Brabant, under Joanna (1355-
1405).
Franc a Pied. An early French gold
coin which receives its name from the
prominent figure of the ruler standing on
foot under a canopy. It was also called
the Fleur-de-Lis from the large number of
these devices which are found on it. It
was introduced by Charles V (1364-1380),
and was copied in Ligny, Provence, and
the Low Countries in general.
Francescone. The name given to the
Scudo struck by Francis III of Lorraine
(1737-1765) for Florence, Pisa, and other
cities of Etruria. Its value was ten Paoli
and the designation was retained in the
coinage until the provisional government of
1859.
FranchL The plural of Franc in the
Italian language. The word occurs on the
modern series of paper money issued for
Switzerland. Conf. also Frank.
Frandscus. See Dixain.
Franco. A silver coin of the Dominican
Republic of the value of one hundred Cen-
tesimos. It was introduced in 1891.
Francois d'Or. The name given to the
gold double Ducat issued by Francois III,
Duke of Lorraine (1726-1737). See De
Saulcy (xxxiv. 5).
Frank. A silver coin of Switzerland,
struck in Luzerne, Schwyz, and other can-
tons, and the counterpart of the French
Franc. Its usual divisions were one hun-
dred Rappen.
In the recent Belgium coinage those
pieces that have Flemish legends have the
spelling Frank instead of Franc.
In the Napoleonic kingdom of Westpha-
lia gold coins of five, ten, twenty, and
forty Franken were issued from 1809 to
1813.
This spelling occurs on the recent issues
of paper money for Switzerland as well
as the word Franc, the French equivalent.
The note in question bears the triple in-
scription, CINQ FRANCS, PUNP FRANKEN,
CINQUE FRANCHI.
Franklin Cent. See Fugio Cent.
Fransida, plural Fransidor or Fransi-
doma. An expression used by Swedish
numismatists to signify the reverse of a
coin or medal. It is a compound word
meaning * * the side away from the person. ' '
See Atsida.
FranzL The name formerly used for
the Levant Dollar in Arabia, and prob-
ably derived from the portrait of the Em-
peror Francis on the obverse. See Noback
(p. 679).
Frazione. A copper coin of Cagliari is-
sued by the Kings of Spain as rulers of
Sardinia in the seventeenth century.
Fredericks d'Or. A gold coin of Den-
mark struck by Frederick VI pursuant to
an ordinance of February 3, 1827.
Frelucques. Minor coins of the Dukes
of Burgundy frequently referred to as be-
[88]
Fretin
Fun
ing in use during the fifteenth century.
Du Cange thinks they were of small value,
their name meaning a trifle.
Fretin, or Fretone. A former base sil-
ver coin of France. It is cited in a mon-
etary ordinance issued by Charles VI in
1357 while Dauphin, and another ordin-
ance of 1371 mentions '^huii pieces d* ar-
gent autrement Fretin,^'
Friedrichsdor. A former Prussian gold
coin. Although originally issued by Fred-
erick William I, it receives it name from
Frederick II, who struck it in large quan-
tities. It was abolished when the Mark
system went into eflFect.
Frignaccoy Frisaco, or Frisacense. The
name given to the Denari struck by the
Patriarchs of Aquileja early in the thir-
teenth century and copied by the Bishops
of Salzburg. Du Cange cites a document
of 1278 in which their value is given as
equal to thirteen Piccoli of Verona.
Fruste (Latin frustum). A term used
by French numismatic writers to indicate
a coin or medal that has been badly worn
from usage.
Fu. The Chinese name for a species of
water-beetle. The word has been applied
to the copper Cash from very early times.
Fuage. See Smoke Farthings.
Fuangy or Fouang. A Siamese silver
coin, the eighth part of the Tical (g.v.).
It is equal to two Song Pais (song mean-
ing two or double). The Fuang was ex-
tensively copied in Cambodia.
Fuchs. A German slang or popular
name for a red copper coin, and formerly
frequently applied to the Pfennig. The
word means a fox, and the allusion is of
course to the color.
Gold Fuchs is used for a Ducat. Thus
Langbein, Oedichte (ii. 137), has the lines:
"Statt dor gehofften goldenen FQchse,
Fand man our Kupfer In der Biichse."
Fuddea, or Fuddih. Another name for
the double Pice of Bombay, etc., when used
as a money of account. See Mohur.
Fuerte. See Peso.
A billon coin of Freiburg,
Jjausanne, and other Swiss cantons, issued
originally in the sixteenth century with a
value of five Heller, and later five Kreuzer.
The name is also applied to the five
Kreuzer pieces of Bamberg, Salzburg,
Henneberg, etc., and to the five Ferding
pieces of Riga.
Fiuifzehner. A silver coin of Austria,
Tyrol, etc., which receives its name from
its value, i,e., fifteen Kreuzer. There is a
reference to this coin in the Chronica of
Melchior Balthasar Kupferschmit, 1668,
where he states (p. 882) that attempts
were made to introduce counterfeit pieces
of this denomination from Turkey into
Austria.
Fiirstengrotchen. A silver coin of the
Margraves of Meissen first struck by Bal-
thaser at the close of the fourteenth cen-
tury. They resembled the Breitgroschen
but were somewhat less in value and size.
They were extensively copied in other
localities, notably in Hessen, and there is
a series of them for Magdeburg from 1570
and later, their value there being twelve
Pfennige.
Fugio Cent, sometimes called the Frank-
lin Cent, on account of the motto, **Mind
yauir Business," which was one of the say-
ings of Benjamin Franklin, was the earli-
est type of Cent issued by the Government
of the United States. It bears the date
1787, and there are a number of varieties.
The obverse shows a sundial with the
words FUGIO 1787 and the above-men-
tioned motto in the exergue. The sundial
and motto are copied from the similar de-
sign on the so-called Continental pewter
dollar struck in 1776. The latter has the
initials eg fecit, hence it is assumed that
Edward Getz prepared the dies.
The reverse of the Fugio Cent bears an
outer circle of thirteen links in a chain,
indicative of the thirteen original states.
An inner circle is inscribed united states,
and this again encloses the motto we are
ONE in three lines.
Fuju Jimpo. See Jiu Ni Zene.
Fiimage. See Smoke Farthings.
Fun. The denomination of certain of
the modem struck coins of Korea. These
were first issued about 1886. There are
one Fun pieces in brass, five Funs in cop-
per, and quarter Tangs in nickel with the
value expressed by 2 Chun 5 Fun. See
Fen and Candareen.
[89]
Funduk
Fimduk, also called Fonduq. A gold
coin of the Ottoman Empire, issued early
in the sixteenth century, and used not only
in Turkey but also in Egypt, Algiers and
Tripoli. It corresponds to the Sequin, and
originally weighed fifty-four grains, but at
later periods has been under fifty.
Under Ahmed III (A.H. 1115-1143) ap-
peared the Toghralu-Funduk on which
the toghra or royal cipher was introduced.
See Fonrobert (No. 5039).
Fjrrk
Funeral Pieces. See Mortuary Pieces.
FusiL A silver coin of the Bishopric
of Liege issued by Louis de Bourbon (1456-
1482). There are corresponding halves
and doubles. See de Chestret {p€L$sim).
Fyric. A copper coin of Sweden which
originally appeared under Oustavus Wasa
about 1522, and was continued until the
beginning of the seventeenth century. Un-
der Gustavus Adolfus it was struck for
Arboga, Sater, and Nykoping.
190]
G&bella
GehelmdetcheUing
G
Gabella. A silver coin of Bologna, is-
sued in the sixteenth century under Popes
Julius III and Marcellus II. It appears
to have been a variety of the Carlino.
There is a double and a triple, the latter
also known as Gabellone.
Gabulus Denarionim. According to
Selden, History of Tithes (321), this was
the legal term for rent paid in money.
Ga-den Pho-dang Tang-ka. See Tang-
ka.
A silver coin of Venice
struck by the Doge Alvise Pisani (1735-
1741) for Dalmatia and Albania. It had
a value of three Lira, and halves and quar-
ters were also issued.
Gall. A former small silver coin of
Cambodia. See Kelly (p. 216).
Galley Halfpence. A name given to
half pennies of base metal and somewhat
thinner though larger than the regal issues.
The name is said to be derived from the
fact that they were brought from Genoa
by the galleymen who traded in London,
and a spot known as the Galley Key
(? quay), in Lower Thames Street, near
Tower Hill, was the locality from which
they were circulated.
They were declared fraudulent by Acts
of Henry IV and Henry V, but continued
to be brought into England until their
circulation was finally prohibited by stat-
ute in 1519.
Gallus Pfennig. A billon coin of the
canton of St. Gallen, Switzerland, struck
by the abbots and by the civic authorities
during the fourteenth century. It resem-
bles the Bracteates in fabric and bears the
figure of a saint. See Blanchet (ii. 264).
Ganza. A former base metal coin of
Burma, consisting of copper and tin. It
is mentioned by a number of writers early
in the nineteenth century as being equal
to two or three French Sous. It was abol-
ished about 1840 and the Kabean (q.v.)
succeeded it.
Gass. A denomination of Maskat, the
four hundredth part of the Piastre. See
Mahmudi.
Gastmael-Penning. See Labay .
Gazzetta. A copper coin of Venice
which was originally struck for the Colon-
ies and later adopted by the city. Pieces
of one and two Gazzette were issued for
Candia about 1632, and Mailliet mentions
a piece of ten Gazzette struck during the
war against the Turks (1646-1650).
For Zante it was struck with the inscrip-
tion CORFV. CEPAL. ZANTE ; and f or Zara the
pieces of two Gazzette have isole et ar-
MATA, or ARMATA ET MOREA.
It is claimed that the first newspaper
ever published, which was issued at Venice,
obtained its name from this coin, which
was the price of a copy, and from which
the English word *' gazette" is derived.
The Gazzetta was issued for the Ionian
Islands as recently as 1801, when those ter-
ritories were under Russian protection.
GeburUtagsthaler, i.e., Birthday Thaler,
is the name given to a large silver coin
struck in 1666 to commemorate the eighty-
eighth birthday of August, Duke of Bruns-
wick- Wolfenbiittel. The obverse shows a
bust of the Duke in a wreath of laurel and
the inscription pavstum. ivstitae. et. pa-
CIS. CONSORTIVM.
Gedachtnitmiinzen. See Jubileums Tha-
ler.
Geeltje. A Dutch popular name for a
gold coin and derived from '*geel," i.e.,
yellow. See Gelbvogel.
In some parts of Holland the term Geel-
vink, i.e., ** yellow-finch," is used for a
Ducat or any gold piece.
Gefiitterte Miinzen. See Plated Coins.
Gehelmde Leeuw. See Botdrager.
Gehelmdeschellmg. A variety of the
Schelling struck for the Low Countries at
the beginning of the seventeenth century,
which receives its name from the device of
[91]
Gelbvogel
Geutenpfeimige
a helmet on the obverse. It was issued
chiefly in Deventer and Zwolle. See
Ileaume.
Gelbvogel. The popular name in South-
ern Germany for a gold coin. The word
means ** yellow bird.'' See Geeltje.
Geldy the German equivalent for money
in general.
Gelegenheitsmiinzen. A term used both
for coins issued occasionally, and to com-
memorate some special event.
Gelsoy possibly a corruption of Guelfo
(q.v,). A term used in Verona to describe
coins of five Soldi issued from circa 1349
to 1428.
Genevoise. The name given to the Re-
publican Thaler of Geneva issued in 1794.
Its value was twelve Florins, but upon the
adoption of a decimal system it was ex-
changeable at ten Decimes.
Genovino. A gold coin of Genoa in-
troduced in the twelfth century. The type
usually exhibits a gateway on the obverse,
and a cross on the reverse, with the in-
scription coNRADVx REX ROMANO. There
exist halves, thirds (Terzaroli), and quar-
ters, the latter receiving the name of Quar-
tarola. The Genovino di Oro remained as
the current gold coin in Genoa until the
termination of the Sforza dynasty.
The Genovino di Argento dates from the
sixteenth century and was of the same
value approximately as the Scudo.
Gentfl. See Dobra Gentil.
GenuinL See Januini.
Geordie. See White Geordie and Yel-
low Geordie.
George. An English slang term for
a coin bearing the image of St. George.
Grose, in his Dictionary of the Vulgar
Tongue, 1785, has, ** George, a half-crown
piece.'' See Decus (supra).
The English Guinea was popularly
known as a ** Yellow George.*' Robert
Burns, in his Epistle to Rankine, 1784
(xii.), says, *'An 'baith a yellow George
to claim."
George. The name given to the five- .
dollar gold piece issued in Canada in 1912,
from the fact that it bears the head of
George V, King of England.
George Noble. A rare gold coin of
England which appeared only in the sec-
ond coinage of Henry VIII, i.e., from 1526
when they were authorized, to 1533 when
the divorce of Katharine of Aragon oc-
curred, the latter date being fixed by the
letters H and K on the obverse. It was
current for six shillings and eight pence,
and the half George Noble (of which only
one specimen is known) in proportion.
About four varieties of the Noble exist, all
having the rose mint mark. The reverse
legend is a quotation from a hymn by Pru-
dentius, written in the latter half of the
fourth aentury.
Georgiiit Triumpho. A copper coin, of
the half-penny size struck in England in
1783, for circulation in the Colonies of
North America. The reverse bears a figure
of Liberty with the legend voce popuiii
(q.v.).
Georgsthaler. The name applied in gen-
eral to any coin of Thaler size on which
there is a figure of St. George slaying the
dragon.
There is an extensive series of them for
Mansfeld during the sixteenth century
and later, and they were also issued in
Hungary and in Hanover. See Florin-
Georges.
Gerah. An early Jewish weight stand-
ard and equal to one twentieth of a Shekel.
See Exodus (xxx. 13), Leviticus (xxvii.
25), Numbers (iii. 47), Ezekiel (xlv. 12).
Gerefa. Among the Anglo-Saxons this
was the chief officer of the mint. See
Ruding (i. 15, 137).
Gerlaciis. The name given to the gold
Gulden struck by Gerlach, Archbishop of
Mainz (1346-1371). An ordinance of circa
1400 states that this piece was of light
weight compared with the Ducat. See
Paul Joseph (p. 214).
Gersh. See Ghrush and Guerche.
Getsnerthaler. A very rare silver coin
of Zurich, issued in 1773, and after thirty-
six specimens were struck the dies broke.
It was designed by the painter and poet
Salomon Gessner, and the dies were cut
by Balthaser Vorster.
Gettone. The Italian equivalent of Je-
ton (q.v.).
Geusenpfennige are not coins but small
medalets bearings the figure of Philip II
of Spain. After the compromise of Breda
[92]
Gewere
Giustina
in 1566 certain of the nobles of the Low
Countries were contemptuously referred to
as gueux, i.e., beggars. They adopted this
nickname and issued tokens with the in-
scription en tout fidelles au roy. The re-
verses bore clasped hands and a beggar's
bag with jusques a porter la hesace.
Gewere. Du Cange cites an ordinance
of 1294 reading sub annuo censu . . .
denariorutn Flandrinsium monetae quae
dicitur gewere; but no such coin can be
identified.
Ghost's Face Money, or Ghost's Head
Money." See Ant's Nose Coins.
Ghnish. A silver coin of the Ottoman
Empire, originally issued under Soleiman
II (A.H. 1099). The name recalls the Gros,
Groschen, and Groat, and by travellers it
was termed Piastre, which however must
not be confused with the modem coin of
the same name.
The name of the coin is variously written
Grush, Gurush, Gersch, etc. The later is-
sues are of billon. See Asadi Ghrush and
Guerche.
Its value was forty Paras, and the issues
for Egypt in billon were equal to forty
Medins.
The modern Egyptian nickel coin of five
Milliemes is known as a Guersh.
Gianuino. The name given to a variety
of the silver Luigino (q.v.) of Genoa is-
sued in 1668 and later by the Banco di
San Giorgio, under Cesare Gentile. It has
on the obverse a crowned shield supported
by two griffins, and on the reverse a Janus
head with male and female faces.
Gigliato. An Italian word meaning
strewn or decorated with lilies. The name
was originally applied to a variety of the
Carlino (g.v.) issued by Charles II of
Anjou, King of Naples and Sicily (1285-
1309). The reverse of this silver coin
bears a short cross surrounded with lilies.
The type was copied in Piedmont, Durazzo,
by the Grand Masters of the Order of
Malta, etc.
The Fiorini d'Oro of Florence bearing
the figure of a lily are also called by the
same name.
Gigliato d'Oro. See Lis d'Or.
Gigot. A copper coin of the value of
half a Liard struck at Antwerp, Mona,
Reckheim, Bois-le-Duc, and other places in
Brabant during the sixteenth and seven-
teenth centuries.
Gfldepenningen. The common name for
the tokens formerly issued by the numer-
ous guilds in Holland.
Gin Kwan. Early Japanese silver ring
money (q.v.). The word **Gin'' in Jap-
anese means silver.
S meaning a ** Knee-piece, "
was the common name used in Venice in
the fourteenth century for a variety of
the Soldino which bore a figure of the
Doge in a kneeling position. See Papado-
poli (i. ix. 14).
Giorgino. A billon coin of Mndena is-
sued by Cesare d'Este (1597-1628) and
continued until the middle of the eigh-
teenth century. It has a portrait of St.
Geminian on the reverse. See Luigino.
GiraiolL A nickname or popular name
for the silver coin of 160 Sols struck at
Mantua when that city was besieged by
the Emperor Ferdinand II in 1629-30.
The name means a sunflower and both of
these objects are depicted on the coin. See
Mailliet (Ixxviii. 2).
Giulio. A Papal silver coin, which un-
der the name of Grosso Largo was intro-
duced in the thirteenth centurv, and re-
ceived its more common designation from
Pope Julius II (1503-1513). In a tract
entitled A Mittimus to the Jubilee at Rome,
1625, it is said to be worth eight Soldi.
It was copied at Guastalla under Cesare
Gonzaga (1570-1575) ; at Avignon under
Gregory XIII and his successors; at Cam-
erino, Mantua, etc.
Giustina. The name given to a Vene-
tian silver coin originally issued under the
Doge Alvise I Mocenigo (1570-1577) and
continued by his successors until the latter
part of the seventeenth century. The
name is derived from the figure of St.
Giustina on the coin, on whose name day,
October 7, 1571, the battle of Lepanto was
fought and the Venetians gained an im-
portant naval victory over the Turks. The
coin is consequently what may be called
a Victory Thaler, which is confirmed by
the view of ships on the open sea, and
the inscription memor. erg. tvi. ivstina.
VIRGO.
[93]
Giustino
Go
There are two varieties: the Qiustina
Maggiore, of a value of 160 Soldi, with
divisions of one half, one quarter, one
eighth, and one thirty-second, and a
smaller type, the Giustina minore, of 124
Soldi, with similar divisions.
The latter coin was imitated by Cesare
d^Este, Duke of Modena (1597-1628), with
a value of twenty Bolognini.
Giiittino. The name given to a variety
of the silver Luigino {q,v.) of Genoa is-
sued in 1668 and later by the Banco di
San Giorgio, under Cesare Gentile. It has
on the obverse a crowned shield supported
by two griffins, and on the reverse a figure
of JusticyB seated.
Glatt Beads. See Borjookes.
Glass Coins. The Nummi Vitrei, or
Monnaies de Verre, originated under the
Roman Emperors in Egypt, continued
through the Byzantine period, and were
then adopted by the Arab invaders. Those
resembling Arabic coins in size, weight, and
inscriptions are nothing else but standard
weights issued mainly for the purpose of
testing the accuracy of current coins. They
were issued by the governors under the
Amawee and Abbasee Khaleefehs, but were
commonest under the Fatimide rulers and
lasted until the Turkish conquest.
Conf, Lane-Poole, Catalogue of Arabic
Glass Weights in the British Museum,
1891.
Glaubensthaler. See Catechismusthaler.
Glaukes. FXauKeg, or **Owls,'' the pop-
ular name in ancient times for the famous
Tetradrachms of Athens which always bore
an owl, the emblem of Athene, for their
reverse type.
Globe Dollar. The name given to a
silver coin introduced by Charles III of
Spain (1759-1788) which bears on the ob-
verse the two hemispheres. It was contin-
ued to the brief reign of Joseph Napoleon.
Globular Coins. A term generally ap-
plied to any coins more or less spherical
in shape. The best examples are certain
Byzantine coins of a considerable thick-
ness and small diameter, and the so-called
**Bullef money of Siam.
Glockenthaler. A series of seven Tha-
ler, all dated 1643, and struck by Duke
August the Younger of Brunswick Liine-
[
burg to commemorate the evacuation of
the fortress and city of Wolfenbiittel.
These coins have their divisions of halves
and quarters, and with one exception they
all bear the picture of a large bell. The
first three varieties have the bell without
a clapper; the fourth shows only a clap-
per; the fifth and sixth have the complete
bell with the clapper, and the last variety
has a view of the city, above which are
three hands ringing the bell.
For a detailed account of the inscrip-
tions, circumstances of their issue, etc., see
BWtter fiir Miinzfreunde (No. 5, 1908).
Gloriam RegnL The name given to sil-
ver coins of fifteen Sols and five Sols struck
in Paris in 1670 for use in the French col-
onies in America. The reverse inscription
reads gloriam. regni. tvi. dicent., which
is taken from Psalms (cxlv. 11). See Zay
(p. 45).
Glove Money. It was formerly the cus-
tom in England for clients to send a pair
of gloves to the counsel who undertook
their causes, and even to the judges who
were to try them. These presents usually
partook of the nature of a bribe, and it
is recorded that a Mrs. Croaker presented
Sir Thomas More, the Lord Chancellor,
with a pair of gloves lined with angels,
which he returned.
A bribe given under these circumstances
continued to be called ** glove money" long
after the gloves had ceased to be a feature
in the transaction.
Gluckhenneii Thaler. The nickname
given to a silver coin of Basle, issued with-
out date but struck in the latter part of
the seventeenth century from designs by
Friedrich Fechter. It has on the reverse
the figure of a hen with a brood of young
chickens.
Gliicksthaler. See Fortuna Thaler.
Gnadenpfennig is not a coin but a
medal usually of oval form with a ring
or similar attachment for suspension. They
were chiefly issued for weddings of princes
and the nobility, and are common to Bam-
berg, Paderborn, various parts of Pom-
merania, Courland, etc.
Go. A Japanese word meaning five. A
Gin Go Momme, i.e., ** silver five momme,"
was issued as early as 1767. See Fon-
robert (No. 1034).
94]
i
Gobbi
Gosseler
Gobbi, or Gobi. A popular name used
in Bologna to describe the Papal Baiocci,
many of which were said to have been
struck at the Gubbio mint.
Gobog. A species of copper temple
monej^ issued in the island of Java. Mil-
lies (p. 23) calls these pieces medals and
compares them with the Chinese temple
money. Netcher (p. 141), however, gives
a table of equivalents, as follows:
1 Goboiir = 5 K^ttag
400 Gobog = 1 silver Dirhem
4000 Gobog = 1 gold Dirhem ( ? Dinar)
See Kangtang.
Gobrecht Dollars. The name given to
a series of United States pattern coins
struck in 1836, 1838, and 1839, and of
which there are twenty varieties.
They receive their name from Christian
Gobrecht, who was assistant engraver at
the mint in Philadelphia, and whose name
appears on some of the specimens.
Godless Florin. See Florin.
God Penny. See Festing Penny.
Gosgen, or Gosken. A copper coinage
of the city of Hameln issued from about
1580 to 1628. See Neumann (8198, etc.).
Gold. The accepted standard of value.
It was first coined by the Lydians, in Asia
Minor, in the sixth century before our era,
and has been adopted in the monetary sys-
tem of nearly every country.
Gold Fuchs. A gold coin. See Fuchs.
Gold Thaler. A former money of ac-
count in Bremen, the one four hundred and
twentieth part of a pound of fine gold. It
was equal to seventy-two Groten, and in
1871 silver coins were issued bearing the
inscription ein thaler gold, based on the
above standard.
Goldy. An English dialect term for a
Sovereign. It is common to a large num-
ber of counties.
Gontzen Pfenning. Johann Stumpf , in
his Schweizer Chronik, 1606 (393a), states
that ''Herzog Qontzen von Schwaben . . .
schlug ein Miintz mit einem Lowen, die
wurde lang hernach genennt Gontzenpfen-
ning/'
Good Fors. The name given to a paper
currency circulated at the Cape of Good
Hope by private individuals **to the great
prejudice of trade and public credit."
[
They were prohibited in 1822. See Chal-
mers (p. 233).
Good Samaritan Shilling. A silver
piece dated 1652, which was never intended
for a coin although it is an imitation of
the New England and Pine Tree issues.
In the American Journal of Numismatics
(vii. 40) Dr. Green states that the original
was ** undoubtedly the work of some Eng-
lish apothecary, who, without any special
object in view, stamped the piece with his
trade-mark. It is figured in Felt's Ac-
count of * Massachusetts Currency' (plate,
p. 38).'' The Good Samaritan Shilling
attracted attention as early as 1767, when
Thomas Hollis wrote about it to the Rev.
Andrew Eliot, D.D., of Boston, and in his
letter said: ''Shilling, No. 10, Masathvsets
in Pourtraiture of the good Samaritan.
Over it Fac Simile No Reverse. ... If
the shilling. No. 10 . . . can be procured
for T.H. in fair, unrubbed, uncleaned con-
dition, he will be glad of them at any
price." To this Dr. Eliot replied: **The
portraiture of the good Samaritan no one
among us ever heard of. I am persuaded
that it was not a current coin ; but a medal
struck on some particular occasion." It
will be noted that the piece Hollis asked
for, nearly a century before Wyatt, had
**no reverse," and was a fac simile copy
of an earlier issue.
Goose Eye Coins. The name given to
certain debased coins of China struck in
the Yung Kuang period A.p. 465. The
Chinese name is E Yen Ch 'ien.
Gorgoneion, or Gorgona. A general
term for Greek coins of Olbia, Populonia,
etc., which bear a representation of the
Gorgon's head.
Gormoy meaning ** round coin," is a
name given to the Indian Rupee in Tibet;
they are valued at three Tang-Kas.
Goslar. See Arenkopf .
Gossariiis. Du Cange cites an ordinance
of 1192 in which duos gossarios auri are
mentioned, but we can only conjecture
what gold coins are referred to in this
passage.
Gosseler. A small base silver coin is-
sued in various parts of the Low Countries
during the sixteenth century. It was cur-
rent for the fortieth part of a Daalder.
5]
Gothic Cro¥m
Grano
There are numerous varieties. Some of
those struck at ZwoUe have an eflSgy of
Saint Michael; others struck at Deventer
(1534) bear the figure of Saint Lievin, etc.
Gothic Crown. * A pattern by Wyon,
struck only in the years 1846, 1847 and
1853, and occurring with both plain and
lettered edges. It was never popular on
account of the mediaeval character of the
lettering.
Gottesfreimd Thaler. See Pfaffenfeind
Thaler.
Gouden Kroon. A gold coin of Bra-
bant, struck by Jean IV (1417-1427), and
copied in the Low Countries. The obverse
shows the quartered armorial shield of
Brabant and Burgundy, above which is a
large crown, from which circumstance the
coin receives its name.
Gouden Lam, also called Giilden Lam,
and frequently abbreviated Lam, was the
name given to a gold coin of the type of
the Agnel (q.v.) struck by the Dukes of
Holland, Brabant, Gueldres, etc. The
larger coin or Mouton received the name
of Groot Lam.
The Gouden Lam is mentioned in the
monetary records of Vilvoorden, as early
as 1330. See Van der Chijs (p. 71).
Gouden Leeuw. See Lion d'Or, and
Leeuw.
Gouden NobeL See Bozenobel.
Gouden Peter. See Peter.
Gouden ReaaL See BeaaL
Gouden Rijder. See Rijd^r.
Gouden Schild. See Schild.
Gouden Torent. See Torentje.
Gouden Vlies. See Vlies.
Gourde. A French colonial term, and
equivalent to the Spanish gordo, i.e., thick.
Zay (pp. 203-205) describes jetons rang-
ing from one quarter Gourde to sixteen
Gourdes struck in 1825 for Guadeloupe.
The silver coin of this name is now the
standard of value in Haiti, and is divided
into one hundred Centimes. See Piastre
Gourda. The piece of twenty-five Cen-
times is known as the Gourdin.
Go Yo Sen. (Lit. Honorable use, mean-
ing here **for service of the government".)
A Japanese Kwanei Sen (q.v.) made to
pay the workmen engaged in repairing the
great temples at NiUio.
Goz. See Mahmudi.
Graceless Florin. See Florin.
Graid. In the Rivhta Italiana di Nu-
mismatica (x. 476) mention is made of a
tax in Bologna in which Graici boni are
quoted as equal to eight Danari.
' Gram. The popular name for the Grano
or one third Farthing of Malta. See Chal-
mers (p. 324).
Gralosken. The name given to Hun-
garian silver coins of the sixteenth cen-
tury, which bore on one side the armorial
shield and on the reverse the seated Ma-
donna with the infant Savior on her arm.
According to Adam Berg, New Miinzhuch,
1597, one hundred Gralosken were equal
to a Thaler.
Gramo. The inscription un oramo oc-
curs on a private gold coin struck in 1889
by Julius Popper at Paramo in the archi-
pelago of Tierra del Fuego. It is prob-
ably intended for the weight of the coin
and not for the denomination, as the piece
is usually called a Peso. A larger gold
coin of the same type is inscribed 5
ORAMOs and is known as five Pesos.
GranaSy or Granatas. Evidently the
name of certain gold coins struck in Cra-
cow during the fourteenth century. Du
Cange quotes an inventory of 1366 in
which they are mentioned.
Granby Coppers. See Higley Coppers.
Grand Blanque. See Blanc.
Grand Bronze. The popular name for
the Roman Sestertius of Imperial times.
Grand Dauphin. See Dauphin.
Grand Ecu. See Laubthaler.
Grande Plaque. See Gros Blanque au
Lis.
Grano. A small copper coin which ap-
pears to have been originally issued by
Ferdinand I of Aragon, as King of Naples
and Sicily (1458 to 1494). Its value was
the one hundredth part of the Ducato
(q.v.) and multiples of two, three, five,
and ten Grani were struck at later periods.
The silver Grano, also called Obolo, was
struck by Philip II of Spain, while ruler
of Naples and Sicily (1554-1598), and mul-
tiples as high as twenty-six Grani appeared
in 1686.
[96]
Grave
Grivna
In Malta the Grano was struck in cop-
per as early as the middle of the sixteenth
century, but its value was much lower
than the Sicilian type. In 1825 when the
various British silver and copper coins
were proclaimed as current in Malta, the
Penny was made the equivalent of twelve
Grani, and it was recommended that in
addition to halfpence and farthings, a coin
of the value of one third of a farthing, or
a Grano, should be issued, **as many arti-
cles of primary necessity are often sold
here to the value of one grano." The
recommendation was carried out in 1827,
when ** British grain*' were first intro-
duced.
Grave. See Aes.
Grave. A billon Portuguese coin issued
in the reign of Fernando (1367-1383) and
struck at Lisbon and Porto. The obverse
has the letter F in a crowned compart-
ment, and the reverse a shield between
four castles.
Gray. A slang term for a halfpenny
with both sides alike, and used by sharp-
ers.
Mayhew, in his book London Labour
and London Poor, 1851 (i. 199), has the
following passage: ^'I don't like tossing
the coster lads; they're the wide-awakes
that way. The thieves use * grays. ' They're
ha'pennies , either both sides heads or
tails."
Gray GroaL A Scotch nickname for a
Groat or fourpenny piece. There is a
Scotch phrase or proverb, **Not worth a
gray groat," which is used to imply worth-
lessness.
Grazia, or Crazia. A base silver coin
common to several Italian states and which
probably originated in Florence under
Cosmo I (1536-1574). The Medici Family
also issued it for Siena and Pisa, and it
occurs in the coinage of Lucca and Piom-
bino to the end of the seventeenth century.
The name may have been derived from
the inscription dei oratia usually found
upon it, an early copper issue for Lodi,
however, has the words i grazia in two
lines.
Greenbacks. The name given to certain
legal-tender, non-interest-bearing notes of
the United States, because the reverses
were printed in green ink.
Sflver. According to Wharton,
Law Lexicon, 1864, this was **a feudal cus-
tom in the manor of Writtel in Essex,
where every tenant whose front door opens
to Greenbury shall pay a halfpenny, year-
ly, to the lord, by the name of green sil-
ver or rent."
Gregorina. A gold coin of Pope Greg-
ory XVI (1821-1846) struck in Rome, and
of the value of five Scudi. Those dated
1834 are of the greatest rarity as only
eleven were made.
Gregorio. A silver coin of Pope Greg-
ory XIII struck at the mint of Bologna,
pursuant to an order of December 14, 1574.
Its value was one Paolo, and it bears the
figure of St. Petronius. A double and half
were also issued.
Grenadino. A silver coin of eight
Reales, a variety of the Peso, issued at
Santa Fe de Bogota from 1847 to about
1850. See Fonrobert (8102).
Gretchel. See Groschel.
Grif. See Grivna.
GriflFon. A base silver coin struck in
Brabant early in the fifteenth century, and
corresponding to the Stuiver of the Low
Countries. See van der Chijs (passim).
It receives its name from the figure on the
obverse of a griffin holding in its claw a
short sword or briquet. The inscription
usually reads: denaris simplex nomina-
TVS GRIPONVS.
There are corresponding doubles and
halves.
Grimellin. A former money of account
of Tripoli. The Piastre was computed at
thirteen Grimellini.
Gringalet. The popular name for a
coin of three Denari struck in Geneva in
the sixteenth century by Johann Gringalet.
Griscio. See Abuquelp.
Grivna. (Plural Grivenki.) A Russian
base silver coin of the value of ten Ko-
pecks, or the tenth part of a Ruble. They
were struck at Novgorod, Pskof, Kiev,
Novotorjok and other mints, the later is-
sues being in copper. They were originally
of an oblong or bar form, and about 1701
the circular shape was adopted. The ma-
jority of these coins have ten dots or glob-
ules on the reverse, indicative of their
value.
[97]
Groat
Gros
The Grif, referred to by Adam Olearius
in Travels of the Ambassadors, etc., 1636
(p. 97), is the same coin.
For an extensive account of the etymol-
ogy of the name see Chaudoir (p. 17 et
ff). The corresponding double, i.e., the
piece of twenty Kopecks, is called Dvou-
grivenik.
Groat This word, and its equivalents
in German, Groschen or Grosch, in Dutch
and Low German, Groot and Grote, and in
Polish, Grosz, is derived from the Latin
adjective grossus, i.e., thick; these coins
being of a thicker and heavier fabric than
the fragile Bracteates that preceded them.
The English silver coin of this denomina-
tion and of the value of four Pence is first
referred to in Grafton's Chronicle^ who
states that about the year 1227 a parlia-
ment was held in London, which ordained
that a Groat should be coined, having on
one side the King's effigy, and on the other
a cross reaching to the edge, **to avoyd
clippyng." No^ specimens, however, are
known* prior to the reign of Edward III,
who, by virtue of the indenture of 1351,
coined ** grosses" to the value of four ster-
lings, and **half gros," to equal two ster-
lings. These coins were copied from the
Gros Toumois, or four Denier piece of
Tours made by Louis IX of France.
The Groat is continuous in English
coinage until the reign of Charles II when
the introduction of milled coins led to its
abolishment except for the Maundy issues.
A double Groat was struck by Edward
IV for Ireland. The Scottish Groats, in-
troduced by David II, originally bore a
profile instead of a full face of the ruler.
In the reign of James V a one-third Groat
was issued.
In 1888 a Groat was issued for British
Guiana and it is now current throughout
the British West Indies. See Gros, Gros-
chen, Britannia Groat.
Grocery. An obsolete English slang
term for money of small denominations
such as would be likely to be paid at the
grocery for purchases.
Bailey, in his English Dictionary, 1721,
has : * * Grocery, . . . small Money as Farth-
ings and. Half -Pence. ' '
J. H. Vaux, in the Flash Dictionary,
1812, has : * * Grocery, half -pence, or copper
coin, in a collective sense."
Groechely or Greschd, a diminutive of
Groschen, is the designation for the small
silver coins issued for Silesia during the
sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. These
consisted of one quarter Groschen of the
Holy Roman Empire, and later the Ger-
man rulers continued the practice and
struck coins at one quarter and one half
of the Kaisergroschen of the respective
values of one Groschel and two Groschel.
A copper coin with the inscription ein
ORESCHL was issued in 1763-65 by Maria
Theresa for Transylvania. See Pataz.
GroUa. A billon coin of Turin, issued
by Count Edoardo (1323-1329) and men-
tioned in an ordinance of December 5,
1335. It was valued at one sixteenth of
the Grosso. See Promis (ii. 12).
Groot. (Plural Grooten.) The Dutch
equivalent of the Groschen. At the begin-
ning of the seventeenth century a Daalder
was usually computed at sixty Grooten.
Grootken. A small Groot. A billon
coin of Utrecht and Brabant of the six-
teenth century and later. By an ordinance
published at the Hague in 1617, its value
was established at sixteen Mites.
Groot Lam. See Gouden Lam.
Grot. In Bohemia under King Wen-
ceslaus II (1278-1305) large Denarii were
struck to take the place of the Bracteates
and similar small coins in use all over
Europe, which were insufficient to meet
the demands of increasing trade. These
new coins received the name of Nummi
Orossiy i.e., ** thick coins," a term later ab-
breviated into Grosz, plural Groszi (g.v.).
They were rapidly copied by other nation-
alities, and the German Groschen, the Eng-
lish Groat, the Russian and Polish Grusch,
and the Grote of the Low Countries, are
practically synonymous terms.
Their value in Deniers varied, averaging
from four to ten, and sometimes even more.
The Gros Toumois (g.v.) was the most
popular of these, and the Gros Blanque
and half Blanque of the Anglo-Gallic coin-
age were copied after them. The name
was frequently abbreviated into Blanque or
Blanc (g.v.), probably on account of their
light color.
The double Gros occasionally received
the name Drylander and Vierlander (g.v.).
[98]
Grot a TAigle
Grossetto
Gros a I'Aigle. A name given to such
varieties of the Gros Blanque as have a
large eagle on the obverse. Specimens ex-
ist for Dinant, a mint of the Counts of
Namur.
Grot a la Madone. See Mariengros-
chen.
Grot a la Marie* A variety of the
Blanque issued by Mary of Burgundy
(1476-1482), so called from the letter M
on the obverse.
Grot a Sainte Anne. See Annengros-
chen.
Grot an Cavalier. See Cavalier.
Grot au Cliatel. The name given to
varieties of silver coins issued by Jean II
of Brabant (1294-1312) and his successor
Jean III (1312-1355). They have on the
obverse a well executed castle.
Grot an Lion. A variety of the pre-
ceding, struck by Jean III, with the figure
of a lion.
Grot au Pore-Epic* See Ecu au Pore-
Epic.
Grot Blanque. See Blanc.
Grot Blanque a la Couronne. A vari-
ety of the Blanque distinguished by the
prominent crown on the field. See Blanc
a la Couronne.
Grot Blanque a la Croitette. This vari-
ety of the Gros receives its name from a
small ornamented cross which is used in-
stead of a cross pattee.
Grot Blanque a la Salamandre. A
name given to a variety of the Gros which
bears two small salamanders on the field.
Grot Blanque a PEtoile. A variety of
the Gros, so called from a star in the centre
of the field.
Grot Blanque au Lit, also called the
Grande Plaque, is the name given to a
variety of the Blanque, issued by Charles
VII of France. It has three lilies on one
side, and on the reverse the letters frac
in the angles of the cross. This coin was
struck at Toumay. See Hoffmann (12).
Grot Blanque au Solefl. A variety of
the Blanque so called from a small figure
of the sun on the field.
Grotchen. Originally this was the Ger-
man form of the Gros Tournois (g.v.)
which it resembled ; even the name Turnos-
groschen was retained and later abbrevi-
ated into Turnose and finally into Grosch-
en.
These coins appeared first in the Rhine
Provinces and Saxony, but they were rap-
idly introduced throughout all Germany.
The divisions in the northern part con-
sisted of Pfennige and in south Germany
of Kreuzer of which usually twelve, but in
some instances, eight or sixteen were con-
sidered an equivalent. Their composition,
while originally of very good silver, be-
came debased and their corresponding
value reached as low as from two to four
Pfennige.
In the German money of account the
term Schockgroschen frequently occurs.
Schock is an old German word, meaning
sixty, and it is commonly used in conjunc-
tion with small portable articles, such as
fruit, eggs, etc. It was applied to these
coins on account of the quantity that were
an equivalent of the Mark, as a weight;
and the term was dropped when the Gul-
dengroschen or Thaler was introduced.
Grot de Netle. A billon coin of France
first struck by Henri II (1547-1559), with
an approximate value of fifteen Deniers.
It derives its name from Nesle in the De-
partment of Somme, where a regal mint ex-
isted since the twelfth century. The name
of the coin was frequently abbreviated to
Nesle, to distinguish it from other types of
the same value.
Grot dtt Roi. A name given to the Gros
Blanque of Charles VII of France which
bears three lilies surmounted by a crown.
Grot Heaume. See Heaume.
Grot Paritit. A variety of the Gros
Tournois which was made one fourth
heavier. It was extensively struck by
Philip VI (1328-1350) and bears fleurs
de lis in the angles of the cross.
Grottello. A silver coin current in Ber-
gamo in 1361 and of the value of half a
Soldo. See Rivista Italiana di Numismat-
ica (i. 313).
Grottetto. The diminutive of Grosso, a
base silver coin struck in Venice in the
latter part of the fourteenth century, and
which replaced the Matapan (q.v.), a
larger and thicker coin. Its value was four
Soldi. The later Grossetti of Dalmatla,
[ 99 ]
GroMi Lati
Grote
• • -
Illyria, etc., were worth only about two
thirds of the Venetian.
Gross! LatL See Breite Qrosehen.
GroMi PraecisL See Breite Groschen.
GroMO. An Italian silver coin, the
name of which is an equivalent of the
Gros, Groschen, and Groat; in fact the
term Gros Tournois becomes the Italian
Grosso Tornese.
It appeared in the fourteenth century
and some varieties were current until the
eighteenth. The value varied, the Grossi
of Milan being worth from five to eight
Soldi at different periods. There are mul-
tiples as high as eight Grossi, and the divi-
sions were the Mezzanino or one half, the
Quattrino or one quarter, and the Sesino
or one sixth. See Matap^n.
GroMO A£Fonsiiii. A Portuguese silver
coin struck in the reign of Alfonso V
(1438-1481), and of the value of eleven
Dinheiros. For convenience the name is
frequently abbreviated into Affonsira.
GroMO Aquflino. See Aquilino.
GroMO Clementmo. See Clementi.
Grosso Guelfo. See Guelfo.
Grosso Largo. See Giulio.
Grossone. An Italian silver coin issued
by the Republic of Pisa both with Imperial
and autonomous legends. It is also found
in Mantua under Louis III (1444-1478), in
the two Sicilies under Ferdinand and
Isabella, and occurs in the Venetian coin-
age of the fifteenth century. The latter
variety had a value of eight Soldi, and
the Florentine type was equal to seven
Soldi.
Grosso RomaiunOy also called simply
Roman i no. A Roman Senatorial silver
coin struck by the Senator Brancaleone
d'Andalo (1252-1255) and continued until
about the year 1417. It has on the ob-
verse an emblematic seated female figure
representing Rome, with a globe in one
hand and a palm leaf in the other.
Grosso Tirolino. See Tirolino.
Grosso Veneto. See Matapan.
Grossus Albus. See Albus.
Gros Tournois. A billon French coin
of the value of four Deniers, originally
issued by Louis IX about the middle of
the fourteenth century, and extensively
copied by other nations. It receives its
name from the city of Tours, at which place
it was first struck.
The general type has on one side a
chapel or city gate and the inscription
TVRONis civis surrounded by a wreath of
lilies, and on the reverse a cross pattee
enclosed by legends in two circles, the
inner circle bearing the name of the ruler
and the outer one the words bndictv. sit.
NOME. DNi. NRi. iHV. xpi., an abbreviation
of henedictum sit nomen domini nostri
Jesu Christi.
In the latter part of the fourteenth cen-
tury the type was imitated in the Rhine
Provinces where it received the name of
Turnosgroschen, later abbreviated into
Turnose.
The coin enjoyed such a popularity that
the term Tumois distinguished money
based on the standard of Tours down to
the time of Louis XIV.
For an interesting treatise showing that
the Gros Tournois is not an imitation of
the Dinar issued at Saint Jean d'Acre in
the year 1251, see Mons. Adrien Blan-
chet s communication to the Comptes ren-
dus de VAcadvmie des Inscriptions et
Belles-LettreSf Paris, 1901. See Groat.
The Tournay Groat was the last of the
Anglo-Gallic series issued by Henry VIII
in 1513.
The Denier, also struck at Tours, and
of the same design was generally known
as the Petit Tournois.
Grosz. (Plural Groszy or Grosze.) The
Polish name for the Gros (g.v.). The
earliest issues under King Wenceslaus II
(1278-1305) were of silver and read grossi :
PRAGENSES ; their popular name being Pra-
ger Groschen.
Later the Groszy were made of copper
and thirty were equal to a Gulden. By an
imperial ukase of 1841 the coinage ceased
and the Russian Kopecks took their place.
Grote. (Plural Groten.) The Low Ger-
man equivalent of the Groschen, and the
seventy-second part of the Thaler. It oc-
curs in base silver and copper in the coin-
age of Bremen, Oldenburg, Jever, etc.
There are multiples of from three to forty-
eight Groten. The issue of Groten in Bre-
men can be traced to the period of Arch-
[100]
Grouch
Guillot
bishop Baldwin (1435-1442). In the year
1800, 360 Groten were equal to one Pistole.
Grouch. See Ghrush.
The Spanish equivalent of the
Gros. There is a series of these for Na-
varre and Aragon, beginning with the
reign of Juan II (1441-1479).
Grusch. See Ghrush.
Gttbber. This is conjectured by Yule
to come from the Persian Dinar-i-gabr, i.e.,
** money of the infidel." The name was
formerly applied in India to the gold
coins of Europe.
C. Lockyer, in Trade of India, 1711 (vii;
201), says, **they have Venetians, Gubbers,
Muggerbees, and Pagodas,*' and in the
same work (viii. 242), **When a parcel of
Venetian Ducats are mixt with others, the
whole goes by the Name of Chequeens at
Surat, but when tliey are separated, one
sort is called Venetians, and all the others
Gubbers indifferently."
Giildener. See Guldengroschen.
Lam* See Gouden Lam.
Gnelfoy or Grosso Guelfo. A silver
coin of Florence of the value of four Soldi
or double the Popolino (g.v.). It was
struck about the middle of the fourteenth
century and continued in use until the
period of the Medici Family. It is char-
acterized by the representation of the ar-
morial bearings of a large number of the
Florentine nobility, e.g,, the Houses of the
Acciaioli, Capponi, Guicciardini, Lanfre-
dini, Pandolfi, Strozzi, Venturi, etc.
Guenar, also called Blanc Guenar. A
variety of the Blanc, struck by Charles VI
of France (1380-1422). Its value was ten
Deniers, and the obverse showed the ar-
morial shield of France, while the reverse
had a cross pattee with lilies and crowns
alternately in the angles. The Guenar
Delphinal of the same type was issued for
Dauphiny, and there is a corresponding
demi-Guenar in both series. It was copied
in the Anglo-Gallic series by Henry V
(1415-1422). See Hoffmann (22-29, etc.).
Guerche, or Gersh. A silver coin of
Abyssinia, the one twentieth part of the
Talari {q.v.). Under the reign of Menelik,
however, a decree was passed abolishing
the decimal system, and making the
Guerche the one sixteenth of the Talari.
The name is synonjonous to Ghrush (g.v.),
or Piastre. Copper Guerches and their
subdivisions were issued by Menelik pre-
vious to the silver pieces.
GuOder. The equivalent of the Gulden
in the Low Countries. Two and one half
Guilders were equal to one Rijksdaaler,
and the Guilder is divided into 100 cents.
It weighs 154.32 grains. Of the Dutch
gold coins the largest is the piece of ten
Guilders, sometimes called the Florin,
which weighs 103.7 grains. These values
also apply to the Dutch possessions in the
East and West Indies. The colony of
British Guiana, formerly a part of Esse-
quibo and Demerara, used silver three
Guilders and smaller denominations struck
by George III in 1816, and by William
IV in 1832.
The Guilder or Florin of the United
Provinces was a silver coin originally
struck by Friesland about 1600 and con-
tinued' in use until the close of the seven-
teenth century. This is the piece men-
tioned by Shakespeare in The Comedy of
Errors (i. 1), and by other contemporary
writers.
It had a value of twenty-eight Stuivers,
and on the obverse is the bust of a warrior
who holds a sword in his right hand. This
figure divides the denomination : 28 | ST.
From its value the coin was ordinarily
called Acht en twintig ; the half was known
as Veertienstuiver, and the quarter was
called Zevenstuiver.
Guillaume d'Or. See Wilhelm d'Or.
Gufllemm. The name given to a variety
of Denier issued by Guillaume I (1094-
1129) and Guillaume II (1150-1220),
Counts of Forcalquier in Provence.
The term was also used in Brabant,
Gueldres, etc., to indicate coins struck by
any one of the numerous rulers named Wil-
lem, Wilhelm, or Guillaume. Du Cange
cites an ordinance of 1449 reading, ^^Dexix
pieces d'or c'est assavoir ung Ouillelmins
de vint solz parisis/'
GuflloL An ordinance of the Parlia-
ment of Paris dated in July, 1378, men-
tions this coin as being one sixth of the
Gros Tournois. Another monetary regula-
tion for Le Mans, in the Department of
Maine, dated 1466, reads ''quod dicti ahi-
t antes Cenomanenses . . . guillotos aut semi
[101]
Guinea
Giinda
guillotos, receptione indignos quorum sex
unum turonum valebant tradebant,''
Guinea. A gold coin of England origin-
ally of the value of twenty shillings, and
made current by a proclamation of March
27, 1663. It received its name from the
gold of which it was made, and which was
brought from Guinea by the * ' Company of
Royal Adventurers of England trading
into Africa.'' As an encouragement to
bring over gold to be coined, they were
permitted by their charter to have their
stamp on the coins. This device was
originally an elephant, and after 1675 an
elephant with a castle on its back; the
stamp was discontinued in the reign of
Queen Anne.
Rottier made the dies, and the original
issue consisted of five and two Guinea
pieces, both of which were discontinued in
1753, and Guineas and half Guineas dis-
continued in 1813. The Guinea of the
latter date is sometimes known as the Mil-
itary Guinea, as it was struck for the use
of the troops then embarking for France.
Quarter Guineas were issued only with
the dates 1718 and 1762, and one third
Guineas, or seven shilling pieces appeared
from 1797 to 1813 inclusive.
In the reign of William III, the Guinea
was at first current for £1 8s., but was
reduced to £1 6s., then to £1 2s., and
finally in 1698 to £1 Is. 6d., at which rate
they were received by the oflBcers of the
revenue. On December 22, 1717, the
Guinea was reduced to 21s., which value
it retained until abolished. See Spade
Guinea.
Guinnois. An Anglo-Gallic gold coin,
first issued by Edward III, and which is
supposed to have received its name from
the territory in which it was struck.
These coins have on the obverse the
King walking through a Gothic portico and
at his feet two recumbent lions. The re-
verse has the motto Gloria in Excelsis, etc.
A silver and billon coinage of similar
type has received the same name.
Gulden. The gold Gulden was a name
given in Germany to the Florin {q.v.).
These coins gradually deteriorated in fine-
ness, whereas those of Hungarj'^ and Aus-
tria retained their original value and
purity and were distinguished by the name
of Ducats. The Ducat gradually sup-
planted the gold Gulden and by the end
of the seventeenth century the coinage of
the latter was practically obsolete.
Austria and Hungary issued gold coins
of eight Gulden (twenty Francs) and four
Gulden (ten Francs) in recent years.
Gulden, This silver coin was originally
of the same weight and value as the Thaler
(q.v,). However, in the latter part of the
seventeenth century it was reduced in size
and made of the value of two thirds of a
Thaler or half of a Speciesthaler, which
standard it retained with slight modifica-
tions until 1871, when the Mark was in-
troduced in Germany.
The terms Gulden and Florin were fre-
quently used synonymously. See Florin
and Guilder.
Gulden, also called Florin. A silver
coin of Austria of the value of sixty Kreu-
zer until January 1, 1859, and after that
it was made one hundred Kreuzer for both
Austria and Hungary.
For Lombardy- Venice and the Austrian
offices abroad it was divided into one hun-
dred Soldi, and for Bosnia and Montene-
gro into one hundred Novica.
All of the above coins were superseded
in 1892 when the Krone (g.v.) went into
effect, which cut the previous monetary
system into one half.
Guldengrotchen. The earliest type is
described under Thaler (q.v,). The name
was applied to the new coin on account of
its value being equal to that of the gold
Gulden, and because up to the time of its
appearance no silver coins were in circu-
lation of a larger size than the Groschen.
In Latin documents of the sixteenth cen-
tury they are generally referred to as
Unciales, from their weight, which was one
ounce.
The name Guldengroschen was soon ab-
breviated into Giildener; the coins were
popular for a time but were eventually
superseded by the Thaler. See Florin.
Gulden Penning. See Florin.
Gunda. A money of account in the
Maldive Islands, and equal to four Cow-
ries (g.v.). The name is probably derived
from the ganda or rati berry.
[102]
Gun Money
GyU
Gim Money. A debased coinage issued
by James II in Ireland, from June, 1689,
to June, 1690. The series consisted of
crowns, half-crowns, shillings, and six-
pences. The last two denominations are
dated with the month as well as the year.
These coins derive their name from the
circumstance that they were principally
struck from metal, the product of old can-
non. The reverses all bear two sceptres
in saltire, through a crown, between the
letters I and B.
See an extended description of these
coins contributed by Philip Nelson to the
British Numismatic Journal (i. 187).
Gute Groechen. The name given to cer-
tain silver coins current in Hanover,
Brunswick, Prussia, etc., during the
eighteenth century. The Gute Groschen
was computed at one twenty-fourth of a
Thaler and must not be confused with the
Mariengroschen {q.v.), which was valued
at one thirty-sixth of a Thaler.
Gutfrettagsgroschel. A base silver coin
of Silesia, a variety of the Dreier {q.v.).
It was struck by the Princes of Liegnitz,
and distributed as alms to the poor on
Good Friday. Musaus refers to it in one
of his legends of Riibezahl.
Gygeades, or ru-fdedat. A name sup-
posed by some modern writers to have
been given to money perhaps issued by
Gyges King of Lydia. The passage in
Herodotus (i. 14) from which this infer-
ence is made is now interpreted differently.
See Babelon, Trait e (i. 468).
Gyllen. The Swedish equivalent of
Gulden. The Silfvergyllen was originally
struck in 1528 and the Ungersk Gyllen, or
Ducat, in 1568. In the following year ap-
peared the Krongyllen, a gold coin so
called from the crowned shield.
[103]
Habbeh
Halb
H
Habbeh. A grain, i.e., a Barleycorn
is equal to foiy Aruzzehs, one third Kirat,
one eighth Danik; or two Barleycorns are
equal to one third Tassuj or one sixtieth
Dinar. See Danik.
Habitant Tokens. In 1837, through an
ordinance passed by the special Council,
the four banks doing business in Lower
Canada were authorized to issue regular
bank tokens. As these bore the figure of
a French-Canadian farmer on the obverse,
they are known as the "Habitant'' tokens.
They came to be recognized and accepted
as a regular provincial coinage. See Pap-
ineau.
Hacienda Tokens were formerly re-
deemable at a known value, on presenta-
tion to the proprietor who had issued
them. They are of various shapes and
usually bear devices suggestive of a trade-
mark, from which their place of issue can
be determined.
Hacksilber means cut or chopped sil-
ver and is a term used by German numis-
matic writers to indicate the cut and frag-
mentary coins which constitute a part of
a **find." The buried treasure dating
from the tenth to the twelfth centuries
frequently consists of silver in bars or
cakes with a mixture of both cut and per-
fect coins.
Halblingy or Helbling. This word means
a half, and as the Pfennig was the German
equivalent for the Denarius, so the Halb-
ling was originally used to designate the
half of this coin, i.e., the Obolus. It occurs
among the Bracteates and was the prede-
cessor in Southern Germany and Austria
of the Heller, and in more northern Ger-
many of the Scherf .
HaUer, or Haller. The Swiss equiva-
lent of the Heller {q.v.). It was issued
in the Cantons of St. Gallen, Zug, etc.,
and 480 were computed to the Gulden.
Handelheller. The name given to small
thin silver coins which were originally
struck about the beginning of the four-
teenth century at Hall in Wiirttemberg.
They are without any inscription and have
on one side a cross and on the other a
hand, from which the name is derived.
They are mentioned in an ordinance of
the Emperor Wenceslaus of the year 1385,
in which it stated that the cities of Augs-
burg, Nuremberg, Ulm, and Hall, are the
only localities in which these coins are to
be struck.
Haha Sen, or ''Mother Sen." The Jap-
anese name for the first impressions made
from the Hori Tane Sen (g.v.) or original
hand cut Sen, and from which the Tan4
Sen (q.v.) are made. These are naturally
very rare and much prized as most of them
are cast in pewter. See Mu Ch'ien, the
Chinese equivalent.
Hahnrei Thaler. The word means a
cuckold and it is usually applied to a class
of medallic Thaler which have obscene in-
scriptions.
It is also used to designate a Thaler
struck by Philip Reinhard I, Earl of
Solms, in 1627 from silver found in the
fortress of Wolfenbiittel, and dedicated to
Christian IV of Denmark.
Haidariy or HeiderL A name given to
the double Rupee of Mysore by Tipu Sul-
tan, in 1786, when he adopted his new
system of reckoning, based on the Muludi,
i.e., dating from the birth of the Prophet.
The coin is so called from Haidar, a sur-
name of the first Imam.
Haies d'Or. The common designation
for a gold coin of William IV, Count of
Hainaut, in Flanders (1404-1417), which
was copied from the Ange d'Or, of Philip
VI of France.
Halard. A coin cited by Andrew
Boorde, in his Introduction to Knowledge,
1547 (xiv. 161), who says: **They haue
Norkyns, Halardes, Phenyngs, Crocherds,
Stiuers. ' '
Halb. The German equivalent for one
half and generally used in connection with
Thaler, Groschen, etc.
[104]
Halbag
Hard Head
Halbag. See Judenpfennige.
Halber. An abbreviated form of the
half of some unit of value, and extensively
used in Southern Germany for half a
Kreuzer, half a Pfennig, etc.
Halbtkoter. See Skoter.
Half je. The popular name for the cur-
rent copper half Cent of the Netherlands.
Halfling. The half of a Silverling or
old silver Penny. Sir Walter Scott in
Ivanhoe has the sentence, ** *Not a shekel,
not a silver penny, not a halfling' . . .
said the Jew.'*
Half Penny. Probably no other Eng-
lish coin has so many dialect forms. In
Yorkshire it is called Awpenny; in West-
em Yorkshire Awpney and Haupenny; in
Devonshire Hapmy; in Cornwall Hap-
peny ; in Lancashire Hawpny ; and in Cum-
berland Ho 'penny.
Half Shiner. A coin mentioned in the
monetary ordinances of Gibraltar and in
1762 fixed at a value of eleven Dollars and
two Reales. From this value it must have
been the Johannes, which was half the
Dobra. See Chalmers (p. 298).
Hammered Coins date from a very early
period and an interesting account of their
manufacture is to be found in the Kosmo-
graphie of Sebastian Miinster, which was
printed early in the sixteenth century.
The hammered coinage was superseded by
the use of the mill and screw. The Eng-
lish hammered silver money was called in
during the reign of William III, and the
hammered gold coins were declared to be
no longer current in 1732-1733. See Milled
Money.
HanUy also known as Boars' Feet, is the
common name for a variety of copper
coins, struck by the Gallic city of Nemau-
sus. They are of the shape of a ham, and
their exact use has not been determined.
Conf. the exhaustive treatise on this sub-
ject, by Goudard, Notice sur les Medailles
elites Pieds de Sanglier, Toulouse, 1880-
1893.
Han. A Japanese word meaning ''one
half" and used as a prefix on coins, e.g.^
Han Shu on the coins of the Lu Chu Is-
lands.
Hana Furi Kin, or ''Raining Flowers
Gold Coin.'' Certain thin small oval Jap-
anese gold pieces were called by this name,
and were said to have been issued by Hi-
deyoshi for the invasion of Korea in 1592.
To this day the word Hana is used for a
reward.
Handsel. Earnest money on a contract ;
a corruption of "hand sale.'' See Earnest.
"Anciently, among all the Northern na-
tions, shaking of hands was held necessary
to bind the bargain; a custom which we
still retain in many verbal contracts. A
sale thus made was called hand sale, i;en-
ditio per mutuam manuum complexionem ;
till in process of time the same word was
used to signify the price, or earnest, which
was given immediately after the shaking
of hands, or instead thereof. ' ' Blackstone,
Commentaries (ii. 30).
Hanover Sovereign. A name given to
a brass medalet, dated 1837, with a gallop-
ing rider on the reverse, and the inscrip-
tion TO HANOVER abovc. The mounted
figure is intended for the Duke of Cumber-
land, who was very unpopular in England,
and the motto signifies that his return to
Hanover would be desirable.
Hansatsu. Early Japanese paper cur-
rency. See Kinsatsu.
Hantpennige. See Pfennig.
Hao. The Chinese name for the silver
ten-cent piece introduced at Hong Kong
under British rule, and later used on the
Kwang Tung silver coins. See Chiao.
Hape. A Scotch nickname for a half-
penny and common to Lanarkshire.
Nicholson, in his Idylls, 1870 (106), has:
"Dae ye want the Citeez [Citizen] t
Evenin' or Weekly t It's only a hape."
Hapmy. See Half Penny.
Happeny. See Half Penny.
Hard Head. A name given to a Scotch
billon coin first issued in the third coinage
of Mary (1555-1558). The term is a cor-
ruption of the French Hardit.
Some authorities refer to this piece un-
der the name of a Lion, from the lion
rampant, crowned, which it bears.
These coins, originally of the value of
one and one half Pence, were struck to
afford relief to the poor, who suffered much
loss on account of the lack of small change.
[ 105 ]
Hardi
Under James VI the value was raised to
two Pence, and indicated by two pellets.
The Hard Head was discontinued in the
reign of Charles I.
Hardi, or HardiL An Anglo-Gallic
silver and billon coin issued by Edward
III, King of England, and copied by the
French Kings as Dukes of Aquitaine. It
bears on the obverse a half-length figure
holding a sword.
The Hardi d 'Or is a similar coin of gold.
Edward the Black Prince had them struck
at Bordeaux, and Charles de France, the
brother of King Louis XI, issued them for
Aquitaine from 1469 to 1474.
The name is probably derived from a
small copper coin issued by Philip le
Hardi, King of France, and later repre-
sented by the Liard. Some authorities
claim that as its original value was one
fourth of the Sol, the name is a corrup-
tion of the English word Farthing, corre-
sponding to the one fourth of the Penny.
Hard. Times Tokens. A popular name
for a. series of copper tokens struck from
1834 to 1841, and bearing inscriptions re-
ferring to the movement for and against
the Bank of the United States.
Harf. An Abyssinian money of ac-
count. See Wakea and Kharf.
Harington. The popular name for the
copper Farthing issued in the reign of
James I. The term is derived from the
patentee, John, Lord Harington, of Exton.
lie died in 1614, but the tokens continued
in circulation long afterward. See Farth-
ing.
Harp. The colloquial name for the
Groat and half Groat struck in 1536 and
later, by Henry VIII for Ireland, on ac-
count of the figure of the harp on the re-
verse.
In contemporary documents there is
mention of 'red harpes,'' being worth three
Smulkyns (<7.w.). See also Numismatic
Chronicle (4th Series, xv. 192-229).
Harpe d'Or. See Davidstuiver.
Harps. The name given to a series of
copper tokens issued in Canada in 1820,
and later. They bear on the obverse a
bust of George IV, and on the reverse a
large harp, and the date. They were so
popular as currency that large numbers of
brass counterfeits were made.
Hat Piece
Harry GroaL A popular name for the
Groat of Henry VIII of England (1509-
1547). Shackerly Marmion in his play
The Antiquary, 1633 (ii.), has the lines:
**A piece of antiquity; sir, 'tis English
coin; and if you will needs know, 'tis an
old Harry groat."
Harry Sovereign. The designation some-
times applied to the Sovereign of Henry
yil of England who first struck this coin
in 1489. J. Stephens, in his Satyrical Es-
say es, 1615 (371), writes: ^*She hath old
harry soveraignes ... to give awav on her
deathbed."
Harzgold DukaL A gold coin of Bruns-
wick and Liineburg struck by the electors
in the eighteenth century and which re-
ceives its name from the fact that the metal
was obtained from mines in the Harz
Mountains. See Ausbeutemiinzen.
H ai h aha h . Semicircular pieces of iron,
somewhat resembling the knives used by
leather-cutters, are current as money in
Kordofan and other African localities.
HashtkanL See Nasfi.
Hassa. See Toweelah.
Hat Money. According to Wharton,
Law Lexicon, 1864, this was ' ' a small duty
paid to the captain and mariners of a ship,
also called primage.'*
The custom appears to have been in force
in the seventeenth century, for C. MoUoy,
in a work De Jure Maritimo, 1676 (ii. 9,
§6), says: *' Petty Averidge is another
small Duty which Merchants pay to the
Master. . . . The French Ships commonly
term the Gratuity Hat-money."
Hat Money. See Tampang.
Hatome Sen, or * * Pigeon Eye ' ' Sen. A
very small thin coin used at one time in
the Lu Chu Islands. A hundred were
strung together and a string was worth
about ten Japanese Mon (q.v.).
Hat Piece. A Scottish gold coin issued
in 1591 to 1593, upon which the King,
James VI, is represented wearing a high
crowned hat.
On the reverse is a lion sejant, holding
a sceptre in his paw, above which, in a
cloud, are the Hebrew letters for Jehovah.
The legend is te. solvm. vereor., i.e
**Thee only do I fear.'' The weight is
seventy grains.
[106]
Haupenny
Heller
It is claimed that this coin was issued
**for the purpose of harmonizing the Scot-
tish currency with the English, and to
lessen the inconvenience caused by their
disagreement. ' '
It must have been counterfeited at a
very early period, as Pitcairn, in his Crim-
inal Trials of Scotland, 1599 (ii. 99), men-
tions ** False hat-peiceis, pistulettis, and
crownis. ' '
Haupenny. See Half Penny.
Hausgroschen. A base silver coin struck
by Frederick the Great. In course of time
it deteriorated in purit}'^ to such an extent
that instead of the original value, one
twentj^-fourth of a Thaler, it was finally
worth only one forty-second of a Thaler.
It was succeeded by the Silbergroschen in
1821.
Hawpny. See Half Penny.
HayakL Japanese paper currency of
the value of one half or one quarter Koban.
See Kinsatsu.
Hazardinar. A gold coin of Persia
which the English called Mildinar, and the
Russians Rouble. It was introduced in the
second year of the reign of Nadir, i.e.,
1738, and had a value of one thousand
Dinars.
Head SOver. Wharton, in his Law Lex-
icon, 1864, states that this was the name
given to **dues paid to lords of leets; also
a fine of £40 which the sheriff of Northum-
berland heretofore exacted of the inhab-
itants twice in seven years.'' It was abol-
ished by a statute of 23 Henry VII c. 7.
Heads or Talk. A phrase used to de-
cide any proposition by tossing a coin in
the air; the **head" representing the ob-
verse, and the **tair' corresponding to the
reverse.
The custom dates back to ancient times,
the Romans using the term ** heads or
ships. * ' Macrobius, a Latin grammarian of
the fifth century, in his Saturnalia (i. 7),
has: Cum pueri denarios in sublime jac-
tanteSy ''capita aut navia/' lusu teste ve-
tustatis exclamant.
In Ireland the expression ** heads or
harps" was formerly common, the allusion
being to the harp on the reverse of the
half Pennies of the seventeenth and
eighteenth centuries.
The phrase is common in many modern
languages. The French say a pile on face;
the Germans, Kopf oder Flach; the Scan-
dinavians, Krona eller Klafve; the Span-
ish, Cara o Sella; the Italians, Croce o
Testa, etc.
Health Money. See Chimney Money.
Heaume, i.e,, a helmet. A name ap-
plied to any coin on which the helmet is
a prominent feature. A silver Gros
Heaume was issued by Charles VI of
France (1380-1422), and Jean de Horn
(1485-1505) copied the type for Liege.
Louis de Male (1346-1384), Count of Flan-
ders, struck the Heaume d'Or, the obverse
of which shows two lions supporting a hel-
meted shield under a Gothic dais. See
Botdrager. The Helmpfennige of the city
of Hanover issued in the seventeenth cen-
tury have similar designs.
Hebraer. See Ebraer.
Heckmiinzen, Heckpfennige, are terms
used by German numismatists to indicate
coins that are below the regular standard
as to size and fineness.
Hecte. A Greek coin, the one sixth of
the Stater (q.v,). It was struck both in
gold and electrum. The electrum Hectes
of Phocaea and Mytilene are the common-
est and enjoyed a wide vogue in ancient
times, being known as exxai ^(oxat^eg.
Heideri. The double Rupee of Mysore.
See Haidari.
HeOandsmiinzen* The popular name
for any coins bearing the figure of the
Savior. See Salvator.
Heitje. A slang term for the current
silver coin of twenty-five Cents issued by
the Netherlands.
Helbling. See Halbling.
Heliens. The name given to Deniers of
Perigord which bear the name -of Count
Elie II (1006-1017). See Blanchet (i. 22).
Heller. Originally a small silver coin
which takes its name from Hall, in Wiirt-
temberg, where it was originally issued in
the early part of the thirteenth century.
Conf. Handelheller.
In the fifteenth century it degenerated
to a base silver, and later to a billon coin,
and was not only common throughout
southern Germany, but was used extensive-
ly in Silesia, Pommerania, etc. At a some-
[107]
Hellier
Hexadrachm
what later period, the Heller became a cop-
per coin altogether. Its value varied ac-
cording to the locality. Eight Heller were
generally equal to a Kreuzer or two Heller
to a Pfennig.
It is still retained in Austria and in Ger-
man East Africa, being the one hundredth
part of the Krone and the Rupie respec-
tively.
Hellier. An obsolete form of writing
Heller. See Poy.
Hebnarc. A corruption of Halb Mark.
Du Cange cites it as a denomination used
as early as 1080.
Helmpfennig. See Heaume.
Helting is defined by Wharton, in his
Law Lexicon, 1864, as **a Saxon brass
coin, of the value of a half penny,'' but
it is doubtful what particular coin can be
intended.
Hemiastarion. The Oreek name fol* the
half As. Polybius, H-isioria (ii. 15).
Hemichalk. The half Chalcus {q,v.).
Hemichiytos is mentioned by Pollux.
It is the half Stater of gold and was most
commonly struck at Cj- rene.
Hemidanake, the half of the Danake
(g.v.). The Y)[jLi5ofvay.iQ or Y)(jLi5avaxiov is
mentioned by Hesychius and was a Persian
coin.
Hemidaric, or half Daric, principally a
money of account and so used in the well-
known passage in the Anabasis of Xeno-
phon (i. 3, 21), where he speaks of the
Y2iJLi$apeexa.
Hemidrachm. The half of the Drachm
iq.v,)y and spoken of as the Triobol. It
was extensivel}' coined in ancient times.
Hemihecte. The half of the Hecte
(q.v.) and equal to the Obol of gold, or
one twelfth of the Stater. In gold it was
coined principally at Cyrene; in electrum
it appeared at many mints in Asia Minor.
Hemilitrion. The half of the Litra
(q.v,) of silver and frequently coined at
Leontini, Entella, and Syracuse. Later the
Hemilitrion in bronze (commonly known
by its Latin name of Semis) appeared at
many mints in southern Italy and Sicily.
Hemiobol. The half of the Obol (q.v.)
and the one twelfth of the Drachm. The
commonest examples are those of Athens.
Hemishim is quoted by Du Cange as an
old form of the half As.
Hemistater. The half of the Stater
(g.v.) or the Hemi-chrysos (q.v,). The
TQlxKJTCfTTQpov is mentioned by Pollux and
Hesychius.
Hemitarteniorion is the one eighth of
the Obol or the one forty-eighth of the
Drachm. Specimens in silver were struck
at Athens, other places coined their equiv-
alents in bronze.
Hemitetarte. The one eighth of the
gold Stater (g.v.). A very rare denomina-
tion.
Henri d'Or. A French gold coin struck
by Henri II in 1549, it being the first
coin of France with a date. The reverse
has the inscription dvm totvm compleat
ORBEM. Conf, Enrique.
Heptadradun. The multiple of seven
Drachms (q.v.). Actual specimens are not
known.
HeptoboL The multiple of seven Obols
(q.v.). This term was often used in Egypt
in monetary accounts.
Heregeld. This word occurs as early as
the year 1018 in a charter of King Canute.
Cowel, in The Interpreter, 1607, states that
it **is a Tribute or Tax levyed for the
Maintenance of an Army.'' Conf. German
Heer Geld.
Heretcarius. A small coin mentioned in
a codex of Folquino.
Herrengrotchen. The name usually
given to silver coins of the sixteenth cen-
tury bearing a figure of the Savior. The
word means **Groschen of the Master."
Herring Silver. An old English term
implying a payment in money for the
custom of supplying herrings for the pro-
vision of a religious institution.
Herzogsgroschen. The name applied in
general to any type of the Gros or double
Gros on which the principal feature is the
ducal figure. Examples exist for Duren,
struck by William I de Juliers (1357-
1361), and reading wilhelm dux-ivlia-
CESis and moneta durensi.
Hexadrachm. A Greek silver coin of
the value of six Drachms (q.v.). It was
rarely struck, though specimens from the
Carthaginian mint are known.
[108]
Hexas
Hock Tuesday Money
Hexas. The one sixth of the Litra
(q.v,). Coins of this denomination were
struck in southern Italy and Sicily both in
silver and bronze. In bronze it corre-
sponds to the Roman Sextans.
Hexastater. The denomination of six
Staters, better known as the Dodekadrachm
(g.i;.).
HexoboL A multiple of the Obol (q.v.)
struck in bronze in Egj^pt under the Ptole-
mies.
Heinnannchen. A nickname given to
certain Prussian Mariengroschen struck in
Aurich in 1761. They were a temporary
money of necessity and were put forth by
a mint-warden named Heymann.
Hibemias. A name given to the brass
half Pence struck at Limerick during the
siege of 1691. Thase pieces were generally
re-struck on Gun-money Shillings and have
on the reverse a seated figure of Hibernia
holding a harp.
Hieronjnniis d'Or. A gold coin of
Westphalia of the value of five Thaler;
it obtains its name from Jerome Napoleon.
Higley Coppers. The name given to a
variety of threepence struck by John Hig-
ley of Granby, Connecticut, from which
circumstance these pieces are also referred
to as Granby Coppers. Higley was born
in 1673, and the coins are dated 1737 and
1739. There are a number of varieties, one
of which was discovered as recently as 1913
with a wheel on the reverse. For de-
tails as to this private coinage, see Crosby,
and Woodford, Currency and Banking in
Connecticut.
Hip. A slang name for the current sil-
ver coin of fifty cents issued for the
Netherlands.
Hirschgulden. A name given to the
Gulden or two thirds Thaler of Wiirttem-
berg which has a stag supporting the ar-
morial bearings. The large silver coins of
Stolberg which bear a stag standing against
a pillar are known as Hirsch thaler.
Hirtenpfennig. A nickname given to a
uniface copper coin of Buchhorn. The ar-
morial bearings of this city are a beech
tree and a horn, and from the latter figure,
resembling a shepherd's horn, the name
was probably coined.
Histiaika. A name given in ancient
times ('IffTiatxd or *IaTiai"x6v dpYupiov) to the
well-known Tetrobols of Histiaea in Eu-
boea. See Homolle, Bull. corr. hell. (vol. vi.
1882, p. 133).
Hitarc Pfennige. The name given to a
type of small silver coins struck in the
Archbishopric of Cologne during the
twelfth century. They were principally
issued under Arnold II von Wied (1151-
1156), and Reinald von Dassel (1159-
1167). All of the coins have a church with
three spires on the reverse.
Ho. A Japanese word meaning treas-
ure. The term is used in conjunction with
Tsu, i.e., currency, on coins, forming two
of the usual four characters on the obverse.
See Pao and Tsu and conf. Munro (pp.
251, 264).
Hobby Horse, also known as Stecken-
reiter. The name given to both a gold
and silver square coin which the Imperial
Ambassador in Nuremburg ordered to be
struck in the year 1650, on the conclusion
of the Peace of Westphalia. He was ten-
dered an ovation by the youths of the city,
who appeared in front of his residence
riding on hobby-horses This incident is
depicted on one side of the coin and the
reverse bears the inscription vtvat perdi-
NANDVS III. ROM. IMP.
Hochmuths Thaler, also called Waser
Thaler. A silver coin of Zurich struck in
1660.
Hock Money. An obsolete English
term for the money collected by various
persons at Hocktide. In the Churchwar-
dens' Accounts of St. Dunstan's Church
in Canterbury, under the date 1484-1485,
occurs the following entry: **Ress. by vs
the seyde Wardeynes of Hockemoneye at
Ester ix. s. xd.'*
In other old records the word is vari-
ously written Hok Money, Hoke Money,
and Oke Money.
Hock Tuesday Money. Cowel, in The
Interpreter, 1607, states that this
dut}^ given to the landlord, that his
and bondmen might solemnize the
which the English conquered the
being the second Tuesday after
week.''
was **a
tenants
day on
Danes,
Easter
[109]
Hoe4ieuchelliiig
Ho'penny
Hoedjeuchelliiig. A variety of the
Schelling which receives its name from the
figure of a hood on a staff, the latter being
held in the claws of a lion rampant. It
was issued only for the Province of Zee-
land, and the coinage originated in 1672
and extends to about 1720.
Ho Ei Sen. A large round Japanese
bronze coin made in 1707 at the value of
ten ordinary Sen and withdrawn two years
later despite the fact that the reverse in-
scription reads **For the Everlasting Use
of the World. ' '
Hog. The slang name for a Shilling.
R. Head, in his Canting Academy, 1673,
has ** Shilling, Bord, or Hog''; Cruikshank
in Three Courses and Dessert (412), re-
marks, ** What's half a crown and a shil-
ling! A bull and a hog."
Hog Money. The popular name for a
series of coins issued for the Bermuda
Islands early in the seventeenth century.
It is stated that in 1515 a Spanish vessel
commanded by Juan Bermudez, and con-
taining a cargo of hogs, was wrecked on
one of these islands, while on its way to
Cuba. In 1609 Qeorge Somers was ap-
pointed Governor of the Colony of Vir-
ginia, and on his voyage from England he
was cast away on the Bermudas, where he
found a large number of wild hogs. He
victualled a vessel with them, proceeding
later to Virginia. In the same year, 1609,
a charter was granted to the Bermuda
Company by James I, and it is assumed
that from about 1616 to 1624 the first
coins consisting of copper shillings, six-
pences, three-pences, and two-pences were
struck.
These pieces have on one side the figure
of a hog, with the inscription sommer
ISLANDS, and on the reverse a galleon. See
Numismatic Chronicle, 1883 (p. 117), and
Crosby (pp. 17, 18).
HohlblaCFert See Blaffert.
Hohlpfennige. A name given to certain
uniface coins resembling the Bracteates but
containing a smaller percentage of silver.
They were originally issued in the northern
portions of Germany, Pommerania, Bran-
denburg, Mecklenburg, etc., and were cop-
ied in the Rhine Provinces in the fifteenth
century and received the name of Liibische
Pfennige. The latter are usually found
with a raised edge, by which they can
easily be distinguished from the Hohlpfen-
nige.
Hohlringheller. A minute base silver
uniface coin of Aix-la-Chapelle, Aremberg,
etc., current in the latter part of the six-
teenth century. It bears a resemblance to
the Hohlpfennige (q.v.) but is of much
smaller module.
Hok Money, or Hoke Money. See
Hock Money.
Holey Dollar, also called King Dollar.
In the year 1813 Governor Macquarie of
New South Wales procured some £10,000
worth of Spanish Dollars from the centres
of which he had circular discs cut. Around
the edges of the perforation, which is
milled, the words new south wales, 1813,
were stamped, and on the reverse five sutl-
LiNGS, 1813. This coin received the name
of the Holey Dollar. The circular central
piece was known as a Dump; it was
countermarked with a crown and the value,
FIFTEEN PENCE. The Holcy Dollar was
current until 1829. See Numismatic Chron-
icle (Series iii. 3, pp. 119-120).
Homage Coins are such as indicate by
their inscriptions that homage or respect
is tendered to some ruler. They occur ex-
tensively in the German series and are
known as Huldigungs Miinzen.
HomereiiSy or 'Oixinpetov. This name, as
we learn from Strabo (xiv. 1, 37), was
given to certain bronze coins struck at
Smyrna which bear the type of Homer
seated. Illustrations of these coins will
be found in the British Museum catalogue,
Ionic (Plate xxv. Nos. 15-17).
Hongre. An obsolete form of the On-
garo or Ungaro. Richard Hayes, in The
Negociators' Magazine, 1740, mentions **a
Hongre at 15^/2 Livres,'* current at Ber-
gamo ; * * an Hongre, or Hungarian Sequin,
of about 24() or 250 Aspers,'' used in Con-
stantinople; and **a Gold Hongre at 8V^
Livres,*' current at Bologna.
Hook Money. See Larin.
Ho'penny. See Half Penny.
[110]
Hoppers' Money
Hybrid
Hoppers' Money. A variety of tokens
or tallies, made of lead, and paid to pick-
ers of hops in lieu of money. They repre-
sented the amount of bushels picked and
were redeemed when the work was fin-
ished. See Spink (xx. 13872).
Ho Pu. The Chinese name for certain
copper coins issued by Wang Mang, 7-14
A.D., and meaning exchangeable cloth
money.
Hori Tane Sen. The Japanese name for
the original hand cut model for a coin,
from which carefully made impressions are
made for other Sen. They are generally
cut in copper, silver or ivory. See Haha
Sen and Tane Sen.
Homgroschen. The name given to a
series of silver coins issued by the Elector
Ernst of Saxony, jointly with his brother
Albrecht and his uncle Wilhelm (1464-
1486). There are numerous varieties of
mint-marks for Leipzig, Colditz, Freiberg,
Zwickau, etc. Dated specimens exist as
early as 1465. See Frey (No. 109). There
are also Hornpfennige of the same design
for various parts of Thuringia including
the city of Erfurt. All of these coins ob-
tain their names from the shield on the
reverse which is surmounted by a helmet
with ox horns.
Horse and Jockey. A nickname for the
Sovereign of George III of England, which
has on the reverse St. George on horse-
back in combat with the Dragon.
Hosenband Thaler. A silver coin struck
in Dresden in 1678 to commemorate the
conferring of the Order of the Garter on
the Elector Johann George II of Saxony.
Hsien. A Chinese word used on the
Cantonese and Ilong Kong coinage of the
one Cent denomination. The word is a
phoneticism for the sound Cent.
Hsing Yeh. See Lai Tsu.
Hua. The Chinese for ** exchange. ' '
The character is found on some of the an-
cient coins and the word is used in the
sense of exchange for money.
Huan. A Chinese weight of six ounces
in which fines were paid. The word also
means a ring, and also a round coin in
which the field and the central hole is
equal. See Pi and Yuan.
Huang Kai Tsu. See Kua Teng Ch 'ien.
Hubertusthaler. A silver coin of the
Palatinate issued during the eighteenth
century, which bears a figure of St. Hubert,
the patron saint of huntsmen. He is gen-
erally represented as kneeling before a
stag.
Duke Gerhard VI of Jiilich founded the
Order of St. Hubertus, and it was reor-
ganized by the Elector Palatine Johann
Wilhelm in 1709. A smaller coin, called
the Hubertusgroschen, was struck at Miihl-
heim in 1482. See Frey (No. 233).
Hudson's Bay Tokens. A name given
to four varieties of brass tokens which
were issued about the year 1857 and used
by the Hudson's Bay Company in its trad-
ings with the Indians. The largest of
these tokens is of the value of one beaver
skin, and the others are fractions of one
half, one quarter, and one eighth. See
Breton (926-929).
Huitain. A name given to the one
eighth Thaler of Geneva issued in 1624 and
later.
Huitieme d'Ecu. See Quart d'Ecu.
Huldigungs Miinzen. See Homage
Coins.
Hun. The Hindustani name for the
Pagoda iq.v.).
Hunting Dollar. See Jagdthaler.
Huo. A Chinese term for money. It
is composed of the characters Hua ** ex-
change'* and Pei ** Cowries'' (g.v.).
Hussthaler. A general name for all
coins of Thaler size which bear a portrait
of Johann Huss. They are of a medallic
nature and are supposed to have been
struck in 1515, a century after the Re-
former met his death, but were actually
made at a later period.
Hvid. A silver coin current in Den-
mark, Oldenburg, Bast Friesland, etc.,
early in the sixteenth century. Its value
was four silver Pfennige. The name may
be a contraction of Korsvide {q,v.).
Hybrid Coins. A name given to such
coins as have an obverse belonging to one
type and a reverse belonging to another.
See Mule.
[Ill]
labus
Inchquin Money
I
labus. Another name for the Deunx
iq.v.),
Ibramee. A money of account of Cutch
and Kathiawar, and computed at eighteen
Koris iq.v.).
Ichi Bu. See Bu.
Icossadrachmon. The common name for
the gold coin of twenty Drachmai struck
in Greece in 1843 by Otto I, and continued
by his successor George I.
Idra, meaning a hydra, was the name
given to the Testone of Hercules I, Duke
of Ferrara (1471-1505), which bears the
figure of this fabled monster on the re-
verse.
lesimok. In 1798 there was a project
in Russia to make Ecus, i.e,, lesimki, of
54% Stuivers, to be used for foreign trade.
Only a few essays, however, were struck,
and the lesimok, as this silver piece is
called, is very rare. See Chaudoir (i. 173).
Ikiliky or Ekilik. A silver coin of the
Ottoman Empire of the value of two Pias-
tres or eighty Paras. Its weight varies
from 390 to 480 grains. The name is
derived from iki, i.e., two.
The issues for Tunis, which appeared
under Mahmud I (A.H. 1143-1168), are of
billon, and valued at only two Paras. See
Fonrobert (5316).
llahL A gold coin of Akbar, Emperor
of Hindustan, of the value of twelve Ru-
pees. See Sihansah.
ImamL A name given to the silver
Rupee of Mysore by Tipu Sultan, in 1786,
when he adopted his new system of reck-
oning, based on the Muludi, i.e., dating
from the birth of the Prophet. The name
was given in honor of the twelve Imams.
Imbasing of Money. Hale, in Pleas of
the Crown (i. 102), states that this con-
sists of ** mixing the species with an alloy
below the standard of sterling."
Sir Thomas More in his Utopia f 1551,
uses the phrase * * Enhauncynge and imbas-
yng of coyne. ' ' See Debased and Embase.
Imbiamcate. An Italian expression usu-
ally applied to such of the Roman bronze
coins of the later Empire as were coated
with tin to give them the appearance of
silver.
Immune Columbia. A copper experi-
mental issue belonging to the colonial series
of the United States. They are dated 1785
and 1786, and some varieties have the re-
verse of the Nova Constellatio (q.v.).
ImperiaL A Russian gold coin, first
struck under Elizabeth in 1745, of the
value of ten Rubles. Since 1817 only half
Imperials are coined but they retain the
name of Imperial. These are worth five
Rubles in gold or five Rubles and 15 Ko-
pecks in silver.
Imperial Ducat. A former gold coin of
Russia of the value of three and one tenth
Rubles. These Russian Ducats appear in
the coinage early in the seventeenth cen-
turv and their issue ends in the reign of
Paul (1796-1801).
Imperiale. Frederick II, Viscount of
Milan, struck a silver coin of this name
in 1225 on the occasion of the marriage of
his son Henry. The Danaro of Azzone
Visconti (1329-1339) is also so called; it
has the inscription mediolanvm in three
lines. Barnabo Visconti (1354-1385) struck
the Imperiale Nuovo with imperialis.
The value of these coins gradually de-
clined owing to the impurity of the metal
and in 1410 the pieces were only worth
one half of the early issues.
Impression. The entire design on both
the obverse and reverse of a coin. The
word is also used to denote a reproduction
of a coin in paper, wax, plaster, etc.
Inchquin Money. A series of necessity
money issued in 1642 by Lord Inchquin,
Vice-president of Munster.
They consist of the Pistole and double-
Pistole in gold, and Crowns, half-Crowns,
Shillings, nine Pence, six Pence, Groats,
and three Pence in silver. See British
Numismatic Journal (ii. 333-341).
[112]
Incuse Coins
Incase Coins. A name given to such
coins as present their obverse or reverse
types in intaglio. On early Greek coins the
design often appears raised on one side,
while on the other side it is sunk, or its place
taken by a more or less crude punch.. The
early incuse coins of Magna Graecia usually
present the obverse type in intaglio on the
reverse. The same is the case with certain
mis-strikes of a later period where a similar
effect has been produced, because the coin,
in the hurry of striking, has remained in
the die and has then left its own impress on
the succeeding blank or flan.
Indian Head Cent. The popular name
for the small cent introduced in the United
States coinage in 1858 and struck until
1909. The earlier issues were in nickel,
and in 1863 bronze was substituted.
Indio. A silver Portuguese coin of the
value of thirty-three Reis, issued in the
latter part of the fifteenth century. See
Fernandes (p. 116).
InfortiatL A term meaning ''to strength-
en," and applied in a general way to
coins of a thick and heavy fabric to dis-
tinguish them from those of a lighter and
thinner type.
It is used specially for the Denaro of
Lucca, current in the twelfth century, to
avoid the confusing of this coin with the
Denaro Nuovo of the same period. The
latter was of thinner fabric and was also
known as the Lucchese Nuovo.
Ingot. An amorphous mass of gold, sil-
ver, or other metal cast in a mold and
stamped with some device to pass for cur-
rency. Silver ingots are known of the
Greek period and both gold and silver of
the Roman Empire. Copper ingots occur
in the money of Java, silver ones in Japan,
etc.
The name has been recognized since the
sixteenth century, for Stanyhurst, in his
translation of Virgil's JEneid, 1583 (i.),
says, **he poincted, where the vnknowne
ingots of gould and siluer abounded."
Ingot Money. See Yuan Pao, Shoe and
Sycee.
Inpierans Golt is gold with a consider-
able amount of alloy. It is referred to
in archives of Frankfort a.M. of 1430.
See Paul Joseph (p. 172).
Inscription. The letters or words writ-
ten across the field of a coin, or upon any
figure in the device. See Legend.
Inspection Note. A peculiar currency
of paper, founded upon tobacco valua-
tions. It was introduced in the Province
of Maryland in 1763, and still existed to
a limited extent at the beginning of the
nineteenth century. The system was akin
to and based upon that which had existed
for some years previously in Virginia,
where it bore the name, yet more expres-
sive, of Tobacco Notes. The staple was
placed by the producer or owner in the
public warehouses for his county, was duly
inspected and branded by the proper oflB-
cer, who gave for it a receipt, specifying
the quality and quantity of the deposit;
this receipt, or, as it was called. Inspection
Note, was a legal tender for all purposes
in the county wherein it was issued, and
the holders possessed the right of obtaining
at any time from the storehouses the
amount of tobacco which the face of the
note called for. This currency superseded
that of the staple, which was then declared
no longer to be a legal tender.
Interimsthaler. The name given to a
satirical silver coin struck at Magdeburg
in 1550 and 1551, during the temporary
declarations of peace between the contest-
ing Protestant and Roman Catholic fac-
tions. It has on one side the baptism of the
Savior, and on the reverse the figures of
Christ and a triple-headed monster. One
head is that of an angel, the second bears
the Papal tiara, and the third a fool 's cap.
Ionian League. See League Coinage.
Iriden. See Regenbogenschiissel.
Irlandes d' Argent Ruding (i. 278)
states that at the Parliament at Drogheda
in 1460 it was enacted that **a proper coin
separate from the coin of England, was
with more convenience agreed to be had in
Ireland," and among the proposed coins
was one **of half quarter of an ounce troy
weight, on which shall be imprinted on
one side a lion, and on the other side a
crown, called an Irlandes d 'Argent, to
pass for the value of one penny sterling.''
Irmilik. See Medjidie.
[113]
Iron Coins
Itzi Bu
Iron Coins. There is a tradition that
Lycurgus banished gold and silver from
Sparta, and compelled the Laeedsemonians
to use small iron bars as money, and pro-
claimed it to be the only legal tender.
These bars or spits received the name of
o^eXiaxot.
At Tegea, Argos, and perhaps Heraea,
iron was used in the fourth century B.C.,
and their types are similar to those of the
silver coins of the same l6calities.
Iron money was employed in China
during the Liang dynasty, A.D. 502-556,
but was discarded in the latter year when
the Teh 'en dynasty came into power. An
iron four Mon piece was issued in Japan
in 1863, and iron coins were also struck
by the feudal lords (Daimios) of Japan
for exclusive use in their own dominions.
According to Schroeder (p. 47) iron
coins were issued for Annam as early as
A.D. 401.
The most recent coinages in iron are the
German five and ten Pfennig pieces issued
in 1915 on account of the scarcity of cop-
per. See Kriegsfiinfer.
babelina. The name given to the gold
coins of Isabella II of Spain.
Isabella. The popular name for the
gold coin of 100 Reales struck by Queen
Isabella II of Spain pursuant to an act
of June 26, 1864.
Isabella Quarter. The popular name for
a quarter Dollar of the United States, is-
sued only in 1893. It bears on the obverse
a bust of Isabella, Queen of Spain, who
gave assistance to Columbus.
Isargold Dukat. A gold coin of Bavaria
issued in 1830 and which receives its name
from the fact that the metal was obtained
from washings in the river Isar. See Aus-
beutemiinzen.
Itzi Bu. See Bu.
[114]
Jack
Jane
J
Jack. Evidently the name of an early
Irish coin, as at a Parliament held at
Drogheda, 1460, for the reformation of the
Irish coinage, it was decreed among other
measures that **the coin called the Jack
be hereafter of no value and void/' See
Ruding (i. 278).
Jack* A slang name for the English
Farthing. The use of this term can be
traced to the beginning of the eighteenth
century; later the name was applied to
card counters, resembling in size and ap-
pearance Sovereigns and half Sovereigns.
Jacobtthaler. See Jakobsthaler.
Jacobus. The popular but not ofiScial
name for the Unite of James I (g.v.). It
was retained as late as the nineteenth cen-
tury, as Macaulay uses it in his History of
England, 1855 (iii. 585).
Jacquesa. See . Jaquesa.
Jafari, or Jafri. A name given to the
eighth Rupee or silver Fanam of Mysore
by Tipu Sultan, in 1786, when he adopted
his new system of reckoning, based on the
Muludi, i.e,f dating from the birth of the
Prophet. The coin is so called after Jafar
Sadik, the sixth Imam.
Jafimske. A Russian silver coin men-
tioned by Adam Olearius, in his Travels
of the Ambassadors f 1636 (p. 97). He
states that the Russians apply this name
to the Rixdollar, and assumes it to be a
corruption of Joachimsthaler.
Jagdthaler. A silver coin of Bohemia
struck by the Emperor Ferdinand II in
1626, from designs by Hans Rieger, of
Breslau. It has on the reverse a city view
and the Emperor on horseback riding to
the chase, accompanied by a huntsman and
two dogs.
Jager. A base silver coin issued in many
parts of the Low Countries, but especially
Groningen, in the latter part of the fif-
teenth century. It is sometimes known as
the Halve Braspenning. See van der
Chijs {passim), and for the early dated
specimens, Frey.
[11
Jakobsthaler. The name given to cer-
tain silver coins struck in 1633 and 1634
by Duke Frederick Ulrich of Brunswick
Wolfenbiittel from metal obtained from
the St. Jakob mine at Lautenthal. They
bear a figure of Jacob, the patron saint, in
pilgrim's costume, and a view of the town
of Lautenthal. The pieces were struck not
only as simple Thaler, but also as doubles
and sextuples.
Jaku. Ruding (i. 187) states that in the
Gentleman's Magazine for 1812 (p. 331)
there is a communication from Dr. Pegge,
who imagined that he had discovered the
gold Penny of Henry III in a Jewish doc-
ument under the name of Jaku. This he
considers as equivalent to pure or sterling.
The Jews, he says, **used Denarim and
Jaku, just in the same manner as the Chris-
tians applied their words Denarius and
Sterlingus. ' '
Jalalah. Another name for the square
Rupee struck by Akbar, Emperor of Hin-
dustan and his successors. See Sihansah.
Jamis Kori. See Kori.
JamodL See Pice.
JampaL See Djampel.
Janauschek Thaler. The name given to
the silver Thaler and double with the head
of Frankofurtia, designed by A. von Nord-
heim, and struck for the city of Frankfort
a.M. in 1857 and later.
Joseph and Fellner in their work on the
coins of this city (No. 1265) state that
Fanny Janauschek, the actress, is said to
have served as the model, and thev add
that at one time this Thaler and double
Thaler were sold in the United States at
high prices under the name of Rothschild
Love Dollars, and the public were in-
formed that the figure represented a mis-
tress of Rothschild.
Jane. This word is probably a corrup-
tion of Genoese, and it was applied to a
coin of very inferior metal brought to Eng-
land by traders from Genoa.
Spenser, Faerie Queene (iii. 7. 58), says:
** Because I would not give her many a
Jane."
Januini
Joe
Januini, or GenuinL The name ^iven
to Denarii struck in Genoa. Du Cange
cites ordinances showing that the term
was used in 1240 and 1278.
Jaqiiesa, or Jacquesa. A copper coin of
Spain which probably received its name
from Jacca or Xaca, the old capital of
Aragon. It is referred to in ordinances
of the fourteenth century, but Engel and
Serrure (ii. 824) state that it was origin-
ally struck by Sanzio Ramirez I (1063-
1094).
The Lira Jaquesa or Lira Aragonese
was a money of account used in Spain at
the beginning of the nineteenth century
and was computed at ten Reales.
Jarimlik. See Yigirmlik.
Jaunet. A French nickname for any
gold coin in allusion to its color.
Jeneuoser, or Jenuertch, are gold coins
referred to in ordinances of Frankfort
a.M. during the years 1409 and 1430. The
coin is probably the Genovino. See Paul
Joseph (pp. 130, 172).
Jermdik. See Yigirmlik.
Jesus Thaler. See Schmalkaldischer
Bundesthaler.
Jetonk A counter which can be traced
in France to the thirteenth century. Some
of the earliest types bear the inscription
**de la chambre des comptes,'' and later
issues have portraits, fleurs de lis, the
makers' names, etc.
The name is derived from the verb
** Jeter'' to throw, to cast. The pieces orig-
inally served the same purpose as the
Rechenpfennige (g.v.). They were first
struck in copper, brass, and other base
metals, but at a later period when they
were intended as gifts, they were fre-
quently made of silver and gold.
Tournay was one of the chief manufac-
turing places of Jetons during the fif-
teenth and sixteenth centuries.
Jettaly or Settle. A money of account
formerly used in Kanara and other parts
of Madras, and computed at 48 to the
Pagoda. See Noback (p. 193).
Jetton. See Jeton.
Jihadiyeh Beshlik. A silver necessity
coin of the Ottoman Empire issued under
Mahmud' II. Lane-Poole states (Numis-
matic Chronicle, 3d Series, ii. 182) that
the ** Beshlik here means five Ghrush, and
not five Para, and the coin was issued at
the low weight of 410 instead of 1000
grains."
Jilaleh. A silver coin of a square form
and equal to the Rupee in value. Its first
appearance is in the reign of Akbar (A.H.
963-1014), one of the Moghul emperors of
Hindustan.
Jinfl^e Boy. An English slang term for
a gold or silver coin, and specifically for a
Guinea.
Thomas Day, in his play, The Beggar of
Bednall Green, 1600 (v.), has: **Come, old
fellow, bring thy white Bears to the Stake,
and thy yellow gingle boys to the Bull-
ring."
Jingo Kaiho. See Jiu Ni Zene.
Jitney. Originally a token or counter of
about the size of the current nickel five
Cent piece of the United States, and later
the name was applied to the coin itself.
The term is now generally used in con-
nection with the normal fare for trans-
portation within town limits.
Jiu Ni Zene. The twelve ancient Sen of
Japan. They are as follows:
1. Wado Kaibo Issued in 708 A.D.
2. Mannen Tsuho " " 760 "
8. Jingo Kalho " " 765 "
4. Ryuhei Blho " " 796 "
5. Puju Jlmpo " " 818 "
6. Showa Shoho " " 835 "
7. Chonen Talho " " 848 "
8. Nyuekl Jlmpo " " 859 "
9. Jogwan Elho ** " 870 "
10. Kampel Talho •* ** 890 "
11. Engl Tsuho " " 907 "
12. Kengen Talho " " 958 *•
Joachimsthaler. See Thaler.
Joannes. A gold coin of Portugal, first
issued in 1722 under John V from which
ruler it obtains it name. Conf. Dobra;
and for an account of its underrating see
Chalmers (pp. 82, 396).
Joanninus. This term was originally
applied to the money issued at Rhodes by
the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem, and
later to the Grossi struck by Pope John
XXII (1410-1415).
Jodocus Thaler. A silver coin of Jever
struck by the Duchess Maria (1517-1575).
It takes its name from Jodocus, the patron
saint, who is figured in armor and holding
a flag in his right hand. See Madai (1738).
Joe. The common designation for the
gold Joannes of Portugal (g.v.).
[116]
Joe
Jux
Joe. A paper currency issued about
1809 for Essequibo and Demerara. The
Joe was equivalent to twenty-two British
Guilders.
Joey. A nickname given to the English
silver four Pence. See Britannia Groat.
Jogwan Eiho* See Jiu Ni Zene.
Jonu See Zahrah.
JubOee Money. An issue in both gold
and silver struck in England in 1887 to
commemorate the fiftieth anniversary of
Queen Victoria's reign.
These coins bear an effigy of the Queen
modelled from life by Sir Edgar Boehm.
The gold pieces consist of the five Pound
piece, double Sovereign, Sovereign, and
half Sovereign. The largest of the silver
coins was the Crown.
Jubileunu Thaler. A commemorative
coin, struck, as the name indicates, for a
jubilee, anniversary, etc. They are also
known as Denkmiinzen or Gedachtnis-
miinzen.
There are a number issued on the cen-
tennials of the Augsburg Confession, 1530,
1630, 1730, and 1830; and in 1755 Fred-
erick III, Duke of Saxe-Gotha, struck a
Thaler on the peace of the religions. See
Madai (4013). In Holland similar pieces
have been issued known as Gedenkpennige.
Jndenkopfgrotchen, or Jndenkopf e. A
nickname given to certain Groschen struck
by Frederick II and William III of Meis-
sen in the latter part of the fifteenth cen-
tury. The bearded head with the peculiar
pointed hat on the reverse of these coins,
which constitutes one of the ornaments in
the Meissen armorial bearings, was taken
by the populace as resembling a Jew's por-
trait. Other nicknames for the same pieces
are Bartgroschen and Judenhiite.
Jndenmedaillen, This term is applied
to a class of gold and silver medals which
were the product of Jewish goldsmiths of
•Prague in the early part of the seventeenth
century. They are cast and then re-
engraved to give them the appearance of
having been made about two hundred
years earlier. The obverses bear portraits
of Charles VI of France, the Emperor
Maximilian I, etc.
Judenpfennige. The name given to a
series of counterfeit copper coins which
originated in Frankfort a.M. in 1703, and
were continued until 1822.
Joseph and Fellner in their history of
the coinage of this city give a list of these
unauthorized pieces (Nos. 1990-2004). The
issues from 1703 to 1807 are stamped 1
Theler; in 1809 appeared the 1 Atribuo,
and in 1818 the one quarter Halbag. These
are all rated at the value of one Pfennig.
See also Spink (xi. 128) for an ex-
haustive treatise on the subject.
Jugate. Placed side by side; i.e., ac-
colated or accoUed. See Bajoire.
Juik, Juk, or Juz. A former Turkish
money of account computed at 100,000 As-
pers, and in some localities at twelve Beu-
tel (g.v.).
Julier. The Swiss popular name for the
Giulio (q.v.).
Juliusloser. See Loserthaler.
Jim PeL See Chun Pei.
Juslo. A gold coin of Portugal issued
by Joannes II (1481-1495) which had a
value of about six hundred Reis. The de-
vice on one side is the armorial shield, and
on the other the King seated on a throne
or standing before it, with the motto ivbtvs
VT PALMA FLOREBiT, from which inscription
the coin obtained its name. There is a cor-
responding half, known as Espadim {q.v.),
Juz. See Juik.
[117]
Kabean
Kanna Drick
K
Kabean. The name given to a form of
money used in Tenasserim, a former prov-
ince of Siam and later of Burma. The
coins consist of a mixture of lead and tin.
R. C. Temple, in the Indian Antiquary,
1902 (p. 51), states that 40 Kabean are
equal to one Madras Rupee, and 88 are
equal to a Spanish Dollar. See Ganza.
Kabir, also variously known as Caveer,
Kabukt, and Buckscha. An Arabian
money of account computed at one eighti-
eth of the Piastre. It was formerly ex-
tensively employed at Mocha. See Noback
(pp. 678-679).
Kaczen Gulden. See Katzen Gulden.
Katperlein. See Kasperle.
Kagami Sen» or '^Mirror" Sen. The
Japanese name for a form of counter re-
sembling the old round Sen, but heavier
and flat on one side. The designs on these
are largely floral. Another name was Ana
Ichi Sen.
Kahan. See Cawne.
Kahapana. See Pana.
Kaird Turner. An obsolete Scotch term
for a small base coin made by tinkers.
Caird or Kaird means a tinker, and the
name is common to Aberdeenshire.
Spalding, History of Scotland, 1792 (i.
197), says: **The Kaird turners [were]
. . . discharged, ajs false cuinzes."
Kairien. A name given to certain base
gold coins of Egypt. The Kairie Bashireh
was valued at ten Piastres and the Kairie
Hashreen at twenty Piastres. They were
introduced A.H. 1255 or A.D. 1839.
Kaisar. A proclamation of Elizabeth, of
October 9, 1560, states **that the crowns
named Burgundians, Kaisars, or French
Crowns, then current at six shillings and
four pence, should go for six shillings and
no more.'' S^e Ruding (i. 338). The ref-
erence is probably to the Brabantine Zon-
nekroon, struck in 1544 (q,v.),
[1
Kaiiergrotchen. A common name for
the silver pieces of three Kreuzer, struck
in Austria, Silesia, etc. They bore on the
obverse the bust of the Emperor and were
computed at thirty to the Reichsthaler, or
twenty to the Gulden.
Kaiserthaler. See Dreikaiserthaler.
KakinL Another name for the Vodri
(q.v.).
Kala. A silver coin of India and equal
to one sixteenth of a Rupee. See Sihansah.
Kalenderthaler. A silver Scudo issued
by Pope Gregory XIII to commemorate
the improvement in the calendar. It bears
the inscription anno restitvto mdlxxxh.
Kaltit. An early Indian coin mentioned
by the Greeks. Cunningham (p. 2) says,
* * the Kaltis I take to be a gold Hun of
the weight of a Kalutti seed, about fifty
grains. ' '
Kanunerherrenthaler. This word signi-
fies a Chamberlain, and the name is given
to the Prussian Thaler of Frederick Wil-
liam III, struck in 1816, on which the in-
scription reads k. v. preuss. instead of
KOENiG VON PREUSSEN. A Chamberlain
named von Preuss was at the royal court
in that year.
Kampei Taiho. See Jiu Ni Zene.
Kamsa. An early Ceylon copper coin
which is frequently referred to by Sinha-
lese writers. See Davids (sec. 12).
Kangtang. The name given to a variety
of the Chinese temple money, struck about
the sixteenth century.
Millies (p. 38) states that this money
was copied in Java and received the name
of Keteng, and Netcher gives it a valua-
tion of one fifth of the Gobog {q.v,),
Kam. See Tankah.
Kanna Drick. A token struck both oval
and octagonal and issued for the miners
of Trollhattan (i.e., the **Cap of the
Witch'') in West Gothland. The Kanna
is a Swedish liquid measure and the token
was presumably exchangeable for a quan-
tity of some beverage.
18]
Kantem
Katzen Gulden
Kantem* A copper coin of Bulgaria.
See Stotinka.
Kapang. See Eepeng.
Karkadona, Greek, Kapxde^ova. Accord-
ing to Suidas, this was another name for
the Danake or Charon's Obol (g.t;.)-
Karl d'Or. See Carl d'Or.
• KarHno. See Carlino.
Kar-ma-nga* A Tibetan coin of the
value of two Annas. See Tang-ka.
Karolin. A gold coin somewhat larger
than the Ducat, introduced in 1732 by
Karl Philip, Elector of the Palatinate, and
copied in Bavaria, Wiirttemberg, Baden,
Hessen, etc. See Carolin.
Karolus Gulden. See Carolus.
Karsha, or Karshapana. The name of
both a silver and a copper denomination
in the coinage of ancient India. See Pana.
Kas. A copper coin issued by Denmark
from the reign of Christian V (1670-1699)
to 1845, for Tranquebar. It was similar
to the Cache (g.v.), issued by France for
its colonial possessions.
There are multiples of two, four, and
ten Kas pieces, and many minor varieties,
for a full account of which see Bergsoe,
Trankehar-Monter, 1895 (passim).
Kas, or Kash. A small copper coin of
Southern India, corresponding to the Cache
and the Kasu (q.v,). The Dutch and
Danes struck it in multiples as high as fifty
Kashas for their possessions. See Faluce.
Katbegi, also named Pul, and Qaz. A
copper coin of Persia of the Sufi or Safi
dynasty, and valued at one fourth of a
Bisti.
The name Kasbegi is not inscribed on
these coins, but instead of this occurs the
Arabic word Falus, the plural of Fels,
which is supposed to be a corruption of
the Latin Follis, just as the Persian de-
nomination of Pul, applied to the same spe-
cies of coin, seems to be derived from
Obolus.
Under Nasir al din ( A.H. 1264-1314) the
Kasbegi was made the one tenth of the
Shahl, and equal to the Turkish Para. See
Fonrobert (4305 et seq,).
Kasperle. An Austrian nickname for
the one fourth Brabanter Thaler or Kro-
nen Thaler, because it represented the price
of admission to the Kasperle Theater, a
kind of ** Punch and Judy" show, popular
in Vienna. The Swiss use Chasperli as an
equivalent.
Hebel, in his Alemannische Gedichte (iii.
142, 149, etc.), mentions **Ein Kasper-
lein."
Kassenmannchen. A nickname used in
Westphalia and the Rhine Provinces for
the Prussian piece of two and one half
Silbergroschen.
The small bust would account for the
derivation of * * Mannchen, ' ' and the first
part of the name is probably due to the
fact that the majority of the coins were
used to liquidate small payments in the
state treasury. See Driittainer.
Kassenthaler, See Cassa Thaler.
Katu. A Kanarese word called by Eu-
ropeans **cash." This denomination is ap-
plied to the small copper issues of Travan-
core, sixteen of them being equal to a
Chuckram. On the modern coinage the
word is written in English **Cash."
In the Mysore coinage under Krishna
Raja Udaiyar (1799-1868) the word Kasu
followed by a numeral is frequently met
with; similarly, in the coinage of Madras,
the Fels is divided into twenty Kas, the
latter word being another form of Kasu.
See Pagoda, and conf. Elliot (p. 59).
Kateryn. An obsolete form of writing
Quattrino (g.v.)-
Katharinengroschen. The name given
to certain silver coins issued by Katharina,
the widow of Frederick, Margrave of Meis-
sen (deceased 1428), as guardian and
trustee for her sons Frederick II and Wil-
liam III. They have in the inscription the
three initials, K.F.W.
Katib. See Kutb.
Kattertinken. A name which occurs in
Adam Berg's New Milnzbnch, 1597, to des-
ignate small base silver Bohemian coins of
the sixteenth century. He states that six
were equal to a Kreuzer but does not give
the etymology of the term.
Katzen Gulden. A gold coin referred
to in archives of Frankfort a.M. of 1430,
but which has not been identified. It is
sometimes written Kaczen Gulden. See
Paul Joseph (pp. 91, 172).
[119]
KatzengaMen
Kharf
Katzengiddeii* A nickname given to the
early, silver coins of Ueberlingen in the
Duchy of Suabia. The armorial bearings
consist of a silver lion on a red field, and
this design when figured on the coinage
resembled a cat. A mint was established
here during the thirteenth century.
KaanL A name given to the one six-
teenth Rupee or silver half Fanam of
Mysore, by Tipu Sultan, in 1786, when he
adopted his new system of reckoning, based
on the Muludi, i.e,, dating from the birth
of the Prophet. The coin is so called after
Musa Kazim, the seventh Imam.
Kebar. Abyssinian beads used for
money. See Kharf.
Kedjer. A Javanese money of account
of the value of one sixteenth Real. See
Pitje.
KeUpfennig, or Kelpenning, are terms
frequently found in the numismatic ar-
chives of Brandenburg during the Middle
Ages. It has not been determined what
varieties of coins are referred to by this
name, but it is assumed that they are Brac-
teates or Hohlpfennige (q.v,). Conf. also
Okelpenning and see Zeitschrift fiir Nu-
mismatik, 1908 (196).
Keiat. The name given to the silver
Rupee with the figure of a peacock, struck
for Burma in 1852. There are divisions
of halves, quarters, eighths, and sixteenths.
Keixerskroon. See Zonnekroon.
Kdcfathaler. A silver coin of Zurich,
struck in 1526. The name means ** Chalice
Thaler,'' and it is bestowed on this piece
because the metal used in its composition
was furnished by the churches.
Kelpenning. /8fe6 Kehlpfennig.
KenderL The Dutch equivalent of Can-
dareen (q.v,). The Kenderi Perak is a sil-
ver coin of the Malay Peninsula. See
Pitje.
Kengen Taiho. See Jiu Ni Zene.
KenteL Another name for the Oobog
(q.v,), a variety of the temple money of
Java.
Kentucky Cent. This coin is so called
because the letter K is on the uppermost
of the pryamid of stars. The token was
probably struck in England after June 1,
1792, the date of this State's admission to
the Union.
KqMDg, Keping, Kimiang, or Knpang.
The name of a copper coin used through-
out the Malay States, and reckoned at the
four hundredth part of a Spanish Dollar.
The word is of Malay origin and means a
bit or piece. See Netscher and v.d. Chijs
{passim) and Pitje {infra),
Kemtion. Another name for the Siliqua,
which see.
Kerma, Greek, Kepita, dimin. KepitdeTtov,
was used to designate any monetary frac-
tion, a very small coin.
KeffMu A name (Kepaa, Kepaatov,
Kopjtov) found in Hesychius to designate
an Asiatic coin.
A Turkish money of account.
See Beutel.
Kesitah. A Hebrew word meaning a
lamb; it is translated as ''a piece of
money," due probably* to the fact that the
weight was made in that form. See Job
(xlii. 11), Genesis (xxxiii. 19), and Joshua
(xxiv. 32).
Kenne. The name formerly given to the
Spanish Dollar or Piastre at Nubia, Kordo-
fan, etc. The money of account is based
on the ounce of gold which was valued at
sixteen Spanish Dollars, called Puma or
Wokye. Half that amount was Nosf-
Wokye, and the quarter, or four Dollars,
was known as a Miscal (q.v.). The names
were retained in accounts, although the
actual value of an ounce of gold frequently
exceeded sixteen Piastres. See Noback (p.
761).
Keteng, See Kangtang and Gobog.
Ketip. The Malay and Javanese name
for the current silver ten Cent piece of the
Netherlands.
Kha-Kang. A Tibetan coin of the value
of one Anna. See Tang-ka. .
Khap-chhe. A Tibetan coin of the
value of half an Anna. See Tang-ka.
Kharf. A string of beads, used as money
in some parts of Abyssinia. This currency
is described in detail by A. Thomson D'
Abbadie, in the Numismatic Chronicle
(vol. ii. 1839-1840). He states that the
string consists of 120 beads, called Kharaz ;
three of the beads form a Keb&r, and forty
Kebar a Kharf. The Kharaz are carried
in bags, or tied up in the corner of a cloth.
They are marked by a little dark brown
[120]
Khamibeh
Kinsafsu
ring and vary in thickness from four to
seven millimetres.
Khamibeh. The grain of the kharrub
tree equals one twenty-fourth Mithkal, or
one eighteenth Dirhem (or one sixteenth)
equals 3 grains of corn [namely, as the
Dinar is to the Dirhem, i.e., 10 : 7 : : 24 :
16 Vb]- As a coin, a subdivision of the
Bezant of Cyprus; and a small gold coin
struck on Lentil (Holy) Thursday equal
to one twentieth Dinar.
Kharuby or Caroub. Originally a billon
coin of Tunis of the value of half an Asper.
Under Abd-el-Medschid, i.e., after 1839, it
was struck in copper, but retained the same
value.
Khizri^ or Kizri. A name given to the
one thirty-second Rupee, or silver half
Anna of Mysore, by Tipu Sultan, in 1786,
when he adopted his new system of reck-
oning, based on the Muludi, i.e,, dating
from the birth of the Prophet. The coin
is so called after Khwaja Khizr, a prophet.
KhodabandL See Mahmiidi.
Khori. A billon coin of Armenia. It
is evidently a variety of the Tram (g.v.),
but struck in baser silver. See Langlois
(p. 13). ^
Kiao PL See Bridge Money.
Kiao-tze. The early Chinese name for
paper money issued by private concerns.
It means ** Changelings." At a later date
these notes were called Chih-tsi or ** Evi-
dences."
Kia-tseh-ma. A Chinese word for the
so called weight money of peculiar shape
used in China from the seventh to the
fourth centuries B.C. Its literal transla-
tion is **slip weight money."
Kibear, or Kebar. An Abyssinian
money of account, consisting of beads, and
representing one tenth of the Para. See
Wakea and Kharf .
Kiennes. See Chienes.
Kikkabot. Another popular name in
ancient times for Charon's Obol (q.v,).
Eight K(xxa^oc were supposed to equal the
^(oOia (Q'V.), and were therefore the
smallest of the so-called Charon's Obols.
Kikkar. The Semitic name for the Tal-
ent {q.v.).
Kflkenny Crown. See Rebel Money.
Kimmeridge Coal Money. See Coal.
[121]
Kin. A Chinese weight, the pound,
which is applied to a cube of gold, each
side of which was about "an inch square.
It is recorded to have been used during
the Tchou dynasty, about B.C. 1100.
The Emperor Wang-Mang (A.D. 9-23)
re-established it, with a value of ten thou-
sand Chien. See Chin.
King George. An English dialect term
for a half Penny of the eighteenth century.
It is common to Cumberlandshire.
Ralph, Miscellaneous Poems, 1747 (96),
has the following lines:
"A fortune-teller leately com about.
And my twea guld King Oweorges I powt out."
King Shfli Pi. See Bridge Money.
King's Picture, The. An obsolete Eng-
lish dialect term for money in general. It
is mentioned by W. Carr in The Dialect
of Craven, in the West Riding of the
County of Yorkshire, 1828.
King's Sflver. According to Wharton,
Law Lexicon, 1864, this was **the money
which was paid to the King, in the Court
of Common Pleas, for a license granted to
a man to levy a fine of lands, tenements,
or hereditaments, to another person; and
this must have been compounded, according
to the value of the land, in the alienation
oflSce, before the fine would have passed.''
Kin Kwan. Early Japanese gold ring
money (q.v.).
Kinsatsu. A name given to Japanese
paper currency, or * * money cards, ' ' issued
May 15, 1868. For centuries before, every
great daimio had issued paper money cur-
rent only in his han. When the Mikado
was restored to power and the government
reorganized, it followed the example of the
daimios and issued scrip in various de-
nominations. The cards were oblong in
shape, but varied in size; two thirds of
the length bore an ornamental frame con-
taining ttie value, and the remaining third
resembled a coupon, being the two rampant
dragons with tails crossed and enclosing an
inscription denoting the issuing oflSce.
The previous paper currency consisted of
Hansatsu, of which there are a number of
varieties since 1694 and which were re-
deemed for the Kinsatsu, at the rate of
one Yen for one Rio ; those having a value
of one half or one quarter Koban were
called Hayaki; and those valued at forty-
eight copper Mon were named Zeni.
Kippermiinzeii
Knife Money
Kippermiinxen. A name given to clipped
coins which circulated extensively in many
parts of Germany at the beginning of the
seventeenth century; and the same term
was applied to the debased currency issued
from 1621 to 1623.
Thus Kipperzwolfer exist for Corvey,
Mansfeld, etc.; Kipper-21-er for Lippe;
Kipper-24-er for Brandenburg, Reuss, etc.
Kirat. The one twentieth of the legal
Dinar and the one fourteenth of the legal
Dirhem, but in practice its relation varies
greatly, i.e., it equals one twenty-fourth,
and one twentieth Dinar, and one six-
teenth^ one twelfth, one quarter, and under
the Fatimis, one half Dirhem ; but this was
a gold coin Kirat which is properly equal
to one half Dirhem. In 599, under El '-
Adil, eleven emiry Kirats were equal to
one Dinar. The Kirat is equal to five
Habbehs, fifteen Kirats to the Buweryhy
Dirhem, and twenty to the Imamy. -
The Kirat was the smallest of all the
former copper coins of Morocco, being
equal in value to one fourth of the Fels.
Kirchenpfennige. See Church Tokens.
Kiri Kodama. A word meaning cut
crystal jewels or gems, and applied to a
variety of beads, supposed to have been
used as a primitive money in Japan. See
Munro (p. 5).
Kittophoroft (pi. KiaTO^opoi). See Cis-
tophorus.
Kite. A term used in commerce to des-
ignate any negotiable paper issued to raise
money or to obtain credit. Maria Edge-
worth, in her novel. Love and Law, 1817
(i. 1), has the phrase, ** Here's bills . . .
but even the Kites, which I can fly as well
as any man, won't raise the wind for me.''
Kitharephoroi (6r. KtOaptj^opoi). See
Citharephori.
Kit-tao* A variety of the Knife money
(q.v,) of the Emperor Wang Mang, and
valued at 500 Chien.
Kitze. A Turkish money of account.
See Beutel.
Kiu-Ma* A Chinese word for weight
money used in China from the seventh to
the fourth centuries B.C. The word is
translated saddle money.
KizrL See Khizri.
Klappmutaenthaler. A name given to a
variety of the Guldengroschen which was
issued by the Elector Frederick III of
Saxony in conjunction with the Dukes John
and Albrecht pursuant to the mint regula-
tions of May 9, 1500. A later issue bears
the name of Duke George in place of Al-
brecht.
The name is derived from the peculiar
head-dress worn by the Dukes, after the
fashion of that period.
Kleutergeld. See Klotergeld.
Klinkhaert. See Clinckaert.
Klippe* A general name for coins struck
on a square, rectangular, or lozenge-shaped
planchet. They occur in various metals
and in many instances are money of neces-
sity.
The etymology is probably from the
Swedish Klippa, to clip, or to cut with a
shears. Some of the early bracteates pre-
sent the appearance of having been cut with
a pair of scissors, and Christian II of Den-
mark resorted to the practice early in the
sixteenth century to such an extent that
he received the nickname Kong Klipping.
Klotergeld. J. ten Doornkaat Koolman,
in his Worterhuch der Ostfriesischen
Sprache, 1882, defines this as small jing-
ling money. The words **Kloter" and
**Kleuter" mean to jingle or to ring, and
the Dutch have a similar name, viz., Kleu-
tergeld.
Klomp. A popular Dutch name for an
ingot of gold. The word means a lump,
and is analogous to the German Klumpen.
Klopschelling. See Statenschelling.
Knaak. A slang term for the current
silver coin of two and one half Gulden of
the Netherlands.
Knackkucheny and Knapkoeken. See
Cnapcoek.
Knife Money, or Tao, owes its origin
to the practice of using metal knives for
purposes of exchange. Its introduction in
China cannot readily be determined, but it
was during the period of H 'wan, about B.C.
650, that the first metal token representing
a knife or sword is supposed to have been
made. This money could be exchanged for
an actual weapon. For a detailed descrip-
tion of these coins the works of Lacouperie
and Ramsden should be consulted ; the fol-
[122]
Knopfzwanziger
Koggerdaalder
lowing are, however, the principal varie-
ties:
1. The flat Knife coins of Kan Tan, the
capitiil of the ancient state of Tchao, before
B.C. 400, and situated in what is now the
province of Tchihli. These are very thin
and brittle, with an elongated oval at the
end of the handle.
2. The An- Yang issue of large three and
four character Knife coins issued for the
state of Tsi, between the seventh and third
centuries B.C.
3. The Ming series issued by the city of
Ming in the state of Tchao during the
civil wars in the third century B.C. The
handle of these terminates in a ring.
4. The Tsi Moh issue of the third cen-
tury B.C. These can be grouped into the
large and small sizes. The former con-
stitute about thirty varieties with different
mint or serial marks. Of the smaller size
there are 16 varieties, the obverse inscrip-
tion is reduced from six to five characters,
and the reverse has only one symbol in-
stead of the usual three.
5. The Wang Mang series, taking their
name from the usurper Wang Mang, who
reigned A.D. 9-23 and issued these coins
A.D. 9-14. These pieces are much thicker
than all the preceding types and only about
half as long. Furthermore, the ring at the
end of the handle was replaced by the
shape of a thick piece of money with a
square hole in the centre. Wang Mang
struck two varieties, viz,, pieces valued at
500 Chien, called Kit-tao, and pieces with
gilt inscriptions, valued at 1000 Chien, and
called Tsok-tao.
Mr. E. Torday, in a communication to
the London Geographical Journal (1911),
states that **one of the most interesting
points among the cannibal Bakutu of the
Belgian Kongo, Africa, is their use of a
conventional throwing-knife as currency.
The Basongo Meno also use this form of
currency, obtaining it from the Bakutu,
who are the manufacturers.'' Conf. also
Ramsden (pp. 10-13).
Knopfzwanziger. See Zwanziger.
Knurling. See Nurling.
Koban. A Japanese oval gold coin of a
similar design to the Oban (q.v.), and of
a value of one Ryo, or one tenth of the
larger coin. It was introduced in the latter
part of the sixteenth century, and Munro
(p. 190) states that '^it has been surmised
that they were intended for the encourage-
ment of trade with the Portuguese. This
is quite likely, but I cannot find any defin-
ite confirmation of it.''
In 1837 there was issued the Tempo
Koban valued at 5 Ryos, but in a few
years it was discontinued.
The Shin Koban, meaning **New Ko-
ban,'' was a coin of smaller size, though
of the same value, issued in 1860.
The word is variously written as the
following citations indicate: In Cock's
Diary, Sept. 17, 1616, he says, **I re-
ceved two bars Coban gould with ten
ichibos, of 4 to a Coban;" and A. Hamil-
ton, in his New Account of the East In-
dies, 1727 (ii. 86), states that **My Friend
. . . complimented the Doctor with five
Japon Cupangs, or fifty Dutch Dollars."
Kodama. See Kiri Kodama.
Kodrantesy meaning the fourth part, is
the Greek equivalent of the Roman Quad-
rans, and is translated as Farthing in St.
Matthew (v. 26) and St. Mark (xii. 42).
Kolnische Mark. See Mark.
Kopfchen. See Kopfstiick.
Kortling. A diminutive Oroschen com-
mon to many parts of Northern Germany
during the fifteenth and sixteenth cen-
turies. There is a dated one of 1429 for
Gottingen. See Frey (No. 26).
Adam Berg, in his New Miinzhuch, 1597,
mentions them as struck in Eimbeck, Got-
tingen, Hameln, Northeim, and Hanover;
and he adds that they are small silver
coins of the value of three Pfennige or
eighty-four to the Gulden.
The name of the coin is probably derived
from Groschen, low-German **Grote,"
diminutive **Grotling;" and by the trans-
position of the letter r we obtain **Gort-
ling" and finally ** Kortling," i.e,, a frac-
tional ** Groschen."
Koggerdaalder. A silver coin issued in
the Province of Friesland from the be-
ginning of the seventeenth century to
about the year 1690.
The fixed value was thirty Stuivers, but
on special occasions some issues were made
in gold of which the ordinary type was
equivalent to about ten Ducats, and the
multiples in proportion.
[ ^23 ]
Kolhasen Gulden
Kori
A gold treble Koggerdaalder of 1601 was
executed by the mintmaster William van
Vierssen and probably struck for the Diet
held in that year.
A double Koggerdaalder, also in gold,
was struck in the same year probably for
presentation to the Stadtholder.
Kolhasen Gulden. A gold coin referred
to in archivas of Frankfort a.M. of 1430,
but which has not been identified. See
Paul Joseph (pp. 91, 172).
KoUybon. See Collybos.
Kometenthaler. The name given to a
medallic Thaler issued by the city of
Strasburg in 1681 when this town sur-
rendered to the French on September 20
of that year. It has on the obverse a
figure of a comet which appeared in the
preceding year, and which was associated
by the superstitious with the calamity
which had befallen the city.
Kommassi, or Commassee. A former
base silver coin of Arabia, principally used
in the coffee trade of Mocha, and com-
puted at one sixtieth of the Spanish Dol-
lar. It was later struck in copper and its
value depreciated ; three hundred and fifty
to five hundred being an equivalent of the
Spanish and Levant Dollars. See Noback
(p. 679).
Kona. A silver coin of ancient India,
the half of the Karsha. See Pana.
Kong-par Tang-Ka. See Tang-ka.
Konstantin d'Or. See Constantin d'Or.
Konventionsmimzen. See Convention
Money.
Kopecky or Copeck. A copper coin of
Russia, the one hundredth part of the
Ruble. There are multiples of two, three
and five Kopecks, and a division, the half
Kopeck.
The Kopeck existed as a silver coin of
low standard as early as the sixteenth cen-
turj"^, but the copper issues began in the
year 1704. The name is derived from
Kopiejka, a spear or lance, in allusion to
the armed horseman carrying that weapon,
a design similar and perhaps copied from
the coins of Lithuania.
Kopje, Kopken. See KopfstUck.
Kopparplatmynt. See Plate Money.
Koppar Slantar. See Slantar.
KopfstiiGk. A popular name for any
coin which exhibits the head or bust of
some ruler, and in this respect the same
as Teston (g.v.). The designation is, how-
ever, usually applied to the Austrian pieces
of twenty Kreuzer or five Batzen, to the
Danish twenty Skilling pieces, and to the
Bavarian silver coins of twenty-four Kreu-
zer.
In Queldres, Loos, and the Low Coun-
tries in general, the words Kopje, Kopken,
and Kopfchen are used to describe small
Deniers which have a head as a prominent
feature. See Fliuderke and Copetum.
Kopy. A Bohemian money of account.
The Kopy Grossuw, i.6., Qroschen, formed
the basis, and was subdivided into two and
four sevenths Kopy Missenky. See No-
back (p. 975).
Kore. A name (Kopt], pi. K6pa() errone-
ously supposed by Alexandrian writers
(who have, pardonably enough, been fol-
lowed by modern authors) to have been
given to Athenian Tetradrachms on ac-
count of their type, i.e., the head of the
maiden Goddess Athene. See, for correct
account, Willers, Nvm. Zeitschr. (xxxi.
p. 318). . :rf5
Kori. The standard of the currency of
Cutch and Kathiawar; it is a small silver
coin of the average value of four Annas
or one fourth of the Rupee.
Codrington, in the Numismatic Chron-
icle, 1895 (p. 59) has described these coins
and gives the following table:
silver Panchla equal to five Korls.
Copper Dhabu equal to one eighth Korl.
Copper l>hini;alo equal to one sixteenth Kori.
Copper Dokdo equal to one twenty-fourth Kori.
Copper Tanblyo equal to one forty-eighth Korl.
and the Adhada, probably a money of ac-
count, equal to one ninety-sixth Kori.
He further cites their equivalents in the
Indian series, stating that
8 Korls equal 1 silver Rial.
3 Korls equal 1 Hyderabad Rupee.
4 Korls equal 1 Tutta Rupee.
3% Korls and 1 Dokdo equal 1 Surat Rupee.
18 Korls equal 1 Ibramee.
The varieties of Koris for Kathiawar
are sometimes known as Jamis Kori, from
Sri Jamji, the Rao's name; while those for
Porbandar are termed Rana Shahi Koris,
from Sri Rana, the name upon them.
Codrington {supra) traces the name
Kori from the Sanscrit Kunwari.
[ 124 ]
Korkuraioi Stateres
Kreuzer
Korkuraioi Stateres (Kopxupalot araT-
^peg). The name by which the silver
Staters of Corcyra were known to the An-
cients.
Kom. A term used by German numis-
matic writers to indicate the fineness of an
alloy in coinage. It is referred to in this
sense in a mint ordinance of 1409, con-
tracted between Baden, Speyer, and the
Palatinate. The expression probably arose
from the practice of computing two hun-
dred and eighty-eight barleycorns to the
Mark, when the latter was a weight and
money of account. See Schrot.
Korona. A silver denomination of Hun-
gary divided into one hundred Filler. It
was established in 1892. A gold coin of
100 Korona was issued in 1907. The Aus-
trian word is Corona, or Krone {q.v.).
Kortvide. A Danish silver coin of the
fourteenth century, struck at Malmo, Aal-
borg, etc. Its value was half of the Ortug,
and at a later period the name appears to
have been contracted to Hvid (g.v.).
Korten. A name given to an inferior
class of billon and copper coins current in
Brabant and Flanders in the sixteenth cen-
tury. Their value varied from two to
three Mytes. The Ordonnantie of 1520
(§10) refers to **Korten en andere swarte
penningen." These coins had on the ob-
verse the letter K crowned, for Karolus,
or Charles V. See v.d. Chijs (pp. 261,
263, 264).
The French equivalent is Courte Noire.
Kosel Gulden. See Cosel Gulden.
Kou. A tin coin of the former Kingdom
of Atjeh in Sumatra. Its value varied
from 400 to 1000 to the Piastre. See Mil-
lies (p. 106).
Koupa, or Kupa. A gold coin of Celebes
issued principally at Makassar and Qowa.
It was struck A.H. 1251 in the former ter-
ritory, and as early as A.H. 1029-1078 in
the latter, bearing Arabic inscriptions on
both sides. Conf. Millies (pp. 176-177)
and Fonrobert (Nos. 896, 897, 900).
Koupan. A former money of account at
Atjeh. See Mas.
Krabbelaan A billon coin of Brabant,
struck pursuant to the Ordonnantie of
1536, and of the value of four Stuivers or
Patards. It is also known as Crabbelaer
and Vlieger, the latter name probably
derived from the supposition that the eagle
on the obverse was in the act of flying.
Krahenplappart. Among the numerous
varieties of the Plappart are some of Zu-
rich with a poorly executed figure of an
eagle. This was mistaken by the common
people for a crow and the nickname as
above was introduced. See Blaflfert.
Krajczar. The Hungarian name for the
Kreuzer (g.v.).
Kran. A silver coin of Persia of the
value of twenty Shahis, and also subdi-
vided into one thousand Dinars. The Kran
is the tenth part of the gold Toman, and
there are at present multiples in silver of
two and five Kran pieces. The half Kran
is known as the Penabad. See Toman.
The Kran was introduced by Fath Ali
Shah in 1826, and its original weight was
108 grains.
Krapatalos. A humorous name em-
ployed by Greek comedians to designate
money used in crossing the Styx. See
Naulum.
KreditmiiiuEeii. A term used in Ger-
many for any coins whose legal or marked
value is higher than the actual metallic
value of their composition.
Kreisobristen Thaler. A silver coin
struck by Christian Ernst, Margrave of
Brandenburg-Bayreuth in 1664. It has on
the obverse a figure of the Margrave on
horseback and on the reverse nineteen
shields indicative of the various circuits
under his jurisdiction.
Krejcar. The Bohemian name for the
Kreuzer (g.v.).
Kreuzer, also written Kreutzer. Origi-
nally a small silver coin which appeared
in the Tyrol in the thirteenth century, and
which obtains its name from a cross which
was stamped upon it, a device perhaps
copied from the Byzantine coinage. In
Latin documents of this period it is re-
ferred to as Cruciatus, Crucifer, and Cru-
ciger. The oldest types, called fitschkreu-
zer or Meraner Kreuzer, bore a double
cross, one diagonally over the other.
The Kreuzer of the later type was of
copper and circulated extensively through-
out all of Southern Germany, Austria, and
Hungary. It was usually computed at the
[125]
Kreuzgroachen
Kronigte
value of four Pfennig or eight Heller.
There were, however, two standards, one of
which represented forty-eight Kreuzer to
the Gulden and seventy-two to the Thaler,
and in the other, called the light Kreuzer,
sixty went to the Gulden and ninety to
the Thaler. By a decree introduced Janu-
ary 1, 1859, the Gulden of Austria was
altered from sixty to one hundred Kreuzer.
Among the various multiples are seven-
teen Kreuzer for Transylvania; obsidional
eighty Kreuzer for Strasburg in 1592
(Mailliet, cii. 1) ; and a piece of seven
Kreuzer, 1802, struck for Austria in the
war against France (Mailliet, viii. 2).
The Bohemian name for this coin is
Krejcar, and the Hungarian form is Kraj-
cz4r. See Zwainziger.
Kreuzgroschen, A name given to the
silver Groschen issued during the four-
teenth and fifteenth centuries by the Ger-
man Orders of Knighthood, on account of
the varieties of the Maltese cross which is
found in some cases on both the obverse
and reverse.
The designation was also generally ap-
plied to any coin of this denomination on
which a cross was conspicuous. The Gros-
chen of Goslar issued in the fifteenth cen-
tury is so called from this feature, and one
of Meissen receives the same name from a
cross over the armorial shield.
Kreuztlialer. See Albertusthaler.
Kriegsfiinfer. The popular name for the
five Pfennig piece struck by the German
Grovernment in 1915. They are made of
iron instead of nickel, and to protect the
iron against rusting the coins have been
subjected to a special zinc treatment, called
**sherardisiert,'' named after Sherard, the
inventor of the process.
Krishnala, also called Djampd. A sil-
ver coin of Java, the usual type having an
incuse lotus flower on the reverse. A gold
coin of the value of twenty-four Krish-
nalas received the name of Tjaturvin^ati-
manam. It is more or less globular in
form, with an incuse reverse and Devana-
gari characters. Conf, Millies (p. 10), and
Fonrobert (301-310).
Kronungs Miinzen. See Coronation
Coins.
Kroiseioiy or Kroiseios Stater. The coins
said to have been struck by Croesus, King
of Lydia, are so called. See Herodotus (i.
54).
Kromttaart, also written Cromstaert
and Krumsteert, i.e., ** crooked tail." A
nickname given to a silver coin of Brabant
of the original value of two Groten, issued
early in the fifteenth century. The ob-
verse shows a lion rampant with a curved
tail.
The type was copied in the Low Coun-
tries and also in the city of Emden when
the latter was under the domination of
Hamburg, from 1433 to 1439.
Kroiuu See Krone.
Krone. A silver denomination of the
Scandinavian Union and divided into one
hundred Ore. It was established for the
three kingdoms by the monetary conven-
tion of 1875. Sweden retains the name
Krona and Norway and Denmark use
Krone.
In Iceland the Krone is divided into one
hundred Aur.
Krone, plural Kronen. A silver de-
nomination of Austria, introduced in 1892
and subdivided into one hundred Heller.
It superseded the Gulden or Florin, which
system it cut in half. There are multiples
as high as one hundred Kronen.
The gold ten Mark piece of Germany
was originally called Krone.
Kronenthaler, sometimes called Kron-
thaler. A silver issue struck in the latter
half of the eighteenth century for the
Austrian Netherlands. On the reverse of
these coins is a decorated St. Andrew's
cross in three compartments of which there
is a crown, while the fourth has the order
of the Golden Fleece.
The name is also given to other coins on
which a crown .is conspicuous, e.g., the
issues of Ladislaus IV of Poland from 1635
to 1645; the German Thaler of Waldeck,
Bavaria, etc., of the early nineteenth cen-
tury, and others. See Crocione.
KrongyUen. See Gyllen.
Kronigte, also called Cronichte Gros-
chen. A variety of the Kreuzgroschen
(q.v.) of the Margrave Frederick II of
Meissen (1428-1464), which bears a crown
above the shield on the reverse instead of
a cross.
[126]
Kroon
Kwanei Sen
Kroon. The Dutch equivalent for Krone
and Crown. The Bataviasche Kroon struck
in 1645 had a value of forty-eight Stuivers,
and corresponding halves and quarters
were also issued. See Gouden Kroon and
Zonnekroon.
Kroung Tamlimg. The half of the
Siamese Tamlung {q.v.) and equal to two
Ticals.
KrudeTy plural Krucierze. The Polish
equivalent of the Kreuzer (g.v.)- They
were introduced under Sigismund III in
1616.
Knnsdaaldery or Kruisrijkidaalder. A
silver crown issued by Philip II of Spain,
pursuant to an ordinance of June 4, 1567,
for Brabant and the provinces of the Low
Countries. It receives its name from the
obverse design, the cross of Burgundy,
which separates the figures of the date. It
is also known as the Ecu k la Croix de
Bourgogne. See van der Chijs (pcissim),
Krumsteert See Kromstaart.
Krysinot. See Krysus.
Krysusy or KpuaoGg, the Greek name for
the Solidus. When heavily alloyed so that
it became electrum it was called Kpuaivog.
Kuan, or Kwan. The Chinese name for
a string of cash. The word now generally
used is Ch'uan. Another name is Tiao
(q^v.).
Kua teng Ch'ien. ''Lamp hanging
money," the Chinese name for new year's
medals or coins, which were generally
heavier than the regular issues, and had
oftentimes special inscriptions on them.
These were distributed among the palace
attendants. A popular slang name for
these pieces was Huang kai-tsu, ** yellow
covers.'*
Kttdatama. The name given to certain
stone cylindrical shaped objects, possibly
used as primitive money in Japan. See
Kiri Kodama and Magatama for other
forms.
Kuratsier Thaler. A silver coin of Prus-
sia, struck in 1842 to commemorate the
twenty-fifth anniversary of the installation
of Nicholas I, Emperor of Russia, as com-
mander of the sixth regiment of cuiras-
siers of Brandenburg.
Kufic Coins. A term applied to such
Arabic coins as bear Kufic inscriptions.
The Kufic writing of the Middle Ages ob-
tains its name from the city of Kufa in
the Province of Irak Arabi, and is easily
distinguished from the modern Arabic by
its thick and angular characters.
KugildL A term found in both Scandi-
navian and early German statutes and im-
plying a fixed sum in payment for healthy
cows of three to ten years of age. See
Amira, Nordgermanisches Obligationen-
recht, 1882, 1895 (i. 443, ii. 522), and
Ridgeway, Origm of Metallic Currency,
1892 {cap. 1-3).
Kuhplapperte. See Blaifert.
Kuna. See Skins of Animals.
Kupa. See Koupa.
Kupang. See Kepeng.
Ku Pu. The Chinese name for the wedge
shaped metallic currency. See Pu. Other
names are Ch'an Pi and Ch'an Pu. Pus
are known in English as Spade Money.
Kutb. A name given to the copper two
and one half Cash piece of Mysore, by
Tipu Sultan, in 1792, after the adoption
of his new system of reckoning. This sys-
tem was begun in 1786, and was based on
the Muludi, t.c, dating from the birth of
the Prophet. The name of the coin in
Arabic means the Polestar.
Marsden (ii. 725) translates it as Katib.
Kwacho. One of the many Japanese
synonyms for a coin. It means ** Disguised
Butterfly. '' See Ashi.
Kwammon Gin Sen. See Mu-Mon Gin
Sen.
Kwan. This term ordinarily implies a
Japanese weight equal to one thousand
momme, or about eight and a quarter
pounds. Munro (p. 58) states that in A.D.
810 a quantity of coin (probably Sen),
amounting to 1040 Kwan were cast from
the copper remaining in the mint, and he
adds that the expression Kwan probably
refers to one thousand pieces, which would
indicate that it was a money of account.
See Ryo and Quan.
Kwan. See Kuan.
Kwanei Sen. Probably the most popular
coin minted in Japan. It was first made
at Mito in the 3rd year of Kwan-ei (Per-
manent Liberality), 1624, and was not dis-
[127]
Kyzikenoi
K^^S^^t spmetimcs in
•rll V I>««rf' wt,rd meaning one
"" vJw«- rto The name Kwartje is
*^**Sr to d«ipnate the current silver
>• •; 'f tvmty-6ve Cents.
"^'"J^l^_ The name given to the base
-1 T^ne fourth Groschen of Poland. It
s"'***^ ^g have been introduced about the
•P*^ of Casimir the Great (1333-1370)
and continued in the coinao^e until the
middle of the fifteenth century.
Kyranaion* A gold Stater bearing the
types of Alexander the Great was issued
at Cyrene by Ptolemy I, and called
xupovaiov icToXeixaeou.
Kyrmk. An enormous copper coin,
about forty-four millimetres in diameter,
issued for Baghcheserai, in the Crimea, by
Shahin Gerai (A.H. 1191-1197) before its
annexation to Russia. See Valentine (pp.
96-98).
Kjrzikeiioi (Ku^ixv^vot 9TaT^peg). See
Cyzicenes.
[128]
Labay
Larin
L
Labay, or Labbaye* A silver coin of
Brabant issued by Wenceslaus and Jo
hanna (1355-1405) of the value of one
fourth of a Qroot. A Dobbele Labbaye,
also called Nummus Epularis and Gast-
mael-Penning was struck in 1429. See
v.d. Chi js*{passim).
Lac. A money of account used in India
and representing one hundred thousand
Rupees. See Crore.
Lafajrette Dollar. A silver coin of the
United States issued in 1900 as a memento
of the Paris Exposition and a mark of
good will and appreciation to France for
the services rendered during the Revolu-
tionary War by General Lafayette.
These coins were sold by popular sub-
scription, and the proceeds were used to-
ward paying for the erection of a statue
of Lafayette in Paris. The issue con-
sisted of fifty thousand pieces.
Lai Tzu, or Hsing Yeh. In China cer-
tain light coins issued by Fei Ti, A.D. 465
were thus called. The words mean the
leaves of the Linnanthemum nymphoides,
which are very light and float on the sur-
face of the water.
Lakshmi Pagoda. A name given to a
variety of the Pagoda {q.v.) which bears
on the obverse a female figure, one of the
Hindu deities.
L'al JalalL A gold coin of Akbar,^ Em-
peror of Hindustan of the value of ten
Rupees. See Sihansah.
See Gouden Lam.
Laimnpfeiinig. A variety of bracteate
struck by the Abbey of St. Gallen, Switzer-
land, during the fourteenth century. It
receives its name from the figure of the
Paschal Lamb on the obverse.
Landmiinzey or Landesmiinae. The
name given to German copper or base sil-
ver money which circulated only in the
province or state where it was struck, to
distinguish it from coins which were cur-
rent throughout an entire kingdom or em-
pire. The initials L. M. are frequently
found on these pieces.
Landsberger Pfennige. The name given
to certain small silver coins struck by
Frederick II, Margrave of Meissen (1428-
1464). They resemble bracteates and were
divisions of the Groschen. They obtain
their name from the figure of the shield
of Landsberg, and the inscription land.
Another name for the same pieces is
Briickenpfennige, as they are supposed to
have been used for paying toll over the
bridge near Dresden.
Langrok, i.e., '^long cloak." A nick-
name given to the double Flabbe, or piece
of eight Stuivers issued in Groningen from
about 1589 to the middle of the seven-
teenth century. The allusion is to the
figure of St. Martin, who is habited in a
long cloak.
Lappen, meaning '^rags," is a common
nickname for paper money in Germany,
and, according to the colors on the reverses
of the various denominations, they are dis-
tinguished as blaue Lappen, braune Lap-
pen, etc.
Larding Money. Blount, in his Law
Dictionary, 1670, states that *'in the Man-
our of Bradford, in County Wilts, the
Tenants pay to the Marquis of Winchester,
their Landlord, a small yearly Rent by
this Name.'*
Wharton, in the Law Lexicortj 1864,
adds that it **is said to be for liberty to
feed their hogs with the masts of the lord 's
woods, the fat of a hog being called lard."
Largo. See Giulio.
LarL A copper coin of the Maldive
Islands issued A.H. 1331, i,e,, 1913, and
struck at Male. It bears the Arabic in-
scription SULTAN MUHAMMAD SHAMS AL-
DiN iSKANDAR. There is a piece of four
Laris of the same date.
Larin, or LarL A species of wire money
of Persia, which obtains its name from the
province of Laristan, and which was for-
merly chiefly current on the coasts of the
Gulf of Persia. Sir John Chardin, who
travelled extensively through Persia from
1664 to 1677, states that these coins were
[129]
Ut
Lead
made until Lari was conquered by Abbas
the Great of Persia (1582-1627) and he
estimates their value at two and one half
Shahis.
These coins usually occur in silver, but
specimens in gold exist, and are very rare.
They were extensively imitated, both in
Ceylon and at Bijaptir. The former are
first described by Robert Knox, who was
kept a prisoner for twenty years, from
1659 to 1679, in the Kandian provinces of
central Ceylon. He says: ** There is an-
other sort [of money] which all people by
the King's permission may and do make,
the shape is like a fish-hook, they stamp
what mark or impression on it they please ;
the silver is purely fine beyond pieces of
eight; for, if any suspect the goodness of
the plate, it is the custom to burn the
mon^y in the fire, red hot, and so put it
in water, and if it be not then purely
white, it is not current money."
Professor Wilson, in his remarks on
fish-hook money, contributed to the Numis-
matic Chronicle (vol. xvi), describes some
pieces of silver wire, not hooked, which
were coined in imitation of the Laris, at
Bijapur by the Sultan Ali Adil Sh&h, who
reigned from 1670 to 1691. They bear on
both sides legends in Arabic characters;
on one side the Sultan's name and on the
other **Zarb Lari Dangh Sikka," i.e.,
''Struck at Lari, a stamped Dangh." They
are of the same weight as the Ceylon hooks,
viz., about one hundred and seventy grains
troy.
The Ceylon types are known in Sinha-
lese under the name of Ridi, i.e., silver.
For a detailed account of the Larins, the
reader is referred to the treatise by Rhys
Davids (sec. 68-73), Codrington (p. 118),
and Allen, Numismatic Chronicle (series
iv. xii. 313).
Lat. The name given to a copper ingot
or bar, used as money in the Lao States
in Northern Siam. Their value varied
from sixteen to sixty-four to a Tical.
Lateres. Both Varro and Pliny refer
to Roman coins of the shape of a tile or a
brick by this name.
Latrones. The Latin name for Tesserae
(q.v.).
Laubthaler. The name given to a
French silver coin struck in the eighteenth
century and so called on account of the
branches of laurel which surround the
shield of fleurs de lis. In France this coin
is called the Grand Ecu or Ecu de six
Livres. Under Louis XVI there were vari-
eties counterstamped for Berne in Switzer-
land. The type was copied in Prussia.
Lanenpfennige. See Lowenpfennige.
LaureL A variety of the Unite (q.v.)
of James I, of England, so called on ac-
count of the laureated head on the obverse.
Laurentiiitgulden. The name given to
certain gold coins issued by the city of
Nuremberg from the fifteenth to the
seventeenth century. They bear the figure
of St. Lawrence and a gridiron on which
he is supposed to have been martyred.
l>anitannaif| or Lhrre Faible« A former
money of account used at Neuohatel, Swit-
zerland, which was computed at twelve
Gros, or one hundred and forty-four De-
niers Faibles.
Lawenpfeonige. See Lowenpfennige.
liaTMnii See Bahar.
Le. See Li.
Lead was used for trial pieces, tokens,
and counterfeit money from very early
times. Among the known specimens prior
to the Christian era are some belonging
to the Kings of Numidia. In the second
and third centuries A.D. leaden coins were
issued in Egypt, especially at Memphis,
and in the first and second centuries in
Roman Gaul.
This metal was also employed for strik-
ing obsidional coins, of which there is a
series, consisting of one Sol to forty Sols,
issued at Woerden when that city was be-
sieged by the Spaniards in 1575-1576. See
Mailliet (cxxv. 1-9).
There is an extensive series of Duits in
lead struck by the Dutch in the eighteenth
century for their possessions in Ceylon and
Java.
In the Danish issues for Tranquebar the
leaden pieces originated under Christian
IV in 1640. See Indian Antiquary (xxiv.
•22).
Leaden tokens passing as half Pennies
were issued to a considerable amount in
England during the reign of Elizabeth;
under James I all leaden tokens of private
traders were abolished. See Nummi Plum-
bei.
[ 130 ]
Leafl^e Coinage
Leather M<mey
Erasmus, in his Adagia, mentions Plum-
heos Angliae in use in the latter part of
the reign of Henry VII ; and Budelius, De
Monetis, 1591 (p: 5), states that these
leaden tokens were still in circulation in
his time.
League Coinage. The general term used
to designate such coins of the ancients as
were put forth by a federation of states
or cities in order to ensure a certain
amount of uniformity so far as types,
weight, and fineness were concerned.
The principal one of the Leagues was
the Achfean {q.v.).
The iEtolian League issued gold, silver,
and bronze B.C. 279-168, and the coins
usually have on the reverse a figure of
jfEtolia, copied from a statue dedicated at
Delphi in commemoration of victories over
the Gauls and Macedonians.
The Arcadian League was established l>y
Epaminondas against Sparta after the bat-
tle of Leuctra, B.C. 371, and under its
auspices the city of Megalopolis was
founded. At this place the coins of the
League were struck.
The coinage of Bceotia was largely a
federal currency from the earliest times,
and the Boeotian shield is a characteristic
feature on the issues. This may possibly
refer to the shield of Athena Itonia in the
temple of Coroneia, which was the meeting-
place of the League. This type disappears
after B.C. 288 and the League was dis-
solved by the Romans B.C. 146.
The cities of Chalcidice established a
League B.C. 392 with Olynthus as head-
quarters. The coinage is uniform with
types relating to Apollo. It was dissolved
circa B.C. 358, when Philip II of Mace-
donia captured Chalcidice.
The federal coinage of Euboea was issued
at Eretria. It lasted from B.C. 411 to B.C.
336 and nothing was struck during the
Macedonian occupation. After the defeat
of the Macedonians at Cynoscephalae B.C.
197 the federal coinage was revived until
this League was also dissolved by the Ro-
mans, B.C. 146.
The Ionian League was a very ancient
alliance and originally consisted of the
cities of ClazomenaB, Colophon, Ephesus,
Brythrse, Lebedus, Miletus, Myus, Phocaea,
Priene, Chios, Teos, and Samos. Smyrna
was added about B.C. 700. Under Anto-
ninus Pius and Marcus Aurelius the above
thirteen cities issued bronze coins in cele-
bration of a festival they jointly held.
An alliance between the rulers of the
various Lycian cities gave rise to the Ly-
cian League, B.C. 168, and lasted until
A.D. 43, when the Emperor Claudius or-
ganized Lycia with Pamphylia as a Roman
province.
Leal. A name sometimes given to the
Portuguese Bazarucco (q.v.). It is usu-
ally found with a large sphere within a
circle as the reverse design. There is a
corresponding half known as Cepayqua.
Gerson da Cunha, in ContrihutioTis to
the History of Indo-Portuguese Numis-
matics, 1880 (pp. 11, 22), states that the
Cepayqua was struck by Albuquerque at
Goa as early as 1510.
Leang. See Liang.
Leather Money. Leather was used as
currency by the Lacedaemonians, and
Plato states that leather money was em-
ployed by the Carthaginians in his day, and
that it was probably the earliest currency
of that people. These citations, however,
probably refer to the skins of various ani-
mals, and the stamped leather which it is
claimed was used by the Romans before
the introduction of a copper coinage by
Numa Pompilius was perhaps an entire
skin or pelt rather than a distinctive coin.
There is no doubt, however, that in more
modern times nations have adopted a
leather coinage which frequently served
the function of necessity money, and which
was made redeemable for a metallic cur-
rency. In the year 1241 the Emperor
Frederick II issued leather coins when he
was besieging Faenza for seven months,
and these were later exchanged for gold
Augustali which had the value of one and
a quarter gold Gulden. The coins issued
by the Emperor contained his portrait im-
pressed in silver on the leather.
More than a century earlier, i.e., in 1124,
Dominicus Michieli, Doge of Venice, issued
obsidional coins of leather cut from horse
hides for the beleaguered city of Tyrus.
This coin received the name of Michieletta
from its originator. In 1360, John II,
King of France, authorized the making of
small leather coins with small golden
[131]
Lebetes
Leicht Geld
threads sewn or stamped upon them; this
he was compelled to do as his treasury was
depleted on account of a ransom of three
million livres paid to the English nation.
Stamped leather coins were issued by Ley-
den in 1574, when the city was besieged
by the Spaniards under Valdez ; they bore
as a device three shields and a stag, with
the letters S. M. and H. S.
The Russians at an early period used
skins of animals for currency and later
they employed irregular discs and strips
of leather rudely stamped. The word
** rouble'' is derived from the verb to cut,
and some varieties of Russian copper
money are called Puli, from poul, leather;
these words are probably derived from the
primitive leather currency in use in that
country. See an exhaustive paper on this
subject contributed by William Charlton
to the British Numismatic Journal (iii.
311).
In 1910 a roll of circular leather tokens
was discovered in the archives of the mar-
ket at Aschbach on the Danube in upper
Austria. These tokens bore the crest of
Philip Eder of the guild of masons and
stone-cutters at Eferding (near Aschbach)
and the date 1804. Leather strips were
also found from which these tokens were
cut. Mr. Franz Hirmann, the founder of
the museum at Aschbach, has discovered
among the records that at the time of the
French occupation the masons and stone-
workers were employed by the French in
the construction of intrenchments, and
were paid by the master of the guild with
these leather coins which represented the
value of one Groschen. See also Ruding
(i. 131, 346).
Lebetes. A fragmentary inscription re-
cently found in Crete assesses the payment
of certain fines at so-and-so many Ae^t]Teg,
or ** Cauldrons. ' ' It was therefore by this
name that certain silver Staters of the
fourth century B.C., all countermarked
with a device representing a Cauldron
(AePtjg), were known in Crete. Svoronos,
Bull. Corr, HelllSSS. (vol. xii.).
Lebongo. A name given to a currency
made of straw, which was in use in the
Portuguese colony of Angola. Each piece
was of the value of five Reis. It was super-
seded in 1693 by a copper coinage.
[
LeeuWy i.e., Lion. A gold coin of Bra-
bant, Flanders, and the United Provinces.
It was struck by Anthony of Brabant pur-
suant to an ordinance of 1408. The 6ou-
den Leeuw, as it is sometimes called, was
also issued by Philip the Good (1430-
1467) in Flanders and later at Mechlin.
The coin receives its name from the lion
on the obverse, who is in an upright posi-
tion, and is sometimes depicted holding a
flag or banner in his claws. See Lion
d'Or.
Leeuwendaalder. This, and the Leeu-
wengroot are of the same type as the pre-
ceding and are struck in silver. The for-
mer is of crown size and is also known as
the Ecu au Lion. It was issued from 1576
to the close of the seventeenth century.
Legal Tender Notes, also known as
United States Notes. The name given to
a «eries of paper money first issued by an
Act of Congress of the United States in
1862. They have been issued in denomina-
tions from $5.00 to $10,000.00, and are a
Legal Tender for all debts, public and
private, except duties on imports and in-
terest on the public debt.
Leg Dollar. The popular name in the
seventeenth century for the new type of
Bijksdaalder introduced about 1662 for
the Province of Utrecht. On the reverse
is a Knight standing with only one leg
visible, the other being hidden behind an
armorial shield.
Legend, from the Latin legere, the
words running around the coin inside of
the border. See Inscription.
Legienmg. A term used by (merman
numismatic writers to indicate an alloy,
especially of silver and copper, or silver
and nickel. The etymology is probably
from the Italian legare, to bind.
Legionary Coint. A name given to cer-
tain Roman gold and silver coins which
were issued in honor of the Legions. The
earliest known were struck by Mark An-
tony, and the last by Carausius. They
usually have the inscription leg.
Legpenninge. See Rechenpfennige.
LeL See Leu.
Leicht Geld. A term formerly used in
Hamburg and applied to Pistoles, Species-
thaler, etc., which circulated at a slight
depreciation. See Noback (p. 320).
132]
L^jcesterdaaklMr
Lepton
Leijcetterdaalder* A silver coin of
Crown size issued for Gueldres, West
Frisia, Zeeland, etc., pursuant to an ordi-
sance of August 4, 1586, and continued
until about the middle of the seventeenth
century. It bears on the obverse a reputed
half-length portrait of Dudley, Earl of
Leicester, and on the reverse the armorial
shields of the six Provinces (on some speci-
mens seven), that opposed the Spanish
rule. From the latter circumstance it is
also known as the Unierijksdaalder.
L.emocia» or Lemoiuu A billon coin of
the Vicomtes de Limoges and copied from
the Barbarin (q.v,) of Saint Martial. It
takes its name from Lemovicas, the mediae-
val name of Limoges.
Ouido VI, Vicomte of Limoges (1230-
1263), substituted his own portrait on his
coinage, but the pieces were rejected and
the regular Bretagne type restored. See
Blanchet (i. 275).
Lenticiilar Coiiit. A name given to such
coins as are shaped like a lentil or a lens,
i.e., thicker in the centre and gradually
tapering towards the edge, as in the earliest
emissions of the Roman Acs.
Leone. A Venetian silver coin struck
by Francesco Morosini (1688-1694) for use
in the Levant. It was copied by his suc-
cessor, Silvestro Valier (1694-1700).
Alvise II Mocenigo (1700-1709), issued
a similar coin for Zara of a value of eighty
Soldi.
The above coins are called respectively
Leone Morosino and Leone Mocenigo, and
obtain their names from the large figure of
a lion on the reverse. There are divisions
of halves, quarters, and eighths of the same
design.
Leimiiia. A name given to the gold
two Zecchini piece of Pope Leo XII (1823-
1829).
Lecxnmet or Lionine* A base silver coin,
80 called from the -figure of a lion. See
Brabant and Mitre.
Leonzino, or Leondno. Another name
for the Tallero of Francis I, Duke of- Mo-
dena (1629-1658), and to that of his suc-
cessor, Alfonso IV (1658-1662). Its value
was four Bolognini.
Leopard. An Anglo-Gallic gold coin
struck by Edward III of England in 1343.
It was of the value of half a Florin, and
obtained its name from the crowned
leopard on the obverse, though Buding
states that this animal was in reality a
lion.
The legend on the reverse was domine.
NE.iN.PVRORE.Tvo.ARGVAS.ME. See Floriu.
Leopold d'Or. The popular name for
the gold coin of twenty Francs issued by
Leopold I, King of Belgium (1831-1865).
Leopoldino. The silver Scudo issued by
Pietro Leopoldo I, of Lorraine, and Grand
Duke of Tuscany (1765-1790), is so called.
In the mint regulations of 1823 its value
was fixed at ten Paoli, or six and two
thirds Lira, while the ordinary Scudo was
equal to seven Lira.
Leopoldo. The name given to the gold
Ducat issued by Leopold, Duke of Lor-
raine (1697-1729) ; and also to the silver
Piastre of Leopold II, Duke of Tuscany
(1824-1859).
Lepton* Originally this was not a coin,
but simply the smallest practical weight
applied to gold and silver. After the in-
troduction of copper money in Greece and
Asia Minor the Lepton became an actual
coin.
At Athens seven Lepta went to the
Chalcus (q'.t;.). In the eastern portion of
the Roman Empire it was used to distin-
guish the local copper coins from the im-
perial issues. But, generally speaking, the
word Lepton was the term used for a
small copper coin and consequently varied
greatly, according to time and locality.
It was later equal to one half of the
Chalcus (g.i;.)> as is confirmed from a
comparison of a passage in Polybius (ii.
15) with the well known quotation from
the Gospel of St. Mark (xii. 42). From
Polybius we learn that the Assarius was
equal to half an Obolus, or four Chalki.
The Roman Quadrans was therefore equal
to the Chalcus, and as St. Mark says that
the Quadrans contained two Lepta, the
Lepton must have been exactly one half
of the Chalcus.
The word Mite was employed by the
translators of the New Testament simply
because the coin was so very small in size,
and it retained this meaning for a long
period. Hyll, in his Arithmeiick, 1600
(iii. 1), says, **Pour Mites is the aliquot
[133 1
Lepton
UbeUa
part of a peny, viz. 1/6, for 6 times 4 is
24, and so many mites marchants assigne
to 1. peny." Jeake, in his Arithmetick,
1674 (77), states that sixteen Mites are
equal to a Farthing.
Coverdale, in his translation of the New
Testament, 1535, renders the Gospel of St.
Mark (xii. 42) as follows: **And there
came a poore wyddowe, and put in two
mytes, which make a farthinge."
Lepton (plural Lepta). A copper coin
of modern Greece, the Ionian Isles, and the
Greek Republic under Capo d'Istria. It
is the one hundredth part of a Phoenix,
or Drachma. The five Lepta piece is also
called an Obolos. The word Lepton means
thin or fragile.
Leaher Referendum Dollar. See Refer-
endum Dollar.
Leu, or Lev. A silver coin of Bulgaria
and Roumania adopted in 1867, when these
countries based their monetary systems on
the Latin Union. One hundred Bani are
equal to one Leu. The plural is Lei, and
the name of the coin is synonymous with
Lira or Livre. Similarly in Bulgaria, one
hundred Stotinki are equal to one Lev
(plural Leba).
Levant Dollar. The name given to any
coin which is employed in the Levant trade,
but especially to the Maria Theresa Thaler
of 1780. This piece is always struck with
this date for commercial purposes, and is
accepted in Zanzibar, Abyssinia, Madagas-
car, and many other countries. Its weight
is a trifle over 433 grains, and its original
fineness has been retained. In some of the
African and Asiatic sections this coin is
known as the Tallero del Levante, and in
others as el Real. See Ernest and Wand.
Frederick II of Prussia issued Levant
Dollars in 1766 and 1767 for trade with
the Orient. These have his bust on the
obverse and the motto suum-cuique on the
reverse.
Levy. A corruption of * * eleven pence, ' '
and the popular name for the Spanish Real
in the States of Pennsylvania, Delaware,
Maryland, and New Jersey.
Lewekin. In an ordinance dated July
14, 1424, and reprinted by Paul Joseph
(p. 155), a coin of this name is mentioned
as being equal to one twelfth of a Groschen.
Lewis. See Louis d'Or.
Leycetterdaalder. See Leijcesterdaalder.
Li, or Le. A Chinese weight, also the
one thousandth part of the Tael of silver,
and of the recent Chinese Dollar or Yuan.
The Li is synonymous to the foreign term
Cash. The copper Li is supposed to weigh
one tenth of a Tael and it is so expressed
on coins of Shun Chih (1644-1661) of the
Manchu dynasty. Recent patterns of some
of the copper coins have values of one, two,
and five Li. The Japanese Rin is equal
to the Li and the same character is used.
Liang. The Chinese ounce, called by
Europeans Tael (g.v.)- Some of the earli-
est round Chinese coins were inscribed Pan
Liang (g.v.), or Half Ounce. Although
the word Liang is seldom seen on coins the
word has been used as a value on paper
money from the tenth century. Certain
coins of Hsien Peng (1850-1861) have the
word Liang impressed on them as a weight.
Liard. Originally a base silver coin, the
value of which is difficult to determine as
it was generally struck without any marks
of denomination. Some early French varie-
ties had a value of three Deniers, but with
the decrease in worth of the latter coin the
Liard decreased correspondingly and un-
der Henry IV it was struck in copper and
became the fourth part of the Sol.
The name is probably a corruption of li
ardito, the Gascon form of the Hardi or
Hardit (q.v.),
Liardo. A base silver coin struck in
1720 by Antonio Qrimani, Prince of Mon-
aco. Its value was two Denari.
Libella. A Roman silver coin mentioned
by Varro and stated by him to be equal to
half the Sestertius. The half of the Libella
was called the Sembella, and the half of
the latter coin, or one fourth of the Libella,
was known as the Teruncia, the last named
coin being little morQ than a grain and a
half in weight.
Some authorities have doubted the exist-
ence of these smaller coins altogether, and
suppose them to be either copper divisions
of the Denarius, or merely money of ac-
count. Gronovius states that when Varro
wrote there was no such coin as the Libella,
but that the term signified the tenth part
of a Denarius.
[134]
Libeiiiiia
Liond'Or
Libertnuu A silver coin of Ragusa, is-
sued from 1791 to 1795, with a value of
two Ducati or eighty Grossetti. It was
copied after the Maria Theresa Thaler and
received its name from the inscription
LiBBRTAS on the reverse.
LibertmL The popular name for the
Quattrini, struck in Siena in 1526, to pay
the soldiers and repair the fortifications of
the city, after the siege by the troops of
Clement VII.
Libnu The unit of the gold standard
of Peru, adopted in 1897. It is divided
into ten Soles, each of ten Dineros, each
of ten Centavos.
Libralis. See Aes Grave.
Licht Thaler. The name given to a
variety of silver coins struck by Julius,
Duke of Brunswick-Liineburg (1568-1589).
They represent the wild man holding a
candle or torch in his right hand. There
is a half and quarter Thaler of the same
design.
Ligurino. The name given to a variety
of the silver Luigino (q,v.) of Genoa, is-
sued in 1668 and later by the Banco di
San Giorgio, under Cesare Gentile. It has
on the obverse a crowned shield supported
by two grifl&ns, and on the reverse a bust,
inscribed **Liguria."
LQy Root Money. The name given to
a variety of Chinese metallic currency on
account of its resemblance to the root of a
lily cut in half. These pieces are described
in detail by Bamsden {pp, 28-29).
Liiiia*T]rpe« The word Lima, which oc-
curs on certain coins of George II of
England, indicates that these pieces were
coined in great part from silver captured
by the two British privateers, **Duke,"
and ** Prince Frederick." This capture
occurred on July 10, 1745, when the above
mentioned vessels took two ships belonging
to St. Malo, which were returning from
Lima.
Another explanation, given by Snelling,
that the silver formed part of the cargo
of the great Mexican treasure-ship from
Acapulco taken by Anson, June 20, 1743,
is obviously unsatisfactory, because the
above-mentioned inscription indicates that
the metal was of Peruvian and not Mex-
ican origin.
The Crowns occur only with the date
1746, but there are half Crowns, Shillings,
and six Pences dated 1745 and 1746.
Lincoln Cent. The popular name for
the copper Cent of the United States of
America, first issued in 1909. It bears a
bust of Abraham Lincoln on the obverse,
from designs by Victor D. Brenner.
Lingot. A term used by French nu-
mismatic writers to describe a cast bar of
metal adapted for monetary purposes and
sometimes- stamped with a numeral of
value, etc.
Linsen Dukaten. The nickname given
to the one thirty-second Ducats of Nurem-
berg and Regensburg, because they re-
semble lentils in size.
Lion. A gold coin of Scotland, first
struck in the reign of Robert II (1371-
1390) and continued until 1588. It re-
ceived its name from the rampant lion
over the shield of Scotland on the obverse.
The reverse has a figure of St. Andrew ex-
tended on a saltire cross, hence the name
**St. Andrew" frequently given to these
coins.
The weight was originally thirty-eight
grains, but later it varied considerably. A
larger coin of nearly double the size, but
of the same type, received the name of
Demy {q.v.).
A Scotch billon coin has received the
same name. See Hard Head.
Lion. A billon coin of the Anglo-Oallic
series, first issued by Edward I.
It derives its name from the representa-
tion, on the obverse, of a lion passant
guardant, which was the heraldic bearing
of Aquitaine. This device was previously
incorporated by Henry II, with two lions
passant guardant, the arms of fformandy,
thus forming the coat since borne by the
English Kings. See also Leeuw.
Lion a la Haie. See Tuin.
Lion Dollar. See Leeuwendaalder and
Dog Dollar.
Lion d'Or. A gold coin of France
which appears to have been struck only in
the reign of Philip VI (1328-1350). It
resembles the Ecu d'Or of the same ruler,
the only difference being the figure of a
Hon lying at the foot of the throne, from
which it obtains its name.
[136]
Lion Heaume
litra
The type was copied in Flanders and
the Low Countries, receiving the name of
Gouden Leenw.
lion Heamne. The name given to a
variety of the gold Florin issued in Flan-
ders by Louis de Male (1346-1384). It
has on the obverse the figure of a helmeted
lion under a Gothic archway and the
inscription lvdovicvs : dei : gra : com' :
Z DNS : FLANDRIE. with FLANDRES in the
exergue. See Heaume.
Lion Shilling. Lion Sixpence* A name
given to the Shilling and Sixpence of the
third type of George IV, issued in 1825.
These have on the reverse a crowned lion
standing on a crown, with the rose, thistle,
and shamrock below.
The Shilling of Edward VII bears the
royal crest, a lion standing on a crown,
and recalls the earlier type.
Lira, plural Lire, and derived from the
Latin word libra, a pound, was originally
a money of account in Venice. Payments
of Lira di Grossi, while made in the latter
coins, were based on their weight irre-
spective of their number. The Doge Nicolo
Tron (1471-1473) introduced the so-called
Lira Tron, which bore his bust on one side
and the lion of St. Mark on the reverse.
It was divided into twenty Soldi of twelve
Denari, and was copied by some of his
successors.
When Italy adopted the Latin Union
standard the silver Lira was made the unit
and placed on a par value with the Franc.
It is divided into one hundred Centesimi.
The Lira is used in the Italian colonies, in
Lombardy, Venice, and in San Marinol
Lira* See Pound Turkish.
Lira Aragoneae. See Jaquesa.
Lira Austriaca. See Svanzica.
Lira Jacioesa. See Jaquesa.
Lira Mocenigo. See Mocenigo.
Lira Tron. See Lira.
A base silver coin of Venice
issued at the beginning of the eighteenth
century, and current until the termination
of the Republic. Its value originally ap-
pears to have been thirty Soldi, but the
later specimens declined to equivalents of
fifteen, ten, and five Soldi, and frequently
have the value indicated on the reverse
in Roman numerals. See Traro.
Liretta. A Venetian base silver coin in-
troduced by the Doge Nicolo Sagredo
(1675-1676) and copied by a number of
his successors to the end of the Republic.
For Zara the Venetians issued pieces of
four, eight, eighteen, and twenty Lirette
during the eighteenth century.
' Lirona. A base silver coin of the Ven-
etian Republic, originally issued pursuant
to an act of January 5, 1571, under the
Doge Alvise I. Mocenigo. It bears on the
reverse the numeral X, to indicate its
value of ten Gazzette. This method of in-
scribing was at a later period used for
the Lirazza (^.i;.)-
Lisbmuno. The double Moeda de Ouro
of the Portuguese monetary system, and
commonly known as the Moidore. It was
the fifth of a Dobrao, and originally worth
four thousand Reis, but raised to four
thousand and eight hundred in 1688. See
Portuguez.
Lis d' Argent. A silver coin of France
struck by Louis XIV of the value of twenty
Sols. The reverse has a cross composed
of eight letter L's, with fleurs-de-lis in the
angles. The motto is dominie. eleoisti.
LiLivM.TiBi. There are halves and quar-
ters of ten and five Sols, respectively.
Lb d'Or. A corresponding gold coin
with the same motto and a device repre-
senting two angels supporting a crowned
shield. Both coins appear to have been
issued only in the years 1655 to 1657, al-
though essays appeared in 1653. The Ital-
ians gave it the name of Fiordaliso d'oro,
and Gigliato d'oro.
Litra. The bronze basis of Sicily, cor-
responding to the Roman Libra or Pound.
It was also represented by a silver coin
of three Hemioboli, and under the stand-
ard of Tarentum, the one tenth of the
Stater, weighing 0.87 grammes.
The divisions of the Siculo-Italiote
bronze Litra are the following in corre-
sponding terms of the Roman As:
XiTpa ==» As, or 12 ounces
3e)i(0Y>^(0v ^ deunx, or 10 ounces
Y](i.eX(Tp(Ov =* semis, or 6 ounces
icevT(o*ptiov = quincunx, or 5 ounces
TeTpa? = triens, or 4 ounces
Tpidlg s= quadrans, or 3 ounces
e^ag » sextans, or 2 ounces
ouYxia = uncia, or 1 ounce
[136]
Livonese
Lo-han Cash
The multiples are the
icevTtixovTaXexpov = 50 litrae
dexaXcTpov »» 10 litrae
wevxaXtTpov = 5 litrae
JeXcTpov =s 2 litrae
The majority of these were struck in
bronze or silver, sometimes even in gold.
A silver Russian issue struck
by the Czarina Elizabeth for Livonia and
Esthonia, pursuant to an ordinance of
October 25, 1756. They consisted of pieces
of ninety-six, forty-eight, twenty-four,
four, and two Kopecks, but were soon
withdrawn from circulation. See Noback
(p. 923).
LtvominOy also knoMm as the Livornina
delle Torre. A silver Piastre, struck for
Leghorn in 1656 by Ferdinand II de Me-
dici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, and by his
successors, Cosimo III, and Gian Gastone.
It has a view of the fortress of Leghorn
on the reverse.
Livre* Originally the money of ac-
count in France, and computed at 'twenty
Sous of twelve Deniers each. However,
by reason of the debasement of the silver
coinage this ratio could not be maintained
and it sank rapidly in value, and was
finally abolished in 1803 when the Franc
system was established. The ratio of sil-
ver to gold was then made at fifteen and
one half to one, and the decimal system
was introduced.
Livre Faible* See Lausannais.
Lhnre Toumois* A silver coin of
France, six of which were equal to the
Ecu. It was generally known simply as
the Livre and must not be confused with
the money of account of the same name.
It was abolished in 1803 when the Franc
system was adopted.
Loduu A popular name of the Cuar-
tillo or nickel 121^ Centimos of Venezuela.
Locumtenentthaler^ The name given to
a medallic Thaler of the Elector Frederick
III of Saxony (1486-1525), issued in 1518
and later, on account of the inscription
IMPERIQVE.LOCVMTENES. GENERAL., a title
conferred on him by the Emperor Maxi-
milian I.
Loserdialer, or JuKusloser are large sil-
ver coins of the value of from two to
sixteen Speciesthaler, issued by Julius,
Duke of Brunswick-Liineburg (1568-
1589), and made from the product of his
silver mines.
These coins owe their origin to an ordi-
nance of the Duke to the effect that every
one of his subjects, according to their rank
and station, was to redeem one of these
coins (Loser, i.e., redeemer), and be pre-
pared to account for the same whenever
demanded. They could pawn them in case
of necessity but were not allowed to sell
or exchange them. By this arrangement
the Duke was always kept informed as to
the amount of silver money in his do-
minions which he could levy upon in case
of necessity. The latter exigency never
arose, nevertheless these coins are scarce,
although a large number were struck.
They were made at Heinrichstadt, and
bear on the reverse the ducal armorial
shield supported by two wild men. See
Wildemannsthaler.
Losungs-Dukat. Lotimgs-Thaler. The
name given to a gold and silver coinage
struck by Gustavus Adolphus for Wiirz-
burg in 1631 and 1632. The name means
** Redeemer," and the coins receive their
designation from the inscription **Gott mit
uns,'* on the reverse.
Lowenpfennige* This name is given to
a variety of Bracteates, generally the
twelfth part of the early Groschen, issued
in Saxony, etc., in the early part of the
fifteenth century. They obtain their name
from the shield on which is a lion rampant.
An ordinance of 1482 for the mintmaster
Augustin Horn of Zwickau reads '*die
Pfennig soltn schlecht mit dem Geprege
eins Lawen usw. slahen."
These coins were also called Lauenpfen-
nige, and the type was copied by the city
of Brunswick. The latter have the letter
B above or at the side of the shield. The
Lowenheller of Ludwig III, Elector of the
Palatinate (1410-1436) have a crowned
lion rampant, and are of somewhat smaller
size.
Lo-han Cash. A Chinese coin issued in
the reign of Kang Hsi (1662-1722), and
said to have been made from melted down
Lo-han images. It can be distinguished
from the other coins of this reign by the
different form of the character hsi.
[137]
Long Cross Tsrpe
Lttcati
Long Cross Tjrpe. The name used to
describe a series of English silver Pennies
first struck by Henry III in 1248. They
have on the reverse a long doubly cross
extending to the edge of the coin. See
Short Cross Type.
Lord Baltimore Pieces. An issue of
silver Shillings, Sixpence, Pourpence, and
a copper Penny for the Province of Mary-
land in 1659. For varieties and details
see Crosby.
Lord Lucas Fardiings. A name given
to certain pattern Farthings bearing the
words QVATVOB.MARIA.VINDIOO., i.e., **I
claim the four seas," which legend is said
to have given offence to Louis XIV. Lord
Lucas referred to them in a speech in the
House of Lords, on February 22, 1670-
1671, when he complained of the scarcity
of money, as follows :
**0f his now Majesty's coin there ap-
pears but very little, so that in effect we
have none left for common use but a little
lean coined money of the late three former
princes. And what supply is preparing
for it, my Lords? I hear of none unless
it be of copper farthings, and this is the
metal that is to vindicate, according to the
inscription on it, the dominion of the four
seas."
The ** supply" appeared in 1672, when
a copper currency for general use ap-
peared, and the Farthing became a legal
tender. See Ruding (ii. 14).
Lorrain. See Double Lorrain.
Lorraines. A name given to the Tes-
toons, issued in Scotland in 1558 and 1560
from the large crowned monogram F M
{i.e., Francis and Mary) between two Lor-
raine crosses, which these coins bear on the
reverse.
Lot. The one sixteenth of the Mark
iq.v.).
hottf or SoloL A Siamese copper coin,
the half of the Att. See Tical.
Lotterie Dukat. An undated gold coin
of Pfalz-Sulzbach, struck by the Elector
Karl Theodor (1742-1777, and in Bavaria
until 1799). It has on the reverse the
figure of a nude Fortuna standing on a
globe and the inscriptions indvstri^-sors
above, and hac pavente below.
Lotus Coins. See Padma Tanka.
Louisy or Louis d'ArgenL A French
silver coin, first struck by Louis XIV in
1643. It is generally known by its size
and its equivalent in Sols. Thus the larg-
est is the Louis de 60 Sols, from which
there is a graduated series of Louis de
30 Sols, de 15 Sols, de 5 Sols, de 30 De-
niers, and de 15 Deniers.
The' Louis de Cinq Sols was specially
struck for the Oriental trade, and was ex-
tensively imitated. See Luigino.
Louis auz Lnnettes* A nickname used
to designate a type of Louis d'Or, struck
by Louis XVI in 1777 and later. The two
shields of France and Navarre on the re-
verse were supposed to resemble a pair of
spectacles.
The Ecu aux Lunettes was of the same
design. See Brillenthaler.
Louis aux Palmes. The name given to
a variety of the Louis d'Or of Louis XVI
which has on the reverse a crowned shield
in a frame of palm leaves.
LouU d'Or. A gold coin of France, first
struck by Louis XIII in 1640, when the
reformation of the currency took place,
and continued until the Revolution of
1789, when the twenty Franc piece took
its place. Its original value was ten Livres,
but this fluctuated and in the reign of
Louis XVI it went as high as fourteen
Livres. There are divisions and multiples
as high as an octuple Louis d'Or.
The London Gazette of 1674 (No. 904)
mentions ** Lewises of Gold . . . Escalines
of Gold.''
liOuisiana Cent A name given to the
copper Sous inscribed colonies fbancoises
and dated 1721 and 1722, because they
were intended for almost exclusive use in
the French colony of Louisiana, which at
that time included nearly all the territory
between the Alleghanies and the Rocky
Mountains.
Lovenaar. A silver coin of Brabant,
struck in 1488 during the minority of
Philip the Good. The reverse inscription
is taken from the Book of Psalms (cxxi.
7), and reads: fiat.pax.in.vibtvte.tva.
Love Thaler. See Janauschek Thaler.
Lucati. The popular name for the
Fiorini, with the figure of St. Martin,
struck in Lucca under Republican rule
(circa 1200-1342).
[138]
Lucchese Nuovo
Lydan League
Lucchese Nuovo. A Denaro of Lucca,
current in the twelfth century. See In-
fortiati.
Lucre* An expression meaning a gain
in money, and usually employed in an ill
sense, or with the sense of something base
or unworthy. Alexander Pope has the
line,
••The lust of lucre, and the dread of death,"
and Byron, in English Bards and Scotch
Reviewers (xii.), has:
"Who racke<l their bra Ids for lucre, not for fame."
The translators of the New Testament
make use of the following terms: '*Not
greedy of filthy lucre,'' I Timothy (iii. 3) ;
* * A bishop must be . . . not given to filthy
lucre," Titus (i. 7); *' Teaching things
which they ought not, for filthy lucre's
sake," Titus (i. 11); **Peed the flock of
God . . . not for filthy lucre," I Peter (v.
2).
LuculleL The name given to gold coins
struck in Greece under Sylla. See Blan-
chet (p. 5).
Liibische Pfennige. See Hohlpfennige.
Lugenthaler. The name given to a
Thaler struck by Henry Julius of Bruns-
wick-Liineburg, in 1596 and 1597. It has
on the reverse an inscription hvete.dich.
PVR.DER.TADT.DEB.LVEGEN . WIRDT . WOL .
RADT.
For an extended account of the origin
of this coin conf. Madai (No. 1111).
LuigL The common name for the gold
coin of ten Scudi, struck in Malta by
Emanuele Pinto (1741-1773) and his suc-
cessors. It was of the same value as the
Louis d'Or. See Beato Luigi.
Luigino. The common nickname for the
silver coins of five Sols, or one twelfth
Livre, originally struck by Louis XIV in
1643. They received this title in Italy, to
which country they were sent in large
quantities for use in the Levantine trade.
See Louis.
Luigino. A silver coin of Genoa issued
in 1668 and later by the Banco di San
Giorgio, under Cesare Gentile. It has on
the obverse a crowned shield supported by
two griffins, and on the reverse a figure of
St. George on horseback. From the latter
circumstance it is sometimes called Gior-
gino. Its value represented 24 Soldi.
The Luigino was also issued by the
Spinola family of Ronco, Tassarolo, and
Arquata; by Violante Lomellini for Tor-
riglia; and by the Malaspina family for
Fosdinovo (1667-1677). It was copied
from the half Ecu or piece of five Sols
struck at Trevoux. See Timmin, and conf.
Poey d'Avant (viii. 109).
Lundrenses. Ruding (i. 193-194) cites
an ordinance of 1279-1280, empowering
William de Turnemire of Marseilles, the
master of the mint, to make Farthings
throughout England. They were called
Lundrenses, probably on account of the
inscription londoniensis on the reverse.
Lundrest. W. Lowndes, in his Amend-
ment to the Silver Coinage, 1695 (p. 17),
states that **A Sterling . . . was once
called a Lundress, because it was to be
Coined only at London."
Lunga. See Moneta Lunga.
Lu'ong Bac. See Nen.
Lupetta. See Cervia.
Luthburger. A name given to a silver
Penny imported from Luxemburg into
England, in the reign of Edward III and
forbidden in the latter country.
Langland, Piers Ploughman, 1377 (xv.
342), says, **In lussheborwes is a lyther
alay (? alloy) and yet loketh he like a
sterlynge."
Chaucer, in the prologue to the Monk's
Tale (74) states **God woot no lussheburgh
payen ye ; " and Cowell, in The Interpreter
1607, mentions Lushoborow, **a base coine
vsed in the daies of King Ed. the 3.
coined beyond Seas to the likenes of Eng-
lish money."
Ruding (i. 222) states that in 1346
**many merchants and others carried the
good money out of the realm, and brought
in false money called Lusshebournes, which
were worth only eight shillings the pound
or less."
Lutherthaler. These are medals rather
than coins, and the name is applied to
pieces struck in 1661 at Eisleben, and in
1717 to commemorate the bi-centenary of
the Reformation. They usually have a
bust of Luther on the obverse.
Lydan League. See League Coinage.
[139]
Maccarooi PSecet
Mac
M
Maccaroni Pieces* See Macquina.
Maccochino. See Macquina.
Mace* The name given by foreigners
to the Chinese Ch'ien {q.v.) or Tsien, the
tenth part of a Tael or Liang. In the
modern struck Chinese silver coinage the
following pieces bear the name Mace:
7 Mace 2 Candareeos or Dollar (Yuan)
3 Mace 6 Caodareens or half Dollar
1 Mace 4.4 Candareens or fifth Dollar
See Tael and Yuan.
Mace. A gold coin of Atjeh. See Mas.
Macelinus. Du Cange states that this
is an old name for the Marabotin.
Mach* The Annamese word for a tenth
of a string of Cash. See Quan.
Macciuinay or Macuqma. A Spanish
word meaning a clipped coin. See Cob.
Chalmers states that in Jamaica ^'the
Mexican quarter dollars were called Mac-
caroni pieces, . . . which may be a repre-
sentative of Maccochino, a word still used
in Venezuela to denote cut money, and the
name Maccaroni was transferred to the
British Shilling rated as a quarter Dollar,
and was in vogue in British Honduras."
See Moco.
Macula. A Portuguese copper coin is-
sued from the middle of the eighteenth
century for Angola and other African pos-
sessions. The coin has a value of fifty
Reis, and the multiples from two to twelve
Macutas are in silver. All of the preced-
ing coins are frequently counterstamped.
The low denominations are in copper.
The name is probably derived from the
Makua or Makuana, one of the tribes be-
hind Mozambique. See Fernandes (p.
266).
The Macuta was the basis of the mone-
tary system in Sierra Leone in the latter
part of the eighteenth century.
Bonneville, Traite des Monnaies, 1806,
defines it as ^^monnaie de compte, ou plu-
tot une maniere de compter en usage parmi
les n^gres de quelques endroits des cotes
d'Afrique, particulierement a Loango sur
la cote d' Angola." See also Chalmers
(p. 208).
Mada. A gold coin of ancient India,
the one fourth of the Pagoda. See Pana.
Madonnenthaler. The name given to
any coin on which the Virgin and Child is
depicted, but specially applied to the is-
sues of Hamburg during the seventeenth
century on which the Madonna seated or
standing is a prominent feature.
Madonniiuu Another name for the Lira
struck at Genoa during the eighteenth cen-
tury. The obverse has a figure of the Ma-
donna and on the reverse is a crowned
shield supported by two griffins. There is
a corresponding doppia Madonnina and
mezza Madonnina.
In Bologna a silver coin of the value of
six Bolognini received the same name. It
was issued in the sixteenth century under
Papal rule.
Madonnina. A Papal copper coin of
the value of five Baiocci, struck by Pius
VI (1775-1798). There are varieties for
Ascoli, Civita Vecchia, Permo, Gubbio,
Macerata, Perugia, Tivoli, Montalto, Mate-
lica, Viterbo, San Severino, Ronciglione,
etc. The half was called the Sampietrino,
both coins receiving their designations
from the figures represented thereon.
Madridja. A nickname given to the
Spanish Dobla in Morocco (where this
coin formerly extensively circulated), on
account of its origin. See Noback (p. 243).
It represented a value of ten Miscals or
Metsquals. Ponrobert (5696).
Maerra Peninga* This term occurs in
the Anglo-Saxon laws of Aelfred, and is
translated ** larger pennies." Ruding (i.
110) thinks that with at least equal pro-
priety, **it might have been rendered
*pure,' or as it would now be called, 'law-
ful money.' "
Magy possibly an abbreviation of Mag-
pie {q.v.). An English slang name for
a half Penny. It is thus defined by G.
Parker, in Life's Painter, 1781 (p. 129).
Dickens, in Bleak House (xxiii.), uses
the phrase **It can't be worth a mag to
him," and Henry Kingsley, in Ravenshoe
[140]
Magatama
Majhawala
(i. 9) says, ''As long as he had a mag to
bless himself with, he would always be a
lazy, useless humbug." See Maggy Robb.
Magatama. A piece of jade or agate
in the shape of a tiger's claw, and sup-
posed to have been used as a primitive
money in Japan. See Munro (p. 5).
Magdalon. A gold coin issued at Tar-
ascon and other mints of Provence. It
was struck by Renatus of Anjou (1434-
1480) and by his successors. It bears a
figure of St. Mary Magdalen and the
double cross of Lorraine.
Maggy Robby or Maggie Rab. Accord-
ing to Jamieson, Etymological Dictionary
of the Scottish Language, this was a pop-
ular name for a bad half Penny. He de-
fines Magg as a cant term for a half Penny
with the plural Maggs. The latter word
is used in Lothian to designate the gratu-
ity which servants expect from those to
whom they carry any goods.
The same authority cites an Aberdeen-
shire saying, **He's a very guid man, but
I trow he's gotten a Maggy Rob o' a
wife."
Magister Thaler. A silver coin of Sach-
sen- Weimar, struck in 1654 to commem-
orate the rectorship of the University of
Jena, which was conferred on Prince
Bernhard. See Madai (No. 1491).
BAaglia* The Italian equivalent of the
Maille (g.v.) At Casale under Giovanni
III (1445-1464), was struck the copper
Maglia di Bianchetto. For detailed ac-
counts of this issue see Rivista Numismat-
ica, 1867 (ii. 3), and Revue Beige, 1866
(xi. 3).
Magpie. An English slang term for a
half -penny. Dickens, in Oliver Twist (viii)
has: **I'm at low-water-mark myself, only
one bob and a magpie." See Mag.
Mah. A money of account in Abyssinia,
twenty- two being equal to an Ashrafi (g.v.) .
BAahallak. A brass coin of El-Harrar, a
province of Abyssinia, issued A.H. 1284
and after. See Valentine (p: 82). It was
the one-twentieth part of the Gersh, or
Ghrush. The same name was given to the
first silver coin struck at El-Harrar by
Menelik. It has a value equal to the
Egyptian Piastre.
Mahbob. See Mathbu and Zer-mahbub.
Mahbubia. The name given to the
handsome silver Rupee introduced into cir-
culation in Hyderabad in 1904. It re-
ceives its name from Mir Mahbub Ali
Khan, the Nizam of the Deccan, * * as a com-
pliment to the ruler who declined to abro-
gate his currency privileges." The term
Mahbubia Annas is also applied to the
copper coinage of this rule.
Mabmudiy also called Khodabandi. A
Persian silver coin of the Sufi or Safi dy-
nasty. Its value was one half Abbasi or
two Shahis. It is also known as the Sad-
Dinar.
At Bassorah, in Asia-Minor, a money of
account formerly prevailed based on the
Persian system, as follows :
1 Toman = 100 Mahmttdt or MamQdts.
= 1,000 Danlms or Danimes.
= 10,000 Plusch.
According to Noback (p. 652), the
Mahmudi was also a former copper coin
of Maskat, and the twentieth part of the
Piastre or Spanish Dollar. It was sub-
divided into twenty Gass or Goz.
Maflle, from a French word signifying
a mesh or a link in a suit of armor, is from
its probable resemblance, applied to a small
billon or base silver coin. The Maille
Tierce or demi Gros and the Maille Tour-
nois were issued under Philip IV of Prance
(1285-1314). The Maille Blanche ap-
peared under Charles IV (1322-1328), and
other varieties are the Maille Noire, Maille
Parisis, Maille Bourgeoise, and the Maille
d'Or, the latter a gold coin struck in 1347
by Jehan Bougier of Arras, for the Bish-
opric of Cambrai.
The Maille was also common in Flanders,
and there are special issues for Lille, Ant-
werp, Brussels, and other towns, which re-
sembled small Deniers.
MafllechorL See Argenton.
Maille Noble* A name given to the
half Noble first issued in the reign of Ed-
ward III. See Noble and Ferling.
Maiorchmo. The popular name for the
Grosso issued in the island of Majorca. It
is subdivided into eighteen Piccoli.
Majhawala. Another name for the gold
Mohur of Nepal of the weight of half a
Tola. The word means **a middle coin."
See Suka.
[141]
Migoriiia
Mangir
Majorina, or Pecania Major. A name
given to the largest size of bronze coin
issued by Diocletian after his monetary re-
form. After Diocletian the piece was is-
sued only intermittently, notably by Ju-
lian and Valentinian.
Make* An obsolete English dialect and
slang term for a half Penny. See Flag.
In an old poem of 1547 entitled The
Hye Way to the Spyttel House occurs the
line :
"Docked the deU for a coper meke."
Sir Walter Scott, in his novel Wood-
stock (xxxvi.) has, **I take it; for a make
to a million."
Mahuiiie. A silver coin introduced by
Albuquerque, Governor General of Mal-
acca, in 1510. See Caixa.
Maley Grosdieii. See Maly Groszy.
Malkontentenguldeii. A series of coins
struck in Hungary under Francis Rakoczy
during the rebellion against Austria, from
1703 to 1711. They were issued from 1704
to 1706.
Malku The smallest of all the Spanish
copper coins. Its value was one half of
a Dinero, and it circulated in Majorca and
Barcelona as early as the fourteenth cen-
tury. The name appears to be the Spanish
equivalent for Maille.
Bilakcliilling. A silver denomination of
Anton Giinther, Duke of Oldenburg (1603-
1667, and copied by Adolf, Count of
Bentheim-Tecklenburg.
Maluco. The name given to a cast piece
of eighty Reis, struck for the island of
Terceira in 1829 during the war against
Don Miguel. These coins were made from
metal obtained from the bells of the con-
vents. See Mailliet Suppl. (72 i.), and
Fernandes (p. 312).
Maly Groszy, or Maley Grotcheii. The
word 7naly in Polish means small, and this
name was given to certain diminutive
Groschen issued in Bohemia under Rudolf
II in the latter part of the sixteenth cen-
tury. Eighty-four were equal to one Gul-
den Thaler.
Mame Gin. See Cho Gin.
Mamudi. See Mahmiidi.
Man. The old Annamese word for a
Quan iq.v.) or string of Cash.
Manah. The Babylonian form of the
Mina (^.t;.).
Mancanza. The name given to a Nea-
politan gold coin of the value of forty
Carlini or four Ducati. It was struck by
Charles III in 1749, and later by Ferdi-
nand IV. Its weight is two thirds that
of the Oncia.
Man^eau, or Man^ois. See Mansois.
MancotOy or Mancuso. A term sup-
posed to have been derived from the Latin
manus and consequently applied to such
coins as exhibit the figure of a hand. A
Solidus Mancusus of silver is mentioned at
the time of Charlemagne as being equal to
thirty Denarii Nuovi, and an ordinance
of the Abbey of Sesto at Friuli, dated 778,
refers to XX mancoseos auri.
A Denaro Mancuso is found in the Papal
coinage under Benedict IV (900-903), and
John XII (955-964). In the Byzantine
series the Soldo Mancuso occurs under Con-
stantine V and Leo IV (751-775), and it
was copied in Beneventum by Luitprand,
a contemporary ruler (751-758). All of
the preceding coins have a hand as a prom-
inent figure.
The Mancus d'oro was also struck, by
Raimond Berengar IV, Count of Barce-
lona (1130-1162) who married Petronilla,
Queen of Aragon. This coin has the in-
scription BARKiNOT, implying Barcelona.
See Blanchet (i. 312).
Finally in the Lucchese coinage the name
Mancoso occurs as early as 1551, and is
used for the half of the Scudo d'Oro.
Mancus. An Anglo-Saxon money of ac-
count mentioned in pa>Tnents as early as
the ninth century. An annual tribute of
365 Mancuses was made to the Pope for
the maintenance of the English school in
Rome, the lighting of St. Peter's, etc. This
tribute does not, however, imply 365 coins.
Mancuso. See Mancoso.
MandaL See Assignat,
Maneh. An early Jewish weight stand-
ard, the value of which is defined in Ezekiel
(xlv. 12). See Mina.
Mangir, or Manghir. A copper coin of
the Ottoman Empire, introduced by Murad
I (A.H. 761-792). It ranged apparently
at first from eight to sixteen to the Akcheh,
and eventually became of equal value with
it.
[142]
ManUla
Marchetto
The Mangur, as it is sometimes called,
finally became the fourth part of the Asper
or the four hundred and eightieth of a
Piastre. •
It was introduced in Egypt under Solei-
man I (A.H. 926-974). See Fonrobert
(5006).
Manilla, or Manille* A species of ring
money, resembling a horseshoe, which was
formerly current in the Grand Bassam,
Southwest Nigeria, and other sections on
the West Coast of Africa. Specimens occur
in iron, tin, and copper. See Z&y (p.
246-247).
Mankush. An Arabic word, the past
participle of the verb nakash, to engrave.
It is incorrect to say that it means a coin,
although it is occasionally found in poetry
applied to coins as the ** engraved'* pieces.
Mannen Tsuho. See Jiu Ni Zene.
Manoel. A later name for the Cruzado
(q.v,).
Manouvrier Note. The name given to
a rare variety of the five Dollar note of
the Confederate Government, issued at
New Orleans, La., in July, 1861. It re-
ceives its name from the engraver, Julius
Manouvrier, a Frenchman who was in busi-
ness in New Orleans until about 1875.
Mansois. A billon coin struck by Henry
V of England in the Anglo-Gallic series
(1415-1422). The reverse inscription,
MONETA DVPLEX, indicates that it was a
variety of the double Tournois.
The name is variously written ManQois,
Mangeau, Manseau, Monsoys, and in Low
Latin Manseus. See Ruding (i. 260).
Mantelet d'Or. Another name for the
Petit Royal d'Or, struck by Philip III of
France (1270-1285). See Royal d'Or.
Marabotin Alfonsin. The gold Dinar
struck by Alfonso VIII of Castile in imita-
tion of the Almoravide Dinars. These
coins have the inscriptions in Arabic and
the letters alp at the bottom.
Marabotfais. The contemporary name in
Europe for the gold coins of the Almora-
vides, struck in Spain and Morocco during
the eleventh and twelfth centuries. See
Maravedi.
Maradoe* According to Kelly (p. 214),
this was a former Chinese money of ac-
count and computed at six hundred Cash.
MaravedL This coin corresponded to the
gold Dinar and the Marabotin, which was
struck in Spain by the Moorish dynasty
of Almoravides (El-Mur4bitin). The coins
of the Christian rulers of Spain are copied
to some extent from their Moorish prede-
cessors, and even the names are retained.
The Maravedi appeared in the reign of
Ferdinand and Isabella and became the
unit of the Spanish copper coinage. Mul-
tiples of two, four, six, and eight Mara-
vedis were issued, and frequently the val-
ues were altered by means of countermarks.
Its nominal value, however, was one thirty-
fourth of a Real. See Bassegna Numis-
matica (x. 53-56).
Marc* The French, Spanish, and Italian
equivalent for the Mark as a weight and
a money of account. The Castellano (g.v.)
was based on the fiftieth part of this
weight. In 1093, Philip I of France do-
nated nine Marcs of silver for the restora-
tion of a church which had been destroyed
by fire.
Marca ArgentL See Mark.
Marcello* A silver coin of Venice which
receives its name from the Doge Nicolo
Marcello (1473-1474), who introduced it.
It was retained until the middle of the
sixteenth century.
Originally its value was ten Soldi, but'
later issues were struck of four, six, and
eight Soldi, as well as one of five Soldi for
colonial purposes.
The Marcello bears on the obverse a
figure of the standing or crowned Christ,
and on the reverse the kneeling figure of
the Doge, in the act of receiving a banner
from St. Mark.
The type was copied at Mantua as early
as 1529 and was retained under Francesco
I Gonzaga (1540-1550). In the coinage of
Modena during the sixteenth century the
Grosso of five Soldi was also copied from
the Marcello.
Marchesino* The name given to a vari-
ety of the Bolognino, struck at Ferrara
during the fourteenth century, while the
city was under the rule of the House of
Este, called Marchesi di Ferrara.
Marchetto. A copper coin of Venice, in-
troduced by the Doge Giovanni Bembo
(1615-1618), and continued until the latter
[143]
Marchioiies
part of the eighteenth century. There is
a corresponding mezzo Marchetto.
The name- is derived from the figure of
St. Mark, which occurs on the coin.
In Bergamo at the beginning of the
nineteenth century trading was carried on
in Marchetti, i.e., in Lira of twenty Soldi.
Marchioiies. See Marques.
Marengo. The name given to a gold
coin struck in the mint of Turin after the
battle of Marengo, which occurred on June
14, 1800. It bears the head of Minerva
and on the reverse the date l'an 9 or
l'an 10, i.e., 1801 or 1802. The value was
twenty Francs, and it was designed by
Amadeus Lavy, the mintmaster at Turin.
This coin is also known as the Marenghino.
Margaretengroscheii. The name given
to some silver coins of the fifteenth cen-
tury, struck by Frederick II, Margrave of
Meissen, which bear the letter M in addi-
tion to the ordinary inscription. Authori-
ties are agreed that this represents Mar-
garet, the wife of Frederick, to whom were
accorded certain minting privileges.
Margengroschen* See Mariengroschen.
Maria. The popular name for a Spanish
silver coin struck by Charles II (1665-
1700). On the reverse was a large letter
M with an A crossing the same and the
value. There is a Maria of four Reales
and another of eight Reales.
Maria Theresa Thaler. See Levant
Dollar.
Mariengroscheiiy or Gros a la Madone.
A silver coin originally issued at Goslar in
1505 with a value of eighty to the Mark,
and consequently inferior to the Bohemian
Groschen, which were computed at sixty
to the Mark. These coins received their
name from the figure of the Virgin and
Child on the reverse. In Adam Berg's
New Muntzbuch, 1597, they are called
Margengroschen, and their value is stated
to be equal to ten white Pfennige.
The type was copied in Hanover, Bruns-
wick-Liineburg, and many parts of West-
phalia. During the seventeenth century
this coin was legalized at one thirty-sixth
of the Thaler, or one twenty-fourth of the
Gulden, and numerous multiples and divi-
sions were struck.
Mark
The name was retained long after the
original design was abandoned, e.g., there
exist pieces for Brunswick-Liineburg of
twelve and twenty-four Ms#iengroschen
with the running horse design.
Marienthaler. This coin, like the Gros-
chen of the same name, receives its title
from the figure of the Virgin and the Child
on the reverse. They were originally
struck at Hamburg, Goslar, and Hildes-
heim, were copied in Hungary and were
issued in Bavaria as late as 1871.
Marigold. An obsolete slang name for
a Guinea, and probably given to the coin
on account of its yellow color, which is a
distinctive feature of the flower. Abraham
Cowley, in his play. The Cutter of Cole-
man Street, 1663 (ii. 3), says: **I'll . . .
put five hundred Marygolds in a Purse.*'
Marjase. The Hungarian name for the
Austrian seventeen Kreuzer pieces.
Maricy or Marca ArgentL The Mark as
a gold and silver weight is mentioned in
Germany as early as the eleventh century.
In the Nibelunglied, composed between
1180 and 1190, there is mention of zehen
marc von golde, Richard I of England was
ransomed for ten thousand Marks, and
Shakespeare in The Comedy of Errors (ii.
1 and iii. 1) speaks of ^'a thousand marks
in gold.*' It was extensively employed in
Cologne during the twelfth and thirteenth
centuries, and the Kolnische Mark in 1524
was made the accepted weight standard
throughout Central Europe.
As a money of account it was used for
the payment of large sums where the small
silver coins of different sizes and fineness
were simply weighed. See Usualmark.
The divisions of the Mark were :
The one fourth, called Vierdung, Viert-
ing, Pirdung, or Ferto.
The one sixteenth, called Lot.
The one thirty-second, called Setin, and
The one sixty-fourth, called Quentin, or
Quentchen.
These divisions were uniformly recog-
nized, though the weight varied in different
localities.
Mark. The unit of the currency of Ger-
many. It was introduced as a silver coin
pursuant to an ordinance of December 4,
1871, and divided into one hundred Pfen-
nige.
[144]
Mark
Massa
There are multiples of two, three, and
five Marks in silver, the latter denomina-
tion being now abolished. In gold there
are multiples of five, ten, and twenty
Marks.
The ten Mark piece was originally called
a Krone, and the silver coin of three Marks
replaced the Thaler.
Mark. A silver coin which appeared
early in the sixteenth century in Scandi-
navia, Livonia, Holstein, Hamburg, Lu-
beck, Mecklenburg, etc., and which repre-
sented approximately .a half Thaler.
In Sweden it was struck as early as 1512
and retained until the beginning of the
eighteenth century. In Denmark its value
was sixteen Skilling and it was in use to
the reign of Frederick VI (1808).
A Mark was issued in Livonia in 1573
for payment of the garrison of Pernau.
Mark. See Nova Constellatio.
Mark Banco. See Banco.
Markka (plural Markkaa). A silver
coin of Finland, issued in 1865 and sub-
divided into one hundred Pennia. Fin-
land has had a gold standard since 1877,
and its coins are based on the system
adopted by the Latin Union. Multiples
exist in gold of ten and twenty Markkaa.
Mark Newby Coppers. See St. Patrick's
Money.
Marmussini. A money of Milan men-
tioned as early as 1473, and later regu-
lated at seven to a Grosso to conform with
the coinage of Savoy. See Promts (ii. 34-
35).
Marque. A name given to a class of
billon coins struck by France for use in
its colonies. Their dates range from about
1738 to 1744, and they were received at
various values. Thus in Canada they repre-
sented a double Sol of twenty-four Deniers
and a Sol of half that value; in the Isles
of France and Bourbon they corresponded
to three Sols; in the Antilles to two Sous
and six Deniers, etc. See Sol and
Tampe, and conf. Zay (pp. 65-70), and
Wood, in American Journal of Numismat-
ics (xlviii. 129-136).
Marque Blanc. The name given to the
billon coin of French Guiana of the value
of ten Centimes, struck in 1818. As they
contained twenty per cent of silver they
presented a whiter appearance than the
Noirs or older Marques.
Mar<|iies. Hugo, Comte de la Marche,
established a mint at Bellac in 1211 and
struck coins called Marques, or Marchiones,
bearing a figure resembling a half moon.
See Blanchet (i. 287).
Marti. The popular name for the Cuban
gold coin of the value of five Pesos issued
in 1915. It bears on the obverse the head
of Jose Marti, the Cuban patriot, who died
in 1895 at the early age of forty-two years.
Martinsgulden. See Albansgulden.
Martinsthaler. See Bettlerthaler.
Marzellen. This term was formerly used
in Germany to designate coins with the
figure of St. Mark. The Diet of Augsburg,
on June 19, 1589, established their value
at nineteen Kreuzer.
Mas. A gold coin of the former King-
dom of At jeh in Sumatra. It can be traced
to the latter part of the sixteenth century.
Sir John Davis, in his Travels, 1598, states
that
1600 Caixas = 1 Mas, or Mace.
400 Caixas = 1 Koupan.
4 Koupans = 1 Mas, or Mace.
4 Mas = 1 Pardaw.
4 Pardaws = 1 Tayell, or Tail.
Netscher states that he has never seen the
Koupan, Pardaw, or Tayell, and considers
them moneys of account. Conf. also Millies
(p. 72).
Masaka. A coin of Ceylon which is re-
ferred to in commentaries written as early
as the fifth century. It appears to have
been of both metal and wood, though no
specimens are now in existence. See Rhys
Davids (sec. 13).
Masenetta. A silver coin of Ferrara of
the value of one Grossetto, with the figure
of St. Maurelius on one side and a corn-
mill on the reverse.
It was introduced in the fifteenth cen-
tury either by Duke Borso (1450-1471) or
by his successor, Ercole I (1471-1505). For
detailed accounts of the origin of the name
and the curious devices, see Rivista Italiana
di Numismatica (xviii. 560).
MathrabL See Mushtari.
Maskat Pice. See Balsa.
Matsa. A Latin term denoting a Flan
or Blank (g.v.).
[146]
M&ssa
Maundy Money
Massa. A copper coin of Ceylon, speci-
mens of which have been discovered dating
back to the middle of the twelfth century.
It was probably a later form of the Masaka
iq.v.), and was copied by a long line of the
native rulers.
Massachusetts Cent This well-known
coin first appeared in 1787 and the corre-
sponding half Cent in the following year.
It was evidently the intention to issue
coins of larger denominations also, as men-
tion is made in Fleet's Pocket Almanack
for the year 1789 that **a mint is erected
on Boston Neck, for coining of gold, silver,
and copper, of the same weight, alloy, and
value as is fixed by the Resolve of Congress
of the 8th of August, 1786. Copper only
has as yet been coined, viz : Cents and Half-
Cents.*' See Crosby.
Masse d'Or. A gold coin of France
struck only by Philip III (1270-1285) and
his successor Philip IV (1285-1314). It
has on one side a figure of the King seated
on a throne and holding in his hand a long
sceptre or mace (Fr. la masse) from which
it receives its name.
Masson. A silver coin of Lorraine and
Bar, which receives its name from Mons.
Masson, the Director of the Mint in 1728
and 1729. See De Saulcy (pi. xxxiii. 1).
Masumnuu See Mazuma.
Matapauy or Grosso Veneto. The
name given to a variety of the Grosso (q.v,)
which was first struck by Enrico Dandulo,
Doge of Venice, from 1192 to 1205. The
etymology of the word is uncertain, but it
is known that the Venetians took part in
the fourth Crusade in the year 1204, the
result of which was the annexation by
Venice of several islands and territories in
the Aegean Sea, among them being Morea.
As the Venetians retained possession of
this section for some time, and probably
established mints there, the name may be
connected with Cape Matapan in Morea.
The Matapan usually has on one side a
figure of the Doge receiving a banner from
St. Mark, the patron saint of Venice, and
on the reverse a figure of Christ seated on
a throne.
These coins were extensively struck up
to the beginning of the fifteenth century,
and were copied by the Balkan States. The
Matapan was succeeded by the Grossetto
(g.v.).
Mathbuy or Metbuo. A gold coin of
Morocco, which appears to have been intro-
duced about the period of Muley Ismail
ben Scherif (A.H. 1082-1140), and discon-
tinued in the latter part of the eighteenth
century. Its value was one and a half
Rials or twenty and a quarter Ukkias.
Matica (plural Maticaes). A currency
adopted by Portugal for Mozambique. See
Barrinha.
Matter. See Matthiasgroschen.
Matsuri Sen. A form of the Japanese
E Sen {q.v.)y sometimes known as ** Festi-
val" Sen. They are cast in such a way
that several pieces form a group often very
picturesque. They are made to stand up-
right or to set in a holder and are used
for shrine offerings or ornaments.
Matthiasgroschen. A name originally
bestowed on certain varieties of the silver
Groschen of (Joslar, struck in 1464. They
bore on the obverse a bust of St. Matthew,
the patron saint of the city, whose body
it was claimed was brought to Goslar by
the Emperor Henry III in the year 1040.
These coins were of the value of six
Pfennige, and they were extensively copied
in Hildesheim in 1663, in Hanover, etc.,
where their value was subject to consid-
erable fluctuation.
The terms Matthier, Matier, or Mattier,
are abbreviated names for coins of similar
type struck for Ravensberg by Frederick
William of Brandenburg. They were of
the value of four Pfennige, or one half of
a Mariengroschen, and were used in Bruns-
wick as late as the nineteenth century.
Maundy Money. This money was first
issued in 1670, to conform to the old cus-
tom of distributing the royal bounty to
certain poor persons on Maundy or Holy
Thursday. The name seems to be derived
from the maund or bag in which they were
carried. The coins consist of silver Pour-
pence or Groats, Threepence, Twopence or
half Groats, and Pennies; they are not in-
tended for currency but are, nevertheless,
legal tender.
In the reign of Victoria a considerable
number of the Threepences and half Groats
were exported to Jamaica and used as cur-
rency there. See Wire Money.
[146]
MazimiEan d'Or
Mcgg
The practice of distributing coins to the
populace dates from the time of the Roman
emperors, where such pieces, called Mis-
silia, were thrown to the public on days of
festivity, during the performances at the
circus, etc. In the German series, coins
specially struck for distribution during
commemorative exercises receive the name
of Auswurf Miinzen, i.e., ** money to be
thrown out."
Maximilian d'Or. A gold coin of Ba-
varia, a variety of the Pistole or five Thaler.
The name is principally applied to the
issues of Duke Maximilian III (1745-1778).
MayilL A Kanarese word which is sup-
posed to signify a token. The term Mayili
Kasu followed by a numeral, and meaning
** Token Cash,*' is found on the copper
coins of Krishna Raja Udaiyar, the ruler
of Mysore (1799-1868).
Mayoii« See Salung.
Mazuma, or Masumma. This word is
American Yiddish for money; Yiddish be-
ing a patois of Polish, Russian, German,
and Hebrew, and American Yiddish being
made up of the same languages plus Eng-
lish. The word comes from the Polish-
Yiddish word, Masummen, which in turn
is derived from M'Zumon, being literally
** Means of Sustenance. ' ' The latter is
from the verb Zoman, i.e., **to feed."
Meaia, or Meaja. An obsolete Spanish
word, meaning a medal.
Mealha. A billon coin resembling the
Denier, and which appears to have been
struck only during the reign of Alfonso I
of Portugal (1128-1185).
Mechelaar. A silver coin of Brabant
struck in 1485 and later. Its value was
one and a half Grooten, and the corre-
sponding Dubbele Mechelaar was generally
known as the Penning van drie Grooten.
See Heylen (p. 64).
MedagUay Medaille. The correspond-
ing names in Italian and French for a
medal.
Medal. A piece coined for the purpose
of commemorating some historical event, or
as an award for personal merit. It is never
intended to pass for money.
Various derivations of the word are
given. Scaliger derives it from the Arabic
Methalia, a sort of coin with a head upon
it, and Vossius states that it comes from
Metalluni, metal. The most probable ety-
mology, however, is from the Italian meda-
glia, a term which can be traced to the
fourteenth century, and which was applied
to a coin outside of circulation, and valu-
able only for its historical or artistic fea-
tures. See Schauthaler.
MedaleL A small medal.
Medallion. A name generally given to
, very large pieces which occur in the Roman
series, and which were struck by Imperial
authority in gold, silver, and bronze. It
is not definitely settled whether they were
used as actual currency or intended as
commemoration pieces. See Stevenson
{s.v.).
Mediacula. An obsolete Italian term
signifying a medal. Poey d'Avant (iii.
179) cites it from the mint records of the
Abbey of Cluny, and from ordinances of
William, Duke of Aquitaine, A.D. 1019.
Mediano. This term was used in Milan
to describe the half Soldo of six Danari.
Mediatino. A name given to the double
Danaro, struck in Verona from 1259 to
1329.
Medino. A copper coin of Egypt, the
fortieth part of the Ghrush, the twentieth
of the Yigirmlik, and the fifth of the
Beshlik.
A billon coin of twenty Medins is cited
by Mailliet (Suppl. 23, 5) as having been
struck during the French occupation of
Cairo, 1798-1801.
Medio. A Spanish word meaning one
half, and not infrequently applied to the
half Real. It was extensively used in
North America during the colonial period,
and to some extent after the War of the
Revolution. Its value represented six and
a quarter Cents.
Ijidie, or Irmilik. A silver coin of
the modern Turkish series of the value of
eighteen and one half Piastres, though
often reckoned at twenty Piastres or eighty
Metalliks.
Megg. A nickname for a Guinea.
Thomas Shadwell, in his play. The Squire
of Alsatia, 1688 (i. 1), says: '*Meggs are
Guineas, Smelts are half -guineas. " See
Decus.
[147]
Mehnder-Mulie
Mexican Dollar
Mehnder-Mulie. Kirkpatrick, in An
Account of the Kingdom of Nepal, 1811
(pp. 217-218), states that in 1793 ''the sil-
ver eight-anna piece, now called Mohr and
Adheeda, was formerly denominated Mehn-
der-Mulie, after the Prince who first struck
it (i.e., Mahendra Malla, A.D. 1566), and
by treaty established it in the neighboring
Kingdom of Tibet. ' '
Meke* An obsolete dialect term for a
half Penny. See Make.
Mencalit. Du Cange states that this is
the name of a Spanish coin which occurs
in documents written in Latin.
Menelik. The name given to the Talari
issued by Menelik, King of Abyssinia.
These coins were struck at Paris.
Menudoy frequently called Menut, an
obsidional copper coin, struck at Vich
during the French occupation in 1645; at
Barcelona in 1643; and in Civita Vecchia
from 1642 to 1646. See Mailliet (cxx. 12-
15, Suppl. 11, No. 12), etc.
These appear to have been copied from
a regular type issued by Philip II and
Philip III of Spain.
Meraner Kreuzer. See Kreuzer.
Mereau. Originally a moneyer 's pass or
token, which originated in Prance. At a
later period it was used for the identifica-
tion of members at council meetings, re-
ligious festivals, etc.
M. Blanchet, in his Numismatique du
Moyen-age et Moderne, Paris, 1890, repro-
duces on the cover of the Atlas a moneyer 's
pass in silver of the mint of Lyons, bear-
ing on the obverse a crowned bust of Fran-
cis II. The Paris Cabinet des Medailles
preserves similar mSreaux of the mints of
Grenoble, Cremieu, Lyons, Avignon, and
Trevoux. That of Avignon, which is the
latest in date, was issued in the name and
has the arms of Cardinal de Bourbon
(Charles X), who was at the time Legate
of the Holy See to the Comtat Venaissin.
The work of de Fauris de Saint- Vincens
describes one of these silver passes, bearing
the name of Louis XII, with the title of
Comte de Provence, which has on reverse
an initial A, evidently indicating the mint
of Aix.
De Courtois Revue Numismatique, 1848,
(p. 66) illustrates a mereau, of small mod-
ule, issued by the moneyers of Tarascon.
[
Merk. A Scottish coin which owes its
origin to the mediaeval Mark, which was
originally a weight, next a money of ac-
count, and lastly a coined piece.
The Merk first appears in the Scottish
series of money, as a coin, in 1591, where
a '* Balance Half Merk*' of James VI is
mentioned. See Patrick, Records of the
Coinage of Scotland (i. introd. and pp.
118, 177, 253, ii. pi. 9). These were fol-
lowed by the Thistle Merk (g.v.) of 1601
and later.
The value of the Merk continued to be
two thirds of the Pound (i.e., 13s. 4d.),
but when James VI ascended the English
throne the Scottish money had so deteri-
orated that it compared to the English as
one to twelve. The Double Merk was also
known as the Thistle Dollar. See Noble.
MesuFy or Mishir. A gold coin of the
modern Turkish series oi the value of
twenty-five Piastres.
Menthaler. The name given to the sil-
ver coins struck by the Bishops of Sitten,
in Switzerland, on which are usually de-
picted a figure of St. Theodolus before an
altar.
Metallik, or Metallique. The name given
to a variety of low grade silver Turkish
coins, which constituted a large part of the
ordinary circulation, chiefly in Asia Minor.
The largest of these Metalliks when com-
posed of fifty-two parts of silver and forty-
eight of copper, is known as the Altilik,
and has a value of five Piastres. When,
however, the same sized coin contains only
twenty-five per cent of silver, it is known
as the Beshlik, and is only equal to two
and one half Piastres. As the smaller
Metalliks are in the same ratio, the great-
est confusion formerly prevailed, which,
however, was remedied in 1911 upon the
introduction of the nickel coinage.
Metboo. See Mathbu.
MetsqaL See Miscal.
Metzblanken. The name given to the
Breitgroschen of the city of Metz, struck
during the fifteenth century.
Mexican Dollar. Originally this was the
popular name for the silver coin of eight
Reales which was struck in Mexico and
largely used in the Orient. It is mentioned
in this sense as early as the beginning of
148]
Mazza
Milled Money
the eighteenth century. Although the coin
is no longer issued the name has survived
to the present day and is now applied in
the Far East to the Mexican Peso, which
circulates for the exact amount of silver
that it contains, and consequently has a
fluctuating value. See Chopped Dollar.
Mezza* An Italian word meaning one
half, and applied to coins to indicate the
half of some recognized unit.
Mezzanino. An Italian silver coin of
half the value of the Grosso {q.v.). It was
first issued under the Doge Francesco Dan-
dolo of Venice (1326-1339).
A copper Mezzanino was struck at Ra-
gusa in 1795 and 1796, of the same value
as the Venetian type.
Michaeb Gulden and Michaeb Pfennige.
The name given to two denominations
struck by the Abbots of Beromiinster in the
Canton of Luzerne. They obtain their
name from the figure of the archangel
Michael slaying a dragon, which occurs on
the reverse of these coins.
MichalatL Certain Byzantine Solidi
struck in the name of the Emperor Michael
bore this designation, which was probably
only a popular term.
Michieletta. The name given to a series
of leather obsidional coins issued for the
city of Tyrus, in 1124. The name is
derived from Dominicus Michieli, Doge of
Venice (1117-1130), who introduced them.
See Leather Money.
Mihon Sen. See Shiken Sen.
BffihrabL A gold coin of Akbar, Em-
peror of Hindustan, valued at nine Rupees.
See Sihansah.
Mikron. See Obolos.
MIL A copper coin of Hong Kong, first
issued in 1863. It has a round hole in the
centre for stringing purposes. The in-
scriptions are bi-lingual, English and
Chinese, and its value is one tenth of the
bronze Cent. The Chinese call it Tsian.
MQan d'Or. The name given to the gold
coin of twenty Dinara issued in Servia by
Milan I in 1882.
Mfldinar. See Hazardinar.
MQesimo. A former copper denomina-
tion of the Philippine Islands; the one
thousandth part of the Spanish Escudo.
Mfliarensisy or Mflliarensu, Or. MtXcocp-
((Ttov, a silver coin, introduced by Constan-
tine the Great, which at first had the value
of one fourteenth of a Solidus, and ob-
tained its name from being the one thou-
sandth part of the pound of gold. It was
coined continuously from Constantino to
Justinian I. After the latter 's reign the
Miliarensis was raised in weight to equal
the one twelfth of the Solidus and the
value changed from one and three quarter
Siliquae to two Siliquae (q.v,).
Military Guinea. See Guinea.
MOk Penny. See Old Milk Penny.
MilL The constructive unit of the mon-
etary system of the United States. It is
a money of account and equal to the one
tenth of the Cent or the one thousandth
part of the Dollar.
The name given to certain
square silver coins struck by the Almo-
hades in Spain and Northern Africa during
the twelfth century. They appear to be
the successors of the Miliarenses {q.v,).
The name Millares, however, is more fre-
quently used for the imitations of these
half Dirhems made by a number of Chris-
tian cities in Spain, Southern France, and
Italy for purposes of trade with the Arabs.
For an exhaustive treatise on the subject
see Blancard, Le MiUares, 1876, and Engel
and Serrure (iii. 456).
Millares. The modem French name for
the ancient Miliarense (^.i^.)*
Milled Money. A name given to such
coins as were made by the employment of
the mill and screw process which super-
seded the -hammered coins (q.v.).
Folkes states that ''the maker of this
milled money is reported to have been one
Philip Mastrelle, a Frenchman, who event-
ually, however, fell into the practice of
coining counterfeit money, and was con-
victed, and executed at Tyburn, on the
27th of January, 1569." Kenyon states
that the **new process of coining, by
means of the mill and screw, was intro-
duced into England from France, appar-
ently by a Frenchman called Eloye Mes-
trell.'' Hawkins, on the other hand, as-
serts that **the name of the Frenchman is
unknown and the whole history of the pro-
cess and its employment is involved in
singular obscurity.'*
[149]
Millieme
Miobolo
One thing, however, is certain, and that
is that from 1561 to 1575 milled coins were
made in England, hut as they did not win
entire approval, they were discontinued
and not revived untU November 5, 1662,
when a warrant was issued for coining by
the mill altogether.
Shakespeare alludes to the milled Six-
pence in The Merry Wives of Windsor (i.
1).
For an exhaustive treatise on the early
minting operations by mill and screw, see
Mr. W. J. Hocking's monograph entitled
Simon's Dies in the Royal Mint Museum,
with Some Notes on the Early History of
Coinage by Machinery, contributed to the
Numismatic Chronicle (4th Series, vol. ix.).
Mniiemey also called Ochr-el-guerche. A
nickel coin of modern Egypt of the value
of four Para, or the one tenth of the
Piastre. There are multiples of two and
five Milliemes in the same metal.
Mill-sail Tjrpe. Many Greek coins of the
Archaic period have for their reverse type
a square design composed of six or eight
lines radiating from a common centre to
the corners and sides of the square. The
resulting six or eight triangular compart-
ments are alternately raised or depressed,
giving somewhat the appearance of a
swastika or mill-sail and from whence is
derived the modern name for the design.
Milreis. The money of account for Por-
tugal and Brazil. One thousand Reis are
called Milreis, and one million Reis is
known as a Conto di Reis.
The word is derived from milley mil, a
thousand, and real, rey, a King. The Rei
of Manuel (1495-1521) was a small copper
coin of low value which was abolished in
the sixteenth century, but multiples were
retained, some of which received specific
names. Thus the Tostao was one hundred
Reis ; the Cruzado four hundred, the Coroa
five thousand, etc.
A nominal gold standard has been in
use in Portugal since 1854 and the gold
coins consist of five and two Milreis, i.e.,
five thousand and two thousand Reis re-
spectively. In silver the Milreis consist
of one thousand Reis, and there are smaller
coins of silver and bronze, the lowest being
a piece of one Real.
Portugal imposed her monetary system
on Brazil but cut the value of the unit
in two. As a consequence the silver Mil-
reis of Brazil represent a value of half of
the Portuguese, and the nickel coins of
400, 200, and 100 Reis, adopted in 1906,
are in the same proportion.
Mimigardelord Deniers. The oldest sil-
ver coins of Munster are so called. The
city received this name when founded by
Charlemagne A.D. 803, and retained it
until 1041, when the title Monasterium was
adopted.
These Deniers have on one side a church
with three towers or steeples, and the in-
scription + MIMIGABDEPOBD, Or +MIMIOEBNE-
PORDE.
Min«9 or Manah. An early weight
standard employed by the Babylonians
and Greeks, and one sixtieth of the Talent
(g.v.). The Greek Mina was equal to one
hundred Drachmai, and the Babylonian
and Persian Mina or Manah was divided
into one hundred Sigloi.
Mining-pieces. See Ausbeutemiinzen.
Minnespiinning. A term used by Swed-
ish numismatists to indicate a token or
medalet issued to commemorate some spe-
cial event. The word minne means mem-
ory.
Mint Condition* This term when ap-
plied to coins or medals means that they
are in the highest degree of preservation,
or absolutely bright and perfect as when
issued by the mint.
Mint-Marks. Abbreviations of words on
coins to indicate the place where the coin
was struck. They are usually to be found
on the lower part of the coin or in the
exergue, but instances occur where they
are placed above the head on the obverse.
Minuto. The name given to a small bil-
lon coin issued in Genoa in the thirteenth
century during Republican rule. It was
in use until about the year 1700, after
which time it was struck in copper. The
latter type was copied in Cagliari, Savoy,
etc.
MinutuluSy or Argenteus Minutulus, an-
other name for the Argenteus (g.v.).
Compare Lampridius, Sev. Alex. (xxii.
8). Also see Siliqua.
Miobolo. An obsolete copper coin of
the Ionian Islands. The name is probably
a corruption of medio obolos, and is applied
to the half Obolos.
[ 150 ]
Mirfiton
Mite
Mirlitoii« The name given to a variety
of the Louis d'Or struck by Louis XV. It
has on the reverse two interlaced cursive
Ls, with a crown above and a palm-branch
on each side.
Mirror Sen.. See Kagami Sen.
MitcaL A unit of weight for bullion,
prevalent in all Muhammadan countries.
It is the equivalent of twenty-four Nak-
hods or Peas, and the Nakhod is equiva-
lent to four gandums or grains of wheat.
The Committee for the Reform of the Cur-
rency in Egypt experienced great difficulty
in determining the exact weight, and fin-
ally decided to set aside the miscal and
adopt the metric system.
Mr. H. L. Rabino contributed an inter-
esting paper on the coins of the Shahs of
Persia to the Numismatic Chronicle (series
iv. vol. 8) from which the following is
extracted :
**When the Imperial Bank of Persia
started operations in Persia in 1890, it had
to import capital in bar silver to be coined
in Tehran. A standard weight had to be
fixed. Hajji Muhammad Hassan, Amin ez-
Zarb, late Mint-master to the Persian Gov-
ernment, and Mr. Rabino, chief manager of
the Bank, after a series of experiments
with the Mint and Bank weights, estab-
lished the proportion between miscals and
ounces troy as 250 miscals = 37 ounces
troy, or 1 miscal == 71.04 grains. This has
ever since been recognized as the equiva-
lent of the miscal for bullion transactions.
* * I must add that when the Customs Ad-
ministration were preparing the New Com-
mercial Convention they had no knowledge
of this standard, having at the time no
control over the Mint, and after weighing
the heavy weights in use in their admin-
istration, they fixed the equivalent of the
batman Tabrizi of 640 miscals as 2.97 kilo-
grammes. This equivalent is confirmed, so
to say, by treaty. On taking charge of
the Mint the Customs found an established
standard weight for bullion, which they
maintained.
** There is consequently now in Persia a
legal weight for bullion, the miscal of 71.04
grains ; and a legal weight for merchandise,
the miscal of 71.61 grains.''
The Miscal, also called Metsqal and
Mitsqal, is a silver coin of Morocco, intro-
duced by Muhammad Abd-AUah ben Is-
mail (A.H. 1171-1205). Its value is ten
Dirhems. See Kesme.
In recent years the Chinese have struck
in Turkestan bi-lingual silver coins of five,
three, two, and one Miscals.
Mise. An obsolete term for the double
Albus or Weisspf ennig. It originated from
the fact that this was the amount of the
stake or entrance money for playing the
game of lotto formerly controlled by the
Hessian government. Conf, the French
Mise,
Mise Money. An obsolete payment of
money by way of contract to purchase
some particular exemption. Blount, in
Ancient Tenures, 1679 (p. 162) states
that **The tenants shall pay him a certain
sum of money called Mise-money, in con-
sideration whereof, they claim to be ac-
quit of all fines and amerciaments, which
are recorded at that time and in Court
Rolls and not levyed."
Mishir. See Messir.
Misqaly or Misqali. Another name for
the Sanar (q,v.) in the coinage of Afghan-
istan. See Miscal.
MisrL See Zer-mahbub.
Missilia. See Maundy Money.
Mistura. A general name for Italian
billon or base silver coins, but more espe-
cially applied to the early issues of Asti,
Cremona, Fano, the Papal coins of Avig-
non, etc. , ,
Mitad. This word is found very fre-
quently on tokens of Latin America, and
designates a half Real.
Mite. The Domesday Book, circa 1086
(i. 268), mentions the term minuta, from
which comes the English word mite.
Ruding (i. 217) says, **a mite, in mon-
eyer's weight is the twentieth part of a
grain, and an indenture of the 17th year
of Edward III mentions un mytisme de
carafe,'' See Lepton and Myte.
«
Mite. The expression ^'a Mite" is used
mainly to indicate an extremely small unit
of monetary value. In arithmetical books
of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries
it is mentioned as the lowest denomination
of English money of account.
Caxton, in his Dialogues, 1483 (p. 51),
has, **A peny, a halfpeny, A ferdyng, a
myte ; ' ' and Jeake, in his Arithmetick, 1696
[161]
Mithqal
Mon
(p. 77), states that there are sixteen mites
in one Farthing. See Lepton.
MithqaL A dialectic form of Miscal
(q.v.).
Mitre* J. Simon, in his work on Irish
Coins, 1749 (p. 15), states that ** other for-
eign coins called Mitres, Lionines, etc.,
from the stamp or figures impressed on
them, were . . . uttered here for pennies,
though not worth half a penny. ' ' See Ro-
sary.
Mitsqal. See Miscal.
Mizti nimmiL See Plated Coins.
Mnaieioii ((jivatcTov). A piece of one
hundred Drachms.
The gold Octodrachms (or one hundred
silver Drachms) of Egypt were known by
this name in ancient times.
MocenigOt also called Lira Mocenigo.
A silver coin of Venice, which receives its
name from the Doge Pietro Mocenigo
(1474-1476), who introduced it. The type
was similar to the Marcella (q.v.) and the
coin was retained until about the middle
of the sixteenth century. Its original value
was ten Soldi.
Moco. A West Indian silver piece cut
from a Spanish Dollar. It corresponded to
the Bit {q.v.), and was extensively used
in the islands of Dominica and Guade-
loupe. See Zay and Chalmers (passim).
The name is probably a corruption of
the French morceau, but Chalmers states
that ^^Moco seems to be an abbreviation
of the word Maccochino, of which the
forms Maccaroni and Macquina were em-
ployed in Jamaica and Trinidad to denote
cut money."
Module. A word used to indicate the
diameter of a coin.
Moeda. See Moidore.
Morcheo* See Morchen.
MogrebL The name formerly used for
the Spanish Dollar in Arabia. See No-
back (p. 679).
Mohar. The name used in Nepal for the
Pa-nying Tang-Ka, or Ang-tuk {q.v.).
Mohur, or more properly, Miihr* A
gold coin of India, the issues with native
inscriptions dating back to the dynasty of
the Moghul emperors in the sixteenth cen-
tury. The name is from the Arabic, sig-
nifying the impression of a seal. See Si-
hansah.
The Mohurs of the East India Company
were first struck as patterns in 1765 for
Bombay, and in 1769 at the Murshidabad
mint for Bengal. The English regal coin-
age of Mohurs commenced soon after 1858
when the government of India was trans-
ferred to the Crown.
In 1899 the silver standard of India was
superseded by the gold standard and the
Mohur was replaced by the Sovereign.
In the former money of account for
Bombay, Madras, etc., the Mohur was com-
puted as follows:
1 Mohur = 3 Fanams or Paunchea.
= 15 Rupees.
= 240 AnDDH.
= 750 Fuddea. or double Pice.
= 1500 Pice or Dogganey (Duganlh).
= 1000 Doreas or Durihs.
= 3000 Urdees or Urdlhs.
= 6000 Rels.
See Noback (p. 137).
Moidore^ or more properly, Moeda,
from moneta, money, a gold coin of Por-
tugal and Brazil. When originally issued
under Sebastian I (1557-1578) it was
given a value of five hundred Reis, but
this coin was nothing but a one and one
quarter Cruzado. The Moidore proper, of
four thousand Reis, was first struck in the
reign of Pedro II (1683-1706), and dis-
continued under John V (1706-1750; some
writers even limiting the period of issue
from the years 1688 to 1732.
It was struck much longer for Brazil,
and was superseded by the gold coin of
four thousand Reis, issued by Pedro I in
1823. See Chalmers (p. 396) and Lis-
bonino.
Molybdot (Gr. iJi6Xu^8og)=»Lead {q.v.),
Momine. Ordinarily a Japanese weight,
but in some instances used as indicative of
value. Thus in 1765 appeared a rectilinear
silver coin called the Tanuma Go Momme
Gin, or the five Momme Silver of Tanuma
(Munro, p. 195). It was valued at the
twelfth of a gold Ryo. See Kwan.
Mon. A word implying a crest or badge
and applied to such of the early Japanese
Sen as had this decoration. See Munro
(pp. 17, 36). Later the name was syn-
onymous with Rin, i.e., the tenth part of
the Sen. The Japanese Tempo {q.v.) was
worth one hundred Mon.
[152]
Monarque
Moneyage
In the Korean coinage the Mon or Mun
is the hundredth part of the present Niang
or Yang. Copper pieces of five and ten
Mun are issued.
Monarque. A French slang expression
for the silver coin of five Francs, which
formerly bore a large portrait of the reign-
ing emperor.
Moneda Provisional. A term used by
Spanish numismatists when describing ob-
sidional coins.
Monela. This surname was bestowed
upon Juno, of the Capitol. In B.C. 268
the Roman mint was established in the
precincts of the* temple of Juno Moneta.
At a later period it was used to denote
both the place of the mint and the minting
art proper. A Denarius struck about B.C.
48 bears the head of the goddess Moneta,
with the inscription moneta. On the re-
verse is an anvil, die, hammer, and pincers,
with T ( itUS ) CARISIVS.
In the reign of Septimius Severus the
three Monetae appear on coins. They are
represented as holding each a cornucopia
and a balance. Under Diocletian, Alex-
ander Severus, etc., only a single figure
of Moneta appears on the coins, and is
usually represented in the act of dropping
coins into a measure.
Moneta Abatuda is money clipped or
diminished. The term is used in old rec-
ords and occurs in Du Fresne, Glossary.
Moneta Argentosa. See Billon.
Moneta di Coppella. The name given
to a Scudo struck by Ferdinand II at Flor-
ence in 1656. It bears on the reverse the
inscription impvritate reiecta, and was of
extremely pure silver. The operation of
refining gold and silver from all alloys is
known as coppellazione.
Moneta Duplex. See Double.
Moneta Falsa, or Moneta FaUficata.
The Italian equivalent for counterfeit
coins.
Moneta Farthing. The name given to a
Farthing of David II of Scotland (1329-
1371), which is characterized by the fol-
lowing curious reading : ohv. moneta regis
D. rev. Avro scottor.
Moneta Lunga, meaning ' ' light money. ' '
In Florence it was formerly the custom to
compute in Tuscan silver, called moneta
buona, to distinguish it from the moneta
[
lunga of Leghorn, which was four per cent
less in value.
Moneta Miliarensit. See Miliarensis and
Millard.
Moneta Nova. A common expression on
European continental coins, to denote a
new coinage, which in many instances was
only made possible by melting the coins
previously in use.
Moneta Palatina. A term which occurs
on some of the Merovingian coins of the
seventh century, which were issued by the
authority of Eligius, a moneyer to Dago-
bert I.
Moneta Papalis. See Paparina.
Moneta Spezzata. The Italian equiva-
lent for fractional or subsidiary coins. The
term can be traced to the verb spezzare,
i.e., to split, or break.
Monetarius. A mintmaster, or moneyer.
The term is found on many Anglo-Saxon
coins.
Monetary Unit. A name given to a cer-
tain coin which has been agreed upon as
the base of a monetary system. From this
basis are made the multiples and divisions.
Money. Any material that by agree-
ment serves as a common medium of ex-
change and measure of value in trade.
The oldest spelling appears to be mone,
and in this form the word occurs in the
Chronicle of R. Brunne, circa 1330. The
Anglo-Saxon laws of Aethelstan, circa 900,
mention the term mynet, in the sense of
money, or payment in general.
Money used as a verb, i.e., to coin or
mint money, is now but rarely used. George
Augustus Sala, in his Diary in America,
1865 (iii. 136), says, ''The American
double-eagle ... is perhaps the most beau-
tiful and splendid coin ever moneyed in
any mint."
Moneyage. This term means not only
the right to coin money, but was also for-
merly applied to a tax paid to some of
the Norman rulers of England, in consid-
eration of their refraining from debasing
the coinage.
Carte, History of England, 1747 (i. 482),
says: ** Moneyage was a duty of twelve
pence paid every third year in Normandie
to the Duke for not altering the coin.*'
Hume, History of England, 1762 (i.
App.) has: ''Moneyage was also a general
163]
Money Batterer
Mordoft Dollars
land-tax . . . levied by the two first Nor-
man Kings, and abolished by the charter
of Henry I."
Money Batterer, One who defaces coins,
especially a person who clips or otherwise
mutilates them for dishonest purposes. In
a rare tract entitled Cocke LorelVs Bake
(11), printed circa 1515, and reprinted by
the Percy Society, occurs the passage:
** Players, purse cutters, money baterers,
Golde washers/'
Money of Account. The general term
employed to express a value not repre-
sented by an actual coin, but which is
computed on the basis of a number of
struck pieces, the money of account repre-
senting a unit value, in some instances very
minute or insignificant, and in others very
large.
Examples are the Talent of the An-
cients, the Conto of the Portuguese, the
Beutel of the Muhammadans, the Indian
Lac of Rupees, and the Mill in the coinage
of the United States.
The German numismatic writers use the
term Rechnungsmiinzen, and the French
say Monnaies de Compte.
Money of Necettity. See Obsidional
Coins.
Monkey. An English slang expression
meaning the sum of five hundred pounds.
Monnaie, La. The familiar name for
the mint of Paris, abbreviated from Hotel
de la Monnaie.
Monnaies a la Croix. The general name
for coins exhibiting a cross but antedating
the Christian era. Notable examples are
Gaulish imitations of drachmae, and usu-
ally assigned to the Cadurci, Volkes Tecto-
sages, etc.
Monnaies Angevines. A term originally
used to distinguish the Deniers struck at
Angers from those of Tours. Later the
name Angevin or Angevine was applied to
the double Gros issued in Flanders and th«
Low Countries which was copied from the
French type. There is an extensive series
struck by the Bishops of Metz, beginning
with Thierry V (1363-1384).
Monnaies de Compte. See Money of
Account.
Monnaies d'EssaL See Essays.
Monnaies de Verre. See Glass Coins.
Monnaies Fourrees. See Plated Coins.
Monnaies Muettes. A French term ap-
plied to coins that have no inscription.
See Mute and Anepigrafa.
Monneron Tokens. The name given to
a series of copper medals issued by the
brothers Monneron of Paris in 1791 and
1792, which were intended to be used for
the redemption of the Assignats {q.v.).
The Monnerons, who were bankers, had a
patent for making these tokens, and they
struck them in denominations of two and
five Sols.
M<Misoys. See Mansois.
Mopiis. A slang term for a Farthing
or half Penny, and also for money in gen-
eral. The word can be traced to the be-
ginning of the eighteenth century. Thack-
eray, in Vanity Fair (vi.), mentions **the
old gaff's mopus box."
Morabitino. A gold coin of Portugal
struck only in the reigns of Sancho I (1185-
1211) and his successor Alfonso II (1211-
1223). The figure of the ruler on horse-
back probably served as the prototype of
the- Rider and similar gold coins adopted
in Europe some time later.
Moraglia. A base silver coin struck by
Agostino Tizzone, Count of Dezana (1559-
1582). It was of the type of the Sesini of
Modena and bore the inscription moneta
DECi£NSis on the obverse, and on the re-
verse s. GERMANus, with a figure of the
saint. See Murajola.
Morchen, also called Morchen and Miir^
chen, were small uniface base silver coins,
and they are mentioned in 1409 and 1425
in the mint regulations of Cologne. They
circulated extensively in the Rhenish prov-
inces, and their value was the same as the
Heller.
The name, meaning a small moor, was
bestowed on them in derision, as they soon
turned black on account of the small per-
centage of silver they contained. See
Busch.
Mordowlds. A name given to imita-
tions of the Kopecks made by the Mordwas
and the Tartars for the purpose of orna-
menting their dress. See Blanchet (ii.
193).
Morelos Dollars. A name given to cer-
tain Mexican cast silver pieces of eight
Reales, issued from 1811 to 1813 by Gen-
[164]
Morisca
Miinz Recht
eral Jose Maria Morelos of the Republican
forcas, in the Province of Oaxaca. There
are corresponding coins of the value of
two, one, and one half Reales of the same
design. The word sud on the reverse re-
fers to the army of the South, of which
he was the commander in chief.
Morisca, or Mourisca. An early coin
of Castile current in Portugal during the
fourteenth century. It was computed at
312 Marabotini.
Moritzpfennige. The name given to a
series of silver coins issued by the Arch-
bishops of Magdeburg from the twelfth to
the fourteenth centuries. They have on
the obverse a figure of the patron, Saint
Mauritius, who is variously represented as
standing, or with the bust only. Arch-
bishop Wigmann von Seeburg (1152-1192)
struck the largest and most beautiful speci-
mens.
Moriziotti. This term is applied to cop-
per coins of the value of five Soldi, issued
in Piedmont by Victor Amedeo III in 1794.
Like the preceding they bore a figure of
Saint Mauritius.
Morphe ([JLop^-n). The Greek term for
Flan.
Mortuary Pieces. A name given to such
coins and medals as are struck by one
monarch to commemorate the reign and
acts of his predecessor.
They are usually issued very shortly
after the demise of the preceding ruler,
and in many instances contain both the
portraits of him and his successor.
The German equivalents are Sterbe
Denkmiinze, Sterbe Thaler, and Begrabniss
Thaler.
Morveux* The name given to a variety
of the Taston of Charles IX of Prance,
struck at Orleans by the Huguenots. Be-
low the laureated bust are the letters A and
O, one within the other. See Blanchet (i.
161).
Mostofka. See Mustofske.
Mother Sen. See Haha Sen.
Mouches, or Moiuchet, meaning flies,
was the nickname given to certain varieties
of Liards, or pieces of three Deniers, issued
in Avignon by Urban VIII (1623-1644).
They bore on one side the figures of three
bees which were mistaken for flies.
Mourisca. See Morisca.
Mousquetaire. A name given to the
billon coin of thirty Deniers, struck by
Louis XIV in 1710 and 1711 for Canada.
See Zay (p. 66).
Mouton, or Mouton d'Or. A larger
form of the Agnel (g.v.)- It is generally
attributed to Edward III of England
during his occupation of France (1337-
1356), but, as the title **King of France*'
and the English arms are absent from this
piece, a writer in the Numismatic Chron-
icle (1906, p. 274) has suggested that it
should be assigned to Edward, Duke of
Gueldres.
Moutonneaulx. Du Cange (iii. 189)
cites this as applying to a gold coin men-
tioned in an ordinance of 1422. It was
probably a variety of the preceding coin.
MozzL A class of coins mentioned by
Promis (ii. 12), as being current in Pied-
mont in 1335 and of the value of two to a
Grosso and a half.
Mu ChHeii« * * Mother coin, ' ' the Chinese
word for the coins made from the hand-
cut model, and which are sent to the vari-
ous mints to make the Yang Ch* ien or pat-
tern coins which are in turn used to make
the regular cast coins for circulation. For
the Japanese equivalents see Haha Sen
and Tane Sen.
Miickenpfemiig. A copper coin of
Brunswick-Liineburg, struck in 1696, which
has the figure of a fly on the reverse. See
Neumann (No. 7466).
Miickenthaler. See Wespenthaler.
Miiiize. A German word, meaning a
coin.
Miinsfiind. An expression used by Ger-
man numismatists in connection with dis-
coveries of coins, and the equivalent of the
French ''trouvaille" and the English term
''find."
Miinz Gulden. A gold coin of the Re-
public of Luzerne, issued from 1794 to
1796. It appears to have been struck only
in multiples of twelve and twenty-four,
and the reverse has the value abbreviated:
Mz.Gl.
Miinz Recht. A right to coin money
vested, with more or less reservation, in
many European rulers, ecclesiastics, prov-
inces, and cities.
[156]
Miinz-Zeichen
Myte
Miiiiz^Zeiclieii. The German. equivalent
for mint mark.
Miircheii. See Morchen.
Milter. See Myte.
Muettes. See Monnaies Muettes.
Muggerbee* See Gubber.
Miihr. See Mohur.
Miihr-Ashrafi. See Ashrafi.
Mutiii. A gold coin of Akbar, Emperor
of Hindustan, valued at nine Rupees. See
Sihansah.
Mule. A coin, token, or medal, made
by using two dies which were not originally
intended for each other.
The term was first generally used in the
latter part of the eighteenth century, and
it may have been adopted from the * * Token
Collectors^ Half-penny'* of 1796, the re-
verse of which represents an ass and a
mule saluting each other, with the inscrip-
tion, **Be assured, friend mule, you shall
never want my protection.*'
The German name for this class of coins
and medals is Zwittermiinzen, and speci-
mens exist dating from the early part of
the sixteenth century.
Mu-mon Gin Sen. The Japanese word
for non-inscribed silver Sen which was sup-
posed to have been made before the reg-
ular Japanese inscribed coinage. Another
name is Kwammon Gin Sen, or '* Flower
Badge Silver Sen.''
Mun, or Mon. The Korean name for
the Chinese Wen (q.v.). For further note
see Mon.
Murajola, or Muragliola, a diminutive
of Moraglia (g.v.)> a general term for all
coins of dark color probably due to impure
silver. As a coin it was first struck in
Bologna and Piacenza by Paul III in 1534,
of the respective values of two and four
Baiocci. It was imitated in Modena in
1542, and in Ferrara, Guastalla, and Cor-
reggio shortly afterward. In 1642 the
mint at Bologna struck the Murajola of a
value of one Bolognino.
As a Papal coin its value varied consid-
erably. Clement XI issued it equal to
eight Baiocci in 1717 for Bologna and
Ferrara ; Clement XII for sixteen Baiocci ;
Benedict XIV in 1747 for four Baiocci;
and Pius VI struck it at various mints
and of numerous values.
MothtarL A name given to the copper
forty Cash piece of Mysore, by Tipu Sul-
tan, in 1793. This coin had previously
been called Asmani (q.v.), and the change
of name was necessitated owing to Tipu
having given the names of the different
stars to his smaller copper coins.
Marsden (ii. 724) calls it Mashrabi. The
word Mushtari is the Arabic designation
for the planet Jupiter.
Mustoftke. A Russian copper coin re-
ferred to by Adam Olearius, in his Travels
of the Amhassadors, etc., 1636 (p. 97), and
of the value of one fourth of a Kopeck.
The term is also found written Mostoska.
Mote. A term applied to a coin when
the same is without any inscription and
can therefore only be identified by the de-
vices upon it. See Monnaies Muettes, and
Anepigraphic Coins.
Mutton Head Cent. The popular name
for one of the Connecticut Cents issued in
1787. It bears one of the largest heads
represented on coins of that State. See
Crosby (p. 215).
Muzuna. A small copper coin of Al-
giers, the twenty-fourth part of the Bud-
schu. It was discontinued about 1820, but
the half was retained longer.
In the Morocco coinage the copper Cent-
imo is also known as a Muzuna. The
latest coins have the value so expressed.
See Blanquillo.
Myddelton Token. A copper half
Penny dated 1796 for the British settle-
ment in Kentucky, and made payable by
P. P. P. Myddelton. It was of English
origin.
Mj^eL See Money.
Mjrshemfliecte (MuavjitUxTOv), or Hemi-
obol of gold. Specimens were struck at
Cumae and by Pixodaros, Satrap o£. Caria.
Mydbemitetarte (|JiuaiQ[i.tTeTapTV)), or the
Tritemorion of gold, equal to one and
a half Drachms or nine Obols of silver.
Specimens were coined at Athens but are
very rare.
Mjrte, sometimes called Mite and Miite
(plur. Myten, Miiter), and the diminutive
Miiterken. A billon coin of small value
current in Flanders and Brabant as early
as the fourteenth century and copied in
[156]
Myte
Germany and the Low Countries. The
etymology is probably from the Latin
minutia, as the name was indiscriminately
applied to coins of small value.
In Flanders, Louis de Male (1346-1384)
probably introduced it, and the Braband-
sche Mijt, as it was called, appeared under
Jean IV (1417-1427) and had a value of
one sixth of a Orote. A chronicle of Lemgo
states that "Miiter" were struck at that
place in 1497.
Myte
The myte occurs in the coinage of Arn-
hem before 1460; it was issued at Osna-
bruck under Bishop Konrad von Rietberg
(1482-1508), and at Lippe it had the value
of a double Pfennig in the time of Bern-
hard VII (1431-1511).
At a later period the name was applied
to billon coins struck at Munster, and in
1764 it was used to designate pieces of
three Pfennige which had been reduced to
one half of their original value. See Mite.
[157]
N
• •
ly also called Rupi and Punsad-
Dinar. A silver coin of Persia, which takes
its name from the Shah Nadir, who intro-
duced it in 1738. Its value was computed
at five hundred Dinars.
Napgen Heller, or Napfchen Heller* A
nickname given to counterfeit coins of very
inferior silver which appeared in Saxony
in the latter part of the seventeenth cen-
tury. The name was bestowed on account
of their concave or bowl-like form.
Nag-Tang. See Tang-Ea.
Nami Sen, or Wave Sen. A certain
form of the Japanese Kwanei Sen {q.v.)
with waves or curved lines on the back.
They are sometimes called Shi Mon Sen
or four Mon Sen, being valued at four of
the regular pieces. Various other coins
with waves on them were called Nami Sen,
such as one of the coins of Akita Province.
Nan Chien. The name given to the
Feng Huo Ch*ien issued by the Chinese
Emperor Wu Ti (A.D. 502-548) of the
Liang dynasty and to the Pu Ch'uan of
Wang Mang, because if worn by a woman
she would give birth to a son.
Napoleon. The popular name for the
twenty Franc gold coin, struck by Napo-
leon I, from 1805 to 1815.
Conf. also Masson, Napoleon et les
Femmes, 1894 (p. 103), where the piece
of forty Francs issued by the same em-
peror is called a double Napoleon.
Natch. A money of account used in
Arabia of the value of twenty Dirhems.
Nasfi. A copper coin of Dehli, intro-
duced by Muhammad III ibn Tughlaq,
about A.H. 730. The corresponding half
was known as Hashtkani, and the quarter
as Dokani. See Thomas, Chronicles (Nos.
204-206). The word means a half.
Naulum. The name given by the Greeks
to money put in the mouths of deceased
persons to insure their passage over the
river Styx.
r 158
Nashe, in Saffron Walden, 1596, says:
**I hearing the fellow so forlorne . . .
gaue him his Charons Naulum or ferry
three half pence."- See Juvenal (viii. 97),
and Aristophanes, Frogs (270).
Navicella, or Navesella. The common
name for the Papal Ducato, struck in
Rome, Ancona, etc., during the sixteenth
century, which bore on the reverse the
figure of St. Peter in a boat.
Navit. The popular name among the
Romans for the reverse of a coin. The or-
igin for this term is naturally to be sought
among the Republican issues where the
common reverse type to be found on the
bronze coins was the representation of a
ship's prow. Hence the expression caput
aut navis would correspond to our ** Heads
or tails."
Neat Gfld. See Black Mail.
Necessity Money. See Obsidional Coins.
Negenmeimeke. A silver coin of Bra-
bant issued in 1480-1481, and originally of
the value of nine Myten. By the Ordon-
nantie of February 4, 1520, its value was
reduced to six Myten and it was conse-
quently called Seskin or Sesken. It was
extensively copied in the Low Countries.
Mertens and Torfs, Oeschwdenis van
Antwerpen, 1847 (iii. 325) state that this
coin was employed extensively as alms for
mendicants.
Negotiepenning. A name given to the
gold ten Florin piece of William III, King
of the Netherlands (1849-1890). The
twenty and the five Florin coins of the
same ruler are correspondingly entitled
Dubbele and Halve Negotiepenning.
Nen. A silver ingot of a parallelopiped
form slightly curved with an average
length of 115 mill. ; a breadth of 28 mill.,
and a thickness of 17 mill., and which
should weigh about three hundred and
seventy-eight grammes. These were used
in Indo-China and Cambodia.
]
Bac
Nisfiah
Nen Bac. The name given to the Anna-
mese rectangular silver bars introduced
under the Emperor Ngaien-tschnng (1802-
1820). They are supposed to equal in
weight the native ounce, called Lu'ong, and
are consequently frequently referred to as
Lu'ong Bac. See Fonrobert (2097, 2105).
There is a half of similar shape.
Neptune's Car Penny. The popular
name for a copper Penny of Barbadoes,
issued in 1792, which bears a figure of
Neptune's car on the reverse. There is a
corresponding half Penny. See Atkins (p.
314).
Nesiaca Drachma, or SpoxpLY] vY](Ti(«>T(x^r
mentioned by Alexandrian writers, was a
silver coin struck by the ** Island League"
(xoivov wv vtjattOTOv), principally in Tenos
but also with other types, in the Islands
of Andros, Melos, Paros, Naxos, and oth-
ers. See Babelon, Trait e (vol. i. 501).
Nesle. See Gros de Nesle.
Nessfijeh. See Nisfiah.
Neugrotchen. See Silbergroschen.
New Beaver %]ns. See Hudson's Bay
Tokens.
Newby Coppers. See St. Patrick's
Money.
New England Shilling. This, with the
Sixpence and Threepence, were the earliest
coins issued by the Colony of Massachu-
setts. They are plain planchets of silver,
without date, legend, or inscription, and
bear on one side the figures of value and
on the other the letters N.E.
The shilling was made current, accord-
ing to the act establishing a mint, at two
Pence less than the corresponding English
coin.
For detailed descriptions conf, Crosby.
New Jersey Cents. A State issue in cop-
per from 1786 to 1788, inclusive, and all
bearing the inscription nova caesarea.
For details and varieties see Crosby.
Ngun Tawk. A name given to certain
rough silver pieces of the Lao States. See
As 'ek.
Niang. The old name for the Korean
Yang. It was the tenth of the Warn {q.v,).
There are pattern pieces having this spell-
ing.
Ni Bu. A Japanese term meaning two
Bu (g.v.).
Nichelino. The popular name in Italy
for the nickel coin of twenty Centesimi in-
troduced in 1894.
Nickel, when employed for coinage, is
generally mixed with copper. This alloy
was used by some of the Kings of Bactria
in the second century B.C.
The first national issue of a modern
nickel alloy coinage was made by Switzer-
land in 1850, the pieces being struck at
Strasburg. The United States introduced
a nickel Cent in 1856; Jamaica a nickel
Penny in 1870; and the German Empire
adopted a subsidiary nickel coinage in
1873.
The word is now colloquially used to
designate the five Cent piece of the United
States.
Nim-BistL See 'Bisti.
Ninepence. This denomination in Brit-
ish coinage occurs only as a part of the
lozenge shaped necessity money of Newark,
and also in the series of Inchquin money
issued in 1642.
The Newark coin is dated 1646 and
bears a crown with the letters C R at the
sides, and the value IX below.
The Ninepence in the Inchquin series
has nine annulets indicative of its value.
Nippence. An English dialect term for
Ninepence. Sarah Hewett, in The Peasant
Speech of Devon, 1892, has, **Eggs be
awnly nippence a dizen tu-day in tha mar-
ket."
Niquet. A variety of the double Tour-
nois issued by Charles VI of France (1380-
1422). The obverse exhibited three flours
de lis crowned, and the type was copied
with slight modifications in the Anglo-
Gallic series and in Burgundy as late as
the sixteenth century. See Hoffmann (34).
A gold coin of Hindustan, made
for the purpose of distribution **on the
occasion of great festivals, such as State
processions or at marriages, when they
were scattered amongst the crowd.*' They
are usually somewhat thinner than the cur-
rent coins. See Codrington (p. 120).
Nbfiahy or Nisfiyeh. A gold coin of the
Ottoman Empire, of the weight of about
twenty grains and the half of the Zer-
mahbub. The name is derived from nisf,
the half.
[ 159 ]
Nishka
Noble
In the Algiers currency it is the half of
the Sultany or Solthani.
Nishka. A gold coin of ancient India,
the quadruple Suvarna. Cunningham (p.
48) thinks that it may have been only an
ingot of gold of a fixed weight. No speci-
mens have thus far been found. See Pana.
Ni Shu. See Shu.
Nixun. See Sizinia.
Noailles. A variety of the Louis d'Or,
struck by Louis XV, which bears on the
reverse two shields of France and two of
Navarre, arranged in the form of a cross.
Nobilis Rotatiit. See Noble.
Noble. A gold coin of England first
issued in 1344 in the reign of Edward III,
being a successor to the Florin. Its orig-
inal value by proclamation was six Shil-
lings and eight Pence, and no one could
refuse to take them in sums of twenty
Shillings and upwards. At the same time
were issued half Nobles called Maille No-
bles and quarter Nobles called Ferling
Nobles, their value being in proportion.
The name of the coin is supposed to be
derived from the noble nature of the metal
of which it was composed, it having only
one half of a grain of alloy.
The prominent feature of the coin is the
great ship in which stands the King hold-
ing a sword and shield, from which cir-
cumstance the coins are sometimes referred
to as Ship Nobles. The ship may com-
memorate the naval victory which the Eng-
lish fleet, commanded by the King in per-
son, obtained over the French fleet at
Sluys, on Midsummer Day, 1340, and as
an old rhyme states :
"Foure things our noble sheweth unto me»
King, ship, and sword, and power of the sea."
The legend on the Noble was ihc avtem
TRANSIENS PER MEDIVM njLORVM IBAT, taken
from the Gospel of St. Luke (iv. 30), and
it was explained to mean that '*as Jesus
passed invisible and in most secret manner
by the middest of the Pharisees, so gold
was made by invisible and secret art
amidst the ignorant." A legend also states
that it was put upon the coins ** because
Ripley, the Alchymist, when he made gold
in the Tojver, the first time he found it,
spoke these words, 'per medium eorum/
i.e., per medium ignis et sulphuris.
yy
The large cross on the reverse has vari-
ous letters in the centre: E for Edward,
L for the London Mint, and one struck at
Calais has a C. Those of the succeeding
monarchs have B for Richard II, and H
for the Henries.
The original weight of the Noble was
one hundred and thirty-eight and six
thirteenths grains; in 1346 it was reduced
to one hundred and twenty-eight and
four sevenths grains, and in 1351 it was
further reduced to one hundred and
twenty grains, although retaining the same
nominal value of six Shillings and eight
Pence. Henry IV, in 1412, reduced the
weight to one hundred and eight grains,
and Edward IV in 1465 restored it to its
former weight of one hundred and twenty
grains. He raised its value to ten Shil-
lings, and to distinguish the new Nobles
from the old ones he stamped a rose on
each side of them, from which they re-
ceived the name of Rose Nobles, corrupted
into Royals or Ryals, a name borrowed
from the French. The white rose was the
badge of the King's family. See Ryal.
In the time of Henry VII a double Ryal
was struck, called a Sovereign {q.v.).
The Noble was copied in Burgundy and
by the Archdukes of Austria. It was also
closely imitated in the Low Countries un-
der the names of Gouden Nobel and Rose-
nobel (g.v.). In a proclamation by Robert
Dudley, Earl of Leicester, as Governor in
the Low Countries, mention is made of the
various unlawful coins then current, and
among them is Nohilis Rosatus, struck in
(Jorcum by the authority of Don Antonio,
of which one side is said to agree with the
English Noble.
Noble. A gold coin of Scotland, first
issued in the reign of David II (1329-
1371), and almost identical in type with
the contemporary English coin of the same
name. There appear to be no further is-
sues of Nobles until the second coinage of
James VI, when one was struck with the
date 1580, sometimes called the Bareheaded
Noble. In the fourth coinage of this mon-
arch occurs the Thistle Noble {q.v.).
The silver Noble of Scotland is more gen-
erally known as the Half Merk. It orig-
inally weighed one hundred and five grains
and first appeared in the second coinage
of James VI, with dates from 1572 to 1580,
[160]
Noble Angek
Novgorodka
and a half Noble or quarter Merk was is-
sued at the same time. The last appear-
ance of the Noble in Scottish coinage is
in the reign of Charles II, from 1664 to
1675, inclusive.
Noble Angeb. A name given to the
Angels in the time of Edward IV, because
their value, six Shillings and eight Pence,
corresponded with the previous value of
the Noble.
Nocfauu The name given to the coins of
Greece, on which there is the figure of an
owl, the emblem of Minerva or Pallas
Athene.
Noirs. A name given to the billon
Marques in the French Antilles and at
Cayenne, on account of their black color.
Nomisma, derived from vopio^, law, cus-
tom, becanie among the Greeks the generic
term for money. In late Roman and By-
zantine times it designated a gold coin.
Nomitiiuu The Greek name for the
Solidus.
Nomot (v6(jLog) law, custom, came to be
employed in the sense of a piece of money,
legal money, the synonym for vopLtorfjia. See
also Noummos.
Non Sunt. A name given to a Scotch
billon coin which was issued in 1558 and
1559. It is also known as a Twelvepenny
Plack.
The name is derived from the reverse
inscription, iam non svnt dvo sed vna
CARO, i.e., **They are no more twain but
one flesh,*' taken from St. Matthew (xix.
6), and which refers to the marriage of
Mary Stuart and Francis of France.
. Norkyn. See Halard.
Norman Penny. The name given to a
Denier of Richard I, and one of his Anglo-
Gallic coins. It bears on the reverse the
inscription rodvmdvco for rodomago, and
resembles the coins of Aleonor, queen of
Louis, King of France.
Northumberland Shilling. A name given
to a Shilling struck in 1763 for distribution
among the people, on the Earl of Northum-
berland *s public entry into Dublin as Lord
Lieutenant of Ireland. Only two thousand
were struck and the coin is consequently
rare. The designer is Richard Yeo.
Notf-Wokye. See Eesme.
Notdaler. See De Oortz Daler.
Notmiinzen. An expression used by
German numismatists to indicate obsidi-
onal coins.
Noumia, or Noummia (^oufifiiov). A
small Roman copper coin which appeared
about the reign of Julianus II (360-363)
and continued to the end of the Western
Empire. Its weight was ten grainy.
Noununot, the Dorian form of vopuog,
used in South Italy to designate the prin-
cipal silver coin issued in the many cities
of this district. The Noummos here cor-
responded in weight to the Corinthian
Stater or Attic Didrachm. The term Noum-
mos was also used to designate the silver
Litra {q.v.)y struck in the same locality.
See Babelon, Trait e (i. 450-453).
Nova Conttellatio. The common name
for a series of copper coins engraved by
Wyon, and made in Birmingham, England,
in 1783 and 1785, for use in America.
See Crosby.
Another series, of the same name, con-
sists of three silver coins, of the denomina-
tion of Mark, Quint, and Cent, which repre-
sent a plan of coinage, advocated January
15, 1782, by Robert Morris. These coins
are pattern or experimental pieces, and
were never adopted.
NoTcic (plural Novcica). A copper de-
nomination formerly current in Bosnia and
Montenegro and equal to the one hun-
dredth part of the Gulden or Florin.
When the Krone system was introduced
into Austria in 1892, this coin was super-
seded by the Heller.
NovtmOf or Novene. The name given to
a billon coin issued by Alfonso X of Cas-
tile (1252-1284), and his successors, and
struck at Burgos, Leon, Seville, etc. The
general type presents a lion rampant on
the obverse, and a fortress of three towers
on the reverse. It was discontinued in
the sixteenth century.
Novgorodka. The name given to the
Denga struck in Novgorod in the four-
teenth century, and valued at two Dengui
at Moskow. See Chaudoir (p. 116).
This is the money referred to by John
Hasse, in The Coines Weights and Meas-
ures, "iised in R'lissia, 1554, Hakluyt, Prin-
cipal Navigations, London, 1589 (p. 293),
as follows: **0f silver coines there be
these sortes of pieces. The least is a Pol-
[161]
Novini
Nsrudci Jimpo
denga, the second a Denga, the third a
Nowgrote, which is as much to say in Eng-
lish, a half penie, a penie, and two pence."
NovinL The name given to silver coins
of Savoy and Genoa of the value of nine
Danari, issued in the latter half of the
fifteenth century. See Rivisia Italiana di
Numismatica (vi. 368).
Nowgrotei See Novgorodka.
Nowt Geld. In Ine's Laws, circa 693,
a regulated sequence of fines is given, esti-
mated in the payment of cattle, and called
nowt-geld. But as the valuations here re-
corded were not subjected to subsequent
alteration, it is probable that the nowt-
geld was disused by the Anglo-Saxons soon
after Ine's time. In Scotland, however,
cattle payments continued to the reign of
David I (1124-1153).
NumisniA, the Latin form of the Greek
Nomisma {q.v.).
Numismata. A generic term for money.
Namini Cadoceati. The name given to
such varieties of the Roman Denarii as
bear a representation of the caduceus or
staff of Mercury.
Nimiini Cattrenses. The name given to
such coins as were issued by military com-
manders to pay their armies. Well known
examples are the gold coins of Rome, struck
by order of Sulla, Pompey, and Julius
Caesar, and a rare piece issued by Flami-
nius in Greece, about the period of the
Second Macedonian War, which bears his
name and portrait.
All of the military coinage was struck
outside of Rome.
Nummi Cavi. A name used by some
numismatic writers to designate the Brac-
teates {q.v.).
Nuniini GrossL See Dick Thaler.
Nuniini MiztL See Plated Coins.
Nuniini Plumbei. The general term for
leaden coins or tokens, but specially used
for those struck by the ancients.
Plautus, in his Trinummo, says: ''Cui
si capitis sit nummum credam plumheum.^'
Some writers apply the name to imitations
of the Denarii of the Consular and Im-
perial series.
Nummi ScyphatL See Concave Coins.
Nummi VitreL See Glass Coins.
Nummulariu^ A Roman money changer.
The term is found in English literature
in the Mir our of Saluacioun (58), written
circa 1450, to wit: **He ouerthrewe the
hordes & shedde the monee of the Numel-
ariens."
NummuSy also written Numut. In Latin
a generic term for money, and the name
applied to the chief current coin in any
system. See Sestertius and PoUis. Multi-
ples, e.g., Pentanummion, Decanummion,
etc., are frequently used in describing the
Byzantine coins.
The Nummi of Alba and Signia in Cen-
tral Italy, issued B.C. 303-268, correspond
to the As of about ten Roman ounces.
Nummus Aermit. A small copper coin
of late Roman times (see Noumia) ; prin-
cipally used as a generic term for a bronze
coin.
Nummus Argenteus. See Denarius.
Nummus Aureus* See Aureus.
Nummus Bracteatus. See Bracteates.
Nummus Centenimialis. See Follis and
Centenionalis.
Nummus Denlatus. See Serrated Coins.
Nummus Epularis. See Labay.
Nummus Incusus* See Bracteates.
Nummus Ratitus. A general name for
Roman coins which bear the figure of a
galley or the prow of a galley.
Nummus Realis. See Real.
Nummus Serratus. See Serrated Coins.
Nunciata. A corruption of Annunciata
(q.v.).
Nurlingy or Knurling. Another name for
the reeding on the edge of a coin.
Nusflik. A gold coin of the modern
Egyptian series of the value of fifty Pias-
tres. It was introduced A.H. 1255 or A.D.
1839.
The corresponding silver coin of the
value of ten Piastres is called Nusf. No-
back (p. 243) cites the Nusf as a gold
coin of Morocco of the value of half a Rial,
or six and three quarter Ukkias.
Nyueki Jimpo. See Jiu Ni Zene.
[162]
Oak Tree Cmnt
Obnrzum
o
Oak Tree Coins. An early silver issue
for the Colony of Massachusetts. The
series consists of Shillings, Sixpences, and
Threepences, dated 1652, and Twopence
dated 1662. See Pine Tree Coins. Conf.
Crosby.
O AshL The common Japanese name
for money. The word means ** Honorable
Foot."
Oban. The largest of the Japanese gold
coins. It is oval in shape but variable in
size, some specimens being six inches in
length, and weighing over five ounces.
The face of this coin is usually covered
with symmetrical lozenge shaped flutings,
and it is stamped at the ends and sides
with the Grovernment crest of the day,
namely, the Kiri flower and leaves. The
value, usually about ten Ryo, is painted in
Japanese ink on the face by the superin-
tendent of the mint.
The Oban came into use A.D. 1573-1592,
and was issued until about 1860. For the
many varieties conf, Munro (p. 188 et
seq,),
ObeliskoL See Iron Coins.
Oblongs. A nickname given by the
soldiers to the bills of the Bank of the
United States in allusion to their shape.
The term appears to have been common in
Ohio in the early part of the nineteenth
century. See Cist, Cincinnati in 1859
(Pt. i.).
Obol, Oboliis, or Obolot. Originally a
weight of ancient Greece, and later a silver
coin, the one sixth of the Drachm (g.v.).
The etymology of the name is uncertain,
but the generally accepted theory is that
it is derived from o^eXog, oPeXtjxog, i.e., a
spit, or skewer, the appellation given to
the earliest iron bar money which was made
in this form. The normal weight of the
Obol was 0.73 grammes, or 11.25 grains.
The multiples of the Obol consisted of
Pentobolon =: 5 Oboll.
Tetrobolon =4 "
Triobolon = 3
Dlobolon =2
Trihemiobolion =1%
The divisions of the Obol were the fol-
lowing :
Trltemorlon = ^ of the Obol.
Hemlobollon = % "
Trlhemltetartemorlon = % "
Tetartemorion . = % " "
Hemitetartemorion = % "
The last named coin was the same as
the Chalcus {q.v,). By Roman times the
Obol had degenerated into a bronze coin.
At Athens the Obol of gold was another
name for the gold Hemihecte {q.v,).
The Obol was the coin which it is said
was put in the mouth of deceased persons
to pay to Charon for their passage over
the Styx. See Naulum.
Obole. A name generally given to the
half Denier of the Middle Ages. The term
is applied to the earliest small coins of
the Oauls, and is also used to describe the
base silver pieces of the Merovingian and
Carlovingian dynasties. It was retained in
the Hungarian coinage until the sixteenth
century.
ObolinOy implying a small Obolo, is the
name given to a silver coin of Como, issued
by Loterio Rusca (1412-1416). It also oc-
curs in the coinage of Enrico III to Enrico
V of Milan (1039-1125), and Ludovico of
Savoy (1439-1465).
Obolo. See Grano.
Obolot. A name given to the five Lepta
piece of modem Greece.
The Ionian Islands, under British pro-
tection, 1834-1863, issued copper pieces of
one, two and one half, five, and ten Oboli
in 1819 and later, as well as a silver coin
of thirty Oboli. The one Obolos was also
known as Mikron and the silver coin as
Tripenon.
Obryxum, or Obnissum Aurum, is the
Latin term for pure gold. This expression
is signified on the gold Solidi after the
reign of Constantine the Great by the let-
ters OB or OBR usually found in the exergue
on the reverse.
[163]
Obsidional Coins
Oirtken
Obtidifmal Coins, or Siege PieceSt as
they are generally called, are stamped
pieces of metal struck during sieges or by
beleaguered cities, when the customary
money became scarce. They frequently
represent a fictitious value, and a promise
of redemption at some future time. The
subject cannot be treated here in detail,
but conf. Mailliet.
Obverse of a coin is the side which bears
the more important device or inscription;
the other side is called the reverse. In
the United States the side bearing the date
is called the obverse, irrespective of device.
On ancient coins the side bearing tl^e por-
trait of a ruler or the picture of a deity
is always the obverse. Some writers claim
that in classifying ancient coins the obverse
must always be regarded as the side which
received its impression from the lower die,
i.e., the die supported by the anvil.
Ochavo. A copper coin of Spain, the
half of the Quarto {q.v.). It dates from
the be^nning of the sixteenth century and
received its name from being valued at one
eighth of the Real: * It was also issued
during the French occupation of Barce-
lona and Catalonia (1808-1814). See Oc-
tavo.
Ochota. A Spanish copper coin struck
by Charles III pursuant to an ordinance of
May 5, 1772. Its value was two Quartos
or eight Maravedis.
Ochr el guerche* See Millieme.
Odachalk. A piece of eight Chalks
{q.v,). This multiple of the Chalk is not
specifically mentioned by ancient writers
but certain large bronze coins of Egypt,
from their weights, were probably of this
denomination.
Odadrachm, or 6xTadp(xx(i>ov, represent-
ing the multiple of eight Drachms (g.v.),
was a coin struck not regularly, but occa-
sionally in Thrace, Macedonia, and more
generally at Sidon in Phoenicia. The
Octadrachm of gold (also known by the
term Mnaieion, q.v,) was struck by the
Seleucid and Ptolemaic kings.
Octasy or Octussb. A multiple of eight
Asses after the first reduction. It is doubt-
ful, however, whether such a coin was actu-
ally struck, or whether it was only a money
of account.
Octavo. A copper coin of Mexico of the
value of one eighth of a Real, adopted
during the Revolution of 1812-1813, and
later copied by the state of Jalisco from
1828 to about 1862. See Ochavo.
Octobol (Gr. oxTcipoXov). The multiple
eight Obols {q,v,) and equal to one and
one third Drachms. No coins of this de-
nomination are known.
Octussb, or piece of eight Asses. Never
struck in bronze, but only in silver under
another and more common term : Quinarius
{q,v,) or half a Denarius (when this had
become equal to sixteen Asses).
Odelos (Gr. hlCkhq), A term for Obol
{q,v.)y sometimes found in Arcadia, Crete,
and also at Delphi and Megara.
Odoike (Gr. oBoXx-^, 68oXxat), Hesychius
says, was the name of the Obol {q.v.) in
Crete.
Oertchen. A diminutive of Ort {q.v.).
According to the monetary regulations
adopted by the district (**Kreisordnung")
of lower Saxony in 1568, its value was
established at two Pfennige. It is of fre-
quent occurrence in East Priesland and
was in use in a number of the German
States to the end of the seventeenth cen-
tury.
A similar coin, also called Oirtken, was
struck for Brabant in 1512 and later with
a value of twelve Myten. See Frey (No.
231).
Orterer. The popular name for the
quarter Gulden, established by the mone-
tary convention of Essling November 10,
1524.
OertIL The name given to a billon coin
issued at St. Gallen, Schwyz, and other
Swiss cantons during the seventeenth and
eighteenth centuries. They exist on both
round and square planchets, and were
equal to four Batzen.
Offering Pieces. A name given to cer-
tain coins of Alfred the Great, which are
considerably larger in size than the then
prevalent issue. Carlyon-Britton considers
that they were intended for Shillings. See
British Numismatic Journal (i. 5).
Ogata Sen. The Japanese name for
large specimens of their cast Sen.
Oirtken. See Oertchen.
[164]
Okelpenning
Oord
Okelpenning. A variety of Denier, the
precise etymology being unknown. In an
ordinance of 1314, Johann V, Margrave of
Brandenburg is authorized to coin certain
Deniers **qui vulgariter Okelpenninge vo-
cantur,^' -In Pommeranian archives of the
year 1325 they are called Denarii Augmen-
tabiles, and in Brandenburg at a somewhat
later period they are referred to as Kel-
penninge. See Kehlpfennig.
Oke Money. See Hock Money.
Oklda. See Ukkia.
Oktodrachmon* See Octodrachm.
Old Milk Penny. An English dialect
term used in West Yorkshire to indicate a
Penny of the eighteenth century which
was formerly added to the standard
weights to give a good weight.
OlotL See Sicca.
Oninibuset. See Polleten.
Onbeshlik. A silver coin of the Ottoman
Empire of the value of fifteen Paras. Its
weight is from sixty-five to one hundred
grains.
Onca. See Canello.
Oncetta. A Neapolitan gold coin of the
value of three Ducati, with multiples of
two, five, and ten. It was made pursuant
to the ordinance of April 20, 1818, double
in value to the Oncia of Palermo. See
Ducato.
Onda (Gr. o-ptta, ou-ptia). The Latin
Uncia, the small unit of the Siculo-Italian
Litra (g.v.), of which it was the twelfth
part. It was struck only in bronze, and
at many cities of Sicil}'^ and Southern Italy.
Onda. A gold coin of Sicily, notably
of Palermo. It was originally equal to the
Oncetta of Naples, as is indicated by the
value T 30, i.e., thirty Tari, on some of
these pieces dated 1793, etc. By the or-
dinance of April 20, 1818, it was reduced
to half the value of the Neapolitan coin.
See Ducato.
The Oncia of Malta was a silver coin in-
troduced early in the eighteenth century
and was equal to thirty Tari or two Scudi.
Ongaro. See Ungaro.
Onion Penny. An obsolete English dia-
lect term, formerly used principally in
Hampshire. The English Dialect Diction-
ary cites a manuscript glossary compiled
by W. Kennett, circa 1700, which reads:
**At Silchester they find great plenty of
Roman coins which they call Onion Pen-
nies, from one Onion whom they foolishly
fancy to have been a giant, and an inhab-
itant of this city.''
On-le-vault. The popular name for the
Denier Blanc of Cambrai, coined in 1347
by Jean Bougier of Arras, for Guido IV
of Ventadour, the Bishop of Cambrai. It
was valued at two Deniers Tournois. See
Blanchet (i. 462).
Onlik. A Turkish silver coin originally
of the value of ten Paras, but later slightly
reduced. See Rebia.
The issues for Egypt, introduced by
Soleiman I (AH. 926-974), were of cop-
per, and of the value of ten Aspers; this
was followed by a billon Onlik under
Mahmud II (A.H. 1223-1255) ; and finally,
under Abd-el-Medschid (A.H. 1255-1277),
the silver coins equal to ten Paras were
made.
In Tripoli the Onlik was a billon coin
of the value of one fourth of a Ghrush.
It does not seem to have been issued prior
to the reign of Abd-el-Hamid I (A.H. 1187-
1203).
Onza. A name given to the gold eight
Escudo piece of Spain and the Spanish
Colonies. See Dobla.
Oof. An English slang term for money,
and a corruption of ooftish, i.e., from the
German auf dem Tisch, meaning **on the
table.''
J. W. Pearce, in Modern Society (Jan-
uary 16, 1892), says: **Oof as a current
pseudonym for money has been in use for
about seven years, but ooftish, which also
is Whitechapel slang for coin of the realm,
has been in use in England over thirty
years."
Oordy or Double Duit. A base silver
coin, common to all the provinces of the
Low Countries, and of the value of one
fourth of a Stuiver.
There are many varieties. Those of
Gueldres, Zeeland, and Overysel have the
bust of Philip II on the obverse; those of
Holland a female seated figure; those of
Utrecht and West Friesland the arms of
the respective provinces, etc. * All of the
preceding types were struck in the latter
part of the sixteenth century.
[ 165 ]
Or
OtelU
The name of the coin is variously writ-
ten: Oord, Oordje, and Ortje.
Or, See Ore.
Ora. Buding (i. 114) states that this
was an Anglo-Saxon money of account, and
that the name is supposed to be derived
from the Anglo-Saxon word ore, i.e., ore
or metal. He adds that * * it seems to have
been brought into this island by the Danes,
at least the first mention of it occurs in
the league between Edward the Elder and
Guthrun the Danish monarch. The exact
date of this treaty does not appear, but
it must have been ratified between the
years 901 and 924. The Danes used this
term both as a denomination of money and
also as a weight. ' ' See Ore.
Ordensthaler, and Ordensdukaten. The
name given, to such coins on which are
representations of the insignia or badges
of the Orders of Knighthood, etc. Thus
on a Thaler of Frederick I of Prussia the
chain of the Order of the Black Eagle,
founded by him, is depicted; and on a
Crown of Christian V of Denmark the cross
of the Order of Danebrog is pictured.
ttrc. The name of this coin is probably
derived from eyrir, a Norse word meaning
a weight of an ounce, and Latinized ora
or flora. It was employed in Anglo-Saxon
and Scandinavian computation. Schmid,
Clavis Numismatica (i. 50), states that it
means the same as the Latin octans, or the
eighth part of the silver Mark.
It appears originally as a silver coin of
Sweden, in the middle of the fourteenth
century, but under the name of Ortug;
while the Ore with its double is found in
the early part of the sixteenth century.
The silver issues ceased about 1626, since
which time the Ore has been a copper coin.
Erik XIV issued square silver coins of
four, eight, and sixteen Ore from 1562 to
1567.
After the adoption of the Biksdaler the
latter was made the equivalent of one hun-
dred copper Ore, and this ratio was re-
tained when the Krone was established by
the monetary convention of 1875.
The Icelandic form is Aur.
Orichalcum. See Brass.
OmMmd Money. A series of silver
coins issued in 1643 under the superin-
tendence of James, Marquis of Ormond, the
Viceroy of Ireland.
They consist of seven denominations:
Crowns, Halfcrowns, Shillings, Sixpences,
Groats, Threepence and Halfgroats. See
British Numismatic Journal (ii. 341-348).
Ort. An abbreviation, for the sake of
convenience, of Ortsthaler, and used to
designate the one fourth Speciesthaler com-
mon to many of the Oerman States in the
seventeenth century and later. The cur-
tailed form must have been ofScially recog-
nized, as in the Swedish series, under
Christina, the Ryksort or Riksort occurs,
struck for Stettin, of the value of one quar-
ter Rixdaler, and in Brandenburg, (Jottin-
gen, Brunswick-Liineburg, etc., there is the
Keichsort, with divisions of halves and
quarters.
The one quarter Ort is also called Acht-
zehner, i.e., one eighteenth, as this coin was
equal to eighteen Pfennige or the one six-
teenth part of the Thaler of twenty-four
Groschen, or two hundred and eighty-eight
Pfennige. See Oord and Oertchen.
Ortelin. The name given to the quarter
Pfennig of Strasburg, struck in 1393. See
Blanchet (i. 494).
Ortje* See Oord.
Ortsthaler. A Thaler of small size, com-
mon to a number of the German States,
and popularly designated as Ort (g.v.).
Ortug. See Ore.
Orty. The plural of Ort (q.v.), used in
Poland to indicate the quarter Thaler.
Oscentet. See Denarius Oscensis.
Oselbu It was the custom in Venice at
the time of the Republic for the Doge to
make a present on New Year's Day to the
members of the Council, said present con-
sisting of birds (u^celli). This practice
was altered at the beginning of the six-
teenth century by substituting a memorial
coin of silver, which received the name
Osella from the original gift.
The earliest of these was struck by An-
tonio Grimani in 1522, and the custom was
continued, with few interruptions, until
1797. These historical medals usually bear
[166]
Odunany
Ox Si
the name of the Doge and the regnal year,
but otherwise they present a great variety
of designs and inscriptions.
There were occasional issues struck in
gold, the earliest being that of Alvise I,
Mocenigo, dated 1571, on the naval victory
at Lepanto. The Dogaressa also had the
privilege of coining Oselle in her own name.
Of the many varieties. the Osella di Mu-
rano bears a date instead of a regnal year.
These occur as early as 1711. See Schmid,
Clavis Numismatica (i. 13). Conf, also
Werdnig, Die Osellen oder Mum-Medaillen
der Repuhlik Venedig. Wien, 1889.
Othmany. See Akcheh.
OttaTetti, or OttavinL A type of silver
coins resembling the Luigini, and current
in Genoa during the seventeenth century.
They were valued at eight Soldi. An or-
dinance of 1667 refers to clipped or light
money and mentions the Ottavetti.
Ottavo. An Italian term, implying one
eighth of some accepted standard, e.g., the
Ottavo di Scudo di Tassarolo, issued by
Agostino Spinola in 1607.
Ottene. A billon coin of the value of
three Deniers, issued by Louis XI of
France (1461-1464), for Savona in Sar-
dinia.
Ottenpfennige. A name given to cer-
tain Deniers of the Middle Ages, so called
after Otto I, Emperor of Germany (936-
973), in whose reign they appear.
These coins have on one side a cross
with the inscription otto rex, and on the
reverse the name of the locality.
Ottino. A silver coin of eight Danari,
current in Milan during the fifteenth cen-
tury. It was another name for the Soldo
of twelve Danari, after the same had been
reduced in 1410 by the Conte di Virtu.
Otmlik. See Utuzlik.
Overstrike. This term is used by nu-
mismatists to describe a coin where a por-
tion of the design, and especially the date,
appears under another design or date.
Owb (Gr. rXauxe?). The familiar name
for the Athenian Tetradrachms, which bear
a figure of an owl on the reverse. See
Glaukes.
Oxford Crown. The name given to a
variety of the silver crown of Charles I,
dated 1644, and made by Thomas Rawlins,
while mintmaster at Oxford.
Behind the figure of the King on horse-
back holding a drawn sword, is ^hown a
view of the city of Oxford, in which some
of the chief buildings and fortifications are
delineated. See Exurgat Money.
Oxford Unite. When the civil war
broke out in England in 1642 the mint at
Shrewsbury was removed to the New Inn
Hall at Oxford, where gold pieces, consist-
ing of triple Unites, Unites, and double
Crowns, were struck.
All of these coins have on one side a
portrait of King Charles I, and bear on
the other a scroll with the words Religio
Protestans, Leges Angliae, lAbertas Parlia-
menti (abbreviated), referring to the
King's declaration, on September 19, 1642,
that he would ** preserve the Protestant re-
ligion, the known laws of the land, and
the just privileges and freedom of Parlia-
ment." The type upon which this inscrip-
tion occurs is, therefore, called the * * Declar-
ation Type.''
The other inscription, Exurgat Deus
dissipentur ininiici, is from Psalms (Ixviii.
1).
Ox
See Sheep Silver.
[167 1
Pacheia
p
Pacheia, Ila^eta ip<xx[Lr^, or ''Heavy
drachm,'* the term given by the Athenians
to the Aeginetan Drachm, which weighed
about two grammes more than their own.
This name has also been applied to Di-
drachms in contradistinction to the
Drachms.
Pada. Authorities differ as to whether
this is a weight or a coin. In the Mah&
Vagga, edited by Mr. Dickson in the Jour-
nal of the Royal Asiatic Society (1875),
occurs a liturgy used at the admission of
laymen to the Buddhist order of mendi-
cants, and he translates Pada as the quar-
ter of a Pagoda. Other writers recognize
it as a weight of small value. For a full
account of this subject, the reader is re-
ferred to the work by Rhys Davids (sec. 4) .
Padaka. A copper coin of Kaschmir of
the Gonerdiya and Gupta dynasties. See
Fonrobert (2396-2400).
Padens. See Badam.
Padifl^one. The Italian name for the
Pavilion d'Or (q.v,).
Padikay another name for the Tang-Ka,
a silver coin of ancient India. The word
means **one fourth,'' and is used. to in-
dicate the quarter of Karsha. See Pana.
Padma Tanka, or Lotus Coin. A name
given to a gold coin of Southern India,
concave in shape and averaging about fifty-
eight grains. Their peculiar form con-
nects them with the coinage of the Western
Chalukya dynasty of Kalyani, but their
date cannot be determined with accuracy,
though it is later than the sixth century.
The obverse shows a seven-petalled lotus
flower, and the reverse is blank.
Paduant. The general name for coun-
terfeits of ancient coins, especially the Ro-
man first bronzes; they were extensively
manufactured by Cavino and Bassiano of
Padua, about the middle of the sixteenth
century.
Pagoda* A name given to both a gold
and silver coin current in Madras, Chan-
dergerry, and many parts of Southern
India. For an extensive history of the
derivation of the term see Thurston (p.
11).
The Tamil name is Yar&ha, i.e., a boar,
due to the circumstance that some of the
older types had on the obverse the figure
of this animal. The Hindustani name of
the Pagoda is Hun, a word probably
derived from Honnu, the Eanarese name
for the half Pagoda. See Pana.
The modern Pagoda can be traced to the
early part of the seventeenth century and
among the more prominent varieties are
the Lakshmi, the Swami, the Star, and the
Porto Novo Pagoda, all of which are sepa-
rately referred to.
The divisions of the Pagoda are usually
computed as follows:
20 Kaa - 1 Fels.
4 Falus = 1 FaDam.
42 Fanams = 1 Paifoda.
**But," says Codrington (p. 121), "owing
to attempts made by orders to equalize
the currencies of the Presidencies, the rel-
ative value of the coins became altered,
and we have copper coins of Madras with
a variety of legends stating their value."
The French equivalent, Pagode, is ap-
plied to a gold coin struck in the reign
of Louis XV for Pondichery. See Zay
(p. 298).
The Dutch introduced the Pagoda at
Paliakate in the latter part of the seven-
teenth century, and rated it at one hun-
dred and twenty Sous. Tavernier, in his
Voyages, Paris, 1676, describes it.
Paiy or PhaL A Siamese copper coin,
the one thirty-second part of the Tical
(q.v.), and conf. Suka.
Paisa, or Paistah* A copper coin of
Hindustan, frequently referred to as Pice,
though Paisa is probably the older name.
It is found existing as far back as the
sixteenth century. The value varied, being
from forty to eighty to the Rupee.
[168]
PaU
Panterino
The minor coinage of Mysore, under
Tipu Sultan, is usually classified by this
name.
In Mombasa, Zanzibar, and German East
Africa, the Pais&, also called Pysa, has
been introduced since 1881. Conf. also
Baisa.
Pala. The name given to both a gold
and silver denomination of ancient India.
See Pana.
Palanca. The popular name given to
all coins of the value of one Soldo, in
Liguria, Tuscany, and Venice.
Pallades. Greek coins (particularly
those of Athens) with the head of Pallas
are thus referred to.
PaUadhnn. An attempt has been made
to utilize this rare element for medallic
purposes. A communication to the Revue
Beige de Numismatique, 1869 (p. 477),
states that Sir Thomas Graham, Comp-
troller of the English Mint, struck a medal
of palladium alloyed with gold, silver, or
nickel.
Palpa. Promis (ii. 34) cites this as a
coin of Milan referred to in an ordinance
of 1473 of the Duke of Savoy; Du Cange
finds **Palpas" in another monetary ordi-
nance of 1465.
Pana. An early copper coin of Ceylon.
It is referred to in works of the fifth cen-
tury and later, and is frequently alluded
to under the name of Kah&pana.
The English traveller, Robert Knox, who
was in Ceylon from 1659 to 1679, and
whose writings were published in 1681 by
order of the East India Company, states
that '*the King's proper coin is called a
pounam (panam) ; it is as small as a
spangle; 75 make a piece of eight, or a
Spanish Dollar. *' See also Rhys Davids
(sees. 14-18).
In the coinage of ancient India the Pana,
or Karshapana, as it is sometimes called,
was based on the weight of eighty rati
seeds, equivalent to one hundred and forty-
four grains, or nearly nine and a half
grammes. The name, like the Greek
Drachma, means a ** handful,'' and is
derived from pani, the hand. See Cun-
ningham (pp. 4-5, and 42-44).
The following table exhibits the names
and weights of the early Indian coins in
detail :
OoppiiR Coins
Eqalvalent Weight
In Rati in
Name Seeds or Grains.
Cowries.
Ardha-Kftklnl or one eighth Pana 10 18
KAkini or Vodrl, or one quarter Pana 20 36
Ardhapana. or one half Pana 40 72
Pana or K&rshftpaua 80 144
Dwi-pana, or two Panas 160 288
Silver Coins
Tang-ka, or PAdika, or one quarter
KArshA 8 14.4
Kona, or one half KArshA 16 28.8
KArshApana, Dharana, or Purana 32 67.6
SatamAna or Pala, or ten KArshfts 320
Gold Coins
Fanam, or one tenth Pagoda 6.28
liiada, or one quarter Pagoda 13.20
PratApa, or one half Pagoda 26.40
Pagoda, VarAha» or Hun 62.80
KArsha 67.60
Suvama 140-144
Nishka, Pala, SatamAna, or quadruple
Suvarna 660-576
Panam. Prom the Sanskrit pana,
wealth, and probably corrupted by Euro-
peans to Panam (q.v,). The name given
to certain Travancore gold coins. These
vary slightly in value and receive different
names, as —
Kali panam (Cullian Fanam) = 4 Chuckrams, 3
Kasus.
Chinna (little) panam = 5 Chuckrams.
NAma panam = 6 Chuckrams.
Vella panam = 6 Chuckrams, 12 Kasus.
VeerarAya panam = 7 Chuckrams.
Ananta vamen panam = 9 Chuckrams, 3 Kasus.
See Panam.
Panchia, or Panchio. A silver coin of
Cutch and Kathiawar of the value of five
Koris, or one and one quarter Rupees. It
is described in detail by Codrington, in
the Numismatic Chronicle, 1895 (Series iii.
XV. 59), who also cites a corresponding
half, called an Ardpanchio. See Kori.
Pandu. A silver coin of India and equal
to one fifth of a Rupee. See Sihansah.
Pan Liang. The name given to certain
of the ancient Chinese round coins from
the inscription on them, Pan Liang, or
Half Ounce. This style of coin was issued
during the Ch*in and Han dynasties, circa
B.C. 220-86. It originally was of good
weight, but gradually so deteriorated that
the coinage was abolished.
Pano. A former copper coin of Angola
and other Portuguese possessions. See
Equipaga.
Panterino. See Quattrino.
[169]
Papnying Tang-Ka
Pant
Pa-nying Tang-Ka. See Tang-Ea.
Pao. A Chinese word, meaning treasure.
The term is used in conjunction with Tung,
i.e., currency, on coins, forming two of the
usual four characters on the obverse. See
Ho.
Pao. The more recent Chinese word for
Ting in reference to the silver ingot or
shoe. It generally means the fifty Tael
piece. Another name is Yuan Pao, or
round ingot.
Paolino. Another name for the Scudo
d'Oro, struck by Pope Paul III in 1535,
and bearing the figure of St. Paul. It was
originally issued from the mint at Ancona,
then at Rome, and later at Camerino,
Bologna, Perugia, and Parma.
Paolo. An obsolete Papal silver coin
which obtained its name from Pope Paul
III, in whose reign it was originally issued
to replace the older Giulio (q.v.).
In the sixteenth century it was also
coined in the Duchy of Perrara, and later
by the Dukes of Tuscany, and in Modena.
Ten Paoli were equal to one Scudo, and
the Paolo of Tuscany was the fifth of a
silver Florin. Conf. also San Paolo and
Paul.
Paparini. A name given to coins issued
in the thirteenth century, which were made
for the exclusive use of the subjects of the
Popes. They were principally struck at
Viterbo and Montefiascone.
The term should not be confused with
the Moneta Papalis, which is used to desig-
nate coins struck at Rome and Avignon
at a later period. See Rivista Italiana
(xxii. 379, xxiii. 37).
Paparoni. The term given to certain
coins of the same value as Piccoli in an
ordinance of 1398 of the Archbishop of
Orvieto.
Paper. The earliest use of paper money
is probably the reference to be found in
the Travels of Marco Polo (ii. 18), who
states that it was extensively used in China.
Among the obsidional coins Mailliet
(Ixxi. Ixxii.) mentions various denomina-
tions from five to thirty Sols issued at
Leyden when besieged by the Spaniards in
1574, which are supposed to have been
made from the leaves of missals. See Sao.
Papetlo. A small Papal silver coin,
equal to one fifth of the Scudo. It ap-
pears to have been first issued under Ben-
edict XIV (1740-1750), and was continued
until the period of Pius IX.
Papineau. A nickname given by the
French-Canadians to the Pennies and half
Pennies issued by the Bank of Montreal,
City Bank, La Banqiie du Peuple, and the
Quebec Bank in 1837. Pierre Papineau
was the leader of the rebellion which oc-
curred in this year. The coins bear on one
side the figure of a native in winter cos-
tume. The value of this Penny was in-
creased one fifth by an order in the Coun-
cil, passed August 30, 1870, which estab-
lished a uniform currency of Dollars and
Cents, and converted its purchasing power
at two Cents. See Breton (521-522).
Papione. See P6pion.
Para. Originally a silver coin of the
Ottoman Empire, which came into exist-
ence about A.H. 1066, and eventually took
the place of the Akcheh (^.t;.), although
at first it had a value four times as great
as the latter coin.
The Para was made the fortieth part of
the Piastre or Ghrush, a value it has al-
ways retained. Some of the earlier issues
are rectangular in form.
The modern Para and its multiples are
of copper and nickel; it was instituted by
Abdul Medjid, A.H. 1260, i.e., in 1844.
Ten Paras are today roughly computed as
worth a Metallik.
Para. The name given to the smallest
copper coin of Servia, adopted in 1867
when that country followed the Latin
Union in its monetary system. One hun-
dred Para are equal to one Dinar. King
Milan issued pieces of five and ten Paras
in nickel in 1883 and later.
The Para of Montenegro has a somewhat
higher value, as it is the fractional part of
the Perper, which latter has the same value
as the Austrian Krone. Nickel and copper
coins respectively of ten and twenty Paras
in nickel, and one and two Paras in cop-
per, were struck for Montenegro at the
Paris mint in 1909.
Para. A copper coin of Russia issued
in 1771 and 1772 for Moldavia and Walla-
chia. The Para was equal to three Dengi
and the double Para to three Kopecks.
[170]
ParaH
Pataca
ParalL This was a subdivision of the
older Leu of Roumania. Twenty-eight
Parali were equal to one Leu, and on the
adoption of the decimal system they were
succeeded by the Bani.
PardaOy or Pardau. A silver coin
originally issued under John V (1706-
1750) for the Portuguese Indies, and
struck principally at Goa.
It was valued at half a Rupia and the
type represents a bust of the ruler on the
obverse and the Portuguese arms on the
reverse. Varieties occur with the figures
300 stamped on them to indicate their
value in Reis.
Pardaw. A former money of account at
Atjeh. See Mas.
Paritisy or Parisis d'Or. A gold coin of
Prance, originally struck by Philip VI of
Valois (1328-1350). Its name is based on
the fact that the Paris standard was one
fourth above that of Tours. It was re
tained in Prance to the end of the seven-
teenth century, but it gradually lost its
technical significance.
A Royal Parisis appeared in the reign
of Philip IV (1285-1314) ; this was of bil-
lon. The Denier Parisis was struck about
the same time, and of the same composition.
Parpagliola. A base silver coin of the
value of two and a half Soldi struck by the
Emperor Charles V for the Duchy of Milan
(1535-1556). Louis XII of Prance issued
it for Asti, and William II (1464-1483)
for Casale. At Correggio, under Gamillo
of Austria (1597-1606), it had a value of
three Soldi; it was struck at Montalcino
in Tuscany in 1556 and 1557, and at Mi-
randola and Siena about the same time.
See Rassegna Numismati^a (xi. 31-34).
All of the preceding are probably copied
from a Swiss coin, known as the Parpaiole,
which continued in use until the sixteenth
century. It was quite common in the can-
ton of Waadt, under Barthelemi Chuet,
Bishop of Lausanne (1469-1472).
Pamiccone. A nickname for the Quad-
rupla d'Oro of Charles III of Spain, issued
from 1761 to 1785. The word means a
wig, and the allusion is to the abundance
of hair and curls on the sovereign's head.
Partenope. The popular name for a sil-
ver coin of twelve Carlini, issued in Naples
in 1791 to commemorate the return of the
rulers, Perdinand and Caroline, from Ger-
many.
Parthenoiy meaning ' ' maidens. ' ' A name
given to the silver coins of Athens, from
the head of Pallas on the obverse.
PastiTy probably a corruption of the
Prench verb passer. A name given to
pieces of brass or copper resembling coins
which had a weight denomination stamped
on them and were used by banks, mer-
chants, etc., to determine whether a coin
was equal to the necessary weight standard.
A well known example is the brass liouis
d 'Or of 1772, stamped PASsm.
Kelly (p. 8) states that the name Passier
Dukaten was used in Germany to indicate
such Ducats as were deficient in weight or
fineness more than one sixth of a carat.
Pasteboard Coins. See Paper.
Pataca, or Patacao. A Portuguese sil-
ver coin of the value of three hundred and
twenty Reis, which appeared in the reign
of John IV (1640-1656) after the restora-
tion of the House of Braganza. There are
doubles and halves of corresponding values.
Teixeira de Aragao (p. 219) mentions
an edict of November 13, 1630, by which
the value of ,the Pataca was fixed at six
Tangas; this was evidently for the Portu-
guese colonies. This coin is the one re-
ferred to under the name of Patachine by
William Barret in his Book of Travels,
1684, who writes of Malacca:
** There is also a sort of silver mony
which they call Patachines and is worth 6
Tangas of good mony which is 360 reyes
and is stamped with two letters S T which
is St. Thomas on one side and the arms
of Portugall on the other.*'
In Brazil Meili catalogues specimens as
early as 1695 struck at Bahia, and 1700
struck at Pemambuco. The colonial issues
are frequently counterstamped with higher
or lower values. See Butaca.
Pataca. In the Neapolitan series this
name was applied to the half of the silver
Ducato (q.v.)y authorized by the ordinance
of April 20, 1818.
[171]
Pataca
Pattaoona
Pataca, or Patack. The Species Thaler
is so called in Abyssinia. See Wakea.
Pataca^ Chica and Pataca Gourda* For-
mer money of account in Algiers. The
first was reckoned at eight Mnzunas of
twenty-nine Aspers, or two hundred and
thirty- two Aspers; and the latter at three
times that amount.
Patacchinay also called Petacchnuu A
small silver coin of Genoa issued during
Republican rule in the fourteenth century
and in use until the period of the Sforza
dynasty. Specimens struck under the
French occupation (1396-1409) bear the
divided arms of France and Genoa, or
France and Savoy.
Pataccho. A silver coin of the Princi-
pality of Monaco, which appeared early in
the seventeenth century. Under Onorato
II pieces of four Patacchi were issued from
1640 to 1649; they have on the reverse
a cross, formed by four letters H, all
crowned.
Patachine. See Pataca.
Pataco (plural Patacoes). A copper
coin of Portugal, first issued by John III,
of a value of ten Reis, and intended as a
substitute for the small silver coins of the
same value. It was revived from about
1811 to 1833 with a value of forty Reis.
Patagon. The name given to the piece
of fifty Stuivers issued in various parts of
Brabant and the Low Countries during the
seventeenth century. The word, like Pie-
fort, means heavy.
Pataqiie. The largest of the silver coins
of the Ottoman Empire. See Yuzlik.
Patard. A silver coin of Flanders, Bra-
bant, Burgundy, etc., originally issued in
the latter part of the fifteenth century.
Its value fluctuated, although in the main
it was about equal to the Dutch Stuiver.
At Liege and Cambrai the Ecu d 'argent
was equal to thirty or thirty-two Patards.
The Daalder of the Low Countries was
valued at thirty-two Patards, and the gold
Florin at thirty-four.
Patard. A billon coin of France, struck
by Charles VI (1380-1422), and copied by
Charles VII and Louis XL The last
named ruler issued it for Perpignan, and
Louis XII for Provence and Milan. See
Hoffmann {passim).
Pataz. The Hungarian name for the
Groschel {q,v.), which was computed at
three fourths of the Kreuzer.
Pathemniinzen. A term used by Grer-
man numismatists for tokens presented at
baptisms by the god-parents or sponsors.
Patina. An oxidation produced by cer-
tain soils and moisture upon copper coins.
This oxidation takes a black, brown, red,
blue, or green color, according to the ma-
terials which have affected the surface of
the coins.
Pada. Another name for the gold Mo-
hur of Nepal, of the weight of half a Tola.
The word means **a thin coin." See Suka.
Padachte. The name given to cacao
beans which circulated as money among the
ancient Mexicans. See Sicca.
Patolquachtli. Bancroft, in Native
Races of the Pacific States of North Ameri-
ca, 1875 (ii. 381-382), states that among
the ancient Mexicans this name was used
for ** small pieces of cotton cloth used as
money in the purchase of articles of im-
mediate necessity or of little value."
Patricius Farthing. A copper coin of
Ireland, struck in 1463 by Germyn Lynch,
the warden of the mints at Dublin and
Trim.
The obverse has a bishop's head, with
the inscription patricivs, and the reverse
a cross pattee, with salvatoe.
Patrick. At a Parliament held at Drog-
heda, 1460, before Richard, Duke of York,
Lord Lieutenant, it was enacted that '*a
proper coin separate from the coin of Eng-
land was with more convenience agreed to
be had in Ireland," and among the pro-
posed coins was one ** having imprinted on
one part of it a crown, and on the other
part a cross, called a Patrick, of which
eight shall pass for one Denier.'* See
Ruding (i. 278).
This probably refers to a copper half
Farthing issued by Henry VI for Ireland,
which bears the inscription patrik.
Patriotenthaler. See Pelikanthaler.
Pattacona. A nickname given in Istria
to the Austro-Hungarian copper coin of
four Kreuzer which was abolished about
1890. It is probably a corruption of Pata-
gon {q,v.).
[172]
Patte d'oie
Pelavillano
Patte d'oie. A name given to a variety
of the Gros Blanc a la fleur de lis, issued
by John II of Prance (1350-1364). It has
the word franc in large letters horizontally
across the reverse. See Hoffmann (49, 50).
Pattern. A suggested design, which may
or may not be adopted. Pattern pieces are
those for which the dies have been designed
and cut for a proposed coinage. These
models are afterwards submitted to the
mint authorities for approval and have
been discarded by them for various rea-
sons.
PauL An obsolete English term for the
Paolo (q.v.).
Sterne, in Tristram Shandy (ix. 24),
says: **I paid five Pauls for two hard
eggs;" and James Russell Lowell in his
Journal in Italy remarks: **You give the
custode a paul for showing you the wolf
that suckled Romulus and Remus. '*
Paulah. A copper coin of Hindustan
and equal to one fourth of the D&m (g.v.)-
Paonchea, or Paunschih. A former
money of account of Bombay, etc., com-
puted at five Rupees. See Mohur.
PavalL Lewis Rice in the Mysore Gazet-
teer, 1877 (p. 8), states that a silver coin
of this name, and of the value of one quar-
ter Rupee, was in circulation in the above-
mentioned year.
Pavfllon d'Or. A gold coin of Prance,
issued by Philip VI of Valois (1328-1350).
It receives its name from the canopy or
tent under which the King is seated. It
was copied by Edward the Black Prince
in the Anglo-Gallic series, and struck at
Bordeaux.
Pax T3rpc. A designation employed to
classify English silver coins. The coins of
Harold II all have pax across the reverse,
which device was copied to some extent on
the pennies of William I. These have the
letters paxs (perhaps signifying pax sit),
in the angles of the cross.
Pc See Prak Pe.
Peack. A corruption of Wompompeeke,
a variety of Wampum. See Roanoake.
Peca. A Portuguese gold coin of six
thousand and four hundred Reis, or four
Escudos, introduced in 1750, and repre-
senting a reduced form of the Dobra
11
(g.v.). It circulated extensively in Brazil
and was struck at Rio and Bahia.
Pecco. See Bahar.
Pecunia. The Latin name for money,
derived from pecus, a flock of sheep or a
herd of cattle. This indicates that animals
were the earliest mediums of exchange.
See Homer, Iliad (vi. 235). In the third
century the word was used to define the
Roman copper money.
In the Domesday Book, issued circa
1086, the word is used for cattle almost
universally, and in a few instances it has
the meaning of possessions or personal
property.
Pecunia Major. See Majorina.
Pecuniola* Du Cange cites an ordinance
of 1600 in which this word is used as a
diminutive of Pecunia and is specially ap-
plied to copper coins.
Peerdeke. A base silver coin issued at
Nimegue, Zutphen, Zwolle, Groningen,
Roermond, etc., during the sixteenth cen-
tury. Its value varied slightly, being from
one half to one third of the Escalin or
Snaphaan. The name, like that of the
Cavallo {q,v,)y appears to be derived from
the figure of the running horse on the ob-
verse. See v.d. Chijs {passim).
Pegasi. A popular name for Greek
coins of Corinth, Syracuse, etc., bearing a
figure of Pegasus. They are also variously
known as Polos and Pullus. Conf, Greek
TCCdXoc.
Pegione. A silver coin of the Grosso
type of the Visconti, Dukes of Milan. It
appeared first in the reign of Galeazzo II
and Barnabo Visconti (1354-1378), and was
continued to the end of the fifteenth cen-
tury. The types show a figure of St. Am-
brosius, usually seated, with a. triple-
thonged whip in his hand. See Ambrosino.
The name is variously spelled Pegione,
Pigione, and.Piochione, and the etymology
is uncertain. It is of the value of one and
one half Soldi.
Pei. The Chinese name for the Cowrie
ig.v,),
Pelanor (HeXovop, HeXovoc;). The Greek
name for the iron bars long used as money
at Sparta and other places in ancient
Greece.
Pelavillano. See Poillevillain.
73]
Pelegrini
Penny Poize
PelegrinL See Foghetti.
Pelf, probably allied to pilfer, means
money or riches, but it often conveys the
idea of something ill-gotten or worthless.
It was in use as early as the beginning
of the sixteenth century, and Spenser, in
the Fairie Queene, 1590 (iii. ix. 4), has
the line, * * But all his mind is set on mucky
pelf/'
Pelhauciiiins. The name given to cer-
tain leaden jetons or tokens used for games
and issued during the second half of the
fourteenth century. They are described in
detail by Adrien Blanchet in the Proces-
verhaux de la Societe Frangaise de Numis-
matique, 1907 (xxxix.).
Pelikanthaler. The name given to a
Thaler struck by Henry Julius, Duke of
Brunswick-Liineburg in 1599. It bears on
the reverse the figure of a pelican feeding
its young, and the inscription pro ares et
Focis, i.e., **for home and hearth;" from
this it is also known as the Patriotenthaler.
For details, including the legend for-
merly current, that the pelican fed its off-
spring by tearing its own breast, conf.
Madai.
PelUcalatL See Plated Coins.
Pempobolon ( iccijliccd^oXov ) . Another
form of the word Pentobolon (q.v,),
Penabad. The half Kran in the coinage
of modern Persia. See Kran.
Pengar. The Swedish name for money
in general; it is derived from Penning,
Pfennig, etc.
Penge. A Danish word for money in
general.
PennL A copper coin of Finland, the
one hundredth part of the Markka. There
are multiples of five and ten Pennia.
Penning. The Dutch equivalent of
Pfennig (g.v.), and applied to the Denier.
There were special issues for Brabant and
the Low Countries called Penning van een
en een halven (one and one half) Groot;
Penning van Twee Grooten {i.e., Stuiver) ;
Penning van Drie Grooten (i.e., Mechelaar,
and later called Tweeblankspenning) ;
Penning van Ses (six) Grooten, etc.
Penny (plural. Pennies and Pence). An
English coin, the twelfth part of a Shil-
ling. It succeeded the Denarius or Denier
of the Anglo-Saxons since the eighth cen-
[174]
tury and from this circumstance probably
retained the abbreviation D or d.
Offa, King of Mercia (757-796) is the
first king to whom any silver Pennies can
be attributed with certainty; and from
this time this coin remained the basis until
the introduction of the Groat and half
Groat by Edward III. The type is almost
uniformly with a portrait on one side and
a long or short cross with pellets in the
angles on the reverse.
In 1257 Henry III struck a gold Penny,
which was first valued at twenty silver
Pennies and later at twenty-four; it
weighed forty-five and one quarter grains.
**This piece," says Ending, **was properly
a Ryal, and the first of the sort coined in
Europe: the petit Ryal of Philip le Bel
being much in imitation of it, and he was
the first King of France who coined Ry-
als.'' See Jaku.
The silver Pennies struck for Ireland
frequently have the bust of the King in
a triangle; those for Scotland were called
Sterlings (q.v.).
Thirds of Pennies are mentioned in the
laws of Aelfred (872-901), and the half
Pennies of Edward the Confessor may be
actually thirds of Pennies, as they weigh
from seven to nine grains.
The earliest specimen of an English cop-
per Penny is one dated 1601, which was
evidently intended for a pattern. The ob-
verse has a bust portrait of Elizabeth with
the words the. pledge. op. On the re-
verse is the royal monogram crowned, with
the date and the inscription a. penny.
The half Penny is not dated; it has the
royal monogram on one side and a rose
crowned on the other.
Montagu's work cites the long series of
copper Pennies and half Pence which sub-
sequently appeared, and the reader is re-
ferred to this book.
For many of the British colonies and
possessions Pennies and half Pence were
also struck, and for Southern Nigeria Pen-
nies in nickel and one tenth Pennies in
aluminium were issued, both perforated.
See Pfennig.
Penny Poize. An early English weight
standard used for discovering the lack of
proper weight in the coins. An ordinance
of the year 1205 states that ** there was
issued, from the mint office, a penny-poize,
Penny Yard Pence
Perkin Warbeck Groat
wanting one eighth of a penny, to be de-
livered to any one who would have it, to
be used until Easter in the next year."
Ruding (i. 211) states that about the
year 1331, **a curious kind of fraud was
devised by Salamon de Ripple, a monk of
the Abbey of St. Augustin in Canterbury,
and receiver of the tenth and fifteenth in
that diocese, as deputy for the abbot. He
framed a balance, which he called a penny
pise, and having selected twenty shillings
in old and heavy pennies, he weighed
against them the money which he received ;
by which means those who thought to pay
only twenty shillings were forced to pay
five shillings more, or three shillings and
fourpence at the least. At length a com-
plaint from the whole diocese was laid be-
fore the council, and the king gave order
for proper inquiry to be made; in conse-
quence of which the abbot was fined eighty
pounds, for the offence committed by his
deputy, and was obliged to refund what
had been unjustly taken, although it was
done without his knowledge.'*
Penny Yard Pence. Berry, Encyclo-
paedia Heraldica, 1828, states that certain
varieties of silver Pennies receive this
name, **from the place where they were
coined, which is supposed to have been at
Penny Yard Castle, near Ross, in Here-
fordshire. ' '
Pentadrachm. A Greek silver coin of
the value of five Drachms (q.v,). It was
rarely struck, though specimens issued by
the early kings of Macedonia are known.
A gold Pentadrachm was issued for Egypt
by Ptolemy I Soter (B.C. 323-284) and
Ptolemy II Philadelphus (B.C. 284-247).
Fentalitron, or five Litra (q.v.) piece,
was struck in silver at Agrigentum.
Pentanonunion. A name given to the
eighth part of the PoUis, consisting of five
Nummi.
Pentastater (icevTOcaTaTiQpo^) are men-
tioned by Pollux. They are the gold De-
cadrachms of Berenice of Egypt.
Pentechalkon. A Greek silver coin of
the value of five times the Chalcus, or five
eighths of the Obol (q.v.),
Pentecontadradun (xevTYixovTa^po^piov) ,
or fifty Drachm piece, is mentioned by
Pollux. There was a gold coin of this
value struck by Alexander the Oreat and
by several of the Ptolemaic sovereigns of
Egypt. It is better known to us by the
more common name of Distater {q.v.),
double Stater, or gold Tetradrachm.
Pentecontalitra. The Sicilian name for
the Decadrachm (q.v.). See also Litra.
Pentecostak. Ayliffe, Parergon, 1726
(p. 434), has the following: * * Pentecostals,
otherwise called Whitsun Farthings, were
Oblations made by the Parishioners to the
Parish Priest at the Feast of Pentecost."
At times they were contributed by in-
ferior churches or parishes to the principal
mother church.
Pentobolon. A piece of five Oboli. See
Obol. Specimens of this denomination in
silver were struck at Athens, and in bronzie
by the Ptolemies.
Pentoncion (xcvtcoy^^iov), Latin Quin-
cunx. A multiple of the Uncia {q.v.). It
was struck in silver at Agrigentum and
Leontini, in bronze, at Catania, Rhegium,
Camarina, and by the Mamertines in
Sicily.
Pepi<Mi. A billon coin of Castile and
Leon, issued by Ferdinand III and his
succ^sor, Alfonso X, during the thirteenth
century. It was struck at Burgos, Toledo,
and Cuenca. It is sometimes referred to
by the name of Papione.
Pepolea. The name given to coins
struck in Bologna in 1338 by the Signors
de Pepoli.
Pequenino. A copper coin, struck for
6oa and other Portuguese colonies; it is
of the value of half the Bazarucco or Leal.
Pereale. The popular name for the
Real, struck in Messina by Peter III of
Aragon (1282-1285).
PeregozL See Petragordin.
Peridn Warbeck GroaL In Ruding
(Suppl. Plate iii. No. 33) is given the rep-
resentation of a silver coin which is pre-
sumed to have been struck by the Duchess
of Burgundy for Perkin Warbeck, when
he set out to invade England in the year
1495. On what ground this appropriation
has been made, Ruding was never able to
discover. The coin bears date 1494, but
no evidence whatever of the mint where
it was struck, or the authority by which
it was coined exists. The very singular
legend on the reverse mani teckel phares
[175]
Permische Schillmg
Peston
•1494* may possibly have been intended as
a prophetic threat to Henry ; but this sup-
position is not warranted by any known
record, nor is this coin mentioned by any
historian of that period. The motto on
the obverse, domine salvvm pac reoem, is
taken from Psalms xx. 9, and th«t on the
reverse is the denunciation against Bel-
shazzar. See Daniel (v. 25). The date
appears to have been the chief, if not the
only reason for the appropriation. Wise
says, ^^ejus [nempe Warheck] gratia num-
mum sequent em in Burgundia cu^um fuisse
putant antiquariif propter epocam inscrip-
taniy" Num, Bodleian, Cat. (p. 241). If
it were really struck by order of the
Duchess of Burgundy, it might be expected
that the rose would have been made more
conspicuously prominent than it is upon
the coin, bearing in mind the fact that she
gave Perkin Warbeck the title of **the
White Rose of England.''
Permische Schilling. A silver denomi-
nation of Belgium under Austrian rule,
and valued at seven Stuivers. It was
struck pursuant to a monetary convention
of 1749.
Pemer. fife^ Bemer.
Perper. The gold standard of Monte-
negro, of the same value as the Austrian
Krone, and subdivided into one hundred
Paras. In 1910 the Vienna Royal Mint
struck gold coins of one hundred, twenty,
and ten Perpera pieces for Montenegro in
commemoration of the fiftieth year of the
reign of Prince Nicolas I.
Perpero. A silver coin of Byzantine
origin, current in Ragusa, Dalmatia. In
the thirteenth century it was a money of
account and equal to twelve Grossi; from
1683 to 1750, however, an actual coin of
this denomination was issued.
Peseta. The monetary unit of Spain,
replacing the Escudo in 1868 when the
Latin Union system was adopted. It is
divided into one hundred Centimos, and
there are multiples in gold of ten, twenty,
and twenty-five, and in silver of five Pese-
tas.
The etymology is from pezzo, a piece,
or portion, whence pezeta, a small piece.
This is borne out by the fact that it was
originally a part of the Peso; the latter
coin consisting of eight Reales, whereas
[
the Peseta was equal to two silver or four
copper Reales.
In the Peruvian coinage the Peseta is
a silver coin equal to the one fifth of a
Sol, but its value is little more than half
that of the Spanish unit. It is equal to
two Dineros, or twenty Centavos.
Peso. The Spanish equivalent for our
word Dollar; primarily it means a weight,
and by implication the weight of an ounce.
This designation is apparent when it is
considered that originally it was only a
silver bar, the value of which was deter-
mined by weighing.
As a silver coin of Spain it was issued
about the middle of the sixteenth century.
Its value, eight Reales, is frequently found
on the side of the armorial shield on the
reverse; thus, VIII or 8, and from this
circumstance arose the expressioil ** Piece
of Eight."
The Peso at times had a value of ten
Reales. By a decree of June 6, 1856, the
Paraguay government decided that the
Spanish Piastre should be reckoned equal
to ten Reales. See Graty, RepuMica de
Paraguay (p. 403). This refers to the
Peso, which is frequently termed a Piastre.
In Colombia the Peso of ten Reales was
introduced about 1850, an essay having ap-
peared in 1849, Ponrobert (8135) ; and in
Venezuela about 1863, Ponrobert (7953).
Of the obsidional Pesos there were issues
for Chile, Copiapo, Lima, Sombrerete, and
Zacatecas.
The Peso Duro is a somewhat larger
coin, and of a value of twenty Reales. It
was issued under Philip III (1598-1621)
by Joseph Napoleon from 1809 to 1812,
and by Isabella II in 1835 and 1836. See
Duro.
In the South American series and the
Philippines the Peso is divided into one
hundred Centavos. In Uruguay it is one
hundred Centesimos ; and the Peso of Pan-
ama is equal to one half Balboa (g.v.), or
fifty Centesimos.
The Peso Puerte of Venezuela is equal
to five Bolivares and is divided into one
hundred Centavos, and the Peso Maquina
of the same country equals four Bolivares
or eighty Centavos.
Pesson (iceffffov), the Greek name for
Tessera (g.v.)-
176]
Pest Thaler
Petrus Schilling
Pett Thaler. This, strictly speaking, is
not a coin but a commemorative medal is-
sued when a pestilence or plague ravaged
a district, or immediately thereafter. There
are well known specimens for Breslau,
Hamburg, Erfurt, etc., the majority of
which were struck in the sixteenth century.
Petacchina* See Patacehina.
Petalon (iceTaXov), the Greek name for
Flan iq.v,).
Peter. The name given to both a gold
and a silver coin of the Low Countries,
which obtains its title from the prominent
ef&gy of St. Peter on the obverse. The
Gouden Peter, or Pierre d'or, first ap-
peared under Jan III of Brabant (1312-
1355). It was twenty-three and one half
carats fine and of half the value of the
Rozenobel {q.v.). The Zilveren Peter, or
Pi^tre d 'argent, was a silver coin issued
contemporaneously with the preceding,
and copied by Jan V von Arkel, Bishop
of LiSge (1364-1378).
Petermamicheny also called Petermen-
ger, were small base silver coins which
bore on the obverse a bust of St. Peter in
the clouds, holding a key in his right hand.
They were struck at Trier as early as
1621 and had a value of nine Pfennige.
Their issue appears to have been discon-
tinued early in the eighteenth century.
Peter's Pence. The name given to a
tribute which was collected for the Roman
pontiflP in reverence of the memory of St.
Peter. The payment was abolished in
England in 1366, but not entirely sup-
pressed, as Fabian in his Chronicle {temp,
Edward IV) states that in some counties
of England it was still collected. It was
finally stopped by a statute of Henry VIII
in 1533.
Certain small coins of Poland and Sile-
sia, probably coined for paying this offer-
ing, have received the name of Peters-
pfennige.
The semi-ecclesiastical Pennies struck for
St. Peter, at York, about A.D. 920 to 940,
are commonly though incorrectly called
Peter's Pence.
Selden, History of Tithes (217), states
that the Anglo-Saxon term Almesfeoh or
Almsfeoh, i.e., alms-money, is supposed to
be the same as Peter's Pence. It was like-
wise called Romefeoh and Romescot.
Petit Blanqiie. See Blanc.
Petit Dauphin. See Dauphin.
Petition Crown. In the year 1663 the
celebrated Simon Petition Crown was pro-
duced. It arose out of a trial of skill be-
tween Thomas Simon, who held the office
of engraver to the mint since 1646, and
John Roettier, a Flemish engraver, who
was brought over under the patronage of
Charles II. Both made pattern pieces for
a new coinage to be introduced, but Roet-
tier 's work was accepted and he received
orders to prepare the dies. Simon ex-
pressed his displeasure at the verdict and
was deprived of his office by the King.
The artists' petition is on the edge of
the pattern-piece and reads: THOMAS
SIMON MOST . HVMBLY . PRAYS YOVE .
MAJESTY TO COMPARE THIS . HIS . TRYAIiL
. PIECE . WITH . THE . DVTCH . AND . IP . MORE
. TRVLY . DRAWN . & . EMBOSS 'd . MORE .
GRACE : PVLLY . ORDERED . AND . MORE . AC-
CVRATELY . ENGRAVEN . TO . RELEIVE . HIM.
About twenty of these pieces were struck
off with the petition, and a small number
without. See Reddite Crown.
Petit Royal d'Or. See Royal d'Or.
Petit Toumob. See Gros Tournois.
A silver coin of Piedmont, in-
troduced in 1799 with a value of seventeen
Kreuzer. See Promis (ii. 192). The name
was also applied tg the piece of fifteen
Carantani of Venice. The latter coin has
the numerals XV in the exergue.
Petragordiny Pierregordiny or PeregozL
The name by which the Denier of the
Counts of Perigord is referred to in Me-
diseval ordinances. The best known type
is that of Angoul^me. See Blanchet (i.
288). A document of the year 1305 states
that two Florentines agreed to supply to
the Count of Perigord twenty thousand
Marques of a white money known as Pierre-
gordins by July 25 of that year.
Petrot. Du Cange cites a chronicle of
1456 in which are mentioned Petros auri,
meaning the gold coins of the Counts of
Hainaut bearing the eflBgy of St. Peter.
Petrus Schilling. The common name for
a silver coin struck by Hermann V of
Wied, Archbishop of Cologne (1515-1546),
which bears a figure of St. Peter.
[177]
Pettine
PhQippi
Pettiney meaning a comb, is the name
used in Lombardy for such coins of Napo-
leon I as have a radiated crown on the
reverse, said crown being supposed to re-
semble a comb.
Pewter. See Tin.
A slang French term for a Peso.
The name given to a variety of
Scudo struck by the Medici family at Leg-
horn. It appears to have been first issued
by Ferdinando II about 1660, and was
retained by Cosmo III and Giovanni Gas-
tone. It is usually known as the Pezza
della Rosa from the figure of a rose-bush
on one side. There is a corresponding half.
A gold type, struck in Florence in 1716,
is known as the Pezza d'oro della Rosa;
and the double Zecchino of this series is
popularly called Rosina.
Pezzetta. A billon coin of Monaco, is-
sued from the period of Onorato II (1640-
1662) to the middle of the eighteenth cen-
tury. It corresponds to the Piecette (q.v).
There is also a mezza Pezzetta.
Pezzetta Imperiale. A silver coin of
Guastalla, issued in 1736, and equal to
twelve Carantani.
Pfaffenfeind Thaler, also called Gottes-
freund Thaler. A silver coin issued by
Christian of Brunswick, Bishop of Halber-
stadt, in 1622, with the inscription gottes/
prevndt/der ppafpen/feindt, and on the
reverse the figure of an arm emerging from
the clouds and holding a sword. These
coins wei*e struck at Lippstadt from silver
taken from the shrine of St. Liborius in
the cathedral at Paderbom.
Pfaffen Pfennige. The name given to
such varieties of Bracteates (g.v.) as were
struck by religious denominations or at
ecclesi&stical mints.
Pfauenthaler. A silver coin of crown
size issued under Maximilian II, in 1563,
upon his coronation as Emperor of Hun-
gary. It obtains its name from the figure
of a peacock on the reverse.
Pfennig. The etymology of the word is
unsettled. Some authorities claim it is
from the Keltic word pen, a head. Conf.
Teston, Kopfstiick, etc. Others derive it
from the Old High German, phantinc, or
phentinc, meaning a pledge, and a third
etymology is suggested from pfanne, a pan,
due to the saucer shape of some of the
bracteates.
The word was formerly frequently writ-
ten Pfenning, and the plural at this day
is Pfennig, or Pfennige, both forms being
used. In all German archives of the
Middle Ages the Denarius is translated by
this word. In 1271 mention is made of
den<irii qxii dicuntur Hantpennige, and in
1223 the Council of Quedlinburg men-
tions a payment of talentum Quedlinghe-
burgensium denariorum quod vulgariter
Vischepennige dicitur.
Originally two hundred and forty of
these coins were computed at the Mark of
fine silver. In course of time, however,
they were not only made of lighter weight,
but a certain proportion of base metal was
added to their composition. The copper
Pfennig was introduced in Westphalia in
the sixteenth century and was soon copied
throughout central Europe. At the pres-
ent time the Pfennig is equal to the one
hundredth part of the Mark. The Gterman
Empire now issues one and two Pfennige
in copper, and five, ten, and twenty-five
Pfennige in nickel.
Pfimdner, or Zwolfer. A silver Grosch-
en of the value of twelve Kreuzer, struck
by Ferdinand I (1521-1564) for Tyrol,
Carinthia, and Styria. It was copied by
William de Bronckhorst of Batenbourg,
(1556-1573), and by Michael Apafi for
Transylvania.
PhaL See Pai.
Phan. The Annamese name for the Chi-
nese Fen (g.v.). It is a weight and so
intended when used on the coins.
Phenyng. See Halard.
Phetang. The name given in India to
a bag of gold dust which is current for
eight Rupees. Cunningham (p. 7) thinks
that the name is **a survival of the Rig
Veda name of Pindan, or collected quan-
tities of gold dust.*' See Suvarna.
A popular name for the Ecu
of Louis Philippe of France.
PhilippeioL See Philippi.
PhHippi (<E>tX{icxeioi). Gold coins of
Macedonia, which derive their name from
having been issued by Philip, the father
of Alexander the Great.
[178]
Philippus
Piastre
They are frequently mentioned by an-
cient writers, and Livy relates (Lib. xliv.
c. 15) that in the year of Rome 583 (B.C.
169) ambassadors from Pamphylia brought
an offering of a crown of gold for the tem-
ple of Jupiter, wrought from twenty thou-
sand Philippi. Later this term came to be
applied to Roman Imperial coins as well.
Philippiu. A type of the gold Florin
struck by Philip the Good (1430-1467) for
Brabant. This coin was issued in 1435 and
must not be confused with the Filips Gul-
den, a later gold coin (q.v,).
The Philippus was of the Rijder type
with a figure of the Duke on horseback.
See v.d. Chijs (p. 150).
Philippus Daalder, also called Filips-
daalder. A silver coin of crown size
struck by Philip II of Spain for Brabant,
Flanders, and the various provinces of the
Low Countries. It received its name from
the large bust of the king on the obverse,
and appeared about 1557, but the type
was retained for many years, even after
the Netherlands had become independent
of Spain.
Originally it was issued at the value of
one half of the gold Reaal, or thirty Stui-
vers ; later many divisions were made, con-
sisting of one half, one fifth, one tenth,
one twentieth, and one fortieth.
This coin is sometimes referred to as the
Ducaton {q,v.).
Philistideion (^cXuTtSeiov voiAKTpia), men-
tioned by Hesychius, refers undoubtedly
to the handsome sixteen Litra silver coins
of Iliero II of Syracuse, bearing the por-
trait of his queen Philistis.
Phocaides (^coxai^e^, 9(i>y.a'(y.o( jTOCT^pe^,
9(dxai$e^ exTOti, xpy^'o^ ftoxa'txov), was the
name by which the electrum Staters and
Hectes of Phocaea were generally known
to the ancients. They are frequently men-
tioned in inscriptions and in these in-
stances we probably must also include the
Hectes of Mytilene which were sufficiently
similar to those of Phocaea to allow them
to be classed as one with the former.
Phoenix, called by the Italians Fenice.
The popular name for the Oncia d'Oro
struck at Palermo in 1735, by Carlo III
Borbone. This coin has on the reverse the
figure of the Phoenix rising from the
flames, and the inscription besurgit. The
name is also given to a silver coin of the
value of thirty Tari, issued in Palermo by
Ferdinand III (1759-1825).
Phoenix. A silver coin of the Greek
Republic under Capo d'Istria, adopted in
1821 and superseded by the Drachma in
1833. It is divided into one hundred
Lepta, and its original value was one
eighth of the Spanish silver Dollar.
It obtains its name from the figure of
the fabled bird Phoenix, which is promi-
nent on one side of the coin.
Phoka Dam. See Dam and Suka.
Phokikoi, (j'zot'zripzq 9(i>x,ey.oi, of Athenian
inscriptions, were undoubtedly the very
common triobols of Phocis.
PhoUis ((?6XXt<;). See FoUis.
PhulL See Abbasi, and Pul.
Phiioc. A silver coin of Annam, issued
under the Emperor Thieu-tri (1842-1847).
It corresponds in value to ten Quan or five
Piastres. See Fonrobert (2127).
1. A Chinese word, the equivalent for
commodities and for which individuals
readily exchange their products and ser-
vices.
The word also applies to a coin round in
shape, and many of the modern Chinese
pieces are thus inscribed with an ad-
ditional qualifying word, such as copper
or silver, for a copper or silver coin.
Primitive rings and amulets and a cer-
tain form of jade bore this name. Pi was
also a term given to the early round coins
when the field is also the width of the
central hole. See Huan and Yuan.
Pi is used in conjunction with other
words as follows: Ch*ien Pi or T*ung Pi
means copper money ; Chin Pi, gold money ;
and Chih Pi, paper money.
Pi. The native name for the Siamese
Porcelain Tokens {q.v.).
PianettOy or Planetto. The Denier of
Brescia issued in the fourteenth century
is so called on account of its very flat ap-
pearance.
Piastre. The Turkish unit of value,
equal to forty Para, and the one hundredth
part of the Lira or Pound Turkish. It is
sometimes known as the Bir-ghrush. In
Egypt the same system prevails, but the
value of the Egyptian Piastre is slightly
higher than that of Turkey, and it is di-
[179]
Piastre
Pice
vided also into forty Para or ten Ochr-el-
guerches, also called Milliemes.
The Piastre of Cyprus was introduced
in 1901, when, for the English Florin,
Shilling, Sixpence, and Threepence, silver
pieces of eighteen, nine, four and one half,
and three Piastres were substituted. In
the reign of Edward VII only the quarter
Piastre was struck.
The etymology of the name can probably
be traced to the Italian word Piastra,
meaning originally a thin plate of metal.
Another derivation is from the pillars, i.e.,
pilastres, which are found on the Spanish
coins bearing this 'name. See Ghrush and
Guerche.
Piastre, or Piastra* Originally a Span-
ish silver coin of the value of eight Reales,
introduced at the beginning of the six-
teenth century, and intended for trade
with the Orient and the Spanish colonies.
See Peso.
Charles III of Bourbon issued the Pias-
tra of one hundred and twenty Grani for
Naples from 1735 to the end of his reign,
and with it a corresponding half Piastra.
These coins were continued in the Neapoli-
tan series to the year 1860. In the Re-
pubblica Partenopea of 1799 the Piastre
had a value of twelve Carlini.
In the Florentine series the Medici fam-
ily struck the Piastra in both gold and
silver. One variety, called the Piastra
della Rosa, issued by Cosmo III, receives
its name from the bunch of roses on the
reverse. See Rial.
The name is supposed to be derived from
the Italian piastro, a plaster. John Florio,
in his Worlde of Words, 1598, has : * * Pias-
tra d'Argento, a coine or plate of silver
used in Spaine.'' Blount, Olossograpkia,
1674, says: ** Piastre, a coyn in Italy,
about the value of our crown. ' ' See Chal-
mers (p. 390).
Piastre de Commerce. The name given
to the Dollar size silver coins struck for
French Indo-China, beginning about 1884.
Piastre Gourda. A monetary denomina-
tion of the French and Spanish West In-
dies. It is usually found with a new value
stamped on the Mexican Piastres or Dol-
lars, or with a heart-shaped * ' bit ' ' cut from
the same coins. See Gourde.
Piastrino. Another name for the Car-
lino of Ferdinand II Medici, struck at
Florence in 1665.
Piatak. A Russian copper coin of the
value of five Kopecks, issued in 1758 and
later for Siberia. They occur with the
mint marks of Anninsk, Ekaterinburg, and
Kolywan.
Piataltininck. Another name for the
Russian coin of fifteen Kopecks.
A copper coin of Turin,
struck originally about 1755 for use in
Sardinia, and of the value of one twelfth
Soldo.
Picajrune. A popular name in the
Southern States and the Mississippi val-
ley for the Spanish Medio or half Real.
It was originally valued at six and a quar-
ter Cents, but at a later period the same
designation was applied to the half Dime
and the five Cent piece.
Picchione. See Pegione.
' Picdolino. A diminutive of Piccolo.
The term was used in Florence and Rome,
and the coin is mentioned in an ordinance
of the Papal mint as early as 1454.
Piccioloy or Piccolo. The name given
to a small copper coin current in Malta
and the two Sicilies from the middle of
the sixteenth century. Its value was one
sixth of a Grano.
In the coinage of Verona it is found as
early as the period of Michele Steno (1400-
1413), and in the Venetian series from
Doge Sebastian Ziani (1172-1178). These
early varieties are rude coins of the De-
nier type with a cross on both obverse and
reverse.
This coin is mentioned in the an-
nals of Bombay as early as the middle of
the seventeenth century, and while its
value varied to some extent, it was gen-
erally accepted as equal to the fourth part
of a Fanam. Specimens of Pice, as well
as halves and doubles, exist in both copper
and lead.
In 1835 an Act was passed in the Presi-
dency of Bengal making the Pice legal
tender for one sixty-fourth of the East
India Company Rupee. The copper Pice
of today retains this ratio and is divided
into three Pies.
[180]
iCh'an
Piefort
Among the varieties of the Pice for-
merly current in the Deccan and other
parts of Hindustan, two of the principal
ones were known as the Seorai, equal to
one sixty-fourth of the Chandor Rupee,
and the Jamodi or Siahi, equivalent to
one fifty-sixth of a British Rupee. See
Paisa.
The Oazetteer of Aurungabad, 1884,
cites the following in reference to the coins
of the Deccan:
**The copper coins that prevailed were
the Seorai, Jamodi, Dhabbu, and Siahi.
The Seorai-pice weighed lli/^ mashas,
equal to 172^^ grains troy, and 16 gaudas
of them, viz. 64, were given in exchange
for a Chandor Rupee. The Jamodi, or
Siahi-pices, were exchanged at the rate
of 14 gaudas, viz, 56, for a Surti or
British Rupee. The Dhabbu weighed 18
mashas, equal to 270 grains troy, and was
exchange at 8 gaudas, viz. 32, for a Chan-
dor Rupee. The Siahi and Dhabbu are
still sparingly current."
Pi Ch'an. One of the Chinese names for
the Spade Money (q.v,),
PichL See Pitje.
Picta» or Pictata. See Pite.
Pictavina. See Poitevin.
Picture Sen. See E Sen.
Picoreddu. The popular name for the
silver coin of twenty Qrani issued by
Charles II (1665-1700) for Naples and
Sicily. The word is a corruption of pecor-
ella, i.e., a young sheep, and the allusion
is to the Order of the Golden Fleece, which
is upon the coin. The name was retained
at a later period for all coins of this type.
Pie (plural Pies). A copper coin of
India, which must not be confused with
the Pice, of which it is the one third part.
An Act of 1835 passed in Bengal or-
dained that the Pie should be equal to
the twelfth part of an Anna, or the 192d
part of a Rupee. This relationship still
exists. See Paisa.
Piece. A piece of money ; a coin. Mory-
son, in his Itinerary, 1617 (i. 289), says
**They coyne any peece of which they can
make gayne.*'
Piece de Fantaisie. The name given to
any coin of an unauthorized character
which is struck for political, religious, or
other purposes. Consult on this subject
Stroehlin, Refrappes et Falsifications, Ge-
neva, 1893.
Piece de Plaisir. A name given to any
coin of which only a limited number are
struck, or of which some specimens are
struck in a different metal from the ordi-
nary type. They are found frequently in
the French coinage from the reign of Louis
XIV. See Hoffmann (passim).
Piece of Eight. The name given to the
Spanish silver coin of eight Reales and
the predecessor of the silver Dollar of the
United States. It was extensively coined
in all of the Spanish mints of North and
South America, and in the seventeenth
century it usually was current for four
Shillings and Sixpence. For extensive
notes on the practice of cutting it see
Wood (p. 4 et seq.), and conf. also Peso
(supra). See Chalmers (passim).
Pieces of SOver. This term occurs sev-
eral times in the New Testament. In St.
Matthew (xxvi. 15, xxvii. 3, 9) the original
reads TpcaxovTOt apYupta, and the coins are
usually identified as tetradrachms of An-
tioch or Tyre prior to A.D. 34.
The quotation from St. Luke (xv. 8) is
9pax[J<ce^ $exa in the original, and the coin
found in the mouth of the fish, St. Matthew
(xvii. 27), is a Stater.
Piecette* A billon coin of the cantons
of Freiburg and Neuchatel, in Switzerland,
of a value of seven Kreuzer. It was issued
from about 1780 to the end of the century.
See Pezzetta. Multiples as high as fifty-six
Kreuzer were struck.
The original meaning is any fractional
part, and it must have been used in this
sense in England, as Cotgrave, in his Dic-
tionarie, 1611, has **Piecette, a shred, bit,
morsell, a small parcell, or peece.'*
Pied-Guailloux. The name given to a
variety of Liard, struck by Henri IV of
Prance (1589-1610). The obverse has a
crown between three lilies, and on the re-
verse is a hollow cross.
Pieforty or more properly, Piedfort,
means literally any coin struck on an un-
usually thick planchet as a trial piece or
essay. The designation is applied chiefly
to coins of Bohemia, the Low Countries,
[181]
Pierced
Pin Money
and France, where some of these pieces
were undoubtedly used as current money.
The Dickgroschen of Prague are so termed,
and in the French series Pieforts of billon
occur as early as the reign of Louis VII
(1137-1180), while those of silver and gold
from the fourteenth to the seventeenth cen-
tury are frequently met with.
Pierced. A coin or medal is said to be
pierced when it has a hole in it. This is
sometimes done by the issuer for purposes
of suspension, but is more often the work
of vandals.
Pierre d'Qr. See Peter.
Pierregordin. See Petragordin.
Pietje. A popular name for the piece
of seven Stuivers, struck for Friesland
during the seventeenth century.
Pietre. See Peter.
Pig. An obsolete English slang term for
a Sixpence. Fletcher, in his play, The
Beggar *s Bush, 1622 (iii. 1), has the
following: **Fill till 't be sixpence, And
there's my Pig.''
. Pigemi Eye Sen. See Hatome Sen.
Pigione. See Pegione.
Pignatelle. The name given to a base
silver coin originally struck in France
during the sixteenth century and more or
less circulated in the neighboring coun-
tries. A Douzain of Henri III counter-
stamped I.H.S., probably for Geneva, is
so called, and the name is also given to
pieces of six Blanques issued by Henri IV.
Pilarte. A billon coin of Portugal is-
sued by Fernando (1367-1383), and struck
at Lisbon and Porto. Its value was two
Dinheiros: The obverse has a cross with
surrounding inscription and on the re-
verse are five shields in cruciform arrange-
ment.
Pfle and Tmssell are obsolete Scottish
terms which corresponded to what are now
known as the obverse and reverse dies.
Cochran-Patrick in Records of the Coin-
age of Scotland, 1876 (I. introd. 49), has
the following: **Each moneyer had two
irons or puncheons, one of which was called
the pile, and the other the trussell. The
pile was from seven to eight inches long,
and was firmly fixed in a block of wood.
On the pile was engraved one side of the
coin, and on the trussell the other."
In the Registers of the Privy Council
of Scotland, 1562-63 (i. 227), occurs the
following entry : **Ane pile and ane tursall
maid for cunyeing of certane pecis of gold
and silvir, the pile havand sunkin thairin
foure lettris.'*
Pile is used in French for the reverse
of a coin.
Pillar Dollar. See Colonato.
Pimpion. A slang French term for the
Pepion {q.v.).
Pineapple Penny. The popular name
for a copper penny of Barbadoes, issued
in 1788, which bears a large pineapple on
the obverse. See Atkins (p. 313).
Pine Tree Coins. An early silver issue
for the Colony of Massachusetts, consisting
of Shillings, Sixpences, and Threepences.
They are all dated 1652, but probably did
not come into use until 1662. Originally
they were known as Boston or Bay Shil-
lings or Sixpences, and the name Pine Tree
was adopted about 1680 to distinguish them
from the earlier Oak Tree and Willow
Tree coins. See Crosby.
The prevalent erroneous conception of
this coin, due probably to its rarity, is
indicated by the following curious passage
in a work by Richard Hayes, entitled The
Negociator's Magazine, 1740 (pp. 213-
214). The author had never seen the coin,
but states that **it is made of good silver,
and is about the value of a common Eng-
lish shilling. This piece they first coined
in Oliver Cromwell's time; and I have
been told, they continue to coin the said
Shilling to this very time, and do still re-
tain the first date upon the same. I am
told that on one side is a palm-branch and
a laurel united together like a tree; and
on the reverse side is St. George's crass
in a shield, conjoined to another shield,
within which is an Harp for Ireland."
Pin Money. A sum of money allowed
or settled on a wife or other lady for her
private and personal expenses. In the
fourteenth century, long after the inven-
tion of pins, the makers were allowed to
sell them only on certain days. It was
then that the women gathered there to buy
them. When pins became cheap and com-
mon, they spent their allowances on other
fancies, but the expression **pin money"
remained.
[182]
Pinp^imellos
Pitje
Pinpennellos. Du Cange cites an ordi-
nance of Philip II of France of the year
1218, in which small coins are referred to
by this name. Nothing further is known .
concerning them.
Pinto. See Cruzado.
Pions de Jeiix. See Tessera.
Pisisthaler. The Francescone of Tus-
cany is thus referred to by German nu-
mismatic writers,
Pistacchio. The popular name used in
Naples for the small Danaro of the period
of Alfonso I (1416-1458). Its value was
one sixtieth of the Carlino. .
Pistareeiiy also variously written Piste-
reen and Pistoreen. The name given to
the Spanish silver piece of two Reales, in-
troduced at the beginning of the eighteenth
century. Its value was one fourth of the
corresponding new Peso, but it was rated
at one fifth of the old type Peso, the latter
being of inferior silver. It was frequently
divided or cut for use in the British West
Indies. See Chalmers (pp. 53 and 395).
Pistole, from the Spanish pistola, a plate
of metal. Originally this was a Spanish
gold coin struck in the beginning of the
sixteenth century and approximately of
the value of one fourth of the Dobla. It
was the prototype of the Louis d'Or of
France and was also copied in the Pala-
tinate and by several of the Swiss cantons,
Geneva, Uri, etc.
In the later German coinage the Pistole
represents a gold coin of five Thaler, and
received various names from the sovereign
whose portrait it bore, e.g,, Friedrich's
d'Or, etc.
A gold coin, sometimes called
the Twelve-Pound Piece, struck by Wil-
liam III of England, for Scotland, in 1701.
Its weight is one hundred and six grains,
and there is a corresponding half.
These coins were struck from gold sent
over from the Colony of Darien, in a
vessel called the * * Rising Sun. ' ' The name
of the ship is commemorated by the device,
under the King's bust, of a sun rising from
the sea.
There is also a gold pistole in the Irish
series of 1642 called Inchquin Money
(g.v.). It has 4 dwtt. 7 gr. stamped on it.
Pistole Forte. A name given to a gold
coin issued in Geneva in 1722 and later,
on account of its value, which was five
Florins higher than that of the ordinary
Pistole.
Pistolet. A small Pistole. The term is
applied to the Scudo d'Oro of Francisco
III of Montef errato ; to the gold issues of
Herman Thierry, Seigneur of Batenbourg
(1573-1612), etc. See also Ecu Pistolet.
A proclamation of Elizabeth of October
9, 1560, states that **Pistolets, then valued
at six shillings and two pence, shall go
for five shillings and ten pence.'' See
Ruding (i. 338).
Pistoreen* See Pistareen.
Pi Tch'eng Ma. The Chinese name for
Saddle or Riding money, known generally
as Weight Money (g.v.).
Pitching Pence is defined by Wharton in
his Law Lexicon, 1864, as being ** money,
commonly a penny, paid for pitching or
setting down every bag of corn or pack of
goods in a fair or market.''
The practice is referred to early in the
eighteenth century.
if Pitta, or Picta. A base silver coin
of Savoy of the value of half of the Obole.
It was introduced under Count Aimon
(1329-1343), and is mentioned as late as
the middle of the fifteenth century. The
Pitta Qenovese was half of the Danaro.
Du Cange cites an ordinance of 1599, in
which the term Picta is used synony-
mously. See Pogesia.
Pitje, Pitjiy or Pitis. A tin coin of Java
introduced about 1750, and copied in Su-
matra for Atjeh, Palembang, and Djambi.
See Millies and Netcher (passim), the lat-
ter of whom (pp. 169 and 173) states that
4000 Pitjes were equal to a Spanish Real,
thus indicating their insignificant value.
To facilitate their use they were sewed in
bags or on mats as follows :
250 PitJes = 1 Kedjer = Vw Beal = 20 Dulte.
500 " =1 Tali = % " = 40 "
1000 •• = 1 Soekoe = % " = 80 •'
2000 " =1 DJampel = % " = 160 "
In a paper contributed by B. C. Temple
to The Indian Aniiqvury, 1913 (pp. 85 et
seq.), the relative values of the coins of
the Malay Peninsula are given as follows :
[183]
PHta
Plaquette
A. Dutch popular method of reckoning :
4 Pttjes (PiUs, Pese, Cash) = 1 Duit.
2% Dult (Cent) = 1 Dubbeltje, Wang Baharu
(copper).
2^ Dubbeltje = 1 Kenderl perak (silver).
2 Kenderl (candareen) = 1 Suku (quarter).
4 Suku — 1 Ringglt (Real. Spanish Dollar).
B. Modern British popular method of
reckoning :
4 Pities, Keping, Duit (Cash) = 1 Tengah Sen
(half cent).
2 Tengah Sen == 1 Sen (cent).
2% Sen = 1 Wang Baharu (copper).
2 Wang Baharu = 1 Bnaj'a.
2 Buaya = 1 Kupang.
2^ Kupang = 1 Suku (quarter).
2 Suku = 1 Jampal, or DJampel.
2 Jampal = 1 Ringgit (dollar).
Pitta. See Pite.
Pitt Token. The popular name for a
copper token probably issued to commemo-
rate the efforts of William Pitt, Earl of
Chatham, to secure the repeal of the Stamp
Act. It has on the obverse the bust of Pitt
and the words : the restorer of commerce,
and on the reverse a ship and the inscrip-
tion: THANKS TO THE FRIENDS OF LIBERTY
AND TRADE.
Atkins (p. .264) says: **The history of
this piece is better known than most Ameri-
can tokens. The Stamp Act was passed
March 22, 1765, and repealed, principally
by the agency of Mr. Pitt, March 18, 1766.
This coin, or rather medalet, was struck to
commemorate this event by Mr. Smithers,
of Philadelphia, from the designs of Colonel
Revere of Boston. Although doubtless
originally intended for this purpose only,
it soon became, in consequence of the dearth
of small change, converted into currency. ' '
Placaattchelling. See Statenschelling.
Plack. A Scotch billon coin first issued
by James III (1460-1488) and continued
almost uninterruptedly to the reign of
James VI. It was originally valued at
three Pence, but later at two Pence. A
variety struck under James VI was current
for four Pence and was known as the
Saltire Plack, from the design on one side
of two sceptres in saltire (i.6., crossed),
united by a thistle.
The name Plack is derived from the
French plaque, a thin plate of metal. See
Achesoun, and Bodle.
Plagauner. The name given to certain
varieties of necessity coins struck by Pope
Clement VII while he took refuge in Castel
san Angelo in 1527. The issue consisted
of Scudi, Ducati, and fractions of the
same.
PlaisanL A silver coin struck by Wil-
liam III, Count of Hainaut (1336-1389), in
1387. Its value was fifteen Deniers and
it was subdivided into three Tiercelins.
Plak (plural Plakken). The French
equivalent is Plaque. There are various
meanings for this term, e.g., a flat sur-
face, a plate, a shield, a piece of tin, etc.
To one of these definitions can probably
be traced the name of the small coins is-
sued in Brabant, Lorraine, and the neigh-
boring districts from the fourteenth cen-
tury to the seventeenth. They were usu-
ally of the size of a Groschen, and of in-
ferior silver.
Double Plakken occur for Groningen,
etc., from 1579 to about 1620, and a twelve
Plakken piece was struck by Philip II for
Overysel in 1560.
The diminutive, called Plaquette, was
applied to small silver coins issued about
the same time in Burgundy, Liege, etc.
One variety remained current in Belgium
to the Revolution in 1830. See Qros
Blanque au Lis.
Plakette. See Plaquette.
Planchet. The disc of metal on which
the die of the coin or medal is impressed.
Also called Blank, Disc, and Flan.
Plancus Thaler. The name given to a
medallic Thaler of Basle, struck in 1571.
It has on the reverse a figure of Lucius
Munatius Plancus, the conqueror of the
Rhaetians or Rauraci, and the founder of
Augusta Rauricorum. There are half and
quarter Thaler of the same design.
Planetto. See Pianetto.
Plappart. See Blaffert.
Plaque. See Plak.
Plaquette, also called Plakette, is the
name given to a variety of uniface medal,
usually of a quadrilateral, hexagonal, or
octagonal form.
They exist from the time of the Renais-
sance and there are examples by Enzola
(1456-1475) and Peter Flotner of the same
period. In recent times the Plaquette has
been brought to a high degree of artistic
perfection by Roty, Scharflf, Chaplain, Mar-
schall, etc.
[184]
Plat
Plate Money
Plat (plural Platar). A general term
used in Sweden to designate any copper
coin.
Plata. See Vellon.
Plated Cfmu* The issue of plated coins
was sometimes practised by the ancient
Greeks, as is known from some extremely
rare examples in electrum of the earliest
period of coinage, and from the not un-
common occurrence of plated silver money.
A famous example in silver is the Stater of
Themistocles, the Athenian, issued at Mag-
nesia, Ionia, circa B.C. 465-449 (Brit. Mu-
seum). This is not regarded as an official
issue, but a private forgery, for the Paris
specimen is not plated and is from different
dies. The practice was not general, and
as a state measure was rare. However, one
finds plated silver coins among Greek is-
sues, and sometimes from identical dies
with the official pure specimens, so that
they can scarcely be regarded as of pri-
vate origin. The Romans, on the contrary,
struck plated silver coins as legal state is-
sues for profit. The earliest are said to
be those struck in B.C. 91 during the war
with Hannibal. In B.C. 84 these plated
pieces were recalled. But Sulla cancelled
this measure, and plated coins were issued
in certain quantities until Augustus' re-
form in B.C. 15. Plated coins continued
to be issued under the Empire for exporta-
tion. One must distinguish between the
Roman silver pieces of careful style and
those of barbarous execution, the latter
being doubtless the product of false mon-
eyers. Plated coins were designated by
the Romans Nummi mixti, Suhaerati, or
Pelliculati, terms which refer only to such
pieces as had a core of base metal, e.g.,
copper, lead, etc., covered with a thin plate,
usually of silver, though plated gold coins
are found among the Roman imperial
issues.
The French equivalent is Monnaies
Pourrees, and the German is Subaerati, or
Gefiitterte Miinzen, but these terms never
refer to coins of debased metal.
Plate M<meyy also known as Eoppar-
platmynt. The name given to large flat
rectangular and square pieces of copper,
with a stamp of value in each corner and
one in the centre. They were issued in
Sweden during the seventeenth and eigh-
teenth centuries, and may perhaps be con-
sidered as weights for the purchase of
goods, rather than coins, though some au-
thorities state that they were accepted at
the value of one third of the Riksdaler
{q.v.).
As no complete list of them has ever
been published in tabular form, the fol-
lowing arrangement will be of assistance
to the student and collector.
10 Daler
8 Daler
5 Daler
4 Daler
3 Daler
2 Daler
1 Daler
^ Daler
Avesta.
1644
1652. 1653, 1656, 1657, 1668,
1659, 1660, 1661, 1662, 1663,
1671, 1681, 1682
1674
1649, 1652. 1663, 1656, 1657,
1658, 1716 to 1746 (Inc.),
1753 to 1758 (Inc.)
1674
1649, 1651, 1653, 1654, 1668,
1659, 1660, 1664, 1668, 1669,
1672, 1673. 1674, 1675, 1676,
1677, 1678, 1680, 1681, 1682,
1683, 1684, 1685, 1686, 1691,
1693, 1710 to 1759 (inc.)
1649, 1650, 1652, 1653, 1654,
1655, 1656, 1657, 1658, 1659,
1660, 1661, 1662, 1663, 1664,
1667, 1668, 1669, 1672, 1678,
1674, 1675, 1676, 1677, 1678,
1679, 1680, 1681, 1682, 1683,
1685, 1686, 1689, 1690, 1710
to 1759 (inc.)
1681, 1682, 1683, 1685, 1686,
1689, 1710 to 1759 (inc.)
O
M
o
1663
O
08
U
08
>
Of
>•
OS
M)
u
•
•
M
73
9
to
a
OD
1
p
1
W4
■^
oa
r^
00
OB
a
U
M8
P
ea
CQ
O
M
CJ
1674,
1693,
1711,
1746,
1710,
1700,
1712,
1711,
1701,
1713,
1712.
1713,
1714
1710
1711,
1748,
1752
1746,
1748,
1753
1752
1714
1748,
1762,
[185]
1746,
1748,
1763
1752
Platmum
Points Secrets
Platinum was used for a seriea of coins
consisting of pieces of three, six, and
twelve Rubles, issued in Russia on May 6,
1828.
The coins are all of the same type and
they were struck uninterruptedly to the
year 1845. At first, their novelty ap-
pealed to the people and the three Rouble
piece was accepted universally by both the
bankers and the general public, the latter
promptly nicknaming them serinkie, Le.f
**the little gray coins.'* It was the favor
with which they were at first received that
encouraged the government to continue
their issue.
In June, 1843, the Russian government
decided to abandon this form of coinage.
The general populace were tired of them,
and for a number of years previously they
were sent to Bokhara, China, etc., in pay-
ment of accounts. These countries prompt-
ly returned them and the Imperial treas-
ury discovered that they began to accumu-
late. Two years later the edict above
mentioned was published and the govern-
ment redeemed all the platinum coins, pay-
ing for them in gold or silver as demanded
by the holders.
At times when this metal was of less
value than at present, it was used in a
plated condition for fabrications of gold
coins.
Pledges of Value. See Tokens.
Plinthos (icXivOo?). A Greek term for
Flan (g.v.)-
Plough Alms. This is stated by Whar-
ton, in his Law Lexicon, 1864, to be **the
ancient payment of a penny to the church
for every plough land. ' ' It is referred to
as early as the eleventh century.
Plough Silver. W. Jones, in his Reports,
1675 (280), says: *'In some places they
have Plough silver and Reap silver, which
is Socage Tenure now turned into Money."
Tomlins, Law Dictionary, 1809, has
**Plow silver in former times, was money
paid by some tenants, in lieu of service to
plough the lord's lands."
Reap Silver, or Rep Silver, was a sum
of money formerly paid by a tenant to a
lord or other superior in commutation of
his services in harvest time. It is referred
to as early as 1299 in the Monuments of
Magdalen College, Oxford (145), under
the name of Ripsulwer.
Plugged Money. A general name for
gold coins used in the West Indies in which
a gold plug was inserted to rectify any
deficiency in weight. For a detailed ac-
count of the practice, see Wood (p. 4 c^
seq.).
Plum. A popular name for the sum of
£100,000 Sterling. Steele, in The Tatler,
1710 (No. 244) speaks of '*an honest Gen-
tleman who . . . was worth half a Plumb."
Plunk. A slang term in the United
States for a Dollar. George Vere Hobart,
writing under the pseudonym H. McHiigh,
in his novel John Henry, 1901 (12), has a
description of a theatrical performance
with ** Sarah Bernhardt at five plunks a
chair."
Poen. A popular name in various parts
of Holland for money in general.
A Dutch proverb is: **0m de poen is het
te doen," i.e., ** money is the vehicle to
accomplish everything."
Pogesia, or Pougeoite. A base silver
coin current in the thirteenth century and
later which takes its name from Le Puy
in the Haute-Loire. .Its value was half of
the Obole or Maille.
Du Cange cites an ordinance of Philip
IV of France of 1294 in which the Pogesia
is stated to be the same as the Pite (g.v.),
and also asserts that the term pogesata is
used to indicate anything of the value of
one Pogesia.
Pogh. An Armenian copper coin.
Langlois (p. 14) states that it had the
value of an Obolus, and that it corresponds
to the Fels or FoUis.
Poid. The French word for weight.
Poillevillain. A nickname given to a
variety of the Gros Blanc struck by John
II of France (1350-1364). It was so called
from the name of the master of the royal
mint. See Hoffman (xx. 35, 36).
The type was copied by Amedeo VI of
Savoy, and known as Pelavillano.
Poin^on. The French word for a punch.
Points Secrets. A term used by French
numismatists to indicate the place of mint-
age. The custom was introduced in
France about 1415 by putting a period or
similar mark under certain letters of the
[186]
Poitevin
Poney
inscription. Thus a dot under the fourth
letter showed that the coin was struck at
Montpellier, under the ninth letter at La
Rochelle, etc.
On the 18th of April, 1420, an ordi-
nance was issued, directed to the wardens
of the mint of St. Lo, commanding them
**to coin Groats, of the same kind as those
which were ordered to be struck at Rouen,
by the writ bearing date on the twelfth
of January, with this distinction only, that
a single point was to be placed under the
second letter from the beginning of the
inscription on each side of the coin.''
Poitevin. The name given to the Denier
of Poictiers in Aquitaine to distinguish it
from the Denier Parisis. The former was
valued at one fourth of the latter.
Rich silver mines were discovered in this
locality in the tenth century, and a mint
was established under William IV, Count
of Poictiers, and Duke of Aquitaine (963-
990). The old name of the town was Pic-
tavi, and frequent references to Pictavinas,
evidently the same coin, can be found.
Poldenga. An early Russian silver
coin ; the half of the Denga. See Novgor-
odka.
Pollard, probably a corruption of **poll
head,'* was a clipped coin which made its
appearance in large numbers in England
toward the close of the thirteenth century.
For a short time these coins were allowed
to pass at the rate of two for a Penny,
but were prohibited A.D. 1310. They were
decried in Ireland by a proclamation of
Edward I. See Brabant and Crocard.
Polleten, sometimes called Augslups
Polleten, were a series of copper, brass, and
zinc pieces, used in the city of Stockholm,
Sweden, and in the surrounding neighbor-
hood. These tokens were accepted on vari-
ous lines of transportation, e.g., ferries and
stage-lines, the latter receiving the nick-
name Omnibuses.
Poloi (z(i)Xot). See Pegasi and Colts.
Polonaise, or Polonete. Another name
for the August d'Or, issued by August III,
Elector of Saxony, and King of Poland
(1752-1756).
Polos. See Pegasi.
Polpoltin. Another name for the Rus-
sian coin of twenty-five Kopecks or one
quarter Ruble.
Poltina, or Poltinink. A silver coin of
Russia of the value of one half Ruble or
fifty Kopecks. It was introduced at the
beginning of the eighteenth century by
Peter the Great.
Poltora, or Poltorak, from the Polish
pol, meaning half, and twory, the other,
i.e., one and a half, was the common desig-
nation for the Polish piece of one and a
half Groschen. It occurs extensively in
the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries,
and was copied in Germany under the
name of Dreipolker, and in Sweden was
called Trepolcher.
Poltura. The Hungarian equivalent of
the Poltora (q.v.). It had a value of one
and one half Kreuzer, and was largely
coined during the eighteenth century for
Hungary and Transylvania.
Poluschka* A former Russian coin, the
quarter of the Denga (q.v.). Originally
it was struck in silver, but the later issues
are of copper. The Poluschki first ap-
peared under Peter the Great from about
the year 170Q, and continued in use during
the eighteenth century. Catherine II
struck varieties for special use in Siberia.
The name is traceable to the early Rus-
sian custom of using skins as money, and
is derived from potu, the half of any
article, and schkura, a skin. Two Po-
luschki represented the value of one hare
skin.
Pon. A Tamil name for the Pagoda or
Varaha (q.v.).
Pond. A gold coin of the South African
Republic, agreeing in weight and value with
the English Sovereign. There is a cor-
responding half. The ordinary issues have
the bust of President Paul Kriiger, but
obsidional varieties were struck in 1902 at
the headquarters of the commanding gen-
eral, with the inscription z. a. r. (Zuid
Afrikaansche Republiek) in monogram.
Pondoy i.e., a pound. The synonym of
the As on account of its weight; hence
Dupondius, etc. See Stevenson (p. 135).
Pone. See Poon.
Poney. A slang English expression for
the sum of twenty-five Guineas or Pounds.
Mrs. M. Robinson, in Walsi7igkam, 1797
(ii. 97), has the following, ** There is no
touching her even for a poney.''
[187]
Poni
Portugaloser
PonL A money of account formerly
used at Bengal. Stavorninus, in his Voy-
ages to the East Indies y 1798 (i. 460), says:
**Por change they make use of the small
sea-shells called cowries, eighty of which
make a poni, and sixty or sixty-five ponis,
according as there are few or many cowries
in the countrj', make a Rupee/' See Poon.
PontL A Sicilian money of account. By
a regulation of 1823 the Tari were com-
puted at any of the following rates: two
Carlini, twenty Grani, fifteen Ponti, or one
hundred and twenty Piccoli.
Poon, or Pone. A money of account in
the Maldive Islands, and equal to eighty
Cowries (g.v.).
Poot. See Putta.
Pop. A nickname given to the silver
coins of one Gulden, issued by the Nether-
lands. The word is probably a corruption
of the German Puppe, or French poupee,
i.6., a doll, and is used principally to desig-
nate the coins struck with a youthful por-
trait of the ruler.
Popolano. The name given in Milan to
the piece of twenty Centesimi struck in
1863.
Popolino. A silver coin of Florence, a
variety of the Fiorino d'Argento. It was
struck early in the fourteenth century of
the value of two Soldi, and continued in
use until the period of the Medici family.
The Popolino is notable for its great vari-
ety of mint-marks, among which are stars,
keys, antlers, fish, etc. In one of the tales
in Boccaccio's Decameron, a juggling trick
is narrated where gilt Popolini appeared as
gold coins.
Popone* See Poupon.
Porcelain Coins are known to have been
issued as pieces of necessity in Egypt
during Ptolemaic times. Two specimens
are in the Paris collection. See Revista
Numismatica, 1891 (p. 233).
Porcelaine. See Wampum.
Porcelain Tokens. These Siamese pieces
were in use from the middle of the
eighteenth century until 1871, when they
were forbidden. The majority were issued
by companies and traders at Bangkok.
They occur in a great variety of shapes,
colors, and values, from one quarter to one
sixty-fourth of a Tical. The values are on
the reverses and are generally written in
blue. The native name is Pi.
Two of the old English potteries adopted
china or porcelain tokens. At Worcester
W. Davis issued them for the value of one
and two Shillings; and John Coke put
forth tokens for five and seven Shillings
at Pinxton, in 1801. See Chany.
Marco Polo, in his Travels (ii. 39), re-
fers to the use of porcelain shells.
Pore-epic. See Ecu au Pore-epic.
Porpyne. On July 8, 1525, a proclama-
tion was made that ** Crowns named Por-
pynes be valued at four Shillings and four
pence sterling." See Ruding (i. 303), and
Ecu au Pore-epic {supra).
Portcullis Money was the currency
struck by Queen Elizabeth in 1600-1601,
for the use of the East India Company,
and it was so called from its having the
Westminster Arms, Le,, a large portcullis,
on the reverse. The issue consisted of
Crowns, half Crowns, Shillings, and Six-
pences. They were of different weights
from the current English Crown and its
divisions, being struck to agree with the
weight of the Spanish Piastre or piece of
eight Reales.
The Portcullis Groat and Farthing
struck in the reign of Henry VIII were
never intended for the Indian trade, and,
concerning the Groat, the late Sir John
Evans has suggested that **from the care-
ful manner in which this piece has been
struck and from the extreme rarity of this
variety of the groat, it appears doubtful
whether it should not be regarded as a
pattern-piece rather than as a coin in-
tended for actual currency."
Porto Novo Pagoda* A name given to
one of the varieties of the Pagoda (g.v.)>
probably because it was first coined by the
Portuguese at Porto Novo or Feringhipet.
It has a figure of Vishnu on the obverse,
and the reverse presents a granulated sur-
face. It is sometimes referred to as the
Scott Pagoda.
P<Mrtiigal6ser. The Portuguez was cop-
ied in various parts of Germany, Transyl-
vania, Poland, etc., with a value of ten
Ducats or Kronen, and received the above
name. These coins are semi-medallic in
character and were struck for presentation
purposes and not for general circulation.
[188]
Portiiguez
Pramienthaler
When the Bank of Hamburg was
founded in 1667, a number of these pieces
were issued, called Bankportugaloser, and
the custom has been kept up in that city
to comparatively recent times, to commem-
orate any important historical event.
These beautiful gold coins generally have
views of the city-towers, etc., and the in-
scription MONETA . NOVA AVBEA . CIVITATIS .
HAMBVRGENS . NACH . PORTVGALIS . SCHROT .
VND . KORN.
Portuguez, also called Lisbonino. A
large gold coin of Portugal, originally of
three thousand nine hundred Reis and ad-
vanced in 1517 to the value of ten Cru-
zados or four thousand Reis. It was issued
by Manuel I (1495-1521), and referring to
the great discoveries by Portuguese naviga-
tors, styles him as r: portvgalie: al: c:
VL : IN : A : D GVINE : I.C.N. ETHIOPIE : ARABIE :
PERSIE: INDE: i.e., Rex Portugalie, Al-
garves, Citra Ultra in Africa, Dominus
Guinee. In Commercii, Navigacione,
Ethiopie, Arable, Persie, Inde. The ob-
verse has the armorial shield, and the re-
verse a large cross; it was also struck by
John III (1521-1557) and then discon-
tinued. See Fernandes (pp. 113, 115),
who mentions a silver Portuguez, not
known to exist at the present time.
Pottage, or Postal Currency. The first
series of fractional currency issued by the
United States in August, 1862, and so
called from the fact that representations
of postage stamps were a part of the de-
sign. The credit for this issue is due to
General F. E. Spinner, the Treasurer of
the United States, who adopted the idea
from the postage stamps being used by the
people in lieu of small change during the
Civil War.
Postal Currency. The encased postage
stamps in circulation as currency during
the early part of the Civil War in the
United States in 1861 and later.
Posthumous Coins are such as were
struck after the death of the individual
whose name they bear.
Postulatsgulden. The name given to cer-
tain gold coins struck by Count Rudolph
von Diepholt, Bishop of Utrecht, in 1440,
to confirm his claim to the bishopric, which
was disputed. The practice was copied by
[
other prelates to the middle of the six-
teenth century.
Potin. A brittle base metal; an alloy
of lead, copper, tin, zinc, and twenty per
cent of silver. This composition occurs in
the Denarii of Valerianus, Gallienus, etc.,
and the large series of base Tetradrachms
struck at Alexandria in Egypt from the
first to the third century A.D. The term
is usually applied to ancient coins, but the
mixture is of the character of Billon {q.v,).
Pougeoise. See Pogesia.
Poul. See Pul.
Pound. Silver Pounds and Half Pounds
occur only in the Declaration Type coinage
of Charles I, and were struck at Oxford
and Shrewsbury. They are marked re-
spectively with the figures XX and X.
The Half Pound struck at Exeter was
from the die of a Crown and is a Half
Pound only as regards weight.
Pound Sovereign. See Sovereign.
Pound Sterling. See Sterling.
Pound Turkish. Also called Lira, or
Yslik. A gold coin of Turkey divided
into one hundred Piastres, and of a
weight of 111.37 grains. In Egypt a
gold standard was introduced since 1885,
and the Pound Egyptian is divided simi-
larly to the Turkish, but weighs 131.175
grains, and is of the same fineness.
PoupoUy or Popone. A nickname given
to the silver Ecus of Louis XV of France
bearing the youthful portrait, because the
same was supposed to resemble a doll.
Poy. A coin mentioned in The Nego-
ciator's Magazine y by Richard Hayes, 1740
(p. 247). In referring to the money of
Brabant and Flanders he says that **they
had also among them the Bohemia Grosses
of 3 Cruitzers, each Cruitzer 2 Pence or
Poy, the Poy at 2 Helliers, and one Hellier
at two Urchins. *'
Pramienthaler. A silver coin of the
Albertinian Line of Saxony. It was issued
by Xavier as administrator of Frederick
Christian (1763-1768), and the Elector
Frederick August III (1763-1806) struck
many varieties. See Madai (No. 5266).
All of these coins have on the reverse
the inscription zur belohnung des pleises,
indicating that they were awarded as
prizes.
189]
IVovttiiio
She Gro«z.
Pk»k Pe, or Pe. A Cambodian term
signifyinj^ money; the term is used for
certain base coins of Battambang valued
at the Siamese Att.
A gold coin of ancient India,
of the value of one half the Pagoda. See
Pana.
Prestatioii Money. Cowell, The Inter-
preter, 1607, s.v. Commissarie, has: *'The
Bishop taking prestation money of his
archdeacons yearely."
In the same work occurs: "Spiritualties
of a Bishop. Prestation money, that sub-
sidium charitatinum^ which vppon reason-
able cause he may require of his Clergie.'*
Priedcen. A base silver coin of Brabant
issued in 1429-1430, and of the value of
one fourth of a Oroot. It obtains its name
from a small bread of the same name which
could be purchased for this coin. See Ver-
achter, Documens pour servir a Vhistoire
monetaire den Pays-Bas, 1840 (p. 71).
Pringle. An obsolete name for the silver
coin of twenty Pence, struck in 1636 for
Scotland. G. Merton, in his Glossary of
the Yorkshire Dialect, 1697, has: ''Pringle,
a little silver Scotch Coin about the big-
ness of a penny, with two XX on it."
Prnrate GoM Corns, and Proprietary
Gold Coins. The terms are used indis-
criminately to designate certain gold coins
issued in Georgia in 1830; North Carolina
in 1831 ; and in California from 1849 to
1855. See also Territorial Gold.
Probemiinzen. See Essays.
Prodamaticm M<mey. The name given
to coins valued, according to a table pre-
scribed in a proclamation of Queen Anne,
on June 18, 1704, in which the Spanish
Dollar of seventeen and one half penny-
weights was to be rated at six Shillings
in all of the North American Colonies.
Horace White, in Money and Banking,
1896 (p. 15), says that **six shillings was
considered by the home government a fair
average of the various C-olonial valuations
of the Spanish Dollar. This valuation
came to be known by the term Proclama-
tion Money.*'
In the Archives of the State of New Jer-
sey, 1735 (xi. 432), occurs a statement:
**I do hereby promise to Pay to the said
Discoverer the Sum of Thirty Pounds,
Proclamation Monev."
Similarly, in the Sew Hampshire Pro-
vincial Papers of 1748 (reprinted 1871, v.
905), an official says that ''His Majesty
has recommended that my salar>' should be
fixed and Paid in Sterling or Proclamation
Money."
Fkodamation Pieces are, as their name
indicates, such coins or medals as bear on
their face a ruler's proclamation for his
authority for striking the same. There is
an extensive series of them issued for
Spain, Central America, and South Am-
erica.
PkronicdaaMer. A large silver coin,
sometimes known as a double Ducaton,
struck by Philip II of Spain for Gueldres
in the latter part of the sixteenth century.
It has on the reverse eighteen crowned
shields surrounding a central and larger
shield of Spain. The name signifies osten-
tatious or splendid.
Proof Cmnt are those struck from pol-
ished or specially prepared dies. They
have a mirror-like or frosted surface.
Many recent proof coins, however, have a
mat surface produced artificially after
striking.
Proprietary GoM Coins. See Private
Gold Coins.
Provinois. A name applied to the De-
nier struck at Provins, a mint of the
Counts of Champagne, early in the twelfth
century. See Blanchet (i. 407). The
earlier types bore poorly executed por-
traits and under Thibaut IV (1201-1253)
was issued the Nouveaux Provinois, which
bore a peigne, i.e., a head surmounted by
three towers and resembling a comb. This
rude portraiture was due to the careless-
ness of the engraver, though some writers
claim that the hair was worn in this fashion
in Champagne at this period.
Du Cange refers to an ordinance of
Philip IV of Prance dated 1301, in which
Pruvinienses, evidently the same coins, are
mentioned.
Provisino. The name given to a variety
of the Denaro struck at Rome under the
rule of the Senate {circa 1188-1303), and
copied from the Provinois {q.v.). In 1347
Cola da Rienzo, Tribune of Rome, issued
Provisini with the inscription n.tribun.
AUGUST . OWERO . ALMUS . TRIBUNAT . URBS.
[190]
Provisional
Pustulatum
In the Papal series a Provisino of Boni- been made current in Ireland for a shil-
face VIII is described at length in the
Rivista Italiana (xviii. 89-95), and Boni-
face IX struck Provisini with the figure
of a comb on them on the occasion of his
jubilee in the year 1400.
Provisional. See Moneta Provisional.
Pnivinienses. See Provinois.
Psephos (tp^90?). The Greek name for
Tessera (g.v.).
Psothia (tpcSOioe). See Kikkabos.
PtolomaicL A general name for the
coins struck by the Ptolemies in Egypt,
which extend from circa B.C. 323 to B.C.
30, and cover fifteen rulers. Those issued
by Ptolemy I in honor of his wife Berenice
are generally known as Berenicii.
Pu. A Chinese word meaning '* cloth,"
though probably the original sense of the
word was **to spread,'' or better, **to cir-
culate." The term Pu or Ku Pu is ap-
plied to certain ancient Chinese bronze
coins derived from the Spade {q.v.) and
Weight money {q.v.), though sometimes
used to include all of these forms. The
Pus were in use from the sixth to the third
centuries B.C. and were confined, for the
most part, to western, northern, and cen-
tral China. There are a number of minor
forms of Pus, but they can roughly be
divided into square and pointed-toed class-
es. The shape was copied later by the
Usurper Wang Mang (A.D. 7-22) who is-
sued them with a value from one hundred
to one thousand Li. These latter pieces
are known as New Pus.
Publica, also called Pubblica. A copper
coin of the Two Sicilies, first struck by
Philip IV about 1622, and issued by his
successors until the middle of the eigh-
teenth century. Its value varied from
three to four Tornesi, and it obtains its
name from the inscription publica com-
MODiTAS, found on the coins.
Pu Ch'uan. A Chinese word, meaning
** currency." See Ch'uan.
Pudsey Sixpence. The name given to
a variety of an Elizabethan Sixpence, upon
which a large escallop shell has been
stamped. Hawkins contends that '*they
are nothing more than the caprice prob-
ably of some -silversmith," but Ruding in
a note states that they were **said to have
ling, to pay the army in the time of the
Rebellion there, by the advice of one Pud-
sey, who was afterwards executed for giv-
ing it."
In another note Ruding quotes Browne
Willis, who says **this was called the Pud-
sey sixpence from the place where the sil-
ver was dug in Yorkshire."
PuL A Russian copper coin, issued as
early as the reign of Vasili Vasilievitch
(1425-1462). It is quite common up to
the period of Ivan III (1682-1689), and
was struck for Twer, Kaschin, Kiev, etc.
The name is sometimes written Poul, and
the plural is Pouli or Puli. In the Geor-
gian series ten Phouli were equal to one
Kopeck. The coinage of these pieces ceased
in 1810. See Abbasi, and Kasbegi.
In the modern Persian series the Pul is
an insignificant copper coin, the fortieth
part of a Kran.
Pullus. See Pegasi.
Puma. See Kesme.
Pumphosen Krone. A silver coin of
Denmark, struck in 1665. It receives its
name from the figure of the King, Freder-
ick III, who is represented attired in very
wide trousers or slops.
Pung. A coin of Turkestan. See Yam-
ba.
Punsad-Dinar. A silver coin of Persia.
See Nadiri.
Parana. A silver coin of ancient India
of the ** punch-marked " type, and usually
assigned to the second century B.C. See
Pana.
The Puranas, or Dharamis, as they are
sometimes called, were struck to the scale
of 32 rati seeds, and their normal weight
was fifty-eight grains, or three and three
quarters grammes. At Taxila they varied
in value from one to four of the copper
Panas. See Cunningham (p. 3).
Pumsra. The name given to the copper
twenty Cash piece of Mysore, struck at
Salemabad from circa 1800 to 1845.
Pustulatum, or Pusulatum Argentum.
The Latin term for pure or refined silver,
and corresponding to Obryzum in the gold.
The letters pv or PS on Roman silver coins
therefore signify that such coins are of
good metal.
[191]
PuUchanel
PuttchSneL A term found in Adam
Berg*s New Muntzhuch, 1597, and used to
describe small Bohemian silver coins, of
which three are equal to a Kreuzer and
one hundred and eighty to a Gulden. The
term is probably a nickname.
Putta, or Foot, meaning a fragment, is
a name given to lumps of tin used as money
in the island of Junkseylon in the Malay
Peninsula. See R. C. Temple, in the In-
dian Antiquary, 1902 (p. 51).
Piittan* A silver coin of Cochin, struck
during the Dutch occupancy (1782-1791),
and continued until 1858. The word means
Pysa
**new,*' and the ordinary Puttan weighs
from five to eight grains; the double six-
teen grains. See Elliot (pp. 141-142).
Pjrranuden ThaTer. The name usually
given to a coin on which the reverse in-
scription is in the form of a pyramid.
They are generally struck to commemorate
a death. A notable example is the Thaler
of Frederick William II of Sachsen-Alten-
burg issued in 1668, on the death of his
second wife, Magdalena Sibylla. See Ma-
dai (No. 1471).
PyMu See Paisd.
[192]
Quarantano
Q
Q. An obsolete English dialect symbol,
meaning a Farthing, and probably an ab-
breviation of Quadrans.
In a work entitled Eecorde of the Greate
Artes, 1575 (p. 29), occurs the passage:
*'q a farthing the iiij part of a penny."
Qas. See Kasbegi.
Quadransy or Tenmcia. The fourth
part of the As. It bears on the obverse
the head of Hercules and on the reverse
the prow of a galley. On each side are
three bosses, indicating its weight of three
ounces. See Acs Grave, and Vierer.
QuadranL The same as Quadrans, but
the name is also given to the copper Farth-
ing struck by Edward IV for Ireland.
Quadrigati. A name given in ancient
times to such varieties of the Roman De-
narii as have a four-horse chariot on the
reverse.
Quadrilateral Pieces. A general name
given to the so-called Roman Quadrussis
and Quincussis, on account of their rec-
tangular shape.
These curious coins bear on them repre-
sentations of objects of exchange or sym-
bols and allusions to the victories of the
Roman armies. One of the animals de-
picted on a variety of these coins is an
elephant in connection with the battle of
Asculum, B.C. 279, which circumstance
would fix the approximate date of these
pieces, as the elephant was unknown to the
Romans before that time.
The Quadrussis and Quincussis weighed
respectively four and five Roman pounds.
Quadruble. A term used on a coin
struck in 1786 for the French possessions
in Africa. See Zay (pp. 241-242).
Quadrupbu A large Italian gold coin
which obtains its name from being four
times the size of some other current gold
denomination.
It occurs in the Papal series *of four
times the value and weight of the Scudo di
Oro; the Emperor Charles V struck it for
Naples and Sicily in 1547; Alberico Cibo
for Massa di Lunigiana; Ferdinand Gon-
zaga (1612-1626) for Mantua, etc.
[ 193 ]
It is common to Savoy where its original
value was four Scudi di Oro and later
eighty Lira. In the Milan coinage it is
found during the seventeenth century, and
is known as the Doppia da Due.
Quadruple. See Ecu Pistolet.
Quadrussis. A piece of four Asses.
Some of the large, cast, rectangular Roman
bronze bars are, from their weights, sup-
posed to represent Quadrusses. See Quad-
rilateral pieces.
Quakers' Money. A name given to
those crowns of Queen Anne which bear
plumes in the angles of the cross formed
by the shields. The plumes indicate that
the silver was obtained from Welsh mines,
and the Company by which the mines were
operated comprised among its members
many persons of the Society of Friends.
Quaiiy or Qwan. The unit of value of
the empire of Annam, and which was in-
troduced during the reign of the Emperor
Minh-mang (1820-1842). It is a base silver
coin with a sixteen or twenty-rayed sun on
one side and a dragon on the reverse. See
Fonrobert (2112-2114, 2123-2124). Under
the Emperor Tu-Duk (1847-1883) a silver
rectangular bar of three Quan was issued.
Fonrobert (2133).
The Quan represented a value of half
a Piastre or Tambac-tron (^.v.), and was
divided into six hundred Sepeks. Ten
Quans in a single block formed a Chuc';
the French soldiers and sailors called this
block **a sow,'* from its resemblance to
the metal pigs used for ballast in vessels.
The string of cash is also known as a
Quan and has superseded the older word
Man.
The silver coin of four Francs, struck
by Norodom I, King of Cambodia in 1860,
is also called a Qwan. See also Kwan.
Quan Hen. The Annamese name for a
string of 600 Cash. See Tien.
Quarantano. A silver coin of Parma,
of the value of forty Soldi, struck by
Ranuccio II (1646-1694). In Modena, un-
der Francesco III (1737-1780), it was is-
sued at the same value but of a debased
silver. Conf, Carantano, supra.
Quart
Quattrino
Qqart. A silver coin of Oeneva and
other Swiss cantons, issued during the six-
teenth and seventeenth centuries. Its
value was three Deniers and multiples of
two, three, and six Quarts were struck.
Qqart. See Quarto.
QmurtariL Lampridius 8ev, Alex. (39),
states that the Emperor Severus Alexander
caused fourths of the Aureus, or Quartarii,
to be struck. None until the reign of Gal-
lienus, however, have come down to us.
Quartaro. A copper coin of Genoa, is-
sued under Republican rule (1252-1339).
It bears on one side a griffin rampant, and
on the reverse a cross.
QoartanJa. A gold coin of Genoa, the
one fourth of the Genovino (q.v.). It was
issued in the twelfth century and remained
in use until the termination of the Sforza
dynasty.
Quartarolo. A copper coin of Venice,
issued by the Doge Pietro Ziani (1205-
1229), and continued by some of his suc-
cessors. It does not, however, appear to
have been struck after the fourteenth cen-
tury. The general type has a cross with
lilies in the angles. It was copied at
Verona by Giovanni Galeazzo Visconti
(1387-1402).
Quart d'Ecu* A silver coin of France,
first issued in the reign of Henri III (1574-
1589), with a corresponding Huitieme
d'Ecu. The name of the former coin was
corrupted into Cardecu, and it was a legal
tender in England in 1625 for nineteen
Pence half Penny, during the suspension
of the Tower mint at London, on account
of the plague. There were varieties for
Beam, Navarre, Dauphiny, etc. See End-
ing (i. 382).
Quarter. The popular name for the sil-
ver coin of twenty-five cents of the United
States, it being the one fourth part of the
Dollar.
Quartemariae Formae were certain gold
medallions, equal to four Aurei in weight,
said by Lampridius, Sev, Alex, (39), to
have been struck by the Emperor Elaga-
balus. None have come down to us.
Quartmho. A gold coih of Portugal is-
sued in the reign of Joseph (1750-1777).
It succeeded the Moidore (retired in the
previous reign), and obtains its name on
account of it being one fourth in value
of the latter coin, i.e., one thousand Beis.
Quartinhos of twelve hundred Beis were,
however, occasionally issued. It was abol-
ished about 1792. See Cuartino.
Quartnio. A Papal gold coin, the one
fourth of the Scudo di Oro. It was issued
during the sede vacante of 1740, and under
Benedict XFV.
Quarto, sometimes called Cuarto, a cop-
per coin of Spain, of the value of one
quarter of a Real. It dates from the time
of Ferdinand and Isabella. During the
French occupation of Barcelona and Cata-
lonia from 1808 to 1814, pieces of one
half {i.e., Ochavos), one, two, and four
Quartos were issued, and after the Span-
ish rule was resumed multiples as high as
six Quartos appeared.
In 1802 private firms at Gibraltar issued
tokens of one and two Quartos valued re-
spectively at a half Penny and a Penny.
A regal coinage was introduced by Great
Britain in 1842, consisting of a half Quart,
Quart, and two Quarts, the Quart being
equal to a half Penny.
Quateme, or Quern. Poey d'Avant (ii.
210), states that the Counts of Barcelona
in the eleventh century issued gold coins
of this name which were computed at one
fourth of the Soldo d'Oro. See Tern.
Quatemioy Quartemionesy or Quadru-
ple Aurei were struck by certain of the
Roman emperors, notably Augustus, Dom-
itian, Gallienus, and others.
Quatrine. The same as Quattrino. See
also Sequin.
Quattie. The nickname given in the
island of Jamaica to the silver coin of
three half Pence issued by William IV
and Victoria from 1834 to 1862. It is also
known as the half Bit. See Chalmers (p.
110).
Quattrinello. The diminutive of Quat-
trino. The term was used in Bologna in
or about 1508 for the small Papal coins
of Julius II.
Quattrino. An Italian coin which oc-
curs both in copper and billon and which
originally was the fourth part of the
Grosso (q-v.). It was issued at Ferrara,
Milan, Bologna, Venice, and other Italian
states. A reference to this coin is found
[194]
Queen Anne Farthing
Qwan
in a ballad circulated in Florence shortly
after Martin V had been elected Pope in
1415 ; he is thus referred to :
Papa Martlno
Non vale an quattrino.
The Quattrino was later made the fifth
part {sic) of the Baioccho (q.v.). Multi-
ples exist of three Quattrini in copper, and
five and ten Quattrini in silver.
The one in the Papal series is generally
known as the Quattrino Romano, and one
struck for Lucca from 1684 to 1733 on
which there is a figure of a panther sup-
porting the municipal arms is called the
Quattrino Panterino. It was of silver and
of the value of one eighth of the Bolognino.
See Ducato.
The Quattrino is in all probability the
coin referred to by Andrew Boorde, in his
Introduction to Knowledge, 1547 (179),
who says ''In bras they haue Kateryns and
byokes and denares."
Queen Anne
ing. See Farthing.
Gold. This obsolete form of
English revenue is described as follows by
Wharton, in his Law Lexicon, 1864.
*'It is a royal revenue which belonged
to every queen consort during her mar-
riage with the King, and was due from
every person who had made a voluntary
offer or fine to the King amounting to ten
marks or upwards."
It is mentioned by Blount, in his An-
cient Tenures, 1679 (36), and Blackstone
in his Commentaries (i. 221) says that
''The queen ... is entitled to an antient
perquisite called queen-gold or aurum re-
ginae.*'
Qiienthi, or Quentchen. The one sixty-
fourth of the Mark {q,v.).
Qnem. See Quateme.
Quicl. A slang English term for a
Guinea or a Sovereign. Thomas Shadwell,
in his play. The Squire of Alsatia, 1688
(iii. 1), makes use of the expression, "Let
me equip thee with a Quid," and Bret
Harte, in his tale. The Ohosts of Stukeley
Castle, introduces a stable boy who wishes
to sell a three-legged stool for "five quid."
Quinariiis. A Roman silver coin of one
half the weight and value of the Denarius.
It bears on the obverse the head of Minerva
and the figure V, i.e., five Asses; the re-
verse is the same as J:he Denarius.
After B.C. 217, in which year the value
of the Denarius was altered, the Quinarius
was only issued at intervals.
The gold Quinarius was half the Aureus
and was coined during the first three cen-
turies.
Quincunx, Quicunx, or Cingus. One of
the divisions of the As of the weight of
five ounces. See Acs Grave.
Quincussis. A name given to one of the
large Roman rectangular copper coins, its
weight being about five Roman pounds.
See Quadrilateral Pieces.
Quindidno. A small silver coin struck
by the Emperor Charles V for the Duchy
of Milan (1535-1556). It has a crowned
vase on one side, and a wreath on the re-
verse.
Quiniones. The name given to certain
large Roman gold or silver medallions,
equal in weight to Quintuple Aurei or
Denarii.
QuinL See Nova Constellatio.
Quinto. The common designation for
the one fifth of the silver Piorino of Flor-
ence.
But the same name was applied to the
fifth of the Ducato at an earlier period, as
in a monetary decree of 1531 it was or-
dered that the Quinto di Ducato, that is,
the money of four Qrossi, should be valued
at one Lira and ten Soldi.
Quintuplo. A name given to the Nea-
politan gold coin of five Ducati. See Du-
cato.
Quirate. See Kirate.
Quirino. A silver coin of the value of
eight Soldi struck in Correggio during the
sixteenth century. It takes its name from
the figure of St. Quirinus on one side of
the coin.
Quran. The half Rupee in the coinage
of Afghanistan is so called. See Sanar.
Qwan. See Quan.
[196]
Raal LAkria
Rap
R
Raal Lakria. Sta^rninus, in his Voy-
ages to the East Indies, 1798 (iii. 8), in
writing of the coinage of Surat, says: '*A11
foreign coins are taken according to their
weight and assay; but the Mexican dol-
lars, or Pieces of Eight, known among the
natives by the appellation of raal lakria,
must, if weighed, contain seventy-three
waals. ' '
Rabayeasee. See Bebia.
Rabenpfennige. See Denarii Corvorum.
Raderalbus, frequently abbreviated into
Rader, is the name given to a variety of
the Albus issued by the Archbishops of
Mainz, Trier, and Cologne, and by the
Dukes of Juliers, Berg, etc., during the
fourteenth and fifteenth centuries.
The armorial bearings on these coins
were copied from the Electorate of Mainz,
which include a double cross within a cir-
cle; this design was easily mistaken for a
wheel by the common people, hence the
name.
A larger coin of the same type has re-
ceived the name of Raderschilling.
Rag. An obsolete English slang term
for a Farthing,
Beaumont and Fletcher in their play
The Captain, 1613 (iv. 2), use the phrase,
'*Not a rag. Not a Deniere,'' and in A
Dictionary of the Canting Crew, printed
circa 1700, occurs the definition, **Bag, a
Farthing. ' '
Rag Money. A nickname given to the
paper money introduced during the Civil
War in the United States.
During the Greenback agitation the ad-
vocates of unlimited paper money were
often depicted by the cartoonists as nursing
a rag doll, in allusion to the fact that the
paper on which the Greenbacks were
printed was made almost entirely from
linen rags.
Ragno. The name given to the Lira
Tron in Bologna.
Ragusino. See Vislino.
Raha. A gold coin of Akbar, Emperor
of Hindustan, and of half the value of the
Sihansah {q.v.).
Raha. The word for money in the lan-
guage of the Esthonians, who inhabited a
district to the south of the Gulf of Fin-
land. See Skins of Animals {infra).
Raij. See Tankah.
Raimondine, or Rajmioiicline. The
name given to the Denar struck by the
Counts of Toulouse, whose principal mint
was at Albi, in the Department of Tarn.
The Counts of Toulouse from 1088 to 1249
all bore the name of Baimond, and this
name occurs on all the coins. See Blan-
chet (i. 339).
Raining Flowers. See Hana Furi Kin.
Raitpfennige. See Bechenpfennige.
Raku Sen, or Fancy Sen. The Japanese
name for those coins made in imitation gen-
erally of regular pieces but larger or more
elaborate.
Rama-tanka. The name given to gold
cup-shaped medals of varying sizes issued
in Southern India, especially by the kings
of Vijayanagara. They were originally in-
troduced to commemorate the enthrone-
ment of the king. They bear the design of
the durbar, or inauguration ceremony of
Bama, with his consort Siva, in the ancient
city of Ayodhya. The other side has Hanu-
man standing holding a club.
Ramtinkis. An incorrect spelling of
Bama-tanka.
Rana Shahi Kori. See Eori.
Randschrift. A term used by German
numismatic writers to indicate an inscrip-
tion on the edge of a coin or medal.
Rap was a counterfeit coin in circulation
in Ireland after the regular coinage had
ceased in 1696. The nominal value of the
Bap was a half -penny, but intrinsically it
was not worth even a farthing.
Swift, in his Drapier's Letters, 1724
(i.), says "Copper halfpence or farthings
. . . have been for some time very scarce,
and many counterfeits passed about under
the name of raps."
The expressions **not worth a rap," **I
care not a rap,** etc., can be traced to the
insignificant value of this coin.
[196]
Happen
Ready
R. Twiss, in his Tour in Ireland, 1776
(73), has: **The beggers . . . offering a
bad halfpenny, which they call a rap ; ' ' and
John Wilson, in Nodes Ambrosianae (i.
282), mentions **Ane o' the bawbees o* an
obsolete sort . . . what they ca' an Eerish
rap."
Byron, in Don Juan (canto xi. 84), says:
**I have seen the Landholders without a
rap.''
Rappen, or more correctly Eappe, is a
corruption of Rahe, a raven, and was be-
stowed originally on small silver coins
struck at Freiburg in Breisgau in the
fourteenth century. See Denarii Corvo-
rum.
The name was afterwards applied to all
coins having the figure of this bird and
consequently we find the expressions Rap-
penheller, Rappenschillinge, etc.
In the Swiss cantons the Rappen was for-
merly the tenth part of the Batzen, but
since the introduction of the Latin Union
system, the Rappen was made equal to the
Centime, and is struck in copper as the one
hundredth part of the Franc. Multiples
exist in nickel.
RasL A gold coin of Travancore com-
puted at ten Chakrams. Elliot, Coins of
Southern India (iii. 3), states that it dates
from a period anterior to the seventh or
eighth century, and adds, ** though seldom
seen in circulation, it is still the denomina-
tion used in Northern Malabar for record-
ing the value of lands and the ancient rev-
enue assessed on them ; but for all ordinary
transactions, it has long been superseded by
the Kali Fanam, five of which are equal to
one Rasi."
Rathautthaler. The name given to a
silver coin of Zurich struck to conunemo-
rate the foundation of the City Hall in
1698. It is from designs by H. J. Bullin-
ger and has on one side a picture of the
building, and on the reverse a view of the
city of Zurich.
The same title is given to an undated
silver coin of Nuremberg from designs by
P. H. Miiller^ This has a view of the town-
hall on the obverse, and an illustration of
the city on the reverse. See Madai (No.
2313).
Rathspraesentger. A silver coin of Aix-
la-Chapelle struck for the value of 16
Marks in 1711, and the same design was
employed in 1752 for pieces of 8 Marks and
32 Marks. The value is given in figures on
a shield which is placed on the breast of
the eagle on the obverse. The reverse has
the coronation insignia on an altar and the
inscription locvs . cobonationis . c-fflSABEiB.
Rath Zeichen. The name used by Oer-
man numismatists to describe tokens issued
by a municipality or by civic authorities.
Rati Seed. The unit of weight of the
early monetary system of India and equal
to 1.75 grains troy. It was the seed of
the Ahrus precatorius, or wild licorice.
One hundred Ratis, i.e., 175 grains,
formed the Sata-raktika, a weight of fine
metal, and this was used as the basis of the
Rupee in 1542 and of the gold Mohur
about a century earlier. The latter coin
was, however, for a brief period raised to
200 grains, but reverted to the Sata-rak-
tika. See Pana.
Ratitus. See Nummus Ratitus.
Rautengroschen, Rautenheller. These
terms are applied to various issues of Sax-
ony from the fifteenth century to compara-
tively modern times. The word Raute,
means rue, and the bar composed of rue
leaves is conspicuous on the armorial shield
of Saxony.
RawanL See Tankah.
Rawranoke. A corruption of Roanoake
(q.v.).
Raymondine. See Raimondine.
Razor Money. See Knife Money.
Reaal. The name given to the Real in
the Low Countries where it was not only
extensively copied but also struck in gold,
receiving the name of Gouden Reaal, or
Real d'Or. The latter coin was issued
under Maximilian and Philip (1482-1494)
in Brabant and Holland, and the coinage
continued until 1580. See Van der Chijs,
(p. 267).
The silver Reaal was also common in the
latter part of the fifteenth century and
dated specimens appeared as early as 1487
(Frey, Nos. 285, 288).
In 1821 a small silver coin, bearing the
inscription i reaal was struck for the
Dutch settlement in Curasao.
Ready, usually found as **the ready."
An elliptical expression for money imme-
[197]
Real
Rebel Money
diately available and used in this sense
as early as the beginning of the fifteenth
century. Other forms are ready money,
ready gold, ready penny, ready sterling,
etc.
Shadwell, in his play The Squire of Al-
satian 1688 (i. 1), mentions **the ready";
and Ooldsmith in the Eton Latin Orammar
saySf Aes in presenti perfectum format, i.e.,
Ready money makes a man perfect."
It
Real. A silver coin current in such
parts of Spain as were not conquered by
the Moors. It was first struck at Seville
and Burgos by Pedro III, king of Castile
(1350-1368), and was called Nummus
Realis, ** money of the king," from which
the name Real was abbreviated. It was
one eighth of the Peso, and was divided
into 34 Maravedis or eight and one half
Cuartos, and there are multiples as high
as fifty Reales in silver and one hundred
Reales in gold. See Cinquantina and Rial.
The coin continued in use in Spain up to
the time of the Revolution of 1869-1870,
and was succeeded by the Peseta. It was
extensively struck in Mexico, the Central
American Republics, and in many coun-
tries in South America.
When the East India Company was char-
tered in 1600, it struck a silver Crown,
Half-Crown, Shilling, and Sixpence for use
in India, and these pieces were also known
as eight Reales, four Reales, two Reales,
and Real. A one twenty-fourth Real was
issued by James II for the plantations in
North America, which has a reverse inscrip-
tion VAL 24 PART REAL HISPAN.
For a detailed account of this coin and its
numerous varieties, etc., see Heiss, and for
the Portuguese equivalents see Milreis.
Real Branco. A silver coin of Goa,
mentioned in the Lendas da India (circa.
1550), and computed at seven hundred and
twentv Reaes. There is a corresponding
half.
Real d'Or. See Reaal.
Realito or RealHlo. A Spanish word
meaning a small Real. It is applied to a
series of silver Reales struck by Philip II
and Philip III as Counts of Barcelona.
The type usually reads barging civitas,
1613, etc.
Realone* A silver coin of the value of
.eight Reals struck in (3enoa by the Banco
di San Oeorgio in 1666. Its purpose was
for trading with Spain and the Levant.
Real Portugiies. A silver coin of Por-
tugal which first appeared in the reign of
Fernando I (1367-1383) and was equal to
ten Dinheiros. A somewhat smaller va-
riety was issued under Joao I (1383-1433) ;
it was called the Real Cruzado and had
a value of only nine Dinheiros. Still an-
other variety, known as the Real Orosso,
was struck in the reign of Alfonso V (1438-
1481) and was valued at eleven Dinheiros.
Some later issues show a value of ten
Soldos, and others of forty Reis on the
face of the coins, and when the Real was
struck in copper in the reign of Sebastian
(1557-1578) its value declined to one tenth
of its silver predecessors. The half Real
was commonly known as Chimfram.
Real Ptreto. See Ceitil. .
Reap SQver. See Plough Silver.
Reaoz. The French equivalent for
Reales. Pieces of five Reaux were struck
at Barcelona in 1641 and 1642, and for
Oran there were issued copper four and
eight Reaux in 1691.
Rebalu An early Jewish weight stand-
ard; it was equal to one fourth of the
Shekel. See 1 Samuel (ix. 8).
RebeUenthaler The name given to a
Thaler struck by Henry Julius, Duke of
Brunswick-Liineburg in 1595. It was is-
sued to commemorate his victory over
certain rebellious vassals, and the reverse
refers to the sedition of Korah, as described
in Numbers (xvi.). See also Madai (No.
1110).
Rebellion Token* The name given to a
variety of the Sou tokens issued by La
Banque du Peuple of Montreal, Canada,
which bears a wreath of five maple leaves,
among which was surreptitiously inserted
a star of hope and a Phrygian cap of
liberty.
Rebel Money. A name given to a series
of Crowns and half Crowns which were is-
sued in 1643, probably by the "Confeder-
ated Catholics*' at Kilkenny, Ireland. They
are to some extent imitations of the Or-
mond Money (g.v.). See also British Nu-
mismatic Journal (ii. 348).
[198]
Rebia
Regensburger
Rebia, also variously called Babayeasee
and Rabayiahsee, is a gold coin of the Ot-
toman Empire and the fourth part of the
Funduk, though it also passes in circula-
tion for the third part of a Zer-mahbub.
Its weight is about thirteen and a half
grains, and its name is derived from reba,
a fourth part.
The silver Rebia, also known as the On-
lik, is of the value of ten Paras or the
fourth part of a Piastre. It weighs from
fifty to seventy grains. Since the readjust-
ment of the Turkish currency, the Onlik of
the modem coinage is equal to nine and one
one quarter Piastres.
Rebia Budschu. See Budschu.
Recdienpfennige, or Raitpfennige. The
name given to certain jetons originally in-
tended for purposes of computation, the
earliest specimens of which can be traced to
France in the thirteenth century. They
appeared in Brabant under Philip the
Good (1430-1467) and in Germany about a
hundred years later. Large quantities
were issued at Nuremberg, and in the Low
Countries they were circulated under the
name of Legpenninge.
Later they were employed as counters
at games, and are consequently now chiefly
known as Spielpfennige or Spielmarken.
For an exhaustive paper on the subject see
Forrer, in Spink (i. 5).
Rechnungsinunzen. See Money of Ac-
count.
Red, A. This term is sometimes applied
to a copper coin in allusion to its color, but
it is more • generally found in conjunction
with a substantive and used in a negative
sense, e,g,, * * I am without a red cent. ' '
Obsolete forms occur in which the combi-
nation was employed for gold coins on
account of their ruddy appearance. Thus
T. Howell, in his Poems, 1568 (i. 91), has
the line : * * Ich shall not mis of red ones to
haue store, * ' and John Fletcher in his play
The Mad Lover, 1625 (v. 4), says:
** There's a red rogue to buy thee hand-
kerchiefs.'*
Reddite Crovm. A pattern by Thomas
Simon. It is of the same type and bears
the same legends as the Petition Crown
{q.v.), and is from the same dies, but the
edge is inscribed reddite. QViE.ciESARis.
c.£SARi, etc. See Ruding (xxxiv. 7).
Red Harp. A nickname given to the
Groats and half Groats of Henry VIII and
Edward VI, struck for Ireland, probably
on account of the baseness of the metal, the
copper in the composition coming to the
surface soon after they were put in circu-
lation. See Harp.
Red Money. By an Act of the Assem-
bly of the State of Maryland, of May 10,
1781, there was an issue of bills to which
was given the name of Red Money. This
differed from previous issues in having the
border of the notes printed in red. About
£200,000 in face value was issued, and it
was based upon the confiscated lands of
British subjects in Maryland of an esti-
mated value of £500,000. Most of this con-
fiscated property was in lands, for which
there was not a ready market, and the
greater portion was disposed of on credit,
and final settlement was not effected until
long after the war was over.
Redotatot. Du Cange cites an ordi-
nance of 1342 in which coins of this name
are mentioned as being base silver pieces
of Dauphiny of the value of two and four
Deniers.
Reeding. The milling on the edge of a
coin. The corrugations on the rim are
parallel and run either transversely or ob-
liquely.
Referendum Dollar. The name given
to a series of octagonal silver tokens issued
by Joseph Lesher at Victor, Colorado, in
the year 1900. There are five varieties,
each one of which contains an ounce of
coin silver. Lesher called them Referen-
dum Dollars because they are to be referred
to the people for acceptance or rejection.
The United States government officials
stopped all coinage of the pieces and
seized the dies.
Refrappe. A term used by French nu-
mismatic writers to indicate a restrike.
Regalis Aureus. See Royal d'Or.
Regenbogenschiissel, also called Iriden.
The name given to Keltic concave gold
coins issued in Southwestern Germany and
the Rhine Provinces by the Boii.
Regensburger. The name of a former
Bavarian money of account extensively
used at Munich, Ratisbon, etc. Four hun-
dred and ninety-two Regensburger went
[199]
Regiments Thaler
RhemgoU Dukat
to the s6-called Regensburger Pfund. See
Noback (p. 692).
Regiments Thaler. A silver coin struck
at the city of Ulm in 1622. The obverse
has a view of the town and on the reverse
are eight armorial shields of the magis-
trates or town councillors and the inscrip-
tion : • PRO • PATRIA • CVNCTA • ET * PACEBE
• ET • FEBBE * PABATi • A f cw Specimens
were struck in gold.
Reichsalbus* A name given to a variety
of the Albus which was adapted to the cur-
rencies of the Palatinate, Mainz, Frankfort
a. M., and Hanau. It was the equivalent
of eight Pfennige, or two Kreuzer, or one
half Batzen, and occurs also in multiples of
doubles and triples.
Reichsgulden. A general name for a
denomination representing two thirds of
the Thaler (q.v.). It was formerly exten-
sively used in the South German states.
Reichsmiinzen. This term was estab-
lished in the German Empire pursuant to
an ordinance of July 9, 1873. The desig-
nation Beichsmark is consequently the offi-
cial one, but the name Mark is retained on
the coinage.
Reichsort* See Ort.
Reichsthaler. The name given to the
Speciesthaler by an ordinance of 1623. See
Thaler.
Reine. An ordinance of 1310 mentions
*' Denier 8 d'or, que Von appelle Denier s d
la Reine," but no such coins are in exist-
ence. Some authorities think that it was a
gold Denier struck by Louis IX of France
in honor of his mother, Queen Blanche.
Others identify it with a small Masse d'Or
generally attributed to Philip III of France
(1270-1285), on which the king is repre-
sented in the act of receiving the royal
mantle from the queen. See Blanchet,
(i. 146).
Reinoldigroschen. The name given to a
silver coin of the city of Dortmund, issued
during the fifteenth century, and which re-
ceives its title from the figure of Renaldus,
the patron saint of the city, which is found
on one side of the coin. Half and quarter
Groschen of the same design were also
struck.
Reis, plural of Real. See Milreis.
The name given to a silver
coin issued by Frederick V of Denmark in
1749, and specially struck for Norway. It
had a value of six Marks and appears to
have been made of native silver.
Reisethaler. See Schiffsthaler.
Rektorsthaler. See Vislino.
Rempd Heller. The nickname given to
certain Heller struck in Breslau in 1422 in
large quantities. Xbey bear on one side
the head of St. John the Baptist, which was
supposed to resemble that of Nikolaus Rem-
pel, a justice of Breslau.
Renavsance Medals. A general name
for the Italian medals of the fifteenth and
sixteenth centuries which exhibit beautiful
workmanship compared with their prede-
cessors. There are a large number of trea-
tises on the subject, e.g,, by Friedlander,
Armand, and Lenormant in the Tresor de
Numismatique et de Olyptique, 1834-1850.
Repentigny Tokens. The name given to
a series of pattern pieces which were in-
tended to be used as passes over the bridge
near Montreal, Canada, similar to the Bout
de L'Isle Tokens (g.v.). They are de-
described in detail by Breton (p. 55).
Rep SQver. See Plough Silver.
Resellado. A Spanish term for re-
coined or re-stamped money. A piece of
ten Reales, also called Duro Resellado, was
issued by Ferdinand VII in 1821 with the
word Resellado upon it, thus indicating a
re-coinage.
Restitution Coins. A term applied to
such pieces as were re-coined at some time
after their original emission. Such coins
frequently occur in the Roman series and
usually bear the word restituit or the ab-
breviated form REST.
The Restitution Coins first appear under
Titus and end under Trajan. The latter is-
sued a large number of them commemo-
rative of some of his predecessors.
Restrike. A later impression from an
original die.
Reverse, from the Latin revertere, to
turn over, is the opposite of Obverse (q.v.).
The inscriptions on the reverse of a coin
are usually considered of lesser import than
those on the obverse.
Rheingold Dukat. See Ausbeutemiin-
zen.
[200]
Rkeinischer Albus
Ryksdaalder
Rlieiiiitcher Albiit. Rhemitcher Schfl-
ling. The name given to the Oros and its
corresponding half struck in the Ehenish
Provinces during the sixteenth century.
They frequently bear an inscription read-
ing MONETA.NOVA.RENENS^
Rhino. A slang term for money. John
G. Saxe in his poem Polyphemus and Ulys-
ses (ii.), has the following rhjnne:
Drunker than any one you or I know.
Who buys his "Rhenish" with ready rhino.
Rial, or RyaL A silver coin of Morocco
which occurs in both round and rectan-
gular form. It corresponded to the Span-
ish Real and was divided into thirteen and
a half Ukkias. For a detailed account of
its comparative weight and fineness see
Noback (p. 243).
The Eial of the modem Morocco coinage
is sometimes known as the Piastre, and is
subdivided into one hundred Centimos. II
corresponds in value to the quarter Franc
or quarter Peseta, and must consequently
not be confused with the Turkish Piastre.
See Abbasi.
For Zanzibar, the Rial has been issued
since A.H. 1299 with Arabic inscriptions,
and is the size of a dollar.
Rial Budschu. See Budschu.
An Italian word meaning cur-
ly. It was applied to the silver Testone of
forty Soldi made by Benvenuto Cellini for
Alessandro de Medici, of Florence (1533-
1536), on account of the curly head on the
obverse. See Symonds, Life of Cellini
(i. Ixxx.).
Rice was a current medium of exchange
during the later prehistoric age of Japan.
See Munro (pp. 19-20). It was extensively
used in the payment of taxes and govern-
ment officials readily accepted it.
Riddock. See Ruddock.
Rider. A Scotch gold coin issued by
James III in 1475, in his second coinage.
It receives its name from the figure of the
king on a galloping horse, and its weight
was eighty grains.
There are divisions of one quarter, one
third, one half, and two thirds, some of
which are assigned to this monarch and
others to his successor, James IV. See
Rijder.
Ridit i.e., Silver. A name used in Sin-
halese literature to designate the hook-
money. This term, however, was probably
applied to other silver money before the in-
troduction of the Larins. The term Ridi
pahayi, i.e., five Ridis, is still used in re-
mote districts in the sense of a Rix Dollar.
Rhys Davids (sec. 73) states that no
specimens of the Ridis have survived.
Riding Money. See Pi Tch^eng Ma.
Rigmarie. An obsolete dialect term used
both in England and Scotland for a coin of
small value. The name is supposed to have
originated from one of the base silver coins
struck during the reign of Mary (1553-
1558) which had the words reg. mabia. as
part of the inscription.
Rigsdaler. The Danish equivalent of
the Reichsthaler. It was divided into six
Marks of sixteen Skillings. The double
Rigsdaler was called the Speciesdaler, or
Rigsbankdaler.
Rijder. A coin of the United Provinces,
Friesland, etc. It obtains its name from
the armored knight on horseback figured
on the obverse, and the term was applied
to any coin bearing this device irrespective
of the metal. The issues in gold, called
Gouden Rijder were synonymous with the
Scottish Rider of James III, and the
French Cavalier. The gold Rijder of
Gueldres was first issued in 1581 and that
of Friesland in 1583. The Nederlandsche
Rijder was ordered to be struck early in
the year 1606 according to the Muntplacaat
of that year.
The silver Rijder, or Rijderdaalder was
also originally issued in 1581 according to
the Ordonnantie. It was copied in Fries-
land, etc. This coin is sometimes referred
to as the Ducaton, and it was usually com-
puted at forty Stuivers.
A silver denomination in the
modern Persian series equal to one Kran
and five Shahi.
Rijksdaalder, or Rix Daler. The Dutch
equivalent of the Reichsthaler. It was is-
sued early in the sixteenth century and was
retained in the currency as late as the
reign of Louis Napoleon (1806-1810).
The designation is retained as a popular
name for the current silver coin of two and
one half Gulden of the Netherlands.
[201]
Riludaler
Rogati
Riksdaler. The Scandinavian equiva-
lent of Beichsthaler. It was introduced by
Gufitav I of Sweden (1521-1560) and di-
vided into twelve Marks. . Since the mone-
tary convention of 1875 it represents forty-
eight Skillings, or one hundred Ore. See
Daler.
Riktort See Ort.
Rio. A small Japanese copper coin, the
one tenth of the Sen {q.v.). The Chinese
equivalent is the Li (q.v.).
Ring Dollar. See Holey Dollar.
Ringgit The name given to the Real or
Spanish Dollar in the Malay Peninsula.
See Pitje.
Ring Money. One of the earliest forms
of a circulating medium, and whicb appears
to be generally adjusted to a graduated
system founded upon a certain weight.
Its antiquity is demonstrated by its
occurrence in ancient Egyptian paintings,
showing merchants weighing rings in scales,
and there is a reference to it in Genesis
(xxiv. 22). When the Romans invaded
England they found ring money in use ; in
Ireland it was utilized until the Danish in-
vasion, and in Scandinavia until the thir-
teenth century. In the museum at Stock-
holm specimens are exhibited of large spiral
rings of gold, which could be opened, closed,
and linked into a chain. Some of these
specimens weigh from eight hundred to one
thousand grammes. A primitive money in
Japan consisted of copper rings coated with
silver and gold and called Kin Kwan and
Gin Kwan according to their composition.
See Munro (p. 5), and conf. Manilla.
Rix Dal^r. See Rijksdaalder.
Rix Dolkur. A silver coin struck by the
English government for Ceylon from 1803
to 1821.
Roanoake. An inferior kind of Wam-
pum made and used by the natives of Vir-
ginia.
Captain Smith in his work on Virginia,
1624 (iii. 418), mentions **Rawranoke or
white beads that occasion as much dissen-
tion among the Salvages (sic), as gold and
siluer amongst Christians. ' '
In the Statutes of Virginia for 1656
(repr. 1823, i. 397) it was ordered that
* * Peeces of eight that are good and of silver
shall pass for five shillings, and Roanoake
[ 202
and Wompompeeke to keep their wonted
value."
Sir W. Talbot in describing the Discov-
eries of J. Lederer, 1672 (27), says, ''Their
currant Coyn of small shells, whieh they
call Roanoaek or Peaek."
Robciliuo, or Robertone. The common
name for the Liard struck by Robert,
Count of Anjou and Duke of Calabria
(1309-1343).
Robotnuurkcn. A term used by German
numismatists for such tokens or jetons as
are struck to indicate some compelled ser-
vice done in socage. See Neumann
(28482-28491).
Robustus Daalder. The name given to
a silver coin of Brabant issued in 1584. The
reverse has the armorial shields of Brus-
sels, Antwerp, Louvain, and Bois-le-Due,
and the motto confortare.et.esto.robvs-
Tvs,t.c.,**Be of courage and be strong,'' or
**Have a bold heart and a strong arm."
There is a half and a quarter of the same
type.
Roda, meaning a wheel, is the name
given to a leaden or tin coin of the value of
three, ten, or fifteen Bazaruccos, issued by
the Portuguese for their possessions in In-
dia, at the beginning of the eighteenth cen-
tury.
These coins were struck at Damao, Bas-
sein, and Goa, and receive their name from
the fanciful resemblance of the cross on
the reverse to a St. Catherine's wheel. The
second capture of Goa by Alfonso de Al-
buquerque occurred on November 25, 1510,
the anniversary of the martyrdom of St.
Catherine, and the wheel, the instrument of
her martyrdom, was made a part of the
Arms of (Joa.
RodiotL The name generally used to
describe the Zecchini struck by the Grand
Masters of Rhodes and which were copied
from the Venetian types.
Riissler. The name given to the half
Dick Thaler of the cantons of Uri, Schwyz,
and Unterwalden, from the figure of St.
Martin riding a horse which occurs on
these coins.
Rogati. A money current in Padua in
the thirteenth century. A document of
1294 mentions a payment of viginti Rogatos
parvos,
]
Rolabasso
Rote Crown
Rolabasso. See Bollbatzen.
RoKno. A variety of the Ducato of
Savoy current in the sixteenth century and
valued at 64 Grossi. See Promis (ii. 54).
RoUbatzen. A name given to a variety
of Batzen issued by Bishop Hugo of Con-
stance at the beginning of the sixteenth cen-
tury, on account of the figure of three rings
or rolling circular lines, which were part
of his armorial bearings and which were
copied on these coins.
The type was imitated in Italy at Mes-
serano, at Carmagnola, at Casale in Monte-
ferrato, and by Francesco Trivulzio at Ro-
goredo (1518-1523) and the original name
was transformed into Rolabasso, or Arla-
baso. The Italian coin was current for
two Grossi.
RomanatL A popular name in ancient
times for certain Solidi struck by such By-
zantine emperors as bore the name Roma-
nus.
Romanino. See Grosso Romanino.
Romano. Another name for the By-
zantine Solidus. Du Cange cites a number
of ordinances, documents, etc., of the
twelfth century in which this form occurs.
Romefeoh, or Romescot. See Peter's
Pence.
Romesine. In the year 1140 Roger II,
King of Sicily, called an assembly of the
barons and the clergy at Ariano di Puglia,
in Campania, to discuss among other mat-
ters certain monetary reforms. At this
meeting the king abolished the pieces
known as Romesines, which had enjoyed an
extensive circulation, and introduced in
their stead three types of the Follari in
copper, and also established a new silver
coin which received the name of Ducato
d'Argento. See Bngel and Serrure (ii.
810).
Rond. A French nickname for a Sou.
The allusion is to its shape.
Roob or Rnb. The quarter of the Abys-
sinian Talari. See Ber.
Roosebeker. A silver coin of Brabant,
a variety of the double Groot, struck in
1387 and later. It obtains its name from
a group of five roses which surmount the
double shields of Brabant and Burgundy.
Philip, Count of Flanders, issued them at
Ghent, and by an agreement with Johanna
of Brabant they were struck later at Mech-
lin and Lou vain. See Blanchet (i. 443,
ii. 4) and Engel and Serrure (iii. 1094).
Roosscbelling. A variety of the Schel-
ling of the Low Countries having on the
obverse a floriated cross surmounted by a
rose. It is consequently also known as the
Escalin k la Rose.
This piece was first struck in 1601 and
the coinage extended to the middle of the
eighteenth century.
Roosstuiver. A base silver coin of the
same design as the preceding and of half
the value.
Ropaka. An early Indian coin, the one
seventieth of the Suvarna. See Cunning-
ham (p. 22).
Rosa Americana. A coinage consisting
of an alloy of brass, zinc, and silver (com-
monly known as Bath Metal), and issued in
1772-24 by William Wood, for the use of
the colonists in North America. The de-
nominations were Twopence, Penny, and
Halfpenny, and a pattern Twopence issued
in 1733, after Wood's death.
For a detailed account of this coinage see
a paper contributed by Philip Nelson to the
British Numismatic Journal (i, 265-285).
Rosalino. The popular name for the
Pezza of. eight Reali struck in Florence
in 1665 which bore the figure of a rose
plant.
RQsario. Du Cange cites an ordinance
of 1300 in which Rosarios are mentioned
as coins prohibited in France.
Rosary. A base or counterfeit coin of
foreign origin, current in England during
the thirteenth century at the value of the
silver penny. It was declared illegal by a
statute of Edward I.
It is referred to in Fabyan's Chronicle,
1513 (vii. 401), and Grafton's Chronicle,
1568 (ii. 182).
J. Simon, in his Essay on Irish Coins,
1749 (p. 15), says: ** These . . . foreign
coins, called Mitres, Lionines, Rosaries, etc.
from the stamp or figures impressed on
them, were privately brought from... be-
yond the seas and uttered here for pen-
nies."
Rose Crown* A name given to the first
milled Crown of the reign of Charles II
from the fact that it had the figure of a
[208]
Rote Farthing
Ruba
rose under the bust, said to indicate that
it was struck from silver derived from
mines in the western part of England.
These coins were issued in 1662.
Rote Farthing. See Farthing.
Rosen Groschen. A silver coin of the
Duchy of Juliers issued under William II
(1361-1393). It receives its name from
the figures of eleven roses, five on the ducal
crown and six on the reverse design.
Rose Noble. See Noble.
Rose Pennies and half Pence were
coined in London during the reigns of Ed-
ward VI and Mary. They were of base
silver and intended for use in Ireland, but
were withdrawn from circulation in 1556.
They receive their name from the design of
a full-blown rose on the obverse.
Rose Rywl. Another name for the
Double-Ryal, a gold coin of the value of
thirty Shillings, issued by James I of Eng-
land. See Noble.
Rosina. See Pezza.
Rossgulden. A silver denomination of
Brunswick and Liineburg from the latter
part of the seventeenth century. It takes
the name from the figure of the running
horse on the reverse.
Rodischild Love Dollar. See Janau-
schek Thaler.
Rouble. See Ruble.
Roue, i.e., a wheel. The terms Roue de
devant and Roue de derriere, meaning the
front and hind wheel, are used in French
slang to denote respectively the two and
five Franc pieces.
Rouleau (plural Rouleaux.) A French
term meaning literally a roll of coins, but
also applied to a set of coins making a fixed
unit. Thus Zay (p. 107) states that, by
an ordinance of 1819, a rouleaux of thirty
pieces of the billon ten Centime pieces of
French Guiana, also called Marques Blancs,
were computed at three Francs.
Roupie. The French equivalent of the
Rupee (q.v.).
Roverino. A name given to the Papal
Fiorino of Sixtus IV (1471-1484) and Ju-
lius II (1503-1513). They have the ar-
morial bearings of the family della Rovere.
Rovetti. Promis (ii. 34) states that
these were coins of the Dukes of Savoy
and valued at eight Orossi.
RojraL An obsolete form of the Spanish
Real and frequently cited as the "Piece of
Eight'' (g.v.).
In Sir Robert Cotton's Privy Council Re-
port of Sept. 2, 1626, occurs a passage:
**The said Royal of Eight runs in account
of trade at 5s. of his Majesties now Eng-
lish Mony."
Ro3ral Cormiat. A silver coin of Mar-
seilles said to have been originally struck
circa 1186 by Ildefonso, Marquis of Pro-
vence. See Blancard, Le MUlares, 1876
(p. 11).
Ro3ral d'Or, or Regalis Aureus. A
French gold coin of the fourteenth cen-
tury which bears on the obverse a full-
length figure of the king in his royal robes,
and he is usually represented standing un-
der a Gk)thic canopy.
A petit Royal d'Or was issued in the
reign of Philip III called Mantelet d'Or.
In the time of Edward IV the English
applied the name Royal to the Noble
iq.v.) ; and in the reign of Henry VII the
double Ryal was called the Royal or Sov-
ereign.
Ro3ral Farthing. See Farthing.
Royalin. A silver coin issued in Den-
mark from about 1755 to 1807 for its pos-
sessions in Tranquebar. The obverse bears
the ruler's monogram crowned, and on the
reverse is the Danish Arms with the in-
scription I BOTALiN or 2 ROTALiNER, and the
date. France issued similar silver coins of
one, two, four, and eight Royalins for Pon-
dichery. See Bergsoe, Trankehar-Monter,
and Zay.
Royal Parisis Double. A name given to
a variety of the double Gros, or Oros Par-
isis, which bears the inscription moneta
DVPLEX REGALIS. See also Parisis.
Rozenobel, also called Gouden Nobel
A gold coin of the Low Countries, copied
from the English Noble. The type issued
by Johanna of Brabant was of the value
and fineness of the English prototype.
Rscb. The name given to the Piastre in
the Egyptian coinage.
Rub. See Roob.
Ruba. A base silver coin of the modem
Egyptian series of the value of five Pias-
tres. It was introduced A.H. 1255 or A.D-
1839.
[204]
Ruble
Rupie
Rnble, or Rouble. A Bussian silver coin
originally subdivided into one hundred
Denga but later into one hundred Kopecks.
The only exception to this rule is an issue
of Rubles, halves, and quarters, respective-
ly, of ninety-six, forty-eight, and twenty-
four Kopecks struck by Elizabeth in 1757
for Livonia.
This coin was originally a piece of silver
cut from a bar, and the name is derived
from the Eussian ruhitj, i.e., to chop off
or to cut off. The earliest attempt to give
it a distinct circular form was about 1652
when Alexei Michailowitsch took Thaler of
West Friesland, Overysel, Hungary, Tyrol,
etc., and struck over them the portrait of
the Czar on one side and the Russian
double-headed eagle and legends on the
other.
The regular issue began under Peter the
Great in 1704, and in 1707 appeared a new
type with the value expressed, and the date
in Arabic numerals. Catharine I in 1725
issued a Klippe or square Ruble and cor-
responding half and quarter. These have
the double eagle in each comer and the
value and date in the centre.
Ruddock, also, but rarely, written Rid-
dock. An obsolete slang name for a gold
coin in allusion to its ruddy color.
John Lyly, in his play Midas, 1592 (iLl),
has the line: **If . . .he haue golden rud-
docks in his bagges, he must be wise and
honourable."
Mabbe, in a translation of Aleman's
Ouzman d'Alfarache, 1622 (ii, 147), says:
'* Three thousand crownes, in good, dainty
braue ruddocks, all good double pistolets."
Riibener, or Riiben Batzen. A nick-
name given to small silver coins of Salz-
burg, struck by the Archbishop Leonhard
von Keutschach (1495-1519), from the tur-
nip in the armorial shield. A so-called
Riiben Thaler and Riiben Gulden (Frey
No. 520) were struck by the same prelate.
Rimdstiicke, or Rundstycken, meaning
** round pieces," is the popular name for
the Swedish Ore of copper. They occur as
singles, doubles, and quadruples under
Charles XI (1660-1697), struck for Reval,
Narva, etc.
Richard Hayes, in The Negociator's
Magazine, 1740 (p. 337), has the following
passage:
'*In Stockholm they keep their accounts
in Rixdollars, Copper Dollars, and Run-
sticks, reckoning 32 Runsticks to a Copper
Dollar, and 6 Copper Dollars to a Rixdol-
lar valued at 3 Polish Florins, or about 4s.
6d. Sterling.
**They have no such coin as a Runstick,
but [it] is only used in their reckoning;
yet they have copper Farthings, of which
they reckon 2 to a Runstick, 3 Runsticks
to a Whitton, 10^ Whittons to a Copper
Dollar, and 6 Copper Dollars, or 64 Whit-
tons to a RixdoUar."
Rupee, also called Rupih and Roupie. A
silver coin of India, dating back to the
reign of Sher Shah (A.H. 946-952), and
copied in Assam, Ceylon, Mombasa, etc.
The name is probably derived from the
Sanscrit word Rupa, meaning cattle. See
Sihansah.
In 1676 the Bombay mint was authorized
by Charles II **to coin rupees, pice, and
budgrooks,*' which were to be current in
all the dependencies of the East India Com-
pany; and in 1758 the coinage rights in
Bengal were granted to the Company and
Rupees were issued in the name of Alam-
gir II, with the regnal year 5 A.H.
The ancient silver standard of India was
superseded in 1899 by the gold standard,
with an arbitrary rating of the Rupee at
sixteen Pence, which is maintained by
means of a gold redemption fund. The
present Rupee weighs one hundred and
eighty grains, or 11.66 grammes, and is
nine hundred and sixteen one thousandths
to nine hundred and twenty-five one thou-
sandths fine.
The divisions consist of sixteen Annas,
each of four Pice, each of three Pies.
There are also half, quarter, and eighth
Rupees. In Ceylon the Rupee is divided
into one hundred Cents. See Mahbubia
and Sicca, and cow/. Zay (p. 306).
RupL A silver coin of Persia. See
Nadiri.
Rupia. A silver coin of Goa and Diu,
first issued in 1725, with a value of six
hundred Reis. A corresponding half was
struck in 1729. The present Portuguese
Indian Rupia corresponds with the British
Indian Rupee.
Rupie. A silver coin of German East
Africa, introduced in 1890, and divided
[ 205 ]
Ruspone
Ryiihei Eilio
into one hundred Heller. There is a double
Rupie of the same type.
Rutpone* A gold coin of the value of
three Zecchini, introduced at Florence un-
der Giovanni Qastone (1723-1737) of the
Medici family, and continued to the time
of the provisional government of 1859.
The Italian word ruspa, when used to
describe a coin, means in mint condition,
and the name was probably applied to
these pieces on account of their being uni-
formly bright and well preserved.
Ruasino. The name given to a variety
of Grosso struck by Theodore I of Monte-
ferrato (1306-1338) at the mint of Ghi-
vasso.
RyaL A Scottish gold coin, of which
there is a pattern in the second coinage
of James V (1525), but which did not
appear as a regular issue until the reign
of Mary I and dated 1555. It had a value
of sixty Shillings and is consequently some-
times referred to as the Three-pound Piece.
It is twenty-two carats fine and weighs one
hundred and eighteen grains.
The silver Ryal, with its divisions of one
third and two thirds, was first issued in
1565. The second type bears on the re-
verse a tortoise or **schell padocke'' creep-
ing up the trunk of a yew tree which is
supposed to intimate the ascent of Henry
Darnley, son of the Earl of Lennox by his
marriage to Mary. These Ryals are also
called Cruickston Dollars (q.v.). They are
eleven parts fine to one part alloy, and
weigh four hundred and seventy-two and
one half grains.
The Ryal, or Thirty Shilling Piece, of
James VI is commonly known as the
Sword Dollar (g.v.).
Rytl. A name given to the Rose Noble
in the time of Edward IV. In 1543 the
half Sovereign of the value of ten Shillings
wa^ substituted for the Ryal. See Noble.
RjraL See Rial.
Ryder. See Rider and Rijder.
Ryksdaalder. See Rijksdaalder.
RyksorL See Ort.
Rynsgulden. The name given to the
gold Florin struck at Arnheim by William,
Duke of Juliers and Gueldres (1383-1402).
Ryo* A Japanese standard of value
equal to ten Momme. It was used in deter-
mining the weight of gold in dust or grains,
when this form of the metal was used for
payment, and when the Oban (g.v.) was
issued it was stamped with the Ryo value.
The Ryo ordinarily was computed at
twenty Kwan, or twenty thousand Mon of
copper coin. It was equal to four Bu or
sixteen Shu. See Munro (pp. 186, 189).
Ryiihei Eiho. See Jiu Ni Zene.
[206]
Sabi
Salding
s
SabL The patination or rust on a Jap-
anese coin. For a detailed account see
Munro, Introduction (p. x.).
Sacramental Tokens* See Communion
Tokens.
Sad-Dinar. See Mahmudi, and Sanar.
Saddle Money. See Eiu Ma.
SadOd. See Siddiki.
SagittariL A name given, on account of
their type, to Persian Darics and Sigloi.
See Archers.
Sahebqiran. A Persian silver coin, cor-
responding in size to the Real. It was
struck for Tabriz, Ardebil, Kermanscha-
han, etc. See Fonrobert (No. 4670-4714).
Saiga. A small thick silver coin of the
Merovingians. Charles Martel struck them
at Aries, Marseilles, etc. Their value
varied; some authorities claim that they
represent the fourth part of the Tremissis,
while others think that they were equal to
the Denarius of that period. See Blanchet
(i. 24, 27, 102).
Saime. According to Kelly (p. 5) this
was a former money of account in Algiers
and computed at fifty to the Aspre.
SL Afra Dukaten. The general desig-
nation for a series of gold coins issued by
the city of Augsburg in 1635, 1636, etc.,
which have on the obverse a figure of St.
Afra, the patron saint of the city.
Saint Andrew. A gold coin of Scotland,
first struck in the reign of Eobert II (1371-
1390), and continued almost uninterrupt-
edly to the second coinage of James V in
1525. It derives its name from the figure
of St. Andrew with extended arms which
occurs on one side. Its weight varied from
thirty-eight to eighty-one grains, and the
half in proportion. See Lion.
SL Andriet Gulden. A gold coin of the
Counts of Holland and the Dukes of Bur-
^ndy, struck during the fourteenth cen-
tury and later. It receives its name from
the standing figure of St. Andrew on the
reverse. See under Andreas, supra.
[207
St. Blatius Thaler. See Vislino.
St. Jans Rijksdaalder. The name given
to a silver coin issued by the Emperor
Rudolf II for Groningen in 1598 and con-
tinued until about 1602. It has on the
obverse a full length figure of St. John the
Baptist holding a lamb.
An essay of this piece, called the St.
Jans Daalder, appeared as early as 1561,
and was struck on both round and square
planchets. On it the Emperor's name is
of course omitted.
St. Matthew'sgroschen. See Matthias-
groschen.
Saint Patrick's Money. Half Pence and
Farthings bearing upon the obverse a
figure of King David kneeling and playing
on the harp. On the reverse is the stand-
ing figure of St. Patrick with a cross or
crozier in his hand.
Simon classed these coppers as Irish
siege-money, and states that they were
struck in Dublin in 1643. Philip Nelson,
however, in a paper contributed to the
British Numismatix^ Journal (i. 184),
proves without a doubt that they were not
issued prior to 1678. They are sometimes
called **Newby Coppers,'* because Mark
Newby brought a quantity of them from
Ireland to New Jersey in 1681, and they
were used for a time as currency in that
State. See also British Numismatic Journal
(iii. 219-222).
St. Victor Daalder, or Ecu au St. Victor.
The name gives to a silver coin of William
de Bronckhorst, Seigneur de Batenbourg
(1556-1575), which has on one side the
figure of St. Victor armed with a sword.
The inscription reads sanctus victor mar-
Tm.
Salding, or Scalding. A base English
silver coin of the period of Edward I. In
the Calendar of Documents relating to Ire-
land, circa 1285 (iii. 8), there is a refer-
ence stating that the Bishop of Waterford,
Stephen de Fulborn, caused new money to
be made. It was called Scalding, Bishop's
Sek
Sampietrino
money, or Stephening, from the name of
the Bishop. See Brabant.
Sak was used by the Venetians during
the thirteenth century as an equivalent for
money, and the Abyssinians have employed
bars of rock-salt. See Amoles. Marco Polo
in his Travels (Bk. ii. 38), in describing
the Chinese province of Eain-du, remark
as follows:
'*In this country there are salt-springs,
from which they manufacture salt by boil-
ing it in small pans. When the water has
boiled for an hour, it becomes a kind of
paste, which is formed into cakes of the
value of twopence each. These, which are
flat on the lower, and convex on the upper
side, are placed upon hot tiles, near a fire,
in order to dry and harden. On this latter
species of money the stamp of the grand
Khan is impressed, and it cannot be pre-
pared by any other than his own officers.
Eighty of the cakes are made to pass for
a saggio of gold. But when these are car-
ried by the traders amongst the inhabitants
of the mountains and other parts little fre-
quented, they obtain a saggio of gold for
sixty, fifty, or even forty of the salt cakes,
in proportion as they find the natives less
civilized, further removed from the towns,
and more accustomed to remain on the same
spot; inasmuch as people so circumstanced
cannot always have a market for their gold,
musk, and other commodities. And yet
even at this rate it answers well to them
who collect the gold-dust from the beds of
the rivers. The same merchants travel in
like manner through the mountainous and
other parts of Thebeth (Tibet), where the
money of salt has equal currency. Their
profits are considerable, because these
country people consume the salt with their
food, and regard it as an indispensable
necessary; whereas the inhabitants of the
cities use for the same purpose only the
broken fragments of the cakes, putting the
whole cakes into circulation as money.*'
In a note to the foregoing passage the
translator adds: **The saggio of Venice
was the sixth part of an ounce, and conse-
quently the cake of salt was in value the
four hundred and eightieth part of an
ounce of gold, which, at the price of four
pounds sterling, is exactly two pence for
the value of each cake; a coincidence that
could hardly have been expected. Its pre-
*
[
cision, however, must depend on a com-
parison between the English pence and
Venetian denari of that day."
Up to modem times salt cakes have been
used as money on the borders of Yunnan.
Saltire Plack. See Plack.
Sttk Silver. Kennett, in Parochial An-
tiquities of the year 1363, has the following :
''Salt-Sylver is One penny paid at the
Feast of St. Martin, by the servile Tenants
to their Lord, as a commutation for the ser-
vice of carrying their Lord's Salt from the
Market to his Lardar."
Sahmg, or Mayon. A Siamese silver
coin, the one fourth part of the Tical
(g.v.).
Salute, called by the French Salut d'Or.
A gold coin issued by Henry V of England
in 1422, by virtue of his power as Regent
of France by the treaty of Troyes. The
obverse shows the Annunciation, or the
angel's Salutation of the Virgin Mary, and
the two shields of England and France.
Between the figures is the word ave on a
scroll, above which are celestial rays. The
surrounding inscription reads: henricvs :
DEI : GRA : PBACOBV ' : Z : ANGLIE : REX.
The Salutes of Henry V are very rare,
but those of Henry VI are quite common.
The mint marks indicate that they were
struck for Calais, Paris, Amiens, Dijon, etc.
The above coins were copied from the
Salut d'or, originally issued by Charles VI
of France (1380-1422). See Hoffmann (7,
8).
Saluto d'Oro and Salute d'Argento.
Names given to gold and silver coins issued
in Naples and Sicily by Charles 1 of Anjou
(1266-1285), and by his successor, Charles
II (1285-1309).
They bear on the obverse a representa-
tion of the Salutation of the Vii^in and are
the prototypes of the Anglo-Gallic Salute
(g.v.).
Salvator Thaler. The name given to a
Swedish Thaler with the effigy of the Sav-
ior on one side, and the inscription sal-
vator MVNDi. It was introduced by Gus-
tavus I Wasa in 1542, and continued until
the reign of Christina.
Sampietrino. A Papal copper coin of
the value of two and a half Baiocci, issued
by Pius VI (1775-1798). See Madonnina.
208]
Samson d'Or
Santo Thome
Samson d^Or. See Fort.
Sanar. The unit of the coinage of
Afghanistan, which is computed as follows :
10 Dinar = i Palga or Taka.
5 Palsa =r 1 ShAhl.
2 ShAbi = 1 Sanar, Saddlnar, or Mlaquall.
2 Sanar =r 1 Abbasi.
1^ Abbasi = 1 Quran.
2 Quran = 1 Rupee.
20 Rupees = 1 Tuman.
Conf. for the analogy to the modern Per-
sian coinage, Senar, Abbasi, etc.
Sanar-Kasu. The name given by the
former natives of Portuguese India to the
Venetian Zecchino, which was at one time
current in Goa and vicinity.
San Carlo. A silver coin of Charles
Emanuel I, Duke of Savoy, struck in 1614,
and equal to nine Fiorini.
San€hetL A general name for coins is-
sued by such rulers of Navarre as bore the
name of Sancho, of which there were sev-
eral.
Sancto Zoanne* A coin of Florence, al-
luded to in an ordinance of 1494 as being
equal to twenty Quattrini.
Sand Dollar or Sand Cast Dollar. The
name given to a Mexican Peso cast in Chi-
huahua by Ferdinand VII during the Rev-
olutionary period (1812-1821). These
pieces are generally counterstamped.
Sanese d'Oro. A gold coin of Siena,
struck by Giovanni Galeazzo Visconti
(1390-1404). It has a large S on one side
and a cross on the reverse.
San Felipe. A silver coin issued by
PhUip III of Portugal (1621-1640) for
Goa. It receives its name from the letters
8. F., i.e., Sao Felipe, which are found on
the obverse, one on each side of the figure
of a saint. See Ponrobert (3878).
San Giovannino. A silver coin of Gtenoa
issued in 1671, and of the value of one
sixteenth of the Scudo. It obtains its name
from the standing figure of St. John the
Baptist, represented on one side of the coin.
The same name is given to a billon coin
of the value of three Soldi struck at Cor-
reggio circa 1615 to 1630, on which was a
seated figure of St. John the Abbot.
San Joao. A silver coin issued by John
IV of Portugal (1640-1656) for Damao and
QosL. It receives its name from the letters
s. I., i.e., Sao Joao, which occur on the
obverse, one on each side of the figure of
[209
a saint holding a banner. See Fonrobert
(3881-3887, 3965).
San Martino. A silver coin of Lucca
issued under Republican rule from about
1660 to 1750, and of a value of fifteen
Soldi. The reverse has a figure of St. Mar-
tin and the beggar. See Settler Thaler.
San Mauricio. A silver coin struck by
Charles II, Duke of Savoy (1504-1553),
which received this name from the figure
of St. Maurice on horseback. It was issued
in two values, i.e., sixteen Grossi and nine
Grossi, and there are corresponding halves
and quarters. See Promis (41).
Sannar. The name given to a billon
Soldo of Perpignan struck in 1528 by order
of Charles V.
San Paolo. A silver coin of Guastalla
issued in the reign of Ferdinand Gonzaga
(1595-1630). Its value was twenty-one
Soldi. Conf. also Paolo.
Sanpetronio. A Papal coin of Bologna
referred to in an ordinance of Francesco
Maria, Governor of Siena, in 1686.
Sanpierino. Another name for the
Grosso d'Argento struck in Home by the
Senate, circa 1297, to commemorate the ap-
proaching jubilee year 1300. It bears a
figure of St. Peter. See also Sampietrino.
San Pietro. See Albulo del San Pietro.
San Rupee. A type of the Rupee struck
by the East India Company at Farukhabad
A.H. 1203. It has the inscription yb 45,
and is consequently usually referred to as
the forty-five San Lucknow Rupee.
Santa Croce. A silver coin of Lucca, is-
sued in 1564 and later, and of the value
of twenty-five Soldi. The usual reverse has
a cross and the inscription salvatob mvndi.
Sant' Anselmo. Another name for the
Anselmino (g.v.).
Santo Thome. A gold coin of the Por-
tuguese Indies, struck as early as the mid-
dle of the sixteenth century, principally at
Goa. Its value originally was fifteen hun-
dred Reis, and there was a corresponding
half. The earlier types represent on one
side a figure of Saint Thomas standing
dividing the date, and on the reverse the
armorial shield of Portugal with an in-
scription.
At the beginning of the reign of John V
(1706-1750) there was a readjustment of
]
San Vicente
Scalding
the monetary system and the Santo Thom6
was struck in various sizes, based on the
Xeraphin. We find in consequence a San
Thome of two, four, eight, ten, twelve, and
fifteen Xeraphins. The design on these
coins is usually a cross, the lower bar of
which divides the date, and the upper one
the figures 12 X, 10 X, etc.
The San Thome was issued at Goa until
the year 1841.
San Vicente, or Santo Vicente. A gold
coin of Portugal, first issued by John III
(1521-1557). It had a value of one thou-
sand Reis, and bears the full length figure
of St: Vincent and the inscription zelator
proEi, a title conferred on John by Pope
Paul III for his efforts to establish the
Inquisition in Portugal. The coin was re-
tained by Sebastian (1557-1578).
Sao. A variety of paper money issued
in Annam during the twelfth century. It
was of two kinds, the smaller being valued
from one hundred to seven hundred Sa-
p^ques, and the larger sort represented
higher values. See Schroeder (p. 48).
Sao Felipe. See San Felipe.
Sao Joao. See San Joao.
Sapeque, also written Sepelc, is used
chiefly by French numismatic writers as an
equivalent for the Annamese Cash, of
which six hundred are equal to one Qwan.
Yule and Bumell, in HobsorirJobson,
A Glossary of Anglo-Indian Colloquial
Words, 1886 {s. v. Sapeca), have the fol-
lowing :
*'This word is used at Macao for what
we call cash in Chinese currency; and it
is the word generally used by French writ-
ers for that coin. It is very probably from
the Malay sa, i.e., one, and pahu, a string
or file of the smallest coins called pichis.
Sapaku would then properly be a string of
one hundred cash, but it is not difficult to
perceive that it might through some mis-
understanding have been transferred to a
single coin."
Crawfurd, Malay Dictionary, 1852, has:
'*Paku, a string or file of the small coins
called pichis." See also Indian Antiquary
(xxvi. 222) and Zay (pp. 118-122).
Siir. A coin of Turkestan. See Yamba.
Saracenato, or Sanrazino. Another
name for the gold Denarius struck at St.
Jean d'Acre from 1251 to 1257. See Engel
and Serrure (iii. 947).
Saraceno. A coin of Ubertino of Car-
rara, Signor of Padua (1338-1345), of the
value of a Quattrino. It bore the figure of
a Saracen with wings and horns.
Sargpfennig. The nickname given to
small silver coins of the bishopric of Hal-
berstadt, issued in the early part of the
sixteenth century. They have on the ob-
verse the figure of St. Stephen, the patron
saint, who is supposed to bear some re-
semblance to a body in a coffin.
Sata. An obsolete coin of the Malay
Peninsula. See Caixa.
Safamana. The name given to both a
gold and silver denomination of ancient
India. See Pana.
Satang. A bronze coin of Siam issued
pursuant to an order of King Chulalong-
korn, dated November 11, 1908. There are
multiples of five and ten Satang pieces in
nickel. One hundred Satangs equal a Tical.
Sateleer. The derivation is the same as
Sap^que (q.v.), and it meant originally the
same thing, i.e., a string of cash. It comes
from the Malay sa, i.e., one, and tali, a
string.
Stevens, in his Chiide to the East India
Trade, 1775 (p. 124), says: ''In Batavia
3 Cash are one Satallie; 6 Cash are 1
Sooka; 9 Cash are one Sooka SataUie."
The name Setale is still retained in Java
and the Malay Peninsula to designate the
current twenty-five cent silver piece of the
Netherlands.
Satrapal Coins is the generic name given
to the many varieties of coins issued by
Persian Satraps during the sixth to the
fourth centuries B.C. in various cities of
Asia Minor and Syria.
Siiulen Piastre. The German name for
the Colonato.
Sawbiick. A nickname given to the ten
and twenty Dollar bills of the United
States with the figures X or XX, which
bear a fanciful resemblance to a saw-buck.
Scaggia. The popular name in Piedmont
for the piece of two Soldi, introduced pur-
suant to an ordinance of October 26, 1826.
See Promis (ii. 202).
Scalding. See Salding.
[210]
Scherf
Sceal, or Skeat (plural Sceattae). Small
thick silver coins, varying in weight from
about seven to twenty grains, and the earli-
est productions of the Anglo-Saxon mint,
dating from the fifth to the eighth century.
They occur with both Runic and Roman
inscriptions and on some the name of Lon-
don may be read.
The word means "a portion," and it is
usually supposed that they were a portion
of some .merely nominal sum by which
large amounts were calculated.
It is difficult to ascertain their exact
value. In the laws of Aethelstan, King
of the West Saxons from 925 to 941, it is
stated that 30,000 Sceattae were equal to
one hundred and twenty pounds, and
Ruding says that ''whatever might have
been the price value of the sceatta, it was
undoubtedly the smallest coin known
among the Saxons."
Schaap* A money of account formerly
used at Emden. Noback (p. 235) gives the
following equivalents:
1 Oulden = 10 Schaap.
1 Schaap = 20 Witten.
Scfaadgy. An early silver coin of Bra-
bant issued by Wenceslaus and Johanna
(1355-1405). Three Schaelgy were equal
to two Grooten plus four Placken. See
Heylen, Antwoord op het Vraeg-Stuk, etc.,
1787 (p. 26).
ScfaaurL See Abbasi.
Scfaanthalcr. The name given to a var-
iety of Thaler which is of a semi-medallic
character, and which is struck as com-
memorative of some anniversary or as a
memorial rather than for general circula-
tion.
Such pieces, also called Schaustiicke, are
frequently found in the series of the Holy
Roman Empire at the beginning of the
sixteenth century.
SckeepjescheUing, also known as the
F.«#^lm aa Navire* A variety of the Schel-
ling of the United Provinces which receives
this name from a ship under full sail on
the obverse. It was current for six Stui-
vers.
This coin was issued by the Province of
Holland in 1670, by West Friesland in
1673, by Utrecht in 1702, by Gueldres in
1716, and by Zeeland in 1750.
ScheepmobeL The Dutch name for the
Noble (g.v.), so called on account of the
prominent ship on the obverse. It was ex-
tensively copied in Brabant, etc.
The half of the same type was known
as the Schuitken or Schuytien, this word
meaning a small ship. There are dated
specimens as early as 1488, issued by Maxi-
milian during the minority of Philip the
Good. See Frey (No. 295).
Scheidemiinzen. Coins whose- actual
value is considerably less than their de-
clared value by reason of their mixed com-
position. They are either silver with a
large proportion of copper and tin, or, as
is more frequently the case, copper washed
over with a thin coating of silver. The
latter soon wears off, leaving the base metal
exposed. There are many modern exam-
ples of this money. In Germany it was
common to the middle of the nineteenth
century, and specimens are found in Eng-
land during the reigns of Henry VIII and
Edward VI. The base Shillings of the
former monarch had a full-face portrait
of the king, but the end of the nose by
reason of its prominence suffered the great-
est amount of abrasion. The base metal
was soon exposed, and from this circum-
stance this ruler received the sobriquet of
copper-nose." See Billon.
II
ScheUingy also called Eiculin ,{q.v,).
Probably the best known coin associated
with the history of the Low Countries. It
was of silver though occasionally of billon,
and varied somewhat in value according to
the locality, ranging from five to eight
Stuivers, or one fourth of the Daalder.
The term Schelling is generally applied
to the issues for the provinces proper, and
is frequently used in combinations, e,g,,
Roosschelling, Gehelmdeschelling, etc., all
of which are described passim. The name
Escalin, on the other hand, was used to
designate pieces struck for the Oriental
possessions, etc. See Snaphaan.
Scherf (plural Scherf e). A name given
to very small silver coins which were valued
at the half of a Pfennig. The word means
a fraction or fragment, and the designation
is most frequently applied to the early and
poorly executed coins of Northern Ger-
many, and especially Pommerania and
Brandenburg. ** Scherf penige " are men-
tioned as early as 1369r
[211]
Scherif
Schnabelthaler
Scherif. This may be a corruption of
Ashrafi or Sherify. Conf. also Sequin.
Schietsthaler. See Schiitzenthaler.
SchifFs Dukaten. The name given to a
series of gold coins issued from 1682 to
1696 by the German African Company.
They obtain their name from a ship on the
reverse. In the State Papers of 1686 they
are referred to as Af rikanische Pf ennige.
SchifFsthaler. A memorial silver Thaler
without date, and issued by August, Duke
of Brunswick- Wolf enbiittel (1636-1666).
It has on the reverse a picture of several
vessels, and in the foreground the jBgure
of a man in a contemplative attitude, un-
determined whether to embark on a voyage
or not. The motto, alles mft bedacht^
confirms this unsettled condition, and the
coin is consequently also known as the
Reisethaler.
SchOd. The Dutch equivalent for the
Crown or Ecu. The Gouden Schild (or
golden shield) is the same as the Ecu d'Or.
According to v.d. Chijs, this coin was in-
troduced in Brabant under Philip of Valois
(1327-1350) ; in HoUand under William V
(1345-1359) ; and in Gueldres under Rein-
oud III (1343-1361). A new type, called
the Brabandsch Schild (g.v.), was struck
pursuant to an ordinance of May 10, 1430.
Schild Groschen, also called Schildige
Groschen. The name given to silver coins
issued by the Margraves of Meissen during
the fifteenth century, which have a promi-
nent shield on both obverse and reverse.
Schilling. The etymology of the term is
in doubt. Some authorities consider it a
corruption of Solidus, and it is thus trans-
lated in mediaeval archives. The old Ger-
man scellan, to ring, and the sdld, or
shield, have also been suggested as possible
roots.
Originally it was a money of account,
the pound of silver being divided into
twenty Schillinge of twelve Denarii. As
a coin, bearing this name, it occurs in the
fifteenth century, and originally appears in
the Baltic Provinces. It was extensively
used in the currency of the Teutonic Order,
and was retained in the monetary systems
of Hamburg, Liibeck, Holstein, Mecklen-
burg, etc., and in several of the Swiss can-
tons until comparatively modern times.
See Shilling and Skilling.
[212]
Schilling Ltthsk. A base silver coin com-
mon to Riga, Stade, Stralsund, etc., in the
latter part of the seventeenth century. It
wa^ equal to one forty-eighth of the Riks-
daler.
Schinderling. The nickname given to a
base silver Pfennig issued in Austria from
1457 to 1460, and later in Salzburg and
Bavaria. The word schinden means to
fleece or extort, and these pieces were
forced on the people at a fictitious value.
About 1461 they were withdrawn from cir-
culation at their actual value, i,e., one sixth
of a pure silver Pfennig.
Schlagelpfennige. See Slegelpenninge.
Schlafrock Thaler. The nickname given
to the Convention Thaler struck by Fred-
erick August I, King of Saxony, in 1816,
because the badly engraved uniform of the
King resembles a dressing-gown.
Schlecht Thaler. According to Kelly
(p. 2) this was a former money of account
at Aix-la-Chapelle of the value of twenty-
six Marks, and at Emden it was computed
at one and one half Guilders. The word
means a Dollar of low grade.
Schlickthaler. See Thaler.
Schmalkaldischer Bimdetlhaler. A sil-
ver coin of Saxony and Hessen, struck from
1536 to 1546 during the existence of the
League. These coins have on one side the
portrait of the elector Johann Frederick of
Saxony, and on the reverse that of the
Landgrave Philip of Hessen.
When the city of Brunswick joined the
League, Thaler were struck dated 1538,
1545, and 1546. These have on the obverse
the emblematic lion of Brunswick and on
the reverse a figure of Christ rising from
the grave and Death at his feet. From this
design the names Triumph Thaler, Jesus
Thaler, and Auferstehungs Thaler have
also been given to this coin.
Schmetterlings Thaler. A silver coin of
Poland without date, but struck by August
II (1697-1733). It had a value of thirty-
two Groschen, and received its name from
the butterfly on the reverse. There are
halves, quarters, eighths, and Groschen of
the same type.
Schnabelthaler. A silver coin of Zurich,
struck in 1559 from designs by Stampfer.
Schnepfenpfennige
Scflling
Scfanepfenpfeiiiiige* The Pfennige of
Ludwig von Solms, prince of the Houise of
Lieh, who succeeded in 1824, are so named,
on account of a snipe on the obverse.
Schock Grotchen. See Groschen.
Schoter. See Skoter.
Schraubthaler. A variety of Thaler, the
sides of which unscrew like a box, and the
interior was used for holding portraits,
erotic objects, etc.
The earliest of these coins date from, the
middle of the sixteenth century. Augsburg
and Nuremberg were the principal places
of their manufacture.
For an extensive descriptive series of the
Schraubthaler, see Mittheilungen der Bay-
erischen Numismatischen Oesellschafi, 1913
(p. 1).
Schreckenberger. See Engelsgroschen.
Schrift Bracteaten. See Bracteates.
Schrot The term **Das Schrof is used
by German numismatic writers to indicate
the weight of the alloy used for coining
any particular denomination, irrespective
of its fineness or purity. See Korn.
Schu. See Ghu.
Schubbe. A base silver coin of East
Priesland, struck from the twelfth to the
fourteenth centuries. They appear to be
rude imitations of the Deniers and usually
bear small figures, e.g., a hand, a cross, etc.
Schiisselpfeiiiiige and SchiisselheUer,
meaning ** saucer shaped'' or concave, was
a name given to small base silver coins
which were struck extensively in the Pala-
tinate during the sixteenth century, and
imitated in Brabant. They are unif tee and
usually bear a device or figure in a beaded
circle. Dated specimens occasionally occur,
e.g., a Schiisselheller of Johann von Schon-
burg. Bishop of Trier, has the year 1589.
Schiitzen Thaler, or Schiestthaler. This
is not, strictly speaking, a coin, but a com-
memorative medal, and common to Ger-
many, Austria, and Switzerland. In for-
mer times when citizens were frequently
called upon to defend their homes and
property, these pieces had considerable
significance, but at present they only com-
memorate a shooting festival held under
government auspices, or are issued as re-
wards to such persons as are successful in
the shooting contests. See Tir Federal.
Schiiitfceiiy meaning a small boat, was
the name given by the Dutch to the Sycee
silver (g.v.), conf. also Scheepsnobel.
Schulpfennige. See Brabeon.
Schuppen. A nickname given to certain
very small silver coins of thin fabric,
struck by the bishops of Munster for Em-
den during the fifteenth century. The
designation was applied on account of their
resemblance to fish scales.
Schunnaiin. A coin of Brabant, with a
corresponding half, said to have been
struck under Wenceslaus and Johanna
(1355-1405). No specimens appear to be
in existence. See v.d. Chijs (p. 93).
Schusterthaler. The nickname given to
the Austro-Hungarian copper coin of four
Kreuzer which was abolished about 1890.
SchuyL See Sycee Silver.
Schuytken. See Scheepsnobel.
Schwanz Dukat. See Zopf Dukat.
Schwaren. The name given to former
base silver and copper coins of Oldenburg
and Bremen, equal to one fifth of the Grote.
In Oldenburg they appeared in the latter
part of the fourteenth century and usually
had a figure of St. Lambert. Those for
Bremen were originally issued about the
same time and were struck as late as 1866.
The name is probably from schwer, i.e.,
heavy, and denoted a heavy or thick Pfen-
nig. See Flinderke.
According to Jungk (p. 338), the
Schwaren of 1676 were ^the earliest bearing
a date. .
Schwarse Pfepinige. See Black Money.
Schweizer Bimdettfaaler. See Bundes-
thaler. «
Schwertgroschen. A silver coin struck
by Frederick II of Saxony {obit. 1464),
which receives this name from the crossed
swords over a shield on the reverse. The
type was copied by several of his successors
during the fifteenth century.
Scilling, or ScilL An Anglo-Saxon money
of account which appears at an early
period in the laws, some fines being regu-
lated by it in the reign of Ethelbert, King
of Kent (568-616). For a detailed account
of the etymology of the name see Buding
(i. 112-113).
[213]
Sdmminger
Scute
Schnminger, According to Parish and
Shaw, A Dictionary of The Kentish Dialect,
1887, this is an obsolete term for **a piece
of counterfeit money made of base metal
and coated with silver."
SdsseL See Sizel.
Scorrick. See Scriddiek.
Scott Pagoda. See Porto Novo Pagoda.
ScraL An English dialect term for a
coin of very small denomination. Ross,
Stead, and Holdemess, in A Glossary of
Words used in the East Riding of York-
shire, 1877, cite the following: **He deed
and didn't leeave a scrat behint. He's not
worth a scrat."
Scriddiek. An English dialect term
meaning a coin of very small value. It is
common to a number of counties and is va-
riously written, e.g., Scuddick, Scuddock,
Scuttick, Skiddick, Scurrick, etc.
Grose, Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue,
1823, has: ** Scurrick, a half -penny."
Elworthy, The West Somerset Word-
Book, 1886, quotes: **I au't a-got nothin,
not a scriddiek about me. ' '
Cope, A Olossary of Hampshire Words,
1883, has **not worth a scuddick;" and
Long, in A Dictionary of The Isle of Wight
Dialect, 1886, cites, **I can't lend ee tup-
pence, vor I hain't got a scuddick about
me.
»»
Scripulum* A name given to the earliest
Roman gold coin, issued about B.C. 206.
It was originally a silver weight of
eighteen grains in the Roman computation,
and later was admitted to the monetary
system. There are three values worth re-
spectively twenty, forty, and sixty Ses-
terces. It was succeeded by the Aureus.
Scuddick. Scuddock. See Scriddiek.
Scudmo. A gold coin of Modena of the
value of one hundred and three Soldi. It
was introduced by Francesco I- d'Este
(1629-1658) and continued until the end
of the seventeenth century. The name was
used to distinguish it from the Scudo di
Oro of one hundred and sixty Soldi.
Scudo means a shield, and the coin re-
ceives its name from the figure of a shield
found upon it.
The silver Scudo, or Scudo di Argento,
of the Papal States was introduced in the
latter part of the sixteenth century. It
was usually divided into ten Paoli or one
hundred Baiocchi, and multiples exist. In
the Neapolitan coinage in the eighteenth
century the Scudo was equal to one hun-
dred and twenty Qrani, and at Mantua to
one hundred and ten Soldi. See Ecu.
Scudo della Groce. A variety of the
silver Scudo first issued in Venice under
the Doge Nicolo da Ponte (1578-1585). It
receives its name from the floriated cross
on the obverse, and had a value of one hun-
dred and forty Soldi.
Scudo di Leone. See Leone.
Scudo di Oro. The gold Scudo is com-
mon to the Italian series. It was issued
by Charles VIII of France as King of
Naples and Sicily, in 1495. There was also
a variety called tiie Scudo di Oro del Sole
struck by the same ruler, which had a sun
over the armorial shield. This was copied
by Louis XII of Prance for Genoa (1499-
1512).
Lucca as a republic issued the Scudo di
Oro in the fifteenth century, and in the
Venetian series it occurs under Andrea
Gritti and Pietro Lando (1523-1545). In
the coinage of Mantua it is found under
Frederick II (1519-1540), and Maria and
Charles II (1637-1665) struck the large
twelve Scudi di Oro.
The Popes introduced it early in the six-
teenth century and retained it almost con-
tinuously to the time of Pius IX. Its
value in the Papal series was one hundred
Baiocchi; in other parts of Italy it was
the equivalent of one hundred and sixty
Soldi.
Scuferut. Du Cange cites this as being
the name of an early coin of Laon and also
current in Namur.
Scurrick* See Scriddiek.
Scute. An obsolete English name for
the French Ecu (g.v.).
Caxton, in his Dialogues, 1483 (17), men-
tions * * Scutes of the Kyng, ' ' and John Skel-
ton in his tract Why come ye nat to Courte,
1522 (167), has: **With scutes and crownes
of gold I drede we are bought and solde.'*
At a somewhat later period the word was
vaguely used for a coin of small value.
Thus, Thomas Nashe, in his Christ's Teares
over Jerusalem, 1594 (introd.), says:
** Therein I imitate rich men who hauing
gathered store of white single money to-
[214]
Scuttick
Senumm
gether, conuert a number of those small
little scutes into great peeces of gold, such
as double Pistols and Portugues."
In Have vdth you to Saffron-Walden,
1596, another tract by Nashe, he says : "The
diuell a scute had he to pay the reckoning. ' '
Scuttick. See Scriddick. This form of
the word is common to Northamptonshire,
Hampshire, and the Isle of Wight. It is
also written Scuttuck.
Scyphati NununL See Concave Coins.
Seawant See Wampum.
Sebalduft Thaler. The popular name for
a Guldenthaler of Nuremberg struck in
1634 and 1635, which has on the obverse
the figure of St. Sebaldus holding a church
in his arm. See Madai (5065).
Sechter. A name usually given to pieces
of six Kreuzer or Pfennige. It is applied
to the Prussian half Silber Groschen ' of
the value of six Pfennige, and to the Gros-
chen of six Kreuzer issued by the Archduke
Sigismund of Tyrol in the latter part of
the fifteenth century. See Dreier.
Sechsgroscher. See Dreigroscher.
SechsKng. The double of the Dreiling
(q.v.)f and like Sechser applied to the half
of the Silber Groschen.
This coin is of common occurrence in the
issues for Hamburg from circa 1553 to
1855, and during the French occupation of
the city in 1809 a billon piece was issued
with the inscription i. sechsling. See
Soesling.
Sechstd. A name generally applied in
the southern parts of Germany to coins
having a value of one sixth of a Thaler.
Sede Vacante Coiilage. A term used to
define such coins as' were struck by those
in temporary authority during an interreg-
num in the regal succession. They occur
not only in the Papal series but also in
various archbishoprics, bishoprics, etc. See
Vikariats Thaler.
Sedidna. A silver coin of Urbino and
Pesaro issued under the Duke Francesco
Maria II (1605-1606), for the Levant trade.
Its value was sixteen Quattrini.
A slang name for a counter or
chip used in various games of cards. Its
origin may be due to its flat circular shape,
resembling, in an enlarged form, certain
seeds. The term appears to be confined to
the United States.
Seed Sen. See Tane.
Segeloh. A Javanese term used to desig-
nate the silver Gulden of the Nethei-lands.
Sehini. A paper currency issued in Con-
stantinople in February, 1840. The larg-
est denomination was two hundred Piastres,
and the paper money bore an annual in-
terest of twelve and a half per cent. See
Noback (p. 434).
Seignorage. A certain deduction from
all the bullion which was coined, and which
was used to defray the expenses of refining,
etc. See Brassage.
Seisino. A copper coin of the value. of
half a Real, struck by Philip IV of Spain,
during the French occupation of Barcelona,
1640-1652. It must not be confused with
the Sixain {q.v.) struck by the French
during the same period. A similar piece
was issued for Villa Franca in 1642. See
Mailliet (cxxiii. 4).
Sekel. See Shekel.
Seligkeitsthaler. A silver medallic Tha-
ler issued by Ernst, Duke of Sachsen Gotha
in 1672. It has rhymed quatrains on both
obverse and reverse, embodying the beati-
tudes, a creed of belief, etc. See Madai
(1514).
Sebnino. The popular name for a silver
coin of Guastalla struck in imitation of the
Anselmino of Mantua. It was issued prin-
cipally in the seventeenth century and bore
a figure of St. Peter.
The Greek fftjixa, 9Y][jLe(ov. See
Type.
Sembella. A small Roman copper coin
equal to the Sextans, and the half of the
Libella (g.v.). Also a silver weight equal
to the bronze Semis of the libral series.
Semis, or Sexcmiz. The half of the As,
of a weight of six ounces. It bears on the
obverse the head of Jupiter and on the
reverse the prow of a galley and the letter
S. See Aes Grave. Also used for the half
Aureus (q,v,) struck in Imperial times, in
place of the old name Quinarius Aureus.
The half Solidus (q.v,) was also called
Semis.
(ffe[jLiQrtov). The Greek name
for the Semissis or half Solidus.
[215]
Semitis
Serrated Coins
Another name for the Semis
{q.v.) when used to designate a half Au-
reus or a half Solidus.
Semissis. A base silver coin of Stras-
burg, the half of the Assis {q.v,).
Seimstertiiit. Another name for the Ses-
tertius {q.v.). See Varro, De Ling Lat,
(iv. 36).
Semprevivo. A silver coin of Milan,
varying of the value of five and ten Soldi,
and issued only by the Duke Francisco II,
Sforza (1522-1535). It obtains its name
from the plant sempre-viva, or house leek,
and this little emblem is usually repre-
sented sprouting from three hillocks.
Semuncia. The half of the Uncia of
bronze {q,v.).
Sen. A word meaning a fountain, was
applied to certain Japanese coins as early
as the eighth century. Copper was discov-
ered in Japan A.D. 707-708, and a metallic
currency was at once introduced. The Sen
was cast in copper. Conf, Munro {pas-
sim). This coinage, with fluctuating val-
ues, was in use until A.D. 958, and then
for over six hundred years no coins were
made in Japan. In 1587 the manufacture
of copper Sen was resumed, and was contin-
ued until 1863, when this coinage ceased.
Occasional iron specimens occur.
The Sen of the present Japanese coinage
is the one hundredth part of the Yen {q.v.).
Multiples exist in nickel and silver. Conf.
Chien. See Jiu Ni Zene, and Ewan Bi Sen.
The same designation is used in the
coinage of the Malay Peninsula as an equiv-
alent for Cent. See Pitje.
Senage, or Synagef is money paid for
synodals, a tribute due to the bishop or
archdeacon at Easter.
John Wyclif refers to the custom, in a
tract written circa 1380, and reprinted in
his Works (edit. 1880, p. 249), thus: **And
whanne bischopis & here officeris comen &
feynen to visite . . .wrecchid curatis ben
nedid to festen him richely & geue procu-
racie & synage."
Senar. A silver coin of the modern Per-
sian series; it is the tenth part of a Kran
and equal to two Shahi or four Puli, or
Abassi. See Sanar.
Senatorial Coins are such Roman coins
as were issued by the authority of the
Senate. They can alwa3rs be easily distin-
guished by the letters S. C, i.e., Senatus
Consulto.
SenesellL A popular name for the silver
Grossi of Siena.
iL A variety of spelling of Sen {q.v.).
lio. The multiple of six Denarii.
Medallions of this weight were from time
to time coined by Roman emperors to
commemorate important events.
Seniorats-DukaL The name given to a
gold coin of Anhalt-Cothen, issued by
Prince August Ludwig in 1747. It has on
the reverse a bear holding a shield on which
SENIOR DOMVS is inscribed. See Eohler
(No. 1707).
See Pice.
[. See Sap^ue.
Septim l%illing. See Shilling.
Septunx* One of the divisions of the As
of the weight of seven ounces. It is of rare
occurrence. See Aes Grave.
Sequin* A colloquial form of Zecchino
{q.v,). This name was extensively adopted
in Turkey, Egypt, and the Barbary States
in general, and it appears to bear a rela-
tionship to the Arabic sikka, i.e., a coining
die.
Early writers of books of travel adopt
this spelling in preference to the Italian
form. Moryson, in his Itinerary, 1617 (i.
292), says, **At Naples . . . ten quatrines
make one sequin;" and in the translation
of Tavernier's Grand Seignior's Seraglio,
1677 (14), occurs this passage, **The
Scherif, otherwise called Sequin, or Sul-
tanine."
The name of the coin was variously
written, or rather corrupted, by the writers
of the seventeenth century, and conse-
quently we find Chequin, Chekin, Chickino,
etc.
Serafin. A silver coin of Goa. See Xer-
aphin.
Serinkie, i.e., ** little gray coins;" a nick-
name given by the people to the platinum
coins of Russia.
Serrated Coins, called Nummi Serrati,
from serra, a saw, are characterized by
having their edges indented like the teeth
of a saw. Examples occur among the
Chalques in the Syrian coinage, and in
certain Roman Consular Denarii.
[216]
Sheep Silver
One of the divisions of the
As, of the weight of one and one half
ounces. It is rarely met with. See Aes
Grave.
Seien. The Swiss equivalent for the
Sesino, and usually applied to the half
Groschen. In the canton of Waadt, it oc-
curs as early as the period of Guy de
Prangius, Bishop of Lausanne (1375-1394).
if also called Settino* An Italian
coin in both copper and billon, and origin-
ally the sixth part of the Grosso (g.v.)-
It was struck in Milan, Venice, Mantua,
Naples, and other principalities, and was
in use until the eighteenth century. The
Republic of Genoa issued a piece of eight
Sesini in silver in 1653.
in. See Negenmenneke.
A Roman silver coin of one
fourth the weight and value of the De-
narius. It bears on the obverse the head
of Minerva and the figures lis, i.e., two
and one half Asses; the reverse was the
same as on the Denarius.
The Sestertius became the recognized
money of account and is consequently fre-
quently referred to as Nummus. Under the
Empire it was struck in bronze. See
Grand Bronze.
Setlhalf* A Dutch silver coin of the
value of five and one half Stuivers. It was
abolished by an Act of September 28, 1816,
and all outstanding pieces were redeemed
at twenty-five Cents.
Sestino. See Sesino.
Setto. The name given to the one sixth
of the Apuliense (q.v.).
Setale. See Sateleer.
Setin. The one thirty-second part of the
Mark (g.v.).
Settiino. A silver coin of the value of
a Giulio and a half, struck by Pope Clement
VII (1523-1534).
Setde. SeeJettal.
The word means both a sigh
and a groan, and the nickname was given
to certain very debased silver pieces issued
in 1701 and 1702 by the Elector Frederick
August to defray the expenses of the wars.
They were valued at six Pfennige, and a
sigh accompanied their acquisition. They
were withdrawn from circulation in 1703,
having nearly brought financial ruin to the
country.
Seven Shilling Piece. See Guinea.
Sewwi. See Wampum.
Sezagina. Du Cange cites this as a coin
of sixty Soldi referred to in an ordinance
of Casimir III, King of Poland, in 1335.
Sezcunz. Another name for the Semis
(q.v.).
Sextans. The sixth part of the As. It
bears on the obverse the head of Mercury
and on the reverse the prow of a galley.
On each side are two bosses indicative of
its weight of two ounces. See Aes Grave.
Shahi, or Shahy. A Persian silver coin
of the Sufi o^ Safi dynasty. It was one
quarter of the Abbasi and was equal to ten
pieces of the copper money called Easbegi
or Eazbegi.
The Shahi of the coinage of modern Per-
sia is a copper coin of the value of two
Puli or fifty Dinar, and its multiples con-
sist of two Sh&hi equal to one Senar and
four Shahi equal to one Abbasi.
The Shahi was also a silver coin for-
merly current in the Deccan and other
parts of India. There are many varieties,
some of them, e.g., the Pistan Shahi, deriv-
ing their names from the individuals who
introduced them.
Shan Baw. The name given to certain
silver ingots used in the Lao States. These
are of a different form and more solid than
the As'ek (q.v.).
Sharp-Shin. A nickname given, on ac-
count of its resemblance, to a coinage cur-
rent in Virginia and other colonies prior
to 1773. The coins were made by dividing
the Bit {q,v.) into four or eight parts.
Sheedy. The name given in several of
the islands of the West Indies to the Span-
ish Pistareen where it was extensively used
at an enhanced value. See Chalmers (pp.
76-77).
Sheep Sflver. Sir W. Jones, in his Re-
ports, 1675 (280), states that this **is a ser-
vice now turned into money, which is paid
in respect that anciently the tenants used
to wash their lord's sheep."
Hibbert, in A Description of the Shet-
land Islands, 1822 (p. 198), has the follow-
ing : * * The compliment of an ox and twelve
sheep from every parish had . . . been
[217]
Shekel
Short CroM Type
granted to the Earl of Bothwell. It was
. . . converted into a perpetual tribute, un-
der the name of ox and sheep silver. ' '
Shekel, or SekeL Originally a weight,
this piece was incorporated into the mone-
tary system of the Jews under Simon Mac-
cabaeus (B.C. 143-135), who received the
privilege of striking coins from Antiochus
VII, King of Syria. Its value was fixed
at four Drachmai, according to the stand-
ard of Tyre, and Flavins Josephus states
that it also was equal to four Denarii. See
Siglos.
The half Shekel was called Bekah; the
quarter was named Bebah; and a further
division of one twentieth, called Gerah was
occasionally employed.
Sheriff Geld. A rent formerly paid by
a sheriff for the farm of his shire. The
Rolls of Parliament for the year 1376 (ii.
348) state that it was £13, 19 shillings, and
one penny per annum.
Sherify. A Persian gold coin. See Ash-
rafi.
Shiken, or Mihon Sen* The Japanese
name for an experimental or trial coin
either of governmental or private manufac-
ture. A pattern coin.
Shilling. This coin occurs as a money of
account in the Anglo-Saxon laws, but it
was first struck in 1504, as part of the third
coinage of Henry VII. Its weight was
twelve Pennies, or one hundred and forty-
four grains.
A variety with the legend henric'
septim' di' gra . REX . angl' z . fra', is
commonly known as the Septim Shilling
and is very rare.
In the English Colonies the Shilling cir-
culating in Cyprus was replaced in 1901
by the piece of nine Piastres. See Schil-
ling, Testoon.
The coinage of Scotland contains a large
number of the multiples of this coin, there
being two, three, four, five, six, eight, ten,
twelve, sixteen, twenty, twenty-two, thirty,
forty, forty-four, forty-eight, and sixty
Shilling pieces.
Shima Sen. The Japanese name for a
large class of poorly made Sen or coins of
private manufacture or counterfeits. Mun-
ro aptly describes these as the gypsies of
the race of Sen. See Bita Sen.
i Mon Sen. See Nami Sen.
Shiner. A slang term for a gold or sil-
ver coin in allusion to its lustre. In the
plural it is used for money in general.
Samuel Poote, in his play, The Minor,
1760 (ii.),has: **To let a lord of lands want
shiners ; 'tis a shame. ' '
Dickens, in Oliver Twist (xix.), says:
'*Is it worth fifty shiners extra, if it's safe-
ly done from the outside t" and Mayne
Beid, in his novel, The Scalp Hunters (ix.),
makes one of his characters ^ay: **I will
bring you a mule-load of Mexican shiners. ' '
See Half Shiner.
Shin Koban. See Eoban.
Shin Plaster. A popular name originally
applied to the depreciated Continental
Currency after the War of the Eevolution.
It was revived about 1837 to designate the
small notes for the fractional part of a
Dollar issued by private bankers during
the financial stress of that period. Finally,
the same name was given to the Fractional
Currency which appeared in 1862 when
specie paj^nents were suspended.
Ship Money was a former tax levied in
time of war on the ports and maritime
towns of England to provide ships for the
royal service. It was revived by Charles
I, but was finally abolished by statute in
1640.
In 1636 William Prynne issued a pamph-
let entitled Remedy against Ship Money.
Ship Nobles. See Noble.
Ships, Col<Hiies, and Commerce Tokens.
The name given to a series of copper tokens
issued in the early part of the nineteenth
century for use in Canada. They are so
called from the inscription on one side, the
reverse bearing a ship or a bust.
There are about forty minor varieties.
See Breton (997-1002).
Shoe. See Sycee Silver.
Sho-Kang. A Tibetan coin of the value
of four Annas. See Tang-Ka.
Shon. See Yang.
Short Bit See Bit.
Short Cross Type. The name used to
describe a series of English silver Pennies
issued from 1180 to 1247 inclusive, during
the reigns of Henry II, Richard I, John,
and Henry III. They have on the reverse
a short double cross with a small cross in
each angle. For a detailed classification
[218]
Shovel Board
see Numismatic Chronicle (Ser. iv. xvi.
356).
As all the short cross Pennies bear the
name henricvs it is difficult to assign them
accurately among the four different rulers
who struck them. See Long Cross Type.
Shovel Board. A nickname given to the
broad Shilling of Edward VI, which was
used as a counter in the game of shovel-
board or shuffle-board. See Shakespeare,
Merry Wives of Windsor (i. 1).
John Taylor, the Water Poet, in his
Works, 1630 (i. 68), states that ** Edward
Shillings for the most part are used at
shouue-boord. ' '
Showa Shoho. See Jiu Ni Zene.
Shroffed Money is such as has been sub-
mitted to experts, called * * shroffs, "or * * sur-
rafs," whose duty it was ta detect the coun-
terfeits or pieces of inferior weight.
The custom was resorted to in the Far
East as early as the beginning of the eigh-
teenth century, and Beveridge, in his His-
tory of India, 1862 (i. 592), states that
Lord Clive represented that **the money
could not be divided till it was shroffed.''
T. Brooks, in Coins of the East Indies,
1766 (49), cites an expense account:
** Brokerage, one and one half per cent.
Shroffage, one per thousand.'* See Sool-
akie.
Shu. A rectangular silver coin of Japan.
The Shu was the fourth part of the Bu
(g.v.), and the sixteenth part of the Byo
(q.v,). The Ni Shu, meaning two Shu,
exists both in gold and silver, the former
being struck as early as 1697. Also see
Chu.
Shu. A denomination for the Lu Chu
Islands, equal to the one sixteenth part of
a Ryo, or sixty-two Mon. A half Shu in
copper was struck in 1862 at Satsuma for
these islands. Its value later declined one
half. See Munro (pp. 164-165).
SiahL See Pice.
SianL A money of account formerly
used at Aleppo. The Turkish Piastre is
here subdivided into twenty-four Siani.
See Noback (p. 6).
Si BaL The same as Tamlung (q.v.).
Sicca, diccapili, or XiqinpilL The native
names for the so-called **Axe Money" of
the Aztecs or native Indian tribes of Mex-
[219
ico from its fancied resemblance to an axe
or chopper.
Authorities differ as to whether these
pieces were ever actually used as a cur-
rency, or only for ceremonial purposes, al-
though divisions did exist, to wit;
20 Cacao Beans = 1 Cloth
20 Olotl = 1 Zontle.
20 Zontle = 1 Siccaplll.
Bancroft, in Native Races of the Pacific
States of North America, 1875 (ii. 381-
382), states that Xiquipili is the Mexican
equivalent for the number 8000, which in
the preceding table is conjSrmed (i.e., 20 x
20 X 20 « 8000).
Conf, Biart, Les Azteques, 1885 (pp.
199-200), and Joyce, Mexican Archaeology,
1914 (p. 287).
Sicca Rupee* A silver coin of Bengal,
mention of which is made in the seven-
teenth century. By the treaty of 1765, it
was agreed that all of these Rupees, com-
monly known as Siccas, be henceforth
struck at Murshid&b&d.
The Siri Sicca was the coin of the Hindu
rajahs previous to the Muhammadan con-
quest. Of many other varieties, the Chan-
dor, Belapuri, Chulnee, and Moonkhee Sic-
cas obtained their names from the towns
in which they were coined.
The name is derived from the Arabic
sikka, meaning a coining die.
A type of the gold Mohur struck by the
East India Company A.H. 1202, and later,
is known as the Sicca Mohur.
Side. A term used by French numis-
matists to denote the Siglos (q.v.).
Siddiki, or SadikL The name given to
the half Mohur of Mysore by Tipu Sultan,
when he adopted his new system of reckon-
ing, in 1786, based on the Muludi, dating
from the birth of the Prophet. The name
is taken from Abu Bakr Siddik, the first
Khalifa.
Side- View. A nickname given to certain
varieties of the Pennies and half Pennies,
issued by the Bank of Montreal in the
years 1838 and 1839, to distinguish them
from the ordinary types which depict only
a front view of the bank. All these varie-
ties are very rare. See Breton (523-525).
Siebxehner. The popular name for the
silver coin of seventeen Ereuzer, issued in
Austria in 1753 and later.
Siege Pieces* See Obsidional Coins.
]
Sieges Thaler
Simons' Petitioii Croiim
Sieges Thaler. A name given to such
German medallic Thaler as were struck
subsequent to and commemorative of some
national victory. Notable examples are the
Pehrbelliner Sieges Thaler, issued after the
victory of the Great Elector over the
Swedes in 1675 at Fehrbellin, and the com-
memorative piece struck after the Franco-
German war in 1870. See Giustina.
Sigilluin. Stevenson states that this term
was applied to a little image of something
imprinted on a medal as a mark.
Siglos. Another name for the early Per-
sian Sekel or Shekel. It was the twentieth
part of the gold Daric in value, and its
weight was the one hundredth part of the
Mina.
Like the Daric, the Sigloi were also popu-
larly known as Archers from the repre-
sentation of a bowman on the obverse.
The later Jewish Sekel or Shekel (q.v.)
has only the name in common with this
coin.
Sihansah. A gold coin of Akbar, Em-
peror of Hindustan A.H. 963-1014 (1556-
1605). Thomas (pp. 418 et seq,) describes
Akbar's coinage in detail, from which the
following table is compiled :
Gold.
Sihansah = 100 L'al Jalftli Muhra.
Sihansah = 1000 Rupees.
Sihansah = 40,000 D&ms.
Kffha = one half of the Sihansah.
Atmah = one fourth of the Sihansah.
Binsat = one fifth of the Sihansah.
Chahftr 66shah, i.€., "square" = 30 Rupees.
Chugul = 27 Rupees. .
Ilahl = 12 Rupees.
Aftflbl = 10 Rupees.
L'al Jalftli = 10 Rupees. ...
The Aftftbl, is lighter In weight, but of purer gold.
Adl Gutkah = Rupees. This coin Is also called
Mlhrftbl and Mufnl, and represents the ordinary round
Muhr of 360 Dftms.
Silver.
Rupee (round).
Jalfllah (square).
Darb = one half of the Rupee.
Charn = one fourth of the Rupee.
Pandu = one fifth of the Rupee. . _
Asht = one eighth of the Rupee.
Dasa = one tenth of the Rupee.
Kalft = one sixteenth of the Jlupee.
Sfllsl = one twentieth ot the Rupee.
COPPBU.
Dftm = 1 Tolah, 8 Mftshas and 7 Ratis or about
328^ grains of copper.
Adh^lah = one half of the Dftm.
Pftulah = one fourth of the Dftm.
Damrl = one eighth of the Dflm.
Sik. One of the names for the Siamese
one sixteenth Tical piece, known also as the
Song Phai or Song Pai.
sod. See Suka.
Sikka. See Sicca.
Sflbergroschen. A coin of Prussia, first
issued in 1821, and the thirtieth part of
a Thaler; it was subdivided into twelve
Pfennige.
This division of the Thaler was copied
in Saxony and Hanover, the coins in tiiese
states receiving the name of Neugroschen,
but they were valued at ten Pfennige.
Silfrergyllen. See Gyllen.
SQiqua. A Roman silver coin first issued
by Constantine the Great, and in use until
the middle of the seventh century. It was
equal to one twenty-fourth of the Solidus.
From the time of Heraclius (610-641) the
half Miliarensis was called Siliqua.
There is a half Siliqua of similar type,
introduced by Honorius, and called the
Decargyrus. The half Siliquae are fre-
quently referred to as Minutuli, on account
of their diminutive size. Their weight is
frequently under two grammes, and their
coinage appears to have been confined to
the mints of Rome, Trier, and later to
Ravenna and Milan.
Silly Head. The popular name f6r one
of the varieties of the Cents of the United
States issued in 1839. It has an idiotic
looking head of Liberty on the obverse.
Silyer. The metal which has played the
greatest part in the world's monetary sys-
tems. In ancient times it was used in a
form much purer than that found in mod-
em coins. It is generally supposed that it
was first employed for coins in Aegina,
about the seventh century B.C. Prom
about the period of Alfred the Great to
the middle of the fourteenth century it was
the only metal used in England for coining
purposes.
Silyerliiig. This denomination referred
to in Isaiah (vii. 23) is assumed to be an-
other name for the Shekel.
Simoleon. A slang term used in the
United States for a Dollar.
Simon. An English slang term for a
Sixpence. The origin of the word is ob-
scure but it may be a fanciful use of the
personal name. The term is found in Eng-
lish slang dictionaries as early as 1700.
Simons' Petition Crown. See Petition
Crown.
[220]
Singula
Skins of Animak
Singula* Another name for the Sembella
(q.v.).
Sirena. The popular name for the
double Ducato d'Oro coined by Ferdinand
I of Naples in 1488, from designs by Li-
parolo. It bears the motto serenitati:
AC PACI PER.'
Sisad-Dinar. A silver coin of Persia, in-
troduced by the Shah Nadir in 1738. Its
value was six Shahis or three hundred
Dinars.
SiseL See Sizel.
SisenL The Italian equivalent of Six-
aines {q.v.). The term is specially applied
to coins of the value of six Denari issued
by Umberto II, Baron of Faucigni in Savoy
(1333-1349).
Sison. A copper coin of Valencia, equal
to six Dineros. It was abolished by an
ordinance of Charles III dated October 27,
1772. See Noback (p. 1307).
Suto. The popular name for a silver
Grosso of Sixtus V (1585-1590) struck at
Bologna. Its value was forty-four Quat-
trini.
Sitarion (jcxapiov). The name for the
fourth of the Siliqua which was struck at
intervals from the reign of Honorius.
Siscain* A French billon coin which, as
its name indicates, is the sixth part of the
silver Franc or Ecu.
It appears to have been originally struck
by Louis XII (1498-1515) of the type of
the Douzain (g.v.),' and under Francis I
(1515-1547) there was issued a Sixain k
la Salamandre, having this animal on the
obverse, with a crown above.
Mailliet (xlii. 9, xi. 14, and Suppl.)
cites an obsidional Sixain struck during
the French occupation of Barcelona, 1640-
1652, and another for the similar occupa-
tion of Gerona, in 1648. All of these
pieces are of copper.
ice. An English silver coin of the
value of one half of a Shilling ; it was first
struck in 1551 in the reign of Edward VI.
Henry VIII issued Sixpence for Ireland
with the inscription civitas dvblinie ; these
coins, however, were struck in London.
In Cyprus, the Sixpence was replaced in
1901 by the piece of four and one half
Piastres.
Siiel. Also written Scissel and Sisel.
The waste remains of a metal sheet or plate,
after it has had blanks or planchets cut or
stamped from it. Conf. Fr. cisaille, from
ciseler, to cut.
In a report of the mintmasters under
Elizabeth, temp, 1572, mention is made of
**sysser' in the making of Sixpences. See
Numismatic Chronicle (ser. iv. vol. 16, p.
75).
Sizinia, also called Nizim. Schlumberger
(182) cites this as the name of a base sil-
ver coin issued by Janus, King of Gvprus
(1398-1432). Its value was six Carci.
Sjen, more properly spelled Hsien (q.v.).
The Chinese name for the copper one Cent
piece introduced at Hong Kong when under
British rule.
See Shu.
SkeaL See Sceat.
Skefy or Skefpennig. The popular name
for the half of the Norwegian Pennig. See
Blanchet (ii. 322).
Skerrick. Skiddick. See Scrid!dick.
Skilling. The Scandinavian equivalent
of the Schilling. It occurs in Denmark un-
der Christopher III (1440-1448) and was
continued to comparatively modern times.
Its value fluctuated but usually it was com-
puted at ninety-six to the Bigsdaler. In
Sweden the Riksdaler was equal to forty-
eight Skilling, and in Norway the Species-
daler equalled one hundred and twenty
Skilling.
All of these countries also struck the
Skilling in copper, which greatly varied in
size and value.
Skilling Banco. See Banco.
Skins of Animals were used as money
in the primitive stage of man's existence.
The passage in Job ii. 4 has been construed
by some writers to indicate that skins were
regarded as representatives of value. There
was at one time a connection between skins
and money, for in the language of the
Esthonians the word for money is raha,
and in the kindred language of the Lap-
landers the same word means fur or a skin.
Pelts were used in Scandinavia and when
tied in packages of forty constituted a
money of account called Zimmer. In west-
ern Russia the fur and skin of the black
marmot was used as late as the end of the
[221]
SlmtMr
SnAphaan
fourteenth century. This was called Euna,
from the name of the animal. Blanchet (ii.
191) states that the heads of squirrels, Ca-
put aspergellis, were employed in Russia in
the eleventh century as a medium of ex-
change, and were later adopted in Poland.
The Hudson's Bay Company made fur
skins the common medium of exchange and
measure of value in its dealings with the
Indians. Conf. also Breton (Nos. 926-
929) ; Noback (p. 895), and Leather Money
(supra).
Skoter, or Schoter. Originally a silver
weight and the one twenty-fourth of the
Mark. It was never used as a coin though
Halbskoter were struck by the Grand Mas-
ters of the Teutonic Orders as early as the
fourteenth century, with the inscription
MONETA DOMINORVM PBVSSIE. The half of
this coin was known as the Vierchen.
Skrufthaler* A term used by Scandi-
navian numismatic writers to indicate the
Schraubthaler (q.v.).
Skutala (oxuxaXa, 9xuTaX(8c^). The name
for ingots of metal, cast in bar form, often
circulating as actual money in ancient
times.
SlanL The Swedish equivalent for cop-
per coins of small value ; similarly Slantar
means loose cash.
Slantar. A general term in Swedish for
coins ; it is, however, usually applied to the
issues of copper which are known as Kop-
par Slantar.
Sleeping. A base silver coin in circula-
tion in England during the thirteenth cen-
tury. See Brabant.
Slegdpenninge. An expression which
occurs in the mediaeval records of Munster,
and which is used to indicate the amount
of coins to be retained by the mint oflS-
cials as payment for striking. The modern
form would be Schlagelpfennige, from
schlagen, to strike. See Brassage.
Sleng. A copper coin, plated with sil-
ver, issued for the province of Battambang
in Cambodia.
SSp* An obsolete word used to indicate
counterfeit money.
Grosart, in his edition of the works of
Robert Greene (x. 260), under the year
1592, quotes: **He went and got him a
certaine slips, which are counterf eyt peeces
of mony being brasse, and couered ouer
with siluer, which the common people call
slips."
Slip Weii^t Money. See Eia Tseh Ma.
^ Slug. The common name for the gold
coin of fifty Dollars issued by various pri-
vate concerns in California from 1851 to
1855. Both round and octagonal specimens
exist.
Smasher. A vulgar term for a counter-
feit coin, and now rare. Mayhew, London
Labour and London Poor, 1851 (ii. 488),
has : * ' Every bit of it, every coin, . . . was
bad, — all smashers. ' '
SmelL A nickname for a half Guinea.
See Megg and Decus.
Smoke Farthings were offerings made in
England at Whitsuntide by the household-
ers of a diocese to the cathedral church,
and also a hearth-tax based on the number
of chimneyTs in the district. Murray, in
the Oxford English Diciipnary, cites its
use in this sense by quotations of 1524 and
later.
Smoke silver were the silver coins used
in pa3rment of the tax.
It was the common name for Fumage,
Puage, or Fouage, i.e., a tax paid to the
sovereign for every house that had a chim-
ney.
Smulkyn. A Farthing introduced in
Ireland during the reigns of Henry VIII
and Edward VI. Moryson, in his Itiner-
ary, 1617 (i. 284), in speaking of the Irish
people, states that ''they had also brasse
farthings, called Smulkins, whereof foure
made a penny."
In the Numismati'C Chronicle (4th series,
XV. 192-229) Mr. Henry Symonds cites
some contemporary manuscripts, and points
out that three Smulk3rns were current as a
**red harpe," and four Smulkyns were
equal to a ** white groat.*' See Harp.
Snaphaan, also called Etralin an Cava^
lier. A silver coin, a variety of. the Schel-
ling {q.v.), issued in 1582 in the Provinces
of Gueldres, Utrecht, and Friesland, and
copied by Deventer and Zeeland. Its value
appears to have varied from six to eight
Stuivers.
The obverse bears the figure of a gal-
loping horseman and usually the date; on
the reverse is the armorial shield of the
province for which it is issued.
[ 222 ]
Soberano
Soldo
Soberano. The Portuguese equivalent
of the Sovereign. It is a gold coin of
forty-five hundred Reis.
A Javanese money of account
of the value of one quarter of a Real. See
Pitje.
SoetKng, or Sotling. A corruption of
Sechsling (g.v.), and applied to tie coins
struck by Christian IV of Denmark for
Liibeck, at the beginning of the seventeenth
century. The inscription, soesling lubs,
means six Pf ennige based on the standard
of Liibeck.
Sol, or Sou* The word is derived from
Solidus and was later corrupted into Sou.
It did not long retain its original name of
Sol d 'Argent, as it was struck in copper
during the sixteenth century, and during
the first French Revolution pieces of one
and two Sols appeared in bronze, a metal
obtained from melted bells.
Of other multiples there are pieces of
one, six, and twelve Sols in copper for
Gteneva, struck in 1590, for the pay of sol-
diers ; billon three and six Sols were issued
in Luxemburg in 1790; one, two, and five
Sols were used during the siege of Mainz
in 1793; there are also issues for the
French colonies. The Sol was part of the
following system :
During the first Revolution the Sol was
divided into five Centimes, and the two Sou
piece was called a Decime. The name Sou
is still used in France for the five Centime
piece.
SoL A silver coin of Peru of the value
of ten Dineros or one hundred Centavos.
It was adopted in 1855. There are multi-
ples of five, ten, and twenty Soles in gold.
Sola Coniage* A name given to the
first coinage of Mary of England, issued in
1553, the year before her marriage to
Philip of Spain. The Groats and half
Groats of this series bear the motto Veritas
TEMPOBis PiLiA, i.e,, *' Truth is the Daughter
of Time." This motto was suggested by
the Romish priesthood, in allusion to her
efforts to bring the country under Roman
dominion, after this faith had been sup-
pressed by her predecessors.
4 LlardB = 1 Denier.
12 Deniers = 1 Sol, or Sou.
20 Sous = 1 Llyre.
Solams. The name given to a silver
coin of Mantua issued in 1624 to commem-
orate the beatification of Luigi Gonzaga. It
was also used as the designation of a silver
Scudo of Ferdinand Gonzaga which bore
the figure of a radiate sun, and the motto
NGN MUTUATA LUCE.
Sol am Balances* An imitation of the
French Sol, issued in 1793 for Santo Do-
mingo. It obtains its name from the pair
of scales on the reverse. See Zay (p. 232).
Sol CoronaL A silver coin introduced
by the Kings of Spain for Naples and
Sicily in the thirteenth century, and later
copied by Charles V of France (1364-
1380) for Dauphiny. It receives its name
from the large crown on the obverse. See
Heiss (PL 116, 2; 145, 12), etc.
Soldatmo. Papadopoli (i. 160) states
that this term occurs in an ordinance of
1339 and is used for Soldino.
Soldino. The diminutive of Soldo (g.i;.).
A small Venetian base silver coin of the
fourteenth century, which type was later
copied in other parts of Italy. The Soldino
Vessillifero receives its name from the
standard held by the lion on the reverse
of the coin. It was introduced about the
time of Doge Giovanni Gradenigo (1355-
1356) and continued in use for nearly a
century. .
Soldo. Probably derived from Solidus
iq.v.). The name of a silver coin which
circulated extensively during the thirteenth
century and later in upper and middle
Italy, especially in Venice, Milan, Parma,
and Lucca. Its value varied, five to eight
Soldi being the equivalent of a Grosso
(q.v.), and its fineness gradually declined
and later the name was given to issues in
copper.
On the establishment of the French mon-
etary system in Italy under Bonaparte, the
value of the copper Soldo was established
at one twentieth of a Lira or five Centesi-
mi, and at this value it was current in
Austrian-Lombardy, Lucca, etc. The Ital-
ian five Centesimi piece of today still re-
tains the name of Soldo.
There are multiples of from two to one
hundred and sixty Soldi in silver and gold
for Venice, Mantua, and Modena, an odd
value of one hundred and three Soldi being
peculiar to the latter province. The Soldo
[223]
Soldo Cenoglego
Soolakie
of Bagusa was a copper coin introduced in
1680, with a value of five Pollari, or in
the Venetian system of five Bagattini. It
was abolished in 1797. See Gaixa.
Soldo Cenos^ego. See Cenoglego.
Soldo Mancoso. See Mancoso.
Soldone; A Venetian coin of base silver
of the value of twelve Soldi. The same
name is given to a copper coin of Mantua ;
there are specimens of the latter issued by
Charles VI, Emperor of Germany, reading
SOLDONE . DI . MANTOVA . 1732. ItS ValuC
was two Soldi.
Sol d'Qr. See Sou d'Or.
Solidiis. A gold coin introduced by
Constantine the Qreat. Its weight was
fixed at seventy-two to the pound and the
value is indicated by Lxxn or ob. The
Qreek name for the same coin was Nomis-
ma. This piece remained in circulation as
long as the Empire existed, maintaining its
full weight.
The divisions of the Solidus were the
half, called Semis or Semissis, and the
third, called Triens or Tremissis. Medal-
lions were often issued from the time of
Constantine on, which in weight equalled
one and a half, two, three, four, eight, etc.,
Solidi.
The Solidus was also current at a later
period in Western Europe and received the
name of Bezant or Byzant, on account of
having been previously used in the Eastern
Empire.
•
Soliduft. This name is invariably trans-
lated Schilling or Shilling in mediaeval
records and archives. It was retained to
some extent on silver coins of the Teutonic
Order, Poland, and various Baltic Prov-
inces as late as the sixteenth century. The
same name is also given to a copper coin
current in Livonia, Danzig, etc., from circa
1550 to 1750.
Solot, or LolL The one sixty-fourth of
the Siamese Tical, and which is equal to the
half Att.
Sol-tanar. A coin of Perpignan struck
in 1528, pursuant to an ordinance of
Charles V. It bore a figure of St. John
the Baptist. See Blanchet (333).
SolthanL See Altun.
Sohu This name was given to a variety
of Fiorino copied from the Brabantine type
and issued by Alexander Pico of Mirandola
(1602-1637).
Sommer Islands Money. See Hog
Money.
Song. A Siamese word meaning two or
double. There is consequently in the coin-
age a Song Bat, Song Pai, and Song Sa-
lung. See Tical.
Sonnenkrone. The German equivalent
of the Ecu au Soleil.
Sonnette, i.e., a bell, is a French slang
expression for money that jingles in one's
pocket.
Sookoo. A silver coin of the value of
half a Rupee. A piece of two Sookoos was
struck at Port Marlborough, Sumatra, in
1783 and 1784, with Malay and English in-
scriptions. See Suku.
Soolalde. The term Soolakie or Soo-
lackie as applied to coins is explained by a
letter to the Chief Secretary to the East
Indian Government at Port St. Geoi^e,
dated January 18th, 1813, wherein it is
stated that '^ there are two modes of ren-
dering coins Soolakie. . . . The one is
adopted for the most part by the petty vil-
lage surrafs in those territories (the Ni-
zam's) who, being in general very inexpert
in ascertaining the jSneness of the metal, in-
variably punch a hole in the rupee to con-
vince themselves that it is good silver; but
as this expedient is not sufficient to guard
against the frauds of coiners, who frequent-
ly counterfeit rupees of copper covered
with a coat of silver, with one or two such
holes in them, it is usual for the surrafs,
when they have the slightest suspicion that
the metal is base, to punch a fresh hole in
it. In consequence, it is by no means un-
common to see Rupees with eight or ten
such marks indented upon them. The other
kind of Soolakie coins are made so by the
surrafs of large towns who undertake to
shroflf the money belonging to individuals
for a certain percentage under an agree-
ment to make good any coins that may
afterwards turn out to be counterfeit. In
order that the coins that have undergone
such examination may be recognized, each
principal surraf has a private stamp or
mark of his own, which he affixes to the
edge or some other part of the coin. The
[224]
Sophiendukat
Sovereign
existence of one or more such marks
gives a sort of sanction to the currency, as
the credit of those who have put their
stamp to it is a pledge for its goodness.
Hence many rupees have forty or fifty
such impressions, and at last become com-
pletely defaced. Neither of these modes of
making the Rupee Soolakie diminishes at
all the weight of it, but, according to long
custom, its value in exchange becomes
greatly reduced when it is imported into
the Company's territories.'* See Shroffed
Money.
SophiendakaL A gold coin struck in
1616 by the Electress Sophia of Saxony to
commemorate the birth of her son Johann
George. It has on the obverse the letters
i.H.s. with an eye above and a dove below.
Sortengulden. A silver coin issued by
Ludwig VI of Hessen-Darmstadt in 1674
and copied by the archbishops of Mainz
until 1695.
Soiling. See Soesling.
Sou. French numismatic writers fre-
quently employ this word to indicate the
Stuiver. See Sol.
Sou an Faiacean* See Bezemstuiver.
Soudi Budschu. See Budschu.
Sou d'Qr. The Solidus; but the name
is more generally applied to the gold issues
of Western Europe, e.g., the Carlovingian
Kings, to distinguish them from the Byzan-
tine types, which were contemporary.
Sou Mark, or more properly Sou
Marque. A name given to the billon
Marque after its introduction in the British
West Indies. See Marque.
Sous. The erroneous inscription un sous
occurs on two varieties of tokens issued by
the Bank of Montreal from 1835 to 1838.
The dies for these were engraved at Birm-
ingham, England. See Breton (713-714).
Sou Tokens* The name given to a series
of copper tokens issued by the Bank of
Montreal to overcome the want of change
caused by the demonetizing of the private
coppers and brass pieces current in Canada.
See Breton (Nos. 670-716).
Prom the design of a bunch of flowers
on the obverse of these coins, they are fre-
quently known as the Bouquet Series.
Souveranitatsthaler. The name given to
a silver Thaler struck in 1657 by the Elec-
tor Frederick Wilhelm of Brandenburg,
after the sovereignty of Prussia was as-
sured him by the treaty of Wehlau.
Souverain* A gold coin of Brabant and
the Low Countries, issued early in the
seventeenth century, and copied from the
English types of Mary and Elizabeth. It
was struck at Antwerp, Campen, etc., and
was larger than the Clinkaert (g.v.).
When the national Belgian coinage went
into effect in 1832, the Souverain d'Or was
discontinued.
Sovereign. A large gold coin of the
value of twenty Shillings, first issued by
Henry VII of England in 1489. Being
twice the weight and value of the Rose
Noble it was frequently called the Double
Ryal. This beautiful coin contained only
one half grain of alloy, and weighed two
hundred and forty grains. On the ob-
verse was a representation of the King on
a throne and on the reverse a rose charged
with the English shield.
In 1526 Henry VIII advanced the value
to twenty-two Shillings, but in 1543 the
old value was restored, and the fineness
debased to twenty-three carats. In 1545
the metal was still further debased to 20
carats, the lowest state of degradation
which it has ever reached in England.
The fourth coinage of the reign of Ed-
ward VI issued by virtue of an indenture
of the year 1552, presents a new type with
a half length figure of the King crowned
and in armor, holding a sword and orb.
Mary raised the value of this coin to
thirty Shillings and the Sovereign of 1553
is the first English coin bearing a date.
In 1561 the value was again reduced to
twenty Shillings and the fineness made
twenty-two carats, and finally, in the first
coinage of James I, there is a Pound Sover-
eign, valued at thirty Shillings; with the
second coinage the Sovereign ceases and
the Unite (q.v,) takes its place.
A modern English gold coin
of the value of twenty Shillings or one
Pound sterling, first struck in 1817, and
which displays on the reverse the well-
known design of St. George slaying the
dragon. It bears the initials of the artist,
Bernard Pistrucci.
[225]
Sovrano
Spesmflo
The jBrst half Sovereign is of the same
date, but the reverse bears a plain shield
of the Royal Arms, surmounted by the
crown.
The double Sovereign was issued from
1823 to 1826, inclusive, and revived under
Victoria, and the five Sovereign or five-
Pound piece appeared originally in 1887.
The Sovereign, the standard gold coin of
India since 1899, is equal to fifteen Rupees,
of sixteen Annas, each of four Pice, each
of three Pies.
Sovrano. A gold coin of the value of
forty Lira struck by Francis I of Austria
for the Dukedom of Milan and Lombardy-
Venice, pursudnt to a regulation of Novem-
ber 1, 1823.
Spadacdno. The popular name for the
Giulio struck in Massa Lombarda, and men-
tioned in an ordinance if 1560. It bears
the figure of St. Paul armed with a sword.
Spade Guinea* The name given to a
variety of the Guinea issued in the reign
of George III from 1787 to 1799, inclusive,
on account of the shovel-shaped shield on
the reverse, which bears a resemblance to
an old-fashioned spade, or to the spades in
a pack of playing cards. The half spade
Guineas are of similar design.
Spade Money. The name given to cer-
tain of the primitive and ancient coins of
China, resembling spades or pitchforks,
and which were probably derived from
actual implements following the barter
stage of that people. The Chinese name for
this kind of coin is Ch'an Pi, Pi Ch'an, or
Ch'an Pu. These pieces are sometimes
called Pu coins (g.v.)» l>ut this name
should be more correctly given to the
smaller coins derived from the spades.
The earliest were uninscribed and for the
most part have hollow square handles filled
with terra-cotta. Some later forms have a
plain flat handle. They were made from
prehistoric times to about B.C. 225. Closely
related to these are the above-mentioned
Pus and the Weight Money {q,v.).
Spadin. A variety of Denier issued by
Ferri IV, Duke of Lorraine (1312-1328).
It has on the obverse the figure of a long
sword between two birds.
The type was copied bv Jean d'Arzi-
lieres. Bishop of Toul (1309-1320), and by
Renaud de Bar, Bishop of Metz (1302-
1319), who attempted to harmonize his
coins with those of his brother, the Count
of Bar.
Spadino. Another name for the silver
Scudo of Charles Emanuel I of Savoy is-
sued in 1630. It bears on the reverse an
arm holding a long sword.
SpagiirlL A base silver coin of the can-
ton of Luzerne. It appears to be a nick-
name for a half Kreuzer.
Spanish Sixpence. A common designa-
tion in Jamaica and other West India Is-
lands during the eighteenth century for the
Real of Spain, on account of its size and
general appearance. See Chalmers (pp.
6,8).
Spanker. An obsolete slang term for a
gold coin, and frequently used in the plural
for money.
Abraham Cowley, in his play. The Cutter
of Coleman Street 1663 (ii. 5), says: **I'll
go and provide the Spankers;" and Mot-
teux, in his translation of Rabelais' Pan-
tagruel (vi.), mentions **01d Gold, such as
your Double Ducats, Rose-Nobles, Angels,.
Spankers, Spur-Royals.''
Speciesdaler. See Rigsdaler.
Speciesthaler. A name given to a Thaler
of a fixed standard value proclaimed by
an ordinance of 1566. In the monetary
conference between Austria and Bavaria in
1753, their value was specified at ten to
the fine Mark of silver. See Thaler.
Spesmilo. An Esperanto term for an
international money unit proposed as a
theoretical ''money of exchange," by M.
Rene de Saussure, a well-known Swiss sci-
entist. As the name indicates, the Spesmilo
(abbreviated Sm.) consists of one thousand
Speso (1 Speso equals about $.0005). The
Spesmilo is subdivided into the Spescento
(100 Speso) and the Spesdeko (10 Speso).
Although proposed merely as a fictitious
money of exchange, coins of the value of
one Spesmilo and two Spesmilo have been
struck.
Theoretically, the Spesmilo represents
the value of eight grammes of gold eleven
twelfths pure. For practical purposes it
is considered, approximately, to be the
value of fifty Cents (U.S.), two and one
half Francs, two Shillings, two Marks, one
Rouble, one Mexican Peso, one Yen, one
Sol, ten Piastres, etc.
[226]
Sphragis
Stagnate
In 1907, at its thirty-sixth sess^n, the
'^ Association Fran^aise pour TAvancement
des Sciences" adopted the Speso as tii^
basis for an international "fictitious'^
money. About that time the "Schweizer-
ische Bankverein" introduced experiinent-
ally international Spesmilo checks, the val-
ues being indicated exclusively in the Spes-
milo system and the text being printed in
the international language, Esperanto.
Sphragis (a^porxiq). See Type.
Spie. A slang term for the current cop-
per one Cent piece of the Netherlands.
Spiebnarken, or Spielpfennige. See
Rechenpfennige.
Spintriae. A name given to certain
tokens which occur in the Roman series,
on which there are obscene representations.
For a detailed account of their history and
probable uses see Nadrowski, in the Ber-
liner Milnzblaiter (No. 52), and Steven-
son {s,v,),
Spitzgrotchen. The name given to a
series of silver coins struck by the Elector
Ernst of Saxony, conjointly with his broth-
ers, the Dukes Wilhelm and Albrecht, and
to some extent with his mother, Margaret.
The issue began about 1475 and continued
to the beginning of the sixteenth century,
and the type was copied by Gtebhard VII
for Mansf eld about 1547.
The word Spitze or Spitz means a point,
or pointed, and the coins receive their
name from the decorations of the armorial
design on the reverse.
Spondulix. A slang name for money
formerly very common in the United
States. The origin of the term is unknown.
Sportnbu A word used by Martial {Lib.
x. Epig. 75) to indicate a purse or sum of
money presented at banquets by rich per-
sons to their friends and clients.
Spottmunzen, or Spottmedafllen. A
term used by German numismatists to in-
dicate pieces of a satirical character.
Spousage Tokens. See Arrhes.
SpraL An English slang term for a Six-
pence. The word occurs in The Slang Dic-
tionary, 1839 (p. 34).
Sprenger. A silver coin of Li^g^,
Homes, etc., issued during the sixteenth
century and of the value of one fourth of
the Ecu or Thaler.
Sprinkle Dollar. A silver coin bearing
this name is said to have been manufac-
tured by an individual named Josiah
Sprinkle, who lived in Lewis County, Ken-
tucky. The pieces were claimed to have
been coined circa 1830-1835, and their
weight was heavier than the standard
Dollars of the United States. Rudely out-
lined on one side wajs an owl, and the re-
verse bore a six-pointed star. We are in-
clined to regard the entire story as a fabri-
cation, but details can be found in the
American Journal of Numismatics (xx:x.
84).
Spmchthalery and Spmchgroschen. The
general name for coins bearing a quota-
tion from Scripture. They are found in
the series of Brunswick, Sachsen- Weimar,
Mansf eld, etc.
Spurred GroaL A name given to the
Scottish Qroat, introduced by David II
(1329-1371).
Snelling, View of the Silver Coinage of
Scotland, 1773, states that the expression
arose from the mullet or spur in the quar-
ters of the cross on the reverse of these
coins.
Spur Ryal. A term generally applied
to the half of the Ryal which was first is-
sued in the reign of Edward IV, but more
particularly to the gold fifteen Shilling
piece of the fifth coinage of James I
(1619), the rays of the sun on this coin
resembling the rowels of a spur.
Squiddisk. An English dialect term for
a very insignificant sum of money. In
Northumberland it denotes the twentieth
part of a Farthing.
Sfojuznyia. The name given to early
Russian convention money bearing the
titles of two princes. See Blanchet (ii.
193).
Stabler. A nickname given to small sil-
ver coins struck in Southern Germany
during the fourteenth century from the
bishop 's staff held in the hand of the figure
on the obverse, which is a prominent fea-
ture on many of these pieces.
Stag. An English slang term for a Shil-
ling. The word occurs in The Slang Dic-
tionary, 1857 (p. 20).
Stagnate. An Italian expression, usually
applied to such of the Roman bronze coins
[227]
Stambul
Sterbe Denkmttngen
of the later Empire as were coated with
tin to give them the appearance of silver.
Stambul. See Zer-mahbub.
Stunma. See Aboudjidid.
5. A name given to the Cayenne
Sous when punched or stamped by the
Island governments or merchants of the
British West Indies. Their value varied
according to the locality, but on the island
of Trinidad an English half Penny is
known counterstamped 1 stampee. See
Tampe.
Star Pagoda. A name given to a variety
of the Madras Pagoda, which bears on the
obverse a large five-pointed star on a gran-
ulated convex surface, and on the reverse
a figure of Vishnu. See Pagoda.
Statendaalder. A silver crown issued
by Philip II in 1578 for general circula-
tion in Gueldres, Utrecht, and Overys-
el. The obverse bears a half-length por-
trait of the king holding an uplifted
sceptre. There are corresponding halves
and quarters, as well as Statenschellinge
(g.v.).
StatenscheUingy also called Elopschel-
ling and Placaatschelling. A variety of
the Schelling of the Low Countries intro-
duced in 1672 in the Province of Gronin-
geuy and copied in 1675 at Utrecht. It
was hammered or stamped {Kloppen, to
beat, to hammer), and the obverse bore a
figure of an armed rider, while on the re-
verse was the shield of arms dividing the
value, six Stuivers. See Zesthalven.
Slater. The unit of the gold coinage of
ancient Greece. Its usual diArision was the
sixth, or Hecte (g.v.), but there are also
halves, thirds, and even smaller parts; for
Ionia there exists a one ninety-sixth Stater
struck in electrum. Multiples of the Stater
are unusual, but they are found occasion-
ally. Thus Alexander the Great issued
double Staters, and Eucratides, King of
Bactria (B.C. 190-160) struck a twenty
Stater piece, the largest gold coin of an-
tiquity.
The silver Stater varied in weight, ac-
cording to locality. In general the term
Stater was given to the principal silver
coin of each city. Thus the Corinthian
Tridrachm, equal in weight to two Attic
Drachms, was known by the name Stater,
while at Athens the Tetradrachm, being the
principal coin issued, was there called a
Stater.
Steckenreiter. See Hobby Horse.
Stoenie, sometimes also written Steinie. '
An obsolete Scotch and English dialect
name for a gold coin or Guinea. Skinner,
Poems, 1809 (71), has the line:
A bag full of poor yellow stelnies.
Sleinbock Pfennige. The name given to
certain varieties of Deniers struck in Aus-
tria at the beginning of the fifteenth cen-
tury pursuant to an ordinance of Duke
Albrecht IV. They have the head of the
capricomus or ibex on the obverse.
See Steenie.
Stella. A experimental coin of the
United States, the value of which, four
Dollars, is based on the metric system,
being intended to serve as an international
coin. These coins were made on the re-
quest of the United States Minister to Aus-
tria, their exact value, three Dollars and
eighty-eight Cents, being that of the for-
mer Austrian eight Florin piece. The
name is derived from the large five-pointed
star on the reverse and they are the work
of W. W. Hubbell, the patentee of the
goloid metal. They were issued at the
Philadelphia mint in 1879 and 1880, and
were composed of six grammes of pure
gold, three of silver, and one of copper.
Stdlmo. A silver coin of Florence
struck by Cosmo di Medici (1536-1574)
and continued by his successor, Francesco
(1574-1587). The obverse has a bust of
the Duke and on the reverse is a seated
figure of St. John the Baptist. The name
of the coin is derived from the star used
as a mint-mark, and the issue of these
pieces it is claimed was made to repay a
loan from the Genoese.
Stephanentb, See Estevenante.
Stephanusdaalder. A silver coin of
Nim^gue issued pursuant to an ordinance
of October 23, 1523. It bears a figure of
St. Stephen on the obverse. There is a
gold Florin, called Stephanusgulden, of
similar type.
Stephenmg. See Salding.
Sterbe Denkmiinaen. See Mortuary
Pieces.
[228]
Sterling
Stone M<mey
Sterling. This word, as applied to coins,
appears to be derived from Esterlings, i.e.,
people from the east of Europe, some of
whom were employed in the thirteenth
century in regulating the coinage of Eng-
land. The coins made by them were vari-
ously called Esterlins, or Easterlings, a
term later abbreviated into Sterlings.
On August 16, 1257, a writ dated at
Chester was issued, commanding the Mayor
of London to proclaim in that city that
"the gold money which the King had
caused to be made should be immediately
current there and elsewhere within the
realm of England, in all transactions of
buying and selling, at the rate of twenty
pennies of sterlings for every gold penny."
This refers to silver Pennies.
In many transactions these coins were
weighed, and the term Pound Sterling sur-
vives to this date as a standard. See Es-
terlin.
Sterling. A name frequently given to
the silver Penny of Scotland. This type
was introduced by David I (1124-1153),
and was similar in many respects to the
contemporary English Penny of Stephen.
The term was in use until the middle of
the thirteenth century; in the reign of
Alexander III (1249-1292) the silver
coins are usually referred to as Pennies, a
designation subsequently adhered to.
Stem Grotchen. A peculiar type of
Groschen common in the coinages of
Cleve, Juliers, etc., during the fifteenth
century and later. The reverse has four
large stars, one in each angle of the cross.
Stichttche Stuiver. The name given to
a variety of Stuiver issued by the towns
of Campen, Deventer, and Zwolle, in 1488,
pursuant to an ordinance of the same year.
See Prey (No. 308). The word means
coins that will stand the test.
Stickanutam. A Scottish and English
dialect term for a coin of very small value.
It is now obsolete but at one time was ap-
plied to the Scottish half -penny.
Stipt, whence the English word stipend.
According to Livy, this name was applied
to the Acs Grave when stored in quantity
in chests or warehouses on account of its
bulky nature. See Stevenson (p. 135).
Stiver. The same as Stuiver (g.v.). The
word in this form is used on the English
issues for Ceylon, struck in copper and sil-
ver from 1801 to 1815, and on tokens for
Essequibo and Demerara from 1813 to
1838.
Stockfischthaler. The name given to a
silver coin struck by Duke Henry Julius
of Brunswick-Liineberg in 1612. The re-
verse has the figure of a codfish lying on
a block, which is being beaten by two hands
holding hammers. There is also a satirical
inscription implying that some persons,
like the codfish, must be beaten to over-
come their indolence.
The type was copied in Hamburg in
1620.
Stone Money. Edmond Planchut, in a
reference to the Caroline Islands, contrib-
uted to the Scientific Review (Sept., 1885),
states that ''in that mysterious archipelago
. . . the money consists of circular stones,
which have a hole in the centre, and vary
in diameter from twenty centimetres to
one metre. With this stone currency, the
material of which is very hard, and which
comes from the neighboring islands of
Palaos, where it is also used for the same
purpose, the natives pay their tribute to
the chiefs of their villages.'' The native
name for this money is Pei.
Mr. Howland Wood in The Numismatist
(1906) described the curious stone money
of Yap, one of the Caroline Islands. In
the same periodical (1911) he adds that
stone used as currency is not confined,
however, to this group of islands, as upon
the testimony of the missionary Spiess, it
was used formerly also on the Gold Coast
and in the vicinity of Togoland on the west
coast of Africa. On his return to Europe
Spiess brought with him four specimens
of these stones, of which three were of
crystalline quartz and the fourth of a
softer component material. The quartz
specimens were polished, of a diameter of
forty to fifty millimetres, and of a thick-
ness of fifteen to twenty millimetres. The
holes in the centre of the stones were fun-
nel shaped from both sides, evidently indi-
cating that the coins were intended for
suspension. "This stone money,'' says
Spiess, "is obtainable in only one district
of the Gold Coast and is now no longer in
use."
[229]
Stootor
SCyca
Some years ago some laborers on the
road •between Lome and Palime in Togo-
land discovered a quantity of these stones,
and they were sent to Europe by one of
the officials. The specimens confirm the
earlier observations of Spiess. They are
of a white and yellowish crystalline quartz,
and appear to have received a polish from
the action of water. Their diameter varies
from thirty-two to sixty millimetres, and
their thickness from fifteen to twenty milli-
metres. With this lot was found a single
stone, cylindrical in shape and of a mate-
rial resembling jasper; the height of the
same was eighteen millimetres, and the
diameter twenty-six millimetres.
It is supposed that this specimen repre-
sents some higher unit of value than the
remainder.
Stooter, or Stoter. A base silver coin
of Gueldres, Overysel, Campen, Zeeland,
etc., struck in the latter part of the six-
teenth century. It bore the head of the
Earl of Leicester and was valued at the
twentieth part of the silver Daalder.
The name is still retained in Holland to
designate the current copper coin of two
and one half Cents.
Stoter. See Stooter.
Stotinka. A copper coin of Bulgaria,
adopted in 1867 when this country based
its monetary system on that of the Latin
Union. One hundred Stotinki are equal to
one Lev. It is also referred to as the Kan-
tem or Canteim, i,e., Centime. Bronze
pattern pieces of ten Kantems were struck
in 1880 and 1887.
Straw Money. See Lebongo.
Streitpfennige. The popular name for
a copper coinage of Erfurt, the principal
city of Thuringia. The name means dis-
sention or quarrel.
At the beginning of the sixteenth cen-
tury the local mintmaster did not always
comply with the ordinances governing the
weight and purity of the coinage, which
led to frequent complaints from neighbor-
ing principalities where these pieces were
circulated.
Strohthaler. A nickname given to the
Silesian twenty-four Kreuzer pieces, which
were very common at the beginning of the
seventeenth century. They were of very
base composition, poor fabric, and the
Thaler at that period was divided into
twenty-four parts, i,e., Oroschen.
Stober. A German billon and copper
coin corresponding to the Dutch Stuiver
(q.v.). It is of frequent occurrence in
Juliers and Berg, East Friesland, and Ol-
denburg, and appears to have been intro-
duced in the latter part of the fifteenth
century, continuing in use until the begin-
ning of the nineteenth.
StoiTer, also variously written S^jayver^
Stiver, and Stiiber, was originally a bil-
lon, and later a copper coin of the Low
Countries and various Oerman States,
dating from the middle of the sixteenth
century. The Munten Ordonnantie of 1576
gives forty Stuivers as the equivalent of
the silver Rijder of Friesland and Guel-
dres. A later Ordonnantie of 1652 men-
tions thirty Stuivers as being equal to one
Ducatone, fifteen Stuivers as equal to a
quarter Crown of Burgundy, one quarter
Stuiver as equal to one silver Oord, and
five Stuivers as equal to a Spanish Real.
There is an extensive series of Stuivers
issued by the Dutch for their possessions
in the East, struck in copper, lead and
silver. For details conf. the works of
Moquette and Millies {passim). See also
Stiver.
The word is still retained in Holland to
designate the current copper coin of five
cents.
Stuk ▼an Achten. The Dutch equiva-
lent for ** Piece of Eight. *' It is applied
to such coins as were struck for Java, etc.,
and which corresponded to the Piastre or
eight Reaals. Conf, Netscher and v.d.
Chijs (i. 1), Verkade (199, 1), and see
Peso.
Stuyver. A more archaic form of
writing Stuiver {q.v.).
Styca. This coin occurs only in the is-
sues for Northumberland, and it appears
to begin with the reign of Ecgfrith (670-
685), and concludes with the year 875,
when the Danish King Half den conquered
the territory.
The name is supposed to be derived from
the Saxon word sticce, a minute part, two
Stycas being equal to one Farthing. The
composition of the coins was of a mixed
metal; in one hundred parts there were
sixty to seventy of copper, twenty to twen-
[230]
Styfer
Sun Dollar
ty-five of zinc, six to eleven of silver, and
traces of gold, lead, and tin.
The Stycas usually have crosses with
pellets in the angles on both obverse and
reverse; the name of the ruler and mon-
eyer is generally added.
Styfer. Pronounced as if written Sty-
ver, is applied to both small copper and
small base silver coins of Sweden. It is
the Scandinavian equivalent for Stuiver.
Stsrkke. A small silver coin of Denmark,
equal to one fifth of the Species Daler, or
one fourth of the Rigsdaler Courant.
SubaeratL See Plated Coins.
SudcaulioGk. See Wampum.
Sucre. A silver coin of Ecuador of the
value of one hundred Centavos. It re-
ceives its name from Antonio Jose de
Sucre, a South American patriot who
fought under Simon Bolivar. He was born
at Cumana in 1793, and in 1819 had so
distinguished himself that he was made a
brigadier general of the insurgent forces.
In 1822 he defeated the Spaniards at Chi-
chincha, and, having become commander-
in-chief when Bolivar was made dictator,
he routed the troops of the viceroy in the
battle of Ayachuco, Peru, December 9,
1824, which established the independence
of the country. For this signal victory
Bolivar made him grand marshal, and in
1825 he was elected President of Bolivia.
He was assassinated soon after his election
to the Constituent Congress in 1830, due,
it was said, to the jealousy or instigation
of Gen. Ovando. His portrait appears on
most of the coins of the Republic.
Sueldo. A silver coin of the Republic
of Bolivia, of the same value as the Real,
i.e., one eighth of the Peso. See Ponrobert
(9475, 9481, 9524, etc.).
At Perpignan, in the Pyrenees, a billon
Sueldo was issued during the French occu-
pation from 1642 to 1655.
The Sueldo of Ferdinand VII (1808-
1833) was the Spanish equivalent of the
Soldo, and was equal to six Doblers. It
was a copper coin and appears to have been
issued chiefly for Majorca.
Suitemneclaillen. A term used by Ger-
man numismatists to indicate medals that
have a regular sequence on account of a
series of portraits, recording successive
events, etc.
Suit Sflver. According to Wharton,
Law Lexicon, 1864, this was ''a small rent
or sum of money paid in some manors to
excuse the freeholders' appearance at the
courts of their lord."
Suka, Suki, or SikL The basis of the
silver monetary system of Nepal intro-
duced by the Gorkhas, who used two varie-
ties of currency as under :
Pacis Ganda System
1 Mohar = 2 Suka.
1 Suka = 2 Do-ani or 25 Dbebuns of copper.
Fonrobert (2325 et aeq.) states tbat tbe Suka Is equal
to tbe quarter Mobur, and tbe Adba (2324) is tbe
balf.
1 Do-ani = 6 Dyaks, or double Pice.
1 Dyak = 2 Dbebuas, or 2 Paisa.
1 Dbebua = 4 Dams (copper).
1 Dam = 2 Pboka Dams, or Cbun Dams.
SoHRA Ganda System.
1 Mobur = 2 Suka.
1 Suka = 2 Do-ani.
1 Do-ani = 2 Ek-ani = (% Mobur).
1 Bk-ani = 2 Adba-ani.
1 Adba-ani = 1 silver Pice, or Paisa Mobur.
1 Paisa Mobur, i.e., Va Mobur = 2 Do-Dam, also
called Adba-paisa.
The Suka is based on the weight of the
Tola (g.v.), and the Nepalese gold coins
follow the same standard, i.e. —
Duitole Asarfl = 4 Moburs = 2 Tolas = 360
troy grains.
Bakla Asarfl = 2 Moburs = 1 Tola = 180 troy
grains.
Patla or Majbawala = 1 Mobur = ^ Tola =
90 troy grains.
Suka Asarfl = ^ Mobur = % Tola = 45 troy
grains.
Sukl = % Mobur = ^/u Tola = 22.5 troy grains.
Anl = Vm Mobur = V« Tola = 11.75 troy grains.
Adba-ani = V«t Mobur =r Ve* Tola = 5.87 troy
grains.
Pai = V«4 Mobur = Vi« Tola = 2.93 troy grains.
Dam = Vw Mobur = V»ii Tola = 0.71 troy
grains.
SukL A silver coin of India, and equal
to the twentieth part of a Rupee. See
Sihansah.
SukiL The Dutch equivalent of the
Suka iq.v.). The Dutch counterstamped
these pieces in 1787 with the v.o.c. mark
for their possessions in Ceylon.
In the Malay Peninsula the Suku is one
fourth of the Real or Spanish Dollar. The
word means a quarter. See Sookoo and
Pitje.
Sultanine. Tavernier calls this the same
as the Sequin {q.v. supra).
Sultany Alton. See Altun.
Sun Dollar. A name given to the Peso
of Costa Rica on account of the design
which represents the sun rising behind
mountains.
[231]
Suflkm
Synbol
Suskm. The English diminutive of the
French Sou. This debased coin was cur-
rent in England for a long period. The
parliament in 1424 decreed that it should
no longer be used, but this ordinance was
but little regarded, as it was found neces-
sary to put a stop to the entire circulation
of these pieces in 1519.
Suden' Checks. The tokens issued by
the sutlers, i,e,, the military victualers
corresponding to the canteen-keepers of
the present time, attached to the various
regiments and posts of the Northern Army
during the Civil War in the United States.
At first, for a short time, these checks
were of cardboard or paper, but these soon
disintegrated through wear and were re-
placed by metallic issues. This currency
had free circulation in the regiment or
brigade for which it was issued, and formed
the greater part of the small change. The
denominations ranged from five to one hun-
dred Cents. The issue is without artistic
merit, being of interest from the historic
point of view only. See Wood in Am.
Journal of Numismatics (xxxvii. 23, and
xlvii. 163).
Suvarna* An early Indian gold coin,
of the value of twenty-five Karshapanas,
and weighing one hundred and forty to
one hundred and forty-four grains. Cun-
ningham (pp. 7, 22). states that it ''also
was a simple bag of gold dust, such as is
still current in Kumaon, of the value of
eight Rupees. Each of these gold dust
bags is now called Phetang. ' ' See Pana.
The name Suvarna means ''beautiful
color."
The Italian name for the
Austrian Zwanziger {q.v.) introduced by
Francis I (1815-1835) into the currency
of Milan. It is also known as the Lira
Austriaca.
Swami Pagoda. A name given to one
of the Madras Pagodas, which has a male
and two female figures on the obverse.
One of the titles of Krishna was Chenna
Keswam Swami, and from this the name
is probably derived, the females being
Lakshmi and Rukmini. The weight of
this Pagoda is somewhat more than two
pennyweights. The reverse has a granu-
lated surface. See Pagoda.
Swarf M<Hiey, or Warth Money. Ac-
cording to Wharton, Law Lexicon, 1864,
this was a sum of money "paid in lieu of
the service of castle-ward."
Swrarte Penimige, i,e., Black Pennies.
See Korten, Black Money, and Zwarte.
Sufine Pennies. A local English term for
money rooted up by swine. Defoe, in his
Tour through Or eat Britain (iii. 9), states
that in Littleborough, Liancashire, "great
numbers of coins have been taken up in
ploughing and digging, which they call
Swine-penies, because those creatures some-
times rout them up."
Sword and Sceptre Piece. A name
given to a Scottish gold coin of James YI,
issued in 1601 and later. It was of the
value of six Pounds and derives its name
from the sword and sceptre in saltire on
the obverse. There is a half of the same
type of the value of three Pounds.
Swoid Dollar. A silver coin issued by
James YI of Scotland, of the value of
thirty Shillings, which receives its name
from the upright sword on the reverse.
It is also known as the Byal {q.v.), and
except for differences in the figures of
value the one third Byal and the two
thirds are of the same type.
Sword Money. See Knife Money.
Sycee Sflver. The name Sycee, from
the Cantonese Hsi Ssu, means "fine floss
silk," and it is given to these ingots in
allusion to the purity of the metal, which
is apparently a native silver. It is run
into circular or shoe-shaped ingots, called,
in the Dutch East Indies, Schuyt or
"boats," and bears an inscription or stamp
on its upper surface. The standard ingot
weighs about fifty Taels, though smaller
ones are made. AH ingots or shoes, how-
ever, are not of such pure silver or
"touch." See Ting and Yuan Pao for
'^the various Chinese names for these silver
ingots.
These "shoes," as they are sometimes
called, are used for the purpose of paying
customs duties, salt duties, and land taxes.
See Prinsep (p. 33).
SjrmboL A device found on coins and
medals which bears no relation to the in-
scriptions. Thus the owl is a symbol of
wisdom, the anchor of hope, the lamb of
purity, etc.
[232]
Synage Szostak
See Senage. mond I (1506-1548), but later in copper.
SysseL See Sizel. Its original value was twelve Denarii, or
Swiag. The Polish equivalent for the ^^^ ^"^^ "^^ *^^ multiples were :
Schilling or Shilling. The word is pro- ^^ = H Sf**:,"-
nounced ''Schellong." Csvorak = 48 Denani.
Saelong. The Polish equivalent of the ^*^»**»' = ^^ ^'»*''"-
Solidus, first issued in silver under Sigi»- Szottak. See Szelong.
[233]
Tabo
Talari
T
Tabo. An African money of account.
See Boss.
Tacolin. An Armenian coin, of which
no specimen is known, but which is re-
ferred to in a grant made in 1333 by Leon
V to the Venetians. Langlois (p. 15)
quotes a passage showing that one hundred
Tacolini were equal to seventy-seven Dir-
hems. It may have been a money of ac-
count.
TaeL The Chinese Liang or ounce, and
equal to about one and one third ounces
avoirdupois. The word is derived from
the Hindu Tola through the Mayalan word
Tahil. It is the nominal unit of China;
its value, however, is fluctuating and it is
subdivided into ten Mace (Chien or
Tsien), one hundred Candareens (Pun),
and one thousand Cash (Li). The Tael is
a weight and there are varieties for each
province. The Hai-Kwan, or custoins
Tael, has the highest valuation. It is
equal to five hundred and ninety and thir-
ty-five one hundredths grains of pure sil-
ver. See Liang.
The actual trade unit is the Dollar or
Yuan {q.v.)y and to harmonize this with
the weight, the value of the Dollar is seven
Mace and two Candareens, i.e., a trifle
less than three fourths of the Tael weight.
Certain provincial coins have been struck,
however, bearing the value of one Tael,
one half Tael, etc. See Ch 'ien.
In China silver is frequently cast in a
mold in the form of a truncated cone or
bowl, and counterstamped with Chinese
characters, indicating the weight in taels.
See Sycee Silver.
Tahegan. The name given to both a
gold and a silver coin of Armenia. The
former appears to have been of lesser value
than the Tenar (g.v.), the two coins prob-
ably having the same ratio as the Solidus
and the later gold Florin. Its value
varied; Langlois (pp. 10-11) cites several
authorities to show that it was the equiva-
lent of thirty Drachmas of silver, or forty
Poghs of copper. See Drakani.
The silver Tahegan was introduced in
the reign of Leon II (1185-1218), with a
corresponding half, called a Tram.
TahiL See Tail.
Tafl, also written Tahil and TayeiL A
former money of account at Atjeh. See
Mas.
Ponrobert (No. 838) describes a piece of
copper ring money, current at Korindschi,
of which fifteen thousand three hundred
and sixty were equal to the gold Tail.
Taka. The Paisa or piece of ten Dinar
in the Afghan coinage. See Sanar.
Takka. Another name for the double
Mohur struck by Prithvi Vira Vikrama,
King of Nepal, after 1881. Specimens
were issued about 1911 in both gold and
silver.
Takoe. An English colonial silver coin
issued by the African .Company on the
Gold Coast in 1796. This piece has on
the obverse g. r. in script, crowned, and
on the reverse the armorial shield of the
company, with the crest of an elephant
above. Its value was one eighth of the
Ackey (^.t;.).
Talar. The Thaler of Frederick August,
King of Saxony and Duke of Warsaw,
from 1807 to 1815, is so inscribed.
Talari. The monetary silver unit of
Abyssinia. It is of Dollar or Crown size,
contains three hundred sixty and sev-
enty-six one hundredths grains of pure
silver, and is divided into halves, quarters,
tenths, and twentieths. The latter, the
smallest silver coin of this country, is
known as the Guerche, Gersh, or Piastre.
The Talari issued under King Menelik
was sometimes referred to as a Menelik,
and, by an arbitrary decree, he attempted
to introduce divisions of quarters, eighths,
and sixteenths, instead of the prevailing
decimal system.
The half Talari of Menelik 's series is
called the Agod, the one quarter the Yaber
Rub, and the one eighth received the name
of Tenan. The Ttdari obtains its name
from the Thaler of Maria Theresa, and
in the Amharic language it is known as
Ber {q,v.). It is also referred to as the
Argenteus.
[234]
Talbot
Tampang
Talbot A gold coin of the Anglo-Gal-
lic series, of the value of twenty-^ne Sols
and eight Deni^rs. An ordinance of Sep-
tember 10, 1453, provided for this coin
which was to be struck at Boi'deaux in
the name of Henry VI, and also in Eng-
land **by command of the Captain Talbot
[afterwards Earl of Shrewsbury], then
Lieutenant-General of Henry in Quienne."
Talent, from the Greek xaXavcov, a pair
of scales, was later applied to a definite
weight and belongs to the subject of met-
rology rather than numismatics.
In Greece there were several standards,
but the one most common made the Talent
equal to sixty Minae ; the Mina equal to
one hundred Drachmai; and the Drachma
equal to six Oboli ; so that a Talent con-
tained six thousand Drachmai, and when
a Talent of gold is mentioned, the term
refers to the weight and not the value.
In the Babylonian system the Talent
was also equal to sixty Minae or Manas,
and the latter was again equal to sixty
Shekels. The Semetic name was Kikkar.
The Roman Talent was a money of ac-
count and corresponded to one hundred
Libral Asses. It was generally called Cen-
tupondium.
For a full account of these early stand-
ards conf. Hill (pp. 28-32), and Cunning-
ham (pp. 26-31).
TalL A Javanese money of account, of
the value of one eighth of a Real. See
Pitje and Tra.
Talisman Thaler. The name given to a
variety of Thaler struck by David, Count
of Mansfeld, in 1610. It has a figure of
St. George on horseback, and the motto
BEI GOT 1ST RATH VND THAT. ScC Madai
(No. 1797).
Tallard. A name given to the silver
Ecu issued by Charles III, Duke of Lor-
raine and Bar, in 1557.
Tallero. The Italian equivalent of the
Thaler {q.v.). The name is, however, gen-
erally applied to coins of the eighteenth
century and later, to distinguish them
from the Scudo. Exceptions to this rule
are the Talleri of Francesco Perrero of
Messerano (1588-1624), and those of Man-
tua, Florence, etc., as well as the Tallero
of the Italian colony of Eritrea.
The Doges of Venice, from the middle
of the eighteenth century to the end of
the Republic, issued a series of Talleri for
the Levant.
Talkvo dd Levante* See Levant Dol-
lar.
Tallero di ConTenaione. See Conven-
tion Money.
Tallero di San Biagio. See Vislino.
Tallero Rettoralo. See Vislino.
Tallies. See Wooden Money.
Tamaiio. A term used by Spanish nu-
mismatists, meaning a small portion, and
corresponding to the Bit {q.v,). The Suel-
dos, Beales, etc., were formerly frequently
cut into eighths or segments, and the name
Tamano was applied to these pieces.
Tambac-tron. A base silver coiji of
Annam, having on one side inscriptions
surrounding a sun, and on the reverse the
figure of a dragon. It was introduced
during the reign of the Emperor Minh
Mang (1820-1842), and was current for a
Piastre, or double the value of the Quan
(g.v.). See Ponrobert (2109-11, 2115-17).
There are both dated and undated varie-
ties. The word Tambac-tron means
** round silver."
Tambioy or Trambiyo. A copper coin
of Cutch and Kathiawar, and equal to the
one forty-eighth of the Kori (g.v.).
The name is derived from the Sanscrit
Tamrika, though its root meaning is ''of
copper. ' ' Codrington states that * * in prac-
tice it used to mean a half -pice ; originally,
I believe, it meant a pice."
Ta-nug-ma, meaning a '* horse's hoof,"
is the name given to one variety of the
Chinese silver ingots used as currency in
Tibet. Its value varies from sixty to
seventy Rupees, according to its weight.
Tamlungy or Si BaL A Siamese gold
or silver coin, of the value of four Ticals
and equivalent to the Tael {q.v,). There
is a half, known as a Kroung Tamlung.
The name is also given to a crude lump
of silver which is used as money in the
Lao States in the northern part of Siam.
These coins weigh from sixty to sixty-two
grammes.
Tampang, or Dampang. A tin coin
struck for Pahang in the Malay Peninsula
from about A.H. 1261-1295. There are
corresponding halves and quarters. Prom
[236]
Tampi
Tankah
its shape, resembling a truncated obelisk,
it is commonly known as '*hat money."
Tampe, also called Etampe. A billon
coin issued by France for colonial use
from about 1750 to 1828, in which year
they were demonetized. The usual type
presents the original obverse effaced and
counterstamped C. Their value varied,
being three Sous and nine Deniers in the
AntUles; two Sous in Cayenne, etc. See
Marqu6 and Sol, and conf. Zay (pp. 65-
70), and Wood, American Jmirnal of Nu-
mismatics (xlviii. 129-136).
Tamunah. See Arruzeh.
Tane. The Japanese name for the coin
or pattern supplied to the mint workmen
to impress in the sand or clay moulds in
making the regular coins for circulation.
These Tanes or '*Seed" Sen are carefully
made of superior metal and are much
sought after by Japanese collectors, and
correspond in a way to a proof coin. See
Yeda, Haha Sen, and Yang Ch*ien, the
Chinese equivalent.
Tang. A rectangular copper bar coin
in the style of the Bonk (g.v.), issued by
the Dutch East India Company for Cey-
lon. There appear to be two varieties of
four and three quarters, and six Stuivers,
respectively.
Tang. An Armenian copper coin. Lang-
lois (p. 14) states that it corresponds to
the Denga.
Tanga. Originally a silver coin of Por-
tuguese India, struck principally at Qoa,
with a value of sixty Reis, and in some
localities of fifteen Bazaruccos.
It appears to have been issued early in
the seventeenth century, and specimens
occur dated as early as 1642 and counter-
stamped v.o.c. by the Dutch, for use in
Ceylon. The Tanga Cruzada has the value
on one side, and a cross with the four fig-
ures of the date in the angles on the re-
verse.
In 1787 the Tanga was made a copper
coin. The original divisions were halves
and quarters, and to these were added
later pieces of one sixth, oAe eighth, one
twelfth, one eighteenth, and one twentieth.
The name is probably derived from Tan-
kah, a coinage introduced by the Patau
Sultans of Dehli during the fourteenth
century. See Thomas (pp. 116-117), and
the Indian Antiquary (xxvi. 235-245).
Tang-au-chon. See Ohon.
Tang-bak-choD. See Chon.
Tang-Ka, or Padika. A silver coin of
ancient India, the one fourth of the Kar-
sha. See Pana.
Tang-Ka* The basis of the coinage of
Tibet. It is a silver piece containing a
considerable amount of alloy, the value of
which is nominally six Annas, though, as
a rule, three of them are exchanged for
an Indian Rupee, i,e., sixteen Annas.
The subdivisions of the Tang-Ka are
made by cutting up the coin itself. These
divisions are:
Sho-Kang,
Vs of a Tang-Ka equal to 4 Annas.
Chhi-Ke,
IZ «« <• «« 9 •»
Kar-ma-ngap
t/ l( «( «« O •*
Kha-Kang,
V« " ** " A Anna.
Khap-chhe,
V« " " " % "
The principal varieties of the Tang-Ea
are the following:
Ga-den Pho-dang Tang-Ka, which was
struck at the Ga-den palace at Lhasa,
about 1750.
Kong-par Tang-Ka, minted at Giamda
on the borders of the Province of Kong-
bo, and dated in Tibetan figures.
Pa-nying Tang-Ka, meaning **old Ne-
palese" coinage, commonly called Ang-tuk
{qjo.)^ and termed Mohar by the people
of Nepal.
Nag-tang, or black Tang-Ka, a name
given to the Nepalese coinage of Ranjit
Malla Deva, bearing the Newar date 842,
or 1722.
Cho-tang, or '* cutting Tang-Ka." A
Nepalese coin since the Gorkha conquest,
not struck for currency in Tibet, but gen-
erally current. Conf. Walsh, Coinage of
Tibet, in Memoirs Asiatic Society of Ben-
gal, 1907 (ii.), and Wood, in American
Journal of Numismatics, 1912. For ex-
tensive historical references concerning the
name, see B. C. Temple in The Indian
Antiquary (xxvi. 235-244).
Tankah. A standard in both gold and
silver, of about one hundred and seventy-
four grains in each metal, introduced by
the kings of Dehli. The Tankah was di-
vided into sixty-four parts, each called a
Kani, and equal to four Falus.
On the copper coins of Jahangir, the
son of Akbar, are to be found the words
RAWANi and RAiJ, both meaning '' current
coin,'' and corresponding in weight with
the Tankah. Valentine (p. 162) de-
[23G]
Tanner
Temple Money
scribes a piece of four Tankahs struck by
Akbar for Kabul A.H. 996. The piece of
fifty Kani (Fonrobert, No. 2917) was
known as Adli.
Tanner. A slang name for an English
Sixpence. The word may be a corruption
of Danaro, or from the Gypsy tano, mean-
ing little, the coin being a small one when
compared with the Shilling. Dickens uses
the term in Martin Chuzzlewit (xxxvii.).
Tanuma Go Monune Gin. A Japan-
ese silver coin, valued at five Momme, is-
sued in 1765, of rectangular shape. It is
said that the metal used was from con-
fiscated silver ornaments of the Japanese
ladies.
Tao, Tao Ch'ien, Tao PL ^ See Knife
Money.
Tare. A small silver coin of northern
Malabar, and probably struck at Calicut.
It was equal to half of the Paisa. See
Elliot (pp. 57-58).
In some districts it is known as the Vis
or Viz, and, while the value varied slight-
ly, it was computed at one sixteenth of
the Panam, wherever the latter coin was
current.
Tarelares. Du Cange cites an ordinance
of 1442 in which this denomination occurs
as a money of Brabant.
Targa. An early billon or base silver
coin of the Duchy of Bretagne, of the
value of two Deniers. It is mentioned in
an ordinance of 1459, issued by Count
Francis II.
Tarin, or Taro (plural Tari). In Malta
this appears as a silver coin early in the
sixteenth century, with the value of a
fifth of a Ducato (q.v.), A copper issue
occurs under Giovanni de la Vallette
(1557-1568). Both series had various mul-
tiples, some of them as high as thirty.
In Naples and Sicily the same values
were retained up to 1818, when the Sici-
lian Taro was equivalent to half of the
Neapolitan one.
Tarja. An early Castilian copper coin,
of about the value of one fourth of a Real.
The name means a variety of shield, and
this figure occurs on the coins.
Tartaron, from the Greek TeTaptY]p6v
(q.v.)y is a term applied in late Roman
times to a bronze piece. See Du Cange,
Dissert, de infer, aevi numism.
Tartemoriony or Tetartemorion. The
one fourth of the Obol and the one twenty-
fourth of the Drachm. Aristotle mentions
this as the smallest silver coin. It is
known to have been struck at Athens, Colo-
phon, Aegina, Elis, Tegea, Argos, and
Sicyon.
Tasdan. See Teastun.
Tassuj. A Khwarizm coin, the one
jiuarter of a Danik, and one twenty-fourth
of a Dinar, or of a Dirhem. It was equal
to two Habbehs in relation to the Dirhem ;
or three Habbehs in relation to the Dinar.
It varies with the Danik. See Danik.
Tauf Thaler. An expression frequently
found in German catalogues, and applied
to coins having a representation of the
baptism in the river Jordan, as referred
to in St. Matthew (iii.)> St. Mark (i.), etc.
TawiL See Toweelah.
Tayell. A former money of account at
Atjeh. See Mas.
Tchen. See Chien.
Tchu. See Chu.
Tea as currency. See Brick Tea.
Teastim. Dinneen, Irish-English Dic-
tionary, 1904, has : * * Teastun, Teastuin. A
fourpenny piece, fourpence. Ital. Tes-
tone. English, Tester. Scotch Oaelic, Tas-
dan, a Shilling."
Teding Penny, or Tething Penny. An
obsolete form of Tithing Penny (g.v.).
Temin Budschu. See Budschu.
Tenunm. See Timmin.
Temple Coins. The Drachms or Hemi-
Drachms issued from the temple at Didy-
ma are so called. They were of the same
types as those of the coins of Miletus, and
appear to be a special Milesian issue meant
for religious purposes. See Hill (pp. SC-
SI).
Tenlple Money. A name given to a
series of Chinese medals, dating from the
time of the Sung dynasty (A.D. 960-
1127), and specially of the period of Tsing^-
Kang, A.D. 1126.
These medals were employed at cere-
monies in honor of the god Kuei-Sing,
who forms a part of the constellation of
Ursus Major. Conf. Kainz, Die sogefiann-
ten Chinesischen TempelmUmen, 1895, and
see also Eangtang.
[237]
Tempo
Testone
Tempo. An oblong bronze coin of
Japan, first made in 1835, and of the value
of one hundred Mon or Sen. Its price at
first was thirty to a Ryo of former coin,
this probably representing one thousand
Mon, so that its actual value on this com-
putation would be one to thirty-three and
one third. Prom 1854 to 1859 this coin
depreciated to sixty to the Ryo, and in
the year 1860 to a hundred. It has now
fallen to one hundred and twenty-five to
the Yen, which is one to eight Mon. See
Munro (pp. 148-151).
Many Japanese coins and fanciful pieces
of oval form are known as Tempo shaped.
Tempo Koban. See Koban.
Tenan, Temun, or Toumon* The name
given to the one eighth Talari piece of
Abyssinia. See Ber.
Tenar. A gold coin of Armenia; corre-
sponding to the Dinar (g.v.). The name
appears to be applied to such pieces as
have native inscriptions, the coins struck
by the Georgians, Arabs, etc., receiving the
name of Solidus or Byzant. See Lang-
lois (passim).
Tenga. The name of certain silver coins
of the various Muhammadan States of Cen-
tral Asia. The Tenga of Bokhara is worth
about ten cents. See Denga.
Temier. A popular name for the ten
Pound note of the Bank of England.
Thomas Hughes, in ^om Brown at Oxford,
1861 (xix.), says, **No money T' '*Not
much; perhaps a tenner.'*
Tercia Apuliensis. The one third of
the Apuliense {q.v.). It is also called the
Tercia Ducalis, its value being one third
of the Ducato d'Argento.
Terlina. A billon coin struck by Louis
XII of France for Asti, between 1498 and
1513. See Hoffmann (64-75).
Tern. A gold coin struck by the Counts
of Barcelona during the eleventh eentury,
and valued at one third of the Mancuso
d'Oro, or one twelfth of the Quaterne
(g.v.). The name is probably a corrup-
tion of Dinar, which appears to be con-
firmed by the fact that these coins have
both Arabic and Latin inscriptions.
Ternary or Temarius. The name usual-
ly applied in the coinage of Poland to a
piece representing a triple Denarius, or
Pfennig. It was introduced by Sigismund
III in the latter part of the sixteenth cen-
tury, and copied for Posen, Lobsenz, Dan-
zig, etc.
Temariae f ormae, or triple Aura. A
gold coin, said by Lampridius, Sev. Alex,
(39), to have been issued by Elagabalus.
Temionet. The name for the triple Au-
rei. Specimens are known of Commodus
and Gallienus.
Territorial Gold. The name given to
certain gold coins issued by the Oregon
Exchange Company in 1849; the Mormon
coinage in Utah struck from 1849 to 1860 ;
and the gold coins issued by three private
firms in Colorado during the years 1860
and 1861. See Private Gold Coins.
Teruncia. A small Roman copper coin,
or perhaps a money of account. See Li-
bella. The same name is also given to the
Quadranjs (g.v.).
Terzarola. A gold coin of Genoa, is-
sued under the first Doge, Simon Boccane-
gra (1339-1344). It was equal to one
third of the Genovino.
The same name is given to a billon coin
of Milan, introduced by the Visconti, in
the fourteenth century, and equal to one
third of the Danaro.
A name given to certain
pieces in the Roman series, the use of
which has not been satisfactorily deter-
mined. They exist in both bronze and
lead, and usually have a figure or portrait
on one side and a numeral of value on
the reverse. It is generally supposed that
they were employed as temporary substi-
tutes for money, such as for admission to
the ancient games, theatres, etc.
Tester. See Testoon.
Teston. From the Italian testa, a head,
and therefore, strictly speaking, any coin
with a head upon it; the name seems to
have been first applied to certain silver
pieces of Louis XII of France, because
they bore the head of that ruler, and thus
identified the coinage as a national one.
Its value in France was later made at
one quarter of the Ecu. See Tostao.
Testone. The Italian form of the Tes-
ton. There are remarkably fine specimens
struck for Milan during the Sforza dyn-
asty (1450-1500). The Emperor, Charles
V, issued it for Naples and Sicily as equal
to two Carlini ; and at Ferrara, under Al-
[ 238 ]
Testoon
Thaler
fonso II (1559-1597), it had a value of
eighteen Paoli. It occurs for Mirandola,
Savoy, Mantua, in the Papal series, and
numerous other Italian states.
Testoon, or Tester. The English equiv-
alent of the Teston. It was introduced in
1504, in the third coinage of Henry VII,
and was valued at twelve Pence. The coin
is noted as being the first English coin
which has an actual portrait of the reign-
ing sovereign.
In 1543, under Henry VIII, Testoons
were ordered to be struck, the silver in
them being of a lower grade of fineness
than had been previously employed. In
1548 they were called in by proclamation,
all persons being forbidden to utter or re-
ceive them in payment, but the holders of
any such coins could take them to the
mints and receive other current coins in
exchange, at the rate of twelve Pence for
every piece. The term Shilling soon sup-
planted the expression Testoon; Shakes-
peare uses Tester in The Merry Wives of
Windsor,
The Testoon first appeared in the Scot-
tish coinage in 1553, but these pieces were
struck in Prance by the mill and screw
process. Their value was five Shillings.
Testndo. The name given to such coins
of Aegina as bear the figure of a tortoise.
Tetarte, TetapTY]. The one fourth of the
gold Stater, a denomination which was
seldom coined.
Tetartemorion. A Greek silver coin of
the value of one fourth of the Obol {q.v.).
See Tartemorion.
Tetarteron, teTapTV)p6v. The one fourth
of the Solidus, first coined by Nicephorus
I, Emperor of the East.
Tetrachalk, TeTpax<xX)^ov. The quad-
ruple Ghalcus {q.v.). Specimens struck at
Chios and by several of the Syrian kings
are known.
Tetradrachm, or Tetradrachmon, repre-
sented the multiple of four Drachms
(g.v.), and became the most widely circu-
lated coin of the Greeks.
TetranQmmos, or piece of four Nommoi,
is mentioned in a Delian inscription.
Teti-as, itipaq. The Triens of the Ro-
mans, equal to one third of the Litra, and
composed of four ounces, or Unciae.
Bronze specimens of this denomination are
known to have been struck at Agrigentum,
Menaenum, Segesta, Syracuse, and Rhe-
gium.
Tetrassariony TeTpaaaapcov. A piece of
four Asses (in other words, the Sester-
tius), by Greek writers often called Nomos.
It was coined extensively under the Roman
Empire in the Greek cities until the reign
of Claudius.
Tetrastater, or quadruple Stater. When
this is coined in gold, it is called the Octo-
drachm and the Mnaieion (q.v.).
Tetrobolon* A piece of four Oboli,
coined at Athens and a few other cities.
See Obol.
Tettigia. The TeTttYtoc xtoXeixalxd xpiiva
of the Delphic inscriptions are erroneously
supposed to designate certain gold coins,
but in all probability they refer to some
kind of gold ornament. See Babelon,
Traits (i. 519-521).
Thaler. The best known of all the coins
of the European continent, and one which
enjoyed an uninterrupted popularity for
four centuries. The demand for a large
silver coin was manifested in the latter
part of the fifteenth century for trade and
commercial purposes, due to the great
quantity of silver which was being used in
Europe.
By an edict dated June 4, 1474, Duke
Galeazzo Maria of Milan ordered the strik-
ing of a silver coin of the value of one
fourth of the Ducat. In 1477 Archduke
Sigismund of Tyrol founded a mint at
Hall (in the vicinity of the rich silver
mines at Schwaz), from which mint were
issued in 1484 the so-called Gulden-
groschen (q.v.) of the value of one Gulden,
and approximately of the size of the Tha-
ler. These new, large, silver coins were
rapidly copied, and a demand was created
by the development of the silver mines in
Tyrol and Bohemia. At the beginning of
the sixteenth century the Emperor Maxi-
milian issued Guldengroschen with a bust
portrait and ^\e armorial shields on the
reverse, which were copied after the me-
dallic Thaler of 1479, struck to commem-
orate his marriage with Maria of Bur-
gundy. Brandenburg copied the Thaler
in 1521, and in 1525 appeared those of
Count Stephan von Schlick in Joachims-
thal in Bohemia, called Joachimsthaler, or
Schlickthaler. As this term was no doubt
[239]
Thakr
Thirteen-peiice-half-penny
found too lengthy, it was abbreviated into
Th&ler, a designation thereafter generally
adopted. These were approximately of the
size of the Guldengroschen, but of some-
what inferior fineness, thus yielding a
larger percentage of profit to those issuing
them. This fact led to their adoption
sooner or later by almost every country
in Europe, with variations of the name,
e.g., Daler, Tallero, etc.
By an ordinance of 1551 the value of
the Thaler was made equal to seventy-two
Kreuzer, and that of the Ouldenthaler, a
smaller coin, sixty Kreuzer. In 1566 the
Thaler was made the legal imperial silver
coin and reduced to a value of sixty-six
Kreuzer in Austria and southern Germany,
but in north Germany it was divided into
Groschen. The latter varied according to
the weight and fineness of the Thaler, and
consequently there exist Thaler of twenty,
twenty-one, twenty-four, twenty-five, thir-
ty, thirty-two, thirty-six, and even forty-
eight Groschen. This led to the general
practice of applying a certain number of
Groschen to make up the equivalent of a
Thaler, called a Zahlthaler, and this coin
suflfered in proportion to the fineness or
debasement of its component parts.
Those Thaler, however, which adhered
to the legal standard were distinguished
from the Zahlthaler by the name of Spe-
ciesthaler (g.t;;). These were accepted
throughout Germany on a regular fixed
basis, and in consequence they were valued
at anywhere from two to ten times of the
Zahlthaler. The Speciesthaler, by an or-
dinance of 1623, received the name of
Reichsthaler and was made equal to ninety
Kreuzer, or one and one half Gulden in
southern Germany, and twenty-four Gros-
chen in the northern portions. The Vienna
Monetary Conference of 1857 designated
the Thaler to be equal to one and one half
Austrian Gulden, or one and three quarter
Gulden of the South German States. Af-
ter the unification of the (Jerman States
into an empire a gold standard was
adopted in 1873 and the Thaler was given
a legal tender value of three Marks. In
1907 the Thaler was made subsidiary.
There are large coins issued as multi-
ples of the Thaler as high as sixteen Spe-
ciesthaler (see Loserthaler), and divisions
of two thirds, one third, one half, one
sixth, one twelfth, one twenty-fourth, one
eighty-fourth, the latter for the See of
Wiirzburg, and one one hundred and
ninety-second issued for Liibeck in 1706.
Theler. See Judenpfennige.
ThetrL In the Georgian coinage this
word is the equivalent of Albus, or Weiss-
pfennig. Two hundred Thetri were equal
to ten Kopecks, or one Abaze.
Thibronian Mooey, Ot^pcovetov v6(ji(aii.a.
Its mention by Photius has caused con-
siderable discussion among the learned.
Babelon, Trait e (i. 474-478) gives a resume
of the controversy, and finally designates
certain Ephesian gold coins as probably
representing this famous coinage, said to
have been struck by the Spartan general
Thibron.
Thick 'un, and Thin 'un, are slang
English terms used respectively for the
Sovereign and Crown and the correspond-
ing halves.
Percy Clarke, in his work The New Chum
in Australia (p. 143), has the following:
**If he feel that it were better for him to
quaff the flowing bowl, and he has a
drought within him, and a friend or a
thick 'un to stand by him, he is a . . .
fool to refuse."
Thien. The Annamese word for Ch'ien
(g.v.).
Thin 'un. See Thick 'un.
Third Guinea. An English gold coin
issued from 1797 to 1813 inclusive. See
Guinea.
Thirtoener. A name formerly current
in Ireland for the English silver Shilling,
the same being worth thirteen Pence of the
Irish copper currency.
Lover, Handy Andy (xiv.) says: **With
a bold thirteen in the treasury;" and
Thomas Crofton Croker, in his Legends of
the Lakes (308), speaks of '^ golden guineas
and lily-white thirteens.''
Captain Marryat, in his novelyThe King^s
Own (xxi.), has the following: *'He says
that it's two thirteens that must be paid
for it. . . . Have you two shillings t"
Thirteen-pcnce-half-penny. This sum
was formerly known as **the hangman's
wages," it being the fee given to the exe-
cutioner at Tyburn. The name was given
to the Scotch Merk, which after the union
of England and Scotland was decreed to be
current at 13% pence.
[240]
Hustle Cro¥m
Tical
It is referred to by Defoe, in his novel,
Colonel Jack, 1722, who mentions **A pa-
per of old thirteen-pence-half -penny pieces,
half and quarter pieces, with ninepences,
and four-pence-halfpennies, all crooked
money, Scotch and Irish coin.*'
Thisde Crown. An English gold coin
struck only in the reign of James I pur-
suant to a proclamation of October 20,
1604. Its original value wa« four Shil-
lings, which was raised one tenth, or to
four Shillings and four and three quarter
Pence, in 1611. The union of the king-
doms is referred to in the legend Tucaiur
unita Deiis, i.e., *'May God protect the
united (Kingdoms).'* This coin was dis-
continued in 1612, the addition to its value
making it extremely inconvenient for
reckoning. It receives its name from the
crowned thistle on one side.
Thistle Dollar, also known as the
Double-Merk, is a Scottish silver coin
which appears only in the third coinage of
James VI, i.e., from 1578 to 1580, in-
clusive. It bears a thistle with large
leaves between the letters i.r. Its weight
is three hundred and forty-three and one
half grains, and it contains eleven parts
of fine silver to one part of alloy.
Thisde Merk. A silver coin of Scot-
land, issued in the eighth coinage of James
VI, and bearing the dates 1601 to 1604, in-
clusive. The obverse has a thistle crowned,
and its weight is one hundred and five
grains. The half, quarter, and one eighth
Merk were struck during the same period.
Thistle Noble. A gold coin of Scotland,
of the weight of one hundred and eighteen
grains, and of a value of £7 6s. 8d., which
obtains its name from the thistle on the
side of the ship. The obverse has the
following inscription: iacobvs . 6 . dbi .
GRATIA . REX . scoTORUM . and a ship with
flags bearing respectively 1 and 6 at the
bow and stern, with a Scottish shield
crowned over the side, and a thistle-head in
the waves.
This piece occurs only in the fourth
coinage of James VI, i.e., in 1588, and the
dies were engraved by Thomas Poulis.
Tbousander. See Miliarensis.
Three CroMms Money. A name given
to a variety of the Groats, half Groats,
Pennies, half Pence, and Farthings, issued
by Edward IV for Ireland, on account of
the peculiar reverse, which bears three
crowns, one above the other, with the in-
scription DOMINVS HtBERNIE.
Three Farthings. These silver coins
were first struck by Henry VIII for Ire-
land, but in the English series they were
not issued until 1561 and discontinued
in 1582. They have never since been
coined.
Three Halfpence. These were issued
simultaneously with the preceding, and
also abandoned in 1582. They were re-
vived under William IV for circulation in
the West Indies and Ceylon, but discon-
tinued in the last-named island in 1870,
when an issue of Cents was adopted. See
Quattie.
Threepence. This English silver coin
first appeared in 1552 in the reign of Ed-
ward VI and was discontinued in 1684.
They were authorized for general cur-
rency in 1845, and also formed part of the
Maundy Money. From 1834 they were
struck for various colonies, especially Mal-
ta, Mauritius, Ceylon, Sierra Leone, and
the West Indies.
Henry VIII issued a Threepence for
Ireland with the inscription civitas dvb-
LiNiE; this coin was, however, struck in
London.
Thrjrmsa. An Anglo-Saxon money of
account and assumed to correspond to the
Tremissis. In Mercia the Thrymsa was
equal to three Pence, and the Continental
Saxons had one Shilling of two Thrymsas
and another variety of three. The name
is probably derived from the Anglo-Saxon
word dri, i.e., three. See Ruding (i. 114).
Thiiringer Groschen. The name given
to a series of silver coins issued by the
Margraves Balthasar and Frederick of
Meissen early in the fifteenth century. In-
stead of the design with the lion, as on
the Piirstengroschen (g.v.), they bear the
Thuringian helmet.
Tiao. A string of Chinese Cash, con-
sisting in the various provinces from one
hundred to one thousand of the coins, and
supposed to be the equivalent of the Tael.
See Kuan, and Ch'uan.
Tical, or Bat The unit of the silver
coinage of Siam. It was originally in a
spherical form, commonly known as Bullet
[241]
Tien
Tin
Money, and based on weight, but this type
was superseded in 1861 by ordinary coins
made at Birmingham in England.
The Siamese series ranges as follows :
2 Lott or Salots = 1 Att, equivalent to one-
sixty-fourth Tlcal.
2 Att8 = 1 Pal or Phal, equivalent to one- thirty-
second Tlcal.
2 Pals = 1 Song Pal or Slk, equivalent to one six-
teenth TicaL
2 Song Pais =: 1 Fuang, equivalent to one eighth
Tlcal.
2 FuangB = 1 Salung or Mayon» equivalent to
one quarter Tlcal.
2 Salungs = 1 Song Salung, equivalent to one half
Tlcal.
2 Song Salungs = 1 Tlcal or Bat.
2 Tlcals = 1 Song Bat or Kroung Tamlung, equiv-
alent to 2 Tlcals.
2 Song Bats = 1 Tamlung or SI Bat (Tael), equiv-
alent to 4 Ticals.
20 Tamlungs = 1 Catty or Chang, equivalent to
80 Tlcals.
In 1868 a mint was established at Bang-
kok, and multiples of the Tical in gold
were introduced.
The silver Tical weighs fifteen and thir-
ty-sixth one hundredths grammes, or two
hundred and thirty-seven grains troy.
The Tical is also counterstamped in vari-
ous ways for use in Burma. Hunter, in
his Account of Pegu, says: **The principal
money of this country is silver, which is
not coined, but paid by weight. The
smallest denomination is the tycal; one
hundred tycals make one viss; and these
are used in weighing goods as well as
money."
Conf. also,' for an entensive account of
the Tical, both as a weight and as a coin,
R. C. Temple in the Indian Antiquary
(xxvi. pp. 245, 253-256), and Schroeder (p.
587).
Tien. The Annamese name for a string
of sixty Cash. In 1878 the Tien was re-
duced to fifty. A string of six hundred
Cash is called a Quan Tien.
Tientje. A name given to the gold ten
Gulden piece of the Netherlands.
Tiercelin, or Tiercde* A coin of Hai-
naut, of the value of five Deniers, and the
third of the Plaisant (q.v.). See also
Bugne.
Hen. A word used in numismatics to
indicate the third part of any denomina-
tion. There is consequently a Tiers d'Es-
calin. Tiers de Lion d'Or, Tiers de Plaque,
etc.
Tien de Sou d'Or, or Hen de SoL
The name given to the gold Triens when
adopted by the nations of Western Europe.
It is found in the Merovingian coinage,
struck at Paris, Marseilles, Duurstede,
Lyons, Viviers, etc., and of somewhat
larger Bize, among the Visigoths of Spain
from the sixth to the eighth century, with
the mint marks of Cordova, Merida, Coim-
bra, Tarragona, Seville, Toledo, etc.
Tiffins. A nickname given to a series of
tokens which, for a time, were very popu-
lar in Canada as substitutes for the inade-
quate legal copper currency. They derived
their name from Joseph Tiffin, a Montreal
merchant, who imported them in large
quantities from Birmingham, England,
about 1825. There are several minor vari-
eties and numerous imitations.
Tilla. A gold coin of Kashgar in
Turkestan, of Ehwarizm, and of Afghanis-
tan.
Timbre de Valencia, or Cascfuete. The
name given to a gold coin of twenty-
four grammes, introduced by Alfonso V,
King of Aragon (1416-1458), for Valencia.
It varied from previous issues in having
the bust of the king substituted for the
helmeted shield (Scudo casque). There is
a corresponding half known as medio
Timbre de Valencia, or medio Casquete.
See Engel and Serrure (iii. 1346).
TinmuL A pewter coin of Keda, Malay
Peninsular, in the form of a cock on two
or more rings. See Ponrobert (2255).
Timmin, or Tenunin. The name given
in Turkey to the piece of five Sols or half
Ecu, struck at Trevoux, Dombes, in Bur-
gundy, in 1650. It bears the youthful
portrait of Mile. Anna Maria Louisa d 'Or-
leans, and was used as a jewel or decora-
tion.
The type was also extensively imitated
in Italy under the name of the Luigino
(g.v.). Conf. also Blanchet (i. 374).
Timpf. See Tympf.
Tin, it is stated, was used for coining
purposes by Dionysius of Syracuse, but
if the tradition is correct, all of these
pieces have disappeared. Lenormant (i.
213) mentions a large hoard of tin Denarii
of the time of Septimius Severus, found
at Lyons, which appear to have been in-
tended by the government for circulation
in Oaul.
[242]
Tin
Tjugomarker
This metal is also employed for obsidi*
onal issues, and Mailliet (i. 1-3) cites coins
struck for Alkmar when that city was be-
sieged by the Spaniards in 1573.
Traders' tokens in England were occa-
sionally made of tin, and a tin or pewter
Farthing was struck in 1684, with the in-
scription NVMMORVM FAMVLVS, i.e., *'the
serrant of the coinage," signifying that
it is a substitute for the regular issues.
These pieces have a small copper stud
driven through the centre to ijender their
imitation difficult. See Farthing.
In France essays of twenty, ten, and five
Francs in this metal were issued during
the second republic of 1848 to 1850.
Tin was also extensively used in the
coinage of Java and Sumatra. See Pitje,
and Chalmers (p. 381).
Tin. A depreciating synonym for sil-
ver, especially silver money, and which oc-
curs in phrases such as **he has the tin,"
''pay the tin," etc.
The name is said to have been first ap-
plied to the small English silver coind of
the eighteenth century which before their
recall in 1817 were often worn entirely
smooth and without traces of any inscrip-
tions, etc, so as to resemble pieces of tin.
Mrs. Gore, in Sketches of English
Character, 1846 (6), says: **Many persons
. . . remember the villanous old coinage of
George III, the tin-like sixpences, which
added a word to the slang dictionary. * '
Ung. The former name for the silver
ingots or shoes of China. The more mod-
em word is Pao (q.v.). The word Ting
generally refers to the ingot weighing fifty
Taels. Another name is Yin Ting. See
Sycee.
Tingle Dangle Money. See Bridge
Money.
linker. A Scotch and Irish dialect term
for counterfeit bronze or copper coin.
In Cruck-a-Leaghan, and Slieve Gallion,
Lays and Legends of the North of Ireland,
1884 (p. 21), occur the following Hnes:
"Sarchln* for goold — it was shurely a mock
To find only ashes inside av the pot,
And divil a tinker anions the whole lot."
See Kaird Turner {supra).
Tinney. See Bazarucco.
Tippelgrotchen. A nickname given to
a base silver coin struck by the Teutonic
Order in Prussia during the war with
Poland in 1520. It has two very distinct
points or dots {Tiipfel) above the armorial
shield.
Tv Federal. An inscription which ap-
pears on Swiss shooting pieces of five
Francs, issued for the cantons of Freiburg,
Lausanne, etc. It corresponds to Schiitzen-
thaler (q.v.). The Italian form. Tiro Fed-
erale, occurs on the issues for Lugano.
Tirolino. A silver coin of Bellinzona,
issued early in the fifteenth century for
the cantons of Uri, Schwyz, and Unter-
walden. The obverse has an eagle over a
serpent, with the inscription + moneta —
BELUZONA. On the reverse is an eight-
armed cross, four arms of which divide the
inscription vri — svit — vnde — rval.
This coin is frequently termed the Grosso
Tirolino, but the expression Tirolino is
used by some authorities to indicate a
mezzo Grosso.
The type was copied by the Pieschi
family for Crevacuore during the sixteenth
century.
Tithing Penny. This is not an actual
coin but the name given to a small duty
formerly paid by manorial tenants to the
lord, and also a payment made by lords of
manors at the hundred court.
Edward Phillips, in A New World of
Words, or General Dictionary, 1706, has:
"Teding-, Tething-, or Tithing-Penny, a
Tax or Allowance formerly paid to the
Sheriff from every Tithing, towards the
Charge of Keeping Courts.'*
Titolo. An Italian word used to ex-
press the purity of the metal employed
for coinage. See Forte.
TisssTy also written Tizzey, and Tissey.
An English slang term for a Sixpence.
The origin of the word is obscure, but it
may be a corruption of Testoon (q.v.).
The designation is found early in the nine-
teenth century, and Bulwer employs it in
The Caxtons (v. 1).
Tjaturvin^afimanam. See Krishnala.
TjentaL The name given to the gold
coin of four Rupees, struck for Burma
in 1866, i.e., with the date 1228. See Fon-
robert (No. 2306).
Tjugomarker. The Swedish equivalent
for triple Thaler. It is usually applied to
the large crown of Charles IX, struck in
1608 with the inscription iehovah • sola-
TIVM • MEVM •,
[243]
ToImicco
Toman
Tobacco was used in many of the Brit-
ish Colonies as a medium of exchange for
currency. Oldmixon, in his British Em-
pire in America, 1708, writing of Mary-
land, says: **The Lord Proprietary had a
Mint here, to coin Money, but it was never
made much use of . . . . Tobacco is their
Meat, Drink, Cloathing, and Money."
Under the Antigua Act of November 20,
1644, ''one thousand pound of good Mar-
chantable tobacco in Role*' was one of the
fines. In the Bermudas the ''Martial Offi-
cers at the Toune," i.e., at St. (Jeorge,
were paid in tobacco in 1620, and later.
See Chalmers (p<i8sim).
Tobacco Nole. See Inspection Note.
Toi^iralL Marsden states (i. 372) that
this term "does not belong to a particular
denomination, being applied to such pieces,
whether of gold or silver, as are distin-
guished by the toghra or royal cipher, and
that of zingirli (from zingir, a chain)
seems to be given only to those coins which
have been pierced with a hole for the pur-
pose of hanging them on a chain about
the neck."
Toghralu^Fimdiik. See Funduk.
Toison. See Vlies.
Tokens, or Pledges of Value, as they
were sometimes called, appeared early in
the fifteenth century, and Queen Elizabeth
permitted municipal tokens to be struck
by the cities of Bristol, Oxford, and "Wor-
cester. Erasmus mentions the plumbei
Angliae, evidently referring to the leaden
tokens issued in the time of Henry VII.
There were three periods in English his-
tory when a large number of tokens were
put into circulation, owing to the inade-
quacy of the regal coinage. The first of
these was from about 1601 until prohibited
by a royal proclamation dated August 16,
1672, when a regal issue of copper half
Pennies and Farthings was made. Prom
1787 to 1802 the copper coinage was again
insufficient and a large quantity of tokens
appeared. This series were originally de-
scribed and numbered by the Rev. James
Conder, and collectors consequently refer
to them as the Conder Tokens. In 1811 a
third and last series of English tokens ap-
peared, and these continued until 1817
when an Act was passed which prohibited
their manufacture and use, and persons
who had issued an}'' were obliged to redeem
them by the end of the year.
Among the earliest tokens issued in the
United States are those struck in 1789 by
Mott, an importer and dealer in silver-
ware in New York City, and the ones dated
1794, of the firm of Talbot, Allum & Lee
of the same place. The latter are some-
times muled with English half Penny
tokens of the same period.
See also Copperheads, Hard Times To-
kens, and Communion Tokens.
Tola. An Indian weight, chiefly of gold
or silver. The derivation is probably from
the Sanscrit iuta, a balance, or tul, to
weigh, to lift up.
In 1833 a regulation was passed for al-
tering the weight of the new Parru-
khfib&d Rupee, and for assimilating it to
the legal currency of the Madras and Bom-
bay Presidencies, also for adjusting the
weight of the Calcutta Sicca Rupee.
The weight of the Parrukh&b4d Rupee
was introduced as the unit of a general
system of weights for government transac-
tions throughout India under the native
denomination of the Tola.
The following scale was adopted:
8 BattlB = 1 Masha = 15 troy irrains.
12 Mastaas = 1 Tola = 180 troy grains.
80 Tolas (sicca weight) = 1 Seer or Slhr = 2%
lbs. troy.
40 Seers = 1 Mun, or Basar Maund = 100 Iba.
troy.
Tonero, or Tonore. Another form of
writing Tallero (q.v.), but specially ap-
plied in Tuscany to designate the Scudo
issued by Ferdinand I de Medici and his
successors for trading with the Levant.
Toman. A gold coin of Persia, prob-
ably introduced in the reign of Shah Ab-
bas I (A.H. 996-1038 = 1587-1629). Its
original value was ten thousand Dinars,
the money of account (which must not be
confused with the Arabian Dinar), and it
was equal to fifty Abbasis.
Under Mehemed Shah (A.H. 1250-1264
= 1834-1848), a new system of coinage
was introduced, and the equivalents were
1 Toman = 10 Kran.
= 20 Penabad.
1= 200 Shahl.
= 10000 Dinar.
This remained in force until the year 1875,
when, under the Shah Nasr ed-din, the
French monetary system, with the Kran as
a basis, was adopted. At present there are
[244]
Tomin
ToureUe
multiples of two, five, and ten Tomans, and
divisions of halves and quarters.
Tomin. A word sometimes used for the
Real in some of the South American coin-
ages, but specifically applied to the one
fifth Boliviano of Bolivia. See Ponrobert
(9699).
Tomino. Du Cange cites an ordinance
of 1585 in which a coin of this name is
mentioned as being current in the Spanish
possessions. Francesco de Dino (cap.
Ivii.) states that it was a piece of twelve
Deniers used in Seville, and that it was
valued at one sixteenth of the Castellano.
Tondino, sometimes called Tondello.
An Italian term signifying the disc of
metal which is prepared for striking a
coin. See Planchet.
T€X>led. Having the device or lettering
on a coin or medal brought out in higher
relief by means of a graver.
Torellino. A variety of the Piccolo of
Parma, issued under Republican rule
(1260-1326), and copied by Guido of Cor-
reggio (1341-1345). It received its name
from the figure of a small ox on the coin,
which design may have been adopted to
commemorate the celebrated Torella da
Strada, master of Parma circa 1220.
Torentje* A silver coin of Louvain, of
the value of half a Groot, struck by Wen-
ceslaus and Johanna (1355-1405).
A gold coin, known as the Gouden Tor-
ens, was issued by Johanna pursuant to
an ordinance of August 15, 1393. See v.d.
Chijs (pp. 95, 107, 109, 111).
The name of these coins appears to be
derived from the doorways on the build-
ing figured on the reverse.
Tori Smni Sen. See Bun Sen.
Tomese (plural Tomesi). A base sil-
ver and copper coin, common to many of
the Italian states. It occurs in copper un-
der Alfonso I of Aragon, King of the Two
Sicilies (1442-1468). For Naples, many
multiples exist, the largest being the ten
Tornesi, issued from 1819 to about 1860.
The name is a modification of the Gros
Toumois or Tumosgroschen, though the
style is entirely different. Its value was
half of the Grano. See Ducato.
Tomesello. A copper coin of Venice,
which appears to have been introduced
about the period of Marino Falier (1354-
1355) and continued in use until the be-
ginning of the sixteenth century. The
type resembled that of the Soldino.
Tomez. A Portuguese silver coin,
which obtains its name from its resem-
blance to the Gros Tournois. It appears
to have been originally issued in the reign
of Denis (1279-1325), and discontinued in
the time of Fernando I (1367-1383). The
half or Meio Tomez, struck by the latter
monarch, was of billon.
Tortoises. A familiar name for the
coins of Aegina, which bear the tortoise,
the symbol of Aphrodite, the patron god-
dess of Aegina. The Greek name was
Chelonai, XeXcovai. See Pollux (ix. 74).
Tostao. A silver coin of Portugal,
which appeared during the reign of John
II (1481-1495), and was struck extensively
at Lisbon and Porto. It had a value of
one hundred Reis, and multiples exist.
Under John V (1706-1750) its nominal
value was eighty Beis, but this appears
to have been only temporary. This is the
coin frequently referred to as the Teston.
Toston. A silver coin of Colombia, Bo-
livia, Chile, Ecuador, and Peru, of the
value of four Beales, or half a Peso. See
Fonrobert (8218, 8259).
Touch-piece. A gold coin, usually the
Angel iq.v.), which was handed by a mon-
arch to a patient suffering from the
** king's evil,'' a form of scrofula. The
coin was then hung around the neck of
the aflSicted person by a white ribbon.
The practice probably had its origin in
a belief in the power of kings to cure
diseases, based on the miracle described in
the gospel of St. Mark (i. 40-41).
The Elder Pretender, Charles Edward
Stuart, claimed the power of healing by
touching, and so did his two sons, Charles
and Henry, and some of all of these touch-
pieces are still extant, those of the latter
bearing the name of Henry IX.
The practice of touching was repudiated
by William III; Queen Anne dispensed
the royal gift at times, and George I aban-
doned it.
Tonmon. See Tenan.
ToureUe, meaning a small tower, is a
name given to the half Gros of Johanna
and Wenceslaus, struck for Louvain in
Brabant, in the latter part of the four-
[245]
Toomay Groat
teenth centnrj. The coins have the figare
of a tower upon them.
See Oros Tonmois.
Toomoit. A general name for any coin
stmck at Tours,, but principally used in
connection with the Gros Toumois (9.1^.) •
Towedah, or Tawfl, meaning a ''long
bit/' is the name given to a variety of
the Larin money, struck at Hasa, on the
Arabian side of the Persian Gulf. See
Allan, in Numismatic Chronicle (ser. iv.
xii. 324).
Town Pieces. The popular name for
tokens issued by, or current in, a town,
and which are not accepted in payment
beyond the municipal limits.
Tcizotaiy ToS6Tac. The Greek popular
name for the Daric. See Archer.
Tra, or Tralu A pewter or tin coin of
Keda in the Malay Peninsula. The usual
types have either Malay or Arabic inscrip-
tions. Conf. Fonrobert (2251-2254), and
Millies (pi. xxii.).
Beaulieu, in his Relation de divers Voy-
ages Curieux, etc., Paris, 1666 (ii. 83),
states that (transl.) in writing of Keda,
"they cast money somewhat of the mate-
rial of French Sous, of a little better alloy,
however, which they call Tras, thirty-two
being worth a doUajr."
J. B. Logan, in the Journal of the In-
dian Archipelago, 1851 (p. 58), says that
in 1850 '-the native Indian coin is called
the Tra, a small round piece of tin, with
a hole in the centre, of which 160 make
a Tali, and eight Tali are worth a dollar."
Trade Dollar. The name given to a sil-
ver Dollar of four hundred and twenty
grains, authorised by an Act of Congress,
February 12, 1873, for the purpose of
stimulating commerce with the Orient and
to take the place of the Mexican silver
Dollar. It was first struck in 1873 and
discontinued in 1878, during which period
approximately thirty-six million of th^e
coins were issued. Proofs for collectors
were issued by the mint as late as 1885;
in the last named year only a few were
struck.
By an Act dated February 19, 1887,
Congress provided that for six months
thereafter all Trade Dollars presented to
the Treasury should be exchanged for
standard Dollars, and after that date they
were worth only their metal value.
The entire history of the Trade Dollar
is treated in detail by Porter Gamett^ in
the American Economic Review (vii 91).
The Japanese also issued a Trade Dollar
about the same time, known in Japanese
as Boeki. See Munro (p. 213).
Tralu See Tra.
Traiaro, or Traiero. The Italian equiv-
alent of the Dreier (9.1;.). It is applied
specially to coins of the value of three
Carantani, but the mint of Mantua, in
1732, struck a coin of approximately half
a Lira which received the same name.
Tram. A silver coin of Armenia, the
half of the Tahegan, and corresponding to
the Dirhem. See Langlois {passim),
Trambqro. See Tambio.
Tranche Cordomiee. A term used by
French numismatists to indicate that the
edge of a coin has a corded appearance.
Trapeaeta. An obsolete Italian term
signifying a moneyer or mintmaster. Du
Cange cites records of the tenth century
where the word is used.
Traro. A billon coin of Venice, issued
in the latter part of the eighteenth cen-
tury. It had a value of five Soldi, and
appears to be a variety of the Lirazza in
its debased form.
TredesinOy or Tredidiia. Another name
for the half Lira of Bologna, issued by
Ercole I in 1471 and later. It was usu-
ally valued at three Bolognini.
Tremitsis. A gold coin of the Merovin-
gians, dating back to the seventh century.
It is practically of the same weight and
value as the Byzantine Triens. It was
copied at Beneventum, etc. In the Byzan-
tine Empire it was only another name for
the Triens or Trimisium (g.v.).
Trentino. See Aquilino.
Trepolcher. A silver coin of one and
one half Groschen, struck in Sweden under
Gustavus Adolphus and later for Riga,
Elbing, etc. See P61tora.
Tretel. A small silver coin of the value
of three Deniers, current in the Swiss can-
tons of Freiburg, Waadt, etc. . In the last
mentioned locality it appeared under Guil-
laume de Challant, Bishop of Lausanne
(1406-1431).
[246]
Treaeta
TriponcUus
Treseta* A Spanish copper coin, issued
in 1722 to 1724 for Majorca, with the value
of three Doblers, i.e., six Dineros. The
general type presents a bust portrait, with
the value, 6, behind the head.
Tretin. A billon coin, belonging to the
Anglo-Gallic series and struck by Henry
VI pursuant to an ordinance of June 4,
1423. It was current for three Deniers
Tournois.
Tretut. See Tripondius.
Trial Pieces. See Essays.
Trias. The fourth part of the Litra,
corresponding to the Roman Quadrans. It
was struck in silver at Syracuse, and in
bronze at most of the Sicilian mints.
Tribute Money, or the money of atone-
ment referred to in Exodus (xxx. 13, and
xxxviii. 26), was equal to half a Shekel.
The Tribute Penny, mentioned, in the gos-
pel of St. Matthew (xxii. 19), was the Ro-
man Denarius.
Tricephalus. Another name for the Soli-
dus of Heraclius, Emperor of the East
(613-641), which has three heads upon it.
Trichalky or triple Chalk, xptxaXxov. A
coin known to have been struck in Chios
and by some of the Seleucid kings of
Syria.
IS. See TrikoUybon.
Tridrachm, or Triple Drachm. The xpt-
SpoxpLOv of Pollux was rarely struck. Spe-
cimens, however, are known of Cyme, Ala-
banda, and Ephesus.
Tridrachins. See Quadrigati.
Triens. The third of the As. It bears
on the obverse the head of Minerva or
Roma, and on the reverse the prow of a
galley. Pour bosses are on each side, in-
dicative of its weight of four ounces. See
Acs Qrave.
Triens. A gold coin in the Byzantine
series, equal to one third of the Solidus.
It was introduced in the reign of Valeri-
anus (254-260).
The Trientes were copied by the first
Gothic Kings of Spain, and also by the
Merovingians. See Tremissis.
Trihemiobolion. A piece of one and
one half Oboli. See Obol. Specimens are
known of Athens, Corinth, Leucas, Tegea,
and Cranium.
Trihemitartemorion. Another form of
the Trihemitetartemorion.
Trihemttetartemorioii. A Greek silver
coin of the value of three eighths of the
Obol (q.v.). Specimens of Athens only are
known.
TrikoUybon. A Greek copper coin, of
the value of three fourths of the Chalcus
(q.v,). At Athens it was equal to three
Lepta. See CoUybos.
TrilUna. A billon coin of Milan, of the
value of one third of the Testone. It was
introduced in the reign of Giovanni Maria
Visconti (1402-1412), and was in use until
the middle of the seventeenth century. The
design on this coin, in the reign of Lodo-
vico Maria Sforza (1494-1500), was made
by Leonardo da Vinci during' his stay at
Milan.
Trimisiimiy Tptiitatov, also known as the
Triens and the Tremissis, was the one third
of the gold Solidus. It was very common
under the later Roman and the first Byzan-
tine Emperors.
Trinacria. See Triquetra.
Trino. A money of Perugia, issued in
1467 and after, and of the value of three
Denari. These coins have the letter P as
a distinguishing characteristic.
Triobolf Tpea>^oXoVy or the Hemidrachm,
that is, a piece of three Obols, or half a
Drachm. In gold it was struck at Carthage
and by the Ptolemies of Egypt. In silver
it was a very common coin, and was to be
found in nearly every Greek series.
Trionfo. A gold coin of Sicily, struck
in 1490, by order of Ferdinand of Aragon,
and which succeeded the gold Reale. It
was computed at fourteen Tari of silver,
and corresponding doubles, halves, and
quarters were also issued.'
Under Charles VI it was revived in 1723,
and bore the inscription triumphat on the
reverse.
Tripenon. Another name for the silver
coin of thirty Oboli, struck for the Ionian
Islands under English rule. See Obolos.
Tripondius. A multiple of the Roman
As after the first reduction. It bears on
the obverse the head of Minerva or Roma,
and on the reverse the prow of a galley and
the sign m, i.e., three Asses.
It is also known as Tressis.
[247]
Triquetra
Tulabhara Kasu
Triquetnu The name given to a type of .
coins on which there is a figure of three
legs joined. The design originated in Sic-
ily, was called by the Greeks Trinacria
from its triangular shape, and was copied
in the Isle of Man. The motto on the latter
coins is quocunque jesgeris stabit.
The name Trinacria was a popular one
for the gold coin of two Oncie, struck by
Ferdinand III, King of Sicily (1759-1825).
It has the above-named symbol on the re-
verse.
Trite. The name given to the one third
electrum Stater, which was struck in con-
siderable numbers at Cyzicus, Phocaea, and
Mytilene.
Tritemoriony Tritetartemorkm, Tritete-
tartemorion, meaning three Tartemorions
iq.v,). A Greek silver coin, the three
fourths of the Obol {q.v.). It was struck
at Athens and many of the cities in the
Peloponnesus.
Tritetartemorion, TpeTTjTapTYjiJiopeov. An
other form of Tritemorion (q.v.).
Tritetetartemoriony TpeT'V)TeTapT'V)ii.6p(0v.
The complete form of the term Tritemorion
(g.v.).
Triumph Thaler. See Schmalkaldischer
Bundesthaler.
Trochiskofty TpoxtVxo^. Another name for
Charon's Obol (q.v,).
Trojacky or Troiack. A silver coin of
Poland, of the value of three Grossi. It
was struck under Sigismund III circa
1592, and continued under Johann Casi-
mir. There were special issues for Riga.
See Szelong.
Tronetto. A silver coin of the Trentino,
originally of the value of twelve Carantani
but altered in 1813 to fourteen and a half.
Trophy Money. Wharton, Law Lexi-
con, 1864, states that this is ** money for-
merly collected and raised in London and
the several counties of England, towards
providing harness, and maintenance for the
militia, etc."
Troue (French). Pierced (g.v.).
Trouvaille. An expression found in the
works of French numismatists, and imply-
ing a discovery, or **find'' of coins. It
corresponds to the German '*Miinzfund."
TrotselL See Pile.
Truth Dollar. See Wahrheitsthaler.
TschaL A very large copper coin, about
fifty millimetres in diameter, issued for
Kaffa by Shahin Girai of Krim (A.H.
1191-1197) before the annexation of the
Crimea to Russia. See Valentine (p. 98).
Tschech. See Tympf .
Tschetwertak. A silver coin of Russia,
of the value of twenty-five Kopecks, or one
quarter Ruble. It was introduced by Peter
I at the beginning of the eighteenth cen-
tury, as part of his scheme for the reforma-
tion of ijie coinage.
In Poland it received the same value,
and was struck in 1842 and later.
Tscheu. See Chu.
Tseh Ma. The Chinese name for Slip
Weight Money. See Weight Money.
Tscntez. The name given to a Turkish
one twentieth Medjidie, or four Metalliks.
TsL The name given to the pewter coins
issued at Patha Loeng on the Malay Pen-
insula.
Tsien. See Ch'ien.
Triuen. See Ch'uan.
Tso. Sven Hedin, in his work Central
Asia and Thibet, 1903 (ii. 433), states that
the Tso is the current silver coin of Lhasa.
Tso-tao. A variety of the Knife Money
(g.v.) of the Emperor Wang Mang, and
valued at five thousand Chien.
Tan Ho. The Japanese equivalent to the
Chinese Tung Pao {q.v.). The circulating
Sen is called the Tsuyo Sen in contradis-
tinction to Shiken Sen, etc. {q.v.).
TughralL See Toghrali.
Turn, or Tuyn. A silver double Groot,
struck in Brabant at Maestricht in 1418-
1419, and copied in Holland. The obverse
shows a lion sejant enclosed in a hedge,
and from this the coin obtains its name.
See v.d. Chijs (pp. 132, 137, 138). It is
also known as the Lion k la Haie.
Tukhuh. A general name in some parts
of Hindustan for a small copper coin. In
the principality of the Deccan in former
dayB, "the money revenue of the country
was paid in Tukkuhs, with many shells
and little gold."
Tulabhara Kasu, or Roiral Weight To-
ken. These coins are gold, of four sizes,
made twice during the reign of each ruler
of Travancore, when, according to ancient
[248]
October 27, 1917.
Dear Sir: —
The American Numismatic Society begs to announce the
forthcoming issue of
A DICTIONARY OF NUMISMATIC NAMES
Their Popular and Official Designations
By albert R. FREY
This volume is perhaps the most comprehensive work of its
kind ever printed. All the coin-names encountered by the scholar
and by the general reader are treated, as well as slang names,
abbreviations and popular terms. The inner sheets of this folder
reproduce two specimen-pages and these will indicate the character
of the volume.
Volume 50 of the American Journal of Numismatics has been
given up completely to this dictionary, but for the use of Libraries
an edition of 101 numbered copies and an additional 100 copies not
numbered have been printed and are offered to non -subscribers to the
Journal. The price for these copies is five dollars ($5.00) each, net.
We believe this work wUl meet the need of almost every Library,
and we should be pleased to receive your order.
Checks payable to The American Numismatic Society should
be sent to the Secretary.
Yours very truly,
Sydney P. Noe,
Secretary.
156th Street, West of Broadway,
New York, N. Y.
Adhada
Affonso de Oiiro
the Adhani, i.e., the one thirty-second of
the gold Mohur. See Suka.
Adhada. A money of account of Cutch
and Kathiawar, and equal to the one
ninety-sixth part of the Kori (q.v.).
Adheeda. Another name for the silver
eight-anna piece of Nepal. See Mehnder-
Mulie.
Adhelah. A copper coin of Hindustan
and equal to one-half of the D&m (g.v.).
Adlea or Adli. A billon coin, plated
with gold, issued by Yussuf Pascha in
Tripoli in 1827. It was forced upon the
people as the equivalent of a Spanish Dol-
lar, but only a few days after its introduc-
tion the value of this coin depreciated
over ninety per cent, and it was one of the
factors that led to the revolution of 1832,
which resulted in Yussuf 's abdication.
Adler-pfennig, Schilling, etc. The popu-
lar name for any coin having the figure
of a double eagle prominently displayed;
e. g., the numerous issues for Aix-la-Cha-
pelle, the Thaler, Groschen, and Schillinge
of Bentheim, etc.
AdlL A silver coin of Dehli introduced
by Muhammad III Ibn Tughlag, A.H. 725
(A.D. 1324). Its weight was 140 grains,
and it was a substitute for the old
Tankahor Rupee of his predecessors which
weighed 175 grains. It was discontinued
about A.H. 730 and the old standard re-
stored. See Thomas (Nos. 180, 181). Also
a piece of fifty Tankahs used in Hindustan.
See Tankah.
Adl Gutkah. A gold coin of Akbar,
Emperor of Hindustan, and valued at nine
Rupees. See Sihansah.
Adolfsd'or. The name given to the gold
coin of ten Thaler issued by Adolf Fredrik,
King of Sweden (1751-1771).
Aerosi NununL The name given by the
Romans to billon coins (g.v.).
Aes, or more properly As. A Latin word
of probably Arian origin, meaning both
pure copper and a mixture of tin and cop-
per. The term served afterwards in Rome
as a generic word for every variety of
money.
The earliest types of the Aes are called
the Aes Rude or Aes Infectum, i.e., un-
wrought copper. There was no monetary
unit and the weight formed the basis of
all exchanges.
Aes Grave (heavy bronze) ; also called
the Aes Libralis {i.e., pound of bronze),
was the first Roman monetary unit. The
basis was the As, which in its earliest form
weighed an Oscan — Latin pound of twelve
ounces, derived from a standard originally
brought to Italy by the Phocaeans. It is of
a lenticular shape and the obverse bears
the portrait of Janus bif rons and the figure
1 as an indication of the value. The re-
verse has the prow of a galley, probably
indicative of the maritime power of Rome,
which had been greatly developed by the
Decemviri (B.C. 452-450), to which period
these coins are usually assigned. The best
and latest authorities, however, place them
a century later.
The divisions of the As are the
Deunx or labus.
11 ounces
Dextans or Decunx»
10
41
Dodrans or Dodras,
9
4i
Bes or Beasis,
8
*f
Septunx,
7
i«
Semis, Seralssis, or Sexcunx,
6
*t
QuiDcunx, Qulcunx, or Cingus,
5
4*
Trlene, Trlente, or Trias,
4
it
Quadrans, Quadrant, or Tenincia,
3
*t
Sextans, Sextante, or Sextas,
2
44
Sescunx,
1%
*■
Uncia,
1
44
Semuncia
^
44
The multiples are the Dupondius, Tri-
pondius, and Decussis; all of these are de-
scribed under their respective names.
The As was reduced in weight as follows :
Primitive LIbral, B.C. 450 Twelve ounces
Semilibral, B.C. 338 Six ounces
Sextantal, B.C. 268 Two ounces
Uncial, B.C. 217 One ounce
Semi-Undal, B.C. 89 Half of an ounce
Aes Rude* The name given to the prim-
itive and shapeless pieces of bronze used
by the Romans as money previous to the
Aes Signatum (^.v.).
Aes Signatum. The second type of the
Aes, so called because rude stamps or marks
are to be found on it, signifying the weight
and an approximate value. These are of
oblong, square, and oval shapes. They are
generally supposed to have originated in
the reign of Servius Tullius (B.C. 578-
t')35), but are more likely of the 5th anjj
4th centuries B.C.
Aetolian League. See League Coinage.
Affonsim. See Grosso Affonsim.
Affonso de Ouro. Another name for the
earliest type of Cruzado (q.v.), issued by
Alfonso V of Portugal (1438-1481), and
so called in honor of the ruler.
[3]
Hexas
Hock Tuesday Money
Hexat. The one sixth of the Litra
(q.v.). Coins of this denomination were
struck in southern Italy and Sicily both in
silver and bronze. In bronze it corre-
sponds to the Roman Sextans.
Hezastater. The denomination of six
Staters, better known as the Dodekadrachm
{q,v,).
HexoboL A multiple of the Obol (q.v.)
struck in bronze in Egypt under the Ptole-
mies.
Heymannchen. A nickname given to
certain Prussian Mariengroschen struck in
Aurich in 1761. They were a temporary
money of necessity and were put forth by
a mint-warden named Heymann.
Hibemiat. A name given to the brass
half Pence struck at Limerick during the
siege of 1691. These pieces were generally
re-struck on Gun-money Shillings and have
on the reverse a seated figure of Hibernia
holding a harp.
Hieronymus d'Or. A gold coin of
Westphalia of the value of five Inhaler;
it obtains its name from Jerome Napoleon.
Higley Coppers. The name given to a
variety of threepence struck by John Hig-
ley of Granby, Connecticut, from which
circumstance these pieces are also referred
to as Granby Coppers. Higley was born
in 1673, and the coins are dated 1737 and
1739. There are a number of varieties, one
of which was discovered as recently as 1913
with a wheel on the reverse. For de-
tails as to this private coinage, see Crosby,
and Woodford, Currency and Banking in
Connecticut,
Hip. A slang name for the current sil-
ver coin of fifty cents issued for the
Netherlands.
Hirschgulden. A name given to the
Gulden or two thirds Thaler of Wiirttem-
berg which has a stag supporting the ar-
morial bearings. The large silver coins of
Stolberg which bear a stag standing against
a pillar are known as Hirschthaler.
Hirtenpfennig. A nickname given to a
uniface copper coin of Buchhorn. The ar-
morial bearings of this city are a beech
tree and a horn, and from the latter figure,
resembling a shepherd's horn, the name
was probably coined.
Histiaika. A name given in ancient
times (^laxtatxaor 'laxtacxov ipYuptov) to the
well-known Tetrobols of Histiaea in Eu-
boea. See Homolle, Bull. corr. hell. (vol. vi.
1882, p. 133).
Hitarc Pfennige. The name given to a
type of small silver coins struck in the
Archbishopric of Cologne during the
twelfth century. They were principally
issued under Arnold II von Wied (1151-
1156), and Reinald von Dassel (1159-
1167). All of the coins have a church with
three spires on the reverse.
Ho. A Japanese word meaning treas-
ure. The term is used in conjunction with
Tsu, i.e., currency, on coins, forming two
of the usual four characters on the obverse.
See Pao and Tsu and conf. Munro (pp.
251, 264).
Hobby Horse, also known as Stecken-
reiter. The name given to both a gold
and silver square coin which the Imperial
Ambassador in Nuremburg ordered to be
struck in the year 1650, on the conclusion
of the Peace of Westphalia. He was ten-
dered an ovation by the youths of the city,
who appeared in front of his residence
riding on hobby-horses This incident is
depicted on one side of the coin and the
reverse bears the inscription vivat ferdi-
NANDVS in. ROM. IMP.
Hochmuths Thaler, also called Waser
Thaler. A silver coin of Zurich struck in
1660.
Hock Money. An obsolete English
term for the money collected by various
persons at Hocktide. In the Churchwar-
dens' Accounts of St. Dunstan's Church
in Canterbury, under the date 1484-1485,
occurs the following entry: '*Kess. by vs
the seyde Wardeynes of Hockemoneye at
Ester ix. s. xd.'*
In other old records the word is vari-
ously written Hok Money, Hoke Money,
.and Oke Money.
Hock Tuesday Money. Cowel, in The
Interpreter, 1607, states that this
duty given to the landlord, that his
and bondmen might solemnize the
which the English conquered the
being the second Tuesday after
week."
was ''a
tenants
day on
Danes,
Easter
[109]
PUBLICATIONS
The American Journal of Numismatics, 1866-clate.
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Quarterly, July, 1870-October, 1912.
Annual, 1913--date.
With many plates, illustrations, maps and tables. Less than a
dozen complete sets of the Journal remain on hand. Prices on appli-
cation. Those wishing to fill broken sets can secure most of the needed
volumes separately. An index to the first 50 volumes is in the press,
and will be issued as part of Volume 51.
The American Numismatic Society. Catalogue of the Interna-
tional Exhibition of Contemporary Medals. March, 1910. New and
revised edition. New York. 1911. XXXVI, 412 pages, 512 illustra-
tions. $10.00.
The American Numismatic Society. Exhibition of United States
and Colonial Coins. 1914. VII, 134 pages, 40 plates. $1.00.
Ernest Babelon. Les M6daiUes Historiques du Regne de Napo-
leon le Grand Empereur et Roi. Paris. 1912. Folio, LX, 430 pages
printed in three tones, a special border for every page. Illustrating
two hundred unpublished drawings of Napoleonic medals, .... by
Chaudet and Lemot for .... the French Institute. Price on applica-
tion.
Agnes Baldwin. The Electruni Coinage of Lampsakos. 1914.
36 pages. 2 plates. $1.00.
Bauman L. Belden. War Medals of the Confederacy. 1915. 12
pages. 1 plate. $1.00.
Bauman L. Belden. United States War Medals. 1916. 72
pages. 9 plates. $2.00.
Index to the American Journal of Numismatics, Volumes 1-50,
1866-1916, compiled by Sydney P. Noe. (In the press.) $3.00.
Medals and Publications of The American Numismatic Society
with an Historical Sketch. Free.
Tumbling Taint
TjTsachen Thaler
custom, th€ ruler presents his weight in
gold to the Brahmans with elaborate cere-
monies. Their metal value is worth from
thirteen to two Shillings.
Tumbling Tams. An English dialect
term for the thick half Pennies of the
reign of George III.
John Gait, in The Last of the Lairds^
1826 (iv. 1) has the following: **I gave him
a whole penny, twa new bawbees, gude
weight, for it was then the days o' the
tumbling Tams."
Tung, or Tung Pao, meaning current or
valuable coin. Tung Pao, Chung Pao, or
Yuan Pao is found on nearly all Chinese
coins. The Japanese equivalent is Tsu Ho.
See Pao.
Tung PL The Chinese words now com-
monly used to designate copper money.
Turchifanis. A former gold coin of the
Eastern Empire. Du Cange cites a docu-
ment of Michael Paleologus dated 1261, in
which the term is used.
Turner* A billon coin of Scotland, is-
sued in 1614 after James VI had become
King of England. It was of the value of
two Pence. The word is a corruption of
Toumois.
The Turners of the third coinage of
Charles I were so extensively counterfeited
that a proclamation was issued by Charles
II in 1661 against the forgeries.
Tumey. A variety of base silver, cur-
rent in Ireland at the beginning of the
fourteenth century. The name is derived
from it being an imitation ' of the Gros
Toumois. In 1339 a writ was issued
against the "Black Money called Tur-
neys, ' ' but allowing it to pass current until
other money should be provided for Ire-
land. See Ruding (i. 212).
Tumosgroschen* See Gros Toumois.
Tntenag. An amalgam of copper, zinc,
nickel, and iron, or of pewter and tin. It
was extensively used in the early Indo-
Portuguese coinage of Goa, etc.
Tuttu. See Duddu.
Tuyn. See Tuin.
Tva. In Swedish an adjective, meaning
two, and found in conjunction with desig-
nations, e,g., Tvamarker, i.e., two Marks.
TWeeblankspenning. See Penning.
Twelvepenny Plack. See Non Sunt.
Twelve Pound Piece. See Pistole.
Twenty Pound Piece. The largest of all
the gold coins of Scotland, struck by James
VI in 1576.
The motto on the reverse, parcere .
SVBIECTIS . A DEBELLARE . SVPERB08, i.e., *'To
spare the humbled, and to crush 4:he inso-
lent,'' is taken from Virgil Aen. (vi. 853).
Tycal. See Tical.
Tympfy also called Timpf, from the
name of the mintmaster, Andreas Tympf.
A base silver Gulden of Poland, first issued
in 1663. These coins were extensively
struck under the Electors of Saxony as
Kings of Poland, and also by the Electors
of Brandenburg for Danzig, Konigsberg,
and the Polish and Lithuanian provinces.
They bear on one side a portrait of the
ruler, and on the other the figure 18, i.e.,
eighteen Qroschen. Prom this circum-
stance they are sometimes referred to as
Achtzehngroscher.
In Russia, the same coin is also called
Tschech, and here it was issued at the be-
ginning of the eighteenth century, of the
value of twelve Kopecks. There is a half
Tympf of the same period.
Tjrpe. In Greek: etxa>v, tu«o?, %apaxTiQp,
a^poTfi^y ewtatjii.ov, wapacrtjixov, xopnia, icatVa,
(JW.a, at)|X6cov; in Latin: typus, figura,
forma, imago. The figure, object, inscrip-
tion, or other feature on a coin or medal
which characterizes the same.
Tjrsschen Thaler. Danzig was the first
of the Prussian cities to strike a Thaler.
Of the originals, issued in 1567, but two
specimens are known. One of these is in
the Gymnasium at Danzig, and the other
in the St. Petersburg collection. About
1840 the consul Tys at Warsaw acquired
the original die of the reverse, and it is
said had sixteen copies with new obverses
made, which are called Tysschen Thaler
after him.
[249]
Unte
u
Ukkia, or Okkuu A former silver coin
of Morocco, the two twenty-sevenths part
of the Rial in value. It was divided into
four Blanquillos
Umpyo. A silver coin of Korea, issued
in the nineteenth year of the Emperor Tai,
i.e., A.D. 1882. It was circular in form,
without the central square hole, and of
three different denominations. Its minting
ceased in 1883. It was also called Daidong
Chun.
Un ByoDg. A word meaning ''silver
pot" in the Korean language, and given
to a coin on account of the resemblance it
bore to that article. This silver coin had
a definite weight, and was introduced in
the sixth year of King Shukchong, i.e.,
A.D. 1101.
Unda. The twelfth part of the As. It
bears on the obverse the head of Mars, and
on the reverse the prow of a galley. On
each side is one boss to indicate its weight
of one ounce.
A smaller coin, the Semi-Uncia, was of
one half the weight and value. See Acs
Grave.
Uncialet. See Ouldengroschen.
Uncirculated Cchds are such as have
been preserved, immediately after they
were issued, and present a bright or per-
fect appearance, without traces of any in-
jury.
Unecht means ''not genuine," and the
term Unechte Miinzen is employed by Ger-
man writers to indicate counterfeit coins.
Unetos. The name given to a variety of
Denari of Alfonso I, struck in Barcelona
in 1180, which contained one twelfth of
silver to the Mark. See Engel and Serrure
(ii. 439).
Ungaro. A gold coin, common to a num-
ber of the Italian states, which obtains its
name from the Hungarian type of Matthias
Corvinus, with the Virgin and Child.
At Parma it was issued by the Famese
family in the seventeenth century ; at Cor-
reggio by Camillo of Austria (1597-1605) ;
at Tassarolo by Agostino Spinola (1604-
1616) and his successors; at Modena by
Cesare d'Este (1597-1628) ; at Florence by
Cosmo III (1670-1723), etc. The name of
the coin is also written Ongaro.
Ungersk Gjrlleii* See Gyllen.
Unicom. A Scotch gold coin, struck by
James III in his third coinage of 1486, and
continued in the reigns of James IV and
James V. Its weight was fifty-nine grains.
The name is derived from the design of
a unicorn, having a crown around its neck
from which hang a ring and chain, and
supporting a shield of arms.
The legend on the reverse, exvrgat de
ET Disn>ENT iNiMicr, was copied on the Sov-
ereign of James I of England, issued in
1603. See Alicorno.
Unierijksdaalder. Another name for the
Leijcesterdaalder {q.v.).
Uniface* A term used to describe a coin
struck on one side only.
Union Penny. The name given to a pat-
tern Penny prepared in 1789 by Mossop,
a jeweler and die-sinker, of Dublin. Only
six specimens are said to have been struck,
and two of them were presented to George
III. Its rarity is due to the fact that the
die for the reverse broke.
The name is given to this pattern on
account of the emblematical figures of Brit-
annia and Hibemia on the reverse. The
engraving is after a design by Sir Joshua
Reynolds.
Unite. An English gold coin, of the
value of twenty Shillings, first issued in
the reign of James I, pursuant to a pro-
clamation of 1604. The union of England
and Scotland is referred to both in the
names and in the in3criptions on these
coins. The Unite reads fagiam eos in gek-
TBM UNAM, from Ezekiel (xxxvii. 22).
The Unites of the fourth coinage of this
monarch (1619) have the king's head
wreathed with laurel instead of being
crowned, and consequently they are fre-
quently known as Laurels, and also as
Broad Pieces. See Oxford Unite.
[250]
Upstakboom Thaler
Utuzlik
Upstalsboom Thaler. A silver coin
struck by George V, King of Hanover, in
1865 to commemorate the fiftieth anniver-
sary of the union of Hanover and East
Friesland.
Uqijeh. A silver coin of Morocco, first
issued under Muhammad Abd-AUah ben
Ismail (A.H. 1171-1205), and in use until
the introduction of the present system.
There is a half.
Urchin* A coin of Brabant, referred to
in the eighteenth century as being equal
to one half of the Heller. See Poy.
Urdee, or Urdih. A former money of
account used at Bombay, etc., and com-
puted at two Reis. See Mohur.
Ursula Thaler* The name given to a
silver Thaler struck at Cologne in 1516,
which has on the obverse the figures of
three Magi with their names, and on the
reverse a vessel carrying St. Ursula and
her companions on the river Rhine to
Cologne, where she is supposed to have
suffered martyrdom. There exist double
and triple Thaler of the same type. See
Madai (No. 2188).
UsmanL A name given to the forty Cash
piece of Mysore. See Asmani.
Usualmark. During a great part of the
Middle Ages, when payments were made
in the Mark as a money of account, it be-
came necessary to have a fixed standard,
as the Pf ennige and other small coins were
not uniform in size and fineness. The
coins were therefore melted and cast in a
flat circular lump, on which incuse stamp-
ings were affixed, indicating the weight and
purity of the silver. These ingots are
known in contemporary records as marcae
argenti ttsiMlis signatae, and the common
name for one of them was the Usualmark.
By an agreement made in 1382, the cities
of Qoslar, Brunswick, Hildesheim, Eimbeck,
Hanover, Wemigerode, and Osterode
pledged themselves to keep all their Usual-
marken at a uniform degree of fineness.
They were stamped with the arms of the
respective cities, and in addition with a
crown, as an indication of the conventional
agreement.
Uta. See Bahar.
Utuzliky or Otinlik. A silver coin of the
Ottoman Empire, of the value of thirty
Paras. The name is derived from the
Turkish word utuz, i.e., thirty. The Sla-
vonian equivalent is Zolota, or Zolotah, by
which name it is also frequently known.
Its weight varies from two hundred and
thirteen to two hundred and thirty grains,
and there is a double, called the Altmishlik.
In the reign of Selim III (A.H. 1203-
1222), when the weight of the coinage was
reduced, the Utuzlik was not struck.
[261]
T ttluDA
V
V. A nickname for the five Dollar bill
of the United States, which bears this nu-
meral on the front side.
Vacc|uette, i.e., a little cow. A nickname
given to a billon Liard, struck by the Vi-
comtes de B^arn in the early part of the
fifteenth century. The type was copied by
Henri IV of France about 1608, on whose
coins the field was quartered with two cows
and two crowned letters H.
In the Inventory of the Chateau de Pau,
1561-1562, ''Cinq vacquettes d'or de
Beard" (? B6am) are mentioned; but
these were probably essays or trial-pieces,
as the Vacquette was always of billon or
base silver. See Baquette.
Valet. The name given to the card-
board money issued by the Rebels in Mex-
ico in 1914-1915. The words vale 5 centa-
vos, VALE 10 CENTAVOS, ctc, printed promi-
nently on the face of these tickets, prob-
ably gave rise to the nickname.
Valtan. The popular name for the De-
nier Noir, struck by Quido IV of Venta-
dour, the Bishop of Cambrai (1342-1347).
See Blanchet (i. 462).
Van. The Annamese for the Chinese
Wen (g.v.). Pieces of the Emperor Tu
Due (1847-1883) are found with the values
sixty, fifty, forty, thirty, twenty, ten, and
six Van.
Varaha. The Tamil name for the Pa-
goda (g.v.). Dr. Bidie, in the Journal of
the Asiatic Society, Bengal, 1883 (p. 35),
cites Sir Walter Elliot, that ** the term
varaha is never used in ancient Tamil rec-
ords in connection with money, but the
word pon, which was a piece equal to the
modern half pagoda, the pagoda itself be-
ing the double pon, which ultimately be-
came the varaha."
Varahan* The name of a gold coin of
Travancore. Those issued by the Maharaja
Rama Varma in 1877 had the following
values: the one Varahan equals seven and
one half Rupees, or fifty-two and one half
Panams ; the one half Varahan equals three
and three quarters Rupees. See Codring-
ton (p. 123) and Pana.
Vargas Dollar. The name given to a
variety of the Mexican silver piece of eight
Reales, coined at Sombrerete from 1810 to
1812 by the Republican general Vargas.
See Mailliet (xli. 1).
Veal Money, or Veale Noble Mon^.
Cowell, in The Interpreter, 1684, states
that **The Tenants of one of the Ty things
within the Mannor of Bradford, in Wilt-
shire, pay a yearly Rent by this name, in
lieu of veale paid formerly in kind."
Veertienstuiver. See Quilder.
Velddaalder* A term used by Dutch
numismatists to indicate a coin struck dur-
ing the course of a campaign and corre-
sponding to the German * * Peldthaler. " It
is also used to describe obsidional issues,
e,g,, the Klippe of forty Sols of Breda,
1577, etc.
Vellon. A term used in connection with
the Spanish coinage to indicate inferior
silver, as distinguishable from the plata,
or sterling silver. In the reign of Joseph
Napoleon as King of Spain (1808-1814),
the Duro of twenty Reales is known asM^he
Duro de Vellon, and the Duro of eight
Reales as the Duro de Plata.
Venetian. The popular, though not the
authorized, name for the Zecchino, which
was struck at Venice. See Gubber.
Venetians are referred to in the mone-
tary ordinances of the island of St. Helena
for the years 1750, 1819, 1823, 1830, and
1836, as varying in value, and ranging from
nine Shillings to nine Shillings and four
Pence.
Venezolano. See Bolivar.
Ventein. The Annuaire du Bureau des
Longitudes states that this name is some-
times applied to the gold quarter Pistole
of Charles III of Spain, dated 1786, etc.
It is probably a corruption of Vintem.
Ventina. See Vintina.
[ 252]
Venusthaler
ViginteiMtrio
Venusthaler. The name given to a sil-
ver medallic Thaler, issued in the city of
Magdeburg in 1622. It has on the reverse
a representation of Venus and the three
Graces. See Madai (5028).
Veremsmimzen. See Convention Money.
Verfassungsthaler. A name sometimes
given to the Convention Thaler, issued by
Maximilian Joseph, after he became King
of Bavaria in 1806. It was struck in 1818
and has on the reverse a tablet commem-
orative of the adopted constitution.
Verga. A term used by Italian numis-
matists to indicate an ingot or stamped bar.
Vermahliingstlialer. A Thaler struck to
commemorate a marriage.
Vermont Cents. A copper issue from
1785 to 1788, inclusive, struck before Ver-
mont actually became one of the United
States. There are a number of varieties,
for details concerning which see Crosby.
Vertugadin. A nickname given to the
silver Ecu of five Livres, issued by Louis
XV of France in 1715 and later. It bears
the figure of the young draped head.
Vessillifero. See Soldino.
Vexator Canadinsis. The name given to
several varieties of satirical tokens relating
to the administration of Sir James Craig
as Grovemor of Canada from 1807 to 1811.
See Breton (pp. 60-62).
Viannare, or Viannense. A small coin
of the value of three Deniers, current in
Austria, and also in Italy, during the four-
teenth century, which was principally
struck at Vienna.
Vicessis. A multiple of twenty Asses
after the first reduction. It is doubtful,
however, whether such a coin was actually
struck, or whether it was only a money of
account.
Victoriatus. A Boman silver coin, orig-
inally issued about B.C. 228, and intended
principally for foreign commerce. The
Victoriati bore on the obverse a head of
Jupiter, and on the reverse a figure of Vic-
tory crowning a trophy, from which the
name is derived. Its weight and value was
three fourths of the Denarius, and equal
to the Drachm of lUyricum.
In B.C. 104 the Victoriatus was coined
of half the weight of the Denarius and
thus took the place of the obsolete Quin-
arius. It therefore bore, as the mark of
value, the letter Q from this time on.
Victory Thaler. See Siegesthaler.
Viente. The popular name for the Cu-
ban silver piece of twenty Centavos, intro-
duced in 1915.
Vierchen. This word is used in a gen-
eral sense for any small coin that repre-
sents the fourth part of some standard.
It is applied to the fractions of the Bran-
denburg Groschen struck under Frederick
II (1440-1470) at Prenzlau, and to the
divisions of the Halbskoter. See Skoter.
Vier Duitstuk. The popular name for
the current copper coin of two and one
half cents of the Netherlands.
Vierdung. The one fourth of the Mark
(g.v.).
Vierer, or Fierer, also called Quadrans
and Etschvierer, was a silver coin current
in the Holy Roman Empire, Tyrol, and
Southern Germany from the thirteenth to
the sixteenth century.
It had a value of four Bemer (g.t;.)>
hence its name, and was equal to one fifth
of a Kreuzer. There is one of Graz, dated
as early as 1445. See Frey (No. 72).
Viererplatten. The nickname given to
the Austro-Hungarian copper coin of four
Kreuzer, which was abolished about 1890.
Vierlander. A name given to the double
Gros, when the same type was adopted by
four districts or principalities.
Thus Philippe le Bon of Burgundy, and
his successor, Charles le Temeraire, struck
a Vierlander, current in Brabant, Flanders,
Holland, and Hennegau.
Vierling. The popular name for a coin
of the value of four Groschen. The term
was applied in Westphalia as early as the
fifteenth century, and occurs for the issues
of Stralsund in 1611, etc.
Vierschildheller. The name given to
small coins issued by the Electors of the
Rhine provinces during the fifteenth and
sixteenth centuries; they have four shields
on the obverse.
Vigintenario. The Italian equivalent of
Zwanziger (g.v.), and specially applied to
a coin of twenty Piccoli issued at Merano.
See Rivista ttaliana Numismaiica (xx.
419).
[253]
Vigo Coinage
Vlieguyt
Vigo Coinage* The word Vigo occurs
under the bust on certain coins of Queen
Anne. It is placed there to commemo-
rate the capture, in October, 1702, by
Sir George Rooke, of the Spanish galleons
at Vigo, from which the bullion was taken,
and from which the coins were struck. It
occurs with the date 1702 on Shillings only,
but with 1703 on Crowns, half Crowns,
Shillings, and Sixpences.
In the gold series there are five Guinea
pieces. Guineas, and half Guineas with
this inscription, dated 1703, 1705, and 1706.
VikariaU Thaler. A type of Thaler,
like the Sede Vacante coins, struck during
an interregnum. They occur among the
Electors of Saxony and those of the Pala-
tinate from 1612 to 1741, and usually have
the title vicabivs as part of the inscription.
Vinkenauge, also called Finkenauge.
The name given to a small silver coin
which was current in Brandenburg, Meck-
lenburg, Pommerania, etc., from the thir-
teenth to the sixteenth century. In Pom-
meranian archives they are mentioned as
early as 1279 as marca denariorum slavi-
calium, and they appear to have been last
struck in Berlin in 1562. They are also
referred to as Wendische Pfennige, parvi
denarii slavicales, or vincones.
Their value varied, but in all cases it
seems to have gradually declined from the
original standard. Thus in Pommerania it
ranged from eighteen to thirty-four to the
Bohemian Groschen; in Mecklenburg from
eighteen to twenty-lfour to the Schilling;
and in Brandenburg from sixteen to forty
to the Groschen.
The etymology of the name is not clear.
Some authorities assert that the griffin on
the issues of Mecklenburg was taken for
a finch, and Dr. P. Priedensburg, in the
Blatter fur Miimfreunde, 1913 (5183),
cites (Jerman proverbs showing that a
finch, a small bird, is frequently employed
to indicate comparisons between small and
large objects. Another plausible deriva-
tion is based on the belief that the Mecklen-
burg coins were nicknamed Ogen, from the
large eyes in the head of the ox; this,
combined with the superior quality of the
silver, of which they consist, created the
word vienke (feine) ogen.
Vintem. The name given originally to
a silver coin of Portugal, which was issued
in the reign of Manuel (1495-1521), and
corresponded to the Real.
In the eighteenth century the Vintem
was struck in copper, of a value of twenty
Reis, for the Portuguese colonies. Of this
type there are multiples to twelve Vintems.
See Xeraphin.
Vintina. A silver coin of the value of
twenty Soldi, issued in Corsica during the
Republican rule under General Pasquale
Paoli (1762-1768). It is sometimes re-
ferred to as the Ventina.
Vi». See Targ.
Vil-a-Vis Tsrpe. An expression used by
numismatic writers to indicate that the
figures or heads on a coin or medal face
each other.
Vischepennig. See Pfennig.
Vislino. A silver coin of Ragusa of the
value of sixty Grossetti. They were first
issued in 1725 with the inscription dvcat
ET SEM. REiP.BHAC, t.c, ducatus et semis,
meaning one and one half of the silver
Ducato. The original type had on the ob-
verse the bust of St. Blasius, the patron
saint; this was followed in 1743 by the
bust of the rector, i.e., the head of the Re-
public. This design was retained until
1779 with slight variations.
The first type was known as the St. Bla-
sius Thaler, the Tallero di San Biagio, and
the Vislino, the latter being the name of
the saint in Servian. The second variety
was called the Ragusino and the Rektors-
thaler, or Tallero Rettoralo. For a de-
tailed account of all these varieties see
Resetar, in the Monatshlatt der Num. Oe-
sell, in Wien (viii. pp. 203-205).
Vist. A Burmese money of account. See
Tical.
Vitalino. A billon coin of Parma, struck
by Odoardo Famese (1622-1646), which re-
ceives its name from the figure of St. Vita-
lis, the patron of the city, on the reverse.
Vis. See Tar6.
Vlieger. See Krabbelaar.
VliejBTO^ An early silver coin of Bra-
bant, issued by Wenceslaus and Johanna
(1355-1405). It appears to have been a
variety of the Groot. See Heylen, Ani-
woord op het Vraeg-Stuk, etc. 1787 (d.
26). ^^
[264]
Vlies
Vuurijzer
VKei. In 1429 Duke Philip of Bur-
gundy instituted the Order of the Golden
Fleece (Ordre de la Toison d'Or), and the
chain of this order is figured on both gold
and silver coins which receive their names
from it.
The Gouden Vlies or Toison d'Or was
struck in Brabant in 1499, and the Zil-
veren Vlies, or Toison d 'Argent, appeared
in Holland in 1496, and was copied in
Brabant. Philip the Good reached his
majority in the latter year, and the event
was celebrated by the striking of this coin.
It was a double Briquet, of the value of
three Stuyvers. See Frey (Nos. 443, 445,
494).
Voce Populi Coinage* A variety of
copper half Pence and Farthings, issued
for Ireland. Pinkerton, in his Essay on
Medals, states that ''in 1760 there was a
great scarcity of copper coin in Ireland,
upon which a society of Irish gentlemen
applied for leave, upon proper conditions,
to coin half-pence; which being granted,
those appeared with a very bad portrait of
George II., and 'Voce Populi' around it.
The bust bears a ^luch greater resemblance
to the Pretender; but whether this was a
piece of waggery in the engraver, or only
arose from his ignorance in drawing, must
be left to doubt."
In Lindsay's Coinage of Ireland, 1839,
a variety of the coin is depicted with the
letter P before the face, thus seemingly
confirming Pinkerton 's conjecture.
See a detailed account of this coinage
contributed by Philip Nelson to the British
Numismatic Journal (i. 213).
Vodri. An early Indian copper coin,
the sixth part of the Dramma (q.v.), or
one fourth of the Pana (g.v.). It is also
known as the Eakini. See Cunningham
(p. 46).
Volpetta. See Armellino.
Vonds Gulden. A former Hungarian
money of account, principally used in the
cattle trade, and computed at fifty-one
Kreuzer, or seventeen Marj&se.
Votnre Coins. A name given to such
Roman coins as record the public prayers
or vows for a ruler. They began with
the reign of Augustus, and usually have
the inscriptions vota pvblica, vota svs-
CEPTA DECENNALiIA, etC.
Vureysen. See Fewreysen.
Vuurijaer. See Briquet.
[256]
Waal
Warn
w
Waal. A money of account at Surat.
See Raal Lakria.
Wado Kailio. See Jiu Ni Zene.
Wahrheitsthaler. The name given to a
Thaler struck by Henry Julius of Bruns-
wick-Liineburg in 1597 and 1598. It has
on the reverse a nude allegorical figure
representing Truth, and at her feet are
two monsters labelled calvmnia and men-
DACivM. See Liigenthaler, and Madai (No.
1112).
Wakea, or Wakih. A former Abyssin-
ian money of account, based on the weight
of an ounce of gold, four hundred English
Troy grains, and twenty-one and three
quarters carats fine. The relationship to
actual coins and the subdivisions are as
follows :
Wakea = 5*/* Zecchlnl or Ducats.
= 11% Patacas or Species Thaler.
= 80 Arnold or cakes of salt.
= 270% Kharfs, Harfs. or Dahabs.
= 1.081 Divlnl or Paras.
= 10,810 Kibear. or Keb&r.
= 32,430 Borjookes or glass beads.
Wampum. A bead made from the clam,
conch, and similar shells, and used in for-
mer times by the North American Indians
as money. The aborigines called it Sewan,
which name was copied by the Dutch colon-
ists, and written Seawant and Zewant.
The French settlers named it Porcelaine,
and the English traders usually referred
to it by the name of Wampum.
In 1627 Isaac de Rasieres sailed from
New Amsterdam on a trading expedition
to the British colony at New Plymouth,
Massachusetts, and among other merchan-
dise he had fifty pounds of Wampum,
which was accepted with great reluctance
by the New Englanders; nevertheless it
soon must have become a standard circu-
lating medium of exchange, as in 1637 it
was ordered that throughout New England
Wampum should pass at **six a-penny'*
for any sum less than twelve Pence. Three
years later, on October 7, 1640, a proclama-
tion was issued that white Wampum should
pass at ''four a-penny" and blue at **two
a-penny," also that not more than twelve
Pence in value should be tendered at one
time, unless the receiver desired more.
In the following year the Council of
New Amsterdam promulgated an ordi-
nance to the efi!ect that all coarse Wam-
pum should pass at six for a Stuiver, and
well polished beads should be valued at
four for a Stuiver.
Wampum is referred to in Roger Wil-
liams ' treatise entitled A Key into the
Language of America, published in Lon-
don in 1643, as follows (cap. xxvi.) :
''Their white [money] they call Wom-
pam, which signifies white; their blacke
Suckauhock, Sucki signifying blacke. Both
amongst themselves, as also the English
and Dutch, the blacke peny is two pence
white."
On May 22, 1661, the law authorizing
the use of Wampum as legal tender in
New England was repealed, and gradually
the coinage of silver drove it out of circu-
lation. See Roanoake.
Wand. The name given in Abyssinia
to the Thaler of Joseph II. The word
means "male," in contradistinction to
Enest (g.v.), i.e., "female," by which the
Thaler of Maria Theresa is known.
Wang. A word of Malay origin, and
implying small change. The Wang Ba-
haru is a copper coin, the same as the
Dubbeltje. See Pitje.
Wan-3fin. One of the Chinese names
for Sycee Silver (q.v.).
Wappentumote. A modified form of
the Gros Toumois (q.v.), on which a shield
of arms was substituted for the original
chapel or city gate. It is common to the
issues of the Counts of Berg during the
fourteenth century and later, and was
copied by Hermann IV of Hessen, who
was Archbishop of Cologne from 1480 to
1508. See Prey (No. 237).
Ward Penny, or Wardage Money. This
term occurs in the Domesday Book and is
not a coin but a sum of money paid or con-
tributed for watching and warding.
Warn, or Wham. The basis of the
gold system of Korea and corresponding
to the Yen of Japan, and the Yuan of
China. The divisions are
1 Warn equal to 10 Niang or Yang.
1 Niang equal to 100 Mun.
[266]
Warth Mcmey
Wewelinghofer
Gold twenty, ten, and five Warns, and
silver Warns and half Warns were issued
shortly before the Japanese annexation of
the country. See Won.
Warth Money. See Swarf Money.
Waser Thaler. See Hochmuths Thaler.
Washington CenL See Cent.
Weckenpfennige. The name given to
small uniface coins of Bavaria, the Pala-
tinate, etc., struck early in the fifteenth
century. The word **Wecken" corre-
sponds to our heraldic term paly-bendy,
and these coins are easily distinguished by
a shield, the field of which is divided by
lines drawn in the directions of the pale
and bend.
Weidenbaum Thaler. The name given
to a series of silver coins issued by Wil-
liam V of Hessen-Cassel from 1627 to 1637,
air of which have on the reverse the figure
of a willow tree, standing upright though
subjected to a storm of rain, wind, and
lightning.
Weight Money. The name given to cer-
tain ancient Chinese coins bearing a weight
value and the name of the place of issue,
from the seventh to the fourth centuries
B.C. The Chinese call the coins Eia tseh
ma, Kiu ma. Pi tch'eng ma, and Tseh ma
(q.v.).
Wdhemiinzeny also called Betpfennige,
are not coins but medals or tokens, issued
to commemorate the ordination of an
ecclesiastic. They usually bear the figure
of the Savior and a cross, and were struck
in Bavaria, Wiirttemberg, and other parts
of southern Germany and Austria.
Weihnachts Thaler, also called Christ-
fett Thaler. This name is applied in gen-
eral to silver medals of Thaler size, which
bear representations of the Nativity.
There are, however, silver coins struck
by Johann Georg I of Saxony in 1617 that
bear the same name. They were issued in
honor of his mother, and were intended as
Christmas gifts.
Weistgrotchen. See Albus.
Weinkupfer. See Billon.
WeisH>f«iuug« See Albus.
Wellington Tokens. The name given to
a series of tokens bearing the bust of Wel-
lington, which were in circulation in lower
Canada in vast quantities from 1813 to
1816. They are described in detail by Dr.
B. G. Courteau in the American Journal
of Numismatics, 1915 (xlviii. 137).
Wen. The modem Chinese word for
**Cash'' (q-v.). This word is found on
many of the modem struck copper coins.
It, however, has been used as a value on
paper money since the ninth century, and
some of the coins of Hsien Feng (1850-
1862) have the word Wen on them. The
Cantonese pronunciation is Mun, as is also
the Korean. The Annamese word is Van.
See Ch'ien.
Wendenpfennige. The name given to a
class of silver coins, dating from the tenth
and eleventh centuries, which resemble the
Bracteates of that period but have peculiar
raised edges on both sides. They usually
bear on the obverse the representation of
a church, and on the reverse a rude cross;
in some instances ill-formed inscriptions
are also visible.
The Wends were one of the Lusatian
branch of the Slavic race and settled in
Silesia, Saxony, Brandenburg, etc. The
collegiate church or chapter of Giebichen-
stein, near Halle, received the privilege of
striking coins A.D. 987. As it was situ-
ated on the main road from Halle and
Lausitz (Lusatia) to Poland, it is assumed
that many of the Wendenpfennige were
issued here.
Wendsiche Pfennige. See Vinkenange.
Weng. A Scotch slang term for a Pen-
ny. It is in use at Dundee, etc., at the
present day.
Wespenthaler, also called Mikkentha-
ler. A silver coin struck in 1599 by Duke
Henry Julius of Brunswick-Liineburg. It
has on the obverse a lion with twelve
wasps flying around its head and body.
The coin is a satirical one, and the insects
are supposed to represent certain rebel-
lious subjects of the Duke.
Wewelinghofer. A nickname given to
small thick silver coins, issued in West-
phalia and vicinity during the thirteenth
and fourteenth centuries. They are of
about fifteen millimetres in diameter,
whereas the dies impressed on them are
of twenty-two millimetres, and in conse-
quence only fragmentary portions of the
inscriptions are visible.
[267]
Wham
William
The name is obtained from Florenz von
Wewelinghofen, Bishop of Munster (1364-
1379), who resorted to this practice.
Wham. See Warn.
Whistler. Evidently at one time a slang
designation for a counterfeit Farthing.
Vanx, in his Flash Dictionary, 1812, says :
'^ Browns And whistlers, bad half -pence and
farthings."
White Geordie. A colloquial Scotch
term for a Shilling and very common in
Ayrshire. See Yellow Geordie.
Whitehart Slver. Camden, in Remaines
Concerning Britain, 1605 (p. 150), states
that this ''was a mulct on certain lands in
or near to the forest of Whitehart, paid
into the Exchequer, imposed by Henry III
upon Thomas de la Linda, for killing a
beautiful white hart which that king be-
fore had spared in hunting."
WUte Money is standard silver coin, as
distinguished from Black Money (g.t;.).
The term is used early in the sixteenth
century, and in a tract by Thomas Har-
man, entitled A Caveat or Warening for
Vagabones, 1567 (42), occurs the passage:
"He plucked oute viii. shyllinges in whyte
money."
Beaumont and Fletcher, in their play.
Wit at Several Weapons, 1647 (ii. 1), have
the lines :
"Here's a seard bag of a hundred ; which Indeed,
Are counters all, only some sixteen groats
Of white money/'
The name was also common to Scotland,
and in Blackwood's Magazine, 1820 (p.
158), there is a sentence: **My hand has
nae been crossed with white money but
ance these seven blessed days."
White ShiUing. A popular name for the
Shilling in both Scotland and Ireland, the
allusion being to its white shiny appear-
ance.
Thomas Donaldson, in his Poems, Chiefly
in the Scottish Dialect, 1809 (p. 99), has
the line :
"I will give a white shilling, I swear,"
and Seumas MacManus, in The Bend of
the Road, 1898 (201), says: **He hadn't a
white shillin' in his company."
Wliitsiin Farthings. See Pentecostals.
Whitton. An obsolete form of Witte or
Witten. See Rundstiick.
Widow's Mite. See Lepton.
VfiftdtxtsaiSet Thaler. A silver coin is-
sued at Munster in 1534 by the Anabap-
tists, under John of Leyden. It is ques-
tionable whether they were ever accepted
as current coins. See Mailliet (Suppl. 59,
60).
Wiener Pfennise. A general name for
the Deniers and Pfennige of Austrian
origin, which constituted the great circu-
lating medium of Southeastern Europe
from the twelfth to the middle of the
fifteenth century. They are largely ham-
mered coins, of crude workmanship, and
of inferior purity. The Kreuzer of Tyrol
with its division of four Pfennige, eventu-
ally succeeded these pieces and became the
unit of exchange.
Wig. A Scotch slang term for a Penny
and common to Ayrshire.
Wild Cat Money. A popular name for
the issues of certain banks in the western
part of the United States which were or-
ganized under loose state banking laws
prior to the Civil War. The original use
of the word in this sense is said to have
been derived from a bank of this character
whose notes bore a figure of a wild cat.
WiUemanntthaler. A silver coin of
Brunswick-Liineburg, the ordinary type
bearing on the obverse a wild man holding
a tree, but the name is also given to the
Loserthaler (g.v.), on which two wild men
are supporting the armorial shield. Simi-
lar designs are found on the Gulden and
Pfennige.
The armorial shield of the House of
Schwarzburg is supported by a wild man
and a wild woman, to be found on the
coins of Giinther XL (1537-1552), dated
1543, etc.
WDhelm d'Or. A gold coin of Hessen-
Cassel, of the value of five Thaler. It
receives its name from the Elector Wil-
helm II, and was first struck in 1840.
Willem. Another name for the gold
coin of ten Gulden, struck by Willem I,
King of the Netherlands, pursuant to the
ordinance of September 28, 1816. Canf,
also Guillemin.
WiDiam. A nickname used in some
parts of the United States for any denomi-
nation of paper monev. It is a play upon
the words bill and Bill. See Blue Wil-
liam.
[ 258 ]
Willow Tree Coins
Wood's Coinage
^K^ow Tree Coins. An early silver
issue for the Colony of Massachusetts.
The series consists of a Sixpence and
Twelvepence, dated 1652. See Crosby.
y/ire Money. A name given to the
Maundy money of 1792, engraved by Lewis
Pingo, on account of the numerals of value
being very thin, like strips of wire .
Wire Money. See Larin.
Whje. A slang term for the current
silver ten Cent piece of the Netherlands.
It is probably from wit, i.e., white. See
Witten.
Witten. The name given to base silver
coins, which originally were issued at Lii-
beck about 1380, and were copied in Ham-
burg, Schleswig Holstein, Hanover, Meck-
lenburg, Pommerania, East Friesland, and
other north Oerman provinces. They rap-
idly became the current money, and were
of the value of half a Schilling. There
are divisions of half and quarter Witten.
The name is a corruption of weiss, given
to the coins on account of their white,
shiny appearance, and corresponding to
the Albus.
In the Low Countries a Witten Pennine
of Brabant was issued about 1506, of the
value of half a Grote. Under Christina
of Sweden and her successors, the Witten
was struck for Stettin, Stralsund, and
Wismar; it was equal to the one one hun-
dred and ninety-second of the Riksdaler.
W<Jcye. See Eesme.
Wolsey's GroaL A name given to the
Groat struck by Cardinal Thomas Wolsey
at York, when Archbishop of that diocese.
On this coin he placed the Cardinal's hat
under the shield, and the letters T and W
on the sides of same.
This act was accounted illegal and treas-
onous, and one of the articles included in
the bill of impeachment against Wolsey in
1530 was on account **of his pompous and
presumptuous mind he hath enterprised to
join and imprint the Cardinal's Hat un-
der your arms in your coin of groats made
at your city of York, which like deed hath
not yet been seen to have been done by
any subject within your realm before this
time."
Shakespeare alludes to this in his play
of King Henry the Eighth (iii. 2).
Wompam. See Wampum.
W<m. The spelling of Warn (q.v.) on
certain Korean coins issued during the Rus-
sian influence over the country.
Wooden Money, in the form of Ex-
chequer tallies, was current in England
prior to the establishment of the Bank of
England in 1694. Tallies was the name
given to the notched sticks formerly in use
for keeping the accounts in the Exchequer
They were square rods of hazel or wil-
low, inscribed on one side with notches,
indicating the sum for which the tally was
an acknowledgment, and on the other two
sides with the same sum in Roman char-
acters. See Bamboo Money.
Wood Geld. This is a term used in old
English law and it represented the money
paid for the privilege of cutting wood
within the forest.
Wood's Coinage. The name given to a
copper coinage introduced into Ireland in
1722, which caused great dissatisfaction,
although the coins were of superior work-
manship to the English coins of the same
reign. As the want of copper coin had
long been felt in that country, the
Duchess of Kendall obtained from Sunder-
land a patent for coining half Pence and
Farthings to the value of £108,000. This
patent was subsequently sold to William
Wood, an iron-master and mine proprie-
tor, who, under the vice-royalty of the
Duke of Grafton, proceeded to strike the
coins and introduced them into the coun-
try.
Sir Isaac Newton was at that time the
master of the mint, and, according to his
statement. Wood appears to have carried
out his contract faithfully, but the Irish
people raised a clamor against the new
coinage, and Dean Swift, in the Drapiers*
Letters, poured forth his sarcasm concern-
ing them. Cartaret, then Lord Lieutenant,
offered a reward of £300 for the discovery
of the author of these invectives, but with-
out success. Harding, the printer of the
Drapiers' Letters, was apprehended, but
the grand jury threw out the bill, and
themselves lodged a protest against the
coins, which protest was drawn up by Dean
Swift himself.
It was now seen that the only way to
put down the dissatisfaction was to cancel
[269]
Wnath Cmt
the patent ; this waa accordingly done, and
to compensate Wood, a pension of £3000
was granted to him in 1725. For an ex-
tended account of these coins see a paper
contributed by Philip Nelson to the British
Numismatic Journal (i. 201-211).
Wreath Cent The popular name for the
second tyi)e of copper Cents issued by the
Government of the United States in 1793.
It was the successor of the Chain Cent
(g.v.).
Wyn
Wu Fen Chien. See Tu Chia Ch'ien.
Wu Tchu, or Wu Shu. A round Chi-
nese copper coin, bearing the inscription
in two characters, 5 tchus, on either side
of the central hole. This coin was the
standard of the Han dynasty, and sup-
planted the Pan Liang {q.v.) in B.C. 118,
and remained in circulation until A.D. 618.
Wyn. An obsolete English slang term
for a Penny. See Flag.
[260]
Xeraphin
Xunistitm
X
Xermphin* A Portuguese silver coiiiy
struck for the possessions in India, at
Diu, Ceilao, and Bassein, but principally
at Qoa.
The name is variously written Xeraphin,
Xerafbie, Xerafin, Xarife, Xarafin, Sera-
phin, Zeraphin^ and Cherafiin, and is prob-
ably derived from the Arabic Adire^
(g.v.).
The coin is mentioned by Vasco da
Oama as early as 1498, and a century later
is referred to as being equal to three hun-
dred Portuguese fieis. The value in the
seventeenth century appears to be:
Santo Thome
Senaphln
Tanga
Vlntem
12 Xeraphins.
6 Tangas.
6 Vintems.
15 Baxamccos.
The value, however, fluctuated greatly,
and the type also varied. The armorial
shield of Portugal is on one side and the
efSgy of St. John or St. Sebastian on the
reverse. The Xeraphin Cruzado presents
a large cross, with the four figures of the
date in the angles.
XicfuipilL See Sicca.
Xunistroiiy ^uvcatpov v6[i.(qAa. According
to Hesychius, this was another name for
Charon's Obol (g.v.).
[261]
Yaber
Yh
Y
Yaber. The possessive of Ber (g.v.)-
Yak-mig-may meaning a ''Yak's hoof,"
is the name given to one variety of the
Chinese silver ingots, used as currency in
Tibet. Its value varies from twelve to
fourteen Rupees, according to its weight-
Yamba. The largest of the coins of
Turkestan. Sven Hedin, in his work Cen-
tral Asia and Thibet, 1903 (i. 40), enumer-
ates as follows:
1 Yamba equals 50 SSr.
1 Sflr equals 16 Tengeh or 10 Miscal.
1 Teniceh equals 50 Pul.
1 Miscal equals 10 Pung.
1 Pung equals 10 Lif
and he adds: **The Yamba seldom weighs
exactly fifty Sar, but varies as a rule be-
tween 49 and 51, and as the monetary
standard of Central Asia is the Chinese
coinage, it is always necessary to have a
Chinese balance at hand when exchanging
money in any quantity. New silver coins,
not exceeding a maximum value of eight
Tengeh, have recently been introduced into
Bast Turkestan. These are current along
with the usual Chinese silver 'shoes,' an
exceedingly inconvenient form of coined
money."
The Tengeh is probably another form of
the Tang-Ka (q.v.) or Denga.
Yang. The former silver unit of Korea,
rated at the fifth of the Mexican Peso.
In 1893 a new series was introduced,
consisting of the five and one Yang in sil-
ver, equal to one hundred Mon (q.v,) ; and
a half and quarter Yang in nickel. The
name of the Yang was formerly Niang.
Yang Ch'ien. The Chinese name for
the pattern coins used in making the regu-
lar cast coins. See Mu Ch'ien, and its
Japanese equivalent, Tane Sen.
Yarimlik. See Yigirmlik.
Yeda, or Yeda Sen. The Japanese
name for the group of coins in the form
they are cast, and before they are broken
apart. These coins are cast in long double
rows, divided by a central channel in which
the metal runs. The name Yeda means
tree, from the fancied resemblance to this
object. See Tane.
Yellow Boy. An English slang term
for a Guinea or Sovereign, the reference
being, of course, to its color.
Arbuthnot, in The History of John BtiU,
1713, uses the expression "there wanted
not yellow-bojrs to fee counsel."
That the name at a later period was also
common in Scotland and Ireland, the fol-
lowing quotations indicate:
Alexander Boswell, in his Poetical
Works, edition 1871 (p. 205), has the lines :
"Though up In life, I'll get a wife.
I've yellow boys In plenty."
and T. C. Croker, in Fairy Legends and
Traditions of South Ireland, 1862 (p. 308),
says : * ' Fill your pockets with these yellow
boys.''
Yellow Geordie. A colloquial name in
Scotland for a Guinea. See White Geor-
die.
Robert Burns, in his poem The Twa Dogs
(lines 55-58), says:
"He ca*8 his coach ; he ca's his horse ;
He draws a bonnie silken purse.
As lang*s my tail, whare, thro' the steeks.
The yellow letter'd C^nlie keeks."
YeUow George. A nickname for a
Guinea. See George.
Yen. The unit of the gold standard of
Japan, which succeeded the silver stand-
ard in 1897. There are multiples in gold
as high as forty Yen, and the divisions
are:
1 Yen equal to 100 Sen.
1 Sen equal to 10 Rin.
The former silver standard is demone-
tized, the silver Yen of the previous issue
being cut to half its former value.
Yen Huan Ch'ien. See E Yen Ch'ien.
Yh. The unit for gold in China during
the Ts'in dynasty, about the second cen-
tury before the Christian era. It was
equal to twenty Liang (ounces) in weight.
[262]
Yigirmlik
Yuzlik
Yiginnlik, also called Yarimlik and Yig-
irmishlik, is a silver coin of the Ottoman
Empire, of the value of twenty Paras, or
one half of the Piastre. Its weight varies
from one hundred and forty to one hun-
dred and sixty-five grains.
The name is derived from the Turkish
word yigirmi, i.e., twenty, and the term
Yarimlik comes from yarim, meaning one
half.
Ying Ting. One of the names for the
Chinese silver ingots. See Ting.
Yin-kwan. A name given to certain
paper money in China during the Southern
Sung dynasty in the thirteenth century.
Yopch<m. See Chon.
Yslik* See Pound Turkish.
Yuan. The Chinese name for a round
coin. See Yuan Fa.
In the early Chinese coinage the word
Yuan meant a round coin with the central
hole double the width of the field. See
Huan and Pi.
The name is now given to the silver Dol-
lar. This word, used as such, appeared
first on the British Hong Kong Dollar of
1864. The present issue of Chinese Dol-
lars introduced in 1914 are specifically
known as Yuans, or Yuan Dollars. There
are subdivisions of halves, fifths, and
tenths. The Japanese for Yuan is Yen.
The same sound, yuan, but written with
another character, is used on some of the
modern copper and silver coins to desig-
nate the cash.
See Tael, Liang, Candareen, Mace,
Ch*ien, and Fen.
Yuan Dollar. See Yuan.
Yuan Fa. The Chinese name for the
round coins of ancient China, in contra-
distinction to the odd-shaped pieces.
Yuan Pao. The Chinese name for "Or-
iginal coin." This inscription has been
found on Chinese coins, as well as Tung
Pao (q.v.) since the seventh century A.D.
Yuan Pao. These words have been used
as a name for Chinese paper money and
the silver ingots. See Ting and Sycee.
Yu Chia Ch'ien, or Chiar Ch'ien. The
Chinese expression for Elm Seed Vessel
money, and which is applied by Chinese
writers to certain small Cash of three tchu
weight, which were also termed Wu Fen
Ch'ien, issued at the beginning of the Han
dynasty, B.C. 206.
Yuzlik, or Pataque. The largest of the
silver coins of the Ottoman Empire. It
was originally equal to two and one half
Piastres, or one hundred Paras, and its
weight at first was nine hundred grains,
but in the reign of Selim III (1789-1807)
it was little more than a billon coin of
about five hundred grains. The name is
derived from yuz, i.e., hundred.
[263]
ZiOdthaler
Zer-mahbttb
Z
ZSUthaler. See Thaler.
ZaUpfennigy from Zahl, a number, is
another name for the Rechenpfennig
iq,v.).
Zahrah* A name given to the copper
twenty Cash piece of Mysore, by Tipu Sul-
tan, in 1792, after the adoption of his new
system of reckoning. This system was be-
gun in 1786, and was based on the Muludi,
i.e., dating from the birth of the Prophet.
The name is the Persian designation of the
planet Venus.
Marsden (ii. 722) cites Buchanan, who
calls this coin Jora, ** perhaps according
to the vulgar pronunciation of the first
consonant in the Mysore country."
Zamotcia. A name given to the silver
coins of two Gulden, struck in Poland in
1813. See Noback (p. 1347).
Zanetta. A name given to the silver
half Carlino, struck by Philip II of Spain,
as King of Naples and Sicily, and con-
tinued by his successor, Philip III.
Zanobio. See Zecchino Zanobio.
Zar-mahbub. See Zer-mahbub.
Zecchino. An Italian gold coin, corre-
sponding in size to the Ducat. Some writ-
ers trace the origin of the name to la
Zeccha or Giudecca, the mint in Venice.
But a more probable etymology is that it
was a corruption of Cyzicenus, i.e., a gold
coin of Cyzicus. This Mysian city was
famous for its electrum or pale gold Staters,
which circulated under the name of
Cyziceni.
The Zecchino was first struck by the
Venetians about 1280, and bore on one
side a standing figure of Christ, and on
the other the Doge receiving the standard
{gonf alone) from St. Mark. The motto
was the same as on the Ducat.
Modena, Mirandola, Savoy, and many
other Italian principalities issued Zec-
chini, all more or less modifications of the
original type. The multiples run as high
as the piece of one hundred Zecchini,
struck by the Doge Lodovico Manin (1789-
1797).
The coin was very popular, and is al-
luded to by contemporary writers by the
names of Sequin, Checkin, Checquin, Che-
kin, Chequin, Cecchine, Chickino, Chikino,
Chicquin, Chiquiney, etc. All of these
corruptions are referred to passim.
Zecchino Zanobio, also called Zanobio.
A variety of the Zecchino struck at Flor-
ence in 1805 for the Zurich banker, Lam-
pronti. It was copied from the Venetian
type, and was to be employed in the Le-
vantine trade. The obverse has a kneeling
figure of San Zanobio, Bishop of Florence,
and on the reverse is Saint John the
Baptist.
Zehnbaetzner. See Baetzner.
Zehner. A name given to any coin that
represents the tenth multiple of some
standard. It was applied to the pieces of
ten Kreuzer, which appeared in southern
Germany in the sixteenth century, and
which bore the figure 10. The same term
was given to the Austrian pieces of ten
Ereuzer, and to the Swiss coins of ten
Batzen.
Zdagh. A copper coin of Morocco, in-
troduced early in the sixteenth century,
and of half the size of the Fels.
ZembL A money of account, formerly
used in Sierra Leone. Two thousand Zem-
bis were equal to one Macuta.
ZenL Another pronunciation of Sen
(q.v.).
Zeraphin. A silver coin of Goa. See
Xeraphin.
Zer-mahbub, also called Zar-mahbub.
A gold coin of the Ottoman Empire, weigh-
ing variously from thirty-seven to forty
grains. Marsden (i. 372) states that **such
of these as are coined in the mint of Con-
stantinople are commonly named Stambul,
as those of Cairo are named Misri."
[ 264]
Zesthalven
Zwarte Penning
Zesthalven. By a Placaat of the States
General of the Netherlands dated April
10, 1693, the Statenschellinge {q,v.) were
struck on a smaller planchet, and reduced
to the value of five and one half Stuivers.
These new coins received the name of
Zesthalven. By a decree of November 22,
1823, they were still further reduced to
the value of five Stuivers.
Zevenstuiver. See Guilder.
ZewanL See Wampum.
ZiatOy or Zuliato. A coin of Tortona,
mentioned in ordinances of 1325 and 1329
as being equal to nineteen and one half
Danari of Genoa.
Zflveren Vlies. See Vlies.
Zimmer. A money of account, consist-
ing of forty pelts. See Skins of Animals.
Zinc This metal, on account of its soft-
ness, is not adapted for coinage purposes,
but it has been used for necessity money
during the European war of 1915, and
pieces were struck for Ghent in Belgium
and for Luxemburg.
ZingirlL See Toghrali.
Zinnenthiimiheller. A base silver coin
of Freistadt in Silesia, issued during the
sixteenth century. It has on the obverse
the letter M, generally supposed to stand
for the princess Mechtildis, and on the re-
verse a tower, from which it obtains its
name. See Friedensburg, Schlesien's Neu-
ere Miinzgeschichte, 1899 (No. 638).
Zinsgrotchen. The name given to a
variety of silver coins, issued in Saxony
under the Elector Frederick III (1486-
1525), in conjunction with the Dukes Al-
brecht and Johann. They were struck at
Schneeberg and Zwickau, and twenty-one
were equal to the gold Gulden.
Zlaty (plural Zlote). A name given to
the silver Gulden of Poland, introduced
under August III (1733-1763), and orig-
inally of a value of four Groscher, but
later subdivided into thirty Groszy.
The name is derived from Zloto, the
Polish word for gold.
Of the later issues of this coin, the best
known are the two Zlote, struck during the
siege of Zamosc in 1913; the ten Zlote is-
sued from 1820 to 1825, with the portrait
of Alexander I of Russia; the Zloty of
fifteen Kopecks, struck from 1832 to 1840,
with inscriptions in Russian and Polish;
and the piece of five Zloty, issued during
the Polish revolution of 1831.
Zodiacal Coins. A name given to a set
of twelve Mohurs and Rupees, struck by
Jahangir, Emperor of Hindustan (1605-
1627), at Agrah, Ahmadabad, and Lahore
from A.H. 1019 to A.H. 1035. The ob-
verse of each of these coins bears one of
the twelve signs of the zodiac, and the
reverse has a Persian inscription, frequent-
ly indicating the place of issue.
For a detailed account of these pieces
see the contributions by J. Gibbs, in the
Journal of the Bombay Branch of the
Royal Asiatic Society, 1878, and Rowland
Wood, in the American Journal of Numis-
matics, 1909.
Zolota. See Utuzlik.
Zonnekroon, also called Keizenkroon.
A gold coin of Brabant, struck in 1544 by
the Emperor Charles V, pursuant to the
Ordonnantie of October 29, 1540. It re-
ceives its name from the poorly executed
figure of the sun on the obverse at the
edge of the armorial shield.
Zonde. See Sicca.
Zopf Didcat, or Schwanz DukaL A
nickname given to a variety of Ducat
struck by Frederick William I of Prus-
sia, on account of the arrangement of the
hair on the king's head; the hair re-
sembling a queue, or pig-tail.
Zudi Budschu. See Budschu.
Zuliato. See Ziato.
Zwainziger. A name given to an early
type of the Kreuzer of Tyrol on account
of its value, which was twenty Bemer.
These coins are without date, and bear on
one side an eagle, and on the reverse a
cross.
Zwanziger. A name applied to the sil-
ver pieces of twenty Kreuzer, or one third
of a Gulden, formerly in circulation in
BavariA, Salzburg, Austria, etc. The peas-
antry frequently soldered a loop to them
and used them as buttons, hence the nick-
name **Kjiopfzwanziger."
Zwarte Penning. A billon coin of Bra-
bant, issued 1385-1387, and of the value
of one twelfth of a Groot. See Revue
Beige, 1844 (ii. pi. 2).
[265]
Zwei Drittel
In 1482 and later Zwarte Penninge were
struck of two kinds, having a resi>ective
value of four and two Myten. See Kor-
ten, and Black Money.
Zwm DritteL A popular expression for
any coin, the value of which is two thirds
of some accepted standard. Common ex-
amples are those of Prussia, 1796, and
later; Hanover under Gteorge I, II, and
III, etc.
ZwiMfgrosch
Zweicr. The name given to the copper
coin of two Pfennige, i.e., half a Kreuzer,
chiefly struck at Vienna a(t the beginning
of the sixteenth century, and common
throughout Tyrol, Styria, and other parts
of the Holy Roman Empire.
See Mule.
Zwolfer. See Pfundner.
Zwolfgroscher. See Dreigroscher.
[266]
GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX
Aalborg
Afghanistan
Amiens
Korsvide
Abaze
Salute
Abysainia
Misqal
Amsterdam
Aboudjidid
Quran
Ducaton
Agod
Sanar
Escalin
Arnolds
Taka
Anoona
Argenteus
Tilla
Anconitano
Ashrafi
Agen
Baiochella
Ber
Arnaldes
Bussignarfi
Besa
Agrah
NaviceUa
Borjookes
Zodiacal Coins
Paolino
Dahab
Agramont
Andros
T)ivini
Acrimontana
A^ L * A&A&
Nesiaca Drachma
Ekaba
Em61
Agrigentnm
Pentoncion
Anduse
Bernardin
Enest
Tetras
Guerche
Ahmadabad
Angers
Harf
Zodiacal Coins
Monnaies Angevines
Kebar
Kharf
Kibear
Aiz-la-Chapelle
Adler-pfennig
Busch
Angola
Equipaga
Lebongo
Levant Dollar
Rathspraesen tger
Macuta
Pano
Mah
Schlecht Thaler
Maballak
Menelik
Alabanda
Tridrachm
Angonlime
Petragordin
Pataca
Anhalt
Roob
Albania
Galeazzo
AAA ■
Ascanische Pfennige
Salt
Convention Money
Talari
Albi
Raimondine
Seniorats-Du kat
Tenan
Anjon
Wakea
Aleppo
Robertiuo
Wand
Siani
Annaberg
Acbaia
' Algiers
A nnen pfennig
Filippone
Budschu
Annam
Aegisa
Funduk
Bo
Chelonai
Muzuna
Chuc
Pacheia
Pataca Chica
Chttlon
Tartemorion
Saime
Dong
Testudo
Alyarado
Duk
Tortoises
Cuartilla
Mach
268
0E06BAFHICAL INDEX
Annam (continued>
Man
N6n Bac
Phan
Phuoc
Quan
Quan Tien
Sao
Sap^ue
Tambac-tron
Thien
Tien
Van
Anti<w«tr
Piatak
Antioch
Pieces of Silver
Antwerp
Artesienne
Falken SchUd
Gigot
MaiUe
Souverain
Aosta
Pert
AppenzeU
Angster
Apulia
Ducato d'Argento
Aqaila
Aquilino
Bolognino
Cella
Aqnileja
Frignacco
Aqaitaine
Anglo-Gallic Coins
Amaldes
Hardi
Mediacula
Poitevin
Arabia
Baisa
Carat
Divini
Pels
Franzi
Gaas
Kabir
Kommassi
Kufic Coins
Arabia (continued)
Asti
Mankush
Cavallotto
Mogrebi
Mistura
Nasch
Parpagliola
Sequin
Terlina
Toweelah
Atlieos
Aragon
Heniiobol
Acrimontana
Hemitartemorion
Aguila de Oro
Kore
Alfonsino
Lepton
Dobla de los Excelentes
Mjshemitetarte
Doblengo
Obol
Duplo
Owls
Grueso
Pacheia
Jaquesa
Pallades
Arboga
Parthenoi
Fyrk
Pentobolon
Ardebil
Tartemorion
Sahebqiran
Stater
Argentine Republic
Tetrobolon
Argentino
Tribe miobolion
Ciiartino
Trihemite tartemorion
Decimo
Argos
Tartemorion
TrikoUybon
Tritemorion
Aries
Atjek
Saiga
Armenia
Kou
Koupan
Mace
Khori
Mas
Pogh
Pardaw
Tacolin
Pltje
Tail
Tah^n
Tang
Tenar
Tayell
Tram
Augsburg
Augustos
Amhem
Batzen
Myte
Jubileums Thaler
Arquata
St. Afra Dukaten
Luigino
Aurich
Artois
Heymannchen
Artesienne
AustralU
Ascoli
Florin
Madonnina
Holey Dollar
Aschersleben
Austria
Ascanische Pfennige
Corona
Assam
Ducat
Rupee
Florin
Assyria
Forint
Aplus
Franc
Talent
Funfzehner
GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX
269
Anstria (continned)
Gulden
Heller
Kaisergroschen
Kasperle
Kopfstiick
Kreuzer
Krone
Kronenthaler
Leather Money
Levant Dollar
Noble
Novcic
Fattacona
Begiments Thaler
Schinderling
Schutzenthaler
Schusterthaler
Siebzehner
Soldo
Sovrano
Speciesthaler
Steinbock Pfennige
Thaler
Viannare
Viererplatten
Weihemunzen
Wiener Pfennige
Zehner
Zwanziger
Zweier
AuTergne
Durantingi
AnxoniM
Angroigne
ATesta
Plate Money
Ayignon
Argento
Barberine
Giulio
M^reau
Mistura
Mouches
Paparini
Babylonia
Alexandrine Coinage
Mina
Talent
Bactria
Stater
Baden
Basle (continued)
Eintrachtsthaler
Gluckhennen Thaler
Karolin
Plancus Thaler
Basinge
Bassein
Plate Money
Bazarucco
BahU
Boda
Pataca
Xeraphin
Peca
Bassorah
Bamberg
Mahmddt
Fiinfer
Batayia
Gnadenpfennig
Sateleer
Bangkok
Batembonrg
Porcelain Tokens
Pfundner
Tical
Pistolet
Bantam
St. Victor Daalder
Bahar
Battambang
Catty
PrakPe
Laxsan
Sleng
Peccoe
Bavaria
Uta
Batzen
Bar
Charta Magna Thaler
Beguinette
Isargold Dukat
Denier d'Or
Karolin
MasBon
Kopfstack
Tallard
Kronenthaler
Barbadoes
Marienthaler
Crimbal
Maximilian d'Or
Neptune's Car Penny
Schinderling
Pineapple Penny
Speciesthaler
Barcelona
YerfasBungsthaler
Ardite
Weckenpfennige
Bossonaya
Weihemiinzen
Croat
Zwanziger
Dinerillo
Bayenx
Doblengo
Baiocco
Duplo
B^arn
Malla
Baquette
Mancoso
Douzain
Menudo
Quart d'Ecu
Ochavo
Vacquette
Quart
Beanyais
Quarteme
Anvoire
Bealito
Belgium
Beaux
Centime
Seisino
Franc
Sixain
Frank
Tern
Leopold d'Or
Unetos
Permische Schilling
Basle
Plak
Assis
Bellac
Brabeon
Marques
270
OEOOBAPHICAL INDEX
Bellinzona
Bohemia (continued)
Bombay (continned)
Tirolino
Gros
Dugg^ni
BeneTentum
Jagdthaler
Fanam
Danaro
Judenmedaillen
Fuddea
Mancoso
Kattersinken
Mohur
Tremissis
Kopy
Paunchea
Bengal
Krejcar
Pice
Anna
Maly GroBzy
Rupee
Badam
Piefort
Tola
Duddu
Putschanel
Urdee
Mohur
Thaler
Bonn
Pice
Bois-le-Dnc
CasBiusgroBchen
Pie
Gigot
Bordeaux
Poni
Bokhara
Chitopense
Rupee
Tenga
Fort
Sicca Rupee
BoliTia
Pavilion d'Or
Bentheim
Boliviano
Talbot
Adler-pfennig
Sueldo
Borneo
Malschilling
Tomin
Cent
Berg
Toston
Bosnia
CasBa Thaler
Novcic
Engelthaler
Raderalbus
Bologna
Bagarone
Bourges
BaliarduB
Stuber
Baioceo
Bourbonnais
Wappentumose
Bergamo
GroBsello
Bianco
Biancone
Bolognino
Brabant
Albertiu
Angelot
Marchetto
BononenuB
Blamiiser
Bermuda Islands
Carlino
Botdrager
Hog Money
Doblone
BrabandBch Schild
Tobacco
Doppia
Brabant
Berne
Gabella
Braspenning ^
Bar Pf ennige
Gobbi
Briquet
Batzen
Graici
Brymann
Blaffert
Gregorio
Daalder
Dicken
Hongre
Double
Laubthaler
Madonnina
Dreilander
Berri
Murajola
Drielander
BaviarduB
Paolino
Engel
Besanpon
Pepulea
Esterlin
CaroluB
Quattrinello
Filips Gulden
Estevenante
Quattrino
Franc k Cheval
Bijapdr
Ragno
Gigot
Larin
Sanpetronio
Gouden Kroon
Blois
SiBto
Gouden Tiam
BlesensiB
Tredesino
Griffon
Boeotia
Bombay
Grootken
League Coinage
Bazarucco
GroB au Chdtel
Bohemia
Budgrook
GroB au Lion
Breite GroBchen
Carival
Guillemin
Dick Thaler
Dorea
Korten
OEOGBAPHICAL INDEX
271
Brabant (continued)
Krabbelaar
Kromstaart
Kniisdaalder
Labay
Leeuw
Lovenaar '
Mechelaar
Mjte
Negenmenneke
Oirtken
Patagon
Patard
Penning
Peter
Philippus
Philippus Daalder
Plak
Poy
Priesken
Reaal
Bechenpfennige
Bobustus Daalder
Boosebeker
Bozenobel
Schaelgy
SchUd
Scbiiflselpfennige
Schuitken
Schurmann
Souverain
Tarelares
Torentje
Tourelle
Tuin
" Urchin
Yierlander
Vlieguyt
Vlies
Witten
Zonnekroon
Zwarte Penning
Brandenburg
Albertusthaler
Dreigr58cher
Falkendukat
Hoblpfennige
Kehlpfennig
Kippermiinzen
Kreisobristen Thaler
Brandenburg (continued)
Okelpenning
Ort
Scherf
Sechsgrdscher
Souver&nit&tsthaler
Thaler
Vierchen
Yinkenauge
Zwolfgroscher .
BrazU
Balastraca
Conto
Cruzadinho
Milreis
Moidore
Pataca
Peca
Breda
Yelddaalder
Brederode
Angelot
Bremen
Diitchen
Flinderke
Gold Thaler
Grote
Kopfstiick
Schwaren
Brescia
Pianetto
Breslau
Pest Thaler
Bempel Heller
Breesa
Borgesi Neri
Bietagne
Barbarin
Carolus
Douzain
Lemocia
Targa
Brindiai
Apulienee
AuguBtalis
Follaro
British East IndU
(See Indian States)
British Guiana
Bit
Cent
British Guiana (continued)
Groat
Guilder
Joe
Stiver
British Honduras
Gent
Macquina
British West Indies
Dobra
Fond
Groat
Joe
Moco
Plstareen
Sheedy
Sou Mark
Spanish Sixpence
Three Halfpence
Threepence
Tobacco
Brittany
(See Bretagne)
Bromberg
Brummer
Bruges
Bourgeois
Brunswick
Achtelthaler
Achter
Albertusthaler
Aloethaler
Andreas Thaler
Annengroschen
Ausbeutemiinzen
Carl d'or
Eintrachtsthaler
Fortuna Thaler
Geburtstagsthaler
Glockenthaler
Gute Groschen
Harzgold Dukat
Jakobs thaler
Llcht Thaler
Ldserthaler
Lttgenthaler
Mariengroschen
Matthiasgroschen
Miickenpfennig
Ort
272
eSOGBAPHICAL INDKX
Brunswick (continaed)
Burgundy (continued)
Pelikanthaler
Patard
Bebellenthaler
Plak
BoBSgulden
St. Andries Gulden
Schiffsthaler
Stuiver
SchmalkaldiBcher Bundes-
Burma
thaler
Brick Tea
Spruchthaler
Daing
Stockfischthaler
Dinga
Usualmark
Ganza
WahrheitBthaler
Kabean
Weepenthaler
Keiat
Wildemannsthaler
Tical
Brussels
Tjentai
Artesienne
Viss
BruBselaar
Byzantium
Maille
Concave Coins
BncUiOfii
Constantinati
TTirtenpfennig
FoUis
Buenos Aires
Globular Coins
Decimo
MancoBO
Bnlsaria
Michalati
Alexander
Bomanati
Ganteim
Bomano
Centime
SoliduB
Kantem
Tetarteron
Leu
Tremissis
Stotinka
TricephaluB
Burgos
Triens
Agnus Dei
Trimisium
Blanca
Turchifarus
Noveno
Cagliari
P^pion
Cagliaresco
Beal
Cagliarese
Burgundy
Frazione
Albertiu
Minuto
Albertusthaler
Calabria
Angroigne
Bobertino
Briquet
CaUis
Burgunderthaler
Noble
Divionensis
Salute
D51pelthaler
Calcutta
EBtevenante
Tola
Frelucques
Calicut
Gouden Kroon
Tar^
GroB k la Marie
Camarina
Kreuzthaler
Pentoncion
Kruisdaalder
Cambodia
Niquet
Att
Noble
Fuang
Cambodia (continued)
GaU
N6n
PrakPe
Quan
Sleng
Cambrai
Coquibus
Maille
On-le-vault
Patard
Yaltan
Camerino
Giulio
Paolino
Campen
Butgen
Souverain
Stichtsche Stuiver
Stooter
Canada
Anchor Pieces
Blacksmith Tokens
Bouquet Series
Bout de L'lsle Tokens
Card Money
Cent
Chelin
Communion Tokens
George
Habitant Tokens
Harps
Hudson's Bay Tokens
Marqu^
Mousquetaire
Papineau
Bebellion Token
Bepentigny Tokens
Ships, Colonies, and Com-
merce Tokens
Side Yiew Tokens
Skins of Animals
Sous
Sou Tokens
Tiffins
Yexator Canadinsis
Wellington Tokens
Canary Islands
Fisca
GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX
273
Candia
(See also Crete)
Cavallina
Drachma
Gazzetta
Canton
Hsien
Cape of Good Hope
Grood Fore
Capo d'iBtria
Lepton
Phoenix
Capna
Follaro
Caiia
Myshemihecte
Carinthia
Pfundner
Cailberg
Plate Money
CannagnoU
Cavallotto
Cornabo
BoUbatzen
Caroline IslandB
Stone Money
Carpentrasso
Argento
Carthage
Hexadrachm
Leather Money
Triobol
Casale
Azzalino
Bianchetto
Cervette
Cervia
Cornabo
Cornone
Maglio
Parpagliola
Bollbatzen
Caahmere
(See Kaschmir)
Caatel san Angelo
Plagauner
CaatUe
Agnus Dei
Aguila de Oro
Blanco
Castellano
Castile (continued)
Cornado
Dobla de la Banda
Dobla de los Excelentes
Marabotin Alfonsin
Morisca
P^pion
Tarja
Castro
Baiochetto
Castroni
Catalonia
Acrimontana
Ochavo
Quart
Catania
Pentoncion
Cattaro
Follaro
Cayenne
Black Dogs
Noire
Stampee
Tamp^
Ceilao
Xeraphin
Cetebea
Benggolo
Doewi
Dschingara
Koupa
Central America
Centavo
Centimo
Colon
Cordoba
Cuartino
Decimo
Beal
Sun Dollar
Centnripae
Deconcion
Centa
Ceitil
Ceylon
Blob
Cent
Challies
Duit
Dump
Farthing
Ceylon (continued)
Kamsa
Larin
Mdsaka
Massa
Pana
Bidi
Rix Dollar
Bupee
Stiver
Suku
Tang
Tanga
Three Halfpence
Threepence
Chalcidioe
League Coinage
Chandergerry
Pagoda
Chandernagor
Fanam
Chaul
Bazarucco
Chihnahna
Cuartilla
Sand Dollar
ChUe
Condor
Doblon
Escudo
Peso
Toston
China
Amulets
Ants' Nose Coins
Arrow Head Money
Bamboo Money
Bell Money
Brick Tea
Bridge Money
Candareen
Carapace Money
Cash
Catty
Cent
Ch'ao
Chiao
Ch'ien
Ch'ien Fan
Chih Pi
Chih-tsien
274
OEOGBAPHICAL INDEX
China (coDtinued)
^ Chin
Chin Tao
Chu
Ch'uan
(>hung Pao
Cicada Money
Clean Dollars
Cowries
Eiraku Sen
Elm Seed Money
Fen
Flying Money
Fu
Goose Eye Coins
Hao
HoPu
Hsien
Hua
Huan
Huo
Kangtang
Kiao-tze
Kia-tseh-ma
Kin
Kit-tao
Kiu-Ma
Knife Money
Kuan
Kua teng Ch'ien
KuPu
Lai Tzu
Li
Liang
Lily Root Money
Lo-han Cash
Mace
Maradoe
MU
Mu Ch'ien
Nan Ch'ien
Pan Liang
Pao
Pei
Pi
Pi Ch'an
Pi Tch'eng Ma
Pu
Pu Ch'uan
Salt
Sjen
China (continued)
Spade Money
Sycee Silver
Tael
Ta-mig-ma
Temple Money
Tiao
Ting
Tseh Ma
Tso-tao
Tung
Tung Pi
Wan-yin
Weight Money
Wen
Wu Tchu
Yak-mig-ma
Yang ChMen
Yh
Ying Ting
Yin Kwan
Yuan
Yuan Fa
Yuan Pao
Yu Chia Ch'ien
Chios
League Coinage
Tetrachalk
Trichalk
ChiraBso
BuBsino
Chnr
Bluzger
Bocksthaler
Circars
Faluce
Civita-Vecchia
Baiocco
Madonnina
Menudo
Clazomens
League Coinage
Clermcnt-Ferrand
Durantingi
Cleye
Blamiinsen
Engelthaler
Fettmannchen
Stern Groschen
Clnny
Mediacula
Cnidns
Alliance Coins
Cochin
Bazarucco
Clou
Puttan
Coimbra
Tiers de Sou d'Or
Colditz
Homgroschen
Cologne
Albns
Appelgulden
Convention Money
Fettmannchen
Hitarc Pfennige
Mark
Morchen
Petrus Schilling
Raderalbus
Ursula Thaler
Wappentumose
Colombia
Colombiauo
Condor Doblado
Cuartino
Grenadino
Peso
Toston
Colophon
League Coinage
Tartemorion
Como
Obolino
Constance
Blaffert
Ewiger Pfennig
Bollbatzen
Copiapo
Peso
Corc3n:a
Korku raioi Stateres
Cordova
Tiers de Sou d'Or
Corea
(See Korea)
Corinth
Colts
Decalitron
Didrachm
Pegasi
QBOOBAPHICAL INDEX
275
Corinth (continued)
Stater
TrihemiobolioQ
Correggio
Camillino
Cavallotto
Murajola
Parpagliola
Quirino
San Giovannino
Trellino
Ungaro
Corsica
Yintina
Cortemiglla
Carrettini
Coryey
Kippermtinzen
Costa Rica
Centimo
Colon
Sun DoUar
Conrland
Gnadenpfennig
Cracow
Granas
Cranium
Trihemiobolion
Cr6miea
Ecu du Dauphin^
M^reau
Cremona
CremoneBe
Mistura
Crete
(See also Candia)
Drachma
Lebetes
Creyacnore
Tirolino
Crimea
Kyrmis
Tschal
Crotona
Incuse Coins
Cuba
Cent
Cuarenta
Marti
Viente
Cuenca
P^pion
Cumae
Myshemihecte
Cnrapao
Escalin
Reaal
Catch
Adhada
Ardpanchio
Dhingalo
Dokdo
Ibramee
Kori
Panchia
Tambio
Cyme
Tridrachm
Cyprus (Ancient)
Anchors
Cyprus (Modern)
Caime
Carzia
Florin
Kharrubeh
Piastre
ShUling
Sixpence
Sizinia
Cyrene
Hemichrysos
Hemihect^
Kyranaion
Cyzicus
Cyzicenes
Trite
Dalmatia
Galeazzo
Grossetto
Perpero
Damao
Boda
San Joao
Danish West Indies
Bit
Cent
Daler
Franc
Danzig
Solidus
Ternar
Danzig (continued)
Tympf
TyBBchen Thaler
Dauphlny
Cadi^re
Carlin
CaroluB
Dauphin
Ecu du Dauphin^
Gu^nar
Quart d'Ecu
Bedotatos
Sol Coronat
Deccan
Alamgiri
Dhabbu
Pice
Sh&hi
Tukkuh
Dehli
Adll
Buhloli
Dam
Tankah
Delphi
Odelos
Denmark
Attesaal
Brillen Dukat
Christian d'Or
Ebenezer
Ebraer
Engelsk
Fanam
Firleyoe Mont
Fortuna Thaler
Fredericks d'Or
H ebraer
Hvid
Kas
Klippe
Kopfstuck
Korsvide
Krone
Mark
Ordensthaler
Penge
Pumphosen Krone
Beisedaler
276
OKOGRAPHICAL INDEX
Denmark (continned)
Dnrazzo
Bigsdaler
Gigliato
Rojalin
Dnorstede
Skilling
Tiers de Sou d'Or
Soesling
Dutch Indies
Stykke
Bahar
Dorenter
Benggolo
Butgen
Bonk
DeveDtergans
Cash
Flabbe
Catty
Gehelmdeschelling
Doewi
Gosseler
Double Key
Snaphaan
Dubbeltje
Stichtsche Stuiver
Dschingara
Dezana
Ducaton
Coroone
Duit
Moraglia
FiScalin
Didyma
Gobog
Temple Coins
Guilder
Dijon
Kangtang
Divionensis
Kedjer
Salute
Rental
Dinant
K^t^ng
Gros k I'Aigle
Ketip
Din
Kou
Atia
Koupa
Bazarucco
Koupan
Bupia
Krishnala
Xeraphin
Kroon
DJambi
Ijaxsan
Pitje
Mas
Dominica
Pagoda
Moco
Pardaw
Dominican Itepablic
Pitje
Gentimo
Puttan
Cinco
Sateleer
Franco
Segeloh
Dorpat
Soekoe
Artig
Stuiver
Ferding
Suku
Dortmnnd
Blamiiser
Sycee Silver
Tali
Dreizehner
Beinoldigroschen
Tang
Diesden
Tanga
Hosenband Thaler
Bcnador
Diiren
Condor
Herzogsgroschen
Doblado
Dorango
Sucre
Cuartilla
Toston
Sferding
Leather Money
Egypt (Ancient)
Alexandreion
Alexandrian Coinage
Aryandic Coinage
Decachalk
Glass Coins
Heptobol
Hexadrachm
Hexobol
Mnaieion
Octachalk
Octadrachm
Pentadrachm
Pentastater
Penteoontradrachm
Pentobolon
Porcelain Coins
Ptolomaici
Ring Money
Triobol
Egypt (Modern)
Abu-Cinco
Abu-Mafta
Abuquelp
Abu-tera
Aqdscheh
Arbda
Aschera
Bedidlik
Beshlik
Beutel
Borbi
Cataa Hamsie
Chamsi
Ducatello
ForU
Funduk
Ghrush
Glass Coins
Guersh
Kairien
Mangir
Medino
Millieme
Miscal
Nusflik
Onlik
Piastre
Pound Turkish
OEOOBAPHICAL INDEX
277
Sfypt (oontlnned)
Bsch
Bttba
Sequin
Zer-mahbub
Simbeck
Kdrtling
Usualmark
Siateben
Lutherthaler
Skaterinbnrg
PUtak
Slberfald
Bread Tokens
Blbing
Trepdlcher
Slis
Tartemorion
Smden
Kromstaart
Schaap
Schlecht Thaler
Schuppen
Witten
SngUnd
Alderman
Ale-silver
Angel
Angelet
Angelot
Anglo-€rallic Coins
Annulet Coinage
Awpenny
Bean
Bender
.Bener Dener
Bit
Black Dogs
Blaek Money
Blacksmith Half Groat
Blunt
Bob
Bonnet T3rpe
Boulton's Twopence
Bowed Money
Brass
Breeches Money
Briot's Crown
Britain Crown
Britannia Groat
Broad
England (continued)
Brockage
Brown
BuU
Butchers' Half-pence
Canaries
Canopy Type
Cartwheel
Carucage
Cash
Chany
Chequin
Chesle Money
Chimney Money
Chinker
Coal Money
Copper
Copper Noses
Counter
Couter
Crocard
Crown
Crown of the Rose
Cunnetti Type
Dagger Money
Dandiprat
Danegelt
Darby
Decus
Deuce
Devil's Bit
Dibs
Dinders
Disk
Dodkin
Doit
Dollar
Drake
Dripmy Bit
Ducats
Duffer
Dump
Dust
Earnest
Ecclesiastical Coins
Esterlin
Ezurgat Money
Fadge
Falconer's Half Crown
Farthing
England (continaed)
Ferling Noble
Festing Penny
Fiddle
. Fiddler
Fitpence
Fiver
Flag
Flimsy
Florin
Galley Halfpence
George •
George Noble
Georgius Triumpho
Glove Money
Grodless Florin
Goldy
Grothic Crown
Graceless Florin
Gray
Green Silver
Groat
Grocery
Guinea
Halfling
Half Penny
Hanover Sovereign
Harington
Harry Groat
Harry Sovereign
Hat Money
Head Silver
Heregeld
Herring Silver
Hock Money
Hock Tuesday Money
Hog
Hoppers' Money
Horse and Jockey
Jack
Jacobus
Jane
Jingle Boy
Joey
Jubilee Money
King George
King's Picture
King's SUver
Kite
Larding Money
278
OXOGRAPHIOAL nCBSZ
BngUnd (contiDned)
Laurel
Leopard
Lima Coinage
Lion
Lion Shilling
I^ng Cross Type
Lord Lucas Farthings
Lundrenses
Lundress
Lushburger
Maerra Peninga
Mag
Magpie
Maille Noble
Make
Mancus
Marigold
Maundy Money
Megg
Meke
Military Guinea
Milled Money
Mise Money
Mite
Moneyage
Money Batterer
Monkey
Mopus
Mule
Ninepence
Nippence
Noble
Noble Angels
Norman Penny
Offering Pieces
Old Milk Penny
Onion Penny
Oof
Ora
Oxford Crown
Oxford Unite-
Paul
Pax Type
Pelf
Penny
Penny Poize
Penny Yard Pence
Pentecostals
Perkin Warbeck Groat
England (continued)
Peter's Pence
Petition Crown
Pin Money
Pistole
Pistolet
Pitching Pence
Plough Alms
Plough Silver
Plum
Pollard
Poney
Porcelain Tokens
Porpyne
Portcullis Money
Pound
Prestation Money
Proclamation Money
Pudsey Sixpence
Q
Quakers' Money
Queen Anne Farthing
Queen Gold
Quid
Rag
Beady
Bed
Beddite Crown
Bigmarie
Bing Money
Bosa Americana
Bosary
Bose Crown
Bose Pennies
Bose Byal
Buddock
Byal
Salding
Salt Silver
Salute
Sceat
Seining
Scimminger
Scrat
Scriddick
Scute
Scuttick
Senage
Sheep Silver
Sngland (continaed)
Sheriff Geld
Shilling
Shiner
Ship Money
Short Cross Type
Shovel Board
Simon
Sixpence
Sleeping
Slip
Smasher
Smelt
Smoke Farthings
Sola Coinage
Sovereign
Spade Guinea
Spanker
Sprat
Spur Byal
Squiddish
Stag
Steenie
Sterling
Stickamstam
Styca
Suit Silver
Suskin
Swarf Money
Swine Pennies
Tanner
Tenner
Testoon
Thick 'un
Thirteener
Thirteen-pence-half-penny
Thistle Crown
Three Farthings
Three Halfpence
Threepence
Thrymsa
Tin
Tinker
Tithing Penny
Tizzy
Tokens
Touch-piece
Trophy Money
Tumbling Tams
Unite
6BOGBAPHICAL INDEX
279
England (continued)
Faenza
Flanders (continued)
Veal Money
Leather Money
Patard
Vigo Coinage
Fano
Philippus Daalder
Ward Penny
Biaochella
Poy
Whistler
Mistura
Koosebeker
Whitehart Silver
Fermo
Vierlander
White Money
Madonnina
Florence
Wire Money
Ferrara
Bargellino
Wolsey's Groat
Alicorno
Barile
Wooden Money
Bagarone
Carliuo
Wood Geld
Bolognino
Cosimo
Wyn
Cavalitti
Cotale
Yellow Boy
Diamante
Duetto
Yellow George
Ferrarino
Florin
Sntella
Idra
France scone
Hemilitrion
Marchesino
Gigliato
Ephesns
Masenetta
Grazia
Alliance Coins
Murajola
Grossone
^League Coinage
Paolo
Guelfo
Thibronian Money
Quattrino
Moneta di Coppella
Tridrachm
Testone
Moueta Lun^^a
Eretria
Fiji
^7
Pezza
League Coinage
Cent
Piastre
Erfnrt
Finland
Piastrino
Bettlerthaler
Markka
Picciolino
Homgroschen
Penni
Popolino
Quattrino
Quinto
Pest Thaler
Streitpfennige
Fiume
Flicca
Flanders
Eritrea
Tallero
Albertin
Aydans
Hiccio
Bosalino
Erjrthrae
Botdrager
Buspone
League Coinage
Brabant
Sancto Zoanne
Essen
Carambole
Stellino
Fettraannchen
Cavalier
Tallero
Esseqnibo and Demerara
Clinckaert
Ungaro
Guilder
Croondaalder
Zecchino Zanobio
Joe
Denier d'Or
FosdinoTO
Stiver
Escoufle
Luigino
Esthonia
Esterlin
France
Livonese
Gewere
Abenge
B&ha
Guiilemin
Absolutionsthaler
Skins of Animals
Haies d'Or
Acrimontana
Ethiopia
Heaume
Agnel
(See also Abyssinia)
Korten
Albertin
Arnolds
Leeuw
Ange d'Or
Fedgat
Lion d'Or
Angelot
Eubcea
Lion Heaume
Angevin
League Coinage
Maille
Anglo-Gallic Coins
Evora
Monnaies Angevines
Anvoire
Cruzado
Myte
Appoints
280
6BOOBAPHICAL INDEX
France (continued)
Argent le Boy
Arnaldes
Arrbes
Assignat
Baquette
Barbarin
Baudequin
Baviardus
BiUe
Blanc
Bon Gro8
Bourbonnais
Bourgeois
Braise
Brassage
Cadi^re
Carle
Carlin
Carolus
Cavalier
Centime
Cercle
Cbaise
Chienes
Cbiqua
Chitopense
Compagnon
Coupure
Couronne d'Or
Couronne du Soleil
Couronnelle
Dardenne
Dauphin
Decime
Denier
Denier d'Or
Denier Palatin
Denier Parisis
Divionensis
Dixain
Double
Double Lorrain
Doublon
Douzain
Durantingi
Ecu
Esterlin
Face
Fleur de Lis
France (continued)
Florette
Florin
Florin-Georges
Fort
Franc
Fretin
Fruste
Gloriam Regni
Grourde
GroB
Gu^nar
Guillot
Guinnois
Hardi
Heaume
Henri d'Or
Jaunet
Jeton
Laubthaler
Leather Money
Lemocia
Leopard
Leopoldino
Leopoldo
Liard
Lingot
Lion
Lion d'Or
Lis d' Argent
Lis d'Or
Livre
Livre Toumois
Louis
Louis aux Lunettes
Louis aux Palmes
Louis d'Or
Luigino
Maille
Mansois
Mantelet d'Or
Marc
Marqu^
Masse d'Or
Masson
Medallion
M^reau
Millar^s
Mirliton
Monarque
France (continued)
Moneta Palatina
Monnaies
Monneron Tokens
Morveux
Mouton
Napoleon
Niquet
Noailles
Noble
Obole
On-le-vault
Ottene
Parisis
Passir
Patacchina
Patard
Patte d'oie
Pavilion d'Or
Philippe
Pi^ce de Plaisir
Pied-Guailloux
Piefort
Pignatelle
Pile
Pimpion
PlnpennelloB
Pistole
Plated Coins
Pogesia
Poid
Poillevillain
Poin9on
Points Secrets
Poitevin
Poupon
Provinois
Quart d'Ecu
Baimondine
Beaux
Bechenpfennige
Bedotatos
Befrapp^
Beine
Bond
Boue
Bouleau
Boupie
Boyal Coronat
Royal d'Or
OEOGRAPHICilL INDEX
281
France (continued )
Royal Fariflis Double
Saiga
Salute
Side
Sixain
Sol
Sol Coronat
Soldo
Sol-8anar
Sonnette
Sou
Sou d'Or
Spadin
Sueldo
Talbot
Tamp^
Terlina
TeBton
Tournois
Tranche Cordon^e
Tremissis
TreBin
Trou^
Trouvaille
Vacquette
Yertugadin
Frankfort a. M.
Bolette
Engel
Impierans Grolt
JanauBchek Thaler
Jeneuoser
Judenpfennige
Katzen Gulden
Kolhasen Gulden
Beichsalbus
Freiberg
HomgroBchen
Freiburg (Breisgau)
Denarii Corvorum
Happen
Freiburg (Switzerland)
Fiinfer
Piecette
Tir Federal
Tr^el
Froiitadt
Zinnenthurmheller
French Colonies
Marqu^
Marqu^ Blanc
. Noirs
Quadruble
Bouleau
Sol
Stampee
Tamp^
Friesland
Arends-Bijksdaalder
Bankschelling
Bezemstuiver
Braspenning
Flindrich
Guilder
Hvid
Ko^erdaalder
Leijcesterdaalder
Oertchen
Oord
Pietje
Rijder
Scheepjeschelling
Schubbe
Snaphaan
Stiiber
Stuiver
UpBtalsboom Thaler
Witten
Frinco
Chiavarino
Dozzeno
Friuli
Bagattino
MancoBO
Fulda
Bluzger
Gaeta
Follaro
Garpenberg -
Plate Money
Gelderland
(See Gueldres)
Genera
Ecu Pistolet
Genevoise
Gringalet
Huitain
Pignatelle
Pistole
Geneva (continued)
Pistole Forte
Quart
Sol
Genoa
Asper
CroBazzo
Doppia
Genovino
Giannino
Giustino
Januini
Ligurino
Luigino
Madonnina
Minuto
Novini
Ottavetti
Patacchina
Pite
Quartaro
Quartarola
Bealone
San Giovannino
Scudo di Oro
Sesino
Terzarola
Georgia
Abb&si
Asper
Bisti
Botinat
Chauri
Drakani
Phoul
Pul
Schauri
Thetri
German East Africa
Heller
Paisd
Rupie
German States and Cities
Achtbriiderthaler
Achtel thaler
Achter
Adler
Albansgulden
Albertusthaler
AlbuB
282
OXOGBAPHICAL IKDBX
Gemuui States and Cities
(eoDtinoed)
Alod thaler
Andreas Thaler
Annengroschen
Appelgulden
Arenkopf
AjBcanische Pfennige
August d'Or
AugUBtO0
Ausbeutemunzen
AuBWurf Milnzen
Baetzner
Banco
Banngeld
Batzen
Bauemgroschen
Bauern Thaler
Beichtthaler
Bemhardsgroschen
Bettlerthaler
Beutgroschen
Blaffert
BlamiLser
Blechmiinzen
Blutpfennig
Bolette
Bracteates
Bread Tokens
Breite Groschen
Bremsenthaler
Bundesthaler
Bursarienzeichen
Busch
Carl d'or
Cassa Thaler
Cassius Groschen
Catechismusthaler
Charta Magna Thaler
Christfest Thaler
Christkindl Dukat
Church Tokens
Convention Money
Coronation Coins
Cosel Gulden
Creutzer
Cruitzer
Cjrillus Thaler
Danielsthaler
Davidsthaler
German States and Cities
(continued)
Denar
Denarii Corvorum
Denkmiinze
Dick Thaler
Dreier
Dreigroscher
Dieikaiserthaler
Dreiling
Dreipolker
Dreissiger
Dreizehner
Driittainer
Dukat
Eckige Pfennige
Edelrost
Eintrachtsthaler
Engel
Engelsgroschen
Engelthaler
Ephraimiten
Ernst d'Or
Esterlin
Etschkreuzer
Falkendukat
Falsche Miinzen
Federn Thaler
Feingoldgulden
Feinsilberthaler
Feldtbaler
Fettmannchen
Fewreysen
Fledermaus
Flinderke
Flindrich
Flitter
Florin
Fortuna Thaler
Fuchs
Furstengroschen
Geburtstagsthaler
Gedachtnismunzen
Gelbvogel
Geld
Gelegenheitsmiinzen
Georgsthaler
GerlacuB
Glaubensthaler
Glockenthaler
German States and Cities
(continued)
Gnadenpfennig
Gosgen
Gold Fuchs
Gold Thaler
Gontzen Pfennig
Gottesfreund Thaler
Groschel
Groschen
Grote
Gulden
Guldengroschen
Gute Groschen
Hacksilber
Halbling
Handelheller
Hahnrei Thaler
Halb
Halber ,
Harzgold Dukat
Hausgroschen
Heckmiinzen
Heilandsmiinzen
Helbling
Heller
Heliier
Helmarc
Helmpfennig
Herrengroschen
Herzogsgrosche n
Heymannchen
Hirschgulden
Hirtenpfennig
Hitarc Pfennige
Hohlpfennige
HorngroBchen
Hosenband Thaler
Hubertusthaler
Huldigungs Munzen
Hussthaler
Inpierans Golt
Interims thaler
Iriden
Isargold Dukat
Jakobsthaler
Janauschek Thaler
Jeneuoser
Jesus Thaler
Joachimsthaler
GB06BAPHICAL INDBX
283
Gennaii States and Cities
(continued)
Jubileums Thaler
Judenkopfgroschen
Judenpfennige
Juliusldser
Kaiserthaler
Kammerherrenthaler
Karolin
Kassenm&nnchen
Kassenthaler
Katherinengroschen
Katzen Gulden
Kehlpfennig
Kippermunzen
Kirchenpfennige
Klappmiitzenthaler
KlQtergeld
Kolniache Mark
K5rtling
Kolhasen Gulden
Kometenthaler
Kopfstiick
Eorn
Kosel Gulden
Kreditmunzen
Kreisobristen Thaler
Ereuzer
Ereuzgroschen
Eronungs Miinzen
Eronenthaler
Eronigte
Eurasaier Thaler
Eugildi
Landmiinze
Landsberger Ffennige
Lappen
Laubthaler
Laurentiusgulden
Legierung
Leicht Geld
Licht Thaler
Linsen Dukaten
Locumtenensthaler
Ldserthaler
Ldsungs Dukat
LQwenpfennige
Lot
Lotterie Dukat
Liigenthaler
I German States and Cities
(continued)
Lutherthaler
Madonnenthaler
Magister Thaler
Malschilling
Margare tengroschen
Marie ngrosch en
Marienthaler
Mark
Martinsgulden
Martinsthaler
Marzellen
MatthiasgroBchen
Maximilian d'Or
Metzblanken
Mimigardeford Deniers
Mise
Morchen
Moritzpfennige
Miickenpfennig
Miinze
Miinzfund
Miinz Zeichen
Myte
Napgen Heller
Notmiinzen
Oertchen
Orterer
Okelpenning
Ordensthaler
Ort
Ortelin
Ortsthaler
Ottenpfennige
Passir
Pathenmiinzen
Patriotenthaler
Pelikan thaler
Pest Thaler
Petermlinnchen
Petrus Schilling
Pfaffenfeind Thaler
Pfennig
Pistole
Plated Coins
Polonaise
Poltora
Portugaldser
^ PrUmienthaler
German States and Cities
(continned)
Pyramiden Thaler
Raderalbus
Raitpfennige
Rath Zeichen
RautengroBchen
Rebellenthaler
Reche npf ennige
Regenbogenschiissel
Regensburger
ReichsalbuB
Reichsgulden
Rheingold Dukat
Rhelnischer Albus
Robotmarken
RoBBgulden
St. Afra Dukaten
Sargpfennig
S^ulen Piastre
Schaap
Schauthaler
Scheidemiinzen
Scherf
Schiffs Dukaten
Schiffsthaler
Schild Groschen
Schilling
Schilling Liibsk
Schlafrock Thaler
Schmalkaldischer Bundes-
thaler
Schnepfenpfennige
Schraubthaler
Schrot
SchiiBBelpf ennige
Schtitzen Thaler
Schuppen
Schwaren
Schwertgroschen
Sebaldus Thaler
Sechser
Sechsling
Sechstel
Seligkeits thaler
Se missis
Seniorats Dukat
Seufzer
Sieges Thaler
Silbergroschen
284
OVOGBAPHICAL INDKX
German States and Cities
(continued)
Slegelpenninge
Sonnenkrone
Sophiendukat
Sortengulden
Souver&nit&tsthaler
Speciesthaler
Spielmarken
Spitzgroschen
SpottmilDzen
Spruchthaler
St&bler
Stern Groechen
Stockfishthaler
Streitpfennige
Strohthaler
Stiiber
Stuiver
Suitenmedaillen
Talar
Talisman Thaler
Tauf Thaler
Thaler
ThiiriDger GroBchen
Tippelgroschen
Triumph Thaler
Tympf
Tysschen Thaler
TJnecht
Upstalsboom Thaler
Ursula Thaler
Usualmark
Yenusthaler
Yerfassungsthaler
Yerm&hlungsthaler
Vierchen
Vierer
Vierling
Yierschildheller
Yikariats Thaler
Yinkenauge
Wahrheitsthaler
Wappentumose
Weckenpfennige
Weidenbaum Thaler
Weihemiinzen
Weihnachts Thaler
Wendenpfennige
Wespenthaler
German States and Cities
(continued)
WewelinghOfer
Wiedertaiifer Thaler
WUdemanns thaler
WUhelm d'Or
Witten
Zahlpfennig
Zehner
Zinnenthurmheller
Zinsgroschen
Zopf Dukat
Zwanziger
Zwei Drittel
Germany (Empire)
Kriegsfiinfer
Krone
Lappen
Mark
Pfennig
Beichsmiinzen
Gerona
Duro
Sixain
Ghent
Roosebeker
Gibraltar
Half Shiner
Quart
Gliickstadt
Fortuna Thaler
Goa
< Bastiao
Bazarucco
Chazza
Cherafin
Esphera
Pardao
Pequenino
Real Branco
Roda
Bupia
Sdn&r-K^u
San Felipe
San Joao
Santo Thom^
Seratin
Tanga
Tutenag
Xeraphin
Zeraphin
Gdttingen
K5rtling
Ort
Gold Coast
Ackey
Boss
Cabes
Cowries
Damba
Stone Money
Tabo
Takoe
Gombroon
Besorg
Gorcnm
Noble
Goslar
Arenkopf
Bauemgroschen
Berling
Brillenthaler
Flitter
KreuzgroBchen
Mariengroschen
Marienthaler
Matthiasgroschen
Scherf
Usualmark
Gowa
Dschingara
Koupa
Grand Bassam
Manilla
Graubiinden
Bluzger
Graz
Yierer
Greece (Ancient)
Alexanders
Alexandrine Coinage
Alliance Coins
Animais
Archaic Coinage
Argurion
Assarion
Autonomous Coins
Chalcus
Charon's Obol
Chelonai
Chrysos
Cistophorus
OKOOBAPHICAL IITDBZ
285
Greece (Ancient : continned)
Citharephori
CoUybos
Colts
Convention Money
Dane
riecadrachm
Decalitron
Decobol
Demareteion
Dichalkon
Didrachm
DikoUybon
Dilitron
Dinomoe
Dioblon
Di-Stater
Dodecadrachm
Drachm
Enneobol
Glaukes
Gorgoneion
Hect^
Hemiasearion
Hemichalk
Hemichrysoe
Hemidanake
Hemidaric
Hemidrachm
Hemihect^
Hemilitrion
Hemiobol
HemiBtater
Hemitartemorion
Hemitetarte
Heptadrachm
Heptobol
Hexadrachm
Hexae
Hexastater
Hexobol
Histialka
Incuee Coins
Karkadona
Kerma
Kersa
Eikkabos
Kistophoros
Kitharephoroi
Kodrantes
Greece (Ancient : continued)
Kore
Korkuraisi Stateres
Krapatalos
ErysuB
Eyraneion
League Coinage
Lepton
LucuUei
Mikron
MiU-sail Type
Mina
Mnaieion
Morphe
Myshemihecte
Myshemitetarte
Naulum
Nesiaca Drachma
Noctua
Nomisma
Nomos
Obol
Octobol
Odelos
Odolke
Owls
Pacheia
Pallades
Parthenoi
Pegasi
Pelanor
Pentadrachm
Pentalitron
Pentanummion
Pentastater
Pentechalkon
Pentecontadrachm
Pentecontalitra
Pentobolon
Pesson
Petalon
PhUippi
Phocaides
Phokikoi
Plated Coins
Plinthos
Psephos
Sema
Semision
Stater
Greece (Ancient : continued)
Talent
Tartemorion
Temple Coins
Testudo
Tetarte
Tetartemorion
Tetrachalk
Tetradracbm
Tetranommos
Tetras
Tetrastater
Tetrobolon
Tettigia •
Thibronian Money
Tortoises
Toxotai
Trias
Trichalk
Tridrachm
Trihemiobolion
Trihemitartemorion
Trihemite tartemorion
Trikollybon
Triobol
Triquetra
Trite
Tritemorion
Trochiskos
Xunistron
Greece (Modem)
Drachma
Icossadrachmon
Lepton
Obolos
Grenoble
Chiqua
Ecu du Dauphind
Mdreau
Groningen
Butgen
Cnapcock
Flabbe
Jager
Langrok
Peerdeke
Plak
St. Jans Bijksdaalder
Statenschelling
286
GSOGKAFHICAL nn>KX
GwUklovpe
CoDot
Doublon
Escalin
Gourde
Guam
Cent
Giuuiaxnato
CtiartUla
OffUfftitll ff
AoDanciata
Barbarina
Giulio
Murajola
Pezzetta Imperiale
San Paolo
Kelmino
Guatemala
Cuartino
Gnbbio
Madonnina
Gneldres
Amoldus
Briquet
ClemmerguldeD
Ecu d'Or
Gouden Lam
Kopfstuck
Leijcesterthaler
Mouton
Oord
Pronkdaalder
Rijder
Rynsgulden
Kcheepjeschelling
Scbild
Snaphaan
Statendaalder
Ktooter
Htuiver
Gueriifley
Double
Gujarat
Badani
Gustafsberg
Plate Monev
Hainaut
Cavalier
CoquibuB
Haies d'Or
Petros
Haiaavt (continaed)
Tierceliu
Haiti
Centime
Gourde
i Halbentadt
Pfaifenfeind Tbaler
Saigpfennig
' Haldaoiteiii
I
Bluzger
HaU
! Handelheller
Heller
Hamburg
Banco
Dreiling
Leicbt Geld
Madonnenthaler
Mariengroschen
Mark
Pest Tbaler
Portugaloser
Schilling
Sechsling
Stockfiscbthaler
Witten
Hameln
Flitter
Gdsgen
Kdrtling
Hanan
Keicbsalbus
Hanorer
Acbter
AnnengroBchen
EmBt d'Or
Feinsilberthaler
GeorgBthaler
Gute GroBcben
Heaume
Helmpfennig
Kortling
MariengroBchen
SilbergroBchen
Upstalsboom Thaler
Usualmark
Witten
Zwei Drittel
Hasa
Toweelah
HawaiiaB Taia^A*
AkahiDala
Cent
, HeimkhstaAt
i Ldaerthaler
! Helretiaii Kepnblic
! (See Switaseiiand)
Funfer
Dreilander
Drielander
Yierlander
Herfovd
Abbey-PieceB
HenuMillo
Cuartilla
AlbuB
Beutgroechen
Furstengroachen
Karolin
Scbmalkaldiacher Bundes-
thaler
Sortengulden
WappentumoBe
Weidenbaum Thaler
Wilhelm d'Or
Hildetheim
An nengroBchen
Bern hardBgroBchen
Marie n thaler
MattbiaBgroBchen
Usualmark
Hindustan
(See also Indian States)
Adh^lah
Adl Gutkah
Adli
Aitaby
Atmah
Bacchanalian CoiuB
Binsat
Chah&r Goshah
Cbugul
Dam
Damri
Dehliwdla
Hun
Ilahi
Jaldlah
GEOQBAPHICAL INDEX
287
Hindustan (continued)
Hungary
Indian States (continued)
Jtl&leh
Duarius
Badam
L'al Jaldli
Egisthaler
Bahram
Mihrdbi
Filler
Bakiri
Muini
Florin
Bakla Asarfi
Nisar
Forint
Biche
Pagoda
Franc
Budgrook
Paisd
Georgsthaler
Buhloli
Pdulah
Gralosken
Carival
Pice
Gulden
Cash
Raha
Hongre
Chakram
Sicca Rupee
Korona
Cham
SihanBah
Krajcz^r
Chopped Dollars
Tukkuh
Kreuzer
Crore
Zodiacal Going
Malkontentengulden
Darb
Histiaea
Marienthaler
Dasa
Histialka
Marj^e
Dhabbu
Hohnstein
Obole
Dharana
Andreas Thaler
PatAz
Dhingalo
Holland
Pattacona
Dodddne
(See Netherlands)
Pfauenthaler
Dorea
HoUtein
Poltura
Dramma
Albertusthaler
Schusterthaler
DClb
1
Dreiling
Viererplatten
Duddu
Dutchen
Vonds Gulden
Duggdni
Mark
Hyderabad
Faluce
Schilling
Mahbubia
Fanam
Witten
Iceland
Fanon
Holy Roman Empire
Aur
Faniki
Apostel Thaler
Krone
Fuddea
Dreikaiserthaler
lUyria
Gubber
Eulendukaten
Grossetto
Haidari
Filips Gulden
Indian States
Heideri
Groschel
(See also Hindustan)
Imami
Pfundner
Abidi
Jafan
St. Jans Rijksdaalder
Adh&
Jettal
Schauthaler
Adhada
Kald
Thaler
Adheeda
Kaltis
Vierer
Adli
Kftrsha
Zweier
Ahmadi
Kas
Hong Kong
Akhtar
Kaau
Cent
Dollar
Alaingiri
Anaudardmen
Kazmi
Khizri
Hao
Ang-tuk
Kona
Hsien
Ani
Eutb
Mil
Anna
Lac
Sjen
Ardha
Lakshmi Pagoda
Yuan
Ardpanchio
Larin
Homes
Asht
Mada
Sprenger
Asmani
Mahbubia
288
GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX
Indian States (continued)
Mohur
Mushtari
Ndsfi
Nishka
Pad&
Padaka
P&dika
Padma Tanka
Pagoda
Pala
Pana
Panam
Panchia
Pandu
Paunchea
Pdvali
Phet&ng
Pice
Pie
Pon
Poni
Portcullis Mone}'
Pratftpa
Purana
Pumya
Baal Lakria
Kama-taDka
Rasi
Rati Seed
Real
Real Branco
Ropaka
Rupee
San Rupee
Satamftna
Sh&hi
Shroffed Money
Sicca Rupee
Siddiki
Soolakie
Sovereign
Star Pagoda
Suki
Suvarna
Swdmi Pagoda
Tang-ka
Tankah
Tenga
Tola
Indian States (continued)
Tulabhara Kasu
Urdee
Usmani
Varaha
Yarahan
Vodri
Zahrah
Indo-China
N6n
Piastre de Commerce
Ionia
Plated (Joins
Stater
Ionian Islands
Ditto Bolo
Gazzetta
Lepton
Miobolo
Obolos
Tripenon
Ireland
Airgead
Blacksmith Half Crown
Bonn
Cam macks
Cianog
Cob Money
Eagle
Feorlainn
Groat
Gun Money
Harp
Hibernias
Inchquin Money
Irlandes d' Argent
Jack
Mitre
Northumberland Shilling
Ormond Money
Patricius Farthing
Patrick
Penny
Pistole
Pollard
Quadrant
Rap
Rebel Money
Red Harp
Ring Money
Ireland (continued)
Rosary
Rose Pennies
Saint Patrick's Money
Salding
Sixpence
Smulkyn
Teastun
Thirteener
Three Crowns Money
Three Farthings
Three Halfpence
Threepence
Tinker
Turney
Union Penny
Voce Populi Coinage
White ShiUing
Wood's Coinage
Yellow Boy
Isle of Man
Triquetra
Isles dn Vent
(See Windward Islands)
Isles of France
Marqu^
Isny
Batzen
Istria
Pattacona
Italian States and Cities
Aguila de Oro
Albulo t
Alfonsino
Alicorno
Ambrosino
Amedeo d'Oro
Anconitano
Anepigrafa
Annunciata
Anselmino
Apuliense
Aquilino
Argento
Armellino
Artilucco
Asper
Asprione
Augustalis
Aureola
Azzalino
6EOGBAPHICAL INDEX
289
Italian States and Cities (con-
tinued)
Bacca
Bagarone
Bagattino
Baggiani
Bagni
Baiarda
Baiocco
Baioccone
Baiochella
Baiochetto
Baiotta
Baldacchino
Banco
Bandeniola
Barbarina
Barberine
BarbonacQio
Barbone
Bargellino
Barile
Battezone
Beato Amedeo
Beato Luigi
Berlinga
Besante
Bezzo
Bezzone
Bianchetto
Bianco
Biancone
Biglione
BisBolo
Bissona
Bizzichini
Bolognino
Bononenus
Bordata
Borgesi
Bragone
Bronzo
Bruneti
Budata
Burigozzo
BusBignarfi
BuBSola
Bussoloto
Buttala
Cagliaresco
Italian States and Cities (con-
tinued)
Cagliarese
Cagnolo
Cagnone
Camera
Camillino
Capellone
Carantano
Caratto
Carlino
Carranino
Carrettini
Carzia
Castroni
Castniccino
Catanesi
Cauci
Cavalitti
Cavalla
Cavallina
Cavallo
Cavallotto
Cecchine
Cenoglego
Centesimo
Cervette.
Cervia
Checquin
Chiappe di Forte
Chiavarino
Chickino
Chikino
Cianfrone
Cinquina
Clementi
Colombina
Cornabo
Cornone
Comuto
Corona
Cosimo
Cotale
Cremonese
Croce o Testa
Crocione
Crosazzo
Danaro
Decenario
Dena
Italian States and Cities (con-
tinued)
Denareito
Denarino
Diamante
Dicciottino
Dobla
Doblone
Dodicesimo
Doppia
Dozzeno
Ducato
Ducato d'Argento
Ducato di Banco
Ducato di Camera
Duetto
Enrici
Femandino
Ferrarino
Fert
Filiberto
FiUppo
Filippone
Flicca
Florin
Foghetti
FoUaro
Francescone
Franchi
Frazione
Frignacco
Gabella
Galeazzo
Gazzetta
Gelso
Genovino
Gettone
Gianuino
Gigliato
Ginocchiello
Giorgino
Girasoli
Giulio
Giustina
Giustino
Gobbi
Graici
Grano
Grazia
Gregorina
290
0K06RAPHICAL INDEX
Italian States and Cities (con-
tinued)
Gregorio
Grolla
Grosello
Grossetto
Grosso
Grossone
Guelfo
Idra
Imbiamcate
Imperiale
Infortiati
Januini
Leather Moiiev
Leone
Leonina
Leonzino
Libertini
Ligurino
Lira
Lirazza
Liretta
Lirona
Livornino
Lucati
Lucchese Nuovo
Luigino
Madonnina
Maglia
Mancanza
Mancoso
Marc
Marcello
Marchesino
Marchetto
Marengo
Marmussini
Matapan
Medaglia
Mediacula
Median o
Mediatino .
Mezza
Mezzanino
Michieletta
Minuto
Mistura
Mocenigo
Moneta
Italian States and Cities (con-
tinued)
Moneta Spezzata
Moraglia
Murajola
Navicella
Xichelino
Novini
Obolino
Oncetta
Oncia
Osella
Ottavetti
Ottavo
Ottino
Padiglione
Paduans
Palanca
Palpa
Paolino
Paolo
Paparini
Paparoni
Papetto
Parpagliola
Partenope
Pataca
Patacchina
Pegione
Pepulea
Pereale
Petizza
Pezza
Pezzetta Imperiale
Phoenix
Piastre
Piastrino
Rcaillon
Picciolino
Picciolo
Picureddu
Pistacchio
Pistolet
Pite
Plagauner
Poillevillaln
Ponti
Popolano
Popolino
Provisino
Italian States and Cities (con-
tinued)
Quadrupla
Quarantano
Quartaro
Quartarolo
Quartino
Quattrinello
Quattrino
Quindicino
Quinto
Quintuplo
Quirino
Ragno
Ragusino
Realone
Renaissance Medals
Riccio
Rodioti
Rogati
Rolino
Rollbatzen
Rom^sine
Rosalino
Roverino
. Rovetti
Ruspone
Russino
Saluto d'Oro
Sampietrino
San Carlo
Sancto Zoanne
Sanese d'Oro
San Giovannino
San Marti no
San Mauricio
San Paolo
Sanpetronio
Sanpierino
Santa Croce
Saraceno
Scaggia
Scudino
Scudo
Scudo della Croce
Scudo di Oro
Sede Vacante Coinage
Sedicina
Selniino
Seniprevivo
GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX
291
Italian States and Cities (con-
Jalisco
tinued)
Octavo
Seueselli
Jamaica
Sequin
Macquina
SesiSo
•
Maundy Money
Settimo
Quattie
Sirena
Spanish Sixpence
Siseni
Japan
Sisto
Ana Ichi Sen
Solarus
Arrow Head Money
Sol Coronat
Ban Sen
Soldino
Bita Sen
Soldo
Bu
Soldone
Bun Sen
Solz
Charms
Sovrano
Cho Gin
Spadacciuo
Do Sen
Spadino
•
Eiraku Sen
Stagnate
ESen
Stellino
Gin Kwan
Svanzica
Go
Tallero
Go Yo Sen
Tarin
Haha Sen
Tercia Apuliensis
Han
Terzarola
Hana Furi Kin
Testone
Hansatsu
Tir Federal
Hayaki
Tirolino
Ho
Titolo
Ho Ei Sen
Tollero
Hori Tan^ Sen
Tondino
Ichi Bu
Torellino
Jiu Ni Zene
Tornese
Kagami Sen
Tornesello
Kin Kwan
Traiaro
Kinsatsu
Trapezeta
Kiri Kodama
Traro
Koban
Tredesino
Kudatama
Trillina
Kwacho
Trino
Kwan
Trionfo
Kwanei Sen
Triquetra
Magatama
Tronetto
Matsuri Sen
Ungaro
^^ ^o^^
Mom me
Verga
Viannare
Mon
Vigintenario
Mu-mon Gin Sen
Vitalinc)
Nami Sen
Zanetta
Ni Bu
Zecchino
Ashi
Ziato
Oban
Japan (continued) .
Ogata Sen ' / ^
Baku Sen
Rice
Bin
Ring Money
Ryo
Sabi
Seed Sen
Sen
Shiken
Shima Sen
Shi Mon Sen
Shin Koban
Shu
Tanuma Go Momme Gin
Tan^
Tempo
Trade Dollar
Tsu Ho
Yeda
Yen
Jannpnr
Dramma
Java
Bahar
Bonk
Catty
Duit
Escaliu
Gobog
Kangtang
Kedir
KentM
Kfetfeng
Ketip
Krishnala
Kroon
Pitje
Sateleer
Segeloh
Soekoe
Stuk van Achten
Tali
Jever
Danielsthaler
Grote
Jodocus Thaler
Judea
(See Palestine)
292
QBOGBAPHICAL INDEX
JulierB
Kolbarga
Clemmergulden
Dam
Engelthaler
Kolywan
Fettmannchen
PiatAk
1
RaderalbuB
Kordofan
Rosen Grose hen
Uashshah
Rynsgulden
Kesme
Stern Groschen
Korea
Stuber
Amuleta
1
Junkseylon
Arrow Head Money j
Putta
Charms
Kabul
Chon
Tankah
Chun Pei
Karlkal
Daidong Chun •
Cache •
Fun
Duddu
Mon
Mun
Kaschin
Pul
Niang
Kaschmir
Umpyo
Fadaka
Un Byong
Warn
Kashgar
Fen
Won
Tilla
Yang
T.jihfiiin
Kathiawar
MVW* V^ «*4AAA
Adhada
Cent
Ardpanchio
Dhingalo
Dokdo
Laccadive Islands
Cowries
Lahore
Dam
Ibramee
MbtW a^A^A
Kori
Panchia
Zodiacal Coins
Langnedoc
Tambio
Florin-Georges
Kermanscliahan
Laon
Sahebqiran
Chalongia
Scuferus
Khwarizm
Aruzzeh
Lao States
Danik
Chtilon
Habbeh
Ngun Tawk
Tamunah
Shan Baw
Tassug
Tamlung
Tilla
Lausanne
Keda
Funfer
Tim ma
Parpagliola
Tra
S^sen
Kiev
Tir Federal
Denga
Tr^sel
Grivna
Lautenthal
Pul
Jakobsthaler
Konigsberg
Lebedus
Tympf
Jjeague Coinage
Leghorn
Livomino
Pezza
Leipzig
August d'Or •
Horngroschen
Lemgo
Myte
Leon
Aguila de Oro
Blanco
Dobla de los Excelentes
Noveno
P^pion
Leontini
Hemilitrion
Pentoncion
Le Puy
Pogesia
Lerida
Escudo
Leucas
Trihemiobolion
Leyden
Leather Money
Paper
Liberia
Cent
Lich
Schnepfenpfennige
Li^ge
Aydans
Blamtiser
Boddiferus
Brul^
Electron
. Ernestus
Fusil
Heaume
Patard
Peter
Plak
Sprenger
Llegnitz
Gutfreitagsgroschel
Ligny
Franc k Pied
Liguria
Palanca
LUle
Artesienne
Maille
GEOGRAPHICAL IKDSX
298
Lima
Lorraine (continued)
Luxemburg (continued)
Peso
Leopoldo
Assis
Limoges
Masson
Centime
Lemocia
Plak
Franc
Lippe
Spadin
Sol
Flitter
Tallard
Luzerne
Kippermiinzen
Lonvain
Angster
Myte
Roosebeker
Baetzner
Lippstadt
Torentje
Frank
Pfaffenfeind Thaler
Tourelle
Michaels Gulden
Lisbon
Low Countries
Miinz Gulden
Barbuda
(See Netherlands)
Spagiirli
Ceitil
Lucca
Lycia
Ghimf ram
Albulo
League Coinage
Cruzadinho
Barbonaccio
Lydia
Gruzado
Barbone
Gygeades
Grave
Bolognino
Kroiseioi
Lisbooino
Castruccino
Lyons
Pilarte
Duetto
Ecu k la Croisette
ToBtao
Enrici
M^reau
Lithuania
Grazia
Tiers de Sou d'Or
Dreigr5scher
Infortiati
Macao
Tympf
Lucati
Sap^ue
Livonia
Lucchese Nuovo
Macedonia
Arlig
Mancoso
Alexanders
Ferding
San Martino
Alexandrine Coinage
Livonese
Santa Croce
Chalcus
Mark
Scudo di Oro
Di-Stater
SoliduB
Soldo
•
Octadrachm
Ljnsnedal
Lu Chu Islands
Pentadrachm
Plate Money
Hatome Sen
Pentecontradrachni
Lobsenz
Teraar
Shu
Lucknow
Philippi
Stater
Lombardy
San Eupee
KJ UHfvwa
Centesimo
Liibeck
Macerata
Gulden
Blaffert
Madonnina
Lira
Bremsenthaler
Madagascar
Pettine
Firleyoe Mont
Levant Dollar
Soldo
Mark
Madras
Sovrano
Schilling
Ddb
London
Soesling
Duddu
(See England)
Thaler
Faluce
Loos
Witten
Fanam
Kopfstuck
Liineburg
Jettal
Lorraine
BlaflPert
Mohur
Aubonne
Liittich
Pagoda
Bourgeois
(See Lifege)
Star Pagoda
Bugne
Lugano
Swdmi Pagoda
Dolcbe
Tir Federal
Tola
FranQois d'Or
Luxemburg
Madrid
Leopoldino
Angelot
(See Spain)
294
GVOGRAPHICAL INPEX
Maestricht
Tuin
Magdeburg
Bettlerthaler
FuretengroBchen
InterimBthaler
Moritzpfennige
Venusthaler
Magnesia
Plated Coins
Mah6
Biche
Fanam
Mainz
Albansgulden
Albus
Bettlerthaler
Convention Money
GerlacuB
Martinsgulden
Raderalbus
Reichsalbus
Sol
Sortengulden
|orca
Dobler
Maiorcbino
Malla
Sueldo
Treseta
Makassar
Koupa
Malabar Coast
Biche
Dumare
Fanam
R^si
Tar^
Malacca
Bastardo
Caixa
Catholico
Challaine
Chazza
Malaque
Malay Peninsula
Buaya
Caixa
Djampel
Doewi
Dubbeltje
Malay Peninsula (continued)
Mantua (continued)
Kenderi
Barbarina
Kepeng
Beato Luigi
Ketip
Bianco
Pitje
BusBola
Putta
Cagnolo
Ringgit •
Cornabo
Sata
Doppia
Sen
Girasoli
Suku
Giulio
Tampang
Grossone
Timma
Marcello
Tra
Quadrupla
Tsi
Scudo
Maldiye Islands
Scudo di Oro
Burrie
Sesino
Cawne
Solarus
Cowries
Soldo
Gunda
Soldone
Kahan
Tallero
T<ari
Testone
Poon
Traiaro
Malines
Marseilles
(See Mechlin)
Ecu k la Croisette
Malmo
Royal Coronat
Korsvide
Saiga
Malpur
Tiers de Sou d'Or
Dam
Jk^ •••»*
Maskat
Malta
Baisa
Carlino
^-^
Grass
Doppia
Mahmtldi
Farthing
* ^— ^ m « • J
Maskat Pice
Gighato
Grain
Massa di Lunigiana
Cervia
Grano
Luigi
Quadrupla
Massa Lombarda
Oncia
Spadaccino
Picciolo
Matelica
Tarin
Madonnina
Threepence
1 Mauritius
Mansfeld
Anchor Pieces
Ausbeutemiinzen
Cent
Bavidsthaler
Mayence
Georgsthaler
(See Mainz)
Kippermiinzen
Mecklin
SpitzgroBchen
Leeuw
Sprue h thaler
Roosebeker
Talisman Thaler
Mecklenburg
Mantua
Blaffert
Anselmino
1
; Dreiliug
Aquilino
Fortuna Thaler
GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX
295
Mecklenburg (continued)
Hohlpfennige
Mark
Schilling
Vinkenauge
Witten
Megalopolis
League Coinage
Megara
Odelos
Meissen
Fiirstengroschen
Judenkopfgroschen
Katharinengroschen
Kreuzgroschen
Kronigte
Landsberger Pfennige
Margaretengroschen
Schild Groschen
Thiiringer Groschen
MeUe
Denier d'Or
Meloe
Nesiaca Drachma
Menaenum
Tetras
Merano
Decenario
Vigintenario
Merida
Tiers de Sou d'Or
Messerano
Cornone
Forte
Rollbatzen
Tallero
Messina
Bronzo
Follaro
Pereale
Metapontum
Dinomos
Incuse Coins
Hetz
Bugne
Metzblanken
Monnaies Angevines
Spadin
Mexico
Axe Money
Carasco Dollar
Mexico (continued)
Milan (continued)
Centavo
Sesino
Chopped Dollars
Siliqua
Cob Money
Soldo
Cuartilla
Sovrano
Dobla
Svanzica
Doblon
Terzarola
Doubloon
Testone
Mexican Dollar
Trillina
Morelos Dollars
MUeto
Octavo
Follaro
Patlacht^
Miletus
Patolquachtli
League Coinage
Peso
Temple Coins
Real
Hinas
Sand Dollar
Cruzadinho
Sicca
Escudo
Vales
w •••X.^fcJ
Miranda
Vargas Dollar
Barbuda
Xiquipili
Mirandola
Milan
Baggiane
Ambrosino
Parpagliola
Berlmga
Solz
Bissolo
Testone
Bissona
Zecchino
Burigozzo
Mocha
Cagnone
Kabir
Carlino Papale
Kommassi
Crocione
Dicciottino
Modena
Doppia
Bagarone
Ducaton
Baggiane
Baiarda
Ecu au Porc-epie
Biancone
Ennci
Filippo
Grosso
Bolognino
Capellone
•
Denanno
Imperiale
Doblon e
Marmussini
^^^ ^^ ^^ tm ^^ K4 %^
Mediano
Giorgino
Giustina
Obolino
^^^^ ^ V^v ^htf ^m Vp ^^ V^V
Leonzino
Ottino
Palpa
Marcello
Parpagliola
Moraglia
Patard
Murajola
Pegione
Paolo
Popolano
Quarantano
Quadrupla
Scudino
Quattrino
Soldo
Quindicino
Ungaro
Seiuprevivo
Zecchino
296
OBOGRAPHICAL INDEX
MoldayU
Morocco (ontinned)
Mysore (continued)
Denga
Miscal
Mayili
Para
Muzuna
Mushtari
Mombasa
Nusflik
PaiR4
PaiR4
Rial
Pdvali
Rupee
Ukkia
Pumya
Monaco
Uqijeh
Siddiki
Cavalla
Zelagh
Uemani
Centime
Moskow
Zahrah
Danaro
Denga
Mytilene
Decime
Novgorodka
Hect^
Franc
Mozambique
Phocaides
Liardo
Barrinha
Trite
Pataccho
Canella
Myus
League Coinage
Pezzetta
Mons
Matica
Onca
Gigot
Miihlheim
Namur
Montalcino
HubertUBthaler
Gros h I'Aigle
Parpagliola
Munich
ScuferuB
Montalto
Regensburger
Nantss
Baiochella
Munster
Douzain
Madonnina
BlamiiHer
Naples
Montanaro
Bursarienzeichen
Alfonsino
Cornabo
Driittainer
Armellino
Monteferrato
Mimigardeford Deniers
AugustaliB
Bianchetto
Myte
Carlino
Biancone
Slegelpenninge '
Cavallo
Pistolet
Wiedertaiifer Thaler
Cianfrone
Rollbatzen
Muscat
Cinquina
RuBsino
(See Maskat)
Corona
Montefiascone
Mysia
Coronato
Paparini
Cyzicenes
Dobla
Montenegro
Mysore
Ducato
Novcic
Abidi
Ducato d'Argento
Para
Ahmadi
Fernandino
Perper
Akhtar
Follaro
MontpeUier
Asmani
Gigliato
Ecu k la Croisette
Bahram •
Grano
Morocco
Bakiri
GroBBone
Benduqi
Cash
Mancanza
Blanquillo
Dodddne
Oncetta
Butaca
Duggdni
Partenope
Centimo
Faruki
Pataca
Din&r ;
Haidari
Piastre
Dirhem '
Heideri
Picciolo
Duro
Imami
Picureddu
FelB
Jafari
Pistacchio
Kirat
Kasu
Publica
Madridja
Kazmi
Quadrupla
Marabotin
Khizri
Saluto d'Oro
Mathbu
1
Kutb
Scudo
6B0GBAPHICAL INDEX
297
Naples (continaed)
Netherlands (continued)
Netherlands (continued)
Scudo di Oro
Albua
Klomp
Sequin
Arends-Eijksdaalder
Knaak
Sesino
Arnoldus
Koggerdaalder
Sirena
Bankje
Kopfstuck
Sol Coronat
Bezemstuiver
Kromstaart
Tarin
Blank
Kronenthaler
Testone
Botdrager
Kruisdaalder
Tomese
Brabant
Kwart
Zanetta
Braspenning
Langrok
Narva
Briquet
Leather Money
Bundstiicke
Butgen
Leeuw
Nayarre
Carolus
Leg Dollar
Gaveria
Cavalier
Leijcesterdaalder
Dinero
Gent
Lion d'Or
Douzain
Ghristus Gulden
Monnaies Angevines
Grueso
Glinckaert
Myte
Quart d'Ecu
Groondaalder
Negenmenneke
Sancheti
Daalder
Negotiepenning
Nazos
Davidstuiver
Noble
Nesiaca Drachma
Deventergans
Oord
Nemausus
Hams
Ddlpelthaler
Patagon
Dog Dollar
Patard
Nepal
Adha
Douzain
Peerdeke
Dreilander
Penning
Adha-aui
o
■fc^b^>A&AW wVKAA
Drielander
Peter
Adheeda
Ang-tuk
Ani
Dubbeltje
Ducaton
Philippus Daalder
Piefort
Duit
Plak
Bakla Asarfi
Escalin
Poen
Chiin Dam
^p^
Dam
Dhebua
Do-am
Escudo
Pop
Flabbe
Postulatsgulden
Florin
Pronkdaalder
Franc k Cheval
Reaal
Dui tele- Asarfi
^^^ ^^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^^r ^^"^ ^*^ ^^^^ ^^ ■ ^^^r^m
Dyak
Ek-ani
Majhawala
Mehnder-Mulie
Franc & Pied
Rechenpfennige
Geeltje
Gehelmdeschelling
Rijder
Rijksdaalder
Geusenpfennige
Roosschelling
Mohar
Patla
Phoka Dam
Suka
Takka
Tang-Ka
Gildepenningen
Roosstuiver
Gosseler
Rozenobel
Gouden Kroon
St. Andries Gulden
Gouden Tiam
Scheep j eschelling
Groot
Scheepsnobel
Grootken
Guilder
Schelling
Schild
ifesle
Gros de Nesle
Halfje
Schubbe
Netherlands
Heitje
Schuitken '
Achterwiel
Hip
Sesthalf
Albertin
Hoedj esschelling
Snaphaan
Albertusthaler
Jager
Souverain
298
OEOORAPHTCAL INDEX
Netherlands (contiDued) '
Novgorod
Ottoman Empire
Spie
Denga
Abukash
Statendaalder
Grivna
Akcheh
Stateuschelling
Novgorod ka
Altilik
Stichtsche Stuiver
Novotorjok
Altmishlik
Stooter
Grivna
Altun
Stuiver
Nubia
Asadi Ghrush
Stuk van Achten
Kesiue
Ashrafi
Suku
Nuremberg
Asper
Tientje
Bread Tokens
Besh
Tuin
Handelheller
Beshlik
Yelddaalder
Hobby Horse
Beutel
Vier Duitstuk
Laurentiusgulden
Caime
Vierlander
Linsen Dukaten
Chise
Vlies
Rathausthaler
Dinar
VVillem
Rechenpfennige
Dirheni
Witje
Schraubthaler
Ekilik
Witten
Sebaldus Thaler
EUilik
Zesthalven
Nykoping
Funduk
Neuchatel
Fyrk
Oazaca
Ghrush
Lausanuais
Hongre
Livre Faible
Morelos Dollars
Ikilik
Piecette
Olbia
Jihadiyeh Beshlik
New South Wales
Fish Money
Juik
Holey Dollar
Grorgoneion
Keser
Nicaragua
Oldenburg
Kirat •
Cordoba
Flindrich
Kitze
Cuartino
Grote
Mangir
Nicosia
Hvid
Medjedie
Carzia
Malschilling
Messir
Nigeria
Manilla
Schwaren
Stiiber
Metallik
Nisfiah
Penny
Olmiitz
Onbeshlik
Nim^gue
Cyrillus Thaler
OnHk
Para
T% A.
Cnapcock
Olynthus
Peerdeke
League Coinage
Pataque
Piastre
Pound Turkish
Rebia
Sehim
Stephanusdaalder
Nizza
Pert
Oman
Baisa
Oran
Beaux
Nordlingen
Orleans
Sequin
Batzen
Morveux
Siani
Northeim
Orvieto
Timmin
Flitter
Paparoni
Tsentez
K5rtling
Osca
Utuzlik
Norway
Denarius Oscensis
Yigirmlik
Krone
Osoabruck
Yuzlik
Reisedaler
Myte
Zer-mahbub
Skef
Osterode
Overysel
Skilling
Usualmark
Bezemstuiver
GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX
299
Oyeiysel (continued)
Oord
Plak
Statendaalder
Stooter
Paderborn
Bread Tokens
Bursarienzeichen
Gnadenpfennig
Padua
Aquilino
Carrarino
Grosso Aquilino
Faduans
Rogati
Saraceno
Pahang
Tampang
Palatinate
Albus
Convention Money
Hubertusthaler
Karolin
Lotterie Dukat
Pistole
Beichsalbus
Schiisselpfennige
Vikariats Thaler
Weckenpfennige
Palembang
Pitje
Palermo
Apuliense
Budata
Oncetta
Oncia
Phoenix
Palestine
Bekah
Drachm
Garah
Kesitah
Kikkar
Lepton
Man eh
Mina
Pieces of Silver
Bebah
Bing Money
Shekel
Palestine (continued)
Silverling
Skins of Animals
Talent
Tribute Money
Widow's Mite
Paliakate
Pagoda
Pamphylia
Philippi
Panama
Balboa
Peso
Papal States
Absolution sthaler
Baiocco
Baioccone
Baiochella
Carlino Papale
Clement!
Doblone
Doppia
Ducato di Camera
Follaro
Giulio
Gregorina
Gregorio
Joanninus
Kalenderthaler
Leonina
Madonnina
Mancoso
Mistura
Mouches
Murajola
Navicella
Paolino
Paolo
Paparini
Papetto
Plagauner
Provisino
Quadrupla
Quartino
Quattrinello
Quattrino
Roverino
Sampietrino
Sanpetronio
Scudo
Papal States (continued)
Scudo di Oro
Sede Vacante Coinage
Settimo
Sisto
Testone
Paraguay
Peso
Paramo
Grano
Paris
(See France)
Parma
Bagarone
Bussolotto
Dicciottino
Ducaton
Follaro
Paolino
Quarantano
Soldo
Trellino
Ungaro
Vitalino
Pares
Nesiaca Drachma
Pergamos
Cistophorus
Perigord
Heliens
Petragordin
Pemambuco
Pataca
Perpignan
Douzain
Patard
Sannar
Sol-sanar
Sueldo
Persia (Ancient)
Adarkonim
Archer
Danake
Daric
Hemidanake
Mina
Sagittarii
Satrapal Coins
Siglos
Toxotai
800
6B06BAPHICAL INDEX
Persia (Modern)
Abb&si
Bisti
Cherassi
Dangh
Dinar
DQb
Hazardinar
Kasbegi
Kran
Larin
Mahmadt
Mildinar
Miscal
Nadiri
Penabad
Pul
PunBad-Dinar
Rijjal
Rupi
Sahebqiran
Seoar
Shfthi
Sherify
Sisad-Dinar
Toman
Peru
Dinero
Libra
Peseta
Peso
Sol
Toston
Perugia
Biancone
Madonnina
Paolino
Trino
Pesaro
Sedicina
Philippine Islands
Cent
Conant
Milesimo
Peso
Phocaea
Hect^
League Coinage
Phocaides
Trite
Phocis
Phokikoi
Phoenicia
Octadrachra
Piacensa
Baiochetto
Banderuola
Buttala
Murajola
Piedmont
Bacca
Baiotta
Bianchetto
Gigliato
Moriziotti
Mozzi
Petizza
Scaggia
Piombino
Grazia
Pisa
Francescone
I Grazia
' GrosBone
Poictiers
Poitevin
Poland
Beichlingscher Thaler
Bracata
Brandthaler
Brummer
Cosel Gulden
Courant
Czvorak
Dalar
Dreigroscher
Dvoiak
Groz
Kronenthaler
Krucier
Kwartnik
Orty
Peter's Pence
Polonaise
P61tora
Portugaloser
Schmetterlings Thaler
Sexagina
Solidus
Szelag
Szelong
Poland (continued)
Ternar
Trojack
Tschetwertak
Tympf
Zamoscia
Zloty
PoBunerania
Bugslaver
Gnadenpfennig
Heller
Hohlpfennige
Okelpenning
Scherf
Yinkenauge
Witten
Pondichery
Biche
Cache
Duddu
Fanam
Pagoda
Boyalin
Popnlonia
Gorgoneion
Porbandar
Kori
Porto
Barbuda
Ceitil
Chimfram
Cruzado
Grave
PQarte
Tostao
Porto Novo
Porto Novo Pagoda
Porto Rico
Cent
Chavo
Portugal
Affonso de Ouro
Aparas
Barbuda
Branca Moeda
Bravuda
Ceitil
Chimfram
Cinquinho
ConceiQao
CorOa
GBOGBAPHICAL INDEX
801
Portugal (continued)
Corda de Frata
Cotrim
Crusade
Cruzadinho
Cruzado
Cruzado Calvario
Dinheiro
Dobra
Dobra Gentil
EngenhoBO
£quipaga
£8Cudo
Espadim
Esphera
Forte
Grave
GrosBO Affonsim
Indio
Joannes
Joe
Justo
Leal
Lisbonino
Macuta
Mansel
Mealha
Milreis
Moidore
Morabitino
Morisca
Pataca
Pataco
Peca
Pilarte
Portuguez
Quartinho
Real Portuguez
San Vicente
Soberano
Tomez
Tostao
Vintem
Portuguese India
Abacis
Abraemos
Atia
Bazarucco
Esphera
Pardao
Portuguese India (continued)
Pataca
Pequenino
Porto Novo Pagoda
Boda
Bupia
Sdn^r-Kdsu
San Felipe
San Joao
Santo Thom6
Serafin
Tanga
Tutenag
Vintem
Xeraphin
Zeraphin
Prague
Bdhmen
Eulendukaten
Judenmedaillen
Piefort
Prenzlau
Vierchen
Priene
League Coinage
Provence
Dardenne
Franc k Pied
Guillemin
Magdalon
Patard
Provlns
Provinois
Prussia
Achtehalber
Dreigroscher
Dreipolker
Driittainer
Diitchen
Fledermaus
Friedrichsdor
Gute Groschen
Hausgroschen
Heymannchen
Kammerherrenthaler
Kurassier Thaler
Laub thaler
Levant Dollar
Ordensthaler
Sechser
Prussia (continued)
Sechsgroscher
Sechsllng
SilbergroBchen
Skoter
Souveranitatsthaler
Tippelgroschen
TysBchen Thaler
Zopf Dukat
Zwei Drittel
Zwolfgroscher
Pskof
' Denga
Grivna
Quedlinburg
Abbey-Pieces
Pfennig
Ragusa
Artilucco
Capuciae
Ducato
FoUaro
Libertina
Mezzanino
Perpero
Ragusino
Soldo
Vislino
Ratisbon
(See Regensburg)
Ravenna
Asprione
Bronzo
Siliqua
Ravensburg
Matthiasgroschen
Reckheim
Gigot
Regensburg
Linsen Dukaten
Regensburger
Reggio
Biancone
Colombina
Rennes
Douzain
Rethel
Denier d'Or
Reunion Islands
Caron
302
GEOGRAPHICAL INDKX
Reu88
Kippeniiunzen
Reyal
Ferding
Rundstucke
Rhegium
Pentoncion
Tetras
Rhodes (Ancient)
Alliance Coins
Bodioti
Rhodes (Modern)
Asper
Joanninus
Riga
Artig
Denarius Novus Argenteus
Donario
Donativ
Fiinfer
* Schilling Liibsk
Trepolcher
Trojack
Rio
Escudo
Peca
Rio Grande do Sul
Balastraca
Roermond
Peerdeke
Rogoredo
Kollbatzen
Rome (Ancient)
Aes
Aes Grave
Aes Signatum
Antoninianus
Argenteus
As
Assarius
Assis
Aurelianus
Aureus
Autonomous Coins
Bes
Bigati
Brass
Castoriati
Centenariae
Centenionalis
Centussis
Rome (Ancient: continued)
Cingus
Consecration Coins
Consular Coins
Contorniates
Decargyrus
Deconcion
Decunx
Decussis
Dekanummiou
Denarius
Deunx
Dextans
Dodrans
Duodeciaere
Dupondius
Exagium
Excoctum
FoUis
•
Grand Bronze
labus
Lateres
Latrones
Legionary Coins
Lenticular Coins
Lepton
Libella
Litra
Majorina
Medallion
Miliarensis
Minutulus
Moneta
Navis
Noumia
Kumini
Nummus
Obryzum
Octas
Octussis
Oncia
Paduans
Pecunia
Pentoncion
Philippi
Plated Coins
Pondo
Potin
Pustulatum
Quadrans
Rome (Ancient: oontintted)
Quadrant
Quadrigati
Quadrilateral Pieces
Quadrussis
Quartarii
Quarternariae Formae
Quaternis
Quinarius
Quincunx
Quincussis
Quiniones
Restitution Coins
Scripulum
Sembella
Semis
Semissis
Semis tertius
Semuncia
Senatorial Coins
Senio
Septunx
Serrated Coins
Sescunx
Sestertius
Sexcunx
Sextans
Siliqua
Sitarion
Solidus
Spintriae
Sportula
Stagnate
Stips
Talent
Tartaron
Ternariae formae
Terniones
Teruncia
Tesserae
Tetras
Tetrassarion
Trias
Triens
Trimisium
Tripondius
Uncia
Vicessis
Victoriatus
Votive Coins
GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX
303
Rome (Republic)
Sabbioneta
Alberetto
Cavallotto
Provisiuo
Sachsen
•
Sanpierino
(See Saxony)
Rome
Saint Andr6
(See Papal States)
Ecu k la Croisette
Ronciglione
St. Eustatius
MadonniDa
Bit
1
Ronco
St. Gallen
TiUigino
Angster
\
Rostock
Bar Pfennige
Firleyoe Mont
Blaffert
•
Rouen
Gallus Pfennig
Ecu k la Couronne
Haller
Roumania
Lammpfennig
1
Banu
Oertli
Leu
St. Helena
Parali
Venetian
Rovigo
St. Jean d'Acre
^
Bagattino
Saracenato
Russia
Salemabad
Altininck
Pumya
Altyu
Salerno
Andreas Ducat
FoUaro
Beard Money
SaUburg
1
Borodovaya
Frignacco
Denga
Ftinfer
Denuschka
Kubener
Desjat Deneg
Schinderling
Grivna
Zwanziger
1
lesimok
Samos
Imperial
Alliance Coins
1
Imperial Ducat
League Coinage
1
Jafimske
San Marino
Kopeck
.Centesimo
Tieather Money
T.ir«
j
Livonese
XJlXcb
Mustofska
San Severino
Novgorodka
Para
Baiocco
Madonnina
Piatak
Santa F^ de Bogota
1
Piataltininck
Colombiano
Poldenga
Condor Doblado
Polpoltin
Grenadino
.
Poltina
Santo Domingo
Poluschka
Decime
Pul
Escalin
Ruble
Sol aux Balances
Serinkie
Sarawak
Skins of Animals
• Cent
Ssojuznyia
Sardinia
TschetwertAk
(See Savoy)
Sarmatia
Fish Money
Sater
Fyrk
Savoy (Sardinia)
Amedeo d'Oro
Annunciata
Bacca
Bagni
Bianchetto
Cagliaresco
Cagliarese
Carlino
Cervia
Cornuto
Dicciottino
Doppia
Ducato d'Argento
Ducaton
Pert
Filiberto
Filippone
Forte
Frazione
Minuto
Novini
Obolino
Ottene
Patacchina
Picaillon
Pite
Poillevillain
Quadrupla
Kolino
Rovetti
San Carlo
San Mauricio
Siseni
Spadino
Testone
Zecchino
Saxony
Achtbrtiderthaler
Achtel thaler
Adelheidsdenare
Annenpfennig
August d'Or
Ausbeutemiinzen
Beichtthaler
Beutgroschen
304
GEOGRAPHICAL INDBX
Saxony (continued)
Scio
Scotland (continued)
Gatechismusthaler
Caratto
Thistle Dollar
Church Tokens
Scotland
Thistle Merk
Eintrachtethaler
Achesouu
Thistle Noble
Engelsgroschen
Atkinson
Turner
Ephraimiten
Bawbee
Twenty Pound Piece
Groschen
Black Farthing
Unicorn
Horngroschen
Bodle
Weng
Hosenband Thaler
Bonnet Piece
White Geordie
Jubileums Thaler
Borage Groat
White Money
Klappmiitzenthaler
Cochrane Placks
White ShilUng
LocumteDensthaler
• Communion Tokens
Wig
Lowenpfennige
Crookie
Yellow Boy
Magister Thaler
Cruickston Dollars
Yellow Geordie
Napgen Heller
Demy
Scutari
Oertchen
Doit
Follaro
Polonaise
Dollar
Sebenico
Pr&mienthaler
Ducat
Bagattino
Pyramiden Thaler
Ecu d'Or
Segesta
Bautengroschen
Gray Groat
Tetras
Schlafrock Thaler
Groat
Segovia
Schmalkaldischer Bundes-
Hape
Cinquantina
thaler
Hard Heads
Selangor
Schwertgroschen
Hat Piece
Buaya
Senria
T^iTift.r
Seligkeitsthaler
Kaird Turner
Seufzer
Lion
Milan d'Or
Silbergroschen
Lorraines
Para.
Sophiendukat
Maggy Bobb
X ctxa
fiAvillA
Spitzgroachen
Merk
A^nus Dei
Spruchthaler
Moneta Farthing
Dobla
Talar
Noble
Noveno
Vikariats Thaler
Non Sunt
RaaJ
Weihnachts Thaler
Penny
J.WIU
Tiers de Sou d'Or
Zinggroschen
PUe
Tomino
Schaffhausen
Pistole
Seychellea
Angster
Plack
Cent
Bocks thaler
Pringle
Siam
Schleswig Holstein
Bider
Afl'^k
Witten
Byal
Att
Schneeberg
Saint Andrew
Bat
Zinsgroschen
Sheep Silver
Bia
Schwarzburg
Shilling
Bullet Money
Bettlerthaler
Spurred Groat
Chang
Wildemannsthaler
Steenie
Dos
Schwyz
Sterling
Fuang
Angster
Stickamstam
Globular Coins
Frank
Sword and Sceptre Piece
Kabean
Oertli
Sword Dollar
•
Kroung Tamlung
Bossier
Testoon
Lat
Tirolino
Thirteen-peuQe-half-penny
Lott
6EOGBAPHICAL INDEX
305
Siam (continued)
Sidon
Pai
Octadrachm
Pi
Siena
Porcelain Coins
Grazia
Salung
Libertini
Satang
Parpagliola
Sik
Sanese d'Oro
Solot
Seneselli
Song
Sierra Leone
Tamlung
Cent
Tical
Macuta
Siberia
Threepence
Piatak
Zembi
Sicily
Silesia
Aguila de Oro
Denier
Alfonsino
Fledermans
Apuliense
(Troschel
Arraellino
GutfreitagBgroschel
Augustalis
Heller
Carlino
Kaisergroschen
Catanesi
Pest Thaler
Cavallo
Peter's Pence
Cinquina
Bempel Heller
Coronato
Strohthaler
Dobla
Zinnenthurmheller
Ducat
Sinaloa
Ducato
Carasco Dollar
Ducato d'Argento
Cuartilla
Gigliato
Grano
Sitten
Messthaler
Grossone
Oncia
Smyrna
Home reus
Pereale
Phoenix
League Coinage
Piccolo
Solms
Hahnrei Thaler
Picureddu
Ponti
Solothum
^L \^ m m wA
Bertha Thaler
Publica
Quadrupla
Sombrerete
Peso
Rom^sine
Saluto d' Oro
Vargas Dollar
Scudo di Oro
Somaliland
Besa
Sol Coronat
Tarin
Soudan
Testone
Bari-tiri
Tornese
South African Republic
Trionfo
Pond
Triquetra
Spain
Zanetta
Acrimontana
Sicyon
Agnus Dei
Tarte morion
Aguila de Oro
Spain (continued)
Alfonsino
Alfonso
Arbol
Ardite
Balastraca
Blanca
Blanco
Bossonaya
Calderilla
Cara o Sella
Carolus Dollar
Castellano
Catedra
Caveria
Centinio
Cinquantina
Colonato
Comado
Coronilla
Croat
Cross Dollar
Cut Dollar
Denarius Oscensis
Dinerillo
Dinero
Dobla
Doblado
Doblehgo
Dobler
Doblon Sencillo
Doubloon
Ducaton
Duriglio
Duro
Enrique
Escudillo d'Oro
Escudo
Excelente
(Jlobe Dollar
Grueso
Isabella
Isabellina
Jaquesa
Macquina
Madridja
Maiorchino
Malla
Marabotin
Maravedi
306
GEOORAPHTCAL INDEX
Spain (contiQued)
Marc
Maria
Meaia
Medio
MeDcalis
Menudo
Millar^s
Moneda Provisional
Morisca
Noveno
Ochavo
Ochota
Onza
Parniccone
P^pion
Peseta
Peso
Piastre
Piece of Eight
Pistareen
Pistole
Quart
Quaterne
Real
Bealito
' Beaux
Besellado
Sancheti
Seisino
SisoD
Sueldo
Tamafto
Tarja
Tern
Tiers de Sou d'Or
Timbre de Valencia
Tomino
Treseta
Triens
Unetos
Vellon
Ventein
Spalato
Bagattino
Sparta
Obeliskoi
Pelanor
Stade
Schilling Lubsk
Stettin
Ort
Witten
Stockholm
Plate Money
PoUeten
Bing Money
Bundstiicke
Stolberg
Eintrachtsthaler
Hirschgulden
Straits Settlements
Cent
Dollar
Stralsund
Diitchen
Firleyoe Mont
Schilling LUbsk
Vierling
Witten
Strasburg
Assis
Baetzner
Batzen
Constantin d'Or
Decime
Kometenthaler
Kreuzer
Ortelin
Se missis
Styria
Pfundner
Zweier
Sumatra
Cash
Kou
Mas
Pitje
Sookoo
Sorat
Badam
Baal Lakria
Faal
Syappayara
Plate Money
Sweden
Adolfs d'or
Atsida
Banco
Carolin
Creutz
Sweden (continued)
Criutz
Daler
De Gortz Daler
Donario
Donativ
Femtia
Ferding
Franc
Fransida
Fyrk
Gyllen
Kanna Drick
Kopparplatmynt
Koppar Slantar
Krone
Krongyllen
Mark
Minnespanning
Notdaler
Omnibuses
Ore
Ort
Pengar
Plat
Plate Money
Polleten
Biksdaler
Bing Money
Bundstiicke
Salvator Thaler
Skilling
Skrufthaler
Slant
Slantar
Styfer
Tjugomarker
Trepolcher
Tva
Witten
Switzerland
Angster
Argenton
Assis
Bar Pfennige
Baetzner
Batzen
Bertha Thaler
Blaffert
Bluzger
GEOGRAPHICAL INPBX
307
Switzerland (continued)
Sybaris
Tibet (continued)
Bocksthaler
Incuse Coins
Chhi-Ke
Brabeon
Syracuse
Coral
Bundesthaler
ApoUina
Dung-tang
Centime
Demareteion
Fen
Communion Tokens
Hemilitrion
Gormo
Dicken
Pegasi
Kar-ma-nga
Duplone
Philistideion
•
Kha-Kang
Kcu Pistolet
Tetras
Khap-chhe
Ewiger Pfennig
Trias
Mehnder-Malie
Franc
S]n:ia
Salt
F ranch i
Alexandrine Coinage
Sho-Kang
Frank
Octadrachm
Ta-mig-ma
Fiinfer
Satrapal Coins
Tahg-Ka
Gallus Pfennig
Serrated Coins
Tso
Genevoise
Tetrachalk
Yak-mig-ma
Gessnerthaler
Trichalk
Tierra del Fuego
Gluckhennen Thaler
Tabriz
Grarao
Gringalet
Sahebqiran
Tivoli
• Haller
Tarascon
Baiocco
liochmuths Thaler
Magdalon
M^reau
Tarentum
Incuse Coins
Madonnina
Huitain
Julier
Togoland
■ Stone Money
Kelch thaler
T.itra
Toledo
Krahenplappart
Lammpfennig
Tarragona
Escudo
Agnus Dei
Blanca
Laubthaler
Tiers de Sou d'Or
Dobla
Lausannais
Tassarolo
Enrique
Messthaler
Luigino
P^pion
Michaels Gulden
Ottavo
Tiers de Sou d'Or
Munz Gulden
Ungaro
Torriglia
Oertli
Tazila
Luigino
Parpagliola
Purana
Tortona
Piecette
Tegea
Ziato
Pignatelle
Tartemorion
Tool
Pistole
Trihemiobolion
Spadin
Tournay
Abbey-Pieces
Abenge
Albertin
Pistole Forte
Tenos
Plancus Thaler
Quart
Rappen
Nesiaca Drachma
Teo«
League Coinage
Rathausthaler
Terceira
Rossler
Maluco
Anglo-Gallic Coins
RoUbatzen
Thorn
Ecu k la Couronne
Schnabelthaler
Abbey-Pieces
Gros Blanque au Lis
Schutzen Thaler
Angelot
Jeton
S^sen
Brandthaler
Tours
Spagiirli
Thorium
Groat
Tir Federal
Dinomos
Gros Tournois
Tirolino
Tibet
Maille
Tr^sel
Ang-tuk
Monnaies Angevin es
Zehner
Brick Tea
, Tournois
t
308
GEOGRAPHirAL INDEX
Tranquebar
Tunis
tJeberlingen
FaDani
Akcheh
Katzengulden
Kas
Asper
Ulm
Royalin
Beshlik
Ilandelheller
Tr&nsylyania
Bourbe
Regiments Thaler
DuariuR
Ikilik
United States
GroBchel
•
Kharub
Annapolis Coinage
Kreuzer
Turin
Bar Cent
Pfundner
Auiedeo d'Oro
Bit
Poltura
Beato Amedeo
Bland Dollar
Portugaloaer
Chiappe di Forte
Blue Backs
Trayanoore
GroUa
Blue William
Anandaramen
Marengo
Bone
Cash
Picaillon
Booby Head
Chakram
Turkestan
Boston Money
Duddu
Miscal
Brasher Doubloon
Fanam
Pung
Bryan Medals
Kasu
Sar
Buck
Fanam
Tilla
Bungtowns
R^si
Yamba
Buzzard •
Tulabharu Kasu
Turkey
Cartwheel
Varahan
(See Ottoman Empire)
Cash
Trebizond
Tuscany
Castorland Token
Asper
Dena
Cent
Trentino
Leopoldino
Chain Cent
Tronetto
Leopoldo
Chalmers' Tokens
Treviso
Palanca
Clover Cent
Aquilino
Paolo
Columbian Half Dollar
Trevouz
Parpagliola
Comet Cent J
Luigino
Pisisthaler
Communion Tokens 1
Mereaux
Tollero
Confederate Half Dollar 1
Trier
Tuy
Connecticut Cents 1
Albus
Convention Money
•
Fettmllnnchen
Barbuda
Twer
Pul
Continental Dollar 1
Copper 1
Petermannchen
Tyre
Copperheads 1
Demand Notes I
Raderalbus
Pieces of Silver
Dime 1
Disme 1
Scliiisselpfennige
Shekel
Siliqua
Tyrol
Dog Dollars 1
Dollar 1
Dough 1
Dust 1
Trinidad
Berner
Stanipee
Dick Thaler
Tripoli
Fiinfzehner
Adlea
Kreuzer
Eagle 1
Adli
Pfundner
Beshlik
Sechser
Eagle Cent 1
Bouhanistash
Thaler
Encased Stamps 1
Bousebbatash
Vierer
Fillet Head 1
Boutleteen
Zwainziger
Finif 1
Funduk
Zweier
Fip 1
(Triniellin
Tyrus
Fractional Currency 1
Onlik
Michieletta
Franklin Cent 1
GB06RAPHICAL INDEX
309
United States (continued)
Fugio Cent
Gobrecht Dollar
Good Samaratin Shilling
Gran by Coppers
Greenbacks
Hard Times Tokens
Higley Coppers
Immune Columbia
Indian Head Cent
Inspection Note
Isabella Quarter
Jitney
Kentucky Cent
Lafayette Dollar
Legal Tender Notes
Lesher Referendum Dollar
Levy
Lincoln Cent
Lord Baltimore Pieces
Louisiana Cent
Manouvrier Note
Massachusetts Cent
Mazuma
Medio
Mill
Mutton Head Cent
Myddelton Token
New England Shilling
New Jersey Cents
Nickel
Nova Constellatio
Oak Tree Coins
Oblongs
Pelf
Picayune
Pine Tree Coins
Pitt Token
Plunk
Postage Currency
Postal Currency
Private Gold Coins
Quarter
Rag Money
Red
Red Money
Referendum Dollar
Rhino
Roanoake
Sawbuck
United States (contlDued)
Seed
Sharp-Shin
Shin Plaster
Silly Head
Simoleon
Slug
Spondulix
Sprinkle Dollar
Stella
Sutlers' Checks
Territorial Gold
Tokens
Trade Dollar
V
Vermont Cents
Wild Cat Money
William
Wreath Cent
Unterwalden
Rossler
Tirolino
Urbino
Armellino
Barile
Sedicingi
Uri
Pistole
Rossler
Tirolino
Uruguay
Centesimo
Doblon
Peso
Utrecht
Bezemstuiver
Christus Gulden
Davidstuiver
Grootken
Leg Dollar
Oord
Postulatsgulden
Scheepjeschelling
Snaphaan
Statendaalder
Statenschelling
Valencia
Arbol
Dinerillo
Sison
Timbre de Valencia
Venezuela
Bolivar
Centimo
Cuartino
Macquina
Peso
Venice
Asper
Aureola
Bagattino
Besante
Bezzo
Bezzone
Bianco
Carantano
Carzia
Cavallina
Cenoglego
Centesimo
Convention Money
Copoludi
Danaro
Denaretto
Doppia
Ducatello
Ducato d'Argento
Galeazzo
Gazzetta
Ginocchiello
Giustina
Grossetto
Grossone
Gulden
Leather Money
Leone
Lira
Lirazza
Liretta
Lirona
Marcello
Marchetto
Matapan
Mezzanino
Michieletta
Mocenigo
Osella
Palanca
Petizza
Picciolo
Quartarolo
310
GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX
Venice (continued)
Waadt
Quattrino
Parpagliola
Salt
S^sen
Scudo della Croce
Tr^sel
Scudo di Oro
Waldeck
Sesino
Kronenthaler
Soldino
Wales
Soldo
Ceiniog
Soldone
Wallachia
Sovrano
Denga
Tallero
Para
Tornesello
Wernigerode
Traro
Usualmark
Zecchino
Westphalia
Vercelli
Achter
Beato Aniedeo
Bauern Thaler
Verona
Frank
Bagattino
Hieronymus d'Or
Gelso
Kassenmannchen
Mediatino
Mariengroschen 1
Picciolo
Pfennig
Quartarolo
Vierling
Vianen
Wewelinghofer
Angelot
Windward Islands ,
Vich
Crimbal
Menudo
Decaen Piastre
Vienna
Fond
Kasperle
Wismar
Viannare
Firleyoe Mont i
Wiener Pfennige
Witten
Zweier
Wurttemberg
Vijayanagari
Ilandelheller
Ramartanka
Heller
Villa Franca
Ilirschgulden
Seisino
Karolin
Villalon
Weiheniunzen
Enrique
Wiirzburg |
Vilvoorden
Losungs-Dukat
Gouden Lam
Thaler
Vimeburg
Yanaon j
Cassiusgroschen
Dftb
Viterbo
Yap
Madonnina
Fei
Paparini
Stone Money
Viviers
Zacatecas
Tiers de Sou d'Or
Peso
'g
Zamosc
Zloty
Zante
Gazzetta
Zanzibar
Levant Dollar
Paisa
Rial
Zara
Bagattino
Leone
Liretta
Zeeland
Escalin
Hoedjesschellin*
Leijcesterdaalder
Cord
Scheepjeschelling
Snaphaan
Stooter
Zug
Angster
Haller
Zurich
Abbey-Pieces
Angster
Gessnerthaler
Hochmuthsthaler
Kelchthaler
Krahenplappart
Hathausthaler
Schnabelthaler
Zutphen
Peerdeke
Zwickau
Horngroschen
Lowenpfennige
Zinsgroschen
Zwolle
Butgen
Flabbe
Gehelmdeschelling
Gosseler
Peerdeke
Stichtsche Stuiver
PAPER 3IOXEY INDEX
811
PAPER MONEY INDEX
Appoints
Assign at
Bankje
Bank Note
Blue Backs
Blue William
Caime
Card Money
Ch'ao
Chih Pi
Continental Currency
Coupure
Demand Notes
Femtia
Fiat Money
Fiver
Flimsy
Flying Money
Fractional Currency
Good Fors
Greenbacks
Hansatsu
Hayaki
Inspection Note
Joe
Kiao-tze
Kinsatsu
Lappen
Legal Tender Notes
Manouvrier Note
Oblongs
Paper
Postage Currency
Sao
Sawbuck
Sehim
Shin Plaster
Sutlers' Checks
V
Vales
Wen
Wild Cat Money
William
Yin Kwan
Yuan Pao
>«/\Y2 91970
1